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"['FROM A SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM A SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
AT this juncture of focus on Europe
the group of 37 women who sat round a conference table in Brus- sels a few days ago would seem to have met in an appropriate venue. Active in the political life of their own coun- tries, they were there for the meeting of the council of the European Union of Women. And one can well imagine that the founding of this organization seven years ago (on Austrian initiative) may weU emerge in due course as some- thing like an historic feminine pointer to the future.
An association of women members of the Right and Centre political parties in Europe, the onfly one of its kind in exist- ence, the Union has consultative status with the Council of Europe, and there are now 11 member countries, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands. Sweden. Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
The Union aims at securing close co- operation between political organizations of similar outlook, and the secret is an open one that today it stands specifically for the wider education of women in all the problems and nromises of the Common Market.
It was a member of the six-year-old British section of the Union. whose presi- dent and chairman are respectively Lady Kilmuir and Miss Atison Tennant-the latter is also vice-chairman of the Union itself-who said: ""Wt7 are all dedicated Europeans "", and said it with as much of sparkle as of earnestness,
NEW VISTAS
Membership of the British section has grown to about 400. and there is plainly a sha,red sense of challenge and immediacy, as though a small ship tentatively launched is now breezing ahead on a journey of steadily widening horizons.
Women of left wing political parties have always had a number of international con- tacts. Up to now there has been little oPportunity for those of other parties to meet, and the view is held strongly that the exchange of ideas on issues of politica;l and social reform can contribute directly to international understanding. The Union works through a general assembly held every two years-the next will be in Rome in the autumn of 1963-and through the smaller council, whidh is made up of chair- women of the national sections and of study commissions, meeting more fre- quently. An executive conimittee meets every six months, these meetings being
hc.d in different countries in tUrn.
Education, housing, social affairs, local government and the integration of refugees are some of the recent subjects of study by the sections set up to consider specific matters. Family comnmissions bave met together to study the legal position of married women, and similarly Economic and Foreign Affairs comnmissions have jointly studied the problems of European trade. The study subjects are changed annually.
A forthright human approach is notice- able. Stress. for instance, is laid on the fact that the Union exists "" because in the normal course of family life women can influence husbands, friends, children- even international affairs-far more than they realize "".
NOT ENOUGH LINGUISTS
Eight members of the British section, headed by Miss Alison Tennant, and in- cluding barristers and councillors. were at Brussels under the international chairmanship of tbat brilliant and charming woman, who is also a great liinguist, Dr. Conci, a member of the Italian Parliament, and of the Italian delegation to the Council of Europe. This was the first time such a meeting had been organized by the Belgian section. whose members belong to the Christian Social party. Reports from various com- missions were discussed, subjects including the economic and social position of wvomen w.'o are left as head of the family, the problems of professional education, and the urgent need for housing associations.
All the business, tackled with vigour, was discussed in one of the two official lan- guages. French and German, and on-the- spot translations were made frequently into the language of those taking part. Delegates found that an important point to emerge was the need for more British women to learn important European languages-in readiness for requirements if we enter the Common Market.
Members were received at the head- quarters of the European Economic Com- munity, and were also entertained by the chairman of the Belgian Christian Social Party, M. Van den Bocynants, at his house in the woods outside Brussels.
As at all international conferences, informal encounters behind the scenes proved to be of great value and interest. Friendliness at and away from the confer- ence sessions stands warmly acknowledged.
The British section hopes to widen its ranks. and information about membership, open to those in sympathy with the aims of the Union, can be obtained from the young barrister vice-chairman. Mrs. Neil Elles. 75, Ashley Gardens, S.W.I.";"November 5, 1962";"";55540;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MAY 5
The main results of a public opinion poll on the creation of a European Union, held under the auspices of the European Movement during the past six months, were announced this morn- ing at a Press conference by Mr. Duncan Sandys, M.P., chairman of the international executive committee of the movement, and M. Spaak, chairman of its international council. The poll was conducted by the Eric Stern Public Opinion Research Organization in five countries-Norway, Holland, 'western Ger- many (including west Berlin), Italy, and France. They have a total populatation of 153m. Some 1,500 to 2,500 adults in each country were questioned, giving a total of 10,000 for them all.
Sixty-four per cent. considered that although a European unioa might bring increased trade competition, it would be a good thing, 9 per cent. that it would be bad, and 27 per cent. were undecided. The majority thought that the Union should include Great Britain, though in Italy onl 40 per cent, said "" Yes "" and 34 per cent were undecided. There was a smaller majority for the inclusion of western Germany. The French replies in this case were, in percentages, 39 in favour, 34 against, and 27 undecided.";"May 6, 1950";"";51684;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent - .
PARIS, JAN. 30
French reactions 'to the five-Power agreement for a Council of Europe are those of quiet satisfaction that this first step in the direction of European union should have been taken. The most gloomy prophecies had been made about the London meeting of the Brussels Treaty Foreign Ministers and the unlikelihood of the emergence of any solutions. to the Anglo-French difference over the forms of European union. The compromise that has been made is therefore all the more welcome.
It is recognized, of course, that the consulta-
tive European -body to be set up will be without any powers and that its scope for discussion wiUl be limited by the wil1 of the niinisterial committee. Nevertheless, one part -and an essential part-of the French thesis is now formally admitted, which is that there should be an international European forum for the exchange and expression of European ideas. As Le Monde says, if the consultative body is looked on as an orpn of public oPinion, then its existence will be justified; -neither the method of choosing its members nor the choice of questions which it is to dis- cUSS eught to prevent it from speaking words which freproduced in all the Press cannot fail to familiarize the peoples of Europe with the idea of a European organization.""
A European federation is one of tbe aims and objectives of not only the French Governi- mient, and M. Schuman especially, but of French public opinion as expresse in the Press and in numberless private conversations. The idea of a Franco-German rapprochement has become increasingly linked with that of a federation of Europe in which the resources of the Gernan mines can be-put to the service of Europe as a whole. These hopes were expressed earlier this month in a remarkable and. from the point of view of French foreign policy,
rhhaps historic 'interview given by M.
uman to a German news agency; he then spoke of a united Europe "" the structure of which should constitute in itself 'a permanent guarantee of peace.""'";"January 31, 1949";"";51293;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Toward European Union";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent.
STRASBOURG, JuLY 7
In the lull that has descended upon the Council of Europe after yesterday's big political debate aqld before the eco- nomic debate to-morrow, delegates from all countries have been trying to pick out for further reflection the main lines of yesterday's discussion, which many people here like to think of as the real prelude to the meeting at Geneva of heads of Govermnent. Has the west spoken, in its chosen forum, with a single voice, and, if so, what has it said?
The answer is not as simple as might appear, for the debate ended with no motion but simply with the adoption of some draft orders the effect of which is to continue the discussion at the next meeting in the autumn. Furthermore, there is never any debate in the full sense of the term at Strasbourg; nearly all delegates read their prepared speeches, with only coincidental references to what has gone before.
UNITY THE AIM
But it seemed clear enough that implicitly or explicitly the Assembly endorsed the main conclusions of M. de Menthon's report, which formed the basis of the debate-the need to establish a real system of security, to reunify Germany by means of free elec- tions, and to construct a united Europe. There was not a single voice to be heard questioning the proposition that a neutral- ized Germany is an impossibly high price to pay for a European settlement.
What was less clear was what the Con- sultative Assembly thought about Mr. Macmillan's suggestion that Yugoslavia, and perhaps one day other countries, might enter into some form of association with the Council of Europe. This idea of the Council comning to be a bridge or connecting link between the separated parts of Europe was undoubtedly the most interesting and dis- cussed part of the debate; and it was only natural that many people thought they saw a contradiction between M. de Menthon's report, with its emphasis upon the right of every country to choose its political regime and to be free from foreign intervention in its intemal affairs, and the notion that the conditions of membership of the Council of Europe are perhaps being inter- preted, as Mr. Macmillan put it, too pedantically.
NO CONTRADICTION
Second thoughts have shown that there need not be any contradiction. Comment- ing to-day, M. de Menthon said that both he, i his report, and Mr. Macmillan and Mii. Pinay in their speeches, had said or implied that what was needed to establish peace in Europe was a change: the accession of some of the eastern bloc coun- tries to the Council of Europe, in some associate or other form, would mark the beginning of that change.
H.le M. de Menthon, and some of his friends were going to table a resolution sug- gesting that the general affairs committee of the Council of Europe should be asked to examine the conditions under which the Council of Europe might possibly be en- larged. It need not be a question of full membership; for he thought that a great number of members of the Assembly would be loth to change the statute which requires member countries to subscribe to the great democratic principles, but there was always the possibility of associate members, ob- servers, or invitations to certain States to participate in certain defined parts of the Council of Europe's work.
YUGOSLAV INTEREST
These and other thoughts circulating here to-day are not directed solely towards the eastern bloc, although it is inevitable that this prospect should arouse the greatest interest. M. de Menthon observed that
besides Yugoslavia, there were in members' minds the names of Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, and Austria, as countries which might come to be associated with the Council of Europe. A Danish speaker in the debate last night, a Conservative, who was recently in Belgrade, said he was convinced that Yugoslavia was interested in the Council of Europe and that many people in the satellite countries looked to Yugoslavia for leader- ship. Links, he thought, might be estab- lished through observers.
This idea of association seems to-day to be the most authentic and profitable approach to Mr. Macmillan's suggestion, which, if it has done nothing else, has stirred up with unaccustomed ripples the usually tranquil waters of Strasbourg. As though to make the topic even more topical, M. Bebler, the Yugoslav Ambassador in Paris, was in Strasbourg to-day, as the guest of the city, and visited the Maison de l'Europe. where he saw M. Leon Marchal, the secretary-general of the Council of Europe.
To-day the Assembly has been discussing M. Schneiter's report on European refugees and excess population, and the debate gave rise to one of those sharp outbursts of feel- ing which from time to time occur between the Assembly and the Council of Ministers. This time the complaints were that the mini- sters had held up progress of any action on the report by asking M. Schneiter to resubmit it in the autumn.
Hr. Lange, the Norwegian Foreign Mini- ster, defended his colleagues by explaining that the Ministers had only received the report on June 27 and the time remaining had not been sufficient to make the neces- sary consultations. The essential thing to remember, he pointed out somewhat bleakly, was that the committee of Ministers was not a European cabinet as such but an inter- governmental body. One of the critical delegates (a Belgian Social Christian) agreed. The slowness of the Council of Ministers, he said, was because there was no supra-national authority in Europe.";"July 8, 1955";"";53267;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wider European Union";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Preparations for the creation of Western European Union, the new international struc- ture to be built upon the old Brussels Treaty organization, are being discussed in London by a committee of Foreign Office officials and Embassy officials of the six foreign countries concerned. Progress has been made in adapt- ing former arangements to allow the inclusion of Italy and the German Federal Republic.
The committee has received replies to the questionary sent earlier to the participating Governments, and has agreed on a number of arrangements based on the protocols of the original Brussels Treaty. Thus the new assembly will be composed of the representa- tives of the treaty Powers to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe; and it will meet in Strasbourg. In other matters,| however, the situation is complicated by the fact that neither Italy nor west Germany is a member of the United Nations, and there must be further discussion on the relations between the new treaty Powers and- the United Nations agencies.
The committee has been discussing ways of extending the cultural and social work that has been undertaken by the existing secre- tariat, but will defer until later a decision on the appointment of a director of the arms agency. Most military problems arising from the extension of the treaty organization will be handled by N.A.T.O.";"November 25, 1954";"";53098;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western European Union";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, JAN. 7
The first of the three successive sessions which will take place at Strasbourg in the next few days, that of the ad hoc Assembly, which has decided to adopt the name of "" Assembly for a European Political Com- munity;' opened this morning in the House of Europe.
During this session, which will be called upon to deal with a heavy agenda and will last for three days, the Assembly will examine the outline plan drawn up by its constitutional committee, which in the last few months has carried out a monumental task of a juridical chara.ter.
Five voluminous reports, totalling 100 printed pages, have7 been drawn up by its various sub-committees, which systematically dealt with the following subjects: -The powers of the community (rapporteur, Signor Ben- venuti, of Italy); political institutions (M. de Housse, of Belgium); legal institutions (Herr von Merkatz, of Germany); relations of the community with non-member countries and with inteznational organizations (Herr Semler, of Germany); links set up between the com- munity and the Council of Europe (M. Wigny, of Belgium). In addition there are the con- Cusions adopted by the constitutional committee.
COMPLEXITY OF TASK
The Assembly is therefore called upon to deal with a maze of legal texts, the cornplexity of which is the more striking because they are based on Article 38 of the European Defence Community treaty, which has not yet been ratified by any of the six signatories. The Assembly, however, has ignored the un- certainties, and entered into the thick of the subject.
M. Spaak opened the session this morning. A number of representatives-in particular most of the French delegates who are also members of their National Xssembly-were absent from the meeting. M. Spaak, who is in poor health, relinquished the chair to Herr PiNnder (Germany), the vice-presideni, soon after he had got the debate started.
Herr von Brentano (Germany), chairman of the constitutional committee, outlined the mairi aspects of the work carried out by the committee in the past few weeks. He empha- sized the decision in principle to create in the future political community a bicameral system, a Council of Ministers, and a court of justice.
M. de Housse, explaining why the bicameral system had been selected? said that the point was to secure the election directly by the people of a democratic chamber, while pro- viding for representation in another body of the interests of member States.
Agreement had been reached on a system of representation through the weighting of votes, by which the larger countries-France, Germany, and Italy-would each have 63 members in the people's assembly, while the Netherlands and Belgium had 30 each, and Luxembourg 12. The same system of weight- ing was expected in the case of the upper House, in which Germany, France, and Italy would each have 21 seats, the Netherlands and Belgium 10 each, and Luxembourg four.
COUNTER-PROPOSAL
This afternoon a French delegate, M. Debre, i of the R.P.F., presented a counter-proposal. This provided for a union of European States involving the association of natioual Govern- ments of the kind that had originally been I desired by the British when the Council of Europe was first established. He proposed that this union should be directed by a political council composed of the Prime Ministers of member countries.
This proposal appeared to find no support. A German delegate, Herr Becker, of the Social Democrats, criticized M. Debre's plan and emphasized the unique opportunity now offered for a permanent reconciliation of France and Germany. The aeed was to create a modern European constitution, not in an atmosphere of fear, but in one of hope.
Amendments wvere proposed by speakers from various countries, including Mr. Van der Goes van Naters (Netherlands).";"January 8, 1953";"";52514;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union Structure";""
"['From Our Labour Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Labour Correspondent
PARIS, ApERIL 23
A letter from Mr. Churchill to M. Leon Blum, the French Socialist leader, quoted at length by M. Blum in Le Populaire, will be closely studied by delegates to the con- ference of Socialist parties of westem Europe which will be held here to-morrow and Monday to discuss the Socialist I
approach to a western Eiropean federa- 1 tion.
Fourteen Socialist parties will be represented, including a strong delegation from the German Social Democratic Party and Spanish Socialist] delegates. The British delegation includes Mr. I Hugh Dalton, Mr. Morgan PhilLip6, secretary of the Labour Party, and Mr. Denis Healey, head of the international department. Proceedings Opened with a mass meeting to-night at which Mr: Dalton, M. Blum, and Signor Saragat, of Italy, were among the speakers.
It was decided to call the conference, at the suggestion of the French delegation, at a pre- vious meeting of Socialist parties of western Europe at Selsdon Park, Surrey, a month ago. There was a strong feeling then among the French and some of the Benelux delegates that if Socialists ignored The Hague conference, to be presided over by Mr. Churchill next month, they might lose the opportunity of assuming the leadership in the movement for European unity. The Labour Party, however, strongly opposed association with an organization led bay Mr. Chuichill, and eventually it was agreed that, while individual Socialists might go to The Hfague, Socialist parties would not be officially represented.
MR. ICHURCH1LL'S ROLE
Since then a considerable number of Socialist M.P.s from a number of countries, including Britain, France, and Italy, have announced their intention to go to The. Hague, and a number of them held a meeting in Paris last week-end and agreed to support The Hague conference.
Following this, M. Blum, in an article in Le Popzdaire, referred to the essential part played by Mr. Churchill in the bii,h of the movement for European unity and the embar- rassment this caused to the Labour Party. Mt. Churchill; in a letter to M. Blum, said he could not believe that his initiative would prejudice the cause of European unity. Soalists could not pretend toexercise a monopoly in a cause
uhich belonged to all the States and peoples concerned. Aln the help and comradeship possible were needed to wmn the great bausle.
M. Blum has since commented that, while othe Uinited States of Europe cannot be created rithout the Socialists, they do not presume to build a united Europe alone or intend to walt until every country in Europe has a Socialist Parliamentary majority. He has assured Mr. C_hurchill that it is a point of honour with Socialists to make the greatest and most useful contribution they can to the cause of European federalism, and that the discussions this week- end will have no other object.
Other matters which will be discussed during the week-end will be the place of Germany generally in the organization of Europe, which must raise the *roblem of the Ruhr, and the possibility of setting up a continuing organi- zation to press £orward the ideal of European Unity along Socialist lines.
ECONOMIC PLANNING
At to-night's mass meeting Mr. Dalton said:-
"" As Socialists we must make sure that the success of the Socialist'policy now being pur- sued in Britain, Scandinavia, and other countries is not jeopardized by the premature creation of a political union in advance of the assurance of economic stabiiity throughout the union. Each of the members of a political western European union must itself achieve a reasonable economic and financial stability with full employment and economic planning in the public interest. We in Britain had bitter experience under reactionary Governments between the two world wars of an unstable, unplanned, capitalist economy. We are not going back to that, either by our own national decision, or in any international company.
""No western European union, either econo- mic or political, can be exclusive or autarchic. WVe British, in particular, have very close ties, which we are not prepared to break, with the British democracies all over the world. Nor can we forget the wide Colonial territories in Africa and elsewhere, for which some European nations are responsible. There is here a field for cooperative planning not less wide than in Europe itself.
"" Nor, finally, must we ever forget that the United States of Europe, of whih we often dreamed, can ever be complete without the participation of the States of eastern Europe. It is, mn any case, essential that we should develop trade with these' nations now. And the-door must always stand open for their entry into our new association on the sarne terms and conditions asw those which we have freely accepted and agreed ourselves.""";"April 24, 1948";"";51054;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. European Union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, Nov. 20
A meeting will be held here to-morrow between three members of the council of Ministers of Western European Union and four representatives of the Assembly of W.E.U. to tidy up some controversial points in the statute of the Assembly which was adopted by that body last month.
The council will be represented by Mr. Beyen (Holland), its chairmokan; M. Spaak (Belgium). its former chairman; and prob- ably M. Pinay (France), its next chairman. The delegation from the Assembly will be the chairman, Mr. John Maclay (Britain), Mr. van der Goes van Naters (Holland), Herr Kopf (Germany), and M. Mutter (France).
When W.E.U. was set up in October last year as an inter-governmental organization of the five Brussels treaty nations (Britain, France. Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg) with the addition of the German Federal Republic and Italy, it was clear that its par- liamentary organ, the Assembly, could b. only a consultative body. After the Assem- bly's first session in July a committee drafted its charter. Though the charter as a whole accords with the Assembly's status, several points have emerged which have seemed to the council of Ministers to hold the seeds of later difficulties.
NOT QUITE REALISTIC
The meeting will discuss the provision by which the Assembly could pass a vote of censure on the council of Ministers. As W.E.U. is not a supra-national body, its council of Ministers are there as representa- tives of the seven nations of the union. They could not be called on to resign, and a vote of censure from the Assembly would be em- barrassing without being effective. As the Ministers apparently prefer to put it-it would not be quite realistic.
There is also the feasibility of the right accorded in the charter of the Assembly for its committees to examine officials. This is no problem where W.E.U. officials are concerned but, as the charter extends this right to include officials of member-Govern- ments, the possibility of complications Is foreseen.
The meeting will consider smaller matters raised by the rtiles of procedure which the Assembly adopted together with the charter. It has been agreed that documents will be in English and French. but some of the 92 members of the Assembly would like to be able to speak in their own language and have simultaneous translation. If the Ger- mans and Italians were granted this, the Dutch could hardlv ask for less. At this stage it is not clear if the budget of W.E.U. can stand this small but expensive luxury.";"November 21, 1955";"";53383;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union Anomalies";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"IROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
VIENNA, SEpr. 14
Undertakers from eight European countries, including Britain, will meet in Vienna tomorrow to establish an interna- tional funeral link-up and to set up a Euro- pean union of undertakers.
The need for closer cooperation in resolving the complicated problems arising from the death of nationals on foreign soil and ways to shorten burcaucratic pro- cedures has been felt ever since holidays abroad assumed mass proportions. The purpose of the meeting is to bring about a closer coordination between various national European funeral companies.
Organized on an international basis, European undertakers will be able to cope more easily with obstacles and difficulties in transporting the dead from one country to another";"September 15, 1964";"";56117;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union Of Undertakers";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDEN-T
NDOLA (N. RHODESIA), FEB. 7
Mr. A. Clarke, chairman of the Chibuluma branch of the European Mineworkers' Union in Northern Rhodesia, has appealed to both mining groups-the Rhodesian Selection Trust and the Anglo American-to reach agreement on a combined solution to African advancement in the coppermining industry.
On a careful examination of the two schemes it is clear that there is little funda- mental difference, says Mr. Clarke. Both groups have drawn a clear demarcation line and have guaranteed that in first schedule jobs the ' rate for the job "" will apply, which answers the suspicions of many members that advancement was nothing but a cloak for cheapening labour. 'Me only difference is that the Selection Trust now offers a final and lasting solution, whereas the Anglo American asks for an initial five- year plan then review, to be followed by a further five-year plan.
One thing to be avoided at all costs, says Mr. Clarke, is a position where Africans and Europeans work side by side yet at different rates of pay. This is the first union comment on the schemes.";"February 8, 1955";"";53160;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Copper Miners' Advancement";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Nov. 23
"" I feel a chill coming c ver this Assembly.
."" These words, spo'-An by the deputy chairrnan of the American delegation at Strasbourg to-day at the height of the final day's debate, expressed involuntarily the Americans' disappointment at finding as they have done this week that no new move is in sight towards political and economic integration in Europe.
In a joint statement made after the meeting the Americans said that the cordial discussions they had had would prove most helpful when reported to the American Congress and people. They noted, however, with deep regret that a more realistic progress had not been made towards European union, economic and poli- tical, and hoped that the tendency would be overcome to emphasize the difficulties in the way of integration rather than the advantages that would flow from it.
The kernel of the issue had been the atti- tude of the British and Scandinavian countries. The Continental representatives declared that they could not act without Britain; the British delegate spoke of. but did not define, action in an Atlantic rather than a European area; and the Americans asked for unifying action in Europe fitst.
The Amencans' anxiety was put in many ways to-day, while the British and Scandi- navian advocates have all marshalled the reasons why they had not felt free to join a Goveranment of Europe. Lord Layton. the Liberal representative from Britain, has been in favour of Britain's joining the Schumah plan and a European army, which have been1 recognized by all in the debate as the acid test of British intentions, but he bas not differed from his colleagues that Britain can- not federate now.
BRITISH ATTITUDE
Mr. Boothby agreed that a chill had passed over the Assembly caused by disappointment over the British attitude, but wished the Americaris to know that this attitude was not new, as past speeches showed. Unity was a thing of the spirit, and people mattered more than forms or institutions. Britain and the Commnonwealth were without oonstitutions, and Britain feared that any rigid federal- written constitution might easily snap under any strain. But she did feel the need for posi- tive action. It would be a "" bad business "" if she were not to join the Schuman plan and a European army, and he added: "" Do not think that we are going to continue to act as brakes on the wheels of the carriage of a united Europe.""
Although Mr. Boothby spoke as an indi- vidual, and although the British Government have stated in the House of Lords this week that Britain did not intend to join the Schuman plan and the European army plan now, his words revived some of the hopes among the delegates who heard him. But in asking the Americans to realize that Britain's present atti- tude was not new, he did not meet their main point. Their disappointment was not that the attiude was new, but that it was old, seemingly unchanged.-
Subsequently at a Press conference M. Spaak expressed deep interest in a suggestion made by Mr. Boothby to-day that economic integration between the Commonwealth and the Continent might be the remedy for the future. He had made this suggestion in reply to a jocular remark by M. Reynaud that the Commonwealth wished to "" annex "" the Continent. M. Spaak thought that this possi- bility opened up a new vista.";"November 24, 1951";"";52167;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"American Regrets At Strasbourg";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
DUBLIN, JAN. 16
Mr. Lemass, Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland, told the members of his party, Fianna Fail, tonight that in the future the country's national aims must conform to the emergence, politically as well as economically, of a union of western European states, not as a vague prospect but as a living reality.
He was speaking at the annual congress of the party. which voted in f.avour of the Republic's joining the European European community.""
Mr. Lemass said that membership of the Common Market was open only to nations which accepted the political aims which inspired it. A movement to political con- federation, in some form, was a natural and logical development of economic integra- tion. ""We have decided that it is in our national interest to join freely with the European countries in creating the new European community"".
He predicted that the continued partition of Ireland would become so obviously dis- advantageous to both north and south that all sensible People would want to end it. The Republic's membership of the European Community might alter in some degree her role in the United Nations. but it would not weaken her allegiance to the principles of the United Nations Charter.";"January 17, 1962";"";55291;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union As Living Reality";""
"['From Patricia Clough']";"['News']";"From Patricia Clough
Jionn, ziept Li
West Germany is about to .start a campaign to urge its Community partners further along the road to European union.
Over the next few months it will seek to persuade the other nine countries to join in a European Document, or declaration, which would form a foundation stone for future union.
The main purpose of the document would be to bring the European Council - the thrice-yearly heads-of-govern- ment meeting - and the present informal arrange- ments for foreign policy cooperation, under the same roof as the Community struc- tures.
Bonn hopes considerably to improve foreign policy coop- eration, especially in emerg- encies, by creating a sec- retariat which could form the basis for a European foreign ministry. It also wants better European coordination of security policy in non-military ..areas, and in culture and justice.
The West German initiative comes as the Community faces a difficult autumn of negotiations about the Com- mon Agricultural Policy, community financing and budget contributions.
The Government and in particular Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the Foreign Minis- ter, fear that unless some- thing is done Europe could get so bogged down in its internal battles that it will soon have no influence in the world.
The idea was Herr Gensch- er's and was first aired at the congress of his Free Demo- crat Party in January this year. Last week the Cabinet gave him the green light to take it up formally with other European governments.
The Italian Government has already expressed its unre- served approval; the Benelux countries and Greece are expected to. be favourable. Lord Carrington, the British Foreign Secretary, is known to want better political coop- eration.";"September 22, 1981";"";61039;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn plans European union drive";""
"['Patricia Clough']";"['News']";"Churchill: 'Simple process'
The cry, from the great hall of Zurich University in 1946, fired the hopes and enthusiasm of a war-ravaged continent: ""Let us build a kind of United States of Europe"", Witiston Churchill declared. ""The process is simple. All that is needed is the resolve of hundreds of millions of men and women...""
Tomorrow, almost exactly 37 years later, ihed Europea'n Parliament will diseuss plans Tor'the-nearqst thing yet to fulfilmerit of Chutchill's dream - a European Union.
If it is appibved, as is likely, within a couple of years we could all be citizens of the European Union, as well as of the United Kingdom. We would belong to an international entity which adapts and *welds together the European Com'munity; the European Monetary System, European Political Cooperation ' and other European un~dertakings into a much more incisive, efficientpoliticalnmachine.-
It would aim to sweep away the internal obstacles that hamper the Community's work, to deal better with the problems that beset all its nriembers and represept,Europe more effectively in the world.
The vision which brought the students of Zurich to their feet in' rapturous a!pplause will bc one step nearer realit., Except that it wilJ not
happen. Nqlt in the next couple of- years and probably not for many more years to come.
Somewhere on the path to European unity the ""resolve of millions of men and women"", and in particular of their parliaments and govennents, has run out of steam.
Initiatives such as tomorrow's proposals, fatlhered by that grand old European, Signor Altiero Spinelli, and the ""solemn declaration"" by heads of state and government in Stuttgart on June 19 havc simply become worthy
Some milestones on the road to European unlty
1946 Winston Churchill: ""We must build a kind of United States of Europe"". 1947 The Organization for European Economic Cooperation Is established. 1949 The Council of Europe established.
1951 The Six (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg) set up the European Coal and Steel Community.
1957 The Six sign the Rome Treaties setting up the European Economic Community and Euratom.
1973 Britain, Ireland and Denmark join the EEC. 1977 Spain and Portugal apply to join.
1979 The European Monetary System starts functioning. Direct elections to the European Parliament.
1981 Greece joins EEC.
attempts to keep the idea of unity alive amid the yawns of the public and most politicians.
The idea is ancient. Dante in the fourteenth century, Rousseau in the eighteenth, Victor Hugo in the nineteenth were among the poets and thinkers who- dreamed of it as a way of ending the constant wars-and bringing prosperity. But, as Frederick the Second of Prussia wrote to his-friend, the philosopher Voltaire, ""The plan is perfectly feasible, The only thing it lacks for success is-the agreement of Europe and a few other minor details"".
It took millions of deaths and, the destruction of much of the coptinent to inspire the ""agreement of Europe."" Among the prime movers in building a new Europe were former inmates of concentration 'camps, the Resistance, exiles and others who had come to loathe the nationalism which had un- leashed the carnage.
Behind them were millions of people recovering from the horrors of war and dreading another, this time with the Soviet Union. The emotional demand for unity,'- which proinpted crowds to break down border posts between Francc and Germany, is hard to imagine now. -
The spectacular economic growth of the 1960s and 1970s helped to build the EEC and its institutions ' and brought more -prosperity than the visionaries had ever imagined. It cemented the original six members together-psychologically and economi- cally, so that now life -without the Community for them is unthinkable.
The 1970s, howeve', .brought. the beginning of the world, economic crisis, and with it forces that gradually began pulling,in the opposite direction. Member states became more eon- ccrned about-their own problems and interests than the good of the Community as a whole. The temp-
tation of protectionism was sometimes too hard to resist. The machinery set up under the Treaty of Romne became increasingly inadequate to deal with problems of the times.
The decade also brought new members, Britain, Ireland and Den- mark, followed in 1981 by Greece. Three of those countries, Britain, Denmark and Greece, are particularly jealous of their national sovcreignty and out- of tune with the old Community spirit. Bitter quarrels broke out over Britain's budget payments and the common agricul- tural policy.
At the same time the founding generation was giving way to Euro- peans with hazy, if any, memories of the war, who are less idealistic and more mattcr of fact. -
Europe continued to evolve, with the establishment of the European Monetary System, bringing a degree of order among the chaos of constantly shifting exchange rates, and European Political Cooperation, enabling the Community.often to speak as one - and therefore wield more influence - on the world stage.
Then there was enlargement and the fir4t dir¢ct elections to the European Parliarment. But, just wien the continent most needed it, unity was becoming a distant and unrealistic goal.
Five of Europe's top foreign policy institutes, including the Royal Insti- tute of International Affairs (Chatham House), published a joint *study warning that ""Western Europe; is drifting .: we are faced with the disintegrationi of the most imporfant European achievement sincc World War Two. No single government is willing to bring the Community down but the net effect of members' actions, or lack thereof; risks causing exactly that, daily, in little ways.""
. vSpinelli: tirless campaigner
Others arc worried, too. Signor Emilio Colombo, and Hcrr Hans- Dietrich Gcnscher, the Italian and Gcrman foreign ministers, sought to give the: .Community new impetus by drafting a ""European Act"" in which members reaffirmed their political will to create the European Union and promised further efforts to that end.
The insipid ""solemn declaration"", the very much watered-down version of the Act which eventually was signed, was in itself a symptom of the prevailing mood.
Signor Spinelli's proposal for a union falls far short of the UJnited States of Europe, or the European Federation, that Churchill and others had in mind, for its central authority would scarcely be more powerful than the Community is npw. The term, however.. could have psychological importance, while the restructuring of the institutions could create mnore effective decision-making machinery.
It will probably be approved by the Parliament, which, almost by defi- nition, must favour unity. But its path through the parliaments and chancelk leries of th .ten Member. states looks perilous.
Until there.is the political vill the idea of unity will remain. in the doldrums. Two things could revive it: a new economic upswing andjor in ecomic or military threat from elsewhere, such as the United States, Japan or the Soviet Union.
The dispute with Washington over the Soviet gas pipeline which drove European leaders together has already demonstrated that this dould work. Wags in Brussels have suggested' that the Community should set up 'a monument to President Reagan, since -he has done more for European unity
than anyone since Stalin.
Patricia Clough";"September 12, 1983";"";61635;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European union: an impossible dream?";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRiL 6
Failure in the negotiations on the creation of a European political union would have serious repercussions in the east, in the United States and among the participating countries, Dr. Schroder, the Foreign Minister. said at a meeting of the Rhineland Christian Democratic Union at Neuss, near Cologne, today.
The points still in dispute would be the most important subject of discussion at the coming meeting between Dr. Adenauer and Signor Fanfani. and at international con- ferences in the next few weeks, Dr. Schroder said. He was hopeful that a formula could be found to reconcile the defence policy of the Six with Nato.
The Federal Government thought that a ""harmonization of points of view"" was possible on whether the heads of Govern- ment of the E.E.C. should, in addition to foreign, defence, and cultural matters, also deal with economic policy. Bonn was play- ing the role of a go-between on this matter. and did not think the existing European communities would be threatened by it.";"April 7, 1962";"";55360;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Union ""Must Not Fail""";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-PARIS, SEPT. 9
A new approach to negotiations for political unity in Europe, more or less in abeyance since the collapse of the Fouchet plan, was attempted in Paris today by the political committee of the Western European Union, joined by specialists on foreign affairs from parlia- ments of the seven member countries.
The lead in calling for an early resumption of negotiations was taken by Herr Hans-Joachim von Merkatz, a former west German Minister and rapporteur on the subject at the last session of the W.E.U. Assembly in Rome. There was no change, however, in the attitude of the Netherlands, two of whose delegates objected that political union was impossible without Britain.
Colonel Sir Tufton Beamish, M.P. (Conservative), thought it would be use- ful to have Britain join any renewed
negotiations, but he could not foretell what the European policy of a Con- servative Government would be after the elecLions. Mr. Christopher May- hew, M.P. (Labour), did not believe that a Labour Government would join a Europe=n political union, which could only serve a policy of blocks now show- ing signs of thaw.
He reiterated that conditions for join- ing the Common Market were unaccept- able by Britain.
M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, countered by proposing the re- launching of negotiations along the lines of the Fouchet plan, though he thought they would be better entrusted to "" three wise men'"" of Europe in the hope that Britain would adhere in due time to a union of the Six. He wanted a three-year period of transition before the signature of a political treaty.";"September 10, 1964";"";56113;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Call For European Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"| From Our Own Correspondept
Paris, April 21
Presidenti Scheel of West Germany who arrived in Paris this afternoon on a four-day, state visit does not intend that it should be confined to pure protocol occasions, banquets, conventional toasts and the ritual excursions into the pro- vinces.
It is Herr Scheel's first -visit to France since his election to the presidency.;
In spite of the constitutional limitations on the powers of his office, he intends. to use his meetings with President Giscard d'Estaing and with members of the French Government to enhance the cause of European unity.
In his view, the Franco- German alliance is, as he re- called today at Orly airport in his reply to the French Presi- dent's welcoming speech, ""a stabilizing factor for the Europe of the Nine "". Cooperation be- tween the two countries was the "" key condition to new progress towards a European union."".
But, as he emphasized in an interview published by Le Monde today, this alliance has no exclusive character. And he acknowledged that there was not the same enthusiasm for European unity in West Ger- many as in the 1950s.
"" But if you speak to any German, you will note that there is no political conviction more firmly entrenched in him than the necessity of making Europe united. A decision to this effect would meet with unanimous approval in Parlia- ment and public opinion.""
He admitted that in the march towards political union, Britain was a "" problem "", even if the referendum turned out the right way.
The setbacks to American policy in Vietnam and in the Middle East, the changes in Portugal, and the growth of Soviet military power stength- ened his conviction that Nato must be reinforced. And he noted in the interview his con- viction that Europe would for a long time to come, depend for its security on the United States.
As far as Russia was con- cerned, ""neither an economic, nor a political union are directed against anyone, and must be accompanied by an extremely active diplomacy to- wards the other part of Europe. .-. . There is no possi- bility of political evolution between the Federal Republic and Eastern Europe without the consolidation of our integration in the Western world and of our alliance with the United States, either bilaterally, or through the European Community "", he added, according to Le Monde.
Herr Scheel's programme includes a banquet at the Elys6e Palace tonight, to which, along with all the leading French and German personali- ties, Frau Mathilde Zarwas, of Koblenz, M Giscard d'Estaing's former German nurse, was also invited.
Tomorrow President and Frau Scheel will be entertained by the Paris municipal council to luncheon before taking off for Lyons, where they will see the new city library and the silk museum.
A visit to St Paul de Vence and the Maeght Foundation has been called off, owing to the hostility of the wine growers of the Var, who announced that they would start protest demo- strations if President Scheel came. Instead, the presidential couple will visit the steel com- plex at Fos, near Marseilles.
President Scheel of WVest Ger- many (in front) greeted by President Giscard d'Estaing on arrival in Paris yesterday.";"April 22, 1975";"";59376;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Scheel urges European union";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FIROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), MAY 20
The Northern Rhodesian Mineworkers' Union have submitted to the mining com- panies a memorandum on African advance- ment in which they propose to surrender 13 categories of jobs to Africans and offer to discuss the surrender of further categories subject to safepuards. The memorandum says that there is sufficient evidence to con- vince the union that it would be proper to allow suitable Africans to advance. It requests an analysis extending over three years of every job performed by its members.
The concessions proposed by the union are not as generous as they might appear. In practice they are concedmg mainly "" ragged edge "" jobs, which in some mines Africans are already performing. It will simply move the present colour bar back an inch or two and then require a standstill period of three years. which in present circumstances would be both unrealistic and dangerous.";"May 21, 1955";"";53226;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Colour Bar In Mines";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"PROM OUR CORRESPONDENT .
NDOLA, Auo. 15
The Rhodesia Selection Trust has refused to agree to the request by the European Mineworkers' Union for an agreement on African advanrcement similar to that signed by the Anglo- American group earlier this month.
Under this agreement it was agreed imme- diiately to transfer 24 categories of European jobs to the African schedule, and that there- after there would be no further advanczement without consent of the union..
A letter from the Rhodesia Selection Trust's general managers to the union states that the RS.T. group has tried for over two years to reach a permanent solution to the African advancement problem on the copper- belt by negotiation, but insistence by the union, as a prerequisite to further dis- cussion, of what amounted to a permanent vower of veto precludes the achievement of an agreed solution so far as the R.S.T. is concerned. The letter continues: "" We regret we are unable to give the guarantee you require, either now or in the future, in con- nexion with this or any -other matter, since to do so would be to abandon our rights under the existing agreement with your union and would involve surrendering to your union part of the responsibilities, duties, and functions of management.""
PROPOSED SURVEY
The R.S.T. describes the agreement with Anglo-American as a step in the right direc- tion, but in addition to the abandonment of the union's claim for a veto, the R.S.T. would require that additional jobs be trans- ferred and that there be no fixed time limit for the proposed survey of jobs.
Mr. B. E. Petersen, general secretary of the union, replied that insistence by the union on a guarantee arose because 'of the legiti- mate fears that the future of European workers in mines would be seriously threatened unless the mining companies accepted that African advancement problems could only be settled with the fullest coopera- tion of European employees. African advancement had to be approached against substantial cultural, social, and educatiohal differences between Africans and Europeans, and as a result there were many attendant complications which could never be dealt with within the machinery of an ordinary industrial dispute.
In to-day's issue of the mineworkers' Union News, rejection of the guarantee and o,f tihe tthreel-,year iob survey is described as";"August 16, 1955";"";53300;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Workers In Copperbelt";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDLN r
BONN. Oc r. 23
The reported readiness of the Labour Government to take part in talks on European political union has rather upset some preconceived notions enter- tained in Bonn about its general approach to European problems and it has inevitably been received with mixed feelings.
The Federal Government was inclined zt first to believe that the British election had. at least, for the immediate future, rel:eved the European scene of the liabilHtv arising from Briitain's indeoision, and considenablv brightened the prospects of getting botn the French and the Dutch to support its new initiative although these have been considerably dimmed within the past 48 hours by General de Gaulle's bombshell on agricultural prices.
Herr Barzel, the deputy leader of the Christian Democrats' parliamentary grouip. emphasized at a press conference today that the Federal Government wan-ted a Europe unified on as wide a basis as possible: and he hoped that Brtiain would contribute to it. But when questioned. he refused to commit himself as to whether the C.D.U. would actually back a move by Brita.n to take part in negotiations on the nrew Ger- man proposals.
FEW ILLUSIONS
""We shall note Britain's readiness to play a part in EuroDe "". he said. alnd support it as far as possible."" Few illusions are entertained here. however. as to any greater readiness on the part or ihe French now than in the past to Ict Britain join the negotiations among the Six. except in a purely informnative capwiis through the Western European Union machinery.
The French standpoint remains that onlv those countries which have actuallY accepted both the rights and the oblig:j- tions of the Treaty of Rome can take part in negotiations on political union.
Any definite claim by Britain at this stage to take part in the discussions would seriously complicate the Federal GoNern- ment's already difficult task of getting the subject back on the conference table, and of securing tihe assent of both the French and the Dutch. It could onl) provoke second thoughts in The Hague as to the desirability of preparatory talks at all.
Since the conversations which Mtr. Marijnen and Dr. Luns, the Dutch Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, had in Bonn last month. the Dutch Government has seemed disposed to consider such pre- paratory talks with a much more open mind than before.";"October 24, 1964";"";56151;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Upsets Bonn Ideas";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRfJM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT'
De BONN, SEPT. 22
Signor De Gasperin the Italian Primne Minister and Foreign Minister, was the guest of honour at.a dioner given by-the Chancellor at th Palais Schaumburg to- night. Dr. Adenauer and.Signor De' Gas- peri had spent a busy day,.in the course of which they not only reviewed German- ,talian relations butt also-and especially -discussed. what more can be .dorie to integrate Christian -Europe.
In a speech to-night the. Chancellor. said: We Germans hold the! faith that the western world is not decadent. or doomed to dissolu- tion."" .He added that -"" our yearning still draws us to Italy, the tnother of Europe and of the Christian world. This friendship. has survived through the storms and hazards of the years. It is for.us-to-deepen it.""
Signor De.Gasperi emphasized the-friend- ship of the two peoples, and praised the recon- structionr work in the Federal. Republic, which, he hoped, would be crowned by the early reunification of Germany in peace and freedom.
The two statesnier had their first talk. in the morning at the Palais Schaumburg. They are stated to have been in, full. agreement on the necessity of -strengthening European union within the framework of the existing coal and steel community and the defence com- munity, and of pressing forward with the work of creating a European ConstitUtion. They
also exchanged views on means of combating further Communist penetration of the west.
In the narrower field of German-Italian relations, the conclusion of a cultural agree- ment was discussed. Closer ties will be developed, and it is hoped to settle the question of the German institutes and property in Italy which were confiscated after the war. A formal agreement is hardly likely to be signed at this stage, as the Federal Government has no Ministry of Culture of its own. such work lying within the province of the Ldnder.
After their discussions, Dr. Adenauer accom- panied Signor De Gasperi on a tour through the vaUeys of the Rhine and the Moselle. Among the places visited was the eleventh- century Benedictine abbey of Maria Laach standing high in the hills of the Eifel.
The statesmen were received by Abbot Basilius Ebel, in the presence of Herr Peter Altmeier, chief Minister of the Palatinate, and Signor De Gasperi presented to the Abbot a miniature with a representation of the Holy Family. After prayers with the monks, the Chancellor and Signor De Gasperi stood for a while at the grave of Abbot lldefons Herwegen, wbo for a period from 1936 onward gave Dr. Adenauer sanctuary in the abbey against Nazi persecution. Abbot Herwegen gained wide renown for his anti- Hitler writings.
During the tour, the Italian flag was dis- played in many picturesque villages through which the party passed, and groups of people waved in welcome. At Beilstein, on the Moselle, luncheon was served in the Knights' Chamber of the castle, the seat of the German branch of the Metternich. family. Before leaving Dr. Adenauer and Signor De Gasperi attended a wine-tasting ceremony.";"September 23, 1952";"";52424;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor De Gasperi's Talks In Bonn";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRONM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDJOLA (N. RHODESIA), JULY 23
A meeting has been arranged at Kitwe to-morrow between the Northern Rhodesia Chamber of Mines, to which all Northern Rhodesian copper mines are affiliated. and the Northern Rhodesian European mine- workers' union. '
The principal subject to be discussed at the meeting, which has been called by the mining companies, will be the question of the advancement of Africans in the copper mining industry, an advancement which is pre- vented by the existence of certain labour agreements between the European union and the mining companies which forbid the em- ployment of Africans in specified categories of work. Both the Rhodesian Selection Trust and the Anglo-American copper mining groups have said that they wish to raise the question of African industrial advancement with the union and that they hope some amicable arrangement may be agreed upon whereby this advancement will be permitted by the European mineworkers' union.";"July 24, 1953";"";52682;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Miners' Status";""
"";"['News']";"NEW YORK, Oct. 30.-General Smuts pleaded for a European union on the lines of the British Commonwealth of Nations when he spoke to-niOht at the forum sponsored by the Nen, York Herald Tribu,,e at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.
Great Britain, he said, had maturity, long experience of government. and practical acquaintance with human r;ature in its political aspects-- in short, the know-how in running world aff;;irs."" The British movement for free- dtom had become "" the spearhead of a large world movement in which not only British possessions but many other parts of the world have been caught up.
"" If, for instance, Europe, or a large part of it, could see its way to forming a European union in whicil the eventatal constitutional principles of the British Commonwealth could prevail,"" General Smuts went on, "" we mighit at long last see that noble old mother conti- inent of our common civilization emerge from its conftision and miseries and realize its free- dom and peace in a new renaissance more glorious than any in its great past.""
The old British imperialism had been defeated in the transformation of Southi Africa after the Boer War. Iraq and Transjordan could tell a similar tale. ' India, Burma. Malaya, and Ceylon may tell it to-morrow."" To talk of British imperiailism to-day was
barking tip the wrong tree. The thing is dead and buried. It received its death wound in the Boer War. and ever since it has shliunik and shrivelled awavy until to-day it is but a spook, a mere scarecrow for frightening those who do not or will not know.""
Of the three great lPowers. it was said that the Britisi group was not the equal of the others, the United States and the Sosiet Union. in war potential. But its contribtition in the htimnn qtialities of balance and moderation. gootI sense, good humoLur and fair play, mnoral ptrpose, and otitlook was of a very special character. "" They are worth more than scores of divisions, and vithout them divisions mtust ultimately fail,"" General Smuts said.";"October 31, 1946";"";50596;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plea For European Union";""
"";"['News']";"MR. P. C. GORDON-WALKER, M.P., speaking at the Fabian School at Beatrice Webb House, near Dorking, yesterday, said: "" There are signs that the British Government are rather alarmed by the move on the Continent towards what is called ' Little Europe.' I think that would be a great mistake on our part.
Western Europe needs Britain and Britain needs westem Europe. There would be great advantage in having a single political authority to represent a number of European countries in N.A.T.O.
"" We should give a much more vigorousl lead in the building up of the military side of European union. The European Defence Community is the first step; but I am very doubtful of the adequacy of E.D.C. to fulfil its purpose of integrating German forces into an international army. There is, in my view, only one international force that is large and .powerful enough to contain a rearmed Germany, and that is N.A.T.O.""";"August 13, 1952";"";52389;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain And European Union";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Har2rove
Paris, Saturday morning
The nine-power Paris summit conference ended six hours later than scheduled, with broad agreement reached on all the main issues raised during the tvo days of discussions.
Delay was due to difficulties which arose in the drafting of the lengthy final communique because the Dutch insisted that the institutions of the enlarged Community be reinforced and the powers of the European Parliament extended.
Mr Biesheuvel. the Dutch Prime Minister, who made a statement to the press early today, emphasized that the conference had been a success. ""Speaking as a Dutchman "", he said, "" I am very happy that we were unanimous on the reinforcement of the com- mittee's institutions."" He paid tribute to President Pompidou's expert chairing of the con- ference and to his ereat patience, a remark which drew laughter from the weary crowd of reporters.
President Pompidou, in a brief statement,, said that the con- ference had succeeded in laying the bases of economic and mone- tairy union and of regional, indus- trial and energy policies.
"" We also aimed at giving the enlarged Community an image of its own "", he added, "" by asser.- ing its distinct personality in a spirit of cooperatig,n towards other industrial countries out- side the Community, the de- veloping nations, and the countries of Eastern Europe.
""Whether in the declai-ation of principles of the preamble, or in the last paragraph of the com- munique "", M Pompidou went on, "" the determination of the Nine to progress towards a full European union in 10 years was laid down.
""We deliberately refrained from outlining the characteris- tics of this union, because this could not be done in the time at our disposal. But we gave the Council of Ministers a mandate to prepare a report on these characteristics within three years.""
The British delegation was extremely satisfied -with the
results of the conference, which approved the proposals put for- ward by Mr Heath, for a regional policy, including the creation of a regional develop- mient fund by December 31, 1973.
The conference also endorsed Mr Heath's suggestions that the Community define a common standpoint on trade negotiations within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) by July of next year, and that the negotiations themselves be concluded by 1975.
The decisions taken by the conference were:-
I Second stage of European monetary union to begin on January 1, 1974. Full economic and monetary union by Decem- ber 31, 1980.
2 Fixed but adjustable parities for European currencies.
3 Creation of European mone- tary fund before April 1, 1973. 4 Report on the increase in short-term assets of the fund by September 30, 1973.
5 Report on pooling of reserves by December 31, 1973.
6 Anti-inflation measures to be adopted by ministers on Octo- ber 30 and 31, 1972.
7 Common standpoint on reform of international monetary system based on fixed but adjust- able parities and general con- vertibility.
8 Creation of regional develop- ment fund before December 31, 1973.
9 Action programme on social policy by January 1. 1974.
10 Recommendations by January 1, 1974, on European companies and multinational firms of ad- vanced technology.
11 Action programme on envi- ronment policy by July 31, 1973. 12 Community policy on energy. 13 Regional and global Com- munity policy towards develop- ing countrnes.
14 Progressive liberalization of international trade.
15 Constructive dialogue. with United States, Japan and Canada.
16 Common standpoint on trade negotiations between. Com- munity and United States by July 1, 1973, and conclusion by 1975.
I7 Solution to relations between Community and Norway.
18 Common trade policy towards Eastern Europe from January 1, 1973.
19 Increased political coopera. tion and second report by Foreign Ministers by June 30, 1973.
20 Reinforcement of control powers of European Assembly.
21 Report before the end of 1975 on setting up a European union.
The Dutch Government wanted the communique to state that the Commission, on a proposal of the European Parliament, should submit to the Council of Ministers within one year a proposal setti: ; out the increased powers of the Parlia- ment and the election by direct universal suffrage of all its members.
Mr Biesheuvel, the Dutch Prime Minister, reminded the conference yesterday, wvhen it took up the discussion of Community institutions, that the Dutch Government had sub- mitted to its partners a memo- randum on this subject. The Dutch Parliament had before it a Bill amending the constitution to allow direct elections to the European Parliament at Stras. bourg.
Snome irritation xvas also caused among delegations in the afternoon by the publication in Le Monde of the full text of the draft preamble to the final communique. This draft, pre- pared by the French Govern- ment, was circulated to its partners on Tuesday for their remarks and possible amend- ments. It amounts to - an out. line of the Community's philosophy on political union.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the Foreign Secretary, was reported by Herr Ahlers, the German Government spokesman, to have expressed his sense of shock over this breach of diplo- matic convention. The French delegation was as incensed as the British over the matter. The source of the leak was variously attributed to the Italians and the Commission. .
The draft text was submitted to a second. very close scrutiny yesterday. The Elysee Palace spokesman in the morning had stated that the French draft had
Continued on page 6, col I
Mt Bi6shdiuvei; the Dhtc'h-Prime.Miniiter, arrives at thp summit, where~ he held' out- for an increase in the Eutopean Parliament's -powers and direct election of its members.
French say Nine must not appear like wealthv 'cartel'
the Hotel Majestic, shouting ""Egoism, egoism "". and brand- ishing placards which read: "" The developing nations are the shame of Europe."" Five of them were led away by police for an identity check.
In the afternoon it was the turn of young Dutchmen, hostile to the European Economic Com- mlunity, who gave out tracts in. D)utch. They were dispersed and five taken to a police station.
Finally, the inevitable hap- pened: an anonymous caller announced that a bomb was hidden in the confer- ence centre and was due to explode at 4 o'clockc.- The police, who are all over the place, both inside and out, immediately carried out a thorough search.
President Pompidou aban- doned his plan to confine the second working luncheon at the Elysee Palace again to heads of government. Foreign Ministers and Dr Sicco Mansholt, the president of the European Com- mission, also came along. The French Government's intention of excluding Foreign Ministers from these luncheons bad caused some distress on the part of delegations where the head of government does not enjoy such exclusive authority as in France.
,A banquet offered by the city of Faris to the summit delega tions began one hour late.
Later M Pierre M4esmer, the French Prime Mtinister,. entertained all the delgations at a grand reception in the glitter' ing staterooms of the Quai d'Orsay where, two decades ago, the treaty setting up the Euro- pean Coal and Steel Community was solemnly signed by the six founding members.
Some people never give up hope. O,n Thursday afternoon, a few yards from the conference,
Mr Christopher Frere-Smith, chairman of the ""Keep Britain Out"" movement, held a press conference before five reporters.
Britain's entry into the Com- munity was a disaster, he empha- sized. If Britain was taken in by force and against its will, dis- order and dissension would result not. only in Britain but in the Community. Neither Parliament nor people had approved entry, he maintained.
If the Community did not turn into ""a different animal"" -a free trade area-a Labour Government would renegotiate the treaty of accession or Britain would leave the Community at the first opportunity. The EEC was, he claimed, an "" outmoded monster, grotesque and protec- tionist "".
An advertisement by the ""Keep Britain Out"" movement was to appear in Le Monde today. It said in part.
"" Neither the British Parliament' nor the British people have given their consent. The parliamentary majority for entry was 17-the latest public opinion polls show only 31 per cent in favour
""The British people alone of the applicant nations have been denied a referendum by their government. The opposition party is now pledged to renego- tiate the terms and to hold a referendum.
""The effect is, when the Labour Party is returned to power Britain will leave the Common Market.. - .. Do not believe Mr Heath when he says Britain does not break treaties- remember the Anglo-Polish treaty of 1939, which we broke within weeks of- signing. And no British Parliament can bind its successors.
Leading article, page 15
Continued from page 1
been adopted by all the delega- tions wvith very slight modifica- tions.
The French draft of the pre- amble states that the member countries emphasize their de- termination to base the Com- munity's development on poli- tical democracy, freedom of opinion, free circulation of persons and ideas, and the parti- cipation of their peoples through their elected representatives.
It restates the aim to set up a real economic and monetary union, but emphasizes that economic expansion is not an end in itself and must reduce inequalities and improve the quality of life.
The draft preamble also declares the determination of member states to develop inter- national trade and to promote cooperation with the Eastern European countries.
Discussions at the European summit yesterday morning dealt with the questions of Com- munity cooperation in foreign policy and relations between the Community and the outside world. The main burden of the debate wvas carried by the Foreign Ministers, with Presi- dent Pompidou and Mr Heath intervening to draw the threads together.
The main decision here was to hold four annual meetings of Foreign Ministers - twice as many as at present-as circum- stances dictated and not neces- sarily at fixed intervals. A suggestion by Herr Scheel, the West German Forei.7,n Minister, that the Foreign Ministers pre- pare a second ""Luxembourg report"" (the first- one was in 1970) to their heads bf govern- ment by July next year was accepted.
Mr Heath said that a common
foreign policy must -be worked out in the medium and long term. The Nine must be able to react very quickly to world developments, and to do so must be ready in advance.
While agreeing broadly with these aims, M Pompidou added a strong proviso: the Com- munity's common approach on problems of foreign policy ""must not awaken vain hopes or fears ""-an obvious ref erence to the block-to-block approach which France has consistently opposed.
"";Europe must not wear a mask which conceals the grimaces of some member countries and the smiles of others. It must have a real profile "", the French Presi- dent declared.
There was no mention, in con. nexion with cooperation in foreign policy, of the controver- sial issue of thc political secretariat. It was clear before the summit that no compromise was possible between the French viewpoint and that of some other countries, including Britain,
Much of the "" explosiveness contained in the other item on the agenda this morning had been removed on Thursday by M Pompidou's conciliatory reference to the United States in his opening statement. The French objection to ""institu- tionalized"" contacts between America and the Comnmunity, dear to the Germans, was backed by Mr Heath, although he insisted on the need for a con- tinuous dialogue.
It was agreed that these con- tacts, as well as those with othei industrialized countries, like Canada and Japan, should be ""continuous, elastic and confi- dent "". Mr Heath put, special emphasis on contacts with Japan, because of its rapidity of decision and action.
Following Thursday's agree- ment that the Comi.iunity should adopt a common approach on reform of the international monetary system and trade nego- tiations with the United States, in the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Mr Heath made his proposal for firm dates for the ""-Nixon round "".
Under the heading of rela- tions with the outside world, the conference dealt with develop- ing countries aand Eastern Europe. There was no confron- tation, the French spokesman declared, between the regional approach and the world ap- proach. The French maintain that charity must begin at home, in other words, that it must be concentrated on the French- speaking African countries and the Mediterranean.
The British went along with this view, so far as the English- speaking African countries and the Caribbean were concerned. Like the French, they felt that the far-reaching Dutch propo- sals to devote 0.7 per cent of the gross national product of mem- ber countries to development aid were unrealistic. On rela- tions with developing countries, the French warned against any- thing that might appear like a c"" artel"" of the wealthy indus- trial nations, both inside and outside the European Commu- nity, against which the Santiago conference of the United Nations Conference of Trade and Development had issued a clear warning.
A couple of incidents marked the second dav of the confer- ence at lunchtime, just as the delegates were leaving. This morning a group of young Eng- lishmen tried'to force their way through the. crash barriers on the Avenue Kleber, across from";"October 21, 1972";"";58611;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European union within decade is Community's objective";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
Brussels, Jan 8
The latest call for a two- speed approach to economic in- tegration in the European Community came under fire today from M Francois-Xavier Ortoli, rbe president of the European Commission.
At a press conference in Brussels, he said that a real European union could be created only by the full parti- cipation of all member' states in all Community attivities.
He was responding to the suggestion made by Mr Leo Tindemans. the Belgian Prime Minister, in his report on European union that weaker member states like Britain and Italy should be allowed to lag behind their more prosperous partners in new moves towards econom.ic and moneiary union.
European union must retain, in respec't of. all matters within its competence, the principle of legal unity already recog- nized by the present Community, M Ortoli said. Only this could provide a basis for growing solidarity between different nations.
"" Moreover, it alone can pro- vide the European union with the cohesion that will be essen- tial, in particular at the level of its institutions, and that alone is consonant with the concept of a European iden- tity.""
This view coincides with the criticism levelled at the idea of a ""two-tier"" community when it was originally floated by Herr Willy Brandt, the former West German Chancellor, just over a year ago.
The Commission has always felt that the relegation of some member countries to the status of second class citizens would gradually erode their in- fluence on their stronger partners.
M Ortoli made it clear that, in his view, Mr Tindemans had been wrong to limit his hori- zon to immediate practical steps for greater European in- tegration. Although it might be excessively ambitious to sketch the future of Europe at this stage, he said, it had to be decided whether what was pos- sible now would be useful in the long term.";"January 9, 1976";"";59597;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Ortoli criticizes European union plan";""
"";"['News']";"SIR FRANK 'NIXON, president of the London Chamber of Commerce, in an address at the annual meeting of the chamber yesterday, spoke of what he described as the widespread belief in the United States that Great Britain was opposing liberalization of trade and drag- ging her feet in moves to promote greater currency stability.
SIR FRANK NIXON said that to many of them the most vital economic problem of the time was how to equip the free world with a stable currency for international transactions of aU kinds. The question was intimately bound up with Anglo-American relations, and it was un- fortunate that during the past six months misunderstanding between the two countries had arisen in that field.
The subject came right home to the merchant traders of London. Americans sometimes credited Britain with supoerior ""know how "" in certain fields. One thing which the years had put into the bones of the City was the close connexion between free currencY and free markets. Unlike some American firms, to whom export trade meant only selling, the City knew that it chiefly meant getting paid and therefore buying.
Because London had at all times been willing to buy, sterling had been the world's currency. The old belief died hard in the United States that nature created a mechanism for providing dollars to pay for American exports and that failures in the mechanism implied some moral delinquency on the part of Great Britain; while in Westminster some of the clearest teachings of British national history seemed to be at times ignored or rejocted.
It was with sorrow and bewilderment that the members of the chamber had seen in recent months the expression all over the United States of the belief that Great Britain was opposing liberalization of trade.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Last autumn Mr. Hoffman had urged the economic integration of western Europe-the formation of a single market, a permanent freely trading area of 270m. customers, which would accelerate the development of large- scale, low-cost production industries. The idea had madc a wonderful appeal to the American people. With their remarkable capacity for taking large views, and their experience of the benefits of mass production, they had thought they had seen a vision of the promised land. But many people on this side of the Atlantic remembered that the promised land was only reached after 40 years in the wilderness.
To some of them it had not seemed good sense to ruin Europe's national industries, and so create vast unemployment, in the hope of setting up in Europe a second-rate copy of the United States. Again, some wondered if mass production methods would equal the native skill of Europe's engineers or produce such unique engineering and other successes as those which Great Britain had recently given to t4e world and the United States.";"April 27, 1950";"";51676;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Currency And World Trade";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FrROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MARCH 6
Count Sforza, the Italian Foreign Minister, in an optimistic review published to-day by the Corriere della Sera of Europe's various efforts to ihcrease her economic and political unity, paid a tribute to the British contribution to European Union.
After warning supporters of the movement that perfect results cannot be expected imme- diately, Cbunt Sforza noted that the most impressive of European statutes would be only so much printed paper unless they were backed by "" be continuous good wil of Governments -and the British Government is a case in point-which shave almost always ended by taking their stand on the side of social pro- gress and European peace."" He had mentioned the British Government because the hesitant attitude of Britain had sometimes been criticized. The truth was, however, that "" Great Britain, in view of her formidable tradition of insularity, is performing miracles in accepting, albeit prudently, the new common European fatherland.""
Prospects that Signor De Gasperi's coaltion Government can continue to present a united policy in favour of Italy's adherence to the Atlantic Pact were further diminished yester- day when the right-wing men of Signor Saragat's Democratic Socialist Party, who stand for western military guarantees for Italy's security, received another rebuff from the centre-left factions at a meeting of the party's directorate. By eight votes to 'seven the directorate shelved a proposal to submit dissensions within the party on foreign policy to an extraordinary national congress, and decided to proceed first with drawing up the conditions for the ;party's future cooperation with the Governmnent. Since there is no cer- tainty that the proposed congress would ulti- mately endorse any such documents, it is con- sidered likely tbat Signor De Gasperi will dectine to examine them, and may feel com- pelled to ask the Democratic Socialist Party to give unequivocal support to his foreign policy or withdraw from the Government.
About 5,000 supporters of the neo-Fascist M.S.I. movement assembled here to-day and were addressed by their leader, Signor Almirante. Among the crowd, which sang songs and shouted slogans reminiscent of Fascist days, were some former members of Mussolini's Fascist Republican Guards, who somewhat daringly wore their old service berets.";"March 7, 1949";"";51323;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Count Sforza On European Union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 15
The Fouchet commission met at the Quai d'Orsay today to prepare a report for the six Foreign Ministers, who are to make a further attempt in Luxem- bourg next Tuesday to resolve differences that are still impeding agreement on a draft treaty of political union among the Common Market countries.
The experts were felt to have little hope of reducing the differences, even if an attempt were made. The more likely procedure was to make a com- parative table of the two texts before the commission-the so-called Fouchet plan, with proposed amendments by the other five Governments, and a revision of tbis draft, submitted in January on General de Gaulle's instructions, which omitted safeguards for the autonomy of the existing European communities and removed all reference to the Atlantic alliance in the context of proposed defence arrangements.
SECRETARIAT CUT
This abrupt action, so soon after the agricultural concessions made to France as the price of moving to the second stage of the treaty of Rome, seemed inexplicable to her partners, and all five of them de- clined to accept the revised text as a working basis. Matters have been some- what improved since then by the broad reassurances given by General de Gaulle to Dr. Adenauer at their meeting at Baden Baden that he was willing to have safe- guards for the economic communities re- written into the treaty, as well as a recogni- tion of the overriding interests of Nato in military planning of the Six.
.Suspicions of French intentions have. :owever, not been entirely dispelled, and disagreement persists on nearlv all the m.tajor clauses of the draft. One of General de Gaulle's revisions was to suppress the proposed secretariat for the new political machinery, possibly because it might encourage supranational ideas; but as the European council would be served by a Permanent commission no great difficulty is seen in the move.
Officials of the Quai d'Orsay indicated that France was ready to modify its pro- posals so as to allay apprehensions, felt notably in west Germany, that the political Council of Europe would seek to intervene in the economic sphere.";"March 16, 1962";"";55341;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rival Plans For European Union";""
"";"['News']";"Lord Halifax discussed yesterday the purposes of a meeting that will be held at the Albert Hall next Sunday "" to call for Christian action in the present crisis."" The meeting has been organized by Christian Action (Oxford), the successor of a Christian fellow- ship movement begun in the R.A.F. during the war, which last year inaugurated at the Sheldoman Theatre a campaign for influencing British policy towards Germany in keeping with the principle of reconciliation, and is now concerned with the union of western European nations in an effort to direct it along Christian lines.
Lord Halifax will preside at the Albert Hall meeting, and the other speakers will be: -
sir Stafford Cripps. who is alto a patron of Christian Action (Oxford): Miss Florence Hancck (Congrega- tionalist). chairman of the T.U.C.; Mr. Richard Sullivan. K.C. (Romar Catholic). chairman of the Catholic Social Guild: M. Andre Philio (Protestant) Socialist member of the French Nadonal Assembly; M. Maurice Schumann (Roman Catholic), member of the French National Assembly: M. Auguste de Schryver (Roman Catholic). leader of the Christian Democrau in Belgium: Herr Karl Arnold (Catholic), Minister- Prcsident of North Rhinc-Westobalia : Dr. Adolf Grimme (Protestant). Minister of Edtcadon In Lower Saxony- Dr. Egbert Emtnen (Protestant). general sccretary of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands: and Baron Carl Hamilton (Protestant). Governor-General of Ostergot- land, Sweden.
Among those on the platform at the meeting will be:-
The Archbishop of Canterbuty. the Cardinal Arch- bishop of Westminster. the Moderator of the Free Church Council. and many leaders of Christian organizations.
Each person attending the meeting will be invited to sign a resolution.";"April 23, 1948";"";51053;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Christian Action And European Union";""
"";"['News']";"PARIS, Jan. 2.-General de Gaulle, in a statement to-day, urged that Germany should again be allowed a national army- on a limited scale-to enable it to play its part in western defence against Com- munism. France, he said, would be sufficiently safeguarded if the political union of European States, including Germany, were formed and the members pledged to a common foreign policy.
He put this forward as an alternative to the European Army scheme, in which nations would pool their armed forces and lose sovereign control over them, and which is aimed particularly at keeping Germany without an army of its own.
In General de Gaulle's plan the political confederation is designed to ensure unity of foreign policy among the member States and to prevent a rearmed Germany having strategic, targets at variance with those of the-Atlantici Powers. The armed forces of the confederated States would remain organized on a national basis. In this confederation each member, State would bind itself to observe some common rules of conduct to ensure unity of action and mutual control. The chief of these would be: -l) No member of the confedera- tion will attempt to extend its existing national territory by military force- (2) no member nation will undertake any military action of any kind against any nation in Europe without the prior agreement of all other members; and (3) Germany must agree to have no more divisions on foot than France-excluding those France needs for her oversea territories.
REFERENDUM PROPOSED
Such a confederation, General de Gaulle thinks. would be easy to arrange. It could start by comprising the six nations of the existing European community-France, Ger- many, Italy, Holland, Bclgium, and Luxem- bourg. France would enter it as a single unit with the French Union (her oversea terri- tories) in order to establish equilibrium with Germany. In the existing European Army treaty France is to participate without the Union.
To give the confederation real life from the start General de Gaulle insists on a referendum in which every elector of every potential member State is asked whether he wants his country to enter the confederation. He thinks that a simultaneous consultation of the peoples in western Europe would give such a deep- rooted iyipulse to the union and its pledges that individual Governments, including that of Germany, would find it difficult to break faith with them.
The direct entry of a German national army into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization appears to General de Gaulle to be faced with various difficulties. He considers that the European edifice must be built on realities. and these. he says, are essentially national. The European Army, with its loss of national identities, would, he thinks, be impotent mili- tarily and psychologically. The existing defence scheme, in his opinion. would split the French Army in two, and would mean the end of the French Union.-Retuter.";"January 3, 1953";"";52510;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A German National Army";""
"['By Norman St. John-Stevas']";"['News']";"B9y Normnan St. Jobn-Stevas,
Conservative M.P. for Chelmsford
"" But Mr. Wilson-what does the Council of Europe do?"" So in an imaginary cqnversation one can envi- sion the Queen addressing her Prime Minister in preparation for her speech next Monday in the'Banqueting House Whitehall when she will address a dis- tinguished audience of parliamentarians
and other nota.bilities from all over, Europe to mark the twentieth anni- versary of the council If the Queen did not ask the question others certainly have done so and some have even been heard to murmur: "" What is the Council of Europe? "" Not, I fear, the best known of European institutions and yet it is the oldest and largest political organ- ization in Europe dedicalted to the unification of the continent.
Its begetter was Sir Winston Churchill, who first mentioned it in a minute to the War Cabinet in 1942 and launched it on the world in a broadcast in March of the following year. Dis- missed from power by the people in 1945 he continued to plead the cause of European union as Leader of the Opposition calling for the establishment of a ""United States of Europe "", although he was ambiguous about Britain's role in the new consortium. In May, 1948. the first Congress of Europe wvas held at The Hague which bore fruit a year later when 10 coun- tries signed the statute of the Council of Europe at St. James's Palace.
The counm.iI which had first been dreamt of by Pierre du Bois in the four- teenth century was finally a reality, choosing its seat at Strasbourg as a symbol of Franco-Genman reconcilia- tion, where its flag of 12 gold stars against a blue background has been fluttering hopefully over the years. Today the council has 18 members, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, the German Federal Repub- lic, Greece. Iceland. Ireland, Italy. Luxembourg, Malta. the Netherlands. Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It consti- tutes the biggest regional grouping in Europe of countries representing a combined population of 300 million. Spain and the Holy See are closely associated with its work: only Portugal remains excluded.
'GREATER UNITY'
The council's aim is set out in its statute: ""to achieve greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realizing the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress."" Defence is out- side its scope and its economic work has been overshadowed by that of the Organization for Economic Coopera- tion and Development. To carry out its tasks, it has three organs, the com- mittee of ministers, the consultative assembly and the secretariat. The com- mittee of ministers, the foreign ministers of the member states or their deputies, is really the executive of the council, or the nearest to an executive that it pos- sesses. Committee decisions do not bind
its members but it can make recom- mendations to governments and it pro- ceeds according to subject matter by unanimity, two-thirds majority, or by simple majority vote.
Better known than the committee is the consultative assembly with members appointed from the parliaments of mem- ber states but with no executive powers. Through it parliamentarians have been able for the first time to participate directly in an international organization and conduct "" parliamentary diplo- macy"". Today the assembly has 147 members, each with a substitute or stand in and it meets for a week at Stras- bourg three times a year. Members sit in a hemicycle in alphabetical order of names, not by countries or parties, but party groups have in fact been iormed of Christian Democrats, Socialists and Liberals. The British Tories were for some yeats lumped in with independents being thought insufficiently Christian in theory by the Christian Dernocrats, but having proved themselves reasonably Christian in practice they are now hap- pily and ecumenically united with them.
VALUAILE FORUM
The offioial languages of the assembly are English and French but German and Italian are also admissible. British M.P.s have been particularly active in the assembly, whose president is Sir Geof- frey de Freitas, and members such as Mr. Sam Silkin and Mr. John Peel have through dedicated work established European reputations. The assembly makes recommendations to the com- mittee of ministers by a two thirds majority vote and provides a valuable forum for a discussion of European problems.
At times it has perceptibly influenced events a sat its first session when it took the lead in integrating Germany into the European family by inviting the Ger- mans to send a parliamentary delegation to Strasbourg. At others it has witnessed historic events such as the launching by Mr. Schuman of his coal and steel com- munity in 1955, and has been addressed by leading world statesmen, including Dr. Adenauer. Sir Anthony Eden, Signor de Gasperi. U Thant, Mr. Harold Wilson and Mr. Edward Heath. Only General de Gaulle snubbed the assembly by visit- ing Strasbourg but refusing to come any- where near its parliament building. The efficiency of the assembly has been greatly increased by the adoption of an annual work programme with fixed dates attached for completion of projects. This constitutes one of the principal achievements of Mr. Peter Smithers, the most dynarnic Secretary General who has served the Council.
Some maintain that the work of the secretariat is even more important than that of the assembly. 'More than 500 civil servants (all enjoying the grace of tax free salaries) beaver away in the administration building at Strasbourg laying the infrastructure of the United Europe of the future. This civil service constitutes the core of the most elaborate machinery of inter-governmental refer- ence that the continent has so far seen.
It collaborates with senior officials in the national government departments setting up expert committees to rational- ize law and policy on everything from traffic offences to the freedom of the press, and concludes on average forty decisions, agreements or recommenda- tions a year; To date the secretariat has promoted over sixty conventions cover- ing social security, patents, innkeepers' liability, extradition, adoption and so on. A European social charter has been signed and a water charter, and attention is now turned to nature conservation.
With appetite tndiminished the ser- vice is now tackling issues such as the nationality of married women., indus- trial espionage and the right to con- cientious objection. Day in and day *ut Its members toil away to establish equivalence in educational standards. sponsor exhibitions of European art, struggle to prevent concert pitch rising so high that only coloratura soprano, will be employable. seek to right the wrongs of art pair girls (and boys) and are now cooperating with Unesco to save Venice from subsiding into her lagoon. A massive pharmacopoeia is about to be published which will be mandatory in Britain. Switzerland and the E.E.C. countries so in effect estab- lishing uniform standards throughout Europe, and a blood bank has been seA UsP to cope with national emergencics
Undoubtedly the most spectacular achievement of the Council has been the Declaration of Hunian Rights and the creation of a cormmission and court to enforce them. The commission is em- powered to receive complaints from one state against another or from individuals against the state. If the commission aecldes a complaint is admissible it sub- mits a report to the committee of ministers and seeks to bring about a settlment by conciliation. When all else tails it can submit a case to the court. The commission has rejected 95 per cent of the 4,000 applications it has so far rtceived but Mr. Lawless of Ireland had his day in court. At present the coni- mission is investigating charges of torture in Greece and its report is eagerly awaited.
BASIS FOR UNION
What lies in the future for the Coun- cil of Europe ? Today it forms a bridge between the six and the seven but if with the passing of General de Gaulle the com-munities, as all good Europeans must hope, are enlarged, its explicit poli- tical work will be done and Brussels not Strasbourg will be the headquarters of a directly elected European parlia- m-ent which will absorb the assembly. The Council will still, however, provide a high precision instrument for the carrying on of inter-govetnmiental dis- cussions to create a technical basis for European union, and fill out an ideal with bones and flesh and blood. It will stiU be needed to create that opening to the east which Mr. Macmillan envis- aged in a prophetic moment in 1955. For the dedicated Europeans of Stras- bourg the best may be yet to come.";"April 30, 1969";"";57548;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Making European union more than an ideal";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent-']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent-
-MUNICH, JULY 10
Contrary to the apprehensions of some political circles in Bonn, no major politi- cal bomb was exploded at the opening session of the Christian Social Union annual gathering in the congress hall of the German museum here today.
Herr Strauss, the party's chairman, deftly steered clear of any suggestion that its aim was an exclusive Franco-German political union, as he appeared to have indicated recently, but he said that if other countries in the European Econo- mic Community did not wish to join in the endeavour, then a start must be made on a two-power basis.
"" All European states with a will to con- federation should be invited"" to make this first step. But no doubt should be allowed to arise in anyone's mind that the refusal of any country would lead to an abandon- ment of the whole plan.
""For me, there is no question about it: the close cooperation between France and Germany in this and other issues would not only spell a new bcginning for European unity, and a contribution to the long-term strengthening of the Atlantic alliance. but also lead to an increase in the Political power, the moral standing, and the diplo- matic weight of the Federal Republic in the big Political clearing houses of the world.""
LOING OVATION
Herr Strauss, who was greeted by the 800 delegates and 200 guests with a long and enthusiastic ovation, which left no doubt as to his standing in the party, and his grip upon it, seems to have been persuaded during the past few days not to use the congress as the occasion for a major onslaught on the policy of the Chancellor and the Foreign Minister. But every sec- tion of his long, tough speech was designed to emphasize his reservation towards that policy, be it east-west relations and the relaxation of tension, about which he expressed serious apprehensions, or Euro- pean union; and to proclaim that the C.S.U. intended to bring its full weight to bear, in the Bundestag and outside it, in urging its own standpoint, with the help of that faction of the C.D.U. gathered around the former Chancellor.
The party congress had been described as a "" congress of strength "". It is obviously a display of Herr Strauss's own strength in his native Bavaria, and of his influence upon policy in Bonn.
The intimation is that in the future one should no longer in the federal capital take automatically for granted the Bavarian party's support.
""There is hardly a more idiotic catch- phrase than that about 'Gaullists' and 'Atlantics' in the C.D.U."", Herr Strauss said. "" German foreign policy must be based both on European unity and on the Atlantic community."" But onc had to
overcome the "" European stagnation "" of the moment. Stagnation meant backslid- ing. and backsliding meant breaking apart.
Herr Strauss was sadly disappointed with the outcome of the last Franco-German ronsultations.
"" The Franco-Germnan treaty is more than a Platform in the expression of the will to permanent reconcilation or the prag- matic treatment of isolated issues. It was intended as an instrument of a common European policy, which should not remain confined to France and Germany.
Europe can also not remain in the internal Phase of harmonization and coordina- tion "", Herr Strauss declared.
The next step was for the six countries of the E.E.C. to establish a political union in the form of a confederation. ""Those countries ready to move forward towards confederation might set up a council of heads of state or government not just to discuss the political situation generally, but to coordinate policy on major issues. They could set up a general secretariat as a coordinating instrument, and create a political commission whose members would not be supranational officials. but representatives of national governments, who would prepare the sessions of the council.""
Herr Dufhues, the business chairman of the C.D.U., and one of the principal guests at the congress declared to the resounding cheers of the delegates: "" We want the bigger Europe. But then a beginning must be made somewhere "".";"July 11, 1964";"";56061;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Strauss Seeks START On European Union";""
"['From Paul Routledge Labour Editor']";"['News']";"From Paul Routledge Labour Editor
Blackpool
The TUC Generat Council is to support, a demand by the Association of Scientific, Tech- nical and Managerial Staffs for another referendum or a general election before Britain becomes irretrievably involved in poli- tical union in Europe.
The union lea7ders are back. ing an amendment tabled bv the association to a motion on the EEC being debated at-next week's Trades Union Congress. Ihe amendment demands ."" that there are no irrevocable steps taken towards European union without the known wholehearted consent of the British people.""
Mr Clive Jenkins, general secretary of ASTMS, argues that this safeguard is necessary to prevent the emergence of a European "" super state "": -The original resolution, put forward by the sheet metal workers, calls for strong British trade union representation in EEC institutions so that the political aims of the TUC can be fur- thered in Europe.
Mr Jenkins said: ""There are forces in the EEC that are seeking to create a new lTuro- pean super state for the benefit of the multinational companies. This motion seeks to halt the process of moving political power from Westminster to Stras.bourg.""
Technically, the general council has decided to leave the resolution to a free vote of congress, but in practice that means that it favours the idea. The sheet metal workers' resolution argues that British trade unions accept the referen- dum decision, and have a responsibility to represent British workers within the Community, and a responsibility to help to shape policies directed towards ensur ing the achievement of TUC aims.
These are greater democratic control over the European Par- liament; greater direct control and supervision of the Council of Ministers and the European Commission by the European Parliament; reform of the economic, social, industrial and agricultural policies; and the extension of worker participa- tion in industry.";"August 30, 1975";"";59488;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"TUC chiefs back curb on European union";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Strasbourg
An intensive round of meet- ings lo discuss European union =at' the highest political level"" is being planned by Signor Bettino Craxi. the Italian Prime Minis- ter and current President of the European Council.
SignorCraxi madehisannoun- cement in Strasbourg yesterdav when he reported to the European Parliament on the-last European summit Before the Milan summit in June all EEC heads of gGvemment will be asked how much thev are prepared to support some kind of European union.
The timetable has not yet been drawn up but Signor Craxi means to start his -con- fessionals"" in the margins of the world economic summit in Bonn early next month.
The European Parliament set European union rolling again last year, when it passed a resolution containing a new draft treaty which would all but do away with national vetos. Yesterday it was clear that the idea has strong support from many British Conservatives.
But British Labour members
Signor Craxi First meetings in Bonn
were solidly opposed to any extension of the EEC.
Mrs:-Thaicher will be a main target for Signor Craxi7's meet- ings, since Britain is seei as the major opponent to-the Euro-. pean union the ta1i' n Ptime Minister favours.
0 CASH- FOR FILMS: EEC money should be made avail- able to help to finance com- munity cinema and television films, the European Com- mission agreed in Strasbourg yesterday. suggesting that anx film jointly produced bv com'- panies from at least three EEC countries should be cligible for a gramn.";"April 18, 1985";"";62115;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Craxi sets his targets for European union";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"'I have done my homework, now it is up to the member states to take action."" With these words, Mr Leo Tinde- mans, the Belgian Prime Miniis- ter, last t.eek unveiled his long- awaited report on Europa union -and called on his fellow heads pf government, who asked him to draw up the document more than a year ago, to open a great debate on the future of the EEC. Their chance to do so will cime at their next summit iueeting in March in Luxem- bourg.
-Mr Tindemans made muc:; of the "" qualitative mutation "" which relations between the Nine would undergo in the stage of development he defines as European union. This sug- gests an alra-ost Hegelian view of European progress whereby dte Community wouid evolve .Ahrough a series of scarcely per- ceptible quantative changes until a point is reached where it can vary no longer while re- maining the-same, just as water turns to steam at a given tem- perature.
'At that poiilt the qualitative Itvmp into 'European union""
is made. But how do we recog- nize this desirable state ? Among its essential features is the ability to present -a united front to the outside world"" in the field of foreign
olicy, defence, economic re- lations and development aid. Internally, it requires economic and monetary integration as .well as truly common policies for inidustry, agriculture, energy, research, and social and. regional development.
Attainnient of these tasks requires that the EEC's insti- tutions should be able to iden- tify common political goals, and having done so that they should be capable of action. They must also enjoy the legitimacy which comes from democratic control. This implies a ""transfer of competences to common bodies"" and restrictions on the exercise of national sovereignty, freely accepted, certainly, but then enforced unreservedly "".
Once European union is attained, the whole process starts again until the next quali- tative leap forward comes. Be- yond a passing reference to his personal belief in a federal solu- tion, Mr Tindemans does not
speculate on what such a Europe might look like. Having opened up a challenging histori- cal vista, he disappointingly draws back from any discussion of what the final destination of the European caravan should be. '
The Belgian Prime Minister devotes the bulk of his report to drawing his colleagues' atten- tion to those areas where he considers that some progress is practicable in the immediate future. Much of what he recom- mends would amount tu no more than recovery of lost ground. This is true, for ex- ample, of his call for a return to the discipline of jointly fixed exchange rates and his sugges- tion that More decisions should be taken by majority vote (thereby ,restricting the national veto).
A Lcitnotiv of his report is the insistence that European union must be built on the EEC's existing institutions, which should be gradually im- proved and strengthened. Many of his suggestions for making these bodies more effective are sensible, but they also raise questions which Mr Tindemans
does not attempt to. answer, having at the outset taken the deliberate decision . not to speculate about the constitu- tional structure of European union.
If, for example, the centA-al, directive role of the European Ccuntil (the. thrice-yearly summit) is to be institutional- ized, would this not imply some diminution of the influence of the . European Commission ? Similarly, if the right to initiate policy, whicb at present is the sole prerogative of: the Com- mission, is to be shared by the European Parliatnent, how wvould that affect relations . be- tween the different institutions?
Mr Tindemans has been much less ambitious than the Euro- pean Commission, which in its report on European union last year sketched a number of pos- sible constitutional scenarios. In essence, they. turned on the creation of an independent European government, which would combine the executive and administrative functions of the present Council of Ministers. and European Commission, and be accountable to a directly-
elected, bicainera4. Europeian Pa,riament.:- -
For the Commission, a 7-bicamieraal ':.Parliament, with a chamber of 'peoples' aMd a ciain- 'ber of states, -the latter to be. desigdjated by national' govern.a. ments, is an indispensable ele- ment -of European union. This ut4ggests something close, to the federal solution 'which Mr Tindemans apparently sees, as- the EEC's ultimate destlnationi; it is clear that European union, as he conceives it, is much imore limited in scope and beIbngs to .n'earlier moment in' the Coml- 'hiunity's evolution.
' Mr Tindeinans saw his 'taslt as being one of recboiciling what he thought desirable with 'what 'was likely to be generally ""acceptable. Anything. that was by that standard not practic- able he has not considered worth discussing. This eminently down-to-earth approach will doubtless please Anglo-Saxon minds, and is probably sensiblg,
but it caqnot be said to make. the idea of 'Europe seem excit- ing, despite references to char- ters bf citizens' rights and tb;e like.
On one subject in particular, Mr Tindemans has been dis- appointingly unimaginative- the European Parliament. Here at least is one institution which has real prospects of undergping a "" qualitative lnutatiori"" in the reasonably near future. In the accompanying letter Mr- Tinde- mans sent to heads. of govern- ment, he himself speaks of the "" decisive'. role"" he believes a directly.elected Parliament will play in the development of .European Union.
Yet his discussion. of the -powers of the Parliament is vague and superficial. He talks of a ""growing legislative func- tion "",-as opposed to the almost exclusively consultative one the assembly has at present-but gives. no) indication of the areas in vhich it might be exercised. Nor is there any consideration bof whether the legislature should. be unicameral or bi- cameral. Here, surely, Mr Tindemans could have chal- lenged Europe'ans to think more deeply about what they want their Community to become.
Michael Hornsby";"January 12, 1976";"";59599;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Is the Tindemans report challenging enough to make Europe think seriously about its future?";""
"['From Diana Geddes,']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes, I
Paris
In a surprise joint announce- ment which clearly irritated the British, France and West Germany yesterday declared that they planned to put forward. a draft treaty of European union at. the EEC summit which opens in Milan today.
Britain, which has only just put forward its own detailed proposals on European political co-operation, has not sought to disguise its dismay, either at the way the essence of its ideas seemed to have been dressed up as a purely Franco- German initiative or at the unceremonious manner in which the announcement was made without advance warning or consultation.
No details were released, but the draft treaty is understood to propose the establishment of a Council of European Union consisting of heads of.govern- ment. responsible for European political co-operation, security and EEC affairs, and with a secretariat and secretary general. It would -replace the Council of Europe.
There are, it seems no proposals for the election of a European president, as was rumoured (almost certainly wrongly) to be in President Mitterrand's mind after he made the provocative statement. last autumn that he intended an initiative on the reform of European institutions ""which would surprise"".
The idea for a draft teaty of European union evidently saves his face in that respect and also enables France and Germany to demonstrate that the Paris- Bonn axis is as strong as ever despite recent differences over the Bonn economic summit and farm prices.
* LONDON: British officials awaiting a text of the proposals say that they sound more like an initiative on political co-operation than one which actually dealt with European union (Our Diplomatic Cor- respondent writes).
This would put them in the same basket as the British idea. There is clearly suspicion that the French have tried to make their initiative seem grander by injecting heady 'Euro-rhetoric"".
Milan analysis, page 7";"June 28, 1985";"";62176;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris-Bonn EEC union proposal irks Britain";""
"";"['News']";"A public opinion poll held in Britain under the auspices of the European Move- ment has shown that 47 per cent. of the people questioned had not heard or read about any plan to form some kind of union of western European countries.
Commenting on this at a Press confer- ence held in London yesterday to announce the result of polls in 12 Euro- pean countries, M. SPAAK, chairman of the international council of the Move- ment, said that it revealed a deplorable state of affairs.
The survey of public opinion was begun early this year and was completed shortly before the outbreak of the Korean war. Betwecn 1,500 and 2,500 pcople were ques- tioned in each country. The results have been computed so as to present a true cross-section of population. The polls were carried out by the Eric Stern Public Opinion Research Organization.
The results show that a majority of the people of the 12 countries are in favour of some form of European union, while a large number have not maoe up their minds. It was indicated at the conference yesterday that 28 per cent. who said that they had not heard of the plan to have a union were first made aware of the proposals in the course of the interview with their interrogators. Only a few -rarely exceeding 10 per cent-were opposed to the idea.
FREEING OF TRADE
After answering various subsidiary questions, 62 per cent. of the people thought that European union would be good for them personally; 67 per cent. thought it would be good for their country; and 70 per cent. thought it would help towards preserving peace. It was pointed out to them that a European union would mean that the freer trade would enable some of the industries in tleir country to expand, wihile others, unable to stand up to increased competition. would be obliged to close down. Asked whether, in view of this, they were in favour of a union. 43 per cent. said they were in favour, 21 per cent. were against. and 36 per cent. were undecided. In answer to this question, the people in Britain were 50 per cent, in favour, 18 per cent. against, and 32 per cent, undecided.
Support for the poLicy of European union was found to exist in almost the same pro- portions among thosewho had voted Conserva- tive and those who had voted Labour at the British elections. The question relating to the freeing of trade and the possible effect of this upon home production found 64 per cent. of the Conservative voters and 70 per cent. of the Labour voters in favour of union.
M. Spaak said that the questions were designed to point out the dangers and the difficulties inherent in the idea of European union, and it was interesting to see how, as the people were confronted with the problems in the subsidiary questions, their answers became more and more favourable.";"September 29, 1950";"";51809;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Poll On Union For Europe";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Parliamentary Correspondent
Foreign affairs will take the stage again in the House of Commons this week, and in the two-day debate which is to begin to-morrow Mr. Bevin, Mr. Churchill. and the Prime Minister will all take part. From the anxiety which they have dis- played about the possible length of front bench speeches it is evident that a very large number of back benchers also wish to take part. and the Government may be pressed to lengthen the sittings.
When the Commons last debated foreign affairs, towards the end of January, Mr. Bevin reviewed the imTplications of the failure of the London Conference of Foreign Ministers and declared that in these inauspicious circumstances the time was ripe for a consolidation of western Europe. In the intervening months, with the eclipse of Czechoslovakia as an addi- tional spur to action. this consolidation has been very rapidly advanced.
The Foreign Secretary wiU be able to present to the House to-morrow some solid results of a period of intensive diplomatic action, in which he has Dlayed a distinguished part. This will be the main theme of his speech, but he must necessarily make a wider review of the whole field of foreigri affairs.
MIDDLE EAST EVENTS
Vhe Opposition, for whom'Mr. R. A. Butler will speak to-morrow, are anxious to direct some attention to developments in the Middle East and I-ar East. which are thought to have been somnewhat neglected of late. Since this debate will be held within a few days of the surrender of the mrA-date. the menacing situa- tion in Palestine wvill be very much in mind, bhit the Opposition seem inclined to treat of this only to the extent that it may affect the peace of the whole Middle East. Germanv and Palestine may be the subjects of separate debates later.
W 'hen the debate is resumed on Wednesday it wsill be foctused on Europe by general consent because members of all parties vwish to debate the subject-matter of the motion on European Union which stands on the order paper. This motion, originally tabled by threc Labour mnembers and three Conservatives. has been signed by 179 members of all parties and 48 other members have put their names to amend- ments expressing disagreement on various points.
The motion proposes the establishment, first, of a Council of Western Europe. with per- manent international staffs to coordinate social. economic, and defence policies; and, later. of a democratic Federation of Western Europe based on common citizenship and representa- tive government. This motion cannot be sub- mitted formnally-since the foreign affairs debatc will be taking place on a motion for the adjburnment-but its proposals will come under review and the first speaker on Wednes- day will be Mr. Churchill.
THE HAGUE CONGRESS
Later in the week Mr. Churchill will leave London to take a prominent part in the Congress of Europe at The Hague which is to be attended by 150 British delegates, of whom about half will be M.P.s of all parties. Labour M.P.s were to have been the majority group in the Parliamentary section of the delegation, but since the. Labour Party has refused anv ofricial recognition to the Congress and has given a renewed ssarnin, tlhat - it would be undesirable for members of the Labour Party to attend . . * "" it remains uncertain how many of the 40 Labour members who had arranged to go to The Hague will do so. Most of them seem resolved to attend.
This difference between Ministers and a big group of their back benchers about The Hague Congress. with Mr. Churchill assailing the Government for their attitude to a *o0vement which he regards as being in accord with their own policy, will be a iively cross-current in the debate. The motion on European Union em- bodies a good deal that is in line with Gov- ernmcnt policy, hbtt its proposal for a Federa- tion of Europe does not so widely commend itself to the House and this wvill encounter considerahle opposition.
The Prime Minister will speak soon after Mr. Churchill and his views on the motion wi!l be heard with special interest. The last Oppo- sition speaker will be Mr. Boothby, who is one of the main sponsors of the Federal Euirope nmotion.
BLACK MARKET PETROL
To-day the Commons will debate ihe second reading of the Motor Spirit'(Regulation) Bill, which proposes heavv new penalties to stamp out the black market in petrol: and Conserva- tive back-benchers wvill move a prayer for the annulment of the Generl Dental Services Regulations, made under the National Health Service Act. Thursday's business will be the second reading of shc Finance Bill. on which Sir Stafford Cripps will have to meet criticisms of the method of levying the once-for-all"" special contribution from investment income. On Friday the House will debate on second reading the Children Bill. which has been passed by the House of lIords.";"May 3, 1948";"";51061;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Affairs Debate";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-BONN, JAN, 21
A distinct improvement in the general atmosphere of Franco-German rela- tions is the cleait outcome of the six hours of talks at Rambouillet between President de GauUl and Dr. Erhard, the West German Chancellor. To be con- vinced of it one has oniv to contrast the mien of the main participants with the mood last July, generally accepted as the lowest point of those relations.
Dr. Erhard, who does not thrive on controversy or discord, was in a sunny humour when he returned from Paris last night. If the Rambouillet meeting did not sweep away all points of difference (and It is also clear that it neither could nor did), it ensured that in future they would be thrashed out with rather more good will than in the past.
The results achieved have been no less then were expected by those with a reason- ably balanced view of the prospects. General de Gaulle showed willingness to meet Dr. Erhard more than halfway on both a western init.ative in the German question and on European political union. Nothing now prevents the lat:er. which is close to the Chanc3llor's heart. from being given a chance to make a new start-nearly three years after it got bogged down over Bcleian and Dutch objecions in Paris.
MARCH MEETING
The Federal Government is reasonably confident that the Dutch and the Italians will not now obiect to preliminary d'scus- sions between Foreign Ministers on the subject, peri-aps as early as March. although specific mention of such a con- ferenec was avoided out of respect for the susceptibilities of the other partners of the European Economic Community.
As regards the western initiative towards Moscow. General de Gaulle seems to have been persuaded to overcome his basic assumption that there was no point in approaching Russia about the Germnan problem so lon.g as it was paently obvious that she did not wish to discuss the subject. He also made the expected declaration about the impossibility of achieving true stability in Europe until Germany was re- united on the basis of self-determination.
DISARMAMENT MOVE
The only really obscure !)oint about the R,ambo llet meeting is the extent to which Dr. EtIvard committed himself to some of the General's views on defence. German political analysts were asi;.ng today why the General did not press for a firm under- taking that Germany would not take part in a multilateral nuclear force or at Atlantic Nuclear Force. The consensut of opinion is that, in bis view, the policy of the big stick, *hich he has wielded dras- ticalily in Past tnonths, had reached a point where it thTe-atened to defeat its purpose.
The Christian Democratic Union. the Chancellor's party, is highly sat'sfied with the talks: even the Soo:al Democrats admitted today that there had been a wel- come Improvement in the Franco-German atmosphere, but their spokesman did not feel that there was any justiflcation for presenting this as a ""great success"" for the Chancellor's personal diplomacy.
MeanwhW de the Bundestag today voted unanimously for setting up a Federal Gov- emnment commissioner for disarmament questions. A Social Democratic resolu- tion, supported by spokesmen of the three
main par;:es, also called on the Govern- ment to prepare proposa!s fdr an indepen- dent institute of d:sarnament research.
'rhe Partles emphasized the ro'e that dis- a.mamfnt could play in br.nt.ng German reounification nearer.";"January 22, 1965";"";56226;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Foresees Happier Days With France";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
BADEN-BADEN, FEB. 15
Dr. Adenauer and President de Gaulle. at their meeting here today, made what may tnrn out to be some slight progress towards reconciling the growing divergences between France and the other five members of the Euro- pean Economic Community on a political statute. before the Fouchet committee meets in Paris on Monday.
Their talks lasted an hour longer than originally expected in an attempt to reach some compromise formula. The communique issued after the meeting reads as follows:-.
President de Gaulle and Chancellor
Adenauer . . . exchanged their ideas on the Political situation, especially on the situation in east-west relations, the Berlin and German questions, and on disarmament.
The meeting provided additional oppor-
tanity for afull discussion on the political unification of Europe. The two statesmen reaffirmed the decision taken on July 18. 1961:. in common with the beads of governments of Belgium. Italy, Luxem- bourg and the Netherlands, to organize the political unity of Europe.
They agreed that, given the dangers which
threaten the free world, the building of the planned organization must be speeded up.
AVOIDING OPEN BREACH
The reference to last July's decision of the Common Market countries on the creation of common political institu- tions for Europe is interpreted as mean- ing that the Chancellor possibly suc- ceeded in persuading President de Gaulle to make some conciliatory gesture for purely tactical retreat, to save next Monday's meeting of the
Fouchet committee from revealing an open breach, which he thinks would benefit only the Russians.
A Foreign Ministry spokesman said after the talks that it could be inferred that both statesmen had found a com- mon basis for the Fouchet committee to pursue its work.
The committee had come to the con- clusion that it could not reconcile the draft European statute submitted by the French on January 16 with the proposals of the other five E.E.C. countries with- out a top-level decision.
NO SAFEGUARDS
On the German side, the hope is expressed on the basis of today's talks that the unanimous opposition of the other five countries to the French plan, combined with doubts in France about the wisdom of a policy which would provide no substantial institutional safe- guards against the growing German economic and military strength, may in the end prove forceful enough to secure a modification of the French draft.
The most the Germans hope for is a *compromise, whose immediate goal would be the Europe des Patries, which also has the advantage of being more readily acceptable to the British; but without going back on the progress to. wards integration achieved so far. and leaving the door open to the confederal structure in close association with Nato which remains the ultimate German aim.
The two statesmen had a brief meet- ing alone before being joined by' their Foreign Ministers, Dr. Schroder and M. Couve de Murville.
Before the meeting at Baden-Baden yesterday; from left, President de Gaulle,
xL Couve de Murville, Herr Gerhard Schrder, and Dr. Adenauer.";"February 16, 1962";"";55317;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Adenauer-De Gaulle Call To Speed European Union";""
"['From Paul Routledge']";"['News']";"From Paul Routledge
zIacKpool
The General and Municipal Workers' Union, the most con- sistent union supporter of British entry into the European Econo- mic Community, yesterday pro- posed a two-year time limit on the period of renegotiation of the terms of membership.
Progress, or a commitment to progress, on four demands is needed to make continued mem- bership of the EEC on the present basis a viable proposi- tion, the union's policy-making conference decided at Blackpool.
While maintaining an unflin- ching pro-Europe posture, the union is clearly not impressed with the way the EEC is develop- ing. However, in a thoughtful S,OOO-word review of the situa- tion, which was adopted by a big majority, the GMWU leadership argued that on balance the pre- sent structure of the EEC could be adapted to meet the union's long-term political and economic aims.
Introducing the report, Mr Derek Gladwin. southern regional secretary, said: "" Nothing has happened yet which demands a complete with- drawal from our commitment to Britain's membership of the Community. Having said that, there are of course very serious problems facing us. The agricul- tural policy of the Common Market is inappropriate and inefficient and clearly needs revision.
"" The current price of our membership is too high
""That is why we support the Government's efforts to nego- tiate concessions that will enable Britain to play her full part with- in an integrated European Com- munity.""
The document put to the con. ference said: "" It is not a ques. tion of scrapping the treaty of accession, withdrawing from the Commumty and then attempt- ing to negotiate a new settle- ment. It is a question of exert- ing the political leverage of the United Kingdom within the EEC to achieve more acceptable terms.""
Meanwhile the union wants the TUC to reverse its policy of refusing to take up seats allocated to the British trade union movement in the Euro- pean institutions.
Labour MP's protest: Mr Cal- laghan, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and his Cabinet col- leagues, were accused by a Labour MP last night of not hav- ing followed party policy on the EEC (the Press Association re- ports).
Mr Norman Atkinson, MP for Haringey, Tottenham, and a member of the Tribune group, said a vote would be taken at the end of the Commons debate on the EEC next Tuesday. The debate will examine the demands Mr Callaghan put to the Community foreign minis- ters on Tuesday for renegotiat- ing Britain's entry terms.
Mr Atkinson told a consti- tuency meeting that the Cabinet had turned its back on the two most important matters that the British Labour movement at its 1973 conference had decided should be renegotiated. These were the right of economic self- management, including the right to control the movement of capi- tal in and out of the United King- dom, and the retention by the British Parliament of the right to reject EEC decisions.";"June 6, 1974";"";59108;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pro-European union wants limit on renegotiation period";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Bevin's proposals for a western European union have been enthusiastically greeted in America, where the State Department yesterday issued a formal statement of approval.
The Foreign Ministers of the three Benelux countries-Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg-are to confer on the proposals next week.
U.S. IMPATIENCE
ALLAYED
HIGH EXPECTATIONS
Flrom Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON. JAN. 23
The State Department this morning took the alnmost unprecedented step of issuing a form.tl statement of approval of Mr. Bevin's speech. "" Mr. Bevin,"" it said. "" has pr oposed measures which xwill enable the free countries of western Europe further to conceirt with one another for their common safety and gooid. As in the case of the recovery pro- gramnme. the Ulnited States heartily wvel- comes European initiative in this respect and any proposal looking to a closer material and spiritual link bcetween the wvestern European nations will serve to reinforce the efforts which our two countries have been making to lay the foundation for a firm peace.""
The statement was made after an equally unprecedented visit by Lord Inverchapel, the British Ambassador, to the White House during a Cabinet meet- ing to confer with MIr. Lovett. According to Cabinet members MIr. Bevin's speech was the chief subject of discussion at the Cabinet meeting. Later in the morning TMr. John Foster Dulles visited the Presi- dent and said that it was now more than ever imperative for the United States to go ahead with the E.R.P., as Mr. Bevin had made it clear that we were all working together.
For some weeks lhe United States has been swAept by the urge to transfer to western Europe the benefits of the American federal system. Like other countries. iL tends to ihink of foreign problems in terms of its owvn ex- perience. For insLance, many speechies in favour of the Marshall plan have drawn a parallel with the failure of the North to re- construct the South after the civil war. The E.R.P. is thought to be a way of avoiding a re,etirion of the mistakes made at that time. In the same vay. the foresieht of the men who framed the Constittition has been quoted as an example to the statesmen of v.estern Europe.
A LONG EDUCATION
It is forgotuen nowv, when praise is sung to the wisdom of the m-n who worked in Phila- deiphia all through the summer of 1787. that it ,was onlv after a long educational campaign and bv a narrow majority that the 13 States becamne persuaded of the practical value of union. And the 13 States had then one lan- guage and an uncomplicated political and economic structure. It is a repetition of the miracle of 17S7 which is expected of Europe now. Few stop to consider the tangled pro- blems of 16 currencies, many languages, and centuries of tradition w%hich would have to be solved before such a miracle became possible.
There is a real danger that the lack of understanding of the difliculties and of the many intermediate positions w%hich will have to be reached and consolidated may brina a mood of disillusion at times during the four years of the Marshall plan. As whispers of the importance of economic integration have grown into a roar and the sparkling wine of the United States of Europe has got to the heads of supporters of the E.R.P., there has been an impatience at the slowness of the response fronm European leaders. Feeling no rancour against the defeated enemy themselves, Am.ricans. for inszance, fail to remember M ullsclini's stab in the back in 1940 and cannot under-tand any reluctance on the part of the Frcnch to rush into common citizenshlip W%ith thne talians. NMr. Churchill's otfer to France is often quoted as an example of the greatness of spirit which Britain should try to recapture.
MIr. Bevin's speech has been w%elcomed with such enthusiasm by the Administration, by Congress. and by such newspapers as have commented so far because it is the first signi that Europe understands the ideas which America w-ould like to send at the same time as food, fuel. and fertilizer. Contrary to the belief of the Russians. of Mr. Henry Wallace, and of the western European Communists it is not American imperialism, it is not economic penetration, it is not even primarily the free enterprise system which the United States wvants to tic tIp with the European recovery p-ogramme. MNost stipporters of the prograrmme-and this has been very evident in the Senate hcarings-have a vision' of western Euriope living a peaceful federated life and no longer a brceding ground for w%ar.
Mr. Bevin's proposals have already done much to destroy the belief that the European nations are more interested in sovereignty than in survival and have cut much of the ground from under those who criticize the Marshall plan on the excuse that it is impossible to make 16 sovereign States self-supporting.";"January 24, 1948";"";50977;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"America And The Western European Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 31
President de Gaulle, in a New Year television broadcast tonight, spoke of three tasks for France in 1964. They were:-
1. The union of Europe through regular
and organized cooperation of the six Common Market countries, as soon as possible, in the political, military, and cultural spheres, as would be the case in the economic sphere.
2. The advancement of less developed
countries, above all African states linked to France by special agreement, and those which in Africa or other continents would be linked to her.
3. To contribute to the maintenance of
peace.
The General's reference to European construction is not taken to signify any new French initiative, but he may well enlarge on the subject at his Elysee news conference in January. The effort for peace, he said, imposed on France the necessity of pursuing her thermonuclear armament of a strength adequate to face the menace of aggression and, therefore, to ensure French independence.
ENTENTE WITH U.S.
Western Europe, when unified, must be aided, he went on, "" to practise with the United States a political, economic, and strategic entente, truly concerted "".
He also foresaw, without yielding to illusions of the weak, but without losing hope that liberty and dignity would one day triumph everywhere, that perhaps in Warsaw, Prague, Pankow, Budapest, Bucharest, Sofla, Belgrade, Tirana, or Moscow the communist regimes, which still constrained enclosed peoples, would little by little find an evolution reconcil- able with French transformation.
General de Gaulle has said as much before, but some of his passages tonight sounded more constructive. He found evident satisfaction in the internal and external position of France. Among so many countries shaken by troubles and uncertainties, the French Republic, he said, stood out as a model of political stability. That had never been seen before. The position of France in the world was a natural reflection of her internal situation.
CONTROL OF DESTINY
Throughout the past year French troops had not fired a cannon shot, something that had not happened for 25 years. By reducing military service by half, by creating her first atomic weapons and by modernizing her forces France was reassuming control of her destiny which since 1940 had passed to the discretion of others.
She had tried, he said, to find a new basis for the Franco-German relation- ship and to ensure that the European Economic Community was really a community and really European, to en- sure that it embraced agriculture as it did industry and was to be "" neither dissolved by admitting a new member who could not conform to the rules nor annexed to the system existing across the Atlantic "". In this way France had helped largely to build the Common Market and so to open the path to European unity.
The General saw everywhere a sense of French renewal in great enterprises. This was why, in spite of doubt and bitterness and the invective of those at home and abroad who found interest or delectation in French decadence, their people at heart had the buoyant senti- ment that to be France was well worth while.
A long survey of econornic and social achievements in the past year found him speaking again of a future France of 100 million inhabitants.
LATIN AMERICA VISITS
President de Gaulle is expected to make two journeys to Latin America during 1964 in pursuance of his policy of extending France's "" presence "". Pending official confirmation of the dates, it is said that he will visit Mexico and French possessions in the West Indies during March, and later in the year four or five countries in South America, including probably Argentina and Peru.
Brazil was once said to be high on the list, though there seems to have been a distinct cooling of relations since the incidents in the so-called "" rock lobster war "" earlier this year.
These plans, it is said, are in no way linked with an eventual visit by the General to Washington; no develop- ment tending towards a meeting with President Johnson is discerned here since the exchange of intentions between the two men after President Kennedy's funeral.
During the second half of the year, the General is also to make two provincial tours, after which he will only have to visit the Eure et Loire and the Paris region to complete his travels through all 90 French departments which he undertook on assuming office in 1959.";"January 1, 1964";"";55897;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle Plea For European Union";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, JULy 4
The series of meetings of Western E3uropean Union and of the Council of EBurope was opened here to-day, at the Maison de l'Europe. The Ministers of the seventinember countries of W.E.U. met this morning,' and those of the'15 member countries of the Council of Europe this afternoon.
This is W.E.U.'s first meeting at Stras- bourg, and the arrangement is convenient because the countries constituting WErU. (which is simply the Brussels Treaty Organi- zation plus Germany and Italy) are equally members of the Council of Europe, so that the same Ministers and parliamentarians appear, in their respective capacity, in both bodies.
Proceedings at Strasbourg have of late taken on a somewhat academic atmosphere, engendered in part by the dreariness of the subjects that the Council of Europe is prone to discuss. and in part by its inherent in- effectiveness, which tends to reduce it to what Mr. Bevin used to call a talking shop. This time, however, interest is added by the W.E.U. meetings, the international situation on the eve of the Geneva "" summit "" meet- ing, and the presence of several Ministers who are often represented here only by under-secretaries-including Mr. Macmillan and M. Pinay. Herr von Brentano, the Ger- man Foreign Minister, the first representa- tive at Strasbourg of a sovereign Germany, arrives to-morrow.
THE SAAR REFERENDUM The W.E.U. meeting, at which M. Spaak presided, went smoothly. Among the matters considered was the Saar referendum (the union being generally responsible for the European statute of the Saar). The members of the European Commission for the referendum appeared before the Ministers, and their chairman, M. Dehousse, of Belgium, commented favourably in his verbal report. on the draft legislation pre- pared by the Saar Government for organiz- ing the referendum and applying democratic liberties.
This legislation now has to be enacted by the Saar Parliament, and the W.E.U. ministers will receive a further report from the commission when they next meet in Paris on July 15-the day before the pre- Geneva meeting of the North Atlantic Council.
There was no question to-day of naming the Saar commissioner; indeed, Frencb officials do not consider that this will be necessary until after the referendum, probably in early October.
The committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, at their meeting, heard a report from M. Schneiter, now president c- the French National Assembly, but pre- viously appointed the Council's special representative for European refugees and excess population. The Consultative Assembly meets to-morrow, and will sit every day until Saturday. Its agenda includes a debate on economic integration, and on Wednesday a debate on the Counicil's policy concerning east-west relations.
WEST EUROPE'S OPINIONS One of the documents for this debate is a report prepared by M. de Menthon (France, M.R.P.), rapporteur for the Assembly's general affairs committee. It is an arresting document, both ia the sentiments expressed -at -one point it implies that any world security arrangements require the withdrawal of Soviet political influence from some or all of the satellites-and in the fact that it has apparently been approved unanimously (by 17 votes to none) in the committee. M. de Menthon maintains that it is important, since only two member States of the Council of Europe will be at Geneva, for the repre- sentatives .of west European democracies to express their countries' opinions before the negotiations begin. The British and French delegations at Geneva would then be entitled, he says, to speak in the name of western Europe as a whole.
EVACUATION CONDIMONS
Any modification of the military positions of the N.A.T.O. Powers would require a similar modification of the Soviet position. "" This means that there can be no question of a withdrawal of American troops to America and of British troops to Britain unless all Soviet troops, technicians, &c., are withdrawn behind the present Soviet frontier. . - . Partial evacuation of the satellite countries would likewise be insuffi- cient."" M. de Menthon continues that security also has an ideological aspect: "" security to-day requires a guarantee against all intervention, direct or indirect, in the internal affairs of other countries.""
Finally, the report dwells on the importance of Europeaa unity. "" The West can never
accept as final any settlement that would per.' p)etuate the loss of their natiorial independ- ence and their political liberties by~a large number of the peoples of central and'eastern Europe."" _ ' _";"July 5, 1955";"";53264;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western European Union Meets At Strasbourg";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, MARCH 17']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, MARCH 17
The west German Government has wvelcomed an Italian proposal for a con- ference of Foreign Ministers on Euro- pean political union in Venice on Mlay 10, Herr Von Hase, the State Secretary in the information office, said today. The Government was always interested in increasing political cooperation in Europe, and would be grateful if tn conference could have this effect.
The Italian proposal, which was de- livered yesterday to Dr. Schroder, the Foreign Minister. by Signor Mario Luciolli, the Italian Ambassador, arises from the soundings made in the capitals of the six countries of the European Economic Community in recent weeks by Signor Cattani, the secretary-general of the Italian Foreign Ministry.
These soundings apparently indicated support for a conference of Ministers. No- where did Signor Cattani encounter any objections of substance to making another attempt to get talks on European union going again.
The visit of Nf. Spaak. the Belgian Foreign Minister, to Bonn next Monday will give the Federal Government the oppor- tunity to discuss the matter in more detail, and possibly the agenda of the conference.
DUTCH VIEW
If there is no objection by any of the Six to holding a conference, this does not mean that its chances of success are con- sidered very rosy. M. Spaak, it is believed, would havc preferred a less formal get- together, which would have precluded the possibility of differences of opinion coming out into the open and prejudicing the chances of future progress. But in the German view it would be difficult to keep the work of even an informal conference strictly secret.
The Netherlands standpoint is that there would be no objection to a meeting of Foreign Ministers for purely exploratory purposes. But Holland would obviously rather not bind itself to a strict agenda.
It feels free to raise the question o1 British membership at any time. To put it bluntly. the Dutch have not basicalk changed their position on British member- ship. but teel tnat tnere is no point in ca!t in. themselves once again in the role 01 the European spoil-sport from the OlutsCt by raising objections to a conference in the course of whicn they can put turvarn their views clearly in any case,
fhe German plan for European union. which will come up for discussion along with the ltalhan one and the ideas thrown out by M. Spaak before the political com- mittee of the W estern European Union
Paris (all substantially the same save iu- differences of emphasis and of detail), plo- vides in any case that in the preliminar, phase certain rules will have to be laio down about the inclusion of other countria in the next phase.
KEEPING IN TOUCH
How soon this rather delicate point will be reached is a matter for conjecture. I: raises the old problem of whether one can admit to a political union a country which has not assumed the obligations of econo- mic union beforehand. The German stand- point on this is not too clear. In 1963 Dr. Schruder said in the Bundestag that ar identity betwve.n membership of the E.E.C. and of a political union need not always be established in every case or at every stage.
At all events, there is little cause for Britain to fear that spectacular develop- ments will take place without her being kcpt closely informed or even unoflicially consulted. Things will not mrcve so fast anyway, and the machinery of the W.E.U. is there to provide a link between her and the Six.
It does not appear, according to German sources, that France would now raise any strong objections to this method of keeping Britain in touch. The most likely outcome of the conference in Venice is therefore likely to be some instructions to the experts to examine the various proposals on Doli- tical union, and draw up a consolidated plan, as to both procedure and substance";"March 18, 1965";"";56273;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moves For Conference On European Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, JUNE 13']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, JUNE 13
General de Gaulle and Professor Erhard have agreed to work towards a summit conference of the member coun- tries of the E.E.C. on European political union before the end of the year. This is the clearest, if still tentative, result of their two-day consultations which ended on Saturday afternoon. In contrast to the situation obtaining in the Franco- (ierman alliance 10 days ago it means appreciable progress.
Whether the conference does in fact come about depends partly on the agree- ment of the other partners of France and Germany, whom they are unable to com- mit in advance, but much more in fact on the outcome of the decisive phase of discussions in Brussels on financial regu- lations for agriculture and other related issues which opens with a meeting of the Council of Ministers tomorrow.
MODEST SATISFACTION
No link, explicit or implicit, between the Brussels discussions and the summnit conference was insisted upon by the French Government on this occasion, as four months ago at Rambouillet; but it nmade abundantly clear that a successful outcome of the financial talks between the Six would create a favourable psy- chological climate.
Over and above these concrete results. which give ground in Bonn for modest though still cautious satisfaction, the talks revealed from the start a determination on both sides to approach Franco-German differences in a positive spirit.
In his toast at the banquet given in his honour by the Chancellor at the Palais Schaumburg on Friday night, General de Caulle struck, as so often, on a striking image to symbolize Franco-German co- operation. We Europeans "". he declared. - are builders of cathedrals. Now we are about, you and us, to build western Europe. What a cathedral This cathedral had as its base the reconciliation between France and Germany. and its pillars would be the European Economic Community. when it was completed; when this happened, a roof would be placed upon it. which was called European political cooperation. - Then others will be able to apprentice themselves to the Six "". he continued. "" Who knows. xvhen we have succeeded in this, whether we do not acquire a taste for monumental coinstructions, and do not begin to erect an even more monumental cathedral-in other words, the integration of the whole of Europe.""
AGRICULTURAL FINANCE
It was a good conference, a well informed French source said at the close. It could have been an excellent conference if there had been more time to solve the extremelY complex problem of financial regulations for agriculture. There could be no ques- tion of agreeing to these in Bonn, as this was a matter for all the Six to decide. But if France and Germany disagreed, it was clear that the prospects of a solution in Brussels would be nil.
A last-minute attempt to bring the Ger- man and French standpoints in this respect just a little closer was made unexpectedly, over coffee, after the luncheon which General de Gaulle gave at Schloss Ernich. the French Ambassador's residence, for President Luibke and the Federal Govern- ment. This led to a brief misundertanding.
Herr von Hase. the State Secretary in the Press and Information Office, an- nounced at a lunchtime briefing that both governments had agreed to hold a summit conference. A Quai d'Orsay official, speak- ing with knowledge of the postprandial dis- cussions, emphasized that his Government favoured the "" possibility of a conferencc of the six heads of government""
The nuance was obvious. Yet at this stage there is no justification for maintain- ing, as some observers close to the Foreign
Mlinistry were inclined to do Yesterday, that General de Gaulle had deliberately given way to the Chancellor's wish for a con- ference. because he knew in fact that the prospects of early agreement in Brussels were slight, and he would therefore not commit himself to anything. Such a con- struction. French sources emphasized, would have been admissible if the French Government did not regard agreement on new financial regulations before the dead- line of June 30 as essential.
Obviously, should it prove technically impossible, as the Germans are convinced already, the existing regulations would have to be prolonged. But that is distinctly not the French goal at present, and no con- firmation of this compromise possibility was forthcoming.
In fact, in the course of some intensive discussion between MI. Pompidou. the French Prime Minister, M. Giscard d'Estaing, the Minister of Finance, Herr Schmiucker, the German Economics Minister, and Dr. Dahlgrfn. the Minister of Finance, substantial pro- gress does in fact appear to have been made on this technical issue. The French Ministers put forward two sets of proposals, one for the interim period. until, in accordance with French plans. the final financial regulations come into force, at the latest on January 1, 1967, when the common agricultural price for cereals obtains; and another for the final regula- tions themselves thereafter.
WORLD SCENE
What is surprising. in view of General de Gaulle's utter rejection of the principle of supra-nationality, is that he should have been ready to come some of the way on the issue of control of expenditure by the European Parliament of community funds, on which the Germans place great import- ance, but the ultimate and basic issue of the future development of the Common Mlarket towards supra-nationality or other- wise was not really touched upon.
During their three-hour discussions with only interpreters and shorthand writers present, General de Gaulle and Dr. Erhard surveyed the world scene, starting from the outside and working inwards, so to speak They only touched upon the explosive issues of Nato and the American commitment in Europe, but agreed that the American proposals for a five-power committee on nuclear affairs should be studied further.
The French President also emphasized the value to France of the Atlantic alliance. He gave the distinct impression that he did not contemplate withdrawing from the organization in 1969. but insisted on a thorough reform of it. He acknowledged the special strategic position of the Federal Republic, and the fact that it was inevitably dependent on the American security guarantee.";"June 14, 1965";"";56347;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Goal Of European Union";""
"";"['News']";"I lie Stuttgart summit agreed on a text aiming at greater European union, which had been negotiated in great detail over the past two and a half years. Much watered down fro its original form, it was nevertheless welcomed yester- day by Dr Helmut Kohl, the West German Chancellor, as a step in the right direction towards European union.
These are some of the main points in the 20-page declar- ation. They are reproduced textually. Objectives
To strengthen and continue the development of the Communities, which are the nucleus of European
union, by reinforcing existing policies and elaborating new policies within the framework of the treaties of Paris and Rome.
To strengthen and develop European political cooperation through the elaboration and adop- tion of joint positions and joint action, on the basis of intensified consultations, in the areas of foreign policy, including the coordination of the positions of member-states on the political and economic aspects of security so as to promote and facilitate the progressive develop- ment of such positions and actions in a growing number of foreign policy fields.
To promote, to. the extent that these activities cannot be carried out within the framework of the treaties:
Closer cooperation on cultural matters. in order to affirm the
awareness of a commom cultural heritage as an element in the European identity;
Approximation of certain areas of the legislation of the member-states in order to facilitate relationships between their nationals;
A common analysis and con- certed action to deal with inter- national problems of law and order, serious acts of violence, organized international crime and inter- national lawlessness generally. The Council and its members
The consistency and continuity of the work needed for, the further constructiohi of European union as well as the preparation of meetings. of the Europiean Council are. the. responsibility of the Council (General Affairs) aiid its members.
The application of the decision-
making procedures laid down in the Treaties of Paris and Rome is of vital importance in order to improve the European Communi- iies' capacity to act.
Within the council every possible means of facilitating the decision- making process will be used. including, in cases where unanimity is required, the possibility of abstaining from voting.
To promote the objective of a Europe speaking with a single voice .and acting in common in the field of foreign policy, the governments of -the member-states will make a *constant effort to increase the effectivencss of political cooper- 'ation and will seek, in particolar4 to
facilitate the decision-making pro- cess, in order to reach common positions more rapidly.
Foreign policy
In order to ""cope 'with the increasing problems of international politics the necessary reinforcement of European political cooperation must be ensured, in particular by the following measures:
Intensified consultations with""a view to permitting timely joint action on all major foreign policy questions of interest to the Ten as a whole:
Prior consultations with the other member-states in advance of the adoption of final positions in these. questions;
Development and extension of the' practices by which the views.of - the Ten are .defiried- and 'onstdli-. :,dated in the fortn of common positions which 'then ;constitute a central point of reference for
member states' policies;
Progressive development and 'definition. of common principles and objectives as well as the iden'tification of common interests in order *o- strengthen the possi- bilities ofjoint action in the field of foreign policy-,>.
Coordination of positions ot member-states on the political and economic aspects of security;
I increased contacts with third countries''in order to give the Ten greater weight as an interlocutor in the -foreign policv field;
..Closer, cooperAtion in diplomatic and admimnistrative-matters between the missions;,of'the Ten in third countries.-
The search for'common positions at majorinternational conferences
attended by one or more of the Ten and covering questions dealt with in political cooperation,
Increasing recognition. of the contribution which the European Parliament makes to the develop- meent of a coordinated foreign policy of the Ten.
Final provisions
The heads of state or government stress the link between membership of the European Communities and participation in the activities described above.
European union is being achieved by deepening and broadening the scope of European activities. _
. The'heads of state or gove,r,nment will 'subject 'ihis declaration: to a general review.
Leading article, page I1";"June 20, 1983";"";61563;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Leaders' declaration is welcomed as a step towards European union";""
"['By Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"By Roaer Bertboud
There can be no European union without stronger powers for the EEC's executive institu- tions, and a parallel strength- ening of the European Parlia- ment. This was one of the main conclusions presented in London yesterday on behalf of Mr Leo Tindeinans, the Bel- gian Prime Mihiister at a con- ference of American and Euro- pean newspaper editors and publishers.
Mr Tindemans, appointed by the Nine, to examine the approaches to European union, ended his message with the words: ""My mission is proof that Europe needs medication. I am confident, after my talks (with the governments of member states) that we will decide together the prescrip- tion that will lead to a healthy, united Europe "".
Unfortunately, Mr Tinde- mans himself turned out to be 'in need of medication yester- day, and in his absence his speech was delivered by Vis- count Etienne Davignon,. head of the political affairs depart ment of the 'Belgian Foreign Ministry.
The problem was howv much power should be delegated by the member states to the EEC's institutions. It must be enlough to stop perpetual nego- tiations not just about the Community's common policies but about bow they should be executed. Where national par- liaments had surrendered sovereignty, the European Par-' liament must be enabled to control the executive, and political parties should. be organized at Community level.
European union was not an end in itself. The Nine could not decide first whether there should be a United States of Europe, a federation or a con- federation. First they had to decide that they wanted a new ty.pe of relationship with quali- tative improvements and dele- gation of powers at certain stages. i
Europeans, Mr Tindemans noted, were presented' with a' momentous decision touching on their choice of a social con- tract, on the optimum struc- ture of international society, and on whether regional, national or larger European organisms best encouraged the full development of their capa- bilities.";"October 8, 1975";"";59521;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgian Premier's view of path to 'healthy' Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Ocr. 25
The Federal Government to-night issued the German text of the'agreement with the French Governrent on the Saar.
Following is an unofficial translation:-'
The Govemment of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Govermnent of the French Republic, the latter after consulting, and obtaining the agreement of, the Saar Govern- ment, in the endeavour to develop the Saar economy to the broadest extent, and to do away with any occasion of conflict in their mutual relations have agreed on the foUowing principles, which will form the basis of a solution of the Saar problem:-
(I) The purpose of the solution envisaged is to give the Saar a European statute witnin the framework of the Western European Union. After this statute has been approved by a referendum it will no longer be brought in question until the conclusion of a peace treaty.
(2) A European commissioner wiU under- take representation of Saar interests in the field of foreign affairs and of defence. The commissioner will supervise the observation of the statute. The commissioner will be appointed by the Council of Ministers of the Westem European Union. He wfll be respon- sIble to that council. The commissioner will not be a Frenchman, a German, or a Saar- lander. The majority which appoints him must include the votes of France and of the Federal Republic of Germany; the agreement of the Saar will also be required. The com- missioner wiUl submit a report annually to the Council of Ministers, who will com- municate it to the assembly of the Western European Union. In so far as the Council of nisters has duties in connexion with the Saar statute, its decisions will be by a simple majority.
(3) The two Governments will propose to the other participating European Governments that the interests of the Saar shall be repre- sented as follows In European organizations:
(a) Council of Europe.
(i) Committee of Ministers. the commis- sioner shal attend meetings in an advisory capacity. (iz Consultative Assembly: rePre- snaono the Saar shall be unchanged.
THREE DEPUTrIES (b) Coal and Steel CommUnitY.
(a) Commnittee of Ministers. (a) When the Foreign Ministers meet, the Saar shall be represented by the commissioner. (b) When other Ministers meet the Saar shaU be repre- sented by its own competent Minister with a right to vote.
(is) Common Assembly. Three deputies shal be elected by the Saar Diet. French representa- tion remains numerically equal to the repre- sentation of Italy and of the Federal Republic of Germany, as is envisaged in article 21 of the Coal and Steel Community treaty.
(c) Western European Union.
(1) Council of Ministers. The commissioner shall attend meetings in an advisory capacity.
(i) Parliamentary representation. The assembly of the Western European Union shall include the Saar delegation to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.
(4) The two Governments will propose that the participation of the Saar in European defence shall be determined by a treaty within the framework of the Western European Union, and that in questions which affect the Saar the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe shaU always act in close consultation with the commissioner.
(5) In all fields in which the statute does not expressly envisage the competence of the commissioner, the Government and the organs of the Saar will have exclusive competence.
THREE OBLIGATIONS
(6) Political parties, associations, news- papers, and assemblies wiU not be subject to licence. If the European statute is approved by referendum, it shall not be called in ques- tion unbl the conclusion of a peace treaty. Any intervention from outside designed to influence Saar public opinion, particularly in the form of aid or support to political parties, associations or the Press, will be prohibited.
(7) If the saar population accepts the present
statute by referendum, the following obliga- tions wil, devolve upoa the Saar: (a) The Saar. Government.vill observe the provisions of the statute. (b) Eve hng necessary wiU be done to ensure tlaf the constitutional organs of the Saar make the changes in the Saar constitution made necessary by acceptance of the European statute. (c) The Saar Government will hold new elections to the Diet within three months.
(8) The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and of France bind themselves to maintain and to guarantee the statute of the Saar until the conclusion of a treaty of peace. The two Governments will ask the Governments of the United Kingdom and of the United States to assume the same obligations.
(9) Provisions of the peace treaty on the Saar will require approval of the population by a referendum; the population must be able to express itself in this connexion without any restriction.
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
*10) The referenduma envisaged in article I wll take p lace three months after entry into force of the provisions envisaged in the first paragraph of article 6.
(11) The two Govermments will jointly make all necessary efforts to permit maximnum dlevelopment of the Saar economy.l
(12) (a) The principles upon which the' French.Saar economic-union at present restsl
ill be incorporated m an agreement on A economic cooperation to be concluded between France and the Saar and will take account of the following provisions.
(b) In regard to economic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saar, the aim will be to create relations similar to those existing between France and the Saar. This aim is to be achieved progressively, with a view to constant expansion of German, French, and European economic cooperation.
The present currency arrangement win remain in force until the creation of a cturrency of a European character.
The progressive extension of economic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saar shall not endanger the Franco-Saar currency union and the applica- tion of the Franco-Saar economic conventions. It will be carried out iama manner which shal
not make necessary the erection of a Customs frontier between France and the Saar. Regard will be paid to any necessity to protect specific branches of Saar industry.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
(c) Measures to expand economic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saar will be taken soon to provide for the need of each for the products of the other.
(d) Agreements will be concluded between France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Saar to apply the principles laid down in paragraphs (b) and (c).
Account shall be taken in these agreements of the necessity of avoiding any severe pre- iudice to the balance of payments between the French franc area and the Federal Republic of Germany; at the same time, however, con- sideration shall be paid to the given condi- tions of economic traffic between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saar.
(e) The Saar will have responsibility for the administration of the whole coal output of the Saar including the Warndt. together with tho mining installations admini stered by the Saar mines.
(13) The two Governments will recommend i the other members of the European Coal and Steel Community to move the seat of that organization to Saarbrucken.
(14) The foregoing agreements will be com- municated to the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union for its information.
The two Governments wfll ask the other member Governments of the Western European Union to approve those provisions of the foregoing agreement which require their approval.
FOUR LETTERS
The text as published in Bonn is accom- panied by that of three letters dated jOctober 23 from Dr. Adenauer to M. Mendes-France, together with a fourth
letter from MI M,en&ds-France to Herr HofEmann, the Saar Chief Minister.
In the first Dr. Adenaner simply acknow- ledges the receipt of a letter from M. Mendes- France in which the French Prime Minister assures him that the competent French autho. rities will be instructed to examine "" in a spirit of cooperation "" applications from German banks and insurance companies for permission to set up branches m the Sar.
Dr. Adenaues second letter, similarly ack- nowledges, and quotes, a letter from M. Mend&s-France-informing him that the exist-
igCOnfiscation of property in the Saa wfil belifted before- the :referendjnm ebn the Saar statute takes place.. His third letter 'ackmow- ledges receipt of a copy of a letter from the French Prime Minister to Herr Roffinann. M. Mendes-France outlines to Herr Hoffman the arrangement agreed; between them for in- creaingthepariciatio ofSnalanersin.the controlof staff andcIAl questions in the Saar Saarcoal nesminesadnistration awelas in the";"October 26, 1954";"";53072;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Statute of the Saar";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hoirsbv -::
Brussels, June 27 :
The European Commission has called for the establishment 6f an independent European government and of a bicameral; directly elected European legis- lative assembly. It says that these are indispensable for the realization of full' European
union.
The proposal is contained in a 70-page report by the .Commis- sion, which together with parallel reports by. the Euro- pean Parliament and Court of Justice will form. the basis of the survey on European union that Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, is due to present this.
Mr Tindemans, who was assigned the task of producing the report by his fellow heads of government at the European summit meeting in Paris last December, begins a three-day, opinion-soundinig visit to Britain on Monday. Aside from govern- ment officials, he will be talk- ing to trade union leaders, busi- nessmen, consumer groups, farmers and academics.
The declared objective of the EEC is to achieve economic and monetary union - the main plank of overall European union -by 1980. This has, however, been recognized for some time
as an unrealis'tic target. Britain, in particular, regafrs economic and monetary union as out of the question for the foreseeable future.
""I don't think it is possible and I don't think they. (other European governments) believe in it either ?', Mr: Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, said in Luxembourg when he attended a council of foreign ministers earlier this week m :
The Commission; . proposes that the membiers of a European government should be indepen- dent of national administrations and should combine the execu- tive functions and those. of initiating policy ow 'exercised separately.
The proposal accepts, how- ever, that there vould have to be a transitional 'period during which the European government and the Couns:il .of Ministers,-as the direct representatives, - of national governments, would have to work side.by: side.
Apart from economic and monetary union,.''the Commis- sion recommends,. the develop- mient of more closely cooidin- ated commnunity. policies in defence and foreign affairs. It admits, ho%wever, . that .no purpose would be :served by try- ijJg to set a precise timetable for progress.";"June 28, 1975";"";59434;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European government proposed by Brussels";""
"['By David Spanier Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr Leo Tindermans, the Belgian Prime Minister (right), accompanied by aides, speaking to the press in London yesterday about his report to the EEC.
By David Spanier
Diplomatic Corresnfndent
The English are becoming more European, their attitude to questions concerning a future European union is ""more and more positive "", and this even applies to anti- marketeers. This was the encouraging conclusion of Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, after two days of talks in London, gathering material for his report on European union.
The report is to be given to heads of government of the Nine in Decemiber.
Mr Tindemans, who con- tinued his meet-the-people tour in Edinburgh vesterdav and goes on to Cardiff today, said he felt British opinion was moving so rapidlv towards understanding the European Community and its aims that
he really wished he could wait a few more months to sound out British views again.
He has been seeking answers to three main questions: what common policies do we want? How do we see the role of the institutions of the Com. munity? What is the objective of a European union ?
""In general, I found a very positive attitude. towards Euro- pean. integration,"" Mr Tinde- mans said yesterday. ""Every- body accepts the result of the referendum, including people who during the campaign were anti EEC.""
Some of the detailed ques- tions put to him by politicians, trade union leaders. represent- atives of women's and youth organizations and other people he inet were so searthing they made him -feel like a student again, Mr Tindemans added.
He paid particular tribute to Mr Wilson's statement that Britain would participate fully in the Community's activities, and praised the Labour Party's decision to send MPs to the European Parliament.
On direct elections, Mr Tin- demans said he felt the parties were now seriously considering all the practicalities in moving towards the idea, though the British Government's reserve had not been completely lifted.
As for his report, Mr Tinde. mans is still feeling his way. He would prefer to write a short report, setting out recom- mendations separately. perhaps adding the various arguments in another document. He sees his report as part of a continu- ing process, however, which another committee might take up again. In the next stage of European integration.";"July 2, 1975";"";59437;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans finds the English favour European integration";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, ApRIL 20
M. Debre, the Prime Minister, flew from Paris this afternoon to Strasbourg for the ceremonies marking the tenth anniversary of the creation of the Council of Europe. M. Couve de Mur- ville, the Foreign Minister, arrived in Strasbourg yesterday. The city is pro- fusely decorated with flags and other commemorative symbols, and many Ministers, statesmen, and parlia- mentarians have arrived there to take part in'the ceremonies.
To-day the Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe has been sitting, con- sidering among other things a report on the rationalization of European institutions. This report was drawn up at a meeting held recently in Paris and attended by repre- sentatives of the member Governments of the 15 countries of the Council of Europe and by the secretaries-general of the Council of Europe, the North Atlantic TreatY Organization, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, and Western European Union.
Although the report has one or two in- teresting suggestions, notably for the sharing of facilities such as inforxnation services, it does not in fact provide any useful response to the need for simplifying and reducing the present proliferation of international organizations in Europe. In particular, the report does not envisage the suppression of Western European Union.
CYPRUS CASE DROPPED
SnAsBouRo, April 20.-The ministerial committee to-day decided to call for the transfer of the cultural and social activities of Westem European Union to the Council of Europe. It also urged informal meetings between the 15 members of the European Consultative Assembly and parliamen- tarians from Switzerland and Portugal, who are not members of the Council of Europe but who take part in the organization for European Economic Cooperation. This measure is aimed at filling the absence of a parliamentary assembly in the O.E.E.C.
One of the last episodes in the Cyprus struggle was closed to-day -when the council of the ministerial committee unani- mously scrapped a Greek petition protest- ing against alleged British harshness in the island. It adopted an Anglo-Greek reso- lution declaring that in view of the settle- ment of the island's status, no Turther action need be taken on the petition. A second Greek petition concering 29 cases of alleged torture is expected to be droPped in due course.-Reuter.";"April 21, 1959";"";54440;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Celebrations At Strasbourg";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
BRUSSELS, JULY 11
The Council of Ministers of the Euro- pean Economic Community today reached agreement on future contacts with Britain. Professor Erhard, the west German Vice-Chancellor, announced that a formula had been found to make use of the framework of the Western European Union.
Meetings are to be held every three months. Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, who was chairman of today's session, is to have discussions at The Hague on Tuesday with Lord Home, the British Foreign Secretary, to arrange details. The first encounter should take place in September. Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, is to meet Dr. Luns on Wednesday.
France last week proposed the use of Western European Union for the con- tacts, but the west German Government preferred the use of the permanent representatives of the E.E.C. countries in Brussels. This was supported by Dr. Luns. M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, considered that the Fr.nch formula at least provided a basis for discussion.
After a long debate today Dr. Luns accepted the French formula but obtained, with the suriport of LDr. Erhard, a guarantee that the W.E.U. meetings will be held regularly and that contacts with Britain will remain on the agenda.
MINISTERIAL LEVEL
BRUSSELS, JUIY 11.-An authoritative French source said that the agreement reached by the Six provides for a meet- ing every three months at ministerial level within the framework of the Coun- cil of Western European Union.
A French official told reporters that in principle the meetings will be at minis- terial level but it would be up to the individual governments to decide what representatives they would send.
The agenda of the meetings would always be "" Internationai and European Political and Economic Problems"". The E.E.C. Commission would take part in the meeting only when European eco- nomic problems were discussed.
M. Spaak told reporters: I I think this is a good solution. It is, of course, a compromise but it is a valid one.""
Dr. Schroder, the west German Foreign Minister, welcomed the agree- ment as an important step forward for the E.E.C. future action programme agreed on in April. He said that con- tacts with Britain were a substantial part and important feature of this pro- gramme.
Dr. Schroder added that arrange- ments for contacts with ihe other European Free Tradc Association countrie', had not yet been decided. -Reuter.";"July 12, 1963";"";55751;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E.E.C. Agrees On Link With Britain";""
"";"['News']";"The possibility of meat from France being bought by Britain was discussed by the agi. cultural committee when the Europear Economic Conference was resumed in Churcb House, Westminster, yesterday. It is probable that the subject will receive more detailed atten- tion before the committee completes its recommendations for submission to plenary sessions on Sunday and Monday.
Mr. HoRE-BELISHA said it was absurd that when agricultural tractors were urgently needed abroad Coventry manufacturers had had to lay off 1,700 men because France and Argen- tina were short of sterling. If France's surplus of -food was made available to us France would have the sterling to buy the agricultural machinery with which to produce yet more food.
African development was discussed by the oversea territory committee, and the British delegation proposed the establishment of a board of development. The French delegates introduced an amendment that mother countries in the European Union should keep one another informed of the progress made in their territories. The committee decided that the activities of European Union should extend to all oversea territories.";"April 23, 1949";"";51363;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Meat From France";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"Largely un- noticed in Britain so far, a revised fashion has been sweep- ing those foreign coun-
tnes in the EEC on the other side of the English Channel. It has been growing like a snowball and has now reached a size where it is difficult to imagine it will ever melt away.
The fashion is known in EEC jargon as ""European Union"", an unfortunate choice for British sensibilities because this is so at variance with national prejudice that only fringe idealists and politicians talk about it seriously.
Therein lies a real danger for Britain, because it is causing too little serious thought to be given to a subject which, like it or not, is gaining increasing credence inside the Community. Rather than find out what is meant by this union, there is too much of a tendency among senior politicians and opinion for- mers to dismiss the whole idea as impracticable.
In turn, this means that Britain is risking being left behind, if the idea really starts to surge ahead, and once more finding itself forlornly outside the mainstream of the com- munity it tried so hard to join.
The European Parliament, with the support of some British Conservatives, has voted through a treaty of European union drawn up by the Italian Communist elder statesman, Signor Altiero Spinelli. President Mitterrand made a speech in which he welcomed the idea. Under his presidency, the European summit in -Fontainebleau agreed to set up two com- mittees - one to look into institutional reform, and the other to devise ways of creating ""a people's Europe"".
Outside the Community, under French pressure, efforts are being made to turn the moribund Western European Union into an effective east- em pillar of the North Atlantic alliance.
Where in all this does Britain stand? The answer must frankly be that it is at best on the margins. It is joining in with no obvious sign of enthusiasm and giving thc impression that it takes its seat at relevant meetings only to make sure the others do not do anything naughty while its back is turned.
And howevcr nebulous the ideas may sound to British cars, they are beginning to take a definite shape. Both the committees set up by Presi- dent Mitterrand are due to make an interim report to the, Dublin summit at the start of next month, and they are likely to form an important feature of the Italian presi- dency programme at the start of next vear.
Britain's contribution in the committees has been work- manlike and down to earth, but insufficient to dispel the view that it is dragging its feet. Similarly, in the WEU it has failed so far to take advantage of the situation to involve France militarily in its for- ward defence.
Mrs Thatcher personally presided in drawing up a British text to show her vision of the Europe of the future, but it was more remarkable for the fact that she produced it than for what it said.
It was a vision of Europe without frontiers, where people, goods and services travelled unhindered around the Community. It had ideas about majority voting, re-- search and industry. But it was largely a recital of previous British positions and left the Community as a whole un- moved.
In fact, Mrs Thatcher's vision of European union is very similar in many respects to that of Signor Spinelli. The difference is more in the vocabulary than in the aims. What is needed is the vision to grasp the present opportunity for taking a lead in the process of change which is going on, so that Britain can assume a position at the front of Community affairs
Ian MurrayI";"November 27, 1984";"";61997;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['BY OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
A report to the Governor of Northern Rhodesia by a board of inquiry, which is published to-day, states that it has been agreed by all parties that the African in the copper mining industry is capable of industrial advancement, and that he has not yet been permitted to advance to the full extent of his capabilities.
The report favours the retention of the present dual wage structure in the industry, and considers that the present attitude of the European Mine Workers, Union, which favours equal pay for Europeans and Africans doing the same work, will, if persisted in, bar the African's advancement for ever. The Europeans are "" unnecessarily- apprehensive "" in their view that Europeans' living standards wfill be depressed and that they might find thetuselves without employment.
TlERMS OF REFERENCE
The board of inquiry was appointed nearly two months ago and was presided over by Sir John Forster, Q.C., who in 1940 headed a commission to inquire into African disturb- ances in the Copperbelt. The board's terms of reference were: to ascertain whether there was anything to prevent Africans from advanc- ing in the copper mining industry; if there was, to investigate the reasons; to examine, as far as might be necessary, the basis on which persons were employed in the industry; and to make recommendations.
The report outlines the history of the copper mlning industry in Northern Rhodesia, and -points out that the European population of Northern Rhodesia has increased from about 8,000 in 1929 to 50,000 in 1953. The African population has increased from 1,630,000 in 1946 to 1,960,000. In 1941 the average number of Europeans in the service of the copper mining companies was 3,098, while there were 27,270 Africans. By 1953 the totals had risen respectively to 5,879 and 36,147.
HISTORY OF DISPUTES
The report gives the history of various disputes in the Copperbelt, beginning in 1935, the formation in 1936 of the European Mine Workers' Union, the Forster commission, the agreement by the European union to some dilution for the duration of the war, and the formation, in 1949, of the Northern Rhodesia African Mineworkers' Trade Union.
The report recalls that in 1947 the Governor had commissioned Mr. Andrew DaIgleish to inquire into the employment, the wage -structure, and training of Africans in the industry. The commission found that there were many jobs which should be transferred to Africans as soon as possible. But the coim- mission also found that the African would not for some tirme be able to take over all the duties of the European who had been perform- ing the same task. If it required three Africans to undertake completely the work of a European without any supervision, the pay of the European would be divided between the Africans ("" fragmentation ""). The European union, however, combined to insist on "" equal pay and equal work,"" and there was deadlock. This lasted until early this year, when further talks about the advancement of Africans were held between representatives of the companies and the unions. Again there was deadlock, as the European union continued to maintain that a job could not be "" fragmented "" and that no variation of responsibility within a job could be recognized. It was after that that the board of inquiry was appointed.
WA-GE RATES
The report then describes wages and con- ditions in the industry. Africans are paid on the "" ticket "" system. (long customary in the Rhodesias), eachl,ticket relating to a period of 30 days' continuous employment. The basiC rates vary from 80s. to 320s. a ticket for sur- face workers, and 90s. to 355s. for under- ground workers. In the "" special group "" of wages above these fiures there-is no maximum.' The Africans also receive bonuses and cost- of-living allowance.. Those in the lower wage groups have free rations and housing for them- selves and their families. There is also a non-contributory pension scheme and free medical and hospital service.
The minimum rate for a European worker is 44s. 6d. a day, but the average total pay for 26 shifts (the usual number worked in a month) is £99 6s. ld., which includes bonuses and. cost-of-Uving allowance. The report states that the substantial gap between the wages of Europeans and Africans, will remain unbridgeable until Africans in general grasp the vital relationship between quantitative and qualitative work on the one hand and advance- ment on the other. "" In the right, however, to acquire and use whatever sklU they may be fit for, all men are equal,"" and there would be
some Africans who would advance, first into work, the value of which lies between the two wage structures, and later into work which lies truly in the European wage structure.
SLOW PROGRESS
The report does not accept the view of the African union that, with the exception of a few technical jobs, there are no jobs in the industry which an African is incapable of doing. It agrees with the companies' opinion that for the African, so recently emerged from his primitive state, advancement will be slow.
The advancement of Africans had been prevented by a fundamental difference of opinion between. the companies and the European union about the method of advance- ment. The companies contended that if an African was promoted to work hitherto done by a European the African must be paid in accordance with his wage structure, but with due regard to the extra skill or responsibility involved. The European union contended that the African must be paid according to the European grade in which the work has been classified.
AFRICAN LIMITATIONS
The report concludes that the system advo- cated by the European union would "" disrupt the Afrcan Iwage structure throughout the Federation and seriously threaten the national economy."" The report accepts the companies' remarks about the Africans' limitations and concludes that the award of European rates of pay to Africans would be an effective bar to their advancement into the European field.
The report also concludes that reasonable fragmentation of work is necessary, and wifl provide, in t4e words of the African Stafi Association, "" some missing rungs in the African'industrial laddet.""` The satisfactory solutioni of the difficulties, the report empha- szes, rests squarely upon the parties engaged in the industry. Failure to solve the problem would have serious consequences to the indus- try, to the territory, and to the Federation.";"October 19, 1954";"";53066;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Advancement Of Africans";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 16
The Bundestag today ratified the Franoo-German treaty of cooperation with only one dissentient vote and two abstentions. The preamble attached to the ratification law which firmly puts the treaty within the framework of the Federal Repablic's multilateral agree- ments undet Nato and the Common Market, and which was accepted by all parties, made possible a placid debate lasting little over an hour, and al the stonns after the signing of the treaty by Dr. Adenauer and President de Gaulle in Paris last January seem now somne- what unreal.
From the press gallery only tbhree mam- bers of the well-filled Bundestag were seen not to rise from their places when Dr. Jager, a vice-president of the Bundestag, who was in the chair, called for a vote by a show of hands. One Free Democrat later voted against the treaty, two Social Demo- crats were seen to abstain. Dr. Jager then dedared the treaty had been approved "" by a very great maiority witi few absten- tions and 'noes' "". The Christian Demo- crats rose to their feet. appiauding Dr. Adenauer.
The Chancellor, winding up the debate, said that Mr. Dean Rusk, the United States Seoretary of State, had told him in Washington last year that Washington had no reservations against Germany having a close relationship with France. There was no question of anything being hidden from the Un,ited States. Mr. Rusk had been the first to be consulted.
BENELUTX PARALLEL
The Chancelor vigorously defended President de Gaulle's attitude to European political union. After their meeting at Baden-Baden at the begining of last year, President de Gaulle had changed lis mind and agreed with him that the draft statute for political union should be amended so that existing European institutions remained intact But then Holland and Belgium- particularly the former, Dr. Adenauer believedbegan to raise obieations.
The Chancellor had asked Signor Fanfani to call a meeting of the six heads of Gov- ernment in Rome. but the Italian Prime Minister had refused. "" Mf there have been obstacles, these have not been de Gaulle, but others,"" Dr. Adenauer said.
He advised olose study of the Benelux treaties. There had been a lot of con- sultation and cooperation asreed there; why had nobody got upset about that?
The sharpest note of protest delivered by the Soviet Union against the treaty had been 'r eived by France, the Chancellor said. lhat was sufficient justification for the German standpoint in signing the treaty.
The German people had to understand what, until only a few years ago, France and the Soviet Union had proposed for the future of Germany. These dangers had been barred by the treaty now and for ever. President de Gaulle had expressed himself absolutely firmly about Germany's rights towards the east.
The treaty now goes back briefly to the Bundesrat before being laid before Presi- dent Lilbke. After ratification by the French, the Germans want a solemn ex- change of documents during President de Gaulle's visit here in July.
The treaty lays down close consultation by both countries on foreign policy, defence and cultural matters including education. The heads of Government and Ministers are also to meet at fixed intervals.
The preamble passed by the Bundestag today states specifically that the treaty does not affect Germany's rights and duties under existing multilateral treaties; and that its application shall serve the basic ends of German policy, namely close partnership between Europe and the United States, German reunity, common defence under Nato, and the integration of arms, European unity, including the bringing in of Britain and other willing states, and the dismantling of trade barriers between the Common Market, and the United States under Gatt.
SOCIALIST SUPPORT
Herr Wehner. the Social Democratic deputy leader, announced that as the pre- amble had been agreed, his party would vote for the treaty- It must now be used to further European political unity and the expansion of the E.E.C. to include Britain.
Professor Schmid, speaking also for the Social Democratic Party, emphasized that the preamble had equal force with aU the rest of the treaty.
Herr von Brentano, for the Christian Democratic Union, was applauded from all sides of the House when he said contacts must now be devised between Britain and the E.E.C. in Brussels to prepare for her later entry.";"May 17, 1963";"";55703;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bundestag Ratifies Treaty With France";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
rAKIN, DEC. 20
M. Schuman, the French Foreign Mlini- ster, and Count Sforza. his Italian counter- part, met in Cannes this evening.
According to inspired French comment the two Ministers intend to review the international situation and to discuss. among other subjects, European union, the Atlantic defence pact, and the former Italian colonies.
It is, known that Italy is against adherence to the Brussels pact and is shy of the commit- ments which an Atlantic pact rmight involve. Slhe is, on the other hand, eager to join a European union and to regain her place in Africa.
The study group on western union which has heen mceting in Paris contemplated the participation of Italy in whatever system might cventually bh set up; and it is suggested here that the British Government's opposition to any form of Italian trusteeship over part of her North African colonies would be with- drawvn if Italy were to enter into the western Europcan and Atlantic defensive schemes. It is stated that M. Schuman and Count Sforza are to examine in detail the possibilities of such an arrangement.";"December 21, 1948";"";51260;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy And Western Union";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Secretariat of Western European Union announced yesterday that Sir George Rendel, the British representative on the European Commission on the Saar refer- endum, wil] be unable to continue his duties with the commission because of ill-health. In the circumstances the British Government have decided to nominate Sir John Trout- beck, who was appointed earlier this month in a temporary capacity and who has already joined the commission in Saarbrucken.
The Saar referendum takes place on October 23. It will decide whether the Saar is to be given an international status under the Saar statute negotiated between France and Germany, and approved by the Council of Western European Union. If the Saar- landers do not adopt the statute, the present Saar Government will presumably remain in office until some further agreement on the future siatus for the Saar can be agreed.
Sir George Rendel, formerly British Ambassador in Brussels, was chairman of the Tripartite Commission on German Debts from 1951 to 1953, and later chairman of the Commission on Constitutional Develop- ment in Singapore. Sir John Troutbeck was head of the British Middle East Office in Cairo in 1947 and Ambassador in Baghdad from 1951 to 1954.";"September 28, 1955";"";53337;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New British Delegate To Commission";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Ministers of the five Brussels Treaty Powers and of the three Scandinavian countries, Italy, and the Republic of Ireland will meet in London on Tuesday next week to consider and, it is hoped, approve the statute of the Council of Europe. They may also set up a com- mission to prepare the ground for the first meetings of the Council, which will pro- bably be in August.
After discussion of various places, including Edinburgh and Paris, for headquarters, the 10 Governments have agreed that Strasbourg should be the permanent seat of the Council. It was felt that the Council should not be in the capital of any of the member countries, and Strasbourg, as a bridgehead to the east. has at least a symbolic advantage over Edin- burgh. The name of the organization is still a matter of some argument. M. Schuman, it is believed, would like to call the society of nations now to be founded "" European Union."" But this is a matter in which there is, or is thought to be, much in a name and the constitutional implications of European Union g0o, for the present, too far for sorme other (overnments.";"April 26, 1949";"";51365;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Statute Of Council Of Europe";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"Inside the' 15th century fastness of the Castello Sfor- zesco. the- leaders of the European Community are locked away from the outside world planning the Europe of the 21st century. ft is all distinctly unreal,'
The Qstello, -these- days, lacks draibridgds4and boiling oil, but makes' up for that with sniffer dogs, bleeping security machines and body searches.
Safe inside its towering 'reds -brick walls the- summit can appreciate the kind of security which made the Dukes- -of Milan undisputed mediaeval world super-powers.
The Milan summit has been billed as the occasion which will re-launch Europ& into the super-power category ..once again. That is probably pre- sumptuous, but the jostling for position on the centre-stage of the meeting shows that every- one there has a clear eye on his - and, of course, her - place in historv.
Outside the walls, past the dogs and police cordon and the railings, the small but devoted band of Euro-fanatics also believe history is in the making. They wave banners in every Community language demanding European union and a greater say for the Community Parliament
From windows in the ring of buildings fronting the castle hang the green and white flags of the European union move- ment.
In front of the main gate fly the bright standards of the member nations and for the first time they include the red and l yellow stripes of Spain and the creasted red and green of Portugal. The Community of Twelve at last seems just about a-reality.
But what kind of reality that will be is hard to discern. The world's assembled press, shel- tering from the heat in the soaring red and white striped refreshment tent set up in the Castello's huge courtyard, can at best get only the distorted views of national spokesmen.
It is a truism of summit meetings that the more national spokesmen say how very European their Prime Minister is being, the more they really mean that the politician ' is defending national interests.
This summit began -w,ith France and Germany grabbing the headlines by producing what they called a new treaty on European union at the time most of the summiteers were boarding their aircraft for Mfilan. On clomer inspection the new treaty proved to be a rather old collection of ideas, but it had served its purpose. It had grabbed the attention of the media just as the curtain rose on.proceedings and has thus shown the Europeanism of the two nations who consider themselves as the essential partners of the Community.
The Italians seem not at all pleased at this takeover bid of their summit. In all events they rapidly downgraded the- importance of the initiative.
""Axes in Europe are broken and made all the time at a summit,"" said their spokes- man. That left the journalists once more searching with growing desperation for the reali-y of European union.
Then came news that Mrs Thatcher was going to talk about terrorism. It seemed she. was going to live up to the headline in one British paper in the morning: ""Terror Alert. as Mrs Thatcher Flies In"".
Summits have grown used to linking Mrs Thatcler's name with terrorism and strong national leaders have been known to wince at the thought of what she has to say. But the Prime Minister this time was not lasing Europc but hijackers. ""We thought you might want a real story"" said her spokesman. ""There isn't much else on offer yet.""
By now the summit was discussing the need for a Technological Europe and it seemed it was none too soon. Out in the Post Office tent half of the 40 telephone lines connecting tlie summit to the outside world had failed.
The evening, however, was planned to sooth away bad feelings with a special concert, at La Scala of European music. But it somehow seemed to sum-up the way in which matters were proceed- ing because of the organizers had decided that the world's most famous opera house would host an evening when there was no singing at all.
II
2 z i I n
Ian Murray";"June 29, 1985";"";62177;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Letter from the Milan summit";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray,
Strasbourg
The need for a new treaty leading to European union was pressed before the European Parliament in Sirasbourg yester- day by no less a person than President Mitterrand of France. He gave an implicit warning that preparatory work would start on it without Britain if need be.
In a speech wvhich conjured up a vision of Europe tackling the challenges of the next century, he threw his political weight behind the Parliament's own project to turn the economic communitv into a political federal state.
Answering questions from MEPs later, M Claude Cheys- son, the French Foreign Minis- ter, said his country wanted woIrk to start on the new treaty as quickly as possible among those countries interested. Its aim would be to cover areas not included in existing treaties, such as health. education, security and the fight against terrorism.
Franice also wants to see a permanent secretariat set up to coordinate the foreign poliev of member-states. At the same time it wants to impr-ove the level of consultation between the different Community insti- tutions, particularly the Parlia-
lel t.
As one wav forward, the French President called for a much more restricted use of the power of veto within the Community. a power whichi his own country fought so hard to establish under President do Gaulle.
He had little time in his 40- minute speech for the British budget problem which, to applause from much of the House, he qualified as ""petty quarrelling."" He said firmly that, whatever was negotiated. there could be no settlement if Community law were called into question.
Ominously, he indicated that he still believed Britain was merelv trying to do no more than get as much out of the Community as it put in. ""The Treaty of Rome is binding and the contract implies tnat there can be no principle of 'fair returns',"" he said.
""Reconciliation between the naturally different positions of the 10 partners, when an excessive imbalance is shown, can be allowed because we are bound by solidarity. But we must remain in reasonable limits for a suitable solution and not pretend to reform the treaty withlout saying so.""
His comments about the British case were, in his own words. ""prudent"". He was not looking for argument, but he made it quite clear that Britain was scen as failing to meet its obligations to trade fully within tihe Community and, in calling for preparatory work in the treatv for European union, he hinted that Britain need not join in.
""France is available to take part in such an enterprise."" he told members. ""Speaking in its name, I declare it ready to examine your proposal which, in its inspiration. suits it.
""I suggest, to that end, that prparatory talks are started which could lead to a confe- rence of those member-states who are interested.""
The basis for discussions, he said, would be the Parliament's own proposal along with a declaration on European union signed by all 10 countries at the Stuttgart summit last June.
Those who wanted European union could draw up a new treaty, which would not replace existing treaties but would extend their scope into areas that were now ignored. As President Mitterrand explained it, any country could opt not to join in the new union if it did not want to be further involved in his vision of Europe.
The speech was meant to be historic. It began with ""the birth of Europe when, in May 1948, thc European idea took shape at thc Hague Congress. I was there and I believed in it.""
It was high-flown eloquence, carefully designed to pitch France into the forefront of any moves to unify Europe, while at the same time making no firm commitment to do anything more definite than to offer support. It brought all members to their feet to applaud.
Sir Henry Plumb, leader of the Conservative group, tried to capture some of the idealism, although he was ""saddened that some colleagues speak as if (the budget problem) were caused by one country.""
Leading article, page 13";"May 25, 1984";"";61840;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mitterrand presses for European union with or without the British";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby
Brussels, Tan 6
A strengthened Council of Ministers, a more independent role for the president of the European Commission and greater coordination of econo- mic and monetary policies are among the main recommnenda- tions of the report on Europetan union wvhich Mr Leo Tir de- mans, the Belgian Prime Minister, will unveil in Brussels tomorrowv.
The proposals are predictably fairly modest and reflect Mr Tindemans's judgment of the maximum likely to be accept- able to EEC member govern- ments. Many of them would strongly resist precipitate moves towards anything re- motely resembling a federal or supranational Europe.
Probably the most contro- versial of Mr Tindemans's recommendations is that the Council of Ministers should act as ., a single decision-taking centre"" and that its compe- tence should be extended to political matters instead of being confined as at present to trade and economic affairs.
The report also proposes that "" recourse to majority voting should become the current practice in the Com- munity area "". The Treaty of Rome requires the Council of Ministers to vote by majority
on a wide range of issues, but in practice it has hardly ever done so in recent years.
Mr Tindemans does not pro- pose any great change in the role of the European Council, the periodic summit meetings of EEC heads of government. Its essential task should be to determine the general direction of Community policy and to delegate the detailed implemen- tation to the Council of Minis- ters.
The European Council would also choose the president of the European Commission, who, after confirmation by the Euro- pean Parliament, would appoint his colleagues on the Commis- sion in consultation with the Council of Ministers. At present the Commission's members are chosen by ""common accord"" of the national governments.
Mr Tindemans is enthusiastic about the ""new authority"" he believes will accrue to a directly elected European Par- liament and says that this should lead to the ""growing exercise of a legislative func- tion "". But he is vague about the areas in which this function should be exercised.
Considerable importance is attached by Mr Tindemans to European monetary union and the establishment of fixed cur- rency parities. He also believes that a common defence policy is an essential condition inl the long run of European union, but he recognizes that the short-term obstacles are very substantial.";"January 7, 1976";"";59595;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans shuns controversy in his European union plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, OCT. 1']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, OCT. I
The Dutch Ministers who are discus- sing Europpan political union here with Dr. Erhard', the west German Chancel- lor, are going out of their way not to say ""No "" openly, atd to emphasize that, whatever the differences in approach between the Netherlands and Giermany, the two countries are com- pletely and genuinely at one on their final aim. i
Both tie excellent atmosphere of the talks and what they achieved, together with what they could not be expected to achieve, are empnasizeu in tne 11113L 'o;nmwtqUe. This states:-
""An exchange of views on basic problems
of a political union took place from the stand'-.nt of mut'ql undercv-d,8 and the will to pursue the work of European UaJNCa,t.O,, tO WdICcI hOL1 goVe_ ..m-,ks in the future also, will devote all their strength.
"" They reaffirmed once more their goal of
fashioning a united Europe cn a demo- cratic basis, to which, besidc the present members of the community, other European countries-should have access."" This may not satisfy the more impatient European German press which was speak- ing today ot a categoric Dutch rejection of the German plan for launching political union once more. But in justice to the Federal Government, it should be said that it never expected or demanded of Mr. Mariinen, the Dutch Prime Minister, or of Dr. Luns, the Foreign Minister. that they take a stand upon it here and now.
STUDY NEEDED
The Chanc_llor has tried to avoid irre- vo,abl dec:sion,s in The Hague or Paris. His tactics have been to make a start in the hope that the arguments he has put forward w'll even:ually influence the Dutch Mini- sters. They in turn had no wish to create difficullties for the Chanceilor or to give an added boost to malcon.tents in the Christian Democratic Union or in Bavaria who are always pressing for more dras:ic solutions.
In yesterday's talks--which began with onl) four Min.gters pre,ent and then in a wider circle-and again. in today's dis- cussicns, the Dutch Ministers were content merely to ask for c'ar.tication of aarticular aspects of the German pWan, tak- ng great care not to exprfs- an opi-:on upon it Herr von Hase, the State Secretary
:n the Information Office. confirmed to- night in answer to a question that, in fact, they -had saad ne.ther yts nor no.
The Dutch parliamentary practice did not allow. they explained, the kind of bold thinking out loud on foreign policy in which M. Spaak, the ,e}gian Foreign Minister, has just indulged. In any case. all the Chancellor submitted to them was a broad outline of what the Federal Grovernment had in mind, but no paper or document of any kind, as it has under- taken to consult Paris thoroughly beforc- hand.
APPROVE.D IN 1956
While withholding their verdict on the German plan, the Dutch Ministers arc understood to have made it clear, how- ever, that they had no objection whatever to the principle of regular consultations between Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers, on political union or on any othnr subject-and on the basis of the Six or the Seven.
In fact, the Germans were reminded, the Netherlands Government had already approved such consultations as early as 1956. But it was one thing to consult on an ad hoc agenda: and quite another to tie one's self down to a definite frame- work or plan. wheth_r it was embodied in a treaty, or merely as the Germans are now suggesting, in ta protocol.
Even a protocol, or a niemorandum of agreement, bearing on such fundamental issues as eventual surrender of sovereignty. must be thoroughly gone into beforehand by the Dutch Parliament. In that respect
the Dutch Ministers appear to bave far less latitude than their Belgian or German colleagues.
Underlying these procedural niceties is a fundamental distrust of any European construction in which General de Gaulle has a part; and this came out clearly in the course of the conversatiot., in Bonn. The Dutch Ministers said they thought that it was better not to undertake anything now, on however provisional or loose a basis. until the situation in France and Bria;n had beccme clearer.
This did not mean m.rcly waiting until after the Br:tish eieztsios. After his l tkv with M. Spaak in The Hague in the m:ddle of la,t month. Dr. Luns emphasized in a newspaper interview that the new British Goverrment must he Riven time to settle down before it could be expNcted to take up the European ques tion again.";"October 2, 1964";"";56132;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Holland And Germany 'At One On European Union Aims'";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROMI OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), DEC. 27
Senior officials of all mining companies owned by the Anglo-American Corpora- tion are meeting in Johannesburg to- morrow for talks believed to be concerned with the situation arising from differences between the corporation and the Rhodesian Selection Trust companies'on the advancement of Africans in the Copperbelt mines.
This follows Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's statement that his companies are not prepared to take action to permit the advancement of Africans in the Northern Rhodesian copper mining industry without seeing first if advance- ment can come about by agreement with the European Mineworkers Union.
A statement issued in Lusaka to-day by the Rhodesian Selection Trust group said that their companies recognized the interest of the European union and the difficulties confront- ing it, and had atways been prepared to guarantee European employees against loss of employment or pay due to African advance- ment. To African employees whose legitimate aspirations were well understood, it might appear that the joint discussions with the Euro- pean union initiated last May were somewhat protracted. Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's state- ment should reassure them, by drawing atten- tion to the underlying complexities of the problem.
CHANCE FOR PROGRESS
The discussions, the statement continued, which it was to be assumed would now take place between the executive of the European union and its members should open the way for concrete progress. Early agreement in principle on the measures to be taken would provide further proof that the European in Northern Rhodesia' recognized the high responsibility which rested on him. It was possible that Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's state- ment on behalf of his group might give rise to questions on the attitude of Rhodesian Selection Trust group. This, of course, would be largely determined by the course of the discussions in which the European union and companies were still mutually engaged, and during, which the policy of the parties would normally emerge.
The general secretary of the European Mine- workers' Union, Mr. G. Spires, said that his union took its stand on the principle of equal pay for equal work, a principle which in effect bars the progress of Africans because few, if any, would be able to do with equal efficiercy the mining work now done by Europeans. The African Mineworkers' Union, in a state- ment issued by the general secretary, Mr. M. D. Nkolomo, stated that the union was tired of hearing statements of opinion on this question. "" Actions speak louder than words,"" he said, "" and we expect action.""
An official statement from Mufulira Copper Mines Ltd. said to-day that the European Mineworkers' Union had ""arbitrarily "" im- posed a ban on overtime during Christmas and the New Year periods. The management had informed the union that such a ban was in breach of agreements with the union. The dispute was brought to the fore after a number of men working on essential services refused to work overtime.";"December 28, 1953";"";52814;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Advancement Of Africans";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, MAY 5
The present session of the Consulta- tive Assembly of the Council of Europe was adjourned yesterday afternoon, and will be resumed next October. The closing speech was made by the presi- dent, M. Dehousse, who said that he was highly satisfied with the work done. In his opinion the relaunching of Europe was in good shape. He emphasized especially the very active part played in this connexion by the British delega- tion.
The last sittings were devoted to con. sideration of the final resolution, and at some of these sittings there was not a quorum. The resolution on nuclear and thermo-nuclear explosions emphasizes the importance of continuing the present nego- tiations with a view to arriving at a general agreement on disarmament, including nuclear and thermo-nuclear weapons. together with methods of supervision. An amendment presented by Mr. John Edwards (United Kingdom, Labour) suggesting that all atomic weapons should be forbidden, gave rise to a lively discussion on pro- cedure. Finally the vote on this amend- ment was adiourned.
To-day there has been a meeting in common of the bureaux of all three assemblies-the Council of Europe, the European Coal and Steel Community. and Western European Union-and to-morrow the Assembly of Western European Union is to begin a four-day meeting, at which the members will discuss European security, armaments control, and. in all probability, certain aspects of the question of stream- lining the European institutions.";"May 6, 1957";"";53833;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Study Of European Security";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 15
The talks which M. Spaak. the Belgian Foreign Minister. has had in Bonn with Dr. Erhard and Dr. Sdaroder, the west German Foreign Minister, may not have yielded anything very substantial, but both he and his hosts seem pleased with the visit. It gave them the opportunity of confirming that they were entirelv of the same mind on European policy.
M. Spaak left Bonn this moming, apparently impressed by the Chancellor' s Immense good will and desire to tty any- thing reasonable to get European union oing again. He was equally impressed by the firmness with which Dr. Erhard stood by his faith in a wide union and in the Atlantic partnership. undeterred by pressures of proposals from Paris or from that section of his party led by Dr. Adenauer and Herr Strauss, the former Defence Minister, which has stronger leanings towards France.
M. Spaak showed much synpthy for the Chanecllor's difficulties. They are stated to have explored a new procedural formula for political discussions which both France and Holland might be induced to accept and which would leave the door open to Britain to join later. It is likely to be discussed with Belgium's Partners in gr ater detail throush diplomatic channels.
What is certain at this stage is that nothing less than a discussion of European union on the basis of the Six Common Mark-et countries is contemplated either by M. Spaak or by the Federal Govern- ment.";"July 16, 1964";"";56065;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Spaak Impressed By Bonn Visit";""
"['Pangloss']";"['News']";"""Willkommen, bienvenu, welcome ""-the coinpere's insinuating tones in the Liza M£innelli film seem apt as the Brussels cabaret opens for its autumn season. Welcome to these strangers, the British left ; welcome to the all-night floor show in the Council* of Ministeis; welcome to psychodrarnas about pow- dered milk and Italian wine; welcomne to the new long-running production number, ""European Union ""
To some, this spectacle seems all so5t and no lumniere-a neo-Shakespeariani Much Ado About Nothinzg, distracting busy men from the fight against unemployment, inflation, and wvorld famine. Whv waste time discussing political strategies instead of tackling regional development, monetary reform, commodity agreements, trade negotiations, and eco- nomic aid ? Others, in Britain, even suspect that, having been swept into the club through the revolving door marked Referendum, thev are now to be seduced by the hostesses, served knock-out drops, robbed of their wallets and their sovereignty, and conscripted into the Foreign Legion.
They might worry less if thev kept their wvits about them. If the name in lights is ""European Union "", the reality under discussion is how to make the Com- munity more democratic and more effective. Nowv that it reaches bevond tariffs to deal wvith political matters like taxes, the management needs to consult the clients. Now that the streets outside are so dan- gerous, the club plainly needs all the muscle it can get. And with so little time on hand, the programme needs to move very much faster. As the best leg showr available, Europe can hardly afford its present
V irirncio uvine
Pangloss";"October 7, 1975";"";59520;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"On the contrary";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
When Mr Heath makes his statement to the Commons today on the outcome of the summit talks he will be closely questioned by Mr Wilson and other Labour MPs about the agreement on regional aid and the form of European union.
Mr Michael Foot, one of Labour's frontbench spokesmen on Europe, commented drily on Saturday that Mr Heath had ""got regional policy on the agenda, but that's all "". There were no figures or any details.
Labour's other spokesman on Europe, Mr Peter Shore, said last night: ""What disturbs me is that a major commitment has been entered into-European union-which transcends even the commitment to a full econo- mic and monetary union.
""It is obviously something much deeper and broader than
that, although it is not defined. Thus, even before the ink ig dry, as it were, and before wve fulfil the terms of the Treaty of Accession, the Government has gone farther and entered into something which could be of tremendous significance.'
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, MP, deputy chairman of the Euro- pean Movement, told a confer- ence of the European Associa- tion of Teachers on Saturday that from January 1, English, like French, wvould necessarily become one of the two chief working languages in the Euro. pean parliament and in the European Commission.
But outside the Community institutions, especially in the business world, Britain would have real difficulties in selling its goods unless many more people learnt to speak French or German.";"October 23, 1972";"";58612;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Heath faces barrage of questions today";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR PARLIAMENTARY CORRESPONDENT
A motion emphasizing the need for econo- mic and political unity among the western European nations, and suggesting that such unity would be compromised by any military understanding with the Soviet Union or the United Suttes, has been tabled in the House of Commons by a group of Labour M.P.s and one Liberal. The signatories include Mr. R. W. G. Mackay, chairman of the all-party group for European unity, and several others who added their names to the all-party motion on European union earlier in the Scssion.
The present motion is sponsored by Mr. Sidney Silverman, Mr. Warbey, Captain Ilcwitson, Mr. Mackay, Mr. Grenfell, and Mr. Parkin. It reads:-
fThat this [louse afinrms its telief in the necessity of Inteuratcd cconomic policies and common political ob- jcctsc, in seistcrn Europe as a stcp towards a wider European Union: that the main purpose of Western lInion must he to contribute to the peacc of the world by dcmonStrat'inR its ability. applying the method ot democratic Socihlism. to achiece economic and political securnty in conditions of independecc; and that this Hiouse is Profoundly coniinced that both the possibility and the purposes of Western Union would he ifre- trcevably comoromised and undcrTnined if Western Union and its constitucnt States should cnter into any military alliance or any military tinderstanding with cithes the U.SS.R. on the United States.
Other signatories to the motion are: Wing Commander Millington, Major Vernon, Mr. James Hudson, Mr. Delargy, Mr. Royle, Mr. Hflopkin M'vocrris, Mr. Irvine. Mr. T. Braddock Mr. McGhee, M r. Monslow, Mr. Ronald Williams, Mr. Swingler, Mr. Chamberlain, and Mr. Beswick.";"July 22, 1948";"";51130;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Fromn OUr Owvn CorresDondent
Brussels, Nov 3
The campaign to establish a ""European Union of the Centre ""-embracing the EEC's Christian Democratic and Con- servative parties-is gathering momentum. Herr Erik Blumen- feld, a West German member of the European Parliament and CDU spokesman on European affairs, said today that such an aligimnent was "" essential "" if parties of the cenitre were to contribute effectively to the future of Europe.
Europeanl Socialists and Liberals had already decided to set up federations to drawv up their own political platforms, he told a meeting of the European Conservative forum in Brussels.
"" Seen in this light, it is essen- tial for the Christian Demo- cratic parties of the European Community, the parties of the centre and possibly the Con- servative parties, to establish a Europeani People's Party-tliat is, a European union of the centre, open to all political
groupings vhich accept the principles, aims and statutes of the EPP.
"" This people's partv or centre union must become the most important movement and tle decisive force in the political economic and social development of a free Europe.""
Herr Blumenfeld said its principal goals would include the greatest measure of free- doni, solidarity and social justice for all European citizens; and a social and economic system which. whlile fully respecting human dignity, would lead to maximum economic productivity, guarantee full employment, assure a fair distribution of in- come and capital and make available effective social assist- ance for the weaker sections of society.
It would aim at a high stan- dard of common defence pre- paredness and security policy as a precondition for a policy of detente in Europe and the wvorld .";"November 4, 1975";"";59544;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Move for 'centre union' in Europe gathers force";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, MARCH 10
The open conflict of opinion between Paris and Bonn over the extent of Anglo- American support for the Saar agree- ment has caused much concern in Washington, and though there is every reluctance to intervene in such an issue, it is felt in the State Department that if these differing interpretations came to the point of endangering the London- Paris accords, the United States might find it politic to define its position more clearly. Such a statement would prefer- ably be made jointly with the British Government.
Whether or not for these reasons, President Eisenhower was moved to-day to make a six-point declaration of American policy toward the Western European Union, and the fact that it is issued before rather than after final ratification of the Paris agreements seems to have its bearing on the Saar dispute by looking to the wider horizons of European unity.
CORE OF UNITY
Among the inducements to ratification is an undertaking to retain in Europe, including Germany, such American armed forces as may be necessary and appropriate for the joint defence of the North Atlantic arca while a threat to it exists; and the President emphasizes that for the United States to cease to be a party to the North Atlantic treaty, which was regarded as of indefinite duration, would appear quite contrary to its security interests "" when there is estab- lished on the continent of Europe a solid core of unity which the Paris agreements will provide.""
General Eisenhower's message has been sent to the Prime Ministers of the seven signatories of the western European pro- tocols, which are viewed within the frame- work of the North Atlantic alliance from the standpoint that the United States had twice been drawn into wars in Europe and was maintaining forces there to-day to help to reduce the dangers of another.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
TEXT OF LETTER TO
PRIME MINSTERS
The text of the President's letter to the Prime Ministers was as follows -
"" At the time when there was under con- sideration the treaty to establish a European Defence Community I made a public an- nouncement of certain principles which would guide United States policies and actions with respect to western Europe in the event that the treaty should be ratified. Now, in substitution for that community, a plan has been evolved for a Western European Union. Obviously that union and related arrangements signed at Paris on October 23, 1954, when brought into force, wil serve the vital interests not only of the members of the union, but of the peoples of the free world, including the United States. The United States has twice been drawn into wars which originated in Europe and to-day it maintains forces there to help minimize the possibility of another war. It is in the interest of the United States to help reduce such dangers.
"" To this end the United States committed itself to the North Atlantic Treaty. This treaty is in accordance with the basic security interests of the United States, and the obliga- tions which the United States has assumed under the tfeaty wil be honoured.
ENDURING ASSOCIATION
"" The member nations are seeking to make the Atlantic aUliance an enduring associa- tion of free peoples within which all members can concert their efforts toward peace, prosperity, and freedom. The success of that association will be determined in large measure by the degree of practical cooperation realized among the European nations themselves. The Western European Union and the related arrangements agreed upon in Paris are designed to ensure this cooperation and thereby to provide a durable basis for consolidating the Atlantic relation- ship as a whole.
"" It is my belief that the proposed arrange- ments when effective:
""Will promote progress towards unity in western europe and draw together those whose past differences have led to recurrent war and gravely depleted Europe's human, material and moral strength;
"" Will restore sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany, a sovereignty which has now been withheld for 10 years, during which time the Government and people of that republic have demonstrated that they are capable of worthily discharging their responsibilities as a self governing member of the free and peaceful world community;
ARMAMENT CONTROL
""Will, by controlling armament levels through an appropriate agency of the Western European Union, assure against militarism
""W Will provide a core of unity at the heart of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, thus permitting adoption of practical defen- sive measures which offer good hope that any enemy attack could be stopped at the threshold ;
"" Will enable the Federal Republic of Ger- many to make its appropriately measured contribution to international peace and security, in keeping with the spirit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;
""Will, through action of the North Atlantic Treaty Council, assure a closer integration of the armed forces in Europe of the member countries, thereby giving assurance that these forces cannot be used for nationalistic
aggression or otherwise than for the security purposes envisaged by the North Atlantic Treaty.
"" At London on September 29, 1954, the United States Secretary of State, in order to facilitate efforts to produce an effective collective defence of western Europe, indi- cated the conditions under which the United States might be prepared to make a policy declaration similar to that which was announced when the earlier European Defence Community plan was under con- sideration.
CLOSE COOPERATION
IN N.A.T.O.
CONTINUING ACTIVITY
""I am glad to affirm that when the Paris agreements have been ratified and have come into force, it will be the poLicy of the United States:
(1) To continue active in the various organic arrangements established under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to consult with other members of N.A.T.O. on questions of mutual concern, including the level of forces from the respective N.A.T.O. countries to be placed at the dis- posal of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe;
(2) To consult, if so desired, with the agency for the control of. armaments of the Western European Union with a view to assisting in the achievement of its objective of controlling armament and preventing unjustified military preparations within the members of the union:
FAIR CONTRIBUTION
(3) To continue to maintain in Europe, including Germany, such units of its armed forces as may be necessary and appropriate to contribute its fair share of the forces needed for the joint defence of the North Atlantic area while a threat to that area exists, and will continue to deploy such forces in accordance with agreed North Atlantic strategy for the defence of this area;
(4) To cooperate in developing the closest possible integration among the forces assigned to N.A.T.O. in western Europe, in- cluding those contributed by the German Federal Republic, in accordance with approved plans developed by the mnilitary agencies and the supreme commanders of the North Atlantic TreatY Organization in accordance with the resolution adopted by the North Atlantic Council on October 2, 1954;
(5) To continue to cooperate toward Atlantic security by sharing information authorized by Congress with respect to the military utilization of new weapons and techniques for the improvement of the collective defence;
THREAT TO SECURITY
(6) In consonance with its policy of en- couraging maximum cooperation among the free nations of Europe and in recognition of the contribution which the Brussels Treaty, as amended, will make to peace and stability in Europe, to regard any action from what- ever quarter which threatens the mntegrity or unity of the Western European Union as a threat to the security of the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty calling for consulta- tion in accordance with Article IV of that treaty.
"" In accordance with the basic interest of the United States in the North Atlantic Treaty, as expressed at the time of ratifica- tion, the treaty was regarded as of indefinite duration rather than for any definite number of years. The United States calls a:tention to the fact that for it to cease to be a party to the North Atlantic Treaty would appear
uite contrary to our security interests when uhere is established on the continent of Europe the solid core of unity which the Paris agreements will provide.""";"March 11, 1955";"";53187;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gen. Eisenhower's Pledges On Western Defence";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, Dec 1
Mr Gaston Thorn, the Lux- embourg Prime Minister, fresh from the European Council meeting in The Hague, told the Assembly of the Western Euro- pean Union (WEU) here today that only the future could tell whether the Council had a=voided the worst of all solu- tions, the burial pure and sim- ple, of the Tindemans report on European union "".
It had merely approved the general orientations of the foreign ministers' comments on the report, and invited them
and the Commission to report to it once a year
As the ""realistic and still achievable"" approach, as Mr Tindemans put it, had led to disappointing results, "" the only thing is to appeal to our peoples over the heads of their governm,nts "", Mr Thorn stated.
""Opinion polls have proved it. Our peoples are ready to go further than their governments on the road to European inte- gration. They feel instinctively that it is a matter not only of their well-being but of their security. We must therefore allow these peoples to make their voice heard directly.""";"December 2, 1976";"";59876;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Appeal to the people on European union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS. Nov. 13
British delegates. especially Labour members, at tne conference of North Atlantic Treaty Organization parliamen- tarians did not miss the opportunity today of questioning Professor Walter Hallstein, president of the Commission of the European Economic Community, about some of his comments on the Common Market negotiations. One or two said last night that he had "" let the cat out of the bag "". There was keen dis- cussion of his descripion of the Euro- pean Community as a three-stage rocket -customs union, economic union, and political union-and it was already clear, he said, how deeply the implications of political union were embedded in the other two.
Mr. Harold Wilson observed during the question period that it was difficult in Britain to get a clear idea of whether Britain's joining the Common Market meant accepting now a parallel commit- ment to future political union, including common Policies for foreign affairs and defence. He asked whether Britain. having joined the Common Market on adequate terms, would not be oPen to charges of bad faith if, later on, she resisted any proposals for political union, even political federation.
Professor Hallstein did not exclude the possibility. but felt that a distinction must be made between what was already involved as political union in the Treaty of Rome and other asoectq nf thi- nrnhl-na
Subscribing to the Trcaty of Rome, he said, certainly meant accepting its political impli- cations; and be could think of no realistic development of political union on which defence and foreign Policy would not have a bearing at the time any new draft was devised.
AFRICAN RELUCTANCE
H4e was asked by Commander Sir John Maitland about majority votinag and agreed with Mr. R. T. Paget, Q.C., that the majority view on foreign policy would pre- vail as the Community view and be binding on all members.
Lord Ogmore felt that former British dependencies in Africa were reluctant to accept associate status because they feared that this would in some way line them up politically with the former colonial Power. Might they not accept some other means of identifying them with the Euro- Pean Community ?
Professor Hallstein pointed out that the Problem had arisen in exactly the same way with the French-speaking territories and the only way of overcoming the psychological difficul* was education and persuasion on the real meaning of asso- ciation. His impression was that the African territories were not mentally pre- pared and were more afraid of the un- known than of the known. Time might help; and how this time lag could be overcome was one of the problems of the British negotiations.
It was his belief that Britain and the British people would some day feel as much at home within the European Community as those whose honour, and difficulty, it was to blaze the trail He saw the current ne-o- tiations as part of the theme of Atlantic Partnership, which he distinguished from Atlantic community.
WORLD'S TANGLES
Britain, with her vast if diminishing system of Commonwealth preference, brought to the Community's doorstep not simply the problems of her own domestic economy. especially in agriculture, but faced with the Six the need to find rapid solutions for some of the "" biggest tangles"" of the whole international economic scene. TIhese were njostly the real problems with which Atlantic partnership would have to deal and which, in many respects, President Kennedy's trade expansion Act was designed to settle.
T1he Community. challenged on all these fronts, could have found a simple and disastrous way out by freezinx existing trade systems and linking the enlarged Community with the Commonwlealth. This, however, would have created the biggest discriminatory preferential area the world had ever seen, thereby making nonsense of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In many instances where economic interests within the area conflicted. it would have meant special isolation of the British market, thereby nullifying thc CommunitY.
Most important, so vast an extension of the Community would have wasted the opportunity that British membership and Atlantic partnership now promised for the reform of trading arrangements which would strentthen the economic cobesion of the entire free world.
The conference went into committee today to prepare reports for .thc concluding plenary debates. Before doinx so it heard an account of space developments from Dr. Michael Witunski, an American eexpert from St. Louis University, who advocated a Nato system of surveillance satellites for the seas and oceans. This, he said, could be of great interest to navigation and
rescue.";"November 14, 1962";"";55548;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britons Question Dr. Hallstein On European Union";""
"";"['News']";"The Tindemans report on Eu-o- peaen Union has evoked extremely cavutious reactions in most Com- ntunity capitals. This alone gives grounds for expecting that the debate on the Belgian Prime Minis- ter's proposals for a ""quali:ative change"" of the Community will have difficulty in getting under way.
Almost every government has o(hear concerns at present tban grappling with problerns of the future of Europe. Now1here in Eusrope, either, can elections be won with this theme.
It will thcrefore depend largely on the skill of the Luxembourg head of government, Mr Gaston Tlorn, whether the Tindemans report suffers the same fate as many other plans and studies before it. For the first six months of this year Mr Thorn is president of the European Council and at tiie same time presides over the pre paratory work of the foreign minis- ters in Brussels. Thus he can exert considerable influence in ensuring that the report does not just receive a first class burial.
For a whole year the Belgian
Mr Tindemans: sacrific- ing his weekends for a year.
P.rime Minister has been sacrificing his weekends to find a way of checking the decline of the Euro- pean Community and imparting a new momentum to European
Union. His conclusion is not sur- prising: progress in the Com- munity is possible only if the polit- ical will to cooperate is strength- ened. It is a prerequisite for this that the various beginnlings of a Community policy should again be viewed in a broader political pers- pective.
There is not doubt that political union will not automatically follow from assumed or actual material economic pressures. People will have to realize that Europe has a future only if it commits itself both internally and in its represen- tation to the outside world, to at least a mindmum of common objec- tives.
The Tindemans report at last pre- sents an opportunity to give sub- stance to the empty formula of European Union codned by the heads of government in 1972. The report refrains from laying down long-term Utopian objectives of constitutional plans. Instead it tries to indicate a practical way out of the fragmentation of Community activities and to create the precon- ditians for gradually making polit- ica4 decision-maldng in the Com- nunity easier.
Mr, Thorn: his skill will largely decide plan's future.
Nevertheless, it is right to be sceptical about whether even this pragmatic approach does not go far beyond the present Ifinited agree- ment among all Community govern-
ments. Mr Tindemans has admitted as much himself. An attempt merely to reduce the views and *wishes put to him in his talks in the various capitals to a conmon denominator would not have been very encoumaging.
Day-to-day events in Brussels show that the Community govern. ments are iseldom prepared to make sacrifices which are not directly balanced by equivalent concessions by their partners. They find it more than ever difficult to renounce national interests for the sake of the Community.
Such rez2unciations could be made easier perhaps by a dem- ocratic anchoring of. European decision-making. But even after the decision of principle that there shall be direct elections to the Strasbourg Parliament, this process is still only in its infancy.
In any case the Tindemians report deserves wide and thorough discussion, not only in the appro- priate committees of the Com- munity but also by European pub- lic opLinkion. Withowt a new con- sciousness of the goals of European Union the Comuunity will not be able to extract itself from its diffi- culties.";"February 3, 1976";"";59618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Extreme caution over plan to check decline";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMAATIC CORRESPONDENT
The next fortnight is likely to be one of the most important for diplomatists since the war ended. It would be too much to say yet that the ice is positively breaking, but the long period of dead- lock while ratification of the Paris agree- ments was in doubt has ended, and the series of exchanges which is about to begin offers at least the hope now of agreement. Mr. Macmillan, the new Foreign Secretary, and his officials have a crowded time-table.
To-morrow the Upper House of the'Dutch Parliament will begin its debate, which will without doubt approve the Paris agreements, and on the next day British, American, and French officials will begin meetings in London to discuss the most suitable way in which the western Powers can propose to the Soviet Government the holding of four- Power talks.
On April 29 Dr. Adenauer and M. Pinay, the French Foreign Minister, will meet at Bad Godesberg to discuss the Saar agree- ment. Difficulties may yet arise over the French desire to acquire control of the important Rochling steelworks in the Saar; to this there would be widespread objection in Germany.
VIENNA MEETING
On May 2 there will be the meeting in Vienna between the four Ambassadors of the occupation Powers and Austrian repre- sentatives, if, that is. the Russians accept the western proposal for a meeting on that date at ambassadors level to conclude the final drafting of the Austrian Treaty and attached declarations.
It is emphasized in London that prepara- tion by officials is essential before any sub- sequent meeting between the Forc;gn Ministers to sign the treaty. Pravda said yesterday that the western proposal for this preparatory meeting was a mere delaying action, but in spite of this it still is hoped in London that the Soviet Government wiUl accept the proposal.
On May 5 the Powers concerned plan to deposit in Washington, Brussels, and Bonn respectively the documents included in the so-called Paris agreements. This formally completes ratification. The agreements of the N.A.T.O. Powers and western Germany making the Federal Republic a member of N.A.T.O. will be deposited in Washington. The agreements including Germany and Italy in Western European Union, together with the existing Brussels Treaty Powers (Britain, France, and the Benelux countries), will be deposited in Brussels, and the British and French agreements restoring sovereignty to western Germany will be deposited in Bonn. (The American and German agree- ments on this were deposited in Bonn on April 20.)
INAUGURATION IN PARIS
On May 7 the inaugural meeting of Western' European Union will be held in Paris, and this will be followed on May 8 by a meeting between the British, French, and United States Foreign Ministers to discuss the proposals on four-Power talks which will by then have been elaborated at the meetings between officials in London. Dr. Adenauer, it is thought, will be present at part of these discussions.
From Mav 9 to 11 there will be the N.A.T.O. Council meeting at which Germany will take her place for the first time as a full member. During this meeting there will also be further meetings between the Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union Powers.
In our Paris Correspondent's message published on Saturday the compromise over the Rochling steel works suggested by Mr. Macmillan (as reported by Le Monde corre- spondent) should have read: "" France would reserve her legal rights in the matter, but without definitely settling the question.""";"April 25, 1955";"";53203;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Planning Four Power Talks";""
"['From Richard Owen,']";"['News']";"From Richard Oven,
Brussels
After fears that hard-won compromises over EEC reform achieved at the Luxembourg summit earlier this month might collapse, European foreign ministers yesterday smoothed over the remaining -differences and adopted an all- embracing Act of European Union, with Britain, France and West Germany uniting to declare an ""end to Euro- pessimism"".
But sceptics said the so-called ""spirit of Luxembourg!' amounted to tinkering with the Treaty of Rome and minimal steps towards European unity rather than the grand vision needed as the EEC is on the ',verge of expanding to 12 members, twice the orginal number.
Signor Giulio Andreotti, the Italian Foreign MiniWter, ap- peared able to settle for rather less than the radical reforms formerly demanded by Italy, not least over the powers of the European Parliament.
But ratification by the Italian Parliament is not assured. At the other end of the spectruit, the Danish Parliament has what
Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretarty, called a ""substantial problem"", since, the agreed Act of European Union embracing both the Treaty of Rome revisions'and the new foreign policy' treaty goes beyond thel minimalist measures Copenha- gen regards as acceptable.
Sir Geoffrey said h'e had agreed with M Roland Dumas, the French Foreign Minister, that although ""not everybody, got what they wanted"" from the Luxembourg reforms, they did mark a step forward,. qnd ""Euro-pessimism should be o-it and Euro-activity should be in"". This view was underlined by the Dutch, who take over the presidency of the. Council of -Ministers in January.
The -ministers agreed that future summits, of European Councils, as they are properly 'termed, will take place twice rather than three times a year. .Mrs Margaret Thatcher com- , plain'ed at Luxembourg 'that heads- of Government were ;having to deal:with a mass of :detail which ought to be left to advisers betwcen summits.";"December 18, 1985";"";62324;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC ministers agree to tackle Euro-pessimism";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NAIROBI, MARCH 22
The Kenya European Union, which hitherto has been mainly concerned with politics, to-day launched a new organi- zation called the Kenya European Wel- fare Society to deal with social evils in the community.
The society will try to raise as a begin- ning a sum of £50,P00 for welfare work. The president of the European Union, Mr. George NicoL said to-day that there were between 200 and 300 European children in Kenya who lacked adequate parental con- trol, and the need for a "" place of safety "" for some of them had become a matter of great urgency. In addition to the problem of the children there were 85 destitute Euro- pean families-destitute because of ill health or bad luck. There were also chronic invalids for whom no hospital or organiza- tion existed, and it was hoped to provide 32 hospital beds immediately.
Between 50 and 60 Europeans were known to be living in the less salubrious quarters of Nairobi and other towns, expos- ing the rest of the European population to ridicule by other races. The half-caste problem also had to be faced, and he believed it would be serious in a few years. These things were essentially the respon- sibility of the communitY, not of the Government Help for poor parents would save many children from beine left in the care of Africans, someames with ""disas- trous results.""
Mr. Nicol was referring to cases, which have recently shown an increase, of assaults on European children by African servants. Legislation Providing for the care of children, and making parental neglect an offence along the lines of British law, was recently introduced in KenYa.";"March 23, 1956";"";53487;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Social Welfare Work In Kenya";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
President Eisenhower's letter on the retention of American armed forces in Europe, if the Paris agreements are ratified, was warmly welcomed in London. At the Foreign Office it was stated that the British Government were very glad that the assur- ances have been given, and that they follow what Mr. Dulles said at the London con- ference last September.
At that time, when the Western European Union was being constructed after the collapse of E.D.C., Mr. Dulles referred to the declaration which the United States would have made if the E.D.C. treaty had been ratified. ""The essence of that declaration,"" he said, "" was that the United States would continue to maintain in Europe, including Germany, such units ot its armed forces as may be necessary to contribute its fair share of the forces needed for the joint defence of the North Atlantic area, while the threat to that area exists.""
The Secretary of State went on to say that a similar declaration after the rejection of E.D.C. was not then possible, but if with the Brussels Treaty as a nucleus it was possible to find in the new pattern "" a con- tinuing hope of unity."" and so to transfer the hopes attached to E.D.C. to the new organiz- ation, then such a declaration could be made.
This President Eisenhower has now done, and it was being said at the Foreign Office that the American undertaking to maintain a fair share of forces in Europe was ""obviously something of the utmost value to all of us in western Europe."" Confirma- tion of the American resolve to work closely with the Western European Union was also warmly welcomed.
The President's letter will be published as a White Paper to-day.";"March 11, 1955";"";53187;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gratification In London";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
MILAN, APRIL 4
Signor Fanfani, the Italian Prime Minister, and President de Gaulle met today with their advisers at the secluded villa of La Mandria, near Turin. Their talks were concerned mainly with the political integration of Europe and an Italian spokesman said they had gone deeply into the matter and had been very cordial.
An official statement this evening said that both parties had expressed their satisfaction at the progress of the countriei of the European Economic Community in the field of economic cooperation, particularly by the adop- tion of a common agricultural policy, and had agreed that the links already uniting the countries should be strength- ened and extended to the political field.
In this connexion the two parties re- affirmed the decision taken by the con- ference of heads of Government at Bonn last July to organize the union of the European states and so contribute to the progress of a free Europe and to the maintenance of peace and prosperity for all peoples of the world.
THE FOUCHET PLAN
General de Gaulle arrived at Turin airport just before 10 o'clock and the meeting ended at about 6 o'clock. The two statesmen talked alone for about an hour, then they were joined bv their Foreign Ministers, Signor Segni and M. Couve de Murville, by Signor Manlio Brosio, the Italian Ambassador in Paris, by M. Gaston Palewski, the French Ambassador in Rome, and by officials.
There being no formal agenda, a number of problems of common interest were reviewed. suoh as Berlin, disarma- ment. and aid to underdeveloped countries. The main subject, however, was the Fouchet plan for the political integration of Europe. The initiative for today's meeting had come from General de Gaulle; a French spokesman said that the General wanted to put the French plan personally to the Italian Prime Minister.
The plan has encountered strong opposition, particularly from the Bene- L lux countries. The Italian Government
shares to a certain extent the Benelux countries' concern lest the adoption of the French concept of European integra- tion-in which the member states would preserve their full sovereignty-might check or even reverse the trend towards political unification.
NEED TO ADVANCE
On the other hand it feels-as Signor Fanfani said recently-that it is time to take some definite step towards politi- cal integration and that the main thing is to move forward one way or the other. Signor Fanfani is anxious to work out a compromise.
It is unofficially announced that Signor Fanfani will meet Dr. Adenauer on Saturday or early next week either in Milan or else on Lake Como, where the German Chancellor is having a holi- day. This is regarded as a confirmation that Signor Fanfani is trying to smooth over the difficulties that have arisen among the Six over the French proposals.";"April 5, 1962";"";55358;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gen. De Gaulle Seeks Italian Support";""
"['From Our Ndola Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Ndola Corepondent
In the field of African industrial advancement August, 1953, will go down as a very sad month. It began with the holding of talks between the copper min- ing companies and the European Mine- workers' Union on the subject of African advancement in the mining industry, talks which were officially described as taking place in a "" cordial atmosphere."" It ended last Saturday with the announcement by the mining companies that the consider- able assistance they have given the African Mineworkers' Union in collecting monthly dues from union members will end on November 1. Ffom that date the union must make its own arrangements to collect subscriptions. The prospects of African advancement, not merely in the mining industry but in all industries in Northern Rhodesia, are now at a lower ebb than they were before the "" cordial talks"" were held.
When the month began the African people of Northern Rhodesia had been over-ruled on federation and the Euro- pean population was sufficiently pleased with its "" victory "" in federation to be in the- mood for a generous gesture to African aspirations, of which the desire to breach the present industrial colour bar is among the most important.
DALGLEISH REPORT
The position when the mining com- panies invited the European Mineworkers' Union to discuss the question of opening new avenues of industrial progress to Afri- can mineworkers was, first, that since the African union was not invited to the talks it was clear that the mining companies and -the Government regarded the Euro- pean Mineworkers' Union as the stumbling-block. Secondly, the com- panies recognized that a question which could best be solved by the African and European trade unions getting together never would be so solved and therefore the only hope was for the employers to take the unusual step of trying to persuade one union, the Euro- pean, to allow members of another union to advance to a better class of work than the employers themselves are at present able to permit.
These moves seemed to, and indeed did, herald a major step forward along the long road which began for all practical pur- poses with the Dalgleish Report It seemed, too, that the opening of the talks between the European union and the min- ing companies was a suitable moment for a new approach to the problems which have now come to be associated with this report.
The leaders of the European Mine- workers' Union had almost reached the point where a good many of them were prepared to recognize that their union could not expect to maintain the present colour bar by relying, simply on the existence of an agreemdnt between itself and the African Mineworkers' Union. This agreement said that any African who took over jobs other than those already being done by Africans would re- quire to be paid equal pay for equal work. Such a requirement, in practice, makes it impossible for.the copper mining com- panies to employ Africans at the present stage of the development of Africans in Northern Rhodesia.
CHANGES IN LEADERSHIP At the beginning of this month, also, changes were taking place within the leadership of the European Mineworkers' Union itself. The union had terminated the employment of its General Secretary, Mr. F. S. Maybank, spokesman of the lower levels of the European miners. There were also unmistakable signs that the European union's members had reached so high _ standard in wages and working conditions -minimum earnings were well . in excess of ;100 a month and top earnings, for daily paid underground mineworkers, anything up to £250 a month-that the union could look forward to a period of consolidation and much improved indus- trial relations.
Such was the position at the end of July; but all this is now cast into jeopardy by what has happened since. Four disputes are at present in progress between the four branches of the African Mineworkers' Union and the four copper mining com- panies. These disputes were lying dormant, but may now be reawakened by the companies' decision on union dues. All four concern African demands for the dismissal of certain employees on the mines.
At Nchanga the African union wants the dismissal of five Africans and the transfer of a European official. At Nkana the union wants the dismissal of eight Africans, among them Mr. Godwin Lewanika, a former president of the
African National Congress,' and Mr. Simon Kaluwa, a founder member and former treasurer of the African Mine- workers' Union. It also wants the dis- missal of Mr. J. W. Scrivener, the mine's African personnel manager, who has given 30 odd years to the service of Africans and has represented them on more than one occasion as a nominated mnember of the Legislature. At the Roan Antelope mine the entire membership of the local branch of the unibn has threatened to go on strike if Sergeant Milindi of the African Mine Police is not instantly dismissed. To make matters worse (although the union says its.reason is that Sgt. Milindi will not work ""har- moniously"" with the rest of the mine police force), Sgt. Milindi himself has laid charges with the police which imply that in his view the rank and file of the African branch of the union have been told by the union's branch chairman, Mr. A. Chambeshi, that he is a witchdoctor.
OPPORTUNITY SEIZED
At Mufulira the African underground boss boy is the focal point of the dispute. The mining companies which, earlier on, had taken the initiative in opening discus- sions with the European union designed to open the way for Africans to advance now find themselves with no other course but to refuse even to discuss the present crop of disputes. The Chamber of Mines, as a unit, is thus faced with a contradic- tion between its own desire to advance Africans' in a controlled and sympathetic fashion and the virtual necessity of resist- ing the union's present demands to the limit of strike action.
Not unnaturally the European unionists have been quick to seize the opportunity the present situation offers. They have immediately demonstrated how little in common the European union has with the African union, and, indeed, some may say with trade unions elsewhere. The leaders of the European union have made it clear that they consider the present demands . by, the African union out- rageous. They feel that these demands justify the European union in declaring that the African union is not run accord- ing to legitimate trade union principles and that the European union members are pre- pared to try to keep the copper mines in production if the Africans go on strike.
Such a situation is tragic. In less than three weeks what was potentially the strongest position in which the African Mineworkers' Union has ever found itself has been transformed into a situation where the patient work of months by the mine management and the Government has vanished into limbo. And now the mining companies have said they can no longer accept that degree of responsibility for the actions of the union which they contend is implied in their continued collection of union dues on a voluntary basis.
COLLECTION OF DUES
What the outcome will be it is difficult to say. The mining companies are emphatic that they have no intention of seeking to undermine the African Mine- workers' Union. They say that they can- not safely continue to collect and hand over large sums of money to a union which has received from them £15,000 in the past two and a half years, which is at present receiving sums of about £570 each month, and which has never yet rendered a public statement of its accounts. The companies point out that the union, by deciding to raise its mem- bers' subscriptions by five times, has shown that it now expects the companies to collect and hand over £35,000 a year to it. Yet the union has held no annual delegate conference this year as required by its constitution. The companies say that the union has failed to comply with Northern Rhodesian legislation under which it should have rendered a statement of accounts on June I this year.
The President of the union, Mr. Kati- lungu, is now in Switzerland attending the Moral Rearmament Conference, and it is possible that the union will take no definite action in the present situation until he returns. It must, however, be borne in mind that in Mr. Katilungu's absence the union is led by suclh militants as Mr. Robinson Uta, the official con- cerned in the suspended dispute at Nchanga Mine, and Mr. Alfred Cham- beshi, who was the leading figure in the dispute at Roan Antelope Mine concerning the dismissal of an African policeman. Taken all round, it is not a happy situation. Moreover its development will profoundly affect the future of Northern Rhodesia andf will have repercussions throughout the Central African Federation. It may even provide the test on the outcome of which the future of African trade unionism will be shaped.";"September 5, 1953";"";52719;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A SAD Month On The Copperbelt";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPL0MNfATIC CORRESPONDENT
The meeting of Ministerial Council of Western European Union which was provisionally arranged for Friday between Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, and Ministers of the Common Mark-et countries will not now take place. The meeting would have enabled the British Government to be consulted on pro- posals for closer political consuiltation, which the Six were to have discussed beforehand. The Six have not, however, come near to agreement.
Discussions in the Fouchet Committee, which was set up by the Six in July to make proposals on political consultation, have, however, led to renewed considera- tion by western diplomatists of the future of Western European Union itself. If Political consultations among the members of an enlarged Common Market are to take place in one of the future organs of the Commnon Market-for instance, in the European Political Commission or some- thing like it as proposed in the original Fouchet plan-political discussion in W.E.U. will become redundant. It will really have left orly its function of controlling the arms production of Germany and the armns levels of W.E.U. forces on the Continent.
There is no qustion of scrapping the arms control at a time when the Russians are loudly alleging that the United States intends greatly to rearm Germany. One susgestion which the western Ministers have before them is, however, that the Germans should now repeat tho pledge which they gave to their W.E.U. partners in 1954 not to produce in Germany atomic, biological, or chemical weapons-th so-called A.B.C. weapons.
As part of an east-west agreement, such a pledge could be addressed, it is said, not merely to W.EU. members, but to the Soviet Government and other cormmunist Governments as well. The Soviet Govern- nient would certainly not set any store by such an assurance. but a declaration of this sort would at least make it harder for com- munist representatives to argue that west Germany is now striving to make herself a dominant military power.";"December 14, 1961";"";55264;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Meeting Of W.E.U. Cancelled";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The details of the British proposals for a reduction of British forces on the Continent were put before the Council of the Western European Union in London yesterday by the British repre- sentative, Lord Hood. They were also made at the North Atlantic Council meeting in Paris. It is expected that they will come before the ministerial meeting of W.E.U. in London on February 26.
The British commitment in 1954 to maintain the effective strength of the British forces assigned to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (four divisions and the Second Tactical Air Force, or their equivalent), was made in a protocol to the Western European Union Treaty which was signed by Britain. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. She undertakes"" the pro- tocol says, ""*not to withdraw these forces against the wishes of the majority of the high contracting parties who should take their decision in the knowledge of the views of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe.""
GEN. NORSTAD'S VIEWS
It is thus in the power of the majority of the W.E.U. countries to stop any with- drawal (except ""in the event of an acute oversea emergency ""). The hope is that at the ministerial meetings they will approve the British proposals. It will be necessary in any case to have the views of General Norstad if the meeting is to dispose of the question. It has been reported that British man-power in Germany would be reduced by about a third.
There is also an undertaking to the N.A.T.O. Council, given in October, 1955. It was agreed then that any Government contemplating a change in its commitments would inform the council and the appro- priate military authorities. This would be done in time for the council's views to be considered fully. It was pointed out yester- day that the British representative gave a warning of British intentions to the coun-
il in December; but obviously a full con- sideration of the matter required the detailed proposals which have now been made.";"February 15, 1957";"";53766;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan To Reduce Forces On Continent";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JULY 28
The new French Cabinet met for the first time this morning, when the future organization of western Germany was among the matters discussed.
The official spokesman said that the Gov- emmnent was now in favour of setting up a
parliamentary council,"" to be designated by the Land tag in each of the Lander, which would produce the teit of a Constitution to be sub- mitted to the German people.
The Cabinet also decided to-day that the price of this harvest's wheat would bo 2,300 francs a quintal, an increase of 650 francs over the price paid for last harvest's wheat. This is the key price in the whole French food supply system. The price of bread will remain unchanged until this year's harvest has been gathered, milled, and distributed, that is to say, until the end of August or the middle of September.
The foreign affairs committee of the National Assembly to-day adopted, by 21 votes to six, with one abstention. a resolution calling for the creation of a constituent European assembly. The resolution invites the Government as a matter of urgency to take the initiative in nego- tiations with other Governments prepared to take part in European union with a view to setting up a European Assembly of parlia- mentary representatives. The aim would be to draw up an internatiohal declaration on the rights of man, to coordinate and complete understandings already reached between mem- ber countries of the Organization of Europeari Economic Cooperatien and to evolve and study plans tending to strengthen European union in order ultimately to make possible the writing of a federal Constitution for the demo- cratic nations of Europe.
Several brown bears have made their appear- ance near Argelds-Gazost, in the HAUTE PYRENvES Department. They are causing anxiety to the farmers in the district. having already devoured many sbeep and cattle.";"July 29, 1948";"";51136;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Federation Of Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MAY 5
The foreign affairs committee of the National Assembly this morning passed a resolution by 25 votes to five, with two abstentions, criticizing the Government for having decided to deposit the instru- ments of ratification of the London and Paris agreements before Parliament had approved the settlement of Franco- German differences.
The principal object of the committee's criticism was the recent Franco-German agreement about the Saar statute, and notably what the committee called "" the extension of the powers of the European commissioner at the expense of the internal autonomy of the Saar.' This protest, made after the event, has little practical import- ance, though it reflects dissatisfaction at last weekz's Pinay-Adenauer talks, and suggests that Franco-Gerrnan arguments and mis- understandings about the Saar are by no means at an end.
This is, of course, nothing new; as nearly everyone who has studied the matter here realizes, the Franco-German agreement on the Saar signed in October practically ensures that the so-called "" Europeanization "" of the territory, so far from burying Franco- German differences, guarantees their con- tinuance. The dissatisfactiqn of the foreign affairs committee was not, however, reflected in the Government when -the Council of Ministers heard this morning from M. Pinay an account of his talks in Germany and of the settlement of the R6chling steelworks dispute. M. Faure then asked his colleagues to confirm the decision, already reached in principle by the Government, that the instru- ments of ratification should be deposited to-day; the response was unaqiimous.
BETTER TERMS WANTED
M. Pinay also informed the Ministers about the discussions which had taken place with the Saar Government and led up to the signature on Tuesday of the economic convention embodying the Franco-Saar economic union. In fact, though this has not previously been made public, it was only with some difficulty that the Saar delegation was persuaded to sign the convention, so great was their dissatisfaction with the way in which M. Pinay and Dr. Adenauer had dealt with the Rochling affair and questions affecting the Saar statute. The French had eventually to undertake to reopen negotia- tions with the Germans and try to secure better terms.
The European arms pool conference held its last and final session here this morning. This was the conference, attended by repre- sentatives of the seven member countries of Western European Union, which met in January to consider French proposals for a European arms pool. It very soon became apparent that France was in a minority of one. The French delegation, partly as the result of more detailed examination of the whole question of standardization, modified their proposal of a far-reaching new organ- ization with a supra-national flavour, and accepted the much more modest proposals whic4 have now been generally agreed.
ANOTHER COMMIITEE
The arms pool will now consist of a com- mittee (with its own small secretariat) closely linked with, though not a part of, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The com- mittee will study methods of and make decisions about standardizations and pro- duction of armaments within Western European Union. There is to be no question of supra-national control, and the represen- tatives of the various W.E.U. countries on the committee will, in many instances. be those countries representative at N.A.T.O. The resuIts of the work of the arms pool conference will be submitted to the first meeting of Western European Union, which is to take place on Saturday after a dinner given at the British Embassy by Mr. Macmillan to his colleagues.
Lord Ismay, the Secretary-General of N.A.T.O., has bronchitis, and will be unable to attend the Atlantic pact meetings next week.";"May 6, 1955";"";53213;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Agreement Criticized";""
"['By Sir Roy Welensky']";"['News']";"By Sir Roy Welensky
Under the Constitution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, African Affairs and Industrial Relations are territorial subjects, and the Federal Government may not intervene in these matters; but, of course, the Federal Gov- ernment is vitally interested and con- cerned with developments which can only be federal-wide in their repercuN- sions. As a Federal Minister, therefore, it is only as an observer, albeit an interested observer, that I can describe the recent negotiations on African advancement which have been under- taken on the Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia.
It would be fair to say that the problem of the advancement of Africans in the copper mining industry is to a very large extent a crystallization of the racial and economic issues of the Federation as a whole, and that the treattnent of the problem and the solution which has now been found give an indication of the trend of race relations in this country. Moreover, it is certain that the agree- ment reached will influence industrial relations throughout the Federation, perhaps even farther afield, particularly as it comes at a time when there is a growing realization throughout this country that in the application of the principle of partnership written into our constitution lies the hope of peaceful progress in Central Africa.
EUROPEANS CR311CIZED
There has been criticism of the past attitude of members of the European Mineworkers' Union, who have been accused of obstructing the course of African advancement by standing fast to their agreement with the mining com- panies that any job which had previously been held by a European could not be held by an African; but I believe that no apology is called for. That agree- ment, to which, it should be remembered, both management and labour were party, was made some 19 years ago, when the African labour force consisted almost wholly of raw natives. At that time there were few indeed, either in Africa or in Europe, who gave even a passing thought to the social and econo- mic advancement of the indigenous colonial peoples. What concerned the European mineworkers at the time was the possibility that so-called cheap African labour might be allowed to undercut the sale of the more highly paid white labour, and to undermine the civilized standards of living which the Europeans brought to Africa. As a number of Africans became more skilled this factor grew in influence in the minds of the European worker, and it was this, more than any other, which caused the European miners to resist efforts to further African advancement in the industry.
POSTS FOR AFRICANS
Trade unionists throughout the world will see nothing exceptional in this resistance, and it would certainly be quite wrong to ascribe it to racial pre- judice alone. It would be equally wrong to ascribe the initiative of the mining companies solely to a desire to remove all prejudice and to bring about the betterment of the circum- stances in which the African lived. The companies need the African's labour, and realize that the greater the skill of their labour force, whether black or white, the better for the industry as a whole.
Thus the underlying issue was an economic one, and the presence of the social prejudice of colour was a com- plication which has now been overcome to the extent of the acceptance of a limited, although substartial, measure of African advancement. There will be those who will argue that this achieve- ment loses its worth because a limit has been set to the number of posts thrown open to Africans; to this 1 can only say that it has yet to be proved that there is enough African skill available to fill those posts which are now available
to Africans. If the progress that has been made seems slow, it should be remembered that there is a growing determination in the Federation to match advancement with ability, in the belief that in this way alone can pre- judice be overcome and racial peace be maintained.
The negotiations which have led to agreement started early in 1946, when the Chamber of Mines first discussed the question of African advancement with the European Mineworkers' Union, and in that year the Dalgleish Commission was appointed by the Northern Rhodesia Government to investigate the problem. The European union declined to cooperate with this com- mission and, in the following year, rejected its report, in which the creation. of openings for African advancement was recommended. The issue was not raised again until June; 1949, when the companies again pressed for African advancement, but the European union remained adamant and in that year the Chamber of Mines approached the Northern Rhodesia Government for assistance in breaking the deadlock. In the meanwhile preparations for the for- mation of an African union had gone forward, and in 1949 this union was established and recognized by the mining companies.
I do not underestimate the part played by the African Mineworkers' Union in the advancement of the African workers' interests. The union has at times negoti-
ated with considerable skill, and has- resorted to the legitimate weapon of the strike on two occasions; but one factor of considerable significance emerges from a study of the methods adopted by the union since its establishment, and of the demands put forward on behalf of its members. The character- istics of these methods and demands have become' increasingly political as opposed to economic, and it is now apparent that those who control the union are influenced by political expedi- ency as much as by economic reality. I believe that the mining companies became aware of this factor when it first appeared, and it is to their credit, and to the credit of the European union, that progress was made in the face of it.
END OF BULK BUYING
In April, 1953, bulk buying of copper by the United Kingdom Government ended and this had two important results. First, the companies were left free to initiate action in such controver- sial labour matters as African advance- ment, and secondly, the price of copper began to rise. Because of a long-stand- ing agreement with the European union a rise in the price of copper results in increased bonus payments to employees, based on a percentage of basic wages, and it is apparent, therefore, that the differential in the costs of European and African labour becomes more marked as the price of copper increases.
The year 1953 saw an intensification of the efforts of the companies to bring about African advancement, and for the first time the mines of the Rhodesian Selection Trust Group, by suggesting in November of that year that its agree- ment with the union might have to be ended if the union were to continue to prevent all forms of African advance- ment, acted on its own rather than through the medium of the Chamber of Mines in consort with the two Anglo- American (Rhoanglo) Mines. Although at this time the first positive response was obtained from the European union -the union suggested bringing the African union and the European Salaried Staff Association into the negotiations. and a visit by Sir William Lawther, President of the British National Union of Mineworkers, led to the appearance of a joint statement on the necessity of ' eqUal pay for equal, work ""-no effective progress was made, and in July the union broke off all negotiations.
To be concluded";"October 10, 1955";"";53347;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour On The Copperbelt";""
"['Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"Anon who still fears that European union-whatever it Imay turn out to be-could become a reality by the target date of 1980 can relax. Even the convinced federalist eharged by the nine to draw up a comprehensive report this year on European union, Bel- gium's Prime Minister, Mr Leo Tindemans, considers the 1980 goal can be regarded as a dead letter.
Admitting this, Mr Tinde- mans said that circumstances had changed very much for the worse since the 1980 target was set by the Paris Summit of 1972. Less than five years now remained-and unemployment and inflation had made life much more difficult.
The nine chose a good man to clothe the nebulous concept of European union with some sort of convincing political apparel. Belgium's Prime Minister for just a year, Mr Tindemans is that rare bird, a political leader who, even in divided Belgium, inspires widespead confidence. He radiates integrity and youthful charim. Rising 53, he looks much younger, and not for nothing are some of his hap- piest memories his days as a teenage scout leader.
Although long an active member of M Jean Monnet's action committee for a United States of Europe, he admires Anglo-Saxon pragmatism and parliamentary traditions, and indeed gets on well with Mr. Wilson. His spell in 1962 under Dr. Kissinger at Harvard's international seminar helped him to appreciate the value of Europe's links with the United States. His experience as a Bel- gian minister, including a year as Agriculture Minister, have taught him how clashing Europe and domestic impera- tives can be reconciled.
The mandate given to him by the Paris Summit of last December was to draw up his report by the end of 1975 on the basis of submissions from the EEC's institutions and of consultations with governments and a wide range of public opinion.
The European Court of Jus- tice submitted its report last October. The European Com- mission and European Parlia- ment, whose presidents Mr Tindemans has consulted, are working on theirs-discreetly, in order not to upset the Bri- tish apple cart.
Mr Tindemans began his tour of EEC capitals last week in Dublin. Londoh will be left, judiciously, until after the referendum. Among others so far consulted has been a group of professors of European law from all member states. They were delighted, he reports, to be summoned for the first time to give their views on this theme (Britain was repre- sented by Professor John Mit- chell of Edinburgh Univer- sity).
"" There are different ideas around at the moment "", he said. "" For example., do there have to be nine members ? In his recent book, Dr Dahren- dorf (formerly of the Euro- pean Commission, now Direc- tor of the London School of Economics) suggests you could have different numbers for dif- ferent fields of activity-let's say six for monetary union, nine for the CAP-a bit of what they called Europe a la carte. But first you must know what you want to do and with W1hom, as in marriage, though with nine it's not marriage, it's a commune.""
Mr Tindemans reckons his report will have to make clear whether European union is to be the final aim or an interme- diate target, requiring a fresh definition of aims when reached.
"" The way to go on, in my eyes, is to fix the target and then to sketch the way to reach it, and for this you need a series of steps. I personally think economic and monetary union was too ambitious a tar- get in 1972, but we must take steps to reach it at a certain moment: in five, 10 or maybe 20 years, I don't know.""
Mr Tindemans undee'stands British fears of losses of sovereignty to EEC institutions- but regards them as misplaced. ""None of us have the power of a real sovereign state at the moment. We are all interdependent. If we do things together, ve will be stronger and more sovereign than we are now. In reality, it will be the exercise
Mr Tindemans: confidence.
of sovexeignty in common, be- tween partners.
""I think it is a false prob- lem, spealing all the time about that sovereignty. I admire the British people and members of Parliament who are so strongly, convinced about sovereignty, but I think it is not realistic.
""The choice "", he said, ""is between a more integrated structure and a lind of multi- lateral *perinanent negotiation, in which each country goes its own way if agreement is not reached. Well, we tried that for centuries. It's my feeling tlhat the results were not very good. After the Second World War some people said: 'We can't go on like that if *ve want to have some in- fluence in the world.' To have a larger scale for our activities, we need more than mere multi- lateral negotiations."" Many of these pioners of European unity Mr Tindemans knew as Secretwry General of the Euro- pean Union of Christian Demo- crats between 1965 and 1973.
As for British membership, Mr Tindemans pointed out that those interested in history remembered Britain's role in 1830 as one of the fathers or mothers of modern Belgium. ""We were unhappy that you did not come into the EEC at the beginning. We were happy when you did come in-but unhappy again when. how shall I say, new difficulties were formulated, and it seemed you might abandon the EEC after signing the Treaty of Acces- sion Belgium did everything possible to help find the Dub- lin summit compromise on the budgetary contribution"" (the crucial issue of renegoti- ations).
Mr Tindemans is not too concerned about the dangers of Britain, if confirmed as a member by the referendum, tak-ing over the old French role as the slowest and surliest camel in the EEC caravan. "" I have always had a theory that when you are six or nine together, you will always have a trouble-fdte (spoilsport). It's only human. It might be France, or Britain, or at a cer- tain moment Gei-many, or a smaller country. It depends on majorities and on political per- sonalities.""
Britain has no monopoly of sensitivities in the sovereignty field. Belgium too, as Mr Tin- demans recalled, had to change its agricultural support system, and continues to experience difficulty in adjusting its regional aid systems to con- form to EEC regulations. Long a paradise for doctors, Belgium recently withdrew its objec- tions to the free establishment of medical practitioners throughout the EEC. All this in a country where democracy flourished at commune level as long ago as the Middle Ages, Mr Tindemans reminded me.
Mr Tindemans wields auth- ority witil the reluctance of those sensitive to otlier view- points, and it is not always easy for him to put his Euro- pean ideals into practice as the Prime Minister of Belgium. But when it comes to the crunch, the exigencies of EEC membership prevail, and there are no ministerial mutinies, becaust in the last analysis, the vast majority of Belgians appreciate that membership has benefited them, and that to tackle major problems at the European level is not just sensible but indispensable.
Self interest, enlightened and otherwise, is what nioti- vates most people, and it is likely to remain the driving force of the EEC, with or with- out Britain, with or without European union.
Roger Berthoud";"April 15, 1975";"";59370;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans treads warily on the way to European unity";""
"";"['News']";"The European Union flag could be flown without local authority approval next year under plans expected to be announced by John Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister. The EU flag is technically an advertisement under current planning rules and has restrictions on its display outdoors.";"December 23, 2005";"";68578;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Fly the EU flag";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, APRIL 14
Mr. Duncan Sandys, the Minister of Defence, is understood to have won here to-day the provisional approval of his American, French, and German col- leagues for his plan for a west European arms pool. He discussed the plan first over luncheon with M. Chaban-Delmas, then with Mr. McElroy, and this even- ing with Herr Strauss. The matter will be raised at the conference of N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers which opens here to-morrow.
The plan is believed to provide for joint arms research and production among the seven members of Western European Union, with cooperation from other members of the N.A.T.O. alliance. Missiles, but not atomic weapons, would be included. According to British official sources, M. Chaban-Delmas and Herr Strauss agreed with Mr. Sandys that the recent tripartite agreements between France, Germany, and Italy could well be merged into the new scheme. Mr. Sandys and M. Chaban- Delmas are believed to have talked about using the plan as a means of giving a new significance to Western European Union.
SUPPORT COSTS BASIS
N.A.T.O. to-day confirmed recent reports from London that a compromise has been reached on the issue of support costs for British forces in Germany. A statement to-night says that during a meeting of the N.A.T.O. study group that has been considering the problem in recent weeks, the basis of a possible agreement has been realized, and will soon be submitted to the North Atlantic Council for approval. It is believed that under the terms of the compromise Ger- many would guarantee the placing of certain defence orders in Britain, and Britain would reduce the sum originally demanded from £47m. to about £35m. a year.
The defence and armaments commit- tee of the W.E.U. Assembly to-day adopted a report by Mr. Goedhardt (Netherlands) on the military conse- quences of the Rapacki plan. It agreed that it would deprive N.A.T.O. of an effective ""shield,"" would result in the withdrawal of nearly all the Anglo- American forces from Germany, and deprive the west of sufficient room for the deployment of its forces.";"April 15, 1958";"";54125;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West European Arms Pool";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MARCH 10
The debate on ratification of the Paris agreements was wound up in the Senate this evening by Signor Martino, the Foreign Minister, and a comfortable majority in their favour is expected when the vote is taken to-morrow night or on Saturday after the party spokes- men have finished the customary speeches announcing their party's inten- tions. The Bills will then go to the President for signature.
Signor Martino said that ""in a certain sense we all share the responsibility for the future of Germany, in so far as her future democratic development is conditioned by the general democratic methods of the Europe which she is entering."" No threat to peace was involved in bringing western Germany into a Western European Union of which Britain was a part and in which there was the "" moderating and balancing weight of [Britain's] general position in Europe and the world.""
The tension between the Communists and the neo-Fascists which showed itself in the Senate yesterday, and in incidents last night when neo-Fascist youths with home-made explosives and leaflets favouring Western European Union demonstrated outside Com- munist Party premises, was followed to-day by the calling of a general strike in the city by the Rome Chamber of Labour. The "" outrage "" which provoked this has led to an outburst of somewhat self-righteous indignation among the Communists, and has been widely condemned in the Italian Press. Twenty-one youths of the neo-Fascist M.S.I. have been arrested, but damage to a Com- munist bookshop, the chief target, seems to have been insignificant.
The left-wing parties are to try to raise in Parliament the proposal that the M.S.I. should be dissolved.
The possibility of a Government crisis receded still further with to-day's deci- sion by the Christian Democratic leaders not to seek any political "" clarification,"" at any rate until after the Presidential election, and perhaps not until June. This decision is likely to be endorsed by the national council of the party this weekend. The Saragat Socialists have postponed two meetings which were to have been held this month to discuss the political situation after the with- drawal of Republican support from the Government.";"March 11, 1955";"";53187;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Agreements In Rome";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"e FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT -
NDOLA, DEC. 5
The following statement of policy on African advancement in the Northern Rhodesian copper mining industry has been issued by the Rhodesian Selection Trust:-.
(t) The Rhodesian Selection Trust group seeks a solution to the African advancement problem which will effectively provide the African with full scope so far as he is able to avail himself of it and wil create a situa- tioAn'where the only bar to an African is the need -to prove that he is worth the rate applic- abre to a particular job.
-(i i)The group recognizes that its European employees are justifiably concemed about the effect of African advancement on their own pOsition ahd is prepared to discuss with them the provision of adequate safeguards. The group also recognizes the right under colec- tive - bargaining principles for a union to negotiate with the companies regarding any jobs ~faDling withim its sphere, and considers that such safeguards for European employees can be arrived at by means of collective bar- gaining provided a genuine effort is made by both sides to reach agreement.
EQUAL BASIC PAY
1(i6l As a basis for such collective bargain- ing and to facilitate an agreed solution, the group is prepared to accept the principle of "" equal basic pay for work of equal value "" provided that the European union for its part accepts the following: (a) the need to amend the schedule of occupations and minimum basic rates contained in the present agree- ment in order to provide from within the Eurbpean field work which can reasonably be considered to be within the capacity of Africans; (b) the need to agree rates of pay for stiuh work which would have due regard to the value of each job.
(iv); On the basis of the above, the group is ready to discuss with the European union what alterations to the present agreement are re- quired and how the advancement of Africans may best be effected in practice. The group is also prepared to consult with other appro- pnate representative organizations as may be necessary.";"December 6, 1954";"";53107;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Progress In Copperbelt";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Brussels, Feb. 2']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Brusls, Feb. 2
M. Jean Rey, president of the Commission of the European Communities, today repeated his warning against the development of special links between individual members of the European Economic Community and outside countries, Britain in particular.
This would not lead towards a real European union, he said. It would raise tension within the Community rather than lowering it.
iL woutu nave tne ettect of re- ducing the Community's own sphere of action. If it was applied to the field of technology it would be directly contrary to work now going ahead within t-he E.E.C.
M. Rey is in open contradiction OR this issue with both west Germany and the Benelux countries, not to mention Britain. At this week's meeting of the Western European Union, Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, said publicly that tech- nology was one of the subjects on which cooperation with Britain would be possible, and it also has a prominent place in the recent Benelux plan.
Technology is a field in which the countries of the E.E.C. are most eager to cooperate with Britain, and the object of recent consultations, particularly at the W.E.U. meeting, has been to find a suitable frame- work for it which is not liable to French obstruction.
In his stttement today, made at a press luncheon in Brussels, Mf. Rey said it was natural and legitimate that outside countries, who had in any event been badly treated, should try to develop such links. But it was not the way to solve the present crisis.
M. Rey said that the Benelux plan contained some constructive ideas. and he specified three of them:-
A mechanismn for consultation should
be set up on the lines of the one already existing between Britain and the European Coal and Steel Community.
The Commission should examine
further the problems that would be raised by British entry.
There should be "" common actions""
between the applicant countries and the E.E.C. as a whole.
The important point, he said, was that any move could be made by the whole Community.";"February 3, 1968";"";57166;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dangers seen in EEC links";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigg
i Lb, reu it
Mr Leo Tindenians. the Bel- gium Prime Ministctr, today defended his recent report on European union in face of the cool reception given it by some governments. ""When I hear some of the criticisms of mv proposals, I have the impres- sion it is the principle of union itself which is put in doubt rather than the contents of mv suggestions "", he said.
Speaking at a luncheon given in Paris for him by the Euro- pean Movement, Mr Tindemans. again argued for accepting Ce- cisions by majority votes, 'n- stead of insisting on unaniMity and for placing at least some aspects of foreign affairs under a common approach
""I do not see how one can call something a European union if it does not seek, even at a certain date, to have some common foreign policy, which does not tackle the problems of security, and which presents itself, according to the place and the moment, now with a common point of view and now with different ones.
""Only with the collectiie
weight of our states, based on a common policy wvill we be able in the future to take part more effectively in wvorld dig- cussions. Such a proposal cor- responds to what Europeans expect of union: less vulner- ability and more influence on the course of world events.""
Sterile debates about sur- rendering sovereignty ought to be abandoned, Mr Tindemans said. The essential question was whether to exercise that sov- ereignty in common, where common issues were at stake.
He agreed that "" consider- able perplexity"" had greeted his sugfestlons for 'ncreasing the efficiency of C-ommunity institutions and, in particular, majoritv decision-taking. The majority arrived at must be understood as political, not arithmetical.
It was essential to establish a system, under which the minority rallied to the majority on matters tl t it had been agreed in principle beforehand were best dealt with on a com- mon basis. Only in this way could the European Community have organs for the rapid and effective taking of decisions.";"February 17, 1976";"";59630;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans calls for rapid decision-making";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Coirespojident
Pa: is, Nov 29
For the first time the Assembly of the Western Euro- pean Union, whose tiventy- second session. opened in Paris today, has a communist parlia- niemtary group. Ita'lian .Com- munist parliamnentarians, wvho .have never .attended beforc, Joined the French Communists tO form the group.
The.setting up of this group enables its members to try for membership of the various per- manent commnittees and for the posts of president or vice-presi- dent of the Assembly. The Western European Union is made up of the six original EEC countries, plus Britain.
M Edmond Nessler of France, wvho is president of the Assembly, deliberately broke its rules to allow Signor Ugo Piccioli, chairman of the Com- munist group, to explain why the Italians had decided to attend. Signor Piccioli said the prejudices which reigned at the time of the ""cold war "" had been done away wvith. The Italian Communists felt, there- fore, they could "" cooperate in the construction of a united Western Europe for the objec- tives of peace, and democ- racy."".
In his opening address M Nessler said the construction
of Europe remained as urgent as ever and the institutional means, including WEU in the defence field, were available. The political zvill -was still wanting, however.
It was 'difficult to have an idea of the conceptions of the new American administration Onl the independence of Europe, he said. ""Europe can- not for ever accept that her destiny depends on the way in which the United States con- ceives of its own security"", he added.
In the debate on the future of European union, Mr J.ulian Crirchley, Conervative MP for Aldershot, said election to a European Parliament under present British electoral rules would mean no Liberal would ever get to Brussels. "" The two great parties . in Britain ...are hostile to proportional repre- sentation, but I do not share their view"", he said.
Paris, Nov 29.-The WEU committee gave its backing to the EEC Commission's decision to hold direct elections for a European Parliament after 1978. A motion was approved by 46 votes to two-the French Communist delegates - and seven abstentions. The latter were the Itealian Communists. -Agence France-Presse.";"November 30, 1976";"";59874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Communists form group in Western defence alliance";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BrOssels, Feb 4
Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Primne Minister, is to make his first public reply here tomor- row to criticism of his recently published report on European union, which he feels has been misinterpreted botlh in the international press and by some European Com- munity governments.
The occasion will be his address to the Congress of Europe which begins a three- day meeting in Brussels tomor- row on the initiative of the European Movement, an organization embracing a vari- ety of non-governmental asso- ciations working for the great- er unity of the Continent.
Mr Tindemans is expected to take up particularly the criti- cism of that part of his report which appears to advocate a two-speed approach towards economic and monetary union, allowing those EEC countries in economic difficulties, like Britain and Italy, to proceed at a slower pace.
Last month, Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretarv, e;;oressed his "" own serious doubts "" about this approach, arguing that it "" could even- tually end in the break-up of
the Community "". M Francois- Xavier Ortoli, President of the European Commission, and Sir Christopher Soames, a vice- president, have voiced similar fears.
Mr Tindemans is likely to assure the congress that far from proposing an institutiona- lization of the present gap be- tween Britain, Italy and Ire- land and the rest of the EEC, his aim is to make it easier for the slower ships in the convoy to catch up in the end.
Among the other speakers due to address the congress is Herr Willy Brandt, the former West German Chancellor, from twhom Mr Tindemans is wvidely thought to have- borrowved the two-speed concept. Certainlv, Herr Brandt advanced a very similar idea in late 1974 and ran into much the same kind of criticism as the Belgian Prime Minister.
The. congress has been called to discuss the proposals out- linied in the Tindemans' report on European Union, which was commissioned by EEC heads of government and will be debated by them for the first time at their next summit meeting in Luxembourg on April 1 and 2. EEC member governments are not expected to react officially before then.";"February 5, 1976";"";59620;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans will clarify 'two-speed' Europe idea";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The British Government yesterday replied to the Soviet Note of January 13, alleging that the Paris agreements were incompatible with the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which prohibited the use in war of poison gas or bacteriological weapons. The Soviet Note was addressed to the five Brussels Treaty Powers-Britain, Belgium, France, Holland, and Luxembourg-and the reply was drafted by the interim com- mission of the Western European Union, which includes a west German representative.
The British Note, presented in Moscow yesterday, rejects the Soviet allegations on two scores. First, the Geneva Protocol did not prohibit the manufacture of gas or bacteriological weapons, but simply their use in war; both the British and Soviet Govern- ments reserved the right at the time to retaliate in kind if such weapons were used against them. Secondly, the Paris agree- ments in no way oblige the signatories to produce these weapons, and do not therefore provide (as the Russians alleged) for the creation of large stocks. Moreover, the agreements envisage an international agency for the control of bacteriological and chemical weapons, as well as other types of armaments. "" No comparable system,"" says the Note, "" is understood to exist in eastern Europe.""
AIMS MISREPRESENTED
The Soviet Note appeared to assume that because conditions were laid down in the Paris agreements for the production of gas and bacteriological weapons (banning their manufacture in west Germany) the Western European Union Powers were planning to extend their output and stocks of such weapons. The British Note says that the Soviet Government misrepresents the essen- tial purpose of the agreements.
Recalling that the Soviet Note suggested that the Geneva Protocol, rather than the fear of retatiation, prevented the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons during the Second World War, the British reply adds: "" This was evidently not the view held by the Soviet Government in 1942. At that time they welcomed the assurance that the British Government would use their stocks of gas weapons against Germany in retaliation for any use of poison gas against the U.S.S.R."" In support of this the reply quotes a message to the British Prime Minister of March 30, 1942, from Marshal Stalin";"February 4, 1955";"";53157;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reply To Russia On Poison Gas";""
"";"['News']";"Ankara: President Sezer of Turkey, in the latest battle over its penal code, vetoed changes saying part of the legislation violated the predominantly Muslim nation's secular principles. The code, which came into effect on Wednesday, aims to advance the country's bid to join the European Union. (AP)";"June 04, 2005";"";68405;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New law vetoed";""
"";"['News']";"The Electoral Commission has queried the proposed wording of the European constitution referendum question because it refers to the European Union rather than simply Europe, as the treaty does. The commission did not demand a change in the wording, concluding that the question would still be clear.";"February 04, 2005";"";68302;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Referendum query";""
"";"['News']";"Sarajevo: Bosnia's ethnically divided intelligence service has dismissed 307 of its 960 agents under reforms to qualify for European Union and Nato membership. The dismissed agents did not meet the standards required for a national organisation that is bringing Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats together. (AP)";"January 06, 2005";"";68277;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Spies dismissed";""
"";"['News']";"Sofia A record 35 million cigarettes being smuggled from China into the European Union have been seized by Bulgarian customs officials. They were packed in 3,500 boxes on a boat searched at the Black Sea port of Varna, which had been tracked for three weeks. (AFP)";"June 07, 2010";"";69967;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dragnet lands record haul";""
"";"['News']";"Nearly 500 farmers have not received their European Union subsidies almost six months after the deadline, the Food and Farming Minister told the Lords. A further 1,254 have received only 80 per cent, Lord Rooker said. He added: ""On behalf of the Government, I apologise for the delays in these payments.""";"December 19, 2006";"";68887;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Farmers not paid";""
"['From Ian Murray, Strasbourg']";"['News']";"From In Mrray. Strasbouw
The European Parliament in Strasbourg yesterday demanded wider powers for itself in a new European Union, which it wants to see replace the EEC ""to meet the challenge facing us at the end of this century"". The contro- versial report attracted 187 amendments to 142 paragraphs, and was debated over two days.
Members were anxious to agree i document as a form of manifesto for next year's direct elections to the Parliament. They wanted it as a plan of action to impress. Europe's voters next June with a strategy for a new, prosperous Europe which the Parliament would mastermind.
The.draughtsman of the report, Signor Aitiero Spinelli, a former European Commissioner and now in Italian Communist MEP, called for an end to nationalism, which he claimed was paralyzing Europe.
But British members of both parties did not support the report
Conservative MEPs were instructed to abstain because of paragraphs which could under- mine national sovereignty. Social- ist members regarded it as ""a monstrous irrelevancy"". Accord- ing to Mr Tom Megahy, Labour MEP for South West Yorkshire, the report was an example of Europe fiddling while Rome burnt. He said that merely changing the institution would do nothing to put 13 million people in Europe back to work.
The aini of the report is to wind up the European Communities and replace them with a European Union. This union would have its ows laws, which would take
precedence over national laws, and would be structured to dea with all those matters in which a community could act better than a single country.
The report foresems a Union competent to levy taxes, procure arms, negotiate disarmarrent, run an energy policy and an industrial strategy. It would harmonize telephone services and charges, level out petrol taxes, fund research, make the European Currency Unit (ECU) into a meaningful coin and create a social services system which would provide full cover for all its citizens.
It would sweep away frontier tariffs and formalities, coordinate foreign policy and join forces to fight international crime.
""A new value, the concept of union, has been added ... to the conventional values of democ- racy"", the report says.
But it is the method which the report suggests for building this utopia which has run into trouble. Signor Spinelli wants the Euro- pean Parliament and the Com- mission to be given a large share of the decision-making powers which are now held exclusively by the Council of Ministers.
The report also seeks to end the system whereby a country has the right to veto a proposal which it thinks runs against its national interest. In short, the report makes clear that the advantages of federalism can only be achieved at the expense of national sovereignty.
For Signor Spintlli such a surrender is the best way of achieving freedom, and states
must realize that ""it opens up new avenues of social peace and social justice"".
This European dream of union came to Signor Spinelli while he was a political prisoner in Mussolini's Italy. In 1941 he helped to write the Ventotene Manifesto, which led to the creation of the European Federal- ist Movement, and he has dedicated his career since the war to the cause ofEuropean union.
For him, as he says in the introduction to his report, ""the fundamental basis of the Union will be respect for democratic human rights and social justice"".
His career as a European Commissioner between 1970 and 1976 and his dedication have won him such respect among his fellow MEP's that many find it hard to vote against this statement of his sincerely-held beliefs.
There are also many who share his view that the present cumber- some decision mak-ing process of the Community has ""made im- possible any political elaboration of common views and exalted the paralysing national nearsighted- ness of all negotiators"".
He claims that his resolution is ""a compromise founded on a common European view of the problem and not on the algebraic sum of single national views"".
It is a compromise in which, as one MEP put it, ""there is something for everybody to object to and a little for everyone to like"". According to another, ""voting for European Union is a bit like voting for Christmas tomorrow"".";"September 15, 1983";"";61638;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"MEPs demand Union to replace EEC's 'paralysing nationalism'";""
"";"['News']";"Peter Mandelson has pledged that millions of euros will be spent to help poor countries to survive the ""economic tsunami"" of cuts in artificially high European Union prices for sugar. The European Trade Commissioner said that ""a substantial amount of cash"" has been agreed to compensate farmers in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries when the EU cuts sugar prices by a third.";"February 08, 2005";"";68305;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EU offers sugar sweetener";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARI1, DEc. 21
The meeting at Cannes between the Foreign Ministers of France and Italy, M. Schuman and Count Sforza, ended to-day after two days' discussions. In the official statement which was published afterwards the two Ministers expressed a complete identity of view on the problems discussed and particularly on "" the need for a close Franco-Italian cooperation as a necessary basis for European organization.""
This emphasis on European union is re- flected again in the broadcast statement which the Ministers made after their consultations. M. Schuman said that the meeting was not the starting point but the reinforcement of Franco-Italian collaboration within the Euro- pean framework; and Count Sforza declared that the frankness of the talks proved that an international patriotism did exist.
THE CUSTOMS UNION
The discussions fell into two parts. Those which took place yesterday dwelt principally on purely Franco-ltalian problems, among which the customs union and commercial exchanges and tariff rates were foremost. On the customs union the announcement declared that the present state of work allowed of the hope that, in the very near future, the project would become a "" living reality."" This is evidently a reference to the meeting, on January 5 in Paris, of the mixed Franco-Italian customs union committee, which will prepare the necessary measures for submission to the two Parliaments.
To-day the conversations lhave ranged over a wide field, which included the former Italian colonies, the Atlantic pact, and European union. French diplomatic activity between now and next April, when the United Nations is due to consider the question of the former Italian colonies, is likely to be directed towards ensuring a compromise solution by which the British would be granted trusteehip over Cyrenaica and the French trusteeship over the Fezzan, while Tripolitania would be given back to Italian keeping. As for Eritrea, the French consider that Italy must almos; certainly lose Assab, but Count Sforza apparently put for- ward some convincing arguments to-day, especially on the Massawa district.
The Italian delegation to the Cannes talks is thought to have expressed Italy's strong desire to take a part, as soon as possible, in the work of building a European federation, but less enthusiasm seems to have been shown over the immediate inclusion of Italy in the proposed Atlantic pact.";"December 22, 1948";"";51261;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Role In Europe";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray, Brussels, May 23
EEC foreign ministers meet here tomorrow to try to apply bandages to the wounds of the community. Three items are expected to dominate the proceedings of the two-day meeting: renewal of sanctions against Argen- tina; settlement of a short- term budget agreement for Britain; and the need to reestablish the right of veto inside the Community.
All the signs are that the mood of the meeting will be conciliatory. After last week's series of increasingly bitter encounters of the Council? which were all so disappointing for Britain, there is a widespread feeling in the Community that the time has come to work together again.
The decision last Thursday to vote Britain down on the farm price issue was not taken lightly. It was done from a sense of frustration
that Community business was being thwarted by an intran- sigent British position.
The British problem had become a festering boil, and now that it has been lanced, there is real hope that it will be possible to create a healthy Community again. This ought to help Britain to achieve a quicker budgetary settlement for 1982, probably somewhat in excess of the £450m which was all that seemed to be on offer a week ago in Luxembourg.
Tomorrow the discussion centres on the Falklands sanctions, and a report on European union as well as the budget. Britain will be closely questioned about developments in the Falk- lands, and urged to find a quick way to peace.
It seems very likely that the sanctions will be renewed for a short period, although from tomorrow neither Italy
nor Ireland will be obliged to apply them.
There is some private relief in a number of community countries that the British re- p ossession of the islands has
Degun, as this seems the likeliest way now to reach a quick ceasefire. At the same time, there is growing con- cern that the military solu- tion will make a final settlement even more diffi- cult.
Discussion of the report on European union, drawn up last November by West Germ- any and Italy, will give a chance for open discussion on a way of codifying the use of the veto in the defence of vital national interests. This veto never really formed part of the treaties, and so gave rise to the ambiguity which made it possible for Britain to be outvoted last week.
Commission's case, page 10";"May 24, 1982";"";61241;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC ready for conciliation";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FRON OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, MAY 25
Colonel Yelizarov, the Russian Deputy Comnuandant of Berlin, to-day made a bitter attack on Mr. Churchill in the course of which he called him a ""war- Monger."" The incident occurred at a meeting of the four deputy commandants and arose out of an application by sup- porters of the European Union to form a branch on a city-wide basis in Berlin.
The union, Colonel Yelizarov said, was con- nected with a wider European movement working against the Soviet Union and the countries of "" the people's democracies."" Mr. Churchill, he alleged, was the inspiration behind the movement and was directng the preparations for a new war. World opinion had named Mr. Churchill a "" warmonger."" The movement aimed at splitting Germany, at liquidating its independence, at incorporat- ing western Germany into a military-political aggressive western bloc and at utilizing the German PeoPle as mercenaries for the instiga- tors of a new war.
In face of the Russian objection the applica- ton of the European Union to operate on a city-wide basis could not be granted, and the Magistrat is being so informed. Recognition of such organizations requires the unanimous approval of the four Powers.
At a later stage of their proceedings the Deputy Commandants discussed for nearly two hours the "" people's petition "" on German unity which is being promoted by the so-called People's Council. In the course of the ex- changes Brigadier Benson (Great Britain) spoke of the ""petition "" as a spurious political manoeuvre, referred to the ease with which the figures could be falsified, and said that threats and intimidation were being used to obtain signatures.
Before the meeting closed Colonel Yelizarov raised the question of the British, American, and French decisions to instal their own liaison officers at the Berlin police headquarters, which are in the Russian sector of the city. The Russian authorities, he said, had been put in a position "" where they might have to take necessary measures to liquidate this abnormal situation."" Brigadier Benson said that, in view of the Russian statement, he would have to consult his legal advisers. It was "" a very serious matter "" to threaten to stop a British representative going into any building which was under quadripartite control.";"May 26, 1948";"";51081;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soviet Attack On Mr. Churchill";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Ministers of the six Com- mon Market countries are expected in London early this week for a ministerial meeting on Tuesday of the Council of Western European Union (of which the Six and Britain are members).
Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, will, it is expected, be the host at a luncheon g,iven by the British Government at Lan- caster House, and will attend the meeting at which Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, will speak on the question of Euro- pean political cooperation. Mr. Heath, it is understood, will take the opportunity to make clear that Britain does not wish to evade the political implications of mem- bership in the Common Market, once the economic problems besetting her applica- tion for membership have been settled. It is, however, difficult for the British Govern- Ment to make clear their attitude towards Political cooperation in Western Europe, since the Six themselves have not as yet reached any clear agreement.
FOUCHET COMMITTEE
Indeed it is no secret that this week's meeting was arranged to discuss the out- come of the work of representatives of the Six in the Fouchet Committee, but the Fouchet Committee's discussions have led to no agreed report. The Germans, Italians, and Benelux countries have opposed any watering down of the supranational powers of the European Communities, while General de Gaulle would like to see not a European Union, but a Europe des Patries, in which the powers of the communities were subordinated to a Council of Mini- sters, on which each country would pre- -serve,a veto.
NO AGREEMENT
General de Gaulle's visit to Italy may now have produced a more flexible attitude on the part of the Italian Government, hut no agreement between the Six on the form of political cooperation between them seems at all likely before Tuesday. The British Government may, therefore, be able to state that in facing political commit- ments they do not intend to be the slowest ship in the fleet, but the meeting can hardly be decisive.
M. Spaak (Belgium). Dr. Schrader (west Germany). and Signor Segni (Italy) are due to arrive tomorrow morning. Arrange- ments for the arrival of M. Couve de Mur- ville, the French Foreign Minister, and of M. Schaus, the Luxembourg Foreign Miister, are not yet certain. Dr. Luas, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, is due in London thi, afternoon.";"April 9, 1962";"";55361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers Of Six To Meet In London";""
"['Ronald Butt']";"['News']";"Ronald Butt
Enlargement of the Community is the principal business facing the European Council of Ministers next weck but the deeper question of closcr integration within the Com- munity will not be out of sight. Something of significance is happen- ing despite the difference of opinion about the best path to follow between Prcsident Mittcrrand and Mrs Thatcher. That much is conceded even in London, despite the reigning scepticism about talk of
union"".
A leading article in The Times recently, entitled ""Unity not Union"", argued that greater unity between the states of the Coni- munity was a more constructive way forward than the notion of union which the French have stressed and which, at least in President Mitter- rand's rhetoric, seems to carrv federalist overtones. This provoked protesting letters from Community cnthusiasts who believe that unity must in some sense entail union.
Not Icast, Signor Altero Spinelli, wh ose committee was responsible for the so-called Draft Treaty establishing the European Union (which was adopted by the European Parliament) saw union as necessary to achieve greater technical cooper- ation, and a more genuincly common market within the Com- munity.
Both sides of the argument over unionl would agree with Signor Spinelli over tcchnical cooperation and a freer common market. What is at issue is his contention that these must involve strengthening tile Commission's executive powers, phasing out the right of veto by sovereign states, except for foreign policy questions, and delegating virtual sovcreignty ovcr some issues fromi member states to the ""union"".
So what is tihc Foreign Officc's analysis of these questions on which thc British Govcrnment is working?
Thc point is conecded that the case for union cannot be met by completc immobility. It is argued tilat the two sides to the qucstion are misled by a semantic problem. To thc Frencih, it is said, union means no morc than incrcasingly close integration, or some sort of confed- cration. To the British a union signifies a unitary state ultimately implying the same concept as the relationship betwecn England and Scotland.
The opening statemcent of thc Treatv of Rome expressed a determination to establish the foundations of""an ever-closer union among the pcoplcs of Europe"". In 1972. when the Pompidou-Hcath accord brought Britain into the Community, tilc commitment was expressed to (as President Pompi- dou summed it up) ""progrcss towards a full European union in 10 years"", though he significantly added: ""WAe deliberately refrained fiom outlining the characteristics of this union because this could not be done in thc timc at our disposal"". In 1976, the European Council stated that European union would be built progressively on economic and monetary union.
Finally, the first objectivc in the agreed text after the Stuttgart summit last year was ""to strengthen and continue thc development of the communities which arc the nuclicus of European union"" by rcinforcing existing policies and elaborating new ones vithin the framework of the Rome and Paris treaties.
""Union"" therefore, is not a new vord in the European vocabulary. What, if anything, docs it mean?
The Heath-Pompidou summit plainly went too far, and somc of the prcsent utterances from the union lobby are interpreted by the British Govcrnmcnt as a flight from reality.
But in Whitehall it is recognized that, paradoxically, the enlarement of the Community, while in one respect making it more disparate, is also going to force some changes in the direction the ""unionists"" want, and notably, more majority voting.
Despite the unanimity of decision rcquired under the Luxembourg compromise when a nation insists that its vital interest is involved, there is already in practice more majority voting than is commonly supposed. But with 12 mcmbers, it will be increasingly difficult to secure a consensus on secondary questions. The Foreign Office, therefore, now seems to accept that there will have to be more majority votes.
As for the Spinelli concept of union, Whitehall does not believe that the French really endorse it. Though Paris might, it is conceded, go a little farther than London iis-a- ""'is strengthening the European Parliamcnt, the French would certainly not give it revenue-raising powers. they arc thought to have in minid such subjects as health and culture as suitable candidates for more parliamentary influence.
Whitehall certainly does not believe that the French would accept a derogation of sovereignty. When President Mitterrand talks about steps towards union, the British believc that he may be thinking of such steps as the opening of the Franco-German border, which is not a derogation of sovereignty but a practical recognition of the fact that millions of people constantly cross it. The extension of this particular concept is something the Foreign Office might not oppose in principle, though the Home Office might, if onlv because we have cm identity cards.
Yet it is also accepted in London that the Luxembourg comproinise is being abused by trivial use. The British say that if another Whitchall department proposes this in any particular casc, the Foreign Office resists in order not to debase the currency. Other states, however, act diffcrently. Herring quotas are regarded at a vital national interest by the Danes who invoke the Luxembourg compromise on every detail.
Morc majority voting would not, in the British view, represent an Liiacceptable transfer of sovcrcignty, provided every member can say, in the last instance, what does and does not affect its vital intercst. The system should not bc changcd, but member states should have to cxplain (and justify?) why their vital national interest is involved. It is allegedly onilv a matter of making thc existing procedures work bettcr.
But if Whitchall is right in thinking that Britain could subscribe to 90 per cent of what Prcsident Mittcrrand rcally means, what is the difecrence between them? What does the Prcsident mean whcn hc talks about ""une %'raie entitie politique?""
Can the gap betwcen the French and British positions be reasoned away like this? Could an informal arrangement not to misuse the Luxembourg convention really changc anything as long as each state remains the judge of whether any question involves its vital interest?
This much at least can be said. If the difTcrcnce bctwcen the French and the British on ""union"" is as small as Whitchall thinks, and if both believe that union-unity does not requirc change in the basic Euro- constitution, President Mittcrrand and Mrs Thatcher should have no difficulty in cstablishing the fact. If they do. they should tell the world plainly. There is no point in causing stress by proclaiming a diffcrence that is really fiction.";"November 29, 1984";"";61999;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe: sorting out the semantics";""
"['By Sir Roy Welensky']";"['News']";"By Sir Roy Welensky
When the European Mineworkers' Union broke off negotiations with the mining companies in July, 1954, the Government of Northern Rho- desia intervened and appointed Sir John Forster to head a Commission of Inquiry. This commission described the creation of opportunities for African advancement as the key to the future of Central African industrial relations, and called for action as a matter of urgency. The report of the Forster Commission was accepted by the Rhodesian Selection Trust Group but rejected by the Euro- pean union, and the Rhodesian Selec- tion Trust therefore terminated its agreement with the union.
The attitude of the Rhoanglo Group differed from that of the Rhodesian Selection Trust. The former laid emphasis on the necessity to obtain the agreement of the European union before each step along the road of African advancement was taken. They proposed that African advancement should be
based on a numerical quota tied to the number of Europeans employed, subject to a fixed period of five years before re- vision could be considered. Rhodesian Selection Trust, on the other hand, were prepared to recognize the principle of ' equal pay for equal workl"" provided that the European union would agree to there being intermediate stages, a "" ladder of jobs "" up which the African could progress. In addition, there would be no limit as to time, and the Rhodesian Selection Trust maintained that advance- ment must remain subject to the normal principles of collective bargaining.
FOREIGN INFLUENCES
It will be appreciated that, to some extent, the difference between the stand taken by the Rhodesian Selection Trust and that of Rhoanglo could be ascribed to the different backgrounds of the companies. The parent organization of the Rhodesian Selection Trust is in the United States, while that of Rhoanglo is in the Union of South Africa; but association with the Union, where native policy is, of course, very different from that of the Federation, did not, I believe, play the major part in determining the policy of Rhoanglo on the Copperbelt.
Some publicity was given to the possi- bility of influence being brought to bear upon the European union by national- istic white unions in South Africa, but I do not believe that this was a significant factor. In spite of the establishment at the beginning of this year of a liaison between the executive of the Northern Rhodesia Minework-ers' Union and that of the South African Mineworkers' Union, 60 per cent, of the votes cast in a ballot taken on the Copperbelt at the end of January showed acceptance of the need for advancement, and this proportion was maintained in a second ballot taken in March.
This acceptance was later expressed in an offer to concede 13 categories of jobs to Africans, accompanied by a
claim that all further stages of African advancement should be subject to agree- ment by the Eur6pean union. The Chamber of Mines rejected the latter claim, but accepted a request by the union that there should be a job survey by outside consultants, and specified 31 categories of jobs which should be opened up to Africans.
It became apparent at this stage that the Rhoanglo Group were prepared to meet the union's requests, and in fact an agreement was signed between the group and the union on the basis of 24 categories of jobs. This agreement provided for a job survey, but precluded any further negotiations for three years, and it was accompanied by an under- taking that no attempt would be made at any time to implement any measure of African advancement which would result in the taking over by Africans of jobs previously done by Europeans, without the agreement of the European employee organizations concerned. In addition, in selecting the jobs to be transferred from the European to the African field, the European employee organizations concerned would be consulted and their agreement obtained. The agreement ex- pressed the group's view that an endur- ing solution to the problem required the cooperation of the European employees, who, they believed, genuinely desired to see the advancement of the African, pro- vided the position of the European was reasonably safeguarded.
FACING REALiTY
The Central African Trades Union Congress supported the principles em- bodied in this agreement and it seemed as if a "" showdown "" between the union and the Rhodesian Selection Trust com- panies was inevitable. However, two factors remained to be taken into account: there was a reserve of good will on both sides, and the union was genuine in its desire to see a satisfactory settlement made. If the issue had come to a strike I believe that it would have been inopportune from the point of view of the European union; but it is known that the union could have called upon a measure of support from South Africa. However, I believe that it is fair to say the resumption of the negotiations and the successful outcome are proof that the principle and practice of advancement are welT established in the minds of the white miners on the Copperbelt.
The terms of the agreement are iden- tical with those of the agreement made between the union, and the Rhoanglo companies, except that a review is to be made of the position immediately on the completion of the job survey, and not only after the completion of a three- year period. This agreement was entered into without a demand on the part of the union for a right of "" veto"" to any future African advancement, and in the event it has been possible to extend it to replace that made with the Rhoanglo companies. Therefore the position is now that one agreement obtains between the union and the four companies and, while technically the union's right of "" veto "" to further African advancement still applies at the Rhoanglo mines. the indications are that a spirit of reasonableness will apply to future negotiations.
To me it is now evident that a most significant stage of the development of the Federation has been successfully negotiated, and that the faith placed in the ability of our European population to face reality has been amply justified. It remains to preserve the understanding shown in the negotiations and to apply it to the future; and it remains, too, for the African to play his part with equa: responsibility.
Conclzuded
* The first article appeared yesterday,";"October 11, 1955";"";53348;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour On The Copperbelt";""
"";"['News']";"BUCHAREST Romanians hold a banner depicting a victory sign during a commemoration of those killed during the week-long uprising in 1989 that led to the overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu, the Communist dictator. Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, were executed by a firing squad on Christmas Day after they were convicted at a secret trial of crimes against the state. Romania is due to join the European Union on January 1. (AP)";"December 22, 2006";"";68890;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Romania remebers uprising";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JULY 10
The creation of a European Reserves Union to reinforce the western monetary system, and the participation of Britain and other countries in the economic and political unification of Europe, are two of the main subjects being discussed in Paris today and tomorrow. by the Action Committee for a United States of Europe. Both proposals are expected to be strongly recommended.
The committee, formed in 1955 by M. Jean Monnet, and still under his leader- ship, is made up of leading political and trade union personalities from the Six (except the French U.N.R. (Union for the -New Republic), the Nenni Socialists and the communists). It has, through its net- work of contacts and fecundity in throwing out concrete proposals, become a highly influential and effective lobby for spurring Governments to speedier action towards European union.
JOIN FIRST
The essence of the committee's recom- mendations vis-a-vis Britain is likely to be: Join first, negotiate afterwards. The com- mittee considers that Britain's membership of a European union-' Common Market "" is not mentioned for the committee's raison d'etre is to work towards a complete poli- tical and economic entity-would be of decisive importance to western stability. It also attaches great importance to the pros- perity of the Commonwealth but feels this can only be enhanced by Britain's entry into Europe, whatever commercial adjust- ments might be necessary.
But-and an essential but at that- Britain should accept the common rules and procedures. of the existing institutions and, once a member, thrash out all prob- - lem,s that arise in evolving common policies It is only this de facto solidarity,. the com- mittee believes, which has, within the Six. already substituted unity of action for national rivalries. Prolonged negotiation for the entrenchment of special interests before ioining might well have the effect of disrupting this unity.
LIST OF PROBLEMS
One suggestion is that Britain sign the Rome treaty. appending a list of special problems that need urgent examination, just as other member countries have. On this list might be included matters such as associating Commonwealth countries. The main Point for the committee is that Britain should decide rapidly to enter a European union with the same rights and the same obligations as the other members.
With the.expected proposal for a Euro- pean Reserves Union the committee returns urgently to its proposal for a European fund, made in 1959 but so far ignored by member. Governments. It sees the un- precedented prosperity and expansion of the Six threatened by renewed fragility of the world monetary system. The rush on gold last autumn, the ensuing dollar crisis and the current difficulties of sterling are all seen as symptoms of the vulnerability of western monetary institutions.
The Six have a collective responsibility to remedy this situation, which they could not bear individually, the committee states. Since 1950 their combined reserves have increased more than fivefold to reach S16,000m.- (about £5,714,286,000), a figure near that of the United States-$17,400m. (about £6,2l4,286,000)-whereas Britain's have - dropped to $3,000m. (about £1,071,428,000). The contrast is even more striking if account is taken of short-term external debts. The total for the Six at-
the end of 1960 was only $2.000m. whereas Britain had nearly 51 1,000m. and the United States nearly S19,000m. of short- term debt.
One of the committee's conclusions is that the present vulnerability of the western monetary system is due in part to the fact that the renaissance of the Six has given them as a unit a weighty position in the international monetary system and responsibilities which their individual national Policies do not take sufficiently into accourit.
The centralization of at least part of the member countries' reserves into a Euro- pean Reserves Union would, the com- mittee thinks. bc a first steP towards a common monetary policy and a common currency foreseen in the Rome treaty. Moreover, it could, among other things, lead to common policy by the Six within the monetary committee of the organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development with all the improved con- centration of help to underdeveloped countries that implies.
The committee wili also make Proposals on hastening progress towards full economic and political cooperation within the Six and on common action between Europe and America within O.E.C.D.
The resolutions from the meeting, though not planned to coincide, will not be with- out significance in the light of the rearranged meeting of heads of Govern- ment of the Six to be held in Bonn next
week.";"July 11, 1961";"";55130;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reforming The Monetary System Of Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT I
It was announced yesterday that Mr. Macmillan will leave London by air for Paris on Sunday. The next day he will confer with Mr. Dulles and M. Pinay in preparation for the conference with Mr. Molotov at Geneva, western plans for which will be discussed at a meeting of the North Atlantic Council on Tuesday. There may also be a meeting of the Western European Union Ministers in Paris on Monday. Mr. Macmillan will leave Paris for Geneva on Wednesday, October 26.
The Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union may be faced with some difficulty on their arrival in Paris. The referendum on the Saar statute takes place on Sunday, and most of the members of the .Saar commission evidently think that the vote wil either reject the statute or at best be close.
According to French reports, the original pro-German emotion has died down to some extent, and there may be a majority in favour of the statute. For instance, it was reported last week that 85 per cent. of the members of one of the largest railwaymen's trade unions in the Saar had decided in favour of it. This may not be a fair example, as the French have always treated railwaymen favourably.
AVOIDING A CRISIS
If the statute is rejected on Sunday, or even if it is accepted by only a narrow margin, the French Government will be con- fronted with the difficulty of deciding whether it should allow the pro-German parties in the Saar to continue operating. If things are going badly, the W.E.U. Foreign Ministers may take some initiative on Mon- day to save the situation and decide the next move, rather than allow negotiations to con- tinue between the French and Germans them- selves' and thus risk a crisis in Franco- German relations.
Mr. Macmillan will be accompanied to Paris and Geneva by Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office; Sir Geoffrey Harrison and Mr. 1. T. M. Pink, assistant under-secretaries; Sir George Young, head of the news depart- ment; Lord Hood, hea'd of the western organizations department; Mr. H. A. F. Hohler, head of the northern department; Mr. J. L. Simpson, a legal adviser. Mr. Pink, a disarmament expert, and Mr. Hohler, as head of the department w-hich deals with relations with Russia and eastern Europe, will be specially concerned in the discussion at Geneva of the last item of the agenda, east-west contacts.";"October 18, 1955";"";53354;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Consequences To Europe Of Saar Statute Vote";""
"['From Michael Binyon']";"['News']";"From Michael Binyon
Bonn
Chancellor Helmut Kohl arrives in Britain today, bring- ing a senior government team with him for an intensive day.of talks with Mrs Thatcher and her ministers. The main issues will be Libya, the European Com- munity and European defence policy.
The fight against inter- national terrorism, and Bri- tian's attempt to stop the abuse of diplomatic immunity will inevitably be the most topical themes during this half-yearly round of Anglo-Gerrman consul- tations.
The Prime Minister can expect at least strong verbal support for her line against Libya. She will be reassured by Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the Foreign Minister, that he has indefinitely postponed a proposed visit to Tripoli.
But the main issue for both sides is the crisis in Europe, where there are still real differences of view. The pol- emics between London and Bonn in the confusion after the failure of the Brussels Com- munity summit have subsided and the irritation between Mrs Thatcher and Herr Kohl - who normally get on well - will be firmly put aside as both take' stock of their joint interests in finding a quick and acceptable solution to Europe's money problems.
On many points the two countries are in agreement, but Mrs Thatcher will again empha- size to Herr Kohl that she is not the bad European she has recently been depicted as on the Continent.
She, in turn, will want him to be more specific about his recent high-sounding phrases about European union or unity, and will look for reassurance that talk in Bonn about a ""two- speed Europe"" or even a Europe of ""variable geometry"" (mean- ing a grouping of different member-states for different problems) does not represent Bonn's present policy.
European defence is another area where both sides see a need for increased effort and coordi- nation.
The growing cooperation between France and West Germany in defence has been highlighted recently in the talk about reviving the Western European Union - which both Mrs Thatcher and Herr Kohl now regard as a good thing.
The British quietly support Bonn's attempts to use recent shifts in French defence policy to entice France back into the mainstream of European de- fence. Britain too would like to discuss this with France.
This is an area still so delicate that the Germans have not publicly set out their long-term aims, and Mrs Thatcher will be hoping for a thorough private briefing from the Chancellor.";"May 2, 1984";"";61820;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC tops agenda on Kohl visit to Britain";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, SEPT. 13
The managing body for the Suez users' association was expected here to-day to be created forthwith and to begin its work next week, either in London or Paris. Its first task would be to recruit pilots and to study the tech- nical problems of navigating a canal that is in unfriendly hands.
Meanwhile a big diplomatic effort is to be made here, as in London, to secure the widest possible support for the new plan. M. Pineau is expected to make a personal approach to the Foreign Ministers of three important maritime nations, Italy, Germany, and Norway, who are now in Paris for matters con- cerned with N.A.T.O. and Westerm European Union.
French officials to-day express the fear that the reactions of many of the 18 Powers will be somewhat sceptical First impres- sions were that some Powers might doubt the practicability of the plan and suspect it as a Franco-British tool of provocation. The dispute in the British Parliament is not felt to be very good publicity for it.
RUSSIAN MESSAGE
M. Mollet spent part of to-day explain- ing his Government's intentions to other French political leaders, including M. Mendes-France and M. Pleven. The content of the message M. Mollet received yester- day from Mr. Bulganin is being kept secret, but remarks in the Soviet Press have led to the belief here that Mr. Bulganin has reiterated his earlier warning against bel- ligerence toward Egypt. It is understood here that a similar Note has been received by Sir Anthony Eden.
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd is expected in Paris to-morrow for Saturday's meeting of the ministerial council of Western European Union. Talks which he will hold with M. Pineau at the Quai d'Orsay are expected to be devoted to the application of the new western plan.
The president of the canal company, M. Charles-Roux, to-day told your Correspon- dent that the western Governments had not consulted the company about the new measures which he had learnt about solely through the Press. He therefore thought it neither possible nor proper to commnent on them, and he would not say whether the company would be prepared to release its pilots for service with the users' association.
Mr. Begin, Opposition feader in the Israel Parliament. said in Paris to-night that Israel should be allowed to join the users' association. He accused Britain of trying to keep Israel out of the Suez crisis and appealed to France to persuade her ally to end this ""intolerable situation.""";"September 14, 1956";"";53636;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Management Of New Body";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsbv
Brussels, Jan 16
An appeal for "" new life"" tb be injected into European union was made today by MIr Gaston Thorn, the new Presi- dent of the European Com- mission.
In an interview with Euro- pean news agencies. Mr Thorn declared his suppart for -
recent suggestion by Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher. the West German Foreign Minister, for a new treaty on European union to underpin the internal cohesion of the EEC as it pre- pares to tackle the reform bf its finances and to embark on ta further phase of enlargement.
Earlier tihis month, in Stutt- gart, Herr Genscher, who leads the Free Democratic wving of the West German coalition government, said that such, a treaty might cover *he co- ordination of foreign and defence policy, the harmoni2a- tion of legislation, gr;eater cooperation in cultural affairs and the extension of Coth- munity policies into new areas.
Mr Thorn, a former Pritne Minister of Luxembourg and, like Herr Genscher, a Liberal tradition, agreed that a treaty of this kind could reinvigorate the EEC and do so without adding to the CommunityW bugetary costs. I
"" Political cooperation""-- EEC shorthand for the co- ordination of foreign policy by member states-could -be made more effective by the creation of a permanent secretariat, preferably iin Brussels, to handle it, Mr Thorn said.
He gave a warning, however, against trying to go too far, too fast, in giving institutional form to political cooperation
The views of both Mr Thorn and Herr Genscher are being studied with cluse and sympA- thetic interest in London where it is felt that to some extent they complement receiit speeches by Lord Carrington, the Foreign Secretary
There is no great enthusiasm in Britain for the phrase "" Eur, pean Union "", which is felt to smack too much of 195Os federalist theology about a United States of Europe but differences of language apart, Herr Genscher and Lord Car- riDgton seem to thiiik along similar lines.
In a speech in Hamburg Iast November Lord Carrington said that,- with the increasing need for EEC member states to work out common responses to world events, the Community could not rely for ever on "" ad hoc methods and improvized organ- ization "".
He suggested the setting-up.-qf a permanent foreign policR
staff in Brussels, seconded tem- porarily from member states, and proposed a method for call- ing meetings of foreign mini- sters within 48 hours if any three member states considered there was a crisis requiring rapid consultations.";"January 17, 1981";"";60828;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Treaty to revive Community backed";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic Correspon- dent
A suggestion by Mr Renaat van Elslande, the Belgian Foreign Minister, that members of Western European Union should study ways of standardizing armaments sup- plies, to cut costs, was approved yesterday.
Mr Callaghan, . the Foreign Secretary, who was in the chair, pointed out that impor. tant as it was to try to save costs, defence industries were closely linked to industry and the economy as a whole, which made it difficult *to :separate civil and miilitary expenditure.";"May 21, 1975";"";59401;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU will seek cheaper arms by standardizing";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"In a speech yesterday Mr. Marshall, the American Secretary of State, said that without the recovery programme western Europe, the- Middle East, and the entire Mediterranean area would pass under Russian subjugation, and the position of Great Britain would be ""critically affected.""
It was also announced from Washington that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee had voted for the European recovery progranune to be reduced from $6,800m. for the first 15 months to $5,300m. for the first year.
THE BURDEN OF
LEADERSE1P
U.S RESPONSIBILITY
From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, FEB. 13
Mr. Marshall, Secretary of State, who had set out by air for Des Moines this morning to speak on European recovery to the National Farm Institute, was' grounded by the weather at Knoxville, Tennessee, and arrangements were made for his address to be relayed to his Des I Moines audience by radio.
The meeting is one which is held by farmers every year at this time, and at which much more than local agricultural subjects are dis- cussed. This year's programme was on ' agriculture and world reconstruction,"" and among the speakers are Viscount Bruce, Lady Astor, Mr. T. F. Peart, Parliamentary Private Secrctary to the Minister of Agriculture, and Mr. A. N. Duckham, Agricultural Attache to the British Embassy.
The farmers were told by Mr. Marshall that
the danger of the American way of making I decisions-by full and extended discussion- is that "" we become so preoccupied with the details that we lose sight of the great objectives of the European recovery programme. So much has been said and printed during the past few months that there is confusion in the minds of many people about it.""
He warned his listeners that the conse- quernces of its success or failure would deter- mine the survival of the kind of world in which democracy, individual liberty, economic stability and peace could be maintained. The United States and the western democracies, he said, had been seeking to bring the post-war crisis to an end as quickly as possible. The Soviet Union and their Communist allies had been seeking to exploit the crisis so as to gain r controlling influence over all Europe.
Mr. Marshall said he still felt, as he stated on his return from London, that there must be a decided change in the situation before the west would have a basis for a genuine settlement with the Soviet Union. He meant by that statement that if a stable and healthy western Europe could be realized the Soviet leaders, being supreme realists, would be much more inclined to reach a settlement on the terms,, for a peace treaty.
PRICE OF DOING NOTHING
The United States, Mr. !Marshall continued could, of course, decide that the risks and difficulties of this programme were too great, and do nothing. It could also attempt to meet the situation by half measures, which would be the equivalent to doing nothing. Even more tragic than the material effect of this default in American leadership would be the psychological impact.
"" If we take such a decision,"" he warned, I think we must expect to see this very vital area of the world-western Europe and its in- dustrial potentials, its skill, and its energy- pass under the same control which is now exercised over the satellite nations of eastern Europe."" The process would not be the same in each country, he thought, but in the end the result would be the same. Free institutions would not long survive on the European con- tinent.
"" Even if this process were halted at the shores of the Atlantic,"" Mr. Marshall went on, "" the impact would be deplorable upon the areas surrounding the European continent. Geography alone would mean that the Middle East and the entire Mediterranean area would be directly and similarly affected. The position of the ltritish Isles, and the whole structure of the Britiih Commonwealth, which has exerted a profound influence on the stability of the world and world trade, would be critically affected.""
After the failure of the Moscow conference and the developments of the next two months, the Secretary of State said he recognized that the An;crican Government was faced with but two choices. It could stand aloof from the rapidly approaching debacle in western Europe, or it could take positive action to save the situation.
Therefore, he made the suggestion at Har- vard on June 5 which met with a quick response from 16'European nations. But every nation in Europe had been included in the suggestion. He need not, he Eaid, go into she reasons why a certain group held aloof, but be must emphasize the fact that the Com- munist leaders of this group had declared their intent to wreck the proposed recovery pro- gramme.
A HISTORICAL STEP
He believed thoughtful people must concede that the action of the 16 nations in formally coordinating themselves for unity of action in pledging themselves to waive their strong national considerations and traditions in favour of the whole group was a historical step of the first importance.
"" And now,"" he-said, "" there is in progress a further development of this concert of free nations, and one of great importance to the future of Europe. On the recent proposal of the British Foreign Minister, Mr. Bevin, they have passed beyond their agreements for economic cooperation to a consideration of a western European union. This development has been our great hope.""
""So I ask you,"" Mr. Marshall concluded, keep in the forefront of your fruind during this welter of debate and discussion over details the great purpose of the European recovery programme. In considering the con- tributions we must make to guarantee the success of this programme-national expendi- tures and some shortages or delays in obtain- ing all the machinery, fertilizers, &c., you may want-I beg of you to weigh these domestic factors against the importance of stabilizing the world situation, restoring the normal development of world trade, and terminating the chaos which threatens the peace of the world.""";"February 14, 1948";"";50995;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Marshall's Warning To America";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, Nov. 6 The committee of presidents of the Assemnbly of the Western European Union, meeting in Paris today unanimously adopted a resolution calling on Governments to pursue a new programme of action towards enlarging the Common Market. Negotiations on Britain's entry should be opened in the imme- diate future, the resolution stressed.
Colonel Bourgoin, the French member of the committee, and a Gaullist deputy- for Paris, sub- scribed to the resolution with- out reservation, a further sign of the liberalization of French foreign policy introduced by M. Pompidou.";"November 8, 1969";"";57712;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call for talks on EEC entry";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 5
The assembly of the Western European Union ended its Paris session tonight-the liveliest session that one remembers-with- out taking a clear-cut attitude towards Britain's role in the political construction of Europe.
Satisfaction at 'W.E.U. providing the machinery for economic consultations be- tween Britain and the six Common Market countries had at the outset generated some enthusiasm for the idea that the new spirit would extend to political initiatives. Counter-moves have, however, been apparent.
French objections, stated less harshly than in the past, were still evident today in the position taken by M. Habib- Delonsle, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, that nothing could be more harmful for Europe and the west than to expose the Six to externat influences before their relationships were definitely settled. It was essentiaL he said, that there should be no further delay: in the adoption of a common agricul.tural, policy.
OPPORTUNITIES LATER
Once the agricultural problem was re- solved. new perspectives would be opened to political negotiations among the Six, which i no way implied that contact with Britain would be broken. The purpose was, indeed, to maintain contact through the W.E.U. Council of Ministers.
Independent support for the French view was given by M. Jean Rey, the Belgian member of the executive commission of the European Economic Community, who felt that no progress could be made towards a community of the seven-the Six and Britain-until the relationships of the Six had been consolidated.
Mr. Rey also said that in the commis- sion's view' the W.E.U. council was not the best forum for discussions with Britain because the Six shoiuld n.ot discuss econornic matters with outside.countries at ministerial level. However, as: the decision had been taken to use W.E.U. machinery, the com- mission would give its maximum support
COOPERATION CALL
The assembly's divided attitude towards the British role was equally apparent i-n moves made to modify a resolution of the -generai affairs committee which advised the ministerial council to. :harmonize the views of Britain and the Six in relation to nego- tiations in ' the General Agreemen:' on Tariffs and Trade and to seek to narrnw present differences in their economic policies. The council was also urged to lay the future foundations of a tnic European union by the closest cooperation of the seven members in all fields, including foreign affairs and defence.
A Franco-German. amendment would have excluded Britain from this latter exhortation by confining it to the Six: and in the end the committee accepted a text obscured by a cloud of words. Reserva- tions of the British Labour Party were made by Mr. George Brown, whose support for the motion should, not be taken, he said. as a prior commitment to a European political community..";"December 6, 1963";"";55877;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Divided On Britain's Role";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, Dec 2
The French Communist Party has reacted *vith predictable violence to a report on the development of European union to the Western European Union (WEU) Assembly earlier this wveek by M Raymond Forni, a leading member of the Socialist Party's left-wing group, the Ceres.
The report called for ""har- monization of the strategic con- cepts of member countries"" and the ""reinforcement of con- sultation procedures"" in West- ern defence.
It was the first time a French Socialist-and, what is ! more, a prominent representative of the Socialist left, which is close to the Communist Party but very critical of the independent French deterrent and of West- ern defence cooperation-had aired his views on the subject before the Assembly.
The report Showed how the Ceres view is evolving towarda the mainstream party view. It will be discussed in detail at a
special Socialist congress on defence in Paris this month.
M Forni not only endorsed the Gaullist view of the neces- sity for an independent nuclear deterrent, but emphasized the need for a "" real policy of Euro- pean defence by the Euro- peans "". Only then would a more effective control by the WEU, both of nuclear stocks and of sales of conventional armaments, become possible.
M Jean Kanapa, the member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party responsible for international affairs, de- scribed the report as ""'abso- lutely astounding"". He said its objective was the setting up of a "" common West European defence at the service of auto- matic military commitments "". He claimed it was in complete agreement with the Giscardian and Centrist views.
He said the Forni report proclaimed that a Socialist Government "" would submit our national deterrent to a sub-
sidiary of Nato, the WEU "". The- repGrt revealed that the Socialist Party intended to
place French military potential "" at the disposal of the German- Atlantic system "" at the very time when ""the Nato Supreme Commander vetoes the partici- pation of communists in rhe governmenta in France "".
After reading it, it was clear why M Mitterrand, the Socialist leader, rejected an autonomous. nationzal defence. The Forni report threw overboard the fundamental principles of the lef.t-wing, common programme on defence. It revealed "" the right turn by the Socialist Party "".
M Forni said today that his report said the nuclear deter- rernt was a sufficiently serious matter for a country not to leave it to an international forun to decide on its possible limitation or abandonment. "" But an. independent defence, in: which I believe, does not imply the abandonment of all alliances.""
He said the French commu- nists should reflect on this and follow the lead of their Italian comnrades who had approved his report..";"December 3, 1977";"";60177;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Communists attack leftist report";""
"['Sergio Devecchi La Stampa']";"['News']";"Two main events featured in the Italian trade union world last month: the decision reached at Varna, on the Black Sea, to allow the Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (CGIL), the communist-majority Italian confederation of trade unions, to loosen its ties with the World Union Feder- ation (strictly communist in its outlook), and the presenta- ion of the "" platform of claims "" as a launching point for negotiations with individual conmpanies in the private and public sectors.
What will the Varna decision mean in Italy and in the European Economic Community ? In Italy, It removes another obstacle on the road to unity among the trade unions, although the way is still fraught with difficulties.
On the European level, its conse- quences could be even more far- reaching over the medium and long term. The CGIL. with its 3,600,000 members and a strong communist- inspired apparatus, will be knock- ing at the door of the European Trade Union Confederation,. founded early this year and already boasting a membership of 30 million workers. The other two Italian confederations are already members of the Euro- pean Confederation-the Confedera- zione Italiana Sindicati Lavoratoi-i (CISL), the Christian Democrat grouping with 2,200,000 members, and the Unione Italiana dei Lavora- tori (UIL), with more than 800,000 members,, mainly Socialists, Social Democrats and Republicans.
At Varna, the French communist unio,r leaders expressed fears that Conf&deration Gen6rale.du Travail, (CGT) Marxism might. be polluted by
contact with the European confeder- ation. The Italian communist unionists, on the other hand, have set themselves the target of altering the balance of power by working in, side the European union movement.
Replying to criticisms from M Georges S,&guy, the Secretary Gen- eral of the CGT, Signor Luciano Lama, the communist Secretary Gen- eral of CGIL, outlined the role that his organization intends to play in the European union movement. "" We are not unaware "", he said. "" that in Western Europe our Social Democrat partners represent millions of wor- kers and that they are at the head of great mass organizations. By talking with them, by working side by side, by attempting to create a working relationship, we shall be cominginto contact with these mil- lions of workers; we shall try to arouse the class spirit in them, to involve them in the struggle against. capitalism. We realize that this is no easy task, but we can all appreci- ate the value of even a gradual shift towards class awareness oh the part of millions of workers. in capitalist Europe.""
The intent is clear: Itaiian com- muaist union leaders are to work to win over European workers from the. inside. Once- the CGIL has become
a member of the European union confederation, Italian membership will swell to more than seven million (CGIL, CISL and UIIL) and these bodies are already closely linked on their own home ground.
Apart from the "" political objec- tives"" being pursued by the com- munists, it will be interesting to see to what extent the ""Italian block"" will be able to export its own brand of avant-garde unionism, or the ex- tent to which Italian unionism. will be influenced by trends prevailing in other countries.
Let us now turn to the second point: the "" platform of claims"" for contracts .with individual manage- ments. Having signed collective national agreements for each sector a few months ago, the unions have now launched negotiations with com- panies throughout the country relat- ing to internal and external issues. Between 600,000 and 700,000 engin- eering workers in the leading private and public concerns are active, as well as 600,000 chemical workers and more than 300,000 in the textile sec- tor. I
Inflation has provided an addi- tional spur to demands for wage in- creases in the factories: The union confederations say they would like to contain and coordinate these fin- ancial claims so that they. can, con- centrate on management investment. programmes in the South of Italy.
The employers, on the other hand, ay that production mus.t be made mnore efficientto create the resources that can then .be.channelled to fresh investment it :the Soiti.
In additibni,- management ..asse*s that the financial demands included in the "" manage-pent platfoQrms "" are too heavy. Accirdihg to -ertain-.cal- culations, cpin,hies wduld :be-able
to shoulder increases of 5 to 7 per cent, but the "" platforms "" include claims for rises of 15 to 18 per cent, in addition to the 16 to 18 per ,cent which the workers liave already .ob-.
tairied. in the course. of the year. through their. national labour 'cd'n tracts. -
Ia the case of the 200,000 Fiat
workers, inegotiations with imanage-- nent began in the final 10--days-of 'last month,< T}he largest . priyate; .Italian company- and -the :poweffut
engineering unions, the vanguard of the Italianunion movement, are now face to face in the ring.
In- 'n Attempt to create a new relationship between. the industrial *economy and society, Fiat has agreed
to discuss ever-ie (investment in the Souii,- wages, reorganization of work) on the sole piroviso that the company's efficiency.should not be threatened.
Sergio Devecchi
La Stampa";"December 4, 1973";"";58955;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy";""
"";"['News']";"Britain's accession to the EEC aroused hopes of a newv era in EuWrDpea n in tegra ion, In thl is final {article of a five-part sees by staff w1riters of The Times to mark the rent/h anniversarv ol British mnemnbership. SAN MURRAY, Brussels Co rrespon - dent, traces the Coominuni.v 's progress. towards this elusire goal
In Strasbourg last month, as Euro-MPs were preparing to vote down-Bntain's EEC budget rebate, officials were busy distributing a press release about ""the impiact of British membership"" on the European Parliament.
""Largely inspired, particu- larly at the beginning, by the House of Commons experience of the British members,"" it said, ""'the Budgets Committee and the Political Committee to- gether, made. imaginative pro- posals to. bring Community spending more closely under parliamentary scrutiny.""
When the budget rebate was lost, therefore, it was a classic case of Britain having been. hoist with its own petard. The Parliament, flexing muscles it did not know it possessed until Britain joined, showed impres- sive unity in voting against short-term British interest and in favour of what it believed were the long-term needs of Europe'
This kind of unity has proved only too hard to find in an enlarged Community, which had such high hopes, when Britain joined, of attaining European union within the decade.
At the first nine-country EEC summit in Paris in October, 1972, the leaders confidently. declared: ""The member states of the Community, the driving force .of European construction, affirm their intention to trans- -form -before the end of the present decade the whole complex of their relations into a European union.""
Just a fortnight short of a year later, the Yom Kippur war erupted, and among its many victims was European economic and monetary union, which was to have been 'the solid foun- dation for the less tangible ..concept of European union *itself.
That first oil shock and the industrialized world's conse- quent recession . swept awav idealism as each country struggled,for economic survival, if need be at the expense of fellow members of the EEC.
Yet the Community still very much exists - especially in the eyes of the outside world. The United States turned down the OPPOrtunitytobargainseparately
with Britain over steel import quotas and instead insisted on dealing with the Community.
The Soviet Union now makes ritual denunciations of the Community as a whole, even though it does seek to exploit internal EEC differ- ences to its own advantage. Developing countries increas- ingly look to the Commuility rather than to their old colonial rulers for help.
Moreover, Britain is by now so inextricably bound up inside the Community that it is almost inconceivable that any govern- ment in London would actually succeed in finding the time or the political ability to negotiate its way out. In this sense European unity has ' been achieved almost despite the efforts of its constituent. members.
There has been some progress on the grand design of the 1972 summit There is no. economic and monetary union, but there is a European monetary system (EMS)- with its own currency, the 6cu (European Currency Unit) which some banks will now accept on deposit. Britain has so far refused to join fully in the system.
There is no real industrial, scientific and technological policy, but piecemeal there are decisions and proposals which could form the basis of one. Notably, there is growing agreement that cooperation in high technology is essential to meet the world's challenges.
While there is no agreed energy policy, there is now full.
awareness that the Community must strive for a much higher level of self-sufficiency in this area. The first informnal meeting towards establishing a common coal policy - which would greatly benefit Britain - took place last month.
In external relations there has been enormous progress. Politi- cal cooperation is the one obvious growth area of the Community. Britain benefited through this from Community support during the Falklands crisis in a way which would have been inconceivable 10 years ago.
Negotiations are always bound to be tough and long in Brussels because the task of moulding 10 separate and sometimes conflicting national interests is never easy. But nothing is less positive than a deadiine imposed in Brussels, and negotiations in the end usually succeed in reaching a compromise for Europe's advancement.
When it joined the so-called ""rich man's club"", Britain was obviously lookling for quick results, and the slowness of it all made Britons irritable. Now 'they are becoming more reconciled and more attuned to the pace of the community.
As Sir Geoffrey Howe said stoically last month after Parlia- ment had rejected the 1982 budget rebate: ""Patience is one
of the commodities which the- Community generates in quite large quantities.""
Concluded
Third World doubts, page 10-";"January 7, 1983";"";61424;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Patience brings European unity of a kind";""
"";"['News']";"STMSBOuRG, Nov. 23.-The Foreign Ministers of the Six to-day rejected a French proposal for the creation of a "" political secretariat."" But they deoided after talks lasting all day, which were aimed at improving international policies within the European Common Market, to hold political consultations every three months. These consulta- tions will examine the political activities of the six-nation communities, and other international problems.
Earlier in the day, the Ministers agreed in principle on political con- sultations with Britain within the framework of Western European union, of which Britain and the Six are members.-Reuter.";"November 24, 1959";"";54626;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Consultations By The Six";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. S. Knox Cunningham, Ulster Unionist member for Antrim South, has been chosen by the Prime Minister to be his Parliamentary Private Secretary. He succeeds Mr. Anthony Barber, who was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury in the new Administration. The job is unpaid, but is often a stepping-stone to Government office.
Mr. Cunningham, who is 50, was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Fettes. and Clare College, Cambridge. He has been practising as a barrister in Admiralty courts and on the Oxford circuit, and has been a delegate to the Council of Europe and to the Western European Union.";"November 14, 1959";"";54618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Prime Minister's New P.P.S.";""
"";"['News']";"More than £820,000 is to be spent on a European Union ""diversity project"" to harmonise the wearing of Muslim headscarves across Europe. University researchers are set to spend three years examining debates, conflicts and regulations concerning the religious head and body coverings in eight European countries, including Britain and Turkey. The study, termed Veil (""values, equality and differences in liberal democracies""), could shape antidiscrimination and integration policies to make headscarf policy more consistent across the EU, researchers said yesterday. The wearing of the headscarf by Muslim women living in Europe has raised controversy, dividing opinion among policymakers, courts, churches and the women's movement.";"June 14, 2006";"";68726;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"£820k spent on EU's scarf study";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Council of Western European Union. (Britain, France, west Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) and the defence committee of the Assembly of W.E.U. met at the W.E.U. head-
quarters in London yesterday. It is' understood that, among other questions, the coordination of arms production was considered.
Mr. Sandys, Minister of Defence, put forward an impressive list of projects for common production during the N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers' meeting in Paris in April. This- included light sub- marines,, guided missiles of both short and medium range, light and medium tanks, supersonic jet aircraft, and elec- tronic equipment for radar.";"December 3, 1958";"";54324;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coordinating Arms Production";""
"";"['News']";"BRUSSELS, June 29.-The six Com- mon Market Ministers of Agriculture today agreed in principle on completing the Community's common agricultural policy by July 1, 1967. They also decided on a timetable for adopting remaining farm regulations.
The Ministers met here while their Foreign Ministers were in Luxembourg for the meeting of the Western European Union Council.
The Foreign Ministers, due back for the Common Market's council meeting in Brussels tomorrow, will have to approve the agreement reached todav. It will form part of a package deal on agri- culture and Community financing to be adopted by the council by midnight tomorrow.-Reuter.";"June 30, 1965";"";56361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Six Agree On Farm Deadline";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"A plan for ""two-speed "" European economic integration was put forward yesterday by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister. It would allow weaker EEC members. such as Britain and Italy. to lag temporarily behind the more prosperous nations.
Safeguards proposed
for poorer nations
From Michael Hornsbv
Brussels, Jan 7
A ""two-speed"" move to- wards the economic integration of Europe, in which weaker members of the EEC, such as Britain and Italy, would be allowed temporarily to lag behind their more prosperous fellows, is the most concrete and detailed proposal of the report on European union made public here today by Mr Leo Tindenians. the Belgian Prime Minister.
The idea is very similar to the one advanced amid some controversy in late 1974 by Herr Willy Brandt, the former West German Chancellor. except that Mr Tindemans is at greater pains to spell out various safeguards which he believes would prevent the gap between rich and poor EEC members becoming permanent.
He also calls on member states to ""take the political decision to pursue a common foreign policy within a given number of specific fields, zelected in relation to their importance and the practi- cability of fulfilling them "". ItMere coordination of national policies is no longer enough, he savs.
Prime importance should be given to the establishment of a new world economic order, to relations betnveen Europe and the United States, to security and defence affairs and to the - crises occurring within Europe's immediate geographi- cal surroundings "". He explains that by the latter he means the situation in the Middle East and such countries as Spain and Portugal.
European union, which Mr Tindemans sees as only a stage in the evolution towards what he believes must ultimately be a federal system, can only be achieved through the consolida- tion and strengthening of the EEC's existing institutions. For the present, Mr Tindemans does not see any value in proposing elaborate new constitutional structures for the Europe of the future.
His report urges that the guiding role - of the European Council (summit meetings of heads of government) should be more strongly asserted, with decisions on Community matters being taken by majority vote. The European Council should determine the broad outlines of policy, leaving the detailed implementation to a strength- ened Council of Ministers.
The-Council of Foreign Mini- sters, in particular, should have powers to coordinate the work of other ministerial meetings, Mr Tindemans says. The attempt to maintain a distinc- tion between the discussion of political affairs and trade and economic matters should be abolished and majority voting should become the general rule rather than the exception.
The Council of Ministers should delegate more power to the European Commission and to Coreper, the Brussels-based committee of member states' ambassadors to the EEC. The Council should also pay more attention to resolutions passed by the European Parliament, which ought eventually to be given a constitutional right of initiating policy, like that exer- cised by the Commission.
The European Council and the Council of Ministers should be prepared to entrust negotiations with non-EEC countries to the Commission, or to a particular person or member state, inde- pendently of which country happened to hold the EEC presi- dency at a given time. In the interests of continuity, the presi- dency should also run for 12 months, instead of six as at present.
At a press conference accompanying the presentation of his report, Mr Tindemans made clear that for him pro- gress on economic and monetary union was the most important immediate p-riority. "" Failure to act in a matter as important as this could well endanger the very fabric of the European structure "", he declared.
Elaborating his scheme for a ""two-speed "" approach, Mr Tindemans said that Europe could not move &t the pace of the slowest ship in the convoy. It wvas reasonable that the faster ships should be allowed to forge ahead provided it was agreed and understood by all that their aim was to arrive at the same port in the end.
In his report, Mr Tindemans says that those countries allowed to go at a slower pace, by which he clearly means Britain, Italy and Ireland, "" would receive from the other states any aid and assistance that can be given them to en- able ihem to catch the oth&s up "".
The most practical step that in present circumstances could be made towards economic and
Continued on page 5, col 1
sinki conference.
He believes that in the long run ""European union will not be complete until it has drawn up a common defence policy"", but he acknowledges that this is not something for the near future because of the sharp divergences of national policy.
As a beginning, however, he recommends regular exchanges of views on defence and security matters and also says that the Nine should ""coop- erate in the manufacture of armaments with a view to re- ducing defence costs, and in- creasing European independ- ence and the competitiveness of its industry "". He commends the steps already taken in this direction within the Eurogroup and the Nato alliance.
In a letter to fellow heads of government accompanying his report, Mr Tindemans says that he believes his proposals for European union are realis- tic and feasible. He says that he has tried to steer a middle course between proposals so modest that they would be "" un- worthy of our faith in Europe "" and schemes so Utopian that they would lose all credibility in the eyes of national govern- ments.
Leading article, page 13
'Real convergence' of EEC policies ur2ed
Continued from page 1
monetary union, Mr Tindemans thinks, would be to tighten the "" collective discipline"" of the so-called "" snake "" system, whereby six of the Community's currencies are confined within a marrow band of fluctuation.
To make it more difficult for countries to leave the ""snake "", as France did some time ago, participants would be required to ""'undertake to with- draw from it only in cases of 'manifest crisis' as established by a joint decision"".
To make it easier for weaker currencies to stay in the ""snake "", the ""machinery for short and medium-term support between members of the ' snake' must be made auto- matic and considerably strengthened "", Mr Tindemans says. This would mean creat- ing the embryo of a European central bank and some pooling of reserves.
"" Those countries in the 'snake' must gradually abolish the remaining obstacles to the free movement of capital be- tween them."" Mr Tindemans says that "" measures must be worked out "" to help Britain, Ireland and Italy to join the "" snake "", but he is not very specific about what form they should take.
He makes clear however that the three weat countries should be involved in all dis- cussions concerning the deve- lopment of the "" snake "" system and that they must share and work jointly with their col- leagues for ""a real converg- ence of economic and monetary policies "".
In foreign policy, Mr Tinde- mans attaches particular impor- tance to relations with the developing world. At inter- national negotiations, such as those in Paris concerning energy and raw materials, EEC members must ""in every case place the primary interest of joint action above their diver- gent opinions and interest "".
Mr Tindemans proposes that member states should streng- then such joint action ""by gradually transferring to the Community a substantial part of national appropriations in- tended for development co- operation "".
On security, Mr Tindemans says that the Nine should con- tinue to coordinate their policies, on detente, and related political, military and economic matters, as they did at the Hel-
Mr Tindemans yesterday: 'Snake' system supported.";"January 8, 1976";"";59596;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Two-speed' plan for EEC economic integration";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), JuLY 25
The talks in Kitwe on African advance- ment on the copper belt have broken down. The Northem Rhodesian Govern- ment has announced that it will set up a board of inquiry to ""assist all four parties.""
Its terms of reference will be: (1) ""To ascertain whether there is anything to prevent African employees from advancing in the copper mining industry in Northern Rhodesia to the full extent of their capabilities; (2) If there is, to investigate the reasons; (3) As far as may be necessary for the purposes, to examine the basis on which persons are em- Ployed in the industry and, having regard to the interests of such persons and to the well- being of the Federation and Northern Rbodesia, to make recommendations.""
Northern Rhodesia copper mining com- .panies have issued a statement expressing regret that the negotiations have ended incon- clusively. They began a year age, after the copper mining companies had addressed letters in May, 1953 to the European labour organization concerned-the Northern Rho- desian Mineworkers' Union. These letters, the statement says, referred to the "" pressin need for a solution to the problem and asked for the union to enter into informal discussion with the companies, with a view to ascertainig whether a practical scheme for African advancement in the industry could be jointly evolved, which would both have regard to the interests of the members of the European union and at the same time provide some agreed concession to the aspirations of African employees. At the request of the EuropeanI u nion7 the Mine Officials and Salaried Stafl Association and African Mineworkers' Trade Union have been associated in discussions since February 5 this year.""
POSITION AS BEFORE
tThe statement says that the position is as it was when the talks began-employment of Africans in any job within the field of European daily paid workers is, in effect, prevented by agreement between the European union and the companies.
The European union has constantly reiterated that it has no objection to the promotion of Africans to European daily paid Posts provided they receive equal pay and all conditions of service of Europeans; and it has lately added the condition that advance- ment of an African must "" be to a complete job held by a European and that no sub- division of jobs should be permitted. The African representatives, on the other hand, m[nade it clear that in the circumstances at present prevailing in central Africa they regard this attitude as effectively maintaining the bar to their future progress.""-
The companies contended that some simpli- fication and splintering of certain European jobs was essential to the effective advance- Ment of Africans, to provide training oppor- tunities, and, where necessary, to bring work and responsibility within the present capacity of African workers. African representatives indicated their agreement with this.
The companies add that as a consequence of the early experience of the industry, when it was necessary to attract the best kind of European labour to the copper belt with high rates of pay, European daily paid workers get wages, bonuses, and other conditions, including a high standard of housing at a sub-economic rent, which ""are better than those available in almost any industry of the world,"" and the pay rates of African employees and their conditions of service and housing compare most favourably with those anywhere in southern Africa. "" The companies are prepared to provide generously for their African employees who may be given work
mp s on the present European ield
rthat their scales of pay shoul
be framed after taking into account the differing circumastance which surrobnd the employment of indigenous as opposed to immigrant workers.""
STANDARD OF LIVING
Apart from the industrial aspect the com- panies believe that the diminution of the gap between African and European rates of pay must be related to an improvement, first, in productivity and then in the standard of living of the African community as a whole. Any attempt to apply at once full European pay rates and conditions of service to a section of African labour would have a disastrous effect on the individual, on the African com- munity, and on the economy of the territory. The companies are not prepared to take the responsibility for experimentation of this kind.
The cortpanies retute a suggestion that their interest is mainly one of obtaining cheap labour, and point out that no financial saving will accrue from African advancement in the industry in view of the lower output of the African worker and the greater need for super- vision. The companies recognize their atti- tude may seem inconsistent with trade union principles commonly accepted in Europe, but they believe such Jprinciples are not practical in the situation which faces industry in central africa.
The companies say they gave a categorical assurance that no European employee would lose employment as a result of African advancement and also offered to discuss safe- guards to secure the future status and liveli- hood of Europeans on the copper belt. They also offered to agree that a stated maximum number of Africans might be advanced at special rates into jobs infringing on the Euro- pean field during the next five years and to begin new consultations then. "" At this stage it appeared that the negotiations might succeed,"" they say, especially as they made an offer at the same time to the Africans of a sub- stantial number of intermediate posts outside the European field of employment to provide opportunities for Africans to train for greater responsibility.
However, the statement adds: "" These assurances and offers of safeguards which the companies feel might be arranged now, but which the march of events may place it beyond their power to negotiate at a later stage, have not been accepted by the European union and the union has reverted to its original arguments and still insists on the acceptance of the conditions mentioned earlier. In the companies' view that could only result in the perpetuation of the present bar to African advancement.""
WIDESPREAD ANXIETY
Our Colonial Correspondent writes:-
The breakdown of the talks on African advancement in the mines on the copper belt will be received with anxiety throughout Central Africa, and indeed in London, Johannesburg, and the United States. The news that the Northern Rhodesian Govern- ment is now prepared to step in to assist the chamber of mines and the African and European unions is not unexpected. The official attitude has always been that the Gov- ernment should keep clear of the negotiations so long as there was a chance of the parties concerned reaching agreement among them- selves. The talks have been intricate and long, and perhaps started off badly owing to a difference in tactics on the part of the two copper mining companies, the Selection Trust and the Anglo American. More recently, however, all parties seemed to be approach- ing a workable basis of agreement and the breakdown appears to have occurred at the eleventh hour. It is much to be hoped that the Government board of inquiry may yet save the situation.";"July 26, 1954";"";52993;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Role In Copper Belt";""
"['By Sir Arthur Salter']";"['News']";"By Sir Arthur Salter
Underlying all the specific questions dis- cussed in yesterday's article is the basic problem: what is the best form of consti- tution for a European Union ?
The Atlantic Pact is a defensive associa- tion of countries, varying greatly in size and strength, on both sides of the ocean. It is necessarily weaker and less adequate for its purpose than if the same countries were all united under a single Government which could take decisions as required, with binding force over all and without the necessity of assent from each at every stage. Failing that, however, it would be much more effective if the separate units were fewer and more equal. European Union is not less necessary because of the Atlantic Pact. On the contrary the reward of success in achieving a closer union of countries on this side of the Atlantic is greater because it would be a more equal unit within the wider and stronger alliance.
What then is the best constitution for this closer union? It can never be adequate unless the separate national Governments are, in a few but vital matters, subject to an overriding common autho- rity, unless-to take the word so often used by Mr. Churchill-there is some ""merger "" of sovereignty.
There is no such merger at present. The post-war, like the pre-war, organizations are "" international "" not "" supernational."" In the Council of Europe, for example, the Committee of Ministers cannot impose a decision on an individual country with- out the assent of its Government. Such a system is essentially one of organized dip- lomacy rather than of collective govern- ment, for the essence of government, as distinct from diplomacy, is that it can take and apply decisions without the unanimous assent of all those concerned. Diplomacy, with or without its new machinery, can achieve much under favourable conditions. But when inter- national relations are unfavourable, or the questions at issue are very difficult and complex, decisions often become impos- sible.
CASE FOR FEDERATION
What is the solution ? The federalists have their answer. They urge with great force that the direct authority of the people, expressed through the election of a federal parliament, is essential for any true government which is to control the policies of the countries comprised in a union; and that such a form of govern- ment is also required to nurse the wider loyalty without which national sentiments and the vested interests of national Ministers and officials will fatally impede common action.
Federation, when it is possible, is doubt- less the best form of commobn government, and ultimately perhaps the only one which will be adequate. The Times has, how- ever, recently described the formidable, perhaps insuperable, obstacles to a Euro- pean federal system, and the differences which make the American precedent misleading. If there can be no form of union except federation the movement towards closer union may come to a full stop, at least for a much longer time than we can afford to wait. Yet the reasons for union are imperative and urgent. Is there then some intermediate, or transi- tional, system which will suffice for immediate needs and help rather than impede further development when that is possible'?
I suggest that the Consultative Assembly, in its position in the Council of Europe, now has a great opportunity. It combines many advantages.
In. the first place, while it is not con- stituted on the federal principle of direct popular election and does not derive its authority from a common European electorate. it is parliamentary, not govern- mental; it is all-party, not single-party, in its composition. It is therefore well qualified to represent general European public opinion, and the unofficial organizations behind the European movement.
At the same time it has an opportunity of exercising a compelling influence over Governments as no unofficial organization
can have. Apart from its official status in the Council of Europe, its members- who are with few exceptions members of Parliament-can organize all-party com- mittees in their respective Parliaments and collectively press governmental accept- ance of a common policy recommended by the Assembly. Its members can at the same time take part both in the unofficial conferences (like the one at The Hague) and in the permanent unofficial organiza- tions which have been formed to support the European movement. They can thus form a channel for the wider European public opinion to flo w into both Stras- bourg and the national capitals, and there shape policy.
Lastly, in taking its own decisions, the Consultative Assembly has the great advantage of possessing an admirable system of weighted voting; for the number of members from the different countries varies with their size and import- ance from 18 to three, and the members vote individually and not as national units. Majority decisions so taken have a significance and an authority which is impossible when small and great countries have an equal voting power.
A BRIDGE
For all these reasons the Consultative Assembly, if its members use the powers at their disposal, is well qualified to be a bridge between the present system of organized diplomacy and a true European Government. It has no overriding legal power over the national Governments; but it can have an inflaence over their action which is authoritative and may be compelling. This influence would be gradual and progressive; at no point would there be the head-on collision with national sovereignty which might wreck the European movement, as the conflict between the federalists and their opponents now threatens to do.
I commend this suggestion to federalists because it would help, not hinder, federa- tion where and when that is possible. It would not, for example, prevent smaller federations within the wider European Union; and it might even pave the way for further federation by developing a European loyalty and giving it expres- sion in effective influence. It also pro- vides a system for determining the rela- tions between the countries which at any time are federated and those that are not.
I commend it equally to those who hold that a general federal system is now impracticable or undesirable, for the objections they make are met, and the consequences they fear are avoided, by this compromise.
SPECIFIC PROPOSALS
In summary then I make these specific suggestions to the members of the Consultative Assembly. They can now at Strasbourg propose to the Committee of Ministers that the Council of Europe, with its twin organs, shall inherit the task of promoting greater economic unity when Marshall aid ends. This will at once provide a practical task for the Council and a new impetus in place of the Marshall funds. They can make their declared goal not a Customs union but (in addition to the removal of other impediments) a limitation of tariffs to a maximum. This will allow countries in the Union to make special preferential arrangements within the maximum. Britain need not choose between Imperial prefer- ence and European Union. She can choose both.
Lastly, by membership in the unoffi- cial organizations and by forming all- party groups in their respective Parlia- ments, they can give European public opinion an effective influence over national policies. This is not a fixed and static compromise. It would enable those who hold opposing views as to the ultimate objective to cooperate on what is immediately necessary while still trving to influence later develop- ments as they wish. The fatal deadlock which is otherwise now threatened might thus perhaps be avoided.
Concluded
8 The first article appeared yesterday.";"May 17, 1950";"";51693;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Europe";""
"";"['News']";"Bonn, July 22.-The lifting of Nato limi?ts on West German miiitary shipbuilding is likely to increase warship exports, but ,.ill not lead to a strengthening of the West German Navy, Bonn officials said today.
The officials said German shipyards, previously banned from building warships bigger than 3,000 tonnes and sub- marines larger than 1,800 tonnes, could now compete for contracts to supply Nato allies and other friendly countries.
The Western European Union, Nato's parliamentary assembly, voted yesterday to lift restrictions on West German military shipbuilding
Shipbuilding sources said taiks were already under wav to supply West German frigates to some Latin-American countries. -Reuter.";"July 23, 1980";"";60684;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato lifts limits on West German warship building";""
"['By a Staff Reporter']";"['News']";"By a Staff Renorter
Women from Britain, the Con- tinent, and Scandinavia, will dis- cuss their "" responsibility in the modern society:' in Oxford this week at the general assembly of the European Union of Women.
TheL assembly will meet in private session until the official opening on Thursday. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, West Germany, Britain, Italy, Luxembourg The Nether- lands, Sweden and Switzerland will be represented.
The union, which was formed 20 years ago, is an association of members of Conservative and similar parties in Europe. It comprises women members of parliament and local authorities and women in public life. The union has consultative status with the Council of Europe.";"September 25, 1973";"";58896;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Women will discuss their role in society";""
"";"['News']";"BoNN, Dec. 27.-West Germany plans to build 45 to 50 supply ships for its Navy with a total tonnage of about 100,000 tons, a Defence Ministry spokes- man said today. He added, in reply to questions, that building of the larger ships in the programme could not be started until tonnage restrictions imposed under the Brussels Treaty of the West European Union were revised.
The building of four big supply ships of 4.500 tons each in German shipyards is planned under the new programme. It also includes II auxiliary vessels of 3,000 tons each, seven fleet tankers of 4,500 tons, and seven of 800 tons each.-Reuter.";"December 28, 1960";"";54964;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. Germany Plans Bigger Navy";""
"";"['News']";"A French delegation has arrived in London at the invitation of. the Federal Union, the United Europe Committee, the Federalist group of the House of Commons, and the New Europe group. Organized and led by the general secretary of the French Federalist Committee, M. Andre Voisin, the ddepation includes six members of Parliament, Ineepen- dents, M.R.P., and Socialists, kaders of federalists' movements, trade unionists, and industrialists, and is accompanied by the chair- man of the executive bureau of the European Union of Federalists, Dr. Brugmans (Holland), and the general secretary of that movement, M. Alexandre Marc (France). They will meet people in this country working for a European and World Federation.";"May 15, 1947";"";50761;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Delegation Of French Federalists";""
"";"['News']";"Valletta, Nov 6.-Malta to- day expelled Herr Kai-Uwe von HIassel, a former West German Defence Minister, a spokesman for Malta's Nationalist opposi- tion party said.
He did not say why Herr von Hassel, a member of the Christian Democratic Party, had been expelled. Herr von Hassel was flying to London to- night. W'hen he arrived yester- d-ay, he issued a statement that remarks he had made about Malta at a meeting in Berlin in June had been wrongly trans- lated.
Herr von Hassel is president of the' European Union of Christian Democratic Parties and was'in Malta for a meeting of the group's political bureau. -Reuter.";"November 7, 1978";"";60452;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn politician expelled from Malta";""
"";"['News']";"Helsinki A new database has revealed that more than 400 substances that cause cancer, mutations or reproductive problems are being used in the European Union. Mikko Vaananen, spokesman for the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), said the project was ""the most ambitious chemicals database project in the world"", and contained 4,300 substances. He said it would make it easier to police their use. Companies were required to register hazardous chemicals with the ECHA by the end of last month ifthey used or imported more than one tonne per year, and any industrial chemical of which they used or imported more than 1,000 tonnes per year. (AFP)";"December 02, 2010";"";70120;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Database reveals scale of toxic chemical use";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC
CORRESPONDENT
Lord Chalfont flies to Brussels today to take up residence as the Minister responsible for day-to- day negotiations on Britain's entry into the Cornmon Market.
He returned to London yesterday from Scarborough and met Signor Guidotti, the Italian Ambassador. They discussed arrangements for the contact-making visit which Lord Chalfont will pay to Rome on October 10 and 11.
He has already visited Bonn, The Hague, and Paris, and a visit to Luxembourg is being arranged for later this month. He will be back in London for the meeting of the Western European Union on October 12 and 13.";"October 4, 1967";"";57063;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ld Chalfont in new post";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENr
BRUSSELS, Nov. 5
M. Boey, Socialist Whip in the Belgian Lower House, is to succeed M. Merlot as Minister of Public Works. Mr. Merlot, who is the deputy for Liege district, refused to reconsider his resignation after the House had passed the language frontier Bill, among whose provisions was the transfer of 4,000 inhabitants of the Voer region from Liege province to Limbourg. M. Merlot has had an audience of the King.
M. Boey, deputy for Charleroi, is a prominent leader in the European move- ment, has been vice-president of the West European Union and is a member of the European Parliament";"November 6, 1962";"";55541;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgian Minister Of Public Works";""
"";"['News']";"Brussels: European Union rules to ensure the prompt return home of children who have been abducted by a parent and taken to another EU state came into force yesterday. Under the rules, which will apply regardless of the parents' marital status, the court in the EU state where the child lived before being abducted has the power to decide whether the child should be returned. All parties — children and both parents — will have to be heard before any court decision is taken. The rules also stipulate visiting rights for a parent who does not have custody of the child and lives in another member state. (Reuters)";"March 02, 2005";"";68324;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EU acts over child abduction";""
"['Martin Fletcher']";"['News']";"The United States has opened a new front against the Iranian regime by imposing sanctions on officials deemed most responsible for its repression of opponents (Martin Fletcher writes). The European Union is also preparing wider measures to counter Iran's human rights abuses, The Times has learnt. The moves signal a change by Western governments, whose previous sanctions were aimed at the country's nuclear programme. The change is partly due to the international outcry over the stoning sentence imposed on Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani. Iran's currency has fallen 20 per cent in a week. The new US moves include travel bans and freezing the assets of eight leading hardliners";"October 01, 2010";"";70067;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Officials face sanctions over Iran repression";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
T'he arms control system in western Europe is soon to come under a severe strain-not from Germany but, para- doxically, from France. The system was primarily intended as a check on German rearmament-it was the French who insisted most upon the need for controls when Germany joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Western European Union under the Paris agreements of 1954. Now it is the French who face a head-on collision with the W.E.U. Council.
The fact is that when Germany renounced the right to produce atomic weapons, the other continental members of W.E.U. (France, Italy and Benelux), who were at that time nowhere near the production of atomic weapons, agreed in a little remembered article of the revised Brussels Treaty (Article III, of Protocol I1), that ""when the develop- ment of atomic .. . weapons has passed the experimental stage (in their terri- tories) and effective production of them has started there, the level of stocks that they wiU be allowed to hold on the mainland of Europe shall be decided by a majority vote of the Council of Western European Union "".
QUESTION SHELVED
In other words, as the agreements stand at present, the council decides what French atomic stocks in France are to be. No one supposes that General de Gaulle likes this situation, even though the whole of French production is not necessarily controlled, since pro- duction and stocks outside Europe-for instance, in N. Africa-are not included in the Brussels Treaty restrictions. When the question of inspecting atomic pro- duction was raised recently in the W.E.U. council, it was shelved on the basis that effective production had not begun.
Nevertheless the difficulty remains, and becomes more real as time passes. It would be easier to see a possible way forward if General de Gaulle were pre. pared to fit French atomic production into an overall Nato plan-for instance, by agreeing that the level of French atomic stocks should be held at what- ever the Supreme Allied Commander recommended.
GERMANY'S SHIPS
This is the basis on which restrictions on German rearmament are lifted. For instance, when Germany applied for leave to produce Hawk anti-aircraft missiles, she was not given leave to produce any number but was asked to specify what was required under Nato planning and was then given permission to produce up to this limit.
The same criterion is about to be used over Germany's application to build naval vessels of more than 3,000 tons. She will get permission to build the number and type which the Nato autho- rities recommend as suitable for the tasks allotted by Nato to the German Navy.
This principle could be applied to the atomic armament of France and other W.E.U. members, but it could hardly be squared with General de Gaulle's policy of building a French nuclear strike force independently of his allies.";"October 24, 1960";"";54910;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Arms Crisis Threatened By France";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
One topic which the western Foreign Ministers have before them in ParCs this week, and which has been muclh under discuss'on by western diplomatists recerrtlY, is the future development of wcstern European organizations. If a political conimiss'on for an enlarged European Common Market is estab- lished before long, Western European Union, of which the Six and Britain are now members, will become redundant as a forunm for political discuss-.on.
Western European Union would be left with little remaining purpose except for the work of its Arms Control Agency. which has the task of cnsuring that west Germany does not break the restrictions on her arms production which she accepted when she joined Nato. The agency also supervises the arms levcls of wcst Germany and the other W.E.U. members on the Continent.
FRENCH ARMAMENTS
Part at least of its function it has never carried out. For instance, no cxpert has yet becn appointed as a check against the production of atomic asms in Gormany, or to cheek the level of atomic armament in France. So far. the French have argued that their atomic development has not passed from the rcsearch to the production stage, but no one believes that President de Gaulle will take kindly to the eventual supervisiorn of French armaments by an international body, to which France is committed under the present W.E.U. Treaty, particularly when the British atom!c arms industry is excluded from supervision (as the control agency functions only on the Continent).
Thus not only the role of W.E.U. in political consultations hut also its arms control operations are now a subject for scrutiny and Possiblc revision.
At a time when the Soviet Government has been vociferous in attacking the Americans for their alleged intention to support the rearmament of Germany, there is no suggestion that the restrictions on GerTnan arms production will now be scrapped. Indeed, according to Nato re- presentatives, one possible westemn move in the effort to achieve an cast-west agrece- ment could be a reaffirmation by the west German Government of its pledgc not to produce atomic, biological, or chemical wea,eens. This possibility cannot be con- firmed at the Foreign Office. but other western representatives say s%ich a pledge might be given not mercly to Germany's W.E.U. partners, as in 1954, but to the Soviet Union and communist east Euro- pean states as well.
CURBS REMOVED
Much of the arms control Provisions cculd easily be scrapped by a decision of the W.E.U. Council, though the pledge not to produce atomic, biological, or chemical weapons (the so-called A.B.C. weapons) could be altered only by a new treaty modi- fying the existing Brussels Treaty. Of the other weapons which Germany tindertook not to produce on hcr territory, some restrictions have already been removed. Changes in the list require mercly a recom- mendation from the relevant Nato autho- rity, a request from the Federal Govern- ment, and a two-thirds majority on the W.E.U. Council.";"December 12, 1961";"";55262;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Future Of W.E.U. Under Study";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
To mark the end of the official visit which Signor Scelba, the Italian Prime Minister, and Signor Martino, the Foreign Minister, have been paying to this country, the following statement has been issued from 10, Downing Street:-
""The recent developments in Angio- Italian relations and the joint diplomatic activity of the two Governments in recent months have made possible an even closer and more cordial collaboration between Italy and the United Kingdom. The two Italian statesmen in the course'of their visit have therefore had a very full exchange of views with Sir Winston Churchill, Sir Anthony Eden, and other of her Majesty's Ministers, on the situation throughout the world, as well as on all aspects of Anglo- Italian relations.
"" FULL AGREEMENT""
""These conversations have revealed full agreement between the two Governments. They are determined to continue to do their utmost, in constant consultation between themselves and with other allied and friendly Powers, to safeguard peace, to build up the security of the free and democratic world, and to preserve the European heritage of civilization to which Italy and Great Britain have so greatly contributed.
D During their discussions the Ministers reaffirmed their full support of the Atlantic alliance and of the other international organizations of which the two countries are joint members. They agreed to do their utmost to bring the Western European Union into force at the earliest possible moment in the conviction that this organiz- ation is essential for the promotion of closer cooperation within western Europe. The Ministers agreed that the early participation of the Federal Republic of Germany in this free association was essential to the unity and defence of the western community.
"" The Ministers examined together the discussions now taking place in the working group of Western European Union on the production and standardization of arma- ments. They confirmed the joint desire of their two Governments that these discus- sions should lead to practical and construc- tive arrangements in which the United King- dom and Italy, with the other members of W.E.U., would both play their full part.
""MOST USEFUL EXCHANGE""
"" The Ministers had a most useful exchange of views on the relations between east and west in the light of recent major developments in the international sphere. They also reviewed together the position in various areas of the world of mutual interest to their two cduntries, notably the Mediterranean.
In regard to matters directly concern- ing Italy and Great Britain, the conversa- tions have confirmed to the satisfaction of both parties that there are no longer any serious problems at issue between the two countries and that their general interests are entirely in accord. The very cordial character of the discussions showed that relations between the United Kingdom and Italy have now happily returned to their old friendli- ness. The Ministers placed once more on record their determination to devote their efforts to the further development of these relations in a continuing atmosphere of confidence.""";"February 19, 1955";"";53170;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-Italian Accord";""
"['From PETER NICHOLS,']";"['News']";"From PETER NICHOLS,
Rome, April 5
Mr. George Brown told the ministerial council of the Western European Union here today that the British approach to Europe was political recognition of the need for a Europe both strong enough and united enough to play an effective role in the world.
He was speaking at what was almost certainly the last direct con- frontation between the British Foreign Secretary and his colleagues of the Six before the Cabinet decides whether to apply for membership of the European Economic Community.
He spoke for about half an hour. There was a feeling that his own vigorous reiteration of Britain's will to come into Europe, and the warmth of most of the replies, effectively removed the idea that the whole issue had lost momentum.
Mr. Brown summed up the tour of the six capitals which he had undertaken with the Prime Minister. The British Govern- ment were now engaged in analysing the position after the tour. There had already been one meeting of the Cabinet on the subject and there would be another before the week was over.
This. he said, suggested the very great sense of urgency, as well as due care, with which the Government were going about their task. The object of the whole endeavour was to make a divided continent more purposeful, more dynamic, more pros- perous, and. above all, more united.
The Foreign Secretary went on to sum- marize the outstanding problems from Britain's point of view and from the point ot view of the Community. The three problems of the first type were the effects of adopting the common agricultural policy, the possible sterling drain from portfolio investments, and Commonwealth trade apart from foodstuffs.
Political cohesion
The problems facing the Community concerned Britain's economic position and the actual extension of the Community to new members. Any reluctance to extend it could not be equated, he said, with the fre- quent protestations about the dynamic nature of the Community.
To play the role in the world which he envisaged for it, Europe would require more political cohesion, and Britain would want a part in any discussions on this sub- ject. Economic strength was essential.
Most of his listeners were pleased with what he said. Herr Brandt. the west Ger- man Foreign Minister, said that his country favoured enlarging the Community for reasons of national policy and European policy.
Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, was predictably warm: the Bel- gian and Luxembourg representatives were against any delay. The Italians shared this attitude.
M. Herve Alphand, Secretary-General of the French Foreign Ministry, said that his Government was still studying the matter and that some of the problems seemed to him to be formidable.
Attending the Foreign Ministers' Council of Westem European Union in Rome yesterday were (left to right) M. Herv6 Alphand (France), M. Renaat van Elslande (Belgium), Herr Willy Brandt (west Germany), Mr. George
Brown (Britain) and Dr. Joseph Luns (Holland).";"April 6, 1967";"";56908;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Brown confronts E.E.C. Ministers";""
"";"['News']";"The French Assembly last night gave M. Mendes-France the first of the confidence votes by which he sought to restore the situation after the Assembly's rejection on Friday of the first clause of the Bill to ratify the Paris agreements.
Last night's vote approved the admission of Germany to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization by 289 votes to 251, a majority of 38. 1y29vtst 5,amjrt
M. Mendes-France earlier appealed to the Assembly to remain at the side of their allies, not to retire into isolation, and not to throw away the British guarantee to keep troops on the Continent.
CRUCIAL VOTES
IN PARIS
PARTIES' ATTITUDE
UNCERTAIN
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, TUESDAY, DEC. 28
The French National Assembly last night voted its confidence in M. Mendes- France's Govermment by 289 votes to 251 on the question approving the second and third articles of the Bill authorizing the President of the Republic to ratify the Western European Union agreements on which the Prime Minister had put the con- fidence question after the Assembly had unexpectedly rejected the first article of the Bill early last Friday morning.
A second confidence question concern- ing amendments to the Bill was then called, but was not put to the vote, the authors of two amendments opposed by the Goverrment having agreed to with- draw them; and the Assembly, after voting one further amendment by show of hands, adjourned at 12.45 a.m. for an hour to permit its foreign affairs commit- tee to report on the article rejected on Friday.
After this promising beginning, however, the session became involved in increasingly intricate procedural difficulties, arising first from the refusal of the Foreign Affairs com- mittee (by 20 votes to. 19) to agree to the second reading of the rejected article. M. Mendes-France thereupon tabled the question of confidence on the mutilated text of the Ratification Bill-in effect, on the second and third articles only, providing for the entry of westem Germany into N.A.T.O.-and announced that he would immediately reintroduce the absent first article in the form of a fresh Bill authorizing the ratification of Western European Union.
The vote on the question of confidence on the mutilated Bill has been fixed at 4 p.m. to-morrow, and it remains possible that during the course of an all-night sitting the study of the new Bill may be carried far enough to enable a final vote to be taken on it at the same time.
WORLD PEACE
M. Mendes-France had earlier addressed a pressing appeal to deputies to vote for the articles, and thereby implicitly to commit themselves to reconsidering their Friday vote; they would thus, he said, yet be able to ratify the agreements and with them reinforce the Atlantic alliance and the prospects for world peace. He emphasized that the issue was purely one of international politics; by putting the question of confidence the Government was not asking its opponents to become its supporters, but was simply making it clear that it would resign if defeated.
He appealed to the 350 deputies who on October 12 approved the Government's action at the London conference and authorized it to continue negotiations on the same basis; since then the Government had in no way gone back on its position, but had even obtained improve- ments, such as the British guarantee and the Saar agreement, which could not have been eXpected.
Even those who opposed him in October (M. Mendes-France continued) must recognize that it was the Atlantic Pact which was now in question. Were they to remain at the side of their allies or to retire into isolation while the latter organized their defence as they pleased ? In uctober everyone had greeted as a military and political event of the first importance the British guarantee to retain troops in Europe: were they by their vote going to give up this precious concession, which might not be repeated for decades i Were they going to give up the Saar agree- ment, which France had sought for 10 years and had almost ceased to hope for ?
NEED FOR REALISM
He understood the feelings of those who called for a final attempt at negotiation with the Russians, but it took four to make a four- Power conference, and Britain and America were convinced (as he was himself) that the chances of negotiation would be better after ratification. "" If we reject the agreements, our credit with our allies will be non-existent; and, from the moment we are thus isolated, I doubt whether our credit with Russia will be worth much either.""
If the Assembly rejected the agreements, he no longer knew of any fresh alternative to propose to their allies; he had no reason to believe that the allies would be willing to consider new negptiations. As the represen- tative of the French Government he must con- test the suggestion that Germany could be rearmed without French consent, and he had protested against "" certain official declara- tions "" c6uched in terms disagreeable to them. But they must be realistic-German rearma- ment was disagreeable to French feelings, but it was inevitable. He called on the Assembly not to launch out into an adventure which might prove fatal to the country.
The brief debate which preceded M. Mendes-France's statement gave little evidence of any change of heart in the Assembly since Friday morning.
It brought a hint of support "" for the sake of the Atlantic alliance ' from right-wing Independents. and of second thoughts on the part of a number of Radicals, but there was nothing to indicate the attitude of the "" rebel "" Socialists or of the Gaullists, or of the M.R.P., whose last-minute decision to oppose the agreements as an inadequate substitute for
E.D.C. (but in the expectation, it is generally believed, of their being passed nevertheless) was the largest single contributing factor in the Government's defeat,
Last night's comfortable majority is generally taken as an indication that the Government should succeed in clearing the remaining fences without misha
The Assembly's rejection by 280 votes to 257 of the first clause of the ratification Bill, relating to the setting up of Western European Union, was announced at 5.25 a.m. on Friday. M. Mendes-France immediately put the ques- tion of confidence on the remaining two clauses, which principally concern the admis- sion of Germany to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He later put the question of confidence again in favour of an amendment providing for the simultaneous delivery of instruments of ratification of all the different agreements in question, and against two other amendments proposing to postpone the appli- cation of the agreement (i)- until the signature of a "" protocol of strict application "" by all par..es and (ii) until December 1. 1955.
hi. Mendes-France announced that after tnt.se votes had been taken he would ask for a second reading of the rejected first clause, on which the question of confidence would also be put.
The Bonn agreements putting an end to the occupation regime in western Germany were
Part of the crowd which gathered in Paris yesterday while the National Assembly was still
debating the ratification of the Western European Union agreements.
afterwards approved by the Assembly by 380 votes to 180, and the Franco-German agree- ment on the Saar by 368 votes to 145.
It is tempting to write off the Government's defeat as a "" snap "" vote, brought about solely by the last-minute decision of the M.R.P. to vote against Western European Union instead of abstaining, as was expected.
UNEXPLAINED DEFECTION
This, bowever, would leave unexplained the defection ot nearly 100 deputies who voted for the Government in the debate after the London conference on October 12. Thus 21 Socialists. 26 Radicals, and 25 Gaullists voted against the Government on Friday
These defections can only be seen as a measure of the extent to which M. Mendes- France has been unable to maintain his prestige with the Assembly at the high level at which it stood in October in the face of the deep (one might almost say instinctive) hostility towards any form of German rearmament felt by the present Assembly and shared by a vocal section of French public opinion.
To this must be added the conviction un- doubtedly felt by deputies that France's-allies are not really serious in threatening to rearm Germany without her-it has still to be seen whether this serene conviction has been shat- tered by the tone of the Foreign Office state- tnent.
The statement was, somewhat naturally, not particularly well received here ; even so staunch a supporter of the Atlantic alliance as the right-wing Le Figaro found it necessary to explain away the "" brutality "" of its tone: while Le Monde regards it as another expres- sion of the "" egoisme sacrd"" of British policy.
Fnday's vote was:-
Communists and allies, 98 against;
Socialists, 21 against, 83 for, one abstention; Radicals, 26 against, 45 for, five abstentions; U.D.S.R., two against, 18 for, four abstentions;
M.R.P., 61 against, six for, 18 abstentions; Oversea Independents, five against, eight for, three abstentions;
Social Republicans (GauUists), 25 against, 34 for, 13 abstentions;
Independent Republicans, 15 against, 23 for, 17 abstentions;
Peasant Independents, four against, 11 for, 13 abstentions;
Peasants, eight against, 10 for, four abstentions;
A.R.S. ("" Dissident GauUists ""), eight against, 17 for, eight abstentions;
Non-party, seven against, four for, two abstentions.
PARIS. Dec. 28.-Later the Foreign Affairs committee recommended by 18 votes to 17, with four abstentions, that the Assembly accept the new Bill. It appointed General Bilotte to report on the Bill. The General is in favour of ratification of the whole of the Paris agreements without any reservation. Later the Assembly adjourned until this after- noon .Reu;er.
Comment from Bonn, Washington, and Rome is on page 5.";"December 28, 1954";"";53124;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Mendès-France Given A Majority Of 38";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr. Butler will pay his first visit to Germany as Foreign Secretary from Monday to Wednesday next week. During the visit he will also go to Berlin.
This visit to Germany follows an invitation from Dr. Schrdder, the German Foreign Minister, during The Hague meeting of the Western European Union Foreign Ministers at the end of October. It is more a matter of hedge-trimming than fence-mending, as there are at present between Britain and Germany no particular broken fences to mend.
However, during the inevitable lull in east-west relations, while the new United States Government is settling down to its work, it should certainly be useful for both sides to make further personal con- tact, and to be reassured that their policies are in fact in line.
The visit to Berlin is part of this pattern, but a British assurance of con- tinuing firm support for Berlin is hardly required. Where the visit should be more useful, is as a counter to intermittent German suspicions that the British Gov- ernment might take some initiative over disarmament or Berlin. involving conces- sions to the Russians. which could be unacceptable in Germany.
FULL CONSULTATION
There is, however, clearly no intention in Whitehall to make any move towards Russia without full allied consultation. At the sarne time it is felt in London that the afterglow of the nuclear test ban treaty should not be allowed to fade, because the development of east-west relations has been temporarily and inevitably interrupted by President Kennedy's assassination. Mfr. Butler will wish, therefore, to discuss in broad terms the ways in which the western powers can maintain an easing of east- west tension during a period when the east-west tide is bound to be running somewhat slack.
The visit, however, comes just before Mr. Butlers journey to Paris for the ninisterial meeting of the Council of Europe on Friday and Saturday next week, and for the Nato meeting from the foRlowing Monday to Wednesday. Soon afterwards, also, the next six- montly ministerial meeting of the West- ern European Union is expected to take plaoe in London on January 23 and 24.
Mr. Butler will, therefore, discuss Nato matters, for instance, the organiza- tion, and strength of Nato forces, in- cluding the proposed mixed-manned1 nuclear force.
TARIFF ISSUES
European matters are certain also to be discussed. Here both Governments are working to avoid high tariffs and any widening cleavage between the economic groups in Europe and the Atlantic commnunity.
The visit is taking place earlier than expected. In view of the heavy pro-
grammes facing Dr. Schroder and Mr. Butler it was thought that a meeting could not be arranged until the end of January. President Kennedy's death has meant. however, a postponement of the visit of Dr. Erhard, the German Chan- cellor, to the United States, and Dr. Schroder, who would have accompanied him, will now be free for talks with Mr. Butler this month.";"December 3, 1963";"";55874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Butler-Schröder Talks In Bonn Next Week";""
"['C. W. Guillebaud']";"['News']";"By
C W. Guillebaud
Special Arbitrator im the wage dispute of Januars, 19S3. referred to in this artidle
The outstanding problem in Northern Rhodesia to-day is the industrial colour bar and the impediment which this im- poses on the advancement of Africans employed in the mines.
In the heart of Central Africa there has grown up a large-scale highly capitalized mining industry using the most modern techniques and employing some 6,000 Europeans and 40,000 Africans. In the early stages of the development of copper mining in Northern Rhodesia (it only dates from 1931) it was inevitable that al semi-skilled, as well as skilled, jobs should be undertaken by Europeans, leaving only the completely unskilled work to the Africans.
In order to attract white labour to Central Africa it was necessary to offer high wages, to build modern houses for the mineworkers to live in, and to offer them generous leave provisions and other facilities. These very high earnings have persisted and indeed increased still further, even after the pioneering phase of the industry had ended, and after the stamp- ing out of malaria and other tropical diseases. The result is a community of artisans and technicians, European and white South African, enjoying an aver- age standard of hving which can have few equals on that scale anywhere else; even an ordinary engine driver will earn from £1,200 to £1,500 a year or more.
POWERFUL UNION
The interests of the European mine- workers are protected by a powerful trade union, the Northern Rhodesian Mine- workers' Union, which was founded in 1936 and which succeeded during the war in imposing on the companies a "" closed shop "" policy. Immediately after the war, while copper was still controlled and in urgent demand and the union was in a strong bargaining position, it concluded an agreement with the mining companies which contained the following clause under the heading "" Dilution of Labour,"" to which, they reluctantly gave their assent: -
The Company agrees that work of the class or grade that is being performed or job that is being fSlled by an employee at the time of the signing of this agreement shall not be given to persons to whom the terms and conditions of this agreement do not apply.
The effect of this clause, which is still in operation to-day, is that no job which was being carried out by a European at the end of 1945 may be given to an African. While this so-called standstill agreement remains in force the road to African advancement in the copper mines is completely blocked.
In September, 1947, the Northern Rhodesian Government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Mr. Andrew Dalgleish, himself a former English trade union official, to inquire into the possibility of Africans filling posts not then occupied by them, "" bearing in mind the policy of. the Government that Africans in Northern Rhodesia should be afforded opportunities for employment in more responsible work, as and when they are qualified to undertake such work, and taking into account the interests of aU other persons in employment"" The com- mission, which was boycotted by the European union, reported in February, 1948, and listed a smaU number of jobs which it considered could be filled by Africans immediately, while others would require a longer or shorter period of train- ing. This is the famous Dalgleish report around which much of the controversy has centred ever since.
EQUAL PAY
Attempts by the companies in July, 1948, to make progress along the lines recommended by the Dalgleish commis- sion proved unavailing. The situation was further complicated by the formation of the Northern Rhodesian African Mine- workers' Union in March, 1949. In due course negotiations were initiated between the two unions and in June, 1950, the European and African unions arrived at an agreement whereby the European union undertook to withdraw its opposi- tion to the employment of Africans in jobs not hitherto performed by them, subject to the overriding provision that there should be equal pay for equal work.
This agreement, which both sides appear to have let fall into the background almost at once, contains a concession by the European union more apparent than real. The average cash wage of the European surface worker is about £1,200 a year, the underground worker receiving about £250 more than this. To this must be added a fluctuating bonus based on the price of copper, which at the moment aug- ments the cash wage by over 70 per cent. This means that on the average the Euro- pean mineworker earns at least £2,000 a
year. The average cash wage of the African surface worker to-day is £73 19s. a year, together with free housing and food. A fairer comparison for this pur- pose would be to take the wage of the very small number of Africans in the highest ("" special "") grade, where skill and respon- sibility are greatest, and where the annual cash wage works out at £222 for the sur- face and £243 for the underground worker, plus a cost of living allowance of £15 but with no free housing or rations. In 1952, before their wages were increased by an arbitration award of January, 1953, approximately 40,000 Africans earned a total of £3,490,000 (including rations and bonuses), while about 6,000 Europeans earned £8,359,000 (including bonuses).
ARTIFICLAL WTALTH
A further illustration of the artificiality of European standards on the Copperbelt is to be found in Professor D. T. Jack's report of 1950 on a proposal for a 40-hour week in the industry, which showed that the direct earnings of European daily paid employees (underground artisans) aver- aged at that time £1,036 a year in Northern Rhodesia, as compared with £665 a year in the Witwatersrand mines of South Africa and £672 in the Southern Rho- desian mines.
In May, 1953, the companies reopened negotiations with the European union, and since the early part of this year three- party talks have been in progress between the European and African unions and the companies. In March, 1954, Sir William Lawther, the president of the National Union of Mineworkers of Great Britain, flew to Kitwe at the invitation of the two unions, which, at a recent meeting under his chairmanship, adopted the following resolution:-
That the validity of the aspirations of the African Mineworkers' Umon for ad- vancement is recognized, and that both unions pledge to strive unceasingly, with al
effort, to realize this just demand; that it is in the interests of the maintenance and ian- provement of the living standards of all mineworkers that the principle of equal pay for equal work and responsibility must apply within the mining industry of Northern Rhodesia; and that there should be officially constituted a joint consultative committee to examine any matter submitted by either of the two mining organization affecting any section of, or all, the miners within the industry.
An agreement in these terms looks very well on paper, but the question remains whether it has any real meaning or purpose. The insertion of the words ""equal responsibility"" might indicate a more flexible and realistic approach on the part of the European union; but its unwilingness throughout the negotiations to accept any splitting or subdivision of jobs now being performed by Europeans makes this seem very doubtful. Nor does the agreement in any way clarify the attitude of the African union itself towards the equal pay formula.
EUROPEAN ATITULE
It is not difficult to understand the atti- tude in this matter of the European workers, who are struggling to preserve their vested interests in the industry, not so much perhaps for their own sakes (their individual position and prospects can easily be safeguarded) as for the sake of their children who they hope will enjoy in the future the same privileges and advantages. But their attitude is open to the objection that it is wrong in principle and also short sighted, since it is in conflict with their own true long-term interests. The essential principle at stake is that of the right of the Africans-and for a good many years to come they will be quite few in number-to be given the facilities for acquiring technical skills in the industry in which they work. Should not even so cherished a tenet of trade union policy as equal pay for equal work yield second place if its application under African con- ditions would render impossible the attain- ment of this elementary human right ?
From the long-term point of view it must be borne in mind that the work done by the 6,000 skilled European miners would be valueless without the mainly un- skilled work of the 40,000 Africans, while the converse is, of course, also true. Events are moving swiftly in Africa to- day, and no one with any knowledge of contemporary conditions there could believe that the African mineworkers will tolerate indefinitely the present discrimina- tion under which they suffer-a discrimi- nation which does not exist in the Katanga copper mines of the Belgian Congo, lying only just across the border of Northern Rhodesia.
It would not be too much to say that the future prospects of the Rhodesian copper- mining industry depend upon the effective recognition of the right of the African worker to advance to posts of greater skill and responsibility than are open to him to-day.";"May 20, 1954";"";52936;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Miners' Fight For Advancement";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Brussels, Jan. 30']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Brussels. Jan. 30
Mr. George Brown today announced Britain's full support for the recent Benelux proposals for wider European cooperation, and suggested that the logical next step would be a meeting of all the countries concerned-or at least as many as wished to take part-called by the Benelux countries.
This statement, made to the ministerial meeting here of the WVestern European Union, is the first important British move towards the European communities since last month's French veto on the opening of negotiations. It could open a new phase in Britain's relations with the continental countri,<
A meeting of the sort proposed by Mr. Brown would bring together most, if not all, of the members of the European Economic Community, as well as Britain and the three other applicant countries, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway, if they all wanted to take part.
It would be designed to lay the foundations for wider political and economic cooperation in Europe, un- impeded by the possibility of a French veto.
German support
Much work has stilt to be done before anything tangible can emerge from this, but Mr. Brown's sugges- tion was supported today by Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, and Signor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Minister. The Belgian and Dutch officials tonight regarded the meeting as authorizing them to go ahead with preparations for a meeting.
The Benelux proposals are an elaborate package, and they were fully discussed today, first at a break- fast meeting of the Five, the ERE.C. members who support British entry, and later at the formal W.E.U. meeting. Herr Brandt told the press after the breakfast meeting that west Germany did not find all the points made in the proposals satisfactory, but that they were a good basis for discussion.
MI. Andre Bettencourt, the French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, told the ministerial council that the French Government had not yet given the proposals thorough con- sideration, but they would be closely studied in the coming weeks.
It seems that the main point on which the Germans are not happy is the proposal for political consul- tations, one of the basic elements of the Benelux plan. On the other hand, they have come out in support of the idea of wider cooperation in the technological field.
In his statement, MWr. Brown de- clared that Britain had no intention of trying to e.xclude France from plans for wider cooperation, and he hoped that France would decide to Join in.
Mr. Brown took pains to emphasize that Britain was interested only in full membership of the E.E.C.p
ruc rerlgil . srers 0I nve t;ommon Market countries at yesterday's Brussels meeting of the Western European Union. The picture includes Herr Brandt, west Germany (left), Signor Fanfani, Italy (third from left), M. Harmel, Belgium, Herr Lahr (half hidden), Under-
Secretary of State at the west German Foreign Ministry, Dr. Luns, Holland and M. Gregoire, Luxembourg.";"January 31, 1968";"";57163;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain agrees to Benelux plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, June 14
The twenty-second session of the Western European Union (WEU) Assembly opened today at the Palais d'Iena here in an atmosphere of disillusion and concern. The disillusion was over the slow progress to- wards European political union, and there was concern both over the external threat to the West from the increase in Soviet troops and arms in Europe and the internal threat of the accession of Communists to power in some member countries like Italy.
M Edmond Nessler (Gaullist, France), who was reelected president of the Assembly for the third consecutive year, ex- pressed these feelings in his inaugural speech.
"" We can hardly congratulate ourselves on the progress of the construction of Europe "", he said. ""We have noted no effec- tive European cooperation in the field pf defence. But there is a forum for this cooperation, the Western European Union.""
In the debate on detente in Europe, Sir Frederic Bennett (Conservative, Britain), the rapporteur, did not conceal his mistrust of the idea in view of the enormous increase in Soviet military strength.
The imbalance between the forces and armaments of Nato and the Warsaw Pact was alarming: ""We are confronted with a threat at least as serious as that of the 1930s "", he em- phasized.
The Assembly ratified an appeal to the European Council to ensure the strict observance of the Treaty of Brussels, which laid the foundations of the WEU, and ""is at present the only legal basis for a European
defence policy of which the WEU is the instrument,"" it says.
This appeal was prompted by the publication of the Tinde- mans report on European unity, wvhich the Assembly regards as ""ambiguous"" 'in defence mat- ters.
It fears that the whole frame- work of -the Brussels Treaty will be jeopardized if the institu- tions of the European Commun- ity wefe to inherit, without a formal transfer, the powers exercised by the WEU.""
Six countries, including Canada, Denmark Greece, Nor- way, Portugal and Sweden, have sent observers to the three-day session.
M Bernard Destremeau, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, will introduce the re- port of the WEU's Council of Ministers to the Assembly in the place of M Jean Sauvag- nargues, who is absent from Paris.
Our Brussels Correspondent writes: Defence ministers of
eight Nato countries opened a' two-day meeting here today of the alliance's Nuclear Planning Group, which exists to coordir nate strategic nuclear defence and to discuss how and when to use tactical nuclear weapons in a conflict with the Warsaw Pact.
The meeting began with a traditional report by the Ameri- can Secretary of Defence. Mr Donald Rumsfeld. on the pre- sent state of the strategic bal- ance between East and West.
The ministers-including Mr Roy Mason for Britain-then examined studies drawn up by Nato planners on such top-secret matters as the size and type of tactical nuclear weapons to be used against specific targets in given circumstances.";"June 15, 1976";"";59730;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU assembly voices concern at threat from Soviet arms build-up";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
MUNICH, ApRtL 3
Dr. Adenauer, speaking to an invitedi audience here this afternoon-it was his Efirst visit to Munich as Chancellor-said
that the Federal Govermnent's revenue for the current year was estimated at more than 8,000m. marks, of which no less than 5,200m. marks would be spent on occupa- tion costs. This situation was unbearable, and could not go on.
It was due to this heavy financial burden, Dr. Adenauer said, that the Government found itself without the necessary means to provide work for its unemployed. If the allies had agreed to the deportation of millions of 'Germans from the east, they should have drawn the necessary consequence and have made it possible for them to provide work for the refugees. Dr. Adenauer said that in connexion with Germany's admission to the Council of Europe he had put forward three wishes, not demands, as had falsely been stated abroad. These wishes, he felt, were modest. He did not wish to talk about the Saar; he would only say that the Saar was German.
Dr. Adenauer complained of the extent to which Germany was misrepresented abroad, and read from a copy of the Swiss newspaper Neue Zfiricher Zeitung a passage referring to a House of Commons debate in which Mr. Bevin was quoted as having replied to Mr. Churchill in these words: "" National Socialism did not give Germany a new character; it was merely an expression of the German character."" Dr. Adenauer's audience responded with cries of "" Shame! "" The Chancellor then solemnly protested against Mr. Bevin's statement, amid cheers. He added that a great many Germans had suffered more at the hands of the Nazis than the British had. Dr. Adenauer spoke of the virtual state of isolation of fifty million Germans from the rest of the western world and Germany's defencelessness in face of imrnminent danger from the east. "" Those who disarmed us should take upon themselves the responsibility for our defence,"" he said. No country would be happier than Germany to see reconciliation between east and west, but such reconciliation must not be at German expense.
** Mr. Bevin said in his speech in the foreign affairs debate last Tuesday: , The Hitler revolution did not change the Germuan character very much. It expressed it."" Mr. Churchill interjected: "" No.""
MuNrcH, April 3.-Speaking to-night Dr. Adenauer called for Germany's full admission to the Committee of Ministers of the European Union, and said 'that France and England did not realize "" the dangerous position of Europe."" "" I believe that in all of Europe there is no nation which is convinced of the necessity of a European Union as much as the Germans,"" he declared. "" We border on the Asiatic danger zone."" Germany, he said, should have the status of an equal partner on the Committee of Ministers.-Associaled Press.";"April 4, 1950";"";51657;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Occupation Cost";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Enlargement of the Common Market as the means to a fuller union in Europe-politically, eco- nomically and, it appeared, mili- tarily also-was the main theme of the talks on Tuesday and yesterday at 10 Downing Street between Mr. Wilson, Signor Moro. the Italian Prime Minister, and their Foreign Ministers. Mr. George Brown and Signor Fanfani.
The main importance of these Anglo-Italian talks could now well be their bearing upon the presen- tation of the British case for early membership of the Common Market, which the British Govern- ment are to put forward both to the Six and to representatives of the European Economic Com- munity at the meeting of the Western European Union next Tuesday and Wednesday.
Defence policy
Britain's friends among the Six. not least the Italians, have been strongly advising that Britain should present herself not merely as a new member of the Common Market- for whom the difficulties over the Commonwealth, agriculture, or ster- ling are now more easily to be solved than when the market was first created-but rather as a candi- date keen to press forward with the aim of the Treaty of Rome to create ultimately a real European union.
This emerged from further con- sideration of the press conference by Signor Moro, given on Tuesday, when he said that there was need of something going beyond the idea
of the nuclear multilateral force (M.L.F.-something more than a physical sharing of nuclear arms by independent countries-a Europe, in fact, with a common foreign and defence policy. He seemed to be looking forward eventually to a new form of European Defence Com- munity.
Notable also was the wholly warm support by Italy for British member- ship of the Common Market, ex- pressed in the final statement yes- terday. On the question of British entry into the E.E.C. the statement says the Prime Minister confirmed that British entry would strengthen the political and economic unity of Europe and thus enable the coun- tries of western Europe to work more effectively for the mnaintenance of peace and the improvement of east- west relations.
Atlantic alliance
Mr. Wilson emphasized the im- portance which the British Govern- ment attach to the early opening of negotiations with the EE.C. on the British application. Signor Moro reaffirmed the conviction of the Italian Government that the various issues involved could be settled to the satisfaction of the Community and of the United Kingdom. They agreed that it was desirable for the negotiations to start as soon as pos- sible.
The statement also emphasized the importance and urgency of techno- logical cooperation in Europe, and reaffirmed full support of the North Atlantic alliance. It could hardly have been a more clear or forthright reply to the policy of delaying Britain's entry and rocking the Nato boat.";"June 29, 1967";"";56980;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Moro's Advice On Tactics";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, said in London yesterday that it might be possible to resume consultations on Europ-an unity in the autumn. It is expected that the British Government will formally accept the offer for regular meetings in the West- em European Union with the Comrnon Market countries today. thro i4h the British Ambassador to the European Communities in Brussels, Sir Con. O'Neill.
Mr. Helath had a short meating yesterday with Mr. Per Haekkerup, tJIc Danish Foreign Minister, who is in London on a private visit. Today Mr. Hackkerup will see Mr. Soames, the Minister of Agricul- ture, and Lord Home. the Foreign Secre tary, before returning to Copenha3en.";"July 26, 1963";"";55763;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Contacts With Six ""In Autumn""";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
,russels, Dec 30
After the foreign poicy.. suc- cesses of the. past two or three years, such as the Lom6 trade. and aid agreement with deve- loping countries, the EUropean Communi.ty enters a new year Slikely- to be dostSinated by fresh consideration of its inter- *nal political and economic f,uture.
After a series of visits to capitals of the Nine to consult member governments and pres- sure groups, Mr Leo Tinde- mans, the Belgian Primne Min.is- ter, today transmitted opies of his 77-page report on European union to his fellow heads of government. He is due to make 'his findings public at a press conference in 'Brussels next week.
By all accounts he has not found 'his task of clothing the nebulous concept of European union easy. 'But although details of his report have remained a closely guwrded secret in a. city noted for its sieve-like qualities,- it is expected to call for some mew practical suggestions for great- er integration.
Mr Tindemans is known to feel that in the absence of some decisive steps forward, the Comnrrunity risks falling apart with member gbvernments act- ing largely out of self-interest.
At the same time, he is anxious to avoid te m6istakes of the past in fixing an over- ambitious timetable for the completion of any European
union. The deadline of 1980 laid down by Mr Heath and his colleagues in the autumn ,of 1972 succeeded only in bringing the Commnanity into disrepute,. Mr Tindemans is known to feel.
Ailthough the rrajority of member governmens, includ- ing the West German and the French, are likely to welcome the main thrust of the report, the reactions of the British and the Danes are almost cer-- tain to be cool. As Mr Tinde- mans discovered at 'first band when he visited London and Copenhagen last summer, there is still considerable scepticism about closer political and' insti- tutional integratim in both Britain and Denmark.
.The British, however, will have to mo.ve cautiously if they are not to be permanently scast as the laggards of ~Euro.pe. After their recent cavalier treatment of the Coinunity, culminating in the dispute over representation . at the Paris energy and raw materials conference and the introduc- tion of import restrictions, their reputation in Brussels and in thle capitals of other member countries has reached a-new low.
Few hopes are cherished thlat this situation will change overnight. But optimists in Brussels are hoping that the end of the recession will pro- vide fresh impetus for integra- tion and that the British; as well as the Danes, will be swept .up in.a new surge:for-
ward by their more entiusias- tic partners.
.One of the first tests of the Nine's willingness to build a more integrated Europe will be their collective attitude towards steps planned by the European Commission to relaunch the Communit3's ill- fated energy policy. At its first meeting after the Christmas recess, the Commission is expected to table new ideas to stimulate investment in the Community's domestic fuel in- dustries.
This will undoubtedly in- clude the fixing of a minimum floor price fbr imported' oil supplies designed to safeguard the viability- of investments for the development of alternative energy sources such as nuclear power. As the British disco- vered during the- recent Paris energy conference, the French have still not'committed them- selves fully to this concept, in spite of the real progress made at the Rome summit meeting of heads of government of the Nine.
During the early months of 1976, member governments will also have to complete details of recent- decisions to intro- duce direct elections to the European Parliament and pro- vide travellers with European passports after 1978. Much time is likely to be spent argu-
ing over seat entitlements for- the different member. countries now that both- the British and the Danes have, . withdrawn
their objections to the prind- pIe of direct elections.
Another immediate problem which will confront member governments early in the comn- ing year is the further enlarge. nent of the Community to in- corporate Greece. The Commis- sion is expected to give a warm but cautious response when it publishes its assess- ment of the Greek application next month. It will then be up to -the Nine to fix a timetable for what are expected to be at least two years of intensive negotiations.
On the external front, the Community's attention during most of 1976 is likely tD focus on its relations with both -in- dustrialized and developing countries in further rounds of the energy and raw materials conference in Paris.
For those who like Mr Tin- demans hope that the new year Vill provide fresh impetus for closer integration, the control of the Community's powerful Council of Ministers could not be in better hands.
For the first six months ot 1976, the Council will be under the experienced and skilful guidance of Mr Gaston Thorn, the Luxembourg Prime Minis. ter and Foreign Minister, for the third time. Then during the latter half of the year it will be the turn of the Dutch, traditionally among the keenest- sponsors of a Euro- pean- union. -";"December 31, 1975";"";59590;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nine receive Belgian suggestions on giving new urgency to idea of European union";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"It It is true that there can be no defence of Europe without France, it is also true that Europe cannot be defended without America. The idea of an independent Europe, able and willing to play Russia off against America, was buried at Colombey les deux Eglises. Yet the logic of events would seem to lead inevitably to the creation of a European defence policy. Pressures, whether from one side of the Atlantic or the other. will compel the setting up of some kind of permanent machin- ery. Shall it be the Eurogroup, an appendage of the Davignon Committee, or the Western European Union ?
Each has its supporter. The British, who conceived the Euro-
group, remain loyal to their off-. spring. (It is perhaps true to say the Ministry of Defence is more loving than the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.) )Te Germans are suspicious of French intentions and have never been particularly fond of the WEU, whose treaty discri- minates against German arms. The French, who for years have treated the WEU with malign neglect, are now praising its charms.
M Jobert, the French Foreign Minister suggested in a speech to the WEU Assembly in Novem- ber that its Standing Committee on Armaments become the Euro- pean Defence Procurement Agency, and that Denmark and Ireland be asked to join. He did feel, however, that my sugges- tion for the- setting up of a European Nuclear Committee, which was approved by the Assembly, was a little ""prema- ture "".
It is now clear that Europe must increasingly look to her own defence. We are experi- encing whait can -be described as the re-Americanization of American foreign policy; a return not to isolationisni, but to natdonalism--the wish to put America first. Britain's entry into the EEC has transformed Europe from a collection of satellites into America's prin- cipal economic rival. The super- powers are giving priority to d6tente, one implication of whuih is, as M Jobert has sug- gested, the - sanctluarization "" of their own territories as their rivalries are exercised else- where. Europe must change the nature of .her rela-tions with America in order to presenre a permanent American interest in her security and survival.
such a view is now common- place. In the search for perma- nent machinery, the Eurogroup starts favourite. It has several major successes to its credit. It has been busy in the fields of standardizaton, rationalization, and, to a lesser extent, procure- ment. It has stood sponsor for two European defence improve- ment programmes. It is part of Nato. But France is not, and will not join the Eurogroup. M Galley, the Minister of De- fence, said so again in October. Those who fear lest any agree- meiit that might come from Vienna would place Europe at a
grearja dlsuadvakine attgf. Cy diban is t-he case today, do not see tie Eu¢iogr uS t!he idea method of i baronig the defenice policies of the Comn mimit. Svimethfin new is necessary.
An eltmmitive would be a secretarict, as advocated in the Moninertag ! Repo, which wouRd be estabdished mn associ. anion with the secretariat of -the Counci of Ministers dn Biussels for the p ose of coordinating the foreign policies of the Nime. Ihs would mean that sooner or later defence would appear upon iis egenda. Such a secre- tasiut wouild embody the so- called "" Davynon'"" means of oooperation as regards foreign poHeld mattm i6n the EEC. Thtls new secretriaat would haive to wos c an ciose liaison wath both Natw and the Corm- mrissjt. But here again France has shown no interest. The Daines and the Irish are un- enthusiaotir. It is now evident that there is movement in French foreign policy; it is slight, but at doe point in one direction-that of the Western European Union.
The Western European Union was formed in 1954 after France had rejected the European Defence Community. It was set up by Britain and the Six as a means of enabling German forces to contribute to the defence of Europe. Its institu- tions include a ministerial body, the Council, whose headquarters is in London; 'the Assembly of 89 members; the Agency for the Control of Armaments, and the Standing Armaments Com- mittee which are based, together with the Assembly, in Paris. Although WEU has military competence, its command and other military functions have been transferred to Nato.
The strongest argument in favour of the development of the WEU as' the means of achieving a defence ""identity"" for Europe, is the presence of France. This argument, which appears to have very consider- able force, is strengthened by the newly-found interest that France is showing in WEU. There is also the point that the WEU has the merit of existing as a formal treaty-based institu- tion, more binding in its effect upon its signatories than the North Atlantic Treaty itself. Its Assembly could provide parlia- mentary control over an evolv- ing defence policy.
The United States is neutral as between the Eurogroup and WEU: she would welcome a greater cohesion among Euro- peans as a more effective con- tribution to the Atlantic Alli- ance. Her allies do regard France with suspicion, but it would be a thousand pities were past grievances to cloud future prospects for Europe.
Julian Critchley
Mr Critchley is the Rapporteur of the Defence Committee of the WE s .
0 Times Newspapers Ltd4 1973.";"December 7, 1973";"";58958;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The difficult art of self-defence in Europe";""
"";"['News']";"ZAGREB Croatia is a
front-runner in the Balkan region and should follow Romania and Bulgaria to become the next member of the European Union, Ollie Rehn, the EU's Enlargement Commissioner said. In a sign of support to the developing former Yugoslav nation, Mr Rehn praised Croatia's reforms and said that the country ""should become the EU's 28th member state"". ""It is clear that the European
unification process cannot be complete without Croatia,"" Mr Rehn said. ""Croatia is the front-runner in our enlargement agenda."" Speaking to students at a university in the easternmost city of Osijek, Mr Rehn said that Croatia could expect accession by the end of the decade, provided that the country continues to align itself successfully with Western standards and values. (AP)";"December 02, 2006";"";68873;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Croatia gets EU green light";""
"";"['News']";"STRASBouRr, June 16.-Mr. F. W. Mulley, the Labour M.P., suggested to the Assembly of Western European Union here to-day that European nuclear weapons should be developed under joint control and -com- mand. He said that if the United States continued the development of the inter- continental ballistic missile, which they could launch direct from America, ""they might be less interested in Europe, and it might be in the intercst of Europe that there should be a deterrent in Europe.""
Mr. Mulley also said in his speech: ""A nuclear deterrent is necessary for security, and those in Britain who refuse to believe this are burying their heads in the sand."" He called on western Europe to integrate rather than merely coordinate its means of defence.-Reuter.";"June 17, 1959";"";54489;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour M.P.'S Nuclear Weapons Proposal";""
"";"['News']";"KONIGSWINTER, W. GERMANY, March 25. -At the annual talks between personages from Britain and west Germany. Marshal of the R.A.F. Sir John Slessor spoke here to-day on disarmament and security, and Mr. Kenneth YounEer. director-general of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, on Africa's impact on European affairs. The three-day talks are on the general theme, "" On the wav to the sum- mit,"" but one working group will consider German-British misunderstandings. The British group, numbering 48. includes Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, Mr. Richard Cross- man, Sir William Hayter, and Sir James Hutchison. president of the Assembly of Western European Union. The Germans present include two vice-presidents of the Bundestag, Dr. Richard Jaeger (Christian Democrat) and Professor Carlo Schmid (Social Democrat).-Reuter.";"March 26, 1960";"";54730;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Three-Day Talks With West Germans";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";": FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, JAN. 30
The decision to invite Italy to become a founder member of the new Council of Europe has been favourably received by all but the left extremists. Right-wing observers see in the Council "" one of the most iinportant stages in the history of Europe "" and emphasize the' Importance of the projected consultative body,
which, they suggest, can become the "" supreme! tribunal "" of Europe.
Satisfaction. is expre$sed that Italy is to be admitted to the Council as "" an equal among equals ""-a point which was reafflrm&d in a broadcast by Count Sforza, who added that the danger of a: third world war could be averted only by a European union ""open to all free and peaceful men.""";"January 31, 1949";"";51293;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Satisfaction In Italy";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The usefulness and cordiality of the recent visit of Signor Scelba. the Italian Prime Minister, and Signor Martino the Foreign Minister, to London, has become increas- ingly evident. in particular in view of ihe close community of interests b:twe-n the two countries over the future of Western European Union.
The Foreign Office published yesteraay a letter from Signor Martino written after the visit and Sir Anthony Eden's reply. Signor Marhino spoke of Sir Anthony Eden's
personal concern"" to reaffirm the tradi- tion of friendship between the two countries, and Sir Anthony Eden wrote that he realized how * closely connected are all our prob- lems, and I know that our two countries can together do much to solve them.""";"February 26, 1955";"";53176;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Friendship With Italy";""
"";"['News']";"European Union: The following statement was given to The Times yesterday by M. Jean Monnet, pre- sident of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe, who is on a visit to London:
""I have learnt here in London the news of the death of General de Gaulle. It is a major event. His life was continually inspired by the love of France.
""I remember our first meeting in London in 1940. In those tragic hours he had the courage to look to the future. He was one of those rare men who from the edge ef the abyss keep their hope.
"" Whatever differences of opin- ion may have emerged in peace time, I think that all Frenchmen should pay him their homage.""";"November 11, 1970";"";58020;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tragic hours of 1940";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, Nov 30
The Assembly of the Western European Union today approved the construction of muld- national nuclear generators, thus agreeing with the report drawn up by. Mr Toby Jessel, Conservative MP, wrho is rappor- teur to the union's scientifflc commission.
The motion stated that nuclear energy was a reality of international life and would .provide a high proportion of world electricity by the end of the century.
At the same time it under- lined the need to avoid any measures that would undermine the non-proliferation treaty, which guaranteed all countries access to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes without discrimination.
International measures de- signed to protect nuclear instal- lations against attack or cap- ture were also called for.";"December 1, 1977";"";60175;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear power approved by WEU Assembly";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARcnt I
The permanent council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization met this afternoon to resume its discussions of the British plan for reductions of forces in Europe. General Norstad, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, who last week appeared before the council to explain his reservations on the British proposals, was not present to-day.
As was foreseen, the meeting reacbed no decision, and the discussions are to be re- sumed at a further meeting next week, when General Norstad is expected to be present. To-day, the members of the Western European Union countries were able to give thcir other colleagues in the council their impressions of the W.E.U. meeting in London on Tuesday, when the same subject was under discussion.";"March 2, 1957";"";53779;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"N. A. T. O. Discussion On British Proposal";""
"['By Our Consumer Affairs Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Consumer Affairs. Correspondent - .
Mr Tony Venables, director of the European union of con- sumer organizations (BEUC), called yesterday for the estab- lishment of a ""consumers' Interpol"" to ensure inter- national cooperation in remov- ing dangerous and defective products swiftlY from the mar- ket.
Speaking in London, he said there* had been several cases recently showing up the lack of anv procedure for govern- ments to exchange warnings about possible dangers. Euro- pean governments had received no information from 1ritain about the recent case of botu- lism poisoning caused by tinned salmon, beyond what they had seen in the press.
Mr Venables said: ""There should be an established pro- cedure by which at least gov- ernments of EEC member states exchange information about dangerous products "".";"November 1, 1978";"";60447;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call for exchange of consumer facts within EEC";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT', 'Our Paris Correspondent']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Gaston Thorn, the Luxem- bourg Foreign Minister, is ex- pected to put forward a proposal on future political discussions in the Western European Union when he addresses the W.EU. Assembly in Paris today. Mr. Thorn flew to Brussels yesterday for consultations.
His proposal is likedy to follow the lines of an interview he gave on February 15 to a local news- paper. He said that there should be within W.E.Ul. As much con- sultation as possible. but added: "" It is not our intention to invali- date France's decision'"" (to keep Britain out of the Cornmon Market). He said the French deci- sion was a rightful one ""or at least a decision which France has a right to take"".
""I would regret"", Mr. Thorn said, "" that one Government [Britain, though the British deny that the cap fits] should attempt to circumvent decisions taken within the framewvork of the Six. but I would regret equallv that anither Government [France] should pre- vent the other five from seeing the seventh.""
The west German statement yesterday that, except for emer- gencies, the holding of meetings which did not have a '*normal
agenda would in the German view be subject to veto. appears to rule out any politicaliy sensitive subject. such as political integra- tion between the W.E.U. coun- tries. Mr. Thorn appears to have in mind that W.E.U. should nevertheless continue to discuss other political questions-for in- stance. Nigeria-and maintain as close a foreign policy as possible.
Our Paris Correspondent
nTites:
i What happens or does not happen in the Western European Union is not going to affect Britain's joining or not joining the Common Market. She will join when the Six agree that she should "", Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador in Paris, declared at a luncheon of the Anglo-American Press Associa- tion. -
'We accept the fact that -our entry into - the E.E.C. is barred for the present. We trust it will not be so for ever"", he said. The consultations which bad taken place in the W.E.U. in London were not an attempt on the part of Britain to get into the Cornmnon Market by the back door or through the win- dow, as some press reports would have it.
""If We had been mnenbers of
the Common Market, we would i have tried to examine together ali political, econormic, monetary. and defence problems. But as we are not members. do we have to give up the attempt ? "" Mr. SoaLIes asked. ""We considered we had the rigdt to discuson these problems with our European friends and neighbours in the context of an organization which exists and to
which we belong.""I
-We are at a crucial point in Franco-British relations "", Mr. Soaues went on. ' What happens will determine whether they re- vert to type and lapse into diplo- matic feuding, or whether we can find together a meeting of minds -a reason and an objective for appreciating that together we can contribute so much to the world.""";"February 20, 1969";"";57490;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Luxembourg likely to urge cooperation";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"I From David Cross
Brussels, Feb 8
A three-day congress of the European Movement convened to debate the future direction of the EEC has come out firmly against the idea of a two-speed Community, differentiating be- tween the weak and strong member nations.
A final declaration, adopted by an overwhelming majority during the weekend, stated categorically that the ' princi- ple of a twvo-speed Europe must be rejected"". The con- cept, which was originallv in- spired by Herr Brandt, the former West German Chancel- lor, was taken up by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, in his recent report on European union.
His ideas provided the cen- tral theme for discussion at the congress in Brussels. Both Herr Brandt and Mr Tinde. mans maintained that critics had misinterpreted their sug- gestion that the stronger members should press ahead towards economic and mone- tary union, leaving the weaker member states-Britain and Italy among them-to join in at a later stage.
They argued that the idea was the only common-sense approach to an existing situa- tion. They were both against the setting up of a first-class and second-class Europe.
Most of the other ideas pio- posed by ,Mr Tindemans in his report, including the contro- versial concept of a -oint defence effort by EEC erember states, wvere approve-d bv nearly all the main groui)s it the congress. The only not:bie exception was the `Fr,:nch Socialist Party, whose spo)es- man, M Gaston Defferre. the mayor of Marseilles, criticized the report for its disregeard of "" the Europe of the wvork ers "".
He added that the 'I.!:de- mans report also contained 1oo many specific policy i es wvhich could prove an emba,i
rassmcnt if the French Socia- lists came to pouer.
The declara.ion set out a detailed timetable for the i-eali- zation of European uniion. Thii was one element whichi Mr Tindemans intentionally avoided in his report. The dec- laration suggested that in a first stage up to 1978, wAhen the European Parliament is due to be directly elected for the first time, the Conmmunity must press ahead wvith such priorities as the strengthening of its institutions and the reduction of economic dispari- ties among member states.
During this initial stage member governments al-z
must closely coordinate their foreign and defence policie'z. particularly in the arms s?an- dardization sector. In addi..On European defence 00.;3c
should be placed under ihe control of the European Pa.-!ia- ment.
This idea was greeted with some scepticism by most Bri- tish delegates at the congress. Dr Dickson Mabon. Labour AIP for Greenock and president of the British Council of the European Movement, said he felt that a defence policv should only be 'accountable to"" the European Parliament rather than under its control.
The declaration stated that the second stage of European union after 1978 would require a revision of the present Com- munity treaties. This should be. done on the basis of studies drawn up by the Parlianient. the Council of Ministers and the European Commission. While these were being carried out, enchanced powvers should be given to the European Com- mission.";"February 9, 1976";"";59623;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan for a two-speed EEC rejected by European Movement";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Luuu, june IU
Britain found itself in a minority of one at a meeting of Community foreign ministers here tonight on the subject of ""European union "". Mr Callag- han came under heavy fire from the other eight ministers when he totally rejected the inclusion of that phrase in the planned ""Atlantic declaration"" marking the renewal of the Nato Alliance, which is due to be agreed in Ottawa next week.
The discussion, at a "" re- stricted session"" after the con- ference proper had been con. cluded, ended in deadlock.
The disputed phrase in the draft declaration occurs in the context of a clause acknowledg- ing that eight members of Nato are also members of the Com. munity, which is then described as an organization committed to ""European union ""
Mr Callaghan, I understand, did nut mince his words when he challenged the presence of the phrase. How could it be included, he apparently asked, when nobody was agreed on what it meant ? Was it not indeed something which sought to say what was not really meant ? Surely one ought to wait until it was known what was in. tended to be understolad from the phrase.
The Foreign Secretary re- ceived some heated replies and there was no sign of a com- promise, even though several alternative formulations were put forward. It was finally agreed that the senior officials of the nine foreign ministries should attempt to work out a compromise between now and the Nato foreign ministers' meeting in Ottawa.
After the comparative sweet- ness and light of last week's Luxembourg meeting, at which Mr Callaghan stated British re-
negotiation wishes, the deep scepticism which marked his first confrbntation with the rest of the Nine in April thus reappeared.
Sources close to the confer- ence believed that the Foreign Secretary had at least one eye on opinion within the Labour Party in Britain when he made his stand. Although there was no official British comment on the discussion, it seems that British offlcials are confident that the text of the decla- ration will be agreed in Ottawa next week-without the word "" union "" having to be included.
Mr Cailaghan found a much more positive reception today when he raised the subject of Rhodesia. He appealed to his colleagues to plug any sanctions loopholes they could find in their own countries. He made particular reference to Holland, which has recently instituted legal proceedings against sanctions breakers.
He pointed out that the coup in Portugal had enormous impli- cations for the future of southern Africa and that this fact had seriously affected the morale of the illegal Salisbury regime. It was unanimously agreed, on Mr Callaghan's proposal, that a committee of experts should be set up to study the evasion of sanctions in member states and how the loopholes could be closed.
On Portugal itself, the meet- ing adopted a wait and see policy, while welcoming the de- clared intent of the Spinola Government to restore demo- cracy. The readiness to strengthen Portuguese links with the Community in the future was expressed.
Mr Callaghan returned to Lodon tonight to prepare for tomorro's Commons debate on Europe.";"June 11, 1974";"";59112;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Callaghan veto angers European ministers";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The interim commission of the Western European Union is meeting in London to-day to consider the reply that their Governments wiU make to the Soviet Note of January 13 which accused them of violating the Geneva protocol of 1925 by organizing the production of chemical and bacteriological weapons.
The Soviet Note was addressed to all adherents of W.E.U. except west Germany; but the German Federal Republic will be repre- sented to-day by Herr S. von Braun, acting charge d'Affaires at the German mission in London. M. Andre Clasen, Luxembourg Minister in London, will preside, and Sir Harold Caccia, deputy under-secretary at the Foreign Office, will be the British representa- tive.
Nine miners were killed in an explosion in a mine at Firminy, near St. Etienne.";"January 20, 1955";"";53144;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bacteriological Weapons";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STOCKHOLM, FEB. 11
The Swedish Government's polcy of non- participation in any political or military bloc, as expressed in last Wednesday's debate in the Riksdag, was re-enphasized yesterday by Hr. Unden, the Foreign Minister. "" Some quarters in Britain,"" he said, "" understood my speech to mean that I interpreted Mr. Bevin's speech on a west European union to mean the establishment of a political and military bloc. I have not ventured to interpret or comment on that speech."" The Swedish Government's statement referred purely to principles.
He added that, owing to incomplete reports, American newspapers had gained the impres- son that Sweden had adopted a negative attitude towards the Marshall plan, while in point of fact the Swedish Government had declared that it would cooperate whok heartedly with it.";"February 12, 1948";"";50993;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sweden And The Marshall Plan";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS. MARCH 29
Mr. Fothergill, chairman of the British Liberal Party, speaking to-day at a luncheon organized by the foreign affairs committee of the Belgian Liberal Party, said that there was no isolationism among political parties in Britain concerning European defence.
Whereas British public opinion was moving slowly towards European union, it was striking that members of the Commonwealth such as Canada, with its Liberal Government, proved to be European-minded, and would be much relieved if Britain were to pay more attention to her responsibilities in Europe. There was no doubt, he said, that the British Government were prepared to accept some close form of association with the European Defence Com- munity. Britain's association witb E.D.C. must not appear as a half-hearted and grudging concession to European opinion.";"March 30, 1954";"";52893;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Liberal Chairman On European Defence";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Edward R. Murrow, director of the United States Information Agency, said last night in Oxfordshire that the entry of Britain to the Coinmon Market wiUl prob- ably come in time. He told the Ditchley Foundation conference on 'British- Arnerican past and Atlantic future "" that "" a cermain portion of the difficulties you now encounter come larely from your own hand "".
Britain, under Ernest Bevin as Foreign Secretary, took the lead in formiing the Orga-nization for European Economic Cooperation. "" But the feeling began to grow on both sides of the Atlantic that the only real cure to Europe's ills lay in a genuine European union."" England remained aloof.
Of the future he said: "" The burgeoning economic community wi3l grow. ... In time Britain may ioin . . . and the now dormant application of states for affiliation wil revive.";"May 7, 1963";"";55694;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Britain Made Own E.E.C. Problems'";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 15
The dangers to Europe presented by the free trade crisis were mentioned at two other international meetings in Paris to-day-of the Council of Europe and of Western European Union.
The ministerial committee of the Council of Europe, meeting under the chairmanship of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, passed a resolution reaffirming the deter- mination of the 15 meniber-Govern- ments to create a multilateral associa- tion between the Common Market Powers and the other members of O.E.E.C. The resolution has been passed to the council of O.E.E.C.
Later in the day Sir James Hutchison. president of the assembly of W.E.U.. declared after a ministerial meeting that a breakdown in the economic unity of Europe would endanger unity in defence, W.E.U.'s special responsibility.";"December 16, 1958";"";54335;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Fears In Council Of Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
-ROME, MARCH 31
A project for the joint development. production and maintenance of a fleet of nuclear-powered, conventionally armed submarines by the countries comprising the Western European Union-Britain and the six members of the Common Market-has been approved in Rome in committee.
A draft resolution was adopted by 15 votes to six, with two abstentions, in the W.E.U. committee on defence matters. Lord Jellicoe (Britain) presented a re- port on which xthe recommendations were based. The opposition is said to have come from French Gaullist and Belgian Socialist deputies.
In addition to the plan for construct- ing the submarines the resolution proposes that the necessary changes be made to the modified Brussels Treaty to allow west Germany a part in the development and production of the fleet.";"April 1, 1966";"";56595;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear-Powered Submarine Fleet For Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPON'DENT
Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal. who returned from the Western European Union Assembly meet.ng in Paris yester- day, is to visit Norway in mid-June as the guest of the Norwegian group, of the Kn;'ghts of the Round Table. Mr. Heath will have consultations with Mr. Lange, the NorwDgian Foreign Minister.
The Norwegians were somewhat dis- appointed at the outcome of the Lisbon meeting of Efta and in particular that their application for the financing of a local loan on the London market has not been accepted. Mr. Heath's work for European unity is, bowever, widely respected.
Tht Knights of the Round Table Club in Britala was founded in the eigbteenth century, They try: to promote friendship and the spirit nf chivalrv between countries.";"June 7, 1963";"";55721;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath To Visit Norway";""
"";"['News']";"STRASBOURG, Feb. 7.-Mr. Jo Geimond. the British Liberal Party leader, today sug- gested a new European political com- munity ""to match the economic, atomic, and coal and steel communities "". It would include as foQnder members those countries of the Common Market and the European Free Trade Area wvho svshed to join, he said in a speech to the Liberal group of the European Consultative Assembly here.
There might be better ways of making political progress-Western European Union night be a suitable vehicle-but he put forward his new suggeston ""as an earnest of our continuing interest"". He added: "" Perhaps nothing has aroused the British to the need of considering the larger perspectives and to their role in the vworld to come as has the late lamented break- down in Brussels.""-Reuter.";"February 8, 1963";"";55620;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Group Urged By Mr. Grimond";""
"['By Ivone Kirkpatrick']";"['News']";"By Ivone Kirkpatrick
In a previous article I described the changed face of Europe and the conclu- sions which a rational man should draw in so far as our policy towards Germany is concerned. But this is not the only sphere in which we should bring new ideas to match an altered situation. Events should cause us also to reconsider our relations with Europe.
For many centuries Europe was the hub of the universe. It was from Europe that adventurers sailed to bring vast tracts of territory in Asia, Africa, and the Americas under European con- trol. For 100 years after the Congress of Vienna the world was virtually ruled by the Concert of Europe, but this era has come to an end and power now resides in two vast blocks led by the United States and Russia respectively, while a new giant is flexing his muscles in the east and preparing to appear on the stage.
FORLORN HOPE
It should be clear to everyone that in this situation no individual European country, however effective its industry and however skilful its leaders, can hope to put the clock back and recover the independence and influence which it enjoyed in the nineteenth century. Analogies are apt to be misleading, but they sometimes illuminate a problem. So let me suggest that in relation to the world the principal countries of western Europe now occupy the position formerly held by the Balkan countries in relation to Europe.
Tthis change is not unnaturally mirrored in the United Nations. Twenty years ago the League of Nations was a predominantly European organiza- tion. The Assembly met at Geneva, the United States stood aside, there were only seven Afro-Asian members and the Latin American states were to a large extent represented by their ambassa- dors resident in Paris. In New York, on the other hand, there are only 15 free European votes out of nearly 90. The Afro-Asian group is more than twice as numerous and the Europeans are out- numbered by the Latin Americans.
I believe that the decline in Europe's influence has been a misfortune for the world. The nineteenth-century Euro- pean had his faults, but convention and a wholesome fear of the consequences of international misdemeanour com- bined to keep his conduct within certain bounds. We can measure the progres- sive fall in international morality by comparing the present attitude towards treaty obligations with the shock given to the world in 1914 when the German Chancellor described the Belgian treaty as a scrap of paper.
GREATER UNITY
It seems to me that those who would like to see some element of order restored to our lawless world should be concerned to revive the influence of Europe. In present circumstances this can only be done by working for greater unity. Europe comprises some 250 million inhabitants and possesses vast technical and industrial resources. There is no reason why a united Europe sbould not in time deploy this latent power in such a manner as to have a considerable impact on world affairs. Sir Winston Churchill, who has vision and a deep sense of history, must have had all this in mind when in 1946 he launched the idea of a United Europe at Zurich.
Unfortunately the conception, in spite of its distinguished parentage, has made little progress in Britain during the intervening yea3s. The Labour Govern- ment of the day, and successive Con- servative Governments, including Sir Winston Churchill's own, have con- sistently set their faces against any closer involvement with Europe; and their attitude reflects the view of the majority of the electorate, where there is little support for the various bodies in this country which campaign for closer ties with Europe.
The ground for this is emotional rather than rational. We bave never cared for entanglement in Europe, and circumstances have made us more than ever instinctively opposed to it. During and after the war Norway, Denmark, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria, and Italy all fell under military occupation. In consequence the peoples of these countries have learnt by experience that the exercise of national sovereignty has not served to protect them and it is not surprising that their attachment to sovereignty has weakened. Our experience has been
precisely the reverse, and indeed it is no exaggeration to say that wc could not have survived in 1940 had we not been independent, since a federal parliament and. a federal army in which we pos- sessed only a minority interest would have compelled us to join in the capitu- lation. The mneorv of these events consciously or subconsciously leads us to view with repugnance any abdication of our sovereign rights.
There are, of course, other obstacles to closer association with Europe, such as our obligations to the Commonwealth and our relationship with the United States of America. But objections on these grounds are largeiy illusoTy. Most ComMonwealth countries desire to see a prosperous and influential Britain and do not require us on their account to pursue a policy which is likelv to split Europe and drive us into a dangerous isolation. The samne may be said of the United States. Moreover new perils are pressing on America and we cannot expect the Americans, gcnerous as they are, to continue indefinitely to bear the physical and moral burden of Europe's defence.
The conclusion to be reached is that the world we have known has gone and that we must accommodate ourselves to the new situation, however difficult this may be and 4OWever repugnant to our feelings. Self-preservation demands that we should cast equivocation aside, take our courage in our hands, and work for a closer association with Europe. It may be that the Six are not prepared to entertain a British approach, but it seems to me more likely that evidence of a real change of heart in Britain would create a new atmosphere in which it would be possible to reach agreemenL In any event, it would be wrong to assume that nothing can be done to avert the division of Europe and the progressive isolation of this country.
NUCLEAR ARMS
All this will require careful considera- tion and time for detailed negotiation. Meanwhile there is one field in which the nations of Europe can usefully cooperate. At present Britain and France are making nuclear weapons at enor- mous cost and, if the experts are to be believed, the time is not far distant when other countries will be able to do the same. Every increase in the number of nuclear Powers obviously increases the danger of nuclear warfare, and pending international agreement to control the abolition of nuclear weapons we sbould be well advised to take time by the fore- lock and do what we can to ensure that in Europe at all events the situation does not get out of hand.
For this purpose we have in the Western European Union, which has hitherto had nothing to do, an instru- ment which was originally devised to perform this sort of task. It would bring this body to life if members of the union could be persuaded to pool the manufacture, the distribution, and the control of nuclear weapons and of the means of delivering them. In this field we have much to offer, and while France might prefer on sentimental grounds to remain in sole control of her nuclear armoury, the effort to keep abreast of events may prove beyond her strength, as indeed may also be the case with us.
AMERICAN INTEREST
Our present arrangements with America would, of course, make it necessary to secure the assent of the United States Government to any such proposal. But America not only has an interest in furthering European unity and the capacity of Europe to defend itself, but she is equally concerned to preveht an uncontrolled increase in the number of nuclear Powers. If con- fronted by a choice, it is not unreason- able to believe that the Americans would prefer the production of nuclear weapons to be in the hands of the Western European Union rather than in those of individual members.
There is nothing so likely to bind nations together as joint arrangements for defence. If we could make the Western European Union a living orga- nism, we should be taking a decisive step towards European union. We should also be doing what is necessary Lo face a future in which neither we nor any of our European partners can single- handed meet the requirements of our own defence.";"August 15, 1960";"";54850;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Need For Union In Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PAR18. MARCH 10
Mr. Mulley, Deputy Secretary of State for Defence and Mlinister for the Army, told the Western European Union round- table conference here today of British satis- factiori with the results of Mr. Wilson's recent talks in Bonn.
Mr. Muiley did not mention the possi- bility of a reduction of British troops in Germany. He did emiphasize the extent of British commitments. however. and pointea out that Britain was the only Europeah country actively engaged in the Far East.
He said that there was agreement between Britain and west Germany on the problem which both the maltilateral fotce and the Atlantic nuclear force projects were in- tended to solve. Britain thought that the A.N.F. was the better approach to the question, and was optimistic about the chances of eventual agreement between the two countries.";"March 11, 1965";"";56267;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Optimism On The Atlantic Force";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC
CORRESPONDENT
Most of the delegates at the Western European Union meeting. which ended at Lancaster House yesterday, agreed it had been as satisfactory as could be expected at this stage of the British applica- tion to join Europe. All the Five (Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries) supported a prompt start to negotiations and agreed that there were no insurmountable obstacles to British entry.
There' is now a growing feeling that uncertainty over the question of expanding the Common Market is bad for everyone.
. Lord Chalfont, Minister of State, said the British Government: did not agree that there was a fundamental disequilibrium in the British economy. Against this,. however, it must be said that most of the delegates clearly do believe: that the criticisms in the Brussels Commission's report are serious.
David Spanier reports, page 11.";"October 14, 1967";"";57072;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU doubts on Britain";""
"['From PETER STAFFORD']";"['News']";"IFrom PETER STAFFORD
Brussels, Jan. 6 The Brussels Commission is to be invited to take part in the ministerial meeting of the West- ern European Union (W.E.U.) at the end of this week, Belgian officials said today. A Commis- sion representative will attend the meeting on the second day, Saturday, which is to be devoted to the economic aspect of Euro- pean integration.
The decision to invite the Commission has been taken in spite of French opposition, and represents a change in the tactics of France's W.E.U. partners- Britain and the five other mem- bers of the European Economic Community.
The presence of the-Commis- sion at this week's meeting will be a sign that the W.E.U. is con- tinuing normally, in spite of the French boycott. The invitation decision has been challenged by the French,";"January 7, 1970";"";57761;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU alters tactics";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORESPONDENT The council of Western European Union decided yesterday that the three-month period which is to elapse before a referen- dum is held on the Saar should begin on the date when the first of the laws adopted by the Saar Landtag on July 8 enters into force. The international commission for the Saar, which was inaugurated last month and is responsible to the W.E.U. council, is due to meet in the Saar to-day. It will decide on the promulgation of the Landtag laws by the Saar Government, which will then be responsible for fixing the exact date for the referendum. It therefore seems likely that the referen- dum will be held some time in October, just a year after it was agreed that the Saar should be granted a European status under the aegis of W.E.U.";"July 23, 1955";"";53280;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Date For Referendum On Saar";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FRO6m OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
MELBOURNE, MAY 3
In a leading article on the Western European Union the Melbourne Age reiterates Australian anxiety over the question how the United Kingdom's new obligations to her partners in the Union will affect her relations with the Dominions. It hopes that the Empire Parliainentai-y conference, to be held in London in October, will afford Opportunities for frank faily talks on the subject.
Asking to what extent the Dominions were consulted before the pledges involved in western union were given, the Age says there is nothing to show that the Dominions are being consulted before far-reaching commit- ments are undertaken. No doubt the Doninions have been kept informed, it says, but that is not the same as actively taking part in the shaping of policies that may involve their peoples heavily.";"May 4, 1948";"";51062;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Commitments In Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The British decision is expected to be the main topic at today's meeting in Paris of the Council of Ministers of Western European Union.
Belgium, France, western Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands are the members, with Britain, of W.E.U. Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, who is attending the meeting, may thus be the first British Minister to hear the collective views of the Six on the decision.
Meetings of the council of W.E.U. are held about every three months and to- day's meeting is part of that pattern. Besides political consultation between Britain and the Common Market coun- tries, for which these meetings have' provided opportunities for some time past, other subjects of common interest which may be discussed include Berlin, Laos, and the Congo. Mr. Heath is expected to return to London this evening.";"August 1, 1961";"";55148;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath Meeting The Six Today";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRONI OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, JULY 1o
After the meeting in Rome today between the Foreign Ministers of Italy, France, west Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg and the acting Foreign Minister of the Netherlands. Mr. H. R. van Houten, it was stated that the proposal will be made to the British Government to hold a session of the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union on August 1. The meeting will follow the Prime Ministers' conferencc of the European Economic Community countries which will be held in Bonn on July 18.
The main object of today's meeting was to discuss the agenda for the Prime Ministers' conference. The four main sub- jects on the agenda will be: the develop- ment of European political cooperation, European defence, relations between Europe and Africa. and relations between Europe and Latin America.";"July 11, 1961";"";55130;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Agenda Drawn Up For E.E.C. Leaders";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd is to fly to Paris on Sunday, according to present arrange- ments, to attend the Atlantic Council meetings which begin on Tuesday. On Monday there will be a meeting of the council of Western European Union, as is customary now before a ministerial N.A.T.O. meeting.
No arrangements have yet been made for a meeting between Mr. Dulles and the Foreign Secretary. but that is not to say that they will not meet privately. They have not met since the Anglo-French inter- vention in Egypt.
All that has yet been said of the W.E.U. meeting is that it will consider *' certain aspects of the problem of western defence."" Presumably this will include the question of Germany's defence contribution in the light of Germany's revised plan for conscription for 12 months only.";"December 5, 1956";"";53706;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Selwyn Lloyd Going To Paris";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JULY 15
This has been a satisfactory day for the Foreign Ministers in Paris. At their meeting in the morning they studied their experts' report on recommenda- tions to be made to the heads of their Governments on the westcrn approach to Geneva. With only slight alterations they reached full agreement on the recommendations.
These are understood to link the three questions of security, disarmament, and German unification. M. Pinay, indeed, later stated in effect that no advance could be made on security or disarmament without corresponding progress on German unifica- tion. Mr. Dulles also is understood to feel strongly that there can be no disarmament or security agreement without German unifi- cation. The British delegation has not stated the point so flatly. All are agreed, however, that German unification must be the first objective and that without it there can be no large-scale or lasting improvement in the international situation.
In the evening Mr. Macmillan and -M. Pinay attended a meeting of the council of Western European Union. The council received and "" noted "" a report from the international commission on the Saar. This in effect stated that conditions in the Saar were suitable for a referendum on its future status. As a compromise, however, it was agreed to give the Germans further time to study the report before the date for the Saar referendum is finaliy fixed. This leaves the situation a little in doubt, but the referen- dum, it is understood, should still in practice be held before the end of October.
The morning's meeting between Mr. Macmillan, Mr. Dulles, and M. Pinay, and their advisers, was evidently completely satisfactory. President Eisenhower, Sir Anthony Eden, and M. Edgar Faure, the French Prime Minister, will discuss their recommendations in Geneva on Sunday morning.
Jt is understood that if the recommenda- tions are accepted, as seems likely, the western representatives will endeavour to make their points in as reasonable and amicable a manner as possible to convince the Russians that they have not come to strike any menacing or intransigent attitudes but that they desire deeply to achieve on reasonable terms a truly peaceful settle- ment for all. Officials here consider that the structure of the Russian delegation proves beyond doubt that Russia is now being run by a committee.-
YALTA AGREEMENTS
Original proposals that President Eisen- hower might call for early changes in the ea.; European States have been much modified. It is proposed that as chaiiman President Eisenhower should make the opening declaration at the first meeting with the Russians on Monday, and in defer- ence to American opinion he will no doubt mention the concern felt in the west at the failure since the War to carry out. the Yalta
agreements. (It was agreed at Yalta that the liberated peoples were to be enabled "" to create democratic institutions of their own choice."" They were to have the right to choose "" their own fortn of Government "" through "" free elections."") President Eisenhower, it is proposed. might also emphasize the essential importance of unify- ing Gcrmany, if any real settlement is to be achieved.
M. Faure might then emphasize the purely defensive character of Western European Union and of N.A.T.O. and the mutual control of armaments which the Western European Union members have imposed on themselves. He might also speak of the possibility of extending the W.E.U. system to other States, and he will make clear that the securitY of western Europe depends upon the continued presence of United States and British forces on the Continent.
Sir Anthony Eden might then discuss further the western security proposals, which should lead to consideration of disarmament, and at some stage the advantages of developing east-west trade, if a lasting settle. ment can be reached, will also be con- sidered. After these opening statements and presumably an opening statement by Marshal Bulganin, it is intended to make the confer- ence as informal as possible. The first objective will be to find out if the Russians will consider the unification of Germany on any acceptable terms.
EMBASSY. LUNCHEON
M. Pinay and senior French officials were the guests at luncheon at the British Embassy, and later M. Faure invited the three Foreign Ministers-each, it is believed, with one adviser-to a short meeting.
Mr. Macmillan and M. Pinay then joined the Foreign Ministers of the other W.E.U. countries. Herr von Brentano (Federal Germany), Signor Martino (Italy), M. Spaak (Belgium), Mr. Beyen (Holland). and Mr. Bech (Luxembourg). and the W.E.U. coun- cil received the report of the international commission on the Saar. The commission has inspected conditions in the territory and considered the Saar Government's proposed legislation for the holding of a referendum.' The German representatives were knowni to have objections to some of this legislation,
including the proposed Press law, which Imposed stiff penalties.
Tho report of the commission, which was preserited orally by its chairman, "" noted "" however, that the proposed Saar legislation conformted with the Franco-German agree- ment on the Saar of October 23, 1954. In the French view all that is required after this is for the council to note the report, and the period of three months for the prepara- tion of the Saar referendum can then begin. In the German view, apparently, the report has to be approved. To-day the council reached a compromise by "" noting "" the report, but deciding thit the Germans should have some days to study it before the referendum period is fixed. According to a commu,uquE issued later the commission will meet on July 23 to decide on the pro- muliation of the Saar Government's laws.";"July 16, 1955";"";53274;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Ministers Reach Quick Agreement";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, MARCH 4
The diplomatic meeting in Brussels on west European union is being watched anxiously here-far more anxiously than it would have been before the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia. A western alliance is seen as an urgent first move towards stopping a ""creeping Pearl Harbour."" as Mr. Walter Reuther, presi- dent of the United States Auto Workers, yesterday described the present situation.
The success of a western alliance depends, the New York Times points out, on two countries whose attitude is still problematical. One is France, mainly concerned with the possi- bility of a future German menace: the other is the United States, which, "" while in favour of a west European union, is still non-com- mittal on joining a military alliance."" Other newspapers-notably the Waslziugion Post- accept Mr. Lovett's statement yesterday as a hint that the United States might guarantee the defence of wester Europe, but only after the Europeans themselves had formed a defensive alliance.
Nobody is inclined to take Senator Ball and his amendment to the Aid Bill-calling for a west European defence pact and a new. veto- less United Nations-as a serious contribution to the security of anybody or anything. Senator Lodge, who has worked as hard in the preparation of the European recovery pro- gramme as anyone, said that Czechoslovakia had been taken over by a fifth column of its own citizens. and the same fate might be in store for Italy. He asked Senator Ball what good it would do-since not a single Russian soldier had stepped across the Stettin-Triestc line-to have nations pledged to unite against the use of armed force. Senator Vandenberg remarked that it was "" interesting to be in favour of everything that is not available for us to vote on and not in favour of anything that is.""
SENATOR SMITH'S APPEAL
After Senator Malone, another revisionist, had started a new hare to-day by suggesting -that the Monroe doctrine should be extended to all areas of the world deemed vital to United States security, Senator Smith tried to bring the debate back to earth by asking that American foreign policy should be bi-partisan, all-Ameri- can, and positive; that it should help nations to help themselves, and be administered by them under proper observation; and that it be carried out as far as possible within the framework of the United Nations. "" Our in- ability, through selfish division at home, to aid in the rehabilitation of Europe at this critical moment will be the signal for Com- munism to move in and take over."" he said.
An amendment that has a chance of being accepted was introduccd late last night by Senator Brewster, of Maine. It would elimin- ate the provision in the Bill permitting the chartering of 300 ships to the countries taking part. On presentation it had II supporters, but all the Senators representing coastal States will be forced to vote tor it, and they will no doubt be joined by inland isolationists on general wrecking principles. Senator Knowland, of California, offered an alternative proposal that half the goods to be supplied under the pro- gramme should be shipped in American bottoms.";"March 5, 1948";"";51012;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. And Defence Of West Europe";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"With just three weeks to the next European Summit, every- one is preparing to blame some- one else in the event of what
could be an extremely costly failure:
To be a success this summit will have to approve the final terms to bring in Spain and Portugal, rubber stamp a plan to eke out the finances, dedicate itself to cleaning up the environment and set guidelines for future develop- ment of the Community into some kind or other of European Union. There is serious trouble on all fronts, however, and the need for whipping boys and scapegoats has never been greater.
Britain is the traditional fhvourite. West Germany blames it for having blocked its plans to clean car exhausts. Italy, as President of the Council of Ministers, holds it prim4rily responsible (with Denstark) for having stopped a deal o,n fishing rights which would have cleared the way for Qnlargemnent Just about everybody resents having agreed to give Britain a £600 million budget concession this year.
Al this adds up to proof, in the minds of those who like to think that way, that Britain is an uniconvinced European.
There should be a difficulty about branding Britain, in advance, as the spoilsport: that- difficulty is that its reputation for being un-Euro- pean is not entirely borne out by the facts.
Take European union - or unity"", as Britain prefers to call it. There is no more staunch supporter of the principle of opening up the internal market, of allowing free movement of insurance policies and cheap air tickets and of harmonising new technology standards. The
trouble is that Britain alone is properly geared up to profit from such moves; so the others will not easily agree them.
Consider the committee report on institutional reform being drawn up for the' summit. On two points there was unanimous recommen- dation by committee members as long ago as the Dublin summit in December. Mrs Thatcher suggested then that they be adopted immediately: and won no backing at all.
Then there are the milk quotas. Britain's dairy farmers have never stopped complain- ing about them, but they have observed them rigidly, which is more than can be said for almost any other country.
Even on the European Monetary System, which it has yet to join fully, Britain is not entirely Eurosinful. The system's currency, the ECU (European Currency Unit), is after sterling and the dollar the most common in use in Britain. West Germany re- fuses to allow the ECU inside its borders.
In cold statistics, perhaps the only guide to Britain's relative integration is the number of times it has run foul of European law. Accord- ing to a Commission report, it is easily the most law-abiding of the four large countries, and only slightly more naughty than tiny Luxembourg. Between 1978 and 1983 Britain was hauled before the court 10 times. This compares with 13 times for West Germany, 33 for France and 69 for Italy.
It would be wrong to present Britain as a paragon of EEC virtue.
The trouble is that it has so far failed to learn the fine EEC art of persuading others it is fighting for Europe, when all it is really doing is defending its own corner.
Ian Murray I";"March 11, 1985";"";62081;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Notebook";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities. the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendment or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle, to the signature of the instru- ments of ratification by the PresIdent of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate, was as follows: - (1) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110;
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75;
(3) Entry of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114;
(4) Franco-German agreement on the Saar:
217 to 92.
In the first and narrowest division, the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to-the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions;
Gaullists, 11 for, 30 against, five absten- tions;
M.R.Pt, 17 for,.4 against, 5 abstentions; Oversea independents, 3 for, 11 against;
Radicals, 46 for, 21 against, 2 abstentions; Socialists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of. M. Faure's tactical skill when in answer to the various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which. had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The statement listed the five essential heads of French policy as follows: -
(I) The Franco-German agreement on the Saar should enter into application only after the conclusion of an economic agreement between the two countries on the basis recently. agreed by them. -
(2) The Western European Union should be completed by an armaments production organization assuring the best possible utilization of the resources of member countries. The statement went into this second point in some detail. The objective, which would be pursued untiringly, was the creation of a European agency possessing a common. budget and real powers in relation to research, production, and the distribution of foreign aid.
Withba view to this, the Government would propose to its partners in W.E.U.: the crea- tion of organs for the closest possible cooperation between all member States.. At. the same time it would open negotiations with the other. members to "" equalize the economic and social conditions of produc- tion "" in their countries; and would seek the conclusion of "" multilateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries as were disposed to join them.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition by the Council of W.E.U. of the prorosed controls on weapons of mass destruction.
(4) The Government would point out to the members of N.A.T.O. the need for a strengthening of the links between them. N.A.T.O. should not be limited to military problems alone, but should be a source of political, economic, and social solidarity between its members both in and outside Europe-notabl y in the Mediterranean and Africa.
)5. The Government would seek, the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearest possible date, and had already approached its allies with a view to the renewal of negotiations with the. Soviet Government; it would also spare no effort for the success of the recent conversations on disarmament.";"March 29, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summary Of Monday, March 28";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendmcnt or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- ments of ratification. by the President of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than .40 hours' debate, was as follows:- (I) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110,;
12) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75*
t3) Entry of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114;
(4) Franco-German agreement on the Saar:
217 to 92.
In the first and narrowest division the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions ;
Gaullists, 11 for, 30 against, five absten- tions;
M.R.P., 17 for, 4 against, 5 abstentions; Oversea independents, 3 for, 11 against;
Radicals, 46 for, 21 argainst, 2 abstentions; Socialists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of. M. Faure's tactical skill when in answer to the various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The statement lIsted the five essential heads of French policy as follows:-
(I) The Franco-German agreement on the S2kar should enter into application only after the conciusion of an economic agreement between the two countries on the basis recently agreed by them.
(2) The Western European Union should he completed by an armaments production organization assuring the best possible utilization of the resources of member countries. The statement went into, this second point in some detail. The objective, which would be pursued untiringly, was the creation of a European agency possessing a common budget:and real powers in relation to research, production, and the distribution of foreign aid.
With a view to this, the Government would propose to its partners in W.E.U. the crea- tion -of organs for the closest possible cooperation between all member States. At the same time it would open negotiations with the. other members to -equalize the economic and social conditions of produc- tion "" in their countries; and would seek the conclusion of "" multilateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries as were disposed to join them.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition, by the Council of W.E.U. of the prooosed controls on weapons of mass destruction.
(4) The Government would point out to the members of N.A.T.O. the need for a strengthening of the links between them. NA.T.O. should not be limited to military problems alone, but should be a source of political, economic, and social solidarity oetween its members both in and outside Europe-notably in the Mediterranean and Africa.
(5) The Government would seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearest possible date, and had already approached its allies with a view to the renewal of negotiations with the: Soviet Government; it would also spare no effort for the success of the recent conversations on disarmament.";"March 30, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summary Of Monday, March 28";""
"['From Richard Owen,']";"['News']";"From Richard Owen,
Brussels
With agreement reached on an overall Act of European UnTioh, Foreign Ministers yes- terday got down to the fine print of the EEC reforms adopted at the Luxembburg sumnmit two weeks ago.
Italy was trying to nudge the agreed Treaty of Rome re- visions towards a more radical interpretation, and Denmark was tenaciously holding the line against further expansion of reforms which it says already go too far.
Britain, in common with France and West Germany, the other members of the EEC ""big three"", said it stuck by the texts formulated at the summit after two days of debate. But some ""technical retouching"" rnight be possible to try to satisfy more ardent reforners, particularly over the powers otf the Euro. pean Parliament at Strasbourg.
The question of the Parlia- ment is crucial to Italy, which has made ratification of the Luxembourg package con- ditional on its acceptability to Strasbourg.
The Parliament said last week that the reforms were inadequate, but reserved its final position until matters had been ""clarified"" by the Foreign Ministers, who ended their two- day session today.
The summit offered the Parliament a ""second reading"" of legislation, after which the Council of Ministers would still have the last word by unani- mous vote.
The reformers want to see this strengthened by putting a time linit of three months on the council's final decision, and by laying down that if the council cannot a e the Parlia- ment's version will prevail.
Last night Italy appeared to be backing down from this by insisting only that ady rejected parliamentary amendments should none the less be still ""taken into account"" by the council.
The Foreign Ministers, who seemed to be in almost continu-
ous session oh the reforms in tne run-up to the summit, do not intend to engage in endless .extual analysis now the summit is over, council sources said.
On the other hand if either Denmark or Italy refuses outright to ratify the package, the whole Luxembourg process will have been in vain.
The agreed abolition oItrade barriers as Europe moves towards a complete internal
Agreement reached
on 'umbrella' Act of Union
market by 1992 is also causing post-summit tristesse. West Germany is maintaining its reserved position on the harmo- nization of professional qualifi- cations; France is unwilling to allow majority voting on the liberalzation of air and sea transp6rt; and Britain is still set firmly against new treaty pro- visions on employment, which Mrs Margaret Thatcher says run counter to British-sponsored
assages reducing the burden of aEC controls over small businesses.
The Foreign Ministers last night agreed on the wording of an Act of European Union which is to embrace both the proposed revisions to the Treaty of Rome and the new treaty on joint foreign policy.
The Act, an umbrella concept known as a chapeau, had been strongly favoured by France and Italy and opposedl by some, notably Desnmark, because it implies an advance towards a fully united Europe.i
A formula put forward by Sir GeotThey Howe the Foreign Secretary, defines European union as a long-term goal to be achieved by a progression of practical steps, however. Since this appears to encapsulate only what is already implicit in the Treaty of Rome preamble, that may not present problems when Denmark comes to ratify the package, EEC official said.";"December 17, 1985";"";62323;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC hones the fine print of reform";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, FEB. 25
Mr. George Brown, deputy leader of the Labour Party, made a forthright attack in Paris today on British defence policy and the proposed multilateral deterrent under North Atlantic Treaty Organization Control. He spoke to British correspondents after attending a meeting of Western European Union and having talks with General Lemnit. zer, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, General Sir Hugh Stockwell, Deputy Supreme Commander, and. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, British permanent representative at Nato.
He said that before he saw General Lemnitzer his view had been that a Nato multilateral deterrent was either a con- tradiction in terms or could be an abso- lute disaster. "" After. having discussed it with him, I remain of the same opinion.""
When he had been in the United States last year he had gained the impression .that the Amerlcan Administration felt that it could not intellectually defend the position in which. the United States provided all the nuclear arms for the western alliance, and therefore w-as looking for a new position.
""' :ut why disturb the present situa- tion, since, as the French say, Ca marche, just because you can't defend it intellectually ? ""
CABINET'S FAILURE
""It would be so easy to see what one would want to do as Defence Minister or Prime Minister. I am quite clear what absolute nonsense current British defence policy is. I leave Shape absolutely persuaded that a few British submarines in 10 years' time with the centre portions-that is to say, the only significant portions-wholly U.S.-pro- duced, just like Skybolt was going to be, makes no defence sense at all, either for Britain or for our allies.
""The real job for Britain is to give Nato a real British contribution. That would mean a British Army of the
Rhine of effective numbers and, more important than numbers, effective weapons and deployment.
"" General de Gaulle is refusing to com- mit his troops and, regrettably enough. is able to rely on the failure of the present British Government to honour their com- mitments as a justification. Our present Government should be ashamed that they provide excuses for everybody to default on their-Nato commitments - .
""When I become a Minister, I shall find out whether the V-bombers are vul- nerable. If they are too vulnerable, out they go. I will never send any young men uselessly to their deaths. I will not spend a penny on trying to replace them,
because the west already has as much nuclear deterrent as it could possibly need.""
W.E.U. CALL
Meanwhile Mr. Livingston Merchant, President Kennedy's special negotiator for the multilateral force, today paid a surprise visit to M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister. French sources described it as a courtesy call, though American officials were non- committal. Mr. Merchant is to consult with the Nato Council later this week.
At today's meeting of the presidential committee of Western European Union (which embraces the six Common Market countries and Britain) Ministers were urged to take early action to give "",a new start to Europe "".
The presidential committee, composed of parliamentary officers of W.E.U., meeting to discuss the agenda for the June assembly, took the occasion to ex- press great regret at the breakdown in Brusszls and its possible consequences.
A formal resolution emphasized the imperative need for renewed discussions among the seven Governments, and pro- posed that the committee of Ministers, meeting soon to examine the European situation, should assume the urgent task of seeking realistic conditions for a new start.";"February 26, 1963";"";55635;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Brown Assails Idea Of Nato Deterrent";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROMI OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendment or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- ments of ratification by the President of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate, was aS follows:- (1) Western European Union: 184 votes to
1 10;
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75;
13) Entry of' western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114;
(4) Franco-German agreement on the Saar:
217 to 92.
In the first and narrowest division, the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions;
Gauaists, 11 for, 30 against, five absten- ions,
M.R.P., 17 for, 4 against, 5 abstentions; Oversea independents, 3 for. 11 against;
Radicals, 46-fo'r, 21 against, 2 abstentions;- Socialists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of. X, Faure's tactical skill wben in answer to the various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day.
BASIC PRINCIPLES.
The statement listedtbhefive essential heads of French policy as follows:-
(1) The Franco-German agreement on the Saar should enter into application only after the conclusion of an. economic agreement between the two countries, on the basis recently agreed by them. '
(2) The Western European Union should be completed by an armaments-production organization assuring the best possible utilization of the resources of member countries. The statement went into this second point in some detail.' The objective, which would be pursued untiringly,,was the creation of a. European agency possessing a common budget and real powers in relation to research, production, and the distribution of foreign. aid.
With a view to this, the Government would propose to its'partners in W.E.U. the crea- tion of organs for! the closest possible cooperation between all. member States. At the same time -it would open negotiations with -the other'members, to "" equalize the economic and social conditions of produc- tion "" in their countries, and would seek the conclusion of "" multiiateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries as were disposed to join them.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition by the Council of W.E.U. of the prowosed controls on weapons of mass destruction.
(4) The Government would point out to
the. members of N.A.T.O the need for a. strengthening of the links between them. N.A.T.O. should not be limited to military
problems alone, but should be a source of'
olitical, economic, and social solidarity tetween its members both in' and outside Europe-notably in the Mediterranean and Africa.
(5) The Government wouid seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearest possible date, and had already approached its' allies with a view to the renewal of negotiations with the Soviet Government; it would also spare no effort for the success of' the recent conversatiohs on disarmament.";"March 31, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summary Of Monday, March 28";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendment or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- men'rs of ratification by the President of the Republic.
Tihe voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate, was as follows: - (1) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110;
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75;
43) Entry of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114:
(4) Franca-German agreement on the Saar:
217 to 92.
In the first and narrowest division, the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to.the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions;
Gaullists, 11 for, 30 against, five absten- tions;
M.R.P., 17 for; 4 against, 5 abstentions; QO^ersea independents, 3 for, 11 against;
Radicals, 46 for, 21 against, 2 abstentions; Socialists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of M. Faure's tactical skill when in answer to the-various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day.
- BASIC PRINCIPLES
-The statement listed the five essential heads of- French policy as follows: -
(I) The Franco-German agreement on the Saar should enter into application only after the conclusion of an economic agreement between the two countries- on the basis recently agreed by them.
(2) The Western. European Union should be completed by an armaments ptoduction organization assuring the best possible utilization *of the resotirces of' member countries. iThe statement went into this second point in some detail. The objective, which would be pursued untiringly, was the creation of a European agency possessing a common' budget and real, powers in relation to research, production, and the distribution of foreign aid.
With a view to this, the Government would propose to its partners in W.E.U. the crea- tion of organs for the closest possible cooperation between all member States. At the same time iit would open negotiations with the other. members to "" equalize the economic and social conditions of produc- tion"" in their countries; and would seek the conclusion of "" multilateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries-as were disposed to join, them.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition by the Council of W.E.U. of the proDosed controls on weapons of mass destruction.
(4) The Government would point out to the members of N.A.T.O. the need for a strengthening- of the links between them. NA;T.O. -should -not be-limited to military problems alone, but should be a source of political, economic, *and social solidarity between its members both in and outside Europe-notably in the Mediterranean and Africa.
(5) The Government would seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearcst possible date, and had already approached - its allies' with a view to the -renewal of. negotiations with 'the zSoviet Government; it would also spare' no effort for the success of the recent conversations on disarmament.";"April 4, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summary Of Monday, March 28";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harernov
Paris, Feb 4
The French and West German Governments, in a joint declara- tion, have anuounced their intention of intensifying their consultations on and coordina- tion of economic policy. They also intend to make their ,tech. nological and industrial capacity available to other countries for the development of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, while remaining firmly opposed to nuclear proliferation.
These are the two most im- portant decisions taken at the twenty-ninth Franco-German summit meeting which ended at lunchtime today.
The declaration was made by President Giscard d'Estaing at the close of the plenary sessiob at the Elysee Palace. In it the two Governments express the wish that the Community should resume progress in 1978 towards economic and monetary union, ""the compulsory phase on the way to European union "".
Convinced that the converg- ence of short-term develop-ments is the pre-condition of closer economic and monetary solid- arity, ' they have agreed to intensify consultations between them to achieve a better co- ordination of the objectives and instruments of their respective economic policies, within the framework laid down by Comi munity institutions.
"" They also intend to .make proposals to the European Council before the end of 1977 for an effective harmonization of the economic policies of member states.'
The Finance Ministers of both countries will hold quarterly consultations on. their short-term economic policies. Herr Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, emphasized that both Governments wanted not only cooperatioi but coordina- tion of economic policies.
Both Government spokesmen told the press afterwards that one should speak of a converg- ence between France and West Germany in economic policy rather than of maintaining the same direction as the French recovery plan had different objectives from the West Ger- man one, but they were both aiming at the same thing in the long run.
Herr Schmidt emphasized that both countries' recovery programines would make good- progress in 1977, and bdth countries hoped to "" invite their partners in the Community to this closer convergence "".
The two governments have also agreed on the broad lines of the agenda of the coming "".summit "" of the industrialiied seven. But the spokesmen refused to give details. Accord- ing to German sources, it could be held in London on May 10.
The French would like the con- ference limited to economic matters, and Germans appear to share this view.
The reference in the declara- tion to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy reveals the determination, of France and West Germany not to yield to the United States on the matter of exporting-nuclear technology and plant.
The two government spokes- men emphasized that no particular transactions had been discussed but only the general principle involved-an allusion to the French contract . with Pakistah, and the West German one with Brazil. They also insisted that in future con- versations with the United States such commercial trans- actions would not be taken up, only the general problem of non-proliferation.
This summit, in spite of the almost ritual character of such meetings, seems to have breathed new vigour into Franco-West Germnan coopera- tion. Both sides were anxious to endow the occasion with a rather unusual touch of solemnity. It is rare for such -consultations to end in a joint declaration, and the emphasis on European union in that of today is regarded as a reminder 'to both Washington and lon- don of the political objective of the Community.";"February 5, 1977";"";59926;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Solemn ending of Giscard-Schmidt talks seals resolve to tighten Franco-German economic ties";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign Ministers who are meeting in London to establish a Council of Europe held two sessions yesterday, with Mr. Bevin in the chair, and in the evening attended a party given by the King and Queen at Buckinghiam Palace. Members of the British Government present were Mr. Attlee, Mr. Morrison, Mr. Bevin, Mr. Dalton, and Mr. Bevan.. With the Kirig and Queen were Queen Mary, Princess Elizabeth, the Duke- of Edinburgh, and the Princess Royal. The Ministers will continue their work to-day and expect to have finished by to-morrow night.
Ten countries are represented at the con- ference-the five Brussels Treaty Powers, who took the original decision to form a Countil of Europe and laid down the lAinciples on which the statute will be based, and the three Scandinavian countries, Italy, and Eire, who were invited to associate themselves with the project at a later stage. Nine wvere represented Yesterday by their Foreign Ministers, and the tenth, Belgium, by her Ambassador in London, Vicomte Obert de Thieusies. M. Spaak is expected to attend to-day's meetings.
Most of the work involved in the fotnding of a Council of Europe was done before the Ministers met. A draft statute, prepared by a committee of Ambassadors, is in being, and also, it is believed, a draft agreement to form a commission to prepare the ground for the first meetings of the Council at Strasbourg, probably in August. It is left to the Ministers to decide a few questions on which the Ambassadors were unable to reach agreement.
QUESTION OF NAME
As already reported, one of these concerns the name of the organization. The French Government would like it to be known as European Union-the name Council of Europe being retained only for the machinery of Com- mittee of Ministers, Consultative Assembly, and secretariat. But European Union is regarded by some other Governments as too advanced a title, at any rate at this stage, and the more non-committal Council of Europe may be preferred. A question of a different order to be discussed to-day is whether Greece and Turkey, both of which have indicated their desire to join, should be admitted. A decision may be postponed until the Council is in being. The question of the admission of Germany does not arise until there is a German Government.
Mr. Attlee attended a luncheon given by Mr. Bevin at 1. Carlton Gardens in honour of the visiting Ministers. The guests included the Foreign Ministers of France (M. Schuman), the Netherlands (Mr. Stik.ker), Italy (Count Sforza), Eire (Mr. MacBride), Denmark (Hr. Rasmussen), Norway (Hr. Lange), Sweden (Hr. Unden), and Luxembourg (M. Bech); the Lord Chancellor (Lord Jowitt), the Minister of Health (Mr. Bevan), the Chan- cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Dr. Dalton), the Attorney-General (Sir H. Shawcross), Mr. Churchill, Mr. Eden, Mr. R. A. Butler, Sir Willian- Strang, Lord Henderson, Mr. Mayhew, Sir E. Beckett, and Sir Gladwyn Jebb; and the Ambassadors and Ministers in London of the countries represented at the conferenoe.
Mr. Bevin and the visiting Foreign Ministers dined last night at the French Embassy as the guests of the French Ambassador.
t,? Pictures on page 10.";"May 4, 1949";"";51372;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Council Of Europe";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"This i:s the rubys inniver- sary year of the Liberation of Europe. Queens and presidents have invaded Nnrmundn
Tanks have rolled igain through the streets of Brussels. The bridge too far away in Arnhem was crossed in peace. This winter an armv of American veterans will fight a second time through the Ardennes.
This is the week when that liberated Europe is meant to start an important march forward down the road to whiat so many of its citizens believe should be a new kind of federation. It is a week when the last technical EEC budget battles are meant to be fought and the first real face-to-face skirmishes on integration are due to occur.
The technical budget battles are being waged anonymously behind closed doors by diplo- mats with brains - in the words of Mr Nigel Lawson, the Chancellor - ""like polymatlhs"". They have the awesome task of putting together by next Monday a detailed package for agreement covering everything from the impact of the Portu- guese birthrate to ways of neutralizing the European Parliament.
That package may well be pulled apart in Luxembourg next week by foreign, farm an(d finance ministers. But by no"", none of tlhem can be in any doubt that it will then have to be neatly and quickly wrapped up again if thtere is to be any early hope of a move towvards European union. It is a union which, despite the bad blood spilt over the budget argument, erycryone *wants Britain to join anid to join wholeheartedly.
Last week Mr Leo iniiide- mans, Belgium's best knowin elder statesman, wrote: ""A
Europe without the British would remain forever a muti- lated, incomplete Europe ... I am convinced that the United Kingdom, deprived of the economic and political support of the Commonwealth, will end. by feeling the necessity of European integration.""
As the warm tributes round. Europe in fortieth anniversary ceremonies testify, the Belgian Foreign Minister speaks for manv nations. Though Britain is frequently damined for its attitude in EEC councils, it is admired, even envied for what NMtr Tindeinans calls its ""sense of democracy"" and for its wartime defence of the ""demo- cratic ideal of the West"".
It is that idealism which inspired the creation of a newv EEC committee wvhich meets for the first time on Friday in Brussels. Set up by the European summit, its members have been chosen by heads of government and have a man- date to explore every facet of European union.
The British representative is Mrlr MNalcolm Rifkind, junior minister at the Foreign Office; but other countries have noimi- nated diploimats. experts and top civil servants as well as politicians.
Their task in the next twvo 11o01hs is to put together an interim report for the Dublin European stiuiimmlit in December. It will have to tread the di ficult path betwcen Frenchi rhetoric and llTitisli reticence. It is unllikely to be a very satisfac- tory first report for anvone.
In 40 years, however, tihere could be celebrations to inark the anniversary of a newv process of un2ification. But if all fails in Luxembourg in the illonlth alhead it cOuld iell be timle again to follow Pitt's ;ldvice and ""roll up that map of Euro()pe"".
Ian Murray";"September 25, 1984";"";61945;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
SAARBRUCKEN, AUG. 19
At his conference to-day with the leaders of the political parties and the chairmen of the two European Union organizations, M. Debousse, chairman of the European Commission, put for- ward two proposals for reducing the pre- sent temperature of the Saar plebiscite campaign.
The object of the proposals has gained in importance since M. Dehousse caUed the conference yesterday. There was another demonstration against Herr Hoffmann, the Chief Minister of ihe Saar, as chief advocate of the European statute when he spoke last night in the town of St. Ingbert. M. Dehousse, too, had a hostile reception when he arrived with other members of the com- mission at the hall where Herr Hoffmann spoke.
TRUCE SUGGESTED
M. Dehousse's first proposal was that the opposing sides-the two for the statute and the four against-should hold joint meetings in turn. By this method one party would arrange a meeting and invite an opposing party to send a speaker. Admission cards corresponding to the accommodation avail- able would be issued by the two participatino parties for distribution. The representative of the sponsoring party would speak for, say, an hour and his opponent for three- quarters of an hour, after which the first speaker would wind up the debate in a quarter of an hour. M. Dehousse's second proposal was that there should be a truce of a week or a fortnight. During this period there would be no public meetings in connexion with the referendum campaign.
No decisions were reached to-day on these proposals, atid no date has been fixed for the next meeting, but there will probably be one next week. To emphasize its impar- tiality the commission issued no statement after to-day's conference, but it is reported that it hopes, having had the replies of the parties, to be able to have done something by the end of next week to smboth out an unpleasant situation which obviously has all the potentialities of worse trouble.
CONCERN AT HOSTIL[TY
M. Dehousse is reported to have left the party leaders in no doubt of the seriousness with which the commission regards the situa- tion as it has developed, from the relatively minor demonstration in Saarbriicken last Saturday night to the rowdyism in Neun- kirchen on Wednesday night, and the still more serious disturbance in St. lngbert last night. He is understood to have expressed his concern at the hostility shown towards the commission and at the threat to freedom of speech inherent in the demonstrations.
He is stated to have indicated that unless this course of events could be checked the commission would have to consider report- ing to the Western European Union (for whom it holds a watching brief on the referendum) that free expression of opinion during the campaign could not be guar- anteed. The Council of Ministers would then be left with the problem of whether some new way could be found of making the referendum possible.
In St. lngbert last night youths attempted to storm the hall where Herr Hoffmann spoke. They threw bottles, stones, and iron bolts at the police who, after using tear-gas turned a bose on them. The demonstration lasted about three-quarters of an hour.";"August 20, 1955";"";53304;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Easing Tension In The Saar";""
"['By David Spanier European Editor']";"['News']";"French warning at WEU parliamentary meeting r eflects differences over political secretariat
Bv David Spanier Euronean Fcditnr
How ironic that M Jean de Lipkowsk.i, the French Secretarv of State for Foreign Affairs, should make his portentous re- marks about the European Conm- mianity not being ""irreversible"" at a parliamentary meeting of Western European Union. It was onl1 a little while ago that the French were boycottinig WEU be- cause the) felt that it was being used to air political views that went against the spirit of the Cominunitv.
Now that lhe French are, hap- pily, back again, it is just like old times. It is easy to dismiss M de Lipkowski's observations as no more than a loyal underscoring of his master's voice. After all, no one is questioning the continua- tion of the common agricultural policy, whi.ch M de Lipkowski said must be vigilantly safe- guarded.
But it might as well be admitted that the 10 present and prospec- tive menmbers of the Comfimunitv are sliding into a crisis of confi- dence, which could become dan- gerous.
What is it all about ? There seems no dou,bt that tho French a,re feeling inireasingly isolated
over their contention that the Corm.un,ity's political secretariat should be sited i.n Paris. This is a matter o;f pride rather than poli- tics. for pretty well everyone is agreed that the secretariat would not be a very sign:ificant body but would simply back up the main institutions in Brussels.
But having come out so firmlv in favour of Paris. those con- cern.ed with French policy evi- dently believe they mist find new argluments in support of the claim. Thus mtich is being said about the merits of the Fouchet plan of 1962. which envisaged a political organization of the Six to balance the Economlic Community.
What is not remcmbered, how- ever. as the Dutch have pointed out, is that no one ever agreed on the Fouehet plan-although. as M Fouchet recently disclosed, a sulitable mansion to hoLIse the political secretariat was earmarked in Paris.
Significantly enough, he re- marked in an article in 4e MQInde in April that the real importance of having the secretariat in Paris was that it would help to safe- guard the French language in its fight, as he described it. against ,English as the principal language
of the Community. The dispute
over the secrctariat therefore goes quitc deep, and even if it is not entirely a rational a,rgument it is none the less a real one.
Much less has been said about what the secretariat would do, wvhether in Paris or Brussels. In the opinion of the Commission, w\hich is after all the executive arm of the Community. it is not really needed. The Commission maintains that it can look after the initerests of the Ten as it has of the Six.
1That mav well be true, but some governments, particularly the French. feel somewhat disen- chanted with the Commission in its present militant mood.
The most important issue is how the proposed secretariat would be coordinated with the Commission and the Council. This can probably be worked out satis- factorilv if the debate is kept on an even keel: but if the argument gets out of hand the role of the secretariat will be submerged in pointless bickering.
One thing that M de Lipkowski has done by his remarks is to give Western European Union a much- needed fillip. Its role has been gradually reduced in European affairs, despite France's return to the fold.";"June 8, 1972";"";58499;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Community facing crisis of confidence";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRO .M OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MtARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreemetints, after rejecting all pr6posals for amendment or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- ments of ratification by the President of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate, was as follows: - (1) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110;
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75;
* 3) Entriv of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114;
(4) Franco-German agreement on the Saar:
217-to 92.
In the first and narrowest division, the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions;-
Gaullists, 11 for, 30 against, five absten- tions;
M.R.P., 17 for, 4 against. 5 abstentions; Oversea independents, 3 for, 11 against;
Radicals, 46 for, 21 against, 2 abstentions; Socia1ists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of. M. Faure's tactical skill when in answer to the various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet meeting earlier in the day.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The statement listed the five essential heads. of French policy as fol!ows:
tl) The Franco-German agreement on the. Saar should enter into application-only after the conciusion of an economic agreement between the two countries on the basis recently agreed by them.
(2) The Western European Union should be completed by an armaments production organization assuring the best possible utilizatio'i of the resources of member countries. The statement went into this second point in some detail. The objective, which would be pursued untiringly, was the creation of a European agency possessing a common budget and real powers in relation to rese#rch, production, and the distribution of foreign aid.
With a view to this, the Government would propose to its partners in W.E.U. the crea- tion of organs for the closest possible cooperation between all member States. At the same time it would open negotiations with the other members to "" equalize the economic and social conditions of produc- tion"" in their countries; and would seek the conclusion of "" multilateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries as were disposed to join them.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition by the Council of W.E.U. of the pronosed controls on weapons of mass destruction.
(4) The Government would point out to the -members of N.A.T.O. the need for a strengthening of the links between them. N.A,T.O. should not be limited to military problems alone, but should be a source of political, econornic, and social 'olidarity between its members both in and outside Europe-i'otably in the Mediterranean and Africa.
(5J The Government wbuld seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearest possible date, , and had already approached its allies, with a view to the renewal of negotiations with the Soviet Government; it woold also spare no effort for the success of the recent conversations on disarmament.";"April 2, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summary Of Monday, March 28";""
"['FROM A CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM A CORRESPONDENT
KITWE, Nov. 5
The seven and a half weeks old copper- belt strike came to an end last night after the members of the 4,000 strong European union had voted on favour of the "" Benson peace plan"" and for a return to work. Official figures released by the union to-day indicate that 2,606 voted in favour of the proposals and 333 against.
A Chamber of Mines spokesman said to-day that production on a limited scale would begin within 24 hours of the return to work and this would be gradually built up but the industry would not be in full production for 10 to 14 days.
The Federal Minister of Finance. Mr. Donald Macintyre, who is in Kitwe, said last night that the strike had cost the Federal Government £1,700.0CO a week in loss of exports and f250.000 a week in loss of taxes.";"November 6, 1958";"";54301;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Back To Work In Copperbelt";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLONATIC CORRESPOPDENr
The Western. European Union is notyet prepared to agree to a British request to withdraw about one bri- gade (4,500 men) and 600 RA.F. men with supporting helicopters from the British Army of the Rhine.
Some of the permanent represen- tatives, meeting in. London yester- day, wanted further clarification of the acceptance obtained from Gen- eral Lemnitzer, the Supreme Com- miander, which was evidently some- what grudging and equivocal.
The postponement of a decision is almost certainly no more than a postponement. It emphasizes the fact, however, that it would be awk- ward for the British Government to argue the case for withdrawal on the ground of overseas emergency, when troops are being released from duty in Aden, or of overriding eco- nomic emergency, when the British Government, in applying for Com- mon Market membership, insist that the economic position -of Britain is healthy enough.";"September 28, 1967";"";57058;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"BAOR decision delayed";""
"['FROM OUR COMMON MARKET CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR COMMON MARKET
CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, Nov. 8
Germany intends to lay proposals before the committee of which M. Fouchet, French Ambassador in Copen- hagen, is chairman, greatly extending the French plans for European political union, it is understood.
It is believed that the main idea in the German plan is to give much greater importance to the European Parliament.
Revision of the treaty would come up in two years, instead of three as proposed by the French. The powers of the com- mittee's court of justice would be strengthened. The European com- munities-hardly touched on in the French proposals-would be brought into the four-monthly meeting whenever decisions affected their work. The over- all aim would be for a much closer European union, rather than General de Gaulle's idea of a Europe des patries.
Talks on Britain's joining the Six- page 9.";"November 9, 1961";"";55234;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Proposal For Political Union";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"FRONM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Both Belgium and Holland have received svmpathetically the proposals announced by Mr. Bevin for the formation of a western European union, beginning with agreements between Britain and France and the Benelux countries. Sir George Rendel, the British Ambassador in Brussels, has left for Luxembourg, where he will discuss the proposals with the Luxembourg authorities.
MNinisters of the three Benelujx Govern- ments are to meet in LuxembouLrg on Thursday nexE to discuss the whole prob- lem.
Study of the technical problems of closer cooperation in western Europe will be taken a stage further when the 16-nation customs union study group opens its second meeting in Brussels on January 26. The British delegation will be led by Nfr. R. B. Stevens, of the Foreign Office' and will include representatives of the Board of Trade, Commonwcalth Rela- tions Otlice, Customs and Excise, and the Cabinet Oilice.";"January 24, 1948";"";50977;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Early Benelux Talks";""
"";"['News']";"The makers of Wallace and Gromit are backing a campaign urging the European Union to grant special status to the characters' favourite cheese (Andrew Norfolk writes). Manufacturers in Wensley¬ dale, North Yorkshire, where the cheese has been made since the 12th century, say that they need protection from unfair competition. With support from Aardman Animations, which makes the Oscar-win¬ ning films, they are vying for the EU's Protected Designa-
tion of Origin status, which would prevent outside produc¬ ers passing off their cheese as Wensleydale. More than 50 per cent of Wensleydale cheese is made in the dale from which it takes its name. Wensleydale Dairy Products, based at Hawes, is seeking ap¬ proval for its application from the Department for Environ¬ ment, Food and Rural Affairs. Fifteen British foods have been granted protected status, includ¬ ing Jersey royal potatoes and Cornish clotted cream.";"August 11, 2006";"";68776;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wallace and Gromit's cheese plea";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JUNE 6
The assembly of Western European Union approved this evening by 41 votes to two (with 29 abstentions, mostlv French) a recommendation to member Governments that would provide safe- guards for food products from tem- perate Commonwealth countries if Britain joined the Common Market.
After much animated debate on the text and the rejection of a number of amendments the recommendation to Governments read as follows:-
That they should seek a solut on of a Corn-
munity character to this difficult problem on the following basis:-
1.-The respect of the common agricultural
policy defined on January 14, 1962, in Brussels.
2.-Exceptional provisions during a trans-
sitional period in favour of imported foodstuffs, especially from the temperate zone.
3.-After this period the mwsotiation by the
community of agreements, product by product, taking into account the world commodity arrangements for foodstuffs which will be sought.
The recommendations are passed in a purely consultative capacity.";"June 7, 1962";"";55411;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Suggestions On Foodstuffs";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr
PARIS, Ocr. 31
A move was made in Paris today to strengthen the secretariat of the Western European Union, notably by raising the status of the secretary-general. The Political committee, preparing for the W.E.U. Assembly in December, recom- mended that a political figure, possessing administrative experience, should head the secretariat in London now that the mini- sterial council, besides resuming its normal activities, is to provide machinery for economic consultations between Britain and the Common Market countries.
The initiative in this was taken by a French deptity of the Gaullist U;N.R. (Union for the New Republic). The poli- tical committee. also proposed that the ministerial council at future meetings should examine European and world jrob- lems of common interest and seek to coordinate the attitudes of member states in wider international organizations. This move was in response to a suggestion by Mr. Heath at the June- session that the assembly might have ideas for giving new life to W.E.U.";"November 1, 1963";"";55847;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strengthening Of W.E.U. Sought";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FE3. 21
The defence and amlammnts committee of the Assembly of Western European Union (which groups parliamentarians from the Six and Britain) wound up a threeday private meeting today with a visit to Fon- tainebleau for a briefing from General Jacquot, Commander Allied Forces, Central Europe. The oummittee, after meeting chairmen of member countries' parliamen- taxy defence committees. or their equiva- lents, had already decided, in spite of the expected opposition from French members, to go ahead with reports for the June Assembly session on the establishment of a Nato multilateral nuclear force.
It is noted in Paris that the committee will certainly need more information, given the flexibility in ideas as seen in reports of Was-hington's now readiness to equip sur- face vessels with Polaris missiles. The idea is meeting with scepticism from French com- mentators, wko talk of an American voltc- face and improvisation.";"February 22, 1963";"";55632;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Scepticism Over Plan";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 18
Dr. Adenauer left this morning for Murren, in the Bernese Oberlahd, where he is spend- ing several weeks on holiday.
In the absence of Dr. Adenauer, Herr B3itcher, the Vice-Chancellor, presided at to-day's sitting of the Federal Cabinet, at which Herr von Brentano, the Foreign Minis- ter, reported on the recent meetings of the councils of the Western European Union and of N.A.T.O. The Cabinet also passed the draft of a legal ordinance concerning the pay of volunteer soldiers.
The Chancellor's departure and the dis- persal of the members of the Bundestag for their sunmier holidays after a strenuous session have left the federal capital in quiet but eager contemplation of the conference at Geneva. The mood of the day was summed up in the two minutes of silence observed at noon when work was interrupted so far as possi6le in factories, offices, and schools throughout western Germany to permit reflection on the subject of unity.";"July 19, 1955";"";53276;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reflective Mood In West Germany";""
"";"['News']";"Brussels, Dec. 26.-A spokes- man for the Belgian Foreign Ministry confirmed today that France would not attend the Western European Union (W.E.U.) meeting in Brussels on January 9 and 10. in con- tinuation of its bovcott of the organization earlier this year.
"" Although the French did not clearly say so, it can be deduced from their answer "". the official said. ' Further indications show that France will be absent.""
Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Bel- gian Foreign Minister and chair- man of the W.E.U. Council, had made some suggestions to ease a French return to the union. of which the six Common Market countries and Britain are members.
The French boycott was pursued on the ground that the other members of the organiza- tion were using *t to get Britain into the Common Market through the back door. France's likely return to the W.E.U. had been reported earlier this month at the North Atlantic Council meeting.-A.P.";"December 27, 1969";"";57752;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French bar on WEU";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. George Brown, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, last night made his first television appearance since his much criticized interview after the assas- sination of President Kennedy. In a recorded interview on Independent Tele- vision's 6.5 p.m. news bulletin Mr. Biown was asked about his visit to Paris for the Assembly of the Western European Union.
Questioned about his previous television appearance, he said he had no comment to make, adding: "" I regarded that incident as closed before I went to Paris. I think closed is closed.""
Asked if be had been requested to give up the Labour deputy leadership, Mr. Browa said: ""I do not think there is an. more to say about it."" Finally Mr. Brown was asked if he was surprised at the con- troversy that followed his televised tribute to President Kennedy. He replied: ' I think we must regard all. these things as part of the game. As far as I am concerned it is over.""";"December 9, 1963";"";55879;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. George Brown On Tv Again";""
"";"['News']";"BRUSSELS. July 31.-MI. Paul- Henri Spaak. Belgium's former Foreign Minister, today supported Britain's entry into the Common Market and attacked General de Gaulle's European policy.
M. Spaak, pioneer of European unity, wrote in the Brussels news- paper Le Soir that Britain's entry "" would be the stimulus we need to overcome our complexes and restore to our countries the feeling of their power "".
He said that since President de Gaulle returned to power in 1958 he had imperilled the Atlantic Alliance and tended to give to the Europe of the Six an egoistical image.
M. Spaak said that in his speech to the Westcrn European Union Mr. George Brown, the Forcign Secretary, had stated that Britain accepted all the implications of the Rome Treaty setting up the Common Mlarket. A Europe embracing the Six, plus Britain and perhaps some of the Scandinavian countries, would be an almost unmatched economic power, he added.-Reuter.";"August 1, 1967";"";57008;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Spaak supports Britain";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, MARCH 7
Dr. Kiesinger is to have talks with Mr. William Foster, the United States delegate to the disarmament conference, who arrives in Bonn on Thursday. Dr. Kiesinger said today, at his first press conference in Berlin as Chancellor, that a non-prolifera- tion treaty could be discussed again.
Not all crucial questions had been clari- fied, though the talks with Mr. McCloy had helped to give a better idea of some of the problems. He hoped further talks would help to overcome Germany's chief concern, that such a treaty might hinder scentific and technological development.
Dr. Kiesinger confirmed that the question of offset payments to Britain would be discussed again by the Federal Cabinet, although the matter had been declared closed.
If Britain, in spite of her commitments to the Western European Union and Nato, withdrew a considerable contingent of troops prematurely for financial reasons, it would influence American policy.";"March 8, 1967";"";56884;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Kiesinger To See Mr. Foster";""
"";"['News']";"The nine heads of govern- ment at the European summit in Paris agreed yesterday to set up a European monetary fund by next April, and called on central bank governors to make proposals on the pool- ing of their resources.
The meeting als'o instructed the Nine's finance ministers to produce 'at. the end of the month plans to combat inflation.
President P.ompidou proposed' the creation of. a European union within the' decade.
Mr Biesheuvel, the . Dutch Prime Minister,, said that Holland would. block the enlarged Commnunity's pro- gress towards economic union unless decision-taking pro- cesses were under effective parliamentary control.
Both Mr Biesheuvel and Mr
-Hea.th, declared that the idea; of Europe must be brought alive and made to inspire younger people.
The' British. Prime Mipister also insisted that an effective regi6nal policy was the only way to correct imbalances between regions.
European leaders chat together: from the left, Herr Brandt, Mr Biesheuvel of Holland, M Pompidou, Mr Heath and Signor Andreotti of Italy.";"October 20, 1972";"";58610;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris summit achieves its first success with decision to set up European monetary fund";""
"";"['News']";"The Netherlands Defence Minister. Mr. C. Staf, who is on a visit to Britain. yester- day had a meeting with the Minister of Defence, Mr. Sandys. The two Ministers reviewed European defence and considered how their two countries could most effec- tively contribute to the closer integration of the defence efforts of the North Atlantic alliance.
.In particular, they discussed defence research and development. They decided to set up a joint committee of officials and service representatives to determine the fields in which such cooperation could most fruitfully be developed within the frame- work of the Westem European Union and N.A.T.O. This is a similar arrangement to that recently made by Britain with France and Germany, and .by France with Ger- many.
Mr. Staf was accompanied by Mr. Stikker, the Netherlands Ambassador. Those taking part in the talks on the British side, in addition to the Minister of Defence, were Sir Richard Powell. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir William Dickson, and Sir Frederick Brundrett.";"November 19, 1957";"";54002;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-Dutch Defence Talks";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRONM OUR CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MARCH 5
The seven Foreign Ministers of Western European Union this afternoon suspended discussions of purely W.E.U. problems and took advantage of the opportunity to discuss the question of a summit meeting. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd is understood to have explained satisfac- torily to his, colleagues the shade of difference between Mr. Macmillan's re- action to the Russian proposals and that of Washington.
Signor Pella, the Italian Foreign Mini- ster, said to-night that the seven Ministers had agreed on their common attitude and that only minor points remained to be settled.
This morning means were considered for simplifying the overlapping bilateral. tri- lateral, and multilateral organizations en- gaged in armament Production. control. and standardization. The chairmen of these bodies are to meet soon to discuss their problems.
To-morrow rcpresentatives of the W.EU. Assembly meet the Foreign Ministers to discuss the possibility of granting the Assembly more influence and authority. Afterwards Mr. Selwyn Lloyd leaves for Manila.";"March 6, 1958";"";54092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Ministers Hear British Viewpoint";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRONI OUR ON CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEc. 5
Germany, France. and Italy are cooperating in research for a ground- to-air missile for use against low-flying aircraft, a Defence Ministry spokesman said in Bonn to-dav. The Federal Gov- ernment. he added, would request the Western European Union to lift the ban on the manufacture of missiles, if a suit- able missile was designed.
Dr. Adenauer undertook in 1954 not to manufacture atomic, biological and chemi- cal weapons, and long-range missiles, guided missiles, and influence mines. Anti- aircraft guided missiles of two metres or less in length were excluded from the ban. but a two-thirds majority vote must be secured in the W.E.U. Council of Ministers if larger missiles are to be made.
The spokesman said the researches were far from complete. but it is reported that joint production of such a missile will be discussed soon by the appropriate N.A.T.O. cormnittee.";"December 6, 1958";"";54327;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. German Missile Research";""
"";"['News']";"The enlarged European Com- munity agreed early today to become a "" European union "" by 1980. Earlier the Dutch delegates had delayed agree- ment on the final com- munique.
Mr Biesheuvel, the Dutch Prime Minister, insisted that
there should be commitments to increase the powers of the European Parliament.
Irritation also arose in yester- day's session over the leaking to a French newspaper of the draft preamble to the final communique, prepared by the French Government. Sir Alec
Douglas-Home was reported to have expressed his sense of shock at a breach of diplo- matic convention.
France created some difficulty about Mr Heath's insistence that a commitment to set up a regional policy by 1974 should be included. But
France gave way on the umder- standing that the scheme would dovetail with national programmes.
Mr Heath said the result was ""splendid "" for I3ritain, Europe and the worfd. ""We have shown that this is a Europe for the people.""";"October 21, 1972";"";58611;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summit agreement after Dutch delay";""
"";"['News']";"LUXEMBOURG, May 9.-The six Foreign Ministers of the European Common Market tonight unanimously called for an early resumption of trade talks with Britain. This was announced by M. Eugene Schauss, the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, who presided over a meeting of the Ministers today.
Speaking after the meeting, he said the wish to seek witb Britain ways and means of avoiding a rift between the Common Market and the European Free Trade Area was expressed after Hr. von Brentano. of west Germany, had spoken in favour of early and thorough talks vith Britain.
M. Schauss also announced that the six Ministers were arranging to have talks on this matter-and on other subjects dis- cussed by the Foreign Ministers today-= with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. The meeting with the Foreign Sco-retary will take place at The Hague on June 14. when there is a meeting of the ministerial committee of the Western European Union.-Reiuer-";"May 10, 1960";"";54767;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Early Trade Talks With Britain";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. MARCH 9
British defence policy, and particularly the possibility of a reduction of the Rhine Army, were discussed at a Western European Union round-table conference in Paris today, and the subject will be taken up again tomorrow when Mr. Mulley, Deputy Secretary of State for Defence, addresses the meeting.
Delegates were anxious to know whether such a move was envisaged bv the British Government, and if so what should be understood from it. In reply, Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party's defence committee, said that he was not in a position to make a policy statement, but that if a reduction was made it would be either for purely economic reasons, in connexion with the balance of pay- ments, or else to provide troops needed in the Far East. It would not, he said, imply any disengagement from, or lack of interest in, Europe.";"March 10, 1965";"";56266;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Discussion On Rhine Army";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 17
Plans for joint Franco-German research with guided missiles were announced today after a recent visit by the Defence Ministers of the two countries to the French rocket ranges at Colomb-Bechar in the Sahara.
The Defence Ministry stated that M. Bourg&s-Maunoury had shown various types of French guided missiles to bis German colleague, Herr Strauss. and to a German military and technical delegation led by General Heusinger. The Germans saw long-range and short-range missiles, launched from the ground and from air- craft.
It was stated that the Ministers had agreed to share some of their research and their discoveries, in accordance with the treaties to which their countries were already party (that is, N.A.T.O. and Western European Union). This is under- stood to mean that Germany will probably provide money and technicians for the French tests in the Sahara or elsewhere.";"January 18, 1957";"";53742;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Guided Missiles Research";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 26
Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, announced in Kiel tonight that he is coming to London to have talks on Britain's possible erttry into the Common Market. Herr von Brentano is due in London tomorrow and will preside at the meeting on Monday of Western European Union.
Recent British statements on the matter had been ""encouraging "", the Minister said, and he appealed to the other member countries of the European Economic Community to seize the British initiative.
Herr von Brentano, who was speaking at the German European Union's annual congress, declared, possibly with France in mind, that the purpose. of European cooperation was not to enable it to pursue its own policies between two great world Powers; at the same time as efforts were being made to strengthen political cooperation within E.E.C. they were striving towards the same end in Nato. He emphasized the significance ot efforts towards greater European cobperation for the whole Atlantic community.";"May 27, 1961";"";55092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"London Talks On Common Market";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"r FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.
-Rome, March 19
The Dutch and Italian Foreign Ministers have agreed here that the Western European Union (W.E.U.) should become the forum for aligning the foreign policies of countries aiming at the creation of a real European politi- cal community.
Mr. Luns and Signor Nenni felt, according to an official statement issued after their talks. that a united Europe should emerge from the integration of such a political grouping with an enlarged econo- mic community. A united Europe was seen to be an essential factor in the establishment of peace and a new international equilibrium.
Within the economic commu- nity itself, they intended to con- tinue their joint efforts to have Britain, Denmark, Norway and
Ireland admitted, and to reinforce the powers of the community.
In their discusson on a nuclear non-proliferation treaty, they re- affirmed the importance to non- nuclear countries of free access to nuclear fuels and the develop- ment of nuclear energy for peace- ful purposes.";"March 20, 1969";"";57514;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU suggested forum for European unity";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The diplomatic calendar is now likely to fill up rapidly. Some of the main events already fixed or pro- jected are shown in the following table:-
Nov. 1618.-Ministerial meeting of the
Council of Western European Union in Brussels.
Nov. 21-24.-Mr. Macmillan and Lord
Home visit Rome.
Dec. 4.-Meeting between Dr. Adenauer
and President de-Gaulle in France.
Dec. 5.-Meeting ot the Six (E.E.C.) at
,Heads of Government level.
Dec. 12.-Ministerial meeting of the
Seven (Efta) at a place to be decided.
Dec. 14-S15.-Nato Defence Ministers'
meeting in Paris.
Dec. 15.-King Baudouin's wedding.
Dec. 16, 17 and possibly 18.-Nato
Foreign Ministers' meeting.
January.-Meeting suggested by Dr.
Adenauer with Mr. Macmillan in London.
Feb. 1.-Cento Ministerial meeting in Ankara.
During February.-Visit of Dr. Adenauer
to Mr. Kennedy.
Mareh.-Proposals for a Commonwealth
Prime Ministers' conference, preceding pos3ibly a summit meeting in April or May.";"November 11, 1960";"";54926;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Faster Diplomatic Tempo Ahead";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENr
STOCKHOLM, SEPT. 11
The European Free Trade Association's ministerial council today reviewed the asso- ciation's activities since its last meeting. One of the chief items on the agenda was exter- nal relations. including relations to the Common Market Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, gave an account of develop- ments leading up to the agreement to use the Western European Union as a com- mon forum for Britain and the E.E.C.
The Ministers generally agreed that for the time being there is no hope of a change in the present situation, but efforts must be concentrated on developing Efta and following policies that neither harm its interests nor those of the E.E.C. Mr. Heath promised that the partners in Efta will be kept fully informed by Britain on develop- ments in her contacts with the E.E.C. A similar pledge was given by Mr. Hackkerup. the Danish Foreign Minister.";"September 12, 1963";"";55804;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers Agree On E.F.T.A. Drive";""
"['By Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Defence Correspondent
While calling yesterday for more cooperation between European nations in the pro- duction of armaments, Mr Michael Heseltine, Secretary of State for Defence, also voiced British reservations about att- empts to breathe new life into the Western European Union.
Addressing the Royal United Services Institute in London, he referred to the important meeting to be held in Rome at the end of the month to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the founding of WEU, which
France, ih particular, is seeking to revitalize.
He hoped the meeting would be able to consider ""key political issues"". But in using the WEU as ""a restricted forum"" to reflect on these issues, the delegates had to be careful not to duplicate work done more profitably elsewhere.
He believed that the right places to look at prospects for arms collaboration were Nato's Eurogroup and the Independent European Programme Group, of which France is a member.";"October 4, 1984";"";61953;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Heseltine has doubts on renewed role for WEU";""
"";"['News']";"Ncxt autumn could see the big- gest crisis in student housing. Mr Anthony Speaight. chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students. said \esterda\ .
He told the annual conference of the European Union of Chris- tian Democrat and Conservative Students in London that the British Government could lcarn from Europe abouit student housing.
It is my prediction that in two months' time there will be revealed the biggest student housing crisis Britain has ever known. This rapidly deteriorating situation could be substantially improved b\ the Government giving full backing to thc concept. so successful in Scandinavia. of the student hous- ing cooperative. and by guarantee- ing! ioans. and permitting local authorities to guarantee them to student housing associations.
The grovning provision of pur- pose-built student accommodation on a private enterprise basis will not o n l help students: it wiill relieve pressure on the lower end of :he housing markei. to the benefit ol the less stell off familtes and the elderly ', hc added.";"July 11, 1972";"";58527;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Biggest crisis in student housing' soon";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Corresondent
The Paris agreements, ending the occupation and granting full sovereignty to western Germany, come into force to-day when the instruments of ratifi- cation are deposited in Bonn, Brussels, and Paris.
The agreements are a complex body of documents in four main parts, which include:-
(i) Documents ending the occupation regime and a convention allowing foreign forces to remain in Germany after the occu- pation ends. These will be deposited in Bo1nn:
. (it) Protocols revising and extending the Brussels pact to include Germany and Italy in the Brussels treaty organization (or Westem Union) under the new name of Western European Union. (The members of the new union will thus be Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries.) These documents will be deposited in Brussels.
(iiLt A protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty by which Germany will become a member of N.A.T.O. The instruments rati- fying this wiU be deposited in Paris.
(iv) The agreement between France and Germany on the Saar.";"May 5, 1955";"";53212;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Ally Of The West";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROMI OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary, left London yesterday for Rome to attend the meeting of the Western European Union Council. The suggestion that W.E.U. should be moved from London to Paris has evidently been dropped, at least for the time being.
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd will have private talks with several of the oiter Foreign Ministers, and there will be a general discussion of a number of west European matters. The Foreign Mini- ster said on departure that among the topics to be discussed were the free trade area, matters connected with British troops in Germany, disarmament, and disengagement
To-morrow Mr. Lloyd will fly on to Manila, to attend the S.E.A.T.O. confer- ence, at which he will have the oppor- tunity of discussions with Mr. Dulles and M. Pineau on the summit talks. He will have separate talks with Mr. Nash. the Prime Minister of New Zealand, and Mr. Casey, the Australian Minister for External Affairs.";"March 5, 1958";"";54091;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Lloyd To Meet Mr. Dulles";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, MARCH 2
The traditional green, red, white colours of Heligoland, as well as those of the Federal Republic and of Schleswig-Holstein, were hoisted on the island during a day of celebra- tion yesterday, but flags of mournmng appeared on the sandbank to the south as a protest against its proposed use as the substitute bombing target. One flag there had a skull on it, and another a black "" E "" against the green background of the European union fRag.
These black emblems had been stuck in the sand by fishermen, and by the group of demonstrators on behalf of Heligoland that was formed after the first two students went there illegally early last year. On Heligoland yesterday Herr Luebke, the Premier of Schleswig-Holstein, said that the island was no longer to be thought of as the "" Gibraltar of the north,"" but as a symbol of new hope, understanding, and peace for Germany and for Europe.";"March 3, 1952";"";52250;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Heligoland Celebration";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, DEc. 29
The Northern Rhodesian African Mine- workers Union gave the Chamber of Mines on the Copperbelt official notification this afternoon that a strike in support of their demand for 10s. 8d. a shift for members only will begin at 2 a.m. on Monday, January 3. A\lthough there is considerable opposition to a strike among non-Union African miners, who are believed to number close on 20,000, the stoppage is expected to be virtually 100 per cent. in its early stages until the opposi- tion becomes organized.
The Supreme Council of the African Mine- workers Union met the general council of the European Mineworkers Union in Kitwe this morning but no official statement was issued after the meeting. Later the European union met officials of the Rhodesian Selection Trust Company and it is understood that fresh negotiations between these two parties on the African advancement problem will now take place.";"December 30, 1954";"";53126;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Mineworkers Call Strike";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
Sir Thomas Brimelow, Deputy Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, has been appointed to succeed Lord Chalfont as the British representative on the Permanent Council of Western European Union.
Sir Thomas already has re- sponsibility in the Foreign Office for the western European department and for W.E.U. affairs. Now that Mr. George Tho,mson has taken over froni Lord Chalfont special responsi- bility for European affairs and Common Market negotiations and is likely once negotiations on British membership of the Com- mon Market can be started to be f,requently absent from London. it was niatural to revert to the original practice-that Britain should be represented on the W.E.U. council by the senior Foreign Office offlicial con- cerned with W.E.U.
The other members of W.E.U. -the six countries of the Common Market-are represen- ted bv their ambassadors in London. They were informed of Sir Thomas Brimelow's appoint- ment at a meeting of the council at their London headquarters on Tuesday.";"October 9, 1969";"";57686;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New British delegate to WEU";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
One sign that the wounds of the Brussels breakdown are beginning to heal came yesterday when it was learnt that the Ger- man Government had proposed a Western European Union ministerial meeting in the near future. The British Government have agreed to the proposal in Principle, and in this connexion Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal, asked Dr. von Etzdorf, the German Ambascador. to call at the Foreign Office.
As the seven members of W.E.U. are Britain and the six members of the Common Market, it has always been felt that W.E.U. is the obvious forum in which Britain and the Six could discuss political questions which concern them. These range at pre- sent from the relations of W.E.U. members with the Congo or Somalia to the future political relationship between the W.E.U. members themselves. There were brighter hopes yesterday that some exchange of views within W.E.U. could soon be resumed.";"March 19, 1963";"";55653;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Move For W.E.U. Meeting";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"KFROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
COPENHAGEN, AUG. 28
The Foreign Ministers of the four Scandinavian countries resumed their con- ference early this morning and continued till late this evening, when they left for their respective countries. Before the economic discussions had finished yesterday it appeared that Norway and Sweden's attitude to the idea of a west European Customs union differed from that of Denmark. Denmark feels that owing to her close trade relations with the British Empire her Diace should be within a west European union if one comes into being, but Norway and Sweden are more reluctant. All the northern countries, how- ever, feel that the problem is too difficult to be solved at the Paris conference, and is one that ought rather to be solved within the framework of the United Nations.
The four Foreign Ministers agreed to ask their Governments to appoint experts with the task of investigating the possibilities of extend- ing economic cooperation between their coun- tries.";"August 29, 1947";"";50852;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Scandinavia And West Europe";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. Rendel
Diplornatic Corresnondent
The Congress of Europe 1973 ended at Guildhall yesterday with an address by Mr Heath re- affirming the British Govern- ment's support for European union. This 'was warmly applauded by 850 delegates from all over Europe, but Mr Heath -u-lnquestioned European that he is-might have been sur- prised had he heard the vigour and vehemence with which the new generation of young Euro- pean delegates later demanded more concrete commitment.
Mr Heath told the Congress that enlargement of the Com- munity had now provided a basis on which a new society and in- stitutions of a new type could be achieved in Western Europe.
Inevitably enlargement, he said, would involve a period of adjustment with old and new members alike taking account of each others' interests, but public opinion in Britain was coming
to understand Community affairs-for instance, all-night negotiating sessions.
""You cannot "", Mr Heath said, ""just break off negotia- tions in the Community, as two
states might in dealing with a' difficult subject. The deadlines which our negotiators must face must be met, if the constructive work of building the Community is to be continued.""
Mr Heath declared that the common agricultural policy was an established part of the struc- ture of the Community. Critic. ism of it in Britain was levelled not against the principle of it, but against its price levels.
Both over the site of the Euro- pean central bank in London and over the pooling of reserves for the Community on a large scale on which, Mr Heath said, a great opportunity had been missed, the criterion should be what was the interest of the Comnmunity as a who]e.
Looking back at the summit meeting in Paris in. October, Mr
Heath said: ""We did not alto- gether realize the tremendous load we were placing then on the Council of Ministers and on the Commission. But they are working hard to meet the dead- lines which we set.""
in Strasbourg today, he con- tinued, the Council would be discussing economic and mone- tary union, regional policy, the multilateral trade negotiations and policy towards the develop- ing world and the Mediterran- ean. The following week they would consider energy policy and social policy-quite an agenda.
Mr Heath then emphasized Britain's particular interest in regional and social policy. If agreement were reached that regional problems were a fair Community responsibility,, that, he said, would provide a maior element of. success in working towards economic and monetary union.
Continued on page 6, col 1
Demand for a democratic Europe
Continued from page 1
On social policy the Commu- nity must have a human face: with better provision for educa-~ tion and social services, On re- lations with the outside world the Community was no military Titan or emerging super power: but was the world's largest trad- ing block and had, therefore, already immense responsibili-. ties
""We shall respond posi. tively, therefore"", Mr Heath said, ""to Dr Kissinger's appeal to bring up to date the rela- tions between Western Europe, North America and Japan."" He
ended by declaring: ""Withi each decision that we take as an enlarged Community we shall move closer to the vision of those Who helped to found the
Community.-tthe vision of a: European union in this decade.""
The congress, after some. criticism of the speech for its lack of commitment-criticism which was applauded-fell even more violently upon the final declaration on to which were successfully grafted a series of amendments.
In effect, these turned the declaration into a call for con- crete commitments and greater speed towards the effective uni- fication of a rigorously demo- cratic Europe, which must ex- clude, therefore, Spain and Portugal in addition to Greece which a draft declaration had already denounced.
One question at-the very end was settled uinanimously., A telegrahm was sent to,. Mr Papa- dopoulos, the Greek Prime Minister, protesting at the arrest of Professor..Pesmazoglou who has been held incommunicado at the military police interrogation centre in Athens for four weeks.
Some of its members were anxious lest the militants, by
Mr IHeath addresses the Con- gress of Europe at GuildhaU.
appearing to demand the mil lenniumn tomorrow, might un- dermine the serious aim of the meetings which had.comprehen- sively debated the many aspects ;,fina&icAl, injddst`flal ,ctultu'ral or envirnmnental-of the future European society.
Trhe congress was organized by the European~ Movement to mark the twenty-fifth anniver- sary of the Congress of Europe 1948, which led soon afterwards to the creation of the Council of Europe..
1 .... ... __ ... _ .r
The delegates at the present congress departed, old and young alike, grudgingly con- vinced, it seemed, that they could hardly hope for so impor- tant an outcome so soon, but at least glad that the new genera. tion of young European politi- cians had amply demonstrated their determination not to allow the momentum of Europe to be lost.
In its telegram to. Mr Papa. dopoulos, the congress "" ex- pressed its deep concern over the fate of political prisoners in Greece ""and ""raised a vigorous protest in the face of the re- peated violations of human rights"" (the Press Association reports).
It cited ""the arbitrary arrest and detention of Professor John Pesmazoglou"" who, 10 years ago, was negotiating for Greece with the EEC, and "" those of six lawyers who have been defend- -ing the students arrested during the past few months "".
In its declaration, the-congress pointed out the problems still tacing Europe. It called for the creation of a regional fund to rectify grave regional im- balances in the EEC: generosity towards the Third World; a guarantee of the right to work and a real equality for all citi- zens-; and the creation of a European currency and agree- ment- on reforming the world monetary system.
It also solemnly declares that 1980 is too long to wait for the European Union. It vill"" not be a reality unless it is endowed swithYaw fed-eal :governMent and parliament. This requifes the establishment of European citi- zenship and the speedy removal of all the barriers to the freedom of movement to our European citizens "". -
The declaration calls for direct elections to the European Parliament in 1975.";"May 14, 1973";"";58781;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Heath calls for a new society";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, APRIL 30
A week of intense diplomatic activity is opening in Paris, where the Ministers attending the meeting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization will also have discussions among themselves indi- vidually and in their capacities as mem- bers of the smaller regional organizations such as Western European Union and "" Little Europe ""-the six countries who are pledged to create a European atomic pool and a European common market. The time-table of the next few days looks like a diagram of an elaborate dance, with the participants constantly chang- ing partners or withdrawing to perform a pas de deux.
Mr. Dulles will arrive on Wednesday. and is to have conversations with M. Pineau, the French Foreign Minister, that afternoon. The next day Mr. Selwyn Lloyd arrives. Herr von Brentano is also due on Thursday for conversations with the French Govern- ment. In the aftemoon there is to be a meeting of the Ministers of the western European countries-France, western Ger- many,c Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom; and in the evening a Dulles-Pineau dinner, and a Western European Union dinner at which M. Pineau will be represented by his under- secretary.
MIDDLE EAST PROBLEMS
On Friday and Saturday are the N.A.T.O. meetings, with a dinner for all the Ministers at the Quai d'Orsay on Friday, and a dinner given by M. Pineau on Saturday for Mr. Lloyd. On Sunday-assuming that the N.A.T.O. meeting is over-Mr. Dulles, M. Pineau, and Mr. Lloyd are to have conver- sations about current problems, especially the Middle East; and in the afternoon of Sunday the six Ministers of "" Little Europe ""-France, western Germany, Bel- gium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy-are to have a preliminary exchange of views about the report on Euratom, which is to be discussed at greater length at the conference between the six Ministers at the end of May.
The main interest of the week promises to be the N.A.T.O. discussions about how to give N.A.T.O. new force and meaning in spheres other than the purely military ones upon which it has concentrated so far. For a long time, indeed since the inception of N.A.T.O., it has been realized that there are other objectives upon which the common effort and policy of the N.A.T.O. countries could be and ought to be directed. The N.A.T.O. charter expressly makes- provision, under Article II, for such non-military activities.
LACK OF COHESION
Hitherto, with the emphasis inevitably upon the need to construct a military shield against the Russian threat, these non- military objectives have tended to take second place. Now, with the Moscow change in tactics, and with the military shield partly created, it has become the custom for poli- ticians in different N.A.T.O. countries to criticize the lack of real cohesion within the organization, and to argue that its scope must be extended towards more effective and realistic action in the political, social, and economic fields.
The latest of such speeches, which has had considerable effect among the perrna- nent delegations to N.A.T.O., was that of
MIr. Dulles last week, when it seemed that the United States, also, was for the first time giving priority to the non-military side of the alliance.
Inquiries here suggest that several plans are likely to be put forward at this week's meetings for recasting, or at least adding to, the role of N.A.T.O. The French. the Germans, the Belgians, and the Italians, are all among the European nations whose Ministers are expected to speak upon this subject. Yet it seems almost impossible that anything can be decided at the meet- ing, for, strange though it may seem, none of these ideas has yet been communicated to N.A.T.O. headquarters, and conse- quently no coordination or preparation has been possible.
What is likely to happen therefore is that a number of speeches will be made, some of them directed at least partly to the intermal opinion of the country con- cerned, and the detailed task of working out a practical plan for the extension of N.A.T.O.'s activities will have to be remitted to the permanent counciL
ECONOMIC POWERS
From what is known of these various plans it seems that several of them share in common the notion that N.A.T.O. should be given more effective powers in matters of economic policy. This might be done possibly by entrusting N.A.T.O. with the responsibility for funds designed to raise the standard of living in underdeveloped countries, whether inside or outside the N.A.T.O. area; or by appointing a higher economic and political directorate-which would be the equivalent, in the political and economic fields. to the Franco-Anglo- American standing grout in 'military affairs.
Those who have followed the develop- ment of European international organiza- tions-and since the war, Paris and France. with the Organization for European Eco- nomic Cooperation, the Council of Europe, the Westem European Union, and N.A.T.O. have been the centre of such organizations --are apt to take a somewhat sceptical attitude towards these reported plans for N.A.T.O. They point out that, however much people think N.A.T.O. should - be changed, there is no getting away from the underlying fact that N.A.T.O. is an old-fashioned. national form of aliance: that is, unlike the supra-national organiza- tions, such as the European Coal and Steel Community, decisions at N.A.T.O. are taken, as they are taken at O.E.E.CI, upon a basis of unanimity, with each country possessing a permanent right of veto.
GERMAN CONTRIBUTION
FROM OUl OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APR1 30
Admiral Radford, chairman of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, who is in Ger- many to inspect American troops and installations, called on Dr. Adenauer here to-day. He was escorted from the airport by motorized Feldiager, or riflemen.
He will also meet Herr Blank, the Defence Minister, to discuss aspects of the German contribution to N.A.T.O. It is understood that he is interested in the proposed term of compulsory nilitary ser- vice. Herr Blank is pressing for 18 months, but the defence committee of his own party is divided, and there is a strong demand that the period should be only 12 months. At the airport this moming Admiral Radford said that support costs might also be discussed.";"May 1, 1956";"";53519;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan For Widening Scope Of N.A.T.O.";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray!
Milan
The European summit gath- ered iTn Milan in a particularly bad mood from the outset. A number of the Prime Ministers
had been irritated by receiving the Franco-German ""Draft Treaty on European Union"" only an hour or so before setting out for the meeting, leaving no proper time to study it.
Several of them were then publicly scathing about it for failing to live up to its high sounding title and for diverting attention from the main item on the agenda: improving decison-making procedures. Mrs Thatcher was said to have been particularly angry with Chancellor Helmut Kohl for putting his name to a text she believed largely stolen from a British one.
The bad temper spilled into other areas. France wanted to organize a special meeting for research ministers to discuss its Eureka initiative for technologi- cal co-operation. The Benelux countries then appeared to hijack the idea by proposing that the meeting be held in Brussels under the European Commission's aegis.
President Mittertand repor- tedly then rounded on M Jacques Delors, once his trusted Finance Minister and now President of the Commission. The two men indulged in an
undignified slanging match during which M Delors threat- ened to withdraw Commission proposals on technology. Eventually calm was restored and it was agreed France could hold the meeting some time before Bastille Day and invite any countries in Europe, includ- ing those outside the EEC, who wanted to join.
The summit was also rich in rival texts, wvith Herr Hans- Dietrich Genscher, the.. West German Foreign Minster,. cre- dited with having dictated the basis of the final compromise from his bathroom on Saturday morning. This included both Britain's ideas for a gentleman's agreement .and the proposal to hold a conference.
It was clear that there were some uncomfortable rivalries and between the Italian and West Germnan foreign ministers and their respective prime minister. Signor Bettino Craxi, has refused to put his name to a letter drafted by his Foreign Minister, Signor Giulio An- dreotti, summoning everyone to the meeting. He had then been forced to outdo Signor-Andreot- ti's vociferous support for European Union by forcing through a decision to hold the conference, despite the fact that as chirman he should have beeen trying to find a compro- mise.
The Benelux countries had a practical reason for supporting the conference idea. In their
view' it will be impossible to agree the 300 new regulations which the Commission says are needed to open up a true common market unless there are treaty changes wihich intro-' duce compulsary' voting. -by majority in certain areas; They are convinced that every coun- try might be tempted to block some of the essential measures unless the veto right is re- moved.
They argue, too, that as Mrs Thatcher will never agree to any such change at a summit there must be a better chance of negotiations a change at a conference.
Their optimism seems ill- founded. Britain apart, the. Government in Denmark, where at least a third of the population would vote tomor- row to leave the Community, knows it could never persuade its Parliament to give the essential ratification 'to any change.
And Mr Andreas Papandreou, the Greek Prime Minister, is showing no signs of wanting to see any change.
Signor Craxi shares the widespread Italian enthusiasm for, the political union of Europe. He believes that ending the veto right will move the Community positively in that direction. But his handling of the Milan summit could well have made his federal dream that much more remote.
Leading article, page 13
Reform sought of Rome' treaty
From Our Own Correspondent
Milan
The calling of an inter-gover- nent conference, essentially to igree changes to two articles of he Treaty of Rome, is the main )oint of the conclusions drawn )y the Italian presidency at the \lilan summit.
The two articles are 57 and 100. As the treaty now stands, any agreements under these articles have to be unanimous. The first deals with the rights of EEC citizens to set up credit or banking businesses or to work in the medical or pharmnaceuti- .al professions anywhere in the vCommunity. The second re- quires unanimity on any. EEC laws which ""directly affect the establishment or functioning of the Common Market"".
Dozens of Commission pro- posals are blocked by one or more members states using the veto rights given them by these two articles.
Extracts from the President's conclusions (which were not in all cases approved by the summit as a whole):
Institutional affairs
The European Council [the summit] confirmed the need to imporve the operation of the Community in order to give concrete form to the objectives it has set itself, in particular as regards the completion of the inernal market by 1992 and measures to promote a techno- gical Europe. The summit noted that the President of the Council would submit pro- posals for the improvement of the Council's decision-making procedure - the excercise of the Commission's administrative powers and the Parliament's powers, with a view to their early adoption.
The summit discussed in detail the convening of a conference to work out the following with a view to achieving concrete progress on European Union: a treaty on a common foreign and security policy on the basis of the Franco-Gerrman and United Kingdom drafts: amendments of the EEC Treaty.
The president noted that the required majority. . . had been obtained for the convening of such a conference.
A People's Europe
The summit thanked the Committee on People's Europe for its initial report and approved the proposals it contained concerning citizens' rights, culture, youth, education and sport. The summit in- structed the Commission and the member states, acting within their respective powers, to take, the necessary imple- menting measures, and in- structed the Council of Minis- ters to report to it at is December meeting
Thousands march
for union
About ten, thousand people brought by special train and bus from other countries held a rally in the streets of Milan in support of a European union. There were even small detach- ments from Austria and Nor- way, larger in number than the five who gathered under a tiny Union Jack tied below the big green and white ""E"" banner of the union movement.
Economic and social
The Council of Ministers for Economic and Financial Affairs was invited to consider the extent to which the convergence which had already been achieved between the member state in the field of inflation and imbalances made it possible to intensify the battle against unemployment. On a more general level, the summit invited the Commission to submit to the meeting in December a detailed report on inadequacies of growth and employment in the European economy compared with that of major competitors.
Internal market
It instructed the Council of Ministers to initiate a precise programme of action, based on the White Paper and the conditions on the basis of which customs union had been brought about, with a view to
achieving completely and effec- tively the conditions for a single market in the Community by 1992 at the latest, in accordance with stages fixed in relation to previously determined pri- orities and a binding timetable. Progress should be both gradual and visible
New technology
The summit noted that a collective effort to master new technology was a condition for maintaining European competi- tiveness. It therefore decided to give the Community a new technological dimension. It approved and endorsed the Commission report on the strengthening of technological co-operation in Europe. It gave its support to the French Eureka project for creating a teclihno-' logical Europe and to the Commission's constructive proposals in the same direction.
Japanese trade
The summit endorsed the request made by the Council of Ministers that Japan should undertake to increase signifi- cantly and continuously its imports of manufactured prod- ucts and processed agricultural products. It also emphasized the importance of liberaliziilg Japa- nese financial markets and internationalizing the yen. It asked the Commission to put all these concerns to the Prime Minister of Japan during his forthcoming visit to Europe.
Famine in Africa
The summit, aware of the critical situation confronting those African countries affected by drought, noted with satisfac- tion that the objectives of the Dublin plan [of December 19841 had been achieved and that 1.2 million tonnes of cereals or their equivalent had -finally been mobilized by the Community and the member states to meet emergency- requirements. It also welcomed the fact that two-thirds of that aid had already reached the recipients or was en route.
It felt, however, that new food aid requirements could arise";"July 1, 1985";"";62178;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bad-tempered summit dims dream of a federated Europe";""
"['FROM OUR UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, DEC. 8
The sub-committee of the United Nations disarmament commission met to-day with Sir Pierson Dixon, of the United Kingdom, in the chair. This was its first meeting since it reached a deadlock in London last summer.
Sir Pierson Dixon announced that the next series of substantive meetings of the sub- committee would be held in London by Feb. ruary, the exact date being subject to con- firmation by the five Governments represented on the committee-Canada, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia.
At to-day's meeting Mr. Sobolev, for Russia, said that his country felt it was impossible simultaneously to discuss the question of a disarmament convention and to "" push the door wide open for the revenge-seeking forces in west Germany by arming west Gernany and restoring German militarism."" Such actions were quite irreconcilable and contra- dictory.
It would seem that Russia will make the rearming Of western Germany under the westem European union an obstacle to the signing of any disarmament convention.";"December 9, 1954";"";53110;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany Obstacle To Disarmament";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, who is Paying a short private visit to London, yesterday called for some 45 minutes on Mr. Butler, the Foreign Secretary. It was said later that this gave the twvo Ministers an opportunity to dis- cuss their forthcoming visits to Moscow. Dr. Luns will be visiting the Soviet Union from JUlY 6 to 14, and Mr. Butler's visit is expected to take place shortly after the recess at the end of July.
Dr. Luns and Mr. Butler will be meet- ing again in Paris soon. during the Western European Union Council meEting on July 16. Dr. Luns has been throughout a firm supporter of maintaining the closest pos- sible links between Britain and the Six of the Oommon Market. but has made clear also that the Netherlands and other Common Market countries cannot be ex- pected to hold up political integration among themselves. if after the British elec- tions the next British Government no longer desires to join the Common Market";"June 24, 1964";"";56046;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Luns Meets Mr. Butler";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr
PARIS, JULY 3
Strasbourg wiUl this week be the centre of considerable diplomatic activity. The Council of Ministers of Western European Union meets there to-morrow, and on Tuesday the Assembly of W.E.U. consisting of parliamentarians from the countries con- cerned-Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Italy, and Germany-meets there
The Council of Europe-both the Com- mittee of Ministers and the Consultative Assembly-is also meeting this week at Strasbourg-the Ministers to-morrow and Tuesday and the Consultative Assembly from Tuesday until Saturday. On the agenda are debates on the policy of the Council of Europe, based on reports on the "" relaunch. ing "" of Europe, and on east-west relations; Mr. Macmillan, M. Pinay, and M. Spaak are among the possible speakers.
The gathering of so many Ministers will give an opportunity for informal discussion, and in particular Mr. Macmillan is expected to be in touch with the Greek and Turkish Ministers about the proposed conference on Middle Eastern defence and Cyprus.";"July 4, 1955";"";53263;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministerial Discussions At Strasbourg";""
"";"['News']";"PAIus, Oct. 30.-The defence com. mittee of the Western European Union today backed the American plan for a Nato multilateral nuclear force, it was announced tonight after a private meeting on Nato strategy. The com- mittee, composed of parliamentarians from the six Common Market countries and Britain, proposed that the force should be set up and put under the strict control of a Nato political nuclear executive.
The statement announcing this gave no details of the vote, but committee sources said the three British members of the commitee abstained from voting on the recomnmendation, which will be submitted for discussion by the W.E.U. pariamentary assembly here in Docember.
T.he committee also adopted a recom- mendation welcoming the Moscow test ban treaty, but regretted the absence of prior consultations with Nato and W.E.U. member countries.
Another recommendation expressed concern in case Nato's "" forward strategy "" on its central front might lead to premature use of nuclear weapons, aud urged lhat conventional forces and armaments in the area should be in- creased.-Reuter.";"October 31, 1963";"";55846;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Support For Nuclear Force";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"I Fmrm Our Own Correswondent
Faris, I)ec 1
Dr Joseph Luns, the Secre. tary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, hinted today that ways may now be found to associate France with its European partners in streamlining arms production.
Dr Luns was addressing the assembly here of the Western European Union (WRETUV
groupinig of parliamentarians from Britain and"" the original six countries of the Com- munity, which tackles defence problems.
He was icareful not to indi- cate preference for any particu- lar forum' for this eventual. coordination. But -he said, in reply to a question from Lord Sandys (Conservative, Britain) that Prance was showing great interest, within the limits she
had imposed upon herself, in the harmonization of weapons systems.
One such forum which has been canvassed for some time is the WEU's own standing committee on armaments. -
But the parliamentarians' interest is also directed to the proposal that Paris should be invited to join an independent body. with no direct Sinks to Nato to develop European arms coordination.";"December 2, 1975";"";59567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French may join European arms plans";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
Brussels, Feb 6
In a move to give new politi- cal weight to the European Parliament, Herr Willy Brandt, the former West German Chan- cellor, said today he would like to be considered as a candidate for the first directly-elected assembly, wvhich has been pro- posed for 1978.
"" I have decided, as a German and a European Social Demo- crat, to stand for the European Parliament "", he said in Brus- sels. ""I would be delighted if this decision set a precedent. So I ask my friends, who like me have worked unremittingly for European construction; I ask democratic politicians, who like me have pledged them- selves to European unity, to announce their candidatures too.""
Herr Brandt, who is chair- man of West Germany's ruling Social Democratic Party, said his decision did not imply that he was separating himself from political responsibilities in his own country.
He was addressing a congress convened by the European Movement to discuss the report for European union drawn up by Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister.";"February 7, 1976";"";59622;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brandt wish to become a European MP";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Butler, the Foreign Secretary, who is the present chairman of the council of the Western European Union, presided yesterday over a joint fneeting in London of the W.E.U. council and assembly, at 9 Grosvenor Place, London, the W.E.U. headquarters. These meet- ings take place on an ad hoc basis when- ever necessary, and allow parliamen- tarians from the seven members (Britain and the Six of the Cotmmon Market) to air their views to the council on the working of W.E.U., which has become the vehicle for regular contacts at ministenial level between Britain and the Six.
Earlier Mr. Butler had entertained to luncheon at Lancaster House Pro- fessor Carlo Schmid, the president of the W.E.U. assembly, who is paying a three-day visit to London as the guest of the British Governmeht. Professor Schmid has been a vice-president of the Bundestag since 1949 and was Socialist candidate in the German presidential election in 1959.
President Schmid also called on Sir Alec Douglas-Home yesterday after- noon.";"March 6, 1964";"";55953;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Discussions In London";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 9
In addition to the provisional agenda for the French-ltalian meetings at Santa Margherita, it appears, according to reports from Rome. that the Italian Ministers hope to use these talks to bring about a warmer atmosphere in French-German relations. Dr. Adenauer is soon to visit Rome, and it is understood that Signor De Gasperi and Count Sforza are likely to make similar efforts at their meeting with him. There is talk of forming a nucleus of the three Powers for the promotion of European union.
While the French Government will certainly welcome any move towards closer relations between France and Germany, between Italy and Germany, and Italy and France, they would expect this to develop within the frame- work of their present policies. On questions at issue between France and Germany, within the framework of the Atlantic pact, for instance, it is unlikely that they will be persuaded to depart from the positions which they have defended in talks with other member nations, at Washington or in London.";"February 10, 1951";"";51922;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Relations With Germany";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, AUG. 28
Senator de l-lousse, chairman of the Saar Commission, and Sir George Rendel, former British Ambassador in Brussels and now the British member ' of the Saar commission, yesterday discussed the Saar situation with M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister.
M. de Housse is one of the leaders of the Walloon movement which has for years been anxious to seek an understanding with the Flemings in Belgium. His experience in that field has been useftil in getting to understand the intricate problems in the Saar, where nationalist passions and economic interests are often confusing. Moreover. like M. Spaak, he is an advocate of European integration. Since the French rejection of the European Defence Community the Euro- pean idea has suffered a setback in the Saar and elsewhere which was not made good by the London and Paris agreements on Western European Union. Much concern about the outcome of the Saar referendum is felt here because of the impact it will have on Western European UJnion.";"August 29, 1955";"";53311;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgian Concern Over Referendum";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Maclay, National Liberal and Con- servative M.P. for West Renfrewshire since 1950 and Secretary of State for Scotland from 1957 until 'last July, has announced that for personal reasons he will not seok reelection at the general election.
From 1940 until 1950 Mr. Maclay was National Liberal member for Montrose Burghs. He has also been Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, Ministcr of State for Colonial Affa,irs, president of tho C.ouncil of Europe, and chairman of the Assembly of the Western European Union. His term as Secretary of State for Scotland was the longest since the war.
Our Scottish correspondent writes:-
Mr. Maclay's majority at the 1959 general election was only 2,753, and the seat must now be regarded as marginal, especially as the Liberals have been in Drocess of choosing a candidate of their own. A well- known Scottish broadcaster has already turned down an offer to stand in the Liberal cause.
The Labour Party have selected Mr. Norman Buchan, a Glasgow teacher, who is a supporter of unilateral disarmament. He has been active in the constituency in recent weeks.";"December 29, 1962";"";55585;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Maclay Not To Stand Again";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
A spokesman for the Permanent Council of the Western European Union denied after yesterday's meeting in London that the question of Germany building submarines for Greece had been formally raised. But this probably means that "" formal "" discussion is reserved
Under the revised Brussels Treaty and subsequent protocols the Germans undertook not to build submarines of more than 450 tons with the exception of six of up to 1,000 tons. The German firm of Howaldt of Kiel has now contracted to build four more of the larger type for Greece, but Germany remains under an obligation to get her W.E.U. partners' consent.
She can claim that consent is likely to be forthcoming since the Nato Supreme Aled Com- mander recommended last autumn that the four submarines are required by Greece for Nato purposes. The Germans are known also to have given the British Government assurances that they have no intention of allowing the submarines to be assembled without taking appro- priate action with their allies";"July 26, 1969";"";57622;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn forces submarine issue";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWVN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, SEPT. 16
All seven Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union were present at yesterday's council meeting, which had been summoned on the initiative of Ger- many to warn against the threatened reduc- tion in the size of allied armies stationed in Europe.
Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, is understood to have declared, in the course of a long speech, that Germany thought her security would be endangered if the thesis were applied that conventional forces could be reduced and replaced by nuclear weapons. He said afterwards that the council had decided there would be no conversion to nuclear weapons without the full prior agreement of all W.E.U. members. The matter is to bc discussed again by W.E.U. before the next Atlantic Council meeting in December.
M. Mollet is reported to have informed Herr von Brentano of his desire to meet Dr. Adenauer in Brussels, on September 24 or 25, to discuss problems of European economic integration. Dr. Adenauer will then be on an official visit to Belgium.";"September 17, 1956";"";53638;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anxiety Over Cuts In Forces";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
Mr Christopher Prere-Smith, chairman of the Get Britain
Out Campaign, said at St Mary- | lebone last night that the I Government had tried to deceive the British people into believing that there was no question of the EEC becoming a ""European Union "".
Mr Callaghan, the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, had said on April 1 that that was quite unrealistic and not desired by the British people. Mr Frere-Smith said: ""Far from calling off this aim all the Government did in the renego- tiations was to shelve the question until after the refer- endum.""
The campaign had discovered that the next EEC summit was to be held in Brussels on July 6 with the proposal to develop the Community into a full political union at the top of the agenda.
"" The aim of the Common Market has always been the creation of one state; that is to say that Britain would just be a small part of a huge super- state if we stay in "", Mr Frere- Smith said.";"May 7, 1975";"";59389;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political union 'tops agenda at July summit'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, Nov. 21
Great emphasis is now being laid on the political significance of Signor De Gasperi's visit to Brussels. His talks with M. Spaak are reported to have dealt with the prospects of Italy joining the Western Union and, ulti- mately, the Atlantic pact; Count Sforza's pro- posals to France fo; a European Union; and the question of Italy's former colonies. The keynote of all except Left extremist comment is that the peace treaty must be revised if Italy is lo become a really efficient factor in European reconstruction and the defence of western civilization.
FROM OUR OWVN CORRESPONDENT.
WASHINGTON, Nov. 21
The Chief of Staff of the Italian Army, Lieutenant-General Efisio Marras, will arrive in Washington on December 2. Officially it is stated that General Marras is coming to return General Omar Bradley's visit to Italy last year, but it is assumed here that in fact he will have discussions concerned with bringing the Italian armed forces up to the fullest limits imposed by the peace treaty.";"November 22, 1948";"";51235;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy And Western Union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. Nov. 20
The suggestion that Western European Union might concern itself with the political aspects of the European Economic Com- munity was to-day elaborated in some detail by Herr von Eckardt, the chief Government spokesman. The suggestion seems to have been more favourably received than might have been inferred from Dr. Adenauer's statement in London yesterday.
Herr von Eckardt was speaking at a Press conference soon after the Chancellor had given an account of his London con- versations to the Cabinet. He said that the hitherto rather modest functions of W.E.U. could be enlarged, so that it would become the forum for political discussions between E.E.C. and the British, thus allay- ing British anxiety about the potentially exclusive character of the community. There was no question of bringing the other members of the Outer Seven into W.E.U., as they were already represented on the Atlantic Council.
The use of W.E.U. for this purpose was suggested by the British some time ago, but has not hitherto been very favourably considered by the German Governmen.";"November 21, 1959";"";54624;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. As Political Forum";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
I he next ministerial meeting of the council of Western European Union is to be held at The Hague on October 25 and I& A formal announcement of this will be made after the W.E;U. meeting in London next week.
There has been much discussion about the ministerial meeting, and some reports have stated that the meeting would take place in Brussels. This will be the first of the quarterly meetings, which are to be held for consultation between Britain and the Six (who between thern make up the mem- bership of W.E.U.) on the political and economic situation in Europe The meet- ings are intended as the means of linking Britain with the Six. and preventing a divergence of policies within Europe after the breakdown of the negotiations for British membership of the Common Market
The British Government accepted a pro- posal from the Six for quarterly W.E.U. meetings after proposals for direct contact between the British delegation and the Six in Brussels had met with stff opposition from French representatives.";"September 3, 1963";"";55796;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Link Between Britain And Six";""
"['FROM A CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM A CORRESPONDENT
KITWE, Ocr. 3
After five days of silence since the copper mining companies said that they would be prepared to resume immediate full-scale negotiations under an indepen- dent chairman, the European union to-day announced that it, too, would be prepared to accept the suggestion made by the Northertt News, the copperbelt newspaper.
It is presumed that the Northern Rhodesian Government will now be approached to suggest the name of an independent chairman. The negotiations will, of course, take place while the strike is still in progress. There is every indica- tion. however, that the strikers and their families arc bc,inning to react to three wecks of idleness and lack of incomc.
Commenting on the union's announce- ment this evening. a spokesman of the Chamber of Mines said that the copper mining companies welcomed the union's agreemcnt to ncgotiation and added: ""The companies have always felt that, with good will on both sides and a real desire to reach an acceptable settlement on each of the items in dispute. the difficulties could quickly be resolved.""";"October 4, 1958";"";54273;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Talks To Be Resumed";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The British Government have sent a, formal reply welcoming the, proposal made by the Council of Ministers of the European Economaic Community for con- sultation on the poitical and economic situation in EuroPe at quarterly meetings of the couneil of Western European Union. In their reply, delivered yesterday, the Government said that they thought the present proposal was constructive, as its adoption would lead to carrying out the provisions of the Brussels Treaty (under which W.E.U. was set up) for collaboration between the seven Governments on econo- mic matters.
They had already put forward sugges- tions for the future work of W.E.U. in Political and other fields, and would in due course inform other member Govern- ments of the specific points they might wish to discuss in the first "" exchange of views on the European. economic situation "". It is not expected that the first quarterly meet- ing of the council of W.E.U.-can be held before the second half of September or early October.";"July 27, 1963";"";55764;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Welcomes W.E.U. Consultation Plan";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Ocr. I
Dr. Adenauer to-day again called for a union of European countries including Britain, and suggested that it could be achieved if the Western European Union were made more active. The Chancellor said that as Britain was already a member of W.E.U. and that it already possessed the elements of signi- ficant political, economic, and military coordination, much of the distance to European unity had already been covered.
Dr. Adenauer, who was speaking at a Press conference in Hamburg, said it was necessary to broaden the membership of W.E.U. to include every European country with similar ideas. It could depend upon American support and was favoured by France and Belgium. Presumably he was referring to his recent conversations with the Prime Ministers of these countries.
In Brussels last week Dr. Adenauer called for a European federation or confederation to strengthen western Europe. He said that the Suez crisis demonstrated the weakness of a divided continent, and that Britain's participation was vitaL";"October 2, 1956";"";53651;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer's New Plea To Britain";""
"";"['News']";"STRASBOURG, Jan. 24.-Lord Listowel had a cool reception here tonight when he sug- gested Britain would like the backing -of other European Free Trade Area countries in talks with the Common Market.
"" Britain would like to know whether she has at least the good will of her Efta partners for s6ch talks "", Lord Listowel, leader of the British Government delega- tion to the Council of Europe Assembly, told a meeting of Efta M.P.s.
He was referring to plans bv the Western European Union, consisting of Britain and the Six, to try to bridge the gap between west Europe's two trading blocks.
Mr. Federspeil, Danish Liberal, replied: We would like W.E.U. to stay out of this."" Herr Karl Czernetz, Austr an Socialist, said the position of west Europe's three neutral countries-Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland-could become 'embarrassed "" as Britain and the Six also discussed military matters in W.E.U.
Mr. Finn Moe, Norwegian Socialist, said he had no objection, ' because Brita:n would thus have the opportunity of remind- ink the Six that Europe is a little bit greater than the Common Market "".-Reuter.";"January 25, 1965";"";56228;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Efta Cool About British Plan";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHODESIA), MARCH 7
The European Mineworkers' Union and the African Mineworkers' Union have approved the setting up of a liaison com- mittee on matters of common interest. The decision to do so arises from the dispute declared by the Chamber of Mines after the refusal of the European union to accept the chamber's plan for increased pro- ductivity and economy in the copper mines. The move is designed to achieve internal solidarity and, in the event of trouble, sup- port from the Miners' International Federa- tion, which does not recognize racial barriers in the trade union movement.
APOLOGY TO INDIAN FOR
HOTEL INCIDENT
SALISBURY (S. RHOD.), March 7.-The Rhodesian Federal Government to-day apologized for an incident last Sunday when the Indian Press Attache, Mr. P. J. Rao. and his family were asked to leave a European country hotel. The apology, handed to the Assistant Commissioner for India, said the hotel manager claimed he asked thc Rao family to leave to avoid the possibility of an embarrassing incident. Ile denied he was rude.--Reurer.";"March 8, 1958";"";54094;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Liaison Committee";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, Deputy Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office. who is responsible for European questions, including Berlin, is going to Paris on Friday for talks with senior United States, French. and German officials. Mr. Foy Kohler, Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs. will lead the United States delegation. which, according to reports from Wash- ington, will include an expert from the Treasury and two senior military officers. It is understood that Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh will also be accompanied by a military expert. He will return to London after the Western European Union meeting in Paris on August 1.
The talks on Friday will be quadri- partite, although the Germans mav not be represented at all of them, since the United States. Britain. and France have direct responsibility for Berlin. They will be in preparation for the western Foreign Ministers' meetings in Paris on August 5-7. The Ministers have to con- sider the sequence and timing of future diplomatic and military moves to meet the Berlin crisis.
Dr. Adenauer on ""no war"", page 10.";"July 26, 1961";"";55143;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Officials To Meet";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, Nov. 4
Delegates of the ""Five"" today welcomed a suggestion by Mr. Stewart. the British Foreign Secretary, for a "" dialogue "" between the European Free Trade Association and the European Economic Community.
The presence of France, however, at the quarterly meeting here of the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union, where Mr. Stewvart made his suggestion, madc it impossible to open discussion on the subject-the more so since, at France's request, the European Commission was not present.
RHODESIA SUPPORT
Nevertheless, the delegates of Germany. Italy. Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxem- bourg all hoped that fruitful talks would begin as soon as the Common Market situa- tion was clarified. The Dutch delegates. especially. expressed their sincere hope of an early start to such negotiations.
Many of the delegates wanted to Know more precisely what the Efta-and. in par- ticular Britain's-interpretation was of bridge-building. and naturally they wanted to study French reactions.
Mr. Stewart also ask-ed for-and received
-full support for British policy in a Rhodesia.";"November 5, 1965";"";56471;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Five' Welcome Efta-E.E.C. Move";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
The presence of MPs at the European Parliament, -the Coun. cil of Europe and the Western European Union has taken a toll on attendances at meetings. of standing committees at West- minster during the 1972-73 session.
Nevertheless, the record of the 500 or so MPs summoned to attend such meetings is good. Many attended nearly all and few attended fewer than half the m'eetings they should have.
Only 35 fsiied to attend any meetings. There were appar- ently several reasons for their failure: siclcness, overseas del-
ment for some since Jan:uary 1 in tihe affairs :o£ the ' 3uropean Communities..^
Mr . BruceGardyne,. Conser- vative MP for-South Angus and Mr Arthur. Johes, Conser. vative MP for Northats, South, both attended 56 meetings out of a possible 60.
Mr James Hamilton, Labour MP for Bothwell, attended 54 out of 54. Three other 'MPs attended more than ffty meet- ings and Mr Edward Taylor, Conservative U4P for Glasgow, Cathcart, was the most popular. He was summoned 77 times aid attended 51 meetings.";"December 11, 1973";"";58961;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European obligations keep MPs travelling";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. belwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary. has a full programme of ministerial discussions ahead. On Tuesday he leaves London to attend the Western European Union Council meeting in Rome. He will be accompanied by Sir Anthony Rum- bold, Assistant Under-Secretary in charge of west European questions. This meeting Lollows naturally upon the December N.A.T.O. meeting, which recommended closer coordination of arms, supplies and research.
On Thursday Mr. Lloyd leaves Rome for the South-East Asia Treaty Organization meeting in Manila from March 10 to 13. For this he will have with him Mr. 0. Morland, Assistant Under-Secretary in charge of south-east Asian questions- and will be joined by Sir Robert Scott, Com- missioner-General for south-east Asia. The most important side of the S.E.A.T.O. meeting is likely to be the discussion on anti-subversion.
In Manila Mr. Lloyd will meet the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand, and Mr. Dulles, with whom preparations for a summit conference will be discussed.";"March 3, 1958";"";54089;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's Programme";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRf3SPONDENT
Paris. June ' Anticlimax was the note of today's session of the Assemblv of Western European Union. The B&itisb M.P.s, for obvious reasons, were all absent. So were most of the Italians, because of the regional and municipal elections in Italy this week, and many of the Dutch. A number of German deputies and Belgian senators had stayed away for important debates in their respective assemblies.
Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Secretary, who was to have ad- dressed the Assembly on defence problems, will now be replaced by Lord Winterbottom. Mr. Jean Rey, retiring president of the European Commission, was un- able to leave Brussels, a bare quorum was available. and it has been decided to reduce the ses- sion from four days to two.
Herr Walter Scheel, the west
German Foreign Mfinister and chairman of the W.E.U. Coun- cil, reassured the Assemblv that W.E.U.'s future would not be jeopardized by the moves to- wards enlargement of the Euro- pean Economnic Conimunitv. Political consultations could be held in parallel, in a W.E.U. context and an E.E.C. one.";"June 3, 1970";"";57886;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reassurance for WEU";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Ocr. 10
A conference opens to-morrow in the Federal Foreign Ministry to negotiate an agreement on the stationing of allied forces in Germrany. This will take the place of the third of the four Bonn con- ventions originally signed here in 1952 and modified a year ago in Paris as the terms under which the Federal Republic received its sovereignty.
To-morrow's meeting is the beginning ot the first major piece of treaty writing to be done in Bonn since Germany became sovereign. Appropriately enough, the repre- sentatives of the nine Governments taking part will sit in the new conference room of the Foreign Ministry which will be in use for the first time. Herr von Brentano, the Federal Foreign Minister, is attending the opening with the heads of the diplomatic nissions of countries with troops stationed in Germany. The work is expected to take about three months.
The original Bonn conventions were drafted when the European Defence Com- munity was intended as the instrument by which the Federal Government would make its, military contribution to the western alliance. When the conventions came to be rewritten in preparation for German entry into N.A.T.O. and Western European Union, the convention on the stationing of forces was meant to be no more than pro- visional. It was to "" remain in force until the entry into force of new arrangements setting forth the rights and obligations of the forces of the three Powers and other states having forces in the territory of the Federal Republic.""
GUIDANCE GIVEN
It is these new arrangements which have now to be worked out. The three Powers were Britain, the United States and France. The other countries with forces stationed in Germany are Canada, Belgium, the Nether- lands and Denmark. There used to be a battalion of Luxembourg troops in what was the French zone. Luxembourg will have an observer at the conference in case such forces should at any time return.
Some guidance was given in the modified conventions about the form of the new arrangements. They are to be based on the agreement signed by the N.A.T.O. Powers in London in June, 1951, which specified the terms under which each of the countries could station forces in the territories of another, ""supplemented by such provisions as are necessary in view of the special con- ditions existing in regard to the forces stationed in the Federal Republic."" One of these is the size of the allied armed forces in Germany. The United States has about a quarter of a million men here; most of the British commitment to western European Union of four divisions and air forces are in Germany. Another is the length of time they are likely to remain.
BRITISH PROMISE
The British negotiators will presumably take into consideration the promise to station in Europe forces at the present strength for 50 years, the duration of the Brussels treaty. That promise was made in London last October. Another consideration which applies to the three former occupying Powers is the right they took immediately- after the war, in agreement with the Russians, to station forces in the whole of Germany.
That right is no longer applicable to western Germany, and is at best theoretical in eastern Germany. But other four-Power responsibilities, including the status of Berlin, were entered into at Potsdam, and any formal arrangement with the Federal Republic will have to avoid an appearance of infringing undertakings made with the Soviet Union.
DELHI.-Mr. Casey, Australian Minister for External Affairs, left here for Rangoon yesterday after a four-day visit. a";"October 11, 1955";"";53348;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Allied Forces In Germany";""
"['From Gretel Spitzer']";"['News']";"From Gretel Spitzer
Munich, May 28
Herr Franz-Josef Strauss was reelected chairman of the Christian Social Union for a further two years yesterday. He has held the post for 11 years. He reccived 426 votes out of 459 at the party's con- gress.
The three-day congress of the CSU. the Bavarian Roman Catho- lic party, which ended today, showed that Herr Strauss's leader- ship is undisputed. It also reflected the complete homogeneity of the CSU, the smaUer partner in the Opposition group. The party has impressive self-reliance, self- assuredness and awareness of its own significance.
No dissenting voice was heard duriDng the congress. There was in any case no open debate. Working groups discussed such topics as the Government's Eastern policy and internal security.
WVhile the split over the treaties concluded by Bonn with Moscow and Warsaw went right through the other parties, it left the CSU unruffled. The only complaint heard in the debating group was that the CSU should have provided stronger opposition than it did.
Herr Strauss was the dominant figure in the congress, in fact the only political speaker. He spoke altogether for about five hours. The usual procedure that the chair- man of the sister party, the Chris- tian Democratic Union, spoke too
was discontinued. Dr Rainer Barzel preferred not to interrupt his holiday.
The CDU was represented by his deputy, Dr Helmut Kohl, Cbief Minister of Rhineland- Palatinate, who did not stay for long.
The controversy between the sister parties over the ratification of the treaties did not come into the open. However, observers got the feeling that relations were still somewhat cool.
This showed in several ways, not only in the absence of Dr Barzel. The latter's brief telegram of con- gratulation on Herr Strauss's re- election, for instance, said that he hoped for good cooperation on a basis of trust.
Herr Strauss, in an interview with Welt am Sonnitag, was asked whether Dr Barzel was still the CDU-CSU candidate for the chancellorship despite pressure from some CSU delegates for a change. He replied that the party's decision was still valid.
The party failed, however, to understand Herr Barzel's change from saying ""No"" to the treaties to giving a conditional "" Yes "". "" A politician is sometimes not spared such decisions, but neither is he spared the repercussions:"" Yet ill feelings and annoyance came second to the main aim of overthrowing the Social Demo- cratic Government. This had to be made clear to the voters, Herr Strauss said.
He said that the CDU-CSU would not be split-while making a plea for the speeding up of the political union of Europe. He re- peated his view that the United States would withdraw 'from its world-wide commitments faster than European union might be achieved. European union was urgently needed to form a counter- weight to the Soviet Union.
He referred to the relationship between West Germany and the Soviet Union, while negotiations on the treaties were taking place as being like a mouse negotiating with a bear. He thought the real difficulties were still to come. On this issue on the Government's policy and on internal security Herr Strauss said doomsday seemed close.
Herr Strauss offered to help the Government to overcome its prob- lems although the implication was that such help would have to be on his terms. He said nobody could govern in West Germany without CDU-CSU cooperation and continued: ""As chairman of the CSU I add without exaggera- tion and without any inferiority complex that the functioning of the policy of the CSU-CDU requires a strong CSU, not only to make clear statement but for determined action.""
On possible new elections, the feeling was that neither the CSU nor the rest of the Opposition was really expecting these in the near future.";"May 29, 1972";"";58490;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bavarian party congress shows Herr Strauss's domination of a stern and undivided force";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign Office confirmned yester- day the report published in The Times yesterday that the Council of Western European Union had been invited to meet in London.
No further information was available, but it is known that the date suggested was February 26 and that some of the Foreign Ministers will find it difficult to be in London then. The conference will probably take place a few days later in London. Some of the Foreign Ministers, who. it is thought, will also be accom- panied by the Defence Ministers, would have preferred a meeting in Rome, as they expect to be there up to February 25 putting the finishing touches to the treaties on a European common market and atomic energy pool. At a time, however, when British association with western Europe is being emphasized there is much to be said for a conference in London, which is evidently the British Government's desire.
It is known that subjects suggested for discussion in the British invitation were the future pattern of British forces in Europe, disarmament, and the future organization of Western European Union in the light of the Italian proposal for a directly elected assembly and of a suggestion made by M. Pineau - that British association with. the European common market and Euratom should be brought within the framework of W.E.U. These last two proposals may be merged in a wider discussion on means of simplifying the many different existing European and Atlantic institutions.
RATHER TOO ADVANCED
The Italian proposal was not pressed during the recent visit of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd to Rome, apparently because it is recog- nized as being rather too advanced for acceptance in present conditions. M. Pineau's suggestion, it is said, has not been put forward formally. It would conflict with the British view that the association of Britain with the six European Powers who are joining in the common market and Euratom should best be worked out in the Organization for European Economic Co- operation. Whether or not the Italian and French proposals are debated. how- ever, there will no doubt be discussion of European and Atlantic organization-and some elaboration of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's speech in Paris in December on "" the grand design"" within which the Atlantic alliance and the conception of a united western Europe could be developed.
At the same time the conference will consider the future pattern of British forces on the Continent. This follows appro- priately the discussions which Mr. Duncan Sandys, the Defence Minister, is now con- ducting in Washington. When the British
and American Governments have coordina- ted their views on the forces which they should maintain in Europe, and on their armament, the British Government wil be under an obligation to discuss any proposed reduction in manpower with their W.E.U. partners.
, When the W.E.U. treaty was concluded in 1954, the British Government agreed to maintain four divisions and a tactical air force, or the military equivalent, on the Continent, subject to overriding economic strain or a sudden oversea emergency. It was agreed that before any change was made the W.E.U. partners would be con- sulted. There have been misgivings of late in France and elsewhere at reports that British and United States contingents in Germany might be considerably reduced. In view of the great and increasing cost of weapons, it is in the interests of all that reductions in manpower, though by no means necessarily in fire-power, should now be made, and that such changes should be coordinated between the W.E.U. Powers.
The suggestion that disarmament should be discussed no doubt follows the Soviet proposals that a demilitarized zone might be formed in Europe and that air inspection might be instituted over zones on either side of the present east-west dividing line. Such proposals will naturally be linked with the problem of German reunification.";"January 31, 1957";"";53753;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Invitation To Discuss Future European Defence Pattern";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The French Government is still block- ing every attempt to establish a closer relationship between Britain and western Europe. No other conclusion can fairly be drawn from the announcement on Saturday that the proposed ministerial meeting of Western European Union, to open in Bonn on Friday, is not to take place.
This followed Wednesday's visit by Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, to the North Atlantic Council in Paris. The purpose of Lord Home's visit, as he abundantly emphasized, was to prevent the economic division of Europe, re- sulting from the Brussels breakdown, from spreading into matters of defence.
M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, by failing to attend the Nato meeting or to meet Lord Home, seemed to emphasize French indiffer- ence. Meanwhile Dr. Schroder, the west Gerrnan Foreign Minister, as chair- man for the present quarter of the Western European Union-which com- prises Britain and the six countries of the European Economic Community-had proposed the ministerial meeting in Bonn. It was hoped that at this meeting Britain's relations with Europe would be discussed and further divisions avoided.
TEA FOR WHISKY
The German proposal did not specify an agenda, but the British Government and most of the other members accepted the proposal and indicated that they wished to raise the question of Britain's relations with Europe (in order again to mitigate the divisive effect of the Brussels failure). The French Government's reply made clear that it was not Prepared to take part if Euro- pean matters were discussed. The stibjects to be discussed would thus have been reduced to the policy of W.E.U. members towards Somalia (in the light of Somali claims to neighbouring territory inhabited by Somali minorities), the policy of W.E.U. members towards the Congo, and east- west relations.
The British Government were prepared to accept such an agenda, reserving their right to discuss European questions if these arose in the course of debate. However. M. Spaak and Dr. Luns, the Belgian and Dutch Foreign Ministers, obiected strongly to a restricted agenda. M. Spaak com- mented that to convene a W.E.U. meeting and not to disouss Europe would be like inviting someone to have a whisky and offering him on arrival a cup of tea. In the event the German Government decided not to convene the ministers at all.
T-he Italians will take over the chairman- ship for the next three months on April 1. They could summon a meeting even though the French Government abstained, but until April 28 Italy will be preoccupied with elections, and in any event the fact must be faced-and can be stated without recrimination or rancour-that for the present the French Government is bent upon excluding British influence in Europe in the economic, military and Political fields.
LONDON DISAPPOINTED
This was not unexpected in London. When Sir Pierson Dixon, the British Ambassador in Paris, called on M. Couve de Murville after the Nato meeting to give him a copy of Lord Home's speech, M. Couve de Murville made clear that dis- cussions could not be' fruitful for 'the present, although the French Government would be willing to resume talks on a bilateral basis later on. How Britain's relationship with the other five members of the Coommon Market was to be con- ducted was not explained.
The British reaction has naturally been one of disappointment. W.E.U., it is pointed out, remains in being and the
British Government remain always ready to use W.E.U. to build up solidarity and lessen tension in Europe-but this for the present is clearlY a pious rather than positive hope.";"March 25, 1963";"";55658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France Refuses To Yield Over Britain And E.E.C.";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"Fate has dealt Italy a particularly nasty card in conniving to make it take over the driv- inc seat of the
EEC at the very moment that negotiations to bring Spain and Portugal into the Com- munity are reaching a climax.
For of all the 10 member states Italy has the most to fear from the inevitable economic effects of this third cnlargement of the Com- munity. The south-western region of France is certain to suffer most, but Italy knows it must face up to a Spanish challenge on all fronts once the two Iberian countries become members.
Once in the presidential chair in the Council of Ministers, Italy's proper job will be to seek a compromise. That, in turn, means that it must persuade members to make concessions, and many of those concessions will have to be made by Italy.
Running the enlargement negotiations is not likely to be popular work, but it is absolutely crucial because so much depends on it. Unless they are completed, there seems little hope of persuading West Germany to provide thc extra money the Community must have in 1985 if it is to pay all its bills, and at the same time give Britain the
promised £600 million re- duction in its contributions.
So Italy must strive to get agreement in areas where it knows it has so much to lose, such as olive oil, wine, fruit and vegetables. It must also persuade a very reluctant Spain to accept unpleasant terms on fisheries, or run the risk of the delicate young common fisheries policy breaking up.
Parallel to these nego- tiations, Italy must find a way of satisfying the demands of Mr Andrcas Papandreou, the Greek Prime Minister, for a large amount of extra aid to help Athens to face up to enlargement. The Greek Socialist leader told the Dublin summit that he would bar Spain and Portugal from joining the Community until he received a large amount of money in compensation.
Italy knows that very little money is available, while most northern countries are now ill- disposed to pay much to Greece, which is already a net beneficiary of the Community to the tune of some £600 million a year. The only way out would seem to be to offer Greece all the extra compen- sation money likely to be available - which means that France and Italy itself would have to forgo their shares.
An added task will be to prepare for a big debate on the environment at the European summit in Brussels in March.
At the same time, under Dutch insistence, a timetable for creating a real transport policy is to be agrecd on.
The one subject which Italy is probably relishing looking after is the preparation of a summit debate in Milan at the cnd of June on European union. By then the reports of two committees looking at institutional reform and a ""1citizens' Europe"" are to be ready for decision.
The interim reports, pre- sented to the Dublin summit, seek to take the Community down the road to federalism, with majority voting in coun- cils and greater powers for the European Parliament.
Britain will not be alone in being extremely chary of such ideas, although it will enthusi- astically welcome any agree- ment which will help to break down internal frontiers and make life easier for EEC citizens.
But the key to the whiole question remains enlarge- ment. If Italy can end the negotiations to bring Spain and Portugal into the Com- munity, then there is no telling what might be agreed on in the sunny climate they will bring
If the negotiations fail, stark financial stringency will be the order of the day. And there will be no enthusiasm at all for the kind of European union Italy is so anxious to sec.
Ian Murray I";"December 31, 1984";"";62024;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Political Correspondent
The debate on defence policy, to take place in the House of Commons on Wedtesday, will follow quickly upon the discussions in London to-day and to-morrow between the Minister of Defence and General Norstad, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.
The Opposition have tabled for debate a motion calling for the preparation of a revised defence plan ""which will ensure greater efficiency and lead to both a sub- stantial cut in expenditure and the abolition of national service.""
Mr. Sandys is at present hard at work on plans to reduce expenditure and man- power and to reorganize the armed forces. He has already had an exchange of views in Washington with American defence chiefs about the future shape and size of our mllitary contribution to the forces of N.A.T.O., and his further discussions with General Norstad this week will turn on the same subject. Mr. Sandys intends next to have discussions with other members of the Western European Union.
ANNUAL WHITE PAPER
In these circumstances the Opposition can scarcely expect the Minister, when he speaks on Wednesday, to be able to say much more at this stage than he did last
.eek in reporting to the House on the Washington discussions. The Government's immediate proposals will not be made known until the annual Defence White Paper is published, within the next few weeks.
Lord Hinchingbrooke, Mr. Angus Maude and three other Government backbenchers have tabled an amendment to the Opposi- tion motion which welcomes the Govern- ment's proposals to reorganize the country's defences and to economize in expenditure 'where this can be done without danger to our present and future comritments"" The amendment also urzes the Govern- ment, at their forthcomina talks with Defence Ministers in London, "" to press
for an expanded role for Westem European Union within the Atlantic alliance.""
The other principal debate of the week in the Commons will be on economic affairs, to take place to-morrow. This subject, too, has been chosen by the Opposition and will turn on a motion tabled by Mr. GaitskeU and other Opposition leaders.
It is not yet known who the Government spokesmeui will be. Mr. Thomeycroft, Chancellor of the Exchequer. and Sir David Eccles, President of the Board of Trade. are due to leave for Paris this aftemoon to take part in the meetings of the ministerial council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation at which the pro- posals for a European free trade area are to be discussed.
OXFORD ROADS DEBATE
The most interesting debate of the week in the Lords seems likely to be that arranged for Wednesday on Lord Beveridge's motion concerning Oxford's traffic and the threat of the new road through Christ Church Meadow.
The motion suggests that the Oxford traffic problem as a whole should be referred to a royal commission. whicn should be instructed to report within six months, and that in the meantime the Gov- ernment should hold up any action which might prejudice the royal commission's report.
There will be a long list of speakers in this debate and opposition to the scheme for a road through Christ Church Meadow will be expressed strongly. The speakers will include Lord Adrian. Lord Samuel. Lord Pakenham, Lord Cherwell. Lord Esher. and Lord Birkenbead. with Lord Munster reply- ing on behalf of the Government. It is be- lieved that the Government will not agree to the aPpointment of a royal commission, since a full public inquiry would follow the production of the plan now being prepared on behalf of the city council in response to the decision made by Mr. Sandys when he was Minister of Housing and Local Govemment.";"February 11, 1957";"";53762;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"This Week's Defence Talks In London";""
"";"['News']";"The relation between the British Empire and western European union was dis- cussd by Mr. R. G. AMenzies, Leader of the Opposition in the Australian Federal Parliament, at an Empire rally organized by the Empire Industries Association and the British Empire League in Central Hall, Westminster, yesterday.
Hc said thc choice between the United Nations on the onc hand and power politics on the other was unreal. Unless power politics could produce a settlement in Europe and Asia, the United Nations would never get a real start. Unlss the United Nations in due course acquired power and therefore used POwer politics, it would be as futile as the League of Nations.
Likewise, the dilemma of choosing between the Empire and western union was utterly unreal. Some advocates of western union, in the sense of a federation of European States, ,lainly saw in it sonmething that rendered the Empire unnecessary or irrelevant. There were also those who said western union should be scotched at once because it was completelY inconsistent witit the British Empire associa- tion. He believed in the fullest measure of Empire development as a means to safety and prosperity. If western European union meant Great Bntain -was to be a member State of a federation vwith a ftied constitution and com- plete central authority, and with the people of Great Britain possessing some measure of commnon citizenship with European peoples, it was hopelessly impracticable.
CONCERTED ACTION
Blank opposition to western union seemed equally wrong, because a substantial degree of concerted action among western Eurog-ean nations was vital to world petWe; it was one of the major conditions on whidh vast Ameri- can help would be continued. Concerted methods in Europe to restore peae and in- -dustry were not inconsistent with tie interests of the Britisih Empire. for no oth* group in the workd had a livelier interest in European reconstruction, A prosperous and united British Empire would welcome a prosperous and united Europe.
How w a that to be achieved ? ne real and practical answer was that the European powers shoutd be encouraged to take one step at a time by making a series of ad hoc a!rrangements with each other or by establish- ing intemational committees on matters like shrprng, trade, currency, and defence. That wouwd probably lead by closer practical work- ing to an organic association, which might develop to include all the democratic powers of the world.
Turning to what he described as the fetish for multi-lateral trade agreements aimed against Imperial preference, Mir. Menzies said we should achieve the gratest possible integra- tion of Empire thought and planning on econo- mic problems: develop Empire resources by joint action and mutual aid ;deepen ourassocia- tion vith Anerica; and help the world to recover prosperity and the good life for ordi- nary men and women. But it should be remembered that the first contribution we could make to the world at large, as well as ourselves. was to perform our own stewardship vithin the Empire.
MENACING TIMES
Mr. EDEN. who presided, said these were grave and menacing times. The speech and minds of men were hardening, for we lived in a divided world where sufferinr humanity was the baffled and reluctant spectator of much harshness and cruelty, or rough and brutal deeds that were resented but could not be redressed. It was a time for steadfastness. cool- ness and Datience, and a timne for the Empire family to take counsel toxether. The darker the immediate outlook, the brighter must our own faith shine. The more formidable the challenge, the greater was the need to pro- claim our faith and our determination to uphold it. for it wvas onlv in the light of our own confidence in our destiny that we should find our way. A united British Common- wealth had a special contribution to make.";"September 29, 1948";"";51189;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Power Politics For Peace";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigg
Paris, Nov 22
Herr Georg Leber, the West German Defence Minister, today told the Assembly of the Western European Union that Western Europe can achieve political union and independ- ence from any foreign will ""only in an alliance with the United States"".
Using clear, simple language in his address to the parliamen- tarians from Britain and the original six EEC countries, Herr Leber contrasted strikingly with the cautious and complex speech made yesterday by M Michel Jobert. France's Foreign Mini- ster, to the same gathering.
On defence matters, at least, the two speeches highllghted the major differences of emphasis between West Germany and France on the fundamental role of the United States
Countering the French call to Eiuropeans to seize the oppor- tunity to realize their ""world- wide vocation"" and reject the threat of an "" imperious arbi- trage "" by the United States and the Soviet Union, Herr Leber cautioned the delegates that "" trying to achieve political union in a confrontation with the United States would for reasons of security be a highly dangerous course for European foreign policy "".
During the next few years much was to be decided by the Niato partners about the future of the Atlantic alliance. "" Our aecisions must be guided by the big issues affecting our political existence and not be influenced boy ephemeral events "", Herr Leber said. Fear was a bad pilot on a course which, with American backing, was to lead to a politically united Europe.
Herr Leber, a former trade union leader, emphasized that Europe was directly influenced b.y the relations and tensions of the two super powers. "" We can- not steal away from that. though it might be an easier and simpler approach.""'
Western Europe was a com- ponent part of the global balance of power and the United
States and Europe were, and would remain, interdependent. Nowhere else in the world were the power interests of the Soviet Union and the United States so directly confronted as in Central Europe "".
Giving the German viewpoint. Herr Leber said: "" We will have to do more than ever before to strengthen European coopera. tion within Nato, and to con. centrate our common efforts more effectively so as to demon- strate the determination of West Europeans to render an adequate contribution to Western security and to ease the burden of the American presence in Europe.
""These efforts must not pre- udice the future union of Europe. Our cooperation must be flexible and pragmatic in order to dovetail smoothly with the process of European union.""
Herr Leber then tackled what Is now WEU's chief preoccupa. tion: whether after the disarray of the Atlantic alliance during the October Middle East war it could offer a more appropriate forum for coordinating the specifically European defence effort than Nato's ""Euro- group"" set up in 1968. France does not belong to the latter body, but M Jobert yesterday gave rise to cautious hopes when he foresaw particular possibilities of cooperation in the European armaments field.
However, the West German minister voiced his own prefer- ence for the "" Eurogroup "". He advised the parliamentarians to be guided by the decision they took back in 195S to transfer a major portion of WEU's responsibilities to Nato. ""In doing so we Europeans will show that, notwithstanding our endeavours to reach political union, we consider the Atlantic Alliance as the basis for our security-in the future, as today and in the past.""
The Assembly today approved a call to WEU governments to create a European Aviation Agency and, as a first step, to devise a common European air. craft development policy.";"November 23, 1973";"";58946;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans disagree with France over US role";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The vote on Thursday in the French National Assembly in support of the Paris agreements raises the question of what further procedure is required in the several countries concerned before the agreements can come into effect.
The agreements themselves are a com- plex body of documents, not all of which require ratification in all the countries concerned. They include:-
(1) Documents ending the occupation regime in western Germany and a convention a.lowing foreign forces to remain in western Germany after the occupation ends. These must be ratified by the three western occupa- tion Powers and by the German Federal Republic.
(2) Protocols to the Brussels Treaty revising and extending it to include Germany and Italy in the Brussels Treaty organization under the new name of Western European Union. These must be ratified by the original Brussels Treaty Powers (Britain, France, and the three Benelux cotuntries), and by Germany and Italy.
3),A protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty by which Germany will become a N.A.T.O. member. This must be ratified by Germany and by all the present 14 N.A.T.O. members.
(4) An agreement between France and Germany on the Saar.
DIFFERING METHODS
The present progress towards complete ratification in the several countries con- cerned is as follows:-
UNITED KINGDOM.-The relevant agree- ments have been laid on the table of the House, and the Government won a vote of confidence in the debate upon them. There remains only the delivery of an instrurnent of ratification.
UNITED STATES.-The Senate gave Presi- dent Eisenhower authority last summer to end the occupation rdgime in Germany and to bring Germany into N.A.T.O. This was at the time of the debate in France on the European Defence Community, but no further action by the Senate is required on these agreements. President Eisenhower received authority then also to give certain undertakings of support to E.D.C. Similar undertakings by the United States to Western European Union were included in the Paris agreements. The Senate has not yet given its formal authority to Presi- dent Eisenhower to accept these. No difficulty is expected. Mr. DuUes has said that he wiUl recommend the undertakings and President Eisenhower is disposed to accept them. The Senate's procedure cannot, however, be com- pleted before the end of January and may take longer. Subject to this, the United States has merely to deposit an instrument of rati-
fication.
GERMANY.-The Bundesrat examined the agreements on December 10, and raised no objection. Its formal assent is required only for the agreement restoring German sovereignty by ending the occupation. The Bundestag gave the agreements a first reading on December 15. They have now gone into the committee stage. A second and third reading are required. There was much opposition to the Saar agreement, but it is believed that the narrowness of the French vote may have improved the prospects of ratification by the Bundestag. The second reading is not likely before the. end of January.
FRANCE.-The agreements having now passed the Assembly have to be approved by the Council of the Republic, which will not vote before February 15. If it rejects them. it may exchange proposals with the National Assembly over a period of 100 days, at the end of which the Assembly's decision is final.
THE BENELUX COUNTRIES.-No parlia- mentary procedure has been carried through. It was known after the rejection of E.D.C. that the Benelux countries would not ratify the new agreements in advance of France. No difficulties are expected.
ITALY.-The Chamber of Deputies voted in favour of the Paris agreements on December 23 by the largest majority which the Scelba Government has yet received on any major issue. The Senate will consider the ratifica- tion bill soon after the Christmas recess. No difficulties are expected.
The remaining Powers have only to ratify Germany's entry into N.A.T.O.";"January 3, 1955";"";53129;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Final Stages Of The Treaties";""
"['From Michael Hornsby and David Cross']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby ind David Cross
The Hague, Nov 30
An uncompromising stand by Herr Schmidt, the-West German Chancellor, today thwarted 'the
efforts of a majority of his EEC I partners to agree on newv trade and aid'concessions for. the de- veloping world designed to have a mollifying influence- on Arab oil producers.
Members of the Organizqtlon of Petroleum Exporting Coun- tries. (Opec), are expected to meet in Qatar on December 20 to discuss a new price. rise. A group of EEC countries led by the Dutch were in favour of a conciliatory gesture on debt re- lief and price guaranitees for raw materials.
The closing' ministerial ses- sion of the.north.s6uth dialogue between industrialized and de-
veloping countriesi which was. due to begin in Paris on Decem- ber 15 is now almost certain to be postponed.
The hard line takeu by Herr Schmidt was that no negotiating offer the EEC 'could make would be likely to avert or post- pone an oil price rise and that the Community :would merely be paying tvice over if it granted concessions.in advance
Herr Schmidt had never pre- tended that he would be un- happy to see the final session of the'Paris conference postponed. His views today received sup- port fiom. the Americans. The United States State Department disclosed that it had 'recom- mended a postponement to Mr Allen MacEacheu, the Canadian co-president. of the conference.
Speaking td journalists at the end of the two-day. meetipg of EEC heads of Government, Mr Joop den Uyl, the.Dutch'Prime Minister, who presided, said that a nu'mber 'of member states wyould have liked to ""'have gone' further"" on rela- tions withlthe developing world.
Continued o01 page 7, col 1
Callaghan defence of
green pound
Continued from page 1
than the generally phrased statement issued at the end of the meeting. This said that the EEC was ready to make as posi- tive a contribution to interna- tional economic cooperation as was compatible with ""develow nients in its own economy "".
In a separate statement addressed to the Japanese, the nine called for "" determined efforts "" to reduce the EEC's huge trade deficit with Japan. They expected "" substantial progress "" on this by their next meeting in February.
The heads of Government were preoccupied with the dis- appointing rate of recovery from the 1975 tecession after the more promising signs earlier this year. There was general agreement, however, that the risk of exacerbating inflation was still too great to warrant vigorous stimulation of demand.
Against this gloomy economic backcloth, Mr Callaghan and Herr Schmidt had breakfast privately together today to dis- cuss Britain's economic difficul- ties. They reviewed the vntirous suggestions that have been made for international aid in addition to the $3,900m (E2,363m) loan which was be- ing negotiated with the Inter- national Monetary Fund.
Nothing emerged from these or the summit discussions to change the EEC view that the first priority is the completion of the IMF negotiations. Herr Schmidt was reported to be confident that the IMF loan would be approved and his col- leagues confined themselves to expressions of sympathy for Bntish travails.
As expected, Mr Callaghan fended off pressure from his EEC partners for a devaluation of the green pounid, the over- valued exchange rate used for sterling in the EEC fatm trade, on the ground that this would raise food prices and jeopar- dize the British Government's Co- against inflation. Other n.embers were virtually unani- mously in favour of phasing out the costly green pound rates.
Offering a few crumbs of comfort to Mr Leo Tindemans, the ,Belgian Prime Minister, EEC;heads of government spoke of "" the great interest"" with which they had read his re port on European union, but endorsed virtually none of its more specific proposals. As a sop, they promised to review progress towards European union at the end of each year.";"December 1, 1976";"";59875;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nine fail to agree on how to help poor nations";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Nov. 29
The fifth ordinary session of the Assembly of Western European Union opens here to-morrow. This is the only organization that groups the six mem- ber States of "" Little Europe "" (France, Federal Ger,many, Italy, and the Bene- lux countries) with Britain, and for some years its activities have been unreward- ing or even non-existent, a fact about which the Assembly has on occasion complained to the Council of Ministers.
As the union now has the possibility of becoming a main channel linking Britain actively with the Six, its future is of topical importance, and some of the reports to be considered here make interesting reading.
M. Michaud (France), for the general affairs committee, hopes that the plans of the Six will oblige the W.E.U. council to develop its political activity, but adds that W.E.U. should not be considered hostile to the Six. The aim should be to associate Britain as closely as possible with the Political cooperation of the Six so as to make her a ""privileged associate."" Orr her side, Britain can bring help to the Six that is, especially valuable because her agreement decides the attitude of other free European countries. The report pro- poses more frequent meetings of the W.E.U. Foreign Ministers, the appoint- ment of a secretary-general from among leading political figures, and the creation of a political directorate in the secretariat- general.
STRATEGIC DETERRENT
The report of the defence committee. presented by Mr. F. W. Mulley, M.P., had three dissentients, and was the only one not put forward unanimously. It says that the advent of inter-continental missiles diminishes Europe's value for American defence, and that no European country. therefore, can reasonably expect the United States to expose itself to nuclcar retalia- tion automatically in rcsponse to any and every attack in Europe. Failing a disarma- ment agreement or a non-nuclear club, it suggests the creation of a small Europcan strategic deterrent under W.E.U. control which would force an aggressor contem- plating limited action against a European country to weigh the effect of his limited nuclear stock against the limited gains that he might obtain. This would be only a tem- Porary solution, as non-European countries may individually acquire nuclear weapons.
The British-American agreements about passing on nuclear information would need to be modified, the committee says. Within W.E.U. a pool should be created for com- mon research and Production of nuclear weapons. Germany'5 participation in such an undertaking would not call for any amenidment of the Brussels Treaty, as she would not be producing nuclear weapons.
EUROPE'S CONTRIBUTION
Even so. the ELropean countries would st.ld need lesser deterrents to meet lesser aggression, and their contribution to the air and ground forces stationed in Europe should be ""speedily and considerably increased."" It is pointed out that both active and passive air defence in Europe is still a national responsibility, standardiza- tion of equipment almost totally absent, and procedures unstandardized.
In view of the speed of attacking aircraft and missiles, it is declared, western Europe, including Britain, "" forms a single air defence area, and the only eff,tive answer to the problem is to merge the existing national air defence forces into an overall system within N.A.T.O., as opposed to a complex of national operational commands ane control organizations.""
Signor Cerulli IreUli (Italy) reports for the defence committee on the need to revise the Brussels Treaty so that west Germany can contribute more fully to naval defence in the Baltic and North Sea. Figures are quoted to show the great strategic import- ance to Russia of the Arctic and the Baltic, and the large forces of naval aircraft, ocean- going submarines, destroyers, and escort vessels that she concentrates in that area.
NAVAL WEAKNESS
The limited N.A.T.O. forces available for the Baltic, consisting of units from the Danish and German navies, are described as "" barely capable of delaying the enemy for a few days until strategic nuclear attacks on Soviet centres check their advance:' More naval aircraft, destroyers with greater fire power and equipped with the most modem missiles, more submarines, and fast patrol boats are needed. The naval forces in the North Sea are also very weak, the report says, and need reinforcement for anti-submarine warfare.
The 3,000-ton limit placed by the Brussels Treaty on German warships. it is sug- gested, should be raised to 5,000 tons, to allow the Germans to build destroyers that can be fitted with guided missiles. Germany should be authorized to share in the deve- lopment and production of such weapons, and should be allowed a limit of 6,000 tons for auxiliary transport and repair vessels. 1The displacement limit of 350 tons for German submarine construction should be raised to 1,000 tons, so that light and medium vessels may be built. German scientists should be allowed to take part in re-earch for new means of propulsion for ships, including atomic propulsion.";"November 30, 1959";"";54631;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western European Union As British Link With The Six";""
"['From John Earle']";"['News']";"From John Earle
Rome
Seven European countries have taken a modest step towards reviving the dormant Western European Union as. a counterweight to United States dominance in the Nato alliance.
A meeting here, at the end of last week of foreign and defence ministers of the seven member
countries decided they will meet regularly twice a year in futurc,
while a more lively role is planned for WEU's 89-member parliamentary assembly.
The union, consisting of Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium, was founded 30 years ago with the intention of ensuring that West German rearmament was kept in bounds. For years this has ceased to have meaning. Its new role is providing a European voice in Western defence and
Portugal has applied to join and Spain is reported to be inter- ested in doing so.
The ministers instructed the WEU permanent council to reorganize its arms control agency and standing armaments committee, to be better able to study matters such as arms control, problems of disarma- ment, and security, and joint European production and pur- chase of arms
Letters, page 13";"October 29, 1984";"";61972;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe seeks bigger Nato role";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. Nov. 15
Crisis in the affairs of Europe and the Atlantic alliance is the keynote for the autumn session of the Western European Union, which opened in Paris today with a Lull muster of parliamentarians from Britain and the Six. Professor Carlo Schmid, the president, speaking of efforts to secure more respect for the Assembly's views frotn the sevcn Governments, re- gretted that none was represented by a Mini- ster. About the only comfort in his open- ing address was found in the increasing support of British opinion for accession to the Common Market.
Many of the exhortations and proposals are in evid-:nt conflict with French poli- cies, and can have no more hope of being acted on th-a those of past sessions. No assembly, however, could hope for better documents on all relevant aspects of international affairs. Mr. Maurice Edelman, the Labour M.P., is responsible for the report on relations between the Common Market and the European Free Trade Association; his committee, regretting the French decision to break off in Brussels, calls for more cooperation between E.E.C. and Efta. notably through the appoint- ment and exchange of permanent com- missions.";"November 16, 1965";"";56480;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Opens Paris Session";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
KrrWE, Ocr. 26
Talks to settle the dispute over jobs in the Rhodesian copper industry, which have been in progress for 17 days, broke down on Friday. Union representatives. refused to listen to the independent chairman when he began to give his opinions on the disputed jobs, and finally they walked out.
The Governor of Northern Rhodesia, Sir Arthur Benson, announced later that in spite of pressure by politicians, he 'had decided not to intervene. The union said that the chairman's opinions would be taken into account if there was to be sub- *sequent arbitration and might prejudice the proceedings. It now appears that the strike is being continued not on the issue of the 22 jobs but on the question of arbi- tration.
After the talks -had (broken down a spokesman for the Chamber of Mines 'said that the companies deplored the action of the European union. "" It' is an attitude of mind,"" he said, ""~ which' has been prevalent since the negotiations bejan earlY this year and -'it is an attitude 'wvhich undoubtedlyt brought about the pfesent' strike.""
on -of";"October 27, 1958";"";54292;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Talks Break Down";""
"['FROM OUR BROADCASTING CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR BROADCASTING CORRESPONDENT
""Britain in Europe: reflections on the development of a European Society"" is the general title of the second series of annual Reith lectures, the first of which will be broad- cast in the Home Service to-morrow evening at 9.15. There will be four lectures, each lasting about 30 minutes, and they wiUl be fieard on consecutive Sundays and repeated in the Third Programme.
The lectures wiU be given by the head master of Eton, Mr. Robert Birley. They start with the assumption that Britain is now committed to work for a European Union without Lully realizing the implications of the decision. Attention has been given to the economic and political aspects, but not to the educational and cultural problems, and it is with these that Mr. Birley will deal.
To-morrow he will discuss patriotism, and the second lecture has the title "" The meeting of Britain and Europe."" On Sunday, November 13, he will talk about changes in education and the problem of a common language, and finally he will consider the ways in which Britain can best. contribute to the development of a European society.";"October 22, 1949";"";51519;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reith Lectures";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From OuI Own Corresoondent
Strasbourg. March 9
There is growing concern among members of the Euro- pean Parliament that EEC heads of government nmay renege on their commitment to approve a convention providing for direct elections to the Assembly wvhen they hold their next summit in Luxembourg on April 1 and 2.
The Parliament decided todav to hold a debate on direct elec- tions on Thursdav in place of their originally scheduled dis- cussion of the Tindemans r eport on European Union.
A strong resolution, calling on heads of governmenit to sign
the conivention without fail, is expected to be tabled by the Christian Democrat group. The European Conservatives, led by Sir Peter Kirk, and the Progres- sive Democrats (Gaullists and Fianna Fail) may table a more moderate version.
The Socialist group appear to be undecided on their approach.
The anxiety among MPs here has been mainly aroused by what Sir Peter described as "" ominous noises from Paris "" suggesting that President Giscard d'Estaing's commitment to direct elections mav be weakening in the face of oppo. sition from a curious alliance of Gaullists and Communists.
Parliamentary report, page 6";"March 10, 1976";"";59649;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European MPs' concern on direct elections pledge";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, Nov. 10
At the second congress of the European Federalists' Union, which concluded to-day, Count Carandini, a former Italian Ambassador to Great Britain, emphasized the need for European union and said that it would be im- possible to imagine a European federation with- out Great Britain. British foreign policy was officially favourable to the idea, he said, but Britain must dispel the suspicion that she wished to restrict herself to the formation of a belt of five States as advance guards, to the exclusion of Italy, and to strengthening the Atlantic alliance.
The congress yesterday approved a draft resolution calling for the early convocation of a European Assembly, elected by the various Parliaments. The tasks of this body would include the drafting of a European statute and the recommendation to the various Govern- ments of measures for the creation of a Euro- pean federation. Discussion became most heated on the point whether the assembly should have a constituent'or a consultative character. The British and French delegates favoured the latter while the Italians wanted the assembly to become, in effect, a consti- tuent assembly.";"November 11, 1948";"";51226;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Federalists' Congress";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JULY 6
The session of the Assembly of Western European Union which ended here yester- day showed that this organization, whose real powers are almost non-existent, can still play a useful role as a forum for dis- cussion of defence and other connected questions affecting western Europe.
The session has also shown that the standard of reporting-in the parliamentary sense of preparing a report on a given question for the appropriate commission of the assembly-is very high indeed the report of Colonel Fens (Netherlands5 on the present state of European security was widely recognized as exceptionally informa- tive and useful.
One of the resolutions adopted unani- mously by the assembly called for a special committee of five members to watch over the progress and difficulties in the field of shared arms production. Earlier, M. Teitgen (France, M.R.P.), speaking in the name of the committee for defence and armaments, had called attention to the lack of cooperation between member countries in the field of armaments pro- duction, and had emphasized that only agreement between the seven member countries. of W.E.U. could lead to fruitful results.";"July 7, 1958";"";54196;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cooperation In Arms Production";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 3
The Assembly of Western European Union ended its session to-night, leaving the impression that, though many fine things have been said about a new role for W.E.U.. the nature of its intended role is no clearer now than hitherto.
Mr. Mulley's report on defence, contain- ing the suggestion that a European nuclear deterrent force should be established, was adopted by a two-thirds majority, but this in practice meant little. different people voting for different reasons. Most dele- gates knew quite well that, whatever they might recommend, quite apart from special agreemen,ts with the United States, it was supremely un,likely that the British and French Governments, the only two with a present or potential nuclear capacity, would agree to make that capacity an international concern.
The Assembly's recommendations on strengthening the W.E.U. secretariat and making more use of the Council of Ministem fell short, in their final form, of the original intention. The general feeling is that W.E.U., on its present showing, is not likely to provide a solid or realistic ""bridge "" between the Six and the Seven im Europe.";"December 4, 1959";"";54635;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Nuclear Striking Force";""
"['By Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Defence Correspondent
The proposals by Dr Kissin. ger, President Nixon's adviser, for a restructuring of Ameri- can-European relations will colour the discussions at the committee meetings of the WVestern European Union Assembly, which are being held in London this week to prepare the way for the next session o' the full Assembly in Paris in June.
It is an important time for the committees. Although the WEU as a defensive alliance has been largely overtaken by Nato, its continuing. role .as a.. forum for discussion has
achieved new importance with the growing need for Europe to strengthen its defence network.
There.is one body of opinion which believes that the WEU is better suited than either the European Community or Nato's Eurogroup to be the nucleus of West Europe's security system. Its big advantage over the Eurogroup. is that it includes France, and over the EEC that it already exists as a defensive alliance.
A number of MPs will be attending this week's committee meetings, which are due to last from Tuesday until Friday. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the For-
_eign. Secretary, is-.to. give-.an.. address.";"April 30, 1973";"";58770;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kissinger plan theme for WEU discussions";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT I
PARIS, DEc. 31
Little sign of evolution in President de Gaulle's international thinking since the Bahamas agreemedt was apparent in his broadly t-rmed new year message. broadcast to the nation tonight.
Looking far and aimihg high, as he said, France's great hopes and principal efforts for international progress lay in ""the union of western Europe, for its economy, its policies. its defence, its culture, thus establishing the balance with the United States, and hence reinforcing the alliance of the free world. ..."" In the same breath, he went on to say that the European union was "" ready to welcome in the future an England which could and wanted to join it definitely and without reserves; a union aiming to organize with countries in the cast, if they one day arrived at the great detente, the peace and life of our entite continent "".
Earlier in bis speech he had singled out as one of the nation's achievements in 1962 the beginnings of the equipment of a "" modern national defence ""- reinforcing their own security as well as that of the free world.
U.S. ready for discussion on nuclear strategy-page S.";"January 1, 1963";"";55587;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"United Europe AIM Of Gen. De Gaulle";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), MARCH 17
Branch meetings of the European Mine- workers' Union at each of four Northern Rhodesian copper mines last night decided to instruct all union members to refuse to work whenever union members are required by companies to work alongside employees of outside contractors who are not members of the union.
The union has narrowed the field of the dis- pute with the mminng companies, which originally called for the extension of the closed shop agreement to include employees of all types of contractors, to include only those small contractors who are dependent almost entirely on work from mining companies and who are chiefly engaged on work which, the union contends, could otherwise be done by direct employees of the mining companies.
The union's present action follows the breakdown of conciliation proceedings in the dispute on Friday. Neither side has referred to the aspect of the dispute which is of the most long term significance, that is, the union's belief that by employing outside contractors the mining companies seek to outflank their agreement with the European union, which forbids the use of African labour exc:pt in the lowest categories of employment.";"March 18, 1953";"";52573;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Dispute";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 26
The German Foreign Ministry an- nounced to-day that it had sent Notes concerning the proposed reduction of allied land forces here to the Govern- ments of the Western European Union before the meeting of the union's stand- ing committee yesterday. The west Ger- man view is that the proposed reductions should not be made before agreement is reached with the Soviet Union on con- trolled disarmament, and that the pro- posal is a political question which should be discussed at a W.E.U. ministerial meeting.
Herr von Eckardt, head of the Govern- ment Press office and one of the Chancel- lor's closest advisers, is to return to Wash- ington, presumably to give political support to Lieutenant-General Heusinger, who is at present having conversations on the matter at the Pentagon.
Before Dr. Conant, the American Am- bassador, left for the United States to-day, he said that in the coming months the highest discussions on the reduction of allied land forces here would be held be- tween the United States, west Germany, and the other N.A.T.O. countries.";"July 27, 1956";"";53594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Notes On Forces Cuts";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. FEB. 26
The table below shows how the defence burden was shared two years ago between the seven countries of Western European Union. Britain spent more on defence than any of her Euro- pean partners not only absolutely but also in proportion to her gross national income. France took second place.
Each Briton spent on an average £30 12s. on defence; each Italian £6 14s. But the average Briton's income is more than twice that of his Italian counterpart. He spent a much higher proportion of his income on defence than the Italian, as the table shows, but it can be argued that as he is richer he was better able to afford it The Briton spent more than twice as much as his Gertnan counterpart on defence, but his average income is higher by more than 30 per cent. Account must evidently be taken of the differences between the cost of living in the seven countries.
A ne percentage or tne gross national income spent on defence can be regarded as approximately the same as the percentage of each individual's income devoted to defence.";"February 27, 1957";"";53776;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defence Burdens Compared";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. APRIL II
M. Chaban-Deimas, the French Minister of Defence, referring at a Press conference to-day to his recent conversations in Rome with the Italian and German Defence Ministers, said that they had noted with -much interest "" the British initiative for the producton of certain arms in common.
This wouild be discussed at the N.A.T.O. Ministers' meeting next week. and at a din- ncr which he would be giving on lTuesdaiy to the sevenI Defence Ministers of Western European Union. "" We shall try then."" he added. "" to give W.E.U. a real existence, sh~owing that it is not our wish to makc the tripartite organization [thc arrangements between Bonn, Paris. and Rome for arms production] an exclusive ctib.""
Asked about the N.A.T.O. agenda, M. Chaban-DeImas said t:-.t the Ministers would be examining a new paper in which it was sought to lay down the contribution that eachi N.A.T.O. member should make in coming years to the common defence. This paper would take up most of the meeting. They would also consider how the value of the European "" shield "" might be increased by the introduction of nuclear arms, particularly tactical weapons.";"April 12, 1958";"";54123;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defining Roles Of N.A.T.O. Members";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENr
lle -imisterlal (jouncit of Western European Union is to hold its next meeting on November 17 and 18 in Brussels, under the chairmanship of M. Wigny, the Belgian Foreign Minister.
One matter which must be formally decided, but which mav be settled finally before the ministerial meeting, is the application which Germany is making (it has not been formally made yet), for leave to produce influence mines and to build warships above the present permitted level of 3,000 tons. It is now said that western allied agreement to German build- ing uP to the level of 6.000 tons has in effect been given, but the agrcement will be to the laying down of a specific number of keels for a specific Purpose. as approved by the Supreme Allied Commander.
This means that western Germanv will not get a blanket permission to build any number of larger vessels. Anxious visions of a resuscitated German High Seas Fleet have thus been rapidly demolished, but General Noratad's recommendation that Germany should have one or two escort destroyers capable of firing anti-aircraft missiles will be met.";"October 21, 1960";"";54908;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Request For Bigger Warships";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), JULY 24
Fears of a strike throughout the copper- belt have increased during the past fortnight.
The issuc is the question of African advancement, the European union demand- ing that no European jobs be transferred to the African schedule without its consent. Both the Rhodesian Selection Trust and Anglo-American groups through the Charm- ber of Mines have refused to give the union this power of veto, but have offered "" full consultation,"" which the union has rejected as insufficient. The Nkana, Nchanga, Mufu- lira, and Broken Hill branches of the union have already voted strongly in favour of a strike, and the remaining mines are expected to follow suit next week.
Mr. A. Clarke, president of the Mine- workers' Union, this week flew to Salisbury for talks with Mr. R. L. Prain, chairman of the R.S.T. group, but nothing was achieved beyond a promise by Mr. Prain that he would recommend to his board that no precipitate action be taken. Financially the union is not in a strong position, but in the event of a strike is confident that large sums of money will be received from the South Africa Mineworkers' Union.";"July 25, 1955";"";53281;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strike Threat On Copperbelt";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONnfNr ROME, Nov. 26 The defence committee of the Italian Chamber of Deputies to-day expressed itself in favour of ratification of the Paris agree- ments with regard to West European Union and the admission of Germany to N.A.T.O. by a vote of 26 to 18. The members of the committee in favour of the ratification Bill which was under con- sideration were those of the four centre parties, which habitually support the Government, and a committee member belonging to the Lauro monarchist party (P.M.P.). Those opposing it were the Communist and Nenni Socialist members, while the neo-Fascists and P.N.M. monarchist committee members absented themselves when the vote was taken. In the foreign affairs committee, where dis- cussion of the ratification Bill continued to- day, the Foreign Minister, Signor Martino, announced that the French Prime Minister, M. Mendes-France, will be arriving in Rome on January 11. His visit is to discuss with Italian Ministers not only the strictly political aspects of the Paris agreements but also, it is stated. the economic and commercial consequences of the agreements, as well as Franco-ltalian economic cooperation in North Africa and particularly in Algeria.";"November 27, 1954";"";53100;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Agreements";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JuNE 14
|Herr Theodor Blank, the west German Defence Minister, arrived in Paris this morn- ing for a short visit, during which he is to discuss with N.A.T.O. and French repre- sentatives questions arising from the recruit- ment of German defence forces. Herr Blank's first visit was to allied headquarters, where, in the company of General Speidel, head of the Gerrman military delegation, and of three staff officers, he had an hour's conversation with the supreme commander, General Gruenther.
Herr Blank was the guest at luncheon of M. Palewski, the Minister without Portfolio attached to the Prime Minister's office, one of whose present tasks is the coordination of French defence problems. The Ministers afterwards visited a number of military in- stallations in the Paris area. This evening Herr Blank is to meet General Koenig, French Defence Minister, and he will pay other visits to defence bases in the next few days. The talks with the French Ministers are stated to cover Franco-German co- operation within the Western European Union, including, in particular, facilities for officer training and the supply of arms and equipment to the German forces.";"June 15, 1955";"";53247;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Blank In Paris";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDfNI
PARIS. Nov. 30
What Britain's role in Euirope nmight have been was porhaps .the main theme of a meeting in Paris today to mark the tenth anniversary of the Western European Union, which tomorrow will opcn the second session of its Parliarnentary Assem- bly.
M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, tracing the ""strange his- tory"" of W.E.U.. recalled that its diploma- tic origin lay in the Treaty of Dunkirk of 1947. by which BRitain and France, the great allies of two world wars. established unequivocal ties for the defence of peace and the liberty of the two peoples.
Out of the abortive Europcan Defence Commun'ty. which Britain had not been ready to join, and the extension of the Brussels Troaty to Gerniany and Italy had been borr. W.E.U.-steps in ""the great European adventure "". He thought that W.E.U. still held out hopes of British par- ticipation in their major ambition-to build a European Surope.
He felt it wag vain, however. *to seek artificial solutions so complicated as to be incompatible with human nature, especially in the field of defence.";"December 1, 1964";"";56183;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western European Union's 10 Years";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
kARIS. MARCH 24
It was never likely that France would agree to a special meeting of the Western European Union council merely to chew over the collapse of the Common Market negotiations; so no one in Paris is sur- prised at the decision not to meet in Bonn. For all the reassuring gestures made by Lord Home in the Atlantic Council last week, Sir Pierson Dixon found little response to such overtures during his con- versation with M. Couve de Murville.
Officials of the Quai d'Orsay suggest that France would have acquiesced had other W.E.U. members been prepared to discuss more fruitful subjects than the Common Market negotiations which, in the French view, would have produced no more than sterile recrimination.
The French authorities, doing their utmost-or so they profess-to keep out of polemics, are unlikely to take any initiative until momentum has been restored to the Common Market, above all to the develop- ment of a common agricultural policy. which is felt to have been seriously retarded by the long negotiations with Britain. This preoccupation governs most French attitudes.";"March 25, 1963";"";55658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Wants Move On Agriculture";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Ihe international commission for the Saar was inaugurated yesterday by the Secretary- General of Western European Union, Mr. Louis Gossin, at a meeting in London of the W.E.U. council.
The commission, which is to supervise the forthcoming referendum in the Saar, then held its first meeting and nominated M. de Housee (Belgium) as its ^hairman. The other four members of the commission are from Britain, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-i.e., from each of the W.E.U. countries except those two directly concerned in the Saar problem.
The members of the commission decided to leave for the Saar within the next few days, and to hold their next meeting in Saarbrucken on JUIY 1. They also agreed to set up a small secretariat in the Saar, under the direction of the assistant Secretary-General of the W.E.U., Mr. P. B. Fraser (Britain).
The members of the commission expect to spend most of their time in the Saar between now and the holding of the referendum, the purpose of which is to give the Saarlanders a chancc to approve the statute "" European- izing "" their territory within the framework of W.E.U.";"June 25, 1955";"";53256;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Inauguration Of Saar Commission";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The documents signed at the ministerial conference in Paris from October 20-23 were published yesterday as a White Paper.
They include the agreement on the ending of* the occupation regime in Germany, the enlargement of the Brussels Treaty organiza- tion to form the Western European Union, with the adherence of Germany and Italy, and German membership of N.A.T.O The Saar agreement between France and Germany was also published in London.
A note at the end of the main body of docu- ments sets out the British share of the annual sum of £600m. allotted by the Federal German Government to the allied Powers baving occupation forces in Germany. This has been:-
1952-53---158m. 1953-54-f149m.
1954-55--154m. (on the basis of the allot- ment for the first nine months).
It is pointed out in the final paragraph of the financial note that the British share of the £270m. which will be available in the first 12 months after the German entry into N.A.T.O.. is expected to be sufficient to meet the greater part of the expenditure of British forces in Germany in that period.";"November 2, 1954";"";53078;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Documents Published";""
"['By Our Political Editor']";"['News']";"By Our Political Editor
Mrs Thatcher and Con- servative Party managers have relaxed the ban on pairing with Labour MPs by announcing that ne.xt week their delega- tions will attend meetings of the European Parliament and Western European Union.
They give as their reason the fact that next week's set busi- ness in the House of Commons, although the Government has imposed a three-line whip every day, is non-contentious. More precisely, there would have been discontent on the Con- servative back benches if the European delegations had not been allowed to go, simply be- cause Europeanism and defence are important for the Opposi- tion.
As already reported in The Times, for instance, Sir Peter Kirk and the Conserva- tive group in the European Par- liament rext Tuesday will press a motior to censure the Euro- pean Commission. There will be a crucial vote the next day.
At the plenary session of WEU, one debate will be on the defence of western Europe. Mrs Thatcher and her senior colleagues have recognized that it would be inappropriate for the Conservative Party not to be represented on either occa- sion.";"June 12, 1976";"";59728;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tories relax pairing ban for European delegates";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Four years of French hesitation over the question of German rearmament ended with last night's vote in the National Assembly in Paris.
The Assembly passed the last stage of the legislation to ratify the London and Paris agreements by 287 votes to 260. The Council of the Republic will consider them in the New Year.
FINAL VOTE AN ANTI-CLIMAX NO DISCUSSION OR DEMONSTRATION
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 30
The final stage of the ratification process of the London and Paris agree- ments, so far as the National Assembly is concerned, was concluded this evening. The Assembly passed the motion of con- fidence on the Bill approving Western European Union and the armaments control agency by 287 votes to 260.
After the unforeseen procedural diffi- culties yesterday, and the sudden flare-up of hostility between the Prime Minister and the ""Europeans."" last night, the day had been an anxious one, with many rumours of further delaying tactics in store, and even of a last-minute revolt by the supporters of E.D.C., who had helped the Government through the last few divisions. When the moment came, how- ever, it was an anti-climax; the question was put to the vote without discussion or demonstration.
COMMUNIST ABUSE
An hour and a half later, after the com- pletion of the complicated procedure used on'important occasions for counting and checking the vote, M. Le Troquer, the president of the Assembly, announced the result. This was greeted in silence, and the House adjourned.
Deputies slowly filed out, except the Communists who remained standing in their places for some minutes, shouting abuse at M\. Mendes-France and his Ministers w'io were still seated on the Government bench, and at M. Mollet and other Socialists who ran the gauntlet of the Communist benches on the way out. After the Prime Minister had left they ceased their shouting at a signal and quickly filed out.
UNKNOWN QUANTITY
This evening's vote brings to an end a period of four years in which the problem of German rearmament has overshadowed French political life. The National Assembly's crises of indecision, its procrastinations, and its changes of mind. however infuriating to France's allies, have faithfully reflected the conflicts of conscience which this issue has caused the French nation.
The Assembly's decision does not complete the French parliamentary process: the agree- ments have still to go before the Council of the Republic, and as Parliament rises to- morrow for a three-week recess, the Upper House cannot begin its deliberations until after January 21.
Nothing certain is known of the attitude of the senators to the matter; a majority was known to be hostile to E.D.C., but they have not had occasion to pronounce on the London and Paris agreements. and a hostile reception is therefore not inconceivable.
The Council of the Republic is a very different body from the pre-war Senate, how- ever; and it is hardly likely that it should go against a decision reached after such long and anxious consideration by the Lower House. Furthermore, as an intemational treaty is con- cerned, no alteration to the substance of the Bill can be made by either House, and the Council's powers would be limited to suspen- sive or procedural amendments, similar to those moved during the Assembly debate.
BARTERED AWAY
Under the recent constitutional reform the Council of the Republic has bartered away its limited power of veto, under which a Bill rejected by an absolute majority could be re-enacted only by a similar majority in the National Assembly. In exchange it has received the right to exchange proposals with the Assembly over a period of 100 days, at the cnd of which, however, the Assembly's decision is final.
The deliberations of the Council of the Republic, and the further period of delay which it may open, will take on an addi- tional significance from the fact that the 14 nations of Western European Union are, to mneet in Paris from January 17 onwards to discuss the putting into effect of the agreement on European arms control.
After the speeches made in the debate which has just ended, and the statements made by M. Mendes-France, there is no doubt that France intends to use this conference to bring the strongest pressure to bear for the adoption of proposals for a European armaments pool which would not only directly control arms production in Europe but would also
supervise the allocation of American and other foreign military aid to its members.
M. Mendes-France is not unaware that these proposals are by no means welcome to some of France's partners; and he is too doughty a diplomatic, fighter to neglect the opportunity to point out the unfortunate repercussions which the failure of other Powers to adopt the French point of view might have on the parliamentary proceedings still in progress.
For, though there can be no questioning the sincerity of the Assembly's decision this even- ing, a debdcle at the forthcoming conference might lead to a refusal by the Council of the Republic to approVe the agreements and a change of mind on the part of enough members of the Assembly to prevent their being subse- quently re-enacted in the Lower House.
Two questions arise after to-day's decision: what part is likely to be played by France in the western European defence organization which she has accepted with such hesitation ? How has the debate affected the standing of M. Mendes-France and the stability of his Government ?
TAKING THE LEAD
It might at first be thought that the French hesitation in subscribing to Western European Union would be matched by an equal diffi- dence in putting it into practice; but for various reasons this is unlikely to be so. If the opposition to the agreements in the Assembly seemed to be hopelessly divided between those who had supported E.D.C. and complained that the new agreements were insufficiently "" supra-national,"" and those who were opposed to the idea of German rearma- ment at any price, now that the Bill has been passed opinion on both sides (except, perhaps, the Communists) is likely to agree on rein- forcing to the utmost the safeguards against a revival of German militarism.
So far, therefore, from France being a hesitant partner in the new alliance, the imme- diate prospects are that she will take the lead in favour of the largest possible measure of "" supra-national "" controls; it is not too fanciful to envisage these being supported by the very parties who opposed the supra- national elements in E.D.C.
The question of M. Mend&s-France's political future is more difficult. The skill and pertinacity with which he has steered the agreement through the debate would have earned him a triumph on any issue save this. over which the French are incapable of feeling any rejoicing. As it is, circumstances deprivt him of his hour of triumph, and leave him with the problem of re-forming the ranks of a majority which conspicuously failed to follow him in the recent debate.
M. Mendes-France's success to-day is due to the carefully measured support of the M.R.P. and right-wing "" Europeans,"" who have thus in a sense emerged as the arbiters of the situation, and are not likely to let the Prime Minister soon forget the fact. The Government is safe. thanks to the Parlia- mentary recess. for the next three weeks, and M. Mendes-France's vigour in the Paris negotiations on armaments control may well keep him afloat for some time longer.
UNCERTAIN MAJORITY
But in the long run will he be able to muster a lasting majority which will support him both on the policy of "" parallelism ""- European defence organization coupled with new negotiations between west and east-and on his intended programme of drastic economic reforms at home ? Theoretically there is no reason why he should not do so. but it is not so many days since he was in low water over Indo-China and North Africa, and both of these are due to come up again soon.
Both are questions on which his norrmial majority is more than usually uncertain. while the "" Europeans,"" having voted for Western European Union for its own sake and not for that of M. Mendes-France, will be only too ready to seize the first opportunity df getting its management into their own hands
The Government's majority in the final division, 287 votes to 260, was essentially the same as that in the two previous divisions in the early hours of the morning (287 to 256) and on Monday (289 to 251). The precise voting figures were as follows:-
Party For Against Absten-
tions Socialists .. . 86 18 - Communists and allies ..- 98 - M.R.P. .. .. 16 53 15 Radicals .. .. . 44 27 5 Gaullists .. .. 37 23 11 Independent Republicans 30 It 12 A.R.S. .. .. . 19 5 9 Peasant Independents .. 14 3 11 U.D.S.R. .. . 18 2 4 Peasants .. - 12 7 3 Oversea Independents 8 5 3 Non-party deputies 3 8 I
Total . .. 287 260 74
Of former French Prime Ministers whose attitude was particularly watched during the debate. M. Schuman (M.R.P.), M. Bidault (M.R.P.), M. Pinay (Independent Republi- can), M. Reynaud (Independent Republican), and M. Pleven (U.D.S.R.) all abstained; M. Rene Mayer (Radical) voted for the Government.
Reaction in other countries to the French decision is reported on page 5.";"December 31, 1954";"";53127;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Assembly Passes Paris Agreements";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENI
BONN. JUNE 17
An amendment of that part of the Brussels agreement which forbids the manufacture of guided missiles in wes; Germany is being considered to permit
the manufacture here of parts of the~ Hawk guided missiles, it was learnt .o-day.
The Hawk is an American short-range weapon suitable in defence against low- flying aircraft, and is considered ideal for continental European conditions. Though comparatively small, it is longer than the missiles west Germany is per. mitted to produce under the agreement.
Amendment is likely, because the manufacture of the Hawk in Europe is to he a nroject of the Western European Union. France. west Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg would each produce those parts which their indus- tries are capable of producing. There would be no question of west Germany producing a complete weapon.
The project has the full support of the United States. which would provide the necessary know-how. Considerable importance is attached to it because it is the first real attempt at interdepend- ence. Italy may join the five other nations.
General Steinhoff. chief of the Luftwaffe organizing staff. confirmed in Bavaria to-day that the Luftwaffe would be equipped with Hawks and that there would be production under licence in west Germanv.";"June 18, 1959";"";54490;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany's Part In Missile Project";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Ocr. 24
French officials are unimpressed with reports from London that the possession by France of her own nuclear weapons will mean that the level of nuclear stocks in France must be authorized by the council of Western European Union. They do not deny that the establishment by France of a nuclear striking force will mean that one day this problem will have to be met. but they find it more than an interesting coincidence that this question should be raised in the form it has been on the day of the vote in the French Chamber on the nuclear striking force Bill.
In any case, offioials point out, the possible solution referred to by The Times Diplomatic Correspondent-that the level of French atomic stocks should be fixed according to the recommenda- tions of the Supreme Allied Com- mander, Europe-is one which would not be considered by General de Gaulle.
Recent articles in British newspapers, arguing against the idea of a Nato nuclear deterrent. have been noted with interest in Paris, where the apparent resolve of Britain to hang on to her own nuclear deterrents is regarded by some as a good reason for France to do the same.";"October 25, 1960";"";54911;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Unmoved By W.E.U. Challenge";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
An Anglo-Belgian atomic energy agreement was signed yesterday by Mr. Macmillan, the Foreign Secretary, and M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister.
The text of the agreement will be laid before Parliament as soon as it is printed. The agreement, which runs for 10 years, falls broadly into two parts. The first provides for the sale of uranium from the Belgian Congo and continues the tripartite arrange- ment made in 1944 between the United Slates. Belgium, and Britain, whereby Belgium agreed to furnish 90 p:r cent. of the uranium produced up to 1986 to a joint
purchasing agency.l
The second part of the agreement provides for collaboration between B ritish an dBelgian scientists in the development of ihe Belgian atomic industry. Under it Belgian scientists will come to Calder Hall and other atomic establishments in the United Kingdom to gain technical training and experience.
The agreement is similar to that made on June 15, 1955, between the United States and Belgian Governments.
M. Spaak had luncheon with the Prime Minister and Mr. Anthony Nutting, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, at 10, Downing Street, yesterday. In the morning he had discussed with Mr. R. A. Butler economic qtUestions relating to the closer integration of the Western European Union.";"November 19, 1955";"";53382;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Atomic Agreement With Belgium";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Miichael Hornsby
Luxembourg, Jan 14
A convention providing for direct elections to the European Parliament, and strengthening the joint position of the Nine at the world energy conference in Paris, are the two main objectives set by Mr Gaston Thorn for his EEC presidency.
Outlining other tasks facing the Communitv during his six- moith tenure of the presidency, which he assumel for the third time on January 1, the Luxem- bourg Prime Minister told the European Parliament toda'v that the time was approaching when a decision wvould have to be taken on the request by Greece to open negotiations onl its application to join the EEC.
It would also, Mr Thorn said, ""c6rtainily be the Community s duty, as well as in its interest, to help to bring Spain closer
Mr Thorn said he would make a personal effort to en- sure that the impetus given by the recently published Tinde- mans report on European union was ""not lost in the meander- ings of procedures and theoretical, not to say academic, discussion "".
*The new president said he was resolved to do everything possible to ensure that the con- vention on direct elections was "" adopted as quickly as pos- sible""
Parliamentary report, page 7";"January 15, 1976";"";59602;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC's new president sets goals";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers' meeting should give a new impetus to the painfully slow integration of the N.A.T.O. defence effort. There is general agreement that national self-sufficiency in arms production is no longer possible for any but the biggest countries. Furthermore, Mr. Sandys has obviously been perturbed by the arrangment made between France, Germany, and Italy for weapons research and development.
All this has stimulated a desire to pro- ceed from the existing situation, in which there are tripartite or bilateral agreements between member-nations of the Western European Union, to a more general arrangement. Mr. Sandys and Herr Strauss, the German Defence Mini- ster, recently agreed on the desirability of this, and after the conversations in Rome last week between the French, German, and Italian Defence Ministers, M. Chaban-Delmas, the French Defence Minister, said that a British proposal for the production of certain arms in com- mon had been noted with much interest.
With British proposals no doubt in mind, M. Chaban-Delmas also said that an effort would now be made to give W.E.U. a real existence, as they did not wish to make the tripartite agreement between France, Germany, and Italy into an exclusive club.";"April 14, 1958";"";54124;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Providing A New Impetus";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. R. A. Butler. who. as Foreign Secretary, will meet his opposite num- bers tonforrow and on Saturday at the Western European Union meeting at The Hague, has also exchanged messages with Mr. Dean Rusk on the possibility of a meeting with him. This will take place at the earliest opportunity, but probably not before the Nato meeting in Paris in December.
Mr. Butler also hopes to see Mr. Gromyko before long. On Monday he saw Mr. Soldatov, the Soviet Ambassador, who, it is believed. has given an indication that the Soviet Government is now more in a mood to discuss outstanding problems. Mr. Butler, who will fly to The Hague this afternoon, will wish to sound out M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister. on this and much else when they meet tonight at the dinner to which M. Couve de Murville has invited him on the eve of the W.E.U. meeting.
In the British view, cautious probing of the Soviet position is advisable., This could lead to a meeting-with Mr. Gromyko -possibly in the early spring. Any suggestion of a summit meeting in the fairly foreseeable future is not, however, at present being encouraged.";"October 24, 1963";"";55840;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hope Of Butlergromyko Talks";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN (t)RRESPONDENT
VIENNA, SEPrT. 16
Rcprcsentatives frcm 12 European national unions of funeral directors who met in Vienna to explore the possibilities of setting up a European Union of Under- takers ended their conference today after having appointed a committee to work out concrete proposals for their next meeting.
This was the first international gathering of European funeral directors and as a pre- liminary meeting, intended to find out whether such an olganization was practic- able, the conference had achieved its pur- pose.
Mr. Garland Thomas. of the National Association of Funeral Directors, told me that all who took part agreed to the need for setting up such an organization, but there is still much work to be done.
With more persons travelling abroad either for pleasure or on business the need for such an organization was obvious, par- ticularly as hitherto there was no link-up between the various European unions.
The British participants, representatives from the Cooperative Funeral Service Managers Association and from the National Association of Funeral Directors. are leaving Vienna tomorrow and wvill sLubmit the questions to their respective associations. The next conference, which, it is hoped, would constitute the new Euro- pean Union of Funeral Directors, will take place in six months' time.";"September 17, 1964";"";56119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Undertakers Move For Europe Union";""
"";"['News']";"PARIS, May 2.-The creation of a "" hot line "" for crisis talks be- tween the headquarters of the North Atlantic Alliance and the communist Warsaw Pact was sug- gested today in an. international report.-
The proposal was made in a draft recommendation on. the state of European security and the tactical use of nuclear weapons adopted by the defence committee of the Western European Union (W.E.U.) assembly, which includes the six Common Market nations and Britain.
The recomnmendation expressed concern over the low level of con- ventional forces available to imple- ment the new Atlantic Alliance's
strategy of ""flexible Tesponse"". Because of the relatively modest level of conventional forces. the allies might feel an urge to make rapid use of nuclear weapons.
Mr. Douglas Dodds-Parker, Con- servative M.P. for Cheltenham, who wrote the report and the draft recommendation, later told a news conference it was essential that all precautions should be taken to stop a possible future conflict before the use of big, strategic nuclear weapons.
The recommendation said that the Supreme Allied Commander Allied Powers Europe, Nato members, and the Nato Council all should have "" the most rapid and secure com- munications "" with the United States President, to ensure fast communica- tions in the event of a nuclear danger.-United Press International.";"May 3, 1968";"";57242;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European hot line plan";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
ATHENS, DEC. 11
The Greek Foreign Minister, Mr. Thteotokis, left for Paris to-day to attend the meetings of the Western European Union and N.A.T.O. councils.
Talks for a settlement of the Cyprus dispute are to be held between Mr. Theotokis and Mr. Macmillan in Paris, probably on Thurs- day. The secret conversations conducted in Nicosia, and later in Athens, seem to have set the two parties at loggerheads.
The attitude of the British Government, contrary to the optimistic expectations among Cypriots, has not been revised so far as concerns the conditions for future discus- sions about the timing of self-determination for Cyprus. The present British view. as made clear to the Greek Ministers, is that too precise a definition of the British promise of self-determination is not opportune in the present unsettled state of world affairs.
Greek officials and Cypriots claim that Britain's persistence in "" equivocation"" is doing little to allay their misgivings on the Government's sincerity. They seem to fear a trap to deceive the Cypriots into an agree- ment which deft legal juggling would in time turn into a dead letter. According to authoritative sources this point will be the main subject for the discussions between Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Theotokis.";"December 12, 1955";"";53401;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Early Anglo-Greek Talks In Paris";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, JAN. 9
The fourth national conference of the Italian Communist Party-the largest Communist Party in western Europe-began in Rome to-day and will continue until January 14.
The leader of the party, Signor Togliatti, declared that the present international situa- tion was dangerous as a result of the agree- ments on Western European Union and the prospective rearmament of Germany. He appeared to regard "" Communist unity "" as the only weapon for the time being with which to meet this danger.
Signor Togliatti denied reports that his health had taken a turn for the worse recently as a result of a failure to shake off completely the effects of an attempt made on his life in 1948. He also denied that age had made him "" soft,"" and discounted reports of dissensions within his party.
These reports have been widespread as a result of the seeming feebleness and uncertainty of the Italian Communist Party's actions and policy in recent months, and it will take more than Signor Togliatti's simple denials to-day to put an effective end to them, or to dispose of the belief that relations between those at the top of the party are at present somewhat strained.";"January 10, 1955";"";53135;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Communists' Conference";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
-IF1E HAGUE, JULY 16
Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary. who arrived at The Hague today for a two-day visit to Holland, spent an hour and a half with Dr. Luns, the Dutch Forcign Minister. They discussed the quarterly meetings of the Foreign Ministers of Britain and the Six which were agreed upon by the Com- mon Market countries in Brusscls last week, the nuclear test ban talks in Moscow, Nato matters and other questions.
The proposal of tbe Six for the Ministers to have regular meetings with Britain may not be all that the British hoped. Lord Home said. but it was a step in the right direction. Western European Union could be used to see that the policies of the Six ahd Britain did not too widely diverge. Lord Home has not yet given an official reply to Dr. Luns that Britair- wiUl accept the proposal. He indicated, however. that this will come soon and will not be un- favourable.
Lord Home was the guest at a dinner given by Dr. Luns tonight Tomorrow morning he will be received by Oueen Juliana at Soestdiilk Palace and after a luncheon to his hosts at the British Em- bassy he will return to London in the afternoon.";"July 17, 1963";"";55755;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lord Home Sees Dutch Minister";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, June 21
British Labour MIPs joined wvith Italian and French com- munists to reject a proposal that members of the Western European Union-the original EEC six and Britain-should supply defence equipment to China.
The suggestion wvas put for- wvard by the West German delegation at the WEU session in Paris, and was backed by the conservative groups, but was lost by 34 votes to 21.
The session accepted a recommendation that members should develop commerce with China and should consider favourably requests for assist- ance in industrial technology. The WEU also endorsed the report drawn up by Sir Fre-
deric Bennett. Conservative MP for Torbay, on defence links between Europe and China.
The report had been leaked to the Soviet Union before publication and this resulted in formal protests being lodged by Soviet embassies in member countries, urging its rejection as ""a provocation against detente "".
Mr Andrew Faulds, the one Labour MP not to vote with his British colleagues, against the arms trade proposal asked that a committee of inquiry should be set up to discover the source of the leak.
Berlin, June 21.-Mr Hua Kuo-feng, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, will visit Yugoslavia and Romania in the autumn, diplomatic sources said today.";"June 22, 1978";"";60334;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour MPs reject WEU arms sales to China";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 8
On the eve of the debate on the ratification of the treaty for the setting up of the coal and steel community the economic committee of the Bundestag issued a comprehensive report to-day giving reasons why, in the opinion of a majority of its members, the Schuman plan should be adopted. The debate begins to- morrow, and the division is expected on Friday. The Government looks confidently for a comfortable majority.
The economic committee describes the Schuman plan as the first genuine segment of a supra-national European union. The majority would have been glad if it had been possible to create a federal constitution for Europe. It was a supreme duty to make use of every opportunity to get rid of poverty.
In the view of the committee the fate of the Saar and the reunion of the German people will suffer no harm by acceptance of the Schuman plan. On the contrary, the majority believe that the question of the Saar can lose its present aspect as a petty struggle for power only through the union of Europe, and that Europe must concentrate on the incorporation of a reunited Germany into the community of free peoples.";"January 9, 1952";"";52204;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Vote On Schuman Plan";""
"";"['News']";"Moscow Radio attacked Mr. Harold Watkinson, the British Defence Mini- ster, on Saturday for "" brandishing the H-bomb "" on the eve of the Khrushchev- Kennedy meeting, "" on which the world is pinning its hopes for a better inter- national climate "".
In a transmission for Britain, Mr. Jakov Viktorov, a commentator, said Mr. Watkinson had told the Western European Union Assembly in London on Thursday that ""in certain circum- stances Britain would be the first to use nuclear weapons "".
The radio said Mr. Watkinson was "" a loyal servant of the monopolists, and for the sake of their profits and interests is quite ready to sacrifice not only the interests of the British people but their very existence...
After saying "" the most notable point is the fact that the British Government upholds his position "", Mr. Viktorov stated: -"" British ruling circles know perfectly well that the U.S.S.R. is not planning to attack it (Britain). . . . If it should come to war, it is obvious that no nuclear might would save Britain.
"" Watkinson's sabre-rattling is not going to frighten the Soviet Union, but it should worry the British people and put them on their guard, because the irresponsible brandishing of the H-bomb reflects the reckless and adventurist policy of the British quarters.""--Reuter.";"June 5, 1961";"";55099;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moscow Attack On Mr. Watkinson";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
* ROME, Nov. 17
The invitation for an official visit to London in February, to which it was announced this 'afternoon Signor Scelba and Signor Martino have given their "" cordial acceptance,"" has given particular satisfaction in Rome, where it is regarded as especialb well timed.
The British part in theTreste settlement and m the negotiations for western European union (to which Signor Martino has more than once gone out of his way to pay tribute in public statements) is regarded in official quarters as having removed obstacles to Anglo-Italian understanding, and for the first time for a long period there is once again talk o$ a "" revival of an ancient friendship.""
In so far as this talk has been heard at all in the 20 years since sanctions, it has never seemed more than an occasional pious diplo- matic expression. Now, with no specific impediments in the way of improving relations, it seems there may be a chance for it to acquire some reality, although the atmosphere here is still such thit it will no doubt take time for Britain and the British to change the position in which they have usually found themselves in recent times as the least loved of the major nations among Italians.";"November 18, 1954";"";53092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Satisfaction In Rome";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
-KrTWE, AUG. 11
The overtime ban threatened at the Nkana and Nchanga copper mines by the European union, following a dead- lock in neagotiations over economy pro- posals by the companies, has to-day been called off. The companies had pointed out that such a ban would be tantamount to strike action, and thus a breach of agreement, and would mean the closing down of the mines.
An agreement was reached in principle on April 29 between the companies and the union that non-artisan employees should carry out minor adjustments, repairs and replacements to equipment which they were operating. The detailed application of this principle was contested by the union, and Protracted negotiations followed.
Application of the principle involved the performance of 106 incidental duties by non-artisans. After discussions ranging over three months agreement was reached on all savc 38 tasks. When on July 11 the union finally refused to discuss the disputed tasks, the companies stated they would implernent the agreement from August 1. This was done and within two days the overtime bans were threatened.
There are now hopes for a resumption of negotiations, which the mining companies have repeatedly, said they are anxious to promote.";"August 12, 1958";"";54227;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Union Calls Off Ban";""
"['From Diana Geddes Reading']";"['News']";"From Dian'a Geddes ReadingI'
The Gov&rnment's claim to be ""renegotiating "" the ternls of Britain's- mnembership of the Europeati Economic Community was ,a misnomer.that was creat- ing an unnecessary atmosphere of resentment among EEC cuntries,.'Mr Rippon, shadow minister for Europe, told a one- day coniference of the British section of',the European Union of Women in Reading yester- day.
What the' Government was in fact doihig- was simply part of the cofttinuing process of nego- tiation within the treaty terms. In his -view, the Government deserved general support for what' it was seeking to achieve.
*The Conservatives also wanted improvements. ""Their (Labour's) terms are our terms "", he said. If the Con- servatives were in power they would be going about things in very much the same'way as the Government was doing.
But we, were in a curious situation where the Government claimed to be renegotiable for an early and successful result: in other words, the Government in pr inciple wanted to remain in the Community. Instead of trying to pursue our legitimate objectives under a threat of withdrawal that created need- less resentment and uncer- tainty, we should be making clear that we had no intention of witlhdrawing and insist on the implementation of treaty rights, he said.";"July 18, 1974";"";59142;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Rippon supports Labour aim on EEC";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
VIENNA, SEPT. 15
Western European undertakers are meeting in Vienna with a view to setting up a European union of funeral direc- tors whose objective would be to reach closer international collaboration between national unions.
The idea for this meeting originated several years ago during a visit to the IJnited States when Austrian funeral direc- tors proposed that European undertakers should get together to explore possibilities for setting up an organization through which they could exchange experience and give mutual help and assistance in cases where deaLh occurred abroad.
Tihe British representative, Mr. Kitching, described the meeting as exploratory, and said it was not yet possible to say whether there was sufficient ground to justify an international convention.
CLOSER COOPERATION
However, he was hopeful that the con- ference would help in bringing about closer cooperaton between national unions of funeral directors, and thus contribute towards carrying out more expeditiously and competently the wishes of the families of those who die abroad.
in order to achieve closer collaboration it is proposed that national unions exchange information and experience. The draft statute envisages also a separate conven- tion on mutual help and assistance for burials, especially ior transport from and to countries represented by a member union.";"September 16, 1964";"";56118;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe's Funeral Directors Meet";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic | Correspondent
At the one-day meeting of the council of the Western European Union, which includes Britain and the Six at Lancaster House yester- day. Sir Alec Douglas-Home said: ""We are wi-thin readh at last of achieving econcomic unity in Europe.""
Sir Alec, the chairman, added, however, that from the beginning WEU members had recognized a distinctly western European, de- fence interest. It would be natural for a united Europe to seek a united view on all the major inter- national questions of the c&ay.
'Me iniportance of the organ- ization had been. its tentative be- pnnings in that direction, and 'It is our desire to make the greatest contitbution which the United K ngdom can bring to European urity ""
rhe fact is that the first task will be to expand the EEC to 10 members. Whether they will then develop WEU as thc main political and defence organization for western Europe remains to be seen. Ore disadvantage is that Norway. Denmark and Ireland are not members of WEU.
Some think that the Eurogroup in Nato -will be a better founda- tion on which to build, but the French are at preser,t allergic to the Eurogroup's Nato connexions.";"July 2, 1971";"";58214;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir Alec seeks a wider European unity";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESpoNiENT
ROME, OCT. 31
Consideration under the urgency procedure of its Bill to ratify the decisions on western European union and about the enlargement of the Brussels and N.A.T.O. agreements reached at last week's conferences in Paris, was finally secured by the Italian Government in the Chamber of Deputies yesterday evening, at the third attempt.
When the Government introduced the measure in the Chamber on Friday it had two tactical setbacks. The Communists and their allies asked for a count, and then immediately withdrew to ensure that there was no quorum. A second count an hour later again failed to establish a quorum. Consequently the Chamber was recalled for a special session on Saturday afternoon, and Government deputies were summoned from outside Rome by tele- gram and telenhone.
When the House met the number of deputies proved to be sufficient and the authority to give the ratification Bill urgent treatment was quickly accorded. The Government hopes that the Chamber's foreign affairs committee will complete work on the Bill by the end of November and that the Bill will be through the House by the end of the year, and through the Senate by the end of February.";"November 1, 1954";"";53077;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Action On Paris Agreements";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR PARLIAMENTARY CORRESPONDENT
P'or two days next week the House of Commons will debate foreign affairs. The debate will begin on Tuesday after- noon with a general review by Mr. Bevin, who will be followed by Mr. R. A. Butler as the principal Opposition speaker.
.It will be continued on Wednesday, and on that day, by general consent, the debate will be related more particularly to the motion on European Union which was tabled in the House last month and is now supported by about 180 members of all parties. This motion proposes an ernergency policy to secure imme- diate and. effective cooperation among the countries of Western Europe and a long-term policy to create a federation of Europe.
Mr. Churchill will speak first on Wednesday and the Prime Minister will join in the debate soon afterwards. This debate will take place two days before the opening of the Congress of Europe at The Hague, in which Mr. Churchill is to play a prominent part.
The Bill.to impose new penalties to check the black market in petrol will be debated in the Commons on Monday. On Thursday the Chancellor of the Exchequer will move the second reading of the Finance Bill. The Children Bill will be debated on second reading on Friday.";"April 30, 1948";"";51059;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Two-Day Debate On Foreign Affairs";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
LIVERPOOL. Ocr. I
Sir Oswald Mos ley was banned from speaking in St. George's Hall, Liverpool, by a majority vote in the city council to-day after a heated debate in which taunts of "" Remember Hungary and Poland"" and ""Don't forget Belsen and the gas ovens"" were flung across the chamber.
The council had agreed by 74 votes to 22 to-let the hall to the Communist Party for a meeting on October 25 with Mr. J. Gollan. their general secretary, as chief speaker. The council then turned down by 81 votes to 27, with 16 abstentions, a request from the monthly magazine Tlze E:uropean to promote a meeting on February I to be addressed by Sir Oswald Mos ley on European union.
Ten members of the Labour Party, led by Alderman J. J. Cleary, chairman of the watch committee and a member of the council for 31 years, voted against the deci- sion on the grounds of the principle of free speech. They acted in direct contra- vention of the party whip, which had refused to allow the conscience clause to operate, and it is considered likely they will now face disciplinary action. The Conser- vatives were allowed a free vote.";"October 2, 1958";"";54271;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Liverpool Bans Sir Oswald Mosley";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
k'arls, June lb
M jean Sauvagnargues, the Foreign Minister, today rejected allegations that the French Government had aban- doned the foreign and defence policy principles laid down by General de Gaulle. He was opening a debate on foreign affairs in the Senaie.
He said the policy of the Government was in accordance with the policies of General de Gaulle and President Pom- pidou. The General had given assurances that France would fight alongside her allies if one of thenf were the victim of un- provoked aigression. Presiderit Pompidou had reaffirmed the links between- members of the Atlantic alliance in 1973.
M Bernard Destremeau, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, told the Western Euro- *pean Union assembly this morn- ing, that France remained true to the Atlantic and Western European Union treaties.
""France means to preserve its independence of decision. But circumspection does not imply detachment.""
General de Boissiou, the Chief of Staff of the land forces until the end of last year, and the son-in-law of General de Gaulle, writes today in, Le Figaro that the General had approved General Eitenhower's concept of the forward battle in Europe, but he utterly rejected President Kennedy's concept of a graduated nuclear response.";"June 16, 1976";"";59731;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France 'is still following Gaullist principles'";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
Brussels, Sept. 19 There is some eXpectation in European circles in Brussels that Frarncc will return to the West- ern European Union (W.E.U.) for the meeting of ministers due to be held in Brussels after the sumtnit meetingof the Six in The Hague in November.
A Belgian Foreign Ministrv spokesman said that no date had yet been formallv fixed. but there is good reason for believing t,hat the meeting will open on Decem- ber 1.
France has not yet given a formal reply on her intentions and may not do so before the Six summit but it is believed that she has been concerned at the success of the meetings which
have been held without French participation.
The Belgians, who will be in the chair from October 1, pro- pose to ease the wav for French reentry
When General de GauUe announced the boycott of W.E.U. in February, he insisted that the other members-Britain and France's five Common Market partners-were violat- ing the unanimity rule bv hold- ing a meeting on the Middle East against French wishes. The French still officially stand bv this position,' but thev are now laying more emphasis on the more general principle that the W.E.U. should not be a ""court of appeal """;"September 20, 1969";"";57670;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgium eases French reentry to WEU";""
"['By Rodney Cowton']";"['News']";"By Rodney Cowton
The United States has cautioned the members of the Western European Union (WEU) against cuttipg across established consultative ar- rangements within Nato in their efforts to arrive at common European positions on issues such as defence and arms control.
At a meeting in Rome last! October of foreign and defence! ministers it was agreed to try to[ breathe new life into the WVEU.! Twice yearly meetings of ministers were to be held and attempts to be made to: harmonize views on issues such as East-West relations, arms! control and disarmament
At about the end of last year Mr Richard Burt, the Ameri- can State Department official responsible for European aff- airs, wrote to the member- government's of WEU.
The text of his letter has not! been revealed, but it appears to have taken a cautious approach to attempts to co-ordinate a European position on arms control, saying that these should not be allowed to cut across existing procedures within Nato.
The next ministerial meeting of WEU is to be held in Bonn on April 22 and 23. It is expected that from Britain it will be attended by both Sir Geoffrey Howe, Foreign Sec- retary, and Mr Michael Hesel- tine, Defence Secretary.";"April 3, 1985";"";62103;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe told not to bypass Nato";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. II
Dr. Adenauer is expected to approve this week the text of the Federal Gov- ernment's reply to the Soviet memoran- dum of December 27. Bonn has now had the opportunity through a confer- ence of its ambassadors in Moscow and western capitals. which ended here yes- terday, ot assessing Moscow's intentions and the response provoked by a sofier approach to west Germany among the allies.
The Chancellor's strongly held view that the Federal Government must do nothing, for instance by way of direct talks between Bonn and Moscow as the memorandum suggested, which might seem to undermine the three western powers' responsibilities over Berlin and Germany, should be clearly legible in the German reply.
However, the impression here now is that the time when Bonn will take part in allied approaches to the Russians may be nearer than expected. Dr. Adenauer is expected to attend to this question soon.
After all the consternation felt here about the possible effects of the Soviet memorandum on west Germany's allies. the ambassadors' reports seem to have made clear to Bonn that its participation, within the defined limits, would be wel- comed rather than feared.
DR. MENDE REPLIES
For the moment, uvwever, Dr. Kroll, tho west Gcrman Ambassador in Moscow, will return to his post tomorrow without any fresh instructions. T'he German replv on Berlin is expected to be in terms wbich will avoid aivinR the im>ression of any initiatives indopendent of the soundings by Mr. Thompson, the United States Ambassador in Moscow.
Dr. Mende the Free Democratic leader evidently smai1ting under the rebuke Dr. Adenauer administered publicly last week, said in a speech at Darmstadt yesterday that, as Mr. Khrushchev had probably taken a part in preparing the memoran- dum, it was far too important to dismiss with a gesture of the hand. The Germnan question was too serious to leave thinzs to professorial theorism-an obvious attack on the higher echdons of the Foreign Ministry. Dr. Menoe went on to accuse those who replied To any call for a German initiative with the swogan ""Rapallo"" of seeking to awake anti-German complexes.
Dr. Kroll, who had the advantage over his colleagues of having already had a lonz talk with the Chancellor. anparently said at the conference that be fully agreed with the official Bonn view that any future German moves in Moscow should take
place only in constant consultation with the west. He did, however, it is understood, argue that Mr. Khrushchev might be pre- pared to make some concessions on the German question that he would not be dis- posed to make to the America-s.
NATO DIFFERENCES
Dr. Kroll also underlined what he saw ab Moscow's changed viewpoint, expressed in the memorandum. of no longer taking a fundamental objection to west Germany's adherence to Nato, and of her willingness to look at the existing political and economic links between west Berlin and the Federal Republic with more favourable eyes.
Although chiefly concerned with the Soviet-German question, the ambassadors in reporting from their capitals also raised a number of other problems. Their reports are understood not to have assuaged Dr. Adenauer's worries about what he sees as a drifting apart at a dangerous time among the European allies, both within Nato and the Common Market.
The new Italian opening to the left in particular, worries Bonn as much because of some views expressed by the Christian Democratic leaders at the recent Naples conference about the Nato alliance as because of eventual dependence on the Nenni Socialists.
DE GAULLE OBSTACLE
Another German worry arises out oF President de Gaulle's apparent "" no "" to further European integration in his broad- cast speech last week. The German European Union movement probably voiced feelings which the Foreign Ministry here would like to express but cannot when it described at the weekend the President's new order of European states as a further obstacle to the work of the Fouchet com- mittee for a statute of European union.
The movement, which is not un.influential in Bonn, callcd for a quick meeting of heads of sovernment among the Six and saw President de Gaulle's "" anti-integrationist remarks "" as a breach of cxisting European treaties. A new initiative by Dr. Adenaur in this field seems increasingly likely here.";"February 12, 1962";"";55313;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Role For W. Germany In Talks With Russia?";""
"['Geoffrey Smith']";"['News']";"Geoffrey
Smth)
A dramatic change seems to have come over the European Community between the con- clusion of the Milan summit at the end of June and the one that is due to open in Luxembourg on Monday. Last time, Britain, Denmark and Greece were a lonely minority resisting institutional clhanges in the Community's procedures. Nowv they are among the majority wishing to concentrate on minimalist reforms.
The critical shift has been in the position of France and Vest Germany. They got together last month and the French have circulated a modest draft that is supported by the Germans. The British and Danes have not given it active backing, but appear to be quietly happy about this kind of approach, for obvious reasons.
What is proposed is an Act of European Union svith tvo elements: a separate treaty for European political co-operation and an amended Treaty of Rome. The phrase ""European Union"" has suprantionalist overtones, but the specifics point in the opposite direction.
A separate treaty for politi- cal co-operation would meanu that this field of activity would not be incorporated within the ordinary decision-making pro- cesses of the Community. This would have a double signifi- cance.
The Commission would have no power to initiate or imple- ment policy. It would simply be an observer in this area of the Community's work. There would also be no majority voting. Political co-operation would just involve co-ordinating so far as possible the national foreign policies of the member governments.
None of this suits the Italians or the Benelux coun- tries, who want the Community to adopt a maximalist approach towards integration. They do not, therefore, approve of a separate treaty for political co- operation, which they would like to be handled in the same way as the Community's other responsibilities.
They would prefer a larger role to be given to the European Parliament, whereas in practice the only proposal that wouild seem to stand much of a chance is one that vould increase the Parliament's negative powvers. Britain is among those appar- ently going along with the proposition that wvhen the Parliament rejects a Com- mission recommendation it can then be passed only by unanimous vote in the Council of M-inisters.
A more modest concept of EEC
Ideas for amending the Treaty of Rome run into what might appear to be a different kind of obstacle. Everyone agrees in principle that there wvill need to be more majority voting if much is to be mnade of the radical proposals from Lord Cockfield. the Commissioner for the intern2l market, for breaking down the many harriers that remain to free trade within the Community.
MIajority voting on law harmonization and the right of establishmient is generally accepted in theory. But maost members wvant an excention of one kind or another to take :ccount of their particular interest.
Britain and Ireland wi-ant to keep their onn special laws oit animal, plant and human health. West Germany and Denmark are anxious to avoid any reduction in the hinher stadards thev impose for environmental protection andl safety. The poorer countries of southern Europe. Greece, Spain and Portugal, aiant a gener:l get-out clause that wvould enable them to claimii exemption whenever their inte- restes miglht be seriously affected.
So there is the prospect of new- general rules, to *Yhich ev-eryone ivould pay lip service, %iith so many exceptions as to im;alce them largely nmeaning- less.
It is always easier for a nminority to block developmnent tltant to persuade the othiers to go farther, so there does not seeni much chance of the m.ore ambitious approach baing adopted in Luxemrbourg.
WVlhat is now happening may be damaging in British inter- ests in one sence. Britain would benefit from the further devel- opment of the internal marrket, whiclh will probably be fi-ns- trsated without more m;aoritv votir.g. But the British Govern-
ment has never been convir.ed that this requires institLutional changes.
It is the more modest concept of the Community itself that is now being vindicated. Most of the members, including the big tlhree-W?est Germany France and Britain - have for a variety of reasons chosen the nima- list line on constitutionsl integration. 'rhat may be disappointing to European idealise. But it is an acceptance I of reality.";"November 29, 1985";"";62308;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commentary";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The vexed question of reductions in the British forces in Germany is again a current topic among the mem.bers of W1Vestern European Union. lThis follows naturally on the completion by General Norstad, the Supreme Commander, of his report on N.A.T.O.'s military requirements and defence aims, and on the relationship between conventional and atomic forces and weapons.
The report has not been published, but it is known that it recommends the mainte- nance of about 15 divisions at their present strength.
The British position is as follows: Under the N.A.T.O. treaty, Britain is obliged to consult the North Atlantic Council about changes in the size of its forces assigned to N.A.T.O., but is not bound to commit to Europe any fixed number of men. Under the revised Brussels Treaty with the members of Western European Union (France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries), Britain is bound, however, to maintain in Europe four divisions and the 2nd Tactical Airforce, or forces of equivalent fighting capacity.
Britain specifically undertook not to withdraw these forces against the wishes of the majority of the other members of W.E.U., who sbould "" take their decision in the knowledge of the views of the Supreme Commander."" There are two escape clauses. One allows withdrawal for an acute oversea emergency; the other states that if the maintenance of the forces in qtlestion places too great a strain on British external finances the British Government can ask N.A.T.O. to review the financial conditions under which the British forces are maintained.
In March the W.E.U. Council, at a ministerial meeting in London on the pro- posed British reductions agreed that Britain should fulfil her plans for the financial year 1957-58. This meant that, of the 77,000 men in Germany, some 13,500 could be withdrawn. Most of these were administrative and anti-aircraft troops. But further reductions had been proposed for 1958-59. These amount to two brigade groups, including 5,000 men of the strategic reserve-in all, again about 13,500 men. I The original total of 77,000 men would
thus be brought down to 50,000, and the strength of the British Army of the Rhine would be reduced from four divisions to six brigade groups.
The W.E.W. Council in March agreed that a decision on these further proposed reductions should not be taken until October, 1957. after further discussions in W.E.U. and after the general review that N.A.T.O. was to make of defence require- ments, the relationship of conventional and atomic forces and weapons, the relaticn- ship between modern armaments and eco- nomic resources, the common production of modern weapons. and the solution of currency problems. General Norstad's report is the basis of part of this rcview, and clearly it gives no support for reduc- tions of forces.
The date for discussions in the N.A.T.O. Council and in W.EU. on the second stage of the proposed British reductions has not yet been fixed, but no decision is likely to be reached in October, although there will be a W.E.U. meeting at Strasbourg in the middle of the month. A W.E.U. Council meeting may therefore be held after M. Spaak's visit to London from November 5 to 7 and before the N.A.T.O. Council meeting in December. There will cer- tainly be stiff opposition to the proposed British cuts. Some W.E.U. representatives think, evidently, that they would destroy beyond repair the British obligation to maintain four divisions and the Tactical Air Force.
The British arguments remain, however, at least as valid as when the reductions were discussed in March. The maintenance of the forces at current levels were, it was argued, overstraining Britain's economic re- sources. Without reductions, the defence expenditure would have risen, Possibly, to £2,000m. a year. Britain was making cuts all round, and it was fair that some sbould be borne by the B.A.O.R. The remaining forces would be substantial, and eventually would be as effective as the previous forces because new weapons would increase fire- power. Britain. moreover, was maintain- ing herself as a nuclear power, which was in the European as well as the purely British interest.
A future policy on the weapons to be made available, presumably by the United States and eventually, perhaps, by Britain also, is likely to be one of the main prob- lems before W.E.U. and N.A.T.O. members in coming months.";"October 1, 1957";"";53960;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Stiff Opposition To British Cuts In Rhine Army";""
"";"['News']";"PARIS, Oct. 22.-The official statement issued after the North Atlantic Council meeting to-night was:-
(I) The North Atlantic Council held a ministerial session in Paris to-day under the chairmanship of Mr. Stephanos Stephano- poulos, Foreign Minister of Greece. This meeting, which was attended by Foreign Ministers and Defence Ministers of member countries, dealt with issues of vital importance for the security of the free world, and for the promotion of greater European unity, within the framework of a developing Adantic Com- munity. In particular, the meeting was called to approve arrangements designed to bring about the full association of the Federal Republic of Germaiiy with the West, and a German defence contribution. On the invita- tion of the council, Dr. Adenauer, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, attended the meeting as an observer.
* (2) The council noted that all the agree- ments reached at the London conference and at the subsequent meetings of the four- and nine-Power conferences form part of one general settlement which is directly or in- directly of concern to aU the North Atlantic Treaty Powers and which was accordingly sub- mitted to the council. *The council welcomed this settlement.
AGREEMENT WELCOMED
(3) The council was informed of the agree- ment reached between the Foreign Ministers of France, the German Federal Republic, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America in regard to ending the occupation rdgime in the Federal Republic.
(4) The council was informed of the agree- ment reached on the text of four protocols strengthening and extending the scope of the Brussels Treaty Organization-now Western European Union-expanded to provide for the participation of Italy and of the German Federal Republic, and on the text of accom- panying documents. The council welcomed this agreement and agreed with the provisions of the protocols to the Brussels Treaty insofar as they involve action by the North Atlantic Council or other N.A.T.O. authorities,
(5) The council wekomed the declaration made in London by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1954, and the related declaration made on the same occasion by the Govemments of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It noted with satisfaction that the representa- tives of the other parties to the North Atlantic Treaty have to-day associated themselves with the declaration of the three Powers.
DEFENCE MACHINERY
(6) The council approved a resolution to reinforce the existing machinery for the collective defence of Europe, chiefly by strengthening the powers of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe.
(7) The council approved a protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty inviting the Federal Republic of Germany to join N.A.T.O. The protocol will be signed to-morrow by the 14 Foreign Ministers, and will enter into force when each of the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty has notified the Govemment of the United States of Amnerica of its acceptance, and when all instruments of ratification of the protocol modifying and completing the Brussels Treaty have been deposited with the Belgian Government, and when all instruments of ratification or approval of the convention on the presence of foreign farces in the Federal Republic of Germany have been deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.
(8) The council heard a statement by the Foreign Minister of Italy on the recent agree- ments feacbed on the Trieste problem. The value of these agreements from the Atlantic and European point of view was emphasized
(9) The council agreed to hold its next ministerial meeting on or about December 15 next.
A BASIC ELEMENT
(10) The council reaffirmed that the North Atlantic Treaty remains a basic element in the foreign policies of all member Govem- ments. It agreed that there must be the closest possible cooperation between western European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in all fields, and that any dupli- cation of the work of existing agencies of N.A.T.O. will be avoided. The council re- affirmed its unity of purpose in the pursuit of peace and progress. The present confer- ence and the agreements reached represent a new and decisive step in the development of tbe Atlantic Community.-Rczaer.";"October 23, 1954";"";53070;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Atlantic Council Announcement";""
"['From Peter Nichols']";"['News']";"M Maurice Schumann the French Foreign Minister, hinted last night that France will agree to holding the proposed summit of the entarged European Community in Paris on October 19 and 20.
He told reporters, after a ministerial meeting of the Western European Union in Rome, that the preparations for the summit had "" not been in vain "".
Decision expected at Rome meeting todav
From Peter Nichiiob
Roimie. Sept 1I1
The breeze looked set fair to- niglht for the summit meeting in Paris next month of the six members and four future mem- bers of the European Economic Community. This optimistic feeling emerged after the first day of discussions in Rome among European Foreign Minis- ters.
M Schumann, the French Foreign Minister, said that recent developments were "" on the right road"", and he mentioned the weekend talks in Munich be- tween President Pompidou and Herr Willy Brandt, the West Ger- man Chancellor.
He added that the final decision would be taken elsewhere, pre- sumably, he meant that as pros- pective host President Pompidou would want to make up his own mind after the European Finance and Foreign Ministers have fin- ished their talks here tomorrow night.
M Schumann was also en- couraged, as were other minis- ters, by the fact that the four European countries represented on the United Nations Security Council showed a wide measure of agreement in.the debate on the Middle East. He took this as an indication of a genuinely European foreign policy.
The ministerial meetings here tomorrow should show clearly enough whether the summit will be possible. The official British view is that the decision could- and should-be taken tomorrow.
It is felt that there is enough to justify a summit several times over. The preparations carried out at official level, it is argued, have shown a large degree of agreement.
The British delegation, led by Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the Foreign Secretary, claimed to be somewhat perplexed by French hesitations. There was a feeling that perhaps the French wished to keep their partners guessing, as they did not appear to have a price in mind. In the British view, there was no question of a price being paid.
The question of the October summit of the enlarged Com- munity dominated attention during the day, even if it found no place in the formal dis-
cussions of the F oreign iMini- sters. Their meeting today was in the context of the Western European Union, the body which includes the six members of the Community and Britain.
Tomorrow all 10 Foreign Ministers of the enlarged Com- munity will1 meet with the specific aim of preparing the way for the summit, and they will be joined later in the day by the .1 Finance Ministers.
Roger Berthoud writes from Rome: The Finance and Economics Ministers edged closer to agreement tonight on the establishment of a European fund for monetary cooperation. However, some important dif- *ferences remain, on means rather than principles, and these will be tackled afresh when the ministers meet tomorrow morning.
The subject of the monetary cooperation fund and the prob- lem of inflation, which is causing grave concern, have become closely linked.
Herr Helmut Schmidt said to- day that West German enthu- siasm 'for the monetary fund would depend on progress in achieving-stable prices within the EEC.
He was evidently impressed by the difficulties in achieving this in a Community which in- cludes Britain and Italy, two cotuntries which combine high inflation with high unemploy- ment.
Agreement seems likely in principle tomorrow to set up the monetary cooperation fund, but the details will be the subject of considerable work at committee level.
One of the main points at issue is whether the fund should be fed by the central banks, which would deposit a, percentage of their reserves. West Germany is opposed to this, and Herr Karl llasen, governor of the Bundes- bank, emphasized after the meet- ing that the Germans did not want an increase in liquidity because of inflation.
The ministers also agreed to extend to the end of the year the temporary authorization to Italy to support the lira in inter-Com- munity dealings with dollars rather than a mixture of gold and other reserves.
jPhotograph, page 4";"September 12, 1972";"";58577;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France hints that way is clear for EEC summit next month";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
'aris, Jan 22
The tenth anniversary' of the Franco-German friendship treaty was marked today by a brief and simple ceremony in the Salle des Fetes of the Elysee Palace, before President Pompi- dou and Helrr Willy Brandt retired upstairs for their first round of private talks.
Ten years ago the reconcilia- tiOn between France and, West Germany was celebrated by a solemn Te Deum at Rheims cathedral. The difference in style between that celebration and today's is symbolic of the development in the relations be- twveen the two countries over those 10 years. They are less romantic and stormy, more dowvn to earth and wvorkmanlike.
Drama has gone out of the relationship and a. fruitful dialogue has taken its place. By comparison with the great issues of discord in the past, such as French withdrawal froni. Nato ar ' de Gaulle's veto on Britain's entry to the Community, the present differences between Bonn and Paris on relations wvith the United States, European security and arms reductions, and inter-German trade seems small indeed.
At today's ceremnony Presi- dent Pornpidou and Herr Brandt in tumn emphasized the funda- mental part played by the Franco-German treaty in Eur- ope's progress towards unity.
"" I remain convinced "", M Pompidou said, ""that the un- derstanding between France and, Germany is more than ever fundamental. It is essential to all progress in the path to Euro- pean union. It largely deter- tnines the stability of our con- tinent and the development of cooperation between all coun- tries from one end of Europe to tihe other "".
The West German Chancellor said that the fears that France and the federal republic might isolate themselves from- the other, countries of Europe, through a narrow interpretation of their interests, had long been refuted.
""The confidence which grew up between our two peoples was necessary to prove to ourselves and to our partners that Euri- pean unity was possible. The community of peace which we founded together means that European union will become a force for peace.""
'At the beginning of' their private talks, AMj Pompidou con- ferred. on Herr Brandt the in- signia of the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honotir, while Herr Brandt conferred on his host those of the Grand Cross Special Class of the Feder-al Order of Merit.
After a working luncheon at the' Elysee 'Palace, Herr Brandt drove to the Arc de Triomp'he to lay a wvreath on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier? an exceptional gesture underlin:ing the signifi- ca ce ' of- this anniversary. Tomorrow, instead of' returning to Bonn when the consultations end, he will be host to the Presi- dent at a banquet 'at the Palais Beauharnais, residence of the German Ambassador.
MI Pompidou and Herr Brandt spent three hours today discuss-
Herr: Brandi lays a wreath on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. Behind him is M Maurice Schumann, the Frencb Foreign Minister, who stands next to M Andre Bord, the Veterans iMinister.
ing a number-of important sub- jects-notably European econo- mic and monetary union, the E;iropean security conference, mutual balanced force reduc- tions, and relations between the C9mmunity and East Europe.
Herr Brandt, as he left the Eiys6e after lunch, said :,"" Our standpoints have , not gone farther apdrt, but rather have cgme closer together on mutual balaficed force -reductions."" This issue is one on which French and German views diverge markedly. M lMaurice Schumann, the For- eign Minister, who had parallel talks at the Quai d'Orsay this morning with Herr Walter Scheel, his German opposite number, said that France had no iiitentibn of: taking part in the preparatory conference on force
reductions due to open on January 31.
This does not mean that France will not do so later, after seeing how the conference evolves, especially in the light of the latest Russian suggestions that its scope should be widened to include countries not members of Nato or the Warsaw Pact.
At tonight's banquet. at the Elysee, Herr Brandt said that the genius of Europe must be ""realistic"" and not surrender to ""Utopian visions "".
He said a tenacious persever- ance was needed if they wished to achieve a European union in the present decade, ""especially encouraged by you, and by the resolve of our new partner, Britain "". ,";"January 23, 1973";"";58688;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt says the record of Bonn-Paris friendship proves European union possible";""
"";"['News']";"Salzburg, Sept 9.-Clainfing that socialism in Europe had reached its climax, representa- tives of Conservative, Christian Democratic and middle of the road parries from nine coun- tries, today offered their parties as the "" strongest, most realistic and most democratic alterna- tives "".
A communiiqtue at the end of a tiwo-day meeting at Schloss Klesheim, inear Salzhurg, said socialist-led governnments of Europe had shown that they wstere unable to cure economic ills.
They were, it said, unable to cope with inflation o; find a formula for economic recovery. The present economic situationi merely showved a high rate of unemployment coupled with high inflation.
The party representatives came from Britain, West Ger-
many, Franice, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden and Austria. They decided to form a European union as an umbrella organization to act as a form of counter-balance
Mr William Whitelawv, deputy leader of the Conservative Par ty, wvelcomed the idea. He said it wvas natural, after B1ritaini's entry ilto the Eturo. pean Community, ;for its Conservative Palrty to seek cooperation with like-minded parties elsewhiere in Europe.
Delegates inclutded Tehrt HelnTut Kohl, chairman of the West German Christian Demo. cratic Party, Herr Franz josef Strauss for the Christian Social Unionl, Senhor Amarao da Costa of Portugal, Signor Svlvius Magnago, t'he Italian South Tyrolese People's Party and Herr Josef Taus, the Austrian People's Party.-AP.";"September 10, 1975";"";59497;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Whitelaw supports new parties group in Europe";""
"";"['News']";"Russia yesterday accused west Ger- many of seeking to "" step up the arms race,"" according to the Tass news agency. The accusation was made by the Soviet Charg6 d'Affaires in Bonn to the west German Foreign Ministry. He also accused west Germany of trying to "" create obstacles to the liquidation of the vestiges of the war caused by German militarism.""
Tass said the Soviet Union had made representations to the other member countries of the Western European Union-Britain, France, Italy, Bel- gium, Holland, and Luxembourg- drawing attention to the ""negative consequences"" that west Germany's accelerated rearmament within the framework of W.E.U. would have on the current de'tente.
After listing recent examples of the accelerated rearmament of west Ger- many, the statement said: ""Reports have also come to hand about the Western European Union's plans to set up so-caUed 'joint European nuclear forces.'""
E. GERMAN DEMAND FOR
PART IN SUMMIT I BERLIN.-Dec. 14.-The east German Prime Minister, Herr Grotewohl. said here to-night that east Germany insisted on participation in the forthcoming east- west summit conference as far as it dealt with Germany. The news agency A.D.N., which published his statement, said it was prompted by Dr. Adenauer's remark on December 8 that he re- nounced west German participation in the summit.-Reutter.";"December 15, 1959";"";54644;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans' Role In ""Arms Race""";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Reports from Rome that Signor Brosio,- the Italian Ambassador, is to be transferred to Washington, and that Signor Zoppi will suc- ceed him in his present post, could not be confirmed in London yesterday.
In itself the present moment is a likely one for a major transfer in the Italian foreign service. There are many outstanding problems -notably in connexion with Italy's adherence to the Western European Union-with which the Italian Ambassador in London will be con- cerned in the coming months, but Signor Brosio has just completed nine months' suc- cessful negotiation in London over Trieste, and has been Ambassador to Britain since 1951. There have, indeed, been reports that he might become the next Italian Foreign Minister.
As a left-wing Liberal, a lawyer by pro- fession, and an active anti-Fascist, he served as Minister without Portfolio, deputy Prime Minister, and Minister for War in the early post-war Cabinets, before becoming Ambas- sador in Moscow from 1946 to 1951. If he is not to return to Rome there are clearly few senior appointments in the foreign service to which he might be posted, and Washington is an obvious choice.
Signor Zoppi is a career diplomatist. Before becoming secretary-general of the Foreign Ministry he was from 1944 director- general of political affairs.";"October 30, 1954";"";53076;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ambassador's Service";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
There were further Anflo-Gbrman 'talks during the weekend on British membership of the\ uropean Economic Community. Herr von Brentano, the German Foreign Minister, who ai~!ved in London on Satur- day, gave a dinner that evening at the Ger- man Embassy to Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. the Chancellor, and yesterday he was the guest at Chequers of Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal. German representatives say that these talks are concerned with the admis- sion of Britain to E.E.C.
Herr von Brentano, who is going on to Dublin tomorrow, has come here to take part as a member of the council of Western European Union in the meeting of the W.E.U. Assembly which opens today at Church House, Westminster. The Assembly will discuss a report on the best way of carrying out its recommendation that Britain should join E.E.C.
GOVERNMENT'S INTEREST
Mr. Macmillan will open the meeting with a statement which has aroused much speculation, but which, according to British spokesmen, will not be a major declaration of policy.
The British Government's interest in E.C.C. is, however, emphasized by the fact that Mr. Watkinson, the Defence Minister, and Mr. Macleod, the Colonial Secretary, will both be addressing the meeting, and Mr. Heath will attend sessions as British tcpresentative on the W.E.U. Council.";"May 29, 1961";"";55093;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"London Discussions On E.E.C.";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENt
The permanient council of Western European Union (of which Britain and the Six of the Common Market are members) met in London yesterday, in preparation for the ministerial council meeting in London next week.
The agenda proposed for the political discussions on Monday will be east-west relations, which includes the Sino-Soviet dispute; the situation in Africa during which it is expected that Mr. Stewart will give an account of the effect of economic sanctions against Rhodesia; Latin America: and European space activities.
The discussion on economic questions will be held on Tuesday morning without a fixed agenda. Several delegations will wish to emphasize the importance of hurry- ins ahead with preparations for the Kennedy Round negotiations (for a general lowering of tariffs between the main trading nations in the western werld), but the French delegation is not expected to do more than note the views of other members.
Meanwhile, there has already been much discussion among W.E.U. and other Nato representatives in London on the recent French moves to end Frehch integration in Nato. There is, however, wide agree- ment that the response to this mus; be concerted by all the Nato members together.
Until there is an established Nato atti- tude, W.E.U. members consider that this subject cannot be discussed at the W.E.U. meeting.";"March 10, 1966";"";56576;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Ministers To Meet";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JUNE 26
Herr Strauss, the west German Defence Minister, said in Schleswig at the weekend that west Germany might abandon her plan to build eight new destroyers. Russian naval superiority in the Baltic made the value of destroyers questionable, and Nato experts were discussing whether it might be better to concentrate on submarines.
The west German navy has received approval for the building of four new destroyers. Approval for another four has been postponed, and the value of the pro- gramme has been under discussion for some time among the allies.
The impression has been growing among west German defence experts that destroyers, particularly within the limits accepted by the Federal Republic under the Western European Union treaty, are beoming less and less valuable. Herr Strauss had this impression confirmed during his recent visit to the United States, where he expressed interest in the Tartar missile. The present limit for destroyers is 3,000 tons, and it was established during the visit that the Tartar oould not be mounted on so small a destroyer without serious sacrifice of other armament.
The Defence Ministry has been consider- ing applying for permission to build fewer but larger destroyers, but it appears from Herr Strauss's latest remarks that abandon- ment of destroyers altogether is now equally likely.";"June 27, 1960";"";54808;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn May Abandon Destroyers Plan";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Robert Birley, head master of Eton and former education adviser to the Military Government of Germany, broadcast last night the first of the Reith lectures for 1949. His subject was "" The Problem of Patriotism."" A fundamental characteristic of western Euro- pean civilization was based, he said on the ideal of diversity as something int*sically valuable. The same acceptance of diversity might be seen in a very different kind of empire to the Roman, the British Common- wealth of Nations. The historian of the future was sure to point to this as a perfect example of a refusal to confound union with uniformity. It had always been a paradox that one of its units, Great Britain, was join- ing another union, that of Europe, without that causing embarrassment to those of its units that were in other continents altogether.
The essential argument in favour of democracy as a form of government was that it allowed the different potentialities in all kinds of men and women to make their contribution towards the common good. It demanded a very different kind of humility. the readiness to accept the fact that one might be wrong, while still trying to persuade other people that one was right. This was what would be demanded of the various States of the European union.";"October 24, 1949";"";51520;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Birley On Problem Of Patriotism";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Own Correspondent
Bonn, Nov 7
The nineteenth Congress of the European Union of Chris. tian Democrats opened in.Bonn today wvith calls for the rapid development of a Europe cap- able of negotiating politically as a community.
Signor Mariano Rumor, the, Prime Minister of Italy, who is also president of the union and chairman of the congress, said in his opening address to the delegates from 11 countries: "" In the past few weeks, the in-
ternational horizon has been, exposed to the danger of dark- ness because of the events in the Middle East.
""Europe has a duty to place its will for concord and harmony in the service of peace.""
Herr Helmut Kohl, chairman of the West German opposition Christian Democratic Union, which is acting as host to the conference. welcomed President Pompidou's call for a summit meeting of the European Pcono- mic Community in Copenhagen on December 15 and 16.
"" Europe must do all it can to become capable of negotiat- ing as a community "", Herr Kohl said in his address of wel- come. ""We must grasp that the Western policy of detente and peace is not divisible.""
The theme of the three-day Congress is "" Christian Demo- cracy, for progress in freedom and solidarity "". After the open- ing speeches, delegates divided into working groups
Leading article, page 21";"November 8, 1973";"";58933;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Obligation on Europe to negotiate as one";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
There was official confirmation in London yesterday of the impending visit to the United Kingdom of Signor Scelba, the Italian Prime Minister, who is coming here on February 15 and will stay until February 18. Signor Scelba will be accompanied, by his Foreign Minister, Signor Martino. ,
Signor Martino has been here before-he attended the nineTPower conference which opened in London at the end of September- but it wil be Signor Scelba's first visit to the United Kingdom. He has not been to a foreign capital since he becarne Prime Minister at the begining of the year.
The British invitation was, apparently, received in Rome about a fortnight ago. Several factors had their bearing on the fixing Of dates. The first week in February was incon- venient from the British point of view because the Commonwealth conference will then be in session. The Italian Prime Minister' wanted to have ratification of the Paris agreements over or, at least, for all practical purposes dis- posed of, before he left Rome. That is likely to be the case by the middle of February.
Since the late Signor De Gasperi was in London last year the Trieste question has been settled and-ltaly has agreed to become a mem- ber of Western European Union. T'he visit wiU provide an opportunity for an exchange of views on the new situation.";"November 18, 1954";"";53092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coming Visit Of Signor Scelba";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARcH 1
T'he consultative assombly of the Council of Europe met in Strasbourg today for a three-day session to debate a report by Signor Montini (Christian Democrat), rapporteur of the political comrnission, on recent moves towards European unity, and to examine the political, economic and parliamentary aspects of the convention setting up the Organization for Economic Coopera- tioXi and Development (O.E.C.D.).
In his report Signor Montini states that Proposals discussed by the Foreign Ministers of the Six of the European Economic Community at their meeting in Paris last month should be considered a real contribution to European unity. in the absenoe of any other progress in this direction.
Signor Montini believed that tho three integrated communities in EE.C.-the Common Market, tho Coal and Stoel Com- mnunitY, and Euratom-should continue to develop as foreseen in the treaties, but that "" political consultations among the Six which implied no abandoning of sovereignty .hould be opened in principle to other members of the Council of Europe who expressed the desire to participate"".
This would obviously include Britain, as Mr. Heath, Lord Privy Seal, said in Paris at the oneday meeting of Western European Union earlier this week that he thought that Britain should'take part in exchanges on political matters that had a wider bearing than the internal affairs of the Six.";"March 2, 1961";"";55019;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Including Britain In Consultations";""
"";"['News']";"PARIS. April 26.-After two days' discus- sion in Paris, the defence committee of the Western European Union Parliament pro- posed today, in a series of recommenda- tions to the full Parliament at its Paris meeting in June, that a Nato nuclear force be created. The committee said that poli- tical control of the force should rest with a nuclear council, on which all Nato nations would be represented: but the decision to cpen fire would be the responsibility of a "" most restricted executive body appointed by the nuclear council and agreed to by the partizipating countries
The nuclear council would lay down guidelines for the executive bodv so that it could take immediate action if there was imminent danger, or in retaliation for a nuclear attack.
The committee pronosed that a Nato strategic force be formed both from national elements contributed by existing nuclear powers and from multi-lateral ele- ments. The niclear powers that contri- buted arms to the alliance would be free to withdraw them to meet Funreme national interests, the committee said. Also, parti- cinating countries shiould have access to manufaacturing techniques relating to the nilcear weanons systems. The strategic force should he created in several phiascs. In the immediate future. arrangements should be made for ""full :rnd effective cooDeration"" in *the nuiclear fil-id b^tween Britain and France within the Nato frame- work.-Reuter.";"April 27, 1963";"";55686;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Proposal On Nato Atom Force";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murrmy,
Brussels
Britain. Denmark and Greece have joined forces to block a scheme by the other EEC countries to call an intergovern- mental conference to bring about ""European union"". At the same time Britain is backing other ideas to improve -Euro- pean unity.
The scheme in' the interim report of the special committee, set up by last June's European summit to study ways' of bringing the Community ou't of what is described as ""a state of crisis'. The report has been drawn up for preliminary discussion by the Brussels summit at the end of this month.
;Denmark and Greece have, lodged general reserves on the whole exercise, while Mr Mal- colm Rifkind, the Foreign
Office Minister of State, has confined his criticisms to the sections dealing with majority voting in council meetings, increasing the powers of the Parliament and calling the intergovernmental conference.
Under the scheme preferred by the seven other countries, the Europeanr Parliament would be required to vote on all proposals from the European Commission and then the text approved by Euro-MPs.
Inside the council itself, seven countries want to see that majority rules with decisions being taken by a vote save in -exceptional cases"". Mr Rifkind argued that there should always be a search for consensus.
Britain does support opening up the internal market of the Community,";"March 20, 1985";"";62091;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain opposes EEC conference on unity";""
"";"['News']";"BEC HELLOUIN. NORMANDY, April 15. -The first of a series of Anglo-French ceremonies commemorating the 900th anniversary of the Norman conquest of England in A.D. 1066 was held here today.
In the courtyard of the Abbey of Bec Hellouin, from which Lanfrane set out to becomc Archbishop of Canterbury nearly 900 years ago, a tablet was un- veiled ""in memory of all the Normans of France and England who over the centuries died fighting each other or fightins side by side "".
Thc ceremony was attended by Sir Patrick Rei:ly, the British Ambassador, Afr. George Thomson, the British Mlinister in charge of European affairs (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster). and M. Alexandre Sartguinetti, French Minister for ex-Ser- vicemen, and religious leaders from both sides of the Channel.
THE PEOPLE'S HOPE
Mf. Sanguinetti said: ""In the days and nights of our worse defeat, the popular French hope clung to the cliffs of Dover and to the peals of Big Ben.
""The men of this and the preceding generation will not forget their debt of gratitude. We shall continue to give Britain ouir esteem, our friendship, and our alliance --but standing on our own feet as a sovereign People.
""We both feel more European day by day and both have the same conception of a European union of free and sovercign nations.""-Rcuter.";"April 16, 1966";"";56607;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Remember Debt To Britain";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owvn Correspondent
Paris, June 20
Sir Frederic Bennett, Conser- vative Xlember of Parlia-rent for Torbay, today presented to the Western European Union a report on defence links be- tween Europe and China. The Chinese ambassador attended the session as an observer.
Although it has not been cir- culated outside the committee, Sir Frederic's repoit provoked formal protests by Soviet embassies in member countries and pressure on governments to withdr-aw it on the ground that it wvas a "" provocation against detente "".
It wvas adopted by the gen- eral affairs committee of the WEU Assemblv last moath onlv after Sir Frederic had made substantial concessions in the face of objections by
French socialist and Italian communist committee members.
His report concluded that China needed to develop its economy; that it needed a period of peace and stability to achieve this; that fear of the Soviet Union vas the dominant feature of Chinese foreign policy; that it wished to see a strong and united Europe as a counterweight to Soviet in- fluenice; that China wtished to develop closer economic rela- tions w%rith Western Europe; and that it. needed assistance in modernizing and r eequip- ping its forces.
""A strong, independent friendly China can only assist wvestern security,"" he said. ""A wveak China wvould enormously weaken the West's capacity to defend itself against the growv- ing Russian military threat.""";"June 21, 1978";"";60333;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU looks at the Chinese as potential allies";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M1. Rendel
Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign and Common- wealth Office and the French Embassy wer c both very coy yesterday about the long talk which Mr Heath and Sir Alec Douglas-Home had on Monday evening with M Michel Jobert. the French Foreign Mlinister, at 10 Downing Street. This could well confirm its general tenta- tive nature and also its potential importance.
One proposal on the future European-Atlantic relationship is clearly much in mind. This is that the United States if there are to be some cuts in American troop strength in Europe, should give European allies a similar pledge to Britain's promise to its
Western European Union (WEU) partners, when the Brussels treaty was revised in 1954
This promise was to maintain a substantial British force on the continent of Europe as long as Britain's allies wished it. This reinforced the cohesion of thc alliance and, in particular, French anxiety that France one day might be left alone along- side West Germanv.
A United States pledge wvould help to reassure the European powvers that they would not be left to face an increasingly powerful Soviet Union. With a reduction of the United States contingent in Europe, a new command structure under a European commander could eventually be part of the new relationship.";"July 4, 1973";"";58825;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europeans hope for US promise on troops";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BULAWAYO, MAY 25
Sir Godfrey Huggins, Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, speaking on Empire Day, said that the salvation of the Commonwealth must be the development of all its parts and a redistribution of the population. The United Kingdom could no longer support the defence of the Commonwealth, and it looked as if, in the absence of natural resources, the popula- tion centred in Britain could no longer be supported.
If there were to be a grouping of nations there was no more natural group than that of all the British nations scattered through- out the world. There was no doubt that freedom and security depended as much now as in 1940 on unity pf thought and purpose. Western European union seemed practical politics, and the Commonwealth might have to tighten the bonds of unioa or find it was of less importance.
Sir Godfrey suggested that they must work for a grouping of economic units in the British sphere of Africa-namely, the four provinces of the Union, the three provinces of Central Africa, and the three provinces of East Africa. The three states could at the appropriate time federate, and, if western union came, the foreign states in Africa could join to form the United States of Africa.
Rhodesia, in Sir Godfrey's opinion, would have to welcome Europeans other than those from the United Kingdom.";"May 26, 1948";"";51081;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Federation";""
"";"['News']";"Eighteen delegates from West- minster to the Council of Europe and the Assembly of Western European Union were nomin- ated by the Prime Minister yesterday. Mr Simon Wingfield Digby, Conservative MP for Dorset, W., has been appointed leader of the delegation.
The other eight members of the Conservative Party on both bodies will be: Mr Rossi (Hornsey), Sir John Peel (Leicester, SE), Dame Joan Vickers (Devonport), Mr Grieve (Solihull). Sir John Rodgers (Sevenoaks), Sir Fitzroy Maclean (Biuc and North Ayrshire), Mr Joln Osborn (Sheffield, Hallam), and Lord St Helens.
Members of the Labour and Liberal Parties were nominated by Mr Wilson and Mr Thorpe as follows:
Labour: Mr Michael Stewart, former Foreign Secretary (Fulham), Mr Peart, former Mini- ster of Agriculture and Lord Presi- dent of the Council, now Shadow Defence Secretary (Workington), Mr Peter Shore, former Minister without Portfolio and deputy Leader of the Commons (Stepney), Mr Roy Mason, former President of the Board of Trade and Minister of Power (Barnslev), Mr Barry Jones (East Flint), Mr Frank Tomney (Hammersmith, N), Mr Thomas Pendry (Stalybridge and Hlyde), and Mr Ray Fletcher (Ilkeston) .
Liberal: Mr David Steel, Chief Whip (Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles).
The reformed Westminster delegation Will attend its first meeting of the consultative assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg from May .14 to 18.";"April 19, 1973";"";58762;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU Assembly delegates are nominated";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR PARLIAMENTARY CORRESPONDENT
In the House of Commons Yesterday Mr. Morrison was pressed by members on both sides of the House to allow time for a debate on the motion relating to European Union, which has now been signed by 117 members of all parties. He indicated, however, that there will be a debate on foreign affairs after the Easter recess during which this motion can be also discussed. Mr. Churchill expressed the view that the motion merited separate consideration and declared the readiness of the Opposition to devote a Supply day to it. But Mr. Morrison insisted that there would be no time for two debates on foreign affairs and the matter now awaits further talks between the Whips.
The addition of 13 names to the motion now brings the number of Labour signatories up to 60, of Conservatives to 45, Liberals and Independent members to five each, and Ulster Unionists to two. The latest additions are:-
Sir H. Lucas-Tooth. Mr. Cocks, Mr. coopcr.Key. Mr. S. Marshall. Mr. Palmer, Mr. Rankin. Mr. Wd'zman. Mr. Sp'ice. Lkeutenant-Colondi Corbeu, Mr. Wilke Mr. Ptce-White. Brigadier Peto, and Sir W. Smiles.
Over 30 members have put their names down to amendments, the latest being one spon- sored by Wing Commander Millington, Mr. Pitman, and Mr. Usborne, to relate tie motion to their proposals for a world government.";"March 19, 1948";"";51024;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Debate After Recess";""
"['Bernt Conrad']";"['News']";"The result of the German parliamentary .elections on October 5, 1980, has not chianged Bonn's policy on Europe. Those who feared-or ihoped-that the greater strength of the Free Democrats ir. their coalitki with the Social Democrats might result in a cha'nge of emphasis in the federal Govermnents Euro- pean policy, even a loosening of the close ties with France, will soon find how wrong they wuere. For FDP leader Herr Hans-Dietrich' Genscher and Herr Helmut Schmidt (SPD), the federal Chancellor, see eye to eye on Europe.
This was evident from the government statement Chancel- lot Sclhmidt made on Novemrber 24 with his coalition partner's agreement, wvhich in- c' .ded:- t""wo fmidam'ental asser- tTris: the maintenance and de- ve o-ment of the European Community continues to be one of the, priorities of West German policy; the federal Government fu2ly endorses President Giscard *d'Estaing's beiief in the cohtinuation of Franco-German cooperation.
Quoting the French Presi- dent, Herr Schmidt agreed that this cooperation represented 'an irreplaceable contribution ¢-to~ Europe's progress and stabi-
lity. The Chancellor also said - that. the goal of a European Ulnion must not be forgotten, a point amplified by Herr Genscher later, thus proving that, the Free Democrats, far from applying the brakes, are a driving force in the Euro. pean policy.
The federal Foreign Minis- ter's proposal at the ""' Twelfth Night conference "" - the- FDP traditionally hold in Stuttgart, that a ""visible step fonvward"" should at last be taken with the signing of a treaty on the European Union, was meant seriously. In Herr Genscher's. view the debate on this treaty could in itself lead to ideas assuming more definite shape and so to a wider European general agreement. Rather than awvaiting the outcome of possibly very protracted treaty negotiations, he thus sees pro- tit to be gained from the pre- paratory discussions.
For Herr Genscher the goals of a European Union are the development of a consistent European foreign policy, an extension of Community poli- cies in line with the Rome and Paris treaties; coordination of security policy, closer coopera- tion. in the cultural smetor and
the harmonization of legisla- tion, all of wthich will entail the institutionalization of such bodies as the European Coun- cil of the heads of state or government, for which the treaties at present make no provision.
Some foreign newspapers reacted cynically to Herr -Genscher's statement, claiming that the Community had far -more practical problems to contend with at the moment than the idea of a European Union, which has been mooted for some considerable time but has never been translated into reality.
The federal. Fqreign Minister is not, of course, overlooking the - present controversial issues, principal among them being the agricultural policy, whichl Chancellor Schmidt described in his government statement as being, in urgent need of reform to bring it back into line with free mar- ket principles. He is convinced that more stringent import res- trictions and aggressive export promotion *vill not solve the problem of agricultural sur- pluses.
There will be some hard fighting over this in the Community in the near future, a foretaste being provided by the dispute . over the Community budget, which Herr Genscher feels should not be seen as a struggle for power
betwveen two Community insti- tutions. It is crucial, particu- larly in view of the more diffi- cult world political situation- and on this Chancellor Schmidt and. Herr Genscher are in . complete agreement- that European policy should ilot become bogged down in debates on agriculture and the budget and so paralyse the. Community.
As the federal Government sees it, new vpolitical impulses are needed, aimed not least at the Soviet Union, where, witlh an eye on the Soviet Communist Party conference at the end of this month, the political course for the next few years is now being set. Herr Genscher is very much afraid the Soviet leaders might gain the impression that West- ern Europe is withdrawing in- creasingly into itself and neg- lecting the bond with its American allies.
This could lead to disastrous errors in thle assessment of the situation and have ominous political consequences. Hence his recent renewed emphasis on the need for close coopera- tion between Europe and America , describing it as essential for the West to adopt an unambiguous position as a basis for satisfactory dealings with the Soviet Union-at the negotiations on disarmament and arms controls, for exam- ple.
Cooperation with France plays a fundamental role in this concept. The idea that Herr Genscher's success in the eleotions might cause some deterioration in Franco-Ger- man relations is anachronistic in view of the recent slight cooling of the relationship be- tween President Giscard d'Es- taing and Chancellor Schmidt.
The importance of outward appearances, such as the fre- quency of top-level telephone calls, should not be overesti- mated: the Chancellor has been deeply involved in form- ing the coalition and Govern-, ment in recent months, and the French President has to concentrate on what is for him a decisive election campaign.
There is also a political motive for this aloofness. Since
last summer, and particularly since the danger of"" Soviet mili- -tary 'intervention in Poland became acute, President Gis- card's policy towards the East- em block has hardened' con- siderably, while Chancellor Schmidt would like to save wvvhat he can of East-West co- operation: Nor should the special 'position of Germany and of' Berlin, both divided, be overlooked.
These subtle changes of view have had no effect on the *close relation§hip between the two foreign ministers. Thus,. at their most recent talks in Bonn in late November, Herr Genscher and- M 'Frangois Pon- cet achieved a high level of agreement on bilateral, Euro- pean and world questions, and there were no differences in their assessment of the Polish situation. For the German Foreign Minister this is extre- mely important-not least for his vision of a united West aware of its strength..
There is another factor, -which is often disregarded out- side West Germany: in its desire for the continued de- velopment of the European Community and of Franco-Ger- man friendship, the SPD-FDP coalition in Bonn can count on the parliamentary opposition not to cause any difficulties. On the contrary, the Christian Democrats are urging the Gov- ermnent on. When they crit- icize the Chancellor, it is because they feel he is not doing enough for European in- tegration.
The worst that can happen is for Franco-German links to be subjected to a critical apprai- sal when the federal Govern- ment might be accused, in the Opposition's view, of neglect- ing the Atlantic Alliance. In recent weeks Herr Genscher has helped to restore harmony in this -respect by commending the determination of the French leadership to maintain security and cooperate with the United States.
Practice does not always match theory, and West Ger- man policy will not run as smoothly in the coming months as' Herr Schmidt in his govern- ment statement and Herr Genscher at the "" Twelfth Night conference"" would have us believe. ' But there is a determination in Bonn to pur- sue a -productive policy on Europe, security and the alliance. The other partners should follow suit.
Bernt Conrad
Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher (left) and Herr Helmut Schmidt in earnest conversation.";"February 3, 1981";"";60842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany and the Free Democrats";""
"['From Ian Murray,', 'By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent', 'By David Smith, Economics Correspondent', 'By Edward Townsend Industrial Correspondent', 'By Pearce Wright Science Editor']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray,
Brussels
The EEC leaders have been asked to turn up early for the European summit in Milan today, to discuss in depth an idea developed in a Italian prison cell in the days of Mussolini - European Union.
Signor Altiero Spinelli, who first dreamt of the idea while imprisoned by Italy's fascist regime, masterminded the draft treaty on European Union passed by the European Parlia- ment last March.
France and Germany have now come forward with their own ideas on a treaty of union.
The treaty, with its grand schemes for federalism, is a document quite out of touch with today's political realities. But it has forced the EEC's rulers to decide to ride the tiger of change towards a more cohesive Europe.
This was necessary intermally because, for economic reasons, it was clear that something had to be done to end the procrasti- nation about creating a real common market. The internal frontiers had to start coming down and industry had to start co-operating across frontiers if it was ever to challenge American and Japanese su- premacy.
It was necessary externally because, for trading and security reasons, something had to be done to assert a European presence in the world, in such forums as the Generval Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) and Nato.
The bruising internecine warfare over the British budget
contribution had left no time for talk of change, but-when that was settled at Fontainbleau a year ago the summit immedi- ately agreed. to set up a committee to. report on what could be done.
That committee produced the Dooge Report,. named after Senator Jim Dooge, of Ireland, who chaired it. That report will form the main- reason for today's talks, backed by .the Spinelli draft. -
It will be an. excuse, because the Dooge Report does not reach any unanimous- agree. ment on the essential areas:- better decisioiV.making pro- cedures, the powers of Parlia- ment and foreign -relations. If the summit is to succeed, a realistic compromise will have to be found.
Britain, which with Denmark' and Greece is the most reluctant convert to any concept of union, has put forward verbally its concept of such a compro- mise. In recent days some other countries have unhappily rallied to it.
Essentially the British idea is to encourage more majority voting and make it much more difficult, though not impossible, to use the veto. Parliament would be involved in the preliminary consultations for drawing up any Community legislation, rather than merely being asked to give an opinion on it as it happens now. Foreign policy would be co-ordinated through a small permanent secretariat.
TERROMSM
Even closer links to defeat the menace
By I-lenry Sianhope, Diplomatic Correspondent
A tough declaration on terrorism and Europe's determi- nation to defeat it, is likely to emerge from the Milan summit, with Britain plaving a leading role in its production.
But no one is expecting instant solutions to the prob- lems posed by the TWA hijacking and Air-India disaster.
The European Community has been actively concerned over terrorism since at least 1978. when the Bonn declar- ation ruled on the prosecution of hijackers in the country where they were caught.
I he Western world's big seven, including the US and Japan, gave the subject priority at the London economic sum- mit a year ago, two months after the incident at the Libvan embassy in St James's Square.
Until recently terrorist orga- nizations have remained more or less independent of each other, preoccupied with their own objectives, such as the IRA, the Palestine Liberation
Organization, the Red Brigades in Italy or ETA in Spain.
But a wave of violence earlier this year. including 60 attacks Onl government and Nato targets in West Germany within two months, suggested that some of them. particularly the Red Army Faction in West Germnmy and Action Directe in France, had linked up.
Mr Leon Brittan, the Home Secretary, is among EEC in- terior ministers who meet once a year to plan the 12-rponth cooperation programme.
The kind of objectives which Britain is seeking are similar to those Mr Brittan set out recently before Council of Europe justice ministers.
They include an agreement not to sell arms to any state which supports international terrorism, a better exchange of information between security forces, the exclusion of known terrorists from one another's countries and strict enforce- ment of the Vienna convention on diplomatic conduct.
-meeting alongside$- will discuss international terrorism in the light of the Air-India crash and the TWA hijack. An opinion Vpoll published yesterday by the European Commnission showed that the 'British 'were most apathetic -abot European- Union, with $5 per cent saying they -were indifferent or failing to.replyB
Last year's' Fontainebleau- ,line-up meets again in Mian today.' From left: Mr Papandreou, (Greece), Mr Schloter (Dennmark), Mr -Werner (Luxemburg), Dr FitzGerald (Ireland), -Mrs- Thatcher, M Mitterrand (France), Signor Craxi
(Italy) -Mr Lubbers (The Netherlands), Mr Martens (BelgIum), and Herr Kohl (West Germany).
THE FUTURE
:A case of multiple choice
Brussels - About 300 proposals %ilIl have to be agreed by the EEC in the next six years if it is to turn into a true common market (lan Murray wsrites).
They are spelt out in a thick lVhite Paper issued a fortnight, ago by the European Com- mission, when Lord Cockfiteld,- the commissioner involved, said thev would fundamentally change our wiay of life.
He was sent to the Com- mission by Mrs Margaret
[liatcher with orders to win the unexciting post headed ""Inter- nal MNlarket"" and to use his undoubted grasp of miniscule detail to sort out a work programme needed to tear dow^n all the internal frontiers of the community, wbhich cost ilie EEC economy about £4,200 million a year.
TI'he paper has had to go into e%erything from tractor foot- plates to Britisih rabies restric- tions. It has had to bear terrorists and drug smugglers in mind. But its aim is to make it as simple for an EEC citizen to travel, work and trade in any country of the Community as it now is in his own country. -.
The summit is due to tackle the White Paper after having discussed howv to improve the decision-making procedures of thle Community.
Atlhough every nation pays lip-service to the idea of a true coimmon market, each also has its list of ""special cases"" for exemption from the 300 pro- posals. Unless decision-making canl be streamlined, the internal market vill be vetoed out of existence long before 1992. .
TRADE BARRIERS
Britain hopes to free the market from I tsftters
- By David Smith, Economics Correspondent
Britain stands to gain con- siderably if the Milan summit agrees to press on with the freeing of the internal market of the European Community.
For industry, one of the- big shocks when Britain.entered the Community :in' 1973. was to: discover not a free market but: ofe' with a range of subtle barriers to trade.
Most of those impediments still exist,. together with the widely-held view that Britain is not as good at applying them as other countries. Freeing the market would help Britain's exporters, the Confederation of *British Industry (CBI) believes. without opening up a floodgate for imports.
There would also be advan- tages for British a'nd other EEC consumers from lower costs. The CBI estimates that frontier delays cost European industry £7 billion a year, or 5 to 7 per cent of unit costs.
There' are six main British priorities at Milan for fireeing the internal market. These are cusiomn procedures, technical regulations and standards, transport, freedom in services, access to public contracts in other- EEC. countries and phased abolition of state subsidies.
Simnplification and uniform- ity of customs procedures. including the replacement of 70 different customs forffis with a single administrative document by 1988. and the speeding up of processing through. increased use of computers, should eliminate many customs delays.
British exporters have long complained of the delay and cost involved in getting a product'tested and certified for sale in another EEC mernber statc. The Milan sumfit, is expected. to give the go-ahead lo
mutual recognition of national standards, provided 'that these meet certain minimum Com- mrunity, 'health and safety requirements.
The freeing of trade in services, particularly financial services, would favour British )qompanies. At, present, in- surance- comnpanies are only permitted to offer insurance elsewhere in the EEC provided thay have'a ""place of establish- ment"" in the country con- cerned. 'The Comm-ission's compromise draft insurance directive.- proposes' freeing the insuranre'for commercial and industrial risks only, but British insurers would lik all. insurance to be'covered.
Transport. both air and road haulage, ' remains~ restricted. despite, an easing of certain restrictions on airlines over the past year.
About a fifth of all output in the EEC is purchased by government and public bodies. Around' 90 per' cent of such purchases are from the nationial
firms of the governments concerned. The adoption of mutual recognition on stan- dards would remove the excuse- f6r such national bias-and, in the. view of the CBI, open up a new market-for exporters.
Current public procurement policies cost, the Community nearly £25 billion a year, it has been estimated. With a Govern- ment which: has worked to- reduce state subsidies to indus- try, it is hardly surprising that Britain is pressing for other EEC members to do the same.
In. this respect, the Com- mission's White Paper on the internal market was disappoint- ing, contenting -itself with reporting- the extent of sub- sidies. In the absence of action, British firms could be at a disadvantage compared with heavily-subsidised competitors,
One area of freeing or ""completing"" the internal market where Britain has reacted coolly is in harmoniza- tion or ""approximation"" of i-ndirect tax rates.
EEC SUMMIT
The unreal institution
Brussels - The EEC summit or European Council to'give it its proper title - has no official role in the structure of the Community. In theory, it does not exist (Ian Murray writes).
There are three summits a year. One is in the country which holds the presidency during the six months it is in 'office. The- third is in ""a Community city"" in the first half of the year, This is -usually Brussels, but it has, been in
Luxembourg, Strasbourg and - when Britain first held -the presidency- in Rome.
The meeting is chaired by the head of state or government from the country holding the presidency.
The summit has increasingly become the place where the important Community de- cisions are taklen. This means that heads of governments have tended to find themselves bogged down in detail rather than addres grand strategies.
t-.-COMPETITION-
iAn- export T: invasion
'from.
th eEast
By Edward Townsend
Industrial Correspondent
Japan's ""laser beam'"" approach to exporting to Europe - targeting its sales efforts to specific products in narrow market sectors - is the chief reason for its huge trade imbalance with the Com- munity, which last year totalled more than $10 billion (L7.7 billion).
The imbalance has caused headaches for the Community trade ministers and resulted in the recent outburst of Mr Norman Tebbit, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, who warned of massive protec- tionist measures against Japan by the end of the year unless it adopted quanitfiable import targets.
The great fear is that if the Americans find. strict import controls against Japanese goods irresistible similar actions may be uavoidable in the EEC to prevent products excluded from the US being dumped there.
Already Europe has been saturated with Japanese tele- vision sets, video recorders, hi- fi equipment and other con- sumer electronic products, and has -faced an onslaught from manufacturers of products ranging from zips to fork lifft trucks.
There are now clear signs in the-Japanese electronics indus- try that, after the slow down in the grovith of consumer product sales, greater attention viIl be paid to the industrial and office automation fields. High value- added products like robots and office information systems, and in the longer term sophisticated home automation equipment, are fast becoming priorities.
Increasing signs of tension between the EEC and Japan are emerging. The demand from EEC foreign ministers on June 20 for 4'a clearly verifiable commitment"" from Japan to a sustained increase in imports of maitufactured goods stung the Japanese to claim that one of the major causes of the surplus was ""European industry's delay in making necessary structural adjustments"".
In Milan, ministers will again call,on Japan to spell out specific targets for increasing imports and a much more detailed plan for reducing the surplus. Proceedings under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) have not been ruled out, and European goventment heads- will want assurances that the expected next round of market-opening measures to be announced soon by Mr Yashuiro Nakasone, the Japanese Prime Minister, mwill include liberalriation of Japa- nese financial markets and the internationalization of the yen.
EEC trade dificit wvith Japan: 1979 5,105m; 1980 S8,808m; 1981 $10,342m; 1982 S9,504m; 1983 $10,402m; 1984 S10.071.
Japanese quartz watch ex- ports to EEC by volume: 1981 6,751,000; 1982 7,833,000; 1983 10,154,000; 1984 11,888,000.
-EUREKA
Mitterrand bandwagon
gathers
momentum
By Pearce Wright
Science Editor
Support is growing among European countries for the Eureka project, which President Mitterrand suggested as a more industrially applicable alterna- tive to Star Wars, the US programme of research into ballistic missile defences.
Eureka is less of a- defence project. It is aimed at develop- ing high-technology lasers, electroncs and materials for commercial and industrial tele- communications, coniputerand automation systems.
When ihe heads of govern- ment meet this -weekend, the proposal for greater technical collaboration- will be one of the key items onr the agenda.
Earlier this week, the Euro- pean Commission tabled a range of research ideas which would form the basis of a European Technnlogical Community, thereby extending M Mitterrand's-design.
Eureka is in the mould' of previous French initiatives to bridge the technology gap between Europe and the US.
Products of those endeavours include Concorde, the Eiuropean Airbus, the Superphenix fast breeder nuclear reactor and the Ariane satellite launch vehicle.
There has also been an expensive failure in a scheme which began under the title Plan Calcul to combat the American comDuter invasion.
French proposals emphasized development in lasers, optics and electronics as important elements to a Eureka -pro- gramme, but there have been fewer suggestions about how it would -be organized.
With the recent failure of five European governments (Britain, France, Italy, Spain and West Germany) to agree on the new military aircraft, prospects for a' more ambitious venture are difficult to assess. But it is that gap in the original Eureka plan which the European Com- mission's blueprint may fill.
In a White Paper to be presented by the Commission to the sumnmit, 10 areas of science and technology have been identified for Comrnunity action. They include:
* Biotechnology: The fostering of research, already under wy, into new biology-based indus- trial technologies. This is under three headings - genetic and biomolecular studies, health and medical applications, and agro-industry developments.
* Broadcasting and telecom- munications: Extending all services for wider and cheaper personal and business com- munications.
* Information computers: Concentration on the new opto- electronic and microelectronics technologies to strengthen Europe's abilities in infor- mation technology.
* New materials: Develop- ment of alloys and ceramic- based compounds stronger and lighter structures.
* Oceanic and geological tech- nology: Development of prod- ucts and services for exploiting the natural resources of the-land and sea.
Changes in the' way-the EEC. works will be the main subject discussed by'Communityilead- ers when they meet in MIilan -this morning. -The summit goals will be speedier decision- making',: as wider role for the European' Parliament and im- proved co-operation on foreign policy. The aim then is to accept a timetable. for a true, frontier-
less. comon market by 1992 The argument is betweenk coun- tries like Italy which -Ant to w.ork through an. inter-govern- mental conference: tow`ards a -new ;treaty for a new kind of *Eurpean union, and countries led- by Britain which- wnt a gentlemen's agreement. to in- crease majority voting, needing
no treaty. Foreign' ministers,
:. n*i ters,-";"June 28, 1985";"";62176;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Leaders converge on Milan with a vision of European union";""
"['George Clark European Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"The line-up for Strasbourg tomorrow
-ne Junge Union of the CDU and since 1965 has been a member of the Bundestag for Koblenz-St Goar. Member of the European Parliament since 1973 and' chairman of his .group since 1977.
He has served as a member of the bureau of Parliament and of its Political affairs committee since 1977. He is firmly committed to the ideal 'of a European Union and wants the Community to be con- cerned not just with economics and trade, but with foreign and econ- omic policy.
Mr Pieter Dankert a 47-year-old Socialist, became a secondary school teacher after studyinf history at
university. From' 1960-62, chairman of the Young Socialists in the Netherlands
later deputy international secretary of the Labour Party and a member
of the bureau of the Socialist International. From 1968-81 he was an elected member of the Dutch Parliament, where he was Labour spokesman on foreign and defence policy.
After being a member of the Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the Nato assembly, he was elected a member of the European Parliament in 1977, becoming deputy leader of the Socialist Group.
In 1979, Mr Dankert was rappor- teur for the European Parliament on the 1980 budget ind is widely recognized as the key figure in al the arguments that have arisen about the responsibility of Parlia- ment for sections of the non-obliga- tory expenditure of the Community.
Signor Marco Panel- la, aged 51, chairman of the Partito Radi- cale, is supported by the independent group (11 members). He was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1976 and tn thA
r,uropeanl Parliament in 1979. He founded the Socialist Movement for Civic Rights and Liberties, the May 13 League, in 1973.
Using unorthodox methods, such as hunger strikes, he helped to get Bills passed in the Italian Parlia- ment on divorce, conscientious objection and votes for 18-year-olds. He promoted the Italian referendum on abortion. He has a degree in jurisprudence and is recognized as an expert on parliamentary pro- cedure in Italy and Strasbourg.
Unemployment, Poland, Middle East initiatives, the energy crisis, budget- ary squabbles - all the great issues of European politics will be set aside at the opening of. tomorrow's sessionof the European Parliament in Strasbourg when the 434 mem- bers get down to the- election of *their new president.
Their task is to find a worthy successor to Madame Simone Veil, the former French Minister of Public Health and Family *Affairs, who has held the presidency for the first half of the Parliament's five- year term.
Members of the European Demo- cratic (Conservative), group hope that this time Sir James Scott- Hopkins, their leader, who has served in the Parliament since 1973, will be elected. It is high- time, they say, that the British had the honour.
Apart from presiding as Speaker over the plenary sessions of Parlia- ment (assisted by a team of vice- presidents from the 10 member countries), Madame Veil has played a key role in representing its members in official meetings with the Council of Ministers, heads of government, and the EEC Com- missioners. She is treated with the same deference and respect as that accorded to prime ministers. She has travelled widely to countries outside the Community, an ambassa- dress for Europe.
""She has done a great job publicizing the role of Parliament and its role in relation to the other institutions of the Community"", said one Conservative MEP. ""Efficient, dignified, self-possessed, she has made no- scandalous mis- takes. And she has taken a strong line in pressing Parliament's opin- ions on the., often obstructive Council of Ministers. In the Chamb- er, she has defended the minorities' rights to speak."" A lot of MEPs would like her to continue, and she could well be invited to stand again if there is a deadlock in the voting on the four candidates at present in the field. They are: Sir James Scott- Hopkins; Herr Egon Klepsch, Chris- tian Democrat from Germany; Mr Piet Dankert, the Dutch Socialist; and Signor Marco Panella, of the Radical Party inmltaly.
The procedure is for the candi- dates to be nominated for up to three ballots. Thus, the same or different candidates can be put forward for each ballot. If, after three ballots, no candidate has obtained an absolute majority of the votes-cast, a fourth ballot will be confined to the two Members with the highest number of votes in the third ballot. In the event of a tie, the elder candidate will be declared elected.
Sir James has had experience in the chair as a vice-president and although, as a former farmer, his forte is agricultural affairs, he has had wide experience in economic affairs, political affairs and external relations.
There was a great need, he said, to emphasize what MEPs could do for their constituents. ""If we stagnate, we die. We must increase the ability, of Parliament to initiate legislation. Hopefully, I can put over Parliament's case, not only to the citizens of Europe, but to the parliaments of the member states as well, and increase the cooperation between them.""
In his manifesto Sir James said:
""My first priority will be the efficient discharge of the Parlia- ment's 'advisory and supervisory' role, as laid down in the Treaty of Rome. Only in this way can we give substance to our claim for more powers in the future.""
His campaign managers claim that in addition to the 63 votes of the Anglo-Danish Conservative group, Sir James will get some support in the secret ballots from Christian Democrats and Gaullists and a few Greeks. But the second vote could add to his'chances.
The Liberals (39) made an agree- ment when Madame Veil was elected that if the Christian Democrats (now 109 votes) supported her, the Liberals would support a CD nomination this time round. The Liberals are expected to fulfil this pledge in the first vote, backing Herr Klepsch, but he is not a popular figure and if he does not get a clear majority in the first ballot, they may consider that they have done their duty and then switch to Sir James.
Members of other parties think this is over-optimistic. Some think that Sir James is brusque and too rigid in his general approach. There is no doubt that Mr Dankert, described by one of his Conservative admirers as ""an excellent chairman, poly-lingual, liked by everyone, and an unaggressive socialist"", must be the front runner. If Sir James does
Madame Simone Veil, aged 54, became the president of the first directly-elected European Parliament in July, 1979. As a teenager, she sur- vived imprisonment in the Auschwitz and
not pick up substantial support in the second ballot from other parties, itiany Conservatives will go for Mr Dankert rather than Herr Klepsch, who, on the face of it, might be thought to be closer to them politically.
But Herr Klepsch is thoroughly disliked by the Conservatives. He is considered a schemer, a wheeler- dealer politician who blotted his copy book when he was seen to be pressing the voting button of another MEP, not present at his desk, without immediately owning up. The Tories say that a man who has to keep order among 434 .MEPs and see that the rules are carried out must be ""whiter than white"" in his behaviour.
Herr Klepsch, leader of the Christian Democrats, declares in his manifesto that his great aim is European Union and that, to assert the role of Parliament, the new president should ensure that ple- nary sessions lshould be used as a platform to launch' parliamentary initiatives, and that purely technical discussions should be eliminated. Most MEPs will say ""Amen"" to that. But federal union is not vovular.
Signor Panella is the outsider, the maverick candidate, who says he is' standing to protest against the domination of official party groups which constitute ""a tumour"" and which threaten to suffocate the structure of Parliament and destroy' the rights of backbenchers. HP hizc
enjoyed a definite unpopularity since he tabled 900 amendments for one session and disrupted proceed- ings.
Now he is recognized as a formidable champion of the inde- pendents and radicals and he can claim, with some pride, that his agitation has resulted in the appoint- ment of a Board of Quaestors, whose task it is to look after the comfort and rights of backbenchers. In a secret ballot, he could pick up a considerable number of votes from thwarted MEPs of all parties. But he is not a serious challenger.
The voting strength of the parties is: Socialists, 123; Christian Demo- crats, 109; European Democrat (Conservative), 63; Communists and allies, 48; Liberals, 39; European Progressive Democrats (Gaullists), 22; Radicals, 12; and non-attached, 18.
When the three main contenders appeared at a question and answer session in December they were asked what they thought their chances were in terms of betting odds, Sir James Scott-Hopkins (known popularly within his group as ""Hop-skotch"") gave himself evens; Mr Dankert gave two-to-one for him; and Herr Klepsch dodged by replying that the question was ""too British"" for him to answer.
George Clark
European Political Correspondent
Belsen concentration camps. She qualified as a lawyer in France and became Secretary-General of the Conseil Superieur de la Magistra- ture. In 1974, President Giscard d'Estaing appointed her Minister of. Public Health, to which was added the responsibility of Minister for Family Affairs in 1978.
Her most recent act, asserting the right of the European Parliament to influence the Council of Ministers, was to sign the European Comm- unity Budget for 1982 when the ministers were still challenging the definition which the parliamen- tarians had placed upon the items of expenditure they could approve.
Sir James Scott- Hopkins, aged 60, formerly a farmer in Hampshire and Cor- nwal, has been the elected leader of the ED (Conservative) group in Parliament since June. 1979.
Served as a major in the British Army; set up the first escape route over the Pyrenees in 1940 for members of the allied forces. Member of the House of Commons, 1959-79. In 1962 was appointed junior Agricultural Minister and was Opposition spokesman on agriculture from 1964-66.
For nine years, member of the
Council of Europe and the Western European Union. One of the appointed members of- the EP in January, 1973, and elected deputy leader of the Conservative group in 1974. Gave up his. seat in the Commons and in June, 1979, was elected to the European Parliament as member for Hereford, Worcester and West Gloucestershire.
Herr Egon Alfred Klepsch, aged 51, Christian Democrat, was born in Boden- bach (Elbe). Award- ed a doctorate of
philosophy at Philips; University, Marburg. He was a member of";"January 18, 1982";"";61134;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir James makes a bid for Britain";""
"";"['News']";"bonn, March 18.-A possible summit meeting in May of heads of state of the European Economic Community would have to be preceded by a meet- ing of foreign ministers, Herr Riidiger von Pachelbel, the Foreign Ministry spokesman, said here today.
"" We expect a foreign ministers' meeting in April- certainly no later than May "" he added.-UPI.
Our Diplomatic Correspon. dent writes. There is now a growing- feeling among diplo- mats that the "" sector "" approach to Europe - the
endeavour to build a European union by way of the Treaty of Rome, through common tariffs, company regulations, transport requirements, and much else of less than cardinal importance in the policies of governments. -has failed.
What is needed, it is suggested. is the institution of a series of frequent and regular European sunimits, held in the style of British cabinet meet- ings, perhaps once a month, so that great expectations are not aroused whenever they are held.
Such a series of sumnmits
should be initiated by a num. ber of bilateral soundings, by Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, for instance, when he sees the German ministers on Thursday, but no one Euro- pean minister should seek the credit for the endeavour to get Europe off to a new start.
It is in the relaxed atmosphere of the luncheon which President Pompidou gave to the other European heads of government in 1972 that Europe could get. to the heart of the matter, the establishment of a European political com- munity.";"March 19, 1974";"";59042;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Support for regular EEC summits";""
"";"['News']";"The European Union of Women, whose membership is drawn from the centre and right political parties of 11 countries, have chosen "" Europe and the developing countries"" as the theme of their fourth general assembly, which is being held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Ken- sington, this week.
The assembly got off to a good start yesterday with consideration of the econo- mic side. Mr. Hugh Fraser, Under- Secretary for the Colonies, provoked a lively discussion when. as Principal speaker, he referred to the United Kingdom contri- bution. This, he said, was creating its Problems, but the needs were still greater than they could meet. He would like to see more aid coming from other European countries, particularly western Germany.
The Soviet Union contributed only about one-tenth of the aid given by the United States, themselves, and other western coun- tries, but it seemed that the Russians had won a great propaganda battle by the appli- catioa of their aid. This was a point wvhich western governments were consider- ing.
The impact of the Soviet way of life on students from overseas who had been to Russia had not, however, been what the Russians had expected, while in some countries Promises of Soviet aid had not been fulfilled. The Soviet drive in some of the developing countries was already beginning to play back and the strings attached to Russian aid were being seen in all their ""ruthless reality .
Picture. page 20.";"July 25, 1961";"";55142;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian Aid With Strings";""
"['By Philip Webster, Political Reporter']";"['News']";"By Philip Webster, Political Reporter
A European parliamentary delegation, led by .a British Conservative, is to press Britain next month to accept a. more sparing use of the veto in Community decision-making as a contribution to greater Euro- pean unity and co-operation.
MEPs led by Mr Christopher Jackson (East Kent) will see Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretary, on April 24 as part of Parliament's efforts to persuade member gov4rnments to adopt the controvefsial new treatv on European union which it passed last year.
The treaty's key proposal, opposed by Britain, is that the veto would be phased out over 10 years.- The veto has been blamed for stultifying the Community's growth because of the power it gives a single
government to stop anv initia- tive of which it disapproves.
However much countries like Britain may dislike the treaty, they are being forced to give it serious consideration because of its provision that if it is ratified by a majority of the member states. comprising more than two-thirds of the Community's total population, it can be brought into force.
The prospect exists, there- fore, that the original six members of the Community could go ahead and adopt the treaty in view of their profound dissatisfaction with the way the Community has developed.
British MEPs believe the Government may be prepared to accept a system under which countries who use the veto must explain their reasons.";"March 4, 1985";"";62077;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"MEPs will press Britain to accept veto change";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR- CORRESPONDENT
I PORT OF SPAIN, MAY 31
The dissolution of the West Indies Federation takes place at midnight tonight. In a farewell broadcast put out by all the West Indies radio stations tonight, Lord Hailes, the Governor- General, expressed bitter disappoint- ment- at the failure of the Federation. But he said: -"" Of course, this is not the end When I think of the centuries it took to weld the Briltish people together, and all in one island, there can certainly be no room for despair.""
Lord Hailes urged that there should be determined efforts after dissolution to pre- serve existing regional services. By this, he meant services of cultural and social value, not only economic.
He doubted whether anyone could believe that small un:ts of authoritY were nowadays better than large groupings. ""After all,"" he said, "" if Britain, a powerful nation with long and proud traditions. is considering the need to integrate her economy in a wider European union and therefore relin- quish some of her sovereignty, much smaller and weaker countries can scarcely afford to ignore the meaning of such a wind of change.""
Lord Hailes concluded: ""I pray that, in spite of the apparent prospect of indepen- dence being achieved on a territorial rather than a West Indian basis, all eyes will remain fixed on the broader Caribbean scene, and that always statesmanship will triumph over insularity and policies over personalities.""";"June 1, 1962";"";55406;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. Indies Plea For Broad View";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDrNT
BRUSSELS, JULY 29
The Foreign Ministers of the six Common Market countries this aftermoon started a two-day meeting. The chairmnan is Dr. Josef Luns, Foreign Minister of the Netherlands, and his first announcement was expected -to be the British acceptance of a proposal by the Common Market for regular talks on European problems through the seven nations' Western European Unson.
The proposal for quatrly ministerial. meetings through the Western European Union has been accepted after strong opposition by France.
Dr. Luns has always been in favour ot direct oontacts between the Conimon Market and Britain, but he has admitted the point of view of the two other Benelux countries, Belgium and Luxembourg, and of Germany and Italy; all of them insist- ing that there was no other way to renew contacts and to regularize their relations with Britain after the January breakdown of the British bid for membership.
During the fifternoon the Ministers vere informed of the dedarations of General de Gaulle at his press conference. Diplomatic observers consider that General de Gaulile did not say anything remarkable about Europe, but th believe that his intentions to speed up tbe European economic unity constitutes a step towards the resuning of real nego- tiations with Britain.
Among the problems wihich will be studied tomorrow is that of the plans to merge the executives of the three separate European communities, the Common Market, Euratom, and die European Com- munity for Coal and Steel.";"July 30, 1963";"";55766;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers Confer In Brussels";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"Conversations among the four western Foreign Ministers in Paris during the weekend were largely devoted to the problem of the level at which a meeting should be sought with Russia. There is strong American opposition to the British suggestion for an early four-Power meeting of heads of Government.
On Saturday the Ministers attended the inaugural meeting of Western European Union, which brings Germany and Italy into partnership with the former Brussels Treaty Powers in a defensive alliance linked with N.A.T.O.
FIRST MEETING
OF W.E.U.
COOPERATION ON
ARMAMENTS
From Our Special Correspondent
PARIS, MAY 8
It has been a crowded weekend for the Foreign Ministers assembled here. Meetings have continued almost non- atop since Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Dulles arrived yesterday.
To-day the Ministers were mainly occupied with the twin problems of the revel and scope of four-Power talks. The British suggestion of discussions at Prime Minister level in the near future has evidently been opposed by President Eisenhower, and is likely to be dropped. Among other questions considered has been a draft Note that might be sent to Mr. Molotov at the Warsaw con- ference, opening on May 11, at which Russia and her seven European satellites are to set up a "" unified military ComMand "" for eastern Europe.
The Note would, no doubt, make clear western readiness for a four-Power confer- ence on European security and disarmament, but there was no final decision by the Mini- sters to-day on the next step to be taken or the agenda to be proposed, and in any event they will submit their view to the N.A.T.O. Council before any action is taken. A Note is likely to be sent, for there are evident advantages in laying western views before Mr. Molotov at the start of the Warsaw confetence.
NO MAJOR CHANGE
The officials' study in London last week of the best approach to Russia has produced no major change in the western position- that Germany should be united through free elections and should then be free to choose her allies. Meanwhile, Dr. Adenauer is known to have strongly denied reports from Bonn that after a gradual withdrawal of east ind west forces the Federal Republic might renounce the N.A.T.O. alliance as the price of unification. It is, however, being sug- gested by some N.A.T.O. representatives
re that a scaling down of forces on both sides of Europe might be proposed, coupled with a system of inspection and control on the lines laid down for Western European Union.
The events of the weekend can be told briefly. On arrival yesterday, Mr. Dulles and Mr. Macmillan first met to discuss the British suggestion for an early four-Power meeting between the Prime Ministers. Then Mr. Dulles met M. Faure, the French Prime Minister, and M. Pinay, the Foreign Minis- ter, to discuss Indo-China, and they were joined later by Mr. Macmillan. After this Mr. Macmillan lunched with M. Pinay and the discussion on Indo-China was continued.
This afternoon Mr. Dulles, Mr. Mac- nillan, and M. Pinay met at the Quai d'Orsay to discuss exchanges in Vienna and the possibility of an early Austrian treaty. It is now confidently expected that the Minis- ters will fly to Vienna to complete the work of the Ambassadors there. The treaty itself s ild be ready for signature, but the question of a guarantee of Austrian neutrality may take longer. It is understood that the Ministers will go to Austria only if it is agreed that the guarantee can be nego- tiated later, but there have been indications that the Russians will agree to this.
APPROACH TO RUSSIA
The three Foreign Ministers also dis- cussed the approach to four-Power talks with Russia on Germany, and they were joined in this by Dr. Adenauer, who was accomnpanied by Professor Hallstein, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Herr Blankenhorn, who will be the first Germnan permanent representative on the N.A.T.O. Council.
Later, Dr. Adenauer stated that there was agreement in principle on the proposal to hold a four-Power conference, but he added that some points of detail had still to be examined. When the discussion on four- Power talks ended, Dr. Adenauer and M. Pinay had a further short talk together, which, it is understood, concerned the Saar agreement. This evening Mr. Dulles and M. Pinay dined together, and Mr. Macmillan and Hr. Lange, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, were guests at the Danish Embass.
The talks between Mr. Dulles and {r. Macmillan seent now to have disposed of the suggestion for a Prime Ministers' meet- ing. In their first discussion Mr. Macmillan is understood to have emphasized that the suggestion was made for a limited time and purpose, to set the ball rolling and map out the times in which later discussions should proceed. It was not made with the hope that the four Prime Ministers could achieve any immediate results.
PRESIDENT'S RELUCTANCE Mr. Dulles may have been some- what persuaded by this, and in anv event was careful later not to oppose the idea strongly. Clearly he had to refer to President Eisenhower, who is known to be most reluctant for many reasons to leave the United States and attend a conference. unless carefully prepared at lower levels in advance. It was also strongly suggested here. bowever, that the Britisb proposal was made too suddenly and with an eye to the elections. and was a change from previous Britisb
views.
Americans here are now saying that the four Foreign Ministers might approach Mr. Molotov, possibly in Vienna, and suggest that the Foreign Mlnisters could meet again conveniently at San Francisco when the tenth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations is celebrated there in June.
The N.A.T.O. Council n'eeting which opens to-morrow morning will be relatively plain sailing. First, at the public session the Foreign Ministers will welcome the new member, Germany. and Dr. Adenauer will reply. Everyone here wishes to make the Germans feel "" at home in the club,"" and 5erman representatives are obviously eager to be received as full members, but behind the good wishes and mutual congratulations there lurks often, it should be said, some unspoken trepidation, lest German opinion may be beguiled by a proposal from ussia for unification and may yet, sooner or later, break off the presrnt engagement.
WELCOMING GERMANY
It is this thought which makes the dis- cussions on the scope of a four-Power meet- ing the crux and enigma of the present week, and which amid current doubts makes Dr. Adenauer and others here evidently all the more determined to proceed undeviatingly with the integration of the Federal Republic Into the western system.
After the welcome to Germany the council will hear the secretary-general's report. This is a routine progress report which covers, however, some important topics such as pre- parations in the N.A.T.O. countries for civil
defence and arrangements for shipxping stockpiling of commodities and food, and allocation of manpower in advance of an emergency.
The council meeting will subsequently be almost wholly devoted to a review of the prospects of negotiating with Russia on Germany. Austria, and European security.
The council wiUl turn for the first time to questions outside the territorial scope of WN.A.T.O. itself. Mr. Menderes, the Turkish Prime Minister and Forei- Minister, will give an account of the erkey-Iraq pact, and Mr. Macmillan will also speak on the Middle East. Mr. Dulles, it is expected. will make a statement on Formosa (there has been no discussion of the Far East as yet in the informal meetings), and the Turkish delegation will give an account of the Ban- dung conference. Turkey is the only NA.T.O. member who was represented at it.
Meanwhile, the organization of Western European Union has been formally brought into being, at the meeting in the British Embassy last night. Germany and Italy have thus Joined the former Brussels Treatv Powers (Blitain, France, and the Benelux countries) in a defensive alliance linked with N.A.T.O., with provision for controiin the uppe,r limit of the forces of each or the continental members. This, in practice, giVes France a veto on any excessive German rearmament, but it is also regarded with
Mr. Dulles, Mr. Maemillan, and M. Pinay, who are attending the conference of Foreign Minittea In Pari photographed wdJii M. Faure, the French Prime Minster (right) before
the tlks began.
justification as a step forward on the road to western European integration.
After the meeting a communiqWd stated that the council of Western European Union bad met under the chairmanship of Mr. Macmillan, had approved the international status of the new organization, and had appointed M. Louis Goffin, Belgian Ambas- sador in Teheran and formerly Ambassador in Moscow, as secretary-general. The council appointed as assistant secretary- general Dr. von Etzdorf of Germany and Mr. Peter Fraser of Britain. who was formerly on. the staff of the Brussels Treaty organization. The post of head of the agency for the Control of Armaments has gone, as expected, to an Italian, Vice-Admiral Ferreri, who was formerly naval attach6 in Paris, and in 1948 Chief of Naval Staff.
STANDING COMMITTEE
The communiqud also announced the creation within the W.E.U. of a standing committee on armaments, composed of nationals of the W.E.U. countries, with its seat in Paris. The secretary of the commit- tee will be M. Charles Christofini (France). Its task will be "" the development of the closest possible cooperation between member countries of the W.E.U. in the field of armaments, in order to seek the most prac- tical means of using resources available to their countries for equipping and supplying their forces and of sharing tasks in the best interests of all."" To facilitate close liaison with N.A.T.O., the committee will be in Paris.
The first meeting of the W.E.U. Assembly composed of the representatives of the Brussels Treaty Powers on the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, has also been organized. It will be held at Strasbourg at the same time as the next meeting of the Consultative Assembly.
Yesterday's inau8ural meeting of W.E.U. did not complete the study of all questions on the agenda, and a second meeting will be held, probably on Tuesday afternoon, to consider the future administration of the Saar and the appointment of a commissioner for the territory. It is not thought likely now that a British commissioner will be appointed.
A dispatch from our Paris Correspondent on the Ministers' talks regarding Viet Nam Is ob page 8.";"May 9, 1955";"";53215;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers Discuss Level Of 4-Power Talks";""
"['FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT
America's two most influential trade union leaders-Mr. George Meany, president of the American Federation of Labour and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and Mr. Walter Reuther, former head of the C.I.O.-have been appointed to act as fraternal delegates to the British Trades Union Congress in Blackpool it? September.
The appointment of two delegates of such stature is unprecedented and it is believed it may be intended as a gesture indicating the intention of the American leaders to try to smooth over the conflicts which have divided them from European union Icaders in recent years.
This view is strengthcned by the fact that the A.F.L.-C.I.O. have decided to withdraw proposals for revising the structure of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions which caused offence to other inter- national union leaders when thev were put forward at the end of last year and which threatened to provoke acute controversy at the congress of the I.C.F.T.U. to be held in Tunis next month.
Almost from its inception the I.C.F.T.U. has been troubled by A.F.L. attacks on its administration on the grounds that it has not been sufficiently vigorous in its opposi- tion to Communism or to colonialism ot on similar grounds. If these attacks were to be brought to an end, and there were to develop close collaboration between the American and European trade union leaders. ihe position and influence of the I.C.F.T.U. would be greatly strengthened.";"June 21, 1957";"";53873;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Union Leaders To Visit Britain";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL']";"['News']";"By A. M. RENDEL
Britain gave an official wel- come through a Foreign Office spokesman yesterday to the French decision to return to Western European Union, but there are wide differences of view about the agreement reached-but not signed yet- between the Six in Luxem- bourg.
The British Government are. still trying to get agreement that they should take part in any future discussions between the Six on the political con- struction of Europe. A final
decision will not be taken by. the Six until a mneeting between their Foreign Ministers during the Nato conference in Rome towards the end of May;
The British and French views on what has been achieved appear to differ importantly. It is understood in London that the French Government is con- tent that European political construction should be one of the subjects regularly discussed in W.E.U. If this is correct, much of the British contention that Britain should take part from the start in any political discussions has in practice been recognized.
However, it is not certain that the agreement reached be- tween the Six in Luxembourg will mean in practice that it is up to W.E.U. to discuss Euro- pean political construction. One sentence *in the agreement reads: "" The members agree that they will not discuss any W.E.U. technical or economic problems relating to the en- largement of the European Community, nor political ques- tions directly connected with";"April 22, 1970";"";57850;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Whitehall's doubt over WEU";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
In connexion with the reported state- ment by Herr Strauss. the German Defence Minister, on Tuesday that it would be necessary to amend the Western European Union treaty to enable Germany to produce certain types of weapons, it was learnt in Lon- don yesterday that the Federal Republic had already given notice to W.E.U. of its request to be enabled to produce anti- tank missiles.
Under the treaty it is permitted to pro- duce small anti-aircraft missiles. but not anti-tank missiles. No request has been made for permission to produce other weapons, the manufacture of which is for- bidden to Germany in the treaty (atomic, biological, and chemical).
One view held in London is that the German Government will not wish to pro- duce its own atomic weapons, but will prefer to rely on American supplies in view of the enormouIs capital cost of setting up an atomic weapons industry. In any event it is clear from reports from Bonn that preparations for Germany to receive the shorter range missiles are going ahead.
RUSSIA UNYIELDING ON
UNIFICATION
MoscoNv. March 20.-Russia has reaffirmed to west Germany that it is firmly against any proposals to discuss German unification at summit talks, the Tass agency said to-day. The Soviet view was made known in an aide-rnemnoire delivered in Bonn yesterday. The aide-nzdenoire said the question of German reunification "" can- not be solved by anybody save the interested parties.""-Reuter.";"March 21, 1958";"";54105;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anti-Tank Missiles For Germany";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The council of Western European Union met yesterday in London and later announced approval of the British proposal to withdraw 8,500 men from the mainland of Europe as part of the general defence planning for 1958-59. The statement recalled that the British Government had proposed withdrawing some forces from Europe in February, 1957, and that after consulting General Norstad the council of W.E.U. had agreed to the withdrawal of a part of these forces during 1957-58.
The cooperative attitude shown by the allies in this decision was welcomed at the Foreign Office.
It was originally proposed to withdraw 27,000 men from Germany in 1957-58, but, on General Norstad's advice, it was decided to spread the withdrawal of that number over two years. Accord- ingly 13,500 will have been withdrawn by the end of the present financial year; the 8,500 to be withdrawn in the next financial year will raise the number to 22,000.
A decision on the remaining 5,000- the ""strategic reserve ""- has not yet been made. An important factor will be the solution found for the problem of ""local defence costs in Germany,"" as Lord Mancroft, Minister without Portfolio, described them in the defence debate in the Lords on January 22.
He said that the Government had put the problem before the Atlantic Council and now looked with confidence to "" our N.A.T.O. allies to suggest a speedy solution.""";"January 30, 1958";"";54062;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Troop Withdrawals From Germany";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, DEc. 9
When the debate in the' Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe was resumed here to-day Herr Lutgens (Germany, Social Democrat) expressed opposition to the Paris agreements, though he recognized that ithey were an improvement on the European Defence Community. He claimed that the incorporation of German forces in the forces of the North -Atlantic Treaty Organization represented a political danger, for it would prevent the -peaceful reunification of his country.
He said that in the view of his friends a reunified'Germany would not be bound by agreements that might be entered into by western Germany.
Lord John Hole (Britain, Conservative) said that the British Government held that negotia- tions with the Russians should not take place until after the ratification of the agreements, when a common purpose and stability had been established in the west. The British Government favoured the establishment of the closest possible relations between Western European Union and the Council of Europe, and approved of the new assembly's drawing on the secretatiat of the Council of Europe; this would be in accordance with the Eden plan. He thought the Council of Europe had done rrtankind an immense service by keeping its nerve, in the face of threats from the east and wishful thinking in the west. Only the joint patience and strength of Europe could dissuade the conqueror from his mission.";"December 10, 1954";"";53111;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Timing Of Talks With Russia";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT I
Signor Saragat, the Italian Foreign Minister, who as leader of the Social Democratic Party, holds a key position in the Italian coalition Government. will have a remarkable full day of talks with British Ministers on Wednesday. Ht is coming to London as a guest of the British Government a dav in advance of the Ministerial Council meeting of Western European Union, which follows on Thursday and Friday immediately after his one-day official visit.
First, he will call on Mr. R. A. Buler, the Foreign Secretary, for an hour, and then Sir Alec Douglas-Home at 10 Down- ing Street. After this there will be a work- ing luncheon given by Mr. Butler, followed by further talks, Signor Saragat will also meot Mr. Heath, Secretary of State for Industry, Trade, and Regional Develop- ment, for drinks in the evening, and Mr. But!er is later giving a dinner at Lancaster House.
Signor Saragat's visit follows his talks in Washington, while accompanying Signor Segni, the Italian President. and also the Anglo-German talks with Dr. Erhard and Herr Schrdder on Wednesday and Thurs- day in London. Dr. Erhard and Herr Schrtder are soon to visit Italy. The talks with Signor Saragat arc therefore part of the pattern of continuing meetinigs between western leaders, but in particular they will also be a preparation for the W.E.U. meet- ing in London.";"January 20, 1964";"";55913;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Saragat's London Talks";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The following list shows some of the principal events on the international diplomatic calendar at the end of the Paris meetings -
To-day.-President Eisenhower to Rabat,
then to Washington. Resumed meet- ing of Atlantic Council, Paris.
January 8-16, 195O.-President CGronchi to
Ml oscow.
January 12.-Nuclear Tests Conference
resumes. Geneva
January 14.-Ministerial Council of
O.E.E.C.. Paris
January 18.-Foreign Ministers of Euro-
pean Economic Community (the ""Common Market "") meet. Brussels. January 19-22.-Dr. Adenauer to Rome.
January (late-Foreign Ministers of E.E.C.
meet, Rome.
February (early).-Ministerial Council of
Western European Union. London.
February (second half).---President of
Peru to London (official visit).
March 15-Z7.-Mr Khrushchev to Paris. March 15 (about).-Proposed meeting of
10-Power disarmament comtission, Geneva.
March (middle).-Mr. Macmillan and Mr.
Selwyn Lloyd to Rome.
April 5-8.-President de Gaulle to London
(state visit).
April (dates not definite).-President de
Gaulle to Washington.
April 27.-Proposed date for beginning
of east-west summit meeting.
May 1.-Atlantic Council Meeting.
Istanbul.
May 3-I1.-Conference of Common-
wealth Prime Ministers, London.
Spring (dates not definite).-President
Eisenhower to Soviet Union.
July 11-15.-Democratic Party Conven-
tion. Los Angeles.
July 19-21..--King and Queen of Thailand
to London (state visit).
July 25-29.-Republican Party Conven-
tion, Chicago.
Novermber-Presidential election, United
States.
""Next Year"" (1960).-Prime Ministcr of i Afghanistan to London.";"December 22, 1959";"";54650;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Timetable Of Events";""
"['From David Wood']";"['News']";"Frorn David Wcnnd
Paris, June 2
Mr Fred Mulley, Defence Secretary from 1976 to 1979, was today unainimously elected presidenit of the assembly ot the Western European Union, the parliamentary body of sia- natories to the Brussels treaty.
A contest wvith an Italian candidate was aroided at group meetings before the Whitsun. sittings began.
Looking ahead to a two-day debate on the darkening inter- national scene and West Europe's defence, Mr Mulley commented: "" We must avoid over-simple solutions, which I believe our North American friends are sometimes apt to seek "".
He also reminded the assembly that he had been not only a Defence Minister but a Minister for disarmament as well.
Durinig Mi- Mulley's term as president, some parliame;r- tarians here believe, moi-e im- portance will be attached to a European armaments pra- gramme. Questions are being canvassed privately about the Amei-ican commitment to pro. vide a nuclear shield for West Eunrope and the part West Germany ma- play under the pressure of international events.
Differences between Presi- dent Carter and the govern- ments of the Nine over the Middle East, and the sense ol insecurity that accompanies any American presidential election, overshadow the assembly.
Dr Christoph van der Klaauw, the Netherlande Foreign Minister, dismissed any suggestion that XVest Europe now had to choose be- tween American policy and detente.
The West would have to pay greater attention to the strate- gic changes taking place, especially in Asia.";"June 3, 1980";"";60641;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Warning to WEU from Mr Mulley";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMAnC CORRESPONDENT
Signor Saragat, the Italian Foreign Minister, arrived at London Airport yester- day evening after a journey somewhat delayed by fog. He has come for an inten- sive day of talks with British Ministers- including Sir Alec Dougtas-Home-largely as a prelude to the meeting of Western European Union at Lancaster House tomorrow and on Friday.
Signor Saragat, as leader of the Social Democratic Party in Italy, holds a crucial position in the present coalition On his arrival yesterday, he said that he would be discussing with British Ministers east-west relations, the prospects for European political union, disarmament, and the Kennedy round of tariff negotiations.
MULTILATERAL FORCE
It is understood that the agenda for the talks today includes, in addition to future European developtnents, an exchange of views on the proposed multilateral Polaris force of surface vessels. Britain and Italy. with Belgium and Holland have recently decided to take part in the mixed-manning of the rmissile-carrying destroyer that the United States Govemment has offered for testing the multilateral concept.
The talks on European political union may be of particular interest. There is now a feeling in several of the Cornmon Market countries that their political integration should be further developed. There is no agreement on the method.
The British Government's position is that they would wish to be fully consulted before new Political institutions are evolved.";"January 22, 1964";"";55915;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Saragat In London";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Nov. 5
Lord Kennet, the Labour peer, said at the 17-ination Council of Europe's Assembly today that the question of Britain joining the Common Market ""does not depend very much on Britain "". Referring to the way France broke off the Brussels negotiations in January, 1963, he said there was a cer- tain amount of "" political sensitivity about the process of cxclusion "".
He nevertheless reaffirmed the Gov- ernment's commitments "" not simply to continue cooperation in Europe, but to completing European unity "".
Lord Kennet welcomed a draft recom- mendation before the Assembly which called on the commnittee of Ministers to hold ""regular confrontations on the economic p-ositions of the Common Market and European Free Trade Association "". He said Britain's contacts with the Common Market and Western European Union were ""partly good, partly bad "".
It would be useful if other Efta countries were to meet the Six, too. through the Council of Europe. The Six and all the members of Efta, except Portugal, belong to the Council.
Earlier today, Mr. Fimn Moe, a Norwe- gian socialist. who introduced the Assem- bly's political reports, made a reasoned appeal in favour of the multilateral force. He claimed the danger of nationalism in Europe as well as "" European nationalism "" was growing. ""If the mixed manned force is the only way of avoiding national nuclear forces, then I am for it"". he said-";"November 6, 1964";"";56162;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's European Commitments";""
"['By Arthur Reed Air Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Arthur Reed
Air Correspondent
A total ban on aircraft move- ments at night from all airports near cities in Britain is to be sought by the Local Authori- ties' Aircraft Noise Council. Most main airports now re- strict the operation of jets at night.
The decision to press for the closure of main airports to all traffic between 10 pm and 7 am was made after a meeting in London- yesterday with repre- sentatives of the European Union. Against Aircraft Nuis- ance. They produced evidence of thie bad effect of aircratt noise on people living close to Continental airports, and said the mental and physical health of such people had improved after the closure of airports at night.
The council plans to press the Government to instruct the British delegation at the Inter- national Civil Aviation Organi- zation, the United Nations avia- tion body, to support the French Government in moves towards a progressive phasing. out of noisy aircraft by 1985. The cost would be financed by a surcharge on air tickets.
A further approach to the Government was agreed to obtain the restoration of the right of British citizens to sue airlines or airports over noisy aircraft. The right was removed by the Air Navigation Act, 1920.
The council decided on that course at the prompting of its European colleagues, who sug- gested that it was possible in the meantime to sue foreign airlines making noise at British airports in their own countries.";"November 16, 1976";"";59862;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anti-noise group seeks ban on air traffic at night";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. AuG. 4
Dr. Schr6der, the west German Foreign Minister, is to pay a onc-day visit to London on August 14 for con-
versations with Lord Home. He will thus get a direct report of the Moscow treaty signing and of the accomoanying exploratory talks from the Foreign Secretary.
Dr. Schroder yesterday saw both Mr. George McGhee, the American Ambas- sador, and Mr. Smirnov, the Soviet Ambassador, about the treaty. He repeated the Federal Government's reservations and fears that signing the agreement could result in international recognition of the east German com- munist regime being brought a step nearer.
To Mr. McGhee he is also understood to. bave repeated the German Govern- rment's wish for diplomatic Notes to be sent to the neutrals by the United States and Britain, to put on record that they do not regard the signing as any kind of recognition of east Germany.
Dr. Schrdder's Londoa visit forms part of the regular exchange of views between Bonn and London, and matters such as the new contacts in October within the Western European Union between Britain and the Common Market will be discussed.
Mr. McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defence, will see Dr. Adenauer again tomorrow. He has been in west Germany since last Wednesday and postponed his return home today, at President Kennedy's wish, in order to call again on the Chancellor.";"August 5, 1963";"";55771;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Schroder To Visit London";""
"['FROM OUR MILITARY CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR MILITARY CORRESPONDENT
The Ministry of Defence, in a state- ment last night on the meeting in London yesterday between M. Bourges- Maunoury, the French Minister of Defence, and Mr. Duncan Sandys, said:-
"" M. Bourges-Maunoury put forward certain proposals for closer collaboration on defence between Britain and France within the framework of the Western European Union, with particular reference to research and production. It was decided that these proposals should be further examined by representatives of the two Governments after which it is likely that Mr. Sandys will pay a return visit to Paris to continue the discussions.""
On his arrival at London airport M. Bourges-Maunoury said that his greatest desire was ""to try to put together British and French money and brains to create more efficient and less expensive mutual defence.""
POOLING OF RESEARCH
The two main subjects discussed yester- day were the proposed cuts in the strength of the British Army of the Rhine and the pooling of research and production. One of the difficulties in the latter subject is that, if the French are asked to rely on Britain for atomic weapons, Britain must equally be prepared to rely on France for other important weapons. One possibility is that Britain might use French helicopters. It is unlikely, however, that any firm agree- ment will be made until the negotiations for the adoption by Britain of certain American weapons are concluded.";"February 15, 1957";"";53766;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cooperation With France";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY 7
The debate in the Assembly of Western European Union on the state of European security went on all day to-day ranging over such subjects as British troop reductions in Europe, the inade- quacy of present European defences, and the desirability or not of abolishing thermo-nuclear bomb tests. The dis- cussion was on the whole serious and valuable. But overhanging the general prospect was the motion tabled last night by 12 delegates censuring the Council of Ministers for the manner in which they approved the British troop reductions in Germany.
This motion is not to be voted upon before to-morrow so that there is plenty of time for the behind-the-scenes negotia- tions in which the Strasbourg assemblies seem to excel. There appears to be a strong feeling among all the British delegates that the motion should be withdrawn or at least sharply amended. Nobody supposes that its acceptance would make any difference to the British Government's resolve to with- draw the troops-indeed, the sponsors of the motion emphasized that its purpose is not specifically to criticize the British.
The motion is therefore reduced to an expression of hurt feeUngs on the part of some of the delegates at not having been sufficiently consulted or informed by the
finisters in this matter. Its acceptance by the Assembly would, however, give an uiifortunate impression of disunity to the outer world, unversed in the niceties of Sttasbourg procedure.
DEFENCE ANXIETIES
Several speakers to-day dwelt on the de- pressing impact left by the report, presented yesterday, of the defence committee. Mr. Goedhart (Netherlands, Socialist) thought that the inadequacies which it revealed in the European defences were ""ahrming,"" and Mr. Kenneth Younger (United King- dom, Labour) found the report "" profoundly depressing,"" above all for the lack of inter- national coordination which it showed. Another British Socialist, Mr. Edwards, was unable to accept the report in what he called all its apparent omniscience.
Mr. Younger wanted to know whether the deficiencies referred to in the report were admitted by national Governments ? If the picture drawn by the defence committee was true, then this was a ""terrible record "" of the way in which over the last eight years the taxpayers' money had been spent.
Apart from the censure motion, the ques- tions of British troop reductions and of the White Paper on Defence preoccupied many speakers. Mr. Goedhart thought that the new British policy was inopportune and re- grettable. M. Teitgen (France, M.R.P.) considered that it had contributed to the
o
present crisis in Westem European Union- though he, as one of the authors of the censure motion, said that Britain had behaved completely correctly and within her rights in bringing the matter before W.E.U., whose Ministers had been at fault by the way in which they dealt with it.
Signor Pecoraro (Italy, Christian Demo- crat) disagreed with the censure motion and believed the British White Paper to be a far- seeing and justifiable document.
But the greater part of to-day's speeches were devoted to aspects of nuclear warfare. Last evening Mr. Holt (United Kingdom. Liberal) and Herr Erler (Germany, Social Democrat) feared the result of arming all the nations of the alliance with nuclear weapons, and another delegate wanted Dr. Albert Schweitzer's statement on nuclear bomb tests to be made available to the Assembly. This afternoon another German Social Democrat referred again to Dr. Schweitzer, whose remarks he thought, could not simply be written off as those of an idealist with no knowledge of politics. Mrs. Slater (United Kin dom, Labour) spoke of the horrifying ef ects of fall-out and wanted nuclear bomb tests stopped while further efforts were made to reach an international agreement.
On the other side, there was wide accept- ance of the position explained by M. Spaak yesterday-that multilateral disarmament is impossible and that to be adequately defended it must be possible for all the western nations to have nuclear weapons. M. Teitgen drew a dark picture of the world in which only Russia and the United States had nuclear weapons, and Mr. Bennett (United Kingdom, Conservative) argued that there must be bomb tests to show the potential aggressor that the west could retaliate.
M. Temple (France, Independent) took up a point in M. Spaak's speech of yester- day when he said that the only way to prevent innocent people from getting killed was to prevent all types bf war, not just to outlaw nuclear war. It would not help the innocent victims if the West were disarmed and the Russians were not.";"May 8, 1957";"";53835;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Expected To Vote To-Day On British Forces Cuts";""
"['Professor Walter Hallstein']";"['News']";"* Professor-Walter
Hallstein
former president of the - EEC Commission
natively, it. is left to the so-called summit conferences .to take a deci- sion. But the outcome of such a conference is not binding, since it has no basis in' the treaty. and it is quite uncertain whether it will be respected. . Experience to date is anything but;encouraging.
- 'The resolutions as a rule confirm In already existing situtaion atid thley can also'be unimaginably in- significant (Copenhagen 1973). Many of these objections could easily be removed by a meeting of the heads of government in the council. ""Sum- mit table talks"" are a particularly problematical new and more involved form of non-binding sum- mit-talks. A diffuse situation is-thus created . at the highest level of government and the small states especially become unnecesarily worried.
The same applies to the selection of the participants; the president of the Commission should figure prominently in this connexion. Generally the attitude of the- govern- ments to the authority of the -Com- mission-which according to the terms of the treaty ranks equally with 'them-is not only neglectful but often wilfully disparaging.
The position of the European Parliament is yet another point of contention. Here too the treaty is being infringed by repeated action. The members should ultimately be
The European Community is obviously going through a difficult 'phase. Why?
The Community's main problem-is its ability to act. The Community must .be "".governed"", but. instead there is a 'danger- that it may. degen- erate to an administration. -The solu- tion of the Treaty of Rome, which has been called supranational, is dominated and motivated in the pur- uit:of .political goals by. the - fmuia-
.ental idea that progress cannot--be blocked by one state's veto.
Therefore, of the public powers exercised.by the Community, the administration of justice is entrusted to one organ (the European Court), while legislation and government are effected by a dual process, by which- representatives of the member states tthe: Council of Ministers) and'an. exclusively Community' organ (the Commission) act in concert with one another.
A qualified majority suffices for resolutions proposed by the Com- mission; by its proposal the Com- mission guarantees the minority that its defeat is justified. This method has brought. great benefits. How- ever, it fell into disuse when the practice of the Council of Ministers, in contravention of the treaty, went over to the rule- of unanimity.
Who is responsible for the difficul- ties ?
The governments are. acting now like a diplomatic conference. They b'egin the discussion not with the
. of the advantage to the ,oradnTuity but with their own indi- vidual interests in mind, so that, in the end, the outcome is determined by- the lowest common denominator.
In addition, they have recently displayed a tendency. to avoid deci- sions. In 1973 no fewer than 300 of 'the Commission's initiatives were waiting to be dealt with, or alter-
elected', directly,;. .ndirect election, through the national parliainents: is, applicable: only at the outset. But the European Parliament's prxo- posals-for direct election have been -p,ending .in 'the council since 1960.
So there. are no -European elections. . N.or. hasthere been any developmehnt of.. European -parties;
What steps should be tiken to solve. these difficulties? -.
Our watchword must be ""back"" or rather "" forward to the treaty."". The sanfe 'is tue with regard to the "" European Union'?. :The .Nris sum-; mit 'conference 'aiti he end of- 1972 called for '""the' fransforimation. of ihe totality -of the relations -of the . member- states into a European
union before the end of the decade, while' respecting - absolutely the treaties.already conicluded."", and it asked ""the organs of the CQnT- munity to draw up a report on th.is subject. befofe the end of 1975,'to. be submitted to a later summi:t con- ference "".
May we issue a reminder of this
So many of the building blocks lie ready and waiting -for the construc- t.ion of a Eurbopean administrative edifice with a competent civil estab- lishment; the beginning of- power sharing between the European -cen- tral authority and the national authorities; the seeds of the con- stitutional organs of a union ; the Constitutional Court, council and. Commission as pieces waiting to be welded together into an executive; the responsibility of the Commission towards the European Parliament as an element of democratic legitim- acy; the beginnings of 'a two-cham- ber system in the counoil and the European Parliament. -It is high time that we -got to grips with this task if we do not intend to confront a harsh future in a dangerous state of disarray.";"December 3, 1974";"";59260;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Forum";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JAN. 7
A new French memorandum on the plan for an arms pool, which was unsuccess- fully put forward by the French at the London conference last autumn, has been circulated this week to the countries which will be members of the new western Euro- pean organization-the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and western Germany.
This memorandum will form one of the bases for M. Mendes-France's discussions next week with the Italian Government and with Dr. Adenauer, and it will also be the starting point for the conference of the seven Western European Union Powers which is to open in Paris, with the purpose of discussing an arms pool, on January 17.
It is important to distinguish between the European armaments agency-a controlling and supervising organization which is an integral part of the lIondon and Paris agree- ments recently approved at first reading by the National Assembly-and the arms pool, which so far is only an idea in French heads. The original French proposal, as put forward at the London conference, was that the pool should be a seven-Power affair; it would share American military aid among its members, and would place orders for arms, and distribute the finished products, according to a programme drawn up by itself. Outside this programme, no production of weapons would be permitted, and arms factories would, so far as possible, be situated away from the forward areas- that is, German arms factories would be as few as possible.
BRITISH OPPQSITION
This plan met with general opposition, par- ticularly from the British and the Dutch. All that the French managed to secure was an agreement that the question should be taken up again later. Since then, the debate on the London and Paris agreements has taken place in the National Assembly, and M. Mend&s-France will certainly consider himself bound to press the matter with renewed energy at the conference opening on January 17.
The new French memorandum differs in certain respects from the earlier plan. The most important is that a transitional period is foreseen. Until January 1, 1957, the mem- bers of the arms pool would be free to group themselves in combinations of two, three, or four Powers, for example, for the purpose of standardizing armaments and producing them in common. This trial period would give industries in the different countries the time to adapt themselves.
As soon as possible after the beginning of 1957, the full arms community would come into existence, with a central authority equipped with "" defined and far-reaching powers."" If a Council of Ministers is to be the executive body, it would take decisions bv a two-thirds majority. Alternatively-and tfiis is believed to be the French preference- the central body would be akin to the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. consisting of a fully supra- national committee whose members would have no links with their countries.
Within the community there would be no common 'defence object, but programmes would be established according to national defence budgets. Unlike the first French plan, this one contains no geographical limitations. the authority of the W.E.U. would extend to all the countries of the organization. including Brifain. It is a significant fact that the arms pool conference is taking place before the process of ratifying the London and Paris agreements is completed in the French Parlia- ment. The Council of the Republic is unlikely to begin its examination of the treaties beforc mid-February.
BRITISH ATTITUDE
Our Diplomatic Correspondent writes: The new French plan was received at the Foreign Office yesterday and was at once given careful study. The British Government's attitude will probably be reserved until the plan comes to be debated.
It falls apparently into two divisions, the pooling of arms production and the sharing of American military aid. There will certainly be opposition to the proposal for the pooling of American military aid, but the French Government may be expected to hold out stiffly for this, or at least in place of it for some measure of control in the distribution of aid, in order to prevent the sending of aid from the United States to Germany at the expense of other Western European Union members. The possibility of this has through- out caused the gravest anxiety in France.";"January 8, 1955";"";53134;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Arms Pool In Europe";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE. FEB. 7
On his return during the weekend from a meeting of Western European Union in London. Dr. Luns, Netherlands Foreign Minister, expressed his deep disappointment over the results of talks held in Washington between Dutch and American delegations about landing rights for K.L.M. Roval Dutch Air- lines at Los Angeles, which had again been refused.
Dr. Luns said that this refusal con- stituted discrimination against the Netherlands since other European air lines had obtained landing rights on the American west coast. The Dutch were the first, he said, to make a request to the American authorities for these rights.
INTERNAL PRESSURE?
Dr. Luns could not refrain from thinking that the United States had taken this decision under strong pressure from the Ameiican air companies. and that the United States was perfectly aware of the importance of the decision for the Netherlands.
Mr. Stijkel, Under-Secretary of State for Transport and leader of the Dutch delegation at Washington, also returned to the Netherlands during the weekend. He, too, emphasized that the United States was discriminating against the Netherlands, which was dependent upon export of transport services and upon international trade.
Landing rights at Los Angeles for K.L.M. were discussed and denied for the first time nearly three years ago. This second refusal coming after some weeks of discussions is certain to be unanimously and severely criticized by Dutch public opinion.
It is regretted that the United States, which is always advocating free trade and free enterprise, shows itself opposed to the principle of freedom in the air.";"February 8, 1960";"";54689;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"K.L.M. Kept Out Of Los Angeles";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
ruEls, reD i)
Mr Gromyko, the Soviet For- eign Minister, arrived here today for one of the regular tvice-yearly Franco-Soviet en- counters. Coming immediately after France's clash with the United States in Washington, it offers interesting perspectives for the Russians.
Mr Gronmyko was met at the airport by M Michael Jobert, the French Foreign Minister. who only last November stood at the centre of an officially inspired Soviet press campaign against the French Govern- ment. Then M Jobert was attacked for criticizing at a Western European Union meet- ing the two superpowers' bid for world hegemony, while he was also suspected of a certain * Atlanticism"" in apparently favouring moves towards West- ern arms standardization. Now the Soviet press is busily prais-
ing his stand at the energy conference.
If it had not been for Wash- ington, the main purpose of Mr Gromyko's visit-to fix Presi- dent Pompidou's long promised meeting with Mr Brezhnev- would have been discussed when Franco-Soviet relations were at a low ebb.
Although the Russians might feel that it is the right moment to cultivate a French ""neutral. ism "", President Pompidou will do nothing to remove France any further from its European partners.
Mr Gromyko is the most important visitor at the moment, but Major Jalloud the Libyan Prime Minister, is also in Paris. The Egyptian and Saudi Arabian Foreign Minis. ters, dispatched by the Algiers Arab summit to congratulate France on its ""courageous""? stand in Washington, are here as well.";"February 16, 1974";"";59016;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Gromyko visits Paris in changed atmosphere";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Luxembourg
West Germany effectively ripped up plans to impose majority voting inside the EEC by using its veto for the first time yesterday.
The issue was fixing prices for cereals, but the political consequences will inevitably shake plans for a new European union and increase chances that the Community will accept new institutional rules along the lines of those being proposed by Britain.
At the Milan summit at the end of this month, when the central theme is to be on improving Community decision-making, there can no longer be any serious question of compulsory majority voting being introduced.
Mr Michael Jopling. the British Agriculture Minister, reluctantly supported his West German colleague, Herr Ignaz Kiechle.
France, Denmark, Ireland, and Greece supported Britain's view that they could not join in a vote against West Germany, leaving the other four countries to hold a vote among them- selves on proposals to cut cereal prices by 1.8 per cent.
They did not have enough votes to impose the cuts, and Mr Jopling was not alone in being concerned about that.
But the political conse- quences of West Germany's action must alter the whole character of the Community.
West Germany could have abandoned its principles for nothing. Mr Frans Andriessen, the agriculture Commissioner, said after the meeting that cereal prices could be cut by his officials to manage the market if the council failed to come up with an agreement by the start of the marketing year on August 1.";"June 13, 1985";"";62163;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Community rocked by Bonn's veto";""
"['FROM OUR LATIN AMERICA CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR LATIN AMERICA CORRESPONDEN r
NEW YORK, APRIL 18
Sir Patrick Dean, the British Ambas- sador, and Sehior Felipe Herrera. the president of the Inter-American Deve- lopment Bank, signed today in Washing- ton an agreement by which Britain will lend £4,142,800 to finance economic development projects in Latin America.
The agreement covers the balance of $20m. promised to the bank's resources by the Conservative Government in July, 1964. The first £3m. was raised by a bond issue on the London market later that year.
The bank and the British Governmcnt will discuss what projects the loan finances. The amortization period will vary from 15 to 25 Years, and the money is tied to purchascs of British goods and services. ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS WASHINGTON, April 18.-Tbc Briush Embassy said in a statement:-
""This contribution to the resources Pf the Inter-American Development Bank represents an important demonstration of British support for th: aims of the Alliance for Progress.
"" The Bank is one of the key institutions of the Alliance for Progress, in which the countries of the hemispherc are linked to- gether in a massive programme of develop- ment throughout the continent.
""The contribution offers renewed evid- ence of Britain's heightened interest in Latin Arnerica, which has been underlined recently by a series of Ministerial statemenem and visits.
"" It brings to fruition an initiative taken some 20 months ago by Great Britain in the Western European Union to stimulate contributions to the Bank's resources froin outsidc the hemisphere.""-Rcuter.";"April 19, 1966";"";56609;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Lends £4M. For Latin America Aid";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
CANBERRA, MAY 6
Misgivings with regard to the impact on the principle of imperial preference of the United Kingdom Government's accept- ance of Marshall aid and its economic commitments under wester:n European union have not been allayed by Sir Stafford Cripps's guarded exposition of their implications.
Australians have been encouraged by Mr. Eden's speech in the Commons emphasizing the important relation of the British Comtnon- wealth to the discussions on western union and Mr. Amery's campaign to convince the people of the United Kingdom that their econonic salvation lies within the British Commonwealth and Empire, but they would have been still more comforted by a clear assurance that the United Kingdom will not be so tied econo- mically to her allies in the western union or to the United States under the Marshall plan as to prejudice Dominion interests and con- strict trade within the British Commonwealth.
The desire for such an assurance is not wholly selfish. Those who most desire it are those who most passionately believe that Britain will be restored to her former pre- eminence and will effectively exert her in- fluence as a world Power if she maintains a closely integrated relationship with the other countries of the British Commonwealth to which economic ties are vital.
Mr. Chifley, the Prime Minister, is non- commital about the likelihood of his visiting London this year, but it is devoutly hoped hero that Mr. Attlee will summon the Dominion Prime Ministers as soon as possible.";"May 7, 1948";"";51065;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Ties Under Western Union";""
"['BY OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT
Labour back-benchers who oppose British entry to the Com- mon Market arranged at a meet- ing last night to bring pressure to bear for the calling of a special party meeting next week to scrutinize Mr. George Brown's speech to Western European Union on Tuesday.
The anti-marketeers say they are shocked by the political and de- fence implications in the speech that carry Labour policy well be- yond the original "" five conditions for entry"". They want to hear Mr. Brown explain exactly how far the Government are prepared to go in these aspects of European unity.
It was also decided to press Mr. Wilson at question time today, and, on the suggestion of Mr. W. J. Molloy (Ealing, North) it was agreed that before the Labour conference in Scarborough during October there should be an an:i- market rally.
Mr. Michael English. Labour M.P. for Nottingham, West. who put out a statement making a personal attack on Mr. Brown for his W.E.U. speech. last night was carpeted by Mr. John Silkin, the Government Chief Whip, and also gave an explanation to the liaison committee of the Parlia- mentary Labour Party.
Under the new relaxed form of party discipline that has been in force this session. personal attacks are made a specific matter for discip,linary action.
Our- Political Staff vrites: After long negotiation, the Commons Select Committee on Agriculture have now reached an agreement with the Government about their projected visit to Brussels.";"July 6, 1967";"";56986;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anti-Market group are 'shocked'";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, Nov. 23
M. Mendes-France, after being honoured by New York City this morning with a parade in Foley Square and a civic reception, was the guest later of the Foreign Policy Association at luncheon at the Astor Hotel. He said there that under the provisions of the Paris agree- ments ""a united Europe may become a living reality sooner than many people think."" The new agreements had been greatly facilitated by the candid discussion of Franco-German relations, which was the central problem of Europe.
He added:-
"" Let no one mistake our intention. When we speak about Franco-German understand- ing and cooperation we are not thinking of setting up an exclusive bilateral club, at which the other countries of the Western European Union could take justifiable offence. On the contrary, we are firmly resolved to bring our continental partners into the closest possible association in ensuring the harmonious development of the relations between France and Germany.... Reconciliation and har- monious cooperation between France and Ger- many are prerequisites to the survival of a free Europe. They are prerequisites also to any serious progress in building a United Europe. ... To have reached our present state of inti- mate cooperation with our former enemies less than a decade after the most horrible conflict in history is an achievement in which all freedom-loving Europeans can take deep pride.""
M. Mendes-France, with his wife and party of 12, was due to leave Idlewild airport to-night for Paris.";"November 24, 1954";"";53097;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Franco-German Understanding";""
"['By Michael Hatfield Political Reporter']";"['News']";"By Michael Hatfield Political Reporter
An account of how, the Rus- sians attempted to apply pres- sure on Western European gov- ernments to prevent them ap- proving a document dealing with China and international defence was disclosed last night.
The Soviet Government's activities sprang from the am- bitions of the political commit- tee of the Western European Union Assembly of delegates to Commit their governments to a concerted approach towards China.
It also became clear last night' that the report and recommend- ations, drafted by Sir Frederic Bennett, Conservative MP for Torbay, reached Soviet hands b)efore the, political committee adopted the document at its final meeting.
The draft notes that the Chinese Government continues to express the wish to develop good relations with Europe, particularly in economic mat- ters, and considers that "" China is now a significant factor in the maintenance of global peace and se;urity ""
It asks the assembly to recom- mend to member governments to examine China's future role in relation to European and global securitv, to encourage trade relations with China and to consider China's request for increased industrial technology. When the Russians wvere leaked a copy of the draft re- port they instructed the Soviet Embassy in London to make a protest to the Foreign Office, it was disclosed in a parliamentary wYritten reply last night.
But Mr Evan Luard, Under- Secretary of State at the Foreign Office, added: "" These recom- mendations represent the views of the parliamentarians con- cerned and not necessarily those of their governments.""";"June 16, 1978";"";60329;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian bid to interfere over China";""
"['FROM OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT
Several senior Ministers will be in Paris during next week to take part in a series of European conferences. They will include Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary, Mr. Heathcoat Amory, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Sandys, the Minister of Defence, and Mr. Maudling, the Pay- master-General. Mr. Erroll, the Econo- mic Secretary to the Treasury, will also be there, and it is probable that Sir David Eccles. the President of the Board of Trade, will be needed to complete the team.
There are three ministerial meetings of Particular importance. On Sunday the Foreign Ministers of Britain, the United States, France, and Federal Germany will gather to discuss the Soviet proposals on Berlin. On Monday there will be a mini- sterial session of O.E.E.C. to receive the proposals of the six countries of the Com- mon Market to reduce discrimination that might arise on January I when the Common Market comes into operation and also to receive the report of the inter-governmental committee on the free trade area over which Mr. Maudling presides. From Tuesday to Thursday Foreign Ministers, Defence Mini- sters, and Finance Ministers of the 15 mem- ber countries will be assembled at one of the meetings of the Atlantic Council.
There are meetings on Monday of the Council of Western European Union and of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. From Wednesday to Saturday the parliamentary assembly of W.E.U. will be in session, and the dis- cussions are expected to turn mainly on the state of European defences.";"December 12, 1958";"";54332;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Team For Paris Meetings";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BULAWAYO, APRIL 6
Hopes are high that the prolonged deadlock over African advancement on Rhodesia railways will soon be broken. The Minister of Labour of Southern Rhodesia, Mr. A. E. Abrahamson, and his counterpart in Northern Rhodesia, Mr. Johan Roberts, have submitted pro- posals which seek to bridge the gap between agreements negotiated separ- ately with the African railwaymen's union and the two European unions.
The main points of the Ministers' pro- posals are complete removal of any dis- crimination on grounds of race, creation of certain new jobs and job categories of a semi-skilled nature, and, thirdly, guaran- tees that the rate for the job will apply.
The Ministers suxgest the creation of new grades for plant operators, crane drivers, drillers, and road motor drivers. Starting wage would be substantially lower than the bottom rung for existing grades and would enable Africans to get on the ladder of promotion.
The Amalgamated Engineering Union welcomes the new proposals-especiaily the suggestion that the full rate for the job should apply, even during the testing Period. The general secretary, Mr. D. V. Muller, said, ""We do not believe the posi- tion of railwaymen will be prejudiced in any way."" The other European union, thc Rhodesia Railway Workers' Union, has deferred a decision until after meeting the Ministers. The African union is expected to be favourable.
The Ministers give warning that if no agreement is reached the matter will be referred to a tribunal whose decision will be binding on all parties.";"April 7, 1960";"";54740;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Advancement Of Africans";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECLIL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, OcT. 12
A series of recommendations for strengthening European defence were adopted to-day by the assembly of Westem European Union.
The 75 delegates from the Parliaments of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the three Benelux countries pressed for the retention of substantial conventional forces: urged that the west German con- tribution to European defence should become effective as soon as possible; and recommended an early decision on the nature of the reorganization of western defence forces. Delegates emphasized that -the future of European defence would remain uncertain until the extent of the conversion to atomic tactical and strategic weapons was made clear.
Herr Lenz, a German Christian Demo- crat,, explained the German alarm over American insistence on atomic weapons. The European attitude to-defence was very different from the American one. He defended his Government's reduction of military service to 12 months, particularly because of its difficulties over German public opinion on the subject.,
To-day's debate was marked by a com- mon feeling of frustration. Nearly all speakers complained bitterly that the council of W.E.U. had not given the assem- bly's defence committee enough informa- tion to give their recommendations much weight. Mr. Beyen, the council's president and the outgoing Dutch Foreign Minister, said that this was not the council's fault. The council was closely linked with N.A.T.O., and under the treaty that set up W.EU. its relations with the assembly wdre severely limited.
Delegates feel at the moment that not only has the council not enough respon- sibility, but the assembly itself is becoming redundant.";"October 13, 1956";"";53661;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Frustration At Strasbourg";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT.
COPENHAGEN, SEPT. 8
Efforts by the Danish Government to obtain a formal and permanent contact with the E.E.C. commission in Brussels have now succeeded, and it is announced here that the Foreign Minister. Mr. Per Haekkerup, heading a delegation of Government officials, will meet Professor Hallstein, president of the commission, and M. Rey, the Bel- gian Minister of Economics, who is in charge of relations between the E.E.C. and other. countries, on October 8.
T-his indicates that Denmark will be the first of the Efta countries to resume con- tact with the E.E.C. since the breakdown of negotiations over the British application for membership. The planned British con- tact with the E.E.C. within the framework of Western European Union is expected later in October.
*It is, however, emphasized in Copen- hagen that whereas the British approach within the W.E.U. is concerned in prin- ciple with the eventual reopening of nego- tiations for British entry into E.E.C., the direct Danish contact with the commission has a more limited, but perhaps more prac- tical objective, and nothing has changed in the fundamental policy which makes Denmark's adhesion to E.E.C. conditional on British membership.
What the Danish Government has iin view through its contact with Brussels is to obtain the earliest possible information about the development of the common agri- cultural policy within E.E:C. and to get consideration for Danish agricultural export interests before an eveniual agree- ment between the Six on the second phase of their agricultural arrangements fixes discriminatory measures.";"September 9, 1963";"";55801;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Danish Approach To E.E.C.";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. AUG. 6
Herr Strauss, the west German Defence Minister, has again criticized the idea that Europe could be defended, in the event of an attack in depth, by purely conventional weapons. In a television broadcast last night, he declared that the theory that the. United States would commit nuclear weapons only after an attack on its own territory was false, adding: If this were the official view in Washington, it would endanger the [Nato] alliance.""
Herr Strauss repeated what must in his view be the west's basic military stategy- that the risk of provoking retaliation must be incalculable to any aggressor, and that the deterrent force must be placed so far forward that small engagemen,ts would be made pointless to the potential enemy, and larger ones suicidal.
In spite of the adverse official German reception, the Americans, according to reports here, are soon to come forward officially with proposals that the Bundes- wehr should be increased to a strength of 700,000 men (at the moment it is 350.000, and the present target 500,000). 'this. it is said, would allow the various Nato coun- tries to proceed with their review of military planning before the Nato Council meeting in December.
In addition to the strategic and economic arguments why west Germany cannot go beyond her promise to put 500,000 men under arms, another has now been found: the 1954 Paris treaty for Western European Union laid down this figure as the upper- most limit.";"August 7, 1962";"";55463;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Pressure For Bigger Army";""
"['Rhys Blakely']";"['News']";"Censorship Is at the heart of debate on internet control, writes Rhys Blakely
AMERICA and Europe are expected to disagree in a debate over the ownership and control of the internet at the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunisia next week. At the heart of the discussions will be proposals from the United Nations and European Union that would loosen America's grip on how website names are assigned, in favour of a ""new international model of co-operation"". Passions are running high after the EU's proposals received the backing of states known to stifle free speech. ""This issue, this outrageous putsch attempt, deserves an uproar heard around the world on the internet,"" wrote blogger Bruce Kesler at Democracy Project. He criticised the EU for its ties to
""such stalwarts of smothering internet freedom as China, Cuba, Iran"". Rikomatic said such a line suited the White House. ""You can see the US conservative spin machine turning this into a battle between the democracy-loving US Government protecting the internet from censorship from the dictators and thugs who run the UN,"" it said. ""The reality, of course, is more complex."" The situation has been
complicated by US foreign policy, Markos Moulitsas of the Daily Kos blog argued. The US Administration's ""international belligerence has given the rest of the world little faith that the US will have global interests in mind when regulating what is, in effect, a global medium"", he told the beltwayblogrol! site. www.beltwayblogroll.national- jourhaXcom www.democracy-project.com www.rikomatic.com www.dailykos.com";"November 12, 2005";"";68543;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Week on the Web";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 7
The civil committee charged with selecting senior officers for the west Ger- man forces has rejected the application of four former colonels who are now officials of the Ministrv of Defence.
Herr Rombach, chairman. of the com- mittee, said to-day that no reasons would be given for the decisions. Unsuccessful applicants could, he said, remain in their present posts but they would not be allowed to wear uniform. Nevertheless, the decisions in these four cases are a blow to Herr Blank. Minister of Defence.
130 APPLICATIONS
So far 130 applications have been laid before the committee. Sixty bave been dealt with: three applkations have been. with- drawn. Herr Rombach reserved the right of the committee to approve the senior officers of the Federal frontier force who choose, under the recently announced arrangements, to transfer to the armed forces. The frontier force had been recruited, he pointed out, on different lines from those now being applied to future officers of the armed forces. The funda- mental prinziples of recruiting have been worked out by the committee itself, which was not in existence when the frontier force was formed.
PARIS, Dec. 7.-West Germany has asked the Western European Union if she may have a larger navy than she is allowed under the Paris agreements, a W.E.U. spokesman said to-day.
The W.E.U. Council will meet to-morrow to discuss the situation, the Union spokes- man said. The seven member countries are Britain, France, Italy, west Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. -Reuter.";"December 8, 1955";"";53398;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Officers For West German Forces";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
The Hague, June 4 The Westem European Union Ministers are opening here to- morrow their first meeting since General de Gaulle's resignation. Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secre- tary. arrived in The Hague this afternoon.
Since the W.E.U. Ministers' meeting in Luxembourg on Feb- ruary 6 and 7, the French have not attended meetings of the W.E.U. Permanent Council in London. and they will not be re- presented tomorrow.
Since the Luxembourg meeting, political consultations on such subjects as the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Greece. Nigeria and Biafra, and more recently the Sudan, have made a valuable start in harmonizing policies-but this has been achieved in the absence of France and only in the face of the French contention that meetings, if not attended by all members. could not be re- garded as W.E.U. meetings at alL
It is expected that the Ministers will take no decision on future W.E.U. procedures but will wait until after the new French Gov- emmnent is formed, in the hope that France will resume her seat.
Meanwhile the political sub- jects which have been under dis- cussion will be pursued. Mr. Stewart will inform his colleagues on the four-Dower talks on the Middle East; Dr. Luns. the Netherlands Foreign Minister and chairman of the nmeeting, may raise the question of the W.E.U. members' attitude to the Govern- ment in Greece: and Herr Brandt. the German Foreign Minister, is expected to open a discussion on cast-west relations.";"June 5, 1969";"";57578;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers of WEU wait for France";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JUNE 19
The Cabinet yesterday approved the draft agreement signed in March by the French and German Defence Ministers on the ballistic research centre at St. Louis in south-east France. Herr Strauss to-day made some details public.
The centre was opened after the war largely with German scientists working under Professor Schardin, who had been brought by the French from Biberach-an- der-Riss, where they had been moved from Berlin during the war.
To some extent the new agreement simply regulates a state of affairs that has existed for more than 10 years, except that Germany will now have equal access to the results of the research done there. She will also contribute 7m. marks (£583,333) for the extension and modernization of the installations, and each partner will pay up to 5m. marks a year for the running of the institute.
The work is concemed with most aspects of ballistics and can be applied to the manufacture of rockets and other missiles. In April the permanent council of Western European Union approved in principle a German request for permission to manu- facture short-range anti-tank guided missiles. Herr Strauss emphasized that research on nuclear weapons was out of the question, as there were no facilities for this.
The agreement includes a clause provid- ing for membership by other N.A.T.O. countries, which Herr Strauss said he would welcome. He said in reply to a question that the agreement would not overlap that with Britain, wbich chiefly covered research on naval equipment, torpedoes, and electronic apparatus.";"June 20, 1958";"";54182;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Research Into Ballistics";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, OCT. 19
Mr. Dulles, the Secretary of State, left again for Europe to-day with hope that the decisions of the London conference could now be fully executed in Paris. He said at the airport that many difficult problems remained, but he believed they could be solved by sustaining the good spirit of cooperation and responsibility that had been developed at the London meeting.
Mr. Dulles recalled that it had been agreed to restore German sovereignty, to create a council of west European union under the arrangements of the Brussels Treaty, and to bring west Germany into the North Atlantic alliance. Work had been proceeding on the completion of these "" historic decisions."" The United States, while deeply intetested in plans to achieve a large measure of unity for the defence of Europe, would not be a member of the Brussels Treaty group, but would cooperate closely with these powers within the framework of N.A.T.O.
The primary responsibility, Mr. Dulles repeated rested witlh the European Powers; but the tJnited States had a "" vital interest "" in the outcome, and would be "" sympathetic and responsive "" to effective steps by the European nations to promote their strength and unity in defence of freedom.
It is indicated in official quarters that the Secretary of State is still firmly opposed to the French proposal for the creation of a European agency to distribute aid equipment. They insist that the United States is not pre- pared to give up its right to say who will get American aid, and how much.";"October 20, 1954";"";53067;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Dulles Leaves For Paris";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, MAY 4
M. Pierre Pflimlin, the former French Prime Minister, was reelected president of the Council of Europe's Assembly here for a third term of one year. Sir Geoffrey de Freitas was elected vice- president. Taking the chair, M. Pflimlin welcomed the three Maltese M.P.s who took their seats in the Assembly. Malta became the eighteenth member of the Council of Europe last Thursday.
On the occasion of the Assembly's five-day spring meeting the inter- national executive bureau of the European Movement issued a declaration in which it claimed that no progress could be made in European defence without Britain. The movement further emphasized the ""'urgent need to enlarge the member- ship of the European communities by the admission of Britain and other European countries "".
The meeting of the movement's executive was presided over by M. Maurice Faure, a former French Minister. while the statement was prepared by a team headed by Mr. Duncan Sandys, the British shadow Commonwealth Secretary.
STRASBOURG. May 4.-The statement on Britain's part in Europe's defence was the second of three policy points made in the European Movement's manifesto entitled European Union-Tlre Next Stage.
The other points were: A declaration that "" the aim remains to create a United States of Europe, capable of taking its place as an equal partner of the United States ... in the Atlantic alliance and of exercising an important influence in world affairs""; a declaration that the European Economic Community constituted "" the indispensable instrument for achieving the political unity of our continent '.-Reuter.";"May 5, 1965";"";56313;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Defence Role Of Britain";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
It is understood that an aide memoire delivered by Herr von Herwarth, the German Ambassador in London, pro- poses that the political aspects of the strategic reappraisal which has been going on here and in the United States on European defence should be dis- cussed between the seven members of Western European Union (Britain, France, Germnany, Italy, and the Bene- lux countries).
This proposal is not likely to be sup- ported in London, because the question of European defence is regarded as a matter primarily for N.A.T.O. rather than W.E.U.
The Federal Govemment has naturally been anxious of late lest any proposed with- drawal of conventional forces from westem Europe by the United States or the United Kingdom might prejudice the chances of completing the conscription law in west Germany. The Bill has been passed, but the length of national service has yet to be debated in the Bundestag.
*If the military reappraisal leads to the decision that conventional forces in western Europe can be reduced, the Federal Govern- ment may also argue that a reconsideration of the German contribution under the Paris agreements is required. If moreover the general view is that less reliance is to be placed upon conventional weapons and more upon atomic weapons, then the Federal Government itself may press for the right to make the so-called A, B, C weapons (atomic, biological, and chemical weapons), which under the Paris agreements it is at present precluded from manufacturing.";"July 27, 1956";"";53594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Effect On Plans For Conscription";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The permanent council of the Western European Union (Britain and the Six) mnet in London yester- day-again without France. The most important aspect of the meet- ing was that all the other six W.E.U. members agreed to hold the meeting, as arranged, in spite of strong French objections.
The French said that a valid meeting could be held only if all seven members were represented, and that until further notice France would take no part in the council's activities. In face of this the "" New Six "" decided neverthe- less to continue meetings, and arranged the next routine meeting for February 26.
For about 30 minutes yesterday the council went into a restricted session to discuss what is diplo- matically referred to as "" the situation "".
All agToxd that the right courie had been taken in holding yester- day's meeting and that thev wished to press on, with further talks. -
The rest of the meeting was devoted to routine matters whkh included the annual review ot force levels, which is due for presentation to Nato; budgeting questions; and the replies to be given to questions-about, for instance, tbe situation in east Europe-put by the W.E.U. Assembly, which is due to meet in Paris tomorrow.
There was general agreement yesterday that the door should be left wide open for France to re- turn as soon as she will.
Mr. Iweins d'Eeckhoutte, the W.E.U. secretary-general, was absent from yesterday's meeting owing to illness. He is in bospital suffering from pneumonia.";"February 19, 1969";"";57489;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU 'New Six' defy France";""
"['By Maj.Gen. EDWARD FURSDON Defence Correspondent, in Paris']";"['News']";"By Maj.Gcen. EDWA-RD FURSDON Defence Corresponident, in Paris
rrOO often the United
States and the Soviet Union wvere very unfairly put on the same level as though they were com- parable in outlook, ideo- logy, and palitics, Dr Joseph Luns, Nato secre tary-general, said in Paris 'Yesterday,
This portrayal irked not only the United States Govemment, but America's military and pub- lic opinion too.
'Peace' movements
Addressing the seven-nation Western European Union Assembly, Dr Luns said that even the 44 Commonwealth countries had recently made an identical appeal equally to the Soviet Union and the United States.
The Soviet Union had failed. in the, fields of justice and free- dom but bad been very suocess- ful in those of defene and pro-
paganda and with its ! teret services.
Thraing the origiGs of recent SoViet propaganda suassessf, for example with te ""se.ate"" movements, Dr I,uns said: "" One cannot fail to pont the anger at Presidenit Carter.
"" It all goes bact; to him lay- ing the issue of vbether the neutron shelT shkould be pro- duced or not before the Nato Council.""
America did not need Nato members' views before manu- facturing this weapon. Even Wlest Germany was willing to accept it.
The Carter move was the start of the hesitations and dotibts now felt about Pershing 2 and Cruise missiles.
The Soviet Union worler up a campaign against the neutron shell, and President 'Carter cancelled the project,
But ultimately peace de- pended on the credibility of the deterrent forces of America, Britain and Franc*.";"November 29, 1983";"";39952;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soviet success due to Carter, says Luns";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M1. Rendel
Diplomatic Corresrondent
There were reports yesterday that MIr Heath had let it be known in a number of European capitals that he was prepared to call a summit meeting of the enlarged Community early in the New Year in London.
A Government spokesman said yesterday however: ""These re- ports are wholly without founda- tion. WVe are planning on the assumption that the summit meet- ing will take place in Paris at the time stated (October 19) and we
are looking forward to the meet- ing of the Foreign M91inisters later this month to prepare for it.""
There are no British contin- gency plans for a summit meeting in the New Year. But the fact is, as Mr Heath's advisers have been saying for some time, that the British Government, not yet beino a full member of the European Community, has been careful to adopt a somewhat unobtrusive role in its approach to the October summit.
Come January and full British membership. however, they make
it clear, NMr Hcath can be ex- pected to take a much more activc part-for instance over such prob- lems as parliamentary control of Community funds.
This is not incompatible with a desire that the summit meeting should be held in October in Paris as planned, and that it should give a fillip to proposals for a mone- tary and economic European union.
The British Government cer- tainly desires progress in Europe to be steady and continuous and to be seen to be so.";"July 4, 1972";"";58521;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British strategy on European summit";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
TEL AVIV, MARCH 8
West Germany's unexpected announce- ment that she would seek diplomatic ties with Israel has placed officials here in a delicate position, and they have declined to comment on the pretext that Bonn has not yet made a forimial application. Secrecy has been maintained over talks begun in Jerusalem by Herr Kurt Birnbach. the special representative of Dr. Erhard. the west German Chancellor. who has met Mlr. Eshkol. the Israel Prime Nlinister, and Mrs. Golda Meir. the Foreign Minister.
Mr. Eshkot and the majority of the Government favour diplomatic ties with west Germany despite emotional reserva- tions, but this particular offer as a by- product of Bonn's dispute with Cairo is regarded rather dubiously.
FOREIGN SECRETARY
IN ROME TALKS
ROME. March 8.-Mr. Stewart, the British Foreign Secretary, arrived here by air tonight from Bonn to attend a two-day conference of Western Euro- pean Union Foreign Mirlisters. He drove to the British Embassy where he was giving a dinner for Professor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Miniister, and other ofticials.
The international situation is expected to figure on the opening agenda of the talks, which open tomorrow. They are expected to pass to European problems on Wednesday. The western European Union links Britain with the Common Market countries.
M. Couve de Nlurville and Dr. Schroder. the French and west German Foreign Ministers, will be absent and will be represented by M. Habib Deloncle. Secretary of State in the Frenlch Foreign Ministry, and Herr Rolf Lahr. west German Foreign Under- Secretary.-Retuter.";"March 9, 1965";"";56265;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Israel Doubts Over Offer";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Miclhael Hornsbv
srussels, Mlay S
MIr Roy HatterAley, 'Minister of State at the Foreign Office, and twvo otber British ministers. abruptly abandoned an EEC meeting in Brussels today after a feport that tlhe Conservatifes had refused to provide pairing foIr themn in two important votes this evening.
As a result of the sudden recall of himself and his col- leagues, MTr Hatterslev said angrily before leavingp: ""A niumber of matters of very sub- stantial British interest will be debated tonight (in Brussels) without the presenice of anv British minister "".
He bad ;n mind direct elec- tions to the European Parlia- inent and the report on. European union bv MAr Leo Tindemanis, the Belgian Prime Minister, wvhich are on the agenda of the EEC Foreign Ministers' discussions lhere to- dav and tomrorrowv.
Returning to London with Mlr Hattersley tonighlt wvere Mr Edmunid Dell, the Secretary of State for Trade, and Mr John Tomiliison, Parliamentary Secre- tary of ktate for Europe at the Foreigni Offlce.
Britain %vi. not be wvholly ulnrepresented at the discus- sions, however. The defence of the country's interests svill be in the hands of Sir Donald .Maitland, British permanent representative in Brussels. Mr Hattersley expects to be back in Brussels tomorrowr
The Foreign Ministers today discussed the forthcoming talkls wvith Arab nations in Ltuxem bourg and the stance to be adopted by the EEC at the fourtlh United Nations Confer- ence on Trade and Develop- ment, openinlg in Nairobi on Wednesday.
France delays move, page 4";"May 4, 1976";"";59695;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commons vote forces ministers to hurry home";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, FEB. 3
M. Spaak, accompanied by a number of experts, came to The Hague yester- day to discuss certain difficulties con- cerning the proposed European common market. On the Dutch side the con- ference was attended by Dr. Drees, the Prime Minister, Dr. Luns, Foreign Minister, Professor Zylstra, Minister of Economic Affairs, Mr. Mansholt, Minis- ter of Agriculture, and Mr. van den Beugel, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
After the conference M. Spaak and Dr. Luns, in a short meeting with the Press, both expressed satisfaction at a fruitful consultation on various matters, with parti- cular reference to Benelux. Agriculture. the question of a common tariff towards non- member countries, the organization and institutions, and the eventaal association of oversea territories with the common market were discussed.
Both Ministers agreed that the talks had been useful and satisfactory,
M. Spaak said that the consultations between the six members of the European market had not yet ended, but it was highly probable that the treaty on the European common market as well as the Euratom treaty would be signed. There was no advantage in hastening a compromise. A definite solution would perhaps be reached in 10 days.
BRUSSELS, Feb. 3.-The presidents of Europe's three existing assemblies- Western European Union, the European Consultative Assembly, and the European coal and steel pool-have suggested their amalgamation into one European parlia- ment. The suggestion will be submitted to the conference of Foreign Ministers here to-morrow on the Euratom pool and the common market.-Reuter.";"February 4, 1957";"";53756;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Spaak's Visit To The Hague";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JULY 4
M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, who before his appointment to that post by General de Gaulle had a career as a Treasury official and diplomatist, made a first parlia- mentary appearance this morning when he spoke briefly to the Assembly of the Western European Union, which is meet ing in Paris.
His speech was little more than a formal expression of welcome and good will, but to some present the Minister seemed to put special emphasis on the association of Great Britain with the Continent: and it is suggested that, though the de Gaulle Government is not going bac; on any French obligations towards * Little Europe,"" equally it does not consider ""Little Europe "" an end in itself.
PARIS, July 4.-The W.E.U. Assembly rejected the Polish Rapacki plan for mili- tary disengagement in central Europe. con- demning it as a "" Soviet trap "" which would gravely endanger the security of the west.
The Assembly approved by 50 votes to six. with eight abstentions, a recommenda- tion from its defence committee calling for a minimum land force in central Europe of 30 divisions, with tactical nuclear weapons. The motion said that there should be no reduction in the contribution of member States, and that they should bring their contingents up to the agreed level. Colonel Fens (Holland), who presented the defence rePort. said that it would be "" dis- astrous "" if Britain reduced her Continental force by 10.000 men.-Re,trer.";"July 5, 1958";"";54195;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Approval Of Defence Plan";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Ministers of Western European Union (Britain, France, western Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) are to hold their next meeting in Bonn. Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, will be the chairman, and the Federal Government has proposed that the Ministers shouild meet on May 6, which will be just before the beginning of the Nato meeting in Oslo.
It is expected that all the W.E.U. mem- bers will agree to this but a later date on May 13 is still a possible alternative.
The meeting will, therefore, probably take place either immediately or soon after the next round of Anglo-French talks be- tween economic experts, which, it is cx- Pected, will take place at the beginning of May.
TARIFF PROPOSALS
Probably the most important topic which the Ministers will discuss will be the pro- posals put to them at the last W.E.U. meeting in Paris on February 27 by Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy SeaL Mr. Heath proposed a form of common. outer tariff for Britain and the six other W.E.U. members, who are in fact the Six of the European Economic Community. He also suggested a possible modification of Com- monwealth preferences in favour of the Six.
The meeting in Bonn is most unlikely to reach any final decision on these pro- posals, but will, it is thought, help to clarify outstanding difficulties, and, there- by, possibly suggest the linet on which a solution will ul-timatoly be reached.";"April 7, 1961";"";55049;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Ministers To Meet In Bonn";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby
Brussels, Feb 13
Mlr Eduward Heath, the former leader of the Conserva- tive Party, made clear in Brus- sels today that for the forsee- able future he has no intention of abandoning Westminster for a role on the European polit- ical stage.
Speaking at a press con- ference to promote his book, Sailing, a course of my life, Mr Heath said he was not in- terested in either becoming the President of the European Commission or in standing for the European Parliament.
As for the European Parlia- ment, Mr Heath said he was not planning to follow the example of Herr Willy Brandt, the former West German Chan- cellor, who last week announced his intention of contesting the first direct elec- tion; to i -c sw.mb!y,* are scheduled for 1978.
Asked about the proposals in the recently published Tinde- mans report on European union, Mr Heath said he was against the concept of a two- speed approach towards eco- nomic and monetary union, wvhich carried the danger of ""embodying permanently"" the divergences separating the Nine.
Nor did he approve of the idea-originally conceived by General de Gaulle but now being revived in French diplo- matic circles-of a political directorate controlled essen- tially by the three biggest EEC countries.
Any ""formalization"" of this concept would be bound to offend the smaller states, Mr Heath felt. Franco-German understanding was, however, essential for the health of the EEC, and Britain's failure to give any sort of leadership had
disappointrnent to its partners.";"February 14, 1976";"";59628;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Heath not deserting Westminster for Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 15
The British, United States, and French Ministers in Bonn met to-day to consider Mr. Pushkin's letter rejecting their pro- tests against the conduct of the east Berlin authorities.
The matter is now in the hands of the Foreign Ministers of the three countries. who are in Paris for the N.A.T.O. and Westerm European Union meetings, and to whom the recommendations of the three embassies here have been sent.
On the face of it Mr. Pushkin's letter succeeds in presenting the western Powers with a difficult tactical problem. He has proclaimed once more the authority of the east German Government in east Berlin and on the approaches to Berlin, -saying at the same time that the Soviet Government will continue for the present to deal with the military traffic of the three western Powers to and from Berlin. He avoids discussing the four-Power status of - Berlin, the main concern of the western Powers in the mattet, leaving them still in the dark whether General Dibrova, in what he said to the United States commandant in Berlin last month. was announcing a new Soviet policy or merely using the first arguments which came to hand to deal with an awkward incident.
Thus Mr. Pushkin. offering the western Powers the least possible illumination about Soviet intentions, leaves it to them to decide whether they wish to pursue a dispute on the questions of principle which General Dibrova's remarks, by inference, raised.";"December 16, 1955";"";53405;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Pushkin's Letter";""
"['From Michael Binyon,']";"['News']";"From Michael Binvon.
Bonn
Unancellor Helmut Kohl and President Francois Mitterrand began' two days of talks yesterday at Bad Kreuznach, close to the French border, which are expected to explore ways of giving a new impulse to European integration now that the Community's financial crisis is within sight of solution.
President Mitterrand'' was expected to brief the Chancellor on his recent talks in Britain, and the two men are agreoed that their -proposals for integration are not aimed at excluding anyone.. Britain has recently- expressed anxiety not to be left
out of any new moves in Europe. But commentators here are still not convinced that Britain is ready to play a full European role, and say that Britain has to *accept the Franco-German alliance as the basis for European progress.
The talks, part of the regular and close consultations between Paris. and- Bonn, are being held at -the town where Adenauer and De- Gaulle met in 1958. Foreign, defenee, finance and' economy ministers are also taking part, : and European defehice,' in the light of the recent Western : ,' European
Union meeting, is also a main topic.. East-West relations and disarmament are also to be raised.
The French will be pressing Herr Kohl to commit his Government to cooperation with France in the Ariane satellite launcher project as the basis of a* European space programme. The Ger-mans have not yet made a final decision, but are also interested in taking part in the American space shuttle, which it is thought will yield important access to high technology.";"October 30, 1984";"";61973;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mitterrand briefs Kohl on London trip";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"PROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 3
Tbe prospects of a prompt decision in the Council of the Republic on the London and Paris agreements, already doubtful. were further shaken this morn-. ing when the council's foreign affairs committee met to hear the report of M. Michel Debrd (Gaullist) on the pro- posals for Western European Union.
While M. Debre's conclusion was in favour of ratification. his report expressed serious reservations on points of detail, in particular on the Saar statute, the proposed armaments control and production agencies the "" political solidarity "" of the Atlantic pact, and the possibility of four-Power negatiations.
'Re Atlantic alliance, he is reported to have decltred, was in greater danger of deteriorating through misunderstandings between the tllies than through disagree- ments on the sole question of German rearmaltent, and he therefore considered a "" clear and precise definition of the Atlantic entente "" to be indispensable.
The Council of the Republic could give expression to these reservations in three possible ways, M. Debre said: (1) By passing a motion, completnentary to ratification, containing recommendations to the Govern- ment; (2) by introducing amendments which would necessitaie a series of further readings in both Chambers; (3) by requesting the National Assembly to extend the period of two months allowed for study and decision on the agreements. He recommended the third course.
The committee, several of whose members urged the necessity of a speedy decision, decided to ask M. Mendes-France to answer further questions before voting on M. Debri's report.";"February 4, 1955";"";53157;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Move For Delay On Treaties";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
CANBERRA. JAN. 30
Mr. Menzies. the Australian Prime Minister, speaking of the breakdown in the Brussels negotiations. said today: ""I am expecting to receive a message from Mr. Macmillan which will no doubt convey some assessment of the present position and future possibilities. I will have this matter discussed when the Cabinet meets on Tuesdav next.
"" Meanwhile, it should not be overlooked that the result of the breaking off of nego- tiations is that the existing Commonwealth trading arrangements continue. Whether any move should be made, however. to alter these arrangements or strengthen them in any way or make any fresh departure will be matters that will be discussed by the Cabinet itself.""
On the question of an early meeting of Prime Ministers, Mr. Menzies said he would not offer any views until be had discussed it with the Cabinet.
GENUINE ATITEMPT
No one in Canberra is throwing his hat in the air because Britain is not yet going into the E.E.C.. although many Australians. including the Prime Minister. have always doubted whether the move would really benefit Britain. and felt strongly that it ,would harm the Commonwealth in general and Australia in particular.
There is much sympathy for Britain. who. according to Age (Melbourne). made a genuine attempt to meet the challenge of European union without throwintr over her responsibilities to the Commonwealth or the United States. She failed only because of the intransigence of one country and the strange. perhaps dangerous. delusions of its leader"".";"January 31, 1963";"";55613;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Australian Cabinet To Discuss Mr. Macmillan's Views";""
"['by Paul Fabra, Le Monde']";"['News']";"by Paul Fabra, Le Monde
Let it be said that much of the apparent unrest surrounding the Euopean ideal is artificial. One does not wish to deny that the building of Europe is progressing so slowly that it is reasonalble to ask whether it is progressing at all, nor does one wish to turn a blind eye to the inability displayed by the European people to grasp opportunities to assert their iden- tity as proclaimed in the rather pedestrian document pubilished on the occasion of -the Copenhagen sumniit meeting in December, 1973,
under the title of Declaration of the European Identity.
No, what we propose to discuss here is perhaps the most urgent task confronting the peoples of Europe if they are to regain confi- dence in their common efforts: to take a clearer view of the objec- tives of the Community venture and to ask themselves whether some of its hmitations do not represent a guarantee safeguarding ouc originality and its scope for development.
In the letter sent last June to the President of the European
Council accompanying his report on the European Union, M Fran- gois-Xavier Ortoli, the President of the Commission in Brussels, wrote that since the summit conference in October 1972-during which President Pompidou launched the idea of a European union-the building of Europe had ""come to a halt, and perhaps lost ground "". Lost ground in relation to what ?
We would not offer quite the same cruel reply as that wchich is being given to this question in moderate Labour Party circles in London: ""The enthusiasts of 1971
and 1972 were wrong. They had conyinced the government of the dai to commit themselves to the establishment of a complete eco- nomic and monetary union by 198C and, as though this was not enough, they wanted to crown their achievement by the creation .of a European union of a political nature. Why say that things are going baday today? It is in 1972 that things were going badly, when people were setting themselves im- possible objectives"".
The criticism which one is tempted to make of such remarks
President Pompidou opening the EEC summit in Paris in October 1972; he had insisted that Britain join the currency snake. Below: American forces on exercise in Europe, a reminder of the influence of the United States on European politics.
is that even if there is a basis for them-end there is-they ring a little untrue. This is what happens when the denunciation of illusions becomes the pretext for changing nothing.
After four or five years of too hasty efforts at achieving progress in the process of unification, a return to an analytical a-pproach is now more necessary than ever if the problems of Europe are to be tackled constructively.
During the 11 years while Gen- eral de Gaulle was in power, French diplomacy adopted a rational stance, dressing up its objections in logic, never short of an argument. Let us consider the example of its own English policy. To justify his decision to close the Community door to Britain, the founder of the Fifth Republic went to great lengths to demonstrate-in the way one demonstrates a theorem in geometry-that Britain was not European or not sufficiently European.
Even if his argument fell far short of covering the whole range of the subject (could not the refu- sal to admit a democratic country. despite its wish to join, be con- strued as a sort of breach of inter- national law?) we niust allow that it was not lacking in force.
The General's method was ques- tionable. but what is to be said oG the lack of method which has marked the policy pursued by those who have followed him? M Pompidou was prepared, on the basis of a mere letter containing a few vague promises, to accept that the enormous problem of sterling balances was settled. Then he in- sisted that Britain should join the snake (which it did for five weeks in the spring of 1972), as if the pound was a European currency like the others, and that it should subscribe to the ambitious econom- ic and monetary union programme.
Today, the blame is laid at the door of circumstances, internation- al monetary disruption and the energy crisis, to explain away the Nine's inglorious abandonment of this programme, but the truth is that they themselves have never taken their commirments seriously. This is due in part, admittedly, to national egoisms as the Commis- sion claims, but also to the fact that the negotiators in 1971-72 pro- ved inferior in their groundwork to those who concluded the Treaty of Rome 14 years earlier.
The Werner plan wvas the basis of the economic and monetary union programmrne. This document was not founded on an analysis of the monetary situation then pre- vailin, in the world and in Europe. The rules which it recommended were wholly inferred by the ideol- ogy of the so-called European cir- cles (as distinct from the anti- Europeans, but which ? )
Here it becomes necessary to end the routine acceptance of certain ideas whose effect is to eliminate all judgment of the development of the Communitv. It is still accepted in Brussels that the institutional machinerv of the Community in its Tresent form is the embryo of a federal sinnerstate whose birth must be induced at the earliest pos- sible moment. One need only read the report on the European Union which demonstrates that, despite the many setbacks suffered over recent years, the European Commission remains faithful to its most traditional doctrine.
With a fine disregard for polit- ical reality, it latches on to the magical byword of European Union, which it sees as another opportunity to realize its dreams of a federal constitution under which it would be transformed into a col- legiate executive, accountable to a two-chamber legislative comprising a directly-elected chamber of the peoples and a chamber of the states which, it is admitted, would be a dependency of the govern- ments (as the present council is).
It is typical of those who conjure up chimeras for themselves that they constantly seek new justifica- tions in reality. So it is that the constitutionalists have taken some hope since the European Council's meeting in Romirc last December at which it was decided that the Stras- bourg Parliament would be elected by universal suffrage by 1978.
There can be no doubt that this
continued on facing page
continued from facing page
was a good decision corresponding to the nature of things, since only those blinded by the religion of nationalism can fail to appreciate that, as the peoples of Europe are interdependent in all spheres (eco- nomic and military), there is a need for a forum where their cur- rent in.terests can be expressed organically. This said, it is not because the Strasbourg assembly is to be elected by universal suffrage that it will be right for it to super- sede the national parliaments or to become a superparliament which will one day enjoy a status compar- able to that of the Congress in Washington vis-a-vis the assemblies elected by Ohio or Nevada.
Legitimacy cannot be invented and it is not enough to change the voting procedure to bring it about. There is no need for subtle legal analysis to prove it. Legitirracy is first and foremost a concrete expe- rience. The individual Frenchman, Englishman, Italian or German need only consider his own exer- cise of his rights as a citizen and remember the last time he voted to be convinced that there can .oly be real political structures where there is a human society in the full sense of the term.
Let us suppose that there is a movement to the left by the majority in France. Can. it seriously be believed that the French would accept a situation in which such a change was not reflected in any ta-ngible way at the political level on the pretext that the most iriportant decisions were now to be taken by a collegiate body in Brus- sels ? What is the point of continu- ing to fly in the face of all the evidence by maintaining, even if only as a working hypothesis, the myth whereby the foreseeable future will see the European Com- munity become a superstate, when this has no chance of happening in the lifetime of this generation or even of those to follow ?
There is another, more serious, factor preventing the peoples of Europe from forming themselves into a third major power between the United States and the Soviet Union. A French politician, a member of the Opposition, speak- ing in -private, expressed it well in brutal but profoundly true words: ""When Hitler fell, he dragged the whole of Europe down with him."" Cut in two, E,urope since the war has lost its autonomy. Each of the two halves is dependent on its powerful ally for its defence.
No doubt, if it really wished to, Western Europe could force the hand of destiny. It is possible to visualize -how it could recover its military freedom of action, but the price to be paid in political and moral terms would be exorbitcat. Since its territory is so small, and therefore vulnerable to the means of destruction, it would have to make an enormous effort after the Chinese example to mobilize the entire population against a possible aggressor. Does such determination exist? We all know the answer.
The essentiall lesson to be drawn from the above is that the impossi- bility of making West European defence completely independent of the United States automatically limits the scope for political co- operation.
In a book published after the war which remains topical today, The Revolt of the Masses, the great Spanish essayist and philosopher, Jos6 Ortega y Gasset, argued against the theory that the decline of Europe was inevitable. He praised the infinite diversity of the Old World, which he saw as supe- rior to *the more massi-ve North America. For him, Europe could only express its genius and grad- ually achieve unification through a liberal (political and economic) dogma, alllowing each of its consti- tuent members to retain its per- sonality wrhile contributing to the prosperity and influence of the whole.
Has not this great vision already been realized ? Who, at the end of rhe war, could have predicted so swift a renaissance of Western Europe? We do not yet have the United States of Europe, but the extraordinary spread of relations between the member countries of the EEC has brought the peoples of Europe into contact with each other in countless spheres: the French colony in West Germany
has become the largest of all in less than a generation. Europe has no common defence, but the logis- tic stores of the Bundeswehr. are located to the west of Paris.
The Community, it is claimed, has made no further progress since the end of the transitional period (1970) called for in the Treaty of Rome. However, the start given by the early constructive years is con- siderable and, more important, dynamic. One need only cal9 to mind the infinite scope for com- munication and the creation of a true European nation which is pos- sible through the development of the freedoms for which the Treaty of Rome makes provision, some of which, such as freedom of esmb- lishment for companies and the professions, are far from having been put into full effect.
This is why there is neither irony nor paradox in the German leadership's answer to questions on how to give depth to the building of Europe: ""Before attempting to find new tasks for the Community, let the Commission and its other institutions apply the treaty strictly and act on all its implications.""
Description of the Community's programme in terms of pre- serving the start which has been made is misguided; it does not contain the notion of move- ment essential to all political action. In Bonn one can also hear it said that ""unfortunately, the Commission involves itself in mat- ters which are outside its scope; it would bje better for it to be irnade up of good commissioners than bad polticians "". In the capital of Eiurpe, where the best aspects of the European reality are no doubt being analysed at present, the opposite of the method followed over the past few years is being recommended.
Instead of seeking to supplement the Treaty of Rome with new machinery which has proved illu- sory so far, there is now a call for a return to the treaty. However, this policy is inspired by more open thinking than that which prom- pted the Gaullists not so long ago to proclaim ""the whole treaty, but nothing but the treaty"", forgetting that the text on which they based their position did, make provision for direct elections to the Parlia-
mentary Asserrbly in Strasbourg, for instance.
Nor, however, is there any rea- son to refrain fro"", going farther along the patlh out ined 16 years ago, or from bratiching out in other directions. But in that case, replied the Germans after the man- ner of Herr Willy Brandt, who launched the differentiated Com- munity formula, why take the view that it is necessary to be nine or to work in a Community framework ? Events are bearing this out, with, for instance, France joining forces outside the C mmunity to build a plant for separating isotopes by gas diffusion while West Germany, The Netherlands and Britain are work- ing together on another tecMrique.
The most striking example is the monetary snake, which is operating without the participation of Britain, Ireland and Italy. It is also the best iUlustrr ion of the dangers of the formulk for all the issues which affect te?t functioning of the Community. In the long term, what would be the advantages of a sin- gle market in which cost relation- ships were constantdy changing under the influence of emthange
rate fluctuations -? In London, Herr Brandt's solution is described as "" detestable "": "" We do not accept the idea "", it is stated, ""of remain. ing outside anything at all"". Such professions of faith would be more plausible if supported by action.
Whatever the eventual import- ance of the experiment launched in 1950 by the founding fathers, people are beginning to realize that the destiny of Europe is not entirely identified with that of the Community, first because not all the countries of the Continent, nor even all those of Western Europe, are members of the Conmmunity, but also because true integration is more a matter of human and eco- nomic interpenetration than of the fate of institutions which people have tried too hastily to turn, into the instruments of an ideology of unity ""whatever the cost and with. out delay "".
The European Council was insti- tuated in Decen2ber 1974. It.com- prises the heads of state or govern- ment of the Nine. In theory, it meets three times a year.";"January 6, 1976";"";59594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Superstate myth lives on despite the evidence";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
I lihe process of keeping in touch between the Brtish Government and the Five aftcr the Brussels debacle is certainly being-as Foreign Office officials say-actively pur- sued, iut it amounts to little more yet than a peering through the dust as it settles. Three ways of continuing the exchanges with the European cap lals have so far been considered by the British Government. There are and will be further exchanges in the Nato council: the Western European Union has been considered as a possible forun for political discussions; and there is always the method of bilateral talks.
Yesterday Baron Bentinck, the Nether- lands Ambassador, called on Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal, at his own re4uest and is understood to have inquired about the talks at the weekend in Rome between Mr. Macmillan and Signor Fanfani, the Italian Prime Minister, at which Mr. Heath was present. Later Dr. von Etzdorf, the German Ambassador, was asked to cal on Mr. Heath, and the Belgian and Luxem- bourg Ambassadors are likely to see Mr. Heath soon.
Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary. will be in Brussels tomorrow, where with M. Spaak. the Belgian Foreign Minister, he will be speaking at a dinner siven by the British Chamber of Commerce. Sir Eric Roll, one of the senior British advisers at the Brussels negotiations, is visiting Bonn tomorronw to see Dr. Lahr, the State Secre- tary responsible for econoraic affairs in the Gerrnan Foreign Ministry.
T.oday the counc,il of Western Eurpean Union will hold one of its rorutine meet- ings in Londcon. The date of the next ministerial council meeting is likely to be discussed.";"February 6, 1963";"";55618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Keeping In Touch With The Five";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Uurray,
rarls, June 15
Mr Douglas Hurd, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, sought to reassure the Western European Union today that Britain's defence spending would continue to grow at 3 per cent annually in line with Nato's guidelines. At the same time he stoutly defended the decision to replace Polaris with Trident missiles.
He said, however, that in- creased spending was not enough to contain the "" tech- nological inflation "" caused by the sheer complexity of modern defence systems. This was a cost which was accelei-ating because of the need to keep up with military developments in the Soviet Union.
"" We in Western Europe have to live with the Soviet Union on peaceful terms."" he said. ""We can only do so if we our- selh-es retain and display the determination to be strong.
""The Soviet Union is con- stantly tempted to use the military power in which it excels to counterbalance econo- mic and political weaknesses. We saw the Soviet Union yield to that temptation in Afghanis- tan and we see the temptation facing them again in Poland "" he added.
This was why it was essential to have nuclear weaDons with a high chance of reaching their -targets. The Tridents would assure the British contribution to the overall Western deter- rence for another generation.
If the West showed it was being softened by the various disarmament campaigns, he added, then the Soviet Union would be less likely to feel the need to reach serious, balanced agreements with the West.
The West needed "" credible deterrence and this meant nuclear deterrence,"" he said in conclusion.";"June 16, 1981";"";60955;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hurd puts case for Trident";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 8
The west German Defence Ministry has disclosed that it applied nine months ago to the Western European Union for authorization to build submarines up to a size of 1,000 tons. The maxiinuml tonnage authorized by the protocols to the Brussels Treaty of 1954 at present stands at 450 tons.
Permission was refused on the ground that the Federal Republic had as Yet no actual plans for oonstructinz vessels of this tonnage. According to reliable informa- tion. however, discussions are in progress in the Defence Ministry on the building of anti-U-boat submarines of 700 tons in accordance with recommendations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
There is at present under construction a series of 12 submarines of 350 tons, which are too sinaU to accom-modate all the electronic equiprent required for sub- marine chasing. No date has been set for the construction of any new series. When plans have become more mature, a new application will have to be miade to W.E.U.
WARSHIPS PRECEDENT
It is understood that in turning down the application W.E.U. did not register any objection of principle to the con- struc.tion of submnarines of a higher tonnage; and the Defence MinistrY is con- fident that in this case. as in others in the past, permission will be obtained. The tonnage restriction for wars~hips, for instance, which in the Brussels protocols stood at 1,500 tons, has since been raised to 6.000.
There is no foundation for reports that Germnany has already begun building sub- marines of a higher tonnage than Is authonized by the 1954 agreemnent.";"July 9, 1963";"";55748;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans Want Submarines Of 1,000 Tons";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 22
An initial agreement to establish German military supply bases in Holland is understood to have been reached between the two Governments. Official confirmation was not forthcoming here to-day, but officials indicated that nego- tiations at The Hague had been success- fully completed.
The congenial relations existing between the two countries no doubt helped. Lengthy negotiations on a number of post-war problems, such as frontier adjustments and compensation, were recently concluded to the satisfac- tion of the Dutch Government. Agree- ment has also been reached to cooperate in the manufacture of fighter aircraft. and for the servicing and repair of each other's aircraft, tanks, and other military equipment.
Fturther negoitiations to arrange con- ditions under which the supply bases will be established and administered may nevertheless take some time. It is understood that German requiretments, such as right of access and control, go beyond what some other countries are prepared to meet.
IDEALLY SITUATED
The supply bases will not be big, but for most military purposes they will be ideally situated. Communications are excellent, and include the Rhine-which can hardly be put out of actron bv bomrbing.
They will obviously not solve all the Bundeswehr's supply problems. Apart from limitations of space, the Defence Ministry is looking for ports away from narrow waters. It also wants supply bases farther from the expected area of conflict.
Herr Strauss no doubt still has his eyes on Spain, but the negonations with Holland, when completed, may provide a useful formula for the establishment of German supply bases in other Western European Union or N.A.T.O. countries.";"March 23, 1960";"";54727;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany To Have Bases In Holland";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), Nov. 3
The Chamber of Mines and the Euro- pean Mineworkers' Union met at Kitwe to-day to discuss the advancement of Africans in the copper-mining industry. The European union has obtained a mnan- date from all its branches to reject the proposals for African advancement con-. tained in the Forster report. The principal recommendation of the Forster Board of Inquiry was that discussions between the parties should be resumed.
A statement by Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, chairman of the Rhodesian Anglo-American group of companies, which was issued in London yesterday, emphasized the continued readiness of those companies to pursue dis- cussion of the problem of African advance- ment with the organizations representing European employees.
The statement emphasized that reasonable opportunities must be made available to suitable Africans to progress in the industry.
"" An enduring solution of the problem can only be achieved with the cooperation and assistance of the European employees of the companies,"" the statement continued. ' We feel that our European employees must be with us in any changes due to African progression that may be introduced into the industrial structure of the copper mining industry.
"" We renew the guarantee that we would not seek any solution that deprived a European employee of employment by reason of being displaced by an African.
"" Beyond these principles, our views are that our discussions must be directed towards pro- ducing practical and not merely theoretical opportunities for our African employees to progress; and we do not think that the Euro- pean Union's attachment to the principle of 'the rate for the job' need be an insur- mountable barrier to practical progress.""";"November 4, 1954";"";53080;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Africans' Role In Copper Mines";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIs, APRIL 25
A strong plea for the revival of the Western European Union (which groups Britain and the six Common Market countries) as a forum for serious political discus- sion was made at the beginning of today's meeting of its Council of Ministers in Paris by Herr Gerhard Jahn, State Secretary in the west German Foreign Ministry.
He waS strongly supported by delegates from Italy and the Benelux countries, all of whom specifically mentioned Britain's Common Market application as a topic on which progress should be made within the W.E.U.
Observers were reminded of 1963. when a similar attempt was made to revive the WE.U. as a political bridge between Britain and the Six after General de Gaulle's first veto. The project foundered then on French indifference, and the signs are that the same wvill happen this time. for M. Andrd Bettencourt. French Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. who had replaced M. Couve de Mur- ville in the chair after the first 10 minutes. merely took note of the views expressed.
Herr Jahn's statement took the form of a complaint that the political role of the W.EU. was not included in this agenda. Lord Chalfont. repre- senting Britain. supported the sugges- tion. but said he would make no statement about Britain's member- ship of the Common Market today. as Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary. is expected to make one at tomor- row's session.
Mr. Stewart had a meeting tlus evening at the Quai d'Orsay with M. Couve de Murville. The German, Netherlands, and Italian Foreign Ministers are not attending the meet- in& They are represented by State Secretaries.";"April 26, 1968";"";57236;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political role for WEU urged";""
"";"['News']";"BRUSSELs, Nov. 17.-The political committee of the Western European Union Assembly tonight unanimously passed a recommendation caUing for full British membership of the six-nation Common Market. Euratom, and the Coal an"" Steel nool.
This was Olsclosed tonight by Mr. Peter Kirk, British president of the com- mittee, who said the recommendation also urged that "" the British Prime Minister should take part in all 'sum- mit' meetings of the Common Market six "". W.E.U. is the only body in which Britain is the sole partner of the Com- mon Market nations-France, west Germany, Italy, Belgium. the Nether- lands, and Luxembourg.
Mr. Kirk, Conservative M.P. for Gravesend, was speaking after having led a delegation of his committee to submit the draft recommendation to the WE.U. Council of Ministers, also meeting here. He said: ""The recoin- mendation will now go before the W.E.U. assembly and we have good hopes that it will be adopted with the same impressive majority as in the commission "".
SPECIAL SAFEGUARDS
The committee's draft recommenda- tion will come up for debate and vote before the assembly on the opening days of its winter session due to begin in Paris on November 28.
The committee's text, drawn up as 'urgent recommendation "", reserved special safeguards for Britain's commit- ments towards the Commonwealth and the European Free Trade Association, of which Britain, Sweden, Norway,. Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, and Portugal are members.
After today's meeting of the council of Mlinisters, M. Wigny, Belgian. Foreign Minister, who is in the chair, told reporters that they had discussed east- west relations, the Berlin question and the Congo crisis.--Reuter.";"November 18, 1960";"";54932;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Urged To Join The Six";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The next meeting of the Anglo-Italian economic committee has been arranged for Wednesday and Thursday next week. These six-monthly meetings of the Anglo-Italian, Anglo-French, and Anglo-Benelux economic committees, together with the recent ministerial meeting of the Western European Union, are a useful opportunity of pre- serving links between Britain and Com- mon Market members, which were in danger of complete dislocation after the breakdown of the Brussels negotiations for British membership of the Common Market in January.
The two delegations will be led by Sir Patrick Reilly. Deputy Under-Secrotary, Foreign Office, responsible for economic questions, and Signor Ortona, Director General of Economic Affairs in the Italian Foreign Ministry.
They will discuss the economic situation in the two countries, Anglo-Italian trade, and matters of general European interest-- for instance, the Kennedy round to achieve substantial tariff cuts at the negotiations in the General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade at Geneva next year, and prepara- tions for the United Nations conference on trade and development, also to be held at Geneva next year, when it is hoped that means to assist the trade of developing countries can be agreed.
There will also probably be a short dis- cussion on the possibilities of scientific CoOperation, industrial cooperation be- tween Britain and Italy in third countries, and the co-production of films.
Industrial cooperation and co-produc- tion of films were dealt with at the last meeting of the comnnittee in Rome in July. Discussion of these subjects this time is not expected to take long, because work on both is said to be going ahead satisfac- torily.";"November 7, 1963";"";55852;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-Italian Talk Next Week";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT,
PARIS, AU(. 26
The views of the British Government on the convening of a European assembly, as they are expressed in the exchange of letters between Mr. Attlee and Mr. Churchill, have provoked no official Teaction here. It is explained that the French Government is intending to raise the matter with the Brussels treaty Powers and that it will wait until replies have been received to its communications before expressing opinions. It is clear that the publication of these letters has taken the Foreign Ministry by surprise and that disappointment is felt over the unpromising tone of Mr. Attlee's remarks.
The evening newspaper Le Monde, while refusing to take a tragic view of the British Government's "" hesitations,"" asks whether Mr. Attlee is condemning his country to play a secondary part in a development in which it should have the leading part. The writer sees rather petty reasons of internal politics for timorousness in the pursuit of a funda- mentally Socialist ideal towards which "" the Blums, the Ramadiers, and the Spaaks march boldly forward."" He believes, however, that Mr. Attlee and Mr. Bevin have enough common sense and "" European sense "" to yield in time to the pressure of circumstances and the appeal of their people, "" not to say their own party."" The Commonwealth, he declares, is at least as favourable to European union as Great Britain itself. The writer con- cludes that it is perhaps this "" which will take Britain out of the isolation in which she has basked for so long that she no longer dares to give it up.""";"August 27, 1948";"";51161;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France And A European Assembly";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. MAY 8
To-day has been one of manifold com- memoration in France. The second Sunday in May is always observed as a fete nationale for Joan of Arc, and it is now the established custom to celebrate at the same time the German surrender on May 7, 1945. In addi- tion, this year the centenary of the birth of Marshal Gailidni, one of the victors of the Marne, has been observed ; and finally the first of the ceremonies marking the sixth centenary of the cession of the Dauphind to the King of France in 1349 took place at Vincennes this morning.
The President of the Republic attended cere- monies at the Joan of Arc.statue at the Arc de Triomphe and at the statue to Marshal Gallieni. All public and many other, build- ings are decorated with French and allied flags and the sun has shone all day from a cloudless sky to heighten the atmosphere of festival.
Yesterday, as though to emphasize that France looks forward at the same time as she recollects the past, the President made a speech at Tours in which he extolled the progress made towards European union-it was French initia- tive, he declared, that provided the basis for such a union-and he concluded in words that were clearly a reaffirmation of policy: "" France remains convinced and proclaims that there will be no lasting prosperity without con- fident political and economic cooperation between the nations. ... The majority ofl problems no longer have a strictly national solution. . . There. can be no peace or prosperity without an association of national sovereignties.""";"May 9, 1949";"";51376;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Day Of Commemoration In France";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
Rome, Oct. 21 France stood alone at today's ministerial meeting of Western. European Union in refusing to agree to a study group on new means of European cooperation, which had: been proposed by Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister.
Britain and the other members of the European Economic Com- munity, including west Getrmany, all supported Mr. Harmel's pro- posal, but M. Jean de Lipkowski, the State Secretary at the Quai d'Orsay, argued that the group would be a departure from estab- lished W.E.U. procedures. He said that Mr. Harmel's proposals should simply be. referred to W.E.U.'s permanen.t representa- tives in London.
M-M de Lipkowski's refusal means that the group cannot be set up by W.E.U. as a whole, but it is possible that Britain and her five allies will decide to set up the group by themselves outside W.E.U.
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign and Commonwealth Sec- retary, has been arguing privately in favour of this line of approach. and he 'was ,upported today by Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister. Mr. Harmel, on the *other hand. considers- that contact should be pursued in a more in- formal way between Britain and the Five. Much wiU depend on the Germans. who have not yet made their position clear, but who, will certainly be cautious about joining a too- obvious anti-French .move.
The Belgian Foreign Minister proposed that there should be an inter-governmental agreement. covering 12 specific points, among them questions of foreign policy, defence, youth exchanges, tech- nology, and finance, and that a secretariat should be'set up to handle them.;t";"October 22, 1968";"";57388;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU plan blocked by France";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal, said at London Airport last night before leav- ing for Stockholm for trade talks with other Efta Ministers, that the Common Markot was still ""vcry much alive"" as far as Britain was concerned, because
""we have 20 per cent of our trade with the Market and it is increasing steadily "". He said:
"" If we were inside it and the tariff barriers
were down there would be even greater opportunities to increase trade. But that is not the case and we are not entering into negotiations with the Common Market or carrying on discussions with them.
"" What we are trying to do-and we are
going to have a meeting of the Western European Union at the end of October to try to achieve it-is to prevent either the Community or our- selves damaging each other in our trade policies.""
Mr. Heath was asked whether mem- bership of Efta was proving profitable for Britain in view of the fact that exports to the Common Market coun- tries had risen faster in recent months than sales to Efta members.
Mr. Heath said he thought it was still profitable, "" The Community is twice the size of Efta, therefore you would expect our exports to it to be higher. At the same time it is true that *the rate 'of increase has been greater in the Euro- pean Economic Community than it has been with Efta.
""But what has been agreed is that the tariffs with the Efta countries will all be abolished by the end of 1966. This is going to give very great opportunities to Britisb manufacturers within the Efta countries.""";"September 10, 1963";"";55802;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Trade With E.E.C. Increasing";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Paris, Oct. 24']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Pars O&t 24
M. Monnet said today, in an- nouncing that the three British parties had taken up his invitation to join the Action Comnittee for the United States of Europe, that the entry into the Common Market of a great country like Britain could not be achieved without ditli- culties. "" General de Gaulle has cniphasized several of these as if they were insurmountable "", he s;lid. "" But the committee believes that these obstacles can be ovcr- come and that it is urgent to work out a point of view common to Britain and the Six on the con- crete solutions that are possible.
"" The committee will seek these solutions and propose them to governments.""
NI. Monnet believes that things happen in the world because it is natural for them to do so. It is natural that Britain should take in the work of the Common Mar-
ket. in the organization of Europe. and of peace.
Britain needs Europe, be firmly believes, as much as Europe needs Britain. Europe cannot be a world power and a world market with- out British participation.
The Hague, Oct. 24.-Foreign Ministers of Western European Union--without France-will mect in Brussels next week to review the Harmel plan for Euro- pean integration.
The decision to call this un- official meeting was taken at the recent Rome meeting, the Dutch Foreign Ministry announced to- day. lThe Ministers will already me in Brussels for a Nato con- ference.
The plan, submitted by Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, calls for a concerted drive for European integration in all fields not covered by the Common Market.-U.Pi.";"October 25, 1968";"";57391;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Challenge to de Gaulle obstacles";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 18
Aachen was en f&ee to-day for the presenta- tion to Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi of the first "" Charlemagne prize "" awarded by the city in recognition of his pioneer work in the movement for European union. It was at Aachen that Charlemagne died, and for cen- turies the city was the site of the crowning of the German kings. To-day's ceremony took place in th- historic coronation chamber of the city hall, which was much damaged during the war, and was used again to-day for the first time. Firs and flowers hid the scars of war.
In accepting the prize, Count Coudenhove- Kalergi suggested that as the next practical step towards a unified Europe a "" Charle- magne union "" should be formed stretching from the Elbe to the Pyrenees and comprising Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Nether- lands, and Luxembourg. Such a union, he said, would revive the empire of Charlemagne in a modem, democratic, and social spirit. The groups of States known as Fritalux and Finebel were not capable of living without Germany.
No better means of averting military attacks by a neighbouring country could be found than a federation having a common army. The state of war between France and Germany should be ended not by a treaty of peace, which could lead only to new protests and agitation for revision, but by a federal consti- tution by which the future relations between the two countries would be based on laws and not on treaties. A "" Charlemagne union "" would be welcomed in the United States, and would also be in the interests of Britain.";"May 19, 1950";"";51695;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A ""Charlemagne"" Union";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Political Correspondent
It was emphasized in Government circles yesterday that the Government have no intention of relaxing their pres- sure for a sum of between £40m. and £45m. to cover the cost in foreign exchange of keeping the Rhine Army in Germany next year. In spite of the stubborn resistance of the Germans. the British Government still hope that in the negotiations being conducted with the support of other members of N.A.T.O. Dr. Adenauer and his col- leagues will be persuaded to change their attitude.
There are now 63.500 British troops in Germany. The proposal to withdraw 8,500 by the spring of 1959 has been agreed to by Western European Union, and in addition a strategic reserve of 5,000 may be withdrawn, depending on the German response on support costs.
There is fairly strong feeling in the Commons on the subject. Mr. Eric Fietcher, Labour member for East Islington, expressed an Opposition back bench view when he said yesterday that there was mounting public indignation at the refusal of the German Govern- ment to maintain the British forces in Germany, particularly when the German taxpayer was being relieved of con- siderable sums at the expense of the British taxpayer.
QUESTION TO CHANCELLOR He asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer if the Government realized that, if the Germans persisted in their refusal, we would have no alternative but to withdraw two divisions-25,000 men-from Germany.
Mr. Heathcoat Amory replied that he did not underestimate the seriousness of this matter but while it was under consideration by N.A.T.O. it would be wrong for him to make any comment.";"February 5, 1958";"";54067;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"No Relaxation In Pressure On Germany For Support Costs";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
Speaking at a European rally of the London Liberal Pariy, Mr Thorpe, the Liberal leader, said last night: ""The evidence is overwvhelming that Britain's power and influence has been enhanced by our membership of the Common Market.""
He asked four questions. First, could Britain have con- cluded an agreement with the 46 countries signing the Lom6 convention on more favourable terms had she acted uni- laterally? Secondly, could the Chancellor have persuaded the International Monetary Fund to recycle excess petrol dollars without the full support of the EEC countries.
Third, would 25 Common- wealth countries and 46 other developing countries be in- terested in closer liaison with the EEC if it were the narrow, protectionist rich man's club that it had been made out to be?
Fourth, was it really suggested that a free trade agreement could be negotiated with the EEC after Britain's repudiation of almost every agreement en- tered into with its allies-, and was the European Free Trade Organization (Efta) experience not an object lesson about the price of a trading relationship with the Nine ? On Efta's ex- perience, Mr Thorpe commen- ted, ""Some sovereignty l""
Aims outlined: The European Community is not just a com- mon market; it is an organiza- tion aimed at creating a European government for a European union, with a common European citizenship, Herr Guido Brunner, EEC Commis- sioner for Research, Science and Education told a meeting of Young Liberals and Radical Youth for Europe in London yesterday.
Herr Brunner discussed the difficulties that might arise if countries like Portugal, Greece and possibly Spain were to apply for membership.";"May 2, 1975";"";59385;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Thorpe poses four questions on Community";""
"['By Henry Stanhope Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Henry Stanhope
Defence Cnrre.c,nnndenr
Restrictions an the size ot West German warships, which bave been in force for more rhan a quarter of a century, are expected to be lifted by the ntlher Western allies during the next few months.
The restrictions uere placed upon the newly formed Bundes- *.ehr in the nmid-1950s when West Germany was admitted to the Western European Union (WEU) and subsequently to Nato.
The size of warships was limited to 3,000 tons and sub- marines to 1,800 tons, w-hile other conditions prohibited the building of nuclear-powered submarines; long-range missiles, strategic bombers and nuclear, chemical and biological veapons.
The restrictions, imposed a: a conseguence of the Second World War. have long seemed anachronistic and have been
relaxed to the extent that West Germany has a number of war- ships slightly over the limits and also has Lance tactical nuclear missiles held under the American double-key system.
The West German Govern- ment would like to have. the naval restrictions lifted alto- gether however, and has won the agreement of the other allies during a series of bilateral talks over the last year or two.
Nato has an obvious interest in encouraging the construction of a bigger and better German navy, although it is unclear whether the other restrictions on weapons would be removed or whether the Bonn Govern- ment would want this anyway.
An official approach from Bonn to the WEU Council, the body which wAould have to approve the changes, is still awaited. Such an approach is .expected, however, in which case it would be considered by the council
h";"July 2, 1980";"";60666;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Size restriction on German warships likely to be lifted";""
"['From Diana Geddes']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes
Paris
Further support for the French ""Eureka"" project aimed at the creation of a ""technologi- cal Europe"" came .yesterday from. Herr Hans -Dietrich. Genscher, the West German Foreign Minister, in a spee&h to the seven-nation assembly of. the Western European Union in Paris.
Herr Genscher, the present chairman of the 'WEU, said France and the six other members - Britain, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux .-countries - held the same position: ""Europe must streng- then its own technological. capacities with a view to
creating a technological com- munity.""
That did not, however, mean rejecting the American Strategic Defence Initiative, b'ut simply that Europe should provide -a co-ordinated response to the US invitation to participate in ""star wars"" research.
""Europe cannot afford to be de-coupled from developments in high technology, but it must not fall into the ranks of sub- contractors or suppliers,"" he said.
The US and Japan had gained a considerable edge over Europe in a number of fields, b'ut Europe was still capable of outstanding achievements if it pooled its resources: the Airbus, Ariane and Spacelab were good
examples. However, those efforts were far from sufficient to meet the technological challenges of the future.
The next step should be to define the research areas and projects to be promoted in:a technological community: 'DuDlication of effort must be avoided, and optimum use should be made of the limited resources.
""The various initiatives must be co-ordinated with pro- grammes already in progress, for example in the Euronean Space Agency,"" he said. 'The tasks ahead of: us are huge. None the less, I am confident that we shall find a European solution.""";"May 23, 1985";"";62145;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Genscher applauds Eureka";""
"";"['News']";"Proposals designed to replace the colour bar on the copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia by an "" ability bar "" are con- tained in a statement issued yesterday by the Rhodesian Selection Trust group of companies. The proposals are stated to be in implementation of the statement of policy which was issued by the group at the beginning of December.
The proposals provide that the European union should be prepared to give up certain of the least skilled jobs on the present Euro- pean schedule which are deemed to be within the present capacity of the African. and certain other jobs on the European schedule. some of which may be simplified or subdivided, and which are deemed to be within the capacity of the African aftez some training, these jobs to constitute an intermediate field. The first type of job would be included in the present African schedule and would be valued at rates within that schedule.
The second type of job would comprise an upward extension of the present African schedule, and the rates, which would be above the present African rates, would be fixed by reFerence to European rates; they would be negotiated in the first place with the Earopean union and in the second place with the African union.
The companies would not debar any person from work within the intermediate schedule because of his race or colour. The companies cannot agree to any numerical limitation of the employees who will enter the intermediate schedule or who may, in open competition, ascend to the First Schedule jobs. The only limitation will be that based on ability to do a jot.";"February 4, 1955";"";53157;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Colour Bar On Copperbelt";""
"";"['News']";"Sir John Peel delivering the opening address yesterday to the conference of the Western European Union assembly in Paris.
Paris, June 19.-The British president of the Western Euro- pean Union (WEU) assembly today called on the United States to regard Europe as a competi- tive partner, "" no longer a client begging for assistance "". Sir John Peel, who is the Conserv- ative MP for Leicester, South- East, emphasized Europe's grow- ing commercial strength after he was reelected president at the start of the assembly's nine- teenth session here.
""The growing competition between the United States and Western Europe is in itself a proof of the success of our alliance"" he told parliament- arians of the seven member states. ""The security it has
achieved has provided the basis of our prosperity.
"" The growing economic unity of Western Europe, which the United States has encouraged, and its technical progress, make it a partner asking now for fair competition and no longer a client begging for assistance.""
Sir John devoted his opening speech at the four-day confer- ence almost entirely to relations between Europe and the United States, a subject made topical by the recent American proposals for a new Atlantic charter and by last week's Nato ministerial meeting in Copenhagen.
He also called for European cooperation in the production of armaments and for standardiz- ation of military equipment.
The WEU member states are France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg and Holland, but the organization has no executive power. Attend- ing its conference for the first time were members of the French Communist Party.- Reuter.";"June 20, 1973";"";58813;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe 'now a partner of America'";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Three memnbers of the Gov.
ernment-Mr. Stewart, the For- eign Secretary, Mr. Healey, the Defence Secretary, and Lord Chalfont, who has responsibility for disarmament matters-are to take part in the North Atlan- tic Treaty Organization confer- ence in Rome next Tuesday and Wednesday. Much of the discussion will centre on the agenda which Nato is to pro- pose for an eventual meeting on European security with the communist block and neutral countries.
Nato members all agree that the communist proposals=the renunciation of force between European states, and the widen- ing of commercial, economnic technical and scientific rela- tions-are too vague and flimsy to justify a full-scale confer- ence.
To prove their desire for a genuine east-west detente, they have been considering what has been called an Atlantic doctrine of European security, enlarging the agenda to include such principles as the renunciation not merely of force but of internal subversion; the right of all countries to freedom from intervention by others whatever their form of government; and measures of disarmament lead- ing to balanced force reduc- tions. Mr. Healey intends to take a full part in this.
Meanwhile, Mr. Stewart has decided with regret, in view of
the general election date, that he cannot now caxry out the visits to Ghana and Nigeria which he was to have made between June 6 and 13. Mr. George Thomson, who has re- sponsibility for Britain's rela- tions with the Common Market countries, will, howmever, attend the meeting of the Western European Union on June 5 and 6 in Bonn as arranged.";"May 20, 1970";"";57874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato security plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Nov. 30
The Western European Union Assembly today adopted its political commlittee's recommendation that the British Prime Minister should be invited to take part in any conference of heads of Government which may arise from the meeting in Paris on Mon- day of the heads of Government of
Little Europe "". The recommendation also states that negotiations should be opened between the member Govern- ments of W.E.U. with a view to the United Kingdom's entry as a full member into the European Economic Comrmunity and the other European communities.
The recommendation was adopted by 58 votes to one, with four abstentions. Thus the British delegation, both Con- servative and Labour, voted in favour. The abstentions came from three French delegates-two Gaullists and one M.R.P. -and one Italian Christian Democrat.
Another recommendation adopted today was that embodied in the report by Mr. John Hynd (Labour, Attercliffe) which proposes wavs of associating Britain with the energy policy (covering coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy) of the Six. This was carried unanimously,
M. DEBRE'S THESIS
M. Debrd, the French Prime Minister. addressing the Assembly later, said that in the French view the first step towards greater solidarity in Europe lay within the framework of the Rome Treaty establishing the Common Market. European,solidarity should, however, go beyond this framework. Government authority was not enough, and European solidarity must be based on acceptance by the people. He thought the most practical idea lay in extending the duties of the European assemblies, and in particular an obligation for at least one annual debate in which Gov- ernments should explain how they had been working for European solidarity.";"December 1, 1960";"";54943;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Assembly Accepts Offer To Britain";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
LUSAKA (N. RHOD.), OCT. 5
All branches of Northern Rhodesia's European mineworkers' union are con- sidering a plan put before them last night to abolish separate categories of jobs for Europeans and Africans in the mining industrv. If the plan is accepted. and If adequate training facilities are provided to enable Afrcans to take advantage of it. then the colour bar in Northern Rhodesia's copper mines, the second largest in the world. will be ended.
The plan has been produced, after many months of argument, by the mining joint industrial council, which consists of six employers' and six employees' representa- tives. The plan proposes that ability and character alone shall be the criteria of advancement from the lowest to the highest posts, and that there shall be equal pay for Africans and Europeans. The European union is expected to accept the basic plan, though there may yet be some hard bargain- ing on the grading and fragmentation of various jobs.
TRAINING AFRICANS
The plan includes provision for training courses and for some university scholar- ships, but apparently makes no reference to the Copperbelt Technical Foundation, which has so far been reserved to Euro- peans.
The report of the committee on technical education headed by Sir David Lindsay Keir. Master of Balliol, which was set up by the mining companies several months ago, will no doubt deal with the future of this foundation and with apprenticeship and similar matters. The report will presum- ably be published before negotiations over the new plan are completed. The mining companies are expected to press on with the provision of training for Africans on Penln:l tplmc -4nth P---vvr";"October 6, 1960";"";54895;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Equality Plan For African Miners";""
"['By David Wood European Political Editor']";"['News']";"By David Wood
Euronean Political Editor
Moves ave being made by some European Christian
Democrats and Conservative l MEPs to bring a delegation- from the European Parliamedt. into active membership of the Western European Union (WEU). They are an expres- sion of a right-centre feeling that the European Parliament should be more demonstrably concerned:than it now is with European defence.
The precise way in which the European Parliament could be involved with WEU is un- settled. Defence is a subject not covered by the EEC treat- ies, although a group of right- centre, members believes that unity' on defence is all of a piece with economic unity. It is being suggested that member governments of WEU, including the origital Six and Britain, might agree to coopt a delegation from the European Parliament if only as abservers.
French support is so far noticeably absent.
Meanwhile, Gaullist MEPs who make up most of the European Progressive Demo- crat Group have surprised other groups in the European Parliament with a. proposal that M Jaques Chirac end 14 others should resign after com- pleting a year at Strasbourg and make way for others on their Frencn party list.
The formal announcement of the .change, made -possible by the use of the Continental list system in the European election last June, is expected next month.
The Gaullist group's. decision may spoil the carefully laid plans of Mrs Winifred Ewing, the Scottish National MEP for the Highlands and Islands. Mrs Ewing,. against the vehement opposition of M Michel Debre, the former French Prime Minister, persuaded the majority of her Gaullist collea- gues to hold their September group meeting in Inverxiess.";"April 21, 1980";"";60606;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European MPs seek closer cooperation with WEU";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROMl OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, SEPT. 29
Lord Home was sharply attacked by Neues Deutscluland today for his speech at the United Nations on self-determination for east Germans. The official communist newspaper said that the Foreign Secretary was among those who apparently had learnt nothing from history; he showed the same spirit in the United Nations as at Bad
Godesberg and Munich in 1938 when he supported Chamberlain ""in his plot with the fascist aggressors "".
Where Hitler had failed in the invasion of England, the newspaper said, Dr. Adenauer and Herr Strauss had succeeded. Boots of the Bundeswehr were tramping through the island kingdom. ""How does British self-determination now stand under Nato and the Western European Union, my lord ? "", it asked, and wound up by asserting that the west Germans were deprived of their right of self-determina- tion. It advised ""his lordship"" to think of the lessons of Munich and to talk about the conclusion of a peace treaty and the changing of west Berlin into a ""demilitarized free city"".
The east German Foreign Ministry has protested against the "" kidnapping "" of east Germans. It said that the flying out of seven persons from the Steinstucken enclave in American Army helicopters was an outrageous violation of the east German air sovereignty.
Students of the east Berlin Humboldt University have appealed to their fellow students in west Germany to join in their protest against forcible recruiting for the communist armed forces. All students in east Germany are now forced to sign the following statement: "" Realizing that it is necessary to defend the German Democratic Republic, I pledge myself to join the armed forces.""";"September 30, 1961";"";55200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Helicopter Rescue Protest";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, APRIL 23
Mr. John Maclay (United Kingdom Liberal and Conservative) was to-day re-elected president of the Western Euro- pean Union Assembly when the second ordinary session began.
The assembly was created last year when, on the collapse of the European Defence Community treaty, the Brussels treaty was enlarged to embrace the Federal German Republic and Italy. W.E.U. is competent in the field of defence and control of arma- ments, as well as in social and cultural matters. The session will last three days- the most important debate is expected to- morrow, on defence problems and control of armaments. Herr von Brentano, the German Foreign Minister, is expected to be presenL
One of Mr. Maclay's first acts to-day as prcsident was to read out a letter from M. Mollet, the French Prime Minister. In it M. Mollet emphasizes the role that Western European Union has to play in the progres- sive integration of Europe. It constitutes a framework, he says, within which should be developed active cooperation between Britain and the Continent
"" France, for her part, will neglect no effort to hasten the application of the Paris agreements and to favour any initiative which may reinforce W.E.U., particularly in the cultural and social fields,"" M. Mollet states. He recalls the specific duty of W.E U. for supervising armaments control, and observes that it is important that it should succeed in this matter, particularly because of the larger perspective of world disarmament ""The experience acquired by W.E.U. can be valuable in view of general olsarmament and supervision, to which my Govermment, in agreement with its allies, attaches the greatest importance,"" he states.";"April 24, 1956";"";53513;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Arms Control";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Har-trove
Paris, June 17
Signor Manlio. DBrosio, the Secretary-General of Nato, who hands over to Dr Luns in the autumn, in a- valedictor.y address to- the Westerln European Union Assembly today emphasized that the defence. of the Western, world and relaxation of tension with Eastern Europe. were not anta- gonistic.
T'hey wvere complemen,tar.y, he said, or rather defence and nego- tiation5 were "" leading to a relaxa- fion of tension which does not yet exist but which is sought after"".
Defence and the balarnce of forces could, without the, will to negotiate and to seek a ddtente, lead to now tensions; and without a va-lid defence which ensured a balan.e of forces negotiation led not to d6tente.but to capitulation.
But the crucial point was- differ- ent. ""Thc 'path to detente does not lead through an exclusively European negotiation, but through an- Atlantic dialogue with the Soviet Union, that is to say through solidarity. . with our American allies Without this soli- darity there can only-be a more or less direct, tough and overt hege- mony of Russia and of the com- munist systems in iEurope.""-
.Trning to the Soviet proposal
for a European seaulfiy confer-- =nce, he said that through this conference. Russia was seeking a minimum objective. which was the consecration of the division of GCrtmany and of Soviet control over. Eastern Europe, and a max- imam - objective, whlich was the disintegra,tion of ithe Atlantic alli- ance and the withdrasal .of. the Americans.
A diissoDltion of botih thc Warsaw Pact and the Atlantic Pact as proposed by Mr Brezhnev, the Soviet party leader., *vould leave intact Russia's bilateral pacts.";"June 18, 1971";"";58202;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU given warning about plans of Russia";""
"['By Sir Arthur Salter']";"['News']";"By Sir Arthur Salter
The movement for Western European Union has reached its critical stage. Its supporters, it is now clear, comprise rnany who hold fundamentally different opinions both as to the constitution in which it should be embodied and the eco- nomic goal at which it should aim. Federalists contend with those who believe that, at least within any reason- ably near future, federation in western Europe is either impracticable or undesir- able. Advocates of complete economic integration, embodied in a Customs union, are opposed by those who shrink fr9m some of the consequences that would be involved and in particular are not pre- pared to sacrifice Imperial preference for its sake.
These differences are radical; and the opposing groups are each so powerful that if any of them are alienated the movement may be fatally weakpned. Yet the free countries of Europe and the United States remain convinced, as they have shown unmistakably, that closer union is essential both for defensive strength and economic progress.
Can these differences be resolved ? I wish to offer some practical suggestions for four of the most urgent problems which now confront us.
THE COUNCIL'S TASKS
The first is this. How is the Council of Europe, with its twin constituent organs, the Committee of Ministers and the Con- sultative Assembly, to be usefully and adequately employed ?
The Council is now the chief embodi- ment of the aspirations of those who desire unity in western Europe. It is, through the Assembly, a bridge between govern- ments and parliaments and the public. It cannot, however, have an enduring vitality as a mere forum of discussion. If it is given no real responsibility for definite and important tasks, a sense of futility will undermine it and with it the impetus to union which only an alert, informed, and organized public opinion can supply.
Questions of defence are excluded from the Council's purview; and though eco- nomic policies may be discussed the prac- tical responsibility for promoting eco- nomic union now rests with the Organiza- tion for European Economic Cooperation. What is left ? There will doubtless be discussions on the future constitution of western Europe; but there are dangers in constitution-making which is not based upon a clear conception of the practical work to be undertaken, and in present circumstances such discussions will end in a deadlock. Unless the Council is given definite responsibility, it cannot live or grow.
TIlE ECONOMIC FUTURE
The second problem is presented by the prospective termination of Marshall aid in 1952. What is then to he the future of "" economic integration "" which O.E.E.C. is now trying to promote with the aid of the Marshall funds ?
O.E.E.C. consists of a body of per- manent officials with occasional Mini- sterial direction. It is trying, in connexion with its distribution of Marshall aid, to liberalize trade between the Marshall countries by the removal of trade barriers, by the interconvertibility of currencies, and by giving a western European rather than a national pattern to new industrial expansion. These are difficult tasks, for at each stage a disturbance of existing vested interests and a dislocation of present markets, with at least transitional unem- ployment, are involved; and the benefits are less immediate and less clearly visible than the losses.
The whole mechanism is under the con- trol of Ministers whose national powers remain substantially unimpaired, since no decision can change the internal policy of a national Government without the assent of that Government. Although substan- tial progress has been made, it does not satisfy either the distributors of Marshall aid or the more ardent advocates of European union.
The progress made, moveover, has been largely, perhaps mainly, due to the influ- ence exerted by the United States through the Economic Cooperation Administra- tion. In case of a difference between several of the Marshall aid recipients the influence of the Administration, on whose advice Congress determines the annual grants, is naturally very forceful. It can frequently resolve what would otherwise be a deadlock. The flow of Marshall funds through E.C.A. has given an impetus to
integration and liberalization which extends far beyond the actual allocation of the funds.
This guidance, and this impetus, will come suddenly to an end in 1952. But the task of widening and deepening the economic unity of western Europe will remain for many years. It will indeed become intrinsically more difficult, just when the temporary help to its progress comes to an end. Hitherto E.C.A. has been like an instructor in a motor-car who is teaching a novice to drive. The pupil has direct control, but the instructor has a secondary control in his hands and the authority of his position. At the same time the flow of MarshaU aid has been like the petrol which supplies the motive power. What will happen when the in- structor and his petrol both disappear ? It is surely certain that O.E.E.C., consti- tuted as it now is, will come to a standstill unless a new source of motive power is found; and what can this be ?
Separately each of these two problems may be insoluble. Yet each may give the answer to the other. The Council of Europe can inherit the task of O.E.E.C. The Committee of Ministers would then take the place of the present Ministerial direction of O.E.E.C., the permanent officials, or those of them who are stiU required, working under their authority; and the Consultative Assembly would discuss economic integration responsibly and press its recommendations on its twin organ in the Council. The Assembly's special relationship to parliaments, to the European public, and to the unofficial organizations which advocate western unity, may well be able, for reasons which will be discussed later, to supply th'e new motive power required to replace Marshall aid.
A CUSTOMS PROBLEM
The third urgent problem arises fror the fact that a Customs union, the complete form of economic unity, is incompatible with Imperial preference. If Britain has to choose between western Europe and the Commonwealth she will choose the latter. If a Customs union, which would mean the abandonment of Imperial preference, is an integral part of European union she will stand out, and without her it cannot succeed.
Nor is Imperial preference the only obstacle to a Customs union. A complete Customs union involves such restrictions on the national policies of the countries comprised within it that it has rarely proved practicable except in combination with political union: Some western Euro- pean countries, moreover, such as Holland and Belgium, desire closer economic rela- tions with each other than with all the rest. And the displacement of labour which would result from complete free trade (without the freedom of migration which was available when the American federation was formed) might lead to intolerable unemployment and distress; some continuing protection would be required to mitigate it.
For all these reasons a Customs union is surely too ambitious a goal for immediate policy. We need a European arrangement which is compatible with both Imperial preference and other special preferences. This is quite possible. I suggest that the declared goal should now be the converti- bility of currencies, the removal of all other barriers (quotas, &c.) except tariffs, and, then a inaxim iun limit to tariffs, not their abolition. Currencies and quotas are now being dealt with. The essence of the present suggestion is that a maximum tariff should be substituted for a Customs union as the goal to be aimed at.
Even if the maximum limit were as high as 20 per cent., the main advantages of economic unity would be secured if the other barriers were removed. At the same time, the 20 per cent. tariff would give a cushion against the consequences of dis- location. And, above all, there would be a margin within which Britain could arrange a preference with Commonwealth countries; so could the Scandinavian countries and Belgium and Holland with each other and their respective colonies. Preferences of any kind-no tariff, 5 per cent., 10 per cent., 15 per cent., anything up to the 20 per cent.-would be com- patible with the general European arrange- ment.
There remains the main question of the political and constitutional relationship of the countries comprised in the Union. This will be the subject of to-morrow's concluding article.
To be concluded";"May 16, 1950";"";51692;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Europe";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From- Charles Tiarerave
Lille, Nov 7
Today and tomorrow this great industrial city of northern France will be the capital of Sodialist. Europe. If the French So4calyist Party choose it rather than Paris to launch its cam- paign 'for' the 'European elec- tions, this is because geography, history, - and industry have given life -here an European staftp, -and because the Nord region, of which it is the capitalj -is with Marseilles the biggest bastion of French soclalism.
In the rather incongruous, ove'r-ornate setting of 'white, gold and red. plush of the Municipal. Theatre, fraternal delegates assembled from eight EEC countries, and from the three candidate - countries of Southern Europe..They included socialist leaders, suc as Herr Willy Brandt, Dr Mario Soares from Portugal, Mr Joop den Uyl, the former Dutch Prime Mlinister, Mr Cool, the chair- mail of the Belgian Socialist Party, and Melina Mercouri, Socialist Deputy for Athens.
The mayors of many large European cities were also present, including those of Lisbon, Athens, Saarbriicken, Pavia, Duisburg-in fact, a Socialist Almanach de Gotha. But. there were some notable absentees. Conspicuous among them was the British Labour Party leadership, which sent the mayor of Camden and a message of greeting due to arrive tomorrow, if reports are correct, from Dr David Owen.
Pressure' of parliamentary business was pleaded for this less than symbolic presence; but it was also generally ascribed by. the delegates to Labour's lack of European enthusiasm and conviction.
In his inaugural address, M Pierre Mauroy, Mayor and Deputy of Lille and number two in the party, declared with con- viction: ""Europe, which some- times seems to be monopolized by. lawyers, ministers and mer- chants must be entrusted to the Europeans. In short, Europe exists, but it must be changed. And to change it. we must simply enforce the Rome Treaty, and nothing but the Rome Treaty. In practice, since 1958, the:logic of liberalism has been -given free reign-that is what the Common Market amounts to. But the logic of European union-that of the- European Community-has been ignored.""
Europe existed, he went on, but today it was too closely identified with capitalism, and espoused its crises, powerless- ness; and injustices. European unity could not rest solely on institutions: -It required popu- lar endorsement. To achieve this, ""Europe must be the instrument,-and framework for greater social justice for the workers of all our countries "" and the European Parliament must be elected by direct uni- versal suffrage.
The Communists have des- cribed this European Socialist congress as a "" festival of double talk -and double deal- ing"". ""Speeches at Lille will mask the policy leading to the German-American . domination of Europe "", one of their deputies for the Nord declared yesterday.
The object of the congress in the eyes of the French Socialist Party is twofold. In the first place, it is meant to draw atten- tion to the solidarity of Socialist Europe, and to emphasize the French party's desire to co- operate closely with colleagues in other EEC countries, in spite of doctrinal differences, and divergent attititdes towards EuroPean unity.
The European Socialists and Social Democrats have no coin. mon programme, but only a com- man decl-aration adopted last June, which glosses over these differences and insists upon the need to create a Europe of the workers in the face of the challenge of the superpomwers. \ -
In the second place French socialism is intent on asserting its strength and its dynamism for domestic political consump- tion. Apart from differences with other Socialist PartieS, it has to contend with differeoces within its own ranks on Euro- pean policy, as well as on much else. Its left-wing- ginger group, for instance, has refused to en- dorse the party's ""European manifesto"" on the ground that it carries cooperation with Social Democraiic movements too far, and seems to be turn- ing away from the Union of the Left and succumbing to ""third force"" temptations.
The fact remains that for the French Socialists, the European elections are both a problem and an opportunity. A problem, because they have to get their own fiddle in tune; and an opportunity because they are fully aware of the domestic political advantage which they in particular-as distinct from the Communists and the Gaull- ists, who have adopted anti- European positions-can derive from these elections.
The domestic political aspect explains why all political par- ties are girding themselves for battle months ahead of the election date. For the Socialists, Europe will be a major political stalking horse.
The European elections, through the workings of pro- portional representation, will give them a chance to assert their independent identity vis- a-vis the Communists, whose support they will not need; and of attracting to their side an even larger proportion of mniddle-of-the-road voters than they boast now-provided, of course, that French public opinion can be sufficiently mobilized next June to avoid massive abstentions. If their gamble works, they will be able to consolidate their claim to be not only the biggest opposition party, but the biggest in the country.
This explains why the Fretieb Socialist Party at Lille ha-s drawn out all the stops,-and put- out all the flags-the city is decked with its own emblems and those of member countries. Prominent European intellec- tuals such as Heinrich Boll, the German writer, Georgio Streh- ler, the director of the Teatro Piccolo of Milan, the painter Miro, and Frangoise Sagan, the French author, have all beeni invited to come here for the occasion and demonstrate that the Europe of the workers is also the Europe of the intellec- tuals.";"November 8, 1978";"";60453;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Socialist leaders hear plea to turn EEC into European union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Mr. Callaghan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (right), shaking hands with the west German Minister of Finance, Dr. Dahlgrun, at the start
of their talks yesterday on Rhine Army costs.
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-BoNN, JULY 21
Mr. Callaghan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, said at a press conference tonight after his talks with Dr. Dahlgruin, the west German Finance Minister, that the British Government had decided that if the offset costs of the British Army of the Rhine could not be covered in full, as Britain had demanded, the procedures in 1'ato and the Western European Union for the withdrawal of some of the troops wvould be set in motion.
Mr. CaUaghan said that Britain's balance of payments problems must have precedence over every other considera- tion. "" We are overstretched with our overseas commitments, and we are carry- ing burdens which no other country in the world is carrying "", he said.
"" Britain must live. The health of our national economy comes first. This is not an ultimatum but a declaration of policy.""
Early answer
Today's declaration by the Chancellor of the Exchequer amounts to a clear warning to the German Government that if it cannot meet the full'offset costs of the British Rhine Army amounting, he said, to f94m., then the British Govern- ment would have no alternative but to set the withdrawal procedures in motion. He refused to be drawn regarding the number of troops which might have to be taken out.
Mr. Callaghan said he expected to have the German Government's answer "" within a few weeks "", and he hoped- in fact appeared to imply-that the reply might be positive. He cast doubt on earlier press reports that the German Government had definitely ruled out pay- ments from the German Budget to make up the £40m. gap in the offset costs.
At the end of the talks a joint state- ment was issued which announced the setting up of an Anglo-German com- mission, composed of the Ministers of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade of the two countries, and the governors of the central banks.
The commission has been instructed to report by the end of September on how far it is possible for the German Government to increase its offset pay- ments.
Allies' position
Mr. Callaghan made it plain that it would be out of the question for the Germans to achieve the ""full offset"" that Britain requires by the present methods, and thus clarified that the full cover could be given only bv a cash pay- ment from the German Budget. It is
this payment, it appears, which the British threat of troop withdrawals is intended to achieve.
In reply to questions, Mr. Callaghan said that whether there would be any withdrawals depended on the reply of the German Government, but that if it were decided that withdrawal of troops had to take place, the correct procedures under the Nato and Western European Union treaties would be set in motion.
lIowever, he made it plain that Britain's freedom to withdraw some of her troops would not depend, in the last resort. on the agreement and con- sent of her western allies. The critical situation of Britain's balance of pay- .nents and of the pound dominated every- thing else. "" If we have to do this, we are sure our allies will understand ', he said.
Housing the men
On the question of Germany's ability to pay, Mr. Callaghan made the point that Britain's economic difficulties were far greater than Germanv's. Asked if there was accommodation in Britain for a large number of-troops returning from Germany, he said: "" We shall make it. Under canvas if necessary. Everything will be worked out.""
To a question on whether the Germans would mind much if some of the British troops were taken out, he referred to the last paragraph of the joint statement. which expressed ""the importance attached by the German Federal Repub lic to the maintenance of British forces in Germany "".
French assurance
Meanwhile Germany and France came closer to agreement today on the stationing of French troops in Germany following the French decision to leave the Nato integrated command. At their regular half-yearly meeting in Bonn, President de Gaulle assured Dr. Erhard, the German Chancellor, that France re- nounced her rieht to station troops in Germany under the 1954 treaty unless this had the agreement of the German Government.
German officials regard this assurance as of the highest importance, coming from the French head of state. They described it as an "" interpretation of the 1954 treaty"" with important political consequences.
So close has agreement come that only a few matters of protocol regarding the French troops were raised today by the French. These concern such things as which flag should fly over the French forces and a number of technical and legal questions.";"July 22, 1966";"";56690;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Callaghan gives clear warning to Bonn";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"During the past 10 years in Europe there has been a steady deciine in the percen- tage of gross national product devoted to defence, and Britain has been no exception. It is the intention of the Labour Government to reduce still fur- ther our defence spending, from 51 to 4j per cent. Less money is but one arm of the pincer; the remorseless rise in the cost of material and of salaries is the other. The pin- cer has grip enough, but an extra squeeze is now being applied by the accelerating Eeffect of international infl- I ation.
Europe faces the prospect of disarmament through inflation-an insidious process, an early effect of which will be to rob Nato of its margin of technological superiority, vitally important to 'the weaker side. Can public opinion he alerted ? And if so, what can he dnnp ?
The first thing would be for Britain to set an example by giving an undertaking to make no cuts in real terms in defence spending: this the Conservatives should proclaim as policy. The second thing would be for the Government to revive the concept of the European Defence Community-once the necess- ary irrelevance of the referen- dum has been got out of the way. The creation of a Euro. pean Defence Community of the Seven (for neither Ireland nor Denmark would be likejy to join), would mean the esta-; lishment of a common defence budget, something that would oblige the participants to con- struct political institutions cap- a-ble of achieving the rationa- lization and standardization of weapons procurement. The cost of weapons systems is such that any duplication amounts to economic absur- dity.
Inflation makes standardi7- ation a matter of prime impor- tance. In theory, it implies the prior harmonization of tactical and strategic concepts, for it is impossible to order common weaponry without agreement as to its role, and then as the next stage, the increasing in- tegration of weapons produc- tion. Given the need to main- tain a European armaments in- dustry, in competition with the United States, and European Defence Communitv would come inevitably to allocate pro- jects among Europeans, and to conceive and monitor a scheme whereby profits would be fairly distributed.
In practice, there are three main obstacles to standardiz- ation: Britain, France, and to a lesser extent, Germany. Such obstacles are political in nature, and are all facets of nationalism, of the desire of nation sta :es to make their own weapons, and to sell them. narticularlv to Arabs.
The first task of the Defence Community would be to invite the Eurogroup to seek compa- tibility by achieving a common
The author is the Chairman of the Defence and Armaments Comnmittee of the Western European Union Assembly.
tactical concept. It ought to be possible to arrive at a common definition of missions, despite different traditions and doc- trines, at least for the central front. Without prior agree- ment, weapons would be built to an exaggerated versatility and unnecessary sophistication, thus defeating the object of the exercise.
The production of advanced technological weapons systems already exceeds the capacity of the middle-ranking powers, and no national market is large enough to ensure profitability. Procurement as we know it can only go so far: standardiza- tion calls for a supra-national authority taking decisions as to research and development, and allocating projects, controlling exports, and sharing profits. In the last resort, it must be more advantageous in every sense, and more effective from the defence standnnint tn nrn.
duce a single weapons system which is ensured of suffi- ciently long runs to ensure profitability.
The European Defence Com- munity would encourage the creation of a more coordinated and integrated defence system, for it is only through integr- ation that Europe can bridge the widening gap between the military effort needed to meet the threat from the Soviet Union, and the resources which increasingly reluctant public opinion will spare to meet it.
At present, there are several competing ways in which the defence of Europe might be encouraged. The Eurogroup, so far without France, might attempt to reach agreement on common tactical con.Qepts. The Standing Armaments Commit- tee of the Western European Union, which includes France, might undertake a study of the armaments industries of Europe, and the problem of exports, in order to make recommendations as to specia- lization, trans-national mergers, and the further rationalization of the national armaments in- dustries.
But a common armaments policy means decisions taken at the political level. The Nine are pledged to achieve political unity, and its concomitant, a European defence and foreign policy. The institutions of the EDC would thus be woven around those of the EEC, for the Treaty of Rome precludes defence. This should now be our priority.
If we do nothing then we shall find ourselves disanmed by inflation, and by a growing public boredom with defence. If we are to disarm unila- terally, then at least we should do so as a corscious act of policy.
Julian Critchley";"March 18, 1975";"";59347;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe in danger of being disarmed by inflation";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"The possibility of further limitations on arms manufacture in west Germany implicit in the French proposal for a European arms pool has prompted a sharp reaction in Bonn.
Professor Erhard, Federal Minister of Economics, stated that his Government was anxious to see international cooperation in the making of armaments, but there could be no question of Germany's giving up the right to produce any weapons not specifically banned by the Paris treaties.
BONN MINISTER'S
STATEMENT
LIMITS DEFINED IN
PARIS TREATIES
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 9
Professor Erhard, the Federal German Minister of Economics, has denied a report in the Hamburg paper Die Well yesterday that the Federal Republic is pre- pared to "" renounce "" the production of tanks and heavy artillery and will be content to buy these heavy weapons from other 'members of the North Atlantic alliance.
HIs statement pointed out that the limits on the future German arms industry were clearly defined in the Paris treaties, which laid down that the Federal Republic would tiot produce atomic. chemical, and biological weapons, or-without the specific agreement of the council of the Western European Union -long-range or guided missiles "" influence "" mines, warsh;ps above a certain size, and strategic bombers. The treaties gave the Federal Republic the right to produce all other armaments, and there was no question of giving up these rights.
DIVISION OF LABOUR
This did not mean, Professor Erhard's state- rnent continued, that the Federal Republic was interested in producing herself ' all the armaments necessary for military use."" On the contrary. she was anxious to see "" inter- national cooperation and the international division of labour "" extended to the field of armaments.
This tentative shot at a definition of the west German attitude to the proposals for a European armaments community put forward by M. Mendes-France ;s intended primarily to safeguard Professor Erhard's position for the technical talks on the subject which are to open in Paris to-morrow week. The Federal Minister of Economics is to lead the German delegation there. Before that. however, Dr. Adenauer and M. Mendes-France will have discussed the subject at Baden-Baden, together with other matters of common interest such as the disputed points of the Saar agreement and the rossibilities of joint long-term eco- nomic development. The statement gives a fair idea of the attitude the Federal Chancellor will probably adopt on the armaments pools.
His attitude to the French plan will not be wholly negative, but there are some important features of it which be will almost inevitably turn down.
To the ideas of standardization of arma- ments within the Western European Union, and to the principle of an international "" divi- sion of labour "" in the production of some of the heavier or more complex weapons, the Federal Government is receptive. This might well mean that the armour plate for heavy tanks, for instance, might be made in Ger- mnany, while other parts of the tanks might be made in France or Belgium; similarly, some types of guns might be made only in France, or their barrels might be made in France and their carriages elsewhere. So far as an economic justification can be found for such arrangements, the Germans might agree to them.
This is regarded in Bonn as quite different from the acceptance of any further limitations on the right of the Federal Republic to produce any weapons, parts, or equipment she may please. The instrument of accession to the Brussels treaty, signed at Paris in October, lists the weapons that she shall in no circumstances produce, those which she shall not produce without specific agreement, and those which shall be subject to control by the western European agency to be set up for the purpose. The control will extend to all continental members of the W.E.U. equally; it will be concerned primarily with the stocks of the weapons rather than with their production. Th is, in the Federal Government's view, is enough control. It does not want a common arma- ments budget, a common procurement agency, or any of the supranational features of the French plan. There are economic and political interests against these supranational features, The spokesmen of German industry do not think it economically desirable, or commerci- ally convenient to themselves, to have a supranational body ordering rearmament con- tracts and supervising their execution.
POLITICAL VIEW
Politically, the German view is that the European Defence Community and the Euro- pean Political Community were turned down by France in favour of an alliance of national States on the lines agreed in London and Paris in the autumn. These allied States raise and equip their own armies and conduct their own economic and financial affairs; there is no place in this system for an armaments authority cutting across the authority of the member States. Plainly, too, it will not appear to the Germans as in their interest, in the next few years when their forces are being assembled and equipped for the first time with American aid, to have the American aid itself subject to the control of a third party.";"January 10, 1955";"";53135;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. German Stand On Right To Produce Arms";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Parliamentary Corresiondent
WESTMINSTER, THURSDAY
It was a happy circumstance that gave both sides of the House the opportunity, on the eve of dissolution, to forget elec- toral differences in saluting the formal entry into force to-day of the Paris agreements.
The significance of this "" landmark "" in the history of Europe, as Mr. Harold Macmillan. the Foreign Secretary, acclaimed it, was heightened by his affirmation that Britain would now seek, with her allies, early discussions with the Soviet Union on the many outstanding problems which con- fronted the nations. Credit to the Prime Minister for his shiare in "" rescuing the situation,"" after the French Parliament had rejected E.D.C., was freely accorded by Mr. Herbert Morrison, nor did he forget what was due to his own party.
There was warm cheering when Mr. Mac- millan told the House: "" Her Majesty's Ambassador at Bonn-and I am happy to say that to-day we again have an Ambassa- dor in Germany-is to-day depositing the instruments of ratification of the documents on the termination of the occupation regime in the Federal Republic of Germany and of the convention on the preseoce of foreign forces in the Federal Republic. Her Majesty's Ambassadors at Brussels and Washington are also depositing to-day the instruments of ratification of the seven-Power agreements on the Westem European Union and the protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty.
FRESH BASIS FOUND
""As the House knows, it has long been our purpose to see German sovereignty restored and Germany welcomed again as an equal member in the fellowship of the western democracies. This policy has had its set
backs from time to time, notably when the French Assembly last summer found itself unable to accept the European Defence Community Treaty. Nevertheless, due to the inspiration and determination of my right honourable friend, the Prime Minister, a fresh basis was found at the London con- ference of last October. and full agreement was reached shortly afterwards in Paris.""
Having recalled that Sir Anthony Eden gave the House a fu:l acco,nt of the efIects of these agreements last October, he con- tinued: "" I only wish to mark the historic character of to-day's events in Bonn, Brussels, and Washington. The entry into force of the Paris agreements allows Ger- many to reassume the functions of a sovereign State and allows her to take her
vlace as a full member of Western European Union and of N.A.T.O. Future generations will I believe, look back on this day as a landmark in the history of Europe.
"" The successful and formal conclusion of these negotiations will be greeted with relief and satisfaction by the whole free world. This is the firm base from which we can proceed to the next step. We shall now seek, together with our allies, early discus- sions with the Soviet Union on the many out. standing problems which confront us all. We earnestly pray that these discussions may prove fruitful.""
PARTNER FOR PEACE
When the cheering had died, Mr. Herbert Morrison welcomed the statement on behalf of the Opposition. "" We are glad,"" he said, "" that these agreements bave been reached and certainly a proper share of credit is due to the Prime Minister, in his forrner office, for having assisted in rescuing the situation after the rejection of E.D.C. by the French Parliament. Credit belongs to this side of the House also. My friend the late Mr. Ernest Bevin initiated the policy and I took -an active part at Washington in September, 1951. about it.
"" I am glad it has now been settled. Let us hopz the result of this will be that Germany, whom we welcome among the sovereign States of Europe, will make a suc- cess of her democracy and be an active and valuable partner and cooperator with the western democracies, not for war but for the peace of the world and that we will be able to cooperate to that end. Let us hope there will soon be a united Germany.
"" Now that this point has been reached, which has been the subject of some contro- versy in the country and among politicians, may I express the hope that the Government wijl contidue to make efforts, and will now redouble their efforts, to get high level talks with the Soviet Union and other appropriate Governments with a view to effecting the uni- fication of Germany and promoting policies that will help the peace of Europe and the world.""
Mr. Macmillan agreed with Mr. Kenneth Younger, Labour member for Grimsby, that while this step marked only a stage in a long journey, nevertheless it was an important stage upon which they hoped further progress could be made. T~he Government would certainly pursue with redoubled effort the attempt to reach conversations and discus- sion, on a four-Power basis, among heads of Governments if possible, to reach at any rate a foundation upon which further pro- gress could be made.";"May 6, 1955";"";53213;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Landmark In History Of Europe";""
"['From Richard Owen,']";"['News']";"From Richard Owen,
l3russels
There was a flurry of alarm late on Tuesday night at the Luxembourg summit, which had already gone on far longer than scheduled, when rumours swept through the conference centre that Denmark and Italy were about to destroy hard-won compromises by watking out: Denmark because they went too far, and Italy because they did inot go far enough.
Determined to avoid upheavals
But Mrs Margaret Thatcher, Herr Helmut Kohl, the West German Chancellor, and Presi- dent Mitterrand of France were determined to get the reform process out of the way rather than suffer yet again the divisivc upleavals which undermined the Milan summit in June.
""Wfe decided to sit it out until we had a clear and decisive position,"" a tired, but still remarkably buoyant Mrs Thatcher said in the small hours of yesterday morning.
Having initially opposed any changes to the Treaty of Rome, Mrs Thatcher was instrumental in pushing for ""minimalist"" reforms on monetary union, the abolition of frontier controls and othler issues on the grounds that, since a reform package was inevitable, it had better pro- mote and protect British inter- ests.
The result is being widely applauded in Brussels as a step forward. But European Com- niunity diplomats were saying yesterday that the package could store up trouble for the future. It still has to be ratified by national parliaments and could founder on Italian, Danish or other objections.
The main points to emerge from the summit, properly known as the European Coun- cil, are:
1. Practical steps will be taken to reduce the administrative and legal constraint3 on small and medium-sized businesses to encourage job creation. Known as ""deregulation4', this is a -personal issue for Mrs Thatcher, who expressed satis- faction with the setting-up of a Commission task-force to re- view past and present legis- lation ensuring that their costs do not outweigh their benefits.
2. The internal market is to be comrrpleted by 1992, with the Council of Ministers going over to majority rather than unani- mous voting, with some exccp- tions. This reduces the use of the national veto. The summit defined the internal, market as
'an area without frontiers in which the. free moveement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured"".
Member states can apply to the Commission for cxemp- tions, a move which takes account of Britain's need to mtaintain border controls on inmmigration, drugs, disease and terrorism. A' new clause em- powers states to take fellow EEC' tmembers to the European Court
for alleged ""improper use"" ot exemptions to restrict trade.
3. The treaty preamble is to include the goal of Economic and Monetary Union and wider use of the European Currency- Unit. But institutional changes, such as a European Central Bank, still require a urianimous vote with Britain and West Germany, which oppose full monetary union, retaining the veto.
4. Disparities between richer and poorer member states are to be reduced, a policy known as
'cohesion"". by using existing structural funds. On Britain's insistence, this article also includes depressed industrial areas in the more advanced countries.
5. The European Parliament at Strasbourg is offered a new formula under which it can delay and amend legislation through a second reading. But the Council of Ministers has the last word by unanimous vote, if the Bill is totally rejected by the Parliament.
6. The EEC will encourage technological research and co- ordination with anr agreed framework, and will act together to protect the environ- ment. Britain placed a reserve on a clause providing for majority decision-making in matters governing employmnent and working conditions.
7. Member states will consult each other on foreign policy to formulate common positions, with foreign ministers and the Commission meeting four tines a year. A new foreign policy secretariat will be based in Brussels. The new article de- fines European defence and security policy as a long-terrn goal provided it does not conflict with Nato or the Western European Union.
Differences of
interpretation,-
One of the first tests of ihe newv reform will come next week wvhen the European Parliament meets at Strasbourg.
MEPs are almost certain to take a dim view of the marginal increase in their role, and-may Nell threaten to hold up existing constitUtional procedures as a protest.
There are also likely to be numerous differences of in- terpretation over the internal market and the liberalization of trade, with Britain- already suspecting that France will seek to protect its transport industry and other states resentful of the retention of border restrietions bv Britain and Ireland.
Other foreseeable difficulties will include pressure on Britain to join fully the European exchange rate mechanism, and the desire of France, Italy, The Netherlands, and other ""maxi- malist"" states,. to cap the reforms with an all-embracing Act of European Union. ThiS is a proposal which may aris6 at the next European- foreign ministers session in 12 days's ltime. ---";"December 5, 1985";"";62313;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC summit deal";""
"";"['News']";"General Smuts gave a broadcast address last night on "" The Changing Concept of the British Commonwealth and Empire."" The following are extracts from his talk:-
The world is1faced with an entirely new align- rnent of world power, with two opposed camps in command of colossal, unprecedented war potential. It is against this power background that we must review our concepts of Common- wealth and Empire and of its position and status. It is no longer a question of our stand- ing alone for our security-or of counting our losses and gains in the world wars. Organiza- tion of the west becomes the one paramount issue, for us of the Commonwealth also.
In this connexion it is in the first place clear that the United States by virtue of its secure geographical position, its unequalled industrial resources, and its immense war potential, has a special position in the west. The Common- wealth accepts and welcomes that all the more because of the affinity of the United States in race, language, ideas, outlook, and policies with members of the Commonwealth. Association between the two would not only be the most obvious and natural one, but would also mean a concentration of resources and a command of world communications which would give pause to any potential aggressor. No change in the structure of the Commonwealth would be involved. Canada has for long found loyal membership of the Commonwealth compatible with close cooperation with the United States and has thus set a precedent for the Common- wealth as a whole. States and Commonwealth could well work together without any change in their present constitutional arrangements and certainly without any loss of face.
AN ATLANTIC PLAN
In the second place, Europe, or at least Europe west of the curtain, is in a position of special danger, and both for its recovery and its future security its reconstruction on a regional plan has become both necessary and urgent. The doom which has befallen the old motherlands of the west can only be re- trieved by the European peoples coming together. Through Benelux, the five-Power Brussels pact, and the European Recovery Plan this great move has begun. With strong Ameri- can backing and British sponsorship it may yet turn the present defeat and disaster of Europe into one of the finest achievements of statesmanship-a European Union, a new birth of time, which will save our western civilization. Some Atlantic plan may bring about a measure of American participation.
British participation is necessary and inevit- able, both because European Union could not work without her, and also because Britain is part of Europe and no longer an island apart. Besides, her own recovery is directly and inti- mately bound up with the recovery of Europe. They need each other desperately. If Western Union, with British membership, is thus con- summated, a third or middle power group will arise, at least equal to either of the other two, the security set-up of the world will rest on a triangle of power, and will not continue to be precariously poised between two great Powers facing each other across a broken Europe. That is how I see the future basis of security and world peace. That I think is the course of the next great advance.
It is in this connexion that an interesting and most important issue may soon arise for the Commonwealth of which Britain is the leading member. Can she be a leading or important member of both Commonwealth and Westcrn Union ? Will the Commonwealth suffer from such a dual relationship of Britain ? I have given the matter much consideration and see no insuperable difficultv, but it would be premature to discuss the matter here or at this early stage. One thing is quite certain: Britain will be necessary for both Common- wealth and Western Union. She is the mothcr of States and she has been the originator and the leader of the most successful existing group of free States. She has unrivalled experience of human affairs in all parts of the world, and has acquired a traditional technique for handling them. Her sense of justice and fair play and her balanced judgment must now more than ever be invaluable world assets in this time of unsettlement and ruffled tempers. A great human mission still lies before her, perhaps greater than any in her glorious past.
PLEA FOR EMPIRE
CONFERENCE
MELBOURNE, Mav 23.-Mr. R. G. Menzies, leader of the Australian Parliamentary Opposi- tion, to-day dedared that the Empire ""will pass into history within 15 years unless British people all over the world begin to think of their relations with one another."" Only a united Empire, speaking with one voice, could restore Britain to her former position in world affairs, he asserted in an Empire Day speech here. It was "" inconceivable t that there had not been a high-level conference between British nations since the war.-Reuter.";"May 24, 1948";"";51079;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Third Power Group";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Italian state visit has so far been largely a matter of ceretno- nial, all the easier because behind it liesi the fact that Italy aind Britain -have nowadays a common interest in almost every field.
The p6litical 'talks will be centred upbn'the-Primie Minister's meeting tomorrow evening with' President Saragat and Signor Nenni, the Italian Foreign Minis- ter, for an hour at' the Italian emrbassy, after which Mr. Stewart, who will also be at the meeting, is giving a dinner at Lancaster House. Then, when the President and Signor Nenni have paid a visit to Scotland. there will be a further talk on Monday' at Downing Street.'
It is no secret that the Italians would have liked the visit to mark the closeness of relations between Britain and Italy in concreate form with the signing of an Anglo- Italian treaty, something like the
Franco-German treaty. That would not have been an altogether happy precedent, but, in any even,, the British Government did not wish to oyerstrain and there- fore perhaps diminish the effect in Europe of the existing close Anglo-Italian understanding.
The Italians will need no assur- ance of the welcome here for the way in which Signor Nenni has contributed to the continuing work of the Western European Union and its development as the forum in which a common defence and foreign policy may eventually be achieved.
Italian opiniou has been out- raged by the occupation of Czecho- slovakia, but as yet little disturbed by the Soviet naval build-up in the Mediterranean. On both these questions the talks in London are likely to help to sustain the desire
on both sides ior close and steady I Anglo-Italian cooperation. Court circular, page 12.";"April 23, 1969";"";57542;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Friendly discussions";""
"";"['News']";"HEIDELBERG, May 17.-Dr. Adenauer, president of the Bonn Parliamen- tary Assembly, said in a speech to 2,000 students here to-day that he was satisfied that the western Powers would not sacrifice their liberty to Russia. "" The Paris conference will decide our fate -your fate and that of our children,"" he said.
Dr. Adenauer said: Every German longs for national unity, but he longs no less ardently for freedom. We must not try to purchase unity by giving up liberty and law, which we would do under Soviet influence. I can tell you, from the assurances given by the British Foreign Secretary, Mr. Bevin, by the United States Secretary of State, Mr. Acheson, and by the British Military Governor, Sir Brian Robertson, that, whatever the outcome of Paris, freedom and democracy will be preserved in the western zones."" The eastern zone Lander had become so-called "" popular democracies,"" Dr. Adenauer said, "" which means that there is no democracy there.
""The demands we Germans have to present lo the Paris conference will be in the common interest of Europe. If the Marshall plan ends one day-and it cannot last for ever-ermanY
.ill be unable to exist separately. European civilization can only be saved if we find al comnmon path with the other peoples of Europe. If Europe continues to wound her- self she will fall victim to Communism and become an appendage of Asia. Another war between France and Germany is unthinkable with present-day weapons. If those French- men who still fear Germany were to come here among us they would see that we do not dream of new conflict. I hope that Strasbourg, the capital of European union, will become a symbol of the understanding between our two peoples.""-Reuter.";"May 18, 1949";"";51384;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Pledge To Germans";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 23
There is nothing lukewarm about the welcome extended, in official circics, among informed commentators, and among Frenchmcn generally, to the speech of Mr. Bevin in the House of Commons yesterday and to that of Mr. Eden, whose remarks on the Ruhr correspond exactly to French sentiments.
Official circles insist thlat, seen against the perspective of a European union which Mr. Bevin's speech opens up, the present difference between Britain and France on the devaluation of the franc, however regrettable, and however serious, is a passing incident.
The reservations expressed here are chiefly those of regret that Mr. Bevin did not go farther, make more concrete suggestions and emphasize the economic possibilities and prospects of his proposals rather than the purely political. Le Motide, after applauding the proposals to extend to the Benelux countries the provisions of the treaty signed at Dunkirk between France and Britain, con- tinues: "" This is no doubt excellent, but it is not enough; the actual solidarity between these five countries in the political sphere is such that treaties will add little to it. Only economic cooperation might create new and powerful bonds between them. Mr. Bevin made no mention of them."" The writer concludes: "" While praising his plain speaking, and the vistas which he reveals in the European policy, we must hope that these fine promises will soon be followed by concrete achievements.""
The Socialist Poptulaire also lays stress on the economic possibilities in the joint Anglo- French approach to the Benelux countries. The step was taken (it believes) because "" regional economic agreements can alone permit the nations of Europe to solve the difficulties which have faced them since the war ended.""";"January 24, 1948";"";50977;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Approval In Paris";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEC. 27
The Pope, in his annual Christmas broad- cast from the Vatican, declared that the time seetned to him mature for the idea of Euro- pean union to become reality. He also spoke of the "" grave spiritual danger "" of excessive reliance on technological progress and the ' technological spirit' to the neglect of other values.
Referring to "" the grey vision of a still unsettled Europe,"" his Holiness said that materialism did not threaten that continent more seriously than other regions of the world. "" On the contrary, we think that countries which have been overtaken late and unex- pectedly by the rapid progress of technology are more expbsed to the danger alluded to. Nevertheless, our grave fears for Europe are aroused by the repeated disappointments that
have met the sicere desire for a relaxation of' tension.""
The present state of affairs, the Pope sald would not improve "" unless all nations recog- nize the common spiritual and moral ends of humanity; unless they mutually agree to oppose the course of division reigning among them in the discrepancy of standards of living and productivity. This can and should be done in Europe by forming the continental union of its peoples. We exhort to action first and foremost Christian statesmen, deem-l ing it sufficient to recall to them that Christianity always considered it its task to promote every sort of peaceful union between nations.""
His Holiness also exhorted Christian states- men "" to action within their own nations. If order does not reign in the internal life of nations it is vain to expect European union. Weakness in authority, more than any other weakness, undermines the strength of a nation, and the weakness of one nation brings with it the weakness of Eurdpe and imperils the general peace.""";"December 28, 1953";"";52814;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Pope On Danger Of Materialism";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEC. 3
Count Sforza, replying in the Chamber to-day to Opposition criticism of. the Government's foreign policy, said that the only pledges the Government had offered to undertake were contained in his memoranda of August 24 and October 27 regarding closer collaboration between the Marshall plan countries in an eventual European union.
After refuting Communist assertions that the Government had neglected its opportunities to improve Italy's economic relations with Russia and eastern Europe, Count Sforza condemned the left extremists who counselled neutrality and disarmament for Italy. Their bad faith, he emphasized, was proved by a study of the military situation of Russia's satellite countries, several of which had been alowed to evade the military clauses of the peace treaties.
EXPANDING ARMIES
Thus Bulgaria, instead of the 55,000 men allowed her, had 76,000 troops, 10,000 frontier guards and about 120,000 national militiamen under arms, plus the 40,000 to 80,000 men of the "" labour troops,"" a militarized organiza- tion. ' The air force had 450 aircraft instead of the 90 allowed by the peace treaty. In Rumania, Count Sforza went on, there were at least 150,000 men under arms, in addition to frontier gendarmes numbering 20,000, instead of the permitted 120,000 men. Hungary, too, was rearming and by June next planned to have an army of 85,000 instead of the per- mitted 65,000 men.
In connexion with these "" collective pro- grammes of rearmament,"" Count Sforza asserted, the war industries of various countnes near to Italy had been asked by their military ministries how long it would take to bring their armament production up to that of 1944 ""even at the cost of suppressing all civilian production."" In some of these countries there had also been a secret call-up of men to the colours.";"December 4, 1948";"";51246;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy's Foreign Policy";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. I
The British High Commission, in a London diplomatic correspondence distributed to the Press, has denied the interpretation put by your Diplomatic Correspondent yesterday on the latest Note from the western Powers to the Soviet Union. It is "" erroneous,"" the High Commission says, to say that the westem Powers "" have made, ostensibly at least, an important concession in saying that they await 'any concrete proposal ' on free German elections."" The western attitude to free all- German elections is unchanged, it says, and the attitude stated in the latest Note is exactly the same as in the Note of September 10.
.Having made this clear, the High Commis- sion explains where the two differ. The pro- posals put forward by Mr. Eden at Berlin were "" a fair and practical programme, but not necessarily in every detail the only one, to secure free all-German elections."" They have not been dropped, but since the Soviet Government has shown no readiness to negotiate seriously on those proposals, the westem Powers have now addressed to the Soviet Government the clear and reasonable request to make its own ideas known. "" lf Moscow puts forward ideas that might serve as the basis for free all-German elections, they would naturally be considered.""
Further, it says, there is nothing in the Note to justify your Diplomatic Correspondent in saymg 'tat it ""almost seems to express a hope ' that the Communist Powers will agree to set up a military organization similar to Westem European Union. On this the High Commission points out that it is a ""basic fact,"" mentioned in the Note, that the Soviet Union ""formed its Red military bloc long before the west saw itself obliged, in face of the threat from the east, to take counter- measures for its own security through N.A.T.O. and simular arrangements.""";"December 2, 1954";"";53104;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West's Attitude To German Elections";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
BRUSSELS, JULY 26
Ministers representing the six nations of the European Economic Community (the Common Market) have declared themselves in favour of Greece joining the Community. The Greek request came before yesterday's meeting of the Ministers in Brussels.
It was decided to open preliminary talks with the Greek Government to draw up conditions. The Greek request pointed out that half Greece's foreign trade was with the Common Market countries.
To-day Signor Pella, the Italian Foreign Minister, and M. Wigny, the Belgian Foreign Minister, had luncheon together and discussed, among other things, the French suggestion (made during General de Gaulle's visit to Rome last month) for establishing in Paris a common secretariat for the Common Market countries. This suggestion has caused some concern in Brussels.
BRITAIN'S POSrTION
M. Wigny contended that the creation of a six-Power political secretariat might give rise to difficulties because of the exist- ence of Western European Union, of which Britain is a member. If the French plan was to be worked out, it should not be directed against a third party, nor should it result in a directorate of the great Powers within the Enropean Community.
Meanwhile the ministerial council again reached no decision about a European ""capital,"" but it was agreed to keep the executive of the Common Market in Brussels for the next three years. The Ministers also postponed the appointment of a new president of the high authority of the European Coal and Steel Community to succeed M. Paul Finet (Belgium) who is not seeking re-election.
Agreements between Euratom and Canada for technical cooperation were approved and it was stated that the agree- ment with the United States had resulted in 250 proposals for participation in the Euratom development and research pro- gramme, two-thirds of which had come from Europe";"July 27, 1959";"";54523;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Greece Asks To Join Common Market";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent I
Paris, Feb. 2 The French magazine L'Express reports in its edition for publica- tion tomdrrow the eXistence of a British plan to ""break down the door of Europe"" by proposing the creation of a supra-national European federation.
According to the article, written by the magazine's London corre- spondent, M. Basile Tessein, who is also head of the London bureau' of Agence France Presse, the plan. has been drawn up by the Foreign Office on instructions from Mr. Wilson, but has not yet been finally adopted by him.
Its object, the article says, is to ""force - the . hand"" of waverers among the Five, and especially. of the west Germans. By offering them the federal Europe which General de Gaulle has always re- fused, it might persuade them to abandon France in favour of Britain.
But the plan would only be put into operation after this week's Luxembourg meeting of the Council of Ministers of the West- em European Union (the Six plus Britain), if-as is expected-the French again block any attempt to put the Harmel plan into opera- tion.
M. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian F.oreign Minister, has proposed cooperation between the Six and the candidate countries in fields not covered by the Treaty of Rome, notably technology, monetary policy and defence. He said in Strasbourg last week that the W.E.U. provided the most suitable framework for such cooperation to be discussed.
According to L'Express, Mr. Wilson is not yet sure that the plan would sUcceed in winning over the Germans. in view of the import- ance of France to the success of west Germany's policy in east Europe, and because of the Ger- man elections this autumn. He would ta-ke the opportunity to sound out German feelings diring his visit to Bonn next week.";"February 3, 1969";"";57475;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British plan for Europe reported";""
"['From Diana Geddes,']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes'.
Paris
The seven Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union agreed in Paris yesterday to 'reactivate"" the comatose 30- year-old organization with a view to strengthening European defence cooperation.
Sir Gcoffrey Howe, the British Foreign Secretary, made it clear after yesterday's meeting that Britain had decided to abandon its previous sceptical, not to say negative, attitude towards the WEU.
A certain cautious reticence was still perceptible in Sir Geoffrey's carefully-worded comment that yesterday's dis- cussions ""can bc regarded as a positive but deliberative begin- ning to a reconsideration and reappraisal of the reactivation of the WEU"".
The object of the rseven - Britain, France, Gcrmany. The Netherlands, Belgium. $taly and Luxembourg, all members of Nato - was to strcngthen the European 'pillar of Nato. Sir Geoffrey said.
A stronger Europe was a good thing in itself for the transatlan- tic partncrship, he said in an indirect answer to those who fear that stronger European dcfence cooperation could undermine that partnership.
A report by a WEU working party, unanimously approved yesterday by the senior Foreign Ministers, emphasizes that efforts to reactivate the union should be seen as a contribution to the cohesiveness of the Atlantic alliance and not as an attempt to find a substitute
Sir Geoffrey said the WEU was the only European organiz- ation with the competence to discuss :defence and security matters, he said, It was also able to provide a forum at ministerial level for discussion of questions dealing with issues outside the Nato area
The WEU also offered a possible alternative forum ior discussion about arms procurement, although it was no secret that Britain wished to c6ntinuc to strengthen the performance of the Independent European Planning Group (IEPG) of Nato.
Yesterday's discussions had been opent-minded, construc- tive. pragmatic and marked bv broad agreement around the table, he said.";"June 13, 1984";"";61856;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe defence group revived";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-PARIS, APRIL 22
Herr Georg Kliesing, the west Ger- man President of the defence commit- tee of the Western European Union As- sembly, said here today that it was nec- essary to find a new legal basis for the presence of French troops on German soil. It was in west Germany's interest that the troops should remain, but with- out a new legal basis they would be violating German sovereignty.
He was speaking at the end of three days of discussions within the frame- work of the W.E.U. on French rela- tions with Nato. Taking part in the discussions were the chairmen of the defence committee of the various nat- ional Parliaments, as well as the mem- bers of the W.E.U. defence committee.
Herr Kliesing said that the Federal Gov- ernment could not accept the presence of French troops as occupation troops, be- cause that wvould raise the entire German
question "". It would destroy the basis of the west German claim that east Germany was no more than a zone still occupied by Soviet troops.
UNDERTAKINGS NEEDED
The date of July 1, when French troops are to be withdrawn from Nato command. need not be regarded as a deadline, Herr Kliesing said, as an intermediate solution was Possible. A final agreement depended. in his view, on the undertakings France was prepared to give: whether it was pre- pared to support west Germany in an attack against it. whatever the origin.
On the American front, M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Mlinister, this evening handed over the French reply to the last American Note, at a meeting with Mr. Charles Bohlen, the United States Ambassador.
No details have been officially released, but the reply was generally expected to reject American delaying tactics, and call for the opening soon of negotiations on the American withdrawal from French territory.";"April 23, 1966";"";56613;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Future Of French Troops In Germany Discussed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDE1T
PARIS, JULY 12
A sigh of relief that the Common Market can now advance again, if only limpingly, after six months inertia, is the dominant reaction among commen- tators here to the Brussels proposal for quarterly contacts in the Western European Union between Britain and and the Six.
Some, notably Le Figaro. bring them- selves to hope that the road, at the end of which Britain's entry into Europe should become possible, has now been opened, and none seem to ignore the point that mutual scrutiny and adjustment of policies, facilitated through the- W E.U. meetings, should make Britain's entry easier if and when the time comes. But the essential merit of the Brussels agreement, as Le Monde sees it, is to disperse the "" miasmas "" that have poisoned the atmo- sphere among the Six since January.
In short. nearly everyone is cautious of indulging in illvsions that much can come of the W.E.U. meetings. Naturally. few Paris commentators can refrain from noting that General de Gaulle. through Mf. Couve de Murville, made bis own a proposal that he had rejected when it came from Mr. Heath or the Gcrmans. But if France has "" conceded "" the fixed frequency of the meetings, and the widening of the agenda to include economic matters, and the presence of the E.E.C. Commission, sbe has succeeded in keeping the Britisb out of Brussels by trurnping the German sugges- tion for regular meetings at the level of permanent representatives there.
However, a French concession is a rare enough event to be welcome, and L'Aurore. and Combat have been so encouraged by it as to hope, even to suggest, that President de Gaulle may be reappraising his policies "" realistically "". to have something in store for his press conference on July 29. Others, once bitten, will wait to see.";"July 13, 1963";"";55752;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Kept Out Of Brussels";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, JUNE 16
R,epresentatives of Western European Union are to give inwmediate study to the possibility of Britain joining Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community. This was announced today after tbe meeting here of the W.E.U. Ministers under the chairman- ship of Mr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister.
Mr. Luns, at a press conferences, emphasized that the Ministers had not reached a decision.
THE HAGUE, June 16.-Observers saw the surprise move as the most positive step yet taken towards bringing Britain into Europe, and as a first practical move to bridge the gap between the rival Six and Seven trading communities.
After tonight's meeting, the British spokesman stated officially:-
""The council agreed in the light of an offer made by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. the British Foreign Secretary, that the seven representatives who normally form the permanent council of the W.E.U. in London should meet forth- with, not specifically as W.E.U. repre- sentatives but as an ad hoc body repre- senting the seven Governments, to consider in an active and positive manner ways and means on both sides of arranging British adhesion to Euratorn, the six-nation European atomic energy community, and the coal and steel pool, as full member.""
FORM OF ASSOCIATION
The spokesman added that, so far as the Common, Market was concomed, "" we cannot join it in its present form, but we hope that ways anid means would be found for some form of association or qualified membersbip, bearing in rnind our obligations to tihe Comnmon- wealth and to our partners in the Euro- pean Free Trade Association"".
He said that in bis address to hie council, Mr. Lloyd made it clear that Britain would like to have the certainty that she would be welcome among the Six. Britain was prepared to "" rethink "" and re-examine her positions towards European organizations.";"June 17, 1960";"";54800;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Closer Links With Europe Possible";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"Fromn In Mlurray,
Brussels
European members of Nato yesterday viewed with ""great concern"" threats by the US Congress to cut troops and arms spending on this side of thc Atlantic.
Meeting in the ""Euro-group"" they considered plans to open an information oflice in Washington and launch a film to help to educate Americans about the important role played by Europeans in the alliance.
Mr John Nott, the British Defence Minister, who chaired the meeting, said there had becn a unanimous view that current proposals before Congress to cut American troops in Europc by 23,000 would bc ""very daniag- ing to the alliance, destroying - to say the very least - the perception on the part of European governments of American commitment"".
Hc said the Euro-group was confident that the Administ- ration was doing all it could to stop the Congress proposals being passed; but the Euro- group felt it necessary to provide what help it could.
The group's final statement
pointed out that its members contributed about 75 per cent of tihe readily availible ground for-cs and tanks, 65 per cent of the air toree and 60 per cent of thc warships under Nato
An annexe to. the tinal statemlent listed the many commitments by Euro-group mnembers to build new weapons for Nato service. Among these were the introduction of 550 battle tanks, 32 warships and 270 combat aircraft. Wide-rang- ing improvements in air defence and missile systems were also planned.
0 Mr Denis Healy, the shadow Foreign Secretary. said in Paris yesterday that urgent changes were required in Nato's ap- proach to disarmament and defence (Our Political Editor writes).
Speaking to the socialist group of tihe Western European Union he said the alliance should put forward proposals for nuclear arms control in Europe that covered aircraft and submarines and took account of French and British forces.";"November 30, 1982";"";61402;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European allies castigate US troop 'withdrawal'";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MAY 2
Sir Stafford Cripps began a busy day with a long and cordial conversation this morning with Signor De Gasperi, at which Sir Victor Mallet, the British Ambassa- dor, was also present.
According to Italian sources, the two states- men made an ample survey of outstanding Anglo-Italian questions, including economic relations between the two countries in Europe and Africa within the framework of inter- national collaboration, general, social, and moral problems which will arise in connexion with the work of OE.E.C., and political ques- tions connected with European Union. Signor De Gasperi is stated to have taken the oppor- tunity of reaffirming Italy's point of view towards her former colonies.
Later the Chancellor was the guest of Signor Pella, Minister of the Treasury, at luncheon, where he met other technical Ministers and ex- changed views regarding the future of Italy's sterling credits and the development of Anglo- Italian trade. This afternoon he visited a national physical education centre, a slum area on the outskirts of Rome and a large institu- tion for tuberculosis sufferers. To-night Sir Stafford dined with Signor Lombardo, Minister of Industry.
The various talks the Chancellor has had have paved the way for the work of the British financial mission, which arrived here to-day and this afternoon began conversations with Italian experts on the question of Italy's ster- ling credits and the likely pattern of trade and payments for the second year of the Marshall plan.
AIM OF DISCUSSIONS
The purpose of the financial dis- cussions was described in London as "" fact-finding "" and the choice of the second full year of the European Recovery Programme as the period for examina- tion indicates that the facts are required in connexion with E.R.P.";"May 3, 1949";"";51371;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir S. Cripps's Busy Day";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 12
A period of intense diplomatic activity opens in Paris on Sunday afternoon with a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the United States, Britain, France, and west Germany to discuss the Berlin situation and other aspects of the German question.
On Monday, there are meetings of the ministerial council of the Organiza- tion for European Economic Coopera- tion, the ministerial council of the Western European Union. and the mini- sterial council of the Council of Europe. On Tuesday and the following three days the North Atlantic Treaty mini- sterial council meets. From Wednesday to Saturday the parliamentary assembly of W.E.U. will be sitting.
Sunday's four-Power talks will be pre- ceded by discussions to-morrow between
Herr Brandt, Chief Burgomasler of WVst Berlin (left), in conversation yesterday with Herr Ollenhauer, his party leader, and Hr. Hansen, the Prime Minker of Denmark, at
the residence of Herr Ollenhauer in Bonn.
experts and officials. Mr. Dulles is expected in Paris to-morrow morning and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd and Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, in the evening. Herr Brandt. the chief burgomaster of Berlin, is also expected to-morrow evening.
CHANCELLOR'S PARTY
An exceptionally strong ministerial team is coming from London for the O.E.E.C. mneeting. Mr. Heathcoat Amory, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who is president of the O.E.E.C. council, will be accompanied both by Mr. Maudling, the Paymaster- General, who will be making a report to the council on his work as chairman of the inter-governmental committee for a European free trade area, and by Sir David Eccles, the President of the Board of Trade. A strong body of officials will be headed by Sir Roger Makins, joint Permanent Secretary of the Treasury.";"December 13, 1958";"";54333;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"4-Power Talks On Berlin Open To-Morrow";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN cORRESPONDENT
PARIS. DEC. 12
Professor Carlo Schmid. Minister for Federal Affairs in the new west German Government. told the Western European Union assembly here today that west Germany would welcome Britain into the Common Market.
Professor Schmid. who is the assembly's outgoing president, said that Britain could make an important contribution to Euro- pean unity.
"" I think we all want to wish Mr. Wilson outrght success on his tour of European capitals to examine the conditions for a possible British accession to the communi- ties"". he said.
"" I am convinced that if the British Gov- ernment firmly intends to accede to the European communities, with all the politi- cal consequences this implies. if it expresses its wish to take part in a joint European policy, then nothing will be able to prevent the achievement of its plans and its clearly expressed political determination will over- come all obstacles_""
The assembly adouted by 46 votes to 11. with three abstentions, a recommendation by Lord Jellicoe for the creation of a Euro- pean nuclear hunter-killer submarine fleet. to meet the increasing Russian underwater threat. -
The objective would be the creation of a force of eight to 10 submarines with con- ventional armaments..
SOLDIER CHARGED
IN GERMANY
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 12
A British soldier. Lance-Corporal Leslie Michael Grantham. aged 20. from Orpington. Kent. of the 1st Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers. in Osnabriick, was charged today in connexion with the murder of an Osnabruck taxi-driver on December 3.
A British statement said that Corporal Grantham was being held under close arrest in the guardroom at Osnabruick. Under the status of forces agreement of 1963 the German authorities have 21 days in which to claim jurisdiction in the case, otherwise the soldier will be tried by court martial.";"December 13, 1966";"";56813;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany urges Britain to join Six";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, FEB. 15
The Foreign Relations Committee of the United States. Senate wiU meet on Tuesday for a final review of the draft Bill for the European recovery pro- gramme, and before the end of the week the Bill will probably go to the full Senate with a unanimous recommendation. Senator Vandenberg, chairman of the comnmittee, in announcing the decision to recommend the figure of $5,300m., said that tentative agreement had been reached on the whole Bill.
In the preamble of the Bill is a general statement of policy which sets forth the aims of the programme but leaves to the European countries themselves the job of filling in the outline.
""Mindful,"" it reads, ""of the advantages which the United States has enjoyed through the existence of a large domestic market with no internal barriers and believing that similar advantages can accrue to the countries of Europe, it iS the hope of the people of the United States that these countries, through a joint organization, will exert sustained com- mon efforts which will speedily achieve that economic coopemtion in Europe which is essential for lasting peace and prosperity.,,
This statement has already been criticized as inadequate and disapponting by the more ardent supporters of a United States of Europe, who had hoped for a more vigorous and explicit backing for a western European union. Republcan criticism of the $5,300m. figure was also heard at once. But the fact remains that the pr~ogramme has come out of its first major test not only intact but in many respects improved. The hope that it will be a zeal recovery progrramme grows.
*P A messae from our New York Corre- spondent on the declines in commodity pries in the United States appears on page 7.";"February 16, 1948";"";50996;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Aid Bill Taking Shape";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-PARIS, JUNE 29
The Atlantic Council, at its weekly meeting today, instructed the Nato military committee and senior commanders to take all necessary steps to cope with the situation arising from the French withdrawal on July 1, and to report to the council. It was an impressive demonstration of the solidarity of the 14, and of their support for the principles of Nato, and an indirect reply to the doubts expressed by M. Jacques Baumel, the secretarv-
rVi1O4L UI UIC U'JUU1ISL Pdrty, ln Itle
Western European Union Assembly in Paris two weeks ago.
The 14 members of the council, in turn expressed their regret at the uni- lateral decision taken by France, but emphasized their satisfaction that France was nevertheless remaining in the alliance.
M. Pierre de Leusse, the French repre- wa.tative informed the council that General Ailleret, the French Chief of Staff, had told General Massu, the Commander-in-Chief of the French Forces in Germany, to in- form his senior Nato commander that these forces would, until further notice, continue to fulfil the tassks which had been entrusted to them in the event of conflict.
Radar system contract
The council also approved the decision taken by the special staff under General lean Accart to entrust the construction of the Nato detection and tracking system known as Nadge (Nato Air Defence Ground Environment) to the consortium headed by the Hughes Aircraft Company of America.
The project, which will cost about LIQOm., will stretch from northern Europe through France to Turkey.
The consortium, which includes the British firm of Marconi, Thomson-Houston of France, Telefunken of Germany, Selenia S.P.A. of Italy, and Hollandse Signaal Apparaten of the Netherlands, had made the lowest bid.";"June 30, 1966";"";56671;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato Chiefs Get Orders To Meet New Situation";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPOND-NTr
OXFORD, JUNE 30
The policies of the French Govern- ment, particularly their relation with Nato, were criticized by Lord Gladwyn, president of the Atlantic Treaty Associa- tion, when he spoke to members of the Atlantic Conference of Young Political Leaders in Oxford today.
Lord Gladwyn suggested the formation of an integration commission, consisting of about nine members who had the con- fidence of their Governments, to look at all problems submitted from Europe and deal with them from a European and not a national viewpoint.
"" Most ot us will agree that if the alliance is to be given a new lease of life it can only be as a result of a new entity. I am afraid that even powers like Britain and France have become somewhat out- dated. They are becoming more and more provincial under the influence of one super power or another.""
INTEGRATION FEARS
Lord Gladwyn said that although General de Gaulle maintained that the alliance might be a necessity, Nato as such, in his opinion, was probably all wrong. The General had always been opposed to integration, since he feared that it might result in some form of American domination of the alliance.
""There is an inherent contradiction in current French policy, while in this country it is true to say that there is still a great deal of ignorance of the political and economic consequences of joining the Com- mon Market. It is all too easy to say that all ideas of an effective European union are nonsense.""
He added: ""I believe there is a grow- ing consciousness that Britain should sign the Treaty of Rome to cut out our present difficulties, particularly economic. which difficulties will soon confront us all."" A political union should have some machinery more powerful than a mere alliance.";"July 1, 1965";"";56362;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Making A Stronger Nato";""
"['From DAVID SPANIER']";"['News']";"From DAVID SPANIER
European Economic Correspondent,
The Hague, July 3
Britain's negotiating position for entry into the European Economic Community will be set out for the Six by Mr. George Brown. Foreign Secretary, at the meeting of the Western European Union here tomorrow.
It will be a major policy speech. representing what Mr. Brown would like to have said before the Council of the European Commu- nities in Brussels, if France had been willing to grant Britain a hearing.
Foreign Ministers from five of the Common Market countries are expected to attend. France being represented by M. Bettencourt, her State Secretary for Foreign Affairs. M. Couve de Murville would not have come any way, but he has the excellent excuse that he is in Moscow. M. Rey, the president of the new Commission, will also be present.
The meeting serves several impor- tant purposes for Britain. and Ir. Brown has a long and a short-term aim. For the long run. beyond reaffirming Britain's commitment to johaing the Common Market. he will mark out the main lines along which negotiations are sought.
It will not be the occasion to go into much detail-negotiations are still some way off--but he will be expected to indicate the kind of solu- tions the Government sees to the already well-known problems of adjustment to the Community's economic Fystem.
In particular he will seek to anticipate French arguments against the British candidacy on a tInumber o1 issues. Two of the most pressing are the significance of the interna- tional role of sterling, which France insists would be a risk for the stability of the Community. and the readhiess of Britain to accept the common agricultural policy,";"July 4, 1967";"";56984;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown Seeks To Speed Eec Entry";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NAIROBI, MAY 15
Colonel Ewart Grogan, a European elected member of the Kenya Legisla- ture, disclosed in an address at the annual meeting of the European Union last night that most of his colleagues accept the constitutional changes recently proposed only subject to what he described as a "" most vital proviso"" hitherto kept secret. He said: -
* We have civilian control under the Governor and military control under the Commander-in-Chief. We shall insist, when dual control ceases and normal rule reverts to the civilian element, that the War Council-which does in fact control the country-be altered, or rather merged. into some sort of security committee which would have complete control of external security, internal security, and the ancillary services of the colony.""
SOLE OBJECTION
This proposal, Colonel Grogan said, had been approved in ""very high places."" It was obvious that it would be quite impossible for such a body to include any Asians or Africans, because ext,rnal security involved the most strict security imaginable in the ordinary transactions of the country to-day. If this were achieved- and he had every hope that it would be- he thought that unity among the Europeans would also be achieved.
He added that it was generally known that he opposed the Lyttelton "" imposition "" on one ground only-that it admitted Asians into the inner citadel of the Government of Kenya. The British Government had refused again and again to transfer the High Commission territories of South Africa to the rule of the Union Government, which was a hundred per cent. white Dominion rule. It stood to reason that it was quite absurd and incredible to suggest that the Government of Kenya should be shared with representatives of other Republics.";"May 16, 1956";"";53532;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europeans' Proviso On Kenya Plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Corresnnndent
Washington, Feb 19
The Trades Union Congress and other West European union federations have again been implicitly taken to task by the American Federation of Labour- Congress of Industrial Organiz- ations (AFL-CIO) for their con- tinued willingness to meet with labour organizations from com- munist countries.
The AFL-CIO executive coun- cil, issuing its annual blast from its convention in Bal Harbour, Florida, vehemently deplored the East-West trade union con- ference being held in Geneva on February 28 under the auspices of the International Labour Organization.
Speaking of the ""disintegra- tion of free trade union prin- ciples in Western Europe "", the council statement expressed "" disgust "" over "" fraternization "" and said it was saddened over the "" hypocrisy "" of free Europeans dealing with "" front organizations "".
The AFL-CIO leadership is one of the last American re-
doubts of virulent anti-com- munism but does not let it get in the way of fraternal relations with friends.
The subject of the ILO con- ference was not even raised when Mr Len Murray, the TUC chairman, and Mr Jack Jones led a British delegation for a meeting with the AFL-CIO council.
One of the American partici- pants told me that they had "" a very happy session "" talking of more pressing issues like, inflation, unemployment, the social contract and the energy crisis.
Our Geneva Correspondent writes: The first conference of East-West trade union leaders for a quarter of a century was held on January 19 last year, during the European regional conference of the International Labour Organization.
A statement said the 150 delegates had agreed that it would be useful to explore the possibility of holding further meetings in the future.
Leading article, page 15";"February 20, 1975";"";59325;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"TUC's links with East disgust US unions";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
Signor Nenni, the Italian For- eign Minister, emphasized at a press conference in London yes- terday that the Italian state visit and in particular the Anglo- Italian declaration issued on Mon- day, had given a new impetus to the idea of European unity. This must be based on the existing European communities, which, he declared. could be strengthened if the European Assembly was made an elective body.
The Minister added later in answer to questions: "" I think the moment has come to take an ini- tiative so that within as brief a moment as possible there should be a freely elected parliamnent. elected by the peoples of Europe.""
Referring to ""recent events in France"", Signor Nenni said that new and riper conditions have been created for beginning a dia- logue, though when and how it should be begun it was hard to say as the consequences of General de Gaulle's resignation had not yet been evaluated. ""I think "", Signor Nenni said, ""that we have reached a point of departure.""
He had discussed with Mr. Stewart. as an element in Euro- pean integration, the development of the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union (W.E.U.).
Later a joint statement, mark- ing the end of the week-long Italian state visit today, spoke of the "" particularly friendly and cor- dial atmosphere, reflecting the ex- cellent relations currently existing between the two countries "", and of their identity of views on all important international questions.
On the eve of his departure from Britain. President Giuseppe Saragat of Italy and his daughter, Signora Santacatterina, gave a banquet for the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh at the Italian Embassy in London last night.";"April 30, 1969";"";57548;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nenni seeks European initiative";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENI
ROME, SEPr. 25
The need for timely consultations among countries of the Atlantic community to ensure cohesion was emphasized by the Italian Foreign Minister, Signor Martino, in an interview given to an Italian news agency.
Signor Martino, who was reftecting the concern of many Italians at the dangers to European and western unity caused by the Suez crisis, said he thought it inexact to say that the crisis had had such an unfavourable effect as to represent a crisis of the whole N.A.T.O. system. Nevertheless, he said, ""in future a problem like that of Suez should form the object of timely consulta- tions among the allied nations. By timely I mean the phase in which final decisions have still not been taken.""
Although the decision to take the Suez issue to the United Nations has been generally welcomed in Italy, where it was proposed officially by the Government before the latest London conference, much of the blame for the lack of cohesion among the western countries over the affair is put bluntly by Italian commentators on Mr. Dulles; though Britain and France come in for their share for their alleged tendency to take decisions before informing the other countries of N.A.T.O.
DR. ADENAUER'S APPEAL
TO BRITAIN
'BRUSSELS, Sept. 25.-Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancellor, to-night suggested a European Federation as a new form of integration, and appealed for Britain's cooperation. Britain's attitude was of major importance for the future of Europe, he told the Association of Catholic Con- ferences here. By her accession to Western European Union in 1954 Britain had shown that her interests were in conformity with those of the Continental European nations.
Dr. Adenauer, who is on a state visit to Belgium, said the Suez crisis had shown what political or economic influence Europe had at present--Reuter. '";"September 26, 1956";"";53646;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lack Of Cohesion In N.A.T.O.";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray,
Strasbourg
The EEC can reverse the Yalta agreement that divided up Europe if it succeeds in creating a European union, President Pertini of Italy told the European Parliament in Strasbourg yesterday.
""A divided Germany means a divided Europe,"" he said to loud applause. ""We are- con- vinced that a new order achieved through peace and upheld by peace will end up by uniting that which a wall is not enough to divide today.'
He argued strongly for Europe to unite to be able to talk on equal terms with the two superpowers and to bring about nuclear disarmament. ""We shall never have secure peace under the shadow of missiles,"" he said.
""Peace cannot be based for long on the balance of terror, of good being safe guarded by evil . . . Tne balance of terror is also unreliable because of the danger of technical hitches.""
He believed that a united Europe could set up a sound
joint security and defence policy inside. Nato, able to influence alliance panning and to win a place in disarmament nego- tiations.
""Europe -should count as a genuine partner who can be consulted and listened to and not.content itself with passive solidarity . . . It. should be capable .of speakinig out if and .when -it holda, a different view or interpretation 'of prob- lems.""
President Pertini, aged 89, was delivering the address he was to have made to the Parliament a month ago but which he cancelled when Presi- dent Reagan decided to speak to MEP's on the anniversary of VE-Day.
MEP's listened to the Italian statesman with total resoect and everybody. clapped enthusiasti- cally in- marked contrast to President Reagan's vis;it when some MEP's walked out and only hialf of them applauded him.";"June 12, 1985";"";62162;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pertini tells MEPs that Yalta can be reversed";""
"";"['News']";"The European summit is a dangerous place. One stone can start an avalanche-of words rather than deeds. At the Paris summit three years ago the heads of government of the nine Community countries produced a vast action programme; but the upshot was all programme and little action. The Copenhagen summit saw more rhetoric, but no regional fund. Only at Dublin,. last spring, did the Nine resolve difficulties, setting the seal on Britain's "" renego- tiation "" and helping British "" Europeans "" to wiri the referendum of June 5.
The summit in Rome faces less specific issues, saving Britain's demand for a separate seat at the North-South talks in Paris. The reform of Community farm policy will be slow and piecemeal; so will debate on European union, with Mr Tindeman's final report delayed. Direct elections to the European Parliament, again, are like virtue-praised by every- one, practised by few.
But one question looms above all others: the spectre of trade war. The liberal policies of palmier days are under attack. Japan has been pressed into "" self-limitation "". Textile ."" agreements "" have restrained Third World exports. The United States has protested against the influx of European cars. Swedish moves against Community footwear have been fought by restrictions on paper and card. Even
within the Community, France has taxed Italian wine cargoes, and Britain is considering selective import controls.
To those who remember the 1930s the prospect is alarming. At that time mutual protection-exporting unemployment rather than tackling it together- worsened the slump and at length led to political disaster and war. Perhaps Europe has learnt its lesson. Perhaps the Rome summit will apply it. But one stone can start an avalanche. The European summit is, a dangerous place. Pangloss";"December 2, 1975";"";59567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"On the contrary";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, AUG. 12
Herr Grotewohl, the east German Chief Minister, made a- statement in the Voikskammer to-day on the Geneva conference in which he claimed that the question of a European security pact was the first item on the agenda of the Foreign Ministers, in contrast to the western point of view that-it was in- dissolubly linked with the reunification of Germany.
The question of German unity could not be solved before that of European security, he said, and it was idle to expect reunifica- tion to be achieved before Europe had been made secure from the renewed danger of renascent German militarism and aggression. A European security system such as he desired ' must inevitably lead in the future to the annulment of the North Atlantic and Western European Union treaties,"" thereby removing the main obstacle to reunification. For this reason his Government fully en- dorsed the Soviet -proposal for a security system in two phases. "" A reunited Germany subjected to the western pacts is unaccept- able for all time,"" he said.
Herr Grotewohl assessed the Geneva con- ference of heads of Governments as a great success, which had laid a foundation for mutual confidence and inaugurated a reversal of the relationship between the Soviet Union and the western Powers. He commended President Eisenhower for coming to the con- ference table with the intention of nego- tiating, having dismissed the "" policy of strength."" Herr Grotewohl contrasted the President's attitude with that of Dr. Adenauer, whose deliberate attempts to sabotage the Geneva achievements, as he put it, must no longer be countenanced. After Geneva ' the west German imperialists and their Adenauer Government "" were the sole forces which still clung to the discredited concept of the policy of strength.";"August 13, 1955";"";53298;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E. German View Of Geneva";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
AMSTERDAM. Ocr. II
The North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion has approved the removal of the headquarters of Allied Forces Central Europe (Afcent) to the Dutch province of Limburg. From next April the head- quarters will be housed partly in the buildings of the lrendrik state mine at Brunssum and partly in army barracks at Maastricht.
The mine workings are to be closed following a large-scale switch to natural gas. The transfer from Fontainebleau was approved by Nato officials in principle last month.
It is practically certain that subcom- mittees will be set up by the Dutch Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Defence in which confidential statemenits on Nato. the Western European Union and similar issues could be made-communists being excluded from membership.
This arises otIt of the concern felt bv the Ministers over the decision by the Lower Chamber last week to admit communist members to Chamber committees from which they have been excluded since 1948.
Mleanwhile the Dutch Sick Fund has flatly refused to discuss the request by Dutch doctors for a 100 per cent increasc in sick fund fees. A scrious conflict is now threatened.
ROYAL LNCOME
TIE HAGUE, Oct. 11.-A proposal to *double Queen Juliana's state income to 5.200.000 guilders (about £520,000) a year suffered a further setback today.
Mr. Joseph Cals, the Prime Minister, announced that the Government proposal, already critically received bv Parliament, wvill now be referred to the Council of State, made up of elder statesmen who advise on constitutional matters.
Parliament has criticized a rise in the Queen's income on the ground that Holland is facing inflation. Critics have said the incrcase would make Qucen Juliana the highest-paid monarch in the world.
The controversy comes at a bad time for Mr. Cals's Government, which today faced a critical Budget debate in the Lower Chamber.-Reuter.";"October 12, 1966";"";56760;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato Base In Holland IS Approved";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, APRIL 29
When the Committee of Ministers and the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe met here to-day Mr. Ormsby-Gore, for Britain, outlined to the former what has come to be known
ts the"" grand design."" Signor Martino, the Italian Foreign Minister, also spoke about the rationalization of European organizations.
The British plan envisages a European general assembly which would be an umbrella organization incorporating existing or future European organiza- tions-an assentble a1 tiroirs, as it has been described; each ""drawer,"" e.g., Western European Union, the Coal and Steel Pool, Euratom, &c., would, so to speak, be pulled out of the chest-of- drawers as necessary, on a functional basis. Signor Martino proposed a simi- lar "" chest-of-drawers "" arrangement, but in the latter each of the already existing assemblies would preserve the powers flowing from the treaty which established it. Under his scheme each of these assemblies would preserve its separate characteristics, in spite of close liaison between their secretariats.
It is believed that four of the six Powers of ""little Europe,"" favour the Italian plan.
CONVENTION SIGNED
At a public session the Ministers signed the European convention for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Mr. Luns, Netherlands Foreign Minister, who was in the chair, said that this was the thirteenth agreement concluded within the Council of Europe. It was based on the Geneva Act of 1928, con- firmed in 1949 by the United Nations, but a new element had been introduced by an article which foresaw the inter- vention of the Committee of Ministers if a party to a dispute did not act in accordance with a ruling.
Details of the British proposals, page S.";"April 30, 1957";"";53828;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""Grand Design"" For Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, FEB. 27
Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, speaking to foreign correspondents to- day, made it fairly plain that if he had his way the Bundeswehr. would be equipped with tactical nuclear weapons.
He based his case on the N.A.T.O. prin- ciples of equal privileges and duties. and equal risks for all members. No major political problem was involved, he said, because the warheads would remain in the Americans' possession and under their con- trol. The closest attention would be given to General Norstad's advice.
Earlier, the Minister announced that the peacetime strength of the Bundeswebr would be 350,000 men, and that 200,000 would be serving by next spring. Of these, 134,000 would be in the Army, and 12 divisions would be ready by the spring of 1961. It is understood that the increase.in strength from 300,000 to 350,000 is due to the proposed increase of territorial defence units. These will not be under N.A.T.O. control, and the proposal is to be referred to Western European Union. No opposition is expected.
SHORTER SERVICE
The territorial arm, consisting of pioneer and communications units, will be based mainly in the Rhine valley. The idea is to have small cadres of regular soldiers to train short-service conscripts. An amend- ment to the conscription law, providing for service of six or nine months, will probably go to the Bundestag this year.
A further order for 400 American M 48 tanks has been placed. The 5th Panzer Division has already taken delivery of the 230 previously ordered, and three divisions should be equipped with them this year. Since rearmament began orders amounting to 8,250m. marks (about £700m.) have been placed, including over £400m. in foreign countries. The British share is now about £70m.";"February 28, 1958";"";54087;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear Arms For Bundeswehr";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
BONN, MAY 5
A new offset costs agreement for the British Army of the Rhine was signed here today by Herr Brandt, the German Foreign Minister, and Sir Frank Roberts, the British Ambassador. Under the agreement Germany will cover British foreign exchange costs to the extent of £50m.
Of this £18m. will be for purchases of military equipment in the United Kingdom, £23m. for purchases of civilian goods by German public authorities, and £9m. for purchases by German private business.
Britain originally demanded off- setting of the full £82m. foreign exchange costs of the Rhine Army by the German Government.
5,000 officers and men
The following units have been selected for withdrawal from B.A.O.R., subject to agreement on force levels in Nato and the Western European Union, a Rhine Army spokesman said to- night:
Headquarters 6th Infantry Brigade will move from Munster to Barnard. Castle;
36th Heavy Air Defence Regi- ment from Dortmund to Shoe- buryness;
2nd Field Regiment. R.A., from Munster to Barnard Castle:
7th Field Squadron, Royal En- gineers, from Osnabruick to Ripon:
1st Battalion. The Duke of Wel- lington's Regiment, from Osna- bri,ck to Lingfield and Horshan..
Ist Battalion. The Royal Anglian Regiment. from Celle to Catterick;
ist Battalion. The Black Watch. from Minden to Edinburgh.
With supporting services these units will amount to about 5,000 officers and men. Redeployment will involve the return of 1,500 families, a total of some 4,250 de- pendents, including 1,500 children of school age.
The units selected for with- drawal are in the main those which will have completed their tour in B.A.O.R. by early 1968. The commander of the brigade group is Brigadier J. K. L. Douglas- Withers.";"May 6, 1967";"";56934;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rhine Army costs pact signed";""
"['By Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"By Roger Berthoud
Sir Christopher Soames said last night that the EEC was at present essentially a "" civilian"" power, and as such represents a new form of international political life. But in due course the emerging European Union would have to make a ""distinc- tive contribution "" wvithin Nato to its owvn security, as suggested in the recent Tindemans Report.
Sir Christopher, the European Commissioner for External Rela- tions, was speaking when he received the Robert Schuman prize at Bonn University.
The prize, in memory of one of, the founding fathers of the EEC, is worth DM30,000 (about £6,000). It is provided by the FVS Foundation in Hamburg, which is endowed by the grain merchant, Herr Alfred Toepfer.
Sir Christopher said that traditionally military power had been put at the top end of the hierarchy of instruments of power. Economic and commer- cial power conventionally occu- pied the middle of the scale.
But as long as the nuclear balance subsisted, and as long as the United States military partnership wvith Europe con- tinued to be seen as in the
American interest, "" civilian ""
power could exert great influence.
On the agenda of wvorld poli- tics today, economic interests were increasingly preponderant. The Nine nowv had a gross national prodUct near that of the United States and far ex- ceeding that of the Soviet Union, China or Japan. Its popu- lation was larger than that of the United States or Soviet Union, it was one of the chief food-growing areas.. transacted 40 per cent of the world trade, and held some 30 per cent of the wvorld's currency reserves.
All this gave the Comn.-unitv formidable strength. but made it formidably vulnerable to market access and to the mone- tary policies of its trading part- ners. especially the United States, and to interference with energy and raw materigl im- ports.";"March 9, 1976";"";59648;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soames call for EEC contribution to Nato";""
"";"['News']";"Men decide the fate of nations, women attempt to influence it. This, in a nutshell, is the purpose of the European Union of Women who last week held their International Council in London. Main function of the union, formed in 1953, is to pro- vide research for the Council of Europe-nine commissions with three members from each of the member countries are cur- rently investigating education. local government, economic and foreign affairs. Each year. too, specific questions are studied in depth; this year the main theme is "" Human Rights "". Although topics have a feminine basis, the union deny they are a feminist or-anization.
Readers who sent for entry forms for our painting competi- tion can expect to receive them this week. We're sorry about the delay-but there were so many of you that preparing and print- ing the forms has taken longer than tw e expected. For those who wrote asking about preparing canvases or other materials, a third article by Joanna Carring- ton will appear on Friday.
Editor: Susanne Puddefoot
Contributors: Fiona Bird, Prudence Glynn. Rosemary Simon, Veronica Horwell
Enormous podding machzines may be the answer for the frozen food firms when they have to pod, process and freeze a million lb. .9f peas every 24 hours, buit for the hzouseivife wvith her own vegetable -arden, this kitchen device will do the trick as swiftly. Among its 14 different cormponents, thze Harper Four Seasons All Pu rpose Kitchienz Appliance has a gadget for podlding peas. It also slices :md shreds all sumzmer vegetables, grinds coconut, grates clhocolate Imd chteese and raw carrots, flakes orazge peel and mnakes fine readcrumbs. At Selfridges, Oxford St., London, W. I, price
r4 12s. 6d. DRAWING BY WENDY JONES";"July 29, 1968";"";57315;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strong influence";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Ocr. 23
The Federal Cabinet is meeting to-morrow to discuss the outcome of the Saar referendum.
In a preliminary appraisal to-night officials were referring to the approval that the majority of the Bundestag had given to the statute now rejected by 'the people of the Saar and the undoubted support that it received from the Federal Government. Nevertheless, it is felt that the will of the Saar population has been freely expressed under the surveillance of Western European Union and must be respected, whatever the diffi- culties of the new situation. It will be respected with full attention to the Govern- ment's policy of cooperation between France and the Federal Republic, and of a closer integration of Europe.
Dr. Dehler, the leader of the Free Democratic Party, has described the ""no"" of the inhabitants of the Saar as "" a 'yes
for Germany and at the same time for Europe.""
""ATMOSPHERE POISONED""
Herr Ollenhauer, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, said last night in Duisburg that the referendum campaign in the Saar, whichever way the decision went, had already poisoned the atmosphere between the people of France and Germany. An acceptance of the statute would make the return of the Saar to Germany imnpossible for an incalculable length of time. French statestnen and the Federal Chancellor had, he said, pointed out that a rejection of the statute could damage the building of a new Europe. It was shocking, Herr Ollenhauer thought, to saddle 600,000 people "" by this kind of propaganda "" with responsibility for a policy in the forming of which they had had no part. The statute, which should have helped towards a better understanding between France and Germany, had, he said, achieved exactly the opposite.";"October 24, 1955";"";53359;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Cabinet To Meet To-Day";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 2
The proposed amendment of the basic law required to enable the Bundestag to enact legislation for the atomic energy programme failed by two votes to-day to receive the necessary two-thirds majority in the Bundestag. The Free Democrats voted against it, and 44 other members abstained.
The amendment sought to make the pro- duction and use of atomic energy a federal responsibility, but the defeat was not altogether due to a defence of. Lander. rights. The legal committee of the Bunde- stag hlad written into the amendment that atomic energy would be produced and used exclusively for peaceful purposes, and this limitation was objected to for the reason that it would preclude cooperation in atomic armament with international bodies such as N.A.T.O. and Western European Union.
A Christian Democratic spokesman later said that a group of members had ques- tioned the committee's draft because by implication it could prevent the Govern- ment from taking proper defence measures in the future. He intimated that the Chan- cellor had shared these doubts.
CONSEQUENCES UNCLEAR Some Christian Democrats have regretted that the Government did not make this known in good time to permit negotiations with other parties, and, the Social Demo- crats have chosen to see this as evidence that a section of the Christian Democratic Party are preparing the way for the equip- ment of the Bundeswehr with atomic weapons and the production of these weapons in Germany. At present Germany cannot make these weapons.
A new amendment will not come before this Parliament, -and the immediate conse- quences are not altogether clear. It will 'not prevent the Bill to ratify the Euratom treaty from being debated on Friday. The legislation required for the reactors now being.built will be delayed, but the work in progress should not be in'terfered with.";"July 3, 1957";"";53883;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Atomic Energy In Germany";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
ROME, SEPT. 22
Six deputy Foreign Ministers and their advisers sat down around a horse-shoe table in the Villa Aldobrandini here to-day to lay the political foundations of a federal "" Little Europe."" The countries represented at the conference, which is expected to last about three weeks, are France, Italy, west Gerrnany, Luxem- bqurg, Holland, and Belgium. Any pro- ject for political union emerging from the present meeting will undergo further examination and discussion when the six Foreign Ministers themselves assemble at The Hague in late October.
The Italian Prime Minister, Signor Pella, in giving the inaugural address at Vdla Aldo- brandini, said that "" the idea of European union is gaining strength as time goes by, and presents itself to anyone who has the fate of our continent and our civilization at heart as the only means by which they can give new and substantial support to world peace and pros- perity."" Signor Pella paid a graceful tribute to his predecessor in office when he added: "" The wark done by Signor De Gasperi has had so great a repercussion and has been so fertile in results that I do not hesitate to define it as the key factor in recent years in the progress towards our goal.""
The Prime Minister, obviously with the recent electoral victory of Dr. Adenauer in mind, went on to maintain that he was more than ever convinced by "" recent events "" that ultimately the ideal of European political unity would triumph, and concluded by saying that 'the Italian Government hopes that you wil' find your way clear of aU problems which by their delicate nature might delay the urgent realization of the goals to which we all so ardently aspire.""";"September 23, 1953";"";52734;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Building ""Little Europe""";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECAL CORRESPONDENT
MESSINA, JUNE 3
The Foreign Ministers of the Euro- pean Coal and Steel Community coun- tries, at a final meeting held in their hotel at Taormina early to-day, decided to call one or more conferences to consider the Benelux proposal that European cooperation be extended to transport, power, atomic energy, and, ultimately, a common market.
They decided in the meantime to establish a committee of Government delegates, assisted by experts from the O.E.E.C., the Council of Europe, and the Steel Com- mnunity, with a "" political personality "" as chairman, to prepare the ground for this further consultation. The committee's report is to be submitted to the six Foreign Mini- sters not later than October 1. Britain is to be invited to take part as a member of the Western European -Union and as an associate of the Community, and other cOUntries may be invited later.
These decisions do not specifically adopt the supranational implications of the original Benelux proposal to establish new high authorities for the various fizlds suggested. On the other hand, they do not rule out future supranational developments, as was implied in yesterday's German proposal that a ""consultative organ "" be established instead of "" authoTities."" A consultative organ subject to the Council of Ministers would have given each country veto powers at every stage, and, as one Benelux Minister is reported to have said, would have "" put the clock back 25 years "" to the days of League of Nations procedure.
The fact that future supranational developments have not been shelved indefinitely by the Messina meeting has pleased the sponsors of the Benelux pro- posals, who earlier had taken a gloomy view of the German proposal and the French rejection of M. Monnet for re-election as president of the High Authority.";"June 4, 1955";"";53238;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Pool Plans For Europe";""
"['From Gretel Spitzer']";"['News']";"Senator Kennedy and Herr Brandt after their Ven usberg luncheon talks yesterday.
From Gretel Snitzer
Berlin, April 7
Relations between Ehurope and the United States were said to have been discussed today at a luncbeon given in his subur- ban Venusberg home by Herr Willy Brandt, the West German Chancellor, for Senator Edsward Kennedy. Among those present were Herr Georg Leber, the Defence Minister, Herr Egon Bahr, Minister wvithout Portfo- lio, and Mr Martin Hillenbrand, the American ambassador
Herr Walter Scheel, the For. eign Minister, put in a brief appearance before leaving for an official visit to Hungary.
Bonn established diplomatic
relations with Hungary last De- cember. In a radio interviewv Herr Scheel emphasized that good relations had existed beforehand and *that he was expecting positive results.
An increase in trade and cultural contacts, as wel as agreements on air and road traffic,, were discussed.
Unperturbed by the recent controversy in the European Communities over Britaiz s in- tention to renegotiate terms of entry into the EEC, Herr Scheel was both form and op- timistic over a European polit- ical union. In an interview with Welt am Sonntag he said: "" Nothing and nobody wi-ll dis- suade us from this goal "".
Mr Callaghan's attitude in the opening negotiations had not made such hopes unrealis- tic. However, the task had not been made simpler. Possibly deadlines would have to be put off now, but there was no alternative to European union.
Ask-ed whether the original Six members might not have to give in to Britain's ideas, Herr Scheel said that each memnber state was free to speak up for its national interests.' However, that had to be done within the framework of the Community and had to be guided by the overriding interests of the Com. munity.";"April 8, 1974";"";59059;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kennedy-Brandt luncheon meeting";""
"['From MICHAEL HORNSBY']";"['News']";"From MICHAEL HORNSBY
Bonn, Feb. 23 The west German Government is maintaining a prudent silence until the smoke and dust of diplo- matic battle between London and Paris begins to subside. It can scarcely do much else at a time when there still appear to be con- flicting versions circulating of pre- tise.ly what General de Gaulle is supposed to have said to Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador.
The Germans burnt their fingers badly last week in the wrangling over the WVestern European Union meetings. They swung unsteadily from a pro-British to a pro-French poiition anld finally ended up on uncertain terrain somewhere be- tween the two. The result was a grotesque imbroglio of confused statements and counter-statements intended to please both London and Paris, but ultimately pleasing neither.
Bonn is anxious to avoid getting into a similar situation in this new Angl-French dispute. Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor, wants at all costs to avoid further offend- ing French susceptibilities because of hisforthcoming visit to General de Gaulle on March 13. M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister, is also due in Bonn on March 10.
Although the main quarrel at the mement is between London and Paris, it is privately recog- nized kere that Franco-German relation; are at present far from cordial.. In a radio interview to- night, Baron von und zu Gutten- berg. Seuretarv of State at the Chancellery, said that ""substan- tial differences"" existed between Bonn and Paris whereas the Federal Government was in agree- ment with Britain "" on most essen- tial questions "". This is quite a remarkable statement as the baron is believed to have strong Gaullist sympathies.
It has been officially confirmed here that the British version of General de Caulle's proposals was given to Dr. Kiesinger by Ir. Wilson when he visited Bonn earlier this month.";"February 24, 1969";"";57493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Diplomatic silence by Bonn";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 17
A proposal that a minimum level of forces to be maintained in a full state of readiness should be laid down for all the countries of Western European Union-Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries-was made to-day by the defence committee of W.E.U., on the first day of the parlia- mentary assembly meeting in Paris. The proposal would necessitate revision of the Brussels treaty.
At present Britain alone of the seven countries is committed to maintaining a minimum force in Europe, and she is fail- ing to meet this commitment because she has only the equivalent of two and a half divisions in Germany, instead of the required four.
The committee also recommended that the member Governments should take immediate steps to establish political direc- tives on the initial tactical use of nuclear weapons: the first tactical use of nuclear weapons must be a political decision, after which authority for their use would rest with military commanders. The committee urged that the United States should make nuclear warheads available to those of her allies who wished to possess them, subject to allied political control.
FREE TRADE WRANGLE
The free trade area crisis dominated much of to-day's general debate in the assembly. Lord Lansdowne. Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, ven- tured the view of his Government that if the multilateral non-discriminatory trading system of recent years were weakened. cooperation in the military and political spheres would be weakened too.
M. Legendre (France) interpreted this as a British threat to withdraw military cooperation with Europe if her views on free trade were not met. French opinion was in favour of the Common Market but not of the free trade area. he said.
Mr. Hay (Britain) spoke of the danger of the Common Market quota system.";"December 18, 1958";"";54337;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Minimum Scale Of W.E.U. Armies";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Corresnondent
Paris, june 7
Mr Patrick Gordon Walker. tho former Labour minister,, told. the Assembly of Western .European Union today that ""if we want a political secretariat it must be in Paris, and if we insist on Brussels we simply will not get it. That is the French attitude....""
He was speaking on the report submitted to the Assembly regard- ing Europe and present-dav eco- nomic and political, problems by Mr Jame, Scott-Hopkins. Conserva- tive MP for Derbyshire. West.
The report originally proposed whAat amounted to a quiet shelving of WEU now that Britain was
about to enter the EEC. French' rnrmbers reacted strongly aogainst this because the French Govern- ment insists that the WEU's control functions over German rearmament must not be undermined. Mr Scott-Hopkins later submitted' a watered-down version of his report reaffirming the role of WEEU in this respect.
Mr Gordon Walker endorsed as sensible Mr Scott-Hopkins's pro- posals for a politial secretarial under a high ranking secrelarv- general serving the -Council of hiinisters, but, in his view, it should be located in Paris, not in Brussels. as the report suggested.
' It is no more difficult to have
it in Paris than to have the financial secretariat in London "", he insisted.
Europc is not so big that it is difficult to arrange coordination between London. Paris and Brussels.""
It was a great error to put tidi- ness, neatness and logic before pro- gress towards European coopera- tion. ""Wc should make progress when and wherc we can and tidy things up aftcrwards.""
However. he thought Mr Scott- Hopkins was right in recommend- ing the simplification of the struc- tures of Western Europe, especially in the parliamentary sphere.";"June 8, 1972";"";58499;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Gordon Walker says Paris has it";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The council of Western European Union yesterday formally approved a relaxation of the restrictions on German arms production. This will enable the Federal Republic to join other European countries in the production of American- designed Hawk surface-to-air and Side- winder air-to-air guided missiles.
The decision was recommended by General Norstad, the Supreme Allied Com- mander, Europe. It follows a German request made earlier this year and approved in principle by the W.E.U. council. Amend- ment of the Brussels treaty was necessary because, when the Federal Republic adhered to it in 1954, it undertook certain limitations on its production of arms. Hawks and Sidewinders slightly exceed the maxi- mum size previously permitted in the treaty for such categories of weapons, and the development of anti-aircraft missiles has made old specifications out-of-date.
Under tho amendment now approved surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles are excluded from the list of weapons the manufacture of which is prohibited. The Hawk will be produced jointly by France, Germany, Italy, Holland, and Belgium; and the Sidewinder by Norway, Belgium, Germany, France, Denmark, and Italy.
The decision will no doubt be attacked frorn behind the Iron Curtain as an instance of the rearmament of an aggressive Germany with the support of her western allies. It is Pointed out, however, that the decision does not run counter to the spirit of the Brussels treaty, as these missiles are purely defensive weapons.
It hamesses German industrial capacity to two joint arms projects. Joint produc- tion of air defence systems is of the greatest importance to N.A.T.O. The German undertaking not to manufacture nuclear weapons is not affected.";"October 23, 1959";"";54599;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Guided Missiles To Be Made In Germany";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our OAn Correspondent
Brussels, Jan 27
If Europe fails to forge its own destiny, its states wvould lose sovereignty to the point of not being free even to choose whose satellite they wished to become, Mr Albert Borschette, a European commissioner, said in a startling speeci released in Brussels today.
In an allusion to recent sta- tements by British anti-Marke- teers, the Luxembourg commis- sioner in charge of com~,etition policy said it was curious to see the sterile loss-of- sovereignty argument being aired yet again "" in one member state "".
""The fact that certain Com- munity decisions embodying Community solidarity are tak;en in Brussels and Luxem. bourg, w ith London participat- ing, involves no loss of sovereignty for the United Kingdom "", he told Luxem- bourg's engineering associ- ation.
""It is true that, if the Unit-
ed Kingdom left the Cort. munity, certain . decisions affecting it would no longer be taken in Brussels. But, in such an eventuality, would such decisions really be taken in London ? Or would they in fact be taken on another con- tinent ? ""
Mr Borschette said the man in the street wanted a humane Europe which was not crushed by two increasingly dehu- manized giants (the United States and the Soviet Union).
The aim, he said, was Euro- pean union, not the re-creation of Bismarck's Europe. European union meant a European gov- ernment with its own foreign policy and an executive cap. able of introducing and administering economic and monetary union and eventually of drawing up a defence policy.
The United States no matter who wvas at the helm, would not in the long run maintain a defence umbrella over a Europe with ambitions to be the world's main trading partner.";"January 28, 1975";"";59305;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anti-marketeers chided over sovereignty issue";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'Our Paris Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.
BONN, JAN. 17
The Cabinet to-day approved a report by Dr. Adenauer, the Chancellor, on his talk with M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister. The Chancellor again put for- ward in his report, as he had done in his talk with MI?. Schuman, the suggestion that a settlement should be sought in negotia- tions between France, Germany and the Saar within the framework of European union; and it is assumed that the sugges- tion will be more formally submitted either to the French Government directly or to the Allied High Commission.
Although meagre in positive political results, the visit of M. Schuman has been a most welcome and helpful renewal of contacts, the value of which ought not to be obscured by the disappointment felt on the first score. Before leavng for Paris M. Schuman sent the Chan- cellor a telegram in which he said that after his discussions in Bonn he had the feeling that they had contributed sensibly to the creation of relations of fruitful trust between their two countries, an understanding between whom was essential to the future of Europe.
Reports from Paris suggesting that the Federal Government embarked gn a "" great diplomatic offensive"" on the eve of M. Schuman's visit take too little account of the strong feeling on the Saar. It was unfortunate that the visit virtually coincided with thedetailed disclosure of proposals for wider political autonomy for the Saar and for the leasing of the mines to France for 50 vears. It was not M. Schuman's original purpose to discuss the Saar, but in the end that question largely dominated the discussions.
Our Paris Corresnondent
telepranhs M
bcnuman returned from Germaniy yesterday
by train.";"January 18, 1950";"";51592;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Future Of The Saar";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Brussels, April 29 Dr. Patrick Hillery, the Irish Foreign Minister, has made it clear in Brussels that neu,trality need not be a bar to the Republic of Ireland taking part in moves- towards political union in Europe as a prospec- tive member of the European Economic Community.
Dr. Hillery left Brussels today at the end of a twodday visit during which he saw Mr. Jean Rey, the president of the Euro- pean Commission. He took the view that the Republic accepted the political implications of membership of the E.E.C. and that there was no reason why it should not take part in the defence of an integrated Europe of which it was a member.
The main immediate problem is the Anglo-French dispute over the participation of the applicant countries in the moves among the Six towards political union. France has pro- posed that during the negotia- tions period this participation should be limited to consulta- tions inside Western European Union (W.E.U.) but the diffi- culty in that is that the other three applicants. Ireland. Nor- waY and Denmark. are not members of W.E.U.
In Brussels Dr. Hillery took the view that it would be better to have these consultations not in W.E.U. but in a separate institution linked to the E.E.C.
So far as the aotual entry nego- tiations are concerned, the main Irish anxiety is that Britain will reach agreement on important issues with the Six and that the three smaller applicants will then be confronted with the results on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Dr. Hillery insisted in his talks that the smaUer countries should be consulted before the conclu- sion of negotiations on any point. and he seems to have received undertakings on this.
The two most important points are agricultural finance and the transitional period.";"April 30, 1970";"";57857;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Irish fears on EEC allayed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 2
Sir Christopher Steel, the United Kingdom representative at the confer- ence on a European arms pool, this after- noon put forward the British suggestions on the method of establishing the machinery for encouraging arms standardization and planning of common defence production.
In the British view, this can best be accomplished by the creation of a permanent armaments committee on which the seven members of the Western European Union would be represented. This committee would be linked closely with the production com- mittee of the North Atlantic Treaty Organ- ization, possibly with the same national representatives sitting on .both bodies. Its purpose would be not to overlap or duplicate what N.A.T.O. does, but rather to encour- age voluntary cooperation in the more limited W.E.U. field.
Thus, two or three or four of the W.E.U. nations might agree to adopt a vehicle, or weapon, or aircraft to whose manufacture they would severally contribute. The main armaments committee would have two sub- committees, one for standardization and another for production; and the committees, which would sit in Paris, would have N.A.T.O. observers and military advisers from supreme headquarters sitting with them.
The British plan, which is in fact an outline of ideas more than a plan-thus includes some of the elements of the original French proposal, especially those which foresaw a provisional period during which there would be no supra-national authority and when a standardization committee and an arma- ments production committee were to be the channel of consultation.
Where the British idea differs from the French is in its reiection of any. notion at any time of supra-nationality or the creation of a separate armaments community.";"February 3, 1955";"";53156;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Planning European Arms Pool";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, APRIL I
Speaking in Turin at the open- ing of the thirty-first congress of the Italian Socialist Party, Signor Nenni laid down what he considered to be the mini- mum conditions for parliamentary sup- port by his party of a Government led by the Christian Democrats.
The Christian Democratic Party, he said, should go ahead with the political and social reforms contained in its electoral programme. As regards foreign policy, the Socialists would have to ask for some guarantees in exchange for their support. First, the Government should stand by a "" strictly defensive and geographically limited "" inter- pretation of the Atlantic pact and the Western European Union; Italy should support all initiative for a rapprochement between east and west; she should favour the reunification of Germany, promote a reduction of armaments, and take the initiative in calling a conference with the object of achieving European security by outlawing nuclear weapons; in no event should Italy become involved in a war in Asia, and she ought to recognize the Peking Government; no obstacle should be put in the way of trade between west and east, and. the question of Italy's entry into the United Nations should be realistically reappraised.
*f_OMMUNIST LINK
ofthe unity of action they now had with the Communists, which had so far proved the stumbling block to cooperation between the democratic parties arid the Italian Socialist Party, Signor Nenni, said that this policy should not prevent the establishing of better relations between the Christian Democrats and Socialists, for it would not imply that similar relations should be established with the Communists. This is taken to mean that the Christian Democrats could cooperate with the Nenni Socialists without cooperating with the Communists, but the Nenni Socialists would not, at least formtally, gitve up their present relationship with the Communists.";"April 2, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Nenni's Hint Of Cooperation";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, APRIL 3 Speaking in Turin at the opei ing of the thirty-first congress of th Italian Soc3alist Party, Signor Nenni lai down what he considered to be the mini mum cond4tions for parliamentary sup port by his party of a Government led bI the Christian Democrats.
The Christian Democratic Party, he said should go ahead with-the political and social reforms contained in its electoral programme As regards foreign policy, the Socialists would have to ask for some guarantees in exchange for. their support. First, the Govemment should stand by a ""strictly defensive and geographicaDly limited "" inter- pretation of the Atlantic pact and the Westem European Union; Italy should support all initiative for a rapprochement between east and west; she should favour the reunification of Germany, promote a reduction of armaments, and take the initiative in calling a conference with the object of achieving European security by outlawing nuclear weapons; in no event should Italy become involved in a war in Asia, and she ought to recognize the Peking Government; no obstacle should be put in the way of trade between west and east, and the question of Italy's entry into the United Nations should be realistically reappraised.
Of the unity of action they now had with the Communists, which had so far proved the stumbling block to cooperation between the democratic parties and the Italian Socialist Party, Signor Nenni said that-this policy should not prevent the establishing of better relations between the Christian Democrats and Socialists, for it would not imply that similar relations should be established with the Communists. This is taken to mean that the Christian Democrats could cooperate with the Nenni Socialists without cooperating with the Communists, but the Nenni Socialists would not; at least formally, give up their present relationship with the Communists.";"April 4, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Nenni's Hin Of Cooperation";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 9
Herr von Hase, the chief Government spokesman, said today there had been "" no change "" in the official German attitude to Britain's entry into the European Economic Community. He referred to a statement by Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor, in his declaration of policy last month, that Germany would welcome the entry of both Britain and the Efta countries, and that he thought understanding for the German view was ""gaining ground "" in France.
Herr von Hase was answering a question about reports that Dr. Kiesinger, when he meets President de Gaulle in Paris next Friday, would come under pressure from the General to oppose British entry.
The spokesman added that much would depend in this question on the round of visits to European capitals to be made soon by Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary.
Though this adds little to the official German attitude to Britain's position, so far as it was already known, the Bonn Government seems to be at least reserving its position on the British application until it is seen what both the French President and the British Prime Minister have to say.
DIFFERENT VOICE
Dr. Kiesinger and his officials seem to be speaking now with a rather different voice from that of Herr Brandt, the Sc -al Democrat Foreign Minister, who in his address to the Western European Union assembly in Paris on December 14 talked of putting the Franco-German Treaty at the service"" of Britain's problem.
This may not necessarily mean that there is a difference of view on the British case within the coalition. It is possible that the imminence of Dr. Kiesinger's French visit, and the great importance being attributed to it here, creates an official unwillingness to say anything which might annoy General de Gaulle.";"January 10, 1967";"";56835;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn's view on British entry unchanged";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Neil McNeil. secretary of the Pro- tection of Livestock for Slaughter Associa- tion, said in Liverpool yesterday that he had received confirmation from the Mini- stry of Agriculture that licences for export- ing live cattle to France were not renewed after August 1. Mr. McNeil recently led a delegatien which met Mr. Heathcoat Amory, Minister of Agriculture. to protest about the cattle traffic to France.
"" We regard this as a great victory,"" Mr. McNeil said. He added that cattle would still be exported to Holland and west Germany. Both these countries, he stated. had agreed to recommendations about the traffic and humane slaughtering of cattle made by the British Government in a recent White Paper.
Mr. Heathcoat Amory announced in the House of Comsnons on July I that the export of cattle for slaughter woulc be per- mitted only to those countries which under- took to comply with the cbnclusions of a working party set up by the Council of the Western European Union, and with certain other restrictions. The conclusions, he said, were that there should be adequate veterin- ary inspection at ports in Britain to ensure that only those cattle that were fit to travel should be exported to the Continent; that there should be no re-export of British cattle imported for slaughter by member countries; that the journey on the Con- tinent should be as short as possible; and that there should be suitable lairages and arrangements for feeding and watering at slaughterhouses. The authorities of the countries concerned would endeavour to ensure that, where it was not already general practice, all British cattle would be slaughtered by electric stunning or by cap- tive bolt pistol. The Minister stipulated that the journey after disembarcation should be limited to 100 kilometres.";"August 7, 1957";"";53913;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Export Of Live Cattle";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, FEB. 14
The Foreign Ministry spokesman said to-day that, as the Ministry had not yet received a copy of the British defence White Paper, he could make only pre- liminary comments. He welcomed the fact that Britain still identified herself with the N.A.T.O. shield theory, and did not envisage any reduction in the total defence effort.
He was, however, more sceptical of the indications that Britain might reduce her troops on the continent if adequate finan- cial aid were not forthcoming. These troops were here in accordance with the Brussels treaty, in which there were no stipulations about foreign aid.
GOVERNMENT HOPE
He said that the presence of these troops was independent of financial contributions. He saw no reason to doubt British faith- fulness to the treaties. A further reduction of troops would need the approval of the military authorities of N.A.T.O. and Western European Union.
These remarks confirm the impression that Germany does not take seriously the British threat of large-scale withdrawals. The spokesman was careful not to go so far, but it seems fairly clear that the Federal Government is hoping that if it came to the point the Atlantic Council and W.E.U. would find that large-scale reductions would be contrary to the British obliga- tion to maintain on the continent ""four divisions and the Second Tactical Air Force, or such other forces as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, regards as having equivalent fighting capacity.""
The Defence Ministry spolkesman added that the attitude of his Ministry towards support costs was unchanged, as these would have to be met from the defence vote, and this would delay the building up of the Bundeswehr.";"February 15, 1958";"";54076;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Attitude On Support Costs";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplmatc
Correspondent
One aspect of the Western European Union conference in Luxembourg, which was not made clear before the ministers dis- persed, was their attitude to recent proposals for a federal solution for European unity. It is now known that at least one minister in the course of the talks stated that the ultimate goal for W.EX1 is European unity on a federal basis
With this goal all the ministers -with, presumably, the exception of M. de Lipkowski, the French Minister of State-are known to concur, but ministers and diplo- mats are chary of speaking of federation at present, fearing that, as the final achievement of it must take years, to speak of it now may raise false hopes and could be counter-productive.
Before the meeting there was, however, a strong current of opinion among the experts both in Britain and among her W-E.U. partners that the movement towards a united Europe would turn sour if Britain were now to pursue a course of ""masterly in- activity "" in face of the continued French veto, and that a demon- stration of resolution to pursue European unity was therefore re- quired. On this the delegates were left in no doubt o;. the British Government's determnination.
The agreement between all W.E.U. members-with the pos- sible or even probable exception of France-to hold political con- sultations on the Middle East this week, and also to consult at any time if some sudden emergency such as a Soviet occupation of Rumania should occur, is re- garded as a step forward.
On the economic front the recent rapid rise in large-scale mer- gers in British indistry was in- stanced as a useful preparation for the integration of British industry in Europe.
Further developments will be discussed during Mr. Wilson7s visit to Bonn this week.";"February 10, 1969";"";57481;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's part in united Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, APRIL 13
Mr. Sandys, the Defence Minister, arrived here this morning to confer with M. Chaban-Delmas, his French opposite number, to-morrow. This afternoon he saw General Norstad, the Supreme Commander, and dined with Field- Marshal Lord Montgomery.
On Tuesday he will discuss with the Defence Ministers of the other N.A.T.O. countries questions among which that of standardization and joint production of arms is expected to play a prominent part. According to reports here, Mr. Sandys will put forward a tentative plan for arms research and production among the seven members of Western European Union based on a suggested list of about 25 items in the production of which co- operation is desirable.
NUCLEAR EXCEPTI)N
Results of such cooperation would be available to the other members of the alliance. It is not apparently the Britisb intention, at any rate until the American MacMahon Act is substantially amended, to put nuclear material or
know-how "" into this proposed pool.
One of the chief items of the N.A.T.O. meeting will be a paper which seeks to set out the form and size of contribu- tions which each member-nation should make to the common defence effort in the coming years in terms of nuclear arms and strategy. Another is a paper from the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic, on the Russian submarine threat.
The defence and armaments commit- tee of Western European Assembly meets here to-morrow to examine a report by Mr. Goedhardt (Netherlands) on the military consequences of the Rapacki plan and other proposals for disengagement in central Europe. It con- cludes that a withdrawal of N.A.T.O. troops from western Germany and of Soviet troops from central Europe would constitute a mortal danger to the west unless it were accompanied by a Soviet political withdrawal from the European satellites, accompanied by Strictly supervised general disarmament.";"April 14, 1958";"";54124;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Sandys In Paris";""
"[""by Patrick O'Leary""]";"['News']";"by Patrick O'Leary
Shortages of homes and the rising cost of building them have created pressure to introduce new materials, and new, quicker ways of using existing products. But the industry is a conserva- tive one and reluctance to change has been reinforced by some spectacular disas- ters with unfamiliar techi- nology.
It was partly to mak-e such changes safer and mere acceptable to construc- tion firms that the Govern- menit set up the Agrement Board in 1966. Its principal role is to test and assess products for the industry. and to issue certificates.
The board is a limited company, and draws fees for work done. It has some timnes been attacked for not publicizing unsuccessful applications, hut believes that to do so would be a breach of confidentiality and would inhibit progress
Although the board is a menber of the European Union of Agrement, its half- foreign name is not a con- cession to the EEC; the word came from France and Belgium, which were earlv w;th such bodies when they felt the need for a non- traditional approach to
I
a
I
rebuilding after the last war.
Mr T. P. R. Lant, director of the British board since 1972 and president of the European union 1975-76. said: ""We are in the new product assessment business. In the constructon industry engineers as well as archi- tects operate on experience rather than research and de. velopment.
""There is an inbuilt mechanism against innova- tion. Sometimes we have difficutty not only in getting answers but even in finding out the questions that need asking.""
A visit to the board's offices and laboratories at Carston, near Watford, sl""wed the continuing preaccupation of the build- ing industry wvith energy and conserving fuel, encouraged afresh by gov- ernment grants to house- holders. An experimental form of loft insulating mate- rial failed its baptism of fire; two hours after a red- hot electric wire had been, run through it the sample pack had smouldered away.
A section of timber framed wall with double- glazed window was clamped into an apparatus specially made by board scientists to measure heat less. On one
side of the wall section wvas a hot chamber, on the other a cold. With the help of a computer an operator wvas amassing information wvhich ivill provide practical proof of the wvall's thermal- effi- ciency, information formerly dependent on theoretical estimates.
Solar heating
system
was under test
Also under test vas an aluminium system for solar hieating. Ironically, Garston has had a rush of appli- cations from man ufacturers seeking approval for various types of prefabricated chim- nev for solid fuel heating of homes.
Not all the work is in advanced technology. One laboratory has a piece of equipment for testing the effect of hro legs of a chair constantly stridng a floor surface. Plastics, and varia- tions in the ingredients and uses of concrete, figure in many of,the applications for approval received by the Agr6ment Board,
More fundamental investi- gations are the responsibil- ity of the Building Researcb
Establishment, whose prem- ises occupy most of the Gar* ston site. It also provides information and advice on housing and construction in developing countries.
It is comforting to learn, after the dreary summer, that the establishmenfs pro- gramme includes in current projects the improvement of the performance of wvalls in conditions of driving rain. Another study is into nethods of controlling wind conditions round tall build- ings.
Much work is also going into the appraisal of timber. Wood, once the basic build- ing material, is now regarded suspiciously as something new. Yet even in its modern guise of timber- framed housing it is some 20 years old. In the same way the British Woodwork- ing Federation has launched a campaign pointing out that up to 25 per cent of a window is represented by the frame, and that modern treatment and preservatives make wooden joinery more enduring than in the pasL
Some 200,000 timber- framed houses have- been built in Britain in the past 20 years, the majority for local authorities.
Although, as the name im- plies, such houses have a
structural framework oE .wood carrying the main. weight, they can be clad with timber, bricks or other. finishes. In a survey by the Timber Research and De- velopment Association, it was found that some tenants did not realize they were. living in such homes.
The association savs present building regulations do not put enough emphasis on the insulation qualities of walls in new houses. This, it believes, would be to the advantage of wood- framed houses. which, being lighter than conventional homes, could also reduce the risk of subsidence.
Trials of various w ays of` reducing energy. consurnp- tion are to be carried out by the Building Research Establishment. They involve fitting three experimental houses wvith a range of insu- lation, heat recovery equip- ment, heat pumps and solar- panels.
Scientists hope the houses will use only one third the primary energy of noixmat dwvellings. Each wuill be a form of laboratory, and sn- exacting are the standards: of testing required that it is- estimated the commissioning of instruments in the first house will take a year.";"September 12, 1978";"";60404;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"An inbuilt mechanism against innovation";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
GENEVA, Nov. 9
It has been a day of outspoken, hard hitting speech from the west at Geneva. After the rigid refusal of Mr. Molotov yesterday to contemplate free elections in Germany, the "" spirit of Geneva "" by to-night looks, it must be said, wofully tattered.
All three western Ministers made it amply clear that they now desired an end to the prolonged but unproductive dis- cussions on Item 1 (European security and German unification), which is the main theme of the conference, and it was finally agreed that they should pass to Item 2 (disarmament) to-morrow. The discussion on Item 1, in the words of a British spokesman, has been "" adjourned, postponed, but not brought to an end.""
BLURRING THE ISSUE
Mr. Molotov used al his dogged debating skill to introduce new items into the agenda. Indeed, Mr. Macmillan declared that he had done so with a skiUl which would have done him credit in a free Parliament. The Soviet Foreign Minister succeeded in blur- ring the issue sufficiently for it to be possible apparently for him to raise Item 1 again later in the conference, although he gave no sign to-day to suggest that there was, or would be, any change in the Russian attitude towards German reunification which could possibly inake it worthwhile to continue the discussioti.
After opening speeches by the western Ministers, Mr. Molotov renewed a number of old debating arguments in a long speech.
He said that the subject of security had priority bver free elections, that the ques- tion of cections was by no means the only point in the "" summit "" directive, that the western security proposals were unsatisfac- tory, that the Russian proposals had not been properly considered, that the German problem was a matter to be settled by the two Germanys, and finally that "" conditions for the immediate conduct of German elec- tions do,not now exist, since the problem
has not matured sufficiently and has not been sufficiently prepared."" This brought him back to the clear refusal to accept German elections which he made evident yesterday.
NEW PROPOSALS
After this there was a short recess and then Mr. Macmillan repeated the "" summit "" directive which says that "" the reunification of Germany shall be carried out by free elections."" As Mr. Molotov had said that conditions for elections did not exist, Mr. Macmillan argued that there would be no point in pursuing the discussion. He moved that the conference should adjourn further discussion on Item 1, and this appeared about to be accepted.
Mr. Molotov, however, has more than once in the past avoided an adjournment by suddenly producing a new rabbit out of the hat. He said that if the discussion on Item I were to be resumed he had further proposals to make.
These consisted, first, in a proposal to reduce by, say, 50 per cent. the number of foreign troops in Germany and that the total strengths of the forces of the four Powers should be reduced by the number of troops withdrawn (thus producing indirectly a measure of disarmament); secondly, a proposal for the limitation of armed units in both east and west Germany; and finally a proposal which was made by Marshal Bul- ganin at the July conference and which Mr. Molotov now tabled again, for a non- aggression pact between N.A.T.O. and Western European Union on the one hand and the Warsaw pact countries on the other.
DEEP EFFECT
At this point Mr. Macmillan emphasized the deep effect which the Soviet delegate's declaration yesterday had had on the con- ference, on the German people. and on the whole world. "" With one blow,"" he said "" Mr. Molotov has struck down all the high hopes which have been formed. Perhaps he is still not quite conscious of what he has done.""
Mr. Macmillan then said that in the circumstances it was wisest to adjourn, and this was agreed.
When the meeting opened Mr. Macmillan, in a clear, hard-hitting speech, said that Mr. Molotov had brought back with him from Moscow an even more negative approach than before. The "" Geneva spirit "" had meant loyally following the "" summit "" directives, but the Soviet Government had now repudiated the directive by refusing free elections throughout Germany. This was a very grave situation, and he did not see how they could usefully continue the discussion.
""ODIOUS SYSTEM ""
The brutal fact was that the only condi- tion under which Russia would reunite Germany was Bolshevization of the whole country. "" This, I must repeat,"" said Mr. Macmillan, "" is the Soviet Government's contribution to the spirit of Geneva,"" but the western Powers would not give up N.A.T.O. or Western European Union, and the Germans would not accept an alien political and social system and the loss of independence as the price of unity.
Mr. Dulles concentrated upon showing that the Soviet attitude had two ill effects. By continuing the division of Germany it perpetuated conditions which put the people of Europe in jeopardy, and it struck a crippling blow at the possibility of develop- ing relations of confidence with the Soviet Union. The United States had no wish or intention, he made it clear, to return to the conditions of the cold war, but he de- plored the damage to the spirit of Geneva which has been inflicted by the Soviet Union.
The speeches by Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Dulles are more fully reported on page 8.";"November 10, 1955";"";53374;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian ACT Of ""Repudiation""";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
Brusseis, Jan. 9 Britain received an assurance odiiy that work on develping political cooperation within the European Economic Community (EE.C.) would be carried out on the understanding that Britain. as a prospoctive memtber, was to be a partner in it. It was not intended to limit political co- operation to the existing mem- bers of the E.E.C., and the Sixl would be taking account of the broader framework in theit discussions.
As to whether decisions would be taken before Britain began negotiations for entry, it was pointed out that the Six were at present engaged in identifying the "" airns and procedures"" to be pursued. They were due to complete this by the end of July, b3 whih tiime a deoision on opening negotiations with Britain would have been taken and "" t-he ground prepared fot action in the field of political unification ""
These points were made by Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister. in his capacity as chairman of today's meeting of Western European Union (W.E.U.). He presented them as a sunmmary of the statements made by himself and the other E.E.C. members present-all except France;-in answer to a request for clarification from Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretarv.
Mr. Stewart had asked for an assurance that the Six would not take any binding decisions on political cooperation before British entry. He had also said that he hoped that Britain would be kept fully informed of any developments in this field that mi,ght follow from the recent decision taken at the summit conference of the Six in The Hague.
The reply from the Five was rather less specific than the Foreign Secretarv's question. but British officials were ex- pressing their satisfaction with. it tonight. They were confident, they said, not only that the Six would not be creating some- thing new in the political field before negotiations opened with Britain but also that Britain would be kept fully informed on developmepts in this waiting period.
They had been satisfied, they said, that the work now under way in the Six was only con- cerned with matters of proce- dure, and that in any case it might weU not be completed by the agreed date of July 31. Meanwhile political consultation was to continue within the framework of W.E.U., where it has been developed over the past year.
In his statemnent today, Mr. Stewart said that Britain wanted to be a fuU and equal partner in the development of common
foreign policies in Europe. Bri- tain, he said, had long believed such policies to be necessary, and both history and geography required that she should be a fuil participant. Meanwhile he thought that political consulta- tion should be contnued within W.E.U. until ibe time when it would be possible to transfer the function to an enlarged- EE.C.
Mr. Stewart said that he would have liked all seven mani- bers of the organization to have been. present today, and that he regretted French absence. He- was joined in this by the other participants and a general wish was expressed that France should return.
At the same time, however. it was recognized that France bad not responded to the compro- mise proposals put to it by the Belgians last month, and that there was no immediate pro- spect of a French return. To- day's meeting decided, therefore. that France's turn to be chair- mian-normally the first three months of this year-would be suppressed, with the Belgians remaining in the chair until the end of March, when the Ger- mans will take over.
Questioned at a press confer- ence about the prospects f4or British entry into the E.E.C., Mr. Stewart said today*- that as a result of the summit at The Hague he expected negotiations to begin in the middle of this year at the latest, perhaps even earlier. As to last month's agree- ment among the Six on agri- cultural finance, he said that nothing that had been deoided so far was of.a nature to put insuperable difficulties in the way of entry.
There were, however, a num- ber of points which would still have to be negotiated, and Mr. Stewart mentioned two in parti- cular: the length of the transi- tional period to be allowed Bri- tain for adaptation to E.E.C. rules, and the question of what to do about Britain's obligations to the Commonwealth. As to whether the cost of entry would be reasonable, he said that this would have to be decided in negotiations. and was closely linked with the question of the transitional period.
He thought that Britain's improved economic situation would increase the chances -of success.
Mr. Stewart told the press conference that there was a con- stant danger of the situation in the Middle East getting worse. witb dangerous incidents and the hardening of opinion on both sides. Britain. he added. had stopped supplying arms to the Middle East immediately after the six-day war in 196l, and had been ready to continue with this policy if it bad been generally observed.
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, exchanges views . with Signor Rainondo Manzini, Italian Ambassador in. London, and Signor Aldo Moro, the Italian Foreign Minister,. before the opening of the Western European Union ministerial -
meeting in Bruels.";"January 10, 1970";"";57764;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC promise to keep Britain in touch on policy";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 9
Delegates of the 15 N.A.T.O. Powers began assembling in Paris to-day for the ministerial meetings of the Atlantic Council which open here on Tuesday and which will last most of the week. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, who arrived to-night, described it as the most important N.A.T.O. meeting sfnce the Atlantic alliance was created. He said that Mr. Macmillan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Mr. Head, the Minister of Defence, would be following him to-morrow.
Mr. DulIes landed at Orly airport soon after noon, smiling and expansive, and looking fitter than many had expected after his operation. Several senior members of the American team, including Mr. Wilson, the Defence Secretary, and Mr. Humphrey, Secretary of State to the Treasury, are expected later to-night.
After thg arrival here this evening of Mr. Dulles and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd an appoint- ment was arranged between the two for to-morrow morning, probably before the meeting of the Western European Union. which is timed for 11 a.m. TheY are to discuss "" problems connected with N.A.T.O.,"" a formula which could stretch fairly widely. In the afternoon Mr. Dulles is to see M. Pineau.
At these meetings the first steps will be taken, on the British and French side at least, to restore the fabric of the Anglo- Amencan alliance. There have been exaggerated reports that the French leaders are angry that Mr. Dulles has not chosen to begin the week with three-Power talks as has been the practice in the past This feeling undoubtedly exists, but it is plrobably outweighed by the belief that there is much to be said for his seeing Mr. Lloyd and M. Pineau individually.
SPEAKING FRANKLY
In this way it is felt that the British and French Foreign Ministers will be able each to speak quite frankly without having to maintain a common front over the undoubted differences of tone between the British and French points of view.
Mr. Dulles said at the airport to-day: ""It is our firm resolve to find a means of bury- ing past discords and opening the way to a fruitful and peaceful cooperation.""
To-morrow will also be devoted to Ministerial meetings of the Western European Union, at which matters both technical and political wiU be discussed. He* von Brentano, the German Foreign Minister. is expected to take up the idea of closer consultation between member Governments-Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Penelux-that was put forward by Dr. Adenauer at Brussels in September. The French attitude to the coming week's talks was explained by M. Mollet to-day in a remarkably forthright television inter- view with some American journalists.
Asked what he would have done during the Suez crisis had he been in Mr. Dulles's position, M. Mollet replied: "" I would have tried to undetstand better the true
problems that face Britain and France. I believe that the present situation is due principally to mutual misunderstanding."" After denying charges of collusion between France and Israel, he said that the sole reason why the United States had not been consulted before the attack on Egypt was the fear that she would have prevented it.
If the British and French had attacked Hitler at the time of Munich, they would have been condemned as aggressors by the League of Nations and by the United States too, but they would have prevented the last war and saved millions of human lives.
DOLLAR NEEDS OF
WEST
ESTIMATES "" GREATLY
EXAGGERATED ""
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, DEc. 9
The United States Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. George M. Humphrey, speaking here last night at a dinner of the Pennsylvania Society, where he received the society's gold medal for distinguished achievement, indicated his opposition to any big new economic programme for western Europe.
He declared that some of the estimates of the dollar needs of Britain, France, and other countries had been "" greatly exaggerated,"" and that in all probability existing institutions would be able to provide most of what was needed. Only if the crisis abroad continued for a full year would Britain, he said, need as much as the reported figure of S1,000m.
Mr. Humphrey said that America's allies had wholeheartedly accepted the principles of negotiation and had withdrawn from the use of military force and they were "" entitled to full support toward a just settlement of their problems. We took a stand against them when their action vio- lated the basic principles in which we be- lieve,'"" he continued. ""Just so, we must now support them in their wholehearted effort to arrive at a just and fair settlement through negotiation.""
TRUSTED INTERMEDIARY
Earlier in his address, referring to the extremely important developments in the world during the past week,"" he said, ""'we are now seeing the United Nations as a trusted intermediary stepping into a critical situation to promote the adjustment of dif- ferences by negotiation while a previous resort to force for that purpose is being withdrawn. The importance of these events as a precedent cannot be exaggerated. It holds possibilities for future usefulness in the settlement of dangerous controversies by negotiatlion rather than by force. This possibility can fire the imagination with the vision of an era of peace in the world stretching out into the future for years to come.""";"December 10, 1956";"";53710;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Lloyd And Mr. Dulles To Meet In Paris To-Day";""
"['Reports by Alan Wood, John Winder, Bernard Withers, Geoffrey Browning and Brian Moore, of our Parliamentary Staff.']";"['News']";"Mr Callaghan talking to a skateboard enthusiast during a stroll on Brighton seafront yesterday with Mrs Barbara Castle and Mr Michael Foot.
Reports by Alan Wood, John Winder, Bernard Withers, Geoffrey Browning and Brian Moore, of our Parliamentary Staff.
Mr Shore, Secretary of State for the Environment, and Mr Orme, Minister for Social Security,. ex- pressed opposition last night to direct elections to the European Parliament. Their speeches, and a statement by Labour opponents of the EEC, were the first response of the Labour Party's large body of anti-EEC opinion to the Prime Minister's letter on the sabject on Friday.
The statement demanded a free vote for all Labour MPs, by impli- cation including ministers, on "" any forthcoming legislation con- cerning the EEC assembly "" [as opponents prefer to caU the Par- liamentl. Mr Shore said the Par- liament should never become a legislature but should always remain a consultative body.
The statement was read to and the ministers were speaking at a meeting in Brighton of the prin- cipal party organization for those opposed to the EEC, the Common Market Safeguards Committee.
The statement of the commit- tee's response to the Prime Mtnister's letter read by Mr Nigel Spearing, MP for Newllam, South said: J Sot
We welcome that part of the Prime Minister's letter calling for an increase in parliamentary con- trol of the EEC, but only if this is through and by the House of Commons. We call for this to be achieved in the next session through amendment of the Euro. pean Communities Act. 1972, as recommended by the Labour Party national executive statement to conference.
We reaffirm our opposition to the principle of direct elections to the EEC assembly. We believe that, should those Euro-elections take place, they wvould increase the Influence of that assembly, even wvith existing powers, and thus detract from the effective power of the House of Commons. Direct elections would mean more direct control from Brussels.
We believe that in view of national party policy and of the Prime
Minister's underaking, all mem- bers of the Parliamentary Labour Party should retain the right to a free vote on any forthcoming legislation concerning the EEC assembly.
We also note the Goverinent's intention basically to reform the CAP (common agricultural policy) and call on the Govern- ment to bring forward proosals in line with the recommendations of the NEC statement to conference.
Mr Shore told the meeting that people In Britain now favoured an alliance view of Europe, were sceptical about the Community, and were deeply opposed to union in Europe. Future discussions should aim at maximum agree- mient in foreign policy, at more effective cooperation in economic affairs, and at moving away from uniformity based on "" Euro- legislation "".
It followed from the alliance view of Europe that people with such opinions should seek to change the balance of the four main institutions of the EEC: the commission, the European Court, the Strasbourg assembly, and the Council of Ministers. Only the last was firmly rooted in the alliance view of the Community and In the continued primacy and supremacy of separate nation states.
The Strasbourg assembly would change in character with direct elections. "" It cannot help but become an instrument for the propagation of European union. That, of course, is one major problem with direct elections. All the more reason therefore why it should not be allowed In its functions and powers to challenge the authority of national parlia-
ments, why it should never become a legislature and should always remain a consultative body.""1
There had to be a big improve- ment, he added, in the arrange- ments so that control and scrutiny of European legislation by the British Parliament could be made. effective.
A policy of cooperation and alliance with democratic Euro. pean states pointed unmistakably to the conclusion that Portugal, Greece and Spain, ""all recently liberated from fascist and military rule "", should be admitted to membership of the EEC. But many in Europe opposed enlarge- ment because they knew the addi- tion of three states was bound to arrest still further the weakening thrust towards union.
For Britain, however, the fact, that enlargement meant greater di- versity rather than greater uni- formity could only be welcomed and if the nine became twelve it wvas difficult to believe that the question of still wider member-. ship, particularly with Britain's old friends in Efta (European Free Trade Association), would not arise.
A long road had been travelled since 1972 when, in the euphoria of the Paris summit, IMfr Heath and the other European leaders had pledged themselves to trans- form the whole complex of their. relationships into "" a European union by 1980 "". Mr Shore wvas applauded when be said: "" That is not going to happen.""
Mr Orme said that people in Britain and in Europe recognized that the EEC could not continue on the present basis, and that was- why they opposed direct election. "" I do not want to see a parlia- ment created which would take away some of our national rights from our own Parliament."" Those who had won the referendum on EEC membership were now more on the defensive than those who had lost.";"October 3, 1977";"";60124;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anti-EEC ministers reaffirm their opposition to direct elections";""
"['European Parliament']";"['News']";"Eurgpean Parliament
Luxembourg
Debate. took place on the pro- posals for direct elections to the European Parliament, the first of which are expected to be in 1978, using national voting systems. These will eventually be succeeded by a uniform voting system throughout the European Community.
MR PATIJN (The Netherlands, Soc), on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee, which had appointed him rapporteur on the direct election proposals, moved a long resolution adopting a draft convention on elections to the Par- liament by direct universal suf- frage. The resolution proposed 1980 as the time for the first elec- tions, but following upon the Paris summit meeting in December, Mr Patijn tabled an amendment chang- ing the date to not later than the first Sunday of May, 1978.
The convention contained in the resolution recommended an assem- bly of 550 MPs with the number of representatives elected in each member state as follows: Belgium 24, Denmark 14, France 108, Ger- many 128, Ireland 10, Italy 113, Luxembourg six, Netherlands 31 and the United Kingdom 116.
On this issue, a number of amendments were before Parlia- ment, principally one from its Legal Affairs Committee proposing a parliament of 355 MPs. made up as follows: Belgium 23, Denmark 17, France 65, Germany 71, Ireland 13, Italy 66, Luxembourg six, Neth- erlands 27 and the United Kingdom 67.
The figure of 355 and the compo- sition of the Parliament was ori- ginally suggested by Mr Padijn but after consideration the Political Affairs Committee recommended the membership of 550. Another amendment by Lord Reay (United Kingdom, C) proposed a parlia- ment of 387 MPs. Other amend- ments suggested bodies of 306 MPs and 198 MPs.
The principal issues covered in other amendments tabled to the proposed convention related to the method of election and wlhethier membership of a directly elected European Parliament should or should not be incompatible with membership of national parlia- ments. Under the Patijn proposals the dual mandate is retained for the present.
Mr Patijn, commending the resolution and convention, said the December summit in Paris had sur- prised them by coming out in sup- Port of direct elections by 1978, although two governments, the United Kingdom and Denmark, had entered reservations in the summit communique.
If there were direct elections, the European Parliament would have more legitimate right to request further powers. In addi- non, if they could not relieve themselves of the dual mandate they would go nit being amateurs. The dual mandate must come to an end. Professional parliamentary control was needed in Europe.
It would be their task to explain clearly to the Council of Ministeys
that it must abide by the deadlines-a final decision on direct elections in 1976 and elec- tions in 1978. Parliament wotild also have to start considering a uniforni election system and then prepare themselves for the first European elections.
The citizens of Europe would also have to be prepared for these elections. Parliament would have to explain what it was doing for them. His report was just the beginning in striving for democrat- ic control in Europe.
HERR LAUTENSCHLAGER (Germany, Soc), on behalf of the Legal Affairs Committee, said the dual mandate should only be allowed for a transitional period. As a matter of principle it should be objected to and removed. Par- liament could be enlarged if the need arose. It shlould not fix a ceiling for membership which could not be amended later. Trhere were applications for future membership of the Com- munity by countries whose pat-lia- ments would want to join the European Parliament.
This (he said) is a day of major decision for the European Parlia- ment. It would be a good thing if the vote backs up the agreement by as large a majority as possible.
MR ORTOLI, President of the EEC Commission, said he was con- vinced the logic and realism of the draft convention on direct election were factors underlying the sum- mit decisions in December. Europe was moving forward to a new institutional balance based on democracy.
Direct elections raised the issue of the legislative powers of Parlia- ment and anticipated the develop- ment of European union. In spite of the cr-isis situation in Europe, with its problems of inflation and unemployment, those responsible at the highest level had shown ambition and political courage in their attitude towards Europe's in- stitutions.
They were trying to build Europe as envisaged in the Treaty of Rome. European union was being tackled for the first time in the form of universal suffrage. This represented a commitment to build a new democratic institution- al system in Europe. Democracy was not only their most precious asset, but their natutral characteris- tic
HERR KLEPSCH (Germany, C- D), on behalf of the Christian Democrat group, said that there must not be half a step which just improved the status of a consulta- tive assembly. They must aim for a fully workable and functioning European Parliament. So far. Par. liament's powers had been deter- mined by the national parliaments.
Following the first European elections, there would be a direct relationship between parliament and the citizens of the European Community.
HERR SCHiMIDT (Germanv Soc), for the Socialists, said that what was proposed by Mr Patijn wuvuld be unworkable, and a parlia- ment which could not function wvoul(d not do justice to its t-ask. .";"January 15, 1975";"";59294;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Direct elections would give the right to demand more power";""
"['By Professor Max Beloff']";"['News']";"By Professor Max Beloff
It appears to be widely accepted that the time has come for looking once more at the complex of institutions that unite, or are supposed to unite, the western world at a time when the new phase in relations with the Soviet block is making such unity more vital than ever before. The omens are not good.
In N.A.T.O. the French repudiation of the basic idea of military interdepend- ence, and the apparent disregard of the carefully built-up consultative machinery of the alliance in the recent exchanges with the Soviet Union, have produced something like alarm among the smaller Powers and justifiable concern in the secretariat. In Europe itself the conclusion of the Free Trade Association agreement without any pro- vision for bringing together the Seven and the Six has for the moment opened the prospect of a real division in the whole future outlook of the continent, as between the Common Market coun- tries and the rest. Nor is it by any means clear what the ultimate reaction of American opinion will be towards this ominous development.
T-hose concerned with British policy naturally ask themselves whether they have not been at least partially to blame, whether Britain and the rest of Europe are not paying for the somewhat scepti- cal and supercilious attitude of British Politicians towards the prospects of European integration on at least three occasions-in 1948-49 when the Council of Europe was being fashioned, in 1950 when the Schuman Plan was announced, and again in 1955 when the Common Market and Euratom were launched.
GENUINE DOUBTS
We may have been right in saying that federation was not for us, and that events would prove that the enthusiasm expressed for it, particularly in France, was not to be taken at its face value. But we perhaps allowed these genuine and justified doubts to take us too far along the path of simple negation, believing that they absolved us from making any positive proposals of our own. For if the forms of integration proposed may have been in the long run unsuitable, the Europeans' readiness for change and experiment has proved to be quite genuine. And it is notable that on the two occasions when circum- stances left Britain with no option but to take the initiative itself-the creation of the O.E.E.C. in 1948-49 and the setting up of Western European Union in 1954-the result was un- doubtedly successful. In spite of the personal views of both Dr. Adenauer and General de Gaulle, there is no reason to believe that a new British venture in leadership would necessarily be unsuccessful.
It is true that there are certain basic limitations to what Britain can and ought to do; and no serious person can overlook them. Britain cannot accept such limitations upon her sovereignty as would make it impossible for her to participate as a sovereign State in the machinery for inter-Commonwealth consultation and action, alongside the other sovereign State-members of the Commonwealth; though this does not, and should not, raise any objection to seeing the countries of the Common- wealth negotiating for special relation- ships with the new European trading areas, even if this means some sacrifice of Commonwealth preferences. Against the dangerous idea of a closed Eurafrican community which seems to underlie some French thinking, we must put up the idea of the maximum of cooperation between the free countries of Europe and all those oversea countries which desire it.
DEFENCE WATCHWORD
In the second place we have to remain the spokesmen of the view, however unpopular in some quarters, that the defence of Europe makes no sense, and can make no sense, except within the context of the Atlantic Alliance. We must be the first to emphasize that, given the current prosperity of western Europe, this cannot mean that the major burden of its defence ought still to rest on American shoulders. The watch- word in defence policy ought to be ""equality within interdependence."" And what is done within Europe must still be judged in the light of its impact upon N.A.T.O. as a whole.
The final principle is clearly that Britain cannot accept any permanent franmework for Europe that is narrower than the free countries of Europe taken as a whole. We must surely, because of the variety of our economic and political interests, continue to support a wider Europe as against a narrower Europe. And even the wider Europe
ought not to remain altogether isolated from what is going on to the east of it. We cannot permanently wish to see eastern and much of central Europe forged into a closed economic block by the Economnic Council for East Europe, and shut off from our goods and our ideas.
That is why there should be careful consideration of the idea recently launched by the Deputy Secretary- General of the Council of Europe, that its Consultative Assembly might usefully provide a forum for debate with the representatives of east European coun- tries (including, one assumes, Yugo- slavia) just as on one occasion it held debate with the representatives of the United States Congress.
DILEMMA
But unless the evolution of Com- munist Europe develops much more favourably than one has the right to count on, the central core of the problem is what the free countries of Europe can do among themselves, and here there may be a little too much defeatism. Ever since M. Jean Monnet and his friends sprung the Schuman Plan upon us nearly a decade ago, we have been con- fronted in Britain with an apparently insoluble dilemma. Either we had to accept federation as the goal, and func- tional supra-nationalism as the means, for ourselves, and so worik towards an integrated Europe of the widest possible membership, or we had to reject it and accept the fact that a united Europe of a kind would be built without us, and commercially speaking to some extent against us. Given this dilemma it is easy to see why we took the second course-as we were expected to do- that is, accepted the lesser evil, in the hope that something would turn up to prevent the evil from maturing at all.
It has not, however, been sufficiently realized in this country that this dilemma no longer exists in anything like the same acute form. And for that we have, para- doxically perhaps, to thank General de Gaulle.
It has been made plain from the begin- ning of the de Gaulle regime that France is not aiming at a European federation. but at something institutionally much more modest. The clue given a couple of months ago by France's proposals for revising the statute of the Coal and Steel Community so as to eliminate its supra- national elements was not picked up. Yet the "" Europe des patries,"" de Gaulle's formulation of his political objectives. is in basic harmony with what has always been the British position.
Given this. there should be no funda- mental obstacle on the economic side to re-examining our terms for entering into the rather intimate forms of economic cooperation now being undertaken by the Six, without the same fear that this will involve impossible political commit- ments.
O.E.E.C. FRAMEWORK
For this re-examination institutions are required; and the only conceivable institutional framework remains O.E.E.C. Since, however, it will have to sell its new role to the public in more than one country, it needs to be given a political complement. and the differences in membership which have been the main obstacle, at least in theory, to its amalgamation with the Council of Europe ought not to stand in the way of a long-needed piece of institutional rationalization. It would then be possible to explore (in consul- tation with oversea countries affected, including of course the United States and Canada associate rnembers of O.E.E.C.) the way round the present deadlock between the Six and the Seven.
Political consultation is another matter, because politics divorced from defence makes no sense and defence (including the studying of disarmament) must remain primarily a N.A.T.O. matter. Nevertheless, there seems no reason to oppose using the machinery of Western European Union for this purpose, and even to admitting to mem- bership of W.E.U. any further countries that feel they wish to play an active part in shaping the defence policy of the European nucleus of the Westera Alliance.
These proposals are neither new nor particularly ambitious, but if put for- ward with the full backing of the British Government, Parliament. and people, they might at least help to prevent the further fragmentation of the European economy, and give the lie to those who allege that Britain is for narrowly selfish interests hostile not only to particular forms of European integration but to European union as such.";"December 15, 1959";"";54644;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Role In Europe";""
"['By Lord Brand']";"['News']";"By Lord Brand
The meeting of the Commonwealth Conference in a few days makes it im- portant that we should clear our minds on the meaning of "" Western Union."" This article can do no more than indicate certain fundamental aspects of what is a vast and many-sided problem.
We do not Want to unite Europe, or even western Europe, in a great State, just because we think.great States are intrinsi- cally better than small ones. Indeed Mr. Arnold Toynbee's ""Study of History"" leaves one with a strong impression that our civilization owes everything to the small Greek city States, to Palestine and to the small Italian city States, and- what is more ominous-that the appear- ance of a ""universal State"" in a civiliza- tion is a ""token of the decline "" of that civilization. I
We want, first of all, to create a com- munity of spirit in Europe, to revivify Christendom, to hold before European men and women a common ideal of friendship and neighbourliness ia order to kindle in their minds a moral and spiritual fervour, through the power of which they will overcome the materialistic creed of Comnmunism. We want, secondly, to strengthen the political, military, and economic forces of western Europe, so that the western European countries may play their full part with other free nations in defence against threatening external dangers.
There has been a widespread opinion that both these aims can best be achieved by an immediate political union of western European countries, by some form of fedetation comparable with the federation of the United States of America or the federations, for instance, of Canada and Australia. Since that aim appears impracticable as well as dangerous, it is important to clear it out of the way in order to concentrate our minds on the true path of progress towards greater unity.
Let us consider political federation in connexion with the second objective just mentioned-namely, the political, mili- tary, and economic strength of western Europe. Will western Europe's strength in this sense be greater in the next critical five, 10, 20 years by relying on existing European Governments, on the un- doubted loyalty of their peoples towards them and on the powers of cooperation of these Governments with one another, or must we try to create a brand new European Government through the sur- render to it by existing Governments of all their most important sovereign powers ?
TRANSFER OF POWERS
Federalists argue that you need only transfer limited sovereign powers to a new Government, but, since the whole object of the federation would be to create a Government strong enough successfully to defend western Europe and to fight a totalitarian war, you must inevitably transfer to it all the powers which, for instance, the. British or the American Governme-nts found they needed to exercise over their citizens in the last war. T'he new federal Government must con- trol all external policy of all the federated States, all defence matters, all military forces, conscribe, if need be, all citizens, have that complete power over finance, over currency, over taxation, over borrow- ing, over import control, rationing, and so on, without which no Government can fight a modern war. Existing Govern- ments must be reduced to a shadow of their former selves. If all this were not done, while you would have rendered existing Governments more or less power- less, you would merely have created in addition a fatally weak federal Govern- ment. Thus you would fall disastrously between two stools.
Who supposes that it is possible to create a Government clothed 'with these com- manding powers by the unification now of the French, British, western German, Italian and Benelux populations ? What kind of a Parliament to control such a Government is envisaged ? Is it to be an authoritarian Government, or is there to be a democratic Parliament as in other federations ? In this matter 1 fully support Sefior de Madariaga's words in his recent letter to Thle Times. "" Nothing,"" he said, "" would be deadlier for a budding European Union than to submit it, when hardly born, to the hazards of a parlia- mentary life based on both direct and universal suffrage. No man with political and European experience can seriously doubt that a European Assembly so elected would be worse than a failure in itself, for it would also determine the failure of European Union.""
You cannot at this moment get a unity of this kind out of peoples who only three years ago were engaged in a deadly
struggle with one another and out of ancient nations profoundly different in habits, thought, discipline and traditions, not to mention language. You cannot now create a single European army, navy, and air force. You cannot risk at this moment a political experiment of a kind never before tried. It is conceivable that Hitler might have forced some deadly unity on |western Europe, out of which after some generations some new civilization might [have arisen- it is conceivable that the Russians might do the same. But force, of this kind is the one way not open to us.
Moreover, so far as this country is con- cerned, it is hardly to be supposed that we would completely merge ourselves in a European federation, as Virginia is merged 'in the United States,, that we should Ipension the British Monarchy, that the British Parliament should become a purely local body, and that, having no external authority, the British Government should have no relations with the British Dominions or any other country except through the new federal Government. We
should, indeed, be required to bring the' British Commonwealth of Nations to an end, for it cannot be supposed that the other nations in it wouldi or could become provinces in a close European federation. Nor indeed do I think the continental States of west Europe will look for salvation to such a federation for many years, until they are much more unified in spirit and are without doubt ""good neighbours"" one with another.
CLOSE COOPERATION
It is necessary to dispose of this con- ception, in order that we may be free to look to another and more fruitful path, along which we may advance. In effect we must look to the closest cooperation of existing European Governments rather than to the transfer of their powers to a new sovereign Government. We are indeed already very rapidly developing cooperative machinery, following on the Brussels Treaty and in the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, which goes far beyond anything ever con- templated before, whether in the military or in the economic sphere. There is no reason why we should not go much farther. Benelux has shown us the way in the economic sphere, though it also shows that progress must inevitably be slow. There is every reason why the colonies of the European nations should be included in any plan, and no reason why the Dominions, for instance, should not cooperate; but let us not suppose that western Europe can possibly live by her- self alone: she depends for her life on very large imports and on the freest trade with the whole world.
More is needed, however, than the co- operation of European Governments. We want not simply Western Union. We must have the "" Atlantic community "" ; we must have similar cooperation, above all in defence, with the United States, with all nations of the British Commonwealth, and with all other free nations which are ready to join.
A FIFTH WHEEL
I would add that, if the way to advance is by cooperation between existing Govern- ments, and if these Governments remain, as they must remain, responsible to their respective Parliaments, then we shall get hopelessly mixed, if we -create a new European Assembly, to which they are also responsible. My belief is that even the "" deliberative and advisory assembly "" recommended by the French and Belgian Governments "" to consider practical measures for the progressive political and economic integration of Europe "" would merely add at this moment a fifth wheel to the coach, if it is the case, as they say it is, that Governments are already fully occupied with this very task.
We must do more still if we want to create a unity of soul and spirit, to make all western Europeans ""good Europeans,"" a task much more difficult than that of military or economic co- operation. Each nation by itself and all together must convince European citizens by good government, by equity between all classes, that a free democracy offers more than Communism. And we must learn to be good neighbours. In addition to military and economic cooperation the nations of western Europe might well create something like the organization of the Pan-American Union with its Charter recently elaborated at Bogota. This is no political or executive body, but an organi- zation which in several important ways keeps before the peoples of all those nations the gospel of the "" good neigh- bour."" No one can say that Europe, with its record of suicidal wars, does not need such a gospel. Over years a Pan-European Union of the same kind might have a profound effect.";"October 8, 1948";"";51197;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The European Community";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
The British Ambassadors to the six Common Market countries t.- gether with Sir James Marjori- banks, head of the British Dele- gation to the European Communi- ties in Brussels, are being recalled to London for talks at the Foreign Office next Tuesdav and Wednes- day on the prospects for British entry to the Communities. Lord Chalfont, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, will be in th.- chair.
The aim of this meeting is not to concert any new move. As British Ministers have constantly empha- sized, the British application to join the Communities has been made and the British Government continue to press for negotiations.
The talks next week are being held to enable the senior British advisers concerned to take stock of the situation together in the light of the French election. The Ambassadors will consider the attitudes of the Common Market governments and their different views on the way to handle the application. The British Govern- ment hope for early and success- ful negotiations. Their advisers will look ahead at the prospects.
Mr. George Brown, deputy leader of the Labour Partv, made a call for negotiations on ;viden- ing the Treaty of Rome when he
spoke to the Socialist Inte.national Congress at Eastbourne vesterdav.
He wanted the new treaty to cover the political, military, tech- nological and monetary aspects of integration and lay down a firm timetable. The negotiations should be carried on in step with British admission to the Common Market. but should not delay entry.
Mr. Brown said political unity was essential for Europe, as the disunity among member states had seriously impeded effective development of the E.E.C..
Lord Chalfont told the assembly of the Western European Union in Paris yesterday that he was sure the new French Govern- ment would consider as urgent the question of Britain's entry to the European Communities.
Drown urges treaty talks, page 5.";"June 18, 1969";"";57589;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ambassadors recalled for Market talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own CorresDondent
lSrussels, ijec ii
The prospect of European Community governments drag- ging their feet over any signifi- cant new moves towards eco- nomic and monetary union has provoked the normally docile Brussels Commission into action.
In a surprisingly tough speech today, Herr Wilhelm Haferkamp, the Commissioner for economic and monetary affairs, gave a warning that ""it wsas impossible to postpone de- cisions any longer "". EEC gov- ernments had to demonstrate their political willto achieve eco- nomic and monetary union by fixing a firm timetable of adv- ances during the coming year.
Herr Haferkamp, who was addressing the European Parlia- ment in Strasbourg, added: O Only if it does that will there be a successful breakthrough to economic and monetary' union. Only then can we keep to December 31, 1980, as the date for attaining, this union. Only then are there prospects for the planned European union to get off to a good starL""
He was speaking on the eve of the summit meeting of heads of government in Copenhagen tomorrow and a two-day meet- ing of economics and finance ministers of the Nine in Brus- sels at the beginning of next week. But his clarion call to action is only too likely to fall on deaf ears.
The finance ministers, as Herr Haferkamp recalled in today's spbech, have already virtually settled the contents of the next three-year stage of economic and monetary union-the so-called second phase due tb start at the begin. ning of next year..
At a meeting in Brussels this month they in effect agreed to put off any idea of pooling their reserves until next spring at the earliest, and to cut back the Commission's already modest plans to improve short- term credit facilities.
Herr Haferkamp emphasized that the Community could not enter the second stage without a closer and firmer alignnent of national short-term eco- nomic, taxation and budgetary policies.";"December 14, 1973";"";58964;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Urgent call for action on EEC monetary union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 2
The Assembly of Western European Union to-day discussed the defence com- mittee's report, presented by Mr. Mulley, M.P. (Britain, Labour), in which the creation of a European strategic nuclear force is recommended.
This proposal has caused some embar- rassment, not least because Britain is the only W.E.U. countiy already a nuclear Power and France the only country with any prospect of becoming one. Admiral Hughes-Hallett, M.P. (Britain, Conserva- tive), said that they could vote for a European nuclear pool only if it were to be confined to States that already had a nuclear capability.
A CONTRARY VIEW
This was clearly a long way from Mr. Mulley's original suggestion, and Mr. larnies Griffiths, M.P. (Labour), rejected such an interpretation, adding that he was ready to vote for the motion provided it meant the abolition of national autonomous nuclear deterrents in favour of a common political body within W.E.U. and the N.A.T.O. framework.
A French Gaullist delegate, who asked a good many questions, wanted to know who would control the European nuclear force. and how its use would be decided oni but was not absolutely against it. Two German Christian Democrat spokesmen were in favour of the proposal, provided that Germany did not have to take part in the production of nuclear weapons, but the German Socialists were strongly against it .
FRANCE CRITICIZED
A feature of the debate was a remarkable speech by Mr. Duynstee (Netherlands. Catholic), who, while expressing approval of the possession of nuclear arms by France and the French wish for N.A.T.O. to be reorganized, did not approve of General de Gaulle's attitude on non-integration of military forces or of the French attitude towards an extension of European eco- nomic cooperation. On this last point he said: France alone, in the Community of the Six. is opposed to a European enlargement of economic cooperation.""
Later a French Socialist speaker admitted that he and his friends shared the same concern about French policy as this Dutch critic.";"December 3, 1959";"";54634;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Nuclear Force For Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Signor Saragat, the Italian Foreign Mini- ster. is coming to London on Novembcr 5 at the invitation of Mr. Gordon Walker. the Foreign Secretary. Signor Saragat. who is the leader of the Social Democrat Party. has often met Mr. Gordon Walker at socialist gatherings in the past, but this will be their first meeting as Foreign Ministers of their respective Governm:nts.
Both British and Italian representatives were saying last night that there is no special significance in this visit. When he took up his appointment Mr. Gordon Walker sent messages to all his colleagues in the Common Market and Efta countries saying that he hoped to make an early contact witn them. Mr. Gordon Walker is expected to attend the Efta ministerial meeting in Geneva on November 19 and 20, and he is likely, therefore, to meet several of the Efta Ministers there. He is also likely soon to meet some Common Market Ministers if the next Western European Union mini- sterial meeting, which is due to ta.';e place in Bonn, is now fixed, as is being proposed, for mid-November.
It was announced in Copenhagen yester- day that Mr. Per Haekkerup. the Danish Forefgn Minister, will visit London early in November at the invitation of the British Government. Mr. Krag, the Danish Prime Minister. has also been invited but it has not yet been decided whether he also will come then. The Danish visit is rather different from Mr. Gordon Walker's pro- posed round of ftrst contacts. The Danish Government is anxious to find an outlet for surplus Danish farm produce, and hopes to find a way of disposing of this in under- developed countries. Since then the new British surcharges upon manufactured im- ports have provided a further subject for discussion. According to a provisional esti- mate, industrial imports from Denmark, worth about £5,750,000. will now face serious difficulty on the British market.";"October 28, 1964";"";56154;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Saragat To Visit London";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRO.M OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEc. 18
Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, speaking to the assem- bly of the Western European Union to-day, thanked the western Powers for the understanding which they had shown towards Germany over the Berlin question.
He appealed for solidarity of the free world over Berlin. although he fully realized, he said, that the tragic situation of the divided German nation xvas based on legality and was the result of German policies in the past.
The assembly unanimously adopted a re-solution %A:hich expressed disapproval of the Soviet attempt to open negotiations on Berlin not through diplomatic channels but hv declarations intended for propaganda. it protested against the threat of an ulti- matum contained in the Soviet Note. and welcomed the firmness of the latest western decision
OPTIMISM OVER TRADE
Herr von Brentano said that the current differences of view over economic matters between European natiorns had not suc- ceeded in shaking the basis of western cooperation in any field. Further optimistic references to the outcome of the free trade dispute were made to the assembly by M. Wigny, the Belgian Foreign Minister, who said that the Common ?.1arket members needed time to study the latest British pro- posal and that the attitude of the ""Six"" might be modified to take account of them. The situation was not dramatic. These economic difficulties could be overcome and in any event should not break western unity.
The assembly is to hear a speech from General Norstad to-morrow. It will also vote on the defence committee's report. which urges, amonst other things, that the initial decision to use tactical nuclear weapons in the event of a European con- flict should be taken at a political rather than a military level. Several British M.P.s intervened heatedly on this subject to-day. in a debate wvhich cut across party as well as national lines.";"December 19, 1958";"";54338;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Endorsement Of Berlin Stand";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
An unofficial translation of the text of the Soviet Note which was delivered to the British Embassy in Moscow on Thurs- day night was being studied at the Foreign Office yesterday.
The Note argues that the agreements in contemplating the production of weapons for gas and bacteriological warfare are a breach of the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which pro- hibits the use of such weapons. Commenting on this yesterday representatives of the Foreign Office emphasized that the purpose of the Paris agreements was distorted by the Note. The aim of the agreements was to impose limits on production and stocks as between the members of Western European Union, and not to further the production of such weapons and increase the danger that they would be used. Wben the British Government agreed in 1925 to prohibit gas and bacteriological warfare, it did so with the reservation that such weapons could be used in retaliation, if an enemy used them first. The Soviet Govern- ment, it wa pointed out, understood well, and were grateful for this position during the last war. It was disclosed in 1942 (in The Times of May I1) that Stalin had informed Sir Winston ChurchiU of the Soviet Government's anxiety over the possibility that Hitler would use gas in Russia.
In reply, the British Government gave an assurance that they would treat any gas attack on Russia as if it had been made against the United Kingdom.
It is realized here that Russian anxieties are genuine, and that the Russian Government fears that such weapons, if delivered to Germany, might one day be used against them. In attacking the Paris agreements, however, on the grounds that they allegedly contravene the 1925 Geneva Protocol the Soviet Foreign Office would seem to have overplayed the hand. The plain fact is that the agreements do not contravene the protocol.";"January 15, 1955";"";53140;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soviet Note To The West";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
OSLO, Ocr. 19
Ministers from all seven member countries of the European Free Trade Association (Efta) are coming to Oslo this weekend for the meeting, which starts on Monday, of the Efta ministerial counciL Most of the British delegation, which will be headed by Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, are due to arrive tomorrow, but Mr. Erroll, the President of the Board of Trade. will not arrive till Sunday.
Mr. Gundersen. the Norwegian Trade Minister, will preside. The provisional agenda includes a progress report by Mr. Figgures. the Secretary-General; a report from the Secretary-General on bilateral talks on quantitative import restrictions; a discussion on member countries' negotia- tions with the Common Market; and also some procedural items.
The time before the formal conference will be used for bilateral and private dis- cussions between the delegations. These discussions will start tomorrow.
CRUCIAL ROLE
In view of the central position of Britain in the negotiations with the Common Market, the British delegation will play a cracial role. Mr Heath has made arrange- ments to see most delegations for private talks. His work in Oslo will begin, how- ever. with a British conference in which the British Ambassador in Stockholm and the British Charge d'Affaires in Copen- hagen will take part. Afterwards, Mr. Heath is due to see Mr. Lange, the Nor- wegian Foreign Minister.
The main interest of the conference is centred around these private discussions- n-ot least because of recent reports about opposition in some Common Market quar- ters to full Danish and Norwegian member- ship of the European Economic Com- munity.
Mr. Lange returned early this morning from an official visit to Japan. He said that he had no knowledge of the report put forward in the West European Union yesterday about a three year "" quarantine"" for Denmnark and Norway before a full E.E.C. membership could be obtained, but he observed that some of the federalists in western Europe disliked the idea of an extension of the E.E.C. to include Scan- dinavian countries.";"October 20, 1962";"";55527;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Efta Discussions In Oslo";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-Bonn, Feb. 20
The west German Govern- ment has recommended that the next meeting of the permanent council of the Western European Union should be held in London not, as arranged, on February 26 but on March 5. The reason for the German view is that a meet- ing on March 5 would rank as a return session of the council to which, the Germans hope, France would not object, whereas a meet- ing on February 26 would be a special session of the council to which the French would almost certainly take grave exception.
The German position, as elaborated in a number of state- ments in the past two days, is that routine meetings of the council
can be convened without unani- mity among the seven member nations unless some ""abnormal"" topic is on the agenda.
What is not clear is whether unanimity is required for the council to decide whether any particular. topic, such as, for ex- ample, British entry into the Common Market, is "" abnormal "" or not. The February meeting in fact has been called to discuss the position of Greece in the Council of Europe.
Some interesting new facts have come to light here about the extra- ordinary series of statements and counter-statements by the west Germans in the last two days, when they appeared first to sup- port the British view that the
London meetings were legal, then the French view that they were illegal, and finally put forward their own view which was a mix- ture of both.
The first two statements on Monday and Tuesday originated from the Foreign Ministry, which is pro-British, while the pro- French cornmunique on Tuesday evening was put out after the per- sonal intervention of Dr. Kie- singer, the ChanceUor, under the influence of a demarche by the French Ambassador in Bonn, and the persuasions of the "" Gaullist "" lobby in the Bonn Government, led by Baron von und zu Gutten- berg, a State Secretary. This in- furiated the Foreign Ministry.
Peter Strafiord, Survey, page 8.";"February 21, 1969";"";57491;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans' formula for meeting";""
"['By Donald Macintyre Labour Reporter']";"['News']";"By Donald Macintyre Labour Reporter
The Ford management and unions were noncommittal last night after the breakdown on Frriday of talks about the pay of 57.000 manual workers who arc on strike.
The company is clearly ready to improve its pay offer, prob- ably up to about 12 per cent, but is adamant that concessions must first be made by the unions.
Mr Henry Ford, international chairman of the company, has cancelled the visit he was to have made to Britain this month, and a senior company official acknowledged last night that part of the reason was the embarrassment it might have caused.
Mr Ford was to have toured the site of the Bridgend engine plant and the Swansea plant, which like all Ford's 22 other plants, is closed because of the strike. The company wi-as at pains to emphasize that half the purpose of the visit had there. fore disappeared.
Ford beiieves that bv nego- tiating last week without reference to the company's guideiines and by offering more
than 5 per cent the company has nowv satisfied the unions' demand for free collective bargaining.
As a preliminary to resuming talks, for which there were no plans last night, it seeks an assurance that the union side of the National Joint Negotiating Council is ready to talk seriously about measures to ensure maximum continuity of production.
A letter from Mr Paul Roots, the company's employee rela- tions director. which arrived at the homes of most employees yesterday, urged strikers to persuade union officials to secure a return to work. It said that Friday's breakdown happened ""because the unions would not support a return to r.ormal work or commit to dis- cussions the day-to-day pro- blems at the plant '.
Mr Ronald Todd, chairman of the union negotiators, said last night that the company had still been refusing to negotiate seriously on the union claim.
The union negotiators will meet in London on Thursday for talks with European union officials organized by the International Metalworkers' Federation.";"October 17, 1978";"";60434;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Ford cancels car plant visit as strike continues";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 2
M. Messmer, the French Minister of the Armed Forces, today told the Assembly of Western European Union that the decision to use the French atomic weapon could be only a national one. This would not exclude an arrangement with France's allies on the general conditions under which atomic weapons should be used; but in the last resort a decision of such importance would have to be made by the head of the French Government.
M. Messmer also reproached the United States and Britain for refusing to share their atomic secrets with France. It was this, he said, that had forced France to try to build an atomic force on her own. Her attitude in this was no different from that of Britain and the United States before her.
STRENGTHENING NATO
Without nuclear weapons, he said any attempt at modernization of the French forces would have been pointless. and France had no intention of stopping her efforts half way. For the moment, the nuclear weapon would be delivered by piloted aircraft: but as soon as possible the means of delivery would be changed to guided missiles, which he hoped would be installed in nuclear-powered submarines within 10 years.
He answered criticisms by saying that the French units belonging to the Nato shield would also be strengthened by being equipped with these weapons and missiles. He pointed out that France's nuclear de- velopment would cost her only between 5 and 7 per cent of the military budget, and only about 2 per cent of the national budget. It had been necessary, however, to take a certain number of decisions "" in order not to chase the conventional hare and the nuclear hare at the same time "".
Before winding up its session, the Assembly approved unanimously the report of its defence committee on the need for a common policy against subversive war- fare. The report calls on the North Atlan- tic Council to establish a specialized bureau at the highest level to study these new forms of warfare";"December 3, 1960";"";54945;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Modernization Of French Forces";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
COPENHACiEN, MAY 4
Copenhagen is en fere to-day with the flags of the 15 N.A.T.O. member nations making a brave show before the Christiansborg Palace, where to- morrow the Foreign Ministers will begin their conference.
The Danes, who at times have been barell lukewarm about N.A.T.O.. are, on the anniversary of their liberation from occu- pation at the end of the war, obviously pleased and proud to welcome so many western leaders. Christiansborg Palace- the seat of the Danish Parliament-in bright spring weather, with an arm of the sea running between it and the old town- makes a new and delightful setting like some Nordic salty version of a sunlit Venice.
Foreign Ministers have been arriving all day and preliminary talks between groups of them have begun. The Scandinavian Ministers, Hr. Lange (Norway), Hr. Hansen (Denmark), and Mr. Gudmundsson (Ice- land), met last night, and this evening Mr. Dulles, who arrived last night, went to the British Embassy for a talk with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, who on arrival repeated the British view that he was in favour of summit talks. if properly prepared with a fair chance of success, but not if such a conference was likely to be merely a propaganda exercise.
A. N.A.T.O. representative said that all the experts now seem agreed that the latest type of British intermediate range ballistic missile, which will have a range of about 2,000 miles, is the best of thi-s class. It is included in the list of weapons which Mr. S^ndys put forward at the Defence Ministers' meeting in Paris in April, and the production of which might be shared between the members of Western European Union. It seems therefore that the British weapon will be chosen for production for the interrnediate range bases in Europe. The most likely countries for such bases in addition to Britain are said to be France, Italy, Greece, and Turkey.";"May 5, 1958";"";54142;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"N.A.T.O. Ministers In Copenhagen";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 26
""No decision without N.A.T.O. agreement"" is the formula that the Defence Ministry has now adopted as its reply to all inquiries about the pos- sibility of setting up west German supply bases in Spain. In private, it is strenuously denied that this is any kind of a get-out clause whereby the whole scheme can be quietly dropped. On the contrary, attempts are being made to spread the impression that there is a row going on within N.A.T.O. between the militarists and the politicians, and that the militarists are fighting in support of Germany's plans.
Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, certainly intends to go ahead on the basis that the military arguments in his favour are unquestioned. and to submit his thoughts to N.A.T.O. at the first opportunity. He appears convinced that he can quieten the allies, just as he has already quietened a large part of public opinion in west Germany.
STATEMENTS RECALLED
Puzzlement is expressed at the con- cern caused by a statement in a leading article in TJue Times yesterday, that the west Germans could if they wished manufacture rockets and atomic war- heads in Spain. A Foreign Ministry spokesman agreed to-day that west Ger- many's renunciation of the manufacture of atomic weapons was based on Annex I to the Western European Union agreements, and that this annex men- tioned only the territory of the Federal Republic. He referred, however. to statements made at the time of the dis- pute over possible German cooperation with France in nuclear manufacture, and on many other occasions, when Ger- many had stated that she had no desire to make atomic weapons anvwhere.
He said that the manufacture of atomic warheads in Spain would be con- trary to the whole spirit of the W.E.U. agreements, and could not be con- sidered. The question of whether cir- cumstances might be different under some future German Government he considered too hypothetical to be answered.";"February 27, 1960";"";54706;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Strauss Unrepentant On Bases";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMA.TIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. (jordon Walker, the Foreign Sec- retary, had a long talk yesterday with M. Geoffioy de Courcel, the French Am- bassador. According to British repre- sentatives this was a general tour d'horizon at the Ambassador's request, before a visit to Paris for consultations.
On the French side it was said later that Nato problems were discussed-in particular the nuclear problem raised by the new suggestions for a mixed- manned Nato nuclear force. It is known that Mr. Gordon Walker, who will be meeting Dr. Schroder, the German Foreign Minister, for bilateral talks in Bonn on November 15, would also be glad to arrange a meeting with M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister. An obvious opportunity for this could have been the Ministerial Council meeting of Western European Union in Bonn on November 16 and 17, but British and other west European representatives were clearly disap. pointed some days ago, when it was learnt that M. Couve de Murville did not intend lto be present.
SOUR COMMENT
To judge from the somewhat sour comment from the French side after yesterday's talk the prospect of a useful Anglo-French meeting at Minister level in the near future can hardly be good. It was said that yesterday's meeting was the first opportunity which M. de Courcel had had to meet the Foreign Secretary, apart from a brief call as part of the first round of visits which Mr. Gordon Walker received from heads of mission in London.
In reply to a question vhe'heir the Concord project had been discussed it was stated that the French Government could not but deplore that the first act of the Labour Government had been to propose this review. In reply to a further question, it was said that there was agreement that the technical and financial studies on the Channel tunnel should continue.";"November 7, 1964";"";56163;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Walker Meets Ambassador";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA (N. RHOD.), FEB. 4
Mr. B. J. Petersen, acting general secretary of the Northern Rhodesian European Mineworkers' Union, said to-day that his union accepted and wel- comed the conciliatory gesture by the Rhodesian Selection Trust group of companies in their proposals for the advancement of African workers.
It removed the duress against which the union had previously complained and cleared the air for further negotiations, he said, adding that the result of the mine union ballot by Europeans demonstrated their appreciation of the need to adjust the many anomalies at present inherent in the Northern Rhodesia industrial structure. His union was "" very desirous of further negotiations with the Chamber of Mines.""
Mr. J. Thomson. manager of Roan Antelope, and Mr. J. Buch manager of Mufulira Mining Company-both members of the R.S.T. group-to-day jointly sub- mitted letters to the European union saying that they welcomed the clear expression of opinion in the ballot and presumed now that the mandate originally given the representa- tives of the union to stop talks on African advancement after the Forster report no longer applied. In the light of this balot, and of the union's conciliatory attitude, their companies were withdrawing the notice of termination of the agreement with the union.
The Northern News, in a leading article to-day, hailed the R.S.T. proposals as a commonsense, fair and lasting attempt at a solution and urged Anglo-American to review their scheme African "" strikers "" are now presenting themselves at aU four pro- ducing mines for dismissal, and some are asking to be re-engaged at lower rates.
A spokesman of the Chamber of Mines said to-day that mine and mill production at the four production mines on the copper- belt was now 54 per cent, of normal. Yester- day 6,595 Africans were at work, nearly 300 more than the previous day. The individual figures for the mines are: Rhokana, 1,427; Roan, 1,820.; Mufulira, 1,754; and Nchanga,
1,59.";"February 5, 1955";"";53158;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Conciliation In Copper Belt";""
"";"['News']";"BRUSSELS, Sept. 20.-M. Spaak and Dr. Luns. the Belgian and Dutch Foreign Ministers, have agreed here that their Governments would not sup- port any initiative towards a-European political union before the Bri.ish general election, Dr. Luans told reporters.
They took this decision at a priva,te luncheon during a break in a mevting of the Common Market Council of Minis:ers on the merg.ng of the execuives of the Market, the Ccal and Steel Community. and E:uratom.
The luncheon had been arranged to cnable NI. S,aak to c arify his suggestions for new s,teps towards a European pclitical union, made at a meeting of thc s-ven- nation Western European Union (the Six plus Britain) in Paris eight days ago.
THREE WISE MEN
At this meeting M. Spaak suggested that a European political ccm-mission of three ..wise men "", nominated by the Govern- ments of the Six, should be created for a transitional period of about three years. At the end of this trial period the Govern- ments would. meet to decide whetner to sign a definitive treaty fer political union.
.1. Spaak mainiained that such a solu- tion wQuld enable the S x to postpone a final decision on polVtical union, and would provide a breathing space during which it would become clear whether Britain wou!d become a member of the Common Market.
M. Spaak's suggestion was unfavour- abt) rece;ved by the Dut'-h Government. wh:ch maintained that Br'tain should be brought into any discussions from the start. T-he Dutch also claimed that NI. Spaak had broken an agreement with Dr. Luns that no moves towards a European poLitical union should be taken hefore the Britush elections.
Meanwhile the Council of Ministers madc slight progress here towards a com- promise on how to merge the executives of the three Europeaa communities. The Ministers agreed that the new single exfcutive shosuld have 14 mem- bers for an unspecified transitional period of three or four years and, after that nine members. conference sources said--Reuter.";"September 21, 1964";"";56122;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europeans Await British Result";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
The promotion of 10 Russian Army and Air Force generals and six Chinese leaders to be marshals is a public recog- nition of the greater importance of the Soviet and Chinese armed forces, both of which have seen undergoing exten- sive reorganization in the past year.
In the case of the Russian forces, it is some years since any new marshals have been created. With the appointment of a soldier, even a "" political "" soldier, such as Marshal Bulganin to be Prime Minister, it would be natural if the opportunity were taken to satisfy military claims to promo- tion, particularly if some of them were over- due.
The Chinese appointments coincide with a general reorganization of the Army in which military ranks on the Russian model are being substituted for the present system by which officers hold no ranks and wear no badges but are simply described by the appointment which they hold. The appoint- ment of Mao Tse-tung as Grand Marshal further emphasizes the similarity of the Russian and Chinese systems. Mao is in fact fully enttled to military rank by any standards, as he has spent years in the saddle during the guerrilla wars and his writings on guerrilla tactics and strategy are generally considered to be masterly.
RUSSO-CHINESE SOLIDARITY
Although both armies have good practical grounds for making promotions at this time, the coincidence is, no doubt, not intended to be lost on the western Powers. Apart from advertising Russo-Chinese solidarity, the Russian promotions may be connected with decisions taken at the Moscow conference of east European countries last December. These suggested the intention to form an integrated Communist command, embracing the satellite armies, if Western European Union is carried through. The sateliite armies have hitherto been treated very much as "" second line "" troops. If their efficiency is to be raised, and they are to be welded more firmly into the Russian armies in eastern Europe, the status of the Russian command there might be raised as a preliminary.";"March 14, 1955";"";53189;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian Army's New Marshals";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
k'aris, Dec 5
It was no accident that the Western European Union Assembly put the eniphasis on European defence when its session opened in Paris today.
With Britain's entry into the European Community on Janu- ary 1, its. function as a link be- tween Britain and the Six automatically lapses. There re- mains, however, that very im- portant other function as guardian of the provisions of the Paris Treaties, especially with regard to the control. of German armaments.
But if there is a lot of talk in WEU about the importance of the union in the field, of de- fence, there is little indication as to how it can produce any practical results owing to the fundamental differences be- tween France and her partners.
France insists more than any of them that the role of the WEU --on the control of German arma- ments should not be whittled down. But she is not prepared
at this stage to discuss European defence, in WEU or anywhere else, on terms which are. accept- able to Britain. and other WEU members who are also in' Nato.
But M Debr6, the French Defence Minister, who is 1to address the WEU tomorrow, may indicate that France's standpoint on European defence is not so rigid as he himself has made it appear. For this there.are good reasons. The French nuclear armaments programme is drop- ping behind schedule. A gather- ing storm of protest threatens the new campaign of French tests in the Pacific next year in- dispensable to its fulfilment. M Debre would like to obtain for her future tests the support of France's partners in WEU at least behind the scenes. The alternative would be. to obtain the technological~ recipes she;, still needs from the Unit'ed States.) But'the United'States is apparently only prepared- to pass them on against trade. con- cessions by the ' EEC.";"December 6, 1972";"";58650;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French seek behind-scenes support from WEU";""
"['By Richard Ford,']";"['News']";"By Richard Ford,
Belfast
An opinion poll published yesterday showed that almost two-thirds of the Irish Repulic's electorate supports the coun- try's neutrality and opposes involvement in a military alliance at any time.
But with proposals for greater European union encouraging debate on neutrality, the poll lound that 31 per cent of those questioned did not understand ""hat it meant.
Of the 25 per cent who favoured joining a military alliance, more that a third x%anted to be involved in Nato, a quarter with a Western European alliance and a smaller number in an Anglo-Irish arrangement-
The reasons attracting most people towaris an alliance were
that most European nations were already in Nato, the republic was an EEC member and it would benefit the country and the situation in Norther Ireland if the arrangement was one between the republic and Britain.
Most people who had any perception of the meaning of neutrality said it meant not gettin ginvolved in war or that the republic was not in any alliance and did not take sides in disputes.
The poll. published in yester- day's Irish Times, involved questioning 1,000 people a week ago and showed that those most against alliances were over 55 while those in favour wer aged 25-34.
The issue of Irish neutrality
has revealed divisions between the government and opposition as well as within the coalition with the Labour Party insisting that neutrality is a cornerstone of the country's foreign policy and not negotiable.
Mr Frank'Cluskey, a former leader of the party and now backbencher. has called for a referendum to enshrine neu- trality in the country's written constitution.
Although Dr Garret Fitz- Gerald. the prime minister, has dismissed talk about his coun- try joining Nato as *'intensely boring""., he has told the Dail that the country will shortly face important decisions on the evolution and revitalisation of the European enterprise.'";"April 30, 1985";"";62125;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Poll backs Irish neutrality";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, MARCH 23
The declaration of the Federal Govern- ment in Bonn yesterday on all-German elections, following the renewed interest in the subject shown by Mr. McCloy, the American High Commissioner, has already succeeded in what was perhaps the first, though not the ultimate, objective; it has thrown the eastern German camp on the defensive on terrain of almost its own choosing.
A sudden change of front among the Rus- sians and eastern Germans will obviously be required for the declarations by the Bonn Government and Mr. McCloy to succeed in leading the Germar. nation back to unity, but at least they have taken the initiative from the east Germans in the aspiration to unity. The ast German Govermnent lost no time to-day in trying to prevent the Bonn declarationt from taking a hold.
Among the west German newspapers, too, yesterday's declaration has had a beneficial effect. Commentators do not overlook the depressing difficulties which must be overcome before their city can again become the un- fettered capital of Germany, which is the effect successful elections would have. and they are inclined to add their own list of prerequisites to such elections. but they already take comfort that, as one newspaper expresses it, Dr. Aden- auer. the Federal Chancellor, "" does not stand with his face to the west and his back to the east."" The Chancellor's recent statements about France and European Union had evi- dently revived the impression that eastern Ger- many was being largely omitted from his ideal of a united west Europe.
The head of the<Press department of the east German Government replied to the federal Government to-day. He said that the Bonn proposals were obviously inspired by the Americans and were intended to arrest the growth of the National Front movement and drown the three-fold demands of the German people. These, he repeated parrot-like, were the withdrawal of the occupation troops, the signing of a peace treaty, and the restoration of unity in Germany.";"March 24, 1950";"";51648;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Declaration On Elections";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BONN, AUG. 22
The first reaction here to the news of the failure of the Brussels conference was one of shock. It was suggested that there was a last hope that after the firm rejection of the French proposals the Paris Assembly mright after all be prepared to accept the E.D.C. treaty in something like its present form.
It is realized, however, that speculation is premature until Dr. Adenauer has returned and given his impressions of the tone as well as the results of the conference.
The first tendency of public opinion will probably be to agree with the Social Demo- cratic Party, which announced to-day that no one could now blind himself to the fact that E.D.C. could not be made to work. It added that it would be wrong at this stage to go too deeply into the causes of the Brussels failure, for fear that the already "" particularly sharp differences of opinion be further aggravated."" The new aim must be to form a European union of genuinely equal partners within the United Nations, formed on a broad basis. Only such a system could combine the effec- tive security of Europe and the reunification of Germany. But it was essential that no solution must be attempted without or against France.
LOSS OF PRESTIGE
The failure to agree at Brussels could have most serious repercussions on public opinion in Germany, and will certainly be seized on by aUl Dr. Adenauer's opponents. It is generaly agreed that if the Brussels conference turns out to have delivered the coup de grdce to E.D.C. his position wiU be gravely weakened. The Government's prestige has already suffered by the defection to east Germany of Dr. John and Herr Schmidt-Wittmack.
Dr. Adenauer is to return to Bonn to-night and wil meet his Cabinet early in the week. The Bundestag foreign affairs committee and the Christian Democratic parliamentary party are also to discuss the situation. It seems not unlikely that a special session of Parliament wiU be caUed.";"August 23, 1954";"";53017;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E.D.C. Deadlock As Shock To Bonn";""
"";"['News']";"February 2. The European.
Commission suggests that member
states applying summertime should introduce it simultaneously for six and a half months a year from next year. It had earlier
abandoned a more ambitious
scheme to introduce summertime throughout the Community.
February 4. The EEC concludes a first round of negotiations with Syria, Jordan and Egypt for new free trade agreements similar to those recently concluded with Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
February 5-8. Herr Villy Brandt, the former West German
Chancellor, announces that he
would like to be considered as a candidate for the first directly- elected European Parliament in 1978. A three-day congress of
the European Movement comes' out firmly against the notion of a "" two-speed "" Europe as
envisaged by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, in his recent report on European
Union. Mr Tindemans maintains that his idea has been misunderstood.
February 9. The Foreign
Ministers of the Nine agree that
negotiations on Greece's application to join the Community should begin as soon as possible and that
these should lead direct.ly to full membership.
February 12. The European
Parliament votes in favour of
granting the Community's nine million farmers a 9.5 per cent
increase in the guaranteed minimum prices they receive for their produce this year.
February 16. Finance ministers give the green light to a $300m EEC loan for Ireland and a
$1,000m loan to the Italians to help these countiries with their
balance of payments difficulties. February 16 and 17. Agriculture ministers give up their attempts to fix new farm prices by the end of the month as originally
planned and agree to meet again on March 2 and 3.
February 17. The French
Government jumps the diplomatic gun by recognizing the Soviet and Cuban-backed Popular Movement IMPLA) in Angola.
February 18. European Commission proposes a redrafting of the
Community's fisheries policy, including the setting of catch quotas and the reservation of
coastal zones for local fisherman,";"March 2, 1976";"";59642;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Looking back";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Corresnondent
Athens, Oct 7
Parliamentarians of Western European Union, the oagatima- tion comprising Britain and the original six EEC states, are worried that disputes between Greece and Turkey are weaken- ing Western defences in the eastern Mediterranean.
The general affairs commit- tee of the WEU assembly met in Athens today to consider ways of insulating Western defence inte*rests from the effects of the Greek-Turkish conflict.
The committee is consider- ing a working report wh.ch recommends that the WEU should fiave closer links with both countries.
It Will hear statements from the Greek Foreign 2Pnd Defei-ne Ministers before proceeding to Ankara for similar contacts -with the Turks. British members of the committee in- clude Sir Johh Rodgers, the vice-chairman, Sir Frederic Bennett, Mr. John Mendelson Mr David Steel, and Mr Thomas ,Urwin.
The o6rking paper; prepared
by M Jean-Claude Burckel, a French Gaullist, h-as caused vaised eyebrows among Greek rff.cials, for it appears to be based on the doctrine that ""Turkish territory is an essen- tial part of the Western dlefenice system in which the Turkish Army plays an imnpor- tant role "".
As a result, the r eport says, ""CGrece?s security is very lar- gely ensured by Turkey's parti- cipation in the system. It (Greece) must therefore aim not at disarming Turkey butiat finding ;a solution to its dis- putes with that country and ensuring its long-term security with regard to Turkey"".
The report is concernied at Turkey's "" fears of Greek expansion in the eastern Medi- terranean"" as witnessed by the attitude of Athens in Cyprus and the Aegean. It says Turkey is trying to ""improve its rela- tions with the Soviet lInion in order to avert this threat"".
The committee's final report will be prepared after the visit to Turkey and will be submit- ted to the WEU assembly in Paris on November 29.";"October 8, 1976";"";59829;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Aegean disputes seen as sapping Western defence";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I
Representatives of Common Market countries in London now think it likely that M. SPaak will accept Dr. Adenaueres invita- tion to Bonn to discuss proposals for a poli- tical union of the Six.
While the French Government is said to be in no haste to press on with political union, it is believed that Dr. Adenauer desires now to achieve some advance before his impending retirement, and that M. Spaak will not refuse to take up the ques- tion again-although it is another matter whether there has been any change in the basic objections in the Netherlands and Bel- gium to an organization in which France and Germany could play a dominant role.
Dr. Adenauer in any event wishes to discuss the possibilities with M. Spaak, and meanwhile Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, has been invited to Rome.
INFORMAL APPROACH
The Possibility of a ""summit"" meeting of the Six towards the end of September or in October would reintroduce sharply the question of British parficipation. The Foreign Office yesterday played down reports that the British Government had been proposing a meeting with the Six.
A spokesman said: ""I don't think we have actually asked for a specific meet- ing "", and referred to the statement of April 10 by Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, to the council of Western European Union, that in view ot progress being made he wondered ""whether it might now be helpful if wve, as impending members of the European Economic Conununity, were to joint with you (the Six) in your discus- sions about the future political frameworkc of Europe"".
Clearly the British Government have been urging informally at various levels that if political discussions are to take place among the Six the British Government should be consulted at a meeting of W.E.U. (on whioh the Six and Britain are repre- sented), either after or preterably before fuD c;~ - OD";"July 17, 1962";"";55445;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Spaak Expected To Go To Bonn";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigg
Paris, Jan 21
Working out a common posi- tion between France and West Germany on the further steps needed for European union will be a main theme of the discus- sions President Pompidou will have with Herr Brandt, the West German Chancellor, who arrives here tomorrow.
The two leaders are also expected to try to coordinate differing attitudes to this year's monetary and trade talks with the United States. These are regarded here as of crucial importance for Europe and the Paris summit could help greatly, it is felt, in preparing a common mandate for the Nine.
This auspicious occasion for reducing the divergences be- tween Paris and Bonn comes as M Pompidou and Herr Brandt meet, each with a. retinue of Cabinet ministers, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the signing of the historic treaty of cooperation by Dr Adenauer and General de Gaulle.
In those 10 years, trade be- tween the two most powerful members of the European Com- munity has quadrupled and
more than three million people of both nations have taken part in exchanges.
With the entry of Britain into the EEC, France hopes that the treaty with West Germany will continue to enhance her posi- tion. M Pompidou, while care- fully denying it was in any way exclusive, praised the relation- ship the other day with B3onn as "" exemplary "".
One of the most pressing issues to be tackled concerns the setting up of the European Monetary Fund by April 1. France wants to see it taking a strong role, including establish- ing fixed parities, while West Germany conceives the fund as starting more modestly.
The two leaders are also expected to take up the thorny issue of reconciling the princi- ple of an overall EEC. policy on relations with East Europe and each country's undeniable national economic interest in maintaining bilateral arrange- ments.
In France's case, this covers the 10-year treaty of coopera- tion with the Soviet Union and in the case of West Germany, maintaining the present status of trade with East Germany.";"January 22, 1973";"";58687;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European unity topic on Paris talks agenda";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Signor Saragat, the Foreign Minister in the new Italian Government, has accepted an invitation from Mr. R. A. Butler, the Foreign Secretary, to visit London on January 22 for talks with the British Government. Italian and British representatives indicated yesterday that this visit is part of the pattern of more frequent meetings between British and Italian Ministers, which was agreed during the visit to Italy of Mr. Mac- millan as. Prime Minister last February.
Mr. Butler met Signor Saragat at the Nato meeting in Paris in December, and has since suggested that the Italian Foreign Minister, who will be coming to London for the Ministerial meeting of the Western European Union on January 23 and 24. should arrive a day earlier for separate talks, The, timing of the visit is oDportune since it falls soon after the state visit which President Srgni of Italy will Pay to the United States on January 14 and 15. when he will be accompanied by Signor Saragat. It will also precede by a few days the visit of Dr. Erhard, the west German Chancellor, to Rome on January 27 and 28.
LOWERING TARIFFS
The trend towards improved relations. and the expansion of trade. between east and west Europe, will certainly take up part of the day's d:scussions in London. There will be emphasis on the importance of making a success of the Kennedy round and achieving a general lowering of free wo.Id tariffs, in spite of the anomalous position reached by the Common Market countries on this at their meeting in Brussels before Christmas.
The disarmament conference will resume its work at Geneva on January 21, so this issue is also likely to be discussed. Another item may be the part which the two coun- tries might take in the proposed Nato nuclear force of surface ships. The military comm.,ttee now meeting in Washington is expected to complete their report on this by the end of January.";"January 3, 1964";"";55899;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Saragat To Visit London";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DlIPLOMA-nC CORRESpONDENT
The British, French, and United States representatives who have been drafting the western reply to the Soviet Notes of October 23 and November 13 on European security met again at the Foreign Office yesterday.
Later it was stated merely that there will be r further meeting to-day. The Soviet Govern- ment proposed a conference of European countries in Moscow or Paris on November 29, and the reply must, therefore, be completed within a few days if it is to reach Moscow before the proposed date. It is believed that a draft reply was completed at the beginning of this week, but M. Mendes-France's speech in New York suggesting a date in May for the conference and proposing a 4radual with- drawal of troops from Austria after the signature of the Austrian Treaty may indicate that the French Government now wishes to alter the proposed draft to make it conform with M. Mendes-France's suggestions.
PARIS AGREEMNTS
In any event the reply, while making clear, no doubt, that the proposal for an eventual conference is not rejected, wil certainly reject the proposal for a conference to begin next Monday, since all three western Governments are determined that ratification of the Paris agreements bringing west Germany into N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union must precede any further discussion with the Communists.
Meanwhile the somewhat more menacing tone of Russian propaganda is belied by indi- cations that the Russian Government is reluc- tant to increase the size or strength of east German forces, from which there have in recent months been many defections. Although this force numbered some 100,000 men at the time of the east German uprising in June, 1953, it is believed that its numbers decreased somewhat after that. There is some evidence that there has been some recruitment recently, but equipment, although possibly up to the standard of the satellite armies, does not include the most modem weapons, and some Mig fighters which were delivered to the east German air component were subsequently removed.";"November 25, 1954";"";53098;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Reply To Soviet Notes";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENTl'
Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary. leaves London today to take part in the Western European Union ministerial council at The Hague tomorrow. There have been two schools of opinion about this meeting, some counselling that the British Government should state squarely that they are ready and eager to take the first favourable opportunity for renegotiating membership of the Common Market.
Mr. Stewart. howevcr, will not take up this forward position, but will emphasize in a statement to the other W.E.U. represen- tatives his own views about the outcomc of the Efta meeting in C'openhagen last weck. and will explain the purpose of thc diplo- matic move made by Mr. Hlackkerup. the Danish Foreign Mlinister, w*ho at the end of the meeting was emphasizing to reprc- sentatives of the Common Mlarket counltries that Efta was more reacdy than before to cooperate with the Common Market in cnti- ing the economic division of Europe.
No concerted response to this move is expected from the Common MNIarket, but the British Government do expect to hear indi- vidual views of Common Market countries. and the Efta countries have done mtcic to prepare the ground for cooperation in suIchi fields as industrial standardization and patents.
Nir. Stewart, it is understood. will also speak of relations with eastern Europe. and in particular of his visits this ycar to Poland. Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, and of the more recent visits of NIr. George Thomson, Mlinister of State for Foreign Affairs. to Rumania and Bulgaria.
One important though informal side of the mceting will bc a talk between Mr. Stewart and Dr. Schroder. the German Foreign Mlinister, btit it is not expected that Dr. Schroder will be able to discuss the new German Government's views on the most important questions of disarma- ment and Nato development, on which there will be more thorough discussions when the Foreign M1inister comes to London about November 16.";"November 3, 1965";"";56469;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Stewart's AIM At W.E.U. Talks";""
"['From A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From AX M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
The outcome of the Bonn talks between President Pompidou and Dr. Kiesinger, the German ChanceUor, indicating that France is contemplating a return to the Western European Union, is viewed at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as generally encouraging. A spokes- man said yesterday that at the last W.E.U. meeting in The Hague in June all the six mem- bers present made clear their hopes that France would soon resume her rightful place in the organization. This, he added, remained the hope of the British Government.
In fact, the return of France to the W.E.U. would certainly be warmly welcomed in London. M. Hanion. the French Govern- ment spokesman, said in Bonn on Tuesday that France would be ready to resume her seat onc:r it was recognized that the W.E.U. should not be used as a court of appea l for the Common Market.
The former. French Govern- ment disliked the insistence of
other member states upon inten- sive political consultations within the W.E.U. in so far as such meetings acted as a constant reminder of the close links between Britain and the Six and that Britain was maintaining her application to join the Common Market.
As long as the WE.U. remained a potential forum for discussion of the British applica- tion. meetings of the organization remained suspect in French eyes. even though the British Govern- ment never tried to use such meetings as a back-door into Europe. Now that the prospects for British entry to the Common Market seem brighter. the French have clearly even less cause to fear any such attempt.
There are now good hopes that the French Government will be- fore long return to the W.E.U., dropping its insistence upon a formal right of veto on all politi- cal consultation, but on the understanding that if a partioular problem vitally concerns one of the members, the others will not insist on its discussion.";"September 11, 1969";"";57662;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France's attitude on WEU seen as encouraging";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
ranis, DJec 4
The speech of M Destremeau, the French Secretary for Foreign Affairs, to the Western European Union assembly this morning was much lighter than the 'rather shattering contnibu- tion| by M Jobert, the former Foreign Minister, last year. It illustrated the transition French foreign policy has undergone since President Giscard d'Estaing took office, from cal- culated confrontation or isolation to cooperation.
When M Jobert spoke, Western Europe had not yet felt the full impact of the energy crisis and inflation. Now it is in .the midst of both.
A European political will must be demonstrated on the
question of energy he said. ""A seven or nine country Europe can work out a common energy policy. This policy should be based on cooperation."" He implied that some synthesis could be found between the French and the American posi- tions.
On the day of Mr Brezhnev's arrival in Paris for talks with Mr Giscard d'Estaing, the Minister said one could be optimistic about East-West rela- tions but "" Detente will be a long haul "". The European Security Conference had made progress since the resumption of lt work in September because. he said ""the eastern countries have modified their intransigent attitude at the beginning "".
The assembly this morninR
debated the defence commit- tee's recommendation for Greece to resume membership of Nato, and emphasized the importance of the maintenance of British bases in Cyprus.
Introducing the committee's report, Mr Julian Critchley emphasized that the ""chief victim of anv Greek withdrawal from the military side of the alliance would be Greece her- self, because her defence, from whatever quarter, ""depends very largely on the contribu. tions of her friends elsewhere "".
There was fio real paralle] between the Greek and French pow4-ions with regard to Nato.
Sir Frederick Bennet said a mun,n more menacing situation existed in the easter Mediter- ranean than in Cyprus.";"December 5, 1974";"";59262;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'European will' urged for energy";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. R. G. Menzies, the former Prime Minister of Australia, speaking at a dinner of the Empire Industries Association and British Empire League in Manchester last night, said that the notion that the British Empire was no longer the Empire or Commonwealth but a collection of in- dependent communities who were mem- bers of the Commonwealth left him ""as cold as a chip.""
"" Thcrc arc far too many people in Britain who have become pessimistic about the future of the Empire."" he added. "" To them I say I could not disagree with you more. It is time you lifted up your cyes beyond the immediate horizon: the possibility of expansion is just as great as it was in the days of Queen Elizabeth.""
Hc thought that Empire free trade was not worth talking about because, as separate geographical communities, wc all had our own job to do in the world. "" M,y profoundest prayer for the happincss of the world is that both the United Statcs and the British Empire should go on developing their internal strength to the full. If they do that there is going to be much more chance of peace for the world than from all the paper charters and consti- tutions of idealist conceptions that we have heard about in the last four years.""
Of western European union Mr. Mcnzies said: "" I envy the facility of the people who, between one week-end and another, can draft a constitution for a federal Europe. It is perfectly easy to cook one up. but I remember that in Australia it took 33 years to get the federation of six colonies. To-day there are too many people with a great architectural conception who start to build from the roof downwards.""
Mr. L. S. ANIERY, president of the association, said that one hopeful feature of the present situation in this country was that almost the whole of our recovery, such as it was, had been due to the deliberate fostering by ourselves and the Dominions of intcr-Emptre trade.";"September 22, 1948";"";51183;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Chance For Empire Expansion";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. Rendel
Diplomatic Cnrrrolznn -t
Herr Brandt, - the West German Chancellor, a,rrives by air tomorrow for weekend talks at Chequers, with Mr Heath. He is bringing with him a number of senior officials, with the aim of preparing the way forward, in so far as West Germany and Britain can do so alone towards both European union and a satisfactory statement of Euro- pean identity and of the contin- uing close relationship between Europe and the United States. In this latter respect the talks, it is hoped, will facilitate a successful visit to Europe by President Nixon.
Mr Heath is anxious that
progress on the second stage of the proposed European eco- nomic and monetary union shall not be held up indef- initely because of 1ritain's ina- bility to return to a fixed exchange rate for the pound. The Germans, for political rather than economic reasons, are also anxious to preserve the momentum towards a united Europe and are careful to make clear that repegging the pound is not for rhem a precondition of progress. Herr Brandt is ready to discuss the establish- ment of a sizable fund in sup- port of European currencies under pressure and of the re- gional development fund, both of which will help Britain and
be paid for largely by Germany.
In discussing the relationship between Europe and the United States Mr Heath will be partic- ularly interested to hear Herr B1-andt's account of his meeting last week with President Nixon. The Germans claim with some justification that they more than anyone wish to cement Europe-Atlantic relations and make President Nixon's visit a real success.
If Germany is in this respect leading the European line ahead, France, they would argue, comes at the end of the line, the French remaining de- termined at all costs to estab- lish an independent European identity.";"October 5, 1973";"";58905;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt a Chequers guest";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
LUSAKA, Nov. 6
After more than a year s argument between the Northern Rhodesia Euro- pean Mine Workers' Union and the managements of Northern Rhodesia's copper mines, the problem of African advancement has been settled. Euro- pean miners have voted in favour of the African advancement proposals put to them a week ago by the mining indus- trial council, consisting of managerial and trade union representatives. In an 80 per cent poll 1,868 voted in favour of the proposals and 1,288 against.
Mr. Emrys Williams, acting general secretary of the European union, pro- clainmed that the vote showed that white mine workers realized that African ad- vancement would ease the present tense situation.
After formal ratification by the Euro- pean unions, it is expected that the new agreement between the unions and the mining companies will be signed next month and that the mining industrial coun- cil will get down to the detailed implemen- tation of it in January. All parties agree that this is the final settlement of the pro blem and that in future there will be only one ladder of promotion from the lowest job to the highest in which only ability will be the deciding factor. The rate for the job is now an agreed principle between management and employees which has largely removed European fears of African competition.
LEARNERS' COURSE
While part of the agreement is for a learners' course open to all races with fairly low education qualifications. none of the parties to the agreement has yet made any pronouncement about the higher technical training provided by the copper- belt technical foundation which is at present a European prescrve.
As with all agreements of this nature, including the recent Rhodesia railways settlement on African advancement in industry, everything now depends not only on learner courses but upon the acceptance of Africans as apprentices in the skilled trades and as students in the higher tech- nical and professional vocations.";"November 7, 1960";"";54922;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Advancement For African Miners";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, Ocr. 29
An attempt this evening by the Italian Government to introduce a one-clause Bill for the ratification of the recent Paris conference decision on Western European Union and on the new Brussels and N.A.T.O. defence arrangements suffered an immediate setback when it was found that there was not a quorum present in the Chamber of Deputies.
After the Government had announced its intention to give the measure priority (which it never accorded to the original E.D.C. rati- fication Bill), a Nenni Socialist deputy ques- tioned the Government's action in according it this treatment. After the Government's reply on this point a Communist deputy called attention to the absence of a quorum in the House, and this was confirmed by a count, the left-wing Opposition deputies having hurried out of the Chamber in the meantime.
A second attemPt to gather a quorum was made later to-night in the hope of starting the Bill on its course, but was again unsuccess- ful. Anotber attempt must be made within 24 hours under the rules of the House. Since this would fall on a Saturday, when many pro-Government deputies will be out of Rome. the Government is likely to suffer several days' delay in its effort to give this ratification measure a more rapid passage than its E.D.C. predecessor, which, after many months, was still under discussion when the French Par- liament rejected the E.D.C. treaty.
Eirlier to-day the president of the-Cham- ber. Signor Gronchi, announced the result of his investigation of the brawling that held up a major foreign affairs debate for six hours one night last week. Two Communist deputies are to be suspended for seven days each, one "" for having kicked a Christian Democrat deputy in the face "" and the other "" for having torn a microphone from the Government benches."" A third Communist deputy and a neo-Fascist deputy have been officiaUy reprimanded.";"October 30, 1954";"";53076;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Debate On Europe Delayed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, SEPr. 14
The political committee of the Western European Union assembly today adopted a report regretting the French position in the Common Market crisis and recommending the exchange of permanent commissioners by the Com- mon Market and Efta. The report was presented by Mr. Maurice Edelman, of Britain, and was adopted by 13 votes to one. It will come before the assembly at its meeting in November.
The report notes that the breakdown of the Common Market negotiations on June 30 and the position taken by General de Gaulle at his press conference have made it more urgent than ever for Efta and the E.E.C. to discourage tendencies towards dis- integration in Europe, and it regrets the consequences of the French Government's decision to break oft discussion within the E.E.C. on the application of the principles of the Treaty of Rome.
EUROPEAN UNITY
It declares its conviction that the unity of Europe can best be promoted by ex- tending the membership of European com- munities to states wishing to join, and in- vites the W.E.U. council of ministers to pro- mote cooperation between Efta and the E.E.C. in the interests of European unity.
It concludes by calling on member-gov- ernments to examine anew the obstacles in the way of a wider and integrated Europe and urging the council of ministers to pro- pose to Efta and E.E.C. "" the early appoint- ment and exchange of permanent commis- sioners charged with the task of developing and harmonizing the activities of each group "".
The vote on the report is officially secret, but it can be noted that of the two French members of the committee only one, M. Michel de Grailly, is a Gaullist.
Also before the meeting, though it was not formally discussed, was a report by M. de Grailly on "" The Dimensions of Europe "", in which he recommends func- tional cooperation between eastern and western Europe.";"September 15, 1965";"";56427;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Criticism Of France";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
OXFORD, JuNE 15
Mr. Macmillan said a great oppor- tunity faced France and England when he laid the foundation-stone of tbe new Maison Fran,aise at Oxford today.
Speaking in French the Prime Minister, who is Chancellor of Oxford University, said that exciting things were happening in Europe and it was a challenging time for Europeans.
""There is a special opportunity for the old and proud nations of France and England."" Each had its traditions and con- victions, but they were no im-pediment to close contact between the two nations. Nor did they militate against the free exchange of goods, men, and ideas.
A SYMBOL
""At the crucial times for Europe of which I speak. it is evident that even closer Anglo-French relations are of the greatest importance, are indeed vital.""
In Oxford they had a symbol of Anglo- French cooperation in the Maison Fran- caise, by supporting which the French Government had maintained the links that had existed between Oxford and Paris ever since the Middle Ages
The French Ambassador, M. Geoffroy de Courcel, speaking of Mr. Macmillan's presence, said: "" At a time when Great Britain. by applying for membership of the Common Market, has expressed the desire to take part in the economic unification of Europe; at a time when you yourself have affirmed your Government's resolve to con- tribute to the building of European union on the political level, is it not a sign of your determination to encourage in the field of culture the decisive evolution you have undertaken in the economic and political fields ? ""
* The Vice-Chancellor of Oxford Univer- sity, Mr. A. L. P. Norrington, said that the Maison Francaise performed two func- tions in Oxford. "" It flies the flag of French civilization for all to see, and for the specialists, those who are studying the literature or history of France in particular, it provides working quarters and a most valuable library of books. It is, in fact, a piece of France in Oxford.""";"June 16, 1962";"";55419;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""Closeness With France Vital""";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIU qTwrT OQ
The meeting of the council of Ministers of the Western European Union opened here today tinder the chairmanship of M. Jean de Broglie. Secretary of State at the Foreign Ministry. Britain is represented at the two-day talks by Mr. George Thomson, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
Although only one of the member countries. Belgium. is represented by her Foreign Minister, the absence of M. Couve de Murville, as Foreign Minister of the host country, has been interpreted in some quarters as an indication of the deliberate intention of the French Gov- ernment not to emphasize the importance of the W.E.U. as a permanent organ of liaison betveen Britain and the Six.
Today's meeting was dominated by east- west relations, each representative outlined the conclusions his country had drawn from the contacts it had had witlh the countries of eastern Eutrope and China since the London meeting three months ago.
MIr. Thomson emphasized that the right way to improve relations with those
countries was through bilateral contacts- with Lthe express rider, however, that the basic policy governing these contacts should be coordinated in Nato.
Mr. Thomson said that bilateral con- tacts were preferable to grandiose plans for drawing up a declaration of principles by Nato members which would then be sub- mitted to the Warsaw Pact countries, which some governments have put forward.
If there were to be any such collective moves he pleaded for acceptance of the British proposal of a code of good con- duct, on which Nato, the Warsaw Pact, and even the neutrals could agree, setting out certain principles of aclion such as non- aggression.
M. Jcan de Broglie einphasized the importance of relations between west European countries and Russia. and reported on General de Gaulle's recent visit to Mloscow, and M. Couvc de Murville's journeys to eastern European capitals. He also analysed the situation in China, with- out referring to Vietnam.
The French Mlinister also urged greater coordination of effort in European space research.";"September 30, 1966";"";56750;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Direct contacts to improve East-West relations";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 9
It appears that the French and German permanent delegates to N.A.T.O. have now worked out between themselves a satisfactory compromise on the subject of German arms limitations, which has been worrying the French Press so much in the past few days.
The nature of the compromise is not yet known, but it was quickly accepted to-day by the representatives here of the seven Western European Union countries, and will go before the W.E.U. Ministers for final approval at their meeting here on Tuesday or Wednesday. It is W.E.U., and not N.A.T.O., that is responsible under the Paris accords for limiting Germany's armed forces.
The French Government had been anxious for some weeks that Germany was planning to build naval forces in excess of the agreed limits. This official anxiety found its way to the French Press, where this week it has been duly exaggerated and unnecessarily extended to cover German land forces, too. The fact that official quarters are using the word "" compromise "" does, however, indicate that France and the other W.E.U. countries have in fact agreed that Germany may now be allowed to build a slightly lareer navy than originally stipulated.
German naval strength is, of course, something that is a potential source of anxiety to Britain as well as to France, but it is reassuring that to-day's problem seems to have been solved to the satisfaction of all sides. It is clear that there is no intention of increasing the size of Germany's land forces-limited to 12 divisions-nor had there been any official French anxieties on this score.
The military committee of N.A.T.O. met here to-day to begin preparing the ground for next Thursday's meeting of the North Atlantic Council. The German representa- tive, General Heusinger, attended the meeting in the full uniform of the new German Army.";"December 10, 1955";"";53400;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Limitations Of German Arms";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 23
M. Couve de Murville arrived here tonight for talks tomorrow with Dr. SchrOder. his German counterpart. in preparation for the visit of General de Gaulle on June 11 and 12. This is a return one for that of Dr. Erhard, the Chancellor, to Rambouillet, in January.
The Chancellor declared publicly last week that he was anxious to meet Gen- eral de Gaulle to clear up the misunder- standings that have recently come to a head between the two countries-over the German problem, Nato, European union, and the Common Market.
Since the Nato meeting in London, it is true, and French underwriting of the joint western declaration on Germany, the atmo- sphere between Paris and Bonn is not quite as strained as it was, although the Russian policy of France continues to cause furious misgivings here. The Federal Government, as the Chancellor himself has said, has no objection to France seeking areas of agree- ment on her own with Russia. But there are strong anti-American undertones in the French approach towards eastern Europe.
POLITICAL UNION
The Federal Government is still set on a conference of Foreign Ministers, followed by one of heads of state before the cnd of the year on European political union, to which, in the German view, General de Gaulle committed himself at the Rambouillet meeting, whatever now may be said to the contrary in Paris.
There are some reports that Paris, besides insisting on an agreement in principle beforehand on the main lines which Euro- pean union should take, would also make its acquiescence to a meeting dependent upon a solution being reached in Brussels on the new financial regulations, in such a way as not to enhance the supranational authority of the commission, by handing over its administration of the funds.
In fact, the Federal Government consi- ders that the concessions it made in Dec- ember on agriculture are the limit of what it can offer.";"May 24, 1965";"";56329;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers' Talks In Bonn";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Arrangements for an official visit to the United Kingdom by Signor Scelba, the Italian Prime Minister, are believed in London to be nearly complete, and he is expected early in the New Year.
There is probably no one specific reason for Signor Scelba's visit, but there are several matters that he might well be glad to talk over with the British Government. Italy is to be a partner of Britain in Western European Union when that new organization has been given life by the approval of the Parliaments concerned. But WVE.U. is based on the Brussels Treaty, of which Italy is not a member. It may be that the British Govern- ment want to take advantage of the fullest direct discussions with the Italian Prime Minister on this situation.
It was in London that much of the negotia- tions took place which led to an end of the Trieste dispute, and the British Government would clearly be interested in a first-hand~ account from the Italian Prime Minister of his impressions of Italian relations with Yugo- slavia since the signing of the agreement, and of the prospect of closer collaboration between the two countries in the future.
Signor Scelba will be the first Italian Prime Minister in office to visit Britain since Signor De Gasperi was here in June last year. It was in Signor De Gasperi's Governments between 1948 and 1953 that Signor Scelba made a name for himself as a determined and formidable Minister of the Interior. As Prime Minister he has been forced to work with and to pre- serve a tiny majority for his coalition Govem-I ment. Parliamentary preoccupations have made it difficult for him to leave Ital, but now there is something of a lull. ltalian politics have entered the six-month period Before the President steps down from office, during which a general election is not consti- tutionally permissible.";"November 17, 1954";"";53091;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Scelba To Visit Britain";""
"['FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FRONM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT
AMSrERDAM, DEC. 19
The German Social Democrats seem certain to be in a minority of one here to-morrow when the Council of the Socialist International discusses the London and Paris agreements providing for German rearmament within the western alliance.
It will not be a new experience for them. In February this year at Brussels they were defeated 10 to one in a vote on the proposals for a European Defence Community. Since then the opposition to German rearmament among western socialists has tended to decline, but the German Social Democrats have shown no sign of falling into line with other western European Socialists. Only a week ago their President, Herr Ollenhauer, told his executive that the party was faced with the duty of usirg "" every means at their disposal "" to prevent the final incorporation of the Federal Republic into N.A.T.O. and the Westem European Union.
His executive then passed unanimously a resolution calling on aU the Socialist parties in the International to help in making the four occupation-Powers enter into negotiations on German reunification. The resolution has been forwarded to the Socialist International for consideration to-morrow.
MR. MORRISON TO SPEAK When the debate opens, the German case will be submitted to the council by Herr Ollenhauer, and- a paper explaining the French point of view will be put by M. Guy Mollet, the secretary of the French party. Mr. Herbert Morrison, attending his first Socialist International meeting for many years, wil put the British case and attempt to refute Herr Ollenhauer's ,arguments.
The issue may not be put to a vote, for the Bureau of the International agreed at Scarborough in September not to take votes when the result would embarrass member parties, but the support of all except the Germans for the Paris agreements will undoubtedly be made clear.
Mr. Morgan Phillips, the secretary of the Labour Party, will preside over the meeting, to which about 40 delegates are expected.";"December 20, 1954";"";53119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rearmament Of Germany";""
"";"['News']";"There would be no sense, Chancellor Kiesinger said yes- terday. .. in a European union which countries entered that had still not succeeded in settling their own problems of internal stability the illness would be passed on to others.
Who was the Chancellor speaking about .. . ? Certainly not France. which is already a member of the Common Market, nor of the smaller countries knocking on the door of the European Economic Community. His words wvere directed clearly at Britain. which thus officially loses the support (never indeed very sure, but many times hinted at in the last few years) of Federal Germany, for her request to join the European Common Market.
La Voce Republicana, Ronze. The fear Lord Cameron found about the intentions of the Republic and the loyalties of the Catholics of the north he has categorized as real. His service in producing this report has been valuable. Have we anything of value to offer in return. something which would take the ambiguity out of the problem as the followers of the Unionist Party see it ? Fine phrases and historical reminis- cences will not do: Lord Cam- eron found a frightful reality in the north. He has made his suggestions for Stormont to con- sider. He cannot offer us any. But we need suggestions. Some- one must start making theni quickly, and couch them in the clear language Lord Cameron used, not in the old cliche-ridden cant
The Irishl . Independent,
Dublin.
In electing R. J. Hawke to succeed Albert Monk as its president, the Congress of the Australian Council of Trade Unions has acknowledged the need for fresh ideas and new creative approaches to problems confronting trade unionism in a changing society. Hawke will step into the A.C.T.U. presi- dency at the youthful age of 40 the most highly educated man to occupy high office in the Labour movement WVhat em- ployers and the nation can expect is an A.C.T.U. which is less predictable, an A.C.T.U. which is rethinking its shibbol- eths and reassessing its role.
The Age, Melbourne.";"September 15, 1969";"";57665;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"News as others saw it";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, JULY 26
With the exception of Broken Hill and Chibuluma, the strike called yesterday by the executive of the European Mine- workers' Union became effective to-dav. Some work was possible at Chibulumia because a number of miners reported for work, apparently due to poor liaison with the union, but the strike is expected to be effective there to-morrowr. The position at Broken Hill is confused but work there continued normally to-day. It is known that there is a very strong section there opposed to joining the strike, but it is reported that at a closed meeting last night a vote in favour of strike action was passed by 98 to 90.
The position of the African miners, who bave been laid off with a subsistence allowance plus free accommodation, light, and water, is being watched closely. At present they are quiet and are being kept occupied witb cycle races, concerts, and football matches: but they are far from satisfied, being victims of a dispute between the European miners and the employers. The European union has appealed to them or support but, bearing in mind how the European miners worked hard and suc- ceeded in breaking the African strike which began in 1955, the Africans are not enthusiastic.
MANY STOPPAGES
Asked about the attitude of the mining companies to the proposed setting up of a board of inquiry by the Government, a chamber spokesman said to-day that the matter was still in the hands of the mediator but in his opinion such a board might do a lot of good if it were empowered to review recent trends in industrial relations and to suggest some means of checking the present succession of stoppages.
Already this year there have been 11 stoppages by Europeans, and although they have been of a minor nature there is a growing feeling that the existing industrial legislation is unsatisfactory.";"July 27, 1957";"";53904;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Dispute Worsens";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS1 DEC. 21
The winter session of the' Assembly of Western European Union ended yester- day, after M. Spaak, Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion, had compared Soviet tactics over Berlin with Hitler's threats in 1935. The great difference between then and now, he suggested in his speech to the Assembly, was that the countries opposing Hitler were not prepared for war, whereas now Europe was supported by the United States, "" the strongest force in the world."" If the west were to yield to the Russians over Berlin, "" then I do not see whv we should not yield in other matters."" M1. Spaak said.
He went on to consider one by one the suggestions made in the Russian Note delivered just before last week's N.A.T.O. conference. The idea of a treaty between N.A.T.O. and the Warsaw pact powers was without purpose, he thought, because there was the United Nations. He did not reject the idea outright, but he did not think much would really be changed if it were accepted. He agreed that any aggressor should be isolated and deprived of all support; this was already written into the North Atlantic Treaty.
BALANCE OF FORCES
On the other hand, it was impossible to ban atomic weapons, for it was the possession of these weapons by the west that allowed the balance of forces with the U.S.S.R., made unequal by the disparity in conventional forces. to be redressed. As for a "" denuclearized area "" in Europe, 'l. Spaak did not think this would have any importance when the United States and Russia had intercontinental missiles.
The W.E.U. Assembly later went into closed session for M. Spaak to answer questions. Of the free trade area, he is reported to have said that the It O.E.E.C. countries outside the Common Market must accept the state of affairs and admit the existence of the Common Market. Useful negotiations should then be possible between the six and the 11.";"December 22, 1958";"";54340;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hitler Tactics Recalled";""
"['From Sue Masterman']";"['News']";"From Sue Masterman
The Hague, May 28
Holland's new Socialist- dominated Government today called for the development of strong European institutions which are democratically con- trolled.
"" The decision on direct elec- tions for the European Parlia- ment cannot be postponed any longer "", Dr Joop den Uyl, the Prime Minister, told Parliament in the Cabinet's first statement of policy.
According to the statement, the Cabinet finds the proposals made by the European Commis- sion on the second phase of the economic and monetary union insufficient. It sees an insep- arable link between further co- operation on the economic and monetary front and the broaden- ing of the powers of the Euro- pean Parliament.
"" Strong, but above all demo- cratic, institutions are a neces- sary condition for, the creation of a European union, within which the collective political and economic policy of the member states must be assembled before the end of this decade "", Dr den Uyl said.
He promised that the new Government would combat all forms of racial discrimination and colonialism, and observe strictly the United Nations embargoes on South Africa and the sanctions on Rhodesia.
Freedom fighters in the colonial areas of southern Africa would receive support, mainly in the form of backing for humanitarian and development projects in areas under their control.
On the home front, the main task facing the five-party coali- tion was to put the brakes on inflation.
The Government intended to make drastic cuts in the defence budget next year, and to reorg- anize the Dutch forces. Surinam and The Netherlands Antilles, the two former Caribbean colonies, which still depend on Holland for their defence and foreign affairs, would be asked to set a date soon for their inde- pendence.
The first Bill to be introduced by the new Government this week will forbid employers to dismiss women workers on the grounds of marriage, pregnancy or the birth of a chid.";"May 29, 1973";"";58794;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dutch Cabinet want more democracy in EEC";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The next meeting of the Ministerial Council of Western European Union (Britain and the Six) will be held in London on January 23 and 24. The British Government have. therefore, suc- ceeded in obtaining agreement to a date within three months of the last meeting, whicb took place at The Hague on October 25 and 26.
It was agreed at the meeting at The Hague that the meetirg in London should take place towards the cnd of January, but as no firm date was fixed, a possibility of delay remained and if the date had in fact been postponed, the principle of quarterly meet- ings for discussion of political and economic questions between Britain and the Six might have slipped for good.
Now. in the cvent, a British proposal for January 23 and 24 has been accepted by France and Luxembourg and the acceptance of other Governments which has still to be notified, is regarded by all concerned as merely a formality.
Whether these meetings can be increas- ingly effective as a link between Britain and the Common Market is more doubtful. At the meeting at The Hague it was agreed that experts should study the situation in Latin America and report to the council. French representatives have, however, declined to expound the French pr- gramme, which presumably means that a common WV.E.U. policy can hardly be worked out.
QUATORZE JANVIER
Before the W.E.U. Ministers meet, Presi- dent de Gaulle is expected to give once more in mid-January one of his massive press conferences, such as on January 14 last year heralded the breakdown of the Brussels negotiations. This year the dip- lomatists are saying that President de (iaulle will outline his views on the future development of Europe and the Atlantic community, in preparation for a visit in the early spring to Washington. Some- what wryly it is being asked if January 14 is destined to become as much a national occasion in France as "" Le Quatorze"" (France's National Day on July 14).";"November 23, 1963";"";55866;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Proposal On W.E.U. Accepted";""
"['From Diana Geddes,']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes,
Paris
A stronger defence voice for Europe, as ca]led for last week by the foreign ministers of the seven member states of the Western European Union, will be at the heart of discussions between parliamentary dela- gates at the WEU's four-day biennial assembly, which opened in Paris yesterday.
Among the reports delegates will be asked to approve is one on Enropean security by Sir Dudley Smith, Conservative MP for Warwick and Leaming- ton, in which he puts forward detailed proposals for ""Euro- peanizing"" Nato so that its institutions, policy and strategy ""more properly reflect the European view of defence requirements.""
Another report calls on the
WEU council to meet at least twice a year at ministerial level, ""notably in preparation for Nato ministerial meetings"", with defence ministers joining at least one of those meetings.
Prior to last week's meeting in Paris of WEU foreign ministers there had been no WEU council meeting at minis- terial level since 1973.
The seven members of the WEU are: Great Britain, France, West Germany, Bel- gium, Italy, Luxembourg and Holland. Unlike the others, France is not a member of the Nato integrated military com- mand, which is one of the reasons why it has been pushing particularly hard for the reacti- v ation of the WEU, in its capacity as the only European
body competent to speak on defence matters.
The report, which has already rcceived the unanimous ap- proval of the WEU defence committee, points out that European countries now con- tribute 65-75 per cent of Nato- ready forces in Europe. It calls for the appointment of Euro- peans to two key Nato pos- itions, one as head of Shape headquarters in Europe, the other as special assistant for international affairs to the Supremc Allied Commander Europe.
Howevcr, it rejects a recent suggestion by Mr Henrv Kis- singer, the former US Secretary of State. for the Supreme Allicd Commander Europe himself to be European";"June 19, 1984";"";61861;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call for 'Europeanized' Nato";""
"";"['News']";"Jose Altafini, footballer
"" I was born in Brazil. I have lived in Italy for 17 years, and have
travelled around Europe. It seems to me that there is too great a
difference between the different
countries of Europe, and too much selfishness also, to consider an
effective union. The mentality is
lacking, and perhaps even the will. If one nation is in difficulties the others do not help it; and
organizations like the EEC only
satisfy the interests of individual countries, never collective interests.""
Gustavo Thoeni, Olympics ski champion
"" The type of sport in which I am engaged helps onie to feel
'European'. For us sportsmen
Europe is a reality. We feel united because we feel we must all belong to the same family, without any
barriers. I am even more fortunate -I live in Italy, only a stone's
throw from the Swiss and Austrian borders. I feel European, and wish everyone felt""as I do.""
Umberto Eco, professor of semeiology at
Bologna, essayist, writer, mass media expert
"" It is a difficult question, one that must be answered either
tritely or provocatively, and so I
prefer not to answer. I realize, though, that I am avoiding
committing myself about the
continent in which I live. This would never happen to an American or an African. It
worries me. I must think about it.'
Eugen,io Montale, winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize for Literature
"" What do I think of Europe ? In
the first place I do not understand what people mean when they speak of a European Community. But
note-I am no pro-European fanatic, quite the reverse. So I have not
the first idea how they will succeed in building this wretched united Europe. Let's hope for the best.""
Franco Zeffirelli, film and theatre director
"" The clear indication is that 20
years ago we might perhaps have been offered the last chance of saving the moral, cultural and democratic heritage of the
continent of Europe. Not without cause was European union the
most destructive dream of Alcide De Gasperi's entire political life.
Ousted as it has been by the storms of our times, I should not want European union today to be the vehicle whereby all of Europe's problems were presented in one neat parcel for Russia's delectation.""
Luchino Visconti, film and theatre director
"" I think it is right that Italy should form part of a united Europe, but, at this moment, Europe seems to me to be
disunited. I would personally forecast a socialist Europe.""
Renzo de Felice,
historian and student of fascism
"" Undoubtedly, the crisis in the
progress of European integration, from both the political and the
economic points of view, is largely determined by the difficulties
with which Europe is beset, and
which cause a chain of mistrust and harmful protectionisim. However at a different level, that of public
opinion and the masses, this crisis is also connected with the fact that so far no real values have been attached to the process of integration.
However they may be judged, the aspirations for Europe of such men as De Gasperi, Adenauer,
Schuman, and, in the extreme, even de Gaulle, were aspirations
capable of mobilizing public
opinion. Today these prospects are missing. We have reached the
paradoxical point where, if any
suggestion is forthcoming regarding a prospective Europe, it comes from China.""
Marcello Mastroianni, actor
""Geographically speaking, Europe
seems born to be united. Culturally, the countries of Europe have a common origin, which is the
heritage of Europe as a whole.
And then, why should the answver be no for us, when for America,
for Asia and for Russia it is yes ?
The time has come. Different laws and different currencies have in my opinion been the cause, to date, of the new needs that have
'emerged during the past 20 years. In one way or another, the
problems are basically the same, as also are the aspirations. It
would be a wonderful thing to be able to feel just as much at home in Rome as in Paris, in
London, or in Frankfurt. And
if that in itself is not a sufficient reason, one need only think of
the way in which distances have
been cut, with the latest advances in technology. Moreover, a united Europe would help to ereate
better men and better situations.""
Daniel Bovet,
pharmacologist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine
"" International organizations, also, need to learn the complex game of democracy. Hence, the new draft
convention providing for elections
in individual member countries can only help the European Parliament,
bygiving greater weight to a body that we hope will be 'free from anti-S;oviet or anti-American prejudices.
Although many of us have doubts when we see the difficulties
experienced by some international organi ations, we must also, as members of the university
community, point to the total success of certain European
institutions and research groups such as, for example, CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research).""
Severino Gazzelloni, concert flautist
""Even though there are still a great many 'difficulties and
obstacles barring the way to a
truly, deeply united Europe, the election in due course of a
European parliament represents an important milestone for the
future status of a world in which the influence of the two great powers is steadily becoming greater.
Ilowever, in order to achieve a result of such magnitude, it is
essential for individual countries to give up all idea of using the structures of the new Europe,
selfishly and unilaterally, eitber to lay on others' shoulders the
blame for their own past failures, or to give others the burden of
finding solutions for those problems of tomorrow that they themselves might find difficult to solve.""";"January 6, 1976";"";59594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy";""
"['Keith Kyle']";"['News']";"lhe spirit-of consensus, so mucb admnired in the columns of The Times and so much deplored in parts of Westminster, is alive and well in the European Par- liament at Strasbourg. The critical voting in last week's session was on a large issue, the future shape of European union. It was fascinating to watch the solid centre surrounding the rapporteur, M Alfred Bertrand, hold firm against most of the amendments from the right and the left. He had done his bar- gaining well and did not lose anything essential. Even the British Conservatives, unhappy at being unable to strike out "" a real European Government, in- dependent of the national gov- ernments and responsible to the Parliament of the Union "" caucused at the end and decided to vote for the motion.
Diluting
the content
There was another kind of consensus-that between the British Conservatives and the Britisb Labour delegates. Not that they voted the same way. The Labour delegates; not hav- ing been parties to the long pro- cess of negotiation that pro- ceeds a vote of this sort, were able to abstain collectively on the ground of having just arrived, a circumstance thev had the tact to blame on no one but themselves. But Labour and Conservative were joined in a ' hate Liberal "", or possibly just "" hate Lord Gladwyn "" coalition (the Liberals, reduced from two seats to one, refused to go down wvith a stiff upper lip). And Mr Peter Kirk's speech saying that the British people at the referen- dum bad endorsed the Com- munity as it is and not a federal Europe was wvarmly applauded on the British Labour benches.
Mr Mlichael Stewvart almost repeated Mr Kirk's words in finding the 1978 date for dir- ectty electing the European Parli ent"" unrealistic "", There is acohcordance of procrastina- tion. When mainland Europeans speak of the pragmatic as oppo""ed to the doctrinaire, they
are being scrupulous in omit- ting ultimate ends and in dilut- ing the content to preserve the bare minimum of their objec- tives. When Englishmen speak of the pragmatic, the minimum objective has vanished into the unstipulated future; it is but vaguely discerned, surrounded by swirling mist, and the tired old eyes wvill not venture a pre-. diction whether, if at all, the caravan shall arrive.
There is no doubt that Mr Kirk personally is an enthusiast for Europe, but he feels obliged to dampen anv euphoria about the referendum r,esult because of the way so much of the potential of-the European Com- munity was played down by most of the leading spokesmen of the pro-Market campaign. But would the- British public not support a Euro-election in 1978 ? All the, Continental members except Denmark are firmly convinced that direct elections are a way to arouse a sense of participation in tbq venture. Only in Britain is there an almost instinctive pre- diction that on the contrary they will be farce. Lord Gordon.Walker predicted at the Labour delegation news confer- ence that there would be only a 10 per cent public participa- tion.
This sounds like a repetition of what was predicted about the referendum. There are awkward problems to be solved, buf they are not of such a nature that if we get down to work on them straightaway three years' pre- *paration should be insufficient. As for fresh powers for the Par- liament, there can be no better incentive to concentrate minds on resolving that issue than awareness of an early date for
going public "".
There are two aspects of the work of the Parliament that have not, it seems to me, been sufficiently grasped. The first is factual. When politicians speak of increasing the powers of the European, Parliament, none of them, including M Bertrand last week in Stras- bourg, means giving Parliament the absolute authority hitherto enjoyed by the House of Com- mons. In the short run they are speaking of ""co-decision', which means that the Parlia- ment shares legislative aptho- rity with the Council of
Ministers. Differences between the two could be worked out by conciliation, or by special voting procedures in Parliament and Council. In the longer run they are thinking of a two- chamber legislature, with one House representing the member States and the other House being elected by the peoples.
The second aspect is a con- ceptual one. The more the Community becomes a political process and the less a diplo- matic negotiation, the more penetrable will be the niem- brane of the various institutions. For example, the majority of Parliament wants something the Council of -Ministers does not want to give. But at least one state on the Council-say Hol- land-is on Parliament's side. Then if Holland cares enough about the matter, it will hold out on some issue in which unanimity is required until at last a compromise is reached.
Coalition of support
As the Parliament gains more powers the party groups, which are at present the essen- tial framework for the practice of consensus, may show them- selves more openly ideological. But for each given new policy there will be a given coalition of support. Part of that coali- tion may be the result of poli- tical loyalty, part of the governmental tradition of a member state (the Gaullists, for instance, though considered right-wing, represent an econo- mic tradition that is interven- tionist). On some issues the coalition initially can' be best built in the Council of Minis- ters, on others in the Parlia- ment, and there will be constant interplay between them and also, to some extent, the national parliaments. Bargains will be made between diferently constructed coalitions deter- mining two or more issues. It is only when European union is recognized as a complex but functioning political organism that it will be really made to work. ,
Keith Kyle";"July 15, 1975";"";59448;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Why caution about 'going public' in Europe is misguided";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY I
More details of the British plan for a single European general assembly were given to-day to the Council of Europe by Mr. David Ormsby-Gore, the British Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. His speech was received with respectful interest by the Consultative Assembly. But the interest was mixed with criticism.
One of the criticisms of the British plan is that the proposed organization would not include any executive body. It is argued that this would, at least so far as appearances go, bring it into con- tradiction with the European Coal and Steel Community.
There are also fears about the possibly predominant role which the Americans or Canadians might play in one of the commissions foreseen under the British plan. Great Britain, it is felt, might follow a balance of power policy to- wards the different groups of nations, accdrding to whether they were Euro- pean or North American.
Lastly, talk in the lobbies of the Assembly to-day has emphasized the degree to which the British plan may persuade six-Power Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Nether- lands, and Luxembourg) to draw together more closely than has been the case hitherto. The Italian proposals which foresee a closer integration of six- Power Europe may be brought up by the Italians in the course of Friday's session.
N.A.T.O. CONNEXION
In the Assembly itself various speakers to-day referred to the British "".grand design."" M. Pierre Courant (Independent, France) said he had listened to Mr. Ormsby-Gore's speech With the greatest interest and the idea of combining the European assemblies was evidently an excellent one. But a suggestion that this should be done within the framework of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization seemed to him to be a good deal less happy.
M. Courant said he realized that some of the British preoccupation arose from the existence of the Commonwealth, but he thought that to make these pre- occupations a reason for establishing a N.A.T.O. assembly to crown all the other assemblies would be to create new diffi- culties. One of these difficulties would be psychological; to call in N.A.T.O. would be to give the impression that
European unification was centred essen- tially upon the military idea. Further, it was not only Europe that was concerned.
M. Courant suggested that the idea of fusion among the European organiza- tions should be sought principally in the direction of a personal link between these assemblies, through the identity of their members.
Mr. Costello (Ireland) said that he was anxious about the future of the Council of Europe, which he thought to be threatened by the idea of fusing the assemblies. The aim was above all to create a European community. He had no objection to the re-grouping of Euro- pean assemblies within the framework of the Council of Europe.
Earlier the Assembly had heard a speech from Mr. van der Goes van
Naters on the European Common Mar- ket, followed by another from Signor Santero (Italy) upon the Euratom treaty.
Signor Santero expressed the hope that national Parliaments would ratify the treaty as soon as possible. Herr Leverkiihn (Christian Democrat, Ger- many) spoke of the importance of not limiting the Common Market to six nations, and said he realized that the position of Britain was a delicate one. But he thought it would be bad policy to bring about modifications in the treaties now that they had been drafted.
U.S. AND CANADA
STRASBOURG, May 1.-Britain's plan, placed before the Council of Europe to-day, is for a single parliament embracing all the Atlantic Treaty Powers. The proposed parliament would have direct relations with existing bodies such as N.A.T.O., Western European Union, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, and the Euro- pean Conference of Ministers of Trans- port. But it would have no executive power. Neutral European countries would be asked to join, as well as the Americans and Canadians, "" where appropriate.""
Mr. Ormsby-Gore said that the plan was not a cut and dried one but the Assembly should be able to agree on these aims: -
To bring the activities of the various
European and Atlantic organizations to the attention of their peoples at home.
To expose the inter-governmental activi-
ties within these organizations to constructive parliamentary criticism.
To stimulate member governments of
the Western Alliance to be vigilant in its defence and in striving to strengthen and improve it.
He said he was convinced that the European community should develop as part of the Atlantic community. "" But I would emphasize also that Europe must be an equal partner and that by building up her potentials she can also become a stronger partner.""
POWERS ISSUE
He said he did not think the majority of the Council of Europe countries were yet ready to contemplate giving an inter- national parliament executive powers. The six countries in the European Coal and Steel Pool had already done so- "" and those powers give their assembly a quite different character from this assembly or the Western European union assembly or the conference of N.A.T.O. parliamentarians.""
"" We all recognize that the assembly of the six has an executive task to carry out, and except perhaps for sharing administrative facilities it is not our wish to encroach upon its activities in any way.""1
Mr. Ormsby-Gore began his speech by assuring the Assembly that the with- drawal of some British troops from the Continent was in no way a first step towards British withdrawal from Europe.
"" Exactly the reverse,"" he said. "" It is her Majesty's Government's sincere desire to bring the United Kingdom closer to Euro pe.""--R euter.";"May 2, 1957";"";53830;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strasbourg Criticism Of The 'Grand Design'";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
THE HAGUE, Ocr. 25
The Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union completed their discus- sion of political questions in the first two sessions of their conference which opened in The Hague today. According to several W.E.U. representatives, it is already agreed that they will take a for- mal decision tomorrow to hold the next conference in January in London.
If so, the present conference, having established W.E.U. ministerial meetings, -which had been interrupted since before the Brussels breakdown-and having now initiated regular three- monthly meetings between Britain and the six Common Market countries ,will be regarded by the WE.U. represeuta- tuves here as well worth whie.
It is true that controversial subjects have been avoided. In particular the chief of these-Britain's application for membership of the Common Market- has not, it is said, been mentioned, nor will it be. The conference has, however, already established that in non-contro- versial fields contacts and cooperation between the seven members of W.E.U. can be useful.
GERMANS' WORRY
At this afternoon's session the Germans, who are worried that pro- communist or near-communist regimes may be set up in Latin America and may then recognize east Germany, asked that the situation in Latin America should be discussed. This gavo Mr. R. A. Butler, as Britais new Foreign Secretary, the opportunity to speak of the British desire to complete the grant of independence to British Guiana, and of the need for a cooperative western effort to give economic and technical support to South American regimes.
ITe Ministers then agreed that the permanent representatives of the Western European Union council should tlraw up a report on greater coordination -of policy and cooperation in Latin America between the WYEU. members. The afternoon session also discussed the situation in the Middle East and certain outh-east Asia problems.
BONN ENVITATTON
By the end of the day Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, who was chairman of the meetings, emphasized that throughout the discussion there had been an excellent and positive spirit Dr. Luns, as a convinced "" European "", may make too much of this, but he added more securely that any differences of view had at least not been accentuated- "" rather the contrary "". The French fully-perhaps over - fully--ndorsed this, and implied that all was as before the Brussels breakdown. The British representatives were much more cautious.
Several representatives told your Correspondent today that Mr. Butler had made an extremely good impres- sion, his contribution being well briefed and prepared. Mr. Butler is really, how- ever, no newcomer, most of the Ministers and senior diplomatists having met him when, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, be was chairman of the Organization for -European Economic Cooperation.
bome ot the Germans have been watching Mr. Butler carefully for any sign of appeasement towards the Russians, but both sides seemed well pleased with the luncheon talk today to which Mr. Butler invited Dr. Schrdder, the west German Foreign Minister. Dr. Schroder renewed to Mr. Butler an invi- tation to visit Bonn formerly made to Sir Alec Douglas-Home when he was Foreign Secretary. This was accepted at once, but a date has yet to be fixed. The visit will probably not take place before the North Atlantic Treaty Organization meeting in Paris in December.
At this morning's meeftug the ques- tion of east-west relations was taken Mr. Butler was called upon to speak first, as repesenting a country which' had taken part in the exchanges in New York with Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister. He summarized these by sying that there hd been a change in atmosphere, so that the western ministers concemed were looking for areas of possible agreement and Mr. Gromyko was listening to them as though real business might be done. He decred, hoevevr, that there was no change in the long-term Soviet objective of' consolidating the communist regimes, epecially in east Germany.
IMPROVED CHANCES
Nevertheless, in' Mr. Buter's view, the possibility of worthwhile negotiations is now greater than it has been up to the present. Areas of possible agreement are the establishment of observer posts, non-dissemination of nuclear weapons, a "" bomber bonfire "", and a non-aggres- sion pact. Fundamental problems, such as German reunification and Berlin, are not capable of solution at present, but Mr. Buler argued that by improving t,he atmosphere conditions could be croated in which they might eventually b.e settled. He also reafflrmed that the British Government would not make' any agreemnent at the expense of their allies.
Dr. Schroder agreed that the east- west exchanges should go on but empha- sized that nothing must be done at Germany's expense. According to German reports, he declared that there must be no recognition of cast Germany.
M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, agreed with Mr. Butler's analysis-that the Russians were more ready to 'talk-but argued that when they showed signs of moving the right tactics were to sit still oneself. France had no objection to the British and American endeavours, but it should not be supposed that they were made in the name of all the allies.
SATEIXIES' NEEDS
M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, said that one significant sign of a change was that the east European satellites were now independently seek- ing western contacts. The chance to carry the cast-west exchanges futher must not be missed.
Summing up as chairman, Dr. Luns also supported the British line on fur- ther exchanges with the Russians, as Signor Piccioni, the Italian Foreign Minister, had already done.";"October 26, 1963";"";55842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hope Of New East-West Soundings";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FV iNR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Ihe documents arising out of the series Of coiIerences which took place in Paris On Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of last 'Afk- amount in all to about 30,000 words. They comprise: -
A set of four-Power agreements on the enditg of the occupation of western Gentmanv.
A group of nine-Power agreements setting I. :hbe new erganization. on the basis of ^te Brussels Treaty, to be called Western EuroIi3an Union.
A Wt of 14-Power agreements allowing Cor tetman entry into the North Atlantic Treat Organization and a strengthening of the structure of N.A.T.O.
ENDING GERMAN
OCCUPATION
TttE FIVE SCHEDULES
The inew instrument to end the occupa- tfvn rnjime is based on the Bonn Conven- VYns o1f May, 1952, which lapsed with the rt-ction of the European Defence (Tonrnunitv.
lle ViisT Awt-rLct of the protocol states ihat thcs_ older arrangements, with some other
04o,~tts, "" shall be amended in accordance ,with the live schedukls to the present protocol, ald as so amended shall enter into force."" The On of the schedules is a vast re-editing i6f the flottn Conventions, specifying changes a,d deektions.
The SrcoN'o ARtTICLE of the protocol applies to 1lhe ptriod betmecn the ending of the occu-
'.tion aind a German defence contribution; r is applicable oniv if such an interim period occurs. France, the United Kingdom, and the UniLed States would then retain their t-i,Mts in tle fields of disarmament and demili- tsnutriOn. On the entry into force of the rvotctq the lUilitary Security Board will be aboli*ai and ""the controls in the fields of d.armasnent and demilitarization shall there- alter be tpplied bv a joint four-Power organi- zation t) which each of the signatory States shaR appoint one representative and which shall take its decisions by majority vote of the four members."" The four Governments a-- to conwlude an administrative agree- .-mt ' for setting up the commission.
RATIFICATION PROCEDURE
The nmtDo ARTICLE covers ratification of the roe:c.il, whhkh is necessary in each of the countrnes concerned except the United States. wheTe actiont bv the Executive will be suffi- ctcnt. Tlhe protocol and subsidiary documents ener in:o force "" upon the deposit by all the siptiatcrv Stares of the instruments ot ratifica- taort or approval.""
iME NEW RELATIONSHIP
The First Schedtle amends the former `Convention on relations between the three Powers and the Federal Republic of Geriansiny "" Thte introductory words have hange.3 after two years from the three occupy. sng Posers. "" of the one part, and the Federal Retghiic of G;ermany, of the other part,"" to a '-ig'nforward list of the four Powers who bave itentered into the following convention =X.iz fot-th the basis of their new relation- shir The Fitsr ARTICLE states that the three
we*rts * will terminate the occupation regime in the Feteral Republic. revoke the Occupa-
, S;atute. and abolish the offices of the tAfd Commissioners in the Federal Republic."" The Federal Republic is accorded * the full aithority of a sovereign State over its internal ssad es:ernal affairs."" The new SECOND Aismwt to the convention lays down that the western Powers retain their rights "" relating to IkrE.n and to Germany as a whole, includ. ing. tsh reunification of Germany and a peace
the ld second article had included in these rt-cmicions the right to station troops in
Germany. Now allied troops will remain in Germany under present arrangements "" pend- ing the entry into force of the arrangements fot the German defence contribution,"" and after that, remain with the consent of the west German Government. Their position is covered in a separate convention. The inten- tion is to take into consideration both the new status of the Federal Republic and the need to avoid jeopardizing allied rights in Berlin.
LIMIT OF CONVENTION
The convention states that, after the coming into force of the German defence contribu- tion, "" forces of the same nationality and effec- tive strength as at that time may be stationed in the Federal Republic."" The convention is open to accession by any State which is not a signatory which bad forces stationed in Germany on October 23, 1954. [Belgium, the Netherlands. Cana'da, Luxembourg, and Den- mark all have troops stationed in west Germany.] The convention is to expire "" with the conclusion of a German peace settlement or, if at an earlier time the signatory States agree that the development of the international situation justifies new arrangements.""
The rights of the three Powers relating to the protection of the security of their forces in Germany are put in a new perspective by the second part of ARTicLE 5 of the first con- vention. The rights of the western Powers "" shall lapse when the appropriate German authorities have obtained similar powers undet German legislation enabling them to take effective action to protect the security of those forces, including the ability to deal with a! seriot)s disturbance of public securitY and order."" m Anong the collection of letters which form part of the documents of the four-Power agreement is one in which the Chancellor informs the British Foreign Secretary thatl "" the Federal Government is of the opinion that (it) is the inherent right of any military commander according to international law, and therefore merman law,"" that he may, *independenty of a state of emergency . . if his forces are imminently menaced, take such action aPPropriate for their protection, includ- ing the use of armed force, as is requisite to remove the danger.""]
CONDITIONS FOR REVIEW The terms of the convention may be reviewed in two sets of circumstancesn-
(a) ""Upon request of any one of them, the event of the reunification of Germany, or an international understanding being reached with the participation or consent of the States parties to this convention on steps towards bringing about the reunifica- tion of Germany, or the creation of a European federation.""
e(b) ""lIn any situation which all the signa- tory States recognize has resulted from a chanre of a fundamental character in the conditions prevailing at the time of the entry into force ofmh present convention."" FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
The Second Schedule amends the conven- tion on the ""rights and obligations Of foreign forces and their members in the Federal Republic "" * theThird Schedule brings up to date the finance convention. From the entry of the convention into force until the arrangements for the German defence contri- bution are completed, the German Govern- ment will provide a monthly average contri- bution Of 600m. marks, ""as funds for the support of the forces."" This provision applies only until June 30, 1955. During the first year of~ the entering into force of the arrangements for a German defence contri- bution, the Federal Republic will. "" make available as funds, for the support of the forces a total amount of 3.200m. marks."" DECENTRALIZATION POLICY
The Fourth Schedule, which amends the convention ""on the settlement of matters arising out of. the war and the occupation.""
makes clear that existing programmes of de- centralization will be completed. Legislation "" concerning the reorganization of the German coalmining and iron and steel industries ' which is in force on the date of the entry into force of the present arrangements "" shaU be maintained in force in so far and so long as de-concentration measures ordered before that date are still to be carried out or claimants are still to be protected."" ARTICLE 10 sets up a mixed committee of experts. whose func- tions are defined as the consideration of "",applications for extensions of the final time for the disposition of securities required by regulations or orders of the Allied High Com- mission or its subordinate bodies or by reason of the terms of a plan approved by any sucb order."" The brief Fifth Sdiedule makes three alterations in the original ""Agreement on the tax treatment of the forces and their members.""
DECLARATION ON BERLIN
There follows correspondence between Ministers and High Commissioners of the four Powers, and a three-Power declaration on Berlin which states:-
With respect to Berlin, in addition to the allied security guarantees for the city in the London communiqu4 of October 3, 1954, the Foreign Ministers of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States have noted with deep satisfaction the close and friendly cooperation between the allied and Berlin authorities. The three Powers are determined to ensure the greatest possible degree of self-government in Berlin com- patible with Berlin's special situation. Accordingly, the three Governments have instructed their representatives in Berlin to consult with the authorities of that city with a view to implementing jointly and to the fullest degree possible the foregoing principles.
WESTERN EUROPEAN
UNION
BRUSSELS PACT CHANGES
The first of the nine-Power documents is a declaration inviting Italy and west Germany to accede to the Brussels Treaty in the following terms: -
The Governments of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, parties to the Brussels Treaty of March 17, 1948, for colaboration in economic, social, and cultural matters and for legitimate collective self-defence;
Aware that the principles underlying the association created by the Brussels Treaty are also recognized and applied by the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy;
Noting with satisfaction that their devotion to peace and their allegiance to democratic institutions constitute common bonds between the countries of western Europe;
Convinced that an association with the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy would represent a new and. substantial advance in the direction already indicated by the treaty;
DECIDE, in application of Article IX of the treaty, to invite the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy to accede to this treaty, as modified and completed in accordance with the decisions of the conference held in London from September 28 to October 3, 1954, which are recorded in its Final Act.
FOUR PROTOCOLS
The second consists of four protocols to the Brussels Treaty. The First Protocol ""modi- fying and completing .the Brussels Treaty,"" refers in its FIRST ARTICLE tO Italian and Ger- man membership and then, in its SECOND ARTICLE, changes a sub-paragraph of the preamble of the original treaty to itndicate the new emphasis of the Western European Union. Instead of the words "" to take such steps as may be held necessary in the event of renewal by Germany of a policy of aggression "" is inserted ""to promote the unity and to encourage the pro- gressive integration of Europe."" A NEW ARTICLE appears stating that ""in the execu- tion of the treaty, the high contracting parties and any organs established by them under the treaty shall work in close collaboration with* N.A.T.O.,"" on whom the Council will rely "" for information and advice on military matters.""
CREATION OF COUNCIL
ARTICLE 4 deals with the creation of a council, to be known as the "" Council of Western European Union,"" which will "" con- sider matte-< concerning the execution of this treaty at its protocols and their annexes."" The cot' -iould have various voting pro- cedures- nimity, two-thirds majority, and simple maaority-as laid down in the second, third, and fou,th protocols. It would report annually to an assembly "" composed of repre- sentatives of the Brussels Treaty Powers to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.""
STRENGTH OF FORCES
The Second Protocol concerns the ""forces of Western European Union "" and determines maxinta for the forces each of the signatories will place under the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in peacetime. The total strength and number of forces is as follows: -
(a), For BELGIUM, FRANCE, WEST GER- MANY, ITALY, and the NETHERLANDS: the mnaximna laid down for peacetime in the special agreement annexed to the E.D.C. treaty.
(b) For the UNiTED KINGDoMI: four divisions and the Second Tactical Air Force.
(c) For LUXEMBOU RG: one regimental combat team.
It is pointed out that these maxima do not commit any of the countries to maintain forces at that level. "" but maintain their right to do so if required.""
NAVAL CONTRIBUTION
The naval contribution to N.A.T.O. com- mands is to be determined each year "" in the course of the annual review. . . . The naval forces of the Federal Republic shall consist of the vessels and formations necessary for the defensive missions assigned to it by N.A.T.O. within the limits laid down in the Special Agreement mentioned in Article I, or equivalent fighting capacity."" COMMANDER'S POWERS
ARTICLE 4 states that the Council will watch the carrying out of these specifications "" as a result of inspections carried out by the Supreme Allied Commander. Europe."" The information would be transmitted ""' by a high- ranking officer designated by the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe."" THE BRITISH PLEDGE
ARTICLE 6 repeats the British pledge to retain four divisions and the Second Tactical Air Force on the mainland of Europe and not to withdraw them "" against the wishes of the maiority of the high contracting parties, who should take their dezision in the knowledge of the views of the Supreme Allied Com- mander, Europe."" This undertaking would not be binding ""in the event of an acute oversea emergency.""
CONTROL OF ARMAMENTS
The remaining protocols deal with the control of armaments. The Third Protocol is divided into two parts, one given over to "" Armaments not to be manufactured,"" and the other to "" Armaments to be controlled."" Agreement is recorded with the German declaration -that atomic. biological, and chemical weapons would not be manufactured in west Germany, and that certain other
weapons would not be made there. A list is given of arms to be controlled.
TASKS OF AGENCY I
The Fourth Protocol sets up the ""Agency of Westem European Union for the Control of Armaments."" It will be responsible to the Council and have a director and a staff drawn from the member States of W.E.U. The tasks of the agericy, set out in ARTICLE 7, are:- l
(a) To satisfy itself that the undertakings set out in Protocol 3 not to manufacture certain types of arms mentioned in the annexes to that article are being observed.
(b) To control the level of stocks of arma- ments of the types mentioned in an annex to Protocol 3. ""This control shall extend to production and imports to the extent required to make the control of stocks effective."" For this purpose the agency would: -
(i) Scrutinize statistical and budgetary information supplied by members of W.E.U. and by N.A.T.O. authorities;
(ii) Undertake on the mainland of Europe test-checks, visits, and inspections of pro- du.tion plants, depots, and forces, except those of N.A.T.O.- Its operations would be confined to the mainland of Europe. Each member of W.E.U. would, under Article 13, give an annual statement to the agency on quantities of armaments and programmes for the future.
STANDARD WEAPONS
There follow letters referring to the juris- diction of the International Court of Justice, and a resolution on production and standardi- zation of armaments, which states:-
The Governments of the Kingdom of Bel- gium, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the King- dom of the Netherlands, and the United King- dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
Anxious to increase the effectiveness of their common defence forces to the maximum,.
Desirous of ensuring the best possible use of their available armament credits by means of the rational organization of production,
Noting the importance in this connexion of standardizing weapons. and weapon com- ponents,
Desirous of facilitating any agreements to this end between all or certain of the seven Powers:
(I) RECALL the decision taken at the London conference to set up a working party to study the draft directives submitted by the French Govemment an October 1, 1954, and such other documents as might subsequently be submitted on the problem of the production and standardization of armaments.
(2) AGREE to convene a working group in Paris on January 17, 1955, of the repre-l sentatives of Belgium, France, Italy, Luxem- bourg, the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom, to study the draft directives and other docu- ments referred to in the foregoing paragraph, with a view to submitting proposals to the Council of Western European Union when it comes into being.
GERMAN ENTRY MNTO
N.A.T.O.
14-POWER AGREEMENTS
The first document issuing from the meeting-of the North Atlantic Council is a resolution to implement Section IV of the Final Act of the London conference, for strengthening the structure of N.A.T.O.
COMMAND SYSTEM
All forces of member countries ""stationed in the area of the Allied Command, Europe, shall be placed under the command of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, or other appropriate N.A.T.O. command, and under the direction of the N.A.T.O. military forces, with the exception of those forces intended for the defence of oversea territories and other forces which N.A.T.O. has recognized or will recognize as suitable to remain under national command.""
Member countries are invited to report to the Council on any forces "" they plan to maintain within the arza of Allied Command, Europe, for the common defence, but not to place under the authority of N.A.T.O."" STATIONING OF FORCES
It is agreed that, in respect of combat forces in the area of Allied Command, Europe, and under the command of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe:
(a) All deployments shall be in accord- ance with N.A.T.O. strategy;
(b) The location of forces in accordance with N.A.T.O. operational plans shaU be determined by the Supreme Allied Com- mander, Europe, after consultation annd agreement with the national forces concerned;
(c) Forces under the Supreme Allied Commander, Eurqpe, and within the area of Allied Command, Europe, shall not be redeployed or used operationally within that area without the consent of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, subject to political guidance furnished by the Council. [NTEGRATION OF FORCES
Integration of forces at army group and tactical air force level is to be maintained. Wherever military efficiency permits, integra- tion is to be achieved ""to the maximum extent possible.""
ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS
The Supreme Allied Commander's powers are extended "" for the logistic support of the forces placed under his authority."" His increased responsibilities should include:-
(a) To establish, in consultation with the national authorities concerned, requirements for the provision of logistic resources.
(b) To determine, in agreement with the national authorities concerned; their geographic distribution.
(c) To establish, in consultation with these authorities, logistic priorities for the raising, equipping, and maintenance of units.
(d) To direct the utilization, for meeting his requirements, of those portions of the logistic support systems made available to him by the appropriate authorities.
(e) To coordinate and supervise the use, for logistical purposes. of common N.A.T.O. infra-structure facilities and of those national facilities made available to him by the national authorities. REPORTS AND INSPECI ON
The Supreme Allied Commander is em powered to ""call for reports regarding *he level and effectiveness of such forces and ,their armnaments as well as the organization of their logistic arrangements. He shal make field inspections within the area as necessary.
ACCESSION QF GERMANY
The second document in this group is a resolution associating the other N.A.T.O. countries with declarations made at the |London conference. The third is the protocol
to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of west Germany. The text is as follows:-
The parties to the North Atlantic Treaty signed at Washington on April 4. 1949,
Being satisfied that the security of the North Atlantic area will be enhanced by the acces- sion of the Federal Republic of Germany to that treaty, and
Having noted that the Federal Republic of Germany has, by a declaration dated OCtober 3, 1954. accepted the obligations set forth in Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations and has undertaken upon its acces- sion to the Northt Atlantic Treaty to refrain
from any action inconsistent with the strictly defensive character of that treaty, and
Having further noted that all member Governments have associated themselves with the declaration also made on October 3, 1954. oy the Governgents of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the French Republic in connexion with the aforesaid declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany,
AGREE as follows: - ARTICLE I
Upon the entry into force of the present protocol, the Government of the United States of America shall on behalf of all the parties communicate to the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany an invitation to accede to the North Atlantic Treaty. There- after the Federal Republic of Germany shall become a party to that treaty on the date when it deposits its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America in accordance with Article 10 of the treaty.
ARTICLE H
The present protocol shall enter into force, when (a) each of the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty has notified to the Govern- ment of the United States of America its acceptance thereof, (b) all instruments of rati- fication of the protocol modifying and com- pleting the Brussels Treaty have been deposited with the Belgian Government, and (c) all instruments of ratification or approval of the Convention on the Presence of Foreign Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany have been deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Govern- ment of the United States of America shall inform the other parties to the North Atlantic Treaty of the date of the receipt of each notification of acceptance of the present protocol and of the date of the entry into force of the present protocol. ARTICLE m
The present protocol, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Govern- ment of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of the other parties to the North Atlantic Treaty.
FINAL RESOLUTION
Finally, the North Atlantic Council adopted a resolution on the results of the four-Power and nine-Power meetings, in the following terms:-
THE NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL:-
Recognizing that all the arrangements aris- ing out of the London conference form part of one general settlement which is directly or indirectly of concern to all the N.A.T.O. Powers and has therefore been submitted to the council for information or decision;
HAVE LLARNr with satisfaction of the arrangements agreed between the Govern- ments of France, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and of the Federal Republic of Germany for the termina- tion of the occupation regime in the Federal Republic as set forth in the protocol communi- cated to the council;
* WELCOME the decision of the Brussels Treaty Powers to invite the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy to accede to the Brussels Treaty as modified and completed by the protocols and other documents communicated to the Council, and hereby record their agreement with the provisions of those protocols and documents in so far as they concern action by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;
WELCoME the extension of the Brussels Treaty as an important step toward the achievement of European unity; and express confidence that there will be the closest co- operation between the Western European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which remains the foundation of the security and progress of the Atlantic Community.
TAKE NOTE with satisfaction of the state- ments made on September 29, 1954, in London by the United States Secretary of State and the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, and of the declaration by the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom concerning the maintenance of United Kingdom forces on the Continent of Europe;
Finaly, RECORD their deep satisfaction at the happy conclusion of al the above arrange- ments which together constitute a decisive step in fortifying the North Atlantic Alliance and uniting the free world.";"October 25, 1954";"";53071;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Western Conferences";""
"['From ROGER BERTHOUD']";"['News']";"From ROGER BERTHOUD
Bonn, Oct. 7 Dr. Rainer Barzel, the ener- getic floor leader of the Christian Democrats (CJD.U.) and the Christian Social Union (C.S.U.) in the Bundestag, an- nounced today that the parties will open hostilities in the next legislative session with a major question about the non-prolifera. tion treaty.
Two days ago, Herr Hans- Dietrich Genscher, the chief Whip of the Free Democrats. said in an interview that his party and the Social Democrats had found a formula which would permit the signing of the treaty without prejudicing busi- ness and scientific interests-
The C.D.U./C.S.U. want. according to Dr. Barzel. to establish whether the princip'es agreed by the Grand Coalition are still valid. These were that there should be no damage to business and scientific interests because of the tre-aty, no impedi- ment to European union, no threat to security, and that the treaty should be linked to the question of disarmament.
The parliamentary party of the C.D.U./CS.U. will meet next Tuesday to elect its new floor leader. It seems certain that Dr. Barzel will be chosen again.
He sazd today that the C.D.U./C.S.U. intends to con- duct an objective parliamentary campaign in opposition, for- swearing political tricks which might simply make life difficult for the Government. But, he added, the S.P.D./F.D.P. coali- tion must be prepared to do the same.
The Opposition will certainly have to be careful not to indulge in excessive appeals to national- ism on foreign policy questions. which might stir unhappy memories for other countries.
President Heinemann has told Dr. Kiesinger. the west German Chancellor and chairman of the C.D.U.. that he will be recom- mending Herr Willy Brandt. the S.P.D. chairman, to Parliament for election as Chancellor.
Dr. Kiesinger is understood to have said that he does not expect to be suggested by the President as a candidate for the Chancel- lorship when the new Bundestag meets.
This is seen as a formal throw- ing in of the towel, but does not mean that the C.D.U./C.S.U. has necessarily given up all hope that right-wing elements of the Free Democrats might begin to abandon the coalition as early as October 21, the day of the elec- tion for Chancellor.";"October 8, 1969";"";57685;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kiesinger's party plans assault on nuclear pact";""
"['From Fred Emery']";"['News']";"Frdm Fred Emerv:
Washington, June 17
President Scheel of Wast Gerniany today pointedly im- plied to Congress that the recent debacle in Indo-China had strengthened Atlantic soli- darity and released new ener- gies for the alliance.
In an address to both
Chambers assembled in joint' session, Herr Scheel said: "" Not as some may hive feared and others may have hoped, recent developments have not loosened&the ties of European. American solidarity. On the contrary, more energies have been set free for the alliance which will be concentrated on its task. The awareness of our interdependence is deeper than ever "".
The West German President also put in a good word for the European Community's capacity for harmonizing econ- omic disputes. The only ration- al course for the world in the dangerous years ahead was cooperation, he said.
"" The Nine European states- have with much good will
worked out an overall modus- of economic cooperation with the nations of Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.""
In spite of the protracted negotiations, the will to har- monization produced what he called ""a promising example of multilateral cooperation with the Third World "".
He added: "" It shows. that the European Community can have a stabilizing influence on the world economy.""
To congressmen who often wonder why Europe never seems to be getting anywvhere, Herr Scheel pleaded for patience. European union to
vhich the Germans had com- 2 mitted themselves was "" still a long way behind our hopes and promises, but we shdll build it.- And in so doing we need the understanding of the United States. We need long-term European-American cooper- ation.""
This must be based on mutual trust, he said. ""It must be candid. It must not again make the mistake of emphasiz- ing divergent secondary in- terests at the expense of pri-- mary common interests,""
Herr Scheel also gave a warning that communism suc- ceeded ""where injustice and misery predominate, and we have to sharpen our con- science. Political freedom can- not prevail where the social conscience remains silent. Freedom and social justice go together.""
He expressed Germany's gratitude for American help in the Marshall Plan, describing it as ""perhaps the most generous in the history of mankind "".";"June 18, 1975";"";59425;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Scheel says alliance has been strengthened";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
A new development in the manv dis- CUSSions now going on about the future Europe wvill open at the Foreign Office today, when the representatives of the Western European Union countries (Britain and the Six) meet to discuss the possible membership of Britain in Eura- tom, the atomic energy community of the Six.
Britain will be represented by Sir Roderick Barclay, Deputy Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, who took over respon- sibility tor matters concerning European traoe in April. The other six representa- tives will be the Ambassadors or their deputies, who normally represent their six countries on the W.E.U. Council. They arc not, however, meeting as a W.E.U. body, but as an ad hloc committee on which Britain and the Six of Euratoni are represented.
The Assembly of W.E.U. recently invited Britain to seek membership of Euratom. Then Mr. Selwyn Lloyd offered at the W.E.U. conference at The Hague on June 16. that a committee should consider ways and means of arranging Britain's adhesion to Euiratom and to the Coal and Steel Com- munity of the Six, as a full member.
ONLY EURATOM
The British Government have to be care- ful in any discussions with the Six not to infringe the interests of the Commonwealth and of the other members of the European Free Trade Association (Sweden, Norway. Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, and Portu- gal), but membership of Euratom, it has been agreed, is not incompatible with mem- bership of Efta, and can hardly harm Com- monwealth interests. Moreover today's discussions, it is understood, will be con- cerned only with membership of Euratom, and indeed with the committee's terms of reference.
Meanwhile the fact that the Assembly of W.E.U. has in effect urged Britain to join Euratom, does not mean that the Govern- ments of the Six arc in agreement that Britain should join Euratom or the Coal and Steel Commtinity. Therc are important sections of opinion in France and Germany. which wotild oppose British membership so long certainly as a British intention to join the European Economic Community was not made clear at the same time. The present committee's work may, therefore, be of importance ultimately. but its deli- berations are hardly likely to lead to a swift conclusion.";"June 22, 1960";"";54804;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan To Link Britain With Euratom";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I EROM OllR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDFNT
Mr. Gordon Walker, the Foreign Secre- tary, will be meeting Dr. Schroder, the German Foreign Minister, in Bonn in about a fortnighlt for talks which will mainly centre on the proposed mixed manned force (M.L.F.) and the reorgani- zation of Nato. These talks will take place either on November 15--immediately before the ministerial meeting in Bonn on the Western European Union, which is now fixed for November 16 and 17-or imme- diately after it.
Dr. Schr6der will be chairman at the W.E.U. meeting, and M Spaak and Dr. Luns, the Belgian and Netherlands Foreign Ministers, have agreed to be there. Signor Saragat, the Italian Foreign Minister, has decided, however, that he will not be able to attend.
The meeting will give Mr. Gordon Walker a chance to tone down the moat unfavour- able impression of the British Government's alleged disinterest in Europe, which Western European representatives have been draw- ing from the Government's economic measures. In particular, Mr. Gordon Walker will speak of his preliminary talks with Mr. Rusk in Washington and of the British Government's views on the M.L.F. and the future development of Nato.
KEEPING DOOR OPEN
It is understood that he will claim that the proposals now being elaborated in London for a double veto over the use of the M.L.F., in which a majority of the Euro- pean nations, but not individual nations, will have a veto will, if adoopted, in fact mean an important advance from national armaments to collective defence for Europe, and that so far from drawing away from Europe, the British Government are now preparing what will amount toan important step towards integration in the vinal field of European defence.
Mr. Gordon Walker, it is expected, will also make it clear that, so far as the Common Market is concerned, the British Government wish to keep the door open. As for discussions on political union, the Foreign Secretary loses no opportunity to cmphasize that he wishes to take part from the start, but he does not wish to take any step which would bring upon Britain the odium of seeming to delay political talks between the Six.";"October 31, 1964";"";56157;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Gordon Walker To Visit Bonn";""
"";"['News']";"The belief that the state would step in and look after the elderly was sharply challenged yesterday by Mr Ian Gow, minister for Housing and Construction, when he urged private house-builders to cater more for those aged 65 or over.
He told the National House Building Council in London: ""Traditional reliance on the public sector in no longer enough. Families must recognize their own responsibilities for the growing army of those who are elderly"".
He told private developers to build for sale to the elderly. He envisaged a great shake-up of housing stock as older people moved out of accomodation that was too large.
Portmeirion to get new hotel
Two years after it was de- stroyed by fire the hotel at Portmeirion, the Italianate village in Gwynedd used as the location for the television series The Prisoner, is to be rebuilt. There
had been pressure from conserva- l sion groups to rebuild the hotel, where Noel Coward wrote his play Blithe Spirit.
It should be ready by 1986 in time to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of the village, which was built by the architect Sir Clough Willliams-Ellis.
NTew cars used as dodgems
Damage worth £37,000 was caused to 80 new car when several teenage boys treated them like dodgems in the pound of a garage in Harlesden, north-west London, Acton Crown Court was told yesterday.
Five boys were ordered to go to an attendance centre for 24 hours and three remanded on bail until October 17 for reports. All admitted causing criminal damage.
Helicopter fight
European governments are to be asked to introduce noise restrictions for helicopters similar to those for fixed wing aircraft. The campaign by the European Union against Aircraft Noise Nuisance is supported in Britaian largely because of the Heathrow- Gatwick helicopter link.
Actress quits
Pat Phoenix, aged 59, who has played Elsie Tanner in Coron- ation Street since the first episode in December, 1960, is to leave the cast. GranadR Tele- vision said that she had decided not to renew her contract, which expires in November. Miss Phoenix was a repertory actress in the North before taking the role.";"September 27, 1983";"";61648;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call to build homes for elderly";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, ApRIL 5
The details of the new British defence plans, which were given yesterday to the council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization by Sir Frank Roberts, the British representative, have come as a considerable shock to N.A.T.O.
Not only are there doubts about the wisdom of British intentions, particu- larly in regard to their possible effects on other members of the alliance, but the prevailing feeling is that the British Government have "" by-passed "" N.A.T.O. and thus weakened the alliance
The British contention is that the United Kingdom warned the Atlantic Council in 1955 and again in 1956 that a new approach was needed to the whole question of atomic strategy and the type of the forces needed to carry it out. These hints and sugges- tions were not taken up by the other members of the alliance. and now Britain has moved ahead on her own.
DOMESTIC POLITICS
The reply of the other members is that this is a unilateral decision, not in keeping with the spirit of the alliance. Moreover, some feel that the British White Paper smacks altogether too much of domestic politics.
The Atlantic Council met again to-day to continue its consideration of the German suggestion, first made at the Western European Union meeting in London last month, for a general review of the resources of the alliance. This suggestion was evidently prompted by Dr. Adenauer's electoral anxieties, but it could conceivably lead to the profound reappraisal of which the British plans are an example and a foretaste.
French reactions are mixed. The realism. even brutality, of the ""push-button war"" theories of British thinking is admitted, and even admired. But much though they might like, for financial and other reasons, to emulate it, the French are unlikely to do so immediately.
M.. Bourg6s-Maunoury, the Defence Minister, speaking at a luncheon yesterday. described reliance on nuclear weapons as a "" facile policy,"" and asked what would happen if the war were not nuclear. "" We should be submerged by conventional arms . . .we have to protect our oversea terri- tories . . . to reduce our Army would constitute an act of suicide.""";"April 6, 1957";"";53809;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Shock To N.A.T.O.";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Ocr. 21
M. Pleven, speaking at Marseilles to-dav at the congress of the Union Democratique et Socialiste de la Rdsistance, of which-he is the chairman, gave the most comprehen- sive outline of Government policy since his: investiture speech to the Assembly in July.
He emphasized once more that it would be inexcusable to let people believe that France could be spared the sacrifices made by other, nore powerful, countries and he referred to the unpopular price-fixing and wage increase decisions which he had been oblig_d to make in order to establish a new economic equili- brium. ""' The concert of protests which a-ises after each Government decision is at all events a proof that no one has been favoured,"" he remarked; and he went on to condemn the teachers' strike, which has now held up the correction of examination papers for a month.
M. Pleven said that nothing was further removed from the intentions of the Govern- ment than devaluation of the franc. "" There have been periods when devaluation might have been a salutary measure,"" he said. "" Bu
now, when demand for manufactured products
exceeds output. devaluation would be economic and financial nonsense."" M. Pleven said that an increase in production depended on plentiful supplies of coal. "" We have not yet been able to convince the United States-and I regret it-that each dollar used to lower the transport cost of imported coal would afford the French economy, and therefore the French defence potential, aid far more valuable than the same dollar devoted to dAiverv of certain manu- factured products.""
The Prime Minister said that the Assembly would soc.n be called upon to discuss foreign affairs. European union,"" he concluded,
has become a defensive necessity.""
Finally, on the subject of the Govermment majoTity, which has been badly shaken by the controversies over schools and wages and prices, M. Pleven said he was sure there were enough democrats in the assembly with a sense of responsibility not to throw the country into a crisis, without having made certain before- hand that there existed an alternative majority.";"October 22, 1951";"";52138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strength Of The Franc";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Herr Sched. the west German Minister for Eoonomic Cooperation, said when be .net press representatives at the Embassy Yesterday, during his two-day visit, that he was glad to come to London now "" because on a bilateral basis we should try to fill the political vacuum after the breakdown in Brussels "". His talks with British Ministers have primarily concerned the policy of the two countries in handling development aid. On this he said that the intention was to continue the present
exchange of tnforination and he hoped to LiVe it a permanent basis.
Earlier. Herr Sdceed bad spent about an hour in discuss:on of the general political situation with Lord Home. On this, Herr Scheel said there was no question of chang- ing the Common Market. but he had con- fir,.ned to Lord Homne that the Federal Government, both before and after the Brussels breakdown continued to desire Brit.sh membership. President de Gaulle's r3fusal to continue negotiations had at least had one useful political effect: it had pro- duced in the other members a stror g feeling of the British desire for membership. This was a good basis for further negofiations.
MORE USE OF W.E.U.
Herr Scheel said that he personally favoured the idea of a customs union, restrictd to industrial products. At the sare time, political contacts should be increased and more use made of Western European Union. There were also some individual questions that should be decided as soon as Possible. A solution oould be found to give the African Commonwealth countries a status vis-a-vis the Common Market com- parable to that of the 18 associated over- seas territories now linked with the Market Meanwhile, British agricultural policy should be streamlined, to make it easier for the United Kingdom to enter the Con- mon Market when the moment wase.
Herr Scheel said he was not in favour of an Anglo-German treaty on the lines of the Franco-German treaty, as the aim was to get Britain into the Common Market' This required French agreement. which would be less likely if an Anglo- German treaty were concluded first without French approval.";"February 15, 1963";"";55626;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Scheel Looks At Next Stage";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
SlIKANHtUUKtU, UCT. L'4
In an anxious and charged atmosphere the Assembly of Western European Union opened this morning under the chairmanship of Mr. Maclay (United Kingdom, Liberal and, Conservative).
The United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Federal Germany are each represented by 18 delegates; Belgium and the Netherlands by seven delegates each; and Luxembourg and the Saar by three delegates. The Saar delegates were not in their places this morning.
Mr. Maclay suggested that while awaiting the adoption of the draft rules of procedure presented by Mr. van der Goes van Naters (Netherlands, Socialist) the rules of pro- cedure of the Council of Europe should be applied. Mr. Maclay observed that in the docutnent put forward there were references to the Saar statute, and he asked that no discussion of these should take place.
Mr. van der Goes van Naters, in present- ing his report, said it was not convenient at the moment to discuss the future of the Saar. References to the European statute for the Saar which appear in the proposed draft are accompanied on each occasion by a conditional clause.
BRITISH PARTICIPATION
The constitutional committee will be empowered to adapt the present document to the new circumstances, but that in no way excludes the discussion and possible adoption of the charter and rules of proce- dure of the Assembly of Western Union. The task of Western Union, Mr. van der Goes van Naters went on, had become more complicated. But in spite of present and future disappointments, hope existed that the European idea would triumph in the end. He then proceeded to analyse the draft charter and rules of procedure, after emphasizing that British participation consti- tuted a step forward of great importance.
From the discussion, it emerges that, while the Council of Europe has only a con- sultative role, Western Union tas three administrative tasks, connected with the armaments control agency, the permanent commission for production and standardiza- tion of armaments, and the international commission for the Saar.
The clauses of the charter and of the rules of procedure were adopted, with minor modifications, during the debate, but the final vote on them will not be taken until the end of the week.";"October 25, 1955";"";53360;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Union's Charter";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris, Dec 3 '
The Western European Union Assembly, the only European assembly with responsibilities in the field of defence, had plenty of matters to get its teeth into when it opened here today.
They include the proposal to mnodernize Nato nuclear arms in response to developments by the Warsaw Pact; the Salt 2 agreements and their impact on Europeari security; and the situation in the Middle East.
When it came to that hardy annual, the organization and streamlining of European' arms purchases and production, the delegates could be expected to provide the usual confrontation between "" Atlanticists "" and what might be called ""Euro- pean nationalists "".
Some fireworks were bound to be caused by the adoption of the defence committee's report on this subject while most of the French members were absent, detained by the debate in the French National Assembly on the defence esti- mates. The report, written by Mr Carl Meintz (Luxembourg, Liberal) came' in for some sharp French criticism.
M Jacques Baumel, a Gaullist deputy did not beat about rhe bush. He said that its recom- mendation for the creation- of a ""market of defence materials covering the whole oE the alliance"" showved the ultimate objective of the text. ""in sucl a conseption, there would no longer be a proper European solidarity. . . . One would, in the event of a unification of the Atlantic armaments market, witness a distribution of tasks which must inevitably confine European industries to the role of subcontractors and producers of low technology equipment.""
Two West German speakers insisted that detente and the restoration of a strategic bal- ance in Europe were insepar- a-ble.
HIerr Kai-Uwe von Hassel (Germany: Christian Demo- crat), the President of the Assembly, told the meeting: "" We can only ensure the effectiveness of detente from a position of strength which guarantees our security .... The Salt 2 agreements can therefore be an element of detente and consequently meet Europe's interests only in so far as they. guarantee deter- rence and avert any danger of a covert arms production cap- able of upsetting the balance of terror.""
Frau Hamm-Brucher, the West -German Minister.of- State for Foreign, Affairs,, said tJhere could be no stability in Europe without a balance of forces.";"December 4, 1979";"";60491;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU clash on arms purchases";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The diplomatic calendar for the sum- mer is now fast filling up. It shows that by the end of May new moves towards the consolidation of western Europe are likelv.
It also makes clear bow much of their time Ministers in this world of air com- munication spend on their travels. The programme of events so far made public up to the beginning of June, is as follows:-
April 24-29.--Council of Europc, Mini-
sterial meeting and Consultative Assembly, at Strasbourg, attended by Mr. Heath, Lord Privy Seal.
April 24 28.-Visit of the Queen Mother
to Tunisia.
April 27-May 2.-Visit to London of Senor
Beltran, Prime Minister of Peru.
April 27-29.-Cento Ministerial Council.
at Ankara, attended by Lord Home.
May 2-5.-Visit of the Queen to Italy.
accompanied by Lord Home.
May 6.-Western European Union, Mini-
sterial Council in Bonn, attended by Mr. Heath.
May 8-13.-Visit to London of M.
Kekkonen, President ot Finland.
May 8-10.-Nato Ministerial Council, in
Oslo, attended by Lord Home.
May 9.-European Free Trade Associa-
tion, Consultative Committee, in London.
May 16-19.-Visit to London of M. Bour-
guiba, President of Tunisia.
May 25-28.-Visit of Lord Hume to
Portugal.
May 28-31.-Visit of Lord Hume to Spain. May 29-June 1.-W.E.U. Assembly in Lon-
don, Mr. Macmillan to be chairman on the first day.
May 31-June 2.-Visit of President Ken-
nedy to Paris.
ECONOMIC DIVISION
From this it seems likely that Mr. AMac- millan will make a statement on the British attitude to the European Economic Com- munity either on the opening day of the W.E.U. Assembly meeting in London or beforehand. The present economic divi- sion of Europe is one of the subjects, which President Kennedy will, it is believed, discuss with President de Gaulle.
The British Government will have an opportunity to discuss the position with their partners in the European Free Trade Association, when the Ministerial Council of Efta meets in London on June 27.";"April 14, 1961";"";55055;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Busy Season For Diplomacy";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Reports from Paris that the French Government now in- tends to return to full participa- tion in the Western European Union at a meeting of its Min- isterial Council in Paris in Janu- ary are in some %%aNs encourag- ing. though inaccurate.
The French decision last Feb- ruary not to take part in W.E.U. meetings is all the more to be regretted now that east-west de- tente is actively under consider- ation, coupled wvith ultimate Amnerican troop reductions in Europe. and the consequent need for a relative increase in western European contingents- in practice largely in the west German contribution.
There are two outstanding west German requests before the W.E.U. Council. Both con- cern the building of submarines. Under the W.E.U. treaty 'vest Germany agreed not to build ocean-going submarines, but subsequently. after long consi- deration by the Supreme Allied Commander. Europe, she ob- tained per-mission to build six for herself.
These were, in fact, never built, but west Germany has since asked for permission to build submarines for Greece and Argentina, and in the case of Greece-a member of
Nato-has obtained a recom- mendation from the Supreme Allied Commander that they should be built.
The W.E.U. Council is under- stood to be prepared to agree, but since the French withdrawal in February has taken no major decisions. although it has held. by all accounts, useful and effective discussions.
A decision over the two sub- marines which west Germany is building for Argentina is also pending and is of particular importance as it raises the whole question of west Germany's arms restrictions. The w est German Government has in this case no authorization from the Supreme Allied Commander LLurope. as Argentina is not a member of Nato, but Bonn contends that the submarines xwill not be assembled in Ger- many but will he exported in parts and assembled in Argen- tina.
On this view there is nothing in the W.E.U. treaty to prevent wvest Germany from building parts of such weapons, but to authorize this in the W.E.U. Council would be an important precedent. It is clearly desirable that France should resume her place in W.E.U. before this question comes to a head.";"November 4, 1969";"";57708;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU faces problem of German submarines";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, Nov. 21
The relationship to be established between the Council of Ministers and the Assembly of Western European Union on the. basis of the charter adopted by the Assembly last month was discussed at a meeting here to-day.
The meeting was between representatives of the Council of Ministers and of the Assembly. As neither was fully repre- sented, no formal agreements were reached, but Mr. Beyen, the Dutch Foreign Minister. said to-night that there had been virtual agreement on all the points discussed. It was for the Assembly, probably at its next meeting in May, to formulate possible changes in the text of the charter. There might be another meeting between repre- sentatives of the Ministers and of the Assembly, or perhaps the textural cnanges could be decided through the permanent council of W.E.U. in London.
The meeting to-day accepted in principle the view of the Ministers that a general motion of censure on the council, for which provision is made in the Assembly's charter as it now stands, would not be a useful instrument. The Ministers emphasized that the council did not object to criticism on specific points, but that in democratic countries a parliamentary vote of censure meant the resignation of a Government, whereas in W.E.U. neither the council nor the Assembly could force the resignation of the other.
IMPARTING INFORMATION The second most controversial point raised by the charter is the right accorded to Assembly committees to call for statements by officials. The Ministers have fought shy of the idea that any official could be called by a committec. They to-day indicated their preference that they themselves should im- part information, or arrange for this to be done by an official on their behalf. This amendment to the charter was agreed in principle.
The Ministers took a cautious attitude on the proposal that languages other than English and French should be officially recognized in the Assembly's debates. Simul- taneous translation would be required to make this feasible, and the Ministers want to know what the cost would be before committing themselves. Mr. Beyen said that finance and the relations of W.E.U. with the Council of Europe had also been discussed.";"November 22, 1955";"";53384;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Charter Discussed";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Arrangements for Mr. Wilson's visit to the Federal German Republic have now been made. The Prime Minister, who will be accompanied by Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, will leave London on Saturday morning by air for Berlin.
There will be a brief welcoming ceremony at Gatow airport at noon. and Mr. Wilson will then drive to the Schoneberg Rathaus, to sign the roll of distinguished visitors to Berlin in the Golden Book. At this cere- mony he will also make a speech.
After a luncheon at the Rathaus, Mr. Wilson and Mr. Stewart will have talks with Herr Willy Brandt, the chief burgomaster of west Berlin. and they will then tour west Berlin and be received at the British military headquarters.
On Sunday Mr. Wilson will attend morn- i ing service at the Garrison Church and will visit British troops, and in the afternoon he and Mr. Stewart will fly to Cologne.
Mr. John Diamond, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, will ioin Mr. Wilson in Bonn on Sunday evening. His attendance is thought to confirm Mr. Wilson's intention to press hard while in Bonn for higher Ger- man purchases of British military or civilian equipment to offset the foreign exchange cost of B.A.O.R. This is now running at about £85m., but so far German orders of only about £25m. have come to hand.
On Monday Mr. Wilson will be received officially by Dr. Erhard, the Chancellor, at the Palais Schaumburg. After talks with Dr. Erhard, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Stewart and Sir Frank Roberts, the British Ambassador in Bonn, will call on Dr. Lubke, the Federal President, before a luncheon given by Dr. Erhard. There will be a dinner at the Am- bassador's residence in the evening, but during the afternoon Mr. Stewart will leave for the Ministerial Council meeting of the Western European Union, which takes place in Rome on Tuesday and Wednesday.
Mr. Wilson will have final talks irt Bonn on Tuesday morning and after a short fare- well ceremony he will fly back to London at noon from Cologne.
ToKYO.-Five people were killed and 25 were injured when a bus crashed 90ft. into the Kumano river in western Japan.";"March 4, 1965";"";56261;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Wilson's Visit To Germany";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"IFROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, MMAcH 8
Dr. Dirk Stikker, the Secretary- General of Nato, said today that Britain had made its application to join the Cominon Market too late to ensure that its ideas would get an adequate hearing.
He rerninded his audience at a Press Club luncheon. however, that the European Eco- nomic Community was not the only ex- pression of European unity-; it might be possible to make use again of the link provided by Western European Union which had proved so valuable in 1954.
In economics the Organization .for Eco- nomic Cooperation and. Development was a powerfulinstrument. There were oppor- tunities to move ahead-in Nato on defe-nce particularly in exploring the immense possi- bilities opened up by the national agree- ment. Everything must be done to ensure, however, that the Common Market was not closed to Britain: it would be dangerous if the community were to develop in politi- cal or economic directions which would widen the gap' between Britain and the Six. Of French policy-on the Common Market Dr Stikker said: "" We must recognize that enlightened sacrifice for the colmton cause of Europe and Atlantic unity is not an easy thing to bring about. It takes time to change these things.
For the time being France was tending to concentrate on her: own nationa1 ,interests. Some might think this a narrow view which underestimated the strain its assertions 'placed on an alliance admitted by France to,be indispensable. Thiere had been a good deal of uncertainty, misunder- standing, and exasperation on both sides of the Atlantic'over France's action, but'the situation should not be overdramatized.-
lf disapp6iTtint, Franc.s stand was hardly surprising. Unity was a Precondi- tion 'upon :which all econonici and political progress must be based. and the alliance must nmove ahead with. improving its defences. In particular multilateral nuclear arrangements should be explored
Dr. Stikker hoped the Admrinistration would go further towards: liberalizing trade even than the Trade Expansion Act, which he welcomed. United States foreign trade was deeplY involved in this world wide problem and in .Gatt.
GoitEBoRG.--A Swedish naval helico pter has rescued'eight fishermen as they drifted out to sea. on an ice floe riorth-west of Grebbestad.";"March 9, 1963";"";55645;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain 'Applied To E.E.C. Too Late'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, AUG. 4
Mr. Dean Rusk, the American Secre- tary of State, and Lord Home, the British Foreign Secretary, arrived in Paris today to join M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, in preparation for their three days of discussions, beginning at the Quai d'Orsay tomorrow, to coordinate western policies on inter- national problems.
Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, who has remained in France since the Western European Union meeting earlier this week, is to be called into the conversations on Berlin.
The latest developments over Berlin, particularly the Russian Notes pub- lished todav, are expected to dominate the conversations. Whatever conclu- sions the Foreign Ministers may reach, it is not foreseen that any decision will be announced after the Paris meeting, the Ministers preferring to leave anv initiative to an eventual meeting of heads of Government, which in.Paris is thought likely to take place some time after the west German elections in mid- September.
Mr. Rusk said after arriving that he preferred not to comment on the Russian Notes until he had consulted his
colleagues. In his view the problem of communicating with the Russians was not one of languages but of the use of language, such as the interpretations of words like peace, liberty and democracy. ""But we'll do our best to find an answer to these problems in order to preserve the liberty and the peace of the western world "", he concluded.
SPOKESMfEN'S MEETING
Lord Home said he was sure the con- versations would be productive and that ""we will arrive at agreement"". Lord Home is accompanied by, among others, Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, Deputy Under- Secretary at the Foreign Office, and Field Marshal Sir Francis Festing, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff.
At the same time as the Foreign Mini- sters confer the chief spokesmen for the western Governments are to hold a meet- ing in Paris, on the initiative of Mr. Pierre Salinger, the White House spokes- man, and with the blessing of President Kennedy, with the aim of coordinating an "" information policy "".
According to Mr. Salinger the idea is to make statements from official western sources "" more effective "". Mr. John Russell, of the Foreign Office, will represent Britain.";"August 5, 1961";"";55152;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Talks On Berlin Open Today";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Office confirmed yesterday thAt Mr. George Brown, the Foreign.: Secretary, will him- self attend the Western European Union (W.E.U.) meeting in The Hague next week.
It may be assumed that he will himself make the statement of the British case* for entry to the Common Market, and that the statement. which may fall into two parts, will reemphasize as clearly and forcefully as possible the desire of the British Government. Parliament, and people to join fully in building a political as well as an economic union in Europe.
Britain's friends among the Six have been urging this strongly.
Since the French Government have blocked a direct presentation of the case to the European Economic Commission in Brussels. the W.E.U. meeting gives the opportunity to present to representatives of the Commission who will be present the British Government's views on the problerns which are raised by the *pplication to join the Market. The Commission -is to rcport on these
problems to the Six, who will con- sider the British application in the autumn.
This part of the British statement should, therefore, help the Commis- sion in their preparatory work of identifying the problems-Common. wealth trade, agriculture, the position of sterling and so on-and of con- sidering in their report how the diffi. culties raised by them can be solved. and whether, therefore. the diffi- culties are in fact serious.
This part of the British case will probably, therefore, be largely an up-to-date restatement of the points mnade by Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown during their round of visits to Common Market capitals this spring. The French Government has, how- ever, taken the line that before Britain's application can be beard the Six must consider. the sort of Community which will emerge if Britain and other Efta countries were to be added into the Six.
The presentation of the British case will give the Six a view of the overall future political development at which the Community should aim when the Six take up their considera- tion of what the enlarged Community would become.";"June 30, 1967";"";56981;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown to present case to WEU";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEc. 2
The essential role of Britain in Euro- pean political construction was the dominant thought at the opening in Paris today of the Assembly of the Western European Union, which meets for the second part of its ninth session in an atmnosphere of high hope comnpared with the depression in which it adjourned in June.
Since then the W.E.U. Co uncil of Mini- sters, restored to its regular momentum. has been accepted as a forum for economic consultations between Britain and the six Common Market countries and the Assembly obviously likes to think that its counseEs of recosiciliation have prevailed.
M. Hubert Leynen (Belgium), rapporteur of the general affairs committee, speaks in his report of the "" clearing of the European sky "", which he attributes to the private discussions at The Hague between Mr. Butler, the British Foreign Secretary' and M. Couve de Murville. the French Foreign Mfinister.
The committee readily concludes from utterances by French statesmen that the Nassau agreement provided a decisive opportunity for breaking off negotiations last January, and puts the French position in this way: ' Why let the United Kingdom jo4n economic Europe if it does not wish to place its nuclear force at the disposal of Europe ? ""
TRIBUTE TO M:R. KENNEDY
The session opened with a tribute to the memory of President Kennedy from Dr. Carlo Schm-d. president of the Assembly, who said that thz sorrow of the whole world bore witness to the honour he had done to all humanity. Dr. Schmid urged after a suspension of the sitting that the dialogue between America and Europe must be established. For this there must be a united Europe.
Their main problem in the political fieli
remained. he said, the consolidation of the union between Britain and tbo Six. through which a real partnership would be possible. He was convinced that by the dictates of common serse and fasom we-stern Europe would eventualy be unanimous in recognizing that political organization must be built on the basis of the seven member states.
Mr. Leo de Block, State Secretary for foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, spoke with equal emphasis of the neceSsity for British participa-tion in any negotiations for the political union of Europe.";"December 3, 1963";"";55874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Role Of Britain In Europe";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
Mir Alan Beith, the Liberal Chief Whip in the Commons said yesterday that Conserva- tive NIEPs elected to the Strasbourg Parliament were subject to dictation by Mrs Thatcher in London.
""It is clear that anyone elected as a Conservative to the European Parliament will not he free to represent his constituents as he sees fit"", Mr Beith told journalists at the Liberal/SDP Alliance press conference in London.
The evidence was provided quite openlv bv Sir Fred Catherwood, Conservative NIEP for Cambridgeshire, w hen, as spokesman for the European Conservative group, he explained his reasons for declining to vote for a report and resolution on Northern Ireland.
Sir Fred had said: ""If I w%ere a free agent, I would vote for this report. However, I and my colleagues cannot get over the fact that we are here as members of the British govern- ing party"".
Mr Beith said it was clear that the Tory group had received one of those little letters from 10 Downing Street of the kind that were repro- duced in the press a week ago.
""That sort of dictation from 10 Downing Street to Con- servative MEPs is going to continue,"" he said, ""So much for the responsibility of the elected MEP to constituents.""
Dr David Owen, leader of the SDP, said that foreign ministers from the Western European union countries were meeting to discuss strengthen- ing European defence, at a time w'hen the British Government was proposing to cut defence spending more savagely than any other Conservative govern- ment in postwar history.
""It is extraordinary how little concern has been ex- pressed about the impending cutback,"" he said. ""Next year, defence spending will increase by only 1.7 per cent over this year's total and in 1986-87 there will be a 0.5 per cent reduction.""
This was a rejection of the 1978 Nato agreement to in- crease hv 3 per cent a year, said D)r Owen. The cuckoo in the nest was the Trident pro- gramme. To meet its cost, other defences had to be cut.";"June 13, 1984";"";61856;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tory MEPs ruled from Downing St, Liberal says";""
"";"['News']";"Tlhe unifcation of Europe was this century's greatest opportunity to mould a society that Liberalc wanted to see in the twenty-first century, Mr Michael Steed said in moving a resolution on uniting Europe.
The resolution called on the Bri,tish Government to work within the EFC to develop common com- pany law, monetary union and a common currency, a c:mrmon foreign policy aimed at reconcilia- tion with Eastern Europe. and a common policy for the conserva- tion of natural resources
Mr Steed said his resolution was much closer to the ideals wh;ch inspired the formation of the EEC than was the present caricature a those hopes. Tlhe path towards European union had met manv obstacles, and there w ould be several more to deal with. Union. thereifore, enitailed a patient deter- nination to use the opportunitnes for European integration as they occurred and to build on th, achievements to date. It meant never losin,g sight of the goal: a close political union of the people of Europe.
Mr Stephen Cooksey, Pudsev. peaking against one part of tho
*esolution suggesting a referendum aefore entry, said that if it wai accepted that a referendum WaS necessary on the Common Market issue, why not on other issues such as the reform of local government, capital punishment, and the control of imrmigration?
Mr Robert Brown. Aberdeen North. said Liberals had talked about participation and power to the peopie, but the reluciance of Liberal spo(kesmtn to su;aport the referendum principle on the Com- mon Market was shocking.
The proposal for a referendum was rejeCted by a substantial majority.
Mr Michael Hammond, Liberal candidate at the forthcoming Macclesfield by-election. said he supported tihe main resolution be- CaUSC it contained the guts of thc kind of EuroPe the Liberal Party wanted to see.
NMr Desmond Banks, former Dresiden,t of the party, said Liberals had to make it abundantly clear tihat thelr view of Europe was radically different from the Heath-Pompidou approach, whiclh was too nationalistic.
T he resolttion was carried by an overwhhelming majority.";"September 18, 1971";"";58280;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Goal of unity in EEC";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Priime Minister's visit to Ger- many has now been fixed for March 6 to 9. An announcement from 10 Down- ing Street yesterday said:-
""The Prime Minister's visit to Germany
which had to be postponed from Janu- ary on account of the illness and death of Sir Winston Churchill. will now take place in March. Mr. Wilson will visit Berlin on Saturday, March 6. He will travel on Sunday, March 7, to Bonn where he will have official talks on March 8 and 9 with Dr. Erhard, the Federal ChanceUlor.
The Prime Minister will be accompanied to Berlin and Bonn by the Foreign Sec- retary, Mr. Michael Stewart.""
The international scene is shifting swiftly at present, and a Government spokesman said yesterday it was impos- sible to predict what would be the most important topic for discussion by the time the visit takes place. Certainly, however, Mr. Wilson will wish to discuss the British proposal for an Atlantic Nuclear Force, even though Dr. Erhard said last week that no definite action would be taken on the proposal-or on the proposal for a mixed-manned surface fleet (M.L.F.)-before the German elections in the autumn.
B.A.O.R. COSTS
Another topic which Mr. Wilson will almost certainly wish to raise will be the purchases to be made by Germany to offset the foreign exchange cost of maintaining B.A.O.R. At present the British Government see no prospect of purchases by Germany of more than £25m. to £30m., while the total cost is estimated at over £75m.
Mr. Wilson's talks may well be of particular interest when they turn to east- west relations and the possibility of a new approach to Russia on the German problem. His visit to Bonn is only a week before the visit which Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister, will make to London on March 16.
According to present plans, Mr. Stewart will have a busy month. After the German talks he is arranging to travel direct from Bonn to Rome for the meeting of the Ministerial Council of Western European Union, which is due to take place there on March 9 and 10.";"February 16, 1965";"";56247;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Wilson To Visit Bonn In March";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Herr Willy Brandt. the west German Foreign Minister, look- ing remarkably well after his re- cent cure, spoke to The Times yesterday about the prospects for east-west discussions, and the forthcoming ministerial meeting of the Western European Union at The Hague.
On the prospects for east-west discussions, Herr Brandt said that President Nixon had made clear during his Bonn visit that he believed negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union were possible this year. These, Herr Brandt thought, would cover arms limitation, but the Americans also wish to bring in Vietnam and the Middle East.
Herr Brandt implied that the United States Government did not intend to try to make the Middle East part of any package deal. He added, however. that in any Soviet-American talks Bonn would like to see included some agreement on Berlin and contacts between east and west Germany. He was against any abrogation of the existing four-power agree- ments on Berlin, but hoped that the three western oowers could
recommend to west Germany and the Russians to east Germany that the two should negotiate an im- provement on certain bilateral questions between them, such as freer movement between the east and western sectors of Berlin and between east and west Germany.
Herr Brandt, who at the week- end had had what was evidently not at all encouraging talks with M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister, said that it now looked most unlikely that France would be represented at the next W.E.U. ninisterial meeting at The Hague, scheduled for the end of May. France willnot attend the meet- ings of the W.E.U. Permanent Representatives in London, unless the other members agree to the French interpretation of the treaty.
He said that he did not support Mr. George Brown's efforts to push forward proposals for poli- tical unity. It is too soon, he said, for that. This view. it may be added, is similar to the views of some senior officials in London. who argue that Mr. Brown is ""just about the right distance ahead "" of British Ministers.";"March 12, 1969";"";57507;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt hopeful on east-west talks";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, SEPT. 11
An agreement on African advance- ment was issued yesterday by the Rhodesian Selection Trust and the European Mineworkers' Union.
In general it is similar to the agreement which the union signed with the other mining group, Anglo-American, at the end of July, with the imporant difference that this time the veto clause giving the union the- right to refuse any transfer of further categories from the European to the African schedule is omitted. Instead, the union has accepted the statement of policy by R.S.T., which says that the only solution to the problem of African advancement is one achieved by mutual good will; good faith, and agree- ment between the R.S.T. and the European union.
The union has agreed that negotiations for further African advancement could be started after the report on an industrial survey, although there should be no further implementation until the three-year period specified in the agreement with Anglo- American. Like the earlier agreement this one transfers 24 categories of jobs from the European sphere to the African.
STATEMENT OF POLICY
The full text of the R.S.T. statement of policy is:-
"" The R.S.T. group of companies confirms its expressed desire for a just solution of the African advancement problem by reaching an agreement which will safeguard the legiti- mate interests and wellbeing of its European employees while providing for the reason- able aspirations of all other employees.
' The Northern Rhodesia Mineworkers' Union, for its part, has indicated a desire to make reasonable concessions with a view to solving present differences, and has incdi- cated that it has no intention of unreasonably withholding its consent in future to any scheme for African advancement which does not conflict with the union's desire to ensure reasonable prospects for the European employees -of the companies.
"" In the light of these expressed policies. the R.S.T. group and union stand convinced that the only solution to the problem of African advancement which will ensure con- tinued peaceful and harmonious progress of industry so ardently desired ly both parties is one achieved by good will, good faith, and agreement between them.""";"September 12, 1955";"";53323;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Africans' Work In Copperbelt";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN COMESPONDENr
BONN, MARcH 24
With laconic official words of regret Bonn this weekend acknowledged the failure of its immediate efforts to circumvent the French veto and, by bringing the Western European Union into play, keep Britain in contact with the Common Market coun- tries. It is true that after it had been announced that the Council of Ministers would not now be meeting on Friday, Dr. Schroder last night again found encourag- ing words for Britain. These, however, were believed to express only west Ger- many's long-term general airns.
Dr. Schroder, who spoke at a Christian Democratic rally in Hanover, said that Britain would be regarded as a ""welcome E.E.C. member of tomorrow and be so handled "". He added: "" We shall conSnue our efforts to make Britain's entry possible and in a way that will make this easier for her."" He gave no details.
The Federal Government said that it regretted that in spite of intensive efforts on its part agreement had not been reached between the governments of the seven W.E.U. countries over the holding of a meeting. Pressed to give a more precise reason for the failure, officials pleaded for understanding; the Government did not wish by statements made now to prejudice the possibility of future meetings of the WE.U. Council of Ministers.
Feeling itself under none of the restraints of a government. the Social Democrat Party executive roundly condemned French *-obstructionism"" for the canceliation of the meeting. It was becoming increasingly clear, it said. that President de GauDle's aim was to defy and weaken all the existing western European communities. It also declared that this latest French stand showed how ineffective was the new Franco- German treaty of cooperation
In this rather depressing atrmosphere the Finance Ministers of the Six are due to begin tomorrow at Baden-Baden the meet- ing postponed. at the request of the Dutch, immediately after the collapse of the Brus- sels negotiations with Britain. The French are expected to take up the matter of the penetration of United States financial infhu- ences in the Common Market countries.";"March 25, 1963";"";55658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Long-Term Hopes Of Dr. Schroder";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. Nov. 16
Today's political debate of parlia- mentary delegates from nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. attending their annual conference in Paris, ranged beyond immediate pre- occupation with the Berlin situation to some of the broader concepts of Atlantic integration. One of the motions pre- sented by the political committee hoped that the Atlantic convention, to be held here in January, would take every opportunity to recommend appropriate changes in relationships, including the creation of n'ew institutions if necessary. to establish an ""adequately integrated Atlantic community"".
Senator Estes Kefauver, leader of the American delegation, felt that the vision of a truly unified and integrated Atlantic community was much nearer reality than many people appreciated. He could think of no better forum than the coming con- vention for a forthright resolution of the questioo of whether existing institutions of the Atlantic community were adequate.
Mr. Arthur Conte, president of Western European Union, returned to more specific proposals for the transformation of the parliamentarians' conference into a fully fledged consultative assembly of the Atlantic alliance. He said that the accession to the European Economic Community of Britain and perhaps other nations would create an economic unit in Europe of 230 million people which would have far greater freedom of action than individual European countries had now.
WIDER CONCFRNS
Either united Europe. more sure of her- self and having become a serious economic competitor of the United States. would adopt more independent Policies within the alliance and so weaken it; or, if their peoples and politicians had the necessary foresight, the two wings of the alliance would create even closer ties.
Mr. Conte envisaged alternating sessions of the Atlantic Assemblv in Europe and North America. and suggested that its primary concern with the military security of the free world would necessarily be extended to problems of economic coopera- tion on both s'des of the Atlantic.
A move was made during the debate to restore an omitted clause asking that the problem of the captive nations be included on the agenda of every appropriate inter- national conference.";"November 17, 1961";"";55241;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Closer Ties In The Atlantic Alliance";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT I
MONTREUX, SEPT. 1
The Federal Europe Congress at Mont- reux closed on Saturday after four days' discussion.
Mr. Duncan Sandys, M.P., a member of a strong British delegation, declared his belief that 80 per cent. of the people of Europe were already won over for the idea of the federal union.
This gathering was the second of a series of three designed to explore the whole question of the federation of States for the preserva- tion of peace. The European Federal Union started from a frank recognition of the diversi- ties of the European nations and then con- sidered to what extent and by what methods they could be federated in the interests of peace. In this they encountered the question whether progress was more feasible along political or economic lines. The balance of opinion seemed to be in favour of the former, in that it was recognized that a purely econo- mic federation would lack the elements of sacrifice, idealism, and tolerance such as are the true foundations of all existing federations, whether of the Swiss or American pattern.
The British delegates were insistent that a federated Europe was in no way against the interests of the United Kingdom and that the inclusion of the British Isles was essential to a European federation.
The third congress, calling itself the Euro- pean Parliamentary Union, will be held at Gstaad on September 8 and following days. Count Coudenhove-Kalergi, who has long been identified with the project of a European Parliament, has the ambitious purpose of holding the first sitting of a European Parlia- ment composed of delegates who are active members of the legislature of their respective countries. It is to be more a demonstration of possibilities-and impossibilities-tban an attempt to achieve practical political results in federation, and it is possible that the majority of the delegates will welcome it mainly as an opportunity to exchange views on federation with their opposite numbers in other European countries. It will discuss in parliamentary fashion the principles and conditions necessary for a European union.";"September 2, 1947";"";50855;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Federal Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. Nov. 2
The Federal Government has again approached the Supreme Allied Com- mander, Europe, to lift restrictions on the production of certain weapons. After the recent decision authorizing the manufacture of small missiles the Federal Government has requested the raising of the maximum tonnage of warships that may be built in west =erman yards, and permission to manu- facture certain kinds of sea mines, bitherto under strict control.
Such requests are confidential until they have been discussed by N.A.T.O. and Western European Union. but it has been known for some time that the Bundes- marine has considered the ceiling of 3.000 tons inadequate because of recent developments in naval weapons. Missile launchers. for instance, apparently cannot bc mounted on vessels of 3,000 tons or less displacement. Permission to build a train- ing ship of more than this tonnage has already been granted.
The latest request. it would seem, does not apply to submarines. Such vessels built in west German yards must not exceed 350 tons, but for the time being this seems not to disturb the Bundesmarine, whose staff believes that larger submarines are not required for operations in the Baltic. The request apparently is for larger destroyers, escort vessels, and supply ships.
So far as mines are concerned, the Bundesmarine is apparently dissatisfied with the range offered by the allies. Under the treaty, all mines except anti-tank and anti-personnel mines are controlled.
The relevant protocol modifying and extending the W.E.U. treaty to inclide the Federal Republic and Italy takes note of Dr. Adenauers renunciation of the pro- duction of certain weapons, and lays down that in certain cases this undertaking can be modified or cancelled on the request of the Federal Government. The request can be granted if it is accepted by a two- third1s majority of the Brussels Council of Ministers at the request of the Supreme Allied Commander. Europe.
General Norstad, who has been eager to urgc tactical nuclear weapons upon the Bundeswehr, is understood to favour the comolete witherawal of restrictions on the production of conventional weapons in the Federal Republic.";"November 3, 1959";"";54608;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans Asking For Bigger Warships";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owvn Correspondent
Bonn, May 10'
West Germany's ruling Social - Democrats today began to unveil their strategy for the general election in October by publishing a 100-page electoral platform. It contains few sur- prises, - not least because its main points have already leaked out.
The document looks back on 10 years in coalition govern- ment, the last seven as the main component in the administration, and bears the unmistakable imprint of Herr Schmnidt, the Chancellor, who is vice-chairmian of the party under Herr Brandt.
Campaign strategy will leanl heavily on the concept, ""Ger- many-example to the world"" (Modell Deutschland). The document lists the achieve- ments which, it believes, have made this country the envy of the world, and what a renewed Social Democratic-led adminis- tration should do to keep this position. The campaign will centre on the person of the Chancellor; undoubtedly its greatest single asset.
Top priority is given to res- toring full employment, and further improvements in 'social security and continual social reform are also promised. The party remains committed to
work for European union and for peace on the basis of a strong Nato and contact with East Europe.
The publication of the Social Democrats' programme today was thought to be not uncon- nected with a sudden change of tactics by the printers' union, which abandoned its narionwide strike in favour of selective action against the bigger publishing concerns.
A strong appeal for a return to work has already been made by the Government, and the strike, now into its second week, appears to be crumbling. The publishers' association claimed today that about half the normal output of daily papers had been printed last night, mainly by small to middle-sized regional news- papers. But the larger papers are still out of action.
The publishers are now con- sidering whether to reimpose the nationwide lockout they started at the beginning of the stlrike, which is over pay.
Police used truncheons and dogs outside a printing works in Darmstadt today as demon- strators tried to stop three lor- ries carrying printed matter for Britain leaving the plant. The union said it had with- drawn its pickets and that the demonstrators were extremist agitators.";"May 11, 1976";"";59701;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Germany best' platform for Social Democrats";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic CorresDondent
Mr. Harold Wilson reaffirmed yesterday that British policy ""remains firmly based on our application for full membership of the European communities "". He told European parliamentarians in London for the twentieth anni- versary of the Council of turope: "" Our determination, to join the communities did not weaken in the face of delay in opening nego- tiations in our application, nego- tiations which the European Com- mission recommended should start over 18 months ago. And it cer- tainly will not weaken now.""
The parliamentarians, represent- ing the 18 member countries of the council, had been welcomed by the Queen at the Banqueting House in Westminster in a speech in. which she said that the longing for closer association was stronger than ever
In his address Mr. Wilson said that it had been political consider- ations which led the British Gov- ernment to apply for full meri,ber- ship of the European communities. The agreement of six countries in Western European Union last February to consult on major i.ssues of foreign policy had been fruitfully pursued. "" This is a fav- ourable beginning- and something on which we are determined to build "", the Prime Minister said.
Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, who is chairman of the counciL said when leaving Lancaster House after yester- day's session that he thought there was a good chance of starting serious negotiations on Britain's entry into the Common Market before the end of this year.
Earlier, in reply to the Queen's speech of welcome. Herr Brandt ernphasized that the Council of Europe had never thought of it- self as a block. In recent years special efforts had been made to stimulate east European countries to take part. at any rate in the non-political sector.
In building unity in western Europe the council was fulfilling a basic requirement for a durable European peace system.
The controversial question facing the committee of Ministers when it meets today will be the possible expulsion of Greece for a breach of the Human Rights Con- vention. It looks most likely that a decision will be postponed for a few months, until, it is hoped, the Committee on Human Rights has presented its report.";"May 6, 1969";"";57552;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wilson firm over Europe";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"I From Ian Murray
Paris, Dec 4
For once there was a quorum on the last half-day session of the Western European Union Assembly in Paris today. Mr Fred Mulley, the Assembly president, said this was for the first time in recent years.
The reason for this unwonted interest was a report presented by Mrs Jill Knight, Conserva- tive MP for Edgbaston, explain- ing how dull and uninteresting they all were.
As rapporteur of the commit- tee for relations with parlia- ments, she had beer asked to draw up a paper on the press coverage given to the union, vhich was set up in 1954 to provide a defence group of par- liamentarians from the original six EEC members and Britain.
Mrs Knight said: "" Without publicity, I submit, we are a sterile body. We get little pub- licity because we are so ineffec- tive. We are ineffective because nothing that we do is of importance.""
She regretted that some mem- ber nations had not even bothered to surpply the requested reports on relations with the press so she could not yet complete her work.
"" The Assembly of the WEU is an extraordinarily useless body. So much of its work is completed only to be ignored. Reports are compiled with infinite care and with the pro- fuse burning of midnight oil.
""They are argued about, amended, talked over and dis- cussed and finally they appear in cherished print, like a much- wanted child after a long and difficult labour. Alas, their fate
is only to live in the proud memory of the rapporteur. The press and parliaments of mem- ber states take neither notice of nor action upon a single word.""
Mis Knight emphasized that many of the reports were both good and worth while. The organization was the only one that specialized in the defence of Europe and it had wings- the Armaments Control Agency and the Standing Armaments Committee-of which few mem- bers even knew the exact function.
She urged the WEU Council of Ministers to ""back us up instead of undermining us"" by hiving off its responsibilities. She called for much more fre- quent WEU ministerial meet- ings, and condemned individual governments for fobbing the Assembly off with third-rate speakers.";"December 5, 1980";"";60794;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU Assembly 'a useless body'";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. Ocr. I
Opposition to the proposed second phase of the reduction in the strength of the British Army of the Rhine is likely to stiffen if the first manoeuvres of the Bundeswehr last week are any guide to its efficiency. There is no doubt that the performance was disappointing, and that the troops were still in the first stages of training. Should other divi- sions be similarly unready, opposition to British reductions is expected to in- crease, because, apart from the Supreme Commander's views on the minimum N.A.T.O. strength, it was generally felt that there should be some coordination between these reductions and the build- up of the Bundeswehr.
At present only about 500 officers and men have been withdrawn from the Rhine Army, but this is due to reorganization here and of the British Army generally. It was confirmed to-day that most of the 13,500 would be home before the end of April. The second phase is dependent on agreement in Western European Union, but British policy as stated- in the defence White Paper remains unchanged. If it is carried out, the effectiveness of the N.A.T.O. land forces must be diminished while the Bundes- wehr remains unready.
BUNCHED ON SKYLINE
Three German divisions are at the dis- posal of N.A.T.O. but they are divisions in name only. Last week's exercises showed that the old efficiencv of the Wehrmacht had disappeared: this was to be expected though, if more attention had been paid to the training of junior officers and n.c.o.s, a higher degree of efficiency could have been reached.
Observers said that the men generally seemed to have little idea of what was expected of them, and unit commanders had obviously not been trained in handling large bodies of men or in the control of transport. There was little attempt at dispersal, and one column was left bunched on a skyline. When the commander was asked if he had been guaranteed domination of the air, he expressed surprise; the lesson on air attack had not been reached. The danger of nuclear attack was similarly ignored.
The exercises are to continue, and it is thought that the armoured formations may be better trained.";"October 2, 1957";"";53961;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Divisions Not Yet Ready";""
"['From A. M. RENDEL Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From A. M. RENDEL Diplomatic Correspondent
The Hague, June 5 Herr Willy Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, put forward a proposal for a summit meeting this year between Britain and the six Common Market countries when the meeting of the Western European Union (WE.U.) opened in The Hague today.
Replying for Britain, Mr- Michael Stewart said Herr Brandt's suggestion was very wel- come. His hope was that before any summit there would have been an acceptance in principle of Britain's application.
Herr Brandt was careful to make the way forward as easy as possible for France, which since February has boycotted meetings of the W.E.U. Permanent Coun- cil. He avoided calling his idea more than a suggestion and made no request for other members to support it with any resolution.
Herr Brandt said that some time towards the end of the year, possibly October or November, a special meeting might be called between the heads of government and Foreign Ministers of Britain. France. west Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, which make up the W.E.U. membership.
The conference should consider the essential problems of the de- velopment of Europe, including the timetable for tackling them. Herr Brandt indicated that ques- tions affecting Britain's member- ship should be given priority. although it appeared that negotia- tions with other candidates- Norway, Denmark and the Re- public of Ireland-might be con- ducted simultaneously.
Herr Brandt left vague the question whether interim trade arrangements should be made between the present Common Market members and the appli- cants.
In his opening address, Mr. Stewart said that events had shown that Britain had been right to be resolute and patient, and not to look for side roads or interim solutions. There were difficul- ties ahead, but the opportunity might be returning to make a reality of a wider, more closely integrated Europe.
Mr. Stewart hoped that Britain would get an answer to her appli- cation for membership-made in May, 1967-when the Council of the Six next met, and that the answer would be a straight "" yes """;"June 6, 1969";"";57579;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brandt call for summit on Britain";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVF-
-Paris, Feb. 16
If the Paris threats mean what they say, the French permanent representative to the Council of the Westenm European Union will not take part in the regular meet- mg in London on Tuesday unless the other members have made amends for their transgression of the Brussels Treaty.
By this, France means that the members must indicate that they will not take part again in con- sultations Like those in London last Friday, when the French refused t obe represented.
If amends are not made. then the regular session of the WE.U. parliamentary assembly in Pans next Thursday can hardly take place. It is inconceivable that it should F,o ahead without the par- liamentarians of the host country.
Even if French honour is satis- fied, one of the eonsequences of Friday's meeting will almost in- evitably be the resignation of Mr. Iweins d'EeckhouKe, the secretary general of W.E.U., who gave his blessing to the British ""plot"" to the extent of allowing the meeting to take place on the premises of the organization.
There is no question of the French Government relaxing its demands. It has already exposed itself to a public rebuff by threat- ening a veto before the London meeting and baving this ignored by its partners. On the other hand. even the most sanguine French observers consider it un- likely that six sovereign govern- ments will do penance to Paris for their sins.
The most likely outcome of this latest crisis between Paris and London, and between France and her five partners in the Common Market, is a "" hibernation "" of the W.E.U. France will not withdraw from the organization, as the Brus- sels Treaty makes no provision for withdrawaL She will merely refuse to attend its meetings and these, in her view, will not be meetings of the W.E.U., but ad hoc gather- ings of six European countries.
France has done it before. Between June, 1965, and January, 1966, she practised the policy of the ""empty chair"" in the Euro- pean Economic _ommunity be- cause of the crisis that arose over a~gricultural po]icy.";"February 17, 1969";"";57487;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France firm on WEU";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"- FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, Ocr. 7
After the breakdown of the Brussels negdtiatioDs f orBrtish entry isi ntio the European Economic Cnmuniity, voices had been ralsed at-home in favour of Britain withdrawing from Europe, Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, said in Milan tonight. It was an act of political courage for the British Government to resist this prcssure.
Mr. Heath, who was giving a lecture to the Milan Insdtutte for the Study of International Politics, said that in the Westerm European Union and in the Council of Europe the work of fostering a European viewpoint and of binding together the peoples of Europe could still go forward,
Britain and the other Efta members were developing an industrial frce trade area with the purpose that there should ultimately be European-wide economic integration. The creation of a parlia- mentary forum on an Atlantic scale was now also being discussed.
DEFENCE POLICY
Should these ideas crystallize, Britain, the origin of modern Parliaments, ""would be able to make a particular contribution to their realization"".
Mr. Heath said that British external defence policy was' based on four premises:
That freedom and territorial integrity of
western Europe and north America were indivis2ble:
That nuclear weapons had ruled out war
between tho great powers;
That Britain had obligations outside the
Atlantic area which she was determined to honour; and
That the independence of countries outside
the Atlantic area was a vital interest common to the west as a whole.
V-BOMBER FORCE
Britain was making her contribution to the security, prosperity, and develop- ment of the west and of other countries also. She was a ful member of Nato, the Central Treaty Organization, and the South-East Asia Treaty Organization. She had assigned thie whole of ber V bomber fore to Nato and was discussing without cornmitment the pcoject for a mixed mantied force.
Mr. Heath summed up: -
If the principal interests of western
countries were now shared, they werm none the less national interests.
Anms that were shared required oint
poticies. It was essential to maintain cohesion within the western world.
Cohesion and cooperation would be main-
tained to the extent it became possible to dispel the fears about the loss bf national personality.";"October 8, 1963";"";55826;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Place In A New Europe";""
"['From Gretel Spitzer']";"['News']";"From Gretel Spitzer
Dortmund, June 18
Herr Helmut Schmidt, the Federal Chancellor and deputy chairman of the West German Social Democrats, charted the party's future course when. he addressed the 400 delegates attending its congress in Dort- murnd today.
Did the way in which the con- gress wvas debating and dis- cussing its problems really reflect the realities of the mid- 1970s, he asked. ""I have the impression that wve are too serious at times, too much obsessed by work and too set on principles to be able, to experience and absorb the relaxed way, the ease and the art of living of the new genera- ton.""
He reassured the delegates that the party's coalition with the Free Democrats woufd con- tinue after the October 3 elec- tions Herr Schmidt went on the- offensive to demand that the Christian Demifocrat opposi- tion should withdraw its slanderous election slogan of ""Freedom or socialism "".
It was obvious, however, by the way he indulged in. this controversial. issue' that the slogan has provided the SPD with a welcome weapon for its election campaign.
Mentioning just enough shortcomings to retain his credi- bility, the Chancellor proudly
recorded improvemenits in the political, economic and social fields during the last seven years of SPD-led Government
The' Atlantic alliance and efforts to promote European union' would continue to guide his foreign policy.
The party congress is atten- ded by representatives of fraternal Socialist parties. The foreign delegates, however, are not invited to address the con- gress. Both Herr Willy Brandt, the party's chairman, and Herr Schmidt have emphasized that the SPD relied on itself in its election campaign and did not seek help from abroad.
The barb of these remarks appeared to be directed against prominent Conservative spea- kers at the 'recent Christian Democrat congress - among them Mrs Margaret Thatcher.
Addressing himself to those European conservative politi- cians who supported the slogan ""Freedom or' Socialism "", he said they were welcome as guests and speakers; their participation in the German election campaign was not felt to be unwarranted interference, after all Europe should also grow together with regard to its parties.
He added, however: "" Those who want to teach us about freedom should be true and credible themselves in this respect "".
A4";"June 19, 1976";"";59734;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Schmidt charts the future SPD course";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
ATHENS, JuNE 21
A plan for solving the Cyprus problem by founding an independent kingdom of Cyprus was submitted earlier this month by Count Coudenhove-Kalergi, presi- dent of the Pan-European Union. to the Governments of Great Britain, Greece, and Turkey. The text of his proposals was made public here to-day without commenL
Count Coudenhove-Kalergi declared in his memorandum that three "" destructive "" solutions for Cyprus had been proposed: (1) Self-government within the British Commonwealth; (2) annexation by Greece; and (3) partition. He discarded self- government as merely perpetuating the present difficulties by placing elected Cypriot leaders at the head of the campaign for union with Greece; enosis he regarded as impracticable because of Turkey's objection that annexation by Greece would disrupt the balance of power between the two nations; and partition, he said, would foment fresh hatred and tragedy, for the island would be turned into the battle- ground of two antagonistic nationalist and religious camps.
OBJECTION TO REPUBLIC
In view of these difficulties, Count Coudenhove-Kalergi believed that nothing short of independence could solve the problem, restore European unity in the eastern Mediterranean, and safeguard N.A.T.O. and world peace. Seeing that an independent republic in Cyprus might lead the island through political instability to the throes of Communist domination, he proposed that Cyprus should become a democratic and constitutional monarchy. He recalled that the first kingdom of Cyprus was created in the twelfth century by Richard Coeur de Lion.
The memorandum indicated that if King Paul of the Hellenes were chosen as hereditary monarch of a sovereign and independent Cyprus this would establish permanent bonds of a sentimental and sym- bolic character between Greece and Cyprus.
Anxious to safeguard the rights of the Muslim minority Count Coudenhove- Kalergi proposed the establishment of a two-House Parliament: a Chamber com- posed of Greek and Turkish representatives in proportion to population, and a Senate composed of Greek and Turkish representa- tives in equal numbers.
In personal letters to the Greek political leaders Count Coudenhove-Kalergi asked for their support for this plan.";"June 22, 1957";"";53874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Proposal For Cyprus";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. L. S. Amery, opening a series of addresses at London Unriversity last night on "" Britain's Place in Europe,"" advocated a European association or Common- wealth based on the maintenance of mutual peace, racial and linguistic tolera- tion, freedom of thought, speech, and political activity,, and effective mutual economic cooperation.
Actual federation or surrender of national sovereignties was not necessary, he said. What was essential was the right to the' fullest measure of mutual cooperation, the recognition of Europe as a political and economic entity entitled to regulate its internal relations without external interference. Such a union could come about only by the free will of the European nations concerned. At the same time our influence could be decisive. All Eurone was looking to us for a lead, for any wav of escape from the present slough of despoid, for any real security against yet another European cataclysm.
In giving such a lead we must face frankly the initial opposition which we were bound to meet both from the United States and from Russia. The United States, was at the moment, wedded to the nineteenth-century conception of promiscuous international trade within the framework of fixed exchanges and the most- favoured - nation - clause. They. were even endeavouring to force us to abandon imperial preference. The policy which they favour was, in fact, the policy which resulted in the great depression of. 1931. It would not only leave Europe once again at the mercy of the fluctuations of an unregulated American economy, but be a fatal obstacle to the build- ing up of any real European union. He did not doubt that if we and Europe were resolved to maintain the principle of mutual economic cooperation that the United States would accept the position and presently realize its advantages to themselves as well as to those more directly concerned.
By far the best hope for mutual understand- ing with Russia lay in expounding frankly a constructive policy for Europe and inviting Russia to play her part with us in promoting and fostering a new European order.";"November 27, 1945";"";50310;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commonwealth Of Europe";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Pans, Dec. II
The Committee of the Council of Europe. meeting in Paris today. unanimously condemned the re- cent attacks and kidnappings directed against diplomats by guer- rilla and terrorist groups. It recommended to governments that they study all possible security measures for the protection of dip- lomats. and the exent to which national laws allow severe punish- ment.
The Ministers' decision was in the nature of a considered protest against the increase in incidants. Their hope is that it wiJl help to mobilize public opinion, but apar/ from the protests, the Ministers also provided for practical steps and insisted that governments should act very closely together.
The resolution had been submit- ted by an ad hoc committee which met in Strasbourg last October to consider the risks that diplomatS undergo.
The resolution recommends member governments to study security measures and if necessary reinforce them: and also to examine "" to what extent national legislation provides a possibility of severely condemning the authors of attempts against the persons and the lives of diplomats'-
M. Jean de Lipkowski. State Secretary in the French Foreign Ministry. and during discussion today that no organization was better placed than the Council of Europe to raise this energetic pro- test. The French Government shared the anxiety of all its col- league countries in the matter.
However, he gave a warning against member governments get- ting themselves tied down too closely to a juridical stand. The case of Mr. Cross in Ottawa was one where a kidnapped diplomat's life was saved through negotiations. The primarv aim was to save human life.
Mr. Anthony Royall. Parliamen- tary Under Secrctary. Foreign Office. said member governments should ta-ke note of the report of the Western European Union com- mittee earlier this year osn the security aspects of the subject. which included such practical steps as police protection for the wives of diplomats when they went out shopping.
The W.E.U. committee drew up a report, which has not been gene- rally published but which is known to have discussed questions such as asylum for terrorists and kidnap- pers. extradition measures, and reprisals against condoning or har- bouring governments.";"December 12, 1970";"";58046;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European body denounces kidnapping of envoys";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The secretariat of Western European Union yesterday published regulations for the Armaments Control Agency, within the union, which were approved by its council earlier in the week. These regulations supplement the original agreement between the seven members of W.E.U., providing for the control of armaments through the control agency.
The W.E.U. machinery for arms control is often regarded as a possible forerunner of a system of arms control. over a much wider area. The present regulations evi- dently establisb a far from tight control, but, under the system provided, an inte- grated international team of inspectors drawn from nationals of the seven members have to satisfy themselves that specific types of armaments such as atomic weapons are not being manufactured in certain areas, for instance, west Germany, and that the level of stocks held by each member is not exceeded.
The control agency scrutinizes statistical and budgetary information and undertakes test checks, visits, and inspections at pro- duction plants, and at depots and military units not under N.A.T.O. authority.
LEGAL PROTECTION
It was provided when the agency was established that the conduct of these inspec- tions should be subject to detailed regula- tions, and that private interests should be legally protected. It is these regulations which have now been approved. They will apply immediately to inspections of dep6ts and military units, but not to inspections in private firms, until legal guarantees which arc being drafted are operative.
The regulations entitle the director of the agency to order inspections, visits, and test checks. At least five days' notice has to be given to the authorities of the member State on whose territory the control measures are to be taken, but in special cases this period may be reduced to the minimum necessary to allow the national authorities to take part. Inspectors are given the right to question those in charge, the right of access to premises, and the right to inspect documents and accounts, in military establishments, dep6ts, and pro- duction plants, for the purpose of surveying stocks and checking Production of end- items. This means that inspection will not include the inspection of any small com- ponent part but will cover complete military weapons.";"October 12, 1956";"";53660;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Control Of Arms";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
[Ihe degree of success achieved by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd in his two days of con- versations in Paris was summed up in his statement at London Airport on his return-"" I think my visit has improved our relations with the French.""
The Foreign Secretary spoke again (in almost the same words he bad used before leaving Paris) of the warmth and friendli- ness he had found in France. and added that he felt it had been necessary for the kind of talks they had had to take place.
The fact that there was no thought of negotiating any specific agreement. as Mr. Lloyd said yesterday, makes it difficult to point to any part of the general discus- sion as especially important. Two ques- tions stand out, however. The Franco- British agreement on two meetings of the western leaders before the summit meeting suggests a readiness to consider a series of high-level meetings later. as has been advocated by the Prime Minister. The outcome of the discussions on the Com- mon Market-Mr. Lloyd spoke of the French Government's ""clear . . . desire for a liberal economic policy""-and on Western European Union as a forum for political consultations about western Europe was also welcomed in London.
Speaking of east-west relations after his return to London, Mr. Lloyd emphasized the need "" to keep up the momentum behind the dttenze which bas taken place since the visit of the Prime Minister and myself to Moscow last February."" He thought Mr. Khrushchev's visit to France was ""a significant new factor."" He thought the visit was all part of the process of personal co-tacts which the Prime Minister had begun, and that it would help to improve the atmosphere. They were in agreement with the French Government to have the "" other summit meeting "" as soon as practical after that.
Mr. Lloyd's first engagement after his return from Paris was a meeting at luncheon with President Sekou Toure of Guinea. M. Toturd's official visit to London ends to- morrow, when he is expected to leave for western Germany.";"November 14, 1959";"";54618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Improved Relations With France";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Y1 OUR DIPLOMATIC CORERNPOnFN1r
When the two-day council meet- ing of the Western European Union (Britain and the Six) opened at Lancaster House yes- terday, Mr. Brown welcomed the delegates, but then left Lord Chalfont, Minister of State, to take the meeting.
None of the other Foreign Ministers is attending, and the British Government are taking the advice of the Germans and BeLgians and are not turning the meeting into the occasion for an exhibiton of ""grand musketry"" about Britain's bid to join Europe.
At the final session this morning, Lord Chalfont will, however, give an up-to-date account of the British economy, thereby in effect answer- ing criticisms in the Brussels Com- mission's report.
Yesterday Mr. Brown had a pri- vate talk with Signor Edoardo Mar- tino, the member of the Brussels Commission who has succeeded M. Rey, the new chairman, as the mem- ber responsible for external rela- tions, and who is representing the Commission at the present meeting.
At the two sessions yesterday east- west relations, China, the situation in Latin America, and the Middle East were discussed. There was general agreement that the search for a Middle East solution should continue through the United Nations.
On east-west relations M. M. A. Bettencourt, the French Secretary of State for foreign affairs, said that one of the bases of French policy continued to be the "" opening towards the east "". Any strengthening of Nato was illogical when a detente was being sought.
He said that all Europe must be European, but made no comment when Mr. H. J. de Koster, the Nether- lands Secretary of State, asked if this, in the French view. included Britain.
*There was general agreement that the situation in China must increas- ingly be borne in mind in all think- ing about the international scene. Lord Chalfont thanked the French and Dutch representatives for the succour and support which members of. their missions had recently given to members of the British mission in Peking in face of the tribulations to which they had been subjected.
It was agreed to hold the next W.E.U. ministerial meeting in Brussels at the end of January or beginning of February at a date to be fixed by the W.E.U. permanent representatives.";"October 13, 1967";"";57071;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU hold talks in London";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Michael Stewart is to pay a brief call on February 5 upon Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister. in a sanatorium at Buhlerh6he in the Black Forest, where H6rr Brandt is recovering from an attack of pleurisy. A Foreign Office spokesman in an- nouncing this yesterday added that Herr Brandt will not be able to attend the forthcoming Western European Union (W.E.U.) meet- ing and his illness prevented him from visiting London as planned on January 16 and 17. Mr. Stewvart therefore decided to stop on his way to the W.E.U. meeting in Luxembourg to visit Herr Brandt.
The fact is that the position of west Germany will be crucial at the W.E.U. meeting. Signor Nenni. the Italian Foreign Minister, is putting forward a paper proposing regular consultations between such W.E.U. members as wish them on their policy towards each other and towards third countries-for instance east European countries -with a view to coordinating west European foreign policy.
The French attitude to this has not been stated, but Paris has
refused to agree to the inclusion of W.E.U.'s role in the unification of Europe as an item on the Luxembourg agenda. There is little doubt that the French dele- gate will refuse to take part in such consultations, if not to discuss the proposal for them altogether. There is clearly a great difference between consultations between Britain, the Benelux countries and Italy, all of whom are eager to proceed, and con- sultations between these four and west Germany also. If the W.E.U. meeting is to produce a really effective decision, west German agreement is most important.
Another very important Anglo- German problem is the future of the centrifuge system to produce enriched uranium. Mr. Stewart is unlikely to discuss this-at least, in any detail-as British, west German and Dutch officials are due to explore the proposal further in the near future. Clearly, however, this field, to produce energy resources for European industry, is also one in which the British Government hope to be able to cooperate with west Ger- nany in the near future.";"January 29, 1969";"";57471;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn's support sought for common policy";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT I
PARIS, MARCH 29
The French never lack plausible reasons for their actions. In this instance there are deep divisions within the Six both on the form that any political union might take and on the issues, vital in the French view, of foreign policy and defence. There is clearly much to be said on the side of prudence.
On the other hand, General de Gaulle himself gave Dr. Erhard the green light for further moves on political union in January. Before the recent Italian and west German moves, the Quai d'Orsay was inclined to take the view that after the rejection of the Fouchet Plan it was up to France's partners to take the initiative. This position is hardly tenable now.
BRITAIN'S ROLE
PARIS, March 29.-Britain's relations with Europe were discussed by parlia- mentary representatives of the Six Com- mon market countries and Britain here today. NMr. C. A. Johnson, Labour M.P. for Lewisham South, presented a draft report to the political committee of the assembly of the Western European Union.
The report to the closed one-day meet- ing was on Britain, the Euronean Free Trade Association, to which she belongs, and the Common Markell
The commnittee decided to recommend that the assembly's full session in June take up the Berlin question.
The committee agreed to postpone preparation of a report on the political future of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization until the assembly's December session.
The committee meets again on May 10 in Paris.-Relter.
PRIME MINISIER GOING
TO PARIS
Immediately after the foreign affairs debate in the Commons on Thursday the Prime Minister and Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, will fly to Paris for two days of discussions. Both are to speak in the debate, which is likely to be dominated by the military conflict in Vietnam.
POLISH DISCUSSIONS
WITH THE SIX
BRUSSELS, March 29.-Polish repre- sentatives and European Common Market officials held their first meeting today on export difficulties of Polish farm products. Poland is the second communist country, after Yugoslavia, to discuss trade problems with the Six, though she does not officially recognize the Common Market. The two parties agreed on first tackling Poland's main problem. exports of eggs.-Associated Press.";"March 30, 1965";"";56283;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Deep Divisions";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Cotincil of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendment or delay. There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- nients of ratification by the President of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate was as follows: - (l) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110;
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute: 234 to 75;
(3) Entry of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114:
(4) Fnanco-German agreemcnt on the Saar:
217 to 92.
Ilhe last stages of the debate produced new cvidence of M. Faure's tactical skill when in answ.vr to the various amendments tabled he produced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimous approval of his Government at a Cabinet m:eting earlier in the day.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Thc statement listed the five essential hcads of French policy as follows:-
(I) Thle Franco-German agreement on the Saar should enter into application only after the conclusion of an economic agreement between the two countries on the basis recently agreed by them.
(2) The Western Europ-an Union should bc completed by an armaments production organization assuring the best possible utilization of the resources of member countries.
(3) The Government would seek a speedy dcfinition by the Council of W.E.U. of the proposed controls on weapons of mass dcstruction.
(4) The Government would point out to the members of N.A.T.O. the need for a sirengthening of the links between them. N.A.T.O. should not be limited to military problems alone. but should be a source of political, economic, and social solidarity betwzen its members both in and outside Europe-notably in the Mediterranean and Africa.
(5) The Government would seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the neareSt possible date, and had already approached its allies with a view to the r n wal of negotiations with the Soviet Government; it would also spare no effort for thz success of thz recent conversations on disarmament.";"April 21, 1955";"";53200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France Ratifies Treaties";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLONATIC CORRESPONDENT
As was to be expected, the full day of talks in London yesterday between Signor Saragat, the Italian Foreign Minister. and Mr. R. A. Buder. the Foreign Secretary, brought out the dose similarity of po4icy between the, British and ItaLian Governments on the nmilu international Droblemns which confront them-in particular, developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, and east-west relations.
Signor Saragat's one-day official visit at the invitation of Mr. Butler was intended to be, and has thereforc been, a successful prelude to the Ministerial Council meeting of Western European Union which takes place at Lancaster House today and to- morrow. Signor Saragat is attending the W.E.U. meeting as head of the Italian delegation.
MEETINGS WITH LABOUR During his stay in London, Signor Sara- gat, who is leader of the Italian Social Democrat Party and holds a crucial posi- tion in the present Italian coalition, will also meet several Labour Party leaders.
A joint statement issued yesterday even- ing spoke in unusually emphatic terms of the "" complete identity of views between the two Governments."" and stated: -
"" The British and Italian Ministers discussed
recent developments in European ques- tions and reaffirmed their desire to work for a democratic and outward-looking Europe on a broad basis of unity capable of playing a leading role in solving the major problems facing the west, in part- nership with the United States of Amenca.
"" They reaffirmed their belief that their
cornmon objectives would best be served by full British participation in the poli- tical and economic development of Europe. They also agreed on the need to work for a satisfactory outcome to the 'Kennedy round' [tariff] nesotiations.""
Later Signor Saragat said that the most important part of the statement was the paasage concerning develonments in Europe. Italy. he said, intended that European development should take place on lines teading to the integration of Britain into the European Community. Italy would not back any invitation for closer European integation wbich did not take account ot the possibility that Britain would join.";"January 23, 1964";"";55916;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Closeness Of Aims With Italy";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC STAFF']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC STAFF
An agreement on the withdrawal of some British and American troops from Europe is to be an- nounced soon in the Commons. The agreement was reached at the tripartite talks that ended in Lon- don yesterday.
Representatives of Britain, the United States, and west Germany have been meeting on and off since last October to discuss the related problems of troop levels and foreign exchange costs in Europe. The reason for the delay in announcing the agreement is that Nato and Western European Union must first be informed.
It is believed that Britain is to withdraw about 5,000 men in the first quarter of next year and that the Americans will withdraw about 30,000. There is. however, an im- portant difference in the way the two countries will handle their with- drawals.
The American troops will be regu- larly rotated, and will remain assigned to Nato even while they are at home. British troops will be merely ear- marked for assignment to Saceur (Supreme A}lied Commander, Europe), which is a much vaguer formula, thought by some observers to be a wvay of concealing partial disbandment.
W. German contribution
The British withdrawals are con- siderably less than was feared at one time. Last year sections of the Labour Party were demanding with- drawals of about 20,000 men.
The Americans are believed to have undertaken to spend a total of about £20)m. in the current finan- cial year, including the part of last year's offer of £12m. that carries over into this year. The sum also includes currency that will be spent as a result of moving Air Force units from France to Britain.
The provisional sums for the finan- cial year, 1967-68 now look like this:-
£ Total estimated foreign
exchange costs of British
troops in Germany .. 82m. Promised by west Germany 49m. Promised by the United
States .. .. .. 20m. Savings from redeployment of
British troops .. .. 3m. Shortfall, to be paid by
Britain .. .. .. lOm. As the British troops will not be moved until the beginning of next year, the savings will not be fully felt until the next financial year, when they are expected to be about £5,500,000.";"April 29, 1967";"";56928;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Army cuts in Germany agreed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 2
The consultative assembly of the Council of Europe continued its debate it Strasbourg today on the problems of uniting Europe given the existence of the two rival economic associations.
A feature of the debate so far has been the reserve expressed over the exclusive character of the political negotiations within Western European Union. in which Britain and the Six of the European Economic Community come together. Several of the Parliamentarians attending have thought that smaller countries, parti- mularly other members of the Seven of the European Free Trade Association, were being left out, and they have supported the idca raised in a report presented to the assembly yesterday -by Signor Montini of regular political consultations within the Council of Europe.
The greater part of the morning session wvas taken up with an address from M. Couve de Murville. the French Foreign Minister, who uDheld the Six as being thc mnost coherent European enterprise. He reviewed the obstacies facing European poli- tical and economic unification, and asserted that before a solution could be found much could be done in a practical way to avert distortions and facilitate exchanges.
MODEST START
Answering criticisms of French propo- ;als for close political cooperation within the Six, the Minister said that it was wrong to claim, as some did that moves to unite certain countries went against the general aspirations for European unity. He said that no one had ever suggested that it would be possible to unite in one go all the coun- tries in western Europe, either economi- cally or politically. It was necessary to make a modest start. It was also essential to take into account the character of each country as well as its particular ties and obligations.
The Minister saw no reason why existing organizations such as W.E.U. should not be used both ' in order to maintain and develop with Great Britain the narrow understanding in matters of international politics which tradition and good sense demand "".
A Swedish parliamentarian speaking after the Minister called upon France to examine more favourably in the future proposals put forward by Efta. The assembly ses- son ends tomorrow.";"March 3, 1961";"";55020;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Smaller Countries Left Out'";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, N. RHODESIA, JAN. 19
Moves by the Northern Rhodesian European Mineworkers' Union designed to extend the union's field of operations to include European artisans employed outside the copper mines ended in dead- lock last night when an eight-day ultima- tum issued to contracting firms by the union expired. The union's ultimatum said that "" further action "" would ensue if its demands were not accepted.
The union executive is to meet to-day and to-morrow at Kitwe and Luanshya. The Euro- pean union has called upon contractors other than builders to sign an agreement with the union whereby they undertake to employ European artisans on terms similar to those in force at the copper mines.
The disputte has considerable significance. The agreements existing between the European Mining Union and the mining companies bar the employment of Africans in certain classes of work now performed exclusively by Euro- peans unless such Africans receive equal pay and conditions. This in effect means that no Africans can be so employed economically.
AGREEMENT OUTFLANKED
The mining companies, though applying fully the agreement existing between them- selves and the European union, have in some degree outflanked the restrictive application of the agreement by letting out a considerable amount of maintenance, construction, and other work to private contractors who are not governed by the same conditions and can thus employ Africans on work which the minine comnanies cannot nsrmit thpm in {i
It is believed in both trade union and mining circles that the European mineworkers, whose constitution permits them to organizc "" industrial branches "" outside the mining in- dustry, may eventually seek to extend their activities to cover virtually all artisans, in the country.
The mining companies consider that, if the extension of the European union's influence continues in this way, its long-term effect mav be to make the present arrangements applying in the mining industry, including the restric- tions they exert on African advancement, apply throughout the country. The import- ance of this possibility is best understood if it is borne in mind that nearly ali building work and a great deal of work in garages and other mechanical workshops in Northern Rhodesia is now being done by Africans.";"January 20, 1953";"";52524;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Colour Bar In Copper Belt";""
"['By Rodney Cowton, Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Rodney Cowton, Defence Correspondent
[1he prospect for achieving an eighlt-nation agreement on a tfrigate design for the Noorth Atlantic Treatv Organization forthe 1990sdocsnotlookgood.
Last wcck, as reported exclus- ivelv from Brussels in 7-/we Times on Monday. the United States startled its partners in the project by seeking to introduce new conditions at a mceting at which a memorandum of understanding to carrv out a f'easibility study had becn expected to be signed.
The extent of the doubts of Biritain, the second most power- ful1 naval nation in Nato. about the proicct have since become .Ipparen t.
Mr Geoffrey Pattie. Minister or State for Defence Procure- mcnt, said that he was ""a bit pessimistic"" about reaching agreement on a Nato frigate
design. Britain would like to see -an eight-nation agreement. but is sceptical about the possibility of reconciling the conflicting needs of the nations.
Mr Pattie indicated that he thought it was more likely that a bilateral agreemcnt could be achieved between Britain and The Netherlands, and that after that it was possible that other European nations might join in.
Britaini appears to hope that through a process of cooper- ation, as exemplified by de- cisions to buy from each other engines and weapons systems t'or their newest frigates. British and Dutch ships will gradually acquire so much equipment in common that it will become relatively easy to move from that to a joint design of hull and equipment.
British defence circles arc
also sceptical about the French attempt to breathe new life into the Western European Union. That is seen as an attempt by France, which under President Charles de Gaulle quit the integratcd Nato command structure, again to involve itself more directly in European defence activities.
The French objective is welcomed, but British circles believe that the existing ma- chinery within Nato is adequate as a channel for enabling European members to work together.
Britain is. in particular, putting its weight behind the Nato Eurogroup. whiich in- cludes all the European mem- bers of Nato except France. and of which Mr Michael Heseltine, Secretary of State for Defence, is the current chairman.";"April 19, 1984";"";61810;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Discord on Nato frigate design";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
Luxembourg, April 3
""A man is dead. A head of state is dead. A great French- man is dead. A European is dead."" With these words, Mr Cornelis Berkhouwer, the Dutch President of the Euro- pean Parliament opened the first April session of the Assembly in Luxembourg today.
As members of the Parlia- ment, the European Commis- sion and the Council of Minis- ters stood in homage to the late President, Mr Berkhouwer said he would be remembered for his support for European union.
President Pompidou had given warnings against possible errors. ""Let us now remember and act as he would have wished, so that at least we can see a Europe which can finally decide its own fate.""
M Frangois-Xavier Ortoli, the French President of the Euro- pean Commission, described M Pompidou as a man of great- ness, a brave and feeling man, who had accomplished a great deal for the European ideal. Europe would never forget him.
Roger Berthoud writes from Brussels: Seen from Brussels, the death of President Pompi- dou marks the passing of a brave hope; that the Europe of the Nine could be simply a bigger and better version of the Europe of the Six. It survived the three EEC summit confer- ences called by President Pom- pidou. But the energy crisis and the Labour Government helped to kill it.
Observers here believe the EEC faces a period of at least six months in which the nine member states will be preoccu-
pied almost exclusively with their own internal problems.
Paris, April 3.-Praise for President Pompidou's role as a leader of France, Europe and the world crossed ideological and power-block lines as states- men and news organizations reacted today to his sudden death.
Moscow radio said President Pompidou had in foreign affairs followed the policy established by General de Gaulle, designed to strengthen "" France's inde- pendent role in international affairs "".
The Algerian news agency said the French leader's death ""is felt as a loss in the whole Mediterranean region "". The Israel Government said it ""joins in the mourning of the French people.""-Agence France Presse.";"April 4, 1974";"";59056;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC tribute to a great European";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 6
The Socialist national council, which met in Paris over the week-end to determine its position on many crucial internal and international problems, revealed the dilemma of French Socialists, who, like other parties of the majority, are torn between their sense of duty and electoral preoccupation.
Three main questions were emphasized by the many speakers: European unity, German rearmament, and Indo-China. The Socialist Party showed itself deeply divided on the precise character of European unity ifr ot on its principle. The motion voted by the majority stated that "" European unity without Britain or Scandinavia would be without value, and unity must be sought along lines which wil enable these countries to take part in it.""
Speakers like M. Jaquet and M. Andre Philip, however, thought that Europe must be constttuted first, if necessary without Britain, and put forward the same arguments as at the Council of Europe last August in favour of goig ahead with those nations who were willing to sacrifice their national sovereignty.
GERMAN REARMAMENT
M. Philip said that the French proposal con- tained in the Pleven plan for a European army came too late, and that he and his friends ""' could not tolerate the rearmament of Ger- many without the prior economic unification of Europe.""
The majority decision is dictated by the fear that a European union without Britain or Scandinavia would put the Socialists in a minority, and create a dangerous Franco- German t6te-a-t&te. All agreed, however, on the policy with regard to German rearma- ment which M. Moch defended at Washington and on the condemnation of European
' neutralism "" which M. Mollet described as the policy of the sheep and the wolf.
Of Indo-China, the council approved the position adopted by Socialist Ministers in recent debates in the Assembly. Some of the delegates, including M. Depreux, a former Minister of the Interior, called for an imme- diate appeal to the United Nations on the ground that the war made such heavy calls on the nation that it only reinforced the Com- munist position. The Secretary of State for War replied that the United Nations would be brought in only if Chinese intervention could be proved beyond dispute.";"November 7, 1950";"";51842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Policy Of French Socialists";""
"";"['News']";"limitation may not be enough and the minister's position looks more vulnerable than at any time since he took office in 1998. If Herr Fischer falls, then the Social Democrat-Green coalition would look shaky before the 2006 general election: he is one of the few remaining high-calibre Green Party politicians. It was a sure sign of crisis yesterday when Herr Schroder said that he had full confidence in his Foreign Minister. Usually Herr Fischer can be relied upon to fight his own battles. This time, however, the Chan¬ cellor may have to choose between his Foreign Minister and his Interior Minister, Otto Schily. Herr Schily warned the Foreign Ministry at an early stage that visa practices were being abused.";"February 15, 2005";"";68311;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'In the past five years a million Ukrainians have entered the European Union via Germany'";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harprnvp
Paris, Nov 1
President Pompidou's initia- tive in calling for a new Euro- pean summit before the end of this year, as the first of a series of regular meetings between heads of government alone, prompts two questions: Why did he decide on it ? What does he hope to achieve?
The President's statement yes- terday, true to character, pro- vided only part of the answers. The war in the Middde East, he said, had exposed the weakness of Europe in a way that even the blindest could not fail to see.
But the war was only confir- mation of what M Pompidou had been thinking for some time; in fact, ever since the spectacular reconciliation between Washing- ton and Moscow produced a direct threat to West Europe that the two superpowers would carve up the world between them and decide its fate with- out a hearing.
The strategic arms limitation talks and the Vienna conference on troop reductions, in which the European Community coun- tries had practically no say, was additional proof in his eyes. if any was needed. At the same time, the ambitious cataWgiue of objectives agreed upon at the Paris summit of October, 1972, remained verv much a pious hope. European economic and monetary union was deadlocked.
M Pompidou decided it was time to act. At his press con- ference on September 27, he put forward the idea of restricted summits, at frequent intervals,
to harmonize the foreign policies of EEC member countries.
The suggestion wvent almost unnoticed, except by Mr Heath, who took it a stage further at the Conservative Party confer- ence last month. The French and foreign press, highly critical of the French Government for blocking progress towards Euro- pean unity in recent months, and of the Presidents inaction, failed to appreciate the import- ance of his remarks.
It was nartly his fault. He deliberately played them down in order not to lay himself open to the accusation that France wvas again aiming at some sort of siiritual leadership of Europe.
However, M Pompidou was deeply irritated by the lack of response to his suggestion. The war in the Middle East con- vinced him that he must fling caution to the winds and take the initiative. One of the con- siderations which moved him to act was the realization that Russia was extending its influ- ence in the Indian subcontinent and South-East Asia, while the tendency for the United States was to pull back from its over- seas commitments.
Psychologically. the time was also ripe. Public opinion in France, and elsewhere, was readier to receive a French ini- tiative. European oil supplies were directly threatened; both Russia and the United States had opened intensive diplo- matic exchanges over the heads of the countries of West Europe.
The new European summit and its successors will be very
different in character and aims, if M Pompidou has his way, from the Paris conference of October, 1972. That was a ""CommunitY summit "", largely taken up with the bricks and mortar business of settling up a European economic and monetary union.
The new one will be "" con- federal summit ', a conference of heads of government to lay the basis of European political cooperation.
This, for M Pompidou, means working out a coinmon European approach to major world prob- lems, like the Middle East, in the fir""t stages; but if the meetings are successful and con, structive, they could lead to the creation of a kind of European Cabinet, and to real political union.
This is no more than what the Paris conference decided to do by 1980. But the French Presi- dent feels that a European policy cannot be worked out in the market place, so to speak, in a conference attended by more than 100 ministers and officials.
That is why he insists that regular summits should be strictly limited to nine heads of government, possibly with their foreign ministers (in order to get round the Dutch constitu- tional difficulty). It also means that the European Commission would not normally be brought in.
The President's initiative means the start of a new phase in European unity. Its aim is European union before the 1980 deadline, because Europe cannot afford to wait that long.";"November 2, 1973";"";58929;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Why M Pompidou flung caution to the winds and took initiative to speed European union";""
"['From Dan van der Vat']";"['News']";"From Dan van der Vat
Bonn, Jan 18
The emphasis in West Ger- man foreign policy is to be shifted by the second Brandt administration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe and the Community, the Chancellor told Parliament here today.
But Herr Brandt, though he began the traditional declara- tion of policy of his new Govern. ment with a review of foreign relations, devoted the main por- tion of his 90-minute speech to a long list of internal reforms. He left the new Parliament in no doubt that in the overall list of Government priorities for the new four-year legislative term domestic policy would have pride of place.
With his voice, severely strained during last autumn's election camDaign, restored to full power, Herr Brandt said: ' Peace in Europe has been strengthened, by our effort as well. Today, as yesterday, this peace is the clear wish of our people and the basic element of our interests.""
But the violence and discord still existing should not be ienored. In a clear though in- direct reference to Northern Ireland. he cited as an example ""the situation resembling civil war on the peripherv of EurQpe. daily demanding the sacrifice of human lives "".
He also referred to Vietnam, defending his decision, not to speak publicly about the Christ- mas bombing raids against the North. "" The pressing
impatience with which people in Germany also await peace for Vietnam can well be under- stood. As Federal Chancellor, I believed it was not right to join in vociferous protests about them, some of which had a false ring.""
On foreign relations, he said the Government would pursue its good neighbour policy. ""In the first instance, I mention the goal of European union, a goal established for this decade by the Paris summit conference in autumn, 1972.
""The comprehensive pro- gramme of work adopted by the summit conference must be carried into effect, particularly in the field of economic and monetary policy."" He called for a strengthening of democracy within the Community and more power for the Strasbourg Parliament.
At horne, Herr Brandt ap- pealed for restraint in wage negotiations and price increases. The incomes of workers, pen- sioners, self-employed people and farmers had risen: "" None of this can be taken as a matter of course "", the Chancellor said, "" as we can see if we look beyond our frontiers.""
There would be a rationaliza- tion of national energy policy, and the long-wvaited and long- promised reform of taxation would be implemented. Tax increases are clearly on the way.
Herr Brandt welcomed the critical interest of citizens and civic action against social evils as a positive contribution to a democratic and aware society.
The exercise of authority at all levels-federal, state and muni- cipal-should be more humane. West Germany needed critical citizens who thought tor them- selves, and was beginning to get them. ""In outlook, we have moved nearer to the Anglo- Saxon type of citizen, the French citoyen."" But the citizen state held out challenges.
The Government attached enormous importance to the freedom of the press. Fair com- petition laws would be applied to press mergers and a new press law introduced urgently to pro- tect the independence of journa- lists in all media.
In his enormously wide- ranging review, Herr Brandt Promised more care for the poor. the disabled and other categories of underprivileged citizens. Tenants would be protected from eviction, property specula- tion curbed, urban transport improved, land use reformed and road safety urgently tackled. The railway system would be modernized and expanded. especially as it was environ- mentally beneficial.
Our Frankfurt Correspondent wvrites: New cartel legislation will be placed before Parliament in the next few days. The reforms planned, which Herr Brandt out- lined in his speech today, could bring about a basic transforma- tion of West German industry.
An official of the Economics Ministry told The Times that
all the preparatory work for a' cartel reform 3ill had now been completed.
Leading article, page 15
Herr Brandt outlines his planned reforms to the Bundestag.";"January 19, 1973";"";58685;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt shifts the emphasis to the goal of European union and massive domestic reforms";""
"['Dr. Konrad Adenauer,']";"['News']";"By
Dr. Konrad Adenauer,
Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
Dr. Adenauer, who is the chairman of th/e Chiristian Democratic Union and itsfounder in 1945, was elected Chancellor-of the West German Federal Republic in September.
1949. He arrives in Londonz to-day.
""Inspired by the resolve to preserve its national and political unity and to serve world peace as an equal partner in a united Europe, the German people...."" These words stand at the head of the preamble to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. They enshrine, in a succinct and unvarnished form, the programme of the Federal Republic in the field of foreign policy.
The Basic Law-the constitution of our faith-was the work of all the democratic parties, and was approved by them. Thus, the goals set for its foreign policy were recognized not by the present Government parties alone. Rather, the Basic Law expresses a conception which in very truth inspired the whole German people -namely, that its unity and a better future for all Germany can be realized only within a European union grounded in common interests and ideals.
NATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS
This conviction rests on the recognition, forced upon the consciousness of the broad masses, that the European national States are not in a position to preserve each for itself the welfare, freedom, and peace of their citizens. The evolution and the form of the common life of nations must be adjusted to technical advance. That is possible only when nations combine in international and supra-national communities.
The conviction is not only a conse- quence of defeat. Nor is it a consequence of Soviet pressure. The history of the European movement goes back to before the first world war. In advance of their age and generation, those who were aware and awake perceived that nationalism was out of date spiritually, politically, and econo- mically. Nationalism was no longer able even to recognize the phenomena of our time, much less to find a solution for them.
After the first world war the attempt was made to translate this recognition into practical politics. We know that the attempt finally failed, notwithstanding the great efforts of eminent men. All of us know that might and power politics led the world to a new universal catastrophe and brought Germany herself to the very brink of total destruction.
A HIGHER UNION
The teaching of history has been heeded. Above all, the younger generation, reject- ing every form of nihilism, has taken up as its own cause the European idea as herald of the future. Moreover, it has become ever clearer that the man who loves his homeland and is a good natriot is precisely he who sees that the fulfilment of his desires and his hopes for his country can be assured only in a higher union which is more than the sum of its parts and which dedicates national strength to the good of the community- a community which, in turn, opens up to each partner the wide domain of the whole union.
The impelling spiritual, economic, and political reasons for European integration are so manifest that the desirability, and, indeed, the necessity, of such integration is everywhere acknowledged. Public
opinion in all countries of the continent in which freedom of rule obtains demands a European union. In this respect the people are ahead of their Govemments. Opinions differ how best to bring about European integration, and the controversy is still in full swing.
Here we have to face the following facts. Six nations-France, ltaly, the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg -have agreed, by the renunciation of sovereign rights, to build supra-national communi- ties. The first step along the road has been taken in the realm of coal and steel because here it was a matter of calcu- lable modalities unfettered by hampering emotional considerations. M. Robert Schuman and his friends in the six countries knew, however, that the first step would inevitably involve further steps. The extension of the principle of supra- national cooperation to other fields would logically lead to political and, finally, to military integration.
The Communist aggression in Korea, however, constrained the western world to turn to the raising of adequate defences with all speed. The western allies posed the question of the necessity for a German contribution, and answered it in the affirmative. We categorically pledge our- selves to ensuring that the solution of this problem should also serve the cause of European unity. For that reason we decided in favour of the European Defence Community. That is the guaran- tee of internal peace within Europe and its shield against the outside.
MILITARY QUESTIONS
The bitter necessity of applying ourselves to military questions has, however, made our political projects more pressing than ever. In the meantime our labours for bringing about the Political Community have progressed so far that there is a justified prospect that both the Defence Communitv and the Political Community will come into being almost simultaneously.
Our critics have held it against us that we were building "" a little Europe."" In truth, the six countries already formed the nucleus of European integration, which has found further expression in, for example, the Council of Europe and the O.E.E.C. This community is open to every European country which wishes to join and acknowledges its principles. The nucleus does not hamper but facilitates further integration. lt has made it pos- sible that, by way of association, practic- ally every degree of cooperation can be achieved without difficulty. There are no doctrinaire inhibitions. We respect the attitude of wait-and-see which Britain has adopted towards supra-national coopera- tion. Her attitude is to be explained by her position in the Commonwealth. The cooperation of the communities with Britain is, however, a striking example of the wealth of practical possibilities of working among one another and for one another by the method of association.
The European Community needs this cooperation; for only so will it have the prospect of enduring stability when it has the blessing of the whole free world.";"May 14, 1953";"";52621;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany In Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Soviet Government's approach to Geneva, as published by the Tass agency yesterday, is disappointing but hardly unexpected. It is evidently 'addressed primarily to the Germans.
The Soviet leaders no doubr decided that they must answer recent statements by Mt. Dutles and others that the Soviet Govern- ment have lost.interest'in German unifica- tion. They have produced, however, no new constructive suggestion .to refute th-se state- ments. They repeat the proposals made first by Mr. Molotov at the Berlin confer- ence for a security pact for Europe which all States who wished could join, including the two Germanys. Mr. Molotov, indeed, vxplained at San Francisco that first the two Glermanys and later'a united Germany could take part in such a pact. In so far as. it would be opzn eventually to a united Ger- many, jt would, however, leave Germany unallied in the centre of Europe, liab}e to turn now in one direction, now in another, and therefore a source of insecurity rather than stability.
NO BARGAINING
Sir Anthony Eden, in his recent speech to the English Speaking Union, on behalf, no doubt, of the western Powers as a whole, declared in effect that there would be no bargaining for. German unification at the cost of neutralization; and stated as bne of the first principles of the West that the N.A.T.O. alliance would be maintained:
lIt effect the Soviet statement has now indicated once again that it-will not agree to the unification of Germany, if Germany is then to join the western defence system. The present report states the western posi- tion unfairly when it claims that the western Powers are insisting that a reunited Germany must join the West. The western position is, in fact, that Germiany must be united after free elections, and must then be free. to choose her., alliances: If this would mean that a united Germany would in practice choose the N'A.T.O. alliance, then the western Powers would be prepared, as Sir Anthony Eden made clear, to negotiate with the-Soviet Union a means of reassuring them in view of their genuine and understandable fears of a unified Germany in alliance with N.A.T.O. It is fully realized here that an alliance, whatever the present strength of Russia, must seem militarily preponderant to the Russians, unless its defensive and restrictive character is brought home to them.
THREE CONCLUSIONS
The two sides have now therefore stated positions which are incompatible. The Soviet Government says that Germany cannot be united, if free then to join the west. The western Powers say that Germany cannot be united unless free to join the west. From this three conclusions can be drawn. First, as. has long been thought by many observers, there is little prospect that any broad scheme for German unification can be agreed at the present Geneva conference and' then left to the Foreign Ministers to elaborate. Secondly, the Russians probably intend to leave the German question undecided but to make a direct appeal to that section of German opinion which would accept i.ni- fication at the cost of neutralization. This they may do when Dr. Adenauer visits Moscow or after his visit, if the visit is seen to have made no progress towards unifica- tion. Thirdly, whether unification can be usefully discussed at Geneva or not, the western Powers will do all they can to per- suade the Russians that their proposals for a unified Germany allied to N.A.T.O. could in fact provide full security both for east and west Europe, and indeed greater security than if Germany was left outside a regional -military system.
The Western proposals for reassuring Russia have not been published but the basic suggestion was outlined by Sir Anthony Eden when he said that the arms control system of Western European Union might be extended from West to East. It should be possible, for instance, for the "" Eastern N.A.T.O."" Powers to adopt the same con- trol upon their individual armament, as the Western Powers have accepted for them- selves through N.A.T.O. and a Western European Union. There are restrictions under N.A.T.O., which agrees annually the individual contingents of each Power, and these particular restrictions are more marked still under W.E.U., whose Council fixes the upper limit for each member's armament.
MILITARY SUPPLIES
Military supplies, oil for instance, of individual N.A.T.O. members are under the control also of the Supreme Commadder. Similar restrictions could be adopted for a territory in Eastern Europe, to include, for example, Russia up to the Urals. On this basis it should then be possible to agree a limit for the total strengths of the two sides and to negotiate possibly a thinning out and redeployment of the forces and military installations of either side, to reduce the existing threat to each other. Here clearly the suggestion of a demilitarized zone could also be discussed, and as a check that both sides were carrying out their obligations, a Russian proposal could be adopted. In their dis- armament proposals of May I1, the Russians suggested that there could be ih the early stage of disarmament when conventional forces were being reduced, an inspection of communication centres to guard against the possibility of a sudden concentration of troops. Some such scheme could be adopted both for a demilitarized zone, and much more widely as a check upon the military levels being maintained in. East and West Europe.
Whether or not these, or similar, or addi- tional suggestions are put forward, the western Powers will certainly do their utmost 'to convince the Russians that a regional military system including Germany can offer real security to Russia, and the prospect of a reduction in military expenditure for all- and that it should therefore be no bar but rather an inducement to agreement on German unification.
Mr. Macmillan, the Foreign Secretary, will leave London to-morrow for preliminary talks in Paris with other western Ministers before the start of the Geneva conference. His first engagement will be dinner on Thurs- day evening as the guest of Mr. Dulles, the American Secretary of State.";"July 13, 1955";"";53271;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany's N.A.T.O. Alliance";""
"";"['News']";"The second part of thiis Special Report examines the political, economic and industrial significance of Britain's new partnership. It is introduced by statesmen from five of the original EEC countries and,
page II, by Sicco Mansholt, the retiring president of the European Commission
.. - x
-. i, 1~ . ',
here be seen as so;many precious assets.
It is not, however,i solely the international role of Europe that will be modifed by the coming into force of the Treaty of Accession. The domestic future of the Euro- pean nations will also be modified. The summit con- ference insisted at great length on this aspect when it set a programme of work, both ambitious and realistic, for the co m ing:years. l
Each member :state wi}l contribute to this programme in accordance witlh it's natu- ral talents, and we have no
continued on page II
Georges Pompidou Paris
The coming year will be marked by far-reaching changes in the European situation, and above all by the enlargement of the Com- munity. I am glad of the opportunity offered to me by The Times to. point out its significance for: i*s readers.
-For Britain' first. It is eno'ugh to recall the hopes we ourselves entertained and the apprhehnsioins we felt when, in 1958, we threw our- selves into the Community
adventure, in order to ima- gine the state of mind which prevails in British public opinion at the moment of joining .'the six founding members of the Community. What-is involved is indeed a profound transformation of the framework within vhich a nation attached to its past and to its traditions must henceforth think and act.
It is true that. fulfilling the treaty of accession merel`y. sets~ the seal on a long evolution of mentalities and that already your lead- ers, your administration, your businessmen and indus- trialists are perfectly equip-
ped to play their part in the Community game.
Nevertheless, obstacles, are inevitable which sometimes make it difficult to respect undertakings made. We know from experience that on such occasions the temptation is great to fall back on safe- guard clauses in the texts. But the history of the past 20 years teaches us also thdt one always. gains by rejecting those easy ways out and by meeting the challenge.
I do not doubt, knowing the tenacity and the will to win of the Bitish, 'that they will choose the latter course -and, this all the more be-
cause Britain should soon reap concrete benefits from her membership of the Comr munity: the opening up of a vast market to her industrial goods,. and notably to her advanced technology; ' the broadening scope of her financial activities; and en- couragement to restructure her declining regions. This is not to mention the leading role which she is most natur- ally called 'upon to'play'i'n the political field.
For France, the enlarge- ment of the Community is both a challenge and -the promise of a common'under-.
taking. A challenge, first, be- cause we do not underesti- mate British economic power, or the capacity of the British to adapt themselves to new situations. We know that, with them, respect for tradi- tion does not preclude their being in some fields in the vanguard of progress: and that as a realistic and prac- tical people, they are admir- ably equipped, by drawing on their experience and their re- sources, to defend their inter- ests. We not only accept this challenge ; we even congratu- late ourselves on it, for we see in it a stimulus for ourselves,
and therefore a factor for pro. gress.
Secorid, the promise of a common undertaking. It is no exaggeration to say that in spite of, or perhaps thanks to, the rivalries between our two peoples, the French and the British feel for one another both attraction and sympathy. Drawivig their standpoints on European policy closer will open for them new prospects of .cQmmnon action; in the ser- vice of an undertaking- which is greater than their two coun- tries. It will also associate on a footing of strict equality, svithout privilege or restric- tion, nine countries gqually
anxious to promote the build. ing up of Europe.
For the Community, finally, enlargement is more than a mere increase in physi- cal dimensions, in human re- sources or in economic potential. At a time when new centres of power are appearing in. the world, it gives Europe increased possi- bilities of making herself heard, and of emphasizing her own identity. Britain's experience of international affairs, the inclination she has always shown for great enter- prises, the network of friend- ships at her disposal-in short, her open mind-can
Georges PomDidou
continued from page I
doubt that the contribution of Britain will be particu- larly fruitful. I mean, espe- cially, that a peoDle which perhaps more than any other is anxious to preserve its national identity will be in a position to make useful sug- gestions when the time comes to define the European union in which we put all our hopes
and which, to be successful, will have to 'reconcile the gradual emergence of a com- mon personality with the specific characters of its com- ponent members.
At a moment when one asks oneself questions about the merits and limitations of growth, our British friends will be able to make a useful contribution to the creation of a quality of life which,
while compatible with the obligations of industrial com. petition, will promote the development of the human personality.
* January, 1973 1 Here is Britain changing a centuries- old attitude, determined to moor herself to the Continent and to seek, in European union, a new stimulus as well as. a role fit for her talents. France sees in'this an enrich-
ment for the Community and an additional reason to inject into Franco-British rriendship more warmth and more effectiveness.
This is the spirit in which the conversations between Mr Heath and myself took place. This will be, I have no doubt, the spirit in-which our two countries will co. operate, without reserva- tions, in the framework of the enlarged.Community.";"January 3, 1973";"";58671;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Forward into Europe: 2";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON. DEC. 4
Mr. Harold Wilson is to visit Washington in the New Year for discussions with President John- son.
No formal confirmation was available here tonight. Indeed. Mr. Johnson called reporters into his office to say that no definite arrangements had been made. There was no definite date, but discussions had been held. Mr. Wilson of course would be wel- come at any time.
The President had no comment to make on a report that talks could begin with Hanoi when the bombing stopped.
Elsewhere in the Administra- tion the suggestion that Mr. Wilson hoped to bring about a Vietnam truce and would act as an intermediary between Mr. Johnson and Mr. Kosygin, the Soviet Prime Minister, was dis- missed as rubbish.
The President believes that his communications with Moscow, and indeed Hanoi, are more than adequate. He also happens to resent the idea that help is neces- sary. For the sake of what is left of Anglo-American relations the Prime Minister would be wise to make his own position clear.
Economic outlook
In any event, the belief here is that the two men have more than enough to talk about apart from Vietnam. Mr. Johnson wants to discuss the British economic out- look. and presumably Mr. Wil- son wants to reassure him.
The economy cannot be divorced from Britain's defence role, and this is expected to take up a great deal of time.
Otur Diplomatic Correspondent writes: -
A Government spokesman said last night that probably Mr. Wilson had had a date about January in mind for a visit to Washington. The British Government will, however, be keener than the Americans to fix an early date, since one of the main topics is bound to be cuts in Britain's over- seas defence spending.
The British Government have already asked approval from Nato and the Western European Union for the withdrawal of 5.100 men from B.A.O.R.. but since then a further saving of £100m. in defence costs has been decided. and there are clear signs that an additional cut in the British troops in Germany is now contemplated. This could depend upon whether or not the present rundown of British forces in south-east Asia is accelerated and the F 111 pro- gramme cut.
In either case discussions with President Johnson are required.
US. manpower problems, page 4";"December 5, 1967";"";57116;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wilson visit to US soon";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 8
The French and German permanent delegates to N.A.T.O. met here to-day to discuss the size of the German con- tributions to westerm European defence. The subject will come up again to-mor- row before a meeting of the permanent representatives here of the seven Western European Union countries.
These talks 'have been accompanied by a series of outbursts in the French Press about alleged German plans for rearming in excess of the limits laid down under the Paris treaties. According to these reports, the Germans are planning to evade the restric- tions on the size of their army by duplicating the units in the 12 divisions allowed to them; they are also, it is alleged, planning to build warships larger than the agreed sizes of 3,000 tons displacement for surface vessels and 350 tons for submarines. The left-wing paper Combat suggests this morning that even if France protests to N.A.T.O. about this she will get little sympathy from a United States Government that has already decided that an over-strong Germany is preferable to an over-weak Europe.
EXAGGERATED SITUATION Many observers here consider that the French Press has been exaggerating the situ- ation, and has been planning on the peren- nial French sensitivity over German rearma- ment in order to whip up electoral sympa- thies. There is not thought to be any anxiety in official French quarters about the size of the German Army, though apparently there may be some positive evidence that the Germans have laid plans for producing light naval units slightly larger than originally stipulated.
The Quai d'Orsay is silent on the subject, and it is not yet clear whether any French protest has been lodged with the Atlantic defence authorities or whether any such pro- test is envisaged. No doubt it is hoped that the subject will be settled amicably between the French and the Germans during the present talks and during the technical meet- ings which N.A.T.O. and W.E.U. are to hold here during the next few days to discuss the budgets and military contributions of member countries.
The Minister of Defence, General Billotte, discussed the subject of German rearmament yesterday with General Gtuenthdr, and after- wards declared that France would not allow Germany to disregard the Paris agreements. France would act, if need be, but there is no evidence that she has yet decided that such action has become necessary.";"December 9, 1955";"";53399;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Arms Limits";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Paris, Oct. 17']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Paris. Oct. 17
The Assembly of the Western European Union (WE.U.) today adopted unanimously a resolution calling for the improvement of communications between the North Atlantic Council, the Supreme Allied Commiander in Europe, member governments, and the President of the United States to speed up decisions on the use of nuclear weapons and for the installation of a ""red "" tele- phone link between the North Atlantic Council and the Warsaw Pact headquarters in Moscow.
The resolution had been sub- mitted by Mr. A. D. Dodds-Parker; the rapporteur of the committee on defence questions.
It is also called on the Nato Council to commission its nuclear planning group to propose guide lines for the council's decision- making powers on the firing of nuclear weapons by Nato forces. The nuclear planning group should
also consider, the resolution added, whether a host govern- ment would be able to forbid the firing of tactical nuclear weapons from its territory.
Dr. Schroder, the west German Defence Minister, emphasized the need to reinforce Nato's defence potential. The conventional forces of Nato, he told the assembly, must be sufficiently powerful to act without delay and to enable them to take the grave decision of resorting to nuclear weapons first.
"" It is in the European interest that the use of tactical nuclear weapons be decided in the event of necessity as soon and as far for- ward as possible.... We have confidence in the well-established determination of the United States really to employ nuclear weapons for the defence of Europe.""
Sinnor Manlin RrnKin th, V..
retary-General of Nato, pointed out that Russia, through Mr. Gromyko at the United Nations Assembly, had claimed a right of intervention outside the territory of the Warsaw Pact and thus extend- ing to such countries as Albania and Yugoslavia.
"" Such a doctrine is not merely defensive. It is potentially a dan- gerous expansionist theory which could justify any kind of inter- vention "", he said. But there was no cause for pessimism.
M. de Lipkowski, the Secretary of State at the Quai d'Orsay, attended this afternoon's debate on nuclear non-proliferation. His presence, following the reported cold-shouldering of the assembly by the French Government, was evidence of a more flexible French approach to plans to turn the W.E.U. into a basis of more active cooperation between Britain and the six Common Market countries.";"October 18, 1968";"";57385;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hot line to Moscow urged";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
- ROME, SEPT. 28
Coutnt Sforza, the Italian Foreign Minister, in the Chamber to-day disclosed a new trend in Italy's foreign policy, and was also unusually critical of the Soviet Unioti.
He said that the economic ties of the Italo- French Customs union represented only one aspect of the ever closer relations Italy wished to have with France. On August 24 he had sent a rnemorandum to the French Government in which he had written: "" It is hardly neces- sary .to add that a union initiated in Paris. under the auspices of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, does not exclude in any way the existence within its framework of a union like that of Brussels, to which, indeed, it is to be hoped that other countries may adhere, until the day comes when the general European union em- braces and unites all efforts devoted to the defence of peace and of democracy."" This passage marks a departure from the hitherto cautious attitude of the Italian Government towards any European engagements.
It was clear, continued Count Sforza, that France and Italy could unite only to defend themselves; the Communist opposition to an Italo-French Customs -union was truly in- excusable. Italy was in favour of the creation of a united Europe as a major means of elimi- nating war, and her people placed no trust in those who continued to shout of war, even of civit war, since behind such cries they were onty preparing for war.
Count Sforza, speaking of Italy's former colonies, said that Italy did not wish to return to Africa to secure control of the strategically important ports and airfields. The great Powers had already been informed that Italy ' clearly understands their strategical anxieties in the very disturbed world of to-day."" and did not wish her return to conflict with their strategical needs. Italy, however, claimed a share in the work of redeeming the native populations and their territories, a work which could and must unite Europe instead of dividing it. In Africa mankind had a new world to create. Cyrenaica was the most dis- puted part of Italy's formner possessions, chiefly because of the British pledge to the Senussi, "" who in the past never reached the coast.""";"September 29, 1948";"";51189;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy And Defence Of The West";""
"['From David Wood']";"['News']";"From David Wood
Paris, June 3
The British Government is not optinistic about the Soviet Union withdrawing its forces from Afghanistan in the near future in return for Western agreement on a neutral and non-atligned country, Mr Doug- las Hurd, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, said here today.
Addressing the Western European Union assembly, Mr Hurd said the neutrality pro- posal launched by Lord Car- rington would involve guaran- tees of nonintervention by all states concerned. He added: ""It would give the Soviet Union the opportunity to uwith- draw its forces froai Afghanis- tan while avoiding any risks to Soviet or Afghan security. The Soviet Union seems intent on using force "".
But, having under-estimated the extent of international opposition and internal resis- tance, the Russians already felt bound to pay lip service to the concept of a political solu- tion. The parentage of the pro- posal mattered less than maxi- mum agreement that the Rus- sians must withdraw.
The British Government's reaction to the violation of Afghanistan independence was intended to show the Soviet
leaders and the Soviet people ""so far as we can reach their ears"" that aggression would bring penalties
"" We believe that if the West had reacted more vigorously, on Angola or the Cuban mili- tary move into Ethiopia with Soviet backing-if there had been a stauncher response-the Soviet Union might have thought more carefully before invading Afghanistan "", Mr* Hurd said.
Britain believed in real d-tente. Lines of comnnunica- tion to the Russians should be kept open, and the Salt-agree- ment should be ratified. But it would be unrealistic to look for new actions or develop. meents after Helsinki until there had been a thorough eamina- tion of past performance. ""There is no such thing as a kind of Europe detente con- fined to an area north of the 40th Parallel"", he said.
Mr Hurd, the Minister responsible for Middle East affairs, appeared to give general support to Sir Frederic Bennett, head: of the British delegatiol who led a two-day debate on the Middle East and Afghanistan.
Sir Frederic said . Europe could not sit back and wait for the American presidential election before making some move to take the heat out of the Middle East.";"June 4, 1980";"";60642;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British not optimistic over Afghanistan, Mr Hurd says";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"PRFM OUR DIPLOOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
When M. Spaak; the Belgian Foreign Miniister, met Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, in Brussels on Friday, they discussed proposals (which have the full SUpport of the Belgian' and Dutch Governments) for linking Britain both economically and politically with the Six.
The economic proposals go well beyond the original French suggestion that Britain Might be associated wi!th the Common Mar- ket-a suggestion which, as Mr. Heath said in the House of Commons yesterday,, has never been explained and which was in anY event at once rejected by Mr. Heath on the ground that it would involve Britain in obligations. withotrt giving her anv share ir the political declcsions.
M. Spaak made two separate proposals.. On the economic side he said that there should be a customs union. Britain would accept the common external tariff of the Common Market for industrial products and raw materials. Agdricuture would be excluded.
* FARMING -EXCLUDED
On the political side he proposed that a mnultilWteral agreement should be reached between the Six and Britain on the lines of the recent Franco-German Treaty. provid- ing'for regular meetings between heads of CGovernment, Foreign Ministers, and Defence Minister within the framework of the Western European Union, which fur- mishes already a secretariat to prepare meetings.
About the customs union there are two main difficulties. The proposal is similar to the 1958 scheme for a Free Trade Area between Britain and the Six which France rejected. It seems almost certain that France would reject the present scheme on the ground that agriculture is excluded. French industry would be exposed to the increased competition of British industry. without any compeusating protection for French agriculture. Against this it is argued that in 1958 the Common Market seemed to the French patronat a dangerous experiment, whereas now it is an established international entity. Their fears of com- petition have much declined'
Secondly, the proposal would not suit Britain's European Free Trade Association partners-in particular, Den-mark. which is mainly concerned with agriculture. It is true that unlike Br'tain most of the Efta memrbers applied to join the Common Market on economic grounds and are less concerned to share in the political deci- sions, but it is hard to see how satisfactory
arrangeinents can be made for their legiti- mate interests if agricuLture is excluded.
More. however, will certainly be heard of t-he different aspects of Qbese proposals in the ensuing weeks.";"February 13, 1963";"";55624;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Proposals For E.E.C. Link";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-PARTS. 1 JTTN IA
The assembly of the Western European Union voted here today, by 46 votes to 10, in favour of continuing the work of Eldo (European Launcher Development Organization) according to the present treaty and its protocols. It recommended the completion of work on the "" develop- ment and further development "" of the Eldo launcher so that a communications satellite could be placed in a geo-station- ary orbit.
This recommendation was opposed eiefly by the delegation of the British Labour Party. Mr. Ronald Brown said afterwards that the recommendation, and the text of the aocompanying report, did not take account of the need to make a serious examination of the project.
Financial control
Labour speakers in the debate ssured the assembly that they were not opposed to Eldo in itsef, but said that they felt that not enough account had been paid to British proposals for stricter financial con- trol.
The recommendation, which had been prepared by Herr Hans Joachim von Merkatz, a west German Christian Demo- crat, expressed the conviction that if Europe were to discontinue a launcher develojnent prograrmme, this would have irreparable coosequences for the future of scientific and industrial developtnent in the countries of western Europe.
It suggested that Eldo should be included within the framework of a future single European comnunity. It was understood, the recommendation concluded, that Britain would be a full member of the community.
It had been agreed earlier that the debate on Eldo would be held simultaneously with the one on Europe's role in global com- munications by satellite, as the two sub- jects were inter-related, here, too, there were differences of-opinion, chiefly between the French and British speakers, but in the end a report by Mr. Brown, also on behalf of the committee on space questions, was adopted unanimously.
This incuded a recommendation that there should be immediate preparations for an agreement with the United States with regard to a world-wide satellite conmuunica- tions system.
It was over the question of a single world-wide system that Mr. Brown crossed swords with French speakers.
Both Mr. Brown and Colonel Pierre Bourgoin, a Gaullist deputy, spoke of the problems creatcd by a situation in which any country could, by means of comrmuni- cations satelites, introduce its own pro-
nrammes into other countries. Mr. Brown said that European countries should try to adopt a common attitude to this impending hazard.";"June 15, 1966";"";56658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European M.P.s Vote To Go On With Eldo";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MARC8 15
The likely course of the voting in the Bundesrat on the Paris treaties and the Saar agreement, when it meets on Fri. day, was made clearer to-day by the decisions of the Land Governments of Bavaria and Hesse. It is for the Land Cabinets to authorize their representa- tives in the Bundesrat which way to vote.
The. Bavarian Cabinet did not announce its decision, but it is understood that the majority agreed to support the three Bills incorporating the decisions of the Paris con- ference. The first is that western Germany should join N.A.T.O. and the projected Western European Union, and the second that sovereignty should be restored on the basis of the revised Bonn conventions. The third concerns the stationing of allied troops in western Germany after the end of the occupation. On the Saar agreement, the members decided they would support any suggestion to refer the question to the medi- ating committee between the Bundestag and the Upper Hlouse. There is little doubt that such a suggestion will be made, for the Hesse Cabinet decided to-day that this was the best course to take. The ntembers also agreed to oppose the other three measures.
BALANCED FORCES
T'here are 38 voices in the Bundesrat, of which four belong to the representatives of Hesse. If they are joined by the five Bavarian representatives, there will presum- ably be 17 votes against the Saar agreement as it now stands; Lower Saxony, with five votes, and Bremen, with three, are almost certain to support the suggestion of refer- ring the question to the mediating committee. Of the five remaining Ldnder-Baden- Wiirttemberg, Hamburg. North Rhine- Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, and Rhine- land-Palatinate-the first four are presumed to be content to accept the Saar agreement. From the course of the debate in the Rhine- land-Palatinate Diet to-day, during which a Social Democratic proposal for reference to the mediating committee was opposed by the majority, it seems probable that the four votes of this Land will also go in support of the agreement. This could be the decisive factor, for the four Ldnder likely to support the Saar statute also muster 17 votes between them.
v Both the Paris treaties and the Saar agreement were approved by the Bundestag, the Lower House of the German Federal Republic, on February 27.";"March 16, 1955";"";53191;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bundesrat Vote This Week";""
"";"['News']";"A, survey of British public opinion for Mr. Henry Luce, the proprietor of Time, through the Elmo Roper Organization, New. York, has been undertaken in this country by Research Services Limited. Mr. Luce financed similar inquiries in 12 countries.
Subjects such as the Marshall Plan, Western European Union, and the United Nations were included in. a questionnaire sent by Research Services to 2,081 persons between February 17 and March 8.
The test was aimed ta reflect opinion of the total population of Britain aged 21 and over in true proportion of age, sex, income, and region.
One-fifth of those questioned replied that they had neither heard nor read of the MarshaU Plan. The average ratio of favourable to un- favourable was almost four to one. The plan found greatest support among the middle class. Among this class 38 per cent. thought it to be a gift and 50 per cent. a loan; working class views were-17 per cent. gift and 64 per cent. loan. More than half of those who had heard of it were satisfied as to its good effects; but fewer were satisfied among the working class.
The two reasons best describing America's furtherance of the plan were voted as (I) to prevent western Europe from becoming Communistic (middle class, 76 per cent.; working class, 58 per cent); and (2) to help Europe back on its feet (52 per cent. and 40 per cent.). On the three imputations of what might be called aggressive imperialism (to have allies in case of war, to force into markets, to impose capitalism) the working class gave a total vote of 65 per cent. and the middle class 42 per cent.
One-fifth of those approached had not heard or read of the United Nations, neither had well over one-third of the middle-aged working class women. Three-fifths of the middle-class voters replied that its chances of maintaining peace were poor; of the working class 37 per cent. took that view, one-fifth of them being optimistic about the future of world peace. Some 54 per cent. of all informants thought there would be #nother big war during the next 25-30 years.
Two-thirds of all women who replied and almost three-fifths of the working class knew nothing of plans to form some kind of a union of western European countries.";"April 10, 1948";"";51042;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Public Opinion Survey";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murrav
Paris, Nov 29 -
General Alexander Haig, supreme commander Allied Forces, in Europe, confessed himself worried today at the prospect of "" Marxist"" minis- ters in West European govern- ments. Addressing a session of the Western European Union (WEU), he said that there might be unfortunate conse- quences to the Nato alliance if extreme left ministers were In power.
Their presence, he said, could prevent highly secret in- formation being exchanged. It might also have the effect of relegating the finance of defence to the second rank in priority, which would under- mine the military deterrent effect of the Nato alliance.
General Haig was particu- larly concerned by the growth of Soviet influence in Africa and the Third World. "" Since 1974 the Soviet Union has shipped 50 per cent more than the United States in arma- ments to the Tihrd World.
He was concerned by the "" degree of myopia"" about the fo-ces deployed in Central Europe. But were the imba- lance of forces corrected to- morrow it would not begin to solve the problems of the balance of arms in the West- ern world.
One third of the Soviet for-ces today were deployed against China. If that position were to change it would also change the Nato position. The change of leadership in Peking might lead to such a change.
The expansion of the mili- tary industry in the Soviet Union was so great that the ability of the West to react was being eroded.
""The days are gone when we could exploit the Soviet deficiencies. That is what mas- sive retaliation was all about. We are concerned that the threats involve the politics, economy and industry of the Western powers. Myopia does not begin to solve the prob- lems we face.""
Genei-al Haig made his speech and expressed his fears about Marxist involvement to an Assembly which contained 12 Italian and foui- French Communist members. Wlhen he last spoke to the WEU in 1975 it had no Communist members.
The Assembly also had befoi-e it a report on defence drawn up for the first time by a French Socialist-and a member of thie extreme left socialist group Ceres at that. This '-eport, by M Raymond Forni, shows the way a Union of the Left government in France might look at the defence question.";"November 30, 1977";"";60174;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato chief fears Marxists in alliance";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Ocr: 9
The Association of West German Officials to-day appealed to the Federal Chanccllor personally to support their claim for a rise of 8 per cent. in salary. In a letter to Dr. Adenauer the national executive warns him that the failure cf officials to keep pace with the earnings of other sections of the community will have dangerous consequences.
A lack of qualificd candidates for official posts, the executive says, is becoming in- creasingly evident, and with it a danger to the proper functioning of the public services. Official salaries are stated to have risen on the average by 52 per cent. since 1927 while the average wage of workers has gone up in the same period by 148 per cent. The Chancellor is reminded that in December he gave an assurance that the emoluments of officials would be related to developments in individual earnings throughout the country.
PENSION RIGHTS
The association speaks for a wider class of people than the term Civil servant would imply elsewhere. It includes all officials working for the Federal Government and for lesser and local administrations. This means that most school teachers, magis- trates, railway, and post office officials are represented by the association. The admintistrative system here consists of three clearly distinct groups. The first group is made up of the officials: then come employees and workers. Once a person has achieved the grade of an official he or she cannot have it taken away except in cer- tain circumstances laid down by law. Their rights to a pension are assured: this is nor- mally 75 per cent. of income at retiring age, and is now being taken as a model for the pension claims of other classes. Such practical considerations as sickness benefits arc more favourable for officials than for other groups.
One problem in the Federal Republic is how to find jobs for the thousands of fully fledged officials who have come from east Germany and the Oder-Neisse territories. Even if no place can be found for them here, which is often the case, they still must be paid. The direct comparison with workers is therefore somewhat unreal.
The sub-committee of Western European Union dealing with social security met to- day in the Federal Ministry of Labour. The subject of the discussion is social insurance: the meeting is cxpected to last for three days.";"October 10, 1956";"";53658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Salary Claim By Civil Servants";""
"['By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent
Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Gehnany and Mrs Maigaret Thatcher strove to find common ground on a number of issues dividing Western Europe at the weekend, notably the Old World's response to President Reagan's ""Star Wars"" invitation.
That might, in fact, have been the easiest topic for them during a, day of talks at Chequers, since both Britain and the Federal Republic have: adopted a similiar tone of doubting acquiescence in the Stategic Defence Intiative.
But recent Anglo-French discussions and a forthcoming summit between the Chancellor and President Mitterrand have forced both leaders to concentrate their minds on the French counter-proposal. for, Europe's own igh-technology research programme, Eureka.
Neither British nor West German sources would commit themselves after Herr Kohl's departure for Bonn. But it is thought that the main points of dissension were the West German veto last week on
cereal price cuts in the EEC and the issue of majority voting within the Community.
The Chancellor, an ardent supporter of European union, has had much more in common with the French than with the sceptical British on the issue of consensus in the European Council. But last week's German blocking motion suggested that Bonn, too, 'was no less anxious than Westminster to put. the boot in when questions of national interest arose.
Twenty minutes from time, the two heads of government paused in their deliberations to watch Everton and Manchester United in the Cup Final at Wembley.
Neither, according to mysti- fied officials, has hitherto revealed an intense interest in football. But 'with the EEC summit in Milan coming up late next month, a few tips an how to trip up an attack in full flow might have- seemed apposite.
In that respect, at least, their Buckinghamshire summit cannot have been wasted.
Star wars criticized
Stuttgart (Reuter) - Parlia- mentarians firom Nato coun- tries criticized President Reagm's ""Star Wars"" project at the weekend,
Members of the science and technology committee of the North Atlantic Assembly from France, Norway and Denmark said they feitedd Mr Reagan7s Strategic -`Defence Initiative
would have a destabilizing effect.
The three countries have already rejected an offer from the United States to. join Star Wars research. But NWest German delegation sources said they believed doubts about involvment in the project were also growing in other European Nato states.";"May 20, 1985";"";62142;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A match for Kohl at Chequers talks";""
"";"['News']";"Some effects of international organiza- tion upon sovereignty were suggested by Mr. Eden when speaking in London yesterday on "" United Europe"" at a meeting arranged by the British Commit- tee of the United Europe Movement.
Any form of international organization, said Mr. Eden, must involve some merger of sovereignty, and the same was true of any mili- tary plans made jointly by several Powers. Thc conception of a merger of sovereignty did not alarm him, but it should be recognized that it was impossible to build a united Europe or western union without the nations con- cerned merging in a larger authority certain individual attributes.
The conception of a united Europe could be given immediate expression in a western union in close association, it was hoped, with the United States. Such a project was not aggressive but was an acceptance of the fact that this was an age of large units. It was not an alternative to the United Nations but was intended to uphold it.
BRTlISH LEAD NEEDED
Britain was in a unique position to give a lead in western Europe. The need for urgent and rapid progress in attaining such unity among governments free to make mutual arrangements had been increased by signs of pressure from the east, which recent events in Czechoslovakia had so tragically underlined.
The practical difficulties could not be ignored. The most formidable in the public mind was that the first consideration of the United Kingdom must always be the welfare of the Commonwealth. That was paramount not only for reasons of loyalty and sentiment but because the Commonwealth was an in- dispensable influence for the maintenance of world peace-about the only successful inter- national experiment that the world had seen.
He was convinced that there was no funda- mental clash between the conceptions of Britain as the centre of the Commonwealth and as a member of a western European union; any dilemma was largely artificial. Under present world conditions Britain could more acceptably play her part in relation to the Commonwealth if she succeeded jointly in rebuilding the political and economic life of western Europe, giving that area a measure of prosperity and stability and a true feeling of lasting security. Western Europe economically prosperous and politically free was the true answer to Communism.";"May 1, 1948";"";51060;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Eden On Need Of Western Union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passiono in the debate on the ratification cf the London and Paris agreements when it was resumed in the' Council of the Republic tb-day.
The essential: of to-day's debate- consisted in' the exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullist), one of the most determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign Minister, M. Pinay.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute to the courteous and objective character of the previous speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, "" In order to coexist, we must first exist.""' They could not remain passive before the latent menace which the Com- munist bloc in. Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole weight, on'western Europe. In. the past eight years all the successive steps in tde organization of the' west-Dunkirk- and Brussels -treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic .pact, Coal and Steel'Community-had been taken at the initiative of France.' It; was by this constructive. contribution that France had recovered her place among the. great Powers.
The first stake 'in the present debate was thus the. continuity of. French policy. It was only in appearance that the debate bore on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which. was in- question. if Germany was not rearmed with them it would' be without.;-even perhaps against, them,
Any - delay or amendment, M. Pinay warned, would-in the present circumstances amount to a rejection; for any condition placed on ratification would be interpreted by their, allies as "" a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decision.'
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold guaran- tees offered by the Paris agreements: (1) Juridical, in the Western European Union and armaments control' agency; (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and communications; (3) strategic, in the shape of the supreme allied command; and finally (4) political; by the solemn under- taking of the GermaQ Federal Government never to resort to force for national aims, backed by the presence of British and American forces on the Continent
What would be the result of failure to ratify the' agreements:? 'The 'allies would simply abandon. the forward strategy-the foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral one, and one day fate would confront them with "" the choice of a sla'very without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was here interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)";"April 1, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, JULY 24
Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrush- chev arrived in east Berlin from Geneva to-day, apparently to spend a few days in the Soviet zone before they go on to Moscow.
In welcoming the Soviet leaders at the airport, Herr Grotewohl made the first official comment on the Geneva conference that has come. from his Government since it finished. His speech, and Marshal Bul- ganin's reply, tended in the same direction. "" The important lesson from Geneva for us Germans,"" as Herr Grotewohl put it, was that if the four Powers were able to bring about a relaxation in their relations, "" then the Germans in the two parts of Germany must be able to do the same and to come to an understanding on the German question.""
REAL POSITION
Marshal Bulganin, in reply, made once more the points he had made about Ger- many in his final speech at Geneva. "" We cannot but take account of the real position that has come about,"" he said. Since the end of the war two sovereign States, the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic, had arisen on German territory. Each had its own economic and social order, and the sovereign rights of each were recognized by other States. This
.eant that in any solution of the problem of German unity the only way was to take the views of the German Democratic Republic as well as of the Federal Republic into account. Thus it was to be desired that the two parts of Germany should draw closer together "" in the. field of cooperation for European security as well as in the intemal German matter,"" and this was the "" only possible way "" leading to the reunification of Germany.
Marshal Bulganin assured his hearers that the Soviet Union would continue to adhere to this line in handling the Germnan question.
There had been two different approaches to the German question at Geneva, he went on. The Soviet Government had said again and again that West Germany's entry into N.A.T.O. and into Western European Union ruled out the possibility of German reunifica- tion on a peace-loving, democratic basis. At Geneva it had proceeded from the posi- tion that first the Gemnan Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic, and later a united Germany, must belong to a system of collective security in Europe.";"July 25, 1955";"";53281;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Marshal Bulganin In E. Berlin";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 3
The defeat in the Bundestag yester- day of the constitutional arendnment required to enable Parliament to enact legislation for the atomic energy pro- gramme thrpatens to assume the propor- tions of a major political crisis not merely because Christian Democrats were among those who abstained from voting but because of their reasons for so doing.
The Social Democrats claim that this indicates that a section of the riling party is actively preparing for the pro- duction of nuclear weapons; a claim that has in no way been demolished by the apparent confusion in Dr. Adenauer's party.
UNCERTAIN POINT
The amendment was intended to make the production and use of atomic energy a Federal responsibility; it was the kind of measure that is frequently required to re- duce the ambiguities inherent in a federal constitution. The Chfistian Democrats who abstained, however, were not all concerned with the defence of Lander rights; it has become clear that they objected to the stiplllation that atomic energy must be pro- duced exclusively for peaceful purposes. What remains uncertain is whether or not they were acting under party orders.
Christian Democrats do not normally vote against the party whip, and none of yesterday's rebels, if they can be described as such, served notice that he would do so. After the defeat the party made it known that Dr. Adenauer had realized, somewhat belatedly, that the amendment would work against active cooperation with N.A.T.O. and Western European Union, and that some members believed that it might in the fuiture prevent the Government from taking proper defence measures.
DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT
The amendment was concerned exclu- sively with the production of atomic energy, and it is therefore difficult to see how it could have prevented the western allies from placing nuclear weapons in federal territory. It is also difficult to accept another inspired report that Dr. Adenauer had second thoughts because the amend- ment could have been regarded as a sur- render to Soviet demands to renounce the use and production of nuclear weapons.
The fact remains that enough Christian Democrat members combined to defeat the amendment in the belief, valid or other- wise, that this is what was expected of them, and that Dr. Adenauer subsequently ex- pressed dissatisfactiou with the amendment. The Social Democrats are likely to profit from this situation.";"July 4, 1957";"";53884;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Possible Bonn Crisis";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 28
M. Maurice Faure, the Under-Secre- tary at the Quai d'Orsay in charge of European affairs, and specifically of the Common Market and free trade area negotiations, is now engaged in present- ing to France's five partners in the Com- mon Market the French counter-pro- posals for linking it with the rest of Europe.
The French have disliked the British free trade area proposals from the outset, and six weeks ago decided to put forward their own. These. after discussion with the other Common Market Powers, will be referred to the ministerial committee of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. whicb is concerned with the free trade area negotiations.
The French proposals are still in draft form and are not being made Public, but they are understood to introduce a number of ideas very different from those hitherto discussed under the heading of the free trade area; and in particular they propose to abandon the idea of negotiating a general agreement, which has been the method of the Maudling inter-ministerial committee.
Instead they are said to be proposing a series of negotiations for different sectors of the economic life of Europe-tariff 'reductions, certificates of origin, relation-
ships with third countries. competitive con- ditions, &c.
Coal and steel, which already have their own European market, administered by the European Coal and Steel Community. would be the subject of another special agreement, and so would agricultural pro- ducts. But, to give this disparate arrange- ment a semblance of unity, a series of general rules and principles would be adopted for this "" union for European eco- nomic cooperation.""
To prevent French industry from being caught at a disadvantage by the lowering of tariffs they want to see as much har- monization as possible between the social charges of the different countries-social welfare insurance. holidays with pay, equal pay for men and women, &c. They now appear to be arguing that, until the existing disparity between different countries in these things can be reduced, there must be a dif- ference between the speed of advance of the Common Market and of the European union.
Finally, the French plan seems to en- visage the O.E.E.C.'s becoming the frame- work in which the new union would be enclosed rather than the creation of a new organization.";"March 1, 1958";"";54088;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Alternative To The Free Trade Area";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigg
Paris, Dec 3
Britain today told the Asseni- bly of the Western European Union that the continuing diversity of defence equipment adopted under the Atlantic alliance is "" a luxury we can no longer afford "".
Mr William Rodgers; Minister of State for Defence, empha- sized the pressing need to standardize armaments and equipment in viewv of pressure on defence spending throughout the Western democracies.
The Assembly, which is meet- ing in Paris this week, groups parliamentarians of the original six EEC countries and Britain.
Arnis staidardization has been one of the main topics at this session, with France appar- ently preparing to join in such efforts for the first tinie, under the twin impact of the economic dowvn-turn and the rising cost of developing. new weapons.
MIr Rodgers said that the European countries had Inot been getting value for money on arms expenditure while they went on committing the very obvious error of cach seeking to produce its owin veaponry.
One of the principal ivays to obtain value for money and the maximum effectiveness from defence expenditures must be through longer production runs and economies of scale
which standardizationi alone coud .achieve.
*He emphasized British sup- port for last month's proposal by"" the Eurogroup defence ministers. for setting up a new forum, independent of. any direct links wvith Nato and de- signed above all to involve France in the renewed effort for European arms standardiza- tion.
Questioned by Mr John Roper, labour MP for Farn- vorth, about reports that France had given a guardedly positive response to the idea, INlr Rodgers said. merely that French cooperation would re- present "" a large step forward "".
Herr Karl Morsch, the West German Deputy Defence Minis- tel, who addressed the WEU yesterday, had indicated his country's willingness to con- sider the new forum, if it would bring the French in.
No representative of tbe French Government has ap- peared before the WEU to
larlify the position, nor did any of the French parliamentarians speak up today. But M Michel Debre, the former Gaullist Prime Minister, has for. the secdna' time in 48 hours warned the French Government against a ""political and indus- trial trap"" if France becomes involved in "" disguised"" Nato arms standardization, as he sees it.";"December 4, 1975";"";59569;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain warns WEU on the need for arms standardization";""
"['From Patrick Brogan']";"['News']";"From Patrick Brogan
Paris, June 6
A French Minister said heie today that the European Com- lnunity. was -not irreversible. The warning came five days after President Pompidou declared that he might cancel the October summit if EEC members were not ready to reach firm decisions,
M1 Jean de Lipkowski, Secre tary of State for Foreign Atfairs addressing the annual.assemb!v Of the Western European Union said: To say that the Common Market is from now onward. irreversible seems to me to hre prenmature. We must not relax our vigilance on the common agricultural policy. If we let it collapse, we should have lost the backbone of Europe "".
So far as anyone else is aware. there is no immediate danger that the common agricultural policy might collapse. Neither was there any advance hint of a crisis be- tVeen France and her partners before Mvi Pompidou spoke on Friday. The assembled parlia- mentarians of WEU :(which represents Britain and the Six). were therefore much astonished at MI de Lipkowski's remarks.
He repeated President Pompidou's ivarning about the summit. He said that it must not content itself with vague declara- tions. but must result in genuine progress towards European coIn- struction. For the French this means economic and monetary union. ""'The success of the sum- mit "". he said. - will be measured by the concrete decisions that the heads of state and government take in the economic and monetary fields.""
To support their case for Paris as the site for the proposed EEC political secretariat. the French have found a new\ and unusual argument: the secretariat should not be in the capital of a country which is also a member of Nato. This rules out every capital ex- cept Paris and Dublin, and they claim to be perfectly ready to see it set Up in Dubhin. This probably means only that France is taking a firm negotiating posi- tion. but it is evidence that the French will be tough in pursuit of their objectives in the enlarged Community as they kiere in the Six.
Oslo. June 6.-Norway will not join the European Com- munity unless the Danes vote to become members in their referendum of October 2, Mr Andreas Cappelen. the Foreign Minister, told Parliamenit tonight.-Reuter.
Dutch view, page 6";"June 7, 1972";"";58498;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Warning by France: EEC is not irreversible";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
Paris, May 21 The visit to Paris of Signor AIdo Moro, the Italian Foreign Minister, which ended last night was a good illustration of the feeling now prevalent among the partners of France in the Euro- pean Economic Commurnity that she has once again become a country with which really useful discussions can be held even if they start from differing stand- points. Signor Moro referred to these differences after his meet- ing with President Pompidou at the Elys&e, but emphasized that they were "" non-essential "". Above all, the climate of this Franco-Italian meeting was ex- tremely cordiaL
The differences involved the approach of the two countries both to Eutopean political co- operation itself, and to British participation in discussions of the Six on it. As to the first point Signor Moro cmpphasized in his talks with M. Schumann, the French Foreign Minister, that a great historic occasion was now at hand to cieate something for Europe politically. and that it should not be missed. In his .Govirnment's view, the. 1970s Could be taken up with a phase of.- -consultations though .these should not be confined to politi- cal or foreign policy questions, but should extend to the great problems of the present time like labour and youth.
It was necessary now, however, to work out in outline the next or institutional stage of political cooperation. This for Italy
means sotne sort of federal executive and an elected Euro- pean Parliament. The French were most reticent about this, and the point is not being pressed too hard at this stage. The French argument is that nothing should be done at this stage by way of creating any new struc- tures in Europe which would make it more difficult for the candidate countries to join. It is not altogether disingenuous, but it also conceals the French dislike for any integrated poli- tical organization of Europe.
The second point, British par- ticipation in the discu;sions of the Foreign Ministers. on the possible forms of politi6al. con- sultation, also revealed a differ- ence of approach. The Italians would like the British to take part in these diswssions from the start.The French claim that only full nembers of the E.E.C. can take part. This is where the Western European Union could come into its own.";"May 22, 1970";"";57876;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moro's Paris talks end cordially";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The recent Washington talks have I brought to the fore the problems of pooling the western defence effort. In this connexion several of the Western European Union members (Britain, France, west Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries), have already been considering their individual requirements and the means of achieving closer mili- tary cooperation and integration of re- search and production. They have ex- changed views on the future of the W.E.U. organization.
There are several suggestions. One is that the pooling of effort by W.E.U. countries should be pressed forward on a regional basis within N.A.T.O. A difficulty here is that Britain has, and will increasingly have. research and production arrangements with the United States, which at present cannot be shared with other countries, although it was much emphasized in Washington that bilateral agreements between Britain and the United States were not to be exclusive. This position may therefore be modified.
CLOSr R COOPERATION
A further difficulty, however, is that in any pooling of the west European defence effort the Scandinavian mem- bers of N.A.T.O. would not wish to be left out. There is, therefore, a sugges- tion that W.E.U. should now be expanded to include Norway and Denmark. The idea of closer military cooperation between Norway and Den- mark and west Germany may seem at first odd, in view of the stiff opposition in the past, in some sections of Norwegian and Danish public opinion, to any rearming of Germany. Coopera- tion with German forces on N.A.T.O. exercises in Denmark, certainly, has not been good. The entry of Norway and Denmark into W.E.U. would, however, give those countries some say in future decisions on the share of defence pro- duction that Germany may undertake.
NO REQUEST MADE
Since the weekend, when there were reports that Germany would soon be undertaking military production not sanctioned in the Paris agreements, German representatives have been at Ipains to point out that they have made
no request to produce either the atomic, biological, or chemical weapons which they are at present bound not to produce in Germany, or the guided missiles of more than two metres in length which Dr. Adenauer undertook not to produce.
This latter undertaking can, however, be amended on the request of Germany after a recommendation by the Supreme Commander and a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of W.E.U.";"November 5, 1957";"";53990;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moves For Expansion Of W.E.U. Defence Organization";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'Our Bonn Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-Paris, Feb. 18
The meeting of the French Cabi- net tomorrow will reveal whether General de Gaulle is really anxi- ous, as some commentators main- tain today, to prevent an extension to the Common Market itself of the trial of strength which has now broken out within the Western European Union between France on the one hand, and her five Com- mon Market partners and Britai;a on the other.
He may decide eithe,r to forbid the principle of consultation be- tween Britain and the Five even fi he receives assurances that Britain's entry into the Common Market will nat be discussed-and to insist on the dismissal of Mr. lweins d'Eeckhoutte, the W.E.U. secretary-general. Or he may simply withdraw France from the W.E.U..
At all events, the French Gov- ernment's decision to pursue the policy of the "" empty chair "" in the W.E.U. applies until further notice only to the activities of the council, and not to those of the assembly. The council and the assembly have separate secretariats. the one in London, the other in Paris. The first represents governments, the other national parliaments.
A meeting of the Gaullist deputies of the assembly with M.
Debre, the Foreign Minister, tonight, was followed by a state- ment which said: ""The treaty exists. Franace has no intention of withdrawing from it. On the con- trary, the question for her is of improving its function.' Their task at the assembly would be to clarify
the French nnsitinn in fh,. A.k.t.
Our Bonn Cofwpondent
wrutes: west 'jermany tonight hurried to placate Fren~ch anger at German participation in the W.E.U. meotings in London v-hich have so infuriarted General de Gaulle.
Ir: an official explanation, the Federal Government virtually ex- cused itself to Paris and promised not to do such a thing again. The statement was issued just before a meeting between Dr. Kiesinger, the federal Chancellor. and M. Seydoux de Clausonne. the French Ambassador. which lasted nearly one and half hours.
It said that the London meetings had been lgally convened in this exceptional case. But it agreed with the French view that normally such mectisigs of W.E.U. could not be convened without the unani- mous agreement of all its mem- bers, including of course France.
Israel serms French plan, page 8; Leading arlide, page 9.";"February 19, 1969";"";57489;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle Cabinet to discuss crisis today";""
"['From Diana Geddes']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes
Edinburgh, May 16
Mrs Thatcher told M Pierre Mauroy, the Frerich Prime Minister, at a meeting in Edinburgh that Britain was willing to accept a one year EEC budget settlement instead of holding out for a longer term agreement.
No decision was reached on the crucial question of the size of Britain's net contri- bution to the budget, but concessiotis were made on both sides and it is under- stood that the gap between what France and Britain would each find acceptable has narrowed. One British representative said: ""France's position has become much more flexible.""
Mr Douglas Hurd, Minister of State responsible, for European affairs, said: ""We are prepared reluctantly to consider a budget settlement. The figures still have to be settled, however. ;
""They were discussed by Mrs Thatcher and M Mauroy last night and will be dis- cussed again by Mrs Thatch- er and M Mitterrand, the French President, at their meeting in London tomor- row. But such issues cannot. be settled bilaterally: they are a matter for all the Ten.""
In an interview today on BBC radio's French language service M Mauroy said he was confident that agreement on the budget would be reached between Mrs Thatcher and M Mitterrand tomorrow.
M Mauroy and Mrs That- cher. were in Edinburgh to attend - a dinner of the Franco-British Council whose three-day conference, attended by 150 top ranking delegates, included several ministers; from both coun- tries, ended today.
The detailed work of the conference was carried out in four working committees covering politics and inter- national affairs, economics, decentralization, and the media' It was decided to set up further study groups in a number of areas.
In particular, in the econ- omic field, the committee headed jointly by Sir Derek Ezra, chairman of the National Coal Board, agreed to investigate possibilities of further collaboration between the two countries in investment, especially in areas of high technology and cooperation in research and development work, particu- larly in energy, telecornmuni- catins, electronics, space and biotechnology.
At a meeting in London on Friday Mr Francis Pym and M Claude Cheysson, the British and French Foreign Secretaries, discussed the possibility- of .- using the Assembly of the Western European Union, set up by the Brussels Treaty of 1955, as a forum to launch a counter attack- against grow- ing pacifist and anti-nuclear movements :in most western European nations.";"May 17, 1982";"";61235;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mauroy confident EEC deal is close";""
"['Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Our Diplomatic Correspondent
writes: -
In their Note of September 10 the western Powers stated that they were prepared to nego- tiate an the basis of the western plan for free all-German elections. In their Note of November 29 they say that they await "" any concrete proposal "" on free German elections.
There is, therefore, a change in their posi- tion, and it was for this reason that your Correspondent wrote that the western Powers
""do not now stand on "" the western plan for elections-in the sense that they do not stand upon the acceptance of this plan alone as a precondition for negotiation, if the Soviet Government can in fact put forward an equally sound plan of its own. If it can do so, then the present change in the western position would be an important concession, but in prac- tice it is hardly conceivable that it will do so. It was for this reason that your Correspondent in commenting on the change, caUed it "" osten- sibly at least, an important concession.""
The western Note of Novemnber 29 rejected the Soviet proposal of a European security pact, and in saying that the cause of European security would not be served "" by the destruc- tion of defensive associations between States inspired by the ideal of a common civiliza- tion,"" it implied that such associations were an effective means of strengthening security. Although these words referred directly to the associations between the States of the Western European Uion, they could cover also-and might well be taken in Communist countries as so covering-a similar association between Communist countries.
Such an interpretation may be supported by three facts which are public-if not, by anything else. It was known that Com- munist countries wete accepting the invitation but no attempt was made by an early refusai by the western Powers to prevent a conference of some sort being held. Then M. Mendes- France made his now famous speech in New York, making clear that he would welcome the setting up of an east European military organi- zation, if restrictions upon the armament of .individual countries and an inspection system were included similar to those provided in the Westem European Union. This was a remark- able statement and it is perhaps even more remarkable that there has been no official I comment upon it in Washington or London.";"December 2, 1954";"";53104;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Precondition For Talks";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 9
Herr Ollenhauer, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, explained at a Press conference this morning the Oppo- sition's conception of how the problem of German reunification should be tackled.
It was promptly described by the Press service of the Christian Democratic Party as unrealistic and undesirable at a time when there was already sufficient distrust abroad of German future behaviour. But most of what Herr Ollenbauer said was familiar Opposition policy and he made an attempt here and there at charting the ground of potential agreement between east and west which had its theoretical value.
His first point was that the four Powers should be clear on the status they envisage for a reunified Germany. Their decisions should be taken after hearing the German viewpoint. The Federal Government should not refuse an invitation to present its case to the four Powers for the reason that repre- sentatives of the east German regime had been asked to do so as well. A guarantee of the territorial integrity of Germany from the four Powers was a necessary prelude to a lasting settlement on the basis of a European security system, including Germany as an equal partner, within the framework of the United Nations.
WESTERN ALLIANCE
Western European Union might form a nucleus of the larger organization and should be open to memibership by other European States. The military provisions of the Paris treaties so far as they concern Germany should not yet be put into force, at least during the period of preparation of a four- Power conterence. Article 10 of the con- vention on the relations between the three former occupying Powers and the Federal Republic, which allows for a review in cer- tain given circumstances of the terms of west German membership of the western alliance, should come into effect as soon as a four- Power agreement on reunification is expected.
The Federal Government has already seen the virtue of this article as a means of abiding by its treaty obligations without at the same time having to appear inflexible in its approach to negotiations with the Soviet Union. But any proposed changes would require British, French, and American con- currence, and this would not presumably be given in return for an expectation of a settlement with the Russians.";"May 10, 1955";"";53216;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ways To Reunify Germany";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Conversations among western officials continued in London yesterday in pre- paration for the meeting of Foreign Ministers which are due to begin in Paris this weekend.
The British, French, United States, and German delegations, in London are under- stood to have now completed their discus- sions on the procedure for the invitation to Russia to a four-Power conference. It is generally believed that such a conference would take place in Stockholm. Russian officials are letting it be understood that the Soviet Government would offer concessions in order to detach Germany from the western alliance, and it is now widely thought that sooner or later the Soviet Government wil in effect make an offer of German unification, on terms of neutralization some- what similar to those now being offered to Austria.. Whether the Red Army would in the event withdraw from eastern Germany is, however, much doubted.
Meanwhile there was a final meeting in London on Monday of the Committee of the Brussels Treaty Powers, which together with German and Italian representatives has been working on the establishment and organiza- tion of the new Western European Union. W.E.U. is to comprise the five Brussels Treaty Powers (Bntain, France, and the Benelux countries), plus Germany and Italy. Its inaugural ministerial meeting will be held in Paris on Saturday after a dinner at the British Embassy attended by two repre- sentatives of each of the W.E.U. Powers.
* The committee will recommend that the arms inspection agency of W.E.U. should be headed by an Italian: three names are under consideration. The secretary-general of W.E.U. will be a Belgian, and the Belgian Government will propose for the post M. Louis Goffin, at present Belgian Ambassador in Teheran. M. Goffin, who is 51, was formerly Belgian Ambassador in Moscow, and previously served in Bombay, New York, -Lisbon, and Washington.
It has been ger.erally assumed that the French and German Governments will decide to ask the W.E.U. Council to appoint a British commissioner to supervise the Saar agreement in the name of W.E.U. This, however, will depend upon the decisions taken by M. Pinay and Dr. Adenauer at their recent meeting in Bonn. It was not known at the Foreign Office yesterday whether a request for the appointment of a British commissioner would be made.
The W.E.U. committee has also drawn up proposals for the holding of the first Assembly of W.E.U.";"May 4, 1955";"";53211;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Possible Russian Move";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORMESPONDENT
-Paris, June 12
The political committee of the Western European Union assembly today adopted by 18 votes, with two abstentions, a draft recommendation on a report by Mr. Maurice Edelman, the Labour M.P. for -- - -try North, calling on the six member govern- ments of the Common Market ""to afford their full support to the British appli-o =- to join the EE.C. now that Britain accepts the provisions of the Treaty of Rome "".
The two abstentions were those of the two F-ench representatives, M. de Grailly, a Gaullist deputy, and M. Vitter, a member of the Independent Republican Party of M. Giscard d'Estaing.
There were many speakers in the discussion preceding the vote of the cornmitte, which met in camerau . The overwhelming consensus of opinion was in favour of the resolu- tion.
Neither of the French representat
tives opposed the resolution, but M. de Grailly apparently suggested that it shouid be amended to read that governments were invited to support the British move on condition that Britain accepted the provisions of the Rome Treaty, while M. Vitter suggested a more roundabout expres- sion, something like -""in the respect *f the Rome Treaty"".
L ::0 7
The preamble to Mr. Edelman's resolution emphasized that in view of the dismantling of tariff barriers between the E.E.C. and Efta, the creation of a single continent-size market would be of profit to all the parties concerned and would widen the scope for technological develop- ment
It also emphasized, somewhat par- adoxically in the French view. that political and economic cooperation in Europe must progress hand in hand. The French Government's standpoint has always been that the enlargement of the Common Market to include Efta wou-ld reduee it to the rank of a customs union.
Even though they did not oppose the resolution or abstain, some mem- bers of the other delegations con- sidered the resolution unrealistic and too vague to be of. any practical impact on member-Governanents.
In another resolution on Europe and the Atlantic Community the Political committee by 20 votes and one abstention (the Netherlands) called on member-Governments to search for a formula for a European political. community which was acceptable to'all its members, and emphasized the, political character of the European community. The reso- lution also asked them to'define a common strategy for Europe within the framework of' the -Atlantic Alliance -and to seek a commion stand on non-proliferation.:";"June 13, 1967";"";56966;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Abstain On Six";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
| PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passion in the debate pn the ratification of the London and Paris agreements when it was Tesumed in the Council of the Republic to-day.
The essential of to-day's debate- consisted 'in ihe exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullist), one of the most determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign Minister, M. Pinay.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute to the courteous and objective character- of the previous speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, ""In order to coexist, we must first exist."" They could not remain passive before the latent. menace* which the Com- munist bloc in Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole weight, on' western Europe. In ihe past eight years all the successive steps in the organization of the west-Dunkirk and Br;ssels- treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been taken at the initiative of France. It was by this constructive contribution that France had recovered her place among the great Powers.
The first stake in the present debate was thus the continuity, of French policy. It was only in appearance that the debate bore on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which was in question. If Germany was not rearmed with them it would be without, even perhaps against, them.
Any delay or amendment. M. Pinay warned, would in the present circumstances amount to a rejection; for any condition- placed onr ratification would be interpreted by their allies as ""a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decisiot.""
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold guaran- tees offered by. the Paris agreements:
(1) Juridical, in the Western European- Union and armaments control agency; (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and coimmunications; (3) . strategic, in the shape of the supreme allied command; and finally. (4) political, by the solemn under- taking of the German Federal Government never to resort to force for national ains, backed by the presence of British and American forces on the Continent.
What wguld be the result of failure to ratify the agreements ?' The allies would simply abandon the forward strategy-the foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral. one, and one day fate would confront them with "" the choice of a slavery without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was here interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)";"March 30, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
-MUNICH, Nov. 17
Herr Franz-Josef Strauss, the former West German Defence Minister and president of the Christian Socialist Union, speaking in the Bavarian election campaign to a large crowd at the Krone circus here tonight, said that the success of the extreme right-wing National Democratic Party in the recent Hesse elections was nothing for the outside world to get worried about.
"" But ""' he went on, "" people abroad make a great mistake if they think they can deprive us of the right to have a healthy nationalist party in Germany again today.""
He described the misgivings about the past of certain important figures, such as the present Chancellor-elect, Dr. Kiesinger, who was a former member of the Nazi party, as ""a form of neo- Germon ritual murder "". People must stop raking through the files to find awkward facts in the past of their political opponents.
Day of forgiveness
"" Even for those with blood on their hands "", boomed Herr Strauss amid a tor- rent of applause from his vast audience,
the day of forgiveness has now come."" He was presumably referring, among others,
to Rudolf Hess, the last of the Nazi leaders still in prison.
Nationalism of the old kind had caused both the two world wars, said Herr Strauss; today Europe must be united, and only in the framework of a united Europe could one achieve a united Germany. National states in Europe could no longer survive and have power on the modern scale.
Turning to France, he said that ""men like M. Pompidou and M. Debre, con- vinced French nationalists, are well aware today of the hopeless contradiction between French ambitions and what France actually can do':
Election forecast
Close cooperation between Germnany and France was the only sound nucleus for European union, although he personally disagreed with the French President on the question of the recognition of the Oder- Neisse Line. Amid loud laughter, he des- cribed President de Gaulle as "" a mixture between Joan of Are and a political cosmonaut "".
Forecasts for the Bavarian Landtag elec- tions on Sunday, the result of which will probably have an influence on coalition- making in Bonn, are that the Christian Socialist Union will remain the ruling party, though possibly not with an absolute majority. Many eyes are also fixed on the right-wving National Democratic Party, which hopes to win its first seat in the Bavarian Parliament.";"November 18, 1966";"";56792;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Healthy nationalist party a German right";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passion in the debate on the ratification cf the London and Paris agreements when it was resumed in the Council of the Republic to-day.
Trhe essential of to-day's debate- consisted in the exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullist), one of the most determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign Minister, M. Pinay.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute to the courteous and objective character of the previous speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, "" In order to coexist, we must first exist."" They could not remain passive before the latent menace which the Com- munist bloc in Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole weight, on western Europe. In the past eight years all the successive steps in the organization of the west-Dunkirk and Brussels treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been taken at the initiative of France. It was by this constructive contribution that France had recovered her place among the great Powers.
The first stake in the%present debate was thus the continuity of French policy. It was only in appearance that the debate bore on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which was in question. If Germany. was not rearmed with them it would be without, even perhaps against, them.
Any delay or amendment, M. Pinay warned, would in the present circumstances amount to a rejection; for any condition placed on ratification would be interpreted by their allies as "" a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decision.""
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold guaran- tees offered by the Paris agreements: (I) Juridical, in the Western European Union and armaments control agency; (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and communications; (3) strategic. in the shape of the supreme allied command; and finally (4) political, by the solemn under- taking of the German Federal Government never to resort to force for national aims, backed by the presence of British and American forces on the Continent.
What would be the result of failure to ratify the agreements ? The allies would simply abandon th- forward strategy-th- foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral one, and one day fate would confront them with "" the choice of a slavery without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was here interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)";"April 2, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['From Dan van der Vat']";"['News']";"IGerman interlude: Dr Kissinger, flanked by Herr Brandt and Herr Scheel, whom he met yesterday before flying on to Moscow.
From Dan van der Vat
Bonn, March 24
Dr Kissinger paid a brief call on West German leaders today and offered them a carrot in- stead of the stick which he used earlier this month for his now famous bout of ""Europe- bashing "".
In the course of a four-hour stopover on his way to Moscow, the American Secretary of State told Herr Brandt, the Chancellor and Herr Scheel, the Foreign Minister, that Atlantic cooperation remained a fundamental pillar of Ameri- can foreign policy.
Washington, he said, would continue to sympathize with
and support European iritegra- tion efforts. But Dr Kissinger reminded his hosts, though in somewhat sweeter language than he has used of late, of the enormous importance Washington attaches to proper consultation between the United States and the European Community.
The talks took place at Schloss Gymnich, a mansion near Cologne rented by the Government for entertaining important foreign visitors.
Originally Dr Kissinger was to have met only I err Scheel, but the Chancellor decided to put in a surprise appearance as a personal gesture to underline
the importance West Germany attaches to good relations with Washington.
The West German leaders took the opportunity of briefing Dr Kissinger about their talks last week with Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, who vis- ited Bonn. British wishes in the context of renegotiation of the terms of membership of the Community were outlined to the American visitor, who will stop over in London on Thurs- day on his way home from Moscow to meet Mr Callaghan.
There is great disappoint- ment in Bonn about the Labour Government's sceptical attitude towards the idea of European
union, on which Mr Callaghan declared himself an ""agnostic."" Thus the satisfaction radiated by the Foreign Secretary over the ""friendly"" talks he had here is not reciprocated.
Bonn now seems resigned to the idea that Britain will hence- forth be a passive member in day-to-day Community business, while seeking to improve the economic and financial terms of its membership. -here is little hope here now of political union by 1980.
Moscow, March 24.-Dr Kis- singer arrived here today from West Germany for talks with Mr Brezhnev and other Soviet leaders.-Reuter.";"March 25, 1974";"";59047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr Kissinger tries carrot instead of stick";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The two-day meeting in London of the Anglo-French economic committee ended yesterday with a brief statement which in fact conceals a satisfaction expressed privately later on both sides.
The statement said the committee exchanged views on general economic questions, and developments in the two countries. Among these were included preparations for next year's trade and tariff negotiations in Gatt (the General Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade); the extension of trade with less developed countries, with special reference to the United Nations trade and development conference, and agricultural policy.
Sir Patrick Reilly, Deputy Under- Secretary at the Foreign Office for economic affairs, said afterwards that the British side were impressed by the strong team brought by the French. In addition to M. Wormser, the director of economic affairs at the Quai d'Orsay, some half- dozen of the most experienced and senior French officials from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Bank of. France, and the French Embassy. took part.
APPROACHES DIFFER
It is true that on several of the meaor economic problems the British and French approaches differ. On tnade matters con- cering the less developed countries the French approaoh is more concerned with the organization of markets, whi!e the Writish seek to dismantle obstacles to tradc, but the interests of the two oo'untries in m.aintaining prices and expanding markets for the less developed countries is the same.
On the British side it is now hoped thaft these Anglo-French bilateral meetings will continue every six months or so. The strength of 'the'Frcna team, 'by contrast with the fact that no French economic advisers attended the Western European Union meeting in T'he Hague last week, Shows clearly enough that the French. while not prepared to widen the economic discussion beyond a bilateral basis do wish to reestablish sensible contact on econo- Mic matters with thoir near neighbours.
This first meeting for over two years follows some obvious suspicion in past months on the Part of the French that they would face much 'bitterness wen resuming contacts here. The meeting teems, how- ever, to have ,paved te way readlly enough for easier regular contacts in future, which 'should 'be of no less advantage to both countries than the 'bilateral meetings b,etween Britain and Germany, taly and the Benelux countries.";"October 31, 1963";"";55846;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Success Of Talks With French";""
"";"['News']";"Mr Heath sid last night that he envisaged the United States and the European Community as twin pillars of a revivified and reinvigorated"" Atlantic alliance.
""I am convinced that this is now urgent, if we are to be able to mnaintain our own security and world peace "", he told American bankers in London.
The goal set for the European C_ommunity wsas nothing less than European union by 1980, and tAhis would be speeded by pressures inside and outside the EEC, the Prime Minister stated.
"" The p?ressure of external events will, I believe, accelerate the development of the Com- munity. This will be especially significant in tecontext of the transatlantic relationship.
""CIn the Atlantic alliance? as we have known it, the United States has been, by every stan- dard, incomparably the biggest and mnost powerful partner. Now tiis is chanlgin*g. In terms of population and economic capac. ity, the European Community is comparable with the United States.
Turning tO Europe's relations with America, he said: "" The President of the United States has declared that for his Admini- stration this is the year of Europe, and has made clear his
desire to'review and strengthen the transatlantic relationship. We in Europe welcome this initiative.l. We look forward to rethinking, with the United States and with Canada, the evo- lution of 9the Atlantic Alliance,
"" Bit, fior the members of the European;' Community, it is -no longer just a matter of the rela- tionship of each one of us to. the United States. It is now a matter of the -relationship between the Community: and the United States.- 'That is what member- ship of th'e Community, is about. We have to learn-and we are learning-'to think and act to- gether asl one.""'
The relationship between the United States and Europe, Mr Heath noted, was now being re- considere'd in the fields of money and of trade. "" We have to develop : a new system-or reform the existing system-so that in future we have a system which can maintain the flow and freedom of international trade without casting unaccept- able burdens on particular coun- 'tries, and without being subject to the crises of speculation with which we have become too familiar.
""The reform of the interna- tional monetary system is, in my view the mdst urgent task we have to complete"". Mr Heath stated.";"May 15, 1973";"";58782;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Heath says union by 1980 is EEC goal";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Paris. Dec 20
President Pompidou said in a television interview tonight that France was on the thl-eshold of a "" difficult year "". He appealed to his countrymen to unlite in a common effort to overcome the threats of rising prices and un- employment
He reaffirmed his confidence in the "" capacity, loyalty and devotion to the public weal "" of M Pierre Messmer, the Prime Minister, who has been under attack in the press and in politi- cal circles lately for alleged lack of author-ity and indecision.
M Pompidou said his first objective remained the econo- mic development of France. This was the only thing that would enable her to enjoy prosperity and social progress, and to have ""good allies and not mas,ters-"". ""Only a svrong France is capable of cooperating with all, however powerful they may be, without reticence and without complexes.""
The President countered the criticism that he had taken more interest in foreign affairs than in domestic problems in recent months with the argument that the latter depended to a very large extent on the international situation.
""The French want peace. Does not this peace involve our relations with the Atlantic alliance and with Eastern Europe ? "" he said. They wanted economic progress. This depended on relations with primary producers. They wanted social progress, which largely depended on the con- struction of Europe.
He was not displeased with the Copenhagen summit. ""I thillk my initiative was useful. The question was to find out if the Nine wished to progress towards political union. The answer was provided, and a cer- tain number of mechanisms have been set up to facilitate this progress.
"" Naturally, people will say, everybody did not agree on everything. if everybody agreed on everything, European union would already exist. But it is in gestation, and the problem is to
-now if one wants to achieve it. The answer, in my eyes, was posi- tive.""
France would be spared a serious fuel crisis in coming months, M Pompidou said, but the rise in oil prices would have a serious impact on inflation. If the oil shortage were to continue for months or years grave steps would be required. The govern- ment was preparing for these should they prove necessary.
It is doubtful whether Presi- dent Pompidou's declaration of confidence in M Messmer will still criticism. As some com- mentators have remarked recently, this is really directed at M Poinpidou himself.";"December 21, 1973";"";58970;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pompidou forecast of difficult year ahead";""
"";"['News']";"STRASBOURG, Aug. 7.-The European lovemcent, of which Mr. Churchill is president, to-night issued from its head- quarters here a statement declaring that the alternative to European Union was an inevitable fall in living standards and loss of' personal liberty.
The statement was issued aftcr a meeting of the bureau of the movement's executive com- nmittec. It said that though there wvere difficul- ties in the way of achieving Eurotpan Union.
the alternative is to watch our liberties shrink and shrivel, our conditions of life decline, the fruits of our past achievements evaporate. Bv combining our resources we shaU be able for the first time to deploy the full economic strength of our continent and of the great ovcrsea countries which are associaied with us. Again we shall stand on our own fcet and pay our own way. By uniting our efforts we can, if wc will. within a few years not only restore the hcalth and vigour of Europe but make a positive contribution to the prosperity of the world and the maintenance of peace.""
The statement claimed that tho European Movemcent was the only organization which could exrress the aims and hones of all Euro- peans, whether of the right or the left. It te- called thalt the movemcnt had set up specialist stidy groups, comnposed of experts and repre- seit.ttives of different schools of thought. to formulate proposals on the economic, social, cultural, and juridical aspects of European pro- blems. "" We do not claim that the recommcnda- tions which have resulted from these studies offer a linal soltition of the many complicated points which confront our continent. We feel, however, that they provide the broad outline of a comprehensive and constructive European policy, and we hope that members of the Con- sultative Assembly will find in them a compre- hensive basis for discussion.""
Mr. MaAride, the Irish Minister for External Affairs, to-night sent an official request to the secretariat of the Council of Europe to refer to his country simply as Ireland and not as Eire or the Republic of Ireland. This request is seen by observers here as a part of a systematic campaign by the Government in Dublin to link the question of the partition of Ireland with every inter- national organization of which it is a member. -Retuer.";"August 8, 1949";"";51454;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Alternative To Union";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Mini- ster, paid a brief visit to London yester- day to meet Lord Homc, the Foreign Secretary, over ;uncheon at 1, Carlton Gardens, where their discussion was con- tinued until 4.15 p.m. The questions discussed included the North Atlantic Treaty Organization meeting in Paris. Africa. and Berlin. European Common Market problems were also considered. but not in their detailed economic aspects, since Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, had already left for his visits to Brussels and Stockholm this weekend.
Before Mi. Sp4ak arrived. reports from Brussel had suggested that the two Mini- sters would review European problems. British representatives have tendec to plav this down. It was pointed out that the visit had originated from a sus8estion from M. Spaak.
Since then. however. the question of Political consultation, between the Com- mon Market powers has been much under debate between the Six. The British Government do not wish to play any direct part, Britain not being a member of the Common Market, but M. Spaak at the last meeting of the Six, on November 10. opposcd the report then presentedi by the Fouchet Committee for closer political con- sultation between the Six.
REVISION PROCEEDING
He is understood to have opposed it both because it did not go far enough ana because in the Belgian view Britain should be invited to take parn in the discussions Mi. Spaak has still to decide what his atti- tude to the Fouchet proposals will be at the next meeting of the Six on about December 10. They arc at present being revised.
M. Spaak wished, no doubt. to find out British views on the development cf west European integration in the light of the discussions on this subject which Mr Macmillan had with President de Gaulle last weekend.
One subject which may well also have been touched upon is the future of Western European Union. If political
consultation is to take placc regularly between the Six as one aspect of the CoDm- mon Markects work. and if Britain also joins the Common Market. the political consultations which now take place as part of W.E.U.'s work will becomc redundant This would lcave vcrY little for W.E.U. to do apart from its task of arms control.";"December 1, 1961";"";55253;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Drawing Britain Into E.E.C. Political Talks";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian.Murrav.
Brussels
Chancellor Kohl yesterday flung down the gauntlet to his EEC partners, challenging them to let West Germany have-its way on this year's farm price agreement or risk upsetting the political balance of the Community.
In an angry message to M Jacques Delors, the Com- mission president, the chancel- lor said: ""You have to learn it is not possible to put one of the most important member states under such pressure.""
He gave his full backing to Herr Ignaz Kiechle, his Agricul- ture Minister, who has said he is prepared to use a veto rather than accept any form of price cut for cereal farmers. Herr -Kiechle repeated this threat ,vehemently yesterday as agri-' culture ministers resumed their -seemingly hopeless search for a price settlement..
""We cannot agree to a policy t Which will fiorce our farmers to
fosrzu icaus& of the pressure.
fori pn uts.""' He hadW iejected
M Delors: Target of .7- ;- .Chanceilor's fury - : +
-~~~~~~~~~ - ,
out of hand the latest compro- Mise proposals from the Commission, which suggest cereal price cuis of just 2 per cent rather than the 3.6 per cent reduction originally asked for.
The political importance o the quarrel is that until now West Germany has always refused to accept that any country has the right of veto. Were Herr Kiechle to use it a substantial part of the intense argument on the subject in the Community would certainly collapse. The mere threat of using it has been damaging enough.
Herr Rudi-Arndt, leader of the Socialist group in the European 'Parliament, described the' position of his country's government as scandalous. ""All 'the 'statements of the federal government about' European union have been'reduced.to lies. The 'movement towards Euro- pean union- bas now--been torpedoed."" -
Britain, which strongly sup- ports' th&' :veto right,' would certainly back West Germany if it refused to accept a vote, in rharked contrast to what hap- pened in 1982, when West Germany joined the majority in voting Britain down when 'it .declared it had a vital national interest at stake in the agricul- ture price fixing that year.
Ministers- were spending the night trying to end the impasse,
against a warning from Euro-i pean farmers' organizations that
""the patience of our farmers has| its limits and 'that these limits1 have .been reached"". Farmers were ready to demonstrate their ""bitterness, disappointment and anger in full force"".'";"May 15, 1985";"";62138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kohl throws down gauntlet to EEC";""
"['By Peter Evans Home Affairs Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Peter Evans
Home Affairs Correspondent
A Western European Union report recommends that Nato's chemical weapon stocks should equal the estimated offensive capabality of the Warsaw Pact a sa deterrent.
The report, bv Mr Robert Banks, Conservative MP for Harrogate, is backed by the union's committee on defence question sand armaments and will go to its assembly for approval.
Mr Banks says that the Rus- sian occupation of Afghanistan is a warning to the West.
"" At a time when Europe is exposed to a serious threat from both nuclear and chemical weapons from the Soviet Union, couppled with the realizatdon that theree i sno longer a Nato capability for a prolonged con- ventional war, it has become e,sential for Europe to face the consequencesof -a warmin which chemical and nuclear weapons could be used.""
The report recommends that the council should encourage bilateral an dmnultiateral nego- tiations to ba nthe production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons wit hadequate verifi- cation.
Another recommendation is that it is the moral duty of governments to inform their populations in peacetime of the danigers of nuclear, chemical and bological attacks. The report says an updated version of the Britis hGovernment's
booklet, Protect and Survive,
which was to have been issued, to the public onl ywhben a nuc- lear attack was expected, is being prepared and wvill be available soon.
Fallout shelters should be provided in public buiildings and the home the report, savs. Ther e is no peacetime shelter policy in the United Kingdom for the general populatiol. Mr Banks fears that failur e to coordinate civil defence preparations between countries- would result in refugees cross- ing frontiers in search of bet- ter protection:
The report calls for..the co- ordinated use of milita-ry
reservists, police, fire brmgades. the Red Cross and similar organizations and civilian volunteers during a, wsar-alert, attacc aid. post.atmck period. Self-help equipmen+, including home shelters, protective cloth- ing and respirators, shouldlie. provided for sale to'the p.zl,k.
There should be an organiza- tion with protected - and up-dated communications to provide warning and monitor- ing services for nuclear, bio- logical and chemical attacks, fully coordinated within Nato,
The report savs that the. committee is greatly concerned at the deficiencies in most of the civil defence programmes that have been examined. It looks at programmes in Bel- gium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg the Netherlands, Norlway and the United King- doin.";"May 2, 1980";"";60616;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Chemical arms 'should equal East Europe's'";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, JULY 30
Little progress has been made iit Brussels at the meeting of the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community, most of the im:portant matters having been reserved for the nextmeetinginSeptember. Nodecision has been taken over the contacts with Britain within the Western European Union, and the plans to merge the execu- 'ives of the three separate European communities (Common Market, Eur- atom and Coal & Steel) have been delayed until September.
The Ministers have found no solution to the probleff of normalizing their trade relati6ns with the Soviet Union. and 'France, having concluded a trade agreementwith Russia;,proposed a-series of tariff reductions in her. favour, but this question will be examined again in the autumn.
'Te French propose a reduction in the import duties in the Common Market for four Russian. products: caviar, vodka, lobster and antimony. The Common Market in exchatige would benefit from the minimum tariff in Russia.
The French pointed out that Russia would thereby recognize- the exterior tariff of the E.E.C. which would end the diffi- culties arising from the Russian side when bilateral negotiations' are conducted with E.E.C. members. Russia always'asks these countries- for the benefit of the preferential tariffi.
AMEERICAN TARIFFS
M. Valery Giscard d'Estaing, the French Minister of Finance, also declared today that the German and Anierican Positions have come nearer on the tariff negotiitions which :start next year. These tiegotiations are 'already under way at Geneva through the General Agreerent on Tariffs and Trade. France, however, still insists on :urther and speoial reduction's o' the American tariffs when these are more than 30 per . cent- above the - Common Market tariffs.
BRUSSELS, July 30.-The European Eco- nomic Community's.Council of Ministers has approved an- agreement 'with Britain .abolishing all duties.on'tea and tropical woods, a' Community spokesman: said to- day. Under the arrangemerit imports of tea and tropical woods will have duty free entrvyinto the Common Market and Britain by January I, 1.964.:': ;
The spokesman said the'decision applied to all tea - except- tea in packets,' where there. was- a duty suspension -to 5 per cent; The agreement was' for -a' period of - two years-and. could be renewed. ' ..
' The- removal of the tariffs -will particu- larly benefit th_ tea exports of India and Ceylon, and the tropical hardwood trade of African countries.-Reuter. -";"July 31, 1963";"";55767;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E.E.C. Ministers Make Little Progress";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD-Rome, Oct. 22']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD-Rome, Oct. 22
M. Jean de Lipkowski, the French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, launched a diplomatic counter-attack at today's meeting of Western European Union with a reassertion of French interests in the west German idea of a trade agreement between Britain and the European Economic Com- munity.
He recalled the Franco-German statement on the idea published in Paris last February. France. he said, was prepared to agree to a trade agreement between the E.E.C. and all interested Europeau countries covering industrial and agricultural products. It was also interested in technological co- operation with Britain.
M. de Lipkowski said nothing to suggest that anything had changed in the very restrictive view held in Paris of what a trade agreement should be. Other delegations con- sidered that this was mainly a move to break out of the isolation in which France found itself yesterday when it alone rejected the proposals of Mr. Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for a study group on new means of European cooperation.
The idea of a trade agreement is one which the Germans have been pushing continuously since February-even though it has little appeal either for Britain or for the other members of the E.E.C. To-
day's statement by M. de Lipkow- ski drew German support and enabled the two countries to re- establish their rather tattered part- nership.
France's isolation was very clearly illustrated last night when Mr. Michael Stewart. the British Foreign Secretary, met representa- tives of France's five E.E.C. part- ners at a private session after the main meeting. He made a formal proposal that Britain and the Five should set up a study group on their own along the lines proposed by Mr. Harmel.
The proposal was immediately accepted by Dr. Luns and Signor Medici, the Dutch and Italian Foreign Ministers. Spokesmen for the other three countries-west Germany, Belgium and Luxem- bourg-were more reticent and said they would have to refer back to their capitals. It was then pro- posed that Britain and the Five should meet again on the sidelines of the Nato ministerial meeting in Brussels on November 14. This. though not formally agreed, was being considered today as very likely to come off.
French delegates reacted sharply in the corridors today to these at- tempts to form a new European group which would exclude them. one senior representative des- cribed the moves as "" diplomatic terrorism";"October 23, 1968";"";57389;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France tries to regain a hold in WEU";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passion in the debate on the ratification cf-the London and Paris agreements when it was resumed in the Council of the Republic to-day.
The essential of to-day's debate- consisted in the exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel-(Gaullist), one of the most determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign Minister, M. Pinay.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute to the courteous and objective character; of the previous speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, "" In order to coexist, we must first exist."" They could not remain passive before the latent menace which the Com- munist bloc in Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole weight, on western Europe. In the past eight years all the successive steps in the organization of -the west-Dunkirk and - Brussels treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been taken at the initiative of France. it was by this constructive contribution that France had recovered her place among the great Powers.
The first stake in the present debate was thus the continuity of French policy. It was only -in appearance that the debate bore on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which was in question. If Germany was not rearmed with them it would be without, even perhaps against, them.
Any delay or amendment, M. Pinay warned, would in the present circumstances amount to a rejection; for any condition placed on ratification would be interpreted by their allies as "" a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decision.""
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold guaran- tees offered by the Paris agreements: (I) Juridical, in the Western European Union and armaments control agency; (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and commun-ications; (3) strategic, in the shape of the supreme allied command; and finally (4) political, by the solemn under- taking of the German Federal Government never-to resort to force for national aims, backed by the presence of British and American forces on the Continent.
What would be the result of failure to ratify the agreements ? The allies would simply abandon the forward strategy-the foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral one, and one day fate would confront them with ' the choice of a slavery without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was here interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)";"April 4, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['By Ian Murray']";"['News']";"By Ian Murray
The summit produced three separate communiques, al- though none of them was con- cerned with the question of the Community's finances, which occupied the bulk of the meeting's time.
On subjects of political co- operation the council was ""in ftill agreement on the signi- ficance "" of the meeting between Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, and President Brezhnev of. the Soviet Union in Bonn' at the start of the week. The council believed there was a f'-need to keep channels of East-West communication open between governments at all times"".
The council ""welcomed' the .comnitment of the Uaited. S§tates . . tb the goatlof imiajor' 1-disarmamnent by -.1eans of.
<mutal, rkeucti6xie""in nidoilear.' and conventional foieesA. It hoped that "" despite the diffi- culties"" there could be a positive outcome from the European security review con- ference in Madrid by the end of the year.
It also "" reaffirmed its will- ingness . . . to respond to the requests of the Polish Govern- ment for continued support for the efforts of the Polish people to promote the. recovery of their own economy "".
The council considered ""the continuing tragedy of Afghan- istanr"" and confirmed its belief
in its proposals made in June for Soviet withdrawal as ""a reasonable and practical approach to solving the problem "".
On European union the council "" recognized the importance of strengthening economic integration in paral- lel wvith political develop- ment "". Foreign ministers were asked to take a further look at proposals made in their ""London statement"" in October on political co-opera- tion and at the joint West German andi Italian paper on the subject.
On dealing with enlargement of the Community to include Spain and Portugal, the coun- c$il ','confirmned the political ~''ommWtment , which was the
siat, for eeing to nego. 7t,t-~ nrf:3 with the tnvo Countries. -'
""It emphasized the need for both the community and the acceding countries to make good use of the period until accession for careful prepara- tion for the comunity's further enlargement by introducing the necessary reforms so that the potential benefits can be realized.
""The council agreed that in the conmmunity's deliberations on its internal development, regard would need to be paid to the importance of the acces- sion of Portugal and Spain.";"November 28, 1981";"";61094;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reagan arms promise warmly welcomed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passion in the debate on the ratification of the London and Paris agreements when it was resumed in the Council of the Republic to-day.
I The essential of to-day's debate-
consisted in the exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullist), one of the mqst determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign Minister, M. Pinav.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute, to the courteous and objective character of the previous speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, ""In order to coexist, we must- first exist;"" They coula not remain passive before the latent menace which the Com- munist bloc in Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole~ weight, on western Europe. In the past eight years all the successive steps in the organization of the west-Dunkirk and Brussels treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been taken at the initiative of France. It was by this constructive contribution that France had recovered her place among the great Powers.
The first stake in the present debate was thus the continuity of French policy. It was only in appearance that the debate bore ,on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which was in question. If Germany was not rearmed with them it -would be without,. even perhaps against,
them.
Any delay or amendment, M. Pinay warned, would in the present circumstances amount. to a rejection;. for- any condition placed on ratification would .be interpreted by. their allies as "" a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decision.""
. M. Pinay emphasized the fouirfold guaran- tees offered by the Paris agreements: (1) Juridical, in the Western European Union and- armaments control agency; (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and communications; (3) strategic in the shape of the supreme allied comnmand; and finally (4) political, by the solemn under- 4taking of-the German Federal Government never to resort to force for national aims, backed by the presence of British and Amnerican forces on the Continent.
What would be the result of failure to ratify the agreements ? The allies would simply abandon the forward strategy-the foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral one, and one day fate would confront them with "" the choice of a slavery without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was bere interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)
I_";"March 31, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 25
There was little passion in the debate on the ratification of the London and Paris agreements when it was resumed in tihe Council of the Republic to-day.
The essential of - to-day's debate- consisted in the exchange of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullst) -one of the most determined opponents of the agree- ments, and the Foreign. Minister, M' Pinay.
M. Pinay, who paid tribute to.. the courteous and. obective character 'of the j,revious speeches, began by recalling the aphorisim, "" In order to coexist, we must first exist."" They could not remain passive before the latent menace which the Com- munist bloc in Europe and Asia exercised, by its sole weight, on 'western Europe. In the past eight years all the successive steps ia the organization of the west-Dunkirk and Brussels' treaties, O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been taken at the initiative of France. It was by 'this constructive contribution that France had recovered her place among the gireat Powers.
The first stake in the present debate was thus the continuity' of French policy. It was only in appearance that the debate bore on German rearmament; in fact, it was the Atlantic alliance which was in question. If Germany was not rearmed with them it would be without, even perhaps against, them.
Any delay or amendment, M. Pinay warned, would in the present circumstances amount to a rejection; for any condition placed on ratification would be interpreted by their allies as "" a simple subterfuge intended to mask an incapacity of decision.""
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold guaran- tees offered by the Paris agreements: (I) Juridical, in the Western European Union. and armaments 'control agency;. (2) material, by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and 'communications; (3) strategic, in' the shape of the 'supreme' allied command; and finally (4) political, by the solemn under- taking of the German Federal Government never to resort to force for national aitns, backed by the presence of British and American forces on the Continent.
What would be. the result of failure to ratify the agreements ? The allies would simply abandon the forward strategy-the foundation of French security-in favour of a peripheral one, and one day fate would confront them with "" the choice of a slavery without hope or liberation in ruins."" (M. Pinay was here 'interrupted by loud and spontaneous applause.)";"March 29, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 25
The resemblance between current events in Prague and those of only nine years ago was the theme of an outspoken speech to-day by M. Bidault, the French Foreign Minister, at a luncheon of the Anglo- American Press Association.
Speaking of the efforts of France and Britain to gather round them "" what is left of an orderly Europe,"" he said it was not their fault if Europe was reduced to 16 countries, the rest having been withdrawn with or without their consent. It was the smallest Europe there had been, and the only one they could work with, but one that they could not accept as permanent. "" We left our doors open (he added). The bolts have been drawn from the other side; but we know that it is in our interest that these doors should one day be broken open-by persuasion, of course."" What remained, however, was not negligible, and the path of European union upon which France and Britain had set out was one from which there could be no turning back.
M. Bidault then referred tq the oommon traditions of this Europe, among which was respect for one's opponent. "" There can be no democracy where you shoot or hang your opponent, or where people speak of their truth, their freedom, their justice, and not simply of truth, freedom, and justice,"" he said. "" I have the right and the duty to say that events in a not distant capital are the subject of the gravest concem on our part. It is not oon- reivable that pawns should be indefinitely moved about on the chess board without the situation becoming rapidly dangerous, prob- ably at short notice. There is still tinme to resumne the practices of international collabora- tion that we have always defended- but it is time, hi;h time, that this were done.""
Sir Oliver Harvey, the British Ambassador, emphasized that western union was no ex- clusive policy, but an' association of: free nations, ""as we in the west understand the term."" Al could join in, provided they were free countries too. To those who thought there was something dreary about western democracy, he replied that it was really not difficult or heroic to be totalitarian. "" Tat is the lazy policy, the stupid policy. You just p to s,leep; but, of course, you wake up-in --hans,"" . .";"February 26, 1948";"";51005;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dangers Of Events In Prague";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
Bonn. Feb. 5 Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister. and Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, agreed today that consultations between members of Western European Union (W.E.U.), par- ticularly in the political field. should be intensified. The two men talked for about half an hour in private at Biihlerh6he, in the Black Forest, where Herr Brandt is recovering from pleurisy They were later joined by their advisers for a further half hour of discus-
Sion!.
The main topic of conversation was the meeting of the W.E.U. ministerial council, which opens tomorrow in Luxembourg. Mr. Stewart, I understand, made it clear to Herr Brandt that the British Government emphatically supported the Italian proposal for regular consultations between Britain and the Six on specific foreign policy and defence ques- tions and on cooperation in the monetary and technological fields.
Mr. Stewart told journalists that he had every reason to expect Ger- man support for the Italian pro- posal in Luxembourg. He added that he had been impressed in general with ""the vigour of sup- port"" within the Six for British entry into Europe. but understood the desire to remain on good terms with France.
It was also agreed at today's meeting, according to German sources, that it would be better in future if individual delegations at W.E.U. conferences were able to suggest topics for discussion with- out having first to secure the un- animous approval of other mem- bers. At present any country can veto such proposals if they are not to its liking.
Our Diploma6ic Correspondent
writes: The British Government yesterday were being careful not to anticipate the outcome of the Luxembourg meeting, but it is known fhat Foreign Office Ministers have also looked ahead and been advised after the recent meetings in London of British Ambassadors to European capitals that the next step, if the Luxem- bourg talks fail, will be to work for something stronger than the Common Market-something pre- sumably on the lines of real federation in defence and foreign policy.
Any such proposal would need careful timing and the clear sup- port of Germany for any federal solution is essential. The next step on this road is likely to be the visit of Mr. Wilson to Dr. Kiesinger in Bonn next week.
Leading article, page 9.";"February 6, 1969";"";57478;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn pledge of support at WEU";""
"['From LOUIS HEREN']";"['News']";"From LOUIS HEREN
WAsHNGToN, DEC. 7
Mr. Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State, is to fly to Brussels this weekend on what amounts to a rescue operation for Britain and her European aspirations.
He is to tell the North Atlantic Council that the United States would welcome a European Defence Community, including Britain, as a full partner in a re- constituted alliance.
The Secretary also wants to re- fute the Gaullist position that the United States is determined to pre- vent European integration except under American hegemony, but his prime purpose in reviving the
E.D.C. idea is to help Britain into Europe.
The only public reference was in New York last weekend. A copy of Mr. Rusk's remarks was made available today.
He said: ""We would welcome now as before a European caucus, if they want to call it that, some- thing like a European Defence Community. They should not feel sensitive about constituting their own European Defence Com- munity, because it was not the United States which blocked earlier efforts to do just that.
""There is nothing in our economic, military,, and political relationship that we are not will-
ing to discuss and share. We believe that if that-mefger is to be complete and secure Britain must be a part of-it""
Mr. Rusk apparently intends to bring this new E.D.C. proposal up during discussions of the Harnel study on the future tasks of the alliance.
In recent weeks there has beea a general feeling here that Nato must be reconstructed if it is to survive. It must be relevant to the realities of the last decades of the twentieth century.
These are seen to be Britain's relationship to Europe, and the need for European countries to do more for themselves.
-Mr. Rusk has become especially impatient with what is seen as the Marshall Plan relationship, the dependence upon the United States. He believes that the time has come when Europeans must themselves resolve the urgent problems of their destiny.
It is a rescue operation for Nato, but the Secretary is convinced apparently that the organization does not have much of a future if Britain remains outside Europe. The understanding is that his re- marks will be directed mainly to the Six, and a refurbished Western European Union seems to be the logical goal.
WE.U. backs British entry, P.4";"December 8, 1967";"";57119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rusk plan to help Britain into EEC";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The signs that France is now prepared for effective military cooperation with Nato are now so frequent and insistent that they must reflect a green light from President de Gaulle to his military and naval commanders.
Among these signs is the French cooperation in air surveillance in the Mediterranean. The Nato allies have set up a new Nato sub- command, Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (Marairmed). The French do not join formally in Marairmed's programme of air reconnaissance, but they conform with it in monthly "" exercises "".
Thus they cooperate in practice with Nato naval operations, even though their forces in the Mediterranean cannot be said to be inside the Nato comniand system. The French press also made much of the recent full-scale Nato naval exercise in the Medi- terranean, in which their aircraft carrier, Foch, which is not nor- mally in the Mediterranean, took a full part together with other powerful units of the French Navy.
The new spirit of cooperation shows in particular a new French anxiety about the Mediterranean. President de Gaulle may well feel that the close military cooperation between Algeria and the Soviet Union is less to be welcomed as a
weakening of United States domination in the Mediterranean than to be feared as a threat to French influence, and in particular to French communications with North Africa, from which come supplies of oil and gas.
There are, however, other signs of a French desire for cooperation with the United States. French generals have long been insistent that the two French divisions in Germany are useless unless trained, like other allied forma- tions, in the use of American tac- tical nuclear weapons. These United. States weapons were re- moved when France left the Nato military structure, and the French, having spent large sums on their own strategic deterrent, are un- able to replace the United States tactical weapons with similar weapons of their own.
The United States Government would almost certainly be ready to come to terms with France if President de Gaulle were to agree unequivocally to reenter the Nato military organization and accept British membership of a European Union; but it should not be sup- posed that President de Gaulle has gone so far yet. What does seem certain from the recent frequent signs is that be is now preparing the ground for such an option when Mr. Nixon is firmly in the saddle.";"November 20, 1968";"";57413;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle turning to Nato again";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 29
The French appear to have reversed their view that the Western European Union cannot serve at ministerial level for political consultations between Britain and the Six on matters including the road ahead after the Brussels breakdown.
Dr. Schroder, the west German Foreign Minister. who is now chairman of the W.E.U. Council of Ministers. was able to tell a joint meeting of the organization's standing council and parliamentary general affairs committee here today that the seven Governments were "" agreed in recognizing the usefulness of resuming political con- sultations at rministerial level within the framework of the W.E.U."" The French are understood to have raised no objec- tions to this formula.
What aroused hope- here tonight was that this answer came in response to one of the questions put by the parliamen- taxians which specifically referred to what could be done in the situation resulting from the collapse of the Brussels negotia- tions. The answer of the seven Govern- ments is understood to have been finally agreed only wihile the standing council has been meeting here.
ROME MEETING
The British delesates expressed them- selves highly pleased with this outcome. The hope here tonight is for a meeting of the W.E.U. ministers in Rome, either at the end of May or early in June.
A possible dAfikulty is next month's Italian elections and the ensuing forma- tion of a new Governmont. The Italian Foreign Mmister is chairman of the Coun- cil of Ministers until the end of June. What wold be best, it is felt, is if the meeting could be held before the W.E.U. general assembly meeting in Paris on June 4.
The W.E.U. meeting held here today and yesterday, when Britam was represented on the standig council by Lord Hood from the Foreign 'Offic, had originalto been intended, on Ge,oan initiative, to be at ministerial level. This Plan had to be abandoned because of French objections.
Dr. Schroder speaking at a press confer- ence afterwards, said that two montfs after the Brussels ""happenings "" had proved obviously too short a time for all parties
to come together again constructively, and find a way out of the crisis. He hoped now, however, that the Ministers could meet soon "" under the sun of Rome. a sun that is needed not only for the Italians but for all Europe':";"March 30, 1963";"";55663;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. As Forum For Britain And The Six";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
The main interest in the meet- ing of the Western European Union Council in Luxembourg on Thursday and Friday will centre not on the paper which Signor Nenni, the Italian Foreign Minis- ter, is to present, but on what hap- pens after that. It is certain that the British Government are fully determined not to drop their attempt to join Europe. For the present they are not anticipating the outcome of the meeting.
Reports of a new striking move in the future for a political and defence federation are not con- firmed, but it can be said with conviction that further important rounds in this dogged European tournament certainly lie ahead.
The Italian paper suggests that W.E.U. members should bind themselves to consult one another upon certain issues of foreign policy-for instance, questions affecting European unification and relations with other countries, in east Europe, the Middle East or elsewhere. It also calls for an examination of the political aspects of defence problems, in which might be included the con- trol of nuclear weapons in Europe, and for cooperation over technological and monetary policy.
There have been intensive dis- cussions on this paper between
Britain and the Five. France, although kept fully informed by the Italians, has declined to take part, and there is no prospect that M. de Lipkowski, the Secretary of State, who will represent France in the absence of M. Debrd, the Foreign Minister, will do better than decline to commit France. He may seek to block discussion altogether.
In either case the Germans have already made it plain that they are not prepared to break with France to the extent of setting up a new consultative body without her- and, without Germany, the British Governrment are believed not to favour any smaller body com- posed of Britain, Italy and Bene- lux. But at this point Signor Nenni too is determined not just to drop his endeavour.
Meanwhile, Mr. George Brown, who, as a former Foreign Seore- ary, is certainly regafded in Eu-rope as having the close confi- dence of the Foreign Office, has been making a tour of European capitas, to sound reactions in Bonn, Pairis, Rome and Brussels on proposals for a supranational European federation. The Foreign Office denied last night that this was official British policy, but it would be surprising if a good deal more were not heard of it before long.";"February 4, 1969";"";57476;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New British move to force entry to Europe awaited";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, is to attend the regular weekly meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Paris on March 20. The purpose of his visit is to set out to the council the main lines.of British policy on the problems now con- fronting Europe and tbe Atlantic partnership.
This announcement from the Foreign Office yesterday, in mentioning that the council meeting is a regular and not a Ministerial one, draws attention to the fact that Lord Home is going for a Particular Purpose. It is open to any member of Nato to be represented by a Minister when- ever it sees fit. Lord Home has decided that the time has come to emphasize that the alliance should be strengthened and to take a lead in urging that the European partners in Nato should have more voice in the decisions of the alliance.
CLOSER LINKS
In this respect he also clearly hopes to show the British Government's continuing desire for the closest links with the Euro- Pean continental members. Britain, in fact, is to be cofated in the European fold when decisions on the sharing of control within Nato are to be taken as between Europe and the United States.
Lord Home's speech will carrY forward what Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal, said to. the Council of Western European Union on April 10. Mr. Heath then said: ""We quite accept that the European political union .. . will have a common concern for defence problems and that a European Point of view on defence will emerge "", and he-added that "" as the European community develops. the balance within the. Atlantic alliance is going to change. In the course of time there will be two great groupings in the west: North America and-Europe.""
In narticular Lord Home will emphasize the British desire for early- agreement in Nato on the proposals for a Nato nuclear force, which were put forward in the state- ment on nuclear defence systems of Decem- ber 21, as part of the communiqud after the Nassau meeting between President Kennedy and Mr. Macmillan. which Lord Home attended. This will be the first occasion on which one of the British representatives has addressed the North Atlantic Council about it.
Lord Home's visit to Paris will follow the two days of discussion on the Nato nuclear force which Mr. Livingston Merchant. Preident Kennedy's special representative, begins in Iondon today.";"March 12, 1963";"";55647;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lord Home's Nato Mission";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
I PARIS, DEC. 17
By this evening, the Ministers of the North Atlantic Council had disposed of all the main points on their agenda. Their review included a decision which will keep control over the use of atomic weapons in civilian hands but in the meantime authorizes the continuance of military planning on the understanding that atomic weapons would be used in war.
A discussion on Soviet intentions and western policy was notable for a speech by M. Mendes-France, the French Prime Minister, rejecting as an attempt at intimidation the Soviet threat to denounce the Franco-Soviet treaty if the French Parliament ratifies the new agreements on Germany. Sir Anthony Eden also supported joint ratification of the agreements, while making clear that after- wards negotiations with Russia would be welcomed, if the Soviet Government gave some real proof that they could be successful.
The Ministers completed their work this afternoon by considering the annual report. Then the Portuguese Foreign Minister made a statement about Portuguese possessions in India. Finally, the council was invited by the chairman, the Greek Foreign Minister, to hold its next meeting in Athens about April, a suggestion which was warmly received generally but which met with some reserve from the secretary-general on practical grounds; a decision is to be left to the per- manent council.
TO-DAY'S MEETING
The Ministers are meeting again to-morrow morning in restricted session for a general exchange of views and to approve the final communiqud. That witt conclude the N.A.T.O. meetings, but Mr. Dulles, M. Mendes-France, and Sir Anthony Eden are to lunch together and later have a full discussion in which Indo-China, and probably the Middle East, will figure. On Sunday, many of the Ministers will be attending the com- mittee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, which is holding a one-day meeting here.
This morning the N.A.T.O. Ministers made short work of four of the five items before them. They accepted without comment the secretary-general's report on the working of the secretariat. Then they exchanged views, apparently with complete unanimity, on the report on political matters of common con- cern, including the trends and implications of recent Soviet Policy.
The paper before the Ministers declared that in the year Soviet policy had shown more suppleness than during the Stalin era, but that this was more a change of form than of substance. The monolithic nature of the Communist bloc remained unchanged and its military power was continuing to increase at an impressive rate. In spite of theories on coexistence, the Soviet leaders had not aban- doned the Leninist notion of the fundamental hostility between the free and the Communist worlds. The report admitted that the present Soviet policy might prove seductive to certain sections of public opinion, particularly in Asia, and claimed that there was no reason to think that the threat hanging over the free world had in any way diminished.
MR. DULLES'S VIEW
When the report had been presented by Lord Ismay, the secretary-general, Signor Martino (Italy) and Dr. K. K6priilii (Turkey) made short speeches approving it.
Mr. Dulles likened Soviet policy to a river whose current, although it might have become smooth on top, continued to flow in the same direction. There should be no false sense of security on that account. If the surface became rough, the free nations should not be frightened bv that. Whenever the free world had tried to strengthen itself, Soviet policy had been threatening, but later such protests proved to be only propaganda. On the other hand, the free nations should not be provoked by the rough character of some Communist pronouncements into hasty or ill-considered actions. Mr. Dulles maintained that Com- munist policy over the United States prisoners in China had been a deliberate attempt to provoke the United States into hasty unilateral action, which would tend to weaken the alliance at a critical moment.
M. Mendes-France declared his agreement with the conclusions of the report. Referring to the occasional menacing aspect of Soviet policy, he described the threatened denuncia- tion of the Franco-Soviet treaty as an attempt to intimidate and influence the vote on the Paris agreements in the National Assembly. France, he said, would not be influenced by that. The Soviet Government did not know France if it thought that by threats it could modify French policy. The Paris agreements contained nothing that should threaten or trouble any other country, he said, and he reiterated that yesterday's Soviet move would not modify in any way the determination of the French Government to obtain ratification of the agreements as rapidly as possible.
Sir ,Anthony Eden emphasized that with the Paris agreements a new and decisive step forward had been taken in strengthening the alliance. The Ministers should affirm their intention to carry through the agreements, which made clear that the purposes of N.A.T.O. were defensive and conciliatory.
He also emphasized that it was agreed by all that Westerrt European Union should not become a rival of the greater Atlantic alliance. It contributed both to the unity of western
Europe and to the strength of N.A.T.O. Referring evidently to the rearmament of western Germany, he said he understood the hesitations and anxieties that persisted in Europe, but through Western European Union it was possible to reconcile all fears on a practical basis. The Western European Union members had assumed new, and in some cases heavy, obligations, but tlhey did so gladly, knowing that this strengthened the alliance.
Agreeing with the conclusions of the report, Sir Antbony Eden. said the Soviet leaders wished to divide the allies in Europe and to drive the North American members to turn their backs on the Old World, but the gTowing strength of the alliance was the best hope of persuading the Soviet Government to modify its tactics. We should, he said, con- tinue to be patient, and "" if we persevere, we may yet see some improvement "" in Soviet tactics. ""If so, we should be ready to nego- tiate at any time once the Paris agreements are ratified."". Sir Anthony Eden was perhaps here hinting that some tangible Resture. such as agreement to sign the Austrian treaty would strongly influence Western Governments in considering whether negotiations with Russia could be useful.
On the command organization which the Communists have threatened to set up, Sir' Anthony Eden said that the west should not be impressed by this threat. The size of the armed forces of the satellites already imposed| a heavy strain on their economie;, and the size was indeed already limited by their economies. They were, moreover, already fully controlled by Moscow. He hoped that long before the next meeting the alliance would have completed its work of strengthen-| ing western Europe and thereby opening up new prospects for peace.
The third item-the military progress re- port-was introduced by short statements from Admiral Wright, Supreme Allied Com- mander, Atlantic; Admiral Creasy, Allied Commander-in-Chief, Channel; and General Gruenther, Supreme Allied Coijmmander, Europe.
QUESTION STILL OPEN
It was here that General Gruenther is understood to have given new information and to have requested formal agreement to mili- tary planning on the basis that nuclear weapons would be used. It was apparently agreed that the military planning should be conducted on this basis and that it should make the most effEcient use of nuclear and other weapons. It was also agreed that the decision to use nuclear weapons would re- main in civilian hands, and not to delegate it in certain circumstances to the military. This decision is tantamount to saying that the decision to declare war will remain with the civil power, with which there was never any disagreement. How this all-important poli- tical decision should be taken remains an open question. This was not discussed at the present meeting.
As nuclear weapons become more readily available, the day approaches when they will be necessary and normal for all N.A.T.O. forces, if the armament of the alliance is to be as efficient as possible. The decision to plan on this basis seems, therefore, to bring nearer a decision to distribute such weapons to N.A.T.O. countries which do not at present possess them-for instance, to Germany once she has become a N.A.T.O. member.
General Gruenther also made a strong plea for greater efforts by N.A.T.O. members to instruct public opinion in the functions of N.A.T.O. This follows a severe reduction of the funds available in future by the secretariat for information purposes.
RESTRICTED SESSION
The fourth item was discussed in a restricted session in which the Ministers had with them only one or two senior advisors. It concerned the most effective pattern of mili- tary strength in the next few years. Here, again, the Ministers, after discussing the political aspects, reached agreement evidently without difficulty. It is believed that there is now general agreement that military units and formations will in future have to be on a smaller, more highly trained scale, and that they must be highly mobile, so that troops can be transported over positions contami- nated in a nuclear war to seize or hold key points in uncontaminated areas. There is more talk of the possible widespread use of helicopters.
The annual review, which the Ministers con- sidered at their meeting in the afternoon, shows that though there have been con- siderable improvements in the N.A.T.O. defence effort during the past year, there are also many deficiencies, the most notable of which is aircraft.
Numerically, the member countries' air forces increased by 20 per cent., but this was five per cent. below the target set last year. The military deficiencies are less notable, but there is still a shortage of divisions ready to do battle. Fqr the naval forces, minesweepers and patrol craft are still scarce.
On the other hand, reserves of ammunition are not so dangerously low as they have been.
it was announced to-day that the Nether- lands and the United States Governments have reported the comtpletion of negotiations for establishing an air defence technical centre in Holland as an adjunct of Supreme Head- quarters. Research and development, opera- tional testing, and other projects required by Supreme Headquarters in connexion with the air defence of the N.A.T.O. nations will be undertaken there. The Netherlands Govern- merit is providing the facilities and the initial financing is being arranged by the United States.";"December 18, 1954";"";53118;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"N.A.T.O. Planning On Basis Of Nuclear Weapons";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
GENEVA. Nov. 9
Speaking at this afternoon's session of the Geneva conference Mr. Macmillan described the Soviet policy embodied ,in Mr. Molotov's speech yesterday as amounting to a repudiation of the direc- Fives given to the Foreign Ministers. The Foreigrt Secretary said:-
Since we adjourned yesterday I have had the opportunity of reading very carefully the statement which Mr. Molotov made. I regret to say that the impression which I formed on first hearing it has been confirmed. It seems to me that on his return from Moscow he has brought with him not, as we had hoped, a positive contribution towards the solution os our problems, but an even more negative approach.
Up to now we have been discussing, at considerable length, but without acerbity, the twin problems of European security and German unification, whicf were entrusted to us by the heads of Government. Up to now we have assumed, and the world has assumed, that the directives which were agreed upon by the heads of Government after their meeting last July marked a dis- tinct advance on any previous negotiations. We have also assumed that the directives would be loyally followed. That, indeed, is what we meant by the Geneva spirit.
The Geneva spirit meant a determination to rnove out of the immobility which had characterized so much previous discussion into a field of flexible negotiation. It meant also a sincere negotiation. We have had nine days of argument, but they were all argu- ments on an agreed basis, that is, the basis of the directives.
BASIC IMPORTANCE
But it now appears that there has been what amounts to a repudiation of the direc- tives. The Soviet Government no longer accepts free elections throughout Germany. This is a very grave statement and marks a very grave situation. I do not see how we can usefully continue the discussion on Item 1 And since this itemn is the one of over- rding importance, our failure on this must gravely aect the spirit in which we approach Items 2 and 3. Nevertheless, it would be right to sum up the position and the result of our work up to now.
On the credit side we have had a valuable exchange of views in the course of which we have made some advance. We now know that, if the Soviet Government should ever make up its mind that there is no need to disrupt the defence arrangements of the west, and that it is in the interests of all of us to have a contented united Germany, it should not in that case be too difficult to reach speedy agreement on an effective security system. That is a gain which we value.
On the other side, there is a heavier loss. It is a loss of confidence for the future. For, unless Mr. Molotov has something fresh to say at this late hour, the foUowing views of the Soviet Government will remnain on record.
PAWNS IN GAME
What is it that the Soviet Government has really said ? it is this.
First, Germany cannot be reunified until N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union have been abolished. The Soviet Govern- ment is prepared to use the happiness, the unity, and the independence of the German people as pawns in its game to break up the defensive system of the west.
Secondly, even if N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union were to be destroyed, the Soviet Government would still not give the German people freedom or inde- pendence. There will be no choice of their future for the German people even theri. They must accept the odious system which has been imposed on eastern Germany or else continue to remain divided. Because, if the German people were ever allowed to express their feelings at free elections, the puppets who are held in power ih eastern Germany by Soviet arms would be swept away.
The brutal fact is that, for the Soviet* Government, the only acceptable guarantee for the reunfication of Germany is the Bol- shevizatlon of the whole country. This is the only contribution which the Soviet dele- gation could find to add to what was agreed by our heads of Government in the summer. This, I must repeat, is their contribution to the Geneva spirit. But I must assure Mr. Molotov that his Government is making a very grave error. The western Powers are not prepared to give up N.A.T.O. and Western European Union.
The German people are not prepared to accept an alien political and social system and the lots of their independence as the price of their unity. They want to be a free and a united people, not a satellite in a Comtnunist constellation. Therefore, so long as the Soviet Government persists in its policy, the present state of afairs can only continue with all its dangers and with diminishing hopes of a just solution. I do earnestly beg the Soviet Government not to incur so grave a responsibility before history.
A CRIPPLING BLOW
Mr. Dulles began with two observations: The Soviet position, if persisted in, would perpetuate conditions which put in jeopardy the people of Europe; and (ii) it struck a crippling blow at the possibility of developing relations of confidence with the Soviet Union.
Amplifying these two points, he went on, The Soviet Union says in the most cate- gorical manner that the security of Europe is best assured by a continued division of Gertnany, at least until Germany can be unified under conditions which would Sovietize the whole of Gertnany. . .. The directive which brought us here, and which oupht to guide us here, did not ask us to judge of the relative merits of social systems aS betWeen that of the Federal Republic of Gertnany and that of the so-called German Detnocratic Repbblic. It told us to reunite Germany in the 'national interest.' Thus, the German people themselves will determine under what system they want to live""'
The western provisions, based on a re- unified Germany, would, he claimed, "" give Europe a security which it has not known for hundreds of years."" The Secretary of State recalled that Mr. Molotov, speaking on October 31, 1939, after the outbreak of the war, referred to the relations between Germany and the other west European States dUritig the preceding two decades, and to
what he called the "" German efforts to break the fetters of the Versailles treaty."" "" This it is,"" he said, ""that in the long run led to the present war in Europe.""
Mr. Dulles remarked: "" The Versailles treaty did impose certain fetters upon Ger- many. But nothing that the Versailles treaty did compares with the cruelty and injustice of dividing the German people by the separa- tion from Germany of the Soviet zone, com- prising 17 miiion Germans. The anguish of this is demonstrated by the fact that 2,704,680 Germans, at the cost of great sacrifice and risk, fled from the Soviet zone into west Germany. During the month of October there were 32,874 refugees.
"" The situation, thus dramatized, cannot be indefinitely perpetuated without grave risk.... We urged upon the Soviet Govem- ment that it should not perpetuate the in- justice of a divided Germany with the menace which it carries to European security. Can we not leam from the lesson of VersaiUes ?
"" We make that plea, and we shaU go on making it, in the hope, and, indeed, in the expectation, that before it is too late wisdom will prevail.""
BREACH OF AGREEMENT
Turning to the effect of the Russian action upon intemational relations generally, Mr. Dulles said that the United States Govem- ment had believed that at the very least the solemn agreement made in July meant that when the Foreign Ministers met there would be a serious discussion both of European security and of German reunification. "" The Soviet delegation,"" he continued, ""refuses to make any proposals of its own on the subject of German reunification. The Soviet proposal for an 'all-German council' did not even purport to charge that council with any responsibility to reunify Germany.""
""The Government of the United States believes,"" said Mr. Dulles, "" that the refusal of the Government of the Soviet Union even to discuss seriously the reunification of Ger- many involves a grave breach of the agree- ment of the heads of Government. The effect of this is bound to affect adversely the overall relations of the Soviet Union with other countries, including the United States. I would be less than frank if I did not say that, so far as the Untied States is concerned, what has happened here has largely shattered such confidence as was born at the summit conference at Geneva.""
Mr. Dulles ended by saying: "" It is not the desire or the intention of the United States, so far as we can control it, to revert to the conditions which existed prior to the meeting of the heads of Government last July. it is our purpose to continue to strive by all the means in our power for a just and durable peace. But I do deplore the setback to European security and the damage to the spirit of Geneva which has been inflicted by the Soviet Union.""
EXTENDING COMMUNISM M. Pinay said that Mr. Molotov's speech yesterday at least had the merit of clarity. He made it clear that the policy of the Soviet Union was simply to consolidate the Com- munist rdgime in eastern Germany and to prepare for the extension of Communism t.hroughout Germany. Mr. Molotov had admitted that free elections would threaten the existence of the Communist regime. It was clear that Russia's alleged fears of militarism were only a cloak for a policy based on political considerations.
Mr. Molotov had claimed that the situa- tion had changed in the past two years
but had it changed since July, when Marshal Bulganin put his signature to a directive which made free elections the one means of reuniting Germany ? And how could an all-German council "" bring together "" two Germanys, one of which wanted free elec- lions, whiie the other was represented by so-called delegates who were hated by their people ? If Mr. Molotov was right, how could a council work when the larger part of it represented "" warmongers, monopolists, and Junkers "" ?
TALKS ON MIDDLE EAST
Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Dulles discussed the Middle East this morning. They are understood to have talked about the financing of the Aswan dam project, which the Soviet Union Tecently offered to subsidize.
The two Ministers afterwards called on M. Pinay at his villa, where Mr. Macmillan no doubt gave his colleagues details of the references to the Middle East which Sir Anthony Eden made in his speech in London to-night.";"November 10, 1955";"";53374;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan On Soviet Negative Approach";""
"['Tom Nairn']";"['News']";"It is currently the delight of conservative and liberal writers to speculate on the future of the left in Europe, because few other topics seem to put the left so firmly (and smugly) in its place. Unfortunately, many of them tend to ask the wrong question. When, they demand, will a recalcitrant and hope- lessly national socialist move- ment decide to catch up with reality: reality, in this case, being ""European Union "" as forecast by the recent summit with its multi-national econom- ics, loss of sovereignty, and so on ?
Socialists should not allow this question to be asked, be- cause the reply is largely pre- determined. It will appear that there is indeed little that the left can do, apart from cling to the waterlogged raft, like the Labour Party, or cautiously and rather shame-facedly adapt to the fait accompli like the Italian and the French commu- nists. Both attitudes savour of defeat and imply that the only reasonable exit from the dilemma is that suggested by the most riglht-wing part of the left-Roy Jenkins's social de- mocracy or Giorgio Amendola's moderate and constitutional commumism.
The denouement of this scen- ario composed by the shade of Edmund Burke is no less evi- dent. The great national soci- alist and communist parties will conform to the ""European"" pattern by adapting themselves to Brussels and Strasbourg. They will provide a loyal and impotent opposition. One day they may even be allowed to form a painless caretaker ad- ministration of the new bour- geois order.
The real question of the left's future in Europe is surely quite different. The problem is not whether the left has any future outside "" Europe "". It is whether "" Europe"" has any convincing political future with- out the left. "" Europe "" is not the key to.a respectable future for European socialism ; social- ism is the only possible key to a popular, politically meaning- ful future for Common Market Europe.
The conservative definition of reality usually taken for granted aliots to the left the humble posture one would expect (going by its various 'national experiences of the last generation). But "" Europe "" can- not be created by conservative imaginatinn and institutional fiat fromabove. For20yearsthe European Economic Communi- ty's scribes have scratched their heads over an insoluble prob- leni: why is it that this noble conception of a great federation of peoples, of a European risor- #i?nento, arouses so little mass interest and enthusiasm ? Where is the political magic able to shake such apathy away ?
A great man, the right sort of crisis, the active "" social policy "" Herr Brandt patronized at the. October summit-or even envi- roninentalism ? Without such a vital impulse-as Commissioner Dahrendorf glumly noted in his famous confessions in Die Zeit last year-bourgeois Europe will remain given over to ""pet- t:foggery in the political limbo typified by midnight crises over the rules for labelling mayon- naise bottles and the destiny of frozen half-carcasses."".
But Dahrendorf was as unable as others before him to recommend a convincing way forward, a way of escape from the deathly rhetoric of Euro- peanism, or the paltry bureaucracy of Brussels. As for the assembly of Strasbourg, he reinarked aptly that: ""A demo- crat can only feel shame at the sight of adult parliamentarians acting out the farce they have to perform there "".
Since the stifling of the European social revolution implicit in the resistance to Nazi conquest, it is true that the left has everywhere sunk back within the restored national frontiers. There, during a generation of institu- tionalized conformity, it has slowly recovered from its fear- ful defeats. The war's after- math, the sustained pressure of the extra-European powers, their own mistakes-all rein- forced this choice of collabora- tion with what was in effect the last phase of Western Europe's nation-building process. As a result, the dominant left-wing parties in these nation-states now occupy very ,similar posi- tions, offer remarkably similar programmes-and, as radical reformers, experience the same impotence.
Nevertheless, the socialism they have variously usturped contains the only political cul- ture which will permit popular sentiment and interest to be mobilized at a European level. Even though they may for a time have betrayed the cosmo- politan grandeur of this birth- right, it still belongs to their cause. War once created nation- alism. In the area of the world from which both are retreating only socialism can create a new sense of citizenship and belonig- ing. The real question is, there- fore, how and with what effect the left can rediscover and realize this potential.
The official culture of the European Community is a neo- christian travesty unheard of since the days of Metternich. In its synthetic patriotism-pre. cisely as in the vulgar national- ism it seeks to supplant-all cats and dogs are grey, pro- vided only they are ""Euro- pean "". Rationalists and witch- hunters, revolutionaries and spirit-seers, Voltaire and Wagner, Marx and Paul-Henri Spaak, are all to be imagined reverentially intoning the last mnomement of Beethoven's 9th together.
It is socialism by contrast; which stands for the true nerve, the progressive side of this European culture. To it belong the values of the En- lightenment, the Enlighten- ment's last great expression before the era of nationalist culture-Marxism-and the tra- dition of concrete international. ism embodied in the Internatio- nales. In its fossilized (because nationalized) state the left has, it is true, for too long placated its conscience wvith an over- abstract, an almost religious, internationalism. But it can and will recover.
This Europe is,of course the contradiction of Professor Dah- rendorf's and Mr Heath's Europe, as it is the denial of General de Gaulle's l'Europe des patries. But it is only such a contradiction that can lend authentic life and movement to the European Union.
Through such ;an answer socialism can hope to break away from the profound paral- ysis and conservatism it has endured during its nation-state hibernation. Beyond the stale- mate of the various formulae for ""socialism in one nation"" there lies at least the possibil- ity of new developments in the rapidly altering conditions of Europe. Without a non-rhetori- cal internationalism and new worlds to conquer (or at least fight for) the left cannot be itself.
Tom Nairn
In a recent special issue of New Left Review Mr Nairn published an extended critique of the British Lefts Campaign against entering the EEC.
©) Tom Nairn";"January 4, 1973";"";58672;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Left foot forward in the EEC";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Anglo-German talks between Mr. Sandys, the Defence Minister, and Herr Strauss, the German Defence Minister, seem to have eradicated successfully any lingering German suspicion that Britain might be tiptoeing out of Europe. They may well have laid the groundwork for agreement later this year, in N.A.T.O., on the essential contributions required in present circumstances from Britain and Germany for the N.A.T.O. shield. The need has certainly been recognized for closer cooperation in defence research and development, and a joint committee of officials for this purpose has been set up.
The visit of Herr Strauss ended yesterday with the publication of a statement, which said:
DETERRENT AND SHIELD
In the course of their discussions, the
two Ministers reviewed a number of problems of special importance to the security of Europe. They found them- selves in full agreement on the principles of collective defence, the central aim of which is. and remains. the prevention of war. They agreed that, pending the conclusion of a satisfactory disarmament agreement, this purpose can be achieved only through the deterrent power of the %trategic weapons which are possessed by the United States and the United Kingdom, and by the maintenance of strong shield forces on the Continent of Europe.
Herr Strauss emphasized the importance
to the Federal Republic of these shield forces. Mr. Sandys made it clear that it was the firm intention of the British Government to continue to make a substantial contribution to these shield forces, in addition to making a British contribution to the strategic deterrent. The two Ministers expressed the conviction that close and friendly cooperation between Great Britain and Germany within the framework of N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union constituted an important element in the collective defence of Europe.
The two Ministers were joined for part
of the discussions by the British Minister of Supply, Mr. Aubrey Jones. The Ministers considered how. in the interests of greater efficiency and economy, closer cooperation between the two countries could be achieved in the sphere of defence research and development. They set up a joint committee of officials to determine the Particular fields of activity in which such cooperation could be most fruit- fully developed, within the framework of Western European Union.
In addition to the Ministers, those taking
part in the discussions included, on the German side, the German Ambassador and General Heusinger, the Inspector- General of the German armed forces. and, on the British side. Field-Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, the Chief of the Im- perial General Staff: Sir Dermot Boyle, Chief of the Air Staff; and senior officials of the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Supply.
On Friday morning Herr Strauss and Mr.
Sandys paid a visit to the R.A.F. bomber station at Marham, Norfolk.""
THE WHITE PAPER
Earlier, Herr Strauss had emphasized to Press representatives several of the points made in the official statement. He said that he had considered with Mr. Sandys the political, military, and other arguments that had led to the British White Paper on defence (and therefore ta the British decision to reduce the manpower of forces in Germany). They had wished, he said, to consider the reasons for the conclu- sions drawn in the White Paper, and to see if these had ""consequences for our plans in establishing the German forces.""
He made it clear that there was no difference of opinion on the need for collective defence, or of purpose, in that the aim of both countries was to prevent war. For this, the German Government
agreed on the need for the strategic deterrent, which * should be and re- main ""-and here Herr Strauss repeated his phrase slowly and deliberately-' in the hands of the United States, for the major part, and in the hands of the United Kingdom."" The deterrent, he said, was an ""absolutely vitally neces- sary part of the whole defence system.""
F[ELD FORCES
Having here emphasized the import- ance of the British contribution to this side of defence, Herr Strauss went on to speak of "" the other part-the field forces."" It was agreed, he said, by both sides that on this the point of view of General Norstad, the Supreme Com- mander, should be accepted. Mr. Sandys, he said, had made clear the British intention to give "" a remarkable contribution "" towards the shield forces.
Herr Strauss also said that the chances of disarmament had been discussed. The German Government were ready ""to do all to contribute to a disarma- ment agreement,"" but it must include measures for effective control. The German Government took the view that the production of atomic weapons should not be extended (beyond the United States, Britain, and Russia). because the problem of control would become more and more difficult, and here Herr Strauss pointed out that this meant that the German Government ""stick to our obligation"" to take no steps in the direction of German pro- duction of atomic weapons.
PROBLEM OF VAST COST On defence research and development. Herr Strauss said that all nations of European size were faced with the same problem of vast cost. "" We thought,"" he said, "" that we could concentrate our efforts, rationalize our means, and dis- tribute our tasks."" A few months ago he had had similar talks with French Ministers, and a technical Franco- German committee had been set up. Now it had been decided that three British and three German experts should meet in the immediate future, probably in Bonn at first, to consider a list of defence matters in the field of scientific research and technical development, and to consider what Anglo-German co- operation would be possible and reason- able. The agreement did not, as yet at least, extend to production. The bilateral exchanges at present between the British and Germans and Germans and French might become trilateral for some ques- tions.
"" MUTUALLY CONFIDENT""
Herr Strauss ended a prepared state- ment by speaking of the "" hearty, loyal. and mutually confident atmosphere "" of the talks. and said that he was leaving fully satisfied that a common line on defence had been found, and able to say that there was ""no reason for any distrust on any side.""
He was later much pressed to say whether or not the German Government considered reunification ""a pre-condi- tion "" of any disarmament agreement. His replies indicated that the German position has become. of late. less rigid. He said that "" pre-condition "" was "" an overstatement."" but he naturally insisted that disarmament could not be separated from the aim of creating a detente, and indicated that no real ddtente was possible without German unification.
He seemed, therefore, to take the position that a start on disarmament was possible, provided that it was understood that it would lead to the eradication of the causes of tension, including, there- fore, an end to the division of Germany.";"May 25, 1957";"";53850;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Sandys Reassures Herr Strauss";""
"";"['News']";"The Prime Minister, speaking in London last night of the prospects for the Geneva conference, said that the Russians might fear the unity of a free Germany with the west as a danger to their security. We were ready to agree to any reasonable arrange- ment which would reassure Russia on that point.
Referring to Western European Union and the armaments restrictions placed upon themselves by the western nations, Sir Anthony Eden said that these ideas were worthy of study by every- body. "" There is no reason why they should not be extended in some form from the west to the east,"" he said.
WESTERN UNION
SCHEMES
""EXTENSION IN SOME
FORM TO EAST""
Sir Anthony Eden was speaking at a dinner given by the English-Speaking Union in his honour.
Referring to Germany,' he said there must be free elections throughout the whole country. When the elections were over it would be for the united Germany to determine her own future. It was natural that many in Europe felt there were risks in this. Of course there were. The Germans understood them.
There were risks for everybody in any attempt to solve that problem, but that did not mean that they ought not, all of them, including the Germans, to try to work out methods which would reduce the dangers so far as they could. He quite understood the Russian fear that a free Germany would probably unite with the west. He thought it would.
""WE ARE READY ""
""The Russians may even consider this dangerous to their security,"" he went on. "" But the answer is that it need not be so. We are certainly ready, and I believe that the western nations, including Ger- many, are also ready to agree to any reasonable arrangements which will give Russia reassurance on this point.
"" For example, we have already begun to elaborate and apply a number of schemes for the control and limitation of our arma- ments in Western Europe. We began to do this among ourselves last autumn. It was part of the plan we worked out together in London and finally agreed in Paris when we joined to create the Western European Union....
"" We have placed certain definite restric- tions upon ourselves. The western German Government has undertaken these engage- ments, too, with us. There has never been anything like it in the world before: a volun- tary limitation of armaments, a voluntary system of control and inspection, and plans still being worked out for a pool of arma- ments and other arrangements of that kind. These ideas are worthy of study by every- body, whichever side of the iron curtain they find themselves.
NEGOTIABLE POSITION
""There is no reason why they should not be extended in some form from the west to the east. And maybe other plans could be worked' out too, to give confidence and security. But perhaps I had better keep these for Geneva.
i I believc that it facilitates negotiation if you make quite plain what are the prin- ciples from which you will not depart. For us there are three such principles. We are not prepared to break up N.A.T.O. We will not be parted from the United States. We will work for the unification of
Germany. Subject to these principles, our position is negotiable.""
The first two principles required no explanation; they were our life and faith. As to the unity of Germany, in ail these discussions we were going to be in very close touch with the Federal German Government, with whom we had treaty engagements.
Both Dr. Adenauer and the opposition in Germany had said with emphasis that there was no analogy between Germany and Austria and that the neutralization of Ger- many would not do. He agreed with them. He was sure that we could find an approach to the problem of German reunification which was more realistic and constructive than that.
In what spirit should we approach these discussions at Geneva ?. He suggested that it should be with a blend of care, confidence and courage. Care, because diplomacy that was thorough and thoughtful and took account of reality, and took time, was the best diplomacy. In a problem such as this, one must beware of the snap solution. One must get down to fundamentals.
With care went caution, because it was right that we should be wary and not drop our guard.
A NEW LOOK
Some said there was a new look in the policy of Soviet Russia. It might be so. He trusted it would prove so, but hoped that nobody would accuse us of hanging back if we took a good look at the new look before we pronounced upon it.
Then there was confidence, because we were united as a nation and united with our friends. There was much criticism from behind the Iron Curtain of what were called military blocs, but a close partnership of friendly and peaceful nations, provided it was defensive in character, was not a bad thing. That was precisely what the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was.
Then there was the third element, courage. "" If opportunity opens up at Geneva we must not fear to seize it. I am sure that we shall not. It is not wise to expect too much of an international meeting like this, which will be, I hope, the first of a series at varying levels, and yet it is reasonable to look for real, if modest, pro- gress. I hope that by frank talks in private meetings we can allay suspicions of the intentions of the free nations of the west.
ALLAYING MISTRUST
""Of course we have become stronger during the last few years. But by doing this we have built a guard for ourselves, not a menace to others. Our first aim will be to allay mistrust on either side: and I hope that we might then agree to outline for the Foreign Secretaries detailed tasks on which they can be engaged. They might have a number of directives. First to bring about the unity of Germany. As part of that instruction, to work out plans for the security of Europe and-if possible-for the physical limitation of armaments on the spot. If we could agree on this, we should certainly get an increased measure of confidence for the future.
"" Finally, we should set to work to examine what the nations could do together to raise their standard of living and to increase the happiness of their people if the cold war were once thawed out, and if the skill of science were matched to the tasks of peace.""
Sir Anthony Eden and Lady Eden were the principal guests at the dinner, which. was given to commemorate Sir Anthony's 20 years as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Mr. Attlee presided.
A list of guests at the dinner is on page 10.";"July 8, 1955";"";53267;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir A. Eden's Principles For Geneva";""
"['From DAVID WOOD']";"['News']";"Britain's senior Ministers still hope to open nego- tiations for entering the Common Market during November or December.
In a series of votes at the Labour Party.confer- ence yesterday, the national executive committee's statement supporting application for membership was carried by a fairly satisfactory majority.
Sir Patrick Reilly, the British Ambassador, was received by Gen'eral de Gaulle at the Elys& palace yesterday. It is understood that the question of Britain and the Common Market was discussed.
LONDON MIEETING OF FOREIGN MINISTERS
From DAVI D WOOD-
Scarborough, Oct 5
Nothing in the report of the Brussels Commission on Britain's application for membership of the Common Market is going to check the Government in their stride towards any negotiation that is possible.
Although there has not been a miinisterial meeting in Scar- borough to discuss it, quite apart from the necessary Cabinet meet- ing, it became-clear today'that senior Ministers still hope that the consideration 'by the Six of the commission's findings will not: be so protracted as to prevent the opening' of negotiations during November or December.
The first Government reply to the more adverse sectionss of 'the document: are likely to be made by Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary, during the next quarterly meeting of Western' European Union in London next Thursday and Friday. Mr. Brown will then meet Foreign Miniisters of the Six, usefully reinforced by the carrying of a'series of confer- ence motions here today in favour of the Goverrment's application.
Senior Ministers do not'deny that if the Labour Party confer-
Leading artie .. 11 Conference report .. 8 Hugh Noyes at Scar-
- borough .. . 10-
ence had defeated the national *xecutive comrnittee's statement supportirig ithe application they
wvould have been a, li-ttle' embarrassed. A defeat would 'not have overthrown Common Market policy, of -course, but it would inevitably have been used tactic- ally within the Six' to suggest that the mass Labour Party was.either' lukewarm or hostile towards entry.
Mr. Brown has. undoubtedly made' better conference speeches in his' day, but he had only 25 minutes to deploy the complicated case for Europeanism. After all he has suffered lately, and all the 'strain he'seems to be under,'it ,was agreeable to see him cordi- ally received and given, after some hesitation, what might be called a stooping ovation. Playing it.cool
He played so cool with the com- mission's report that -he did not
once expressly mention it, and his. only possible. glancing reference to it came in a 'passage about Britain's balance of payments.
This is obviously going. to be the Government's attitude, though so far the only serious discussion of the report at the top 'occurred briefly between Mr. Wilson' and Mr. Brown in Scarborough on Monday, when they -received a Brussels telegram giving""the gist of the findings.
.The first reaction is a feeling of satisfaction that the commission come down decisively in support of the opening of negotiations.
Diplomatically, Britain wili press for the earliest possible negotia- tions, beginning with Mr. Brown's visit to Western European Union. but there will'have to be a meeting of Foreign -Ministers of the Six to consider the. report. A meeting is due at the end of October, and that may be the point' at which a decision will be taken to start negotiating in November or December.
Mr. Wilson is on the record as saying at an earlier stage that he would like an answer from the Six befor6 the end of this year. He meant by 'this an' answer amount- ing t 'an assurance that there would be no 'veto to block a nego- tiation.
Findings rejected'
To say that.today Mr. Brown, no doubt expressing Mr. Wilson's -mood, played 'it cool does not
'iean that the sections of the re- port adverse to Britain's -applica- 'ion are not' .being' taken very seriously' indeed.
The substance of these findings. particularly .on sterling and 'the balance of payments, is rejected and treated as no more than a his- torical echo of arguments that Mr. Wilson and Mr. 'Brown ran into when their European reconnais- sance took'them to Paris early in the year. Indeed, there is obviously a suspicion, if not firm knowledge.
that the drafting of the section on the British economy fell to a French member of thecommission.
Mr. Wilson and 'Mr. Brown certainly have never regarded; and do not now regard, the ..Prench points on sterling and balance-of- payments weakness as being ex- cluded from the negotiations. They h1ave long ago declared their will- ingness to discuss a' European cur- rency, or to share the'prestige of sterling as a world currency.
They have shown more readi- ness to move in that direction than the French themselves.
Government reply
ready
BY OuR EcoNoMIcs EDrrOR
The Government's reply to the general economic criticisms in the
commission's report is likely to' follow the same linies, as their reply to identical criticisms from commentators at home.
The once-and-for-all nature of the Middle East crisis,' costing the balance of .payments about . 200m. a yrear, will be emphasized. i'The apparently exceptionlal, in-
:crease in manufacturing producti- vity over the last year will be -quoted, as evidence that the econ- omy can now expand again at 3 per'_cent ,:.without running 'oijce rmore into balance of payments difficulties.
T The Government may be ex- pected to'make as much as pos sible of the structural changes in industry, especially the encour- agement of technology.
Photographers
sho'cked'
BY A STAFF REPORTER
A spokesman for the 17 press photographers involved in the.inci- dent with Mr. .George Brown,
Foreign. Secretary, at'the Labour' Party Agents Dance at Scar- borough on Monday, said last night: "" All of us respect and' like Mr. George Brown as a person but . on this occision we were shocked' that he should come over and coniplain to us that we were 'causing himn personal distress when we were only Carrying out 'our- normal conference.practice, with an' official invitation.""
If Mr. Brown 'had made the request ""no.pictures"", the press Photographers would not have taken them, they,-said.
In a statement yesterday the Central London 'branch of the National Union of'Journalists said that however.' irksome the price .of press photographers was it was ""part of the price that must be paid by every newsworthy public personality "".
Letter. page 1L
Mr. Brown receives the congratulations of Mr. Callaghan and Miss Herbison after his successful
Common Market speech at the Labour Party Conference yesterday.";"October 6, 1967";"";57065;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Next Month IS Still Europe Target";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JAN. 21
Mr. Christian Herter, Secretary of State in the last Eisenhower Administration. left for Washington today to inform leaders of Congress of proposals adopted by the Atlantic Convention, meeting in Paris, for the creation within the next decade of a ""truly Atlantic community"".
In his opinion, expressed to journalists, this was the most significant of all the con- vention's agreed objectives, coupled with the request addressed to governments of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to appoint a preparatory cormmission which, in two years, would draft plans for an organized Atlantic community capable of meeting the challenge in the political, military and economic spheres.
He admitted that the proposals had not gone far enough for delegates who wished to see an Atlantic government established right away; and they undoubtedly went too far for the gradualist school. But there was nothing academic about a warning from Mr. Will Clayton, a former Under- Secretary of State and co-chairman of the American delegation, of the dangers of a trade war developing across the Atlantic.
GRAVE CONSEQUENCES
He said that 90 per cent of free world Production might soon be concentrated in the United States market and an expanded European Common Market. This pointed to the absolute necessity of economic inte- gration between them. Otherwise, he said, they might have a trade war on both sides of the Atlantic, with consequences too grave to contemplate. Economic dis- harmony would inevitably extend to the political sphere, and the irnpact on all free world relations would be most harmful.
A detailed examination of sudh problems has just been made by M. Pierre Uri, the French economist, in a series of articles in Le Monde under the title "" Britain rejoins Europe "". He writes that economic engage- ments affecting industrial countries of the Commonwealth and the European Free Trade Association will need- to be singu- larlY stretched to avoid the undesirable impression that they are directed against the United States and Latin America. ""Everything will depend in the last resort on the American negotiation. In the pre- sent state of legislation, Washington's power to negotiate is of small extent.
NARROW MARGIN
""Tariff reductions can be made only pro- duct by product after a finding that the corresponding industry ran no risk of damage. The margin of concession is narrow and the internal economic effect null. The Kennedy Administration has now entered a courageous campaign for the right to negotiate general tariff reduc- tions, with no restrictive conditions. Can American opinion be led to accept this step, whether by the fascination of the Common Market or fear that the maintenance of tariffs on one side or the other may cost the United States more in exports than is saved by reduced imports ?
""Here is a decisive threshold which transforms the spirit of the negotiations and opens the way to the first outlines of a free Atlantic market This perspective is essential both to industrial countries of the Commonwealth and to European neutrals, for it is difficult to see a middle way between the dlignment of a r6gime applicable to America and full American adhesion to the Common Market. But things are moving. The creation of a European community has become for the
west the ferment of its 'Permanent revolution 't""
M. Uri sees in Britain's application to join the Common Market a brilliant success for European. policy-notably for a strategY which had chosen to press on in the confidence that Britain, knowing how to recognize the facts, would rejoin the company. The ""bastard compromise"" of the Free Trade Area had been refused; and the most intense Europe was now pro- gressively absorbing the Europe of greater spread.
CLEARING THE WAY
The fear that Europe would lose in inten- sity what it gained in extension did not recognize the situation. The prospect of British adhesion, M. Uri contends, had eliminated tensions and disaccords which more than once had restrained economic policies and initiatives for political union. Agreements between Britain and the Six, far from postponing European union to an indefTite future, would clear the way of current incumbrances.
Ile Benelux countries wanted Britain to be associated without delay with the political negotiations. However, it seemed reasonable at first to require Britain to join the Common Market The only way of resolving these conflicting views was to advance the economic negotiations with all
isfpatih so that Britain could become an ,effective nmember of the Common Market a ear from now and thereby exercise the right to join in the elaboration of a political union.
M. Uri sounds more optimistic in this respect than reports that last week's meet- ina in Paris of the Fouchet working com- mittee again ended in deadlock after having had to suspend its efforts to produce a draft treaty of political union for submission to the heads of government The six Foreign MIinsters, who did not get far last month, wvill probably meet again soon to try to resolve the stubborn differences arising from General do Gaulle's conception of a ""Europe des patries"" on which the so- called Fouchet plan is based.
DEFENCE CALL
According to the Amsterdam newspaper Allgerneen Handelsbiad (the Dutch being the most communicative about these secret talks), a new French draft was rejected out of hand by the other five experts, who apparently saw in it a big step backwards to initial French conceptions which they had hoped to modify by process of amend- ment. The committee is to meet again on Thursday to complete a pro-ress report setting out the French plan and alternative proposals from the other Govemments, and soon afterwardc the Council of Ministers is expected to decide whether the Fouchet negotiations chould go on and what should be done to keep the British Government informed of developments.
The new French propocals. it seems, called more clearly than before for a Euro- pean defence policy, which heightened the objections of some countries to creating a sovereign erout within the Atlantic alliance. British entry into the political union would now have been subordinated not only to nrior membership of the Common Market but also to a unanimous vote of the Six- a contradiction. it seemed, of last month's agreement by the Foreign Ministers that ro veto would anoly to new members of the economic community.
The document is said to reflect nrecise instructions from Ger-ral de Gaulle, and it arouses sus&t""ions that he has no inten- tion of modifying his conceptions of European union.";"January 22, 1962";"";55295;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Draft Of Fouchet Plan Rejected Out Of Hand";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Specil Correspondent,
THE HAGUE, MAY 9
The.Congress of Europe has laboured heroically. Its present achievements, modest though. they may*be, have been brought forth from chaos. That of itself seems something like a- miracle as one looks back on the long hours of inconclu- sive deliberations.
Physically the picture is an even more exhabsting memory. The political committee, for examxple, was still in eruption at half past 2 ibis morning; the economic and cultural com- mittees each shed their load about midnight. This morning a plenary session Ilas discussed a resolution that the cultural committee suc- ceeded in bringing forth; the resolutions of the tWo other committecs will occupy to-morrow's plenary sessions.
The political committee has naturally been the principal centre of interest. It is there that the most ardent advocates of European union have sought their patform, urging that the principle of union be first accepted by giving it the concrete forra of a European assembly and that until then all the details of union-political, economic, and cultural-be left aside. The prolonged discussions on this issue in the pontical cornmittee reflected the conflicting opinions of the entire congress on aUl other issues. Roughly tbe division is between those wvho seek direct action at a swift pace and those who would take the more cautous pace of creating a European public opinion that would eventually be effectve in influencing govermentS.
THlE MAJORIT VIEW
M. Reynaud has been the chief spokesman of those who want an immediate European assenbly. His proposal was defeated at about 2 o'clock this morning, by which ase tue debate had been enriched with several -dis- tinctly lively episodes. The most soothing influence in all this long wrangle was un- doubtedly Mr. Harold Macmillan. M.
whose quiet persuasive speeches in favour of the more cautious pace were at once an able and practi*al statement of the majority view.
M. Ramadier, as chairman of the committee, bad a%,.almost superhuman task in maintain- ing orcer. In the early part of the preedings voting by show of hands became impossible, so intermingled was the vast concourse of delegates, journalists, photographers, waiters serving coffee, and stewards handing round packets of "" congress "" cigarettes. The method of voting by standing up, for or against the relevant amendment, was next tried, but was vitiated by wandering photographers. Eventualy, at the suggestion of Mr. R. W. G. Mackay, M.P., chairman of the British delega- tion, it was agreed to appoint a steering com- mittee, and some semblance of order came gradually out of this chaos.
At the end of it all the committee had agreed on most of a resolution that will go to to-morrow's plenary seAsion. It "" declares that the time has come when the European nations must transfer and merge some portion of their sovereign rights so as to secure com- mon political and economic action for the integration and proper development of their common resources."" It now demands the convening "" as a matter of extreme urgency "" of a European assembly-a somewhat stronger expression than the original phrasing, which called for a European ""deliberative"" aisembly "" as soon as practicable."" The assembly, it is proposed, should be chosen by the Parliaments of the participating nations from among their members and others.
A CULTURAL CENTRE
The labours of the cultural committee have been somewhat smoother than those of the political committee. They have, moreover, been practical and liave provided an exchange of views that cannot fail to be useful. The plenary session has to-day passed the resolu- tion sent to it by the committee. This suggests that a "" continuing body be established to consider the. nature and constitution of a European cultural centre.'
The greater part of the committee's discus- sion yesterday hinged on this proposal. The resolution as oriinally drafted called for the creation forthwith of a European cultural centre, an idea that was strongly supported by Lord Russell, who was more famniliary addressed as Bertrand Russell. General Sir Frederick Morgan was among those who thought that the cultural centre would be too pretentiOUs an institution. Mr. Douglas Woodruff admitted having changed his mind on the subject and come to the conclusion that it would be better to have national committees working in liaison rather than one cultural committee.
Sir David Maxwell F9fe welcomed in parti- cular the proposed declaration of rights and the Court of Justice through which it would be translated into action. Mr. WUsefiled, the Poet Laureate, was greatly applauded for a brief speech of thanks which he offered to the organizers of the congress.
The resolution passed to-day also offers support to "" all efforts towards a federation of European universities and towards a guarantee of their freedom from State or political pressure."" Sefior Salvador de Madaiaga presided over the cultural com- mittee in the absence in Italy of Signor Silone, its chairrnan.
Many messages of good will have reached the congress, and among their senders are the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Cecil, the Lord Mayor of London, Mr. Bernard Baruch, M. Herriot, the Free Church Federal Council, and the International Peasant Union.
A meeting of all Socialists attending the congress has to-day Passed a resolution de- claring that substantial progress has been made towards a democratic federation of Europe.
MR. CRURICH1LL
This afternoon the cause of European union, congress and all, was transferred to Amsterdam. There some 20,000 citizens packed the entire space of the Dam to listen to speeches by the leaders of the movement and to catch a glimpse of Mr. ChurchiDl, whose visit to the Netherlands has evoked the utmost popular enthusiasm. For this occasion there were massed choirs around the tribune, a pro- fusion of floral decorations and (by happy chance) radiant sunshine. Mr. Churchill, ac- companied by Mr. Eden, was loudly cheered by the vast gathering as he ascended the tribune to join the other speakers. It was more than one hour before the six speakers pre- ceding him had finished but the great crowd remained patiently in the square.
Mr. Churchill's speech. was very much along the lines of his -address to the congress at its opening session and his English seemed to be understood and enjoyed by. a good two-thirds of the audience. He spoke of the long friend- ship that had existed between the Netherlands and Great Britain. The United Europe move- ment, he declared, was not directed against any race or nation but against tyrrannies old and new; it was intended as an aliance of free countries..";"May 10, 1948";"";51067;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A European Assembly";""
"['by Maurice Delarue']";"['News']";"Plenty of cheese for sale. in Paris, but food mountains "" and prices still rise.
by Maurice Delarue
Le Monde
No doubt the decision of the Nine to hold European elections in 1978 will not produce the magical effect which the visionaries of Europe expect. However, it does confirm that the Community is emerging from the institutional rut which it has made for itself from the begin- ning.
In the eyes of the inventors of the Community system, the institu- tions would eventually lead to European union, as long as the evolving spirit of the treaty was observed. Foreshadowing the Euro- pean government there was to be an independent comxnission, flanked by a parliamentary assem- bly whose members were to be elected by universal suffrage in due course and which would have the power to censure the commis- sion, and a council on which all the states were represented equally and which would be reminiscent of a federal state in the importance of the role attributed to it.
No sooner had the Treaty of Rome come ineo force than de Gaulle, who was allergic to any hint of supranationality, returned to power and rocked the boat. Europe, he said, had to be built on the foundation of a union of the states. He was willing to retain the institutional format of the Treaty of Rome, but only in so far as he could bend it to suit his conven- ience.
He quashed the Commission's ambitions for sovereign power. Opposing elections by uDversa suffrage, he reduced the assembly to a rumnp parliament of doubtful legitimacy. The Council became the most important institution, but its procedures were modified.
For de Gaulle there could be no United States of Europe, because Europe was not a nation. There had not been, and would not be, a European melting-pot comparable to the American melting-pot. Euope was made up of separate nations, with clearly defined texri- tories and different languages, civilizations, religions and philoso- phies. Such was the unfortunate reity on which Europe had to be
built.
To unite these nations it was first necessary to bring their leaders together, to give them an opportunity to talk over their diffi- culties and compare their ideas and interests. If the will for murual understanding existed, joint deci- sions would follow naturally.
A potential medium for such a meeting of wills was the Council of the Communities. However, de Gaulle was not unmindful of the l=iinitations of this institution, parti- cularly the limitations of its com- petence, which was restricted to certain economic activities. He accordingly proposed a union of the states in which the linchpin was a council of heads of exec- utives with comprehensive compe- tence of collective responsibility.
I' the de Gaulle line of pursuing European independence without admitting that France should accept the disciplines of interde- ptendence was illogical, what should one say of the supranationals-in- cluding Britain-who sought to in- tegrate the nations of Europe into an Atlantic Europe, condemned indefinitely to American hege- mony?
At all events, the argument has been overtaken by events. Time has done its work and the awrival in the Elysee of an apostle of con- ciliartion has done the rest. Although the scope of the treaties has not been enlarged in law, Com- munity consultation on almost all subjeots, with the exception of defence, has become a matter of course. The distinction between Community affairs and those not failling within the ambit of the Treaty of Rome is becoming blurred.
Aithough the structure of the Commouni-ty has not been changed on paper, the role of the Conimis- sion has been steadily eroded. The Commissioners are too often the agents of their governments and this places limitations on the ima- ginataveness and initiative of an institution which nevertheless remains an irreplaceable catalyst. The Council has also had its ups and downs. The veto, extended by de Gaulle to aEl im:pdrtant issues, has become all-pervading, to the extent""- that, in 1974, the Nine resolved to Eimit abuse of it, although without apparent effect to date.
I't may be argued, however, that misuse of the veto has been over- dramatized. Where vital interests are at stake, a government cannot
be obliged to accede to an unaccep- table decision. Was the decision taken in Rome on the represen- tation of the Community at the north-souith conference reached unanimously or on a majority vote ?
What couId there have been to be gained by proclaiming that Britain had been beaten by eight votes to one rather than recording that Mr Wilson, acting in the in- terests of his country, preferred to accept the opinion of his partners ? All that matters is the will to find joint solutions. For those who have this will, there are always such solutions, although their merits may vary; the orhers have no place in the Community.
With the heads of government meeting every four months, the preponderance of the Council will increase and the competence of the Community will be broadened. These European councils are a recognizable manifestation of what de Gaulle sought to introduce with the Fouchet plan. Under the plan, the taking of decisions applicable only to those adopting them was not precluded. Such an arrange- ment could become topical once again, as a means of mitigating the effect of the veto and open'ng up the way for differentiated develop- ment.
There is a political link between the inauguration of European Council meetings and European elections. In the absence of any real executive, there was a risk that universal suffrage could give excessive importance to the Euro- pean Parliament. Today, however, the executive has acquired sub- stance and it would be well advised to heed the opinions of its peoples as voiced in a democratic parlia- ment.
The powers of the Parliament are limited. No doubt it will be necessary to reckon with the dyna- mism of universal suffrage. But what is there to prevent Europe's future leaders from maintaining a balance between the institutions while at the same time, assuming that this is what the voters want, strengthening the European union?
Thus the building of Europe appears today inl anl e;npirical light, advancing on the basis of written law and customary law, treaties and precedent, institutions and usage. It is not immune to ob- stacles to its progress or to the risk of internecine conflict between its institutions, but this is the path which Europe has to tread.";"January 6, 1976";"";59594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Distinctions blurred by passing time";""
"['Brussels', 'Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"Brussels
Four years after joining the EEC, the British find them- selves about to preside simul- taneously over the Community's main decision-taking and policy- proposing institutions.
For six months from next Saturday Mr Anthony Crosland and other British ministers will chair meetings of the Council of Ministers, a duty that rotates alphabetically among member states. Five days later, Mr Roy Jenkins begins a four-year term as President of the European Commission in Brussels.
It would be wrong to imagine, howebrer, that this conjunction promises easy diplomatic prizes, for council meetings are likely to be dominated in the coming months by two issues on which Britain finds herself in an un- comfortably exposed position. Both touch on what are per- ceived to be vital national interests which British minis- ters would be able to defend much more uninhibitedly were they not in the chair. The issues concern, of course, the future of the EEC's common fisheries and agricultural policies.
A staxidstill on fishing
On fishing, ,a standstill arrangement, whidh will expire at the end of January, was agreed just before Christmas. This allows member states to catch the same amount of fish as they did last January in the collective 200-mile zone which the EEC will be claimnig from next Saturday. But it offers no guidance at all as to what will happen after that, which is what the current dispute is all about and which Britain and Ireland are particularly inter- ested in.
The British and Irish sectors will account for some 80 per cent of the EEC's 200-mile pool. The Irish have a small but fast- expanding inshore fishing in- dustry, while the British-in addition to their inshore fish- ing. interests-have a long- range fleet which will now be excluded from many traditional fishing grounds in non-EEC waters.
Both couniries are adamant that the EEC's present policy. with its emphasis on equal access for all EEC fishermen to all EEC members' waters, must be channed.
So far nothing that the rest of the EEC or the European Commission has been prepared to offer has been acceptable to Britain or Ireland, even as an interim solution lasting a year or so' Mr Crosland's somewhat somnolent negotiating manner -will be taxed to the full if a major community rowv is to be avoided in the New Year when both Britain and Ireland will be under renewed pressure from domestic, lobbies to take uni- lateral measures to protect their fisheries.
Diplomatic skills of a high order will also be called for from Mr John Silkin, the Min- ister of Agriculture, for the EEC's spring farm price review, over which he will be presiding, seems likely to bring to a head the long simmering dispute about agricultural priorities in general and the cost to the EEC budget of Britain's "" green pound "" in par- ticular. The ""green pound "" is the overvalued exchange rate used to translate the EEC's common farm prices into sterling.
In theory, a package deal ought to be possible. Mr Silkin could agree to reduce EEC sub- sidies on British food ihports by devaluing the "" green pound"" in exchange. for vigor- ous action to curb the dairy product surpluses created by other member states and a severe restriction of increases in guaranteed farm prices for the coming season.
But even if such a package
could be sold to other member states, it would not be easy for Britain to abandon the ""green pound"", which has assumed a disproportionate political dim. portance in the battle, -against inflation.
One of the first tasks of Mr Jenkins's new comnussion will be to draw up farm price pro. posals for the Council of Min- isters. The identity of -the new Agricultural Commissioner will obviously be influential. But his proposals must also be approved by a majority of the 13-man Commission, and the allocation of portfolios is itself ultimately decided by majority vote.
So the fact that Mr Jenkins happens to be president is no guarantee that Brussels will pursue farm policies more attuned to British thinking.
The British presidency thus faces a stormy passage. Taking a broader view, however, it may be of some consolation to the Government that, for better or worse, the -EEC appears to be evolving in a direction very similar to that envisaged by the pragmatic Europeanism long favoured by Mr Callaghan. Nothing has provided clearer evidence of this than the short shrift meted out to the modest proposals for further political And economic integration out- lined by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister.
When Mr Tindemans's col- leagues asked him to define European Union, they were ask- ing him in effect to reconcile two contradictory concepts. The first of these sees the Com- munity as a grouping of sovereign nation-states which have agreed to cooperate for their mutual benefit in certain limited spheres. The second, which may be called the federalist vision, looks to a uni- fied European political system in whlich sovereignty is shared between national and supra- national institutions under a common constitution.
The flames of federalist faitl
Political and economic union is still the official creed, piously recited on ceremonial occasions, but it has been indefinitely post- poned as a practical objective. In Brussels, it remains the touchstone by which European commitment is measured, and the flickering flames of federalist faith are still fanned by the smaller EEC member states who fear the domination of their larger partners.
That said, the balance has tipped decisively in favour of the minimalist interpretation of European Union.
For the Frenclh, the best in- terests of Europe have alwavs been synonymous with the often anti-American self-interest of France, so that by definitioni policies wvhich do not promotc the latter canniot serve the former.
The British approach, dif- ferent in style if similar in effect, is to support closer in- tegration only where it can be made to yield clear national benefits. As for the Italians. they appear to be too be. wildered by their own internal problems to have any clear ideas about the future dev'elopment of the Community.
The imminent enlargement )f the Community, wvith Greece already negotiating entry terms and Portugal knocking at the loot, can oIIlv increase the al- eady marked divergence of !conomic performance within -he EEC.
If the Germans are unwilling :o underwrite the transfer of Sconomic r esources necessarv to *edress rhe imbalances of thlc VJine, they will surelv be even nore reluctant to do so in a 'ommunlity swollen bv the addi- ion of r elatively under- levelooed Milediterranean :ountriec.
Michael Hornsby";"December 31, 1976";"";59898;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tough bargaining days ahead for Britain's negotiators in Europe";""
"['Donald Chapman']";"['News']";"the "" everalI -concept of European tuinion"" is to be accepted, it must be based initially on the way the Euro- pean Community is functioning. The Belgian Prime Minister, M Tindemans, is reporting to the Community on the concept shortly.
.AIembers have agr eed they should respect the treaty sys- tem in force. The road to pre- sent working methods and con- st:tutional relationships in Council, Commission and Par- 1Iament has been hard: fewv wsish to reopen the dibate or to take a leap in the dark.
In the earily postwar years the sena? of- collapse and of danger (from resurgent Ger- many and then from the Soviet Un`ion) might have forced a quick federatinn. Such impera- tives no lon.ger exist. And powerful leaders and parties would block federation.
Mr Callaghan told Parlia- mient that we are not ""in sight of moving towvards a federal Europe by 1980 or indeed by arv later date "" and will not a 1-,h to reonen suicidal con- flict w4rhin his partv.
Mlr W rhitelawr gave a pledge during the referendum cam- palen.
President Giscard d'Estaing, happy with a presidential sys- tem at home, sees a Europe that is summit-led : and he wvould otherwiise lose his parliamentary maforitv and cabinet. Chancel- lor Schrfiidt is cautious and pragmatic and seems to feel that diverging economies allowv onlv a loose grouping. Indeed the divergence-and the aban- deanment of Economic and MIonetary Union by 1980--have routed the theory that econo- mic unity could be speedy and vould inexorably bring political unon in its trainl.
Can pragniatic development be imaginative enoughi to be called "" European Union "" ? The key comes from under- standing the nature of the Treaty of Romne and the way It is being operated.
The Treaty contaibs three types of decision-making. The first concerns the customs union and miarket competition: the rules are spelled out in the text and the Commission is to apply them. The second covets pro- jected common policies to be applied throughout the Cofii- munitv wvhen the Coincil has clefined tihem. Examples are: azriculture, transport and free- dom of movement.
But there is a third g'oup, expected to be purelv inter- governmental. and principally 1-he harmonizinig of gene-al econlolic policies. Oniyv inten- tions appear in the Treaty, wvithout procedures, timetables or a role for rhe Commission.
The hope-it wvas little more -las that decisions in the last twvo categories wvould proceed smoothly to the point where agreed policies could be operated by the Commission wvhich wvould then become the fully-fledged European execu- tive, checked by the Parlia- ment.
1n practice all the common policies have not been agreed; and the one triumph, the Common Agricultural Policy, is much diluted. Economic policy (covering., for example, interest rates. employment, public ex- penditure levels, poolinig of reserves) is not harmonized and wve are not in sight of a point xvher e thcre is a role for an independent executive wvith Dower.
To make things more diffi- cult. sector-s not mentioned ip the Treaty, and obviously in the inter-governmental 'area, have been added: foreign policv, for instance, previously beginning to be harmonized outside, has becn brought into the Com- munity system by last Decem-
her's Summit-into the -ElC Council, in'to its Committee of Permanent Representatives, and into allowved questions in the Parliament.
The instituitions reflect this' pattern-the Council ddiminates. Although the Treaty does not cover dialogue between Coun- cil and Parliament, this is what has grown and nowv stands out. Summits-there are now to be thr ee a yIeu-direct as a sort of super-council.
The council has thus taken over as the collegial' executive of traditional tvpe, pushing the high authority blueprinit aside. It is gingerly starting to take votes (after a decade of work- ing by unanimity) and is to face a diirectly elected Parliament by about 1978.
This working system is bound to provide the first institutions of European Union. The Coun- cil, wvith roots back home and able to carry national parlia- ments, is the only body that can complete the unifinished com- mon policies in transport, mone- tary and economic union; can get increasing harmony on con- tentious foreign policy issues- and can begin to give full dimension to union by movi.ng to common, defence poticy, European citizenship and postal set-vices.
On the other hand, union can demonstrate a decisive change, a beginning of real union, by lifting the Council to a new and conscious role. Instead of being an ad hioc collection of mnii- sters, ever-changing and meet- ing to solve the latest crisis, it should conisist of a team of senior men more or- less per- manently resident in Brussels.
As wvith other unions, the time vill be approaching-it cannot he pinpointed in advance-for thie executive, while nominated by member-states, to be free to act in day to day matters',as a ,college/ and to cease being members of the home govern- ments. States' control would then rest zvith the Summit and possibly with a senate nomin- ated by governments. Veto powers, immunitv of the execu- tive from dismissal by parlia- ment, newv powers and duties foi parliamenit as the decisions are upgraded- steadilv-all these are complicated problems covered in a report presented today* to NM Tindemans. Com- plex issues are involved: strik- ing the balance between decisive central direction and states' riglhts, between the reality (as opposed to the mythology) of parliamentary powers and the executive's clear r ight to govern.
But wvhy, it may be asked, sketch this second phase (though perhaps leaving detail to a later supplementary treaty) in a Treaty of Union ? First be- cause it gives meaning and gives an objective to guide thie resident Council. More impor- tant, hecause we are already bard up against a vicious circle that is'stopping the building of Europe: unless there is a com- mitment to an advanced form of union, no matter how distant in time, tlt r icher states (as the German Finance Minister has said) ;ill not agree to the massive transfer of r esourlces that are needed for the poorer to catch up, for economic union to work, and for the will to unioni to groNv in rcluctant mernber-states-in fact for real progress to take place at all,
Donald Chapman
* The Road to Europeant Union: Proposals to ECC Insti- tutions and >-Govermments, by Donald Chapman. Copies can only be obtained from. the Centre for Contemporary Euro- peati Studies, Sussex University, Brighton BN1 9RF, on payment of �1.";"October 9, 1975";"";59522;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The vicious circle stunting Europe's growth";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, DEC. 14
Herr Brandt, the new west German Foreign Minister, today gave strong support to the idea of Britain's entry into the European Economic Com- niunity and said that the west German Governrment would discius the question with Paris within the framework of the Franco-German treaty.
""The German Government is con- vinced "", he told the Assembly of Western European Union, "" that the creation of a Europe that is greater and stronger from the political and econo- mic points of view demands the participation of Britain, which is one of the most important countries of Europe.""
It sincerely hoped that Mr. Wilson's initia- tive would have the success ""that we all want "".
Speaking afterwards, Herr Brandt said that he did not expect to raise the question at his meeting tomorrow with General de Gaulle but it would be raised next month when he came to Paris with Dr. Kiesinger, the Germnan Chancellor, for talks with the General and members of the French Gov- ernmenL
Careful preparation
"" We are aware ""; he said in his Assembly speech, ""that British entry raises difficult questions for both sides and that it cannot come about in a day. We think, however, that these questions can be settled by nego- tiations and that Britain can and must enter the E.E.C. in a reasonable period of time.
""Neither the Six nor Britain can allow negotiations for British entry to fail a second time, for then one would run the risk of seeing an aggravation of the division which already exists between the two economic blocks of free Europe and of seeing a per- petuation of this state of affairs
"" The German Government considers that it is necessary to prepare negotiations between the E.E.C. and Britain with care by examining in detail all the conditions required for such an entry and by carrying cut bilateral discussions between the gov- ernments concerned.""
Herr Brandt told the Assembly that the German Government shared the view of Lord Gladwyn, expressed in a report before the meeting, that it was true that everyone was running a risk in deciding in favour of an enlarged European union but that this risk was nothing to that which would be run if no such decision were taken and Europe remained divided.
France's expectations
During his speech Herr Brandt again em- phasized the intention of the new Govern-. ment in Bonn of returning to Germany's role of bridge between east and west Europe. The elimination of tensions, he said, was of particular importance to Germany, and this applied to relations with eastern Europe.
He recalled Dr. Kiesinger's statement yesterday in Bonn that the now Govern- ment considered the Munich agreement to be no longer valid, and declared that Ger- many had no territorial claim to nmvke on Czechoslovakia. He hoped that this clear statement would find an echo in Prague.
Herr Brandes visit to Paris and the con- tacts for which it provides an occasion are regarded by the French as overshadowing the meetings he has been attending here. It is too early to speak of a new era in Franco- German relations-their vicissitudes in the past three years would incline French official circles to caution-but it is a fact that Herr Brandt has arrived with a dis- tinctly favourable aura in their eyes.
The new west German Government has still some way to go before its policy towards eastern Europe is aligned with that of France. but its declarations so far make cooperation possible in what is regarded hero at present as the most important sector of foreign policy, even if on defence the two Governments remain far apart.
Doubts inevitably remain about the Bonn Government's ability to be as good as its word and tomorrow's meeting between Herr Brandt and General de Gaulle is regarded as a crucial one.
PARIS. Dec. 14.-Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, and bis French opposite
number, M. Couve de MurviDe, discussed Britain's Common Market initiative at a private meeting tonight.
British sources said Mr. Brown explained to M. Couve de Murville the purpose of the visit that he and Mr. Wilson will be paying to Paris on January 24.
Mr. Brown today also discussed next month's visit to Rome by Mr. Wilson and himself, for similar Common Market talks, with Signor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Minister.
He had other talks today with Admiral Toumbas, the Greek Foreign Minister, and Mr. Caglayangil, the Turkish Foreign Mini- ster, on Cyprus.-Reuter.
Mr. Wilson's test of
the Six
FROM OUR POLMCAL CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Wilson, the Prime Minister, and Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, have completed the timetable for their joint reconnaissance round the Common Market capitals in the first two months of next year to test whether a new British application to accede to the Rome Treaty could be made with essential safeguards for British and Commonwealth interests.
The complete round of visits will be as follows (the Rome and Paris dates had already been announced):-
Rome: January 16-17. Paris: January 24-25.
Brussels: January 31-February 1. Luxembourg: February 2.
Bonn: February 14, p.m., to February
16, a.m,
The Hague: February 26 to the evening
of February 27 or morning of February 28.
Two other representative meetings in Europe form an essential part of the reconnaissance.
On January 23, immediately before he begins his talks with General de Gaulle in Paris, Mr. Wilson is to address the Council of Ministers in Strasbourg. He is treating it as an occasion of high political import- ance, and will make the council the sound- ing board for the British Government's approach to Europeanism.
On March 2-3 there will be a meeting of the Ministerial Council of the European Free Trade Association in Stockholm. Mr. Wilson has not yet reached a decision, but he will consider whether this might be the approprnate occasion for, him to make a direct report to the Efta Governments on the reconnaissance that he and Mr. Brown will then have completed with the heads of 9overnment and the Foreign Ministers of the Six.
Alternatively, Mr. Wilson wiU propose a further meeting, probably in London, of the Efta Prime Ministers. When they met in London on December 5, the Prime Mini- sters suggested that they would value another consultation when Britain's sound- ings of the Six had been made.
FIRST MEETINGS OF
LEADERS
FROM OUR OWit CORRPONDENT
BoNN, DEC. 14
The visit here of Mr. Wilson and Mr. George Brown witl provide an occasion for the British leaders to make a first contact with the new German Government of Dr. Kiesinger.
Dr. Kiesinger will meet President de Gaulle in Paris on January 13 and 14. This will also be a first contact, though a regular meeting between the heads of the two Governments is provided for under the Franco-German treaty.
In view of the emphasis on strengthening Franco-German relations in Dr. Kiesingeres policy statement yesterday, great importance is attached to this first meeting in official circles here.";"December 15, 1966";"";56815;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt Wants To See Britain In E.E.C.";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From O.ur epeciai Correspondent
- LLANDIUDNO, SEPT: 23
Mr. Grimond. throwing down the gauntlet to Mr. Gaitskell while present- ing his flock with glorious visions of togetherness and internationalism, gave a stirring oration here yesterday that smacked at times of revivalism, and Billy Graham, brinoing tears to many a Liberal eye ancfmore than f20.OOO from Liberal pockets.
This was no doubt a-glorious climax to a successful assembly, but of deeper poli- tical significance was the volte-face on European federalism performed in the final session. Disturbed by reports in The Timnes that the party had taken "" a gay and headlong plunge into European federal- ism "", Liberal leaders did their best to blur this image, of potential danger in a general election.
Blur it they did, but only at the expense of contradictory statements that left con- siderable doubt about official policy on political union with Europe.
ALIENATING FRIENDS
The first speaker in this debate, Lord Ogmore, president-elect, appeared to speak with executive authority when he rose "" to correct a misconception "". He believed that if the Liberal Party advocated a federal Europe at this stage it would do xreat harm. 1n the future a federal system might be evolved but at the moment they wanted a steady development of existing insti- tutions.
"" To try to put the Nato countries into a straitjacket at this time will do a great deal of harm. I ask you to make it quite clear that we are not a federal party for Europe."" To advocate federalism now would be wrong in itself. "" It will alienate our friends and delight our enemies.""
The next speaker but one. Mr. Edwin Malindine, a member of the executive and immediate past-president, although not advocating federalism in so many words, poured scorn on national sovereignty.
He believed there was little support on thc Continent for what he called "" De Gaulle's loose political groups, with each state retaining sovereignty"".
""National sovereignty ! "" said Mr. Malindine scornfully. ""Some of these people do not know that you can swim the English Channel. How can You talk of national sovereignty when there are satellites orbiting the earth ?
""Mr. Gaitskell says we must know exactly what we are going to do and that we must know exact details. Such small minds ! "" said Mr. Matindine to the accompaniment of prolonged cheers,
Before all this excitement a resolution calling for vigorous efforts to achieve closer volitical unity in Europe and for new efforts to strengthen the European Parliament by giving it greater powers and arranging for direct elections of its mem- bers was moved by Mr. John Pardoe. prospective candidate, Finchley.
At the start of the session an emergency resolution introduced by Mr. Laurence Young (Sevenoaks) was carried, asserting that the conference was not ih favour of land nationalization.
EVOLUTION TO UNITY
Mr. Pardoe, moving his resolution on behalf of the Finchley Liberal Association said that at the heart of the European movement lay the Liberals' own inter- nationalist ideal. But many Europeans felt that Britain wanted the economic benefits without the political commitments. Better terms could have been obtained in Brussels if the Government had been able to erase this impression.
Mr. Pardoe said that even though the Rome treaty was rightly not specific about the Political commitments, it must be obvious that the Community Governments excepting the French, favoured an evolu- tionary progress towards a close political unity.
Economic integration led inexorably towards political unity. ""In Europe we shall not lead"" he said. ""we shall not dominate, but we shall not be without
influence.""
Mr. Pardoe accused Mr. Gaitskell of intellectual dishonesty in comparing Britain's status in Europe with that of California or Texas in the United States.
The idea of an elected European parlia- ment, he said, raised in some people's minds horrifying thoughts on the surrender of sovereignty and the diminution of Westrminster's powers.
But if we should wish in the future to give this parliament greater powers, then that would be a matter to be discussed at the time. Economic integration, under the Treaty of Rome, involved pooling of sovereignty, but this was not the same as surrender of sovereignty. Finally. while there was instability in western Europe, there was always the chance that one or
other of these nations would fall a prey to the kind of political or economic chaos that - could make a communist coup successful.
The resurgence of German nationalism was another real fear and it, was even stronger in Russia than here. By building this greater European community in part- nership with western Germany 'German thoughts of grandeur would be sublimated.
I PEACE TREATY
An amendment to. delete a section urging that British influence should be used to make the European community the foundation of a settlement in central Europe and a solution to the German Ques- tion was carried after Mr. John Baker (Richmond and Barnes) had described these lines as obscure.
Moving the amendment, Mr. Baker said that for a number of years there was going to be much work for the European com- munity and for some time the machinery would not be ready for the working out of a settlement in central Europe. Again. if there was going to be a peace treaty for Germany this would have to be done by the powers that had declared war.
Mr. Ronald Lea (Edinburgh), said the Liberals must get it across that going into
Mr. Grimond at the Llandudno assembly.
Europe was a Patriotic act-a re-shaping of John Bull with his hat at a now, jaunty angle and his shoulders thrown back.
A former party president, Mr. Leonard Behrens, said it would be fatal to go into Europe unaware of the dangers. It was not enough to dismiss these dangers, as the resolution did. as misconceptions.
Certain things that might easily happen would lead to disaster. If the European union were to deveiop or were thought, to be developing into an anti-Russian alliance, that would be fatal to the whole of humanity as well as to the European alliance. Another danger was that a sort of antithesis was being drawn between European union and the United Nations. The idea of a choice between the two would ruin both. They must be complementary.
""Do not go forward in a fool's para- dise "", he urged. ""If these lines are not deleted we are deluding ourselves and those we wish to accompany us.""
WORLP COMMUNITY
in the debate on the resolution, Mr. Stephen Rubin, prospective candidate for North Hendon, said it was up to them to show the Commonwealth countries in black and white that it was possible for them to work with the Common Market in harmony.
The European Economic Community should not be the ultimate goal but a step towards a world economic community, in which Commonwealth members would fully participate.
By the time the vote was taken, the vast majority of the delegates bad arranged themselves beneath the respective banners of Lord Ogmore and Mr. Malindine. Only two hands were raised against the resolution.";"September 24, 1962";"";55504;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Liberal Assembly Concludes";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEc. 22
""A favourable decision with a weak majority would be as serious as a rejection,"" M. Mendes-France told the National Assembly this morning, referring to the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, which have been under debate since Monday.
The Prime Minister was interrupting a long speech by M. Jules Moch, the French repre- sentative on the United Nations disarmament committee, who said he was perturbed by the suggestion of Sir Anthony Eden that nego- tiations with the Russians could be envisaged only after the new agreements had begun to be applied-that is, after German rearma- ment had started. The Assembly, he main. tamed, should insist that these negotiations, which, if successful, would make the new agreements redundant, should be opened before the application of the agreements.
HEART OF MATTER
It was at this point that M. Mendes-France intervened, exclaiming that this was the heart of the matter. If the Assembly rejected the agreements, he said, there would no longer be any question of four-Power negotiations; perhaps, later, there would be talk of a two- or three-Power conversation. France would no doubt remain within the Atlantic alliance, but would no longer have any weight. If on the other hand the agreements were ratified, France would have a role to play within N.A.T.O. and in four-Power negotiations.
The French suggestion for a four-Power conference in May still stood, the Prime minister continued, but so long as any doubt existed about the solidarity of the Atlantic coalition those negotiations risked being un- fruitful. As soon as the western Powers and France had cemented their union, then con- versations (with the east) could usefully be begun. "" To a great extent,"" M. Mendes- France explained, addressing the Assembly at large, "" you hold the answer in your hands,"" for if the Assembly vwere to divide into three equal parts, if the French purpose were in doubt, then he would say '"" with the deepest feeling "" that the Government would not be strong enough to impose its views.
M. MendZs-France had evidently con- sidered his waming necessary, in view of the
way the debate is going. Though most observers still think the agreements will be ratified, it would be difficult, judging from the speeches so far, to recognize that these are the same treaties that M. Mendes-France brought back, amid such acclamation, from London in early October. As he hinted. he is fighting, in his task of getting approval for ratification, an opposition on three fronts.
""DISARM OR PERISH ""
The first, represented largely by the Com- munists, opposes German rearmament in all its forms; the second, consisting mostly of the Popular Republicans (M.R.P.) and some Conservatives, were supporters of the European Defence Community treaty and though now admitting the necessity of German rearmament, are not going to vote for the new and (to them) inferior agreements. The third front is presented by those who want to ""have another try"" with the Russians before finally agreeing that the decision to rearm Giermany shall be enacted.
The long and impressivc speech of M. Moch this morning was an example of this third school of thought. He argued that Russia showed no sign of wishing to be an aggressor, and underlined the horrors of an atomic and thermo-nuclear war (M. Moch is the author of a recent book on this subject). "" There is no other course for humanity save to disarm or perish,"" he cried.
He pointed out that for the first time there was some hope for the prospects of disarma- ment, but that ratification of the Paris agree- ments would mark a new phase in the cold war. He thought that, whether the agreements were approved or not, there would be trouble. France would be isolated in the Atlantic alli- ance; but he did not believe' Germany would be rearmed without France. It was not true to claim that it would take two to three vears to rearm Germany; a few months would be enough. It was, in these circumstances, only on condition that France's allies realized her grave decision and followed her in the direction of a detente that the treaty could be accepted.
A similar speech came from M. Palewski (Gaullist), who has tabled an amendment which would suspend the enrry into force of the ratification agreements until December next year. He, like M. Moch, emphasized that the Atlantic alliance must remain the basis of French policy, but argued that a
German general staff would be created the moment the agreemnents came into force. He saw no inconvenience in delaying the enact- ment of German rearmament: in 1950, such delaying tactics on the part of France had been a great advantage. Negotiation with the Russians would not be the same after German rearmament had begun as before.
M. Teitgen (M.R.P.) and M. Paul Reynaud (Independent), both of whom were ardently pro-E.D.C., spoke as the Prime Minister's opponents and as intending abstainers from the vote to be taken at the end of this debate. Both made the point that whereas there had been a great enthusiasm on the part of some for E.D.C., no single speaker in this debate had shown any enthusiasm for the new agreements.
BRITISH COMMITMENT
Both dwelt on the nature of the new British commitment which, according to M. Teitgen. would mean that Britain within the Western European Union would effectively block any move towards greater European integration. M. Reynaud made the same point, and quoted what he said he had heard Lord John Hope say at Strasbourg (about the British attitude towards an integrated Europe): "" Bon voyage and good luck."" The new agreements, M Reynaud claimed, gave political hegemony to the United Kingdom and military hegemon) to Germany. He also invoked the dangers of a Germnan-Russian alliance.
M. Daladier. a stalwart opponent ol German rearmament, attacked the new agree- ments on all sides, and pleaded for a nev. negtotiation with Russia.
The debate was adjourned at midnight until 8.30 a.m. (G.M.T.) to-morrow.
ITALIAN VOTE TO-DAY
FROM OUR OW1N CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEC. 22
The debate in the Chamber of Deputies on ratification of the Paris agreements was wound up to-night by the Foreign Minister. Signor Martino. Owing to the late hour, the vote on the relevant Bill was deferred until to-morrow. Rebutting the many Opposition criticisms of western collective defence measures,.the Minister said Italy had nothing to fear from west European union. The objections to ratification of the Opposition rapporteur had not, he said, persuaded the Government to change its course.";"December 23, 1954";"";53122;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Mendès-France Gives New Warning To Opponents Of Western Agreements";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JULy 11
The supporters of an "" integrated Europe,"" who nearly two years ago saw their hopes dashed by the National Assembly's rejection of the European Defence Community treaty, this evening received signal encouragement from the same source. By the unexpectedly large majority of 342 to 183, the Assembly approved a Socialist motion on Euratom -the plan for a six-Power European cbmmunity for cooperation in nuclear energy-which authorizes the Govern- ment to continue negotiation for the con- clusion of a treaty instituting the organization.
The motion, which refers to ""the full development of the French atomic effort"" as a first condition of fruitful cooperation between as many European countries as possible, also asks the Government to develop atomic cooperation within the framework of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, while at the same time making it easy for each member of O.E.E.C., or even non-member countries, to participate in or be associated with Euratom.
Even before the Prime Minister wound up the long debate this afternoon, the tide had been flowinsg in his favour. Although this afternoon he retreated from his pre- viously reported intention of resigning if the vote went against Euratom, the very report had filled most of the Assembly, particularly the right, with a deep aversion from having to find a successor to the present Socialist-led Govemment, which is having to bear the brunt of the Algerian burden.
RESERVATION ON BOMB
Secondly, the Government has made con- siderable concessions to the critics of Eura- tom, particularly over France's reservation of her right to produce nuclear weapons. M. Mollet repeated these assurances this afternoon, explaining that between now and 1961 France, as a member of Euratom. would undertake no atomic explosions. But during this time French atomic researches would continue, and at the end of i; she would have the full legal and military Possi- bility of making nuclear weapaus.
"" It is naturally my personal wish,"" M. Mollet added, "" that the disarmament dis- cussions should make such a possibility useless."" There wvas, in fact, he empha- sized, no connexion between the Euratom plan and the future pattern of French national defence; "" French membership of Euratom in no way interferes with or limits national defence.""
After M. Mollet's speech Socialists and M.R.P. (the original ""Europeans"" in the Assembly) both announced their intention of voting for the motion; so did the small Gaullist party, now mollified by the con- cessions made. The Radicals were split. largely owing to the energies of M. Mendes- France, who prefers Western European Union as a framework for ato[nic coopera- tion in Europe; 21 members of the parlia- mentary party decided to follow him and 18 to vote for Euratom.
ONLY A BEGINNING
The large majority for the motion is cer- tainly a triumph for M. Mollet in particular, and for the cause of the ""Europeans"" in general. It is worth recalling, however, that on the E.D.C. treaty the Assembly voted a vaguely-worded motioii, which could be taken as approval for the scheme, in February, 1952-yet two years later, it joy- fuUy threw out the treaty, by then ratified in all the other Parliaments. The same thing could clearly happen now. To-day's vote is a beginning, not an end. Yet the wide latitude that the motion gives to the Govemment and to the negotiators at the Brussels conference is in one sense a guarantee that a French Govemment will not again be caught in the position of run- ning far ahead of its parliamentary opinion.
The Prime Minister had begun by re- affirming his own well-known belief in the
importance of European integration. He dwelt persuasively on the indispensable con- tribution which a united Europe had to make to a lasting solution of the German problerm His conviction of this point had, he said, been strengthened by his conversa- tions in Moscow.
He had tried to explain to the Russian leaders the peaceful potentialities of a united Europe, but they had not replied to this point, and instead had made it plain that, being opposed to free elections in Germany, they might one day be ready to treat bilaterally with western Germany. What they were after was a revival of the German-Russian etent e-a concept which is not just the memory of an historian, M. Mollet exclaimed amid loud applause. Such an eniente was heavy with threat for the freedom and peace of the world; yet Mr. Khrushchev was no dreamer.
With the present leaders, and the present opposition, in Germany there was indeed nothing to fear. But one day a serious crisis might break out in the Federal Republic and Germany might be tempted to listen to the seductions of Mr. Khrushchev and what he had to offer-such as reunification. the lost eastem territories, and economic oppor- tunities. What then would be the attitude of the German people ?
M. Mollet thought that instead of this prospect, Germany must be firmly inte- grated into Europe by strong and numerous links, which would prevent her from turn- ing eastwards. She must not remain iso- lated in an important field such as that of atomic energy. If Euratom were rejected, then a close collaboration might be expected between Germany and the United States, a prospect that would certainly be preferred by the big German industrialists. In dis- tinction to this, Euratom opened up the pos- sibility of Germany and France working together in atomic energy.
NOT THROUGH W.E.U.
M. Mollet replied to the objections of M. Mendes-France that Euratom would be better carried out under the Westem European Union, for that would bring in Britain. The Prime Minister doubted this, and quoted an official reply given recently in the House of Commons, to the effect that the British Government did not foresee atomic cooperation within the framework of W.E.U.
In conclusion, M. Mollet explained that he had not made the vote on Euratom a matter of confidence, because it must con- sist of a decision on Euratom alone, and a decision which would be binding in the future. This was a reference to the reports that he had already decided to resign if Euratom was rejected. Faced with such a prospect, many deputies were ready to vote for the motion to ensure that, with the Algerian situation as it is. there should be no political vacuum.
M. Mollet confirmed this afternoon that he had indeed told the Council of Ministers in confidence that he would resign if the vote were unfavourable. Unfortunately this secret had leaked out (there was some ironical laughter at this) and now the posi- tion was almost as if he had put the question of confidence, with the result that some deputies might be voting to-day for the motion, with the intention of voting later against the ratification of the treaty itself. This attitude he could not permit. What- ever the decision of the Assembly, he would accept it and would see it applied.";"July 12, 1956";"";53581;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Big French Majority For Euratom";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, NOV. 5']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 5
Herr von Hase, the West German Government's chief spokesman, told re- porters today that he was convinced Franco-German cooperation on the basis of the Elysee treaty would be con- tinued and strengthened as a result of General de Gaulle's decision to stand in the French presidential elections next month.
""The Government "". he said. "" is of the opinion that the Federal Republic, as the ally of France. can only benefit from a strengthening of France's posi- tion in the world.""
To a question on how far the Federal Republic had benefited hitherto from the French position in the world. Herr von Hase said that it had always proved salutary for Germany and France to be united. This was true not only with regard to foreign policy but also to cultural relations and many other spheres.
STILL DIFFERENCES
There were still substantial differences of opinion between the two countries, especially on defence and European econo- mic policy, but this, in the long-term view, did not alter the fact that ' we stand clearly for continued Franco-German friendship and for the benefits of this friendship "".
He refused to comment on a newspaper report today that German participation in a multilateral nuclear force could prompt France to ' block"" German reunification because in the French view such a force would constitute a repudiation of Europe and an option in favour of the l Inited Nations. He said there was no confirma- tion from any French quarter of statements of this kind.
TALKS WITH EFTA
Dr. Schr6der, the Foreign Minister. in an interview with the German overseas broadcasting service, has said that in the light of unchanged Soviet designs in Europe. especially over Germany and the German question, the Federal Government is more than ever convinced that the westem countries have a common interest and that everything must be done to give this com- munity of interest an effective expression in the defence field as well as others.
He said that when the difficulties in the i European Economic Community had been disposed of, discussions on closer coopera- tion with the European Free Trade Asso- ciation could be continued energetically.
Herr von Hase today welcomed the remarks to this effect made by Mr. fichael Stewart, the British Foreign Secretary, at this week's meeting of the Western European Union at The Hague. It had always been the declared policy of the Federal Govern- ment, he said, to assist in every way in bridging the gap between the two econormic groupings in Europe.";"November 6, 1965";"";56472;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Welcomes Gen. De Gaulle's Election Decision";""
"['From Our Common Market Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Common Market Correspondent
LUXEMBOURG, MARCH 20
A treaty of political union among the Common Market countries is not yet in sight. The Foreign Ministers of the Six made only marginal progress at their meeting here today in their attempt to reconcile the position of France with that of the other five member countries, as they have emerged in the work of the Fouchet committee. They are to meet again in Paris on April 17 in a further attempt to reach agreement but have set no date for the heads of state to sign the treaty.
The only point settled today was that for the time being there would not be a secretary general in the new political treaty, but an administrative political commission charged with preparing the meetings of the heads of government. No progress was made on the three major topics in dis- pute: -
1. -France's desire to include economic
cooperation within the aims of the new treaty; the other members want to safe- guard the present independent status of the Common Market and the other two Communities.
2.-The concern of these five countries to
relate a common defence policy firmly within the framework of Nato.
3.-Their wish to ensure that revision of
the treaty foreseen in three years' time should initiate a system of taking decisions by a qualified majority vote; France will not be specific about future changes.
Strongly opposed ideas were expressed in today's debate by M. Spaak. the Belgian Foreign Minister. and M. Couve de NMur- ville for France. M. Spaak. taking a similar view to that already advanced by the Dutch, insisted that there could be no compromise on these three major points. He also argued that Britain should join the talks on political union, as a prospective member of the Common Market. since political integration was still in the transitional phase.
It was pointed out at the meeting that at the next Western European Union assembly in London on April 10. Britain would have an opportunity of making her views on political union known to the Six.
It appeared that the new Italian Govern- ment has not yet formalized its position, but in general supported M. Spaak; Germany, while supporting the Belgian-Dutch view- point, was the keenest to find compromise solutions. M. Eugene Schaus, the Luxem- bourg Foreign Minister and chairman of the meeting, said afterwards that progress had been made and that there had been no step back from the Bonn declaration of last year.";"March 21, 1962";"";55345;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Limited Progress On European Political Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent, Strasbourg']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent, Strasbourg
The EEC will tcchnically run out of money next month. Mr Christopher Tugendhat, the bud- get Commissioner, made this clear to the European Parlia- ment's Budget Committec in Strasbourg yesterday when he described how he was going to have to juggle the Community's books in order to mcet its commiitments.
The committee was looking at the £1,171m supplementary bud- get which Parliament has been askcd to approvc to save the Community from going banknrpt this year. It will not vote on the issue until its session at the cnd of next month and by then, Mr Tugendhat said, it would be too late to find the money to make full advance payments for agricul- tural cxpenditure.
This meant that he would have only enough community money left to pay out half of the required advances. lie would then have to hope that Parliament would pass the supplementary budget so that the extra money needcd would be made available.
The supplementary budget also includes a repayment of £227m to Britain. This is more than £40m Iess than Britain believes it has been promised, but far more than many MEPs want Britain to receive. The argument threatens to make it more difficult to get thc urgently needed supplementary
budget passed by the Parliament,
Parliament is drawing up a plan it hopes would dispose of the 800,000-tonnc butter mountain which is now overshadowing the Community budget. A proposal due to be voted today would entitle cvery shopper at Christmas to a free pounid of buttcr for every two pounds bought.
Such a scheme would cost around £195m for 100,000 tonnes comparcd with £83m to export it at subsidized prices or £27m to keep it in stock, and the Commission claims it would be too expensive.
The cssential need to cut agricultural spending is under- lined in the latest paper sent to the European Commission by the British Government on the future development of the Community. This paper is being studied by the Commission at its meeting in Strasbourg today and it emphasiz- es the need for greater cooper- ation by European industry
Parliament yesterday began a two-day debate on a resolution detailing spoves for further European union, based on a ,eport by Signor Altiero Spinelli, an Italian communist and a former Commissioner. British MEPs do not intend to support it unless a clause which would end a nation's right to veto Council decisions is removed.";"September 14, 1983";"";61637;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC will have to juggle the books";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 19
General Norstad, the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, said to-day that he intended to take action with those countries which had agreed to integrate their air defences in order to bring the scheme into operation. He hoped that the problems affecting those countries which had not yet agreed would soon be solved.
With the exception of France, all the countries invoved in the scheme-that is. Britain, Germany, Denmark, Norway, and the Benelux countries-have agreed to integrate their air defences under N.A.T.O.
The Supreme Commander was address- ing thc parliamentary assembly of the Western European Union. He said that the system of establishing stocks of atomic weapons in European countries was being extended. but this would not increase the responsibility of those countries for the control of the weapons, which remained in N.A.T.O. hands.
G,UIDED MISSILE TEAMS
He said in reply to a question by Gceneral Corniglion-Molinier (France) that the guided missile teams soon to be organized would in everv case belong to the country in which the missile ramps were based. but that they would be under the control of N.A.T.O. and not of their national Governments.
In reply to a question about the Russian submarine threat he said that a N.A.T.O. technical centre to study anti-submarine warfare was being set up.
General Norstad warned the parliamen- tarians against any attempts by their Governments to reduce the period of mili- tary service. He did not want to be dogmatic about the minimum of 18 months. but whenever military service in any country fell below the required level he had grave reasons for concern.
The assembly adopted by 55 votes to seven a report of the defence committee, drawn up by Mr. Mulley (Britain, Labour), proposing that the initial use of tactical atomic weapons should depend on a politi- cal rather than a military decision. The seven German Social Democrats voted against, because they considered the condi- tions for control and use of these weapons proposed in the report to be too vague.
N.A.T.O. STAFF POST
PARIs, Dec. 19.-Major-General Gustav Wagner of the Belgian Army has been appointed principal staff officer to General Sir Richard Gale, Deputy Supreme Com- mander, Europe. He succeeds Major- General Cochrane of Britain. who retired in October.-Reuter
Serior f.. C. Gonzrilez Parrodi, ?,lexican charge d'affaires in London, yesterday signed the new international sugar agree- ment on behalf of his government.";"December 20, 1958";"";54339;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Norstad To Go Ahead";""
"['From EDMUND STEVENS']";"['News']";"From EDMUND STEVENS-
-Moscow. Feb. 23
The Soviet Union today cele- brated Red Army and Navy Day with the customary pyrotechnics and artillery salvoes in Moscow and other big cities. On February 23, 1918, the troops of the fledgling Soviet Socialist Republic halted the advance of German troops on Pskov and Narva and the day has been celebrated ever since.
Senior Soviet conimanders marked the day with the usual articles in the press, which they pegged to the present Soviet oppo- sition to the west German Gov- ermnent's plans to hold the presidential election in west Ber- lin on March 5.
Marshal Yakubovsky, Comman- der-in-Chief of Warsaw Pact forces, in the Red Star, denouncfd the election as illegal and "" an open provocation "". The general tone was, nevertheless, restrained without real threats of retaliatory action.
Marshal Yakubovsky and the other writers repeated the familiar attacks on Nato as an "" imperialist aggressive block "". They vigor- ously defended the main military initiative of 1968-the Soviet and Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia, which Marshal Yakubovsky termed ""a noble mission "".
Marshal Grechko,- the Defence Minister. in his order of the day, gave a warning that "" the imperial- ist powers have not abandoned their schemes. They continue the
dirty war against the Vietnamese people and do everything to obstruct the liquidation of the con- sequences of Israel aggression against the Arab countries . . . and to aggravate tension in the centre of Europe "".
A non-military commentator in Pravda praised the French for their boycott of the London ses- sion of the Western European Union council and accused Britain of ""demonstratively supporting west Germany in all its glaring provocations, including approval of the decision to hold the presi- dential election in west Berlin "".
Dessa Trevisan writes from Prague: A resurgence in Czecho- slovakia of clandestine anti-liberal pamphlets and of appeals for a strong government, as well as the reluctance of the security police to reveal the names of the instigators of the camnpaign, suggest that the calm of the present situation is deceptive and that the hard-line communists are still fighting for supremacy.
The press, still an outspoken advocate of liberal reforms, has drawn attention to the curious lack of firmness in exposing the offenders shown by the security officials. This is one way of say- ing that the organizers of this propaganda campaign might en- joy the protection of some mem- bers of the security force.
The leaflets contain direct attacks on the present party leadership. -";"February 24, 1969";"";57493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Attack on Czechs is praised in Moscow";""
"['From Michael Binyon']";"['News']";"From Mich2el B;nvon
IBRnnn
West Germany is one of the European countries to have reacted most sharply to the plan for a restructuring of Nato, proposed by Dr Henry Kis- singer, the former US secretary of state, and this, together with Europe's own proposals to strengthen its defence commit- ment is expected to be the main topic in Chancellor Helmut Kohl's four days of talks that begin in Washington on Mon- day.
Bonn will be eager to know how much the Kissinger threat of a reduction in American forces in Europe reflects official thinking. The chancellor will itnpress on President Reapan that western Europe, and West Germany in particular, is not weakening in its resolve to strengthen the Atlantic alliance.
He will also outline the plans to strengthen the Western European Union, the 30-year- old defence alliance of leading European countries. But he will insist this should not be taken as an undermining of Nato.
Bonn was reassured by remarks here by Mr Richard Burt, the Assistant Under- Secretary for European Affairs, Nwho said after the Kissinger plan had been published in Timne that it was curious to talk about a restructuring of Nato just whcn it had gathered new strength. The Germans feel not enough credit has been given to them in some quarters in Washington for the way they
carried out the deployment of Nato missiles in the face of widespread public protest.
Herr Kohl, however, will use this point to emphasize his country's interest in an early resumption of negotiations on intermediate weapons, and he will probably press the Reagan administration to continue overtures to the Soviet leader- ship.
Herr Kohl will also call for more speed in Mutual Balance Force Reductions (MBFR) negotiations in Vienna on cuts in conventional forces in Europe.
Other issues likely to be raised during the Chancellor's first visit to Washington since May are the Middle East Central America and the Euro pean Community. Washington will want to hear Herr Kohl's assessment of the forthcoming Brussels summit and his ideas for revitalizing the European Community. But Herr Kohl will be forthright in putting some European complaints to the United States, particularly about the continuing high American interest rates.
East-West trade is also an area where there have frequently been differences of interest. Chancellor Kohl has supported American efforts to cut off the flow of high technology from the West to the Soviet Union, and he believes this could best be coordinated in a new civilian wing of Nato.";"March 3, 1984";"";61772;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kissinger's blueprint challenged by Kohl";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Dr. Stikker, the Dutch Ambassador, introduced a compromise proposal on the withdrawal of British forces from Germany at the meeting of the council of Western European Union in London yesterday. This is understood to be in the form of a short resolution suggest- ing that withdrawal should be spread into 1959 while discussions on the organ- ization of military forces in Europe went on.
Delegates were not given advance notice of the proposal, and it was agreed to refer it back to Governments for their instructions. The council will meet informally this afternoon, and it is thought likely that a further meeting will be needed on Monday.
SEARCH FOR AGREEMENT The strong French objections to any British withdrawal from the Continent are well known. M. Chauvel, the French Ambassador, yesterday proposed that the withdrawals should be delayed while the countries concerned went fully into the question of reorganizing the military forces in N.A.T.O. A resolution to this effect was tabled.
None of the six Continental members of W.E.U. is happy with the British plan; but it is clear that the Benelux countries are anxious to find an agreed solution. No one is ruling out compromise; and it was emphasized at the Foreign Office yesterday that the proposed redeployment of British troops was not a decision but a proposaL The British Government have already agreed to one alteration in the phasing of the plan as it has moved through the W.E.U. and N.A.T.O. meetings, and in public statements they have not set their face against further compromise.
Certainly, if a proposal such as that put forward by the French finds a majority, it will be difficult to go ahead with any reduction in forces in Germany without breaking a treaty obligation. Such a majority will, however, require the support of at least one of the Benelux countries.
GERMAN VIEW
The German attitude at yesterday's meet- ing was that the question is one to be decided at ministerial level. The German delegate is understood to have proposed a ministerial meeting for Monday. There is little enthusiasm for this in the other dele- gations, and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd will, in any case, be attending the opening meeting of the United Nations disarmament sub-com- mittee in London on that day. The British Ambassador to Germany, Sir Christopher Steel, has gone to see Dr. Adenauer, on Lake Como, and this will no doubt lead to a clearer definition of the German view.";"March 16, 1957";"";53791;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Compromise On B.A.O.R. Cuts Proposed";""
"['From A. M. RENDEL']";"['News']";"From A. M. RENDEL-
The Hague, June 6
The Western European Union Ministers today completed their two-day conference at The Hague. This has mainly been a careful preparation of the ground in the hope that the new French Govern- ment will soon return to the W.E.U. and agree to open nego- tiations with Britain, Norway, Denmark and Ireland on the en- largement of the Common Market.
Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, who was chair- man, said after the meeting that he will propose to the French Government that all the Common Market members of WEU, includ- ing France, should make a general declaration of intent to enlarge the communitv.
Apart from many difficult prob- lems to be solved in the negotia- tions, there is one possible dark cloud which the Ministers have discussed-that France may seek to delay opening negotia.ions until after the financial provisions of the common agricultural policy of the Six have been agreed.
None of France's five Com- mon Market partners, as their Ministers have all made clear here, are prepared to accept this posi- tion as a condition of negotiations with Britain and the other candi- date members. The Germans and Italians are known to be particu- larly firm on this.
This is not to say that the French would be unable to obtain satis-
factory terms, which may indeed be easier to negotiate, if an en- largement of the European com- mnunities is itself negotiated.
During the political consulta- tions the forthcoming attitude of the west German Government on east-west relations was noted by Ministers.
By setting no preconditions for a conference. the west Germans are. in effect. agreeing to join in a conference which the east Ger- mans could attend. East Germany would be neither recognized nor unrecognized as a separate state but the Federal Government's desire for a modus vivendi between east and west Germany was signified by Herr Brandt's reference to "" east Germany "" and not to "" the so-called republic of east Germany "" and by his re- marks about relations between Germans instead of internal Ger- man relations. of which Federal Ministers have spoken in the pasL
The permanent Council of the W.E.U. will decide the date and place of the next meeting. During the next three months. Mr. Stewart, the British Foreign Secretary, will be chairman. If the meeting takes place, as hoped. early in October. it will naturally be held in London. The German elections in September are a diffi- culty, however. and the meeting may have to be held later in Brussels.";"June 7, 1969";"";57580;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dutch to seek Six pledge by France";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"E:ROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MAY 10
The three-day session of the European Parliament, the consultative assembly of 'the Six of the European Economic Community, ended abruptly this morn- ing at Strasbourg on a note of protest and hurt pride.
Today's sitting was to have been de- voted to hearing and debating the im- portant report on political cooperation between the Six, presented by M. Dehousse, Belgian socialist senator; instead M. Dehousse made a brief state- ment explaining that the parliament's political committee regretted the sudden and unexplained decision of the Foreign Ministers of the Six to postpone until July the "" summit "" meeting of the heads of government, which was to have been held on May 19.
15-MINUTE SITTING
He felt that in these conditions no use- ful purpose could be served by debating a matter which would obviously have assumed different proportions by July. The parliament agreed, and the debate was postponed until the next session to be held in June. Today's sitting was over in 15 minutes.
It was obviously this lack of informa- tion that touched the parliamentarians on the raw. Their session this week had been planned for some time and was intended to provide a sounding of parliamentary opinion before the "" summit "" meeting. It became clear from M. Dehousse's remarks that the assembly had received no message, jet alone explanation, from the ministers why the meeting in Bonn had been post- poned. The political committee therefore found itself in a delicate position and took the decision to withold its report by 14 votes to none, with three abstentions.
FRENCH PROPOSALS
M. Dehousse gave no indication in his remarks today of what was in the report except to infer hopefully that the whole position might be modified after Mr. Macmillan's speech at the meeting of Western European Union parliamentarians to be held in London from May 28 to June 1. French sources. however, indi- cate, that the report gave wide support to the French proposals.
In his statement M. Dehousse said that the political committee desired that reasons should be given for the postponement to a "" distant and imprecise date "" of the Bonn meeting, and called upon the six Govern- ments to strengthen whe links which united them through a closer political coopera- tion. No mention was made of the differ- ences between the French and Dutch Gov- ernments on the question of an eventual British part in this cooperation, which some observers see as one of the principal reasons behind the PostponemenL";"May 11, 1961";"";55078;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Abrupt End To Strasbourg Session";""
"['From DAVID SPANEER, European Economic Correspondent,']";"['News']";"From DAVID SPANEER, European Economic Correspondent,
The Hague, July 4
Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, today set the British application to join the Common Market in a political context of strengthening the role of Europe in the world at large.
The burden of his statement here at a meeting of the Western European Union ministerial com- mittee was that Britain was aiming at something far more than material prosperity. "" We see this leading to a greater political purpose for western Europe.""
Europe, he said, could emerge as a community expressing its own point of view and exercising influence in world affairs, not only in the commercial and economic but also in the political and defence fields.""
In a significant addition to the printed text of his speech, Mr.
Brown said: "" The balance of economic advantage for us is a fine one.""
Britain, he declared, would spare no effort to bring negotiations for entry into the European Economic Community to a successful con- clusion.
Looking at Mr. Brown's speech as a whole, it is c'ear how much the tour of the Six helped the Government in clarifying their position. The four major prob- lems originally posed by Mr. Wilson have been fined down. The difficulties over regional policy have virtually disappeared, and capital movements have been neatly wrapped up under the treaty rules.
Commonwealth problems have been narrowed essentially to New
Zealand butter and Common- wealth sugar. Agriculture remains the most difficult issue. Mr. Brown, however, made it clear that Britain would hope to take part as a full member in the new negotiations after the agricul- tural finance arrangements expire in 1969.
Favourable reactions
His political conceptions for the Community, said Mr. Brown, were not necessarily contrary to the French view. It was not his business to agree with every idea of France; Britain was applying for membership of the Com- munity; that the French had dif- ferences with some of their colleagues was clear.
The first reactions to Mr. Brown's statement were in the main extremely favourable.
The comments made by the French Minister at the meeting, M. Bettencourt, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, were care- fully non-committal, but not altogether discouraging. He said he was persuaded that the British decision to apply for membership was one of capital importance.
The Foreign Ministers of the Five spoke enthusiastically of Mr. Brown's statement.
Herr Brandt, now chairman of the Council of Ministers, said he was deeply impressed by the weight and significance of Mr. Brown's words.
Details of Mr. Brown's speech, page 4; leading article, page 9.";"July 5, 1967";"";56985;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown's Bold Look At Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, FEB. 13
The Pope, in an Apostolic exhortation addressed yesterday to the Roman Catholic episcopate throughout the world, condemned the ""atheism and hatred of God which contaniinates our century,"" and. called on all prelates and priests to celebrate on Passion Sunday a special votive mass "" to expiate the crimes of the enemies of God."" The exhortation is generally taken as the Pope's first public response to the arrest and sentence of Cardinal Mindszenty.
The Sacred Consistorial Congregation an- pounced yesterday that all persons who were in any way concerned in the trial of and * iniquitous sentence "" imposed on the Hun- garian Primate have incurred excomnrunica- tion in the widest sense of the word. This, it added, would be extended to all those who in the future became involved in the same "" crimes."" Those responsible for the arrest of the Cardinal had already been excommunicated by the Congregation on December 30.
The Pope opened his exhortation by declaring that the struggle betiveen the good and the wicked had seldom, if ever, been so violent as it was to-day. While he- rejoiced to see the resplendent virtues shown everywhere by the good, who, "" because of their fortitude and their martyrs,"" recalled to his mind "" the early ages of the Christian religion,"" he was nevertheless "" overwhelmed by sadness and angiish in perceiving that the iniquity of the wicked has reached an incredible degree of impiety.""
SCORN OF DIVINE THINGS
The neglect and scorn of divine things, the Pope added, was spreading "" like a plague throughout almost the whole world, but especially in several regions where a conspiracy against the Lord and Christ has been insti- gated."" The exclusion of God "" stripped man of his spiritual dignity, made him the ignoble slave of materialism and suffocated all virtue."" With "" supreme audacity "" the enemies of the name of God seized and used everything- books, pamphlets, the Press, wireless broad- casts, public meetings-in order to spread contempt for sacred things.
In what is interpreted as a reference 'to European union and similar intemational initiatives the Pope expressed warm approval of efforts which aimed at averting rivahies and wars by "" uniting the nations in alliances with ever closer bonds."" All would be in vain, however, "" unless there reigns throughout the world a sense of common brotherhood such as to strengthen treaties and consoldate alliances, thereby rendering mutual promises sacrosanct and lasting.""
p Statements made yesterday by the Arch- bishop of York and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool are reported on page 3.";"February 14, 1949";"";51305;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Exhortation By The Pope";""
"";"['News']";"Unless the present structure of govern- ment in the United Kingdom was changed, the main function of Par- liament might be replaced bv a sort of ""presidential regime of a Bonapartist character "", Lord Gladwyn said last night.
Probably Britain would continue as far as could be sxen into the future to be governed by the present method, but there were nevertheless a few reasons for supposing the contrary. he said in the Ramsay Muir Mfemorial Lecture at the Liberal Summer School at Englefield Green. Surrey.
There seemed to be an increasing poli- tical apathy, at any rate among the ) ounqgr generation. The mass appeal of televis-on was reducing the power which an ',M.?. used to exert over his constituents. If the tendency continued. it might result in a great diminution in the prestige of Parlia- ment
POWER INCREASING
""The power of the Prirne 3\inister in- creases yearly, arid wve might eventually. if things go on like this. arrive at a system whereby we elect every five years or so a sort of dictator who is in practice incapable of being replaced during the period. and who might conceivably even devote much of his increased pow_rs to the purposes of getting himself elected for a further five- year period"". be said.
It was unlikely this would really result in a dictatorship, though if there was ever an "" inspired leader"" vwho was good on television, Lord Gladwyn said that he would certainly not say the possibility would not exist.
""But unless we can reform the present structure of governrrerit somehow. I do believe that the main function of Parlia- ment, which is to provide a majority based on the national will for replacing govern- ments if necessary. may possibly be replaced by a sort of presidential regime of a Bonapartist character, which would main- tain itself in power not by really detnocra- tic means but simply by disguised quin- quennial plebiscites,"" he said-
ENTRY TO EUROPE
Everything seemed to point to the con- tinuance of some kind of democracy in western Europe-even in the near Bona- partist regimes, such as that of France. If there was mass unemployment, and a general fall in the standard of living, how- ever, democratic regimes would probably, give place to something which might call itself democratic, but would be the reverse of democracy.
The future for democracy in uA estern Europe was involved with the progress of the idea of some kind of European union. Entry to such a Europe would not preJu- dice the great democratic institutions of the United Kingdom.";"August 2, 1965";"";56389;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lord Gladwyn's 'Bonapartist' Warning";""
"";"['News']";"Mr Enoch Powell said on Satur- day that the future of the Gov- ernment and of the Conservative Party was at stake because the compact with the public over tIle European Economic Community had been dishonoured.
The compact, he said at a Con- servative dinner at Great Yar- mouth, Norfolk. had been made before the general election in 1970.
The Conservatives had given the public an assurance. that their consent to British entry was not being sought. That was the point of the celebrated "" commitment to negotiate, no less, no more .
Now the Government had com- mitted itself to European union "".in the precise terms of a time- table, without a vestige of authority from the electorate or even from Parliament "".
The debate on the eve of the summit conference had been treated by Government spokes- men with light-hearted jocu- larity. "" Little did the House know, although, presumably, some at least of the Government were not unaware, that within 48 hours economic and monetary union would have been.accepted for 1980.""
Mr Powell said there was no doubt about the meaning and consequences of economic anrd monetary union for 1980. ""It means that a range of subjects which constitute the lion's share of practical politics would be re- moved from the' decision of the
House of Commons and, there- fore, the British electorate.""
Mr Roy Jenkins, Chancellor of the Exchequer in the last Labour Government, talked on Saturday of the "" sogginess "" of the pound and said it was daily becoming more disturbing. Hle told the Forth constituency Labour parties at Larbert, Stir- lingshire, that the pound's posi- tion was clear evidence of the growing weakness of what had been an "" immensely strong"" balance of payments.
In an attack on what he called the Conservative Government's "" half a Parliament of economic failure "" Mr Jenkins said: ""Everything is now done by sleight of hand. We have had a 10 per cent devaluation against the dollar, but it is called a float.
""Some float. This Govern- ment could hardly keep its head above water in the Dead Sea. And we are down substantially more than 10 per cent against the average of foreign curren- cies as a whole.
Sir Geoffrey Howe, QC, the Solicitor General, said on Satur- day that a fundamental review of legal aid might be needed soon because of the growth in the need for the service. People Mould look forward to a series of new arrangements that could make society less arbitrary and more just than ever before, he said at the Northern Area Con- servative conference at New- castle upon Tyne.";"October 30, 1972";"";58618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC compact with public dishonoured-Mr Powell";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"trom Our Diplomatic Correspondent
in an already crowded diplomatic calendar one event. which, it is under- stood, will certainly take place in the next few weeks will be a visit by the British Foreign Secretary to Paris.
It is no secret that since the coming of General de Gaulle to power, Anglo- French relations became for a time less easy than they were previously. One of the three main tasks which the new British Administration has before it will be to work for a close coordination of policy between the United Kingdorn and its West European allies. This is regarded in London as one of the most important objectives before the new Government.
The British Government certainly feet that after a period in which rela- tions with western Europe have been admittedly allowed somewhat to drift, a new start should be made. The need is for a much closcr coordination of defence programmes, to save western Europe and Britain much of the immense cost of weapon development; for a new effort in economic relations to prevent the Six (France, west Ger- many, Italy, and Benelux) and the Seven (Britain. Sweden, Norway. Denmark. Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal) from allowing discriminations to develop between them; for political consultations; and for a consideration of the siting and coordination of the
work of the institutions, which at pre- sent in so many different places are aiming at European unity.
For their part the British Government would be ready to see a concentration of the different institutions in one place- for instance, Western European Union, now largely in London, might well be sited with N.A.T.O. As a practical step towards ultimate European unity the concentration of institutions in one place is clearly regarded here as of great importance.
Tlhe other two most important tasks before the Government are disarma- ment and the negotiations for a summit conference-indeed for a series of con- ferences, in which the present improve- ment in east-west relations can be main- tained and extended.
For this reason the British Goverm7- ment would like to see an early summit conference, which would be limited per- haps to agreeing to an interim agreement on Berlin, but which could also give directives for the future discussion of disarmament and European security.
Meanwhile Mr. Ormsby-Gore, Mini- ster of State for Foreign Affairs, is leaving London for New York to-day to lead the British delegation at the United Nations. It is hoped that some compromise between the current British and Soviet proposals on conventional and nuclear disarmament can be reached.";"October 14, 1959";"";54591;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Selwyn Lloyd To Visit Paris";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, described his talks in London with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary, as "" very satisfactory,"" when he left -by air for The Hague- on Saturday evening.
He said&-confirming what bas bong been known-that there was an identity of views between the British and Netherlands Governments over the question of economic cooperation between the Six of the European Economic Community and the Seven of the European Free Trade Area. Both Governments are determined that an economic division in Europe must be avoided.
Dr. Luns said: ""My talks with Mr. Lloyd will help mne inunensely in the meet- ing'of Ministers [of the Sixl at-Strasbourg, which has been called to discuss problems of economic cooperation and some form of political cooperation between the two trade zones.""
Mr. Lloyd has previously discussed European cooperation with the Belgian, French, and German Foreign M'nisters. Signor Segni. the Italian'Prime Minister, and Signor Pella, the Italian Foreign Minister are to visit London from December I to 3.
The Swedish and Norwegian Govern- ments have prepared a proposal, to establish a liaison group of the Seven in Paris to work with representatives of the Six within the framework of the Organization for European Economic Cedperation. O.E.E.C. has particular advantages for this purpose, since both the United States'andGCanada are associate memnbers. One of ~thedangers envisaged at present is a possible economic rift between the European and transatlantic members.
DISCUSSIONS IN W.E.U.?
Mr. Lloyd is understood to have put forward suggestions to Dr. Luns for developing the work of Western European Union.. His proposal that the headquarters of W.E.U. might be transferred from London to Paris has now been followed by a French offer of a building site for otflces there, but no decision has yet been taken.
W.E.U. would be a convenient body for the discussion of some political questions, between Britain and mernbers of the Six -France, west Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries. The preliminary dis- cussion of military and economic aid com- mitments might well take place there. before the fuller discussion with the Americans in the Atlantic CounciL Care must be taken. however, to avoid creating a separate group within N;A.T.O.
W.E.U. cannot, however, be the political- link between the Six and the Seven. since Britain is the only country among the Seven which is a member of W.E.U., and three of the Seven-Austria, Sweden, and Switzer- land-being neutral-have particular objec- tions to W.E.U. as a military alliance.";"November 23, 1959";"";54625;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Averting European Trade Divisions";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 12
M. Mend6s-France is now expected to arrive at Baden-Baden for .his talks with Dr. Adenauer on Friday morning; it had been thought earlier that he would arrive by air to-morrow in the early evening and arrangements had been discussed for the two heads of Government to dine together in preparation for their business meetings on Friday. The Federal Chancellor is spending his holiday at the Biihler Hohe, not far away in the Black Forest.
The French Prime Minister is believed to be anxious to discuss his proposals for a European armaments community; these are still known in outline only. and the full tech- nical discussions on them will not begin until next week in Paris. Certainly they have far- reaching political and economic implications, not all of which are palatable to the Federal Government.
The Germans are anxious to make a start on the study of how the Saar agreement is to be applied in practice. The ease or diffi- culty with which the Chancellor will get the agreement through the Bundestag may depend on how these discussions go. They will in- clude question relating to the appointment of the western European commissioner for the Saar. A first attempt may be made to draft the instructions which the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union will have to give the commissioner when he is appointed. The manner in which the referendum in the Saar is to be held, and the guarantee of the Saar statute which is to be sought from Britain and the United States, may also be discussed; so, probably1 will the somewhat vague eco- nomic provisions of the agreement.
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
Another purpose of the talks at Baden- Baden will be to resume the discussion of general Franco-German economic cooperation, begun by M. Mendes-France and Dr. Adenauer last October, in such fields as the development of French North Africa and the canalization of the Moselle, which would give the heavy industry of eastern France an outlet to the North Sea.
Finally, both sides have shown a desire to discuss the possibilities of future negotiations with the Soviet Union about a settlement of the German question. Their interests here are not at first glance identical, but if the western alliance is to work well with Germany as a member it is in the general interest that the French and German Governments should come to terms about the general purposes which they are to pursue in this connexion.";"January 13, 1955";"";53138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Discussions With Dr. Adenauer";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
- RUSSeVLS. T.s 28
The ministerial meeting of Western European Union which will. open here tomorrow. will be One of the landmarks on what one may call the post-veto European scene.
The W.E.U. brings together Britain and the six countries of the European Economic Commu- nity and Britain's continuing ap- proach to the Community will be at the centre. if not of the formal discussions. at least of private meetings between Ministers.
It is almost certain that there will be a meeting of the Five, the'coun- tries in favour of British entry, and there will be some pressure on Herr Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, to agree to a meeting of the Five with Britain. It might be only a short, informal encounter, but it would -have c6nsid6rkble'ym- bolic value.
Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretarv, will be arriving in Brus- sels tomorrow evening, and it is noticeable that M. Couve de Mur- ville will be the only Foreign Mim- ster concerned who will not attend the meeting. France has always been anxious to play down the ex- istence of W.E.U., with its embar- rassing membership, and will be re- presented by M. Andre Bettencourt, State Secretary at the Quai d'Orsay.
Reconciling plans
The main problem for the Five Is how to reconcile the plans put for- ward in the past month by Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg on the one hand. and west Germany on the other. The plans have points in common; both are designed to estab- lish new links between Britain and the E.E.C.. in spite of French hostility, but the Benelux countries, being less afraid of offending General de Gaulle, have gone much further than Bonn.
In the memorandum which they have circulated round the European capitals they proposed ""common actions between European states wanting to take part"", and gave as possible fields of action technology, the arms industry, and aid to develop- ing countries.
The implication was that coopera- tion along these lines could be begun without French participation if neces- sary, in order to be Protected from a veto, and it is this aspect which has drawn criticism. particularly from M. Jean Rey. the president of the Euro- pean Commission, on the ground that it would split the E.E.C.. as well as limniting its own field of action.
There is no sign that the Benelux countries have been discouraged by the criticism. and they will use the W.E.U. meeting to take consultations further with Britain, west Germany, and Italy.";"January 29, 1968";"";57161;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU session may help Britain";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, FEB. 4
It is clear that the Federal Govern- ment is determined not to pay support costs, even if Britain is forced to with- draw more troops than was recently agreed on by Western European Union. Large-scale withdrawals would be re-
gretted, but would not influence the Cabi- net decision to refuse further payment.
The British Army of the Rhine at present holds the northern plain, the ob- vious axis of advance in the event of aggression from the east. Two German divisions are stationed in the area, but they are below strength and not yet in a state of combat readiness.
OTHER FACTORS
In the light of this situation the Gov- ernment's refusal seems surprising in view of its opposition to any plan involv- ing the withdrawal of foreign troops or the neutralization of Germany. Not even the most confident general can believe that the Bundeswehr will be able to take over from B.A.O.R. within 18 months. Furthermore, it is well under- stood here that the Bundeswehr is not being raised to take the place of foreign troops, but to reinforce them.
Part of the explanation is that the Federal Government does not believe Britain would ever decide on complete evacuation. The assertion that the British frontier is on the Elbe seems unanswerable here, and there are other factors considered equally valid. This belief does not exclude a third with- drawal, and this the Federal Govern- ment seems ready to accept. A third withdrawal would, however, mean further reference to W.E.U. and N.A.T.O. This is where the Federal Government wants the problem of sup- port costs to be settled once and for all.
FINANCIAL POOL
Beyond proposing certain financial arrangements as a temporary solution of British foreign currency difficulties which are unacceptable to the British Government, the Federal Government does not seem to have any clear idea of how the matter can be settled by W.E.U. or N.A.T.O. The political and moral pressure which would be applied to prevent a third withdrawal would work in the German favour.
A suggestion has been made that some kind of a N.A.T.O. financial pool could be set up to deal with such emergencies, but this would not be a variation of sup- port costs. As one official put it. support costs by any name would be un- acceptable. Presumably some system of currency exchange is contemplated by which a pressed member could meet its mark commitments in its own currency. This would seem to anticipate American help.";"February 5, 1958";"";54067;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Adamant";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT I
PARIS, DEC. I
The so-called round table meeting of self-styled "" European wise men ""- parliamentarians and officials, sitting in their private capacity, from 12 Euro- pean countries-ended here to-day with the approval of a statement which calls for a concentration of European organi- zations in one place, a strengthening of political links between countries, and the creation of a European free trade area as being of ""the highest import- ance for the economic and political development of a united Europe."" This statement is to be forwarded to Govern- ments by M. Dehousse, president of the Council of Europe Assembly, who pre- sided at the meeting.
Nothing is mentioned in the statement about where the European institutions-in the first instance, the Coal and Steel Com- munity, Euratom, and the common market -are to be concentrated. It is to be hoped, the statement says, * that the choice of site for the European institutions will be dictated only by the general interests of Europe and that considerations of national prestige will be disregarded ""-a hope which, judging from the seemingly incontrovertible claims now being staked out on all sides appears likely to remain a pious one.
REGULAR CONSULTATION
Other points covered by the statement are:-
(1) a Minister in the Government of each
country should be made specially responsible for coordination of policies in European organizations;
(2) amalgamation of the Council of Europe
and the Organization for European Eco- nomic Cooperation;
(3) parliamentarians attending the various
European assemblies to be as far as possible the same people in each case;
(4) the free trade area "" to seek to achieve
a Proper balance between the rights and obligations undertaken by the participat- ing countries "" and to ""provide for gradual harmonization of commercial and economic policies ""; parliamentary and governmental organs of the free trade area to be as far as possible the same as those of the O.E.E.C. and the Council of Europe. Both Conservative and Labour representatives of the United Kingdom are believed to have demurred at the first part of this paragraph-
(5) within the framework of the European
communities, the Council of Europe and the Western European Union, a system of regular consultation to be established between Foreign Ministers, such con- sultation to take place at the level of Prime Ministers when required;
(6) complete economic integration
between the six countries signatory to the treaty of Rome, and election of the assembly of the community to be by universal suffrage.";"December 2, 1957";"";54013;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Move To Integrate European Bodies";""
"['By Alan Cane of The Times Higher Education Supplement']";"['News']";"By Alan Cane
of The Times Higher
Education Supplement
The West German Free Demo. cratic Party (FDP) was plan- ning to set up the first trans- national European Liberal Party by 1976, Dr Guido Brunner, the newly appointed EEC Commis- sioner for research, science and education said in Brussels this week.
In an interview with The Times Higher Education Sup- plement, Dr Brunner said the establishment of transnational parties was vital to the success of the European Parliament: "" The West German Free Demo. cratic Party are now at the point where they are prepared to take the lead in this. They have a programme to set up the first European Liberal Party by 1976.""
This would entail tremendous structural changes for Europe: ""British Liberals will have the opportunity to make their weight felt in terms of Euro- pean policy, while in Britain the electoral laws deprive them of a fair share of influence in home policy"", he said.
Dr Brunner, who is a mem- ber of the FDP and a career diplomat, was a surprise choice to succeed Professor Ralf Dahrendorf, now director of the London School of Economics, as EEC Commissioner. He made it plain, however, that he was not merely adopting the role of caretaker for the balance of Dr Dahrendorf's term of
office: ""I decided that if I took this step I would try to implement my credo, and that if there were no cbances for that then I should turn the job down "", he said.
While informing himself about the details of educational and science policies, he wvas, lie said, anxious to implement his own views on civil rights for European citizens.
"" I have been surprised to what an extent in all the studies about the European union, civil liberties are ignored or at best covered in one paragraph. This must be included in our poli- tical decision-making in future "", he stated.
He was hopeful that by March a decision of the EEC Council of Ministers will open the way to the mutual recogni- tion of medical qualifications throughout Europe.
Dr Brunner said that lie would be looking at the archi- tects, engineers, nurses and lawvyers, once freedom to prac- tise throughout the Community had been established for doctors.
""Let us hope that within the next three to five years we will be able in a whole range of pro- fessions to dispense with bar- riers of nationality or residence and barriers of professional training requirements. With the doctors, there is resistance only from the Belgian Government, and I have the feeling that theirs is a last ditch battle"", he added.";"January 17, 1975";"";59296;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German plan for European Liberal Party by 1976";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
LUXEMBOURG, FEB. 10
M. Monnet, president of the Higb Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, emphasized in a broadcast from Luxembourg to-night the signifi- cance of the opening of the common mar- ket for coal, and eventually for steel, as a step towards European unity.
"" All of us, Germans, Belgians, Frenchmen, Dutch, Italians, and the people of Luxem- bourg,"" he said, "" are becoming Europeans. There will no longer be any German coal or French steel, but European coal and steel circulating among our countries, freely, as if in one cbuntry of 155 million consumers-as many as in tbe United States and in Russia.""
Both to the west and to the east, M. Monnet said, vast modern productive machines were being developed. But in Europe, production was limited by excessively narrow frontiers, which were no longer on the scale of the modern world. The decisions of the High Authority which came into force to-day were the beginning of the common European market of 155 million consumers. M. Monnet asked his listeners to understand what great truths and what great hopes there were for all the peoples of the member countries behind these purely technical measures.
BARRIERS CRUMBLING
These technical measures, he said, were the essential condition-that would make it possible to achieve the great output necessary for the improvement of the living standards of all Europeans. For centuries the States of Europe had attempted to establish their domination at the cost of bloody rivalries which brought their peoples to disaster. Now, for the first time, the barriers which the nations had erected between their peoples were beginning to crumble and the people to unite. The community opened the way to European union, indispensable for the renaissance of European civilization and for the maintenance of peace.
M. Monnet received to-day from Sir Cecil Weir, head of the United Kingdom delegation to the High Authority, a message from Mr. Eden, on behalf of the British Government. It stated: "" On the occasion of the opening of the common market for coal I. send to you and your colleagues in the High Authority my best wishes for the success of your great experiment.""
In his reply M. Monnet thanked Mr. Eden on behalf of his colleagues, and said: "" I want to assure you that we are determined to pur- sue our efforts in cooperation with the United Kingdom delegation here in Luxembourg to give concrete shape to the intimate and endur- ing association which is the common aim of your Government and the High Authority.""";"February 11, 1953";"";52543;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Common Market As Step To Unity";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"With the British referendum safely behind them, the heads of govern- ment of the Nine will meet in Brus- sels on July 16 and 17 in the second of the special summits, or European cour.cils, of which it is intended that there should be three a year. Doubts about Britain's commitment to Europe have been removed, but the way ahead, particularly on such delicate matters as European union and the coordination of foreign policy, is still uncertain.
A subject whvich is expected to play an increasingly important part in EEC ministerial councils is that nf raw materials. This could well be one of the dominating topics of the July summnit. It is considered vital that the European Community should speak with a distinct and united voice at the special autumn session of the United Nations, which will be devoted to raw materials.
The European Comniission has already come forward with pro- posals which draw in part on those outlined by Mr Wilson at the Com- monv.calth Prime Ministers' Confer- ence in Kingston. A central feature is a mechanism for stabilizing the export earnings of raw materials producer-s. Thie Commission thinks
that Europe must also at least be prepared to discuss the controver- sial question of indexing, that is the linking of raw materials prices to the cost of manufactured goods from the West.
The Nine have dissociated them- selves lately from American attempts to isolate oil from other raw materials or to drive a wedge between the oil producers and those developing countries produc- ing other rawv materials whose economies have been badly hit by the energy crisis. The divergence of the European and American approaches could well become more marked.
On the Community front, the EEC governments have been confronted with the-admittedly not unexpected -Greek r equest for full member- ship, -which everyone wvelcomes in principle but no one wvishes to tackle just yet. 'And there is the politically difficult question of how far the EEC should seek to encour- age democratic forces in Portugal by dangling before Lisbon's military rulers the carrot of greater trade and aid.
All eyes will be on Strasbourg on July 7 when it is expected .that a new 18-member Labour Party dele- gation will take up their vacant seats in the European Parliament. Many people in Brussels wduld be glad to see some anti-Marketeers among them in the belief that this might help to liven up the question- ing of European Comrmission.offi. cials.
Michael Hornsby
IThe Tines";"July 1, 1975";"";59436;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"In prospect";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Cnrresnnnrdent
Paris, June 22
Sir Christopher Soames told the Assembly of the Western European Union today that eco- nomic and monetary union was absolutely essential if Europe was to progress towards unity.
Its importance was not limited to Europe alone, he added. "" We see economic and monetary union as a crucial contributory factor in the creation of a more rational and more stable mone- tary orderin the world.""
Sir Christopher, a member of the European Commission, was speaking in the debate on the report on relations between.the United States and Europe.
The report was not adopted for lack of a quorum and is to be brought up again
Europe went into trade nego- tiations with the United States from a strong position, Sir Christopher said. Europe had an excellent record of contribu- tions to the expansion of world trade and the lowering of tariffs. Since the common agri- cultural policy had come into being, it had allowed a 40 per cent increase in American ex- ports of farm products.
It was equally clear that trade and money were linked. Years of negotiation on the liberaliza- tion of trade would be useless unless a world monetary order were achieved.
""We will be approaching the negotiations with the United States as a European Commu- nity, as a single unit,"" Sir Chris- topher added. ""But where we are unequal to the United States, and have a great deal to catch up, is in our incoher- ence as a Community in vital domains other than trade.
"" We all agree on the need for Europe to find a common position in monetary matters, and indeed we are all pledged to arrive at an economic and monetary union, but we still have a long way to travel.""
Sir Christopher went on: ""The enlarged Community is something qualitatively differ- ent from the nation states of which it is composed. It is not simply a new Roman Empire, nor a greater Britain, nor a France writ large, but some- thing else and unprecedented.
""So, therefore, also its rela- tionships with the United States cannot simply be a continuation by other means of Germany's close defence ties, or the pro- longation of the historic Anglo- American special relationship, or a geared-up version of the often constructive tensions of the Franco-American dialogue.
""By the change in scale of the European unit, we have opened the door to a change in the character and balance of transatlantic relations.""";"June 23, 1973";"";58816;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soames plea for action to achieve monetary union";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FMOM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, JUNE 15
bignor Brosio, the Secretary-General of Nato, made a forthright attack on French policies when he addressed the Assembly of Western European Union here today. The French decision on Nato had had the effect, he said, of accentuating the disequilibrium existing within the alliance between the United States and Europe. If, instead of taking a unilateral decision. France had been prepared to discuss its problems within the North Atlantic Council, the solution would have been more satisfactorv for evervone.
Signor Brosio said there could only be a real detenzte with the countries of eastern Europe if the western allies remained united. No western initiative could have the least chance of success if it was not based on the North Atlantic Alliance. As to the creation of a unified Europe, this, in his view, could only be composed of the countries of Europe that were free, and not of thc whole of Europe, which was simply a geographical expression.
Brussels Treaty
There had been no winners or losers, he said, at last week's Nato ministerial meeting in Brussels. Signor Brosio chose to conclude his statement on a note of "" moderate and realistic optimism "". Nato's difficulties were encouraging in that the organization was able to meet them better than its opponents had thought.
If Signor Brosio felt a certain optimism. the same could not be said of all the speakers in today's session of the Assembly. The question raised by Mr. Duncan Sandys as to whether France could now be counted on to honour its commitments to W.E.U. under the Brussels Treaty, was brought up again and again, and a special recommen- dation was voted.
This emphasized that the Assembly was the only parliamentary assembly officially competent in the field of western defence. and expressed the desire that it should be consulted before any further decisions were taken on the Nato crisis, if they were likely to have repercussions on the application of the Brussels Treaty.
15 aircraft leave
Meanwhile discussions were opened in the North Atlantic Council today on the future role of the French troops in Ger- many, and it was agreed that a special meet- ing would be held on the subject early next week.
The French delegation made a statement today on the withdrawal of French air forces from Germany. The present situa- tion, according to official sources, is that only 15 aircraft, a squadron of Super- Sabres, has been withdrawn so far. As to whether further aircraft will be withdrawn, this is treated as an open question.";"June 16, 1966";"";56659;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Attack on French policy by Signor Brosio";""
"['By David Cross']";"['News']";"By David Cross
Although there had been differences of approach and emphasis on international problems between the United States and European allies in recent months, there was no crisis in tlhe Western alliance, Lord Carrington, the Foreign Secretary, said last night.
Lord Carrington, who was speaking to the American Chamber of Commerce in London, made it clear that he thought the time had come for the alliance to stop examining its navel. ""We should remember that the health of even the strongest patient is not improved by regular exploratory sur- gery,"" he said.
It was inevitable that there had been differences, ""not just transatlantic ones, but differences reflecting the geographical, political and economic diversity of the alliance,"" he said. ""It would be stranger still if there had not been. A free and equal alliance including the ma- jority of the most powerful economies in the world does not emulate the clockwork chorus of the Warsaw Pact.
""It would be foolish to expect in Nato the total coincidence of views which few of us can achieve even within our own national parliaments and public opi- nion,"" Lord Carrington said. ""The more nearly the prob- lems we face touch the vital interests of individual mem- bers, the harder we shall have to work to harmonize our views and our actions.
""And the more we shall need to listen to each other, and to go on doing every- thing we can to understand one another's perspectives and concerns. Meanwhile, we! must not mistake diversity for divergence, or under- value the strong partnership we have by comparison with an idyllic and largely mythi- cal past.""
El Mrs Thatcher gave a clear indication yesterday in the Commons that the British Government is not willing to back President Mitterrand's recently-floated proposal that Western Europe should de-. velop a more independent line on defence (George Clark writes).
The Prime Minister was replying to Mr l'om Urwin, Labour MP for Houghton-ler Spring, who asked her to comment on reports that the French Government had raised the question of cre- ating an independent Euro- pean defence force and M Mitterrand's suggestion that the Western European Union provided a ready made forum for the development of such a policy.
Mrs Thatcher said:. ""I think we should be very wary before We have -in Europe a scheme which applies only to Europe while at the same time we have Nato.
""That would not in the end unite the Western world in defending its own interests.""";"March 17, 1982";"";61184;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Carrington sees no Nato crisis";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigp,
Paris, Nov 20
Two British members of Par- liament chall nged a senior Itranian oil oPficial when he sought to argue that oil-produc- ing nations' case over spiralling prices at the Assembly of the W'estern European Union here today.
While they did so the oil com- mittee of the 24-natjon Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development met in the F'rench capital but took no decision on pooling Europe's oil resources. They again declined to declare a ""state of povury "" as existing, despite growing petrol supply problems.
At the Assembly meeting, Dr Parviz Mina, deputy director for technlical and international affa'irs of the National Iranian Ol¶ Company, argued that prices today were nearer their true market values. This was in con- trast to the past when prices weere "" kept intentionally low by the oil majors "".
Mr Frank Tomney, Labour MP, Hammersmith, asked where oil prices were going to end. Would the price reach $20 t£8j a barrel crude ?
Dr Mina replied that, if the manufacturing countries were prepared to give parallel guaran- tees as to future prices of their goods, then he would be pre- pared to do so on oil.
""But there just will not be any engineering exports, or
manufactured goods produced if energy prices continue to rise "", Mr Tomney retorted. There was such a thing as killing the goose that laid the golden egg of oil revenues, he added.
Mr John Osborne, Conserva- tive, Hallam, thanked Dr Mina for confirming to the Assembly the "" hard fact "" that oil is now a costly source of energy. He warned him, however, that the suppliers, who are in a strong position in the short run, would be best advised to act respons- ibly.
Sir John Peel, Conservative, the Assembly's chairman, said the Middle East crisis had shown Europeans how dangerously they lived. A common energy policy must be developed if it was to ensure its prosperity, as much as a common foreign policy to guarantee security.
Dr Mina pledged that Iran would continue to sell ""the maximum of petrol which we can extract "", having no other objective than the country's. industrial development thanks to oil revenues. He argued that the terms of trade must be borne constantly in mind in a partner- ship between groups o' nations which were reciprocally con- sumers.
He refused to make any long- term forecasts on oil prices, saying this must depend on market forces of supply and demand. This was exactly what happened with steel prices, he contended.";"November 21, 1973";"";58944;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Oil producers are advised not 'to kill the goose'";""
"['From EDWARD MORTIMER']";"['News']";"From EDWARD MORTIMER-
-Paris, March 16
There is much disappointment in French Government circles at the unfavourable reaction of the west German Government, and even more so of the German press, to the suggestions made by General de Gaulle at the closing session of the Franco-German talks on Friday.
The French delegation were evidently much impressed by the General's closing statement, which corresponded fairly closely to what he said in his talk with Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador, on February 4. They saw this as a new opening towards a wider and stronger Europe, and an indication that, although re- buffed by Britain, the General was now seriously interested in making progress towards this long term goal.
The central point in the General's expose was the need for a strong and independent Europe with its own economic, political and defence organizations. But in his view such a Europe can be built only by states which are themselves fully independent, both in their resources and in their ' personality ""-one of those in- tangibles to which he is so much attached.
The creation of a supra-national European federation, which most people regard as the only hope of achieving real European indepen- dence, would involve a sacrifice of each nation's personality that is unacceptable to the General, and indeed would in his view be a negation of the very object it was trying to achieve.
His statement on Friday made it clear that he sees the unification of Europe as proceeding in two clearly distinct stages: first, the present Common Market "" which we wish to continue and develop ""
but which cannot be enlarged with- out transforming it into a mere free trade area; and secondly "" the birth of a European Europe "" with a political and defence organization as well as an economic one.
It was the creation of this latter Europe which he was willing to discuss with Britain, had not Britain chosen to present his ideas ""back to front"" in a clumsy attempt to alienate his allies. He is still willing to discuss it with Germany, France's ""preferential ally ""-and no doubt later with any one else interested.
The Germans, who are no lon- ger mesmerized by General de Gaulle's personality, were unim- pressed by his expos6, which they saw essentially as a smokescreen for his continued refusal to let Britain into the present European Community.
In their view, the General's lack of interest in any real Euro- pean cooperation is confirmed by his refusal to compromise even on the minor issue of the Western European Union.";"March 17, 1969";"";57511;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn unimpressed by de Gaulle proposals";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our O*iI Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 10
Paris is used to international gather- ings, but the meetings of the next 10 days, culminating in the heads of G30vernment conference, are likely to establish something of a record. The time-table is at present expected to be: - December 11 and 12: meeting of N.A.T.O
military committee (chiefs of staff).
tbecetnber 12: arrival of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd,
Mr. Dulles, and numerous other Foreign Ministers (Mr. Dulles may not come until next day).
December 13: meeting of Council of
Ministers of Council of Europe.
December 14.-Council of Europe meet-
in8 continues if necessary. Meeting of Foreign Ministers of Western European Union. Arrival of Mr. Macmillan and otber heads of Government.
D)eeember 15.-W.E.U. meeting continues.
Arrival of President ElsenhoWer (or Vice-President Nixon). Preliminary Press conference by M. Spaak, Secretary. (ieberal of N.A.T.O.
December 16 to 18: Atlantic Council meet-
ing. First meeting in public session at ndion on December 16.
December 19 and Possibly 20: Council of
Ministers (Foreign Ministers) of the European Coal and Steel Community.
There will also be innumerable con- tacts between Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers. Such a gathering as this has not been seen since, say, 1919, and the first Paris peace conference.
Assuming that President Eisenhower is able to attend, he will be the first American President to come to Paris since Woodrow Wilson.
There is also considerable curiosity about whether Dr. Salazar will come to Paris or not; the Portuguese delegation to N.A.T.O. could say nothing for cer- tain this afternoon, but if he does so it Mil! be the firit time that the enigmatic Dr. Salazar his vettured, as head of the Portuguese Government. as far afield as this.
At the Council of Europe meetings two conventions will be signed, dealing with extradition and the movement of people between member countries, and there will be a discussion of the general policy of the Council of Europe and the ratiohalization of European orgahtl- zations.
This subject will occupy the minds of the Foreign Ministers of the European Coat and Steel Community when they meet at the end of the week with the ihiridious task of trying to decide on the ,so-called "" capital of Europe,"" where the
institutions of the community, the cdttimon rtiarket, ahd Euratom, are to be concentrated.
They have also to agree on a succes- sc: to M. Rend Mayer as chairman of the High Authority of E.C.S.C.";"December 11, 1957";"";54021;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Gathering Of Ministers Greatest Since 1919";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
KRUS.SbLS, MAY 2
M. Lefevre, the Belgian Prime Mini- ster, today presented the programme of his Christian Social and Socialist coali- tion Government to the Chamber of Representatives. He recalled that im- mediately after the elections he said a Government with a strong majority was necessary to avoid a further deteriora- tion. of the civic spirit and to realize a programme that would answer all the questions concerning Belgium's future.
Outlining the programme, he said the Government would carry on an active col- laboration in the Belgium-Luxembourg economic union, in Benelux. in Western European Union. in the European coTn- munities, and in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. and especially would hilp in the efforts to realize a united Europe. Belgium wished for friendly relations with the independent Republic of the Congo and to help it as far as her means allowed and as far as the legal authorities, in the Congo wished. Belgium remained faithful to the Charter of the United Nations but would take a firm stand against attacks on her interests and honour.
CHANGES IN CONSTITUTION M. Lefevre announced an economic. financial and social policy designed to bring about the expansion of industry and the absorbing of unemployment and said there would be some reforms to make the Civil Service and the Government moro effective. A revision of the Constitution would be necessary for some of the re- forms, and the Prime Minister said the Parliament resulting from the next elec- tions would be a constituent assembly.
The Government intended to settle clearly the linguistic frontier between the Flemish and the French-speaking parts of Belgium and to seek a solution for the ""thorny problem"" of bilingual Brussels, The Prime Minister said he did not give a detailed inventory of what the Govern- ment meant to do and Parliaments approval should not stand for a contract according to which Parliament must approve of all that. the Government might propose.
BRussELs. May 2.-M. .Lefvre said that the Government must introduce ""urgent fiscal measures, including a temporary in- crease of indirect taxes and measures to curb fiscal frauds "". These would be neces- sary to balance the country's ordinary budget.
He told the House: "" Belgium's future is today threatened by the decline of her international position, by her lag in solv- ing essential problems. by the weakening of her will and capacity to create and by her passive attitude in front of too many abuses.""-Reurer.";"May 3, 1961";"";55071;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgian Plan For Fiscal Reform";""
"['By Tim Jones Labour Staff']";"['News']";"By Tim Jones Labour Staff
The Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, which is committed to opposing any form of wage restraint, will urge the TUC conference, at Blackpool, to press for higher wages and pensions as a means of reducing unemployment.
An amendment submitted by the union's engineering section says that those steps, coupled with increases in other social insurance benefits and social public expenditure, would raise the level of consumption.
The union will lead the attack against the Government- TUC flat-pay-rise proposals at the congress. The engineering section amendment urges trade unionists to ward off large- scale unemployment by taking . maximum solidarity action with all affected workers "".
The amendment also calls for a shorter working week, longer holidays, the elimina- tion of overtime, and rejection of voluntary redundancies as a method of reducing the labour force.
It seeks the extension of public ownership,. a lowering of interest rates and the direc- tion of industry with special selective investment grants to regions with unemployment above average.
The amendment is put as an alternative to a resolution by the National Union of General and Municipal Workers which calls on the Government to adopt budgetary policies to reduce unemployment. The res- olution says there should be an increase in the public works programme, effective use of the Industry Act powers, wide- spread use of temporary employment subsidies, and selective import controls.
Another amendment, submit- ted by the Technical, Adminis- trative and Supervisory Section of the engineering unions, calls for the law to be changed so that workers can occupy their factories with immunity from legal proceedings. The union wants occupations to be treated as an acceptable form of industrial action.
The Transport and General Workers' Union. headed by Mr Jack Jones, which has been in the forefront of supporting the Government-TUC measures, makes it clear in an amend- ment that it believes that no low-paid workers should receive less than £6 a week increase under the counter-in- flationary policy.
The amendment may go some way towards clarifying differences between the Government and the TUC over the interpretation of the LE
The TUC believes that £6 a week is an entitlement, to be achieved, if necessary, by in- dustrial action, whereas the White Paper. The Attack on Inflation, indicates that it is an upper limit
The Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs will renew its attack on the Common Market with an amendment that states that "" there are no irrevocable steps taken towards European union without the known whole- hearted consent of the British people "".";"August 19, 1975";"";59478;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Engineering union will lead attack on £6 plan";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
Reports reaching London indicate that disagreement has broken out again between the two groups of mining com- panies on the issue of African advance- merit on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt.
Recently it appeared that the two groups -Anglo-American and Rhodesian Selection Trust-had at last formed a united front on this question and had rejected the demand of the European Mine Workers' Union for what amounted to a right of veto on the transfer of jobs from the European to the African schedule. Instead, it was reported, the groups favoured a policy of consulta- tion with the union.
,The announcement on Sunday that the Anglo-American group had signed a pact with the union made it appear that hopes of reaching general agreement on a union and Chamber -of Mines basis had faded. This impression was confirmed on Tuesday, when a telegram was received in London from the Rbodesian Selection Trust in Salisbury stating that the agreement signed by Anglo-American meant that ' no single Africcan an advance unless the European union first agreed.""
USE OF VETO
The telegram went on: "" A great danger exists that a similar veto may eventually be demanded on the railways and in other industries, thereby reproducing the South African racial pattern. This would give the white union control of the Federation's industrial, economic and racial future and would mean complete destruction of the Federation's partnership ideals.""
In a statement on the agreement, Sir Ernest Oppenheimer explained that its effect would be that during the next three years the European Mine Workers' Union would hand over various categories of jobs to Africans. During the period of the agree- ment the companies and the union would iointty employ an independent firm of indus- trial consultants who would examine objec- tively the whole field of European jobs. At the end of the period the companies and the union would meet again to decide what steps might be necessary in the light of that examination.
The next step, presumably, will be negotia- tions between the Rhodesian Selection Trust and the union. Mr. R. L. Prain, the chair- man, has already declared his readiness to compromise by agreeing to a substantial reduction in the number of jobs which he originally wanted to be transferred to the African schedule. If the negotiations fall down over the "" veto "" issue, the only course open to the Rhodesian Selection Trust would be to declare a dispute. This would mean that the Governor would have to appoint a con- ciliator to investigate and report.";"August 4, 1955";"";53290;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Africans In The Mines";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Nov. 10
The clear majority which emerged at the meeting of the defence committee of Western European Union in Bonn in favour of the multilateral force (M.L.F.) this time was especially significant be- cause of the participation of a Labour representative, Lord Kennet. Discussion brought out clearly the progress which the M.L.F. concept has made among member countries since the W.E.U. Assembly's discussions at the end of last year.
The clause in the committee's resolution on this subject, referring to a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on non-dissemination of nuclear weapons, was not, in the opinion of the majoritv. intended as a rejeotion of the principle of Europeanization of the M.L.F. in the future.
Dr. Kliesing. the chairman of the com- mittee. stated at a press conference that the Ministers would be asked whether the W.E.U. treaty was not in need of revision to make it conform to changed circum- stances over the past 10 years. Article V of the treaty, which said that an attack against one member must bc met by all the others with every means in their power, might be read to imply that in the event of a local incident, the British and French nuclear deterrent must be committed. This was no longer realistic, he emphasized; and did not deal with the question of control of the Frmnch force de frappe.
The defence committee closed its two- day session in Bonn with a joint meeting with the council of ministers under the chairmanship of Dr. Carntens, State Secre- tary in the Foreign Ministry.
As Dr. Kliesing nointed out, the diqictltv was to get all seven member governmen.ts to produce a unanimous opinion on all the questions which had been put to them in writing, and which were discussed today. These questions, some 40 in number, showed that the main emphasis was placed on the Nato aspects of European defence.
Among the questions dealt with at this joint session were those of the relation between defence and civil defence in the W.E.U.
The joint session also went into some detail on the question of the technical quality of individual Nato weapons. In- terest was shown by the representatives of other countries in the joint German- American experimental M70 ""tank of the future"" but there was no indication that their governments were ready to take part in it from the start. The concept of for- ward strategy also came up for review.";"November 11, 1964";"";56166;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Proposal To Revise W.E.U. Treaty";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Preparations for the resumption of the disarmament conference at Geneva are being steadily pursued, and it is expected to open on July 27 with Lord Cbalfont, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs with special responsibility for disarma- ment, leading the British delegation. MIr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secre- tary, has not yet decided whether to go himself at the start.
The most urgent and important problem, though a delicate one, will be the preven- tion of the spread of nuclear weapons. The British Government have long been work- ing on a draft treaty embodying the "" Irish "" resolution (passed unanimously by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 4, 1963) which would pre- clude nuclear powers from transferring control of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear powers, and non-nuclear powers from acquiring control.
The draft is now being discussed with Britain's allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, but final agreement on it is not expected before the disarmament con- ference opens. In particular the Germans, who under the Western European Union agreement undertook not to make nuclear weapons in Germany, are chary of under- taking never to acquire them without at least some agreement on nuclear sharing within Nato.
RUSSIAN PLANS
It may be that the Russians are now ready with proposals of their own, which. however, would certainly be far less accept- able to the Germans than the British draft treaty.
The Russians have throughout main- tained that the American proposal for a multilateral nuclear force within Nato and the British proposal for an Allied N uclear Force are each incompatible with a non- dissemination agreement, on the ground that Germany would somehow or other thereby acquire control of nuclear weapons. In the British view. howevcr, it should be pos- sible to work out a treaty which prevents nuclear powers from transferring control without preventing some integration of the Germans with their Nato allies in a nuclear defence organization.
The immediate urgency about a non- dissemination agreement is due, however. to the much more pressing situation of the Indian Government. which has the capacity and is under much pressure to begin a militay nuclear programme, in face of the growing nuclear threat from China. If India were to take this decision. Pakistan inevitably would follow suit. All in all, therefore, the pressures for a non-dissemina- tion agreement are growing and the pros- pects of an agreement at Geneva are reckoned to be correspondingly brighter.";"July 17, 1965";"";56376;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear Talks To Open Soon";""
"['By Monitor']";"['News']";"By Monitor
The Soviet Union has chosen to em- phasize Sir Winston Churchill's contri- bution to the allied victory during the war by seleoting Alarshal Ivan Koniev to accompany Mr. Konstantin Rudnev. a Deputy Prime Minister, at the state funeral. The courteous condolences of Mr. Kosygin, the Soviet Prime Minister, to Mr. Wilson referred to Sir Winston as * this eminent British statesman ""' but it remains a fact that the Soviet Communist Party saw. him as an implacable foe.
.Many commnunists reanember him for his role in the intervention during the early days of the Bolshevik regime or for his regrets that Bolsh_vism vs not strangled at birth. On the other hand his billiant work in the war against Hitler is recos- nized by all. Keen tocreatea good climate for the forthcoming visits to London of Mr. Kosygin and Mr. Gromrko. his Foreign Minister. the Soviet Government has decided to recall this period of Sir Winston's life in sending to London one of its own distinguished commanders.
Mlarshal Koniev. who is 68. was rcspon- sible for the forcing of the Dnieper and the destruction of Field Marsbal von Bock's forces on the critical Smolensk front in 1941. He first became known outside Russia for his command of the counter-offensive on the Kalinin front. Troops under his comcnand liberated Prague, and after the war he commanded Soviet forces in Austria. He was Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Pact forces from 1955 to 1960.
The names of more foreign and Com- monwealth representatives coming to the funeral were made known yesterday. They include:-
General Eisenhower.
President Asgeir Asgeirsson of Iceland. Lord Casey, a former Australian Minister for External Affairs.
Senbor Vasco Leitao da Cunha, Foreign Minister of Brazil.
Mr. Kothi Suphamonghkon, Secretary- General of the SoutI-East Asia Treaty Organization.
Sir Roland Symonette, Prime Minister of the Bahamas.
Signor Giulio Andreotti, Defence Minister of Ital.
Mr. K. A. Ofori-Atta, Minister of Justice of Ghana, and Afdor-General Otu, Chief of the Defence Staff.
Dr. Pedro Tleotonio Pereira, member of the Council of State of Portuzal and a former Ambassador to Britain.
Stgnor Manlio Brosio. Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Mr. Swaran Singh, Indian Minister for External Affairs.
Sefior lgacion Iribarren Borges, Foreign Mnister of Venezuela and a former Ambassador to Britain.
Sefior Gabriel Valdes, Foreign Minister of Chile.
Dr. A. A. Khalatbary. Secretary-Geeral of the Central Treaty Organization.
Mr. lweins d'Eelck-houtte. Secretwy- General of Western European Union.
Dr. E. N. van Kleffen-s representin the three European Communities.
President Shazar of Isael d Mr. David Ben-Gurion, the former Pree Minister.";"January 28, 1965";"";56231;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russia Sending Marshal Koniev";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Milan
An extremely bad-tempered EEC summit ended here on Saturday-with the Community in serious disarray, after Britain. Greece and Denmark had been outmanoeuvred in a divisive vote called in the name Lof European union.
To the undisguised fury of Mrs Thatcher there is 'Lo be a l special ""intergovernmental conference' to discuss changes to the Treaty of Rome: changes which Britain and Den-mark I have already said they will never accept. -
IPresident Mitterrand. one of the seven to vote for the I conference, said the summit I had sorted out ""those in favour of a strong, united Europe from those who are hanging back"". He expected this to be finally cleared up at the next summit-in Luxembourg at the end of the year.
His comments have -re- kindled speculation about .a two-tier Europe. with the loriginal six members plus
Ireland on one level and Britain and the dissident Greeks and Danes on another
The furious argument inside the meeting overshadowed other agreements reached. to press ahead with tearing down the internal frontiers- of the Community. to create a new- technology Europe. .nd to set up a 500.000 tonne cereal store to fight famine in Africa. But these points were scarcely noticed.
The debate also put an end to the real progress being made towards co-ordinating com- munity foreign policy along lines suggested by Britain, France and West Germany. That subject is now to go to the intergovernmental conference as welli
Mrs Thatcher had gone to Milan seeking a kind of gentleman's agreement to accept more majority voting. while protecting but hmiting the right of veto. Signor Bettino Craxi. the Italian Prime Minis- ter chairing the summit, in- sisted that the only way lo streamline decision-making was through treaty amendments doing away with the veto in certain areas. An intergovern- mental conference was needed for this. he argued, and when Mrs Thatcher refused to accept it. he called a vote for the first time at a summit. An amazed Mrs Thatcher was defeated.
Afterwards she said the coming conference was just an excuse for not taking decisions. ""I am not particularly irritated, It was just a lost opportunity.""
But Mr Bernard Ingham, her spokesman, had another ver- sion- of her mood. ""She has but one emotion - fury"", he said. '""The Richter scale ceases to operate when it applies to her. It is not irritation- to the Prime Minister. It is total volcanic eruption. Krakatoa has nothing on it."" Summit dissent, page 6
Leading article, page 13";"July 1, 1985";"";62178;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Thatcher incensed by EEC vote";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, JUNE 6
The third national congress of the Christian Democratic Party ended early this morning at Venice, when voting took place for the election of the new national council. Six lists were presented, four by the centre, which sponsored the continu- ance of the present policy, and two by the left.
Signor De Gasperi, who is above these internal differences, heads all the lists. The results are not yet known, but the discussion showed that the centre is very strong. The new council will consist of 77 members. A pro- posal to increase the number of members appointed by the parliamentary groups from three to 10 was rejected, thus showing the congress's desire for closer control by the party of the parliamentary groups and the Mini- sters. A bolder social policy was advocated by the leaders of the two left-wing groups. Signor Dossetti, a young and influential member of Parliament, editor of the review Cronache Sociali, said that the party must cease to bow to the old ruling classes and assume responsi- bility for creating a new democracy, founded on social justice. Signor Gronchi, President of the Chamber of Deputies, spoke against con- tinuing the present cooperation with the Con- servative-minded Liberal Party but not with the Third Force parties of the present coalition. He declared once more that European union must have priority over the Marshall plan and the Atlantic Pact.
The anti-Communist note was struck mainly by the Minister of the Interior, Signor Scelba, of the centre, who said that no understanding was possible with the Communists so long as they formed a section of the Russian Bolshe- vist Party, and that force must be met with force. Signor De Gasperi. winding up the dis-l cussion in a much more moderate tone, said that he would never consent to outlaw theCom- munists unless they put themselves against the law; the best way to fight Communism was to strengthen parliamentary institutions. He refuted the charges made against him by Signorl Togliatti at Prague, and drew a comparison between the Italian democracy and the Czecho- slovak regime. As to cooperation with the Third Force, he said the only Third Force was democracy. The Christian Democrats were willing to cooperate with the parties of the present coalition, but were ready to carry on alone should they choose to withdraw, especially-he added, with a clear reference to the part played by the committee of the lnter- national Socialist Conference (Comisco)-as it was inadmissible that a Government crisis be provoked by a foreign organization.";"June 7, 1949";"";51401;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Future Of Italian Coalition";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The international scene has seldom been more fluid than at the present moment. It is fluid because the future relations of the economic groupings in West Europe and their relations with the United States are not yet settled, and because the future developments in Western European Union and N.A.T.O. are undecided.
But it is also in a sense static because no negotiations between the Six of the Euro- pean Economic Community and the Seven of the Free Trade Area are planned, and because General de Gaulle continues to hold up the integration of N.A.T.O. air defence, and to withhold the French fleet in the Mediterranean from N.A.T.O. com- mand, and has shown no sign aet of replac- ing the French troops withdrawn to Africa from N.A.T.O. command in Germany, or of agreeing to joint control with the United States of nuclear weapons on French soil.
GERMAN ATTITUDE
What is remarkable is the open cleavage between French and west German views on defence, while the west Germans, on poli- tical grounds and the French on economic grounds are maintaining increasingly close economic ties. General de Gaulle in a speech on November 3 said: ""The system known as integration . . . has now served its turn."" He went on to say that French strategy must indeed be linked with the strategy of others, but added that France must have a striking force of her own with atomic weapons "" which must belong to us."" In a recent speech, however, Herr Strauss, the west German Defence Minister said: "" Considering technical progress and other factors which come into play, any planning of the air forces or even air defence, if it is to remain within the national framework of a German air force, is now an anachron- ism, and this is not only valid for the Federal Republic of Germany.""
It seems, therefore that the further inte- gration of the N.A.lT.O. air effort is bound for the present to hang fire. On the econo- mic side the Six have given no reason to think that negotiations with the Seven would be more successful at present than in the past, and it is clearly felt in London that, now that the Six and the Seven have been established without any imminent threat of an economic parting of the ways, it is better to wait and see and in particular to discuss the situation with Mr. Dillon. the United States Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, when he comes to London on December 8 and 9.";"November 28, 1959";"";54630;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defence Cleavage In W. Europe";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD-
-Bonn, May 29
Sir Thomas Brimelow, a De- puty Under-Secretary in the For- eign and Commonwealth Office, told the Dortmund Chamber of Commerce tonight that Britain was maintaining her application to join the European Economic Community in the form in which the application had originally been made in May, 1967-for full membership under Article 237 of the Treaty of Rome.
Sir Thomas's statement was made on behalf of Lord Chalfont, the Minister of State at the For- eign and Commonwealth Office, who is ill. It comes as a reply to the suggestions, which are begin- ning to be heard in some Com- munity circles, that Britain should be satisfied for the time being with an interim arrangement, per- haps a trade agreement. while the Community tries to settle its own intemal problems.
Sir Thomas said that as far as Britain was concerned the benefits of membership would be bal- anced by some short-term disad- vantages, but the British Govern- mnent believed that their policy of pressing for full membership was in the interests of Europe as a ,whole.
He went on to suggest that nowv was in fact the time to go beyond the present provisions of the Treaty of Rome. There were, he said. immense advantages to be
gained from moving beyond the iimportant and substantial foun- dation"" of a customs union-as now exists in the E.E.C.-towards a real economic union on the basis of an enlarged community.
As to the question of techno- logy, which is bound to play an important role in the presentation of the British case, Sir Thomas said that the political aspects of technological independence could not be separated from the purely economic ones, and political con- siderations had motivated the Bri- tish application.
No single cotuntry of the size of the nation states of western Europe could hope to play on its own an effective part in world affairs. To insist on complete national independence would en- tail the progressive loss of free- dom of choice in foreign policy.
Answering doubts that have been cast from time to time on British intentions. Sir Thomas said that there was no question of Britain's encouraging develop- ments which would lead to the watering down of the present Community or to the erosion of its ""very substantial achieve- ments"" over the past 10 years. Nor would Britain allow the in- tensified political consultations now in progress in Western European Union to side-track her from her main aim of member- ship of the E.E.C.";"May 30, 1969";"";57573;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain insists on full membership of EEC";""
"['By Paul Routledge, Labour Editor']";"['News']";"By Paul Routledge, Labour Editor
British trade union leaders have been told by the Polish military authorities that .they cannot have visas to conduct in on-the-spot inquiry into the fate of Solidarity free trade union activists, and the TUC has now begun cutting off links with East European trade union centres.
The TUC International Committee yesterday heard a sombre report of the failure of month-long efforts by Mr Len Murray, the General Secretary, to gain admission to Poland- as part of a European TUC fact-finding mission.
Union leaders were also told of a strongly-worded telegram from the East German trade union centre, FDBG, that demonstrated ""total hostility"" to the views of British unions. In the light ot this message, the TUC decided-there would-be ""no point in continuing exchang- (7s-on this, or other matters"" with the East Germans,A
In response to a reqoest to al Communist block unions asking them to seek an end to martial law in Polandand thr release of Solidarity pfficials, the East Germans accused the TUC of' ""an irrogant attitude"". The cable added: ""There are now developments in Poland which prevent the country -liding into chaos and ruin, and which will make a return to a normal situation poss- ible.""
The Polish embassy in London has advised the TUC that it ""would not be appro-
priate"" for a European trade -union mission to visit Poland while a state of martial law exists, and similar requests by other national trade union centres have also been rejected.
The TUC. International Committee deeply deplored the refusal of the Polish authorities to give trade union representatives an opportunity to establish the facts of the situation ""given the continuing reports of ruthless repression of trade union activity in Poland"".
European union leaders will not give up their efforts to send in a mission despite failing at the first hurdle, but their strong condemnation of events in Poland has already been cited as a reason for not permitting such a visit and their renewed condemnation makes any granting of visas m,ost unlikely.
j:The TUJC yesterday con- diemned ""the continuing repression of trade union activity in Poland and the sentencing of Solidarity representatives to long terms of imprisonment"". It added: ""While Solidarity representa- tives are in prison or interned, little credibility can be given to the statement by the Polish authorities that Solidarity will be allowed to resume activites as an inde- pendent trade union organi- zation capable of expressing the views of Polish workers.""
Leaders of the Hungarian union organisation, SZOT, have taken a rather milder line in response.";"January 12, 1982";"";61129;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"TUC is refused visas for Solidarity inquiry";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harprnve
Paris, June 8
The spring session of the West- ern European Union Assembly cnded inconclusively today with- out a division on any of the four resolutions before it, there being no quorum.
The most inportant \as the controversial resolution by M r Scott-Hopkins (Britain, Conserva- tive) proposing a European politi- cal secretariat located in Brussels and a financial secretariat. It also called for tidying up European parliamentary institutions, a pro- posal which some members of the Assembly, and not only the French1, regarded as tantamount to putting the WEU quietly to sleep.
So the failure to come to anv vote today on this resolution was definitcly welcome to some of the delegations, and particularl\ to the British and the French). It post- poned the vexed issue of the poli- tical secretariat and precluded the Assembly from rousing national feelings already exaccrbated by President Pompidou's outburst last week , without providing any really constructive solution. The absence of some of the British delegates from the chamber when the vote was taken was obviously deliberate and eloquent of their desire not to add fuel to the flames.
Yesterday. Mr Percy Grieve (Britain, Conservative) had tabled
an amendment deleting Brussels from the resolution. This immedi- atel had the Benelux members up In arms. Coming after Mlr Patrick Gordon-Walker's eminently com- monscnse statement that if there were to be a political secretariat at all, it would have to be in Paris. (becausc. he implied. the French had to have it therc for a number o1 reasons, on which they could not afford to yicid), this xuas enough to conjure up the spectre of Fianco-British collusion.
Nir Grieve later wNithdrew his amcndmnent. and Lord (iladwvn felt it would have been wiser to get around the difficulty by men- tioning Paris or Brussels as the seat of the secretariat. T-hat is what may happen at the WEU Decem- ber scssion. However, it is just possible that the Assembly might hold an extraordinaiv session be- fore 1he Oclober s ummit or a mncting of its ceneral affairs com- mittee. so that it should not appear to be prcaching after the cvent.
Both Presidenit Pompidou and Ni Scot t-Holpkins w-ill haivec Cen- suied that the debates of this ses- sion ""etc not lacking in interest and even passion. There u%as a good deal of straight talk:ng and this in a sense is the nlaii tustifi- cationl for the survival of the WEU, at least until the European Par- lianient (that of the Six soon to be the Ten) acquires a convincing and effective role.";"June 9, 1972";"";58500;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU tactfully avoids vote on secretariat";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-Brussels, Jan. 29
The Benelux, plan for wider European cooperation was at the centre of talks which began here tonight between Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, and the Foreign Ministers of the five member-countries in favour of British entry to the European Economic Community.
T'he Benelux proposals will be further discussed at tomorrow's formal meeting of the ministerial council of Western European Union. when it is likely that Mr. Brown will announce that Britain accepts them in their entirety. In so doing he will give new impetus to Britain's approach to the E.E.C.. and associate himself with what is an ambitious attempt to outflank last month's French veto.
The proposals envisage a wide range of cooperation in both poli- tical and economic fields, and are aimed at the long-term creation of a community wider in membership and scope than the present E.E.C.
They provide for close consultation between Britain and the E.E.C. on matters formally. covered by the Treaty of Rome, for coop,eration on a number of matters not goveKeAby the treaty, and for the first steps towards coordination of foreign
policy. Their ovArall aim is to work towards the creation of a wide Euro- pean political union which is not blocked by a French veto.
Mr. Brown's first meeting tonight was with Herr Brandt, the west Ger- man Foreign Minister. Herr Brandt has himself made a number of sug- gestions for closer links betweem Britain and the E.E.C., man ' of the n similar to those of the Benelux countries. but they do not go as far as the Benelux proposals, and have so far received little support outside Bonn.
The interest now lies in whether west Germany and Italy also support the Benelux proposals. If they do 3o, the plan will take on consider- able political weight, and it will be hard for France to ignore it.
The whole problem is to be dis- cussed at a meeting tomorrow of the Foreign Ministers of the Five. But it is not expected that west Ger- many, at least, wi1 give a clear answer before the middle of next month, when Dr. Kiesinger. the Chancelor, goes to Paris to see General de Gaulle.
At a dinner tonight Mr. Brown and Lord Chalfont, the Minister in charge of European affairs, met Ministers from all the E.E.C. coun- tries, including France, and were able to have, informal talks on.the whole question of Britain's approach to the Community.";"January 30, 1968";"";57162;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brown Discusses Benelux Plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 19
A period of unremitting diplomatic activity drew to a close to-night with the departure for home of Mr. Dulles and Sir Anthony Eden, and with the other Ministers who have been attending the international meetings here also preparing to leave.
In the past four days there have been two series of consultations between Sir Anthony Eden, Mr. Dulles, and M. Mendes-France; the North Atlantic Council has decided, inter alia. to instruct its military authorities to continue plan- ning on the assumption that atomic and thermo-nuclear weapons will be used to defend western Europe; and, finally, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (many of whom are the same as the N.A.T.O. Foreign Ministers) have discussed the role of the Council of Europe vis-h-vis the new western European organization.
M. SPAAK'S COMMENTS
The N.A.T.O. Council meeting ended at noon yesterday. This was earlier than expected, and as M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, commented afterwards at a Press conference, it is a tribute to the method of work and preparation. The com,nunique records that the council approved the military report "" on the most effective pattern of N.A.T.O. military defensive strength over the next few years, taking into account modern developments and techniques."" This report is to be ""a basis for defence planning and preparations by the N.A.T.O. military authori- ties,"" but the council's approval does not involve the "" delegation of the responsibility of Governments to make decisions for putting plans into action in the event of hostilities.""
Commenting on this decision, M. Spadk said that it met exactly the wishes of the military, by authorizing them to prepare for an atomic war, but kept in civil hands the responsibility for deciding on the use of the atomic weapon. The means by which that political decision could be arrived at was a subject for discussion within the permanent council of N.A.T.O., but in any case it could never be made public because it would be a military secret of the greatest importance. While the decision ought to be a common one, there might in practice be difficulties in com- municating with Governments, and in the event of an atomic aggression against the west the question of a ""veto "" would become somewhat theoretical.
MEANS AT HAND
The decision now taken oil the militarv paper that gave rise to so much publicity before the meeting is less dramatic than some people were perhaps expecting. It confirms what General Gruenther and Field-Marshal Lord Montgomery have said already: that if aggression forced the west to defend
Itself, atomic weapons would be among the means at hand. On the political side, some form of consultative machinery has now to be worked out, but even that, as every one at the meeting realized, cannot be expected to cover and foresee every contingency. The Americans, with their control over the major atomic weapons, do not intend to have their hands tied in advance of anything that hap- pens. One of the most notable factors about the N.A.T.O. decision is that, in spite of the reported reticence of several countries, unani- mity was quickly and painlessly established.
For the rest, the communiquO reveals that the council found that Soviet policy "" provides no ground for believing that the threat to the free world has diminished."" The council regards the Paris agreements [on Germany] "" as an essential contribution to the unity of Europe,"" and accepts a military recommendation that the level of forces for the defence of the N.A.T.O. area should be maintained as planned.
DEVELOPING VIET NAM
Sir Anthony Eden, Mr. Dulles, and M. Mendes-France--the last named looking some- what exhausted after nearly a whole night spent in the National Assembly-lunched together yesterday and then conferred, with their advisers, for more than three hours. The discussion covered a general survey of current problems, with Indo-China well to the fore, and among those present were General Ely, the French Commissioner-General in Indo-China, and Sir Hubert Graves, who was until recently British Ambassador in Saigon. It does not seem that any major decisions were taken, but there was general agreement on the importance of developing south Viet Nam, where the Diem Government seems still to be the only possible administration, in the economic and social spheres; and here France and the United States are ready to furnish technical and financial aid. The three Ministers noted that the situation in Laos and Cambodia is better than in south Viet Nam, and M. Mendes-France described how France had asked the international armistice com- mission in the north to send mobile inspection teams to the Chinese frontier to see how far the armistice terms covering the import of arms are being respected.
It is understood that the American position. made clear at the meeting, is that the United States is not prepared to give France any financial aid for the maintenance of. the expeditionary corps, and that if, in these circumstances, the French were to withdraw all their troops, the situation would have to be accepted-indeed, it might even do some good by strengthening the French military position in Europe. The Americans are ready to train and equip a Viet Nam army of 90,000 to I 10,000 men, for they regard the internal security of south Viet Nam as of paramount importance. Behind this frail force. in the event of south Viet Nam-or Cambodia and Laos, for that matter-being invaded, is the
south-east Asia pact, which would in that case be invoked; and behind that, the American strategic striking power, which remains, in the American view, the decisive sustaining element in the Far East.
The Ministers also discussed the Saar, and M. Mendes-France explained why his Govern- ment was not in favour of a four-Power con- ference on the interpretation of the Saar agreement signed in Paris on October 23 last. For the French the Saar question is a purely Franco-German affair, and while certain articles of the agreement will require later negotiations, these will be bilateral, although at a certain stage the matter might be discussed within the framework of western European Union, as foreseen by the agreement.
These negotiations, according to the French, will be concerned solely with the application of the agreement and not with the interpreta- tion. It seems that both London and Washing- ton are ready, when approached by the French and Germans in accordance with Article 8 of the new statute, to give it their guarantee. The question of the earlier pledges, made in 1947 by the British and Americans in support of the French case on the Saar, was not apparently discussed, but the British and, it is believed, the American view is that there can be no commitment now about what happens to the Saar as the result of a German peace treaty.
On east-west relations, the Ministers were agreed that the latest Soviet-Note threatening to denounce the Franco-Soviet treaty makes no difference to the situation and is founded upon a false juridical basis. All three Ministers were in favour of a four-Power con- ference with the Russians, but only on con- dition that this should be'carefully prepared and not be transformed into an occasion for propaganda. According to French accounts of yesterday's discussions, "" at least two or three months "" are necessary for such prepara- tion. Finally, the Ministers discussed the South-East Asia Treaty Organization and the possibility of holding a conference of the signatories of the Manila pact early next year, subject to the agreement of the other members.
EUROPEAN ISSUES
Last night, the representatives of the Western European Union, including Herr Blicher, the Vice-Chancellor of the Federal German Republic, dined together at the Luxembourg Legation here, and afterwards considered the report of the interim W.E.U. committee that has been working in London on the structure and details of the new organ- ization. The identity of the Saar commis- sioner and the head of the arms control agency to be established within W.E.U. are two questions that have to be settled. Before this dinner Dr. Blankenhorn, director of political affairs at the German Foreign Ministry, saw Sir Anthony Eden and presented a message from Dr. Adenauer in which the Chancellor expressed regret at being unable to get away from Bonn for a meeting, and gave a reasonably hopeful account of the progress in the Federal Parliament of the ratification of the London and Paris treaties.
This morning, apart from attending the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Sir Anthony Eden had a talk wit4 M. Mendes-France (at the latter's request) and received a call from the Portuguese Foreign Minister, who reported on the situa- tion in Portuguese India-the second time this matter has been raised in the past few days, for the Portuguese Foreign Minister also re- ported on it to the N.A.T.O. council. After attending a luncheon given by Mr. Hughes, the United States Ambassador to N.A.T.O., the Foreign Secretary this afternoon saw Mr. Lester Pearson, the Canadian Minister for External Affairs, and then left for the airport, where he was seen off by M. Mendes-France.
FUTURE RELATIONS
The meeting of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, which was held at the Chateau de la Muette, the home in Paris or the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, spent some time this morning discussing.the future of the Council of Europe and its role in relation to the Western European Union. There were two main aspects: -
(1) Should the W.E.U. be asked (once it
comes into being) to define its own scope and direction ?
(2) What can the Council of Europe really do
in the way of concrete and practical action ? On the first point, there seemed to be a general feeling among the members of the W.E.U. who are also members of the Council of Europe, that it was no good trying at the moment to define all the conceivable functions of the W.E.U. Sir Anthony Eden agreed with Dr. Beyen, the Dutch Foreign Minister, that it would be a mistake to be too precise at this moment. At the same time, he thought that the Council of Europe was being too diffident, for although many of the tasks of the W.E.U. lay outside the scope of the Council of Europe, many more, such as the economic and social aims of the former Brussels treaty, were also the interests of the Council of Europe. Here, he thought, there should be close cooperation between the two organizations, which would be all the more suitable because the representatives of the W.E.U. countries who would sit as the Assembly of the W.E.U. would also represent their countries in the Council of Europe's Consultative Assembly. He felt that, in cases like this, subjects of common interest might first be discussed within the W.E.U.
PRACTICAL TASKS
M. Mendes-France was convinced that use- ful work remained for the Council of Europe to do, especially in the practical and technical fields.
Earlier, the Ministers had signed two con- ventions: a European cultural convention, strengthening cultural links between the mem- bers of the Council of Europe; and the other on classification of patents, which, together with the conventions on patents applications signed a year ago, is the second step towards the creation of a European patents office. proposed by the Consultative Assembly in 1949.";"December 20, 1954";"";53119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Allied Ministers' Wide Agreement";""
"['From Alan Tillier,']";"['News']";"From Alan Tillier.
Paris
Police are hunting three members of the Action Directe terrorist group, one dressed in a black leathr jacket, seen running from the scene of the assassin- ation of General Rene Audran, head of France's worldwide arms sales drive, which moun- ted to £3 billion last year.
General Audran, aged 55, was shot six times at close range as he backed his car into the garage of his villa in the fashionable Paris suburb of La Celle-St Cloud, on Friday night. The terrorists opened the door-and shot him from behind.
Other detectives left for Bonn, Brussels and Rome to talk with their counterparts about Action Directe's inter- national links, particularly with West Germany's Red Army Faction.
Action 'Directe had pre- viously concentrated on night bombings of govemment build- ings in Paris, headquarters of firms in the arms business, and the offices of international organizations such as the Atlantic Institute. A lare bomb failed to explode outside the Paris headquarters of the West European Union.
The group, formed in 1979, and containing a good pro- portion of sons and daughters of the bourgeoisie, once killed an informer and last year shot two policemen in Paris when cor- nered. However, the murder of the director of the International Division of the French Defence Ministry was their first pre- meditated high-level killing.
The Franco-West German
terrorist comniunique of January 15, conposed in part by Action Directe, and, what it claimed were nnegotiations between Paris and Bonn for West German participation in the French nuclear force and that force's integration into Nato. Action, Directe, also attacked France' airborne rapid intervention force.
The murder of General Audran.bould be linked to.the Red Army Faction hunger strikers -in West German prisons:The statement claiming tesponsibility was signed ""Ely- sabeth Van Dick Commando"", after a member of the Red Army Faction killed in a shooting incident in Nuremburg in 1979.
Two leaders of Action Directe are on the run after being granted an amnesty in 1981. French police have arrested 30 members of the terrorist group in the past year.
Rend Audran was what the French call an ""Ingenieur General de L'Armement"" and had spent his life in the aerospace and defence fields including a spell in the French Embassy in London as a Concorde project manager. He was in charge of Franco-British defence co-operation at the Ministry between 1966-70.
Recently he talked of phorte threats. He removed the mili- tary plates from his car, but on the night of his death he worked late and sent his chauffeur home, M Charles Hernu, the French Defence Minister_ issued a statement saying he had died ""like a soldier"".";"January 28, 1985";"";62047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French suspect German link with murder of general";""
"['By CHARLES DOUGLAS HOME, Defence Correspondent', 'Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By CHARLES DOUGLAS-
HOME, Defence Correspondent
Mr. Denis Healca, the Defence Secretary. told the Commons yes- terday that Britain might be able to ha-ve three of her four Polaris submarines on patrol simultane- ously, in times of tension. Under ordinary conditions thbre will be one Polaris submarine permanently on patrol with a second overlap- ping at the beginning and end t4 the two-month; patrols.
The force of four submarines sill always contain one ship unuer- going heavv refit, and the fleet will have to rsairtain a high standard of reliability if the Government are really contetriplting being able to have the other three all opera- tional at oncD.
Mr. Healey also stated that thefe were no plar s to build any more Polaris submarines. But in another answer to the Commons, Mr. Morris, the Minister of De- fence for Equipetont, disclosed that the Government had decided to set up-a mionopoly-position in the marine riuclear industries by refusing to put out any further contracts to uompetitive tender.
At present there are two firms concerned with the nucLear sub- marine progrimmes-Vickers and Carnmell Laird. Between them they have handled the Polars and nuclear -fleet submarine pro- grammes. New nuclear sub- marines will continue to be ordered at about the rate of one every nine months.
But neither in the shipbuiJding phase. nor in the subsequent work on repair and refitting, which will be continuously necessary. will the Government liut out the contracts to competitive tender. Mr. Morris said yesterdav that the decision had been tLken because there would not be enough work to keep more than one yard emploved- presumably because the Govern- menit have slowed down the rawe of nuclear submarine building as part of their defence economies. Yet so long as the yards them- selves are prepared to submit ten- ders one would expect the Govern- nment to keelp an open choice between the comnetitnrc
Ouir Politial sta write:
New
proposals to counter the build-up of Russian naval strength in the Mediterranean will be put to the Western European Union assembly in Paris today by the general affairs comrnittee. wtbich has reviewed the military and naval situation in the area.
The committee. whose rapporteur Is Mr. Eldon Griffiths. Conservative M.P. for Bury St. Edmunds, recommends that WA.EU. should establish ""a Mediterranean plinning group with instructions to examine the desirability arxd feasibility of re- placing the proposed 'on call
force in the Mediterranean by a European lask force under Nato command which. while operating in the closest collaboration with the United States Sixth Fleet, will establish a European identity and a European purpose in the Mediterranean basin";"February 20, 1969";"";57490;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Crisis plans for Polaris fleet";""
"";"['News']";"BRUSSELS, April 2.-Dr. Schroder, -west German Foreign Minister, today suggested regular contacts between the six Common Market countries and Britain and other European countries which wanted to become Community members.
Speaking at today's meeting of the market's Council of Ministers. Dr. Schroder said these contacts could take place between the permanent representa- tives of the Six in Brussels and the chief representatives here of the European coun- tries concerned. Alternatively, he sug- g-sted that a sub-committee of the seven-nation Western European Union, cons!sting of Britain and the Six, should be set up in which regular consultations could take place. conference sources said.
M. Couve de Murville. French Foreign Minister, neither accepted nor rejected the suggestion, the sources said. But he pro- Posed that, in preparation for the Kennedy round of tariff negotiations. consultations should take place within Gatt between the Six and the seven nations of the European Free Trade Association. which includes Britain.
PLAN FOR 1963
For the first time sin_e tihe breakdown of negotiations on Britain's entry, there was agreement among the Six today-on a "" package deal "" programme presented by Dr. Schr8der for 1963. A conference source said the proposed plan was wel- comed by all delegations, ""including France, which raised no objections""
The ""package deal"" would include all the market's outstanding internal and ex- ternal problems and was intended to break- the deadlock in its progress. The Minis- ters agreed that permanent representatives should draw up in detail Dr. Schroder's programme in time for the next meeting of the council on May 8 and 9.
Dr. Schroder supported a Dutch proposal that the association convention with 18 African states should be open to other African countries, particularly members of the British Commonwealth. Today's meet-
ing was the 100th session of the. council. and was attended by 20 ministes, . the- community's biggest ministerial gathering since the market treaty was signed five Years ago..
OFFER TO EFTA
The Council of Ministers today renewed their offer of a 20. per cent "" across the board."" cut in the E.E.C. external tariff and invited the seven European Free Trade Association (Efta) countries to do the same.- M. Eugene Schaus. Luxembourg chairman of the.Council,. said. the cut would come into effect on July I and remain effective untilaDecember 31; 1965.
:The second 30 per cent alignment in Common: Market member countries national tariffs and .a further 10 per cent reduction cn internal tariffs would also come into effect cii the same date, he said. -Reuter. -
THE HAGUE-President .. Sukarno of Indonesia is to visit West New Guinea on May 4, according to messages received here from Hollandia.";"April 3, 1963";"";55666;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E.E.C. Proposal For Outside Links";""
"['George Hutchinson']";"['News']";"George Hutchinson
in a somewhat impassioned denunciation of the Govern- ments European policy at Transport House yesterday, Mr Peter Shore spoke in terms very similar to those of Mr Powell at Birmingham on Saturday. He dwelt especially, as did Mr Powell, on the Prime Minister's commitment to true European union by 1980.
Yet I doubt if our member- ship of the European Economic Community really counts in so many minds that it must be considered an issue in this elec- tion. A minor topic, I daresay- but hardly an issue. This may be wrong, it may be regretta- ble. But it is, I think, part of the larger reality of a very strange election. It is certainly what Mr Heath believes, and there is no visible reason to doubt his judgment.
Meanwhile, Mr Wilson con- tinues to regard Mr Powell as ""Mr Heath's problem "". If Mr Powell remains a "" problem "" to any one, this is probably true:
but I am not sure that he does, as things have turned out.
In the concluding hours of the campaign neither leader has lost anything of his earlier geniality. Nor, so far as one can tell, has Mr Thorpe, though short of a journey to North Devon he is not available for direct inspection and can only be examined by way of the closed circuit television that delivers him to the national Liberal Club every morning.
Apart from occasional ex- cesses, this has proved-against fairly widespread expectation- to be a good natured campaign on all sides. The three party leaders deserve credit for their own amiability and modet- ation. True, not all their col- leagues have been equally good- tempered and sensible, *but in general party rivalries have been kept within acceptable bounds.
This promises well for the future, whatever the oatcome on Thursday. If the same spirit is maintained, we can perhaps
look forward to a more united nation.
If the result of the election were to be as close as somne foresee, producing deadlock be- tween the parties, the Queen might conceivably find herself obliged to interrupt her tour of the Pacific for longer than she has planned. She is due back in London on Friday morning, and has arranged to remain at Buckingham Palace until Wednesday of next week.
Given more or less normal circumstances, she will have ample tine to see the new Government in, as it were. But the circumstances might be far removed from -the normal. If they were such as to involve the possibility of a coalition, there would inevitably be some fainly prolonged negotiations between the parties before an administration could be formed. In that eventuality, which is not inconceivable, the Queen might find it necessary to extend the break in what is, I believe, one of the most suc- cessful of royal tours.";"February 26, 1974";"";59024;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Talking point that may not matter";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murrav
Salon de Provence
Despite itself, the EEC is working. Foreign ministers of the Community could agree only on the way to face world crises when they met informally in rain-lashed Provence over the weekend.
They wanted to pursue a firm dialogue with the Warsaw Pact. They wanted to bring every pressure to bear to prise Iran and Iraq apart in the Gulf war - even though they were not worried so far about oil supplies, and they wanted to see the Community progress, with Britain as a fully paid-up memnbcr.
There was no question of holding a quick conference to set up the federal Europe hinted at last week by President Mitterrand in a speecih to the European Parliament. There was no meaningful mention of the British budget problem, which has been poisoning the Community atmosphere re- centlv.
In the words of one British official, the important thing about the meeting was that no decisions were either possible or needed. Ministers could speak their mind without fear of consequences.
M Claude Cheysson, who hosted the gathering in a converted twelfth century ab- bey, boasted afterwards that it was the kind of relationship 'which makes our American friends a little jealous and worried"". The relationship was now too close to call the meeting international: it was more like a family gathering.
The tamily seemed happy to agree that since France took over as president of'the Council of Ministers early this year a great deal of difficult business had been fixed very well.
Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretary, had noticed a trend to reach decisions through better use of the Community
M Cheysson: 'Americans
a little jealous'
institutions and by dint of ministers issuing further in- structions for settlements
As to President Mitterrand's idea for a new treaty aiming at greater European union, Sir Geoffrey insisted that Britain would be present all the way in any preparations. 'We are interested in anything that goes on in the European Com- munity"", he said. ""if a confer- ence takes place, we want to attend.""
But tor the present, Britain wanted Community effort to be directed at completing the work set out in the existing treaties, such things as allowing cheaper air fares, opening up the insurance market across fron- tiers, and generally implement- ing those policies which Britain joined the Community to exploit but which have never been taken up. It also meant
hinally ending the budget. wrangle.
Given Sir Geoffrey's firm pledge of British attachment to the Community - which M Cheysson said was ""very sat- isfying"" - there seemed no urgency to press on with President Mitterrand's project.
Nine of the ten ministers meet again in Washington today for the thirty fifth anniversary meeting of the North Atlantic Council.";"May 28, 1984";"";61842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC ministers all one happy family";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
KITWE, Ocr. 9
The negotiations on ilisputed jobs in the copperbelt, which are being held under an independent chairman, came to an abrupt halt yesterday after an inci- dent concerning essential service caused a further dispute at the Roan Antelope mine. For the past four days two haul-
ages at Roan Antelope had been badly ' deteriorating. Work was delayed as long as possible in order not to embarrass or prejudice the present negotiations, but the areas reached a stage where work could no longer be delayed. Two daily- paid timbermen were called out to repair haulages as an essential service. When the union refused to allow the men to go underground, the management had the work carried out by mine officials, as the safety of the area was in question.
The union immediately demanded the officials to be taken out of the mine before the talks continued. The mine manage- ment informed the union that even though officials were carrying out the work, union executive members could go underground with tbe working party. make an inspection, and take over the work. The union's reply was that no inspection could take place unless the management stopped the work and sent the officials out of the mine. This the Roan management refused to do.
"" DELIBERATE SABOTAGE"" This morning a European union source declared that this was ""deliberate sabot- age"" by the Rhodesian Selection Trust group, and indicated that the union might try to negotiate a separate agreement with the Anglo-American group over unresolved jobs. This would mean a return to work of daily-paid employees at Rhokana and Nehanga only.
The general manager of Roan Antelope, Mr. N. M. Kenny. said to-day that such a statement was mischievous and untrue. ""We know that any other employer will agree that we have a dut) to protect our propert, a diuty which is as important to our employees as to anyone else."" he said.
In law, the responsibility for the safety of a mine and therefore of the services required to maintain that safety rests entirely with the mine management. It is clear from this that there can be no ques- tion of such decision being relegated to any other party. The union may decide whether or not it will allow members to carry out the work concerned, but it cannot decide whether that work is an essential service.
Colonel S. F. Gauron. independent chair- man of the short-lived negotiations, remains on the copperbelt for the time being. but if the Roan dispute is not settled soon. it is considered likely that the talks will be abandoned. The strike is now in its twenty- first day.";"October 10, 1958";"";54278;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copperbelt Talks Halted";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, JUNE 24
A strong plea in favour of European unification, of a close integration between a united Europe and the United States, and for a widening of the scope of the Atlantic alliance was made at today's session of the Western European Union Assembly in Rome by Mr. W. W. Rostow, chairman of the American State Department's policy plinning council.
He said that for the west there was still a problern of defence, for the Sovict mili- tary potential was no less formidable than in the past. But there were also a num- ber of world problems such as the evolu- tion of nationalism and a new humanism within the communist block that posed a nunber of new responsibilities to the west. The Americans believed that all t*bese prob- lems should be dealt with on a common
""sis. ""We need the unity of Europe"". he said. ""because if Europe aeepts that all these world probloms be placed on the Atlantic agenda she will be better able to deal with them on a unified rather than on a fragmentary basis"".
Mr. Rostow said that without such move- ment towards concert on the problems which confronted the west on a global basis. ""our unity on the minimum essential and continuing tasks of Nato could be endangered "". It was because of the danger of not building policy on the existence of basic common interests that it was neces- sary to attack the problem of extending political consultation within the Atlantic Alliance.
STRONGER ROLE
""Thbis means being willing to so forward in closer consultation with those countries that are read*v and willing to proceed. This may sometimes be less than all 15 Nato nations. if some wish to remain alone.... It means boing willing to bring policy- makins officials from home governments4 who are directly concerned with the prob- lems under discussion, together as often as necessary-a process whioh has been proved of critical importance in the deve- lopment of the European Community.""
It also meant being willing to strengthen the role of the Nato Secretary-General and the international staff to make these pro- cedures work. "" We are all impressed with the role played by the Commission in the European Communities. and by the Secre- tary-General in the United Nations as cata- lytic agents in the process of agrecoeent. There are lessons to be learned here, as we seek to improve Atlantic political con- sideration."" FinalLy, he said. it meant, being willing to give structure to this con- sultation "" in ways that willI enable Europe to achieve growing influence, as it moves towards unity I.";"June 25, 1964";"";56047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wider Scope Urged For N.A.T.O.";""
"";"['News']";"The Department of Economic Affairs i.. left with responsibility for the general supervision and coordination of prices and incomes policy, but the detailed ap- plication of the policy to industry and the trade unions passes to the Board of Trade and the Ministry of Labour.
Mr. Brown, who is still regarded by Mr. Wilson as deputy Prime Minister. himself proposed that some detail responsibility for putting the prices and incomes policy into effect shon.d be removed to the departments which are in constant touch with industry and which have the machinery ready for use to engage in often prolonged discussions.
In the remodelled Ministry, Mr. Gun- ter, as Minister of Labour, will deal direct, say, with wage demands from thc bakers and the railwaymen; and Mr. Jay, President of the Board of Trade, will deal, say, with textile prices. It heavy engineering prices were at issue, Mr. Cousins, Minister of Technology, would be responsible for the detail of the policy.
GENERAL COORDINATOR
But Mr. Brown will continue to be chairman of the Cabinet committee over- seeing the general policy, and cases will be referred by the departments through him for examination by Mr. Aubrey Jones's Prices and Incomes Board.
Mr. Brown will also continue at the head of the Government planning de-
partment, and he will be the general coordinator of economic policy. (He loses none of his interests to the Treasury.)
It may be taken as certain that when the early-warning Bill to underpin the prices and incomes policy appears in the first session of the new Parliament, Mr. Brown will be in general charge of it. In short, Mr. Brown's responsibility will be for broad strategy; other depart- ments will have the executive functions.
The point of this change is that Mr. Brown's energies should be freed so that he can increasingly bring them to bear on the over-riding task of increasing pro- ductivity through Government action, and on the reconnaissance into Europe that Mr. Wilson sees may produce im- portant developments in the next three or four years-before the next general election.
FOREIGN C-FICE LINK
NIr. Brown's preoccupations in Europe will be economic, with a for- ward look. He .'ill attend the appro- priate economic conferences in Europe. But he is to have alongside him a Foreign Office representative. Mr. George Thomson, who is now promoted from Minister of State to Cbancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
Mr. Thomson's preoccupations will be with all the political affairs of Europe, includihg the Common Market, Efta, Nato, Western European Union, and O.E.C.D. His work will be complement- ary to Mr. Brown's, and he will link directly with the Foreign Office, since he will function under Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary.";"April 6, 1966";"";56599;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Divided Control On Prices Policy";""
"['Valerie Elliott']";"['News']";"By Valerie Elliott OVER-FISHING of cod has already led to the collapse of cod fisheries worldwide. Cod was depleted in the Bering Sea in the 1980s and centuries of fishing in the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland ended in the 1990s when Atlan¬ tic cod was fished to commer¬ cial extinction. A Common Fisheries Policy was negotiated for the Com¬ mon Market in the early 1970s but the policy and a system of quotas did not come into force until 1983. It was a period that coincided with a heyday for cod stocks in the North Sea and 300,000 tonnes a year were landed at British ports. As herring declined cod took off and the industry invested in a new mechanised fleet to take advantage of this increased haul. This fish bubble known as the gadoid expansion helped to ensure cod as a staple fish in the diet of the nation. In the 1990s, as Atlantic cod vanished, the alarm was sound¬ ed over the state of North Sea cod stocks and scientists feared that cod was next at risk. But in¬ stead of banning cod fishing as the European Commission had previously ordered for herring, politicans ducked the issue fear¬ ing the wrath of a powerful industry. Stricter quotas were intro¬ duced but there was wide¬ spread abuse of the system in the UK and other European Union states. By 1996 the cod was officially in crisis. In the past decade stringent efforts have been made to save cod in- the North Sea, along the West Coast of Scotland and in the Irish Sea. But illegal landings have exacerbated the problem. Today the British catch of cod is just over 15,000 tonnes a year and is worth £21 million, small fry compared with the 64,000 tonnes of cod sold each year in supermarkets and the 23,000 tonnes served in pubs, bars and restaurants and the 22,000 tonnes sold in fish and chip shops. It is not surprising therefore that Britain is now dependent on cod imports from Russia, Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. But with evidence of over-fishing of cod by Russian trawlers and the growth of an illegal black trade cod supplies look likely to be further squeezed in future. The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas has just cut the cod quota from the Barents Sea from 480,000 tonnes a year to 309,000 tonnes for next year. It is esti¬ mated, however, that the illegal fish catches are 20 per cent over the quota and could be as much as 25 per cent. Without firm international action to tackle the illegal cod catch from countries outside the EU the days for cod remain bleak.";"June 21, 2006";"";68732;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Abuse of quotas put species in constant decline";""
"['By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent
President Ronald* Reagan may have to decide as early as 1987. whether to risk breaking the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty, with the. Soviet Union, with his Star' Wars (Strategic Defence Initiative) prograMme.
Although the present inten- tion is to avoid breaching the treaty by simulating early tests in space, this might not prove good enough, according to. the International Institute for Stra- tegic Studies.
If the Russians refused to agree to modify the 1972 treaty, the JUS would be forced to choose between the President's (SDI) and arms control - a chloice which would be ""fraught with troubles"" for its relations with th Nato allies.
The-institute says today in-its Strategic .Survev 1984-85 that evert if the SDI - which involves the introduction ..of space-based. anti-missile de- ences. - proved feasible, it could-damage stability between the super-powers rather' than strengthen it.
For one thing it might encourage the other side to launch a pre-emptive strike against the Star Wars system. For another, these would have to be fired so quickly in the event of. an attack that there. would be little time for the President to make up his mind.
Moreover the overall cost .ould even go as high as one trillion dollars - forcing cuts in US spending on conventional forces
But the institute also says
that despite the problems raised by the SDI, the time has come for a strategic reassessment. Nuclear stockpiles, it says, are now at ""absurdly high levels"".
The SDI' is chief among, the new issues which threaten to complicate the Geneva arms. talks. The obstacles, says the Sitategic Survev, are .now probably greater.than.they were in late 1983 when the Russians stalked out of the talks in ,protest over the stationing of new American cruise and Pershing-2 missiles in Europe.
The, institute, referring to attempts to revive the seven- .power Western European Union (WEU), questions how long all seven will' continue to put their weight behind the initiative.
""Failure. -to ,strengthen, the European- contribution. to. the (North, Atlantic) alliance, will increase the weight 'of criticism from the US about the motiv- 'ation and capability., of her
partners,"" it says.
-At present it looks as if the Europeans. will agree on the need for more cooperation and greater efficiency, rather than on any. expansion -of their defence budgets.
"",The US will regard this kind of contribution as less than satisfactory"". it . adds. This together with the doubts' felt in Europe over the SDI. suggest that last year's comparative calm in. Nato's internal * re- lations, may not survive 1985.
Snrategic Survey 1984-85, IISS. 23 Tavistock Street, London WC2E 7NQ: �7)Leading article, page 15";"May 3, 1985";"";62128;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reagan runs risk of breaching treaty";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPT. 28
While west German newspapers to-day publish the Federal Government's state- ment on elections in all Germany with great prominence and with almost whole- hearted approval, the Communist Press in east Berlin has published little of its actual contents. Such comments as are made are sufficiently indefinite to show that word is awaited from the appropriate quarter before more can be said.
The Communist newspapers agree that Dr. Adenauer, the Federal Chancellor, has not this time treated the Communist proposals with as much aloofness as before, but neither has he accepted them. His answer, they declare, is so wrapped up in conditions and stipulations as to be almost a rejection. Neues Deutsch- land, mouthpiece of the Socialist Unity Party, says that in a situation inv6lving the life and death of the whole nation petty new difficulties and obstructions have been raised. Dr. Adenauer cares little for the opiaion of 18 million Germans in the east and is simply making himself the tool of American policy, it maintains.
The Berliner Zeihung. which also reflects the views of this party, writes that by committingi the proposed electoral law to the care of the allies, Dr. Adenauer obviously hopes that the project will languish.
The reception, on the whole, is one of wounded feelings rather than of a refusal to have anything more to do with the west, and it is not unlikely that the east German Govern- ment, while rejecting perhaps such provisions as a pror investigation into its fitness to hold elections, will try to keep the issue open. Certainly it has not abandoned its attempts to find responsive chords in west Germany, for to-day the central committee of the Commu- nist youth movement sent messages to the Roman Catholic, Protestant, trade union, and Socialist youth movements in west Germany, sugesting meetings between the youth from both parts of Germany and asking for support for the cast German electoral proposals.
Though the west German newspapers. except the Commun;st publications, approve of what was practically a joint declaration bv the Government and Opposition parties, they are not sure what will cot-e of it. Some look hopefully for further developments; others, particularly the Christian Democratic journals, seem a little sceptical. They would prefer to see west Germany consolidate her ties with the west before seeking unity, and they feel that unity is more likely to come about within a European union or federation than by direct action.
The Cabinet has authorized the Ministries of the Interior, Justice, and All-German Affairs to draw up an electoral law on the basis of the Government and Opposition views expressed in the Bundestag yesterday.";"September 29, 1951";"";52119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Elections Issue In Germany";""
"['From Our European Economic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our European Economic
Correspondent
BRUSSELS, JuNE 28
Talks between Britain and the mem- bers of the Common Market are now to proceed on the possible ways and means of British entry to the Com- munity. The ""intentions phasc"" has come to an end, as the French delegate to the meeting of Western European Union put it today, and the problems will now be studied at diplomatic level.
Although nothing was changed by today's discussion of British member- ship-for Britain the problems remain and France is still not committing her- self-the attitudes taken at the meeting mark a new stage.
In setting out the difficulties facing Britain, Mr. George Thomson, British Minister responsible for European affairs, stated Britain's negotiating posi- tion. Certainly members of the Six, who asked for a full text of his speech, regarded it as a basic document-some- thing equivalent, in a very different situation, to Mr. Heath's opening state- ment in October, 1961.
French sympathy
The statement by M. Jean de Broglie, French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, shed little light on what France's real intentions are, however, before the visit to Britain next week of the French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.
M. de Broglie recalled that the French Government had already emphasized that nothing could better crown the suc- cess of the Common Market than its extension to include Britain and other countries. While study of the problems would require considerable time, he said that the French Government would study them with an open mind and with sympathy.
Mr. Thomson, whose review of the British approach to the Commnon Market took 23 minutes, concentrated on agricul- tural and Commonwealth problems. The other elements of Labour's five condi- tions were regarded as less difficult if not indeed largely overcome.
The outstanding question, Mr. Thom- son said, was whether, when the time came to negotiate, adequate safeguards would be negotiable for Britain's essen- tial interests.
No easy way out
Clearing up two possible misunder- standings, he said Britain did not regard membership of the Community as an easy way out of her economic difficul- ties, nor was Britain seeking to alter the character of the Community. Britain could commit herself to the basic rules of membership.
To apply the agricultural policy of the Community as it stood would involve big changes in our trading relations.
For New Zealand, he hoped there could be special arrangements. for Com- monwealth countries in Africa and the Caribbean association should be open; and for the Asian Commonwealth com- prehensive trade agreements.
The core of the problem lay in the difficulties facing Canada. Australia and New Zealand.
Pro-Europe campaign, page 8.";"June 29, 1966";"";56670;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Talks To START With Six";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I - .,-
rz,.,Jm .Jv. UwEM LAJIRrsuINjr.LN I
BONN, JULY .16
Dr. Schr6der, the west Germ'ar Foreign Minister, sought yesterday tc ,dispel the impression that there was more
to the recent talks between President de ,Gaulle and Dr. Adenauer than met the eye. He denied that the two men had dealt with the question of Britain's entry into the Common Market in a rathei cool manner. "" I should say rather that they dealt with it practically "", he emphasized. The question had to be handled carefully, ""but it will be handled with the desire and the will ol making this entry possible.
The Foreign Minister has already gone on record publicly many times as the mosi confirmed advocate of Britain's entry. The Chancellor also wants Britain in; but he seems chiefly overwhelmed at present b3 the difficulties involved because of the linbu with the Commonwealth.
If both General de Gaulle and the Chan. cellor agreed that ""the entry of Britair into the European Economic Communit3 is desirable "". they also left no doubt tha in their opinion discussions on a politica statute must be resumed without waitini
for a decision in the Brussels negotiation, and without British participation in the meantime. The timetable which appean to have been discussed in Paris, undei which Britain could not formally ioin al
three European communities before 1964 provides no alternative.
FEARS OF DELAY
A decision of principle on Britain's entrs into the Common Market could be takei early next year; it would require far mon time to deal with her membership of Eur atom and the Coal and Steel Community
Thus there is a real possibility of-anc perhaps a desire for-Britain's being facec with something of a fait accompli on thb political statute if the negotiations betweer the Six are concluded faster than th4 Brussels talks on entry. The Chancello: certainly hopes this will be the case, be eause he feels that the greater the dela] the greater the risk that the impetus to, wards European union will get lost oi bogged down in Britain's Commonwealtl complications.
He has not said so openly but he i! known to believe that a discussion on a political statute in which Britain took par might never reach a conclusion, or resul in such a lukewarm formula that the goa of a really united Europe. which wouk set the seal for all time on Franco-Germar reconciliation, would be replaced by a predominantly economic association.
The British. he thinks, could never brinj themselves to make even the theoretica renunciations of sovereignty required, un less faced with a complete draft statute This, it is said in Bonn, would be rathej Uke taking sharp but beneficial medicine at one gulp instead of arguing with tht";"July 17, 1962";"";55445;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Insisting On Political Move";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"The Consultative Council of the Brussels Treaty Powers, which meets in London to-day, is expected to include in its discussions the question of integrating the defence clauses of the Atlantic Pact with the existing arrangements under the Brussels Treaty.
The Benelux countries have agreed to enter a provisional economic union on July i this year and complete economic union on July 1, 1950.
TOWARDS uNITY
OF EUROPE
CONSIDERING NEXT
STEP
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Delegates to the meeting of the Con- sultative Council of the Brussels Treaty Powers, which opens at Lancaster House this morning, were arriving in London over the week-end. Besides the five Foreign Ministers, who normally form the Council, Finance and Defence Ministers were on their way to take part in the sessions. The British delegation will consist of Mr. Bevin, Sir William Strang, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, Sir Gladwyn Jebb, chairman of the Western Union Permanent Commission, and Mr. Roger Makins, a deputy Under- Secretary at the Foreign Office. Mr. Alexander, the Minister of Defence, Sir Stafford Cripps, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Sir Edward Bridges, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury, wiU be there to take part, with their advisers, in the consultations which concern them.
Mr. Stikker, the Foreign Minister, Professor Lieftinck, Minister of Finance, and Mr. Schokking, Minister of Defence, are coming from Holland. M. Spaak is representing Belgium, and will be accompanied by his Defence Minister, but the Belgian Finance Mintster, M. Eyskens, is being representod by a permanent official. He feels that the work resulting from the recent Benelux conference at The Hague requires his presence in Brussels.
The Consultative Council, whose meetings last for two days, will have before them the text of the Atlantic Pact as negotiated in Washington by the Ambassadors of the Brussels Powers, and Canada and the American State Department. They will, it may be assumed, discuss the economnic, financial, and military implications of the pact, including the integration of the defence clauses with existing arrangements made under the Brussels Treaty. They will also review the work done since the last meeting of the Consultative Council by the permanent bodies, military, economic, social, and cultural, set up under the Brussels Treaty. They will, no doubt, consider also the next step in European Union, and, in particular, the arrangements for the 10-Power drafting conference, which is to work out a constitution for the Council of Europe. This conference is billed to start on March 28. As. however, the Foreign Ministers of the Brussels Powers are likely to be on their way to Washington by then to sign the Atlantic Pact, the question arises whether the task could be adequately performed by the Ambassadors of the 10 Powers working in London.";"March 14, 1949";"";51329;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brussels Pact Powers And Atlantic Defence";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Bonn, July 8']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Bonn, July 8
Herr Willy Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, appealed today for a "" deepening and strengthening "" of political consulta- tions between Britain and the Six. He made the plea in a speech opening a two-day meeting of the seven-nation Western European Union ministerial council in Bonn.
Europe, he said, could not afford to ignore the forun for poli- tical discussion which the W.E.U. provided.
The regular exchange of views between Britain and the Six, he said, ought eventually to lead to a ' continuous stocktaking"" of the economic and political situation in Europe.
Herr Brandt welcomed the fact that Mr. Mvlichael Stewart, the British Foreign Secretary, will be present at tomorrow's discussions whioh are to be devoted to economic questions and Britain's relationship to the Common Market.
It is not the first time that Herr Brandt has tried to breathe new life into the consultative apparatus of the W.E.U. In the past these attempts have always foundered on French intransigence. M. Herve Alphand. the secretary-general of the French Foreign Ministry, who is repre- senting M. Miehel Dcbre, the Foreign Minister, at the meeting, was said today to have taken note of Herr Brandt's remarks '-without com,ment "".
Lord Chalfont, the Minister respon- sible for European affairs, also addressed the council today and gave a warning against the danger of too many People speaking wvith different tongues in Europe. There was no hope of pursuing a realistic policy of ddtette with the east until west Europe had ""extracted itself from its Political paralysis "".
On east-west relations the general feeling was that bilateral contacts with Russia and other east European countries were fruitful and should be pursued even though, in the short term, the chances of any real progress towards dIrente were slimn
Russian Note
The west German Foreign Ministry is still exarnining a Russian Note, delivered in Bonn last Fri- dav, in which the Soviet Govern- ment has replied to an earlier German memorandum outlining proposals for an exchange of non- aggression pacts between Bonn and east European capitals.
Officials have been unusually re- ticent about the contents of the Note, which is apparently more than 20 pages in length and proving diffi- ctilt to translate. Herr Brandt said today that it was "" not very encour- aging "". although it showed that the Russians were still "" interested in continuing the dialogue on the re- nunciation of force "".
It is thought here that the Rus- sian document probably restates the conditions recently laid down by Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister, for an exchange of non- aggression pacts. These amounted to an insistence that west Germany should first recognize the post-war situation in Europe, including the fact of the existence of east Germany.";"July 9, 1968";"";57298;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Closer British ties with Six sought";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORREsPONNnlNT
EDINBURGH, JuLY 9
Austria wis closely questioned abut her future membership of the European Free Trade Association at the opening of the ministerial council meeting here today. Britain, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland wanted a full account of Austria's attitude in seeking to negot- iate an association with the Common Market, and in effect sought to know if Austria would leave Efta if com- pelled to make a straight choice.
Thle Austrian Ministers stuck to their position that it was not possible to give a clear answer until the negotiations, expected to start in the autumn, were well advanced. They rciterated their strong desire for mem- bersbip of both groups. But the more they were questioned on specific points the more confusing the situation seemed to become.
The reason for this confrontation was that it has been made known in Bnissels that Austria's continued membership of Efta was not regarded as being compatible with associate status in the E.E.C. Ministers of the Six are expected to decide on the mandate for negotiations later this month.
ASSURANCE SOUGHT
Mr. Heath, chairman of the meeting, and other Ministers, wanted to know if acceptance of the Brussels view was a condition of Austria's startins negotia- tions, if the Brussels report on the scope of negotiations included a statement on th;s matter of double membership, and if Austria proposed giving any special assur- ance about her Efta obligations.
Dr. Fritz Bock, Austrian Minister of Trade and Reconstruction, refused to com- mit himself and insisted that his Govern- ment had not yet taken up a position. The impression was given that while main- taining her stand on the desirability of double membership, Austria does not exclude other solutions.
Mr. Edward du Cann, Minister of State, Board of Trade, reviewing Britain's rela- tions with the Common Market, rejected the argument that a new lead was up to Britain. The present situation had not been created by Britain, he said. The Government's view was firm. What was required was a change in attitude by the people who had created the present situation.
Discussing meetings with the Six in Western European Union, Mr. du Cann said that on technical matters they were sometimes useful, but there was no move- ment at present towards discussing the wider political questions of European inte- gration. The Common Market's preoccupa- tion with agricultural policy and inflation made it difficult to get the community to look at the larger European issues.
Mr. Per Haekkerup, Danish Foreign Minister, reporting on his meeting with Dr. Erhard, said the fact that Denmark has succeeded in extending ber agricultural agreement with Germany until the end of 1969 was important in establishing Germany's good will and the Government's outward-looking policy.";"July 10, 1964";"";56060;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Austria Parries Efta Pressure";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
ROME, DFc. 23
Italian ratification of the. Paris agreements on west European union and German admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was to-night approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 335 votes to 215-the largest majority the Governmerit of Signor Scelba has ever received on a major issue. The Italian Senate will consider the single-article ratification Bill approved to- night by the Chamber when the senators reassemble after the Christmas recess.
Earlier the Chamber rejected by a show of hands a Communist resolution not to proceed further with consideration of-the ratification Bill because of "" the new situation "" created by the most recent decisions of the Atlantic Council, which, the Communist resolution claimed, would result in an "" extreme aggrava- tion of the international situation."" This Communist resolution was substituted for one contemplated earlier by the party leaders which would have called for a delay of six months in consideration of the ratification Bill.
ARMS CONTROL TALKS
The Government agreed to accept ""as a recommendation "" a proposal that, .when depositing the Italian instrument of ratifica- tion, the Italian Govemment should "" promote a conference between east and west European Powers with the purpose of extending, along the lines envisaged in the Paris agreements. a system of controls with the object of achiev- ing effective disarmament for peace and coexistence between nations."" This coexist- ence motion was approved by a show of hands.
Apart from the size of the majority, one of the most important aspects brought out by an analysis of the votir4g on the Bill and on the proposal for three months' delay is that not only did four parties which usually support the Scelba Government vote in favour of ratification but that the Government's right- wing opponents, the Monarchists and the neo- Fascists, also came out in favour of the new European measures.
LEFT-WING ISOLATED
The voting figures show that with the apparent exception of only five deputies (thought to be probably some left-wine Christian Democrats who took advantage of the secret ballot to rebel against official party policy), the Communists and their Nenni Socialist allies were isolated on this European issue.
That there is rather more support among Government deputies for the idea of another effort to reach agreement with the Russian bloc before the new European defence arrange- ments are put into effect, is suggested by the fact that on the proposal to postpone the completion of Italian ratification for three months, the Government majority was smaller by 43 votes than it was on the main issue.
It would seem that in addition to the five Government supporters who apparently joined the left-wing extremists in opposing ratifica- tion in principle, another 24 deputies (possibly including some right-wing opposition mem- bers) favouted the proposal for a delay.";"December 24, 1954";"";53123;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Vote For Ratification";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
A distinct pattern for the expected negotiation between Britain and the Six of the Common Market (France, Germany, Italy, and the three Benelux countries) can now be disceTned. At today's regular meeting of the Council of Western European Union, the Italian representative (since the Italian Foreign Minister is chairman of the W.E.U. Council for this quarter) will propose that the next W.E.U. mninisterial meeting be held on August I in Paris.
The British Government have already indicated that they will accept, and indeed they and all the other members of the W.E.U., except France, have been in favour of such a meeting for some time. The decision was finally reached at the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Six in Rome on Monday, at which it was also decided, according to the reports from Rome, that the heads of' Government of the Six will meet in Bonn on July 18.
MINISTERS' RETURN
The sequence of events is likely to be as follows:-
About July 17 Mr. Sandys is due to return from Canada, and the task of the ""missionaries ""-Mr. Sandvs, Mr. Thorneycroft, Mr. Hare, and Mr. Heath- who have been sounding out Common- wealth reactions to British membership of the Common Market. will be complete.
On July 18 the heads of Government of the Six will meet in Bonn. There are some who say that this meeting mav yet be post- poned until after the British have made their decision for or against seeking mem- bership of the Common Market.
The meeting. if held. is likely to carry forward a modified version of the original French idea for an integrated political secre- tariat of the Common Market countries, to meet in Paris.
On this basis it seems now to be agreed that the economic integration of the Com- mon Market will be developed through the commissions, as provided in the Treaty of Rome, and that a parallel organization for political cooperation will be established by means of a political secretariat in Paris responsible to Governments.
OTTAWA ""HURDLE""
In any event, about this date the British Government will decide whether or not to seek membership of the Common Market in the light of the "" missionaries' re- ports. Ottawa may well present the stiffest hurdle, but so far thcre is no reason to think that the reports will prevent the
British Government from declaring its l readiness to accept the terms of the Treaty of Rome and to become a full member of the Common Market, provided that a protocol can be added, allowing for nego- tiation between Britain, the Common Market countries, and Commonwealth countries to ensure that the legitimate interest9 of the Commonwealth are protected.";"July 12, 1961";"";55131;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Likely Pattern Of Approach To Six";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BUDAPEST, MAY 30
The latest edition of the Cominform newspaper has a leading article on the perils of ""nationalism "" in east and west. Its manifestation in the people's demo- cracies, like everything else condemned here, is not treated as an isolated sentiment in separate countries, but is displayed as part of a deliberate conspiracy against Socialist unity organized in the west.
First On the index comes "" nationalism "" in the west, defined mainly as ""propagating the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race and the American way of life."" Next comes the reverse side of this nationalism, the "" ideology of cosmopolitanism."" This is attributed to the "" right-wing Socialists "" and consists in preaching ' obsolete conceptions of national sovereignty "" while in fact "" selling out "" to America and becoming American satellites through the Marshall plan, the Atlantic Pacrt and European Union. Lastly comes nation- alism in countries ruled by Communists.
This part of the article would not presumably have been written if the Cominform did not think it necessary. Its leaders must know that many people go about saying that they would like, or not mind, a"" Hungarian Communism "" or a "" Polish Communism ""; contrasting this with Communism in the Soviet Union, which is "" all very well for Russia,"" but could, accord- ing to these opinions, be much improved upon and "" liberalized "" in countries farther west.
STALIN'S WORDS
The' article says: "" Imperialist agents are trying to f6ment nationalism among the petite bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, and backward sections of the working class. Nationalist influence is penetrating the Communist and workers' parties in the people's democracies."" Mr. Gromulka in Poland and Mr. Kostov in Bulgaria are mentioned; and there are many columns of attack.upon Marshal Tito, whose "" nationalist deviation "" is now treated openly as a secession. This nationalism is described as being in part the treatment of a nation as a whole, instead of as a battlefield of classes. But what brands the "" nationalists "" above all is hostility to the Soviet Union, "" which is the guarantee of the national existence of their countries."" For any sign of this they are con- demned lock, stock, and barrel; and reminded of Stalin's words that "" under Socialism nations, far from dying out, will develop and flourish.""
This note is not new, but the emphasis upon it is. "" lie who gives even the tip of his little finger to the devil of anti-Sovietism,"" Mr. Rakosi has said, "" will end by being swal- lowed whole by it."" The Hungarian people are being educated in pro-Sovietism accord- ingly; and even saying a kind word for the west is less dangerous here than a critical word against the Soviet Union.";"May 31, 1949";"";51395;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"National Feeling In East Europe";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDET
SAARBRCCKEN, JULY 27
A few hours after the announcement of the decision that the Saar referen- dum was to be held on October 23 the first posters appeared on the walls.
The posters favouring a European settle- ment of the Saar question show the flag of the Saar and of the member countries of Western European Union next to a picture representing Saar industry in full swing. The poster of the Christian People's Party-the Government party-represents Marianne and Michael meeting on a bridge, with the Saar agreement in their hands and the cap- tion: Endlich (at last). Others are less romantic. That of the Saar Democratic Party, in red with a black eagle, speaks for itself.
Under the Franco-German agreement, signed in Paris on October 23 last year, political parties, associations. newspapers, and assemblies will not be subject to licence during the pre-referendum period. The Saar Diet consequently abrogated the laws for- bidding parties not loyal to the constitution of 1947 to contest elections. The result is that three parties are resuming activity- the Christian Democratic Union, which shares the name of Dr. Adenauer's party in Germany, the Social Democratic Party, which is close to that of Herr Ollenhauer, and the (Liberal) Saar Democratic Party. They, as well as the Communists, dislike the Saar statute. The chief Saar parties, the Christian People's Party, and the Saar Socialist Party approved the agreement when it was submitted to the Diet.
GERMAN NEWSPAPERS
The agreement prohibits outside interven- tion designed to influence Saar public opinion, particularly in the form of aid or support to political parties, but it is doubt- ful whether propaganda from outside can be prevented altogether. German newspapers are on sale in the Saar, and it is stated that there is no intention of stopping them. The French Enmbassy, formerly the French High Commission, is to be reduced to the size of a normal French mission. Herr Hoffmann, the Saar Prime Minister, is determined to strengthen European cooperation- and the economic prosperity of the Saar by promot- ing Franco-German cooperation.
Three new newspapers will support the emerging parties. Die Netieste Naclzrichten, the Christian Democratic newspaper, in its first issue on Tuesday published the mani- festos of the three pro-German parties. The Saar Democratic Party invites the popula- tion to oppose the statute. The Christian Democrats express satisfaction with the opportunity of overthrowing the "" Hoff- mann regime."" The Social Democratic Party takes a similar line.
SAAtBR3CKEN, JUlY 27.-The Saar Gov- ernment to-day invited political exiles sent out of the territory since the end of the war to claim their votes in the referendum.- Renter.";"July 28, 1955";"";53284;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Plebiscite Overture";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent I
BONN, Nov. 15
The Germans listened today to the British views on the proposals for setting up a Nato nuclear force. The exchanges, begun by Mr. Patrick Gordon Walker, the Foreign Secretary, with Dr. Erhard. the German Chancellor, and Dr. Schroder, the Foreign Minister, are to be continued, and Dr. Schrdder is to visit London on December 11.
The German position, officially stated this evening by the Foreign Ministry. s that as the Britisb views are still tenta- tive no German reaction can be expected at this stage. Herr von Hase, the State Secretary of the federal press office, said that they had to be discussed and studied by the Federal Government. This was as far as he was prepared to go. He said that Bonn appreciated the Labour Gov- ernment's need for time to work out ,ts ideas, but hoped there would be no unnecessary delays.
BROADENED PLAN
Both sides refused to give any details of the new British proposals. What has happened. however, is that the Federal Government has been given the chance to see how the Pritish Government's mind is working on the multilateral nuclear force project and to prepare its own response. British assurances have been given that no delaying tactics are now intended in broadening the idea of a mixed-manned force of surface vessels into something more versatile under an integrated Nato command.
Mr. Gordon Walker's discussions will be followed tomorrow by a round of talks between Mr. George Ball, the United States Under-Secretary of State, Dr. Erhard and Dr. Schroder. Dr. Schroder's visit to London is timed to come immediately after Mr. Wilson's visit to Washington and before the North Atlantic Council meeting in Paris.
Politicat factors inf' both couttries affecting the multilateral force clearly hampered both Mr. Gordon Walker and Dr. Schroder today. Next weekend's defence conference of the British Government prevented the Foreign Secretary perhaps from being as explicit as he may have wished, and Dr. Schr6der's own position. though strengthened after his performance on Friday in the Bundestag, still requires him to tread somewhat warily.
EUROPEAN UNITY
A difference of viewpoint about Britain's role in any further advance by the Common Market countries towards political unity emerged from today's talks. Mr. Gordon Walker apparently raised again a British wish to take part in the discussions from the beginning, but the Germans have not changed their attitude, as expressed in Bonn's recent ""Europe plan "", which does not foresee any direct participation by non-member countries before the six members of the Common Market have decided the conditions among themselves.
Tomorrow Mr. Gordon Walker, after calling on President Lubke, will take part in the Western European Union ministers meeting here.
Russian threat of action, page 8.";"November 16, 1964";"";56170;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Views On Nato Force Put To Bonn";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, JAN. 6
After a tvo-day conference of the representatives, who are drafting the treaties setting up a European common market and an atomic pool (Euratom), M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, who was chairman of the conference, said that obstacles of a technical nature were gradually fading out.
The technicians and Ministers of the six European countries involved (France, western Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) are determined to succeed. Difficulties may, however, arise in the respective Parliaments. For instance, the technical character of the treaties may be invoked to delay ratification. More will be known after the debate in the French National Assembly later this month.
PLANNED TIMETABLE
The present timetable is as follows: January 11, conference of heads of dele- gations to discuss Euratom; January 14, M. Spaak to visit London to confer with the Government about British association in a free trade area and about reinforcing N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union; January 17-19, heads of delega- tions to examine results of the London talks; January 26-27, ministerial confer- ence. The treaties might then be signed about February 20.
The European common market and the atomic pool will be directed by two insti- tutions, but their powers will not be. so extensive as those of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. More probably they will serve as delega- tions of the Council of Ministers. The parliamentary Assembly will be consulta- tive in character.
The most difficult problems with the common market concem the special status of ariculture, the inclusion of oversea terri- tories, the adaptability of workers, and the economic repercussions of a-single Customs tariff. It is understood that the French are eager to maintain high tariffs, whereas the Benelux countries favour more moderate import duties.
OVERSEA TERRITORIES
The principle of the inclusion of the French and Belgian oversea territories has been accepted; there remains the problem of the Dutch territories in the westem hemisphere, and of the investment fund for oversea possessions.
The treaties in many respects will express principles, to be translated into practical terms later. It is estimated that the budget for the common installation of the atomic pool will amount to between 15OOOm. and 50,000m. Belgian francs (between £107,143,000 and £357,143,000) for the first five years. The national contributions may be fixed in relation to the working popu- lation, the consumption of energy, or the national income. The pool will have its own plant for producing enriched uranium.
Experts are of the opinion that the cost pnce of nuclear energy will be only slightly higher than the price of other forms of energy. The first nuclear energy to be produced in western Europe for normal consumption is not expected before 1962.";"January 7, 1957";"";53732;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Progress Towards Common Market";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MAY 24
The present efforts of the Italian Communists and Nenni Socialists to re- direct Italian foreign policy towards neutralism, in the light of the recent Vienna agreement and the impending Belgrade talks, were given support to-day from Moscow in an article in Pravda which has provoked a prompt and bluntly worded reply from Italian Government sources.
According to reports available here, Pravda to-day devoted a long article to reviewing the state of relations between Italy and Russia. Its apparent aim is to express regret that, in spite of Russian efforts, political, cultural and economic ties between the two countries are not good; this state of affairs is blamed upon the misguided policies of Italian ruling circles. The real purpose of the article would seem to lie, however, in the warning to Italians that the transfer to Italy of Ameri- can troops withdrawn from Austria would "" reinforce the danger of seeing Italy dragged into warlike adventures involving grave consequences.""
This Pravda article. with its mixture of sweetness, tears, and threats, to-day prompted the following reaction from Italian "" Government circles,"" put out by the semi- official news agency, A.N.S.A.:
The policy which led to the Atlantic pact, to the Pans agreements, and to Western European Union, was freely chosen and firmly supported by the Italian Government in the conviction that the union and the power of the west would discourage aggress- sion and reduce international tension. Italy should not abandon this policy just when it is being confirmed by events, and appears to be beginning to show the anticipated fruits of a lessening of tension.
COMMUNIST AGITATION
Pravda laments that Italo-Soviet relations have not been satisfactory in recent years, and in this it is correct. It adds that there are no objective reasons which should impede an improvement in relations between the two countries, but here it is not so correct. The objective cause exists-the Italian Com- munist Party. It should be clear enough to Moscow that the relationship between the two countries cannot be improved so long as the Italian Communist Party agitates in Italy in the service, and under the guidance, of the Soviet Government.
T his is the main "" objective cause "" and is sufficient in itself. There is also a second -the iron curtain, which prevents the Italian and Soviet peoples from communicating freely with each other. Also cultural relations are conceived only as a means of Communist political propaganda. A third cause is that not once since the end of the war has the attitude of the Soviet Union been inspired by any comprehension of Italian interests.";"May 25, 1955";"";53229;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italian Retort To ""Pravda""";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 11
West Germany can manufacture atomic, biological, and chemical weapons, and other forbidden arma- ments such as -long-range missiles and bomber aircraft, without the knowledge of the Western European Union arma- ments control agency. It is also possible for west German internal defence forces outside N.A.T.O. to be strengthened and anmed beyond the W.E.U. agreement.
There is no suggestion that the Federal Republic has in fact embarked, or con- templates embarking, upon illegal arma- ments, but because of a rather surprising example of legislative dilatoriness the W.E.U. control agency cannot undertake the snap checks of armaments plants that it is supposed to make under the modified Brussels treab. The agency has carried out regular inspections in west Germany, but only with the pemmission of the Federal Government and armaments companies. and after elaborate negotiation and preparation.
DUTY OF AGENCY
Thc agreements concemed are the proto- cols signed in Paris in 1954 when the Brussels treaty was modified and extended to include west Germany and Italy. The agency for the control of armaments was established under protocol number four, and the agency's function, according to article seven, is to satisfy itself that under- takings not to manufacture certain types of armaments are being observed. These include atomic, biological, and chemical weapons, long-range and guided missiles, large warships and submarines, and strategic bombers.
Thc agency must also control the level of stocks of certain armaments held by all members of W.E.U. on the mainland of Europe, including production and imports. Apart from the weapons men- tioned above, control extends to most guns, armoured fighting vehicles, military aircraft, and mines.
The protocol lays down that inspections will not be of a routine character, but shall be carried out at irregular intervals. The agency shall be accorded free access to plants and depots. This has not been possible because the Federal Government has failed to submit to the Bundestag for ratification two conventions of Decem- ber 14, 1957. The first concerns the strength and armament of internal defence forces and police, which has been ratified by all the contracting parties except west Germany and Luxembourg. The second deals with the legal processes required to permit the inspection of plants without damaging the legitimate interests of the companies concerned or making the control agency liable to legal action.
This convention has not been ratified by any of the contracting parties. In March this year the House of Commons approved the W.E.U. Immunities and Privileges Order, 1959, but the Bill has yet to be enacted. West Germany has yet to draft the necessary legislation, and a question was asked in the Bundestag recently.";"April 12, 1960";"";54744;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Checks On German Arms";""
"['By David Spanier']";"['News']";"By David Spanier
Action by Britain and the Common Market to safeguard the European aircraft industry was urged in London yesterday by M. Pierre de Montesquiou. a French deputy wlio is' chairman of the Scientific, Technological and Aerospace Committee of the West European Union Assembly.
M. de Montesquiou. who was making a personal statement after Mr. John Davies. 'Minister of Trade and Industry, had addrcssed the committee yesterday, said that the fate of Rolls-Royce was living proof of the frailness of some national undertakings working in the field of technology.
In my personal opinion. the lesson of the Rolls-Royce affair is that, without even waiting for the enlargement of the., European Communities. it is urgently neces- sary that the most advanced indus- tries in our countries-in partic- ular the aircraft industry-should be provided with a conmmon pro- gramme and nmarket which, among other things. would enable skilled workers to move from one coun- try to another "", he said.
M. de Montesquiou added that at the next W.E.U. meeting in Bordeaux next May recommenda- tions wouid be sent to the minis- ters of the member countries to meet as a matter of urgency to consider action in the' European .public interest in the field of advanced' technology.
Discussing the importance of European industrial and- techno.
logical collaboration. Mr. Davies told the committee that last week Was a traumatic one for Britain. ' Here, in the field of aero en- gines ""'. he said. "" as in many other of the areas of technology to which I have referred, there are yet great joint endeavours pos- sible. Rolls-Royce on its national base has found its resources ex- ceeded in seeking to bring to perfection a world-scale project.'
Mr. Davies's remarks Wvere des- cribed as of a general nature. But so far as Rolls-Royce is con- cerned, he made it clear that the immediate issu- at hand is the discussion of the problem between Brilain and the United States. His support for putting technological and industrial projects on a broader European base represents a long term view.
Addressing the Defence Commit- tee. Lord Carrington, Mlinister of Defence. asked what the prospects might be. looking ahead five or 10 years, of collaboration on research and development and production within the framework of some kind of European political or defence community.
'He said there were likely to be marginal short term benefits in the field of defence production, if, as the British Government believed, the present negotiations for enlarge- ment of the E.E.C. proved success- ful.
lni the longer term, he said that his stance was essentially prag- matic. ""I am prepared to con- sider any proposal that seems likely to provide a more effective Euro- pean defence.""";"February 11, 1971";"";58096;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Broader base for Europe's aircraft industry urged";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 4
A hardening of European opinion against the creation of a multilateral nuclear force (M.L.F.) became evidejit today in the Assembly of the Western European Union which, by three votes, tacitly rejected a motion of its defence committee to go ahead with the project under the control of a Nato political executive.
Instead, it adopted a socialist amend- ment, of which Mr. George Erown, deputy leader of the Brit;sh Labour Party, was the protagonist, urging governments to make an upgraded Atlantic Council responsiblz for unified strategic planning in both the political and military spheres.
Though these decisions bind no one. they are not without significance for the M:ni- sterial meet:ng of the Atlantic Counol, which w11 be taking stock in Par:s later this month of the posfon reached by the s^ven Governments interested in the mixed crews scheme. Whatever construction is put on today's outcome for some delegates the door is left open-tbis was the first tine that the M.L.F. proposal has com;n to a direct vote in an international body, and it can hardly be seen in Washingtoni as anything but a setback for the plan.
WRONG DIRECTION
It comes soon after a similar sbow of reluctance by the conference of Nato pa:liamcntarians. The Assembly was almost equally split. though it may be noted that all Conservative members of the British delegation. for different reasons, supported Mr. Brown's amendment. Mr. Brown. calling the idea a multilateral
farce "". said it was a diversion from the serious issues faoing the alliance. The need was now overwhelming. he said- to restore to the Atlantic alliance the real sense ot purpose and partnership. The proposed M.L.F. would head the alliance in the wrong direction.
Senior American officials, he went on. had clearly indicated that if the M.L.F. werc to be targeted against objections of special European interest United States weapons would no longer be trained on the same targets. All Europe would have done, at a cost of £200m., would be to replace targeting now efficiently done by the Ameri- cans-and Europe at this time was not devoting sufficient resources to conven- tional forces.
Britain and other European countries, said Mr. Brown, were entitled to a real say in issues that involved their whole destiny: and that was why they could not be satis- fied with a non-credible crumb of nuclear power bought under the illusion of sharing control over a minor and peripheral force such as the M.L.F. "" We insist "", he said. '-that Britain and her partners must have a real and maximum say in the planning and Pre-operation decisions which govern the total deterrent of the Atlantic force """;"December 5, 1963";"";55876;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Rejection Of Mixed Force";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 26
The constitutional committee of the ad hoc Assembly to-day concluded the labours on which it has been engaged here under the presidency of Herr von Bren- tano (Germany), and two hours later an- nouncvd at a Press conference that its "" draft treaty embodying the statute of the European Community"" would be pre- sented for a second and final reading at the meeting of the ad hoc Assembly in Strasbourg on March 10.
Herr von Brentano announced that there was unanimous agreement on the inclusion of the Saar in the proposed community, without pre- judice to negotiations on the final Saar statute. It would have three members in the European Senate, while the number of members in the elected Chamber of Peoples was still to be settled. The arrangements for elections in the Saar to the Chamber of Peoples would be agreed, before ratification of the treaty, by representatives of the Saar, France, and the German Federal Republic.
MAIN PROVISIONS
The full text of the treaty, which consists of 113 articles and two protocols (dealng with privileges and immunities, and relations with the Council of Europe) is not yet available, but its main provisions follow the lines indi- cated by the interim statement 10 days ago which was reported at length in The Times of February 17.
It was pointed out to-day that the name and scope of the project have been changed: formerly conceived as a European political community similar and parallel to the coal and steel community and the defence community the European Community now proposed includes band transzends both, with which it is to form a singe "" juridical entity.""
The fusion of the organizations will be effected by substituting the two chambers of the European Parliament for the present common assembly of the other two com- mnunities; and by a similar merging of functions in one Council of Ministers and one Supreme Court.
During two years of adaptation it is pro- posed that the two organizations should be represented on the executive council of the European Community, but that at the end of that period their functions would be entirely merged in the latter. The chief additional functions which the European union would introduce are the progressive negotiation of a European Customs union and the effective creation of a common foreign policy by means of a permanent commission under the Council of Ministers.
The members of the constitutional com- mittee seemed to be highly optimistic of their project being realized in the near future, and stated that provision had been made for the temporary suspension of measures applying to the European Defence Community in the event of its not coming into existence until later.";"February 27, 1953";"";52557;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A European Community";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union Powers (France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) were assembling in London yesterday for the ministerial Council meetings, which open this morning.
Britain will be represented by Mr. Selwyn Uoyd, the Foreign Secretary. AU the Foreign Ministers will be present except M. Pineau, France, who is accompanying M. Mollet on his visit to President Eisen- hower in Washington. It is possible that Mr. Sandys, the Defence Minister, may also take some part in the talks.
DEFENCE OBLIGATION
The main item for discussion was to have been the proposed British reductions in the four divisions and tactical air force which, under the W.E.U. agreement, Britain is obliged to maintain on the Continent. It is clear, however, that all the W.E.U. members wish any reductions to be con- sidered further in N.A.T.O. It is under- stood that there will, therefore, be no decision at the present meeting on the proposals.
Dr. Luns. the Netherlands Foreign Minister. said as much on arrival in London yesterday. 'On the part of our tovern- ment. he said, "" there is a firm determina- bon fully to continue the defence effort and to stick to the goals set by N.A.T.O."" He added: "" I would rather not at this moment give the defence views of my Government. because I want to see the British proposals and study the contribution of other countries, and what problems they have in the financial and military field.""
Evidently British reductions will be carried through after careful phasing with the build up of German divisions. Pre- sumably the amount which the German Government eventually agrees to contri- bute, in support costs and defence aid, will depend upon this phasing, and upon whether or not a British reserve, of possibly two brigade groups, is kept in Britain or on the Continent on the understanding that it could be withdrawn outside Europe in case of need. This, however, is a sugges- tion which has not as yet found acceptance here.
DISARMAMENT
For the rest, the meeting, which is expected to last only one day, will consider the future of W.E.U., the disarmament pro- posals which have been put before the United Nations General Assembly, and various political questions.
There have been several proposals for coordinating the organizations which at Present represent different aspects of the idea of Europe. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd has, for instance, spoken of the desirability of a single assembly, with possibly different commissions under it to cover, for instance. coal and steel, defence, atomic develop- ment, economic cooperation and so on. The main difficulty about such an assembly is that the ""neutrals,"" such as the Swedes, Swiss, and Austrians, who are members of O.E.Q., are opposed to becoming members of an assem'bly one of whose aspects is defence.";"February 26, 1957";"";53775;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Preliminary Stage In London";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARus, DEC. 13
It is significant of the complete change in the atmosphere of east-west relations that German M.P.s should have been the advocates at the Western European Union Assembly today of a relaxation of tension and negotiations with the Warsaw Pact countries.
Herr Drager, a CD.U. deputy, took the stand firmly, however, on the need to maintain Nato intact, as the real problem remained the great imbalance of the relative military positions of the two defence organizations in Europe.
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
Herr Blumenfeld, the C.D.U. leader in Hamburg, went much farther. In his report on "" western Europe and the evolution of eastern Europe "", he recommended that the Council of Minister seek out the possibilities of creating a system of European security capable of replacing the two existing systems (Nato and the Warsaw Pact) and make possible a solution of problems so far insoluble, notably the division of Germany.
He also suggested making Berlin an inter- national meeting place between east and west.
"" Opportunities for progress in a dialogue with eastern Europe are becoming increas- ingly propitious "", Herr Blumenfeld said. ""The chances of advance in economic co- operation between cast and west are especially good.""
While communist countries must give up their aims of domination, western Europe must accept the regimes in eastern Europe as they were at present, as any attempt to force other forms upon them would lead to a resurgence of Russian domination, he said.
FRENCH TROOPS' STATUS
It was reliably learnt this evening that an agreement had been reached between M. Jacques de Beaumarchais, the political director of the Quai d'O.rsav, and Professor Meyer-Lindenberg, the head of the western department in the German Foreign Ministry, on the status of French troops in Germany.
The agreement will take the form of a mere exchange of letters between the two Governments. It is understood to leave things much as they were before June 1, when the 62,000 French troops in Germany ceased to be integrated in Nato.
British soundings in
E.E.C. capitals
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARis, DEC. 13
Mr. George Thomson, British Minister with responsibilities for Europe, told the committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe today about British plans for sound- ings in the countries of the Common Mar- ket He said it was hoped the visits by Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown would be completed in March, 1967, and that the British Government would keep its Efta partners fully informed of the results.
During a discussion on the political aspects of European economic cooperation, he said that economic integration was use- ful in itself, but there was more in it than that. Britain counted on a degree of poli- tical integration emerging.";"December 14, 1966";"";56814;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call In W.E.U. For Warsaw Pact Talks";""
"['From DAVID HOTHAM']";"['News']";"From DAVID HOTHAM
-Bonn,. Feb. 11
Mr. Wilson arrived by R.A.F. Comet in Bonn tonight for a four- day visit to west Germany. This will give him an opportunity to discuss with Dr. Kiesinger, the Federal Chancellor, ways and means for Britain to collaborate with Europe without inviting a further French veto.
Both sides emphasized here that the visit should not be seen as an attempt to get round the latest French objection, but to test how British cooperation. in technolo- gical projects, for instance, could help to strengthen Europe's voice
and influence in world affairs.
In a short speech on his arrival Mr. Wilson said that he and Dr. Kiesinger will be doing - *everything that lies in our power to achieve a greater European unity "". They would also be talk- ing about "" wider world prob- lems "".
Anglo-German relations, which reached a low point during the international financial conference in Bonn last November-when Mr. Wilson was said to have summoned the German Ambassa- dor at midnight in an attempt to persuade the Germans to revalue the Deutsche Mark, are somewhat better now. This is, perhaps, partly a side effect of the present ex- tremely sticky relations between Bonn and Paris.
E Illusions in Britain that Ger- many was to blame for not stand- ing up to General de Gaulle and
exerting pressure on France to get Britain into the Common Market are now seen to be base- less. The realization that Germany cannot be expected further to burden her already difficult rela- tions with France on Britain's be- half has helped to clear the air between Bonn and London.
The east German move in blocking the land routes to Berlin for members of the west German electoral college, who will be going to elect a new president on March 5. is certain to come up at the talks. Mr. Wilson will compare British and German assessments of the Soviet attitude on the Berlin issUr
There was a surprise meeting today between Herr Brandt, the Foreign Minister, and Mr. Tsarap- kin, the Soviet Ambassador. They are believed to have discussed the iuclear non-proliferation treaty at a lunch given by the Russian envoy.
Our Diplomatic Correspondent writes: The French Embassy was unable to state yesterday whether France would be represented at the meeting on Friday, at which Mr. Stewart proposes to consult on the Middle East with the ambassadors of the Western European Union countries. The French reaction continues to be as chilly as possible, short of a flat refusal to attend. The French Government, it is said, sees no purpose in the meeting.
Picture, page 7; leading article, 11";"February 12, 1969";"";57483;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Unity as Wilson's aim in Bonn";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Ocr. 11
The Consultative Assembly of the Western European Union-the alliance of the United Kingdom, France, the Benelux nations, Italy, and Germany- is now in session here at the Maison de l'Europe.
After spending yesterday considering the political and strategic impact of the Russian satellite and inter-continental missile. the Assembly to-day turned to the rather de- pressing question of whether its existence is in fact Justified. This took the form, as it so often has in the past, of deploring the lack of information given the Assembly, and calling down curses upon the W.E.U. Council of Ministers for their uncoopera- tive attitude.
MAIN CONCERN
This is an old story. W.E.U. came into existence after the collapse of the European defence community treaty, and was an extension of the old Brussels treaty to include Gerrnany and Italy. Its real if not its declared purpose was to provide a framework within which German rearma- ment could go forward while at the same time providing guarantees for the French' the most important aspect of this frame- work was the association of Britain.
The Parliamentary Assembly which was attached to the new organization has since tended, for all its good intentions, to be somewhat aimless; and the frustration has been increased by the apparent inability or unwillingness of the Council of Ministers, which consists of Ministers representing the Governments of the seven countries, to pay sufficient heed to the Assembly's questions and reports on European defence, the field in which the Assembly feels itself to be maitly concerned.
CALL TO MINISTERS
This sense of grievance was expressed by several speakers this afternoon. Mr. John Edwards (Britain, Labour) wanted to know whether the Council of Ministers thought W.E.U. was just a passing creation, If not the Assembly must be supplied with the proper means to do its work; otherwise it had better close down altogether. M. Teitgen (France, M.R.P.) was even more impatient. In spite of the possibilities offered bY W.E.U. for the coordination ot European military policies, each country had, he declared, followed its course. W.E.U. had fallen into discredit; this was dangerous because the organization pro- vided an invaluable link between the six Powers (of "" Little Europe "") and the United Kingdom. An Italian speaker, Signor Lucifero, also thought that the voice of the Assembly was being stifled, as he put it. Mr. Patijn (Netherlands. Labour) de- clared that the proper role of the Assembly was to be the parliament of N.A.T.O. in the field of political strategy.
This rather gloomy debate ended with the unanimous adoption of a resolution calling on the Council of Ministers to do better, and specifically to instruct their permanent representatives with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to keep W.E.U. properly informed on defence questions and armaments.";"October 12, 1957";"";53970;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soul-Searching By W.E.U. Assembly";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BONN, AUG. 22
Herr Schmidt-Wittmack, a Bundestag deputy of the Christian Democratic Party, the party of Dr. Adenauer, has asked for political asylum in east Berlin, together with his wife and daughter. It is the second such case within a month, the other being that of Dr. Otto John, the Government's security chief, who went to east Berlin on July 20.
Police and security services have begun their investigation of the case, but are hampered by Herr Schmidt-Wittmack's parliamentary im- munity. The party's Hamburg branch, of which he was a member, decided to-day to recommend that this parliamentary immunity be lifted, enabling police to search his houscE in Hamburg and Bonn and carry out other inquiries. The branch also expelled him from the C.D.U. and stated he could only have gone to east Germany "" with traitorous intent.""
PUBLIC OPINION
Though the Government sources have not hesitated to hint already that there is some special reason that made Herr Schmidt- Wittmack go to east Berlin, public opinion seems likely to accept the defection at its face value as a further sign of the weakening of Dr. Adenauer's policies of alliance with the west in a form of European union.
Herr Schmidt-Wittmack was born in Berlin in 1914, rose to the rank of lieutenant in the Second World War, and became a successful Hamburg coal merchant. He was deputy chair- man of the Hamburg branch of the C.D.U. and was elected to the Bundestag for a pro- portional representation seat in the last general election of September, 1953. His defection will mean that the next man on the pro- portional representation list moves up to take his place, and the C.D.U. wiU lose no voting powers.
The Bonn Ministry of the Interior confirmed the report of the defection. Herr Schmidt- Wittmack's parliamentary colleagues com- mented that he had never given any signs of wanting to go to east Germany and none of them had any suspicion that such a thing was planned. He was not prominent in parlia- mentary work and was a member of the com- mittees for all-German affairs and the E.D.C.
Herr Franz-Josef Strauss, Minister without portfolio, asserted that Herr Schmidt-Witt- mack's action was related to Dr. John's defec- tion. The Ministry of the Interior has said there is no "" firm evidence "" of such a con- nexion. "" Everyone who has got bad nerves or a bad conscience will show his true colours now,"" Herr Strauss said.
The east Berlin Press merely commented to-day that Herr Schmidt-Wittmack "" will not be the last "" in the words of a headline of the National Democratic paper, National Zeitung.
v A statement by Dr. John is reported on page 4.";"August 23, 1954";"";53017;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bundestag Deputy's Defection";""
"['From Richard Davy']";"['News']";"From Richard Davy
Bonn. NMay 11
Herr Brandt. the West German Chancellor, told the Bundestag to- day that in the long run the Federal Republic's measures to protect its own economic stability would help to promote stability in Europe. A healthy Europe required healthy economies and would not be helped if West Germany abandoned its measures.
The present crisis had shown how urgent it was to achieve eco- nomic and monetary union. It had also shown that in the present stage of the Community's development West Germanv was as entitled as other members to protect its national interests.
However, Germany had not been isolated. fHerr Brandt said. It had offered to support a common policy and had eventually received the understanding of the Community for exceptional measures to meet unusual circumstances.
The Chancellor then declared that the time was now ripe for British entry. Admitting that some sections of industry might now e under pressure. he called on unions and employers to observe a ""con- solidation pause"" in wage negoti- ations to prevent risng costs lead- ing to unemployment. Hc was not making them scapegoats or wanting to abandon free negotiation. but the common good required a sense of responsibility.
Herr Brandt promised that domestic spending cuts would not endanger necessary reforms but would provide a more solid foun- dation for financing them.
Professor Karl Schiller, the
Minister of Economics, told the Bundestag that a European econo- mic and currency union could be a lasting basis for integration only if all the members solved their internal stability problems. This might require a rethinking of inter- national currency relationships.
If the European union failed it would be because of inflation not because of Sunday's decisions. The rise of prices and costs in the mem- ber countries clearly contradicted the aims of the Treaty of Rome.
It was to be hoped now that newv initiatives and forces would deve- lop which would approach world- wide inflation as a challengc. If West Germany had taken direct measures against the dollar it would have cured only the symptoms. not the cause of the crisis. West Ger- many, with the other members of the Common Market. had answered America's policy of be- nign neglect with monetary methods rather than currency con- trols.
Answering criticisms that the floating of the Deutsche mark would damage the competitiveness of West German exports, the Mini- ster said that on the contrary price stability would secure industry's position in the markets.
For the Opposition. Dr. Muller- Herinann accuscd Lhe Government of bringing about the crisis by its
unbelievable carelessness"" in ignoring warnings about domestic inflation and then provoking a wave Of speculation.
The Common Mlarket had been plunged into a crisis of confidence. It was dangerous to manipulate currencies for domestic purposes.";"May 12, 1971";"";58170;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt says his measures are aid to stability in Europe";""
"['From DAVID SPANIER, European Economic Correspondent, The Hague, July 5']";"['News']";"From DAVID SPANIER, European Economic Correspondent,
The Hague, July 5
Lord Chalfont, who will lead the British delegation in negotia- tions to join the Common Market, plans to move into a house in Brussels early in September. His intention is to set up his team and remain on hand to prepare for negotiations.
The British hope is that negotiations will open in October, immediately after the Brussels Commission has submitted its report to the ministerial council. In the meanwhile it will obviously be useful for Lord Chalfont to acclimatize himself to life in the
, Community capital.
Today a tussle developed in Western European Union over the status of Mr. Brown's state- ment on the British position. M. Bettencourt, the French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, cast doubts on the assumption in the press that the statement was an official Common Market docu- ment.
Dr. Luns. chairman of the meet- ing, granted that the Common Market could decide for itself on what was or was not an official docu- ment. But he said it could not be denied that the British statement had been given to HIerr Brandt, chairman of the Council of Ministers. It was rot possible to forbid the submis- sion of documents to the Common Market by countries seekin, to join, and this was indeed a regular practice.
Clearly official
M. Bettencourt still insisted that it was up to the Common Mlarket to say whether it was official or not. No doubt he was acting on instruc- tions received from Paris today. But Dr. Luns, who is extremely experi- enced in Common Market affairs. maintained that it was clearly an official document, and furthermore had been requested by NI. Rey, pre- sident of the new Commission.
It seems that this dispute was basically a semantic one, in that the document is official from the British point of view while from the Com- mon Market side it has been accepted. It will not really make any difference if the French now seek to relegate it in some way when the British application is discussed in Brussels next week. The document exists and has been very widely read.
There was also some discussion today about the significance of Mr. Brown's statement concerning a year's standstill by Britain and the Common Market after British acces- sion to the Community.
This presumably concerns matters of mutual adaptation to the cir- ctmstances of an enlarged Com- munity, as the statement puts it. and does not mean a complete standstill on the Common Market's own de- velopment during this year. At all events, British official circles empha- size that the idea of a standstill is only a suggestion, open to negotia- tion.";"July 6, 1967";"";56986;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe wrangle on Brown document";""
"['By Edward Mortimer']";"['News']";"By Edward Mortimer
Britain may have to accept amendment of the Treaty of Rome in order to achieve its objectives in the European Community, especially the completion of the community's ""internal market"" through-the abolition of non-tariff barriers.
That is one of the main findings of the report on European Union published today by the House of Lords select committee- on the Euro- pean Communities.
Progress in the Community on this and other matters is being. held up, the report says, ""because necessary decisions are not beinR taken"". and the
decision-making process ""wvill not be unblocked without more majority voting"".
The report, prepared by an ad hoc subcommittee under the chairmanship of Lord Kearton, former chairman of Rolls-
Royce, says abuse of- the. ""Luxembourg Compromise"" (whick allows member states to block decisions by invoking a ""very important national inter-< es,t"") is the greatest obstacle to completion of the' internal market.
It suggests that member states should he entitled {o invoke only a vital national' interest and the head of State or government concerned
should have to explain to a European summit why such an interest is at stake.
The Council of Ministers should be less involved in matters of detail, the report says. Its role should be primarily ""one of taking decisions of principle and of laying down policy guidelines for the Commission"", which for its part ""should be restored to the role and status envisaged for it in the treaties"".
It vas never intended, the authors emphasize, ""that the Commission should become merely the ""civil service"" of the Communities, nor that the terms of every new proposal
should be negotiated in detail by the Council"".
While generally appreciative of the ""Spinelli draft treaty"" passed by the European PariKa- ment last year, the committee comes down against its pro- posal to give legislative powers to the parliament, and argues that the time is not ripe ""for a wholly new treaty"". It supports the position taken by Mrs Thatcher at the Milan summit last month, but insists Britain should ""participate actively in the intergovernmental confer- ence"" which the summit de- cided to convene by majority vote, with Mrs Thatcher voting against.
It also goes beyond present government policy in arguing that ""the essential steps to improve the functioning of the Community may not bwe poss- ible without amendment of the treaties"", and in calling. for Britain to join the exchange rate mechanism' of the Euro- pean Monetary System..
Failure to -do so, it says, ""must inevitably .delay com- pletion of the internal market. in the rinancial services secv tor"".
House of Lords select committee on the European Communities: Eiro- pen Union, (Stationery Office, 1I5.10).";"July 31, 1985";"";62204;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain may have to change tune to realize European objectives";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Ministerial Council of Western European Union met yesterday at the council's headquarters in London.
This one-day conference was largely taken up with a review of east-west rela- tions, in which Mr. Selwyn Lloyd took a major part. and with a consideration of the way in which political cunsultations should be ccntinued.
In their statement, issued after the meet- ing, the Ministers emphasized "" their deter- mination to maintain close and effective political cooperation "" between their seven Governments.
This will be done through more frequent ministerial meetings of the W.E.U.. with- out prejudice to consultations in N.A.T.O. The intention is said to be to hold a mect- ing of Ministers about four times a year. Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, who is chairman for the next quarter year. is to arrange the date of the next meeting.
POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS
It may be doubted whether this resolu- tion will in practice mean more than an earlier decision in 1957 to hold Ministerial meetings about three times a year, but the general sense of the decision was evidently a reply by the other members of W.E.U. to M r. Selwyn Lloyd's anxieties, as ex- pressed to the General Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg last month. Mr. Lloyd referred then to the political consultations which the other six members of W.E.U., who also form the Six of the European Economic Community. had decided to hold within E.E.C.
I-e said that if the Six extended their consultations to affairs otitside their community. such as east-west relations, disarmament, or Africa, he did not see how W.E.U. could survive. Under the present resolution, however, the other six members of W.E.U. have indicated that they do not intend their political consultations in E.E.C. to exclude the United Kingdom. An earlier suggestion that W.E.U. meetings should follow each E.E.C. meeting has not been adopted, an ad hoc and more flexible procedure for W.E.U. meetings being preferred.
British representatives were saying after the meeting that the other members of W.E.U. also demonstrated their wish to maintain close ties between Britain and Europe, when they rejected the British pro- posal to transfer the headquarters of the W.E.U. Council to Paris. The technical agencies of W.E.U. are already there, and so is the secretariat of the W.E.U. Assembly. and there would be great advan- tages in having the W.E.U. Council close to N.A.T.O. and Supreme Headquarters. A transfer was, therefore. suggested as a means of making the work of W.E.U. more efficient and less costly. but the Proposal, in the words of some W.E.U. representa- tives, might "" bring W.E.U. in N.A.T.O.,"" and almost all the W.E.U. members strongly supported the view that at least one European organization should be kept in London.
Picture on page 10.";"February 5, 1960";"";54687;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Ministers In Conference";""
"['From Dan Van Der Vat']";"['News']";"From Dan Van Der Vat
Bonn, Jan 24
West Germany will, make the fullest use of its current presi- dency of the Europeaii Commnu- n1ity's Council of Ministers, Herr Brandt told the Bundestag today.
The Chancellor, delivering his annual address on the "" state of *the nation "", said Bonn would press for progress in those fields where there were no insuperable obstacles. ""The German Presidency of t1he Council of the European Community wvill exploit its room for manoeuvre and its possibilities to the end;""
Her r Brandt said hle had in- tended to start with a reviewv of relations with East Germany, but the events of the past few days had made it necessary to start with Europe.
""The regrettable departure of France from the so-called 'snake' of European Comniu- nity currencies -is a setback for the development of monetary union. But setbacks should not make us hesitate about the rectitude of the goals and of our policy either in East-West
relations or in European Union.""
The Chancellor welcomed the decision by the remaining coun. tries in the currency alignmzent to carry on with it.
The currency situation and the energy crisis showed that "" the European Community must come to the point when it not only speaks with one voice but also has something to say.""
West Germany would press on with trying to achieve a European energy policy, just as it would with European eco- nomic anC monetary union. Current problems in these areas would remain controll. able only if there were no relapse into "" self-sufficiency and narrow-minded national. ism'.
The American initiative for a world energy conference on February 11 was welcome, the Chancellor went on, but it would be a good thing if oil. consuming developing countries took part as well.
Turning -to Nato, Herr Brandt said the Western allies had to redefine and bring a new unlderstanding to the alliance.
This did not mean tllat Western Europe would part company wvith the United States. ""The role of the USA remains decisive for the common security and the peace-keeping capacity of the alliance.""
On inter-German relations, normally the main theme of the "" state of the nation"" speech, the Chancellor wvarned the East German leadership to 8° no farther in its hostility to West Germany.
Professor Karl Carstens, Leader of the Opposition, attacked the Chancellor for painting a fAr too rosy picture of the situ4tion. The Govern- ment had failed to overcome the economic problems facing the country.
There had been a whole series of failures in Eastern Europe and groups hostile to the constitution were stepping up their activities. At the height of the Middle East con- flict the Government had brusquely kept America at arm's length. The balance of the Government's first year in office was ""overwhelmingly negative "".";"January 25, 1974";"";58997;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt warns the EEC against lapsing into 'narrow-minded nationalism'";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, March 13
The two-day talks between Dr. Kiesinger, the west German Chan- cellor, and General de Gaulle be- gan in Paris this morning in what commentators described as an uneasy atmosphere. Dr. Kiesinger met the General at the Alysde Palace, while Herr Brandt, his Foreign Minister, met M. Couve de Murville, the French Prime Minister, and Dr. Schiller, the Economics Minister, met his French opposite number, M. Ortoli.
Two heart-to-heart talks and an enlarged meeting tomorrow will not be too much to deal with the misunderstandings and differences which tend to develop between Paris and Bonn. The point of these twice-yearly consultations, instituted in 1%3, is to prevent misunderstandinss festering through frank. and sometimes blunt, explanations.
The Germans have come to Paris with a clear conscience. They do not accept the criticism earlier this week of M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister, that they have not always given to Franco- German cooperation the priority which the treaty foresaw, or that France has seen little proof of the "" preferential solidarity "" pro- claimed at last September's meet- ing in Bonn.
The future of Europe and of the Common Market is the central issue of these consultations, al- though a number of financial and economic bilateral problems are being taken. The Germans want Britain in the Common Market; the French maintain that if Britain
comes in. the Common Market must transform itself into some- thing else.
The controversy over Western European Union endures. with the Germans insisting that it provides a useful mechanism for consulta- tions on the proposal of any mem- ber. and the French that there must be strict enforcement of the rules. This is another manifestation of the basic differences.
At a luncheon for the visitors General de Gaulle pointed out that since the signing of the Franco- German treaty many things had changed, and the two countries did not find each other in the same position.
This was an obvious reference to the economic power of the Federal Republic and its growing political role which, contrasted with the buffeting that French eco- nomic and monetary stability has suffered in the past nine months, cause concern in Paris.
General de Gaulle assured Dr. Kiesinger that France would re- main in the Atlantic alliance and understood the necessity of the American military presence on German soil. Implicitly also, she understands why military integra- tion in Nato, which she rejects, is important to Germany.
The French view is that all the difficulties between France and Germany pale into insignificance against the looming Sino-Soviet conflict. Both governments are agreed that detente and coopera- tion with Russia and eastern Europe must be pursued, in spite of the Czech crisis.";"March 14, 1969";"";57509;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kiesinger given Nato pledge by de Gaulle";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, June 23
The Assembly of the West- ern European Union (WEU) decided today to shelve a con- troversial report by an Italian Communist, Signor Sergio Segre, on the implementation of the Final Act of the Hel- sinki conference.
His report is being sent back to the general affairs commit- tee of WEU for reconsidera- tion. and discussion at the next session in December. But by then, the Belgrade conference will be over, and it will have lost much of its timeliness.
The Segre report, which was adopted by 17 votes to one in Rome last month by the gen- eral affairs commission of the WEU, would have the organiza- tion refuse to take sides in the controversy between Western an.d Eastern countries on human rights. Signor Segre in- sists in his draft recommenda. tion that ""the conference on security and cooperation in Europe opened the way, for a process which is intended to
lead towards international peace, freedom of peoples, and the fulfilment of human rights "". He urges the council of ministers of the WEU to "" respect and promote respect for the principle of non-inter- vention in the internal affairs of every state defined at Hel- sinki "".
In a separate opinion appended to the report, Sir Frederic Bennett (British, Con- servative) expressed strong reservations with its conclu- sions, insisting that "" where there is such wide variance about objectives and differing interpretations of some of the most important provisions of the final act, it is impossible to draw up a single balance-sheet of what has been attained at the end of the treaty's first two years of operation "". By the time the Belgrade con- ference ended, it was reason- able to assume that the ideo- logical conflict between Marx- ist totalitarianism and those who would have none of it would continue as beforpe, he added.
A rumour circulated in the lobbies of the WEU Assembly that the United States had expressed strong objections to the report, on the grounds of its Eurocommunist inspiration. Our Diplomatic Correspondent writes: A seminar on the defence of human rights is being organized by the Foreign Office today and tomorrow, with the aim of making British policy more effective.
The meeting will examine, with reference to a list rating some 150 countries according to their observance of human rights, wvhat can be done. Various kinds of action can be taken, by the Government itself, by private organizations, and internationally, to combat violations.
The list rating the per- formance of countries has been compiled on the basis of criteria such as respect for indepen- dence of the judiciary and of the press, the incidence of im- prisonment without trial and of torture.";"June 24, 1977";"";60038;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU shelves report on Helsinki";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Nov. 19
The Cabinet to-day agreed to lay before Parliament the Bills approving the four principal agreements signed in Paris last month.
These four Bills deal with the two conven. tions which terminate the occupation and regulate the future status of allied forces in the Federal Republic; the instruments for the accession of the Federal Republic to Lhe North Atlantic and Brussels treaties: and the Franco. German agreement on the Saar.
The Bills were sent this evening to the Bundesrat (Federal Council), which now has three weeks in which to form and make known its opinion of them before the Bundestag opens its deliberations. It is still the Federal Gov- ernment's intention to have the Bundestag debate on the first reading on or about Decem. ber 16 and 17
When the Cabinet first discussed these four Bills a week ago, it found it necessary to refer them for study to a committee of five Ministers, representing all the coalition parties which seems to have held two sittings this week. The committee drew up a list of desiderata for the amendment or amplification of the Saar agreement to meet the wishes of the smaller Opposition parties. These desiderata do not seem to have been dropped, but it was agreed in the Cabinet meeting to-day that the Federal Government should continue to explore the possibilities of meeting them bv means of the conventions which have still to be arrived at for the application of the Saar agreement in practice.
CABINET STATEMENT
A statement issued after the Cabinet meet- ing said that the Cabinet had proceeded on the assumption that the Powers represented in the Council of Ministers of the Wes European Union would be"" ready to envisage these provisions for clarification and execu- tion "" of the Saar agreement. The essential differences within the Government about the Saar settlement are, therefore, postponed rather than settled.
Dr. Dehier, the Free Democrat leader, denied to-night that his party had in any way changed its attitude of opposition to the Saar agreement. He said that t e Free Demo- crat Ministers in the Cabinet, in accordance with the decisions of the parliamentary party. had not voted for the agreement. He added that the Hill to approve it would in his view tequire a two-thirds majority in the Bundestag. This is certainly not the view of the Christian Democrats. Since, however, the statement after the Cabinet meeting affirmed that it had been unanimously approved, it is evident that the differences are not at present being pushed any further than is necessary.
Our Brussels Correspondent writes: The Belgian Cabinet to-day decided to introducc the Bill to ratify the Paris agreements on western union.";"November 20, 1954";"";53094;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Treaty Bills Sent To Bundesrat";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I BY OUR DILONATIC CORRESPONDENT
The current calendar for diplo- mats in London has all the appear- anice of a Middle East Week. Dr. Jarring, who was appointed as United Nations special represen- tative after the Security Council resolution of November 22 last year, arrived in London yesterday and went quickly to talks at the Jordan Embassy with Mr. Rifai, the Jordani Foreign Minister.
These lasted three hours and xuere described by a Jordan spokesman as "" very usef ul "".
They covered every aspect of the problem 'within the scope of the Security Council resolution "". which means that the withdrawal of Israel forces from the occupiel territories, recognition of Israel and a peace settleenmit, freedomii of pasSage through the CGulf of Aqaba anid the SueL Canal. and the refugee problem were all included. Dr. Jarrinig and Mr. Rifai uvill resumc their talks at 4 p.m. today.
Bv that time Dr. Jarrina will also have secn 'Mr. Gideon RafaeL direc- tor-cnieral of the Israel Forcian Ministry, who arrived in London yes- terday afternoon, and who will mect the United Nations representative at 9 a.m. today ---a meeting arranged bcetwcen Mr. Eban. the Israel Foreign Mtinister. and Dr. Jarring, w%hen thev met a fortnight ago. Dr. larrine's technique of making himself available
to all parties is, therefore, working out wsell here, and late this evening he will also see Mr. Stewart imme- diately after the Foreign Secretary's return from the Western European Union meeling in Bonn. Mr. Stewart wilt also meet Mr. Rifai on T1hursdav.
Mr. Rafael will, it is expected, caUl at the Foreign Oflice before he leaves London either this evening or early tomorrow. MIr Rafael is unlikely to see Mr. Stewart. Unlike Mr. Rifai, he is not himself a Mini-ter, but there may also be an indication ol the view generally felt here at pre- sent that it is the Arabs rather than the Israelis who arc in a mood to maJke concessions to get a settlement.
Mr. Jarring is cutting short his stay in London for a possible visit to Geneva where hc would report to U Thant, the United Nations Secre- tary-General, and he will then cer- tainly go to his native Stockholnm, where M-Ir. Kosygini, the Soviet Primc NMinister, will be making a state viSit oni Thursday. There is every reason to think that the Russians want another talk with Dr. Jarring.
By' thc end of the week the main interest in the Middle East problem may. therefore, be focused on StocK- holn, but important exchanges will continue also in London.
Mr. George BalL who was recently appointed to succed l\tr. G;oldberg as head of the United States mis- sion to the United Nations, is com- ing to London for talks on Thursday.";"July 9, 1968";"";57298;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"London discussions by Middle East envoys";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MAY 13
The diplomatic tumult here has at last died and the Foreign Ministers and their advisers have departed-Mr. Dules, Mr. Macmillan, and M. Pinay to Vienna, and most of the rest to their respective coun- tries.
Details of the decisions on the Saar made at the two recent meetings here of the Council of Western European Union vwere made public to.day. These concern the duties and powers of the commissioner for the Saar, and the holding of the referendum on the proposed Saar statute.
POLITICAL LIBERTY
The commissioner will be charged with ensuring observation of the Saar statute; political liberty is guaranteed, provided that the principles of the statute are neither directly nor indirectly called in question. The commissioner will conclude interna'ional treaties in the name of the Saar, subject to approval by the Landtag. He wilI receive instructions from, and will be responsible to. the council of W.E.U., to whom he will refer any violation of the statute. Should the Saar authorities violate the statute he will be empowered in urgent and serious cases to veto measures taken by them for five days, during which the council will decide what action to take.
W.E.U. will set up a court to hear appeals against decisions by the commissioner (M. Pinay said to-day that the commissioner would not be a citizen of any of the W.E.U. nations, and that he would not be nominated for three months-presumabiv at the July meeting of the counciln.
The council will entrust control of the referendum to a commnission of five, repre- senting Britain, Belgium, Holland, Italy, and Luxembourg. The commission's decisions will be by simple majority. It will make recommnendations to the Saar. French, and German Governments, and, in case of dis- pute will have the right of appeal to the council of WPE.U. Saar residents of both sxes over the ag of 20 wil be eligible to vote in the referendum. The Saar Governt. ment will decide the date of the referendum, which will be preceded by a three months' campaigning period, the opening of which will be announced by the W.E.U. council acting on the commission's advice.
COMPLETE FREEDOM
During the three months there wil be com- plete freedom of political activity; the Saar Government wiDl ensure the fair distribution of wireless, Press, and similar facilities amnong all parties. No person shall be vic- timlized for his attitude during these three months. The referendum will be conducted by a director-general appointed by the Saar Government; all appeals and complaints against the conduct of the referendum will have to be lodged with the commission within eight days, and thte commission. will repoort to the W.E.U. council within a fortight.";"May 14, 1955";"";53220;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Powers Of Saar Commissioner";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
Brussels, March 6 The foreign ministers of the European Economic Community agreed todaY that Britain should be associated with their own moves towards political union in Europe, though differences still remain over the exact timing and manner of bringing her into the process.
What was clear was that Bri- tain will be kept in close touch with the discussions now going oal in the Six. both before and after the opening of her nego- tiations for entry into the E.E.C. Dr. Joseph Luns. the Dutch Foreign Minister, said after the meeting: ""There was general agreement that the candidate countries should at an early stage both be kept informed and be able to give their own com- ments.""
Today's meeting in fact formed the first step towards the E.E.C.'s goal of political uni- fication. Ministers agreed that officials should study the issues involved over the next two months and that they themselves should have a further special meeting in Rome at the end of May.
Onte guiding principle appears to have been established -that the first stage in the advance towards political union' should be regular meetings of foreign ministers to discuss issues- of foreign policy. rein- forced periodically by meetings of heads of government.
Herr Walter Scheel, the west German Foreign Minister, sug- gested that the issue of political union should form part of the negotiations with Britain due to start this summer.
What will have to be worked out in the coming months is just how closely Britain can be asso- ciated with the political consul- tations of the Six in the period before she becomes a member. One suggestion heard today was that the foreign ministers of the applicant countries should join those of the Six at their meetings even before entry.
On this M. Schumann (France) argued that Britain and the others could not take part in a
procedure involving the Euro- pean Community so long as they were not members.
Another question is how to r-e concile the political consultation now planned in the E.E.C. and that already under way in Wes- tern European Union (W.E.U.). France has been boycotting W.E.U. for the past vear, but Mv. Schumann said today that she was prepared to return if she re- ceived written assurances from her partners that it would not be used for discussing British entry or any political issues linked with it.
M. Schumann went so far as to suggest that W.E.U. might be a suitable forum for the political Consultation now being dis- cussed. Here he was opposed by Herr Scheel, who said that W.E.U. did not work all that well, and other ministers insisted that any arrangement of this sort would only be a temporary one for the period before Britain became--a member of the E.E.C.";"March 7, 1970";"";57812;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris hint on ending boycott of WEU";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
LEEDS, MAY 9
The Pr,me. Minister may well feel gratified at the warm reception that has been given him in the course of his journey north to-day, and which reached its climax at the mass meeting in Leeds Town Hall to-night. His visit has certainly given encouragement to the Conservative Party and aroused among its workers a marked enthusiasm.
The Leeds meeting has been an occasion of first importance in the Conservative cam- paign, gVing Sir Anthony Eden a platform rom which to address an audience far beyond this city. His speech, appropriately, ranged over a wide field of affairs, both home and foreign. Iemediately he set out ""the two main issues which concern us at this election-the issue of peace and the broad challenge of our effort in the field of horme affairs.:
CALL TO PARIS
The Prime Minister brought his pursuit of peace to the very time of his arrival in Leeds, and told how, only an hour before reaching the town hall, he had had a telephone talk with Mr. Macmillan, the Foreign Secretary, in Paris, on the progress of discussions about how a meeting should be sought with Russia. The Prime Minister was cheered as he stated his hope that the invitation to Russia would go out this week. And how, he asked, could that be described by Socialists as dilatory ?
His speech had earlier drawn cheers from the audience when he referred to Western European Union being now a living reality which provided the firm base from which to talk with Russia. The prospect of a settled peace, he adrnitted, was still beset with diffi- culty, but there were more hopeful signs of a break in the clouds than many had dared to imagine four years ago. His Government did not claim exclusive credit for that, but they did claim to have played their part- an they were united in pursuing it.
FinaUy, Sir Anthony Eden set out as a succinct guide for the electorate 10 points of Conservative policy, and at the close of their recital added: ""That, my friends, represents our design for the future.""
In the course of his journey to Leeds the Prime Minister made several speeches en route. At Nottingham he addressed a crowd of about 3,000 in the Market Square, and then he and Lady Eden travelled on to West Bridgford. After a meeting there the Prime Minister's next stop was at Newark, where he was awaited by a crowd of about 2,000 in the Market Square.
On his way to Leeds he paid a strategic call at Doncaster, which is a constituency held by the Conservatives with a majority of only 384 votes.
A report of Sir Anthony Eden's speech at Leeds is on page 14.";"May 10, 1955";"";53216;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wide Survey By Sir A. Eden";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Replies have not yet reached London from the countries invited to Wednes- day's conference on a users' association for the Suez Canal, but there was no sign yesterday that there would be any refusals. Britain sent out the invitations on Friday night on behalf of herself, France, and the United States to the 15 other nations which sponsored the mission of the Menzies committee to Cairo.
The conference is at Foreign Mini- sters' level; and, with Mr. Dulles, the American Secretary of State, attending it is likely that most of the Governments will be represented on this level. For rnost Ministers it will mean returning to London only three weeks after leaving it.
The first acceptances announced were from Persia, Pakistan, Japan, and Italy, and a west German spokesman said in Paris that his Government would accept. The Danisb, Norwegian, and Swedish Foreign Ministers decided yesterday to recommend to their Governments that they accept, but urged the immediate submission of the dispute to the United Nations. There seems little doubt that Australia, New Zealand, Holland, Turkey, Ethiopia, and Portugual will accept. Some uncertainty has been expressed about Spain, which went in with the 18 at the earlier London conference only with reservation.
A number of the announcements have cxpressed reservations about the users'
association and, as with the earlier confer- ence, the assurance that no prior commit- ment is involved seems to have eased the consciences of the wary.
Mr. Dulles will leave the United States to-day and is expected in London to- morrow. M. Pineau will also be here. a day early and, with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, they will work on the plan wbich they will present to the conference.
The conference will begin by discussing the report which the five-Power committee under Mr. Menzies bas submitted to them on Colonel Nasser's refusal of their pro- posals as a basis for discussion. Then they will decide what their reaction should be to the world conference which the Egyp- tian Government has suggested. Those who agree to form the users"" association will have to decide how they should approach Cairo to request "" the necessary minimum of cooperation"" to which the Prime Minister has referred; and they will have to work out a host of technical prob- lems. A good deal of preparatory work is now going into this.
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd returned from Paris on Saturday night after attending the meet- ing of the Foreign Ministers of the Western European Union. He took the occasion while in Paris to meet with M. Pineau to discuss Suez problems, and they were joined by the American Ambassador, Mr. Douglas Dillon.
Colonel Nasser's reJection of the canal users' association plan-page 7,
Messages from our Correspondents in Karachi, Stockholm, Moscow, Delhi, and Rome are on page 7.";"September 17, 1956";"";53638;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"London Conference Preparations";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"1Prom David Cross ! ,: -.
Dublin, April 13 [
Foreign Ministers of the European Community today decided to work out an almbi- tious, aid prograntme: for South Vietnam, including the !.com-' munist-held areas. The' 'ai'd' is Eexpected to' take the form. of emergency provisions' like cereals.
Agreement in principle to give assistance to all parts of the country emerged from an informal meeting of the min- isters at a country house on the outskirts of Dublin. Details of the operation, which will in- volve a Community contribution as well as a coordinated effort by the individual member states, are to be worked oiut by the same ministers at one of the regular two-day sessions which begins in Luxembourg tomor- row.
On the political' side, accord- ing to M Sauvagnargues, the French Foreign Minister, he and his colleagues agreed that the departure of President Thieu was a precondition for any further negotiations be- tween the various interested parties in Vietnam.
The only apparent note of discord among the Nine in their policy towards South-East Asia was general criticism of yes- terday's French decision to formally recognize the regime of Prince Norodom Siharuuk, the former Cambodian leader.
During the weekend of talks at Farmleigh, an eighteenth. century estate belonging to Lord Iveagh, the chairman of Guinness, the ministers also dis-
cussed, other pressing- foreig""n polic]y -issues including - Nato; Portugal! and the Middle East.
In spite ofi earlier differences amons - iato-member 'statesj Brltisn officials are now con- fident that a summit meetingE of heads. of government-of- the; alliance will take place, in Europe in. late May or, early. June to. 4iscu~s the Eist-West security ,conference and 9t,hefr defence issues.
The Canadians, for example, who with the French, Greeks- and Dutch were originally not keen onr the4 summit idea, are now rallying to the majority. view.
Out of respect for the forth- coming elections in Portugal the ministers were anxious not to
be seen to be interfering in th'e' internal 'policies of a 'Nato' member stite. Nevertheless, the hope was expressed that a democratic Portugal would emerge which could work along. side the rest of democratic Europe.
Yesterday's talks at Farm. leigh centred on the long-term future of the Community itself and more specifically the ulti-- mate goal of a European union.
Mr Tindemans, the Belgian' Prime Minister who has been
charged with the task of draw;- ing up-a report on this subject, made his view clear that sooner
or later the Community must, take concrete steps to move towards greater economic and monetary union if further- dis- integration is to be avoided.
This point is almost certain: to figure in his'final repprt due to be completed by the end of the- year.";"April 14, 1975";"";59369;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC working out food aid plan for Vietnam";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 20
Dr. Adenauer told the Christian Democratic Union-Christian Social Union parliamentary group in Bonn today that the Moscow probing talks on Berlin should quickly be turned into an east-west Foreign Ministers' confer- ence. Mr. Llewellyn Thompson, the American Ambassador, should not end- lessly pursue his talks with Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister. It might be advisable to allow for a pause between the end of his talks and the meeting of the Foreign Ministers.
The Chancellor added that Dr. Hans Kroll, the Gernan Ambassador in vloscow, would tomorrow hand over to the Soviet Foreign Ministry the German reply to the Soviet memorandum of December 27.
So far the Federal Government bas taken no definite stand on President de Gaulle's proposal that there should be a summit meeting of the four atomic powers- Britain, France, the United States and Russia. The proposal has caused some sur- prise here, for the French Government, like the German, has hitherto shown itself un- enthusiastic about the holding of any disarmament conference. It is still the German view that such a cornference could give the Russians a chance to bring up for discussion points which they are unablc to raise in connexion with Berlin-in other words, the whole dangerous complex of questions grouped under the heading of dis- engagement or denuclearization.
ATOMIC PROPOSAL
Germany will not, however, oppose such a conference if the western powers are resolved to agree to one. They may. hovw- cver, insist that it should be preceded by a meeting of the four western Foreign Ministers to determine the line which the west will adopt.
I In this connexion no knowledse'e is admitted in official circles here of a pro- posal, said to have been made by President de Gaullc to Dr. Adenauer at Baden-Baden last Thursday, for German Participation in French atomic development as a counter- Part for French concessions on European integration. The idea has frequently been the subject of rumours about Bonn in recent months as a possible alternative to Present German demands for turning the North Atlantic Treaty Organization into a
fourth atomic power and giving the alliance members more say in the control of atomic weapons.
It seems, however, quite unrealistic on two counts: the Federal Republic has no intention of going back on its undertaking in the Western European Union that it has renounced for ever the manufacture of atomic weapons for itself; and such a suggestion would offend against a funda- mental principle of west German foreign policy-namely, the need for the continued presence of American forces on the European continent
Any semblance of a bilateral Franco- German atomic agreement of this kind would, in the German view, be bound to rouse violent suspicions in the United States. _";"February 21, 1962";"";55321;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Need For East-West Foreign Ministers' Conference";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BERLIN, DEC. 3
Dr. Adenauer, the Federal German Chancellor, and Herr Ollenhauer, leader of the Social Democrats, both addressed party meetings here to-night, two days before the west Berlin elections. Each spoke for more than an hour-not long when compared with other election speeches this week.
Herr Ollenhauer, speaking in the Funk- turm exhibition hall to a crowd of 5,000, said that the unity of Germany must be the central issue of foreign policy, and the fight for unity had now entered a new phase, the Soviet Union having made clear that there remained a chance to reunify Germany through talks. He had no illusions about the chances of success, but he thought it one of his party's most important tasks to put to the German people the dangers contained in the Paris agreements.
He strorigly denied allegations that he was supporting Communist policy by adopting this course, and was at pains to emphasize the world of difference between the Communist system and rule in Germany and democratic Socialism.
The Chancellor spoke, later in the evening, to an audience estimated at 9,000 at a meeting of the Christian Democrats in the Sportpalast. His party had said noticeably little of foreign affairs so far in the campaign, and Dr. Adenauer monumentally redressed' the balance. He noted in passing that Herr Ollenhauer spoke in Berlin and in Bonn to different effect.
OUTPOST OF FREEDOM
Foreign policy, he said, was closely linked with the fate of Berlin, which remained the outpost of freedom in the world. A divided Germany, without friends, could not safeguard its freedom, its wealth, its influence. It was important to gain the confidence of other nations which Germany had lost for so long. With German entry into N.A.T.O., 11 other countries would join the United States, France, and Britain in support of the policy of reunification.
Western European Union was a genuine system of collective security.. There would be no Russian concessions until the West was strong.
Before he began his speech. Dr. Adenauer received a gift of flowers said to have been sent to him from "" somebody in the east.""
The voting will end at 6 o'clock on Sunday evening and early next morning provisional figures on the state of parties in the new House of Representatives and the district councils will be available. In the House, at the moment, the Social Democrats, who are in opposition, have 61 seats. The Christian Democrats have 34, and their partners in the governing coali- tion, the Free Democrats, have 32 seats. Any of the other parties will need 5 per cent. of the total vote to qualify, by proportional repre- sentation, for membership.";"December 4, 1954";"";53106;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer In Berlin";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
Bonn, May 8 Mr. Heath, the Leader of the Opposition, told British corres- pondents at the end of his brief visit to Bonn today: "" The single most important thing to make an imliact on public opinion would be if Europe could speak with one voice on an important problem.""
Citing the Middle East as a possible case in point, Mr. Heath suggesated that perha.ps the WVestern European Union meet- ing in Bonn in early June, when France will rejoin her Common Market partners and Britain, might yield something in this respect.
In the Middle East we all had the same interests the Conserva- tive leader said. We did not want to see Israel go under. And we all depended on good' rela- tions with the Arab countries for the oil vital to our industrial life. We did not want Soviet encroachment in the Mediter- ranean, nor a clash between the big powers. If in four-power talks on the Middle East Britain and France spoke with. the wei,ht of a united Europe behind them. much could be acihieved. The Common Market must be more than haggling over butter and coal.
Mr. Heath was entertained to dinner last night by Dr. Horst Ehmke, the Minister in the Chancellery. Today he attended
the Bundestag session devoted to the twenty-fifth anuniversary of the end of the Second World War. He was given a round of applause when Herr Kai-Uwe von Hassel, the President of the Bundestag, drew attention to Mr. Heath's presence. fIe then saw Herr Brandt, the Chancellor, was the guest of honour at a lun- cheon given by the Christian Democratic Union, and saw various state secretaries con- cerned with the Common Mar- ket.
Sources indicated that Mr. Heath did not gain the impres- sion that either the Germans or the French, whom he saw earlier this week, had got very far in working out the real problems connected with the entry of Britain into the Common Market. He expected only a very general statement of policy on both sides whea the Six and the four appli- cants met in late June or early July.
Mr. Heath appears to have found the French more intellec- tual in their approach to the problems of British entry, with much emphasis on the toughness of the bargaining that lies aheaa. The German attitude remains more emotional.
Mr. Heath flew back to Lon- don from Bonn last night after his two-day official visit to west Germany.
Mr. Heath, the Leader of the Oppositon, with Herr Brandt, the west German Chancellor, who received him for talks in
Bonn yesterday.";"May 9, 1970";"";57865;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political role for EEC urged by Heath";""
"['Jean Felix Faure Le Monde Renato Proni La Stampa Sue Masterman The Times Hans Stollhans Die Welt']";"['News']";"Could the meeting of the main oil- consuming countries in Washington next week encourage the European Economic Community countries to overcome their- lack of common sense, or let us say resolve it by, achieving some form of European solidarity ?
I tWhink it. could. Events during the energfy cGriis in the past few nibnths. have not made good public- ity for the European Community. Ays we all khow decisions were made at the topenhagen summit, but until nlow very little has actually been done. *The initiative that the United States Presiden.t has taken to invite the major oil-con- suming nations to get together may contribute sonteph.ing to the growth of a feeling of more common responsibility mong the. Nine.
The Washington meeting must not, in my view, be allowed to lead to any kind of opposition between the participating countries a-nd the oil-.produong untriesin tuhe Third Wo.rld.No one h.as anyhing to gain from such an action. It was a good thing that the President inffornied the oil,pro.dtting countries officially of .is intention to call this confer- ence.
There -are two aspects to the Washington nieeting: 6ne is how to reacht an agreement with, the oil- prioducing nations on production,. distribution, prices and the al:loca- tion of the new resources which the oil-producing countries will gain from higher prices. The other is the effect of all these mjeasures on the N,ine.
ThM EEC as a whole will be repre- sented. I am most. happy about that. I do not think it is too late for the EEC to improve the present situa- tion.
You have not said anything about European.cooperation with the oil- producing countries. How do you see that ?
We certainly need very close cooperation with the oil-producing countries, but I am not too happy about bilateral arrangements such as Britain and France have recently made. I am, of course, in favour of agreements of the type which will encourage the construction, with the aid of Saudi-Arabian capital for instance, of refineries in The Neth- erlands or. with Iranian capital in Belgium. I believe that would be a good thing. But for the oil-produc- ing countries it would, be even better. if tlrose -refineries wvere to be built in the oil-producing countries themselves.
When; however, long-term con; tracts are made on a bilateral basis between individual European coun- tries and individual oil-producing states then I am afraid that this will. lead to fragmentation of the market, competition:between states and a hunt for oil resources. The decisions to be taken on the remain- ing oil reserves in the Arab world and on oil prices are so important that they should be the result of common deliberations, a situation we have not yet achieved.
May we interpret your answer as meaning that you disapprove of the policy, such as that of the. French
and British governments, of barter- ing oil in return for tanks, combat aircraft and other military equip- ment?
You understand me well. I won't say I condemn -ii, but I do- say* it would be better both for Europe -and for those Arab. c'ountries if agreements were the result of joint consultations and . not, as they are now,:the. result of the attempts of .some European governments to cover their individual oil needs .ind6pendently.
.Doesn't the same situation threaten to arise within Europe so long as there is no common energy policy, for instance, in, relation to gas ?
Yes, that's true. Within Europe the situation varies greatly from country to country. Denmark, for instance, has no energy resources; Britain and Germany have large coal reserves; Holland has its much publicized natural gas. Britain has gas and oil resources that are prob- ably of cohsiderable importance. It is essential for Europe that all .those reserves should be pooled in one way or another, and that the rate at which those energy re- *sources are used be decided as part of a common energy policy.
continued on back page
Towards a
sh ared- responsibility
continued from page I
At the moment those decisions are being aken. by individual com- panies or states, and that may have a harmful effect in the future. What we need is a European energy policy that will manage all-those slipplies and reserves and that will draw up a plan for the use a, energy in.the next 10 to 20 years.
If Holland increases natural 'gas prices will that not mean hardship for the Community as a whole?
A rise in price is inevitable. It is unthinkable that, in the long run, gas should remain cheaper than oil. What has to be done in the short term is not yet clear. You - cannot justify selling two products which nave the same value for two. differ- ent ,prices. In the long'run the saie quantity of nuclear energy, of oil' or of gas or coal with the same calo- rific value should cost the same. One fa;mily has oil the other-nat- ural gas. Why shouid the man with oil pay fite times as much as the maw'with gas' for h'is heatinig ? It's a situation you'caninot maintaip.._ !
Do the drastically increased oil. prices threaten the Community!s industrial development and the bal- ance of payments ?
If present prices are, maintained it will be impossible to: abs6rb them i-n our economnies. This means high rates of inflation and ' economic distortion. The drastic inerease in prices threatens to lead-to .the stag- nation of some economies, like that of Japan, the United Kingdom and so on. This agan may result in a stagnation of world trade.-
There is, thus, real danger, but I hope it can be overcome. There may be some decrease of oil,prices later this year-I believe it is possible- and some countries are succeeding. in econonlizrng oxn their use of energy, particularly of oil. Every little helps.
Dr Kissinger recently criticized the European Community. Was he justi-' fied ? What should the EEC do in *order to become, both politically and economically, an equal partner to the United States ?
It cannot be denied that the Atlan- tic Alliance and cooperation with the United States have suffered during the past five to. 10 years. There are many reasons w,hy the alliance has been weakened: the French opiinion of European inde- pendence and the sharp critioism of the American role in the Vietnam war, just to mention two factors.
In my view it is vital that close cooperation between Europe and thie United States remain.. That is essential and invalua-ble for the maintenance of peace in Europe. Besides that there should be Ameri- can influence on Europe and vice versa. That is good for both sides, and I think Dr Kissinger was on the right track when he said that the European reaction to his appead last May calling for closer cooperatoi has been cool and belated. What we need is an open dialogue between Europe anid the United States.
In that dialogue it will be possi- ble to overcome existing reserva- tions once agreement has been reached on clearly defined objec- tives. When discussing declarations of Atlantic solidarity no one cah' just sign a blank cheque. The main criticism 'of Dr. Kissinger's speech has been that he was asking for cooperation in too, many areas and of a too general character. I think we should define that cooperation more precisely.
In which fields do you envisage co- operation ?
I am convinced that we need it for security. We need cooperation on world trade and on all major prob- lems confronting us now, such as the new scarcity of food and raw materials. In many ways I hope it might be possible for a progressive European Community to inifluence Am=rican policy towards the Third' World.
. Europe has a natural relationship with. the United States because, together with Japan, it forms the group of technologically and indus-. trially most advanced nations. You cannot get around that fact. That means Europe has common respon- sibilities, for mi-stance,- in the use of raw materials, in the protection of the physical - environment and, to take a present example, in handling the oil situation. I repeat, we need cooperation in Europe, but then
Dr loop den Uyl: "" The way the European Community has reacted to -the oil boycott hasn't been very good publicity.""
cooperation with specific aims, aiming at common policies in crisis or potential crisis situations..
If Europe needs cooperation with the United States- does that not emphasize the urgent necessity for closer cooperation between the EEC members ?
Of -oaurse. We need more unity and cooperation within the EEC. The EiEC is in any respects a divided .Community, lacking in cohe- sion, but I was convinced, and I am still convinced, that we need ""the Comnunity.
*European unity, however, as I always try .to emphasize, is nit just an end} in itself. It is necessary in order to fulfil important objectives within Etuiope,'to attain more equal- ity. in standards of living, to.reduce imInailances and to get away from the restrictive policies the Commu-
itv has followed up to now towards the Third World. We also. need European unity to promote a pro- cess of democratization in countries which othenwise would txike part in the European Community.
What lind of regional fund do you visualize ?
F'm not too happy up to now with the anrangenients for the regional fund. I admit tfie necessity of. a regional policy . in order to get a better distrilbution 'of employment and incomes, wvhich means that in prinoiple I'lm very much in favour -of it. BiUt all we have been discuss- ing up to now is creating a fund without a definite policy;' and the rslt' has been a major quarrel about the amoufft of money to be channelled into it.
We should have preferred to go the other way around, but we real- ize that for 'political reasons the setting up of a fund is necessary now. We haive to formulate our eg,ional foiy, wthich a;reas must be reconstructed, rwhic.h areas 'have. he lowest in;come, which aresas do we wants to help and how ? The present forganization means that 52 per cent -of the surface areas of the Cominmunity falls under the regional fund's activities. That's not. a re- gional policy, that's just one hal.f of the Community pouring pioney into the other half.
Europe must select the areas that need help, define them more pre- cisely. Then, even more important, decide how we want to help these areas.
First, that means we have to define a European industrial policy. Where do you want what type of industry ? How will it affect the
environment? Which new indus- tries does Europe need most ? Where are the dangers of over- investment ? Once you have out- lined your industrial policy, then you can* draw up your regional policy5 I'm afraid that if the re- gional fund goes into, operation without clearly defined objectives on the basis of an iidustrial oolicy, we 'will get into major difficulties.
The Netherlands has been and still is harder hit than other counttries by the oil crisis. What evidence was there in the past three months of European solidarity in deeds rather than in words ? Despite all internal problems are you still optimistic about the -future of the Commu- nity ?
As I said before, the way the European Community has reacted to the oil boycott hasn't been very good Publicity-but, we achieved something. It was at any rate more than nothing. In the first place I would like .to mention- the admir- able way tin which the European Commission and in particular its president M Ortoli has. handled this crisis. He did a very good' job and stood firm for Community policies.
Second, after some hesitation, the Eluropean countries have accepted the fact. that. the. oil companies are bringing more oil frormi - Nigeria, Iran. and Venezuela to Holland as long as the boycott lasts. That has happened with the tacit coopera- tion of the European countries. And, third, we are sure that other Euro- pean countries have pleaded the Dutch case forcefully' in their nego- tiations with Arab countries.
In Copenhagen we made an approach to 'a European energy policy founded on solidarity. It-'was less than I'had hoped for, 'but it was more than I had expected.
This'is the end of the first year of the enlarged Community. What would you say was the first priority for the Commnunity now?
'My priorities are threefold. First, the . OommUnity must definie its energy, social and regional policies. Only 'by ""defining 'and carrying out 'definite policies will it be possible to clarify what the' European Com- munity really stands for.
Seconds we' need some improve- ments in the decision-making pro- cess of the Council of Ministers. Part of the council sessions might be made public-wvhy tot? The Dutch Government would like, to see more qualified decision-making; a' two-thirds majority perhaps. As for- thei European Parliament, we
are deeply convinced that only by giving m6re powers, budgetary and legal powers, to the Parliament, can we prevent the Community becom- ing in the minds of its inhabitants just a bureaucratic organization somewhere in Brussels. The only way to avoid that is to give more power to Parliament and to hold direct elections.
This is closely connected to my third priority, which is to further the process of dernocratization of the Community by taking decisions onl issues which affect most of the people living in it.
'I'm t-hinking, for instance, of re- gulations to prevent the enormous increases in prices, some control over what the oil companies are doing, not only at a national level. Europe should publish prices, take control of price movements where possible, and break the inflationary spiral.
That's the most urgent require- ment now. We have all kinds of surveys, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation Develop- ment, predicting price iises this year in Europe of -10 per cent to 15 per cent. That is disastrous, and it will harm. the working people of Europe.
If Europe wants to justify itself, the European Council of Ministers must act, for instance, by laying down price limitations for certain -materials. Europe has. to Justify itself today by putting the brake on this rate of inflation. That's more important than three or four summit conferences.
What are the prospects of reaching a- European union by 1980.?
If V know what was meant by European- union I might be very optIxnistic. The phrase ""formation of the European union"" was, as we all know, first used at the 1972 Paris summit but nobody was able to, give a. definition of the content of such a concept. I hope that The Netherlands can contribute to that definition. It stands for something more than social, financial and eco- nomic co'operation. It stands for a kind of political unification. I am in favour of that.
There are two conditions necessary for a political union. First, we have to democratize the decision-making; second, we have to organize polit- ical decision-making. What we need is politicalization of' European policy to be carried out by a better
Jean Felix Faure
Le Monde Renato Proni
La.Stampa Sue Masterman
The Times Hans Stollhans
Die Welt
organization of political parties on a European level.
The policy of the European Union will then be a democratic policy in the sense that it is open to political decision-making. The political responsibility can be controlled and ,recognized by the parties and the populations of the Community. Those are the two main conditions I see for the achievement of a Euro- pean Union by 1980, and I hope that we succeed.";"February 5, 1974";"";59006;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Towards a shared responsibility among the Nine";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, yesterday emphasized the seriousness of the damage threatened by France to the Nato machinery, and reaffirmed that at the present day military organization as well as treaty commitments were essential for an effective alliance.
He was making a statement at the opening of the meeting in London of the Western European UJnion. compris- ing Britain and the Six.
One of the delegates later described the statement as being dignified-and much appreciated-in its handling of the new situation.
Mr. Stewart was supported by the leaders of the Dutch, German, Italian, Luxem- bourg, and Belgian delegations.
DEFUSING OPERATION
Then. to their surprise. M. de Broglie. who as State Secretaiy holds a position in the French Foreign Ministry broadly equivalent to a Minister of State, began a short statement by declaring that the aim of France was to build a strong Euro- pean Economic Community. and that the adhesion of Britain to it was what France desired. This. however, was at once hedged about with a caveat that "" the necessary conditions "" must be met, which made several of the delegates treat the statement merely as proof of the French Government's desire. having loaded the conference with "" a Nato bomb "". to con- duct a defusing operation and as far as possible take the latent beat out of the proceedings.
M. de Broglie made also a classically non- committal reference to Nato when he added that France's desire for changes in Nato were as great as her desire that the Treaty should endure. He startled the meeting again when he said talks on Nato could be carried on either bilaterally or multi- laterally. But this, it appeared later, was due to the nature of the different technical problems, and signified no change from the French desire for bilateral agreements.
The Ministers then came to their debate on the formal agenda-east-west relations; Africa, south of the Sahara; Latin Amnerica; and European space activities. The last item introduced by Baron van den Bosch for Belgium, produced the keenest discus- sion.
All agreed that it was of extreme import- ance for European industry as a whole that the programme should go forward. Britain's doubts on its cost effectiveness will be further discussed at the meeting in Paris on April 24 of the countries taking part in the E.L.D.O. programme.
BRUSSELS DECISION
Mr. Stewart, who was in the chair, took the opportunity to make his opening state- ment on the consequences of the French decision to withdraw from the Nato system of integrated command. This would be discussed in Nato, he said, but Western European Union was also concerned because the original Brussels Treaty powers (Britain. France, and the Benelux countries) by a resolution of December 20, 1950. had decided to rely upon the Nato military, structure as the means of carrying out the military commitments which they had undertaken to one another under their own treaty.
This decision was reaffirmed when Ger- many and Italy joined with the Brussels Treaty powers to form Western European Union in 1954.
Mr. Stewart. therefore, made the point that any weakening of the Nato structure called in question the possibility of ful- filling the obligations of the Brussels Treaty partners-obligations, which he declared. have still many years to run (the Brussels Treaty runs for 50 years from 1948) and which are in some respects more binding. (The obligation is automatic-to come with all means, including military means, to the aid of any party which is the subject of 'armed aggression in Europe "".)
TREATY'S SUCCESS
On Nato. Mr. Stewart said that in prac- tice the organization-not merely the Treaty-was essential. The Frenoh desire to remove forces under Nato command was a contravention of the undertakings given at the London Conference of Octo- ber, 1954, and later endorsed by a Nato Council resolution-under which all forces of Nato countries on the continent should be subject to the authority of the Supreme Allied Commander excePt those forces
Mr. R. W. J. Hooper, who has been appointed Britain's new atnbassador
in Tunis.
recognized by Nato as suitable to retcmain under national command.
Mr. Stewart said, however. th:at thc very success of the treaty and OT thc organization in averting the thrcat vh cr existed when it was signed might lead some to think that the need for it had dIi- appeared; but one glance at the map ot Europe showed that all the western nrcigh bours of the Soviet Union. except Tuikec which was a member of Nato. had conm under Soviet influence.
Today. when the W.E.U. Council nasne, on to discuss economic nueNtion^. *h,- French delegation will be asked to exp!a r further the statement that 7rance .:
to build a strong econotmic Europe of sshiJ Britain would be a member.
DISPELLING FEARS OF DIRECTORATE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENY
WASHINGTON. MARCH1 15
Mr. George Ball, the Under-Secretarv of State, has formallv assured Mlr. Torben Ronne, the Danish Arnba,sador, that the United States will not atlen.p: th establish a Nato three-power directoratc, comprising the United States, BritaEi, and west Germany.
The directorate was one of the S:atc Department's proposals to meet the neic
situation created by the announced in:en- tion of France to withdraw from thc alliance. It caused considerable concern. to the smaller nmembers of Nato. Thei
stated objection was to a two-tier alliance, but the enhanced stature this would giO west Germany was even less accep:ab'e.
The official position now is that thc? directorate proposal has never been con- sidered, but the fact of the matter is tha: it had been canvassed within the Admini- stration and received strong support. Tbc smaller embassies here seem to have s;ored quite a victory.
MANY IDEAS
It is further understood that Air. Bal,. unlike some other Atlanticists within th: Department, has chosen not to accept tb: inevitability of a French withdrawal. Th. ideas being circulated suggest that th:
United States might be prepared to accept any kind of arrangemen: to keep Franc: within or associated with the integra:cJ military commands.
One is a four-power directorate. T-a. suggestion is that the other mruiber gos- ernments would bc prepared to accept ttik, no matter how reluctantly, to ensure unit<.
It must be emphasized that this is onl( one of many ideas. rhe sigi;fica""'i c that there are officials in the White Houwe and State Department willing to discusi ar X arrangement that could keep the allianwc together.
WASHINGTON, Marca. 15.-Mr. Ball Aia leave for Europe on March 23 to discusi the Vietnam war and the French moves in Nato, the State Department announced tonigh;.-- Reuter.
PORTUGAL RAISES COLONIAL ISSUE
FROM OUR CORRESPONDor-r
ATHENS, 'M.ARCii I}
Fresh difficultics have emerged owcr ;h: British-sponsored declaration of faith i-l Nato to be jointly signed by all memberi except France According to sources her. Portugal. which has repeatedly recsenteal th,
adverse attitude of Nato over her colonval problems, is now demanding rcassurancei of support to be included in the joint telt.
In diplomatic circles the Portugucsc a:ti- tude was compared to the Grecek Go.e:n- ment's statement u'iderlining Nato's failure in protecting Greece from Turkikh threa:i over the Cyprus problem. Yct. shil
Greece had agreed to sign the join: declaration, putting her national grudgei
on record separately, Portugal now Qishetl to have a firm commitment of support by Nato for her colonial problcmc staLted ir; the text.
Sources here also indicated that NorWaN i reservations were of a purely acadcmr;
nature and did not affect the wording o: the joi'.lt declaration. No difficulties w-erc expected from Italy.";"March 16, 1966";"";56581;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Warned Of Effect Of French Nato Demands";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 28
The National Assembly wiU meet to-morrow afternoon for the two final votes on the London and Paris agree- ments, on which M. Mendes-France tabled questions of confidence in the early hours of this morning.
The latter part of last night's session was. given over to tortuous procedural manoeuvres, as a result of which the rati- fication Bill has changed its appearance somewhat, but without detriment to its content.
SEPARATE BILLS
It has now become two separate Bills, each of which is to be the subject of a vote of confidence. The first comprises the two clauses of the original Bill passed by the Assembly last night, providing for the admission of Germany to the North Atlantic Treaty Organ- ization and the maintenance of allied troops on German soil. To this there is added for convenience the amendment of M. Gaston Palewski declaring the agreements signed in Paris on October 23 to be an indissoluble whole.
The second Bill was introduced by M. Mendes-France at 3 am. to resolve the pro- cedural deadlock which arose after the foreign affairs committee of the Assembly had de- clined by 20 votes to 19 to give a "" second reading "" to the first clause of the ratification Bill, whch was rejected on Friday. It repro- duces the terms of the rejected clause provid- ing for the creation of Western European Union under the expanded Brussels treaty and of the armaments control agency.
To this there is added an amendment of largely domestic significance moved by M. Leon Noel, by which the Government under- takes to consult special sub-committees set up in each of the two Chambers before giving its agreement in time of peace to any increase in the permitted level of western European national forces.
The new Bill was approved by the foreign affairs committee at 3.30 a.m. by 18 votes to 17, and the Prime Minister put the question of confidence before the Assembly adjourned half-an-hour later.
COMPLICATED POSITION
The position reached in the voting so far is somewhat complicated, but by no means unsatisfactory. The following have been approved by the Assembly for ratification: The revised Bonn convention, ending the Occupation Statute in western Germany (December 24, by 380 votes to 180); the Franco-German agreement on the Saar (December 24, by 368 votes to 145).
The following parts of the Bill to ratify the London and Paris agreements have been approved clause by clause, but this approval will become final only in the event of a favour- able vote on the Bill as a whole: Clauses (it) and (11*) of the ratification Bil authorizing the entry of western Germany into N.A.T.O. (December 27, by 289 votes to 251); the Palewski amendment stipulating the in- separability of all the agreements in question
A one-clause Bill displaces the first clause of the ratification BiU (rejected December 24. by 280 votes to 259) and wiU also be voted on to-morrow afternoon. It approves ratifica- tion of the agreements on Western European Union and the arms control authority and includes M. Noel's amendment.
In the event of a mishap to-morrow-this, fortunately, is unlikely-it should be noted that the Bonn conventions and the Saar agree- ment, though they have been approved, could not enter into force independently if the Assembly adopted the Palewski amendment, which provides that the instruments of ratifica- tion for the different agreements must aU be presented simultaneously. Thus until the last vote has been taken the possibility exists that a single adverse vote may wipe out aU the progress that has been made.
SAVED BY OPPONENTS
However, observers here consider that there is every prospect that to-morrow's voting will go smoothly, though no doubt not without a further spate of last-minute oratory from both sides. The Government's majority of 38 last night seems sufficiently solid to survive any unexpected defections. It would be churlish
to deny that this majority represented a success for M. Mendes-France, but it is note- worthy that it was assured not by his usual supporters but by his opponents.
Of those who changed sides last night to vote with the Government 23 "" European "" right wing deputies and 2i members of the M.R.P. did so expressly to save the Atlantic alliance. The Prime Minister's assurances to the members of his majority of his desire for a four-Power conference and an agreement on general disarmament rallied only 12 Gaullists and four Socialists, and in his own party, the Radicals, two more votes swung against him.
It follows that, if this pattern is reproduced to-morrow, the votes of confidence, like yester- day's, will not in themselves be an indication of the solidity of M. Mendes-France's mnajoioty. Success to-morrow will undoubtedly figures in ermckents i a new lease of life, as cored dsparity between his maiority on domestic policy and his majority on foreign policy is an element of weakness which may .wel cause him difficulties in the future.
THE VOTE ANALYSED
Last night's vote is analysed eow. The figures in brackets indicate the shift of votes as compared with the division in which the Government was defeated on Friday :
For the Government, 289 (+30); against 251 (-29); abstentions, 83
Socialists, for 86 (+3), against 17 (-4); abstentions, 1 (+I).
Communists and allies, against 98.
A.RSP., for 17 (+11), against 50 (-11); abstentions 17 (+3).
Radicals, for 44 (3-1) against 27 (+ 1) abstentions, 5. ' )
eaullists, for 38 (+4), against 18 (-7); abstentions, 14 (+2).
Independent Republicans, for 30 (+7), against 11 (-4); abstentions, 12 (+2).
A.R.S., for 18 (+ 1), against, 4 ( -4);- abstentions 11 (+3).
Peasant Independents, for 14 (+3), against 3 (-1); abstentions 11 (-2).
tion IJD.(. for 18, against 3 (+1I); absten-
Peasants, for 12 (+2), against 7 (- 1); abstentions, 3 (+2).
3versea Independents, for 8, against 5; abstentions 3; non-party, for 4, against 8 (+ I), abstentions 1 (-1).
EUROPEAN UNITY
ITALIAN REMINDERS TO
FRENCH CATHOLICS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEC 28
The Rome Communist evening news- paper, Paese Sera, claims this evening that Signor Fanfani, the secretary of the Christian Democrat Party, has rejected a suggestion by Signor Scelba that the Italian Christian Democrats should appeal to their fellow-Catholics in France in the M.R.P. to throw their weight behind the Paris agreements in the present critical voting in the French Assembly.
The suggestion that the Italian Christian Democrats are considering, or have con- sidered, anything so formal as a party appeal to their French friends is scouted in official quarters, but that the views on this issue of the chief Catholic party in Italy have been made clear to the M.R.P. during the past few weeks is evident from the fact that Signor Fanfani was in Paris recently for conversa- tions with* French deputies and political leaders who are interested in the furtherance of the European unity idea.
Furthermore, the adverse vote of the French Assembly on Christmas Eve has provoked more than one Christian Democrat newspaper in Italy to remind the M.R.P. bluntly that to stand aside while the Communists and others try to kill the Paris agreements is no way to promote the M.R.P.'s ideas of ultimate Euro- pean unity, even if the agreements are regarded by the party as a poor substitute for E.D.C.
The Italian Council of Ministers when it meets to-morrow is expected to discuss the events in the French Assembly and to con- sider tentatively what Italian policy will have to be should the French Assembly eventually vote, later to-morrow, against the implemen- tation of the Paris agreements.";"December 29, 1954";"";53125;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Crucial Paris Votes This Afternoon";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, MAY 6
President Eisenhower conferred at the White House to-day with Mr. DuUes and Admiral Radford, the chairmnarn of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a few hours before the Secretary of State was due to leave for Paris to take part in the meetings of Foreign Ministers beginning there to-morrow. He left in an atmosphere of expectancy brighter than has per- meated any of his frequent visits to that city.
The air of optimism is as warming-per- haps as incalculable-as the burst of summer sunshine that gladdens Washington. with scant thought for the dank days ahead; and, if the rising sun of Germany is the imme- diate cause for self-congratulation, portents on the wider horizon are being read with guarded hope
On leaving the airport to-night Mr. Dulles said that he went to Europe with greater confidence than on any previous missions he had undertaken as Secretary of State. "" I truly believe,"" he said, "" that our meetings in Paris, where we wil welcome a newly sovereign Germany into the Atlantic alliance, will begin the writing of a new chapter in the European story-a chapter that will record the realization of a new Europe, united, free, and secure, of which men of vision have so long dreamed."" It might be, he added, that, even as they met in Paris, yet another great city of Europe-Vienna- might see the coming to fruition of their long efforts to secure freedom and independ- ence for Austria. These two achievements, so long sought by the West, would of them- selves open up "" new vistas for accomplish- ment.""
RESISTANCE UNMODIFIED Mr. Dulles's deputy, Mr. Hoover, and Mr. Wilson, the Secretary of Defence, were also present at the White House, and presumably last minute adjustments would have to be made to the recent shifts and contradictions of American policy toward the variety of topics that will be raised in Paris.
If Mr. Dulles now expects, after welcoming Germany into the North Atlantic alliance, to go on to Vienna to sign the Austrian treaty, there are certainly no indications that Washington has modified its resistance to ' summit talks "" with Russia in advance of preparatory soundings by the four Foreign Ministers, and it is insisted in most informed quarters that he will urge this view on Mr. Macmillan if such a proposal is offered.
But, as usual, nothing is divulged about the White House consultations beyond a statement that thev were of a "" routine nature,"" though it was admitted that Mr. Dulles, who remained for luncheon with the President, then discussed developments in southern Viet Nam and the Austrian treaty.
Governor Harriman of New York has already commented on the lack of official information in Washington, whose attitude to these international developments seems to be in line with recent restrictions applied by the Defence Department to its pronounce- ments on military matters-a policy vigor- ously opposed by the nation's newspaper editors and suspected by Senator Symington (Missouri) of being inspired by a desire to safeguard mistakes as well as secrets.
FEW FACTS
Precious few facts have emerged on the American side to justifv the rosy hopes of most public commentaries, and even foreign diplomatists assert that there is no other capital of the free world in which they can talk so much for so little. It is enough to recall that within the last 10 days or so Admiral Radford and Mr. Robertson of the State Department have been to Formosa and back. General Collins, the President's emissary in Viet Nam, has come and gone almost without a trace in Washington-and not a word has been said officially to indicate the real purpose, let alone the broad out- come. of these important missions.
Nor will anyone say what concrete steps are being taken to explore the Peking offer to discuss a cease-fire, beyond vague refer- ences to the intervention of third parties. Much credit is now claimed for the policy of leaving the Communists to guess American intentions, and this presumably necessarily means that everyone else is left to guess them.
Mlost of the prevailing satisfaction with current developments is, of course, centred in the formal measures ending the allied occupation of Germany on terms that ensure a German contribution to European defence.
GERMAN AMBASSADOR
There are those who reflect on the perhaps decisive part that west Germany will play in any negotiated settlement with Russia, and Bonn's developing ideas on terms to be advanced if German reunification is dis- cussed by the four Powers are being carefully scrutinized here. It seems that they are not necessarily acceptable. During the day Herr Krekeler, who for the past five years has headed his country's diplomatic mission in Washington, presented his letters of credence at the White House as the first Ambassador of the Federal Republic; and it is to be noted that after his formal statement of friendship and gratitude he expressed his Government's concern for the people of east Germany-their "" brothers and sisters,"" for whom they felt the same loyalty as for friends and allies.
President Eisenhower found it especiallv gratifying that, 10 years after the end of hostilities, west Germany had become a fully sovereign member of the family of nations and would be able to play its Tole in the peace councils. The United States, he said. was glad to be associated with west Germany in the Atlantic community, and recognized that there remained a great task ahead-that of unifying the German people. They would use every opportunity to achieve it.
FIRST MEETINGS
TO-DAY
INFORMAL EXCHANGES
PARIS, MAY 6
The meetings of Foreign Ministers which begin to-morrow in Paris fall into three groups. There will be informal meetings between two, three, or four Ministers, and at these important deci- sions on Indo-China, the Far East, and four-Power talks with the Soviet Union may well be taken.
There will also be the first meetings of Western European Union, which start to-morrow, and the N.A.T.O. Council meet- ings, whicb start on Monday. The meetings of boLh W.E.U. and N.A.T.O. will be largely formal, but the N.A.T.O. meeting, which is something of a set piece presented without fireworks, will have as its main purpose the welcoming of Germany as a member of N.A.T.O.
The talks start to-morrow with an informal meeting between M. Pinay and Mr. Dulles, who will later be joined by Mr. Macmillan, to discuss Indo-China, and possibly also the situation in the Far East. Any discus- sion on Indo-China is at the moment hampered by the fluid situation.
After a dinner at the British Embassv to-morrow evening, representatives of the Western European Union Powers will hold a meeting to bring W.E.U. into being. The Brussels treaty organization, which latterly has been known somewhat confiusingly as Western Union, will then cease to exist.
The meeting has then to make appoint. ments on the W.E.U. secretariat. Unless there is a last-minute change, the secretary- generad wil be M. Goffin, the present Belgian mbassado ;in Teheran, who was formerly
*Ambassador in Moscow.
On Sunday Mr. Macmillan, Mr. Dulles, M. Pinay, and Dr. Adenauer will hold an informal meeting on east-west relations and the best means of approaching Russia on a four-Power conference. They will have before them the report prepared by their experts at the recent meetings in London.
The British Governeurts wiews on tour- Power talks with Russia are discussed on page 7.";"May 7, 1955";"";53214;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Dulles Goes To Paris";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent', 'From DAVID HOTHAM', 'From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"The rift within the Western European Union continued yesterday, with Bonn retracting and then restoring its earlier statement of support for the French attitude over last Friday's meeting of the organization in London.
The French Government issued a remarkably un- compromising declaration that it will not take part in W.E.U. activities unless given an assurance that no meetings will be held without prior agreement.
Mr. Gaston Thorn, the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, is expected to put forward a proposal to end the W.E.U. crisis when the organization's assembly meets today. Mr. Thorn made a surprise journey to Brussels yesterday.
Clarification sought on
right of veto
Paris boycott to stay
From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Par;s, Feb. 19
The session of the W.E.U. Assembly, which opens tomorrow. will provide an opportunity for the airing of respective standpoints on the question of political and other consultations between the seven member countries. The Gaullist participation will be unusually strong, and so will the British.
In a statement today to the French Cabinet. M. Debre, the Foreign Minister, said: "" In 1963, an agreement between the six member countries of the E.E.C. and Britain provided for political and economic consultations in the form of regular meetings of thle Council of Ministers of the W.E.U. The matters discussed in the course
of these consultations must, in application of the statutory texts of the W.E.U., be selected by com- mon agreement. This rule is neces- sary to ensure the respect of national interests, and to avoid damaging by some external action the normal functioning of the European Economic Community.""
M. Debre added: "" An mitia- tive was recently taken to consti- tute political consultations w'ihout the prior agreement of all the mem- ber countries. The Government. after clearly warning its partners of its standpoint, did not accept this initiative and will only resume its participation in the work of the W.E.U. once a return to the rules in force is absolutely assured.""
Luxembourg likelv to uwe co operation, page 4.
By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
Out of the confused plethora of statements yesterday, three facts emerged. First, the statement issued late on Tuesday night in Bonn agreed with the French view that except in the case of emergen- cies, W.E.U. meetings can only be held with the agreement of all. members. This would give France or any member the right to veto normal political consultation.
Secondly, at a press conference in Bonn yesterday afternoon, the German Government in some part retracted this. Although their statement leaves much obscure and much to be decided, it de- clares that in the German Gov- erment's opinion "" the prior agree- ment of members is not necessary for sessions of the permanent council"" (of W.E.U.) but the spokesman added that, in effect, it was nceessary except for meetings with a normal agenda.
Thirdly, in Paris, the French Government issued an uncom- promising declaration that France win not take part in W.E.U. activi- ties unless given an unequivocal assurance that meetings will not
be held except after prior agree- ment of all members.
In so far as France's partners in the W.E.U. are not determined to apply the rules (as the French Government see them) without reserve or cavil. France will not take part in meetings. If France's partners wish the WE.U. to resume its normal functioning, then they can inform the French Government of their intention to return to the rules.
This French declaration also says that the French Government is asking nothing and for the pre- sent awaits an initiative, presum- ably from their partners.
From all this it emerges that Dr. Kiesinger, no doubt under the stiffest pressure, was obliged to give way from the position which had been clearly agreed with other W.E.U. countries before Friday's meeting.
The German clarification of yesterday afternoon says that there should be agreed rules of consul- tation, and that the Federal Gov- ernment will approach its partners on this shortly.
Change of emphasis-
From DAVID HOTHAM-
-Bonn. Feb. 19
West Germany, in an attempt to solve the crisis, today proposed consultations among all seven members of the organization to find a future procedure acceptable to each, including France.
Herr Conrad Ahlers, the deputy chief Government spokesman, said at a press conference that, in prin- ciple, the Federal Government re- garded unanimity between all members of the W.E.U. as neces- sary for meetings of the W.E.U. Council to be convened. He re- peated that the Gernan Govern- ment stood by a statement put out last night which took the view that the London meeting of last Friday, called to consider the situation mn the Middle East. had been an ex- ceptional case and not, as the British Government maintain, a routine meeting.
Herr Ablers added that in the W.E.U. the established practice had grown up that routine meet- ings did not require unanimity to be cvnvened by .the Secretary- General, but in the German view this only applied when the subject of the council's agenda was "",normal "". In cases where the agenda went beyond the normal, preliminary consultations were re- quired between the members of the organization before a meeting could be convened.
The Government spokesman also said that in view of the present dispute with Britain on the inter- pretation of the W.E.U. statutes, the whole legal position would have to be examined afresh, and the Federal Government intended to submit proposals in the near future which, it was hoped, would be acceptable to all parties. in- cluding France.
Herr Ahlers emphasized strongly that the German Governmeti sets
great store by the need to make the Western European Union into an effective organization which could serve the aim of coopera- tion in Europe. The upshot of today's statement by the Federal Government is clearly that the Germans are anxious to dispel any impression that they are ready to join in -any revolt of the ""new six"" against France.
The German attitude has con- fused many people because yes- terday morning the official spokes- man for the Federal Government made a statement appearing to support the British and oppose the French standpoint on the legality of the London meetings. Yester- day evening, the Federal Govern-
ment reversed this and opposed the I British view.
The official Bonn declaration of Tuesday night said: ""The Fed- eral Government supports every endeavour which helps to strengthen and increase European cooperation. Therefore, it wel- comes consultations within the framework of the W.E.U.
"" Differences of opinion have arisen - between France and her W.E.U. partners because of a Council meeting in London last Friday. The Federal Governmnent took part in this meeting because, according to article Vfll of the WVE.U. Treaty, each partner has the right to request the Council to be convened, providesl that in his opinion a situation exists which constitutes a threat to peace.
"" However, in the Federal Government's view tk c ticle can only be applied under exceptional circumstances, as was t-- case last Friday. Apart from this exception, the Council can be convened out- side the normnal term of mneetings only by unanimous vote.""";"February 20, 1969";"";57490;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn returns to support of France";""
"";"['News']";"Continuation of discussions in the Northem Rhodesian Copperbelt on ways and means of enabling African workers to take up work of greater responsibility in the copper mining industry is foreshadowed in a statement issued yesterday by Sir Emest Oppenheimer, the Chairman of Anglo Amed. Corporation of South Africa, Limited.
In his statement Sir Emest outlines the policy of the two copper producing com- panies of the Anglo American Corporation Group on this subject. Sir Emest's statement is as follows-
"" The discussions on the subject of African advancement in the mining industry in Northern Rhodesia which have taken place in recent months between represen- tatives of the copper mining companies and of the European Mineworkers' Union have reached a new stage.
Up to now these meetings which, I am happy to say, have been conducted in an entirely friendly spirit have been limited to a statement of general views on the situation by representatives of mining companies. Representatives of the Union have quite understandably not been in a position to express the views of their members as they have not yet been able to refer the matter to their branches or to organise a general discussion among their scattered membership. The mining companies de- cided last week, however, to ask the Union to refer the matter to their branches and the subject will presumably now become one f'or public debate and consideration. It is therefore expected that at the next meeting between representatives of the ompanies and the Mineworkers' Union we should be able to hear their views and to take discussions a step forward.
I think it is important that our employees in Northem Rhodesia should know our point of view.
Let us first very, briefly put the problem in its historical perspective. What I am going to say now I have said before. I make no apology for repeating it, as there are still many people in various parts of the world who do not seem to understand the position.
Half a century ago the population of the present Copperbelt lived in savagery and in fear-helpless victims of slaveraiding, anarchy and disease.
Their progress in a half-century has been phenomenal-a rate of Progress probably unsurpassed in the world's history.
This progress has been solely due to the order and leadership of thE European. Its continuance is still compfletely de- pendent on this leadership, and wil be so for the foreseeable future.
African progress in Rhodesia must con- tinue. It is the duty of European leader- ship to see that it does so; and the copper compames are constantly introducing improvements in African housing, pay, leave, and working conditions generally. This, however, is not enough. The African has learned to use simple European tools and to perform tasks that, until a genera- tion ago, he would have regarded, if he thought of them at al, as far beyond his ability. The African must be allowed to develop these skills, and he must be helped to develop them through Euro- pean teaching. It is the whole basis of the pollcy in the new Federation that the African should play a fuller part in the industrial economy of the country of which he is a citizen. Without such develop- ment there can be no real future in Central Africa.
This part of the African's development creates certain difficulties, for it is at this point that he begins to impinge on what nave hitherto been regarded as prerogatives and entrenched positions of the European.
It is not only a matter of custom and tradi- bojn; it is also, as in every industry in every civilised country, a matter of formal agreement between employers and em- ployed. It is not essentially or necessarily a question of colour or race.
Our agreement with the European Mineworkers' Union-we have another with our staff association-lays down a wage scale for various scheduled occupa- tions and provides that we shall not employ non-members of the Union in those occupations. This is a normal
closed shop"" agreement.
Rates of wages laid down in this Agree- ment take account of acquired skills and inherited experience of European artisans and operatives, and they were enhanced originally because those artisans and operatives had had to emigrate from their homes in Europe or South Africa to an undeveloped part of Central Africa.
These high rates of pay would not be justified for workmen of inferior skill and limited experience working in their own homeland.
When we ask the European Union, as we have done, to consider jointly with us whether it is possible to define certain categories of jobs now carried out by their members as ones that could be allocated at lower rates of pay to Africans who qualify for such responsibilities, we realise tmat we are asking them to do a very difficult thing. The Companies also realise that this study and allocation cannot be done umlaterally. We need the help and agreement of the European Union.
We do not, of course, for a moment contemplate that any European will lose his job as a result of this olicy. In fact, the Companies are Filly prepared to guarantee his job in this respect to every European employee. Nevertheless, it is a difficult thing for the Trade Union to agree to this idea. The Trade Union's difficulty is not altogether one of colour: what we are asking them to agree to our doing is to replace one man by another at a very much lower rate of pay.
We do not think that we can reasonably expect the right to do this unilaterally. We have no intention of breaking or denouncing our agreement with the Union, and we recognise that whatever progress can be made along the lines we have in mind could only be achieved in co-operation and agreement with the Union.
There is another reason why unilateral action cannot possibly succeed: if Africans are to progress into more skilled work they will have to be taught to do that work. The only people who can teach them are our European employees. For this reason too, co-operation is essentiaL
To our African employees I would give an ssurance that the Companies have their mnterests constantly under consideration. I would remind them of greatly increased wage scales, improvements in housing standards, greater leave privileges and establishment of pensions, all of which have been achieved during the year now drawing to a close. I would assure them of our understanding of their legitimate aspirations to do more skilled work and of our wish to make it possible for them to progresS gradually in this direction.
To our European employees, both those of Tbe Staff Association and those of The Mineworkers Union, I would give an assurance that our Companies wi not be parties to any Unilateral action in this matter.
This is a problem which is soluble only by co-peration as the outcomne of freo negotiation. We recognise that the in- dustry and the territory are entirely dependent on white leadership. We ask them to continue with us to take their share In the responsibility of that leadership.""
: :~ ~ ~~~~~s";"December 24, 1953";"";52813;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Progression In Northern Rhodesia";""
"['From HUGH NOYES, Parliamentary Correspondent', 'Our Political Correspondent', 'From DAVID HOTHAM', 'Our Berlin Correspondent']";"['News']";"Tory backbench critics of the Government's atti- tude to President de Gaulle's proposals on Nato and the Common Market were defeated by 270 votes to 33 at the end of the Commons Emergency debate yesterday on Anglo-French relations.
West Germany, which had asked for today's meet- ing in London of the Western European Union to be postponed to March 5, will attend today. Dr. Kiesinger took the decision after the French had made it clear that they would not attend on March 5.
President Nixon, who gave his security guards some anxious moments during his London visit by breaking away to shake hands with spectators, paid a surprise visit to Parliament yesterday and spent about 15 minutes listening to Mr. Wilson in action during Question Time.
'tory concern at harm
to British diplomacy
{From HUGH NOYES, Parliamentary Correspondent-
Westminster, Tuesdav
The Commons emergency de- bate on Anglo-French relations ended tonight with a resounding defeat by 270 votes to 33 for the critics of the Government's reac- tion to President de Gaulle's recent proposals on the Common Market and Nato made during a talk with Mr. Soames, the British Am- bassador in Paris.
With the Tory front bench clearly holding themselves in check so as not to damage any further the already severely injured rela- tionship with France, it was left mainly to the back benchers to pursue the attack, with charges of breaches of confidence and bad timing.
t Mr. Stephen Hastings-who initiated the debate-explained, as a former diplomat, that diplomatic channeLs sometimes became clogged, -they frequently leaked, and they were almost always shrouded. He felt it was no bad thing that from time, to time,Par-: liament shold' take up a manhole to see what was going on inside.
With Sir Alec Douglas-Home at his most diplomatic, the Com- mons settled down to three hours of what has become in recent days the almost national pastime of looking deeply into the General's mind* Sir Alec was mainly con- cerned with the damage that this episode might have done to British diplomacy in the future.
If foreign statesmen, he said, were to believe for a moment that confidences would be related to others, no one would ever again say anything worth while to Britain. He urged Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, to make it abundantly clear that this was not Britain's usual practice and that the present situation was a spzcial one :n which special treat- ment was necessary.
Although accepting in general the Foreign Secretary's version of the affair, Sir Alec felt that Mr. Stewart had underestimated the resources of diplomacy. There were at least two options open to the Government. he said. They could have told the General that they must inform the Germans and the other four E.E.C. gover- ments. His cooperation could have been invited and he could have been asked to explain his ideas to his partners or to agree that Britain should do so.
Another course. said Sir Alec, would have been for the Foreign Secretary to have told the Five that the British Ambassador had had a first conversation with the
French President, that the result seemed to be the same mixture as before, but that there were cer- tain things which should be pur- sued in the interests of the unity of Europe.
Sir Alec said the impression had been given that the Government felt they were about to fall into a trap. Surely, one of the functions of diplomacy was to spring traps so that the innocent did not fall into them and that those who had set the traps should not be caught themselves.
Mr. Stewart, at his most guarded, agreed that disclosures of diplomatic exchanges were not general, recognized, or usual prac- tice. He emphasized that President de Gaulle's expressed wishes about what he would like to see happen in Europe were linked to definite proposals that we should have talks with him.
He rejected the theory by some' Tory backbenchers that the general was merely philosophizing- These proposals, said Mvir. Stewart: were of a nature that gravely affec- ted the interests of our allies. Those about Nato clearly affected relations with the United States and those about the Common Market affected our relations with our allies in Europe.
The proposals had been made at a time when it was public know- ledge that President Nixon was about to visit Europe and that Mr. Wilson was going to west Germany. No government, said Mr. Stewart, could overlook the danger that if they had not in- formed their allies they might have heard about these proposals from other sources and in a less friendly fashion.
The Minister added that many people shared the common desire to bring Europe -together. He realized that this could not be done either by excluding France or Germany or by dodgin'g from one to another. Mr. Stewart em- phasized, however, that the British Government could not accept that there could be no progress at All in Europe without French consent
Our Political CorresDondent
writes: Apart from Mr. Grimond and Mr. Robert Maxwell, all the 33 votes in support of the motion came from Tory backbenchers. The tellers were Mr. Hastings and Sir Henry d'Avigdor Goldsmid. Among their supporters were the following former Tory mini- sters: Mr. Enoch Powell. Mt. Turton, Mr. du Cann. Mr. Nigel Birch, Sir John Foster, and Mr. Hugh Fraser.
Bonn will attend WEU
Bonn, Feb. 25
- From DAVID HOTHAM
Germany will attend the Western European Union permanent coun- cil meeting in London tomorrow. The decision, which was uncertain until late last night, was taken per- sonallv today by Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor.
The Germans had asked for the meeting to be postponed until March 5, apparently in the hope that France could be.persuaded to attend the later session, and there- by heal the widening rift in Europe. These hopes were ended last night when the French made it clear that they would not attend a meeting of WE.U. on March S or any other date so long as their condition was not met that decisions to convene the council must be unanimous.
The new French ""non "" to a March 5 meeting finally decided the wavering Germans to go to London. Thev will be represented at the council by Herr Blanken- horn, the German Ambassador.
The decision to attend the meet- ing is interpreted here as a slight stiffening of the German attitude towards France, after the dis- closures on the "" Soames affair "", in which, according to the British
version, General de Gaulle expressed ideas about the future of Europe which are not particularly welcome in Boan.
The gesture of solidarity with Britain coincides with the arrival tomorrow of President Nixon in Bonn. West Germanv is clearly much nearer to the Anglo- Saxon nations than to France in her attachment to Nato, and the strengthening of the western alliance will be one of the main topics discussed tomorrow in Bonn-
Our Berlin CorraqrnanIent
writes: Students broke into the tness hall of the Technical Univer- sity in Berlin tonight to continue a teach-in against President Nixon's visit to Berlin on Thurs- day.
Rome, Feb. 25.-In a speech lo the Italian Senate, Signor Pietro Neani, the Foreign Minister, des- cribed France's position in W.E.U. as both juridically and politicaly untenable. He said: ` It was attempted to introduce a right of veto over the convocation and activity of the council when there was no trace of this in the Brussels treaty.""-Reuter.
French scorn for Britisb offer, page 6.
Meeting lhe-pubc outside Buckingham Palace.
Wreath-laying at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior.
Retirement present to Police-'constable Cannon at the Commons.
Dinner at 10 Downing Street last night with the Prime M;nister.";"February 26, 1969";"";57495;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Critics on Government's handling of France are heavily defeated";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS. DEc. 13
Ten days of intense diplomatic activity begin here to-morrow and wtin reach their clirmax next weekena with the meeting between President Eisenhowet. Mr. Macmillan, General de Gaulle, and Dr. Adenauer.
The ministerial councils of the Council of Europe, Western European Union, and N.A.T.O. will all meet; and the last will meet for a second time on Tuesday week to hear a report on the heads of Government meeting. Ministers who arrived to-day included Mr. Hferter, whose aircraft was diverted to London last night because of fog.
INTERESTING "" LEAK ""
The meeting of the ministerial council of N.A.T.O., which at one time looked as if it would be over- shadowed by the meeting of heads of Government, may be quite lively on its own account. On Friday it was disclosed as the result of a "" leak."" apparently from American sources. that at a meeting here of the military c6m- mittee on the previous day General Twining, chairman of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff. had implied that France. because of her uncooperative attitude towards N.A.T.O., was pri- marily to blame for the failure of several Countries to meet their military obligations towards the alliance.
This is the sort of thing that it may be perfectly natural to say at a meeting of a committee whose proceedings are secret; and it is certainly the sort of thing that many people, and by no means only Americans, are thinking. What is interesting is that it should have "" leaked "" in this way. With General de Gaulle away in Africa, there has been *no official French reaction, but obviously neither he nor M. Debrd, the Prime Min'ster, who will be speaking on Tues- day at the official opening of the new N.A.T.O. headquarters, will appreciate the manner or substance of such a divulgation.
M. Spaak, the Secretarv-General. called a meeting of the member-nations' permanent representatives at N.A.T.O. to discuss the ""leak."" but it seems that the substance of the question was not touched on.
FUILL U.S. SUPPORT
Mr. Herter made no reference to the incident or what lies behind it in his remarks at the airport this afternoon. In an evident reference to rumours about an impending reduction in American commitments in Europe, he said that American policy was still one of com- plete support for N.A.T.O.: "" The United States will take on its N.A.T.O. responsibilities as it has always done."" He also uttered a warning about over- optimistic estimates of Soviet intentions, and added that the defensive force of the Atlantic alliance and its development. remained of capital importance.
The week's first engagement is the meeting to-morrow of the 15 Foreign Ministers, or their representatives, of the member-nations of the Council of Europe, under the chairmanship of M. Wigny, the Belgian Foreign Minister. They will be concerned largely with the question of political consultation in Europe, and the role that the Council of Europe can play.
THE FIRST TIME
A member of the Common Markel commission, M. Jean Rey, will be attend- ing for the first time, thus providing a working link between the so-called "" Europe of the 15 "" and the six-Power European Community.
One of the resolutions of the Consul- tative Assembly of the Council of Europe which the Ministers will con- sider proposes that member-nations of the Organization for European Eco- nomic Cooperation should sign a declaration of intent, engaging them- selves to reach an agreement on a Euro- pean economic association b- January 1, 1962 linking the European Community with the other members of O.E.E.C.
The Assembly has also suggested a conference of European and African countries to discuss problems of co- operation between the two continents. The Swedish delegation to the Council of Europe is reported to be sponsoring a resolution, which it will table at to- morrow's meeting, suggesting the estab- lishment of a ""bridge"" between the
seven free-trade-area Powers and the six of the Common Market.
rhe Swedes put a simi:ar proposal to the last meeting at Strasbourg of the Mlinisters of the Common Market Powers. who then came to no decision about it.
The Atlantic Council meeting, to be attended by the Foreign, Finance, and Defence Ministers of all the member- countries, will meet at the new N.A.T.O. headquarters at the Porte Dauphine and remain in session for three days.
Its business can be divided broadly into two parts: (z) Discussion of the political situation, and east-west rela- tions, in general in view of the likelihood of a summit conference; and (ii) the military problems of the allian:e.
WESTERN AIMS
One of the Foreign Ministers of the major Powers is expected to op_n the discussion with a state- ment of western aims, and a general exchange is then expected about the nature and extent of the detente in Europe, and the way in which N.A.T.O., while remaining on guard, can contri- bute to it. This will enable a collective N.A.T.O. view to be conveyed to the heads of Government.
In regard to (ii), discussion will inevit- ably dwell on the manifest failure of some N.A.T.O. Powers to live up to these requirements. This question appears to be not so much a falling off in defence expenditure-indeed, many countries have increased their defence budget-as an increase in the cost of modern defence.
Discussion of this could obviously range wide and, if last week's work in the military committee is any guide, might include such matters as General de Gaulle's non-cooperative attitude to- wards the integrated defence of Europe, and the extent to which the Americans consider that the Europeans should now contribute more towards their own defence.
PAYMENTS DIFFICULTY
One of the difficulties here is that, if the obvious answer is for the European members of N.A.T.O. to contribute more to the expense of joint defence, it would not always be feasible, within the limits of a planned defence programme, to in- crease military spending to any good purpose. Germany, for instance, even if she allocated a good deal more money to defence, would probablv be unable, because of physical limitations, to spend it.
President Eisenhower arrives here on Friday night. by train from Toulon. where he will earlier have disembarked from an American cruiser. On Satur- day, Sunday, and Monday the western heads of Government meet, and, Mr. Eisenhower flies to Madrid on Monday afternoon.
The seven Ministers of Western European Union meet on Thursday.
U.S. President ends India visit on new note, page 8.
ANGLO-FRENCH AIR
COLLABORATION
CLOSER LINK-UP TO
CUT COSTS
Britain and France are to work together more closely in developing modern aircraft and guided missiles, the Ministry of Aviation announced on Saturday. The statement said that dur- ing his three-day visit to the United kingdom M. Jean Blancard, French Minister for Air, had had talks with Mr. Duncan Sandys. Minister of Aviation.
The two Ministers were agreed upon the value to both countries of collabo- ration in the field of aviation. With a view to avoiding duplication of effort and to reduce the heavy costs involved in development of modern aircraft and guided missiles they decided to encourage still closer contact between Government aeronautical establishments and between aircraft firms in France and Britain.
In the course of his visit M. Blancard visited aircraft and aero-engine fac- tories, and had talks with a number of manufacturers. He also saw some of the latest research facilities provided at Government aeronautical establishments.";"December 14, 1959";"";54643;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Last Phase Before The Summit";""
"['by John Pesmazoglu']";"['News']";"by John Pesmazoglu
The principle of Greece's full membership in,"" the
Community havring been. confirmed by thle Nine' the content of the treaty of accession to be negot#ited may be deemed as largely defined. It is likely to' in- clude three elements: ipsti- tutional rearrangements for the addition of a tenth member with a population close to that of Belgium, such as were made for Nor- way; the essential details' of adjustments during the transitional period, as in the treaties of accession with the United Kingdom, Den- mark and Ireland; and cer- tain basic principles and regulations designed to enhance Greek economic de- velopment, on the lines adopted for Italy and Ire- land.
On the assumption that Greece will become a full mrember on January 1, 1979, the end of the transitional period would be December 31, 1983. The view that big difficulties lie -ahead and can be overcome only by' vrolonged negotiations is
hardly justified. There arei , standmng contractual obliga-
tions for the full integration of the Greek economny with that of the Community, with equal treatment to that of member countries in all key sectors and with the p'rovi- sion that the necessary financial assistance, to sup. port' the process will be made available.
The balance of reciprocal gains, which constituted the oasis of Greece's ""associa- tion,"". ywas deeply upset by the suspension of a main part of the agreement aftet the 1967 coup d'etat. The equilibrium should now be restored, .with offsetting
irrangements for the damage inflicted by a dicta. torship strongly opposed by aie Greek pedple. Against 'he preferences whicl tb.- Nine already enjoy, the c' n- ditions should be secured For a strong advance of hose. exports in' which Gfeece has a comparative advantage and the potential Eor rapid expansion.
On technical toonsider- atons, therefore, it can hardly be argued that the forthcoming negotiations should last more than 12 months, or two years, in- cluding parliamentary ratifi- cations. Two and a hjlf years were required for muuch more extended andA complex negotiations wifta the three new membeirs which weie not previously associated with the Community. Accordingly, Greece's accession should be expected to c6me in force well before .1980. not 1084 as is sometimes arnbiguously suggested.
Full niembeiship in deci- sion-making procedures should be distinguislhed fioln the.process of integra- tion. This was started ]S years ago and will proceed beyonld the. moment of acces- sion and r ater thie end of athe. transiti 'n period. In the next few years an incre,is- ingly-close political rappro- chement with the Nine should be achieved,,in addi- tion to intensive preparation within Greece for a more powerful process of adjust- ment. tThe latter shopld be well designed and actively pursui# over .the next 10 years-that is, in two con- secutive five-year plans to the en'i oXf the transiti ln period. On a longer view, Greece's part in a European union should be iink,id mainly4 with-. geopolitical
..onsiderations, primarily:
'ith the active presencd of the Community in sotith: eastern Europe and the Mlediterranean.
Three mkin tasks are to be achieved during the period of negotiations and parliamentary ratifications of the treaty of accession. First, the actual conduct of the negotiations; second, a 'wider reorganization in Greece with objectives in most cases identical or com- plementary to those promot ing Greek econoinic and social progress; third, in- creasingly close consul- tations and cooperation be- tWeen Greek and European political parties, trade union, agricultural, other professional a.nd employers'. organizations, student asso- ciations, as well as academic and research institutions.
The direct election ;of a European Parliament is widely considered in Greece as an impor,tant step in European development. On the accepted criteria and proposals, about 25 Greek representatives, as many as those for The Netherlands or Belgium, should- be added to the 410 members of a directly elected Euro- pean Parliament. Consider- able importance is attached on the Greek side to the earliest *possible participa- tion in this process.
The view that a great transformation of the Community should be feared with Greece's acces- sion is hardly justified. The inclusion of tJte southern European countries in the. process of European inte- gration is a political. and -economic necessity. Greece, and the whole of southern Europe, is economically complenmentary to northern Europe and provides an
Mr Pesmazoglu is member of Parliament for Athens and co-president of the Joint Parliamentary .Com- mission Greece-European Communities. He wast leader of the Greek mis- sion during negotiations for Greek association with the EEC (1959-61).
essential elemen.t of polit. ical strength. i
Two general consider. ations- should extpedite rather than delay Greece's accession: first, respect for law and international order would be strengthened with Europe's more active pre- sence, in south-eastern Europe and 'the Mediter- ranean. Second, Greece would support reorganiza- tion fer greater cohesion and efficiency in the Community, with due regard to basic national in- terests.
Institutional *integration and poli-tical rapprochement should be linked with the redesign and acceleration of economic integration. The process should be started immediately by Greece and sarried out in three imain directions. I T
In the first place. the necessary adjustments and accompanying reforms in Greece should be linked withdiinnovation in the main sectors of public and pri- vate lite. The principali con- ditions'and elements for this operation are. in existence: New responsibilities, mainly in regional planning, the pro- tection of the environment and basic social services should be associated with decentralization, simplifica- tion and.greater efficiency in the' traditional tasks of governmhent.
Second, an average annual rate of increase of about 6 er cent should be consi- dered as reasonable..Assum- ing a 4 per cent cruising rate for the Community, by the end 'of the transitional period .(1983 or 1984). the average per. capita income of the Greek people yould be nmre than 60 per cent of the corresponding Com-
munity average. This rela- tionship is close to that for Italy at the end of \the transitional period, accord. ing to the Treaty of Rome or to the present relation. ship for Ireland.
Third, the Greek economy should be strengthened by significant structural changes, to be achieved mainly through accelerated modernization and growth in 'agriculture, the creatiorr of about 300,000 additional jobs in urban occupations and increasing concentra. tion on selected; industries and productsg
Research and professional training should be designed to secure rapid growth in productivity, whose average annual rate of increase in urban activities could be of the order of 5 per cent, that is ibout 2S per cent higher than the average producti- vity growth rate expected in the advanced members of the Communitv. With these developments in sight the deficit on -current account by 1985 could be drastically reduced and the overall balance of pay,ments signif- icantly strengthened.
Progress towards these goals could be successful in conjunction with . parallel action in three directions. First, a new design of pub- lic policy with organized consultation. with the ."" social partners "" (repre- sentatives of large social groups) in the framework of. parallel developments within -the Community. Second, an increasingly close, cooperation with' Bal. kan countries, mainly in,the construction of service pro- jects of common interest and the exchange of pro. ducts of comparatively advanced technology. Third, the promotion and deepen- ing of ties with Arab Medi- terranean countries. ' The expansion of present Greek advisory, constructional and commercial activities in 'these countries could pro- vide strong links for' a healthy and lasting relation- ship .between this irea and the emerging European Union.";"September 27, 1976";"";59819;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Accession could come well before 1980";""
"['by Patrick Brogan']";"['News']";"Harvest time in Seine-et-Marne (left)-but the old style France is disappearing fast. The country now looks to the future with its partners in the European Economic Community, which has its headquarters in Brussels (right). At the European summit meeting. in Paris last month (top), President Pompidou told the other eight heads of- government that the time for solitary decisions had passed..
I by Patrick Brogan
General de Gaulle is dead and buried and his successors are playing light with his heri- tage. During the European summit meeting in Paris on October 19 and 20, President Pompidou told the other eight heads of government that the time had passed for solitary decisions. Collec- tive ones only could be en'- forced now.
This demolished the essence of Gaullist foreign policy. The general always took his decisions alone; the most absolute national inde- pendence was his fundamen- tal principle. M Pompidou has noticed that such a style no longer works, that many of the policies decided in solitude and presented to an unappreciative world as signs of genius were notably unsuccessful and unreward- ing.
So France has changed its style, and now seeks to attain its ends by persuading the partners of the soundness of its views. The transforma- tion was accomplished at the summit meeting earlier this year, notably during the pre- parations for the summit it- self. M Pompidou tried the old methods, as a final de- mbnstration that they no longer worked. He threatened to call off the meeting unless the rest agreed with his approach; they all refused to be bullied and' he beat a retreat.
The summit meeting was called, took place, and Presi- dent Pompidou won every- thing he wanted. He was able to demonstrate, in nego- tiations with his equals, un- rivalled capacity for diplo- macy which he cannot really exercise any more at home, because of his exalted posi- tion.
He must be among - the most skilful negotiators in Europe today. He showed this skill in France in 1968, when he was Prime Minister and persuaded the trade unions to abandon a general strike when they held all the cards for an overwhelming Political victory. He showed it again last month when he persuaded eight other states- men to accept his concept of Europe.' The Dutch Prime Minister, his principal oppo- nent, described M Pompidou as being the most effective delegate there.
Two days before the sum- mit meeting opened the French Government; circu- lated a draft declaration which it suggested should be published by the meeting at the same time as the com- Inuniqpe. The declaration was duly adopted, with some modifications.
A number of points are worth examining, since they illustrate aspects of French European policy. The first clause""' of the declaration
states that the Community's development must be founded on political demo- cracy, freedom of opinion, the free movement of people and ideas, and participation by the people-through their freely elected representa- tives. This clause is worth emphasizing because many people, including Mr Harold Wilson, appear to have mis- understood M Pompidou's position on Spanish member- ship of the EEC.
Spain, in France's view, is destined to become a mem- ber as soon as the essential democratic liberties are re- stored there. The second, and much more important point to be noted in the declaration, is that the Nine, with France in the lead, are committed to working to- wards a European Union, but do not define what precisely this means.
Little liking for parliaments
The Fifth Republic does not like parliaments. M Pompidou, as an executive president, does not want his power questioned by an effective parliament and so when other members of the Community want to intro- duce the direct election of members of the European Parliament, or to increase its powers, the French veto the suggestion.
""We have abolished the parliamentary regime in France. We do not intend to establish it in Europe "", some say. This is not particularly undeniocratic. There are two sorts of demo- cratic regime, the presiden- tial and the' parliamentary, and the present French con- stitdtion, like the American constitution, is presidential.
All the other members of the Community and all other European democracies are parliamentary, and it is to be hoped that the passage of time and the steady pressure of French partners. will lead France to admit that parlia- ments are not invariably im- potent, factious and danger- ous, as they were under the Fourth Republic.
More important than the institutional form this Euro- pean union may take,' in French views, is the funda- mental question of the trans- fer of national responsibili- ties. In Gaullist theory national interest and nationai independence are ilnsepar- able. There was thus a con- siderable element of hypo- crisy. or at best sloppy think- ing, in Gaullist pretences to create an independent Europe: a Ewt-nean FTrone while maintaining an intran- sigent national independence. "" I'Eurove des Patries ""'is a contradiction in terms.
It is not clear how far M Pompidou expects to over-
conte this contradiction in building the European union by 1980. The economic and monetary union means, as the British opponents to the EEC quite rightly pointed out, that essential decisions of national economic policy will in future be decided jointly by the nine Governments.
Any one of the Nine will be able to veto the applica- tion of any stage of the union, but they have all accepted the principle that they must find a way to accord all their national interests in a common decision. -
Whether this can be done by occasional summit meet- ings, consultations of the Council of Ministers and agreements between minis- ters of finance remains to be seen, but many people would agree with the Dutch argu- ment that a real economic and monetary union is only possible under a federal government.
The summit meeting agreed to try it the French way. Experience of the past 14 years of the EEC is not promising. The summit meeting decided, on Mr Heath's suggestion, to appoint a committee to try to agree on a European in- dustrial policy, and another to work out a common policy for technology.
These things should have been settled years ago, and it is by no means clear that the addition of three new members to the Community will make them any easisr.
Sooner or later the mem- ber states of the EEC (and this includes probable future members like Norway) must face the choice of a federa- tion. The next few years are crucially important in this respect.' It is essential that the report, which is to be prepared by the end of 1975, should be conceived either as a blueprint for a federation, or an exoansion and comple- tion of the Treaty of Rome.
- The British may be for- given for not having clear viewvs on the subiect. Thev have not yet become used to membership and those who opposed joining the EEC will now presumably- and justifiably-turn to the greater battle of directing Britain and Europe to accept the' second of these two alternatives.
France; on the other hand. has been debating this-ques- tion for years, and despite many speeches and explana- tions from the Gbvernment. including a long disquisition from the President on the nature of confederation, they have yet to make up their minds. We may deduce. from- their- reticence, - that when the final decision has to be taken, they, too, will choose cooperation rather than union.-";"November 6, 1972";"";58624;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Diplomacy of gentle persuasion";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STUTTGART, SEPT. 9
General de Gaulle appealed to youth today to make Franoo-German soli- darity into something living. Thbe French President was addressing representa- tives of Gerrnan student and youth organizations at Schloss Ludwigsburg, 10 miles from Stuttgart.
Speaking in French he congratulated his audience. "" on being young Germans, that is to say the sons of a great people "", which had throughout its history committed great faults, but also cast throughout the world 8reat waves of thought, of philosophy, of science and of art, and revealed treasures of courase, organization, and discipline in the works of peace and the trials of war. He continued:-
This (Franco-Germanl solidarity which is
from now on second nature must certainly be organized. That is the task of governments. But it must also be made into something living. And that is above all the task of youth.
"" KNOW EACH OTHER""
Whik between the two countries economic,
political, cultural cooperation will develop more and more, may you for your part may young Frenchmen for theirs, ensure that all classes and condi- tions on your side and on ours come closer together, know each other better, and join more intimately.
The future of our two countries, the basis
on which the European union can and must be built . . . is the mutual esteem, confidence, and friendship of the French and German peoples.
Introducing General de Gaule, President Liibke said:-
France and Germany bave given the
example. Without them, their under- standing and their friendship, the hope of building a Europe capable of sur- viving the threats of our time would be nil.
My dear young people, now you are going
to hear the French statesman, the soldier of two world wars, who fought for his country against Germany, the European who has taken a decisive part in the task of European unity. He assures us of the friendship of France.
Earlier, he had received the homage of the Baden-Wnrttemibers Cabinet led by Herr Kiesinger, and been presented with a volume of facsimile documents illustrating The links between south GermanY and France in the early middle ages. These links were many. be said in an address. r.calling those also between "" our royal family and that of WOrttembers "", and his own great-great-great-grandfather Louis- Philippe Kolb. born in 1761 near Durlach.
After ending his visit to Munich this morning. General de Gaulle flew to Mun- singen camp. to take the salute at a parade of French troops, to which a small and rather unobtrusive contingent of the Bundeswehr had been added. He made a brief halt at Stuttgart. to receive the homage of the government of Baden-Wuirttemberg, before going on to Schloss Ludwigsburg.
TE DEUM SUNG
Ihe Presidenfs Munich visit closed this morning with a High Mass in the austere Marienkirche. Cardinal Dopfner, who sang it, said in a brief sermon that ""this great hout in the history of our people bids us cast our thoughts to brethren in the Soviet zone, who would rejoice along with us if they could "". At the close of Mozart's Coronation Mass the congregation of some ,000 intoned, the German Te Deum, 'GI'osser Gott, wir loben Dich "".
The enthusiasm shown for the French President in Munich exceeded all expecta- tions. Herr Ehard, the Chief Minister, said in his speech at the banquet at the Resi- denz last night that he had never seen anything like it in his native Bavaria. Many, speaking their minds more boldly, compared it to what they had witnessed under Hitler.
For the first time throughout this state visit to Germany, General de Gaulle paid homage to the dead of two world wars yesterday. He entered alone the crypt of the austere, massive memorial to Bavarian soldicrs of tbe two wars in the Hofgarten. against the backdrop of tibe ruined Army museum, to lay a wreath at the foot of the statue of the reclining warrior. wihile a police band played the traditional Gorman air. ""I had a comrade "".
As he emerged the French President made straight for half a dozen war wounded in bath chairs, and shook hands with each. ""Would that this might all have happened 50 years earlier'"", one of them retarked. ""We would have been spared a Second World War."" "" And you much suffering ', the General replied.
Some 50.000 people had gathered to hear him in the Odeonsplatz, that magnificent open air drawing room of Munich, framed by the Feldherrenhalle, wbere Hitler spoke during the abortive 1923 Putsch.
General de Gaulle said in German: - Whatever may have been in the pest, the
quarrels and battles between Frendi and Germans, everyone knows that between Bavaria and my country there was always, in spite of all, an understandins and a sympathy of a particular kind. But today, for Germany and France faced with the same threat, and to have so many things to aocomplish in the new world, what matters is to unite with one another. (Prolonged cheering.)
Therefore friendship, yes, friendship,
between the Fronch and the Bavarians can and must weigh heavily in the present and in the future. From all my heart, in the name of France, thanks to Munich, dear and magnificent capital. Long live Bavaria. Long live Franco-Bavarian friendship.
Aft""r a visit to the Pinakothek, the Munich picture gallery, and another triumphal progress through the streets, President de Gaulle walked the last 400 yards to his apartments in tbhr.Residenz.
In this residence of Bavarian monarchs, lent even greater magnificence by a pro- fusion of gold plate, Herr Ehard and the Bavarian Government entertained the French President to a banquet, which was followed by the performance of the last act of The Marriage of Figaro, in the Cuvillid theatre.
TEXT OF STATEMENT
.SU=GART, Sept. 9.-The following is the text of a joint Franco-German state- ment published here by the Federal Gov- ernment press office.-
The visit of the French State President to Germany has come to a conclusion with a journey to Hambutg, Munich, Stuttgart and Ludwigsbtrg. The extremely warm welcome which the population of the Rhineland cities gave General de Gaulle was continued on this journey by demon- strations of special sincerity.
The manifestations of joy and friendship confirmn in an impressive manner that Geinan-French solidarity is not onlv a matter for the two Govornments. but also for the two peoples. It is particularly a concern of young people, who gave magni- ficent expression to this belief at the Ludwigsburg meeting.
Both countries regard the visit by the French bead of state as a very important event in postwar history. It is their wish to promote European union, the founda- tlion-stone of which they have laid together with Italy and the Benelux countries-with their friendship in cooperation with their partners. and in this way to accelerate the development of the construction of Europe.
Their solidarity shall be an ever stronger element in the collaboration of all freedom- loving peoples, and it shall be an example in efforts for the maintenance and consolida- tion of peace.-Reuter.";"September 10, 1962";"";55492;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gen. De Gaulle's Appeal To German Youth";""
"['by Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"by Roger Berthoud
For Nato as for the Euro- pean Economic Community, the past year has been rich in events to the point of indigestion. it is not yet easy to unravel the interrela- tionship of the dramas, but undoubtedly the part played by the entry of Britain, Den- mark and Ireland to the EEC in January, 1973, should not be underesti- mated.
It is easy, with the Community in its present disarray, to forget how genuinely important a poli- tical and historical event enlargement was. It had a profound influence on transatlantic relations. It helped to bring about Dr Kissinger's call for a new Atlantic charter. It emphasized the need for the Europeans to act more closely toget,her in a world increasingly' dominated by the super-powers; and it gave impetus to discussion of defence as a necessary element in the projected European union, an idea en- dorsed at intervals by Mr Heath, Heir Brandt and M Michel Jobert, the French Foreign Minister.
For Nato the crucial fact about enlargement was that it promised to end the long freeze on European political growth imposed by de Gaulle. The European polit- ical dwarf began to aspire at least to middling stature. But the growing pains were sometimes painful to behold, and ""big daddy"" across the ocean, for all his own trou- bles, sometimes found them very irritating.
Enlargement meant that whereas previously only six of Nato's 15 members had also belonged to the EEC the number rose to eight, a majority. Norway's trejection of membership prevented the proportion from being higher. An otherwise tidy situation was coinplica.fed by the fact that although Ire land joined the EEC it re
nained outside Nato; and
FTance, a dominant element; in the EEC, continued to keep its arthed forces ander national control and outside Nato's integrated command, participating fully, however, in Nato's in- creasingly. important polit- ical deliberations.
With both Nato and *the European Community moving increasingly towards the political sphere and away from their original chief preoccupations-secur- ity and trade respectively- some overlapping was inev- itable. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Eurppe (CS CE) was a case in point. For long a central concern of Nato, it became one of the first fields in whic.h the Nine spoke with a single voice in multilateral political as well as economic negotiations.
In the preparatory phase of the security conference in 1972-before enlargement, but after the signature of the accession treaty-it seemed to Nato officials that the N.ine were redoing a lot of Nato's work and reaching mnuoh the same conclusions.
A form of consultative machinery was set up under which the official from the country holding the presi- dency of the Council of Min- isters attempted to "" sell "" the Nine's conclusions to the seven non-EEC members of Nato. This was usually done in Nato's political or economic committees, where there 'have also been peri- odic consultations on -the two declarations on Atlantic rela- tions being drawn up in parallel within Nato and be- tween the EEC and the United States.
Two aspects of this proce- dure irked the Americans from the start. Either the Nine had not yet agreed on an issue, and were conse- quently unwilling to commii themselves on it in Nato; or they had reached agreemeni among themselves (usuallj
Lfter considerable travail) tnd were impervious to any iew arguments. The French n particular tended to -egard the Nine's position as :he last word.
Another difficulty was ,hat discussions in Nato :ended inevitably to focus .hiefly op the United States and the EEC members. This left out the Canadians, who are neither American nor European; the Norwegians, whose voters had said ""no "" -o the EEC in September,- 1972; and the Turks,l Greeks, Portuguese and Ice- landers, in descending order of irritation.
The problem is likely to be- come even more delicate if- as seems logical-the eight EEC member states decide to concert their attitudes within Nato on specifically Nato topics with strong political overtones. As the Middle East war showed. it is impos- sible to keep security and economic matters in separate compartments. The drop in the tenmperature of trans- Atlantic relations which fol- lowed the October war was not divisible.
The Middle East war brought several issues more clearly into the open. It sharpened European suspi- cions that their interests might go to the wall in bi- lateral deals between Moscow and Washington. It thus also made the Europeans realize they needed to pull together if they wanted their voices to be heard. It helped the Americans to realize that their European partners in Nato could no longer be re- lied on to give unduestioning support to United States poli- cies in areas close to Europe but outside the Nato area. even if the Soviet Union was closely involved as a form of antagonist.
the war and its aftermath drew attention to the cen- tral problem of United States- European relations: the Europeans, especially the French, want to emphasize
heir independence in the ?olitical, economic and mone. :ary spheres, using the United -tates as a sort of whetstone rn which to sharpen Euro- Pean unity; but they want to ;emain heavily dependent on ,he United States in the de- Eence sphere. Meanwhile more and more Americans wonder, with Senator Mike Mansfield, why "" the 250 million people of Western Europe, with tremendous in- dustrial reserves and long
military experience, are un- able to organize an effective military coalition to protect themselves against 200 million Russians who are con- tending at the same time witlh 800 million Chinese, but must continue after 20 years to de- pend on 200 million Ameri- cans for their defence "".
The Europeans are not so much unable as unwilling to make any such effort. With no military threat Trom the East visible, public opinion is
in a mood for cutting rather than increasing, defence ex- penditure, especially in the climate of economic uncer- tainty created by the energy crisis.
To keep the Americans here is much cheaper and politi- cally more convenient, even if it is now accepted that some reductions in United States forces in Europe are inevit- able before long, inside or outside the framework of the East-West talks
on forces reductions in Vienna. The passage of the Jackson-Nunn amend- ment in the Senate has mean- while shifted the emphasis to America's military balance of payments deficit in Europe. The Europeans have until May, 1975, to work out some way of making this good, fail- ing which America will make the equivalent cuts in costs.
We are now in an inter- mediate phase. The long- term need for defence to be
brought within European co- operation is gaining accept- ance. But the means of achieving this, and the wil- lingness to pay for it, are still lacking. In the short term a bigger effort by the Euro- group, set up in 1968 to strengthen Europe's contribu- tions to Nato, remains the best bet. Its membership is not, however, ideal: Greece and Turkey belong to it, while France, with Iceland and Por- tugal, do not. The French
have suggested a reanimation of the Western European Union to which the Nine less Ireland and Denmark belong. Since the WEU treaty dis: criminates against the Ger- mans, Bonn predictably rejec- ted M Jobert's suggestion.
The key lies in much greater progress towards a European Government which could have some genuine powers of decision. At the moment such progress does not seem to be imminent.";"February 19, 1974";"";59018;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Independent' Community continues to depend on US for military support";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. Rerdel
Diplomatic Correspondent
The Council of Western Euro- pean Union, which comprises Britain, France, Italy and the Benelux countries and West Germany has now agreed to lift one of the main restrictions which West Germany accepted ,on its rearmament when it joined the Western Alliance in 1954.
In future the federal govern- ment will be authorized to build submarines up to 1,800 tons. The submarines, it is specified, are to be conventionally powered, but the size is far greater than limits imposed in the past.
At present, West Germany operates only eight light coastal submarines.
The new Western European Union authorization is said to be due to ""technical develop- ments "". It will enable West Germany to build ocean-going submarines capable of taking over surveillance over the whole of the Northi Sea and part of the Atlantic.
This would include the Soviet Navy's forward holding line whlichl has in recent Years been advanced from the North Cape to a line from Stavanger to Icelanid.
West Germany in fact will
enabled to make a larger contri- bution to the defence of the northern flank, which is in iilne with the United States' wisla that its European allies should take a larger share of Westernll coni- ventional defences.
Final egreement was for a time held up by France. French representatives said that the recollection of German U-boat destruction in the two world wars was still strong in the minds of Frencl!men of the older generation.
The change in attitude nlow is partly due to the feeling in France and West Germany that the United States' shield cannot be expected to defend Europe indefinitely, if the Europeans do not do mAn-"" irn themselves
The rapprochement between France and West Germany is also now a strong psychological factor.
France itself wtll need West Germany's cooperation if French forces are to contribute more powerfully to Europe's defence, and in particular if its two divisions stationed in West Germany are to be supported with the French tactical ground- to-ground Pluton missiles due to become operational towards the middle of next year.
Whether a tacit agreement on this is in the making, it was im- possible to contirm yesteyday.
7The P)uton provides a ground- to-ground tactical missile with a range of sonme 7a miles, wilth destructive power onlv slightly less thani the first atomic bomb which destroyed HAiroshima. The French will have si:: regi- ments with Pluton missiles, each with six tractors.
Ihnder the Paris agreements of 1954 West Germanv originallv accepted a limit on submarine building of 350 tons. Later this *Vis incr-eased to 450 tolls. III 1960 West Germanvy was authlorized to build six sub- mar-ines up to 900 tonss
Apart fromii the eighlt liglt coastal submar-ines now operated by WVest Germany, none of these 1as everl built.";"October 2, 1973";"";58902;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W Germany allowed to build bigger U-boats";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, MAY 6
Given a strong lead by Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, the committee- of ministers of the Council of Europe agreed unanimously tonight to devote its regular sess:ons in future to the major political problems of Europe in the light of parliamentary op:nion reflected in the Assembly. The Ministers also decided at the opening of the parliamentary assembly to intstruct their permanent deputies to make detailed preparations for these political diseussions in advance of ministerial meetings.
In other words, the Council of Europe, which iincludes the Six and nearly all mem- bers of the Eurepean Free Trade Associa- tion. will have an active role at least as a forum for discussion rather than being reduced to the status of onlookers.
This was the first time for three. years that the official statement was no, drafted in advance of niiniisterii deliberations-a sufficient indication of the new wind blow ing in Strasbourg . It is sufficient to say that the deputies, who meet every month have been in the habit of discussing purely echn,ical problems, and some of these, deemed to be too difficult, were usually reserved for the Ministers.'
CONFLICTING IDEAS
Mr. Heath, who tomorrow 'wiU open the Assembly's debate on Europe after the breakdown of the Brussels talks, roundly said that it was useless for Ministers to be engaged in technicalities when economic and political issues were at stake. There was even less point, he suggested, in trying to put a gloss on the will to unity in face of two wholly different ideas of Europe; the essential task for Strasbourg was to see them confronted and debated.
M. Habib-Deloncle, the French Minister ot State,. without indicating any change in the French position, offered fewer difficul- ties than might have been expected tb a Procedure that seems boure1 to isolate French intranmigenre
in this wider setting, however, France- subject to a majority vote-could hardily have maintained the veto she exercised razently against the German initiative to an approach by the Ministerial Council of Western European Union.
Mr. Heath. well satistied 'with the out- come, emiphasized that the Council. of Europe could hardly 'be cbncerned with the preliminaries of Tesumed negotiations; but as there could be no resumption without a change in tlhe political atmosphere, Strasbourg had an obvious function as a forum £or adequate political debate.
The Assembty's Ipolitical committee had already strongly urged the Ministers to adopt the Council of Europe as a frame- work for political and economic contacts that might lead to a renewal of negotiations between the Six and applicants for full or associate membership of the Common Market.
Switzerland during the day ceremonially took her place as the seventeenth member of the Council of Europe. an occasion that evoked several references to Sir Winston Churchill's Zurich speech in 1946 which had given renewed impetus to the European movement.";"May 7, 1963";"";55694;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe Council Ministers In New Role";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, JAN. 5
For the third day in succession the strike of members of the African Mine- workers' Union has stopped production entirely at three of the four producing mines in the Northern Rhodesia copper belt, although there was a further drift back to work reported at Roan Antelope, the only mine now producing. To-day there were approximately 400 African underground workers on duty compared with the normal number of 5,000. About 37,300 Africans are employed in all capacities on the copper belt
Mr. L. C. Katilungu, president of the African miners' union, and Mr. M. D. Nkolomo, secretary, stated to-day that the union was attempting to obtain a completely new wage structure for African miners, and that the strike would last until this was achieved.
They described the decision by the European union executive council, that its members should do work normally done by Africans, as a trade union "" betrayal "" once again show- ing that the professed trade unionism of European miners' was nothing but a cloak for their battle for racial preservation. ""Regard- less of the European union's breach of faith we remain strongly confident that our strike will be seriously effective,"" they added.
UNITED ACTION
They said that the almost united strike action by the African members and non- members of the union indicated a widespread dissatisfaction with the "" slave wage "" being paid to them. If they achieved what they wanted there would not be another general strike in the mines for many years.
A statement issued by the Chamber of Mines this afternoon said that at four major mines yesterday there were 1,054 Africans at work in addition to those workers on essen- tial services. The number of workers on essential services was about 3,500. A spokes- man of the chamber said that essential services were being reasonably well maintained, but there were insufficient Africans to carry them out at the normal level.
Our Colonial Correspondent writes:- On Tuesday mining operations had stopped at Mufulira, Nkana, and Nchanga, but some production was continuing at Roan Antelope. At Chibuluma and Bancroft, the two new developing mines, no Africans turned out to work except on essential services.
the present strike has no connexion with the negotiations over the advancement of Africans in industry. The demand is simply for a rise in pay of 10s. 8d. a shift for all union members. This would mean a rise of anything up to 250 per cent. for the lowest paid workers but only 60 per cent. for the highest. The union's action may be con- nected with the drop in its membership which is believed to have followed the decision to raise dues from 6d. a month to 2s. 6d. a month. When that decision was announced the companies ceased collecting the African workers' dues and handing them over to the union as they had done previously. At that time practically aU of them belonged to the union. The present demand may be calculated to rally members.";"January 6, 1955";"";53132;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Copper Belt Strike";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
SAARBRUCKEN, OcT. 17
Although the Saar referendum cam- paign has been in progress for 11 weeks, during which both supporters and oppo- nents of the statute have carried their cause into all but the smallest villages, the electorate displays an undiminished appetite for public meetings.
So far as can be judged from visits to several meetings, these, are -gatherings of- the converted, and it would seetn that those speakers who are against the statute get a more enthusiastic reception than those who are in favour, including Herr Hoffmann. This is noticeable in small places where Herr Hoff- mann appears accompanied by a larger police escort than the quiet of these later days of the campaign seems to justify.
The anti-statute parties claim already that they have won next Sunday's referendum; but they are not relaxing their efforts. The Deutscher Heimatbund (the German Home- land League) to which the three main opposi- tion parties belong held about 100 meetings at the weekend which they claim were attended by more than 100,000 people. On the other hand, the parties who favour the
statute are equally active and express equal confidence.
What no one knows is how many voters are still uncommitted ; on this point there is no familiar signpost like the last election results. In 1952 the now cock-a-hoop oppo- sition was forbidden, and deductions from the number of papers spoilt then are bighly speculative. This is why one meets some Saarlanders who think the issue is still un- decided. It is probably why some talk about the referendum as if it were something in which they have no immediate personal interest.
The Christian Democrats write to-day that the two European Union organizations here have been getting subsidies from the Saar Government. This is what many people have been saying for a long time about two bodies of small membership which the prc- statute parties use intermittently as a com- mon front, but only the extent of the allegei subsidy-about £60,000-is new. Similarly the anti-statute Democrats devote the whole of their propaganda sheet Deutsche Saar to recriminations about the cost allegedly borne by the Saar of the new French Embassy building here.
On the other side the Saarbriicker Zeitung. which frequently reflects the views of the Saar Government, restates the theory that the pro-German parties are really playing a not very edifying game of German politics by opposing the statute, having allied themselves with the "" official and disguised "" German opponents of Dr. Adenauer's foreign policv This, the newspaper suggests, may be all right for the Democrats and the Saar Social Democrats, who are really extensions of German parties, but it suggests that some- thing better might have been expected from the Christian Democrats than that they should sponsor a policy opposed to the central Government and "" endangering the great conception of all Christian forces in the west.""";"October 18, 1955";"";53354;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Party Activity Undiminished";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Brussels
The European summit has rejected a suggestion from the European Commission that it should double research spend- ing to find money for working on -Star Wars"" technology.
Mrs Margaret Thatcher said this was not a subject for the EEC and the neutral Republic of Ireland threatened to veto any proposal on the subject.
But Mrs Thatcher did not rule out cooperation with other European countries in research related to President Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) and there was talk in the margins of the summit between countries thinking of taking up the American invitation to help in the programme.
""It is possible that three or four of us might collaborate in our research programme,"" Mrs Thatcher said. ""We must have a look at it."" She said France and WN'est Germany were possible partners with Italy and Holland also interested.
The Star Wars subject was discussed generally in the context of East-West relations and the summit leaders looked forward to progress at the Geneva arms talks.
Further discussion of Euro- pean co-operation on research is unlikely until the meeting of foreign and defence ministers of the Western European Union ir Bonn later this month. Any decision will have to be taken inside the 60-dav time limit set by Mr Casper Weinberger, the US Defence Secretary, when he invited countries to join the programme a week ago.
M Jacques Delors, the Euro- pean Commission president, is particularly anxious for EEC countries to be involved be- cause he believes the Com- munity will otherwise be left lagging behind in technology research.
'Misgivings' over space weapons
Moscow - Pravda claimed yesterday there were growing misgivings in Western Europe about the ""Star Wars"" project because of doubts expressed recently by Sir Geoffrey Howe. the Foreign Secretary (Richard Owen writes).
Pravda also praised the new warmth in Anglo-Soviet re- lations and indicated that the Kremlin leadership has special links with Britain because of Mr Gorbachov's trip to London in December. Diplomats saw this as fresh evidence of an attempt by the Kremlin to court Western Europe politically and1 economically exploit divisions within the Western alliance.
Prarda said Sir Geoffrey's criticisms of the programme had been brushed aside in Washington, but had won such a following in Western Europe that they could no longer be ignored.
His remarks had gone to the heart of the matter ""What is described as research will lead to the manufacture and deploy- ment of space weapons and this will dash hopes for arms control and scuttle East-West talks"", Pravda said.
Western Europe did not want the issue of war and peace to be entirely in Washington's hands.
The British, West Gernan, Italian and Belgian govern- ments had acted against the will of the vast majority of their populations by accepting new American missiles.
Pravda said the annual meeting of the British-Soviet Chamber of Commerce in Moscow last week, attended by nearly 200 British businessmen, proved that after a ""certain period of siagnation"".";"April 1, 1985";"";62101;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC heads turn down Star Wars cash move";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDEN'T
BONN, Ocr. 17
The Federal Government, having accepted the idea of a meeting of the Six in connexion with the Nato meeting to be held in Paris in December, intends to do everything possible to ensure that some sort of parallel discussions are held with Mr. Macmillan.
The British and west German Gov- ernments are at present in constant touch on the subject, but no decision has yet been reached on the question of where, when, or in what form the discussions should take place. In the west German view the talks should cover current political as well as economic problems.
The west German view was made clear at a press cQnference today by Herr von Eckardt, the Government chief spokesman. He said that the only meet- ing to have been definitely fixed was the Nato meeting in December. On the speculation about a possible meeting of the Six at about the same time, he said that there was much to be said for it. and there were a number of indications that it would indeed take place.
MORE ABOUT THE LETTER
If a meeting of the Six did take place, he went on, it would doubtless be accompanied by talks of some sort with Mr. Macmillan, but he was unable to say whether these would take place with- in the same framework as the Paris dis- cussions, in western European Union, between individual heads of state e.g., between Mr. Macmillan and Dr. Adenauer-or in some other form. All of these possibilities have played a part in recent speculation.
Herr von Eckardt was questioned about the letter recently sent to Dr. Adenauer by Mr. Macmillan. He said that Mr. MacmiLlan had written to Dr. Adenauer before leaving for New York, telling the Chancellor of his reasons for going. The Chancellor had replied by welcoming Mr. Macmillan's decision. Mr. MacmiLlan, on his return from New York, had written a second letter describ- ing his personal impressions of the General Assembly and of his talks with Mr. Khrushchev. No other subjects had been raised.
RIVAL CONCEPT
On Mr. Macmillan's suggestion that there should be a summit conference to discuss the Berlin and German ques- tions. Herr von Eckardt reiterated the Federal Government's view that such a conference should only take place after careful preparation. He referred to what he described as two rival con- cepts of the form that preparations should take.
On the one hand, he said, there was the longstanding view that a summit conference must be preceded by talks at diplomatic level between all the parties to be represented. On the other hand, there had recently come into vogue the view that each side should conduct its preparations on its own, "" so to speak en famille "", and that the two sides should meet only at the
sunmnit.";"October 18, 1960";"";54905;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Plan For Wider European Talks";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris. March 2
An exchange of documents be- tween the British and French Governments yesterday, in con- nexion with the "" Soames affair "". confirms thc impression that rela- tions between both countries have reached a dead end, at least for the time being, and that it will be some time before any new efforts to improve them will have any pro- spect of success.
Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador. handed over to M. Herv6 Alphand, the Secre- tary-General of the Quai d'Orsay. the British Government's reply to the French protest of February 24. This protest was directed against the release of the ambassador's conversation with General de (jaulle to the five other nations in the Western European Union and to the press. It was also directed against alleged distortions in the British account of the conversa- tion.
M. Alphand handed over to the ambassador the reply M. Michel Debr6, the Foreign Minister, made to a letter from Mr. Stewart, British Foreign Secretary, which regretted the incident between the two countries. and expressed British readiness to start conver- sations on the bases proposed by General de Gaulle.
The only condition in Mr. Stewart's letter was that the five be kept informed, bat there was also the implicit understanding that the British Government could not accept the French position on the abolition of Nato.
According to informed sources. M. Debre's reply did not deal directly with the offer of conver-
sations but implied that there could be no question of these at present. He pointed out that the French <iovernment did not share the British interpretation of the manner in which the conversation between General de Gaulle and Mr. Soames was reported and divulged.
He concluded by emphasizing that it was not the French Gov- ernment's doing if matters between both countries had reached the state in which they are today.
The British note was cast in a deliberately low key. It neither accepted nor rejected the French lovernments arguments, but re- ferred simply to the British posi- tion outlined by Mr. Soames when he received the French protest of February 24, and by the Foreign Secretary in the Commons debate.
The ambassador, it is under- stood, recapitulated this position as follows .
1 The importance of the points made by General de Gaulle was such that the British Government was bound to inform its partners on the Continent.
2 The leaks about the conversa- tion between General de Gaulle and the ambassador which ap- peared in the French press corn- pelled the British Government to publish the gist of it in order to correct erroneous interpretations.
3 The account of the conversa- tion drawn up by the ambassador was correct, because M. Debr6 told Mr. Soames four days after it took place, on the basis of a com- munication he had received from the Elys6e Palace, that there was nothing wrong with it.";"March 3, 1969";"";57499;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-French relations at dead end";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, Nov.. 21
Mr. Macmillan said on his arrival here today that he and Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, were looking forward to their discussions with members of the Italian Government because jprimary consultation between friends and allies was of great importance for the unity, of the -west. ''He arrived in fresh, sunny weather, by Comet of R.A.F. Transport Command, as the first British Prime Minister in office to pay an official visit to Italy since the war.
t:Among those at the airport to greet the guests were Signor Fanfani, the Prime Minister, and Signor Segni, the Foreign Minister, with Sir Ashley Clarke, the British Ambassador, and the heads of Commonwealth missions.
The talks began with a meeting lasting some 45 minutes between the two Prime Ministers with their Foreign Ministers accompanied only by Sir Ashley Clarke, the British Ambassador,. and Count Zoppi. the Italian Ambassador to Britain. They were then joined by various officials. It is understood the main subject was east-west relations, particularly the question of summit meetings, It remained more an analysis of past experiences with the Russians than of the immediate problem of future dealings.
DIFFERENCE IN EMPHASIS
It was clear by the time the two delega- tions sat down to dinner tonight that the opAning of the talks, however friendly, has been marked by a difference in emphasis about what can be achieved. A senior Italian member of the Foreign Ministry remarked privately that he looked on the visit as"" a turning point "" in Anglo-Italian relations. There is little to suggest that he British go as far as that.
Indeed, the two outlooks were nicely juxtaposed in the speeches made after dinner by the two Prime Ministers. Mr. Macmillan contributed what amounted to a graceful tribute to the refreshing experi- ence of being in Rome and being able to discuss freely and frankly with the Italians the problems confronting both countries.
Signor Fanfani, on the other hand, who is notably anxious to see Britain olay a larger role in Europe, opened the exchange with a frank declaration of policy, going back in history no farther than the risorgtnento. After referring to British participation in Western European Union, the Council of Europe and Nato, he said that the existence of high common objec- tives led to the hope that Britain would wish to give increasing support to the unity of free Europe, which was concerned with its own integration but at the same time was not detached or indifferent to the pro- gress of international cooperation.
His remarks were an explicit invitation to his guests to make uce of the visit to to beyond generalities. Their presence here testified,, the Italian Prime Minister asserted, to their decision to solve-a big word in this context-the many questions which concerned the two countries.";"November 22, 1960";"";54935;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan's Talks In Rome";""
"['FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT
The T.U.C. are expected to play a major part in the negotiations over Britain's efforts to enter the Common Market.
They will probably be hosts for a con- ference of trade union leaders from all over western Europe in the first half of next year at which the entry of Britain and other Efta countries is likely to be strongly supported.
When Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown go on their travels, the non-communist trade union movements in every country they visit will be pressing their govern- ments to help forward the fusion of the two blocks.
The T.U.C. leaders will see Mr. Stewart, Minister for Economic Affairs, tomorrow to ask for further information about the Government's plans and this seems certain to be followed later by a declaration supporting the project. It is possible they will also want to see the Prime Minister.
Sir Harry Douglass, the T.U.C. chair- man, said yesterday that feeling among union leaders in favour of Britain join- ing seems to be much stronger than at the timne of the last negotiations. Tbey
were increasingly convinced, he said, that there was a great market which their industries could exploit and that if the chance was missed there was a danger of continuing unemployment.
Strength for demands
Mr. F. Hayday, chairman of the T.U.C. international committee, has just returned from a conference in Rome of trade union leaders of the Six. He was much impressed, he said yesterday, by the strong desire of the Common Market unionists that Britain, and to a smaller extent the other Efta countries, should go in.
Their desire for Britain to join is not entirely on economic grounds. They believe the presence of the T.U.C. would strengthen the demands the unions are constantly making to be consulted closely on Common Market activities. Germany is the only big country in the Six with a powerful and united non- communist movement, and there would be a better balance, it is thought, if the T.U.C. were also there.
i Next year's London conference was
already being considered, before Mr. Wilson made his announcement, as part of an effort to 'integrate the activities of the European trade union movements more closely. A committee representing Germany and Holland in the EE.C. and Britain and Sweden in Efta will be meet- ing in Paris next month to try to iron out differences in two European union organizations. The new British initia- tive will give them an added incentive to do so. If they are successful, the London conference will probably take place about May.
PREPARING FOR EFTA
TALKS IN LONDON
FROM OUR POLMCAL CORRESPONDENT
Preparations are going forward for the conference in London early in December'of the heads of government of the Efta countries. The President of Finland, an associate member of Efta, is also being invited. The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the problems involved in moves by the Efta countries to join the Common Market.";"November 14, 1966";"";56788;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strong T.U.C. Support For Joining Six";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, SEPT. 27
The west German Defence Ministry has handed over to the Foreign Ministry the material necessary .for drawing up an application for a revision of the Western European Union agreements. The Foreign Ministry will ask that the limit on west German naval vessels be raised from 3,000 tons to 6,000 tons. No date for the application has yet been set, but it is understood that it is likely to be made within the next two or three weeks.
It was learnt today that the Defence Ministry had hoped that the application would be made this week. No explana- tion for the delay is forthcoming, it being said in the Foreign Ministry merely that the material has only just been received and that it will take some days yet for the two Ministries to work out the exact form of the application. It seems clear, therefore, that the appli- cation has been held up by last-minute discussions in the Defence Ministry.
General Lauris Norstad, the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, has already approved a Defence Ministry proposal that the limit might be raised to 6,000 tons for supply vessels and to 5,000 tons for operational vessels. According to North Atlantic Treaty Organization plans the west German Navy must have shiWs capable of defending convoys against aerial attack, and it is thought in Nato that this condition can be fulfilled only by the construction of destroyers of between 4,000 and 5,000
tons, which would be capable of carry- ing the Tartar missile.
The west German Defence Ministry originally gave an undertaking to Nato to put 12 destroyers into service. Six destroyers of 2,250 tons have already been received on loan from the United States and four destroyers of 3,000 tons arc on order from German shipyards. It is widely supposed that another two will be built if the larger tonnage is approved-but almost certainly not more. The Defence Ministry, however, has in the past few days grown more and more cautious and emphasizes most carefully that no decision has been taken whether two destroyers would be built to the larger tonnage or. only one. The implication is that the betting is now on one.
The difficulty is the cost. The larger destroyers, with equipment, would cost about twice as much as the destroyers already under constfuction. As reported last week, expert opinion is coming more and more to favour the construction of numerous small craft, submarines among them, with perhaps one large destroyer as an impressive centrepiece.
No decision seems to have been taken yet, not even in principle. It is virtually certain, however, that the original plan for 12 destroyers lhas been abandoned and that not very extensive use will be made of the W.E.UI amendment, even if it is granted.
Meanwhile the Triton, the United States Navy's latest nuclear-powered submarine, will call at Bremerhaven on Ootober 2 for a seven-day courtesy visit.";"September 28, 1960";"";54888;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West Germany To Ask For Bigger Warships";""
"['By Henry Stanhope Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Henry Stanhope
Defence Corresnondent
The United States is expecting results from the talks on mutual balanced force reductions (MBFR) by about this time next year, Mr Julian Critchley, MP, said yesterday, after a meeting of the Western European Union committees in London.
Mr Critchley, who accom- panied a WEU party on a visit last month to Vienna, where pre- paratory MBFR negotiations are being held, said that Americans' were prepared for their Euro- pean force levels to be cut by a quarter in the long term.
He thouglht himself. however, that the initial reductions nego- tiated at the first round of talks due to begin this autumn would be up to 10 per cent. Tlhis would bring United States forces in Europe down by 30,000.
Presumably such a reduction would be matched by a similar cut in Soviet forces stationed in Central Europe, but the com- plexities of the negotiations have always been emphasized. To achieve any results within 12 months' time seems a formidable task.
Yesterday, the WEUl's defence and armaments committee passed a recommendation by Mr Critchley that the United States should be persuaded to make a commitment not to reduce its forces after the first cut of up to 10 per cent.
The committee, with -MTr Critchley as rapporteur, also asked the WEU Assembly, which is holding a plenary session in Paris next month, to order a study from defence research ex. perts on the whole question of
troop deployment in Europe in the lighti of the MBFR talks.
The, Rand:r Cdrporation, the Hudson Institute or the Inter- national lInstitute for Strategic Studies are the sort of bodies vhich might be approached to carry out such a task within a period of six months
In a reference to the speech by :Dr Kissinger, President Nixon's special adviser, the committee welcomed "" recent United States proposals intended to redefind Atlantic relations on the basis of a new Atlantic Charter "".
It recognized. that defence, economic and monetary rela- tionships between Europe and the United States were closely co-related:
The six-part recommendation, Which will go before the Assem- bly in its entirety next month, urges the seven member couin- tries of theWEU to ensure that anv East-West agreement on MBFR should not lead to the creation . of a neutral zone in Central Europe.
It also calls on theni to make urgent representations to ensure that any further agreements arising from the strategic arms limitation talks between the United States and the Soviet Union would impose no restric- tions on the transfer of weapons or technology t6'. America's allies.
It emphasized the need for adheringj to the principles of standardization in weapon pro- curement, particularly in view of the declaration on the prin- ciples ofi!collaboration in build- ing wveapon systems which was signed by Nato defence min- isters last December.";"May 4, 1973";"";58773;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU advises US to cut troops prudently";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
There are now definite hopes of a continuing improvement in Anglo-French relations. Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador in Paris, had his first formal meeting with M. Maurice Schumnm the French Foreign Minister, on Friday and these alks will certainly continue.
The British Government made clear after the French presidential elections that they hoped to estab- lish as dose and cordial relations with the new French Government, as with the other Comnion Mar- ket governments. For the French Government, the hghest priority is given to a definitive solution of the outstanding problems of fin- ancin'g the comymon agricultural policy, while for the British the first priority is equally certainqv the enlargement of the Common Market
There is now every prospect of a sumnmit meeting of the Six before the end of the year and this would not necessly exclude further Anglo-French contacts to clear away some differences between the two nations, possibly by Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary. visiting Pars or M. Schumann visiting London.
Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister, than whom there is no rtouter champion of enlargement and development of the Common Market, arrived in London yester- day at an auspicious moment. Dur- ing his two-day stay he will make a statement on Europe at a Foreign Press Association luncheon today. Tomorrow he will have talks with Mr. Stewart and lunch with the Primne Minister at 10 Downing
Street before flying to Panis for talks with the French Govem- ment.
Dr. Luns is said to have two main purposes in these talks. First, he wishes to discuss his proposal that the Six should issue a declara- tion of intent to enlarge the Com- mon Market.
It seems unlikely that the French Government would sign this at the next meeting of Foreign Ministers in Brussels on July 22 and 23. More probably. they will agree to consider the draft of such a declaration at the following meeting, which will pro- bably be held in September before the Six summit meeting.
Dr. Luns's second airn is to induce the French Government to take part once again in meetings of the Western European Union. The other W.E.U. governments (Britain and the other five Corn- mon Market nations) have now agreed not to hold a meeting dur- ing the present quarter, which means that the British Govern- ment have forgone a meeting in London at which the Foreign Secretary would have been in the chair.
The next meetuig will take place in Brussels, probably in October. This was fully agreed by all partly, if not largely, for con- venience. August holidays, and the United Nations General Assembly meeting and the Ger- man elections both of which are due in September, made a date this quarter difficult to fix, but it was also felt that it would be easier for French representatives to make their first return to a W.E.U. meeting in Brussels than in London.";"July 15, 1969";"";57612;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Closer links with France likely";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Paris, Oct. 15']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-Paris, Oct. 15
Lord Chalfont, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, speaking this morning before the Western European Union Assembly in the debate on the Bri- tish application to join the Com- mon Market. emphasized that full membership was the basis of Bri- tain's policy. But as this was not possible for the moment because of the French veto, "" the moment has come to find other ways for- ward by action in fields outside the Community treaties ""., he said.
The debate was also marked by a much applauded speech by M. Jean Rey, the president of the European commission-in Brussels. who emphasized that the French Government would be well advised to accept the proposal of M. Har- mel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for cooperation in fields not covered by the Rome Treaties as a basis for discussion.
Lord Chalfont said: ' My Gov- ernment are for their part prepared to take up the challenge presented by M. Harmel's proposals and work actively for unity in Europe."" There was no intention in these proposals. he said. of ex- cluding any one of the Six from the action proposed, still less of damaging the community Britain firmly intended to join.
"" But let us be quite clear,"" he said. "" If any country is not pre- pared to join in concerted action now. those of us who are prepared to move forward cannot afford to waste any more time. This pre-
sent debate is particularly timely in view of the ministerial meeting of the W.E.U. lin Rome] later this month.""
There had been no lessening of British interest in membership of the European Economic Coni- niunity since the French veto of December. he said, ""but we can- not wait witb idle hands .
""We cannot afford to put European integraiion into cold storage because of the refusal by one member of the Communitv to permit it to be enlarged :. he said.
Our resolve has not been weakened by the obstacle that has been set in the path of negotia- tions. Enlargement of the E.E.C. with Britain 3S one of its members remains a cardinal ain of our foreign policv. Indeed, to abandon it would be a betray al not only of ourselves but of all those who belicve ir the Europe of the future.
""We must recognize clearly who are the real Europeans. We must ask ourselves who wants to go forvard to build a new Europe; and who stands in its way. M y own country has in the past been accused of undue caution in its approach to a united Europe. No one can any longer lay this charge against us. We have made our decision. For us there is no equivocation, no turning back. It is now for our friends in Europe -aUl of them-to make their deci- sion too.""";"October 16, 1968";"";57383;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain backs plan for EEC links";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, AUG. 4
The west German Federal Govern- ment has firmly rejected the incorpora- tion of two separate German States in a European security system, as proposed by the Soviet Union at Geneva, and has insisted that the twin problems of German unity and European security must be solved together.
In a Government declaration made in Berlin on the Geneva conference Herr Bliucher, the Vice-Chancellor, stated to-day that an effective security system as desired by east and west was quite irnipossible with- out a united Germany.
Herr Blucher, acting for Dr. Adenauer, who is still on holiday in Switzerland, delivered his declaration at Schloss Beilevue, a former imperial palace severely damaged during the war and now to become, when restoration is completed, the Berln residence of the Federal President. Thle choice of Berlin for the delivery of such an important Government declaration was meant as a sym- bol of the Federal Government's determina- tion to see Berlin resume its place as capital of a united Germany.
SOVIET FEARS MET
The Vice-Chancellor said that the west had made a whole series of practical pro- Posals to meet Soviet fears of a united Germany, ' in full comprehension of the Russian Government's requirements for security in case of German reunification."" They had suggested that the military forces of a united Germany should not exceed those of the Federal Republic within the framework of the Western European Union and the Atlantic pact. They had proposed the establishment of a demilitarized zone on both sides of the border, and offered a con- trol system for it. They had, finally, sug- gested an agreement on the strengths of western and Soviet forces to be stationed in Germany and the neighbouring regions.
All these suggestions and proposals were indicative of a clear political conception-namely, the reunification of Germany by means of a comprehensive security system. "" The Federal Govern- ment was consulted before the Geneva conference, and these efforts to meet the security needs of the east corrc- spond to the will of the Federal Govern- ment,"" he declared. ' For this very reason the western Powers can state, with justifica- tion and full unanimity, that the reunifica- tlion of Germany is an indispensable demand for securing peace. Without it, a security system such as is being sought cannot be attained.""
NO EAST-WEST TALKS
Herr Blucher said that the Federal Govern- ment was willing to consult and cooperate with the Foreign Ministers at their meeting in Geneva in October, and to do its utmost to make their deliberations successful. He preferred not to speculate on the form in which "" interested parties "" would be con- sulted during the discussions, or drawn into them, but the Federal Government would reject out of hand any attempt to sidetrack the negotiations into the blind alley of east- west German talks.";"August 5, 1955";"";53291;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A United Germany Essential";""
"['By George Clark Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"By George Clark
Political Correspo-Ddent
.AlPs of all parties were con- cerned yesterday about evidence gven to the Select Committee on Direct Elections to the Euro- pean Parliament by representa- tives of the Boundary Commis- sions for England, Scotland, Wales and- Northern Ireland. This suggested that if -the normal statutory procedures were followed it would be diffi- cult to create the European par- liamentary constituencies in time fok direct elections in May or J-une, 1978 as planned.
That appears to confirm the doubts of Mr Callaghan about being able to make the electoral arrangements within the Euro- pean timetable, and his state- ment that in 1978, Britain, per- .haps alone in the nine countries of the Community, would con- tinue to nominate its members of the Parliament, whose num- ber is to be increased fromu 36 to 81.
- Mrs Thatcher Leader of the Opposition, has insisted on re- taining- the normal arrange- ments for people to make repre- sentations to the Boundary Com- missions about the proposed European constituencies, 'but that could result in considera-ble delay.
The other and more -import- ant subject of controversy is -the method of election to be used. That can only be settled by Parliament when the Gov- ernment's Bill is debated next session. The Liberal Party wilU continue to argue for a pro- portional system, and it rejects Mr Callaghan's suggestion that alsthough the constituenc ies may be fixed, the result will be decided on the basis of "" first past the post"" in 1978.
Trhe party received support yesterday from the National Committee for Electoral Reform, which includes some Conservatives. The committee submitted evidence to the select committee. which was- strongly in favour of propor- tional representation.
Thorpe accusation: Mr- Thorpe, the former Liberal leader, last night criticized the Prime Min- ister over his statement that Britain might find it impossible to elect its members to the European. Parliament by 1978 (Our Political Staff writes).
- He said Mr Callaghan had explained that the difficulty lay in the time it could take to get the . necessary legislation through the House of Com- mons. But he pointed out that while the Government was com- plaining about the time 'needed to consider great constitutional issues, they were planning guil- lotine measures to rush throuigh five controversial matters in a mattar of days.
Report criticized: The House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities has questioned proposals in the Tindemans report on European Union which involve the exten- sion of the EEC's activities into new areas. --
In a report published yester- day it said that some- of the proposals, such as the -attain- ment of economic and monetary union, fell within the objectives of the present treaties. But it criticized proposals, particularly on external relations and defence, falling outside those objectives.
In such cases, it said,- the European institutions wrould have no powers under law in the United Kingdom, unless fresh legislation was passed by Parliament.";"July 17, 1976";"";59758;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Boundaries procedure may delay Europe poll";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
British and French officials were at work yesterday answering inquiries after varied reports on the outcome of the Anglo-French economic talks, which took place in London on Monday and Tuesday.
A British spokesman confirmed that one of the main topics was the possible association of Britain with the Euro- pean Economic Community, short of full membership. In the French view an association would be possible, but M. Wormser, leader of the French dele- gation, left the British experts in no doubt that the French prefer that Britain should become a full member.
SOUR ATTITUDE
The difference between full member- ship and the British proposal put for- ward by Mr. Heath. the Lord Privy Seal, at the Paris meeting of the Western European Union on Monday, is that under the British proposal there would be a common outer tariff against imports into the E.E.C. and Britain, but this would not necessarily mean a lowering or cancelling of all trade barriers between Britain and the Six, such as the Six aim at between themselves. The British, say the French, would still enjoy advantages in their trade with the Com- monwealth, with their partners in the European Free Trade Association, and with the members of the E.E.C. through the proposed association with them.
This may seem a somewhat sour atti- tude to what was a definite advance by the British Government towards the Six but no one beforehand thought that the Anglo-French talks would be plain sailing, and the French delegation could hardly be expected to commit them- selves to the new British position, which was not explained to them before they left Paris. What evidently happened was that Mr. Heath's carefully worded proposal was not finally agreed by the British Government until shortly before he made it.
ARGUMENT UNDERMINED
It did, in fact, take some wind out of the French sails, for French officials have long been arguing that it was not they, but the British who were holding up integration, since the British had put forward no definite proposal for discus- sion. This argument was, as it were, undermined by Mr. Heath's declaration in Paris on the day when the Anglo- French talks began in London, but the declaration contained several reserva- tions-on agriculture, for instance, or the manner in which tropical or tem- perate foodstuffs should be treated- which gave the French grounds for a marked lack of enthusiasm, and behind this there is the belief that the Six have no cause to hurry negotiations.
All in all, as one Frenchman said to your Correspondent yesterday, the most important thing is that Anglo-French consultations have restarted after a break of over two years. and that it was decided that the talks should go on- shortly, say the British: after a while (en quelque temps) say the French.";"March 2, 1961";"";55019;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Gesture Meets Cool Response";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, APRIL 13
Dr. Adenauer, the Gernan Federal Chancellor, in a speech to the Press to-day, said that the Schuman plan gave to Europe prospects which suggested the beginning of an era, since that of nationalism was past.
The Chancellor emphasized that the fathers of the German constitution bad unanimously subscribed to the principles of European cooperation. and had provided for the transfer of sovereignty to supranational institutions. *We therefore complied with the invitation of the French Government without hesitation."" he said, * and are fully prepared to cooperate.""
They had now almost completed the first step aiong the road of solidarity of action. For France and Germany the real meaning of this lay in the fact that, through the establishment of a solidarity in production, a guarantee had been secured that war between them was not only unthinkable but materially impossible.
The final settlement of Franco-German relations was not an end in itself, but rather the nucleus of a solution that should apply to the whole of Europe. He was gratified that, from the beginning, Italy, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg had decided to cooperate.
BRITAIN'S POSMON
Referring to the British position, Dr. Adenauer expressed his opinion that Britain was ""not only a neighbour of Europe but belonged to Europe."" It was his earnest hope that, as soon as the Schuman plan was in operation, Britain would establish some con- nexion on a basis agreeable to her. The mean- ing of the Schuman plan community could be realized only if all European peoples took part.
A coal and steel community was the first step in the development of European union, and he had learned with satisfaction that similar projects were taking shape for agricul- ture and transport.
The economic advantages of :he agreement, Dr. Adenauer said, would only te fully appre- ciated in the future. "" I am convinced,"" he continued, "" that every individual European, and not least the European worker, will profit considerably by this development ; he will soon be able to buy more goods at lower prices, and thus improve his standard of living.""
The coaf and steel community would niot only change economic conditions on the Conti- nent, it would change the way of thinking and the political sentiments of Europeans. It would lead them from the limits of their national existence into the wider horizons of the European sphere. German youth, and this was true of the youth of all European peoples, sought to gather experience in other countries.
The Chancellor was asked what his attitude would be if, German unity having been achieved as a result of free elections, the western Powers agreed to abandon plans for the rearmament of Germany in exchange for a, guarantee of her security. He replied that Germany belonged to the west, and could not be severed from the west.";"April 14, 1951";"";51975;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Prospects For Europe";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
Paris, Oct. 14 The Assembly of the Western European Union (W.E.U.), which met in Paris today, is endeavour- ing to stimulate interest in its work by producing a variety of de- bates on such issues as Czecho- slovakia, European defence and British membership of the Com- mon Market.
A: distinguished panel of speakers has been gathered to take part in them. French Govern- ment spokesmen are conspicuous by their absence.
This absence arises from the expressed intention of Mr. Pierre Harmel. the Belgian Foreign Minister, to use the W.E,U. to break the deadlock over the Bri- tish applicaticrt to join the Com-
mon Market. if necessary withoutdiscussion with Britain. whether
France.
It is a sequel to the plan he put forward earlier this month to in- stitutionalize contacts between Britain and those countries of the European Economic Communitv that want them in fields not covered, or only partly covered. by the Rome Treaty, such as foreign policy and defence, or technological and monetary co- operation.
Mr. Harmel intends to put his proposal to the W.E.U. ministerial meeting on October 21 and 22 in Rome, with the additional backing of the demonstration provided in Paris this week that the majority of W.E.U. parliamentarians. exclud- ing the French, are wholeheartedly in favour of it.
The French view of this plan, as of those that have preceded it, is that before there can-e any useful
on technology or any other issue, the six Common Market countrics must discuss the matter and reach a comtimon standpoinL
The French suspicion is that all the plans which have been put for- ward are merely designed to get negotiations with Britain going on some pretext or other, without deciding first where the Six stand.
At the outset of today's session, Signor Badini Gonfalonieri (Italy) was re-elected president of the assembly by acclamation. In drawing the lesson of the Czecho- slovak crisis, Signor Badini Gon- falonieri questioned whether Russia would have been so certain of acting with impunity if Europe had been strong.
"" Under pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union had to give up the installation of rockets in Cuba "", he said. ""Would
the Russians have had the same confidence in deploying their divi- sions along the German-Czecho- slovak frontier if Europe had been in a position to co-ordinate, with the United States, a joint diplo- rnatic action to warn Soviet leaders of the dangers of their policy ?
""Is it not necessary to recon- sider the view that member coun- tries of our organization, being members of the North Atlantic Organization, no longer need to consult each other in matters of defence policy ? ""
He emphasized that the Euro- pean Economic Community must be strengthened and enlarged and criticized the WE.U. Council of Ministers. "" In spite of their avowed faith in Europe, it is evident"". he said, ""that our Governments have not made the building of Europe one of their main aims.""";"October 15, 1968";"";57382;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU receives rebuff from France";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 12
A new High Commission law, which is likely to be one of the final important measures to be introduced by the occupy- ing Powers before the occupation regime ends, is expected to be promulgated shortly and concerns the deconcentration of the assets of the former I.G. Farben concern.
The assets of l.G. Farben were declared seized "" in a four-Power order of the allied control council in the early days of the occu- Pation. A later measure, High Commission Law 35, issued on the authority of the three western Powers, arranged for the dispersal of the "" excessive concentration of economic power of this formerly vast organization of the German chemical industry among a "" number of economically sound and inde- pendent companies.""
This involved in practice the division of its assets among three companies, Farbenfabriken Bayer of Leverkusen. Farbwerke Hoechst of Frankfurt, and Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik of Ludwigshafen. The western allies retained control of the divided assets.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION
The new law is designed to replace Law 35 and will embody the deconcentration measures as they will be passed on for continuation by the sovereign Federal Government. It will mark the end of active participation in the matter on the part of the Governments of the lUnited Kingdom, the United States, and France, who will retain the right merely to ask the Federal Government for information if and when it seems to be required.
Preparations for the new law were begun in the autumn of 1953, but a new sense of urgency was infused into the intricate pro- ceedings with the need to produce an agreed text in time for the Paris conference last October. It was at this conference that the documents were signed by which the occupa- tion of Germany would be brought to an end and the Federal Republic become a member of N.A.T.O. and of the Western European Union.
WORK IN PARIS
In the new arrangements for the end of the occupation, which were themselves revisions of the Bonn conventions of 1952, it was laid down that High Commission legislation on the subject of deconcentration and liquidation of l.G. Farben was to be maintained by the Federal Government "" to the extent that such legislation is in force on the entry into force of the present convention."" And so the affairs of l.G. Farben had their place in the general scramble of urgent committee work which preceded the Paris conference.
Since last October the draft has been in the hands of legal staffs of the western Powers and various matters of detail have been con- sidered by the working group which drafted the basic text. Once this work has been com- pleted, which is likely to be the case in the next week or so, the new measure will be brought into force.";"January 13, 1955";"";53138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Law For I.G. Farben";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT I
BONN, JAN. 17
Sir Alec Douglas-Home said tonight in an interview with the west German television service that Anglo-German relations at present were better than they had ever been during this century. The British Prime Minister added that he was sure, after Dr. Erhard's visit to London, that relations between the two countries would become even closer.
On east-west relations Sir Alec took the position that the west must not surrender a single human being or yard of territory to the communists, but that neither the Berlin nor the German problem could be solved except by negotiation. There had to be a search to find out if fair and honourable agreements could be reached. ""That is what I mean by the search for starting points for understanding with the Soviet Union.""
He dealt with the differences which had emerged in Dr. Erhard's London talks over the British and German approaches to trading credits for the Soviet Union. "" We do not want to penalize any block or any country because of its political colour "", he said. Britain would keep to her customarY trading habits.
EUROPEAN MILESTONE
Dr. Erhard, reporting to day to the west German Cabinet on his London talks, described the visit as ""a milestone on the road to a closer political cooperation in Europe "". He said this cooperation was necessary as a balance against the growing ""technicalization "" of the Common Market.
The channel for contacts between Britain and the Six Common Market countries will continue to be the Western European Union, because the Chanmcelor does not feel that political schemes will ripen in Europe so swiftly that new machinery will be needed before the 'British general election.
Herr von Hase, the State Secretary of the Federal Press Office, said today that the German Government had agreed in London to give "" sympathetic consideration "" to long-term assistance to Britain to offset the costs of maintaining the Rhine Army. but suggested that when experts' talks began on this topic the German view would be that Britain's balance of payments position had recently improved substantially.
CHANCE OF NEW ERA
The governing Christian Democratic Party commented in its press service that the Chancellor's visit had shown that public opinion in both countries now sincerely wanted and supported Anglo- German cooperation. The Social Democrats also welcomed the fact that the British evi- dently saw in the new German Chancellor a man who wanted to improve relations, though deeds must now follow words.
With a remarkable unanimity the German press echoed the Government's view of the success of the visit which is generally seen as offering the possibility of a new era of real friendship.
It is clearly appreciated that its value must be seen in psychological rather than practical terms, in the sense of immediate results or decisions. The Chancellor's frank manner, it is felt, paid off even better in London than in Paris and Texas.";"January 18, 1964";"";55912;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Relations With Germany Best For 60 Years";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
FRANKFURT, JUNE 8
The early disappointment and hesita- tion with which German political leaders, as though by common accord, received the London plan for western Germany have not been modified by closer scrutiny of proposals that six months ago would certainly have exceeded the highest hopes.
Allied officials are equally disappointed at the lack of gratitude in most German com- ment, which in some instances is frankly hostile; but allowance is made for the fact that the western German leaders, with an eye on the receding eastern zone, could not be expected openly to give their blessing to a Plan which, temporarily at least, consolidates the division of their country. One finds little logic in the attitude of German pohticians who for months past have clamoured for more authority and now look askance at the opportunity of self-government conferred upon them. Nor is there any recognition that the London proposals are being put forward as a second-best solution in the complete absence of Russian cooperation.
German criticism, which tends to ignore the broad lines of the plan, is directed mainly against international control of the Ruhr and, of course, against the reality of a split with the east; and in general terms it treats the pro- posals as a Diktat. Dr. Adenauer, leader of the Christian Democrats and one of the most outspoken critics, compares the declarations on European union delivered last month at The Hague with the tone ot the London announcement, which, he states, showed little feelng for European collaboration and was a I heavy blow for those working to spread its spirit among the German people.
""FOREIGN INTERESTS ""
There was no trace, he adds, of the promised freedom of self-govermnent; on the contrary, one gained an impression of continued dis- crimination against the (jerman people, with foreign interests governina her key industries and foreign trade. Key territories not defined in the announcement were to remain under allied occupation and were to have a per- manent inspection system. Those responsible for the document clearly did not appreciate that the only way to save western Europe lay in gaining the willing collaboration of Ger- many, which could not be secured by the present proposals. German unity, laudably proclaimed as an essential goal by the London conference, could not possibly be achieved by its recommendations.
Like several other commentators, Dr. Puinder, Oberdirektor of the Frankfurt Ad- ministration, regrets that such important decisions should be taken without consultation with German authorities, a regret shared, he states, by every honourable German who had nothing to do with the Nazi terror. The last 10 years, he adds, have shown that a new Versailles would be in the interests neither of Germnany nor of world peace.
All the old Communist accusations are repeated by Herr Max Reimann, recently suspended from the German Economic Council, who declared that the only object of the continuing occupation was to maintain monopolistic and capitalist interests, and not democratic ideas.";"June 9, 1948";"";51093;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West German Proposals";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"Ffom Roger Bertboud
Bonn, April 27
Sixty years and two German invasions after the last state visit by a Belgian monareh to Germany, King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola arrived in Bonn today for a four- day sojourn in the Federal Repub- lic. They will also visit Cologne. DOIsseldortf and Munich.
In 1910 Kaiser Wilhelm i. wel- cornwd King Albert I of Beligum and Queen Elisabeth to Germ-any. Today it was Dr. Gustav Heine- Mann, the gentle, Social Democra- tic West German President, who was waiting with his wife at Co- logne-Bonn airport when a Belgian Air Force aircraft brought in the royal couple and Mr. Pierre Harmel,. the Belgian Foreign Minister.
King Baudoui-n. uearing Air Force uniform, was welcomed with a 21-gun salute and cries of "" Hailo"" fiom a group of Belgian children. 'The hiigih point of the day uas a banquet and reception given bv the President in Schloss August.usburg. a haindsome late Baroque pile outside Bonn with an outstandingly elegant stairway.
In his vpec.h at the baniquet King Baudouin said it would be hard to overestimate the debt owed to the Freaty of Rome. Based on the integration of the member states' economies, the European Community was nowv called upon to become an organic reality by creating, a political structure.
This Community. enlaiged by the admrision of England and orher nations. will constitute an area in which large member states
cart feel at easae. &il countries like ours MsiU, for their part, see in this area a way to develop while at rhe samne time escaping from their fate during too many centunies of serving as a batSe- Cield for their neighbours.""
He went on to praise the Bonn Government's oonclusion of treaties with Moscow and War- sawv. which had opened up new perspeotives for its relations with former adversaries.
Although this is Kirg Baudouin's first state Visit to the Federal Republic. he has been here several times prvately and has visited Belgian troops stationed in North Rhine-West- phaLtia and Hesse. There has been only one state visit from the Weet Gcrman side: Dr. Ludwig Erhard went to Brussels when he was Chancellor in April. 1 94.
Time and shared membership of iNa t. Lhe Wesierii European Union and the Common Market have done a grcat dcal to disperse the postvar mistrust. if not hatred, felt by many Belgians for their fornter invadeTs.
Recentlv Bo-nsn has greatlv ar- preciated the Belgian Govcrnment's ow-n active policies in Eastertn Europe and its support for Herr Brandt's eastern policies. Business links have grown fast: West Ger- ma(iy provides by far the highest proportion of Belgium's imports and is also its largest export nAt rket.
Bilateral probliems can fairiv be said to have ceased to exist. and the widening of the Conumon Mlarket is liklely to be the principal topic when Herr Brandt receivec hMr. C(aston Eyskens. the Belgian Prime Mlinister, on Thursday.";"April 28, 1971";"";58158;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"King Baudouin starts Bonn state Visit";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owvn Correspondent
rans, vec z
The Western European Union today broke ground in agreeing to set up a study group to examine the old idea of creat- ing in Europe a meaningful second pillar of the Atlantic alliance. The recommendation was one of those put forward by Herr Kai-Uwe von Hassel, president of the Assembly of the WEU and former West German Minister of Defence.
By 33 votes to 24 the Assembly meeting in Paris agreed to set up the group with tb,e task of adapting the organ- ization to the demands of Euro- pean defence. Its aim is to promote close cooperation of the WEU with the European Commission and Nato in order to realize the objectives of the treaty which established the WEU in 1954.
The idea of a direct link be- tween the WEU.and the Euro- pean parliament was rejected on the ground that the Treaty of Rome precluded the use of this organization for defence purposes.
The new group could go some wayr towards meeting a wide-
spread complaint among WEU members that the organization lacks the ability to react swiftly to wourld crises.
Mr Ronald Brown, Labour MP for Hackney South and Shoreditch, who had prepared the report on European security, had emerged from nearly five months of inquiries across Europe with the inpres- sion that what was wLrong from the Wests point of view was the lack of a proper consultative machinery.
He said: 'The United States was unable to get a concerted point of view from Europe. We have to devise more sophisti- cated consultative machinery, wIhich taes into account the time factor. The trouble is that we are democratic and the Soviet Union knows this. It takes us far too long to con- sult""
The constraints of the WEU -which groups the Six original EEC members and Britain- -wvere that it was simply a defence organization, he went on. This meant that it only reacted to crises and was not geared to forestall them.
He gave two examples. One was the need to work out wvhat to do in the event ca the Iranians liberating the Ameri- can hostages. Before the war ,tarted vith Iraq, several coun- tries had given undertakings to Ian to deliver arms once the hostages were released. To deliver arms now would mean appearing to break neutrality in the war. Oil supplies here wt;ere a crucial factor.
The other example concerned the economic problems which would be created in Yugoslavia and Turkey by the entry of Greece, Spain and Portugal into the EEC. Europe could absorb only so much Mediterranean produce, and Yugoslavia and Turkey might become easy prey for the Soviet Union if their economies were shattered by losing their traditional Euro- itean markets.
Mr Peter Hardy, Labour MP for Rother Valley, who has drawrn up a report on the poli- tical implications for Europe of the Soviet invasion in Afghani-.
stan, said it was essential not fo- view the continued occupation in isolation.";"December 3, 1980";"";60792;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU sets up group to examine its role in European defence";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owm Correspondent
BONN, DEC. 2
The Defence Ministry to-night announced that the Federal Govern- ment had no intention of requesting the removal of restrictions on the German manufacture of atomic, bacteriological, and chemical weapons. It stood by the limitations voluntarily undertaken under the Western European Union treaty.
The Ministry was comrnenting on reports from Paris that the W.E.U. defence com- mittee had recommended that permission be given to the Federal Government to develop and produce weapons for warships. and to build bigger warships and 6sb- marines. It also said that a proposal for the latter had not yet been forwarded to the W.E.U. Council.
SCOPE WIDENED
This is correct, but the request was made a month ago and is known to have been favourably received bY most members of W.E.U. General Norstad also favours the removal of restrictions on the production of conventional weapons, which are regarded as inevitable.
This development widens considerably the scope of the discussions Mr. Watkin- son, the Defence Minister, is having to-day and to-morrow with his counterpart here. Herr Strauss. Mr. Watkinson arrived this afternoon, accompanied by Sir Richard Powell, Permanent Secretary of the Defence Ministry. and General Sir Roderick McLeod, deputy Chief of the Defence StalL
It is expected that the two Ministers will to-day and to-morrow discuss a long list of related projects ranging from missiles to submarines; from the new British and German tanks, which may one day evolve into an Anglo-German tank, to anti-tank guided weapons: from the new British 105mm. and 120mm. tank guns to light tracked vehicles and electronic devices.
BETrER COORDINATION
The present discussions are a continua- tion of those previously shared by Mr. Sandys, and some measure of agreement has already been reached on a number of subjects. This includes at least partial agreement on possible future tactical requirements. Both sides are already agreed on the need for better coordination in arms research and development. in which the defence committee of the Bundestag has shown considerable interest.
Whether or not this will lead to increased orders for British weapons and equipment remains to be seen. Of the 510m. marks deposited by the Federal Government with the Bank of England to meet arms purchases loom. marks had been spent by October. contracts amount- ing to 53m. marks have since been con- cluded. and negotiations for orders amount- ing to about lOOm. marks are said to be proceeding satisfactorilv.
If these are concluded. Herr Strauss will still have rather more than 250m. marks (about £22m.) to spend in Britain without drawing on the considerable reserves his Ministry has in hand.
The Londoner Diplnmatischle Korre- spondenz, which is distributed by the Embassy, said to-night that its demand for
a united European atomic force did not correspond with official British policy. Nevertheless, the likely removal of some of the restrictions on the German produc- tion of certain weapons, on which wide agreement has already been reached, increases the Possibilities of Anglo- German cooperation.";"December 3, 1959";"";54634;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Watkinson Discussing Arms Developments In Bonn";""
"['From Michael Binyon,']";"['News']";"From Michael Binyon,
Bonn-.
A clear split has emerged in the Warsaw Pact over the Soviet campaign to curb re- lations between East and West Germany, with the Poles and Czechoslovaks supporting the Russians and the Hungarians going out of their way to praise East German contacts with the West.
East Germany itself took a defiant stand at the weekend, when for the second successive day, newspapers pointedly ig- nored the reproaches levelled at Bonn and implicitly also at the East German leadership, by Pravda on Thursday.
Instead, the party organ, Neeues Deutschland, published a Soviet commentary which praised the spirit of detente and said the Soviet Union had always tried to deepen and broaden political, economic, cultural and humanitarian cooperation between states.
East Berlin's decision to ignorc the harsher Pravda article, which was unsigned and represented an authoritative Politburo statement, runs coun- tcr to normal practice and is seen here as a clear snub to Moscow.
Meanwhilc, Pravda kept up thc campaign against West
Germany, accusing Bonn' on Saturday of-seeking to:-rearm itself, while ""Revanchist"" groups stepped up their activi- ties. The paper repeated Soviet criticism of the recent lifing of thc ban by- the Western European Union on remaining limitations on West German arms production, and said this rearmament was taking place ""against the backdrop of an intensification of revanchist organizations' activities""i.
The Soviet line was also echoed in Poland, where the party newspaper, Trybzena Ludu, said West Germany was dreaming of a reunification of Germany in its 1937, frontiers and the Kohl Government was spreading the view that, without an end to Germany's division, there could be no peace in Europe.
Newspapers in Czechoslova- kia also spoke on Saturday of increased activity by revachist and neo-Nazi groups, and said these received official support in West Germany.
By contrast, Hungary's official weekly newspaper, A'fagyaroszag, has warmly praised the plan by Herr Erich Honecker, the East German leader, to visit West Germany
next month. The paper said small countries in the Nato and Warsaw Pact alliances must do more to ease East-West tension.
It also refuted Soviet accu- sations that East Germany was exposing itself to political pressure in accepting loans from West Germany, saying East Berlin had made it clear there would be no concessions on sovereignty.
The West German Govern- ment and Opposition re- affirmed their belief at the weekend that Herr Honeker's visit would go ahead. Herr Peter Boenisch, the Government spokesman, said final details were being worked out and t'xpressed confidence that Herr Honecker would stick to his plans.
Herr Vogel repeated strong criticism of the negotiating tactics of the Chancellery in not securing the inclusion of West Berlin in .all concessions on travel to East Germany.
Herr Philip Jennin-ger, State Secretary in the Chancellor's office, said negotiations were still going on, and Chancellor Kohl announced that he would raise the issue with Herr Honecker.";"August 6, 1984";"";61902;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Warsaw Pact divided over relations between two Germanies";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
KIEL, Nov. 10
Your Correspondent sailed into Kiel to-day in the Wetz.ar, one of the new German 370-ton coastal minesweepers. She-has been in commission since only August 8 and, like the whole German Navy, is so new that she hardly seems real.
But, if the atmosphere of an unusuallv enthusiastic schoolroom is typical of the German Navy, as it can be presumed to be, there is hope that the Baltic approaches, at the moment somewhat naked, may yet be effectively protected against the 130 or so submarines, eight cruisers, 200 torpedo-boats and Heaven knows what else that the Russians are believed to have lurking east of Jutland.
So far the build-up of the German Navy has been hampered almost equally by lack of equipment and lack of offi- cers,:but it is now making rapid progress.
The Wetzlar's mine-sweeping equipment is far. from complete, and the gleaming elec- tronic equipriient can hardly be used. The officers are experienced, but the crew is comParatively raw, facing the array of Panels and instruments with an enthusiasm which barely conceals a certain strangeness. This occasionally reveals itself, for istance, in the signal book, where this cry of distress is recorded: '1 can only acknow- ledge your signals, as I am alone and Hans is in the galley.""
T|=he German Navy is to have 18 ships like the Wetzlar, built of wood and glued togetner. bIX have been built, but are to have their top deck removed, as they have tumed out to be too high. The Plans of the other 12 are to be modified accordingly at considerable cost.
SEAHAWKS AND GANNETS
So far a total of 105 ships are in com- mission and 17.000 men in uniform, all volunteers. A high-sea mine-sweeping flotilla. two coastal mine-sweeping flotillas. and a motor torpedo-boat flotilla are already under N.A.T.O. command. The Navy also has a destroyer on loan from the United States and recently bought another from Britain. the Oakley. now named the Gneisenau.
It also has an escort squadron, four mine-sweeping squadrons. three motor torpedo-boat squadrons. two harbour patrol squadrons a training squadron, an amphibious squadron. and two air arm groups equipped with 12 Seahawks and 10 Gannets. By next year it will have another six frigates from Britain. which have already been paid for. and five more American destroyers on loan.
The keels of 12 submarines are soon to be laid simultaneously. Contracts have been placed with the Stillcken yard of Hamburg for four destroyers of about 3,000. tons, which is the limit set by Western European Union. These will be conven- tionally armed. It is hoped to secure per- mission to build eight bigger destroyers. Admiral Ruge wants them to be armed with sea-to-air guided missiles, and for this the W.E.U. limit is too low.";"November 11, 1958";"";54305;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Navy Finding Its Sea Legs";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Paris, Nov 21
Britain intends to eaxmine arms sades to China on a case by case basis, Mr John Tomlin- son, Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, told members of the Western European Union (WEU) today. He said: ""We do not intend to become the sole suppliers of arms to China, but that does not rule our deferze sal-es.""
Sp)eaking of the sale of Harrier jump-jets to China, he said Mr John Smith, the new Secretary of State for Trade would sortly be visiting Peking and this would be discussed. The Harrier was considered to be a defensive weapon.
M Pierre Bernard-Reymond said the French Government was now prepared to sell arms to China.
In h,is speech Mr Tomlijison blad drawn attention to the fact that China, having not long ago been a relatively backward, mainly agrigultural country, was now a puclear power.
He went on: "" One Third World country has aiready ex- ploded a nuclear device,, others may be in the queue to do the same. Failure on the part of the industrialited countries to respond to the needs and aspirations of the developing countries could, in an age of potential proliferation, lead to political upheavals which might result in the brandishing of military capability by the Third World.""
Mr Tomlinson contrasted the level of military aid given by the United States to developing countries with that given by the Soviet Union. The American
level was 25 per cent of the total, se said, while the Soviet level was between 60 and 70 per cent.
Nevertheless, he saw that this type of aid was being v iewed with suspicion by the develop- ing countries, who were not pre- pared to accept it in return for political authority.
Britain was increasing its level of aid by 6 per cent in real terms over each of the next three years, which meant it was the fastest growing sector of public spendingg. On a case by case basis, too, debts incurred as loans when aid was origin- ally given, were being examined and often cancelled.
He was critical of developing countries who weakened their own case by their tendency to rest on sweeping prescriptions for the overturning of the in- ternational economic system by set-piece rhetoric in United Nations forums.
The WEU session accepted a report on disarmament prepared by Mr John Roper. Labour MP for Farnworth, which recom- mends, among other items, a comprehensive test ban, a chemical weapons treaty, streng- thened non-proliferation 'safe- guards and a substantial reduc- tion to restore the balance of. forces in Europe.
An amendment, put forward by M Serve Boucheny, a French Communist member. calling for a prohibition on the sale of weapons to CC colonialist,: racialist and fascist govern- ments, and in particular to those of the Republic of South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Chile and Iran "", was not accepted.";"November 22, 1978";"";60465;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Harrier deal with China held to be defence sale";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-Washington, Feb. 21
The Soviet Union has intimated that there will be no trouble for Berlin which could embarrass President Nixon in western Europe next week.
The understanding is that there will be some kind of pressure, but just sufficient to keep the east Germans happy, as one official put it today. On the other hand, the White House has been assured that the reasons for the President's visit are fully understood.
This is perhaps no more than was to be expected, but the Soviet Union is anxious to begin talks on the limitation of strategic nuclear weapons. It does not want to create another Czechoslovak-type situ- ation which led to the postpone- men.t both of those talks and the American ratification of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
The White House also expects little trouble from student agita- tors in spite of excited reports from Europe. The Secret Service has complete faith in the Metro- politan Police, which will be re- sponsible for the President's secu- rity in London, and elsewhere, especially in Berlin, the weather is expected to be too harsh for the usual outdoor nonsense.
As for the nature of the talks, there has been little of the care- ful preparation that precedes for- mal meetings of heads of govern- ments. Britain, for instance, has only indicated that Mr. Harold Wilson would like a wide-ranging discussion on Nato, Europe and east-west relations.
In any case the ptime objective of this tour is for Mr. Nixon to get to know the allied heads of government.
Certainly th. President wi'l avoid, if he can, getting involved in the present dispute within the Western European Union. The Americans have always seen WE.U. as a purely European group which could only be of special interest if it developed into a truly representative body.
The recent pronouncements of Mr. Healey, the Defence Secretary. on western Europe's defences is expected to be referred to within the broad discussion on Nato. President Nixon will reaffirm the American nuclear commitment if only to reassure the Germans, who have also intimated that they want to discuss Berlin and troop levels.
M¢r. Nixon also wants discus- sions on troop levels, but most of all wants to know what west Ger- many and other allied countries are prepared to do in the common effort.
Nevertheless, Mr. Healey has introducdd a note of realism into the discussions. His Munich con- clusions are not wholly acceptable or palatable here, but as he is the most experienced Defence Secre- tary in the alliance his conclusions carry considerable weight.
Equally important, Dr. Henry Kissinger, the presidential assistant for national security affairs, has been thinking along similar lines.
The B.B.C. will show the first live colour television pictures inside Buckingham Palace and No. 10 Downing Street during President Nixon's visit to London on Tuesday. B.B.C. 1 and 2 viewers will see the coverage between 12.25 and 1 p.m.";"February 22, 1969";"";57492;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian assurance to Nixon on Berlin";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPT. 13
Herr von Brentano, the Foreign Minister, left for Paris to-day to attend the N.A.T.O. meeting to-morrow and the Western European Union meeting on Saturday. His State Secretary, Professor Hallstein, who is already in Paris, will also attend.
Considerable importance is attached here to both meetings. It will be recalled that in July the Federal Government sent Notes to all the member Governments of W.E.U. suggesting that the proposed withdrawal of allied troops from Germany was a poli- tical question which should be discussed at a ministerial meeting of the W.E.U.
The official view here is that troop with- drawals should not be made until an agree- ment is reached with the Soviet Union on controlled disarmament. There is also a desire for some kind of consultative machinery that would make possible ready exchanges of information concerning miltary reappraisals and intentions in order to avoid repetition of this summer's scares. At present Dr. Adenauer seems to be less concerned with any possible Soviet aggres- sion than with Suez. Parallels have been drawn between Korea and the Middle East. UNLIKELY CONSEQUENCE
One consequence is most unlikely- the Federal Republic will not want to make reductions in its own forces, or press for the right to manufacture atomic, bacterio- logical or chemical weapons. Apart from his sincere support of the western cause--- and Mr. Dulles could not have a more loyal ally-it would be difficult internally for Dr. Adenauer to reverse the present defence policy. In Friday's memorandum, also, much was made of the fact that the Federal Republic does not manufacture
A.B. and C"" weapons.
The Russians have not yet replied to the Note and memorandum, but the Govern- ment does not seem too perturbed by Mr. Gromyko's curt retort and its repetition in the Soviet Press. If the Soviet Government does not accept the invitation to partici- pate in diplomatic discussions on reunifica- tion there will naturally be some disappoint- ment, but the view is that the new policy the memorandum was intended to. help evolve is necessarily long term, and that the memorandum can usefully be used as a White Paper on the western German case.
It is expected that reunification could one day be discussed by the United Nations presumably in the General Assembly. Re- sponsibility would remain with the four Powers, but it:is believed that a general dis- cussion would illuminate the differences between Soviet promises and intentions.
ADAMANT REFUSAL
The Federal Government remains adamant in its refusal to recognize and dis- cuss reunification with the east German Government, but in some quarters at any rate there has been a movement toward the Social Democratic view. The Social Demo- crats agree that reunification can only be achieved with four-Power agreement, but they have recognized that one day it will be necessary to meet the east German Government to arrange free elections, for instance. This is now accepted in some Government quarters.";"September 14, 1956";"";53636;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Allied Troops In Germany";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-NEW YORK, MARCH 24
A European policy for Britain did not imply a withdrawal from commitments outside Europe, Mr. Heath, the Leader of the Opposition, said last night in the last of his Godkin lectures at Harvard. It would help Europe to share any burden falling on the United States, provided that the new Europe and America could find a procedure for coordinating their policies more closely.
The metaphor of the two pillars was well worn, but still served its purpose, he said. The present troubles were caused by the weakness of the European pillar.
It needed binding together and build- ing up, not necessarily to the height of the American pillar, but enough to carry a fair share of the weight.
West Europe ought also to make a grow- ing contribution to the economic under- pinning now accepted as a condition of world stability. Mr. Heath said:-
"" Britain may have to give up its traditional
opposition to world commodity agree- ment at anything other than the lowest possible price. The Community, led by France, may have to be prepared to grant more financial assistance and extend its attitude towards preferential markets to include more developing countries.
"" The United States may have to give up
its resistance to preference of all kinds to the extent of granting limited preferences for specific periods to the developing countries.
"" A million British pounds or French francs
spent on Pekimg and training Latin
Americans may sometimes achieve more than the equivalent suTns in American dollars, simply because the American teacher comes to be taken for granted, or even resented in an area where the American presence is over-familiar. The reverse is probably true in Africa.""
Even if Britain entered the Common MaTket, Mr. Heath said, Commonwealth ties or shared interests and the flow of information would survive, but he was worried about the undertakings the British Government felt obliged to give about Rhodesia to keep members from leaving.
One side effect of greater unity in Europe, he said, might be a reappraisal in Washing- ton of decision-making which affected allies. The present process of semi-public debate between different Government agencies, cul- minating in a compromise reached or imposed at the last minute, often left very little room for genuine consultation.
Atlantic partnership was the eventual hope of the great majority of the peoples of Europe and the United States. European union was a first condition.
At the same time, in its responsibility for world security, the United States was not completely alone. Britain had existing com- mitments, and his party, Mr: Heath said, believed that Britain must discharge them. The Congo was only now emerging from the chaos of the sudden Belgian with- drawal. "" Today we are urging the British Government not to expose Aden and South Arabia to a similar disaster "", he added.
Mr. Heath arrived back in London tonight.";"March 25, 1967";"";56898;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath calls for Atlantic partnership";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROMA OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 10
The debate on the second reading of the estimates for the Federal Chancery .gave Dr. Adenauer the opportunity
today of defending the policy of the coalition Government against the Opposition's charge that it was "" unsteady and irresolute "". The Chan- cellor was certainly neither. Sunburned and obviously fortified by three weeks of his holiday on Lake Como-whicb be had interrupted partly to attend the debate-he displayed a characteristic mixture of firmness and humour in dealing with a long catalogue of criticism.
The main emphasis of his specch was on the Govemment's European policy. He said he had always stated that the ultimate goal was the creation of a political union. ""We have stuck to this"". he said. ""and there is no need to repeat it every fort- night.""
The antithesis between a Europe des ,atries and an integrated Europe was utterly misleading. The important thing was to kecep moving forward. Even when the political union of Europe had come about there would still be a Gernan Fatherland. Just as the French and the Italians would preserve theirs.
SURRENDER DENIED
He answered spiritedly the Opposition charge, that the policy of President de Gaulle delayed European integration and that he had capitulated to it. At 13aden- Baden in February he had discussed European integration for several hours with the French President. and had received the assurance that the existing European institutions must remain completely untouched. A solution to the question of European union had been sketched in his recent discussions with Signor Fanfani, the Italian Prime Minister.
Relations with the UInited States-and with President Kennedy personally-the Chancellor described as being as zood as those with President Eisenhower and the late Mr. Dulles. Relations with France were excellent, and had proved their worth recently. Without good and amicable ties between the two countries the western alliance would be inconceivable. It was the earnest wish of the Federal Govern- Ment that Britain should soon join the Common Market as a full member.
The Chancellor defended the coalition against the taunt of Herr Ollenhauer. the Socialist Party chairman, that it was "" the worst government in the short life of the Federal Republic "". ""I cannot agree in any way with Herr Ollenhauer"", he replied The coalition was firm and it worked well.
In his remarks on the economic situa- tion, observers detected some differences in tone and approach between the Chancellor and Professor Erhard, the Economics Minister. The trade unions could not alway.s be made responsible for economic difficulties. "" 1. too. have often been irritated with the employcrs,"" Dr. Adenauer said. The socialistc applauded him when he remarked that the people hit most by the continuous rise in buiiding prices, over the past three years were those who had put their savings in building societies.
KIHARTuM.-Sudanese advocates refused to appear in courts in protest against a week's imprisonment imposed on a col- league for contempt of court while present- mg a defence case.";"April 11, 1962";"";55363;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Earnest Wish' For Britain To Join";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Brussels
We are a rather happy lot, we British. We worry about war a lot less than we used to, we are rather satisfied with the way our democracv works. we are less concerned about the possibility of strikes and we look forward more optimistically to 1983 than any of our EEC partners, except the Greeks - who are apparently so unhappy that things can only get better for them anyway-
These are some of the findings of the latest Euro-bar- ometer a Community-wide poll designed to show up public opinion inside the different member-states of the EEC.
Overall, in fact, the only thing we really seem to dislike is the. EEC itself We feel cheated by it (75 per cent), generally we think it is a bad thing (40 per cent against 29 per cent for) yet paradoxically are slightly more convinced of the virtues of European union than we were I Oyears ago.
Other striking paradoxes emerge from the poll. The Dutch are far and away the '""truly happiest"" people in Europe. On the Euro-bar- ometer's index? of happiness (4 = truly happy, 2.5 = rather happy, 1 = not too happy) the Dutch score 3.2. Yet 49 per cent of the Dutch think things are going to get worse this year.
Sunshine certainly does not seem to make the Greeks and Italians happy. The Italians score just 2.09 on the happiness scale and the 'Greeks a miser- able 1.9 while the stiff British upper lip cracks to a smiling 2.66.
The Italians, moreover, are significantly less happy about the standards of democracy in their own country than even the Belgians are about theirs, though the rapidly disintegrat- ing Belgian economy is causing the population there to lose faith in their political system.
As far as monev is concerned, the British more than anyone except the Greeks - who are such new boys to the Comm- unity that they keep on upsetting the averages - are nearest to thinking that things are relatively unchanged over the past year.
The same is certainly not true of France where the Euro-bar- ometer charts a rapid disen- chantment with life under Socialism' Whereas just over a year ago 32 per cent of the French were looking forward optimistically to 1982, that figure has dropped to just 18 per cent this year.
Britain's relative optimism on most fronts seems to derive from national insistence on standing alone. When it comes to tackling unemployment, for example, half the population believes this should be done at a national level
And when it comes to making sacrifices for others, Britain is easily the brand leader in selfishness. A massive 71 per cent are firmly against giving up anything to help other coun- tries, whereas in Italy only 38 per cent would be so mean
E7 C: Italy's view, page 6
Leading article, page 7";"January 8, 1983";"";61425;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The happy British are EEC'S optimists";""
"['From Peter Strafford']";"['News']";"From Peter Strafford
New York, Oct 30
Sir Christopher Soames, the member of the European Com- mission responsible for external relations, gave a warning today that relations between West Europe and the United States would always have to stand up to ""plenty of buffeting "".
"" Let us face it "", he said, 'our interests are not always identical. As recent days have shown, events will not always conspire to favour what I pro- foundly believe to be this new Europe's top priority in the ex- ternal field-the development with the United States of a close and constructive working rela- tionship.""
Sir Christopher did not say so specifically, but his reference was clearly to the differences between the Americans and many of the Europeans over attitudes towards the Middle East war. President Nixon and other members of his Adminis- tration have been sharplv critical of European policies, and this has caused resentment.
The Commissioner also tried to meet American criticisms of the slowness with which the European Community is moving towards its goal of European union. There were "" no short cuts, no easy options for us Europeans. It will be slog, slog all the way, as we seek to fuse together the interests and ideals of nine old and proud indepen. dent nations "".
Sir Christopher was speak- ing at a lunch in New York given by the chambers of commerce of the European Community. In his speech, he gave rather qualified approval to the idea of the "" Year
of Europe "", launched with some fanfare by the Nixon Admini- stration.
The American initiative, he admitted, was of the first import. ance in opening up a new dia- logue with Europe. On the European side, it had prompted new thought about the problems of further integration.
The challenge had helped the European Community to make further steps towards defining a political as well as an economic identity.
At the same time, Sir Christopher gave a warning that the ""Year of Europe "" was not an end in itself. The enlarged Community was itself hardly 10 months old, and it would take time to form a new relationship between the United States and the Community as a whole. The American initiative would not of itself provide the answers to all the calls for "" reappraisal, fore- sight and statesmanship.
""No declaration, however cleverly drafted, however sin- cerely intended, howev..: pres- tigiously; inaugurated, can take the place of actually getting down and working together in a spirit of cooperation rather than of contestation, to find solutions to the numerous prob- lems we will always be facing in the international economic field.""
In another reference to the Middle East, he called for joint attention to the question of energy supplies. The. present difficulties underlined the need for a greater degree of coopera- tion in this area, between both consuming and producing COUnI- tries.";"October 31, 1973";"";58927;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soames warning on links between US and Europe";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"Prom Charlec Harorove
Paris4aLpi 22
Prepdelt Scheel of West Ger- many today called for action to bring :lbout- a federal Europe.
Speaking at a reception given by the'Paris municipality, he de- clare4: ""We cannot wait for European -union to fall into our lap o-ne day like a ripe fruit. Therefore,. Europe must give herself the institutions and the neces4ary competence to be able to act; and must do so wvithout delay. She needs a clear con- stitution which serves as basis for common foreign, economic and defence policy.
"" To set this up, no new series of conferences is necessary. Only a political will is required; and it only needs democratic sanction.""
His statement followed nearly two hours of discussions with President Giscard d'Estaing, into which first the Foreign Ministers, then the entire French and German delegations Were drawn. When he left the Elysee Palace, over which the black, red and gold German flag was flying, Herr Scheel told
reporters t, - on European policy, .energy,.and Southl East Asia, .:the French and Germ!ian standpoints* were "" almost iden- tical "",. This was: also true. of relations betweeh -Europe and the. United States:
It . was necessaty:to see how the British ref erend;um..would turn out before new concrete steps. could be. tale. towards European unity, he said.
Elysee sources confirmed. that the German. ,had of state shared. the ,-French view on energy and the need to. pursue a policy for reconciling -the interests of producers and con- sumers. . -
On his way to the -Hdtel de: Ville, where the reception was given, Herr Scheel paid his respects to the memorial of French concentration camp victims on the Ile de la cit6. Madame Giscard d'Estaing's father died in prison in Ger- many during the war.
In his speech, delivered in fluent French, at the Hotel de Ville, Herr Scheel 'expressed 'his confidence in the future of a united Europe, ""if political
leaders acted rapidly. It is not too late to: take the big step forward.
"" A common foreign policy which is really European,.is not .compatible with .. the hair splitting of '. classical diplo- macyg, which at' every step tries to obtain from partners an addi- tionalniational advantage. Such a policy demands, in addition, that'-one should renounce all designs ,of ,hegemony in the field of security....
""There are people who think the preservation of 'world peace is 'only the affair of the super powers. There. are those who think that Europe does not need to assume responsibilities for developing countries. There are those who think it is a luxury to have one's own defence potential.
"" Europe will not go under if we escape our responsibili- ties. The security network our Atlantic allies have woven with Western Europe continues to exist. But the Atlantic partner- ship must also prove its worth in the' political mutations of the modern world.""";"April 23, 1975";"";59377;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Scheel calls for immediate action to bring about agreement for a federal Europe";""
"['From Philip Howard']";"['News']";"From Philip Howard
Oxford, Sept 27
The European Union of Women, a marvellous regiment to shame the cassock and whiskers off John Knox, has arrived at Christ Church for its tenth general assembly. About 300 delegates from 12 member countries fill the hall and the town hall next door, where they met with lively, and high- powered polyglot discussion about responsibility in a modern society, the old-fashioned Chris- tian virtues of family, life, and flreedom definitely without licence.
The union consists of women from Christian Democrat and Conservative Parties of 12 coun- tries of Western Europe. Norway applied to join yesterday, bring- ing the number to 13. The dele- gates are members of parliament or otherwise active in local gov- ernmen.t or public life in their home countries. They represent something like a million Euro- pean women who are members of parties that are 'Conservative. In mass, they are nothing like as formidable as that. nimkes them
sound, being perhaps. rather more middle-aged and middle- class than otherwise, but by no means exclusively so.
The assembly opened today with an ecumenical service in Christ Church Cathedral, a tele- gram from the Prime Minister and a speech of welcome from Mr John Davies, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He told them that the main objective of the Government was to use the EEC structure to bring the maximum benefits to all its peoples, without differentiating between wvomen and men.. "" My deep-seated belief is that there is no distinction in the real bene- fits to be sought for both men and women "", he said.
The ornate and overwhelm. ingly romantic Victorian bas- reliefs of tlie town hall were seen booming with the abomin- able acoustics, the clatter of instantaneous translation mach- ines and some impassioned, high- minded argument. Lady Elles, chairman of 'the British section of the EUW, said: "" We have the greatest difficulty in explain. ing that conservative does not mean what it says or say what it
means. We all stand for pro- gressive and radical policies designed to eliminate poverty, raise the standard of living for all people and inspire our youth * Delegates generally seemed concerned that they were not inspiring the modern generation sufficiently with their ideals. Signora Tina Anselmi, a vice- chairman, and member of the Italian Parliament, representing Venice, said: "" The new genera- tions seem to be moving in the direction of socialism or com- munism, parties which they regard as political forces for change, while Christian; democracy seems to them to stand for conservatism.
Frau Charlotte Fera, chairman of the union and member of parliament for Hamburg, said, in a spectacular trilingual per- formance: "" Conservative-a conception that in some circles today has almost become. a term of abuse or defamation, at any rate of discrimination. We object strongly. To be a Conservative does not m4ean that we are still living in the last century, but that on the contrary we are in the. forefront of progress.";"September 28, 1973";"";58899;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe's women look to new generations in building a freer and fairer society";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Council of Westemn European Union. at their weekly meeting in London yesterday, decided that a Minis- terial meeting of the Council should be held at which Britain's relationship with the Common Market can be discussed. The date and place were not formally announced. but several W.E.U. repre- sentatives have stated that the meeting will take place on August I in Paris, with Signor Segni, the Italian Foreign Minister, in the chair (Italy holds the chairmanship for the present quarter).
The significance of this lies not so much in what the Ministerial Council can then achlieve, as in the fact that the six members of the Council. who form the Common Mlarket countries, have agreed among them1selves-at the Rome meeting of the Common Market Foreign Ministers-that a meeting for political consultation between themselves and Britain should take place. If the Rome meeting-which is to be followed by a meeting of the heads of Government of the Six in Bonn on July 18-had ended vithout the pros- pect of political consultation with the United Kingdom, any inclination on the part of the British Government to seek membership of the Common Market would have received a rebuff. and the prospect of a declaration by the British Government of readiness to join the Common Market correspondingly diminished.
EFTA DISCUSSION
As it is. the timetable at the end of July will be unusually crowded. When the British Ministers who have been visiting Commonwealth countries have returned to London-Mr. Sandys, the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, will be the last to return, from Ottawa, about July 17-the British Government will have to decide whether to enter into negotiation with the Six.
If they decide in favour. various actions will have to be taken. Britain's partners in the European Free Trade Association (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal) must bt informed and must consider what approach to the Six each will make. A meeting of Efta Ministers in Geneva or in London is likely about July 25.
The British announcement of a decision to initiate negotiations would be made about the same time, presumably by Mr. Macmillan in the House of Commons, and presumably a week or so before the recess on August 4 to give time for debate.
A Ministerial meeting of the W.E.U. Councit about August I would, therefore, fit into this pattern.
Mr. Macmillan's reluctance to offer nego- tiations which might not be successful is appreciated, but representatives of the Common Market countries are saying that none of them, including France, has an interest in demanding terms from Britain which would weaken or disintegrate the Commonwealth.
In all this General de Gaulle's position remains the great enigma. In a recent speech at Metz he seemed to say that Britain, if she joined the Common Market, must do so without conditions of any sort. But Common Market representatives do not believe that that is the final French position.";"July 13, 1961";"";55132;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Invitation To Talks On Common Market";""
"['From Dan van der Vat']";"['News']";"1:rom Dan van der Vat;
Bonn. March 28-
Herr Brandt, the W,st :Ger man Chancellor, todav described the. condition of the European Comimnunity as "" critical "" and ruled out the possibilitv of a Comifiuhity 'sumnmit-' h*er in -May.-
- In- an- unexpected and deoid- edly sombre intervention in a debate . in. the Bundestag on Euro, ean policy, the Chancellor sai d ne had thought of sending out 'invitations to a summit while West Germany -still held the rotating presidency of tlhe Council of Ministers.
,But such a meeting could -be .relevant only if -nw impulses .could be expected from it. Herr B.ra-ndt obviously. thought this was highly unlikely and -depu- ties took it as read that no sum mit would occur. .
The Chancellor. pessimistic- ally listed the problems between the United Stares and: Europe, difficulties in cooperation with. in the Community and the mis- trust and uncomprehending jealousy with which the Euro- peans viewed the. dialogue be- ,tween America and Pussia..The .background against which bilateral relations. within the Comnmunity were proceeding were ""anything .but satisfac- tory , he complainred,
West Germany would do its dutv for European union: he said, giving warning. that unity cou]d not be achieved if Atlan- 'tic' security were 'ignored.
.- Herr Brandt said he regretted above all that there had been no sujccesses in bringing about a common front against inflation. 'But he awaited with hope the next summit with President
Pompidou,' for 'the Franco-West Germiani ejationsh.ip. was the basis ""of: EuroZiean policys 'The Chincellor said the' summit had been delayed for a month for reasons knoiwn to all, an indirect reference' to the French Presi- dent's ill-health:
The main spiech in 'today's debate w'asmade by Herr Walter Scheel, the Foreign'Minister. He too- saw the situation in Europe as rather less than rosy, but adopted a more positive ap- proach, as it only to be expected from a.man to-whom real pessi- mism is alien.
Europe remained at -the heart of West Germaxi policy. The present situation, which he re- gretted, was a ""-crisis. of confi- dence, of will and.of. clear un- derstanding
He attacked the 't stagAition"" in the field. of economic and monetary union, which- he des- cribed as the ;cqrnerstone of European unity.- Hee deplored the endless discussions.- about details in Brussels; -
. He called for consultation- and this meant-more than-a mere exchange of ijnfornation- ,between America and.: Europe when any contemplated. action by either could adversely affect the other.
Showing through this debate, in what was said on all sides, was deep disappointment that West Germany's presidency had not yet provided Bonn with a chance to make a great leap for- ward with' an initiative to aring union closer, and now seem-ed unlikely to do so.
'There are' twb reasons Why this has not happened: not only the sorry state of the Corm- mnunity in general, but aiso lesi- tancy here'in giving a lead.";"March 29, 1974";"";59051;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Critical state of EEC worries Herr Brandt";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, AuG. 25
The Christian Democratic parlia- mentary party last night considered three of the setbacks which the Federal Goverm- ment has suffered since the start of the Parliamentary recess: the failure of the Brussels conference, and the defection of Dr. John and Dr. Schmidt-Wittmack to the Communists.
Professor Hallstein, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, outlined the French proposals made in Brussels and the counter-proposals of the five other Powers. He said that their study of the French proposals had convintced the five Powers that of 65 changes which the French desired to make 47 would have required parliamentary ratification.
Herr von Brentano, leader of the parlia- mentary party, outlined the international position resulting from the Brussels confer- ence. The party supported him, and the Chan- cellor, in the view that the time had not come to discuss alternatives to the European defence treaty. Dr. Gerstenmaier, an influential member of the party in foreign policy questions, has denied a report that he has devised an "" alternative "" to E.D.C. or submitted views on the subject to Dr. Adenauer. He shared the opinion that the decision of the French Assembly rnust be awaited. He said, however, that a German national army was not the only possible alternative.
UNSEATING A MEMBER
Dr. Gerstenmaier, in another statement issued at Stuttgart since the Brussels confer- ence, has insisted that the movement for European union must continue with un- diminished vigour. His preference for a European over a national solution has not been weakened.
Discussing the defection of Dr. Schmidt- Wittmack, a member of the party, the Christian Democratic parliamentary group expressed the desire to deprive him of his seal in the Bundestag. Dr. Schroder, the Minister of the Interior, expressed the view that, by giving up his residence in the Federal Republic, Dr. Schmidt-Wittmack had lost the right to vote, and consequently the right ta represent the electors in Parliament.
Dr. Schroder had to listen to some criticisms from his party of bad public relations in the Government's handling of the Dr. John case. After pointing out some errors made, the party expressed its general confidence in Dr. Schr6der and declared its intention of support- ig him against the motion of censure which the Opposition has asked the Bundestag to debate as soon as it reassembles.
IERR PIECK'S APPEAL TO
M. COTY
BERLIN, Aug. 25.-Herr Pieck, the east German President, bas appealed to the Frerich Parliament "" never to ratify the treaties of Bonn and Paris,"" in a letter to Presidcnt Coty, published to-night by the east Germnan news agency. The letter expresses ""deep concern "" that Dr. Adenauer's policy, which Herr Pieck said was aimed at the remilitarization of west Germany and a war of revenge, would create a dangerous and absolutely wrong impression among the French people as to the "" real will "" of Germany. The road to real security for both Germany and France lay in a Euro- pean agreement on colective security.- Reuter.";"August 26, 1954";"";53020;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Three Setbacks For Bonn";""
"['From Mario Modiano']";"['News']";"Fronm Mario Modiano
A.thens, Nov 29
West European parliamen- tarians have called for-action to check the Soviet IUiwi's ability to send aircraft cirriers from therBlack Seae into the Mediter- ranean through the Dardanelles and Bosporus. This -could. be achieved either by a-redefiftitioh of the Montreut convention .hich iregulates navigation through the straits, or by giving Turkey adequate allied guafan- ,rees to enable it to refuse such passage.- C
These recommendations were incorporated in a report wliich was unanimously approved by the general affairs committee of the Western European Union after a visit to Turkey last month. The report will be sub- mitted in Paris tomorrow to the WEU Assembly by M Jean- Claude Burckel, the French rapporteur.
The report referred to the passage through the strai;s of the Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev last July and emphasized that a second vessel of the same type, the Minsk, was undergoing tests in the Black Sea, while two others were under construc- tion.
This sudden building of air- craft carriers was related to Soviet efforts to outmatch American naval capabilities especially in the Mediterranern.
The Montreux convention contains a qualified ban on the passage of aircraft carriers through the sti-aits, but the Rus- sians have described the Kiev and its sister-shins which have facilities for vertical take-off aircraft as "" anti-submarine cruisers "".
The report said: "" The signa- tories of the Montreux conven- tion should agree on an inter-
pretation of this text.as regards .such disputed. points, so that a
treaty which is as important
for the security of the Soviet' Union as of the Mediterranean, should not be regaided as a dead letter.""
The British Government, one of the'signatories, had made it clear at the time of the passage of the kiev, that it considered Ahis to be a. violation of the -convenition. The United States shar ed thuis view. Yet none of the other eight signatories, ex- Dressed any opinion after -Tur-' key granted the Kiev permission. to pass.
The WEIJ' report said that Turkey could* not actually' be expected in the present circum- stances to impose restrictions to the application of the Montreu* convention. It added: "" (Tur- key) might be able to do so'if tLe- solution of her problems -wvitlh Greece would allow her allies to give her the guarantees she requires.""
The WEU committee on general affairs, which includes four British parliamentarians, has. had talks with Turkish leaders. It ipd dwelt particu- larly on this issue because ""if th Sovict forces gained supremacy in the Mediter- ranean, the whole of Eur4pe Wo-ld ba threated. .
Defence bill soars: 'Because of smouldering relations with Turkey, one quarter of the Greek budget for 1977 wlill go on defence-£833m in a 'balanced budget of £3,330m.
Mr Evanghelos Devletoglou,
the Finance Minister, said
Gieece was spending about 6.5 per cent of its national in- come on defence, proportion- ally more than the United States or any country in West Europe.";"November 30, 1976";"";59874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU Assembly urged to check on Soviet warships in Bosporus";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, 'Oct 1
Since the Gaullist landslide in the- 1968 parliamentary elections ardthe split of the centre between the 'Government majority and the Oppositi6n, the prospects for an alterhative choice to Gaullism and a. left dominated by communism have been slender.
But last week M Jean Lecanuet, a senator and Mayor of Rouen, who is. the President of the Demo- cratic Centre and has always bit- terly opposed the Gaullist regime, gave it a distinct boost by making a overture towards the Govern- ment.
SWith M Jean-Jacques' Servan- Schreiber,- President of the Radi- cal Socialist Party, with whom. he signed an alliance at Saint Ger- main last' November, M Lecanuet told a press conference that he would be prepared, after the next elections in March, to enter into a working agreement 'with the Gaul- lists and their allies if two condi- tions were fulfilled.
*..These conditions were that the rpform movement, headed by him-
selt and M Servan-Schreiber, won between 100 and 120 seats in the' new Assembly from the Gaullists. and that President Pompidou accepted their main proposed re- forms, notably on European union and regional reforn.
M Lecanuet said their group provided voters who were tired of the "" monopolistic, c.entralizing. bureaucratic"" Gaullist state, and did not wish to run the risk of the constitutional upheaval which a left-wing majority dominated by the communists must inevitably produce, with the only possible alternative. It had put an end to the Gaullist claim that there were only two parties in France to choose from, the Communists or themselves.
The, Independent Republicanr, the party of M Giscard d'Estaing, who have- been searching for allies in the centre for a long times have welcomed M Lecanuet's overture with open. arms. M Poniatowski, their secretary-general, told a group of parliamentary journalists that he had had relatively fre- quent contacts with the Mayor of Rouen and was all in favour of. a
"" marriage of reason "" with his group.
M Poniatowski last year made an agreement with the Centre National des Independants, which represents part of the centre in the Senate. He said that many things brought his party and M Lecan- uet's and M Servan-Schreibers group together: their standpoint on Europe, on the priority to be given to social investments and on a democratic approach to political problems.
But a "" marriage of reason"" was subject to the approval of the 'President of the Republic behind whom the Independent kepubli- cans stood loyally. The marriage contract would have to be written down in black-and-white. "" This natural' evolution of the cen- trists "", he added, ""should be good for them and for France."".
Some French comnientators even * regard M Messmer's appointment as a subtle move to make these historic Gaullists of whom the Prime Minister is a leader. take the responsibility for the loss of seats in the coming elections.";"October 2, 1972";"";58594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Centre leader's offer to Gaullists";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NAIROBI, FEB. 20
Kenya is a prolific breeding ground for committees and organizanons, but one of the most interesting to be formed in recent times is a body called the ""Kenya Guild,"" the declared purpose of which is to foster cooperation between Europeans and Africans. There will be no Asian members.
According to a statement made during the recent conference of the Electors' Union (now renamed the European Union) an approach was made by a group of Africans who asked for the help of European organizations, including the Electors' Union, in preparing memoranda for the Coutts inquiry into the methods of selecting African representatives of the Legislature. The Africans said they were aware they would be unable to conduct their own affairs wisely and with sufficient knowledge for some time to come, so they looked to their friends to discuss with them matters on which all could agree, with the possibility later of reaching agreement on controversial matters as well. Among African fears was that of Communist infiltration from Asia. The Kenya Guild was therefore formed.
KIKUYU MEMBERS
Membership is at present three-quarters African and one-quarter European. Among the African members are several leading non-political personalities in Nairobi belong- ing to various tribes, including the Kikuyu. The guild was launched at a meeting yester- day at which the main objects were stated to be the provision of ways and means of enabling Africans and Europeans to work together for their mutual benefit and the speedy development of the colony in the economic. agricultural. social, recrea- tional, and industrial spheres. The meeting undertook to work for equitable and progressive policies which recognized the interests of Europeans and Africans to be complementary. Membership is open to any European or African over the age of 18 who declares in favour of furthering the common interests of both races.
Lord Portsmouth was unanimously elected the first president by the 30 Africans and Europeans present. Wanyuti Waweri, Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Minister of Education, is one of the vice-presidents, and among the members of the executive is Mr. Harry Thukn.
MAU MAU DEFEAT
Sir Philip Mitchell, who retired from the Governorship of Kenya a few months before the emergency wvas declared, yesterday made his first public statement on the situation since the emergency began. Speaking in Swahili to a large crowd of Africans, mostly Kikuyu, and including most of the European farmners of the Sabukia district, where he has settled, he gave his opinion that, even if the whole trouble was not finished, the Mau Mau, utterly defeated, were being hunted like baboons in the bush throughout the Sabukia district. This had been brought about by brave, faithful, and watchful people who had refused to have any dealings with Mau Mau. Mankind, he said, had known wicked, evil, and violent men, but the Mau Mau had surpassed them all.";"February 21, 1955";"";53171;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Aims Of ""Kenya Guild""";""
"['By Henry Stanhope Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Henry Stanhope
Defence Correspondent
Europe could not accept that it was realistic to discuss defence, and monetary and trade issues in a single form, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the Foreign Secretary, said yesterday.
Speaking to committee mem- bers of the Western European .Union in London, he said they were naturally inter-related. But there had been a tendency in the United States to regard all current difficulties as being ""o ne ball of wax "". Sight should. not be lost of the broader pic- ture, but to force too much uni- formity would cause practica) difficulties and confusion.
Monetary reform was urgent, and the back of it should be broken before the end of the year. Trade negotiations which lay at the heart of the evolu- tion of relations between, the European Community and the United States were unlikely to begin much before the end of the year.
Discussion of defence 'ss""es had to be related to the threat to the North Atlantic Alliance and to our strategy for meeting it. It should not be fitted into any arbitrary timetable.
Discussing trade issues be- tween America and her allies in Europe, Sir Alec said: ""The important thing is identifying the fears of America about Europe and vice versa, and having done so to discuss the difficulties and search for the answers before a clash develops. I am sure it is right that we should approach the forthcom- ing international trade negotia-
tions in a spirit of constructive dialogue.""
Reform of the international monetary systtni was probably the most pressing need. It was not surprising that the Bretton Woods system had showvn signs of old age. 'What was needed was the political will to take the risks which would lead to a breakthrough. .
Referring to the danger of American troop cuts in Europe, Sir Alec welcomed the recent statements by President Nixon, Dr Kissinger and Mr William Rogers reaffirming! American commitment to the alliance.
""These are all real and press. ing matters' of politics in the United States which we must recognize and understand. They must make the same efforts in relation to our apprehensions.""
Mr Michael Stewart. MP, -rapporteur, for the general affairs committee, told the committee that western Europe had to give, more attention to making its contribution to the alliance more. efficient. He mentioned. . for instance. the standardization of armaments.
CountriesI also had to recognize that it was not reason- able for western Europe to expect the United States to play a large parf in the defence of Europe whil'e at the same time showing; no !sympathy with her economic problems.
The committees of the WEU are meeting under the. presi- dency of Sirj John Peel, MP, the first British, president of. the WEU assembly for 13 years, to prepare. :forf the next plenary session in Paris in- June. t";"May 3, 1973";"";58772;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Monetary reform is world's first need, Sir Alec says";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray.
Pazis, June 18
The Western European Union (WEU) -today significantly toned down the stand its council is to take on Poland, after pres- sure from West German and Dutch liberal groups, backed by British Socialists and Italian Communists.
Sir Frederick Bennett, Con. servative MP for Torbay, who chaired the committee which drew up the report on develop. ments in Poland, said he voted with pride against its recom- mendations once the amend- ments diluting it had been carried.
In its amended form, he said. it would profoundly disappoint the many Poles who were look. ing for support and would en- courage the Soviet Union to believe that if it indulged in sabre rattling, people w-3-ii.
climb down. In voting against the altered recommendatio - the Poles would at least know that they still had some stauncb friends left in Europe.
The original recommendations had been accented by the com- i mittee in April. The assembly
refused to ratify them and pre-
ferred the amended version.
This means, that two clauses have been dropped -which call for member-states to draw up possible joint retaliatory meas- ures which could be taken against the Soviet Union in the event of an invasion of Poland.
The first clause wanted these actions put jointly before the Council of Europe 'to associate all free European states with wvhatever measures it may take."" The second clause would have asked member-states toforesee, within the EEC, "" The diplo- matic, economic, financial and commercial measures... which should necessarily include an embargo on the transfer of ad- vanced technology to the Soviet Union "".
The Liberal group said it was essential for the West not to be provocative and so give the Soviet Union a chance to inter- fere-
The strongest part of the recommendation which remains calls on the WEU Council to ""announce -without delay the principles which will guide its
reactions in the event of Soviet intervention in Poland, -which would be a flagrant violation of the Helsinki agreements and call in question their content.""
The Assembly was prepared to take a tougher line when it came to consider the report on European security in the Gulf area. Sir Frederic, just back from a tour of Pakistan and the Gulf, said during a briefing that if Pakistan was not helped to re-arm it would be forced to fall completely under Soviet influence.
He said the Soviet Union had formed a new southern com- mand embracing Afghanistan, which indicated there was every intention of making the occupa- tion of the country permanent This was part of a greater design to move into the Gulf area.
The Assembly agreed to carry the report on security in the Gulf, including an agreement to recommend assistance to the Afghan resistance movement and to furnish Pakistan with substantial economic aid.";"June 19, 1981";"";60958;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU tones down its stand over Poland but backs Pakistan";""
"";"['News']";"Copenhagen, Dec 14.-Following Is the full text of the "" European identity "" declaration issued here today:
The Nine member countries of the European Communities have decided that the time has come to draw up a document on the Euro- pean identity. This *vill enable them to achieve a better definition of their relations with other coun- tries and of their responsibilities and the place which they occupy in world affairs.
They have decided to define the European identity with the dynamic nature of the Community in mind. They have the intention of carry- ing the work further in the future in the light, of the progress made in the construction of a united Europe.
Defining the European indentity involves reviewing the common heritage, interests and special ob- ligations of the Nine, as well as the degree of unity so far achieved within the Community; assessing the extent to which the Nine are already acting together in relation to. the rest Of the world and the responsibilities which result from this;* taking into consideration the 'dynamic aature of European unifi- cation.
The unity of the nine member countries of the Community
1. The nine European states might have been pushed towards disunity by their history and by selfishly defending misjudged interests. But they have overcome their past enihities and have decided that unity is a basic European neces- sity to ensure the survival of the civilization whicb they have in common.
:T-The Nine wish to ensure that the cherlshed values of their legal, political and moral order are respected, and to preserve the rich variety of their national cultures. Sharing as they do the same atti- tudes to life based on a determina- tion to . build a society which measures up to the needs of the Individual, they are determined to defend the principles of representa- tive democracy of the rule of law- nof.social justice-which is the ulti- m.iate goal of economic Progress- asid of respect for human rights.
:' l of these are fundamental elements, of the European identity. The Nine believe that this enter- p,tise corresponds to the deepest aspirations of their peoples, who should participate in its realization particularly -through their elected representatives.
'- The. Nine have the political will -to succeed In the construction of a united Europe. On the basis of the Treaties of Paris and Rome
setting up the European Communi- ties and of subsequent decisions, they have created a common market, based on a customs union, and have established institutions, common polides and machinery for cooperation. All these are an essential part of the European identity.
The Nine are determ ined to safe- guard the elements which make up the unity they have achieved so far and the fundamental objectives laid down for future development at the summit conferences in The Hague and Paris. On the basis of the Luxembourg and Copenhagen reports, the Nine Governments have established a system of politi- cal cooperation with a view, to determining common attitudes and, where possible and desirable, com- mon action. They propose to deve- lop this further.
In accordance with the decision taken at the Paris conference, the Nine reaffirm their intention of transforming the whole complex of their relations into a European union before the end of the pre- sent decade.
3. The diversity of cultures within the framework of a com- mbn European. civilization, the attachment to common values and principles. the increasing con- vergence of attitudes to life, the awareness of having specific interests in common and the de- termination to take part in the construction of a united Europe, all give the European identity its originality and its own dynamism.
4. The construction of a united Europe, which the nine member countries of the Community are undertaking, is open to cther European nations who share the same ideals and objectives.
5. The European countries have, in the course of their history, de- veloped close ties *vith many other parts of the world. These relation- 'ships, which will continue to
evolve. constitute an assurance. of progress and International equilib- rium.
.,6. Although in the past the European countries were individu- ally able to play a major role on the internati6nal scene, present international probl,ems are diffi- cult for any of the Nine to solve alone. International developments and the growing concentration of powver and responsibility in the hands of a very smaU number of great powvers mean that Europe must unite and speak increasingly -with a single voice if it wants to make itself heard and play its -proper role in the. world..
7. The Commudity, the world's largest trading group, could not be
a closed economic entity. It has close links with the rest of the world as regards its supplies and market outlets. For this reason the Community, while remaining in control of its own trading policies, intends to exert a positive influ- ence on world economic relations with a view to the greater well- being of all.
8. The Nine, one of whose essen- tial alms is to maintain peace, will never succeed in doing so if they neglect their own security. Those of them who are members of the Atlantic Alliance consider that in present circumstances there is no alternative to the security provided by the nuclear weapons of the United States and the presence of North American forces in Eur- ope; and they agree that in the light of the relative military vul- nerability of Europe, the Euro- peans should, if they wish to pre- serve their independence, hold to their commitments and make con- stant efforts to ensure that they have adequate means of defence at their digposaI.
The European identity in relation to the world
9. The Europe of the Nine is aware that, as it unites. it takes on new international obligations. Euro- pean unification is not directed against anyone, nor is it inspired by ,a desire for power. On the con- trary, the Nine are convinced that their union will benefit the whole international community since it will constitute an element of equili- brium and a basis for cooperation with all countries, whatever their size, culture or social system.
The Nine intend to play an active role in world affairs and thus to contribute, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, to ensuring that international relations have a more just basis; that prosperity is more equitably shared; and that the security of each country is more effectively guaranteed. In pursuit of thesd objectives the Nine should progressively define common posi- tions in the sphere of foreign policy.
10. As the Community progresses towards a comrmon policy in rela- tion to third Lountries, it will act In accordance with the following principles:
(a) The Nine, actlng as a single entity, will, strive to promote har- monious and constructive relations with these countries. This should not however jeopardize, hold back or affect the will of the Nine to pro- gress towards European union within the time limits laid down.
(b) In future when the Nine negotiate collectively wvith other countries, the institutions and pro- cedures chosen should enable the
distinct character of the European entity to be respected.
(c) In bilateral contacts with other countries, the member states of the Community will increasingly act on the basis of agreed common positions.
11. The Nine intend to strengthen their links, in the present institu- tional framework, with the member countries of the Council of Europe, and with other European countries with whom they already have friendly relations and close cooperation.
12. The Nine attach essential iniportance to the Community's policy of association. Without diminishing the advantages enjoyed by the countries with which it has sdecial relations, the Com- munity intends progressively to put into operation a policy for development aid on a worldwide scale in accordance with the prin- ciples and aims set out in the Paris summit declaration.
13. The Community will implement its undertakings towvards the Mediterranean and African countries in order to reinforce its long-standing links with these countries. The Nine intend to preserve their historic links with the countries of the Middle East and to cooperate over the estab- lishment and maintenance of peace, stability and progress in the region.
14. The close ties between the United States and Europe of the Nine-who share values and aspirations based on a common teritage-are mutually beneficial and must be preserved. These ties do not conflict with the determina-. tion of the Nine to establish them- selves as a distinct and' original entity. The Nine intend to. main- tain their constructive dialogue and to develop their cooperation with the United States on the basis of equality and In a spirit of friend- ship.
15. The Nine also remain deter- mined to engage in close coopera- tion and to pursue n constructive dialogu'e with the other industrial- ized countries. such as Japan and Canada, which have an essential role in maintaining an open and balanced world economic system. They appreciate the existing fruit- ful cooperation with these coun- tries, particularly in OECD.
16. The Nine have contributed, both individual'iy and collectively, to the first results of a policy qf ddtente and cooperation with the Soviet Union and the East Euro- pean countries. They are deter mined to carry this policy further forward on a reciprocal basis.
17. Conscious of the maJor role played by China in international &ffairs, the Nine itend to intensify
their relations with the Chinese Government and to promote ex- changes in various fields as well as contacts between European and Chinese leaders.
18. The Nine are also aware of the important role played by other Asian countries. They are deter- mined to develop their relations with these countries as is demon- strated, as far as commercial relations are concerned, by the declaration of intent made by the Commuiity at the time of its enlargement.
19. The Nine are traditionally bound to the Latin American coun- tries by friendly links and many other contacts. They intend to develop these. In this context they attach great importance to the agreements concluded between the European Community and certain Latin American countries.
20. There can be no real peace if the developed countries do not pay more heed to the less favoured nations. Convinced of this fact and conscious of their responsibili- ties and particular obligations, the Nine attach very great importance to the struggle against under- development. They are, therefore, resolved to intensify their efforts In the fields of trade and develop- ment aid and to strengthen inter- national cooperation to these ends.
21. The Nine will participate in international negotiations in an out- ward-looking spirit, while preserv- ing the fundamental elements of their unity and their basic aims. They are also resolved to contribute to international progress, both through their relations with Third countries and by adopting common positions wberever possible in international organizations, notably the United Nations and the special- ized agencies.
The dynamic nature of the con- struction of a united Europe
22. The European identity will evolve as a function of the dynamic of the construction of a united Europe. In their external rela- tions, the Nine propose progres- sively to undertake the definition of their identity in relation to other countries or groups of countries. They believe that in so doing they will strengthen their own cohesion and contribute to the framing of a genuinely European foreign policy.
They are convinced that build- ing up this policy wrill help thenm to tackle with confidence and realism further stages in the con- stitution of a united Europe, thus making easier the proposed trans- formation of the whole complex of their relations into a European union.-Reuter.";"December 15, 1973";"";58965;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Full text of declaration by European Community";""
"";"['News']";"PARIS, JAN. 31
The following is a partial text of General de Gaulle's statements at his press conference :
Question.-What is your judgment of the present constitution after the five years' test it has been through ?
Answer.-It seems to me that for the past. five years thzcre has been a constitutional success, and, for my part. I attribute the reason for this es;ent:ally to this fact: that our institutions respond to the demands of our era . . . to th- nature of the French people and to what they really want.
Some people who perhaps find the bride too beautiful propose certain changes, but ones whlich would be of a nature to over- throw the system from top to bottom..
Some others . . . advoaite a system which they call presidontial and which is similar to that of the Unit.d States....
CONCENTRATING POWER
Thus. they say, power would be concen- trated in the hands oC a single man and the inconveniences presented by division of this power between the Presdent and the Prime Minister would be avoided. while Parliament, finding itself in an intangible position, would vote or reject laws, budgets, as it saw fit.
WVell, it is true that this scrt of constitu- tion functions more or less in the United States. But it is in a country which because of its technical make-tip, its economic richcs,its geographical position, never knew invasion, and which for a century has knswn no revolution; in a countrv where, moreover, there are only two parties which are divided by nothing essential in any field, national, social, moral, international; in a federal country where the government assumes only general tasks-defence, diplo- macy, finance-while the 50 states of the Union are entrusted with all the rest.
STRONGLY CENTRALIZED
But how could such a constitution suit the French nation, which has become very strongly centralized over the centuries, which for seven generations has known all kinds of internal and external shocks, which is exposed to encountering others and where the parties, which are many, except the one which strives for upheaval, are divided and powerless ?
I think that, in France such as she is, the Pres!dent must not be elected at the same time as the Deputies, which would con- found his appointment and shorten the d&'ration of his cffice. and I do not think either that it is normal here to combine in the same person the President of the Renublic and the Prime Miinster.
In any case, our constitution is good. It has proved itself over five years both in moments. I repeat, full of gravity for the future of the Republic and in the periods of calm.
LATIN AMERICA
Question.-What place could Latin America take in your policies of coopera- tion with the countries on the path of development ?
Answer.-There is not one country in the world which out of what it does for its own progress, gives a similar proportion for the progress of others . . .
If these countries can one day take an active positive part in the development of humanity. in keeping with the accomplish- ments of our age, then their place among states is assured. But, if on the contrary they squander their own resources by dis- turbances or by external or internal con- flicts then the universe will soon see there nothing but regions of rivalry and one day, fields of battle for the imperialist ambitions of today and tomorrow.
In that case France will of course take elsewhere its hope and aid.... But if these peoples build, together with us, pro- jects of use to all men then, independently of the advantage -vhich they w ill draw from it. our own expanding projects and our means of action will not fail to be extended by this, and this is where co- operation has very elevated aims and very strong motives.
MEXICO VISIT
This was what we talked about with Mr. Lester Pearson. Prime Minister of Canada, during the visit he recently paid us.
That is what we are going to talk about shortlY with Seior Lopez Mlateos. President
of Mexico, and later, with the Governments of South America, on the occasion of journeys I hope to make there.
We shall talk about it to our friend Prince Sihanouk. head of state in Cambodia and afterwards to the King of Laos and Prince Souvanna Phouma, his Prime Minister. when we rece.ve them in Paris.
Question.-How do you sce Common Market prospects after the outcome of the Brussels negotiations at the end of last year ?
Answer.-What is of capital importance to my mind in the adoption of the agricul- tural regulations by the Six is that econo- mic Europe seems to have chosen to exist. Until then it was doubtful....
Let us admit that, among the six states, we are the most interested in the solution of the agricultural question, because it is we who are able to supply the most cereals. the most meat, the most milk, the most butter, the most cheese, the most wine and, with Italy, the most fruit and vegetables.
Ih;:s is why, moreover, in Brussels we were the most insistent. Let us also admit that it was Germany which accepted the biggest changes in its economic system. Among the Six, it was Germany which accepted the greatest change. For, indeed, up to now at least, while generously sub- sidizing its farmers, it buys nearly half its food from countries outside the com- munity.
COMMON PRICES
Let us hail the very clear proof thus given of European solidarity and of the applica- tion of the Franco-German agreement by the Government of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard. . . . Finally, let us admit that the opening of such a large and new market poses very big and very tough problems for all European farmers.
In particular our (farmers) must know that the new prospects thus opened could not be maintained or even used if on their part they did not make a considerable effort as regards the reform of their struc- tures, their organizations, and their market- ing system as well as an effort, for quality production, failing which, well, our com- petitors will win even in our country.
Moreover, everything is not finished. The Six still have to work out detailed imple- mentation measures, then they will have to fix common prices for agricultural pro- ducts. After that, the Community having been built and started, the Six will be able to open negotiations with other countries and particularly with America as regards foreign trade.
France will do that with the determina- tion of maintaining trade currents as actively as possible but also with the determination not to grant advantages unless there is reciprocity.
One dces not see how the economic com- munity could live and, a fortiori, develop without a political cooperation.
OPPONENTS OF UNITY
France has in the past made organiza- tional proposals to her five partners and the government of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard has, after that of Chancellor Adenauer, expressed its approval on the essentials of these proposals. And yet the plan has still not materialized and it is also known why: the opponents are formu- lating three conditions which appear inapplicable, contradictory one with the other, and which tend either to deliver Europe under the thumb of America or to maintain it in the field of brilliant subjects for public statements. Political statements, but without it ever being built.
No European union, say these opponents, unless through integration under a supra- national direction. No European union, they say, unless England is part of it. No European union, they say, unless it is part of an Atlantic community.
But it is quite clear in the first place that the peoples, I say the peoples of Europe, each people of Europe, do not want their destiny handed over to an Areopagus mostly composed of foreigners.
BRITAIN'S ROLE
In any case it is true for France. It is also clear that England, which is a great nation and a great state would accept it less than anyone else. Finally it is clear that to plan to incorporate the policy of Europe in a multilateral Atlantic policy would be acting so that it itself would have none, but then why would it wish to confederate ?
Certain indications could Icad one to think that, things taking their course, the objections to the political organization of Europe have somewhat lost their virulence an.d that perhaps a scheme of practical cooperation of political cooperation. between the six states could again emerge in the forefront. No one can doubt that in such a case France would be ready, as she was yesterday, to give attentive con- sideration to such a plan.
"" A GREAT PEOPLE""
We are going to speak of China .... China: a great people, the most numerous on earth. . . This country's entry into contact with the modern nations has been very hard and very costly.... The many European, American, Japanese demands, interventions, expeditions, invasions, were for it so many humiliations and muti.ations. Then as many national upheavals, and also the will of the elite to transform the country at all costs so that it might reach the condition and the power of the people which oppressed it, led China to the revolution.
Certainly, General Chiang Kai-shek, to whose valour, patriotism, spiritual eleva- tion, I am duty bound to render homage, feeling certain that history and the Chinese people will one day do the same, General Chiang Kai-shek. after leading China to the allied victory which in the Pacific put the seal on the Second World War, tried to channel the torrent....
Since then an enormous effort. which was impera,tive anyway, concerning the deve- lopment of natural riches, industrial deve- lopment, agricultural production . . . has been undertaken.
HUMAN SUFFERING
As always in a communist system, what was achieved entailed terrible human suf- fering, an implacable constraint of the masscs, immense losses and wasting of goods, the crushing of innumerable human values. ...
Considering that for 15 years almost the whole of China has been gathered under a Government which rules it and that she shows herself abroad as an independent, sovereign power, France was disposed in principle, and for years now to establish regular relations with Peking.
We were led in 1954, at the Geneva con- ference, when the fate of Indochina was settled . . . to negotiate with the Chinese representatives. It was the same in 1962, when the Laos situation was more or less defined.
NORMAL RELATIONS
But with the we ght of evidence and reason making itself felt more and more every day, the French Repub:ic decided to place i,ts relations with the Peoplz's Republic of China on a normal, in other words diplomatic, basis.
We met in Peking an identical intention, and it is known that on the subject M. Edgar Faure entrusted . . . to carry out on the spot unoffi-ial soundings, brought back po,itive irdications.
It was then that the two countries agreed to accomplish the necessary. I spoke of the weight of evidence and reason and in fact in Asia there is no political reality concerning Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, or India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Burma, Korea, or Soviet Russia or Japan, &c., which does not interest or concern China.
What is already being done economically speaking with regard to China, what is being done by us, and which can . . . be improved, will no doubt for a long time be limited, and it is the same with regard to investments which we are already making in Chinese industrial development.
In the case of technique, the situation is no doubt very different. as the sources of technique in France are more and more valuable, and China represents for French technique an almost infinite field.
' WORLD AS IT IS
So Peking and Paris have agreed to ex- change Ambassadors. Obviously on our par-t there is nothing in that implying any kind of approval of the regime which at p:esent dominates China.
By establishing with this country, with this state, official relations as many other free nations have done before and as we have done with other countries which suffer similar regimes, France only recognizes the world as it is.-Reater.";"February 1, 1964";"";55924;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General De Gaulle Rejects A U.S.-Type Of Constitution";""
"['FROM OUR UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR UNrTED NATIONS
CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, Ocr. 26
Mr. Menon (India) was the main speaker to-day in the final stages of the general debate on disarmament in the political committee, and he argued the cause for India's resolution (put forward yesterday) on the basis of a "" concert of nations "" rather than the nineteenth- century concept of the balance of power as being the best calculated to preserve world peace.
Discussing the proposed control organs, Mr. Menon said the function of these bodies should be "" more like that of a traffic policeman than that of a punitive policeman."" He could not understand the insistence of Russia on two systems of control, one temporary and the other permanent. Mr. Menon said they should settle this matter once and for all. His Government favoured an unconditional ban on the use of nuclear weapons and not their conditional use, even in cases of aggression.
SOVIET "" CLOVEN HOOF ""
In the latter stages of his speech yesterday Mr. Vyshinsky turned his guns on the recent Paris and London agreements, which, he said, were in complete contradiction to the Anglo- French memorandum of June 11 last. In his appeal to French opinion to reject the idea of a western European union, Mr. Vyshinsky revealed what may be termed the ""cloven hoof "" of Soviet policy. He argued that it was incompatible with the principle of disarma- ment to call for measures which amounted to remilitarizing westem Germany with a Wehr- macht of 500,000 men led by ""revenge- inspired Hitlerite generals.""
On the vexed subject of "" proportional reduction,"" Mr. Vyshinsky reiterated that the Soviet Union wanted to begin by a one-third cut in the armed forces of bigger countries because there was no acceptable altemative. If the 1952 proposals on agreed levels were acted upon they would merely lead to a revival of balance of power and open the way to future active aggression. Mr. Vyshinsky also repeated his arguments for two stages of operation in the proposed control organs, hold- ing that a permanent organ would be necessary only in the later stages when the right of inspection would be needed to ensure com- pliance with the ban on nuclear weapons. If, however, the western nations accepted the view that the ban on nuclear weapons could operate at the same time as the first. stage of reduction in conventional weapons, then it would be possible for a permanent control -organ to start work immediately, and bath stages of the Soviet plan could be coalesced.
The political commnittee is expected now to begin its detailed consideration of the four resolutions before it-one co-sponsored by the five Powers primarily concerned with disarma- ment, one by the Philippines, one by India, and one by Australia, which last merely asks the secretariat to prepare a working paper summarizing existing differences and points of agreement. It is likely that in the detailed debate these points of difference-and they are many and weighty-will be more clearly defined and the ""London sub-committee "" will then be charged with the onerous task of resolving them.
f";"October 27, 1954";"";53073;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Indian Disarmament Proposals";""
"['From Diana Geddes,']";"['News']";"Mrs Thatcher.adjusts her headphones while answering reporters' questions at a joint press conference with President
- . I :I . : Mitterrand at the Elysee Palace in Paris yesterday.
From Diana Geddeq.
Avignon
Mrs Margaret Thatcher effectively ruled out last night the possibility of a future United States of Europe, but said that Britain was neverthe- less a strong advocate of a more united Europe.
Speaking at a dinner to mark the opening of the third biennial conference of the Franco-British Council in Avig- non, she said that -several distinguished Europeans had advised her to give a speech'on the theme of European union.
""Unhappily, those who ad- vised the' subject did not cast much light .on its meaning. I think I rather shocked them by replying that I would need to know what is. meant by it before I could tell whether I was for it or against it.
t me say at once: I do not
believe that we shall ever have a United States of Europe in the same way that there is a United States of America. The whole.history of Europe is too different.
""I- do believe, however, that for nations of the European Community freely to work together and to strengthen their cooperation is just as worthy a purpose. But to submerge their identity' and variety would be contrary to the instincts of our peoples and therefore could not bear fruit.""
Nevertheless, Britain wanted a more united Europe, and by that it meant ""greater unity of the Common Market, of Com- niunity action in world affairs, of 'purpose and action in tackling unemployment and the other problems of our time, and
greater unity in the develop- ment and application of new technology...
""These goals are attainable and I believe it is better to work for the substance than to talk of the shadow. There have been so many reports telling us what to do, so many theoretical models. Another report is no substitute for practical progress"", she commented in an apparent side swipe at the Dooge and Faure committees which are currently drawing up reports on the EEC's future development.
Mrs Thatcher criticized the Community for having failed to achieve the goal of a truly free market, as laid down in the original Treaty of Rome. ""The Community's founding fathers would be horrified by the labvrinth of its bureaucratic
regulations which entwine us like Gulliver pinned down by the little men of Lilliput"".
The Community was formed to expand trade, not to protect home markets. It was conceived as an outward looking body, not one obsessed with the minutiae of its internal procedures. What a long way short of those original goals the Community was, she remarked.
Mrs Thatcher went on to give two examples of that: ""Why cannot we make it as cheap for our citizens to travel by air within their own continent as they can to other continents? Why cannot it be as easy for German business- men to take out insurance direct at Lloyds of London as it is for the British motorist to buy German cars?";"December 1, 1984";"";62001;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Thatcher vetoes United States of Europe";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"IEFROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Hoffman's complaints about this country's attitude towards the projected European payments union produced the comment in London yesterday that doubts about the United Kingdom's intention to join were misplaced. It was added that there should have been little scope for them at this date iR view of the inclusion of a reference to 'the union in the King's Speech at the opening of Parliament.
At its January meeting the council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, to Mr. Hoffman s disappoint- ment, had to mark time on the question of the European payments union, which is designed to restore currency convertibilitv throughout western Europe. In the interval the British Government have been consider- ing how the special and highly technical problems involved in this country's association with the union can be solved. the results will be available to the O.E.E.C. experts when they resume work soon on the skeleton scheme, and it is hoped that they will commend themselves to a majority of the members and to the United States Government. In this new plan the British Government claim to have done their best to harmonize this country's position in Europe with that of the centre of the sterling area and its commitments to the Common- wealth.
The broad problem is to associate this country with the union without imperilling the gold and dollar reserves of the sterling area. Sterling is an international currency in which, according to the latest figures, about half the world's trade is conducted, but its use as such is made possible by bilateral agreements under which other countries agree to hold sterling up to certain amounts before claiming gold or dollars.
TREATMENT OF STERLING
The question is whether there is scope within the European payments union for special treat- ment of sterling in view of its unique function. It is necessary, for example, to avoid the bring- ing into the pool by other European countries of sterling surpluses earned in trade with countries outside the union, because it is feared that the United Kingdom, which would be required to liquidate them, might then suffer an intolerable drain of dollars and gold. It is not known what the British Government's proposals are, but presumably they would wish this country's liabilities within the union to be limited to the discharge of sterling debits in- curred on current transactions.
Failure to join the union would deprive this country, not of any specific sum, but of the opportunity of earning dollars additional to the allocations to be made from this year's Congressional appropriation. As indicated above, it is hoped to avoid this, and there is a political stimulus to join the union in the thought that any European union of which this country was not a member would be liable to be dominated by Germany. It is held in London, in short, that there is no political issue between this country and the United States. The danger suggested by Mr. Hoff- man's statementi is thought to be that highly complex technical difficulties may be blown up into an issue of principle which could com- promise the future of the European Recovery Programme.";"March 14, 1950";"";51639;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Payments Union";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 5
Mr. Edward Heath, Lord Privy Seal, today unequivocally reaffirmed before the Assembly of Western European Union, meeting in Paris, Britain's determination that essential economic interests of Commonwealth countries should be safeguarded if she joins the European Economic Community. ""We believe "", he declared in the debate on the report on the Brussels negotiations, ""that by reconciling membership of the Community and our links with the Commonwealth, we can the better help to realize Europe's full potentialities. We can only do so if the members of the present Community are ready, for their part, to move with us towards this common goal of a stronger Europe.""
HISTORICAL BONDS
Speaking of the Brussels negotiations. Mr. Heath said: "" Our decision to enter them was a landmark for us. We did not take the step lightly."" The object of the talks, which had been approached "" with eyes open "" and with a practical programme of work in view, was to find solutions appropriate to a Europe broadened and strengthened by Britain's accession. Mr. Heath added: -
""We bave found no major problems of
principle for us in the provisions of the Treaty of Rome governing the economic union.""
Turning to the close historical con- nexions around the world enjoyed both by Britain and E.E.C. members. reflected for the latter in special arrangements under the Treaty of Rome. Mr. Heath commented that all were strengthened and enriched by such associations. For Britain, they were embodied in the con- stitutional, personal, and economic ties
binding together members of the Commonwealth.
He recalled his siatement to the W.E.U. Council last April that Common- wealth constitutional and consultative ties would be maintained. It was now to the economic aspects of this relation- ship that attention had been turned in Brussels. He went on:-
""No one in this Assembly will wish to
challenge our determination to ensure that in the developments of Europe, in which we all hope to take part, the essential interests of the countries of the Commonwealth are safeguarded.""
Referring earlier to the becalmed dis- cussions on political union among the Six, Mr. Heath stated that Britain had received assurances that she would have full opportunity, when the time came, of playing her part in shaping a political structure of the Community she hoped to join. He again recalled his April statement emphasizing Britain's wish to play a full part in this political construction, that would be "" an aggregate of power within the free world standing shoulder to shoulder with the United States "".
ON PARALLEL LINES
It was clear, Mr. Heath felt, that Britain's thoughts had been moving very much on parallel lines with those of members of the Community. Britain was, after all, faced with the same prob- lems as they were-"" balancing the ideal against the practical "". It was a ques- tion of "" how fast and by what stages"" the forms of closer political cooperation should be developed. In spite of the difficulties encountered by the Six, Mr. Heath did not believe there to be any fundamental divisions. .";"June 6, 1962";"";55410;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commonwealth As Link With The New Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-Paris. Dec. 5
The Assembly of the Western European Union today adopted unanimously, with four French abstentions, a resolution on the defence of the Mediterranean, recommending among other things the creation of an organization to control the application of the 1888 convention on navigation in the Suez Canal.
Two further resolutions dealt with European security and the future of the Atlantic alliance. In the latter the Assembly recommended that "" a real political cooperation be created within the alliance on the basis of mutual consultation "".
Other parts of the Mediter- ranean resolution recommended: The revision of the Montreux con-
vention on the Dardanelles.
The opening of direct negotiations
between Israel and the Arab states. The establishment of a register of
international armaments to control supplies.
Free elections in Greece.
The creation of an organization for
technical and economic aid to the Mediterranean countries.
Rebuff to France
The resolution further dis- approved ""isolated bilateral agree- ments with third countries regarding oil deliveries""-a clear reference to the recent agreement between France and Iraq; and found cause for con- gratulation in the continued presence of the United States Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean.
[The 1888 Suez Canal convention, signed in Constantinople by all the great powers, provided for "" free and open"" navigation in peace and in war.]
The Assembly is due to discuss on Thursday the report of Mr. van der Stoel (Netherlands, Socialist) on Britain's application to enter the Common Market. This constitutes a detailed analysis of the political and economnic arguments advanced by France against the opening of nego- tiations as well as a statement of the positive advantages for Europe of British membership.
The report agrees with tlhe Brus- sels Commission that for an indus- trially developed country such as Britain full membership is the solu- tion most in conformity with the aims of the European treaties. It says that while the problems raised by Britain's accession are of great im- portance, there is no reason to assume that-given good will on bot,h sides-no solution can be found.
It is undesirable and useless-it says-to hold, as Franice wants, de- tailed and time-consuming discus- sions on the possible consequences of Britain's accession before open- ing negotiations. Negotiations with Britain should be given high prior- ity and should be limited to a few item5 and concluded in a relatively short period.
Russian strength
PMRis, Dec. 5.-The recommenda- tions on Mediterranean defence policy referred to the Soviet navai build-up in the eastern Mediterranean and the possibility of the French naval base at Mers el Kebir. in Algeria, falling into the hands of a potential enemy after France leaves it next February.
Gaullist representatives had earlier said that there was no danger of Mers el Kebir falling into hostile hands because France, though leav- ing the base, retained her rights to it.
The Assembly also unanimously approved a resolution calling for closer cooperation in European space activities. M. Pierre de Montesquiou, a French centrist, said in the report presenting the resolution that science and technology were fields in which it was possible and desirable to over- come all antagonisms and seek rapprochement.-Reuter.";"December 6, 1967";"";57117;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defence plan for Mediterranean";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Mr. Callaghan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, with Herr von Hassel, the west German Defence Minister, before their talks in Bonn yesterday
on Rhine Army costs.
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-BONN. Ocr. 13
The German Government has agreed to increase its cover for foreign exchange costs of the Rhine Army to DM.350m. (nearly £32m.) in the year beginning April 1, 1967, and hopes to make "" sub- stantial increases "" after that to an exteot to be determined in the tripartite talks starting on October 20 in Bonn.
It is still not clear what the "" substan- tial increase "" will amount to, but Ger- many is believed to bave informed Bri- tain that she cannot offset the full foreign exchange cost of British troops in Germany, amounting now to an esti- mated £77m. a year.
This was the result of a hard day's bargaining between a British delegation led by Mr. Callaghan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and a German team led by Dr. Rolf Dahlgrtin, the Fihiance Minister.
The joint statement issued after the talks said that if full offset is not reached by the German side, Britain will be faced with "" a serious situation which would have to be considered urgently by the British Govern- ment "".
When asked whether the "" serious situa- tion"" implied the immediate withdrawal of British troops from Germany, Mr. Callaghan said this would have to be de- cided by the Cabinet in London; it could not be decided in Bonn.
Question shelved
The Chancellor said there had been "" no change "" in the British decision, taken at the time of his visit to Germany in July this year, that if the full foreign exchange
costs of British troops in Germany were not covered, then parts of the Rhine Army would have to be withdrawn. Dr. Dahlgrlan, in reply to a question, implied that it would not be possible, ultimately, for the German Government to cover the full foreign exchange costs of British troops in Germany.
Though Britain now seems logically bound to withdraw troops from Germany, the talks today in effect shelve the question of what the final outcome will be, until after the tripartite talks between Germany, Britain and the United States, due to begin next week in Bonn.
Situation serious
The Germans have not yet finally com- mitted themselves on how much they will pay in the end. Clearly ther is going to be a gap of some £50m. between what Britain demands and what Gcrmany has until now agreed to cover.
Mr. Callaghan said: ""I understand ii will not in any case be possible for the German Government to meet the full foreign exchange costs of British troops an Gerrmany, and that is why the situation is so serious.""
But it remains to be seen what comes out of the tripartite talks and strategic dis- cussions about the strength of troops in the Western European Union and Nato. Britain can hardly start withdrawing troops from Germany until these are held.
BoNN, Oct. 13.-Mr. Callaghan told reportes-a it wa-s planned to save £12m. in logistical support and f5m. in personal ex- penditure by the servicemen and their families.-Reitter.";"October 14, 1966";"";56762;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn offers £32m. to offset Rhine army costs";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"Froin Charles Hargrove
Paris, Jan 16
France has decided to produce the prototype of a multi-role combat aircraft which will start flying in 1976.
The aircraft, the ACF, is intended to replace both the Mirage 3 interceptor and the Mirage 4 strategic bomber by 1978 to 1980. It is a direct com- petitor of the Franco-German- Italian multi-role combat air- craft which will become opera- tional at the end of this year or the beginning of next.
The decision of the French Government to go ahead with the project, is in surprising contradiction with the pro- posals of M Michel Jobert, the Foreign Minister, at the assembly of the Western European Union last November. M Jobert suggested that the armaments committee of WEU should serve as a "" privileged framework for European cooperation in the field of arms production "".
*The Government's decision is revealed in an article by General Claude Grigaut, the Air Force Chief of Staff, in the cur-
renit issue of Air Actotlitd, the magazine of the Air Ministry.
He writes that "" three dif- ferent types of ermaments are to be fitted on this aircraft, which correspond to the three dif- ferent missions of combat air- craft: interception, low attitude attack and penetiation, and reconnaissance....
""The emphasis must be placed on the capacity to pene- trate at l6w altitude in all weathers, on: means of self defence, be they offensive or defensive, and ofn the develop- ment of an air to ground missile with a nuclear warhead.
"" A special place must be given to counter-measures. On our ability to develop the mneans of neutralizing or affecting the action of radar or passive pur- suit systems depends our capa- city to penetrate enemy defences.""
The air-to-ground missile with which the aircraft will be equipped is yet unnamed. It will carry a thermonuclear bomb of a capacity of one megaton which can be released at very high altitude some 50 miles from the target.
The aircraft will be extremely expensive.-It will cost 12m francs (E1m) about six times the price of a Mirage 3. The French Air Force has put in an order for 300 units and hopes to develop a market for it in other countries.
Perhaps the explanation for the Government's decision to go it alone on this costly venture, in contradiction to all the talk about cooperation in defence pro- duction, lies in pressure exerted on the Ministry for the Armed Forces by the Dassault firm, which wil-I build the fuselage, and in the chauvinistic attitude of French technicians.
In recent years the company has systematically opposed all forms of Franco-British coopera- tion: M Dassault apparently has never been able to stomach the breakdown of negotiations with London on the production of his Mirage G3 variable geo- metry aircraft six years ago.
At that time M Messmer was Minister. for the Armed Forces, anl relations between the two countries hadl not been improved by General de Gaulle's veto on Britain's entry into the EEC.";"January 17, 1974";"";58990;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France goes it alone with new combat aircraft despite talk of cooperation in defence";""
"['From RICHARD WIGG-Buenos Aires, Dec. 26']";"['News']";"From RICHARD WIGG-Buenos Aires, Dec. 26
Britain has offered to sell Argen- tina three postwar destroyers of the Battle class, but has told the Argentine Government that it does not regard it as technically feasible to supply Argentina with two Oberon class submarines if they are to be assembled in this country as the Argentines are insisting.
Details of the deal were dis- cussed when Admiral Sir Horace Law, Controller of the Navy, had one-day talks here with Admiral Pedro Gnavi, chief of the Argen- tine Navy. Sir Horace was unable to announce before returning to Britain that the talks had ohanged the Argentine attitude.
Admiral Gnavi has announced the Argentine Government's deci- sion to purchase from west Ger- many parts for two destroyers. of between 900 and 1,000 tons dis- placement. which would be assem- bled in Argentine yards.
The Argentine Government apparently finds Britain's offer on the destroyers financially attrac- tive, but the offer on submarines runs contrary to the Europa Plan, the policy laid down last year by President Ongania's Government, aimed at founding an armaments industry in Argentina. A step to- wards this has already been taken with the order for 60 A.M.X.13 tanks from France which, it is hoped, will be assembled at plants in C6rdoba.
The German submarine offer is to supply parts in sections, all made in Europe and the bulk in the Federal Republic, for complete assembly in Argentina. The Europa Plan was aptly named, for it is aimed at obtaining from Europe the means to start an arms indus- try in Argentina and achieve
independence from the United States.
The offer of parts for assemblY would also enable the west Ger- mans to get around provisions of the Western European Union which forbid the building of sub- marines of more than 450 tons in Germany. Early this year the west German firm of Siemens suc- ceeded in obtaining from the Argentine Government a contract to build a nuclear power station which British firms were hoping to win.
Britain, with its unfavourable balance of trade with Argentina, is eager to supply all types of ships under the Argentine Navy's -15-year modernization pro- gramme, but doubts have been expressed to Argentina whether so complicated a piece of mach- inery as the Oberon-type sub- marine could be assembled in sections abroad and satisfy safety requirements.
Argentina's efforts to establish its own armaments industry by stages with European aid are being watched closely in neigh- bouring Brazil. Last week Brazil announced that it. too, was in- terested in purchasing submarines from Europe. Admniral August Rademaker, head of the Brazilian Navy, has sent an official delega- tion to Britain and west Germany to discuss finance.
For both Argentina and Brazil an important consideration is the terms on which rival European countries can be induced to make their arms offers.
Britain has equipped the Argentine Navv with the Seacat missile in recent months, and three of a fleet of six modernized British minelavers and mine- sweepers have just gone into active service in Argentine waters.";"December 27, 1968";"";57443;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Offer to Argentina on warships";""
"['Geoffrey Smith']";"['News']";"Geoffrey Smith
It is not often that Mrs Thatcher can be accused of understatement. But her re- mark that the Milan summit ""was just a lost opportunity"" failed to indicate the full seriousness of the deadlock for the European Community.
The British interest is to secure the greatest possible progress towards the com- pletion of the internal market with the minimum procedural reform that is necessary. Britian does not want insti- tutional changes for their own sake, because that would be unlikely to command public confidence. It would not be in the immediate interest of Britain, nor even in the long- term interest of the Com- munity. Today's reform could easily become tomorrow's cri-
The great merit of the proposals put forward by Lord Cockfield, the Commissioner for the internal market is that they are directed entirely towards practical objectives. His White Paper is potentilly of historic significance for the Community. In pointing the way towards the elimination of the many trade barriers that remain between the member countries it offers the best hope of revitalizing the European economy.
With its broad scope and meticulous attention to detail, it is designed to be taken as a whole. Whether, even if the present deadlock is resloved, that will prove politicaly possibel, is another matter. I doubt whether Britain or Denmark would be prepared to accept the approximation, as it is termed. of indirect tax rates.
Dramatic advance towards reform
But that need not be a fatal flaw. There could be a system of derogation so that those countries that did not wish to aove towards the harmoniza- tion of indirect tax rates could opt out. They might then fimd that they were subject to commercial pressures to follow the rest. But even if it was only the remainder of the White Paper that was implemented, it would still be a drmatic advance.
This might then create the conditions in which insti- tutional reform would be more acceptable in the future. If so, so be it. To oppose institutional changes because would not have publie consent is reason- able. To oppose practical measures because they might encourage publc consent for institutional reform would be quite another matter. more
But there would have to be some institutional changes if the practical measures were ever to be introduced. Other- 'idse each country would use the veto to block the particular propAsals that were not to its advantage. The British hoped to get round this problem at Milan by securing agreement on the use of the veto, withoiut limiting the legal right to exercise it.
This pragmatic approach encountered two fundamental objections, however, quite apart from the national and personal rivalries that seem to be inseparable from European summits, There were doubts as to whether agreements on conduct that were not legally binding would always ba: observed when serious nationral interests were at stake; and there was a doctrinal determi- nation on the part of the majority not to be fobbed off with pragmatic compromises. They want to press on towards a European union for its own sake.";"July 2, 1985";"";62179;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commentary";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT-Rome, Oct. 20']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT-Rome, Oct. 20
Ministers from Britain and the countries of the European Econo- mic Community will meet in Rome tomorrow to discuss new forms of cooperation for a Europe that has to live with the continuing French veto on British membership of the Community.
The meeting will be held under the auspices of Western European Union, which has Britain and the six E.E.C. countries as its mem- bers. The main topic of discussion will be the proposals made in a speech earlier this month by Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian For- eign Minister, for cooperation in four specific areas-defence, for- eign policy, technology, and monetary questions.
The proposals are the latest move by Britain's friends within the Community to circumvent the French veto, and Mr. Harmel's intention is that tomorrow's meet- ing should be the starting point for extensive cooperation in Europe, bringing in not only Britain and the members of the E.E.C., but other interested Euro- pean countries as welL
From the practical point of view, the advantage of defence and for- eign policy is that they are quite clearly outside the scope of the existing community, while techno- logy and monetary cooperation are only partly covered by it.
Of the four subjects. defence looks the most promising. Mr. Harmel spoke of setting up a ""European pillar"" within Nato, and it is certain that whatever happens here this week the idea will be further discussed at the Nato ministerial meeting in Brussels next month. Britain is giving it strong support and seems 1ikely to take an initiacive of her own if it needs furthei momentum.
The object would be to set up a European "" caucus "" within Nato which would both be an eA- pression of European mterests and serve to coordinate arms research, development and procurement.
Since Mr. Harmel's speech there have been consultations between all the ministers con- cerned. particularly at the United Nations, and it seems that the French have been taking the proposals seriously enough not simply to veto them out of
hand. M. Jean de Lipkowski, the State Secretary at the Quai d'Orsay, will be representing France and it is thought that he will agree to a discussion of Mr. Harmel's ideas, even possibly to the -setting up of study groups, pro- vided nothing conclusive is decided.
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, will be at tomorrow's meeting for Britain, but two other Foreign Ministers will be missing-M. Debre (France) and Herr Brandt (west Germany).
Even if France does decide to let the process go ahead there is still the important question of whether any further work on Mr. Harmel's proposals should be done inside a strictly WE.U. frame- work. If it is done inside W.E.U. the French wiU have a veto on any further developments and this in- evitably limits the possibilities.
Much will depend on the posi- tion of west Germany, which is always liable to find itself in an intermediate position betweeni France and the other E.E.C. mem- bers on the British issue.";"October 21, 1968";"";57387;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's allies at WEU plan to side-step veto";""
"";"['News']";"A proposal for equal partner- ship between the United King- dom and the Irish Republic in the administration of Northern Ireland with the long-term aim for an all-Ireland solution based on consent and reconciliation was rejected by the conference, in a debate attended by the Irish Republic's Ambassador, Mr Noel Dorr.
Mrs Shirley Wloliams. presi- dent of the SDP, said the proposal for an all-Ireland solution was likely to jeopardize the chance of real reform in Northern Ireland.
The conference carried a motion proposed by Mrs Williams endorsing the Alliance commission report on Northern Ireland, which proposed a Northern Ireland assembly elected by proportional rep- resentation which would itself elect an executive.
Each main area of the province's government would be covered by an assembly committee chaired by the minister responsible for that department.
It also proposed a joint security commission and joint laws on terrorism; greater accountability of the RUC to the public: a phasing out of the Ulster Defence Regiment an immediate investigation into the use of plastic bullets: and an independent inquiry into every death or injury resulting from action by the security forces.
Union in context of Europe
Mrs Williams said that in the long run a lasting reconciliation between the nationalist and Unionist traditions. and between North and South,which might be expressed within the context of European union by a confederation of Eire and the United Kingdom, was hoped for.
Specifically, she said, a million Protestants must not be driven by force or by law into a united Ireland against their wishes. That principle of con- sent was among the most fundamental principles of democracy.
No important change in Northern Ireland was likely to come about unless the political parties in Britain could agree to at least a core of constitutional reform.
The Government should consult the opposition parties before it submits its final proposals to the Anglo-Irish summit in the autumn. North- ern Ireland had become the lost card in Cabinet reshuffles and deserved higher ministerial status than its secretaries of state had been accorded by the present Government.
Mrs Williams objected to the amendment and the way in which it was put by Mr Frank Devine, frorh Coventry, who had alleged a conspiracy in which Irish people with credi- bility in the Irish community in Britain had been excluded from the Alliance commission.
""I challenge you"", he said. ""to explain why you disregard the Irish vote which despises Mrs Thatcher and should not be handed to Mr Kinnock on a plate.
""At a time when the govern- ment reshuffle has reaffirmed its comtempt for Northern Ireland and the Labour Party is openly flirting with Sinn Fein the Alliance needs a oredible policv on Northern Ireland.""
Mr John Binns, of Birming- ham, said he opposed the motion because the report did not address itself to solving the problem. ""I believe"", he said, ""we should be talking about reunification. This problem cannot be solved by Westmins- ter and Dublin alone. We should be involving the United States.""";"September 10, 1985";"";62239;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ulster";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE', 'Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
Paris, Dec. 5 The British Government, according to reliable reports, have somewhat belatedly discovered the virtues of talks with France, which appeared so suspect and fraught with snares when General de Gaulle suggested them on February 4 to Mr. Christopher Soames. the British Ambassador.
Some time ago Britain made discreet and unofficial inquiries in Paris to discover whether the French Government would be interested in confidential discus- sions on problems connected with Britain's entry into the Common Market and the future of Euro- pean cooperation.
The French Governmnent in its reply found a certain wry satisfaction in pointing out that it failed to see why something which had not commended it- self to London in early spring should suddenly seem so desir- able in the autumn.
Now that suspicion between France and her partners in the Common Market, has to a large extent been dispelled at The Hague, and all the Six are agreed that there is no salvation for Europe except in playing the game of cooperation based on mutual trust, the French Government could put forward the same argument as inspired the British Government to spurn the General's advances.
Between spring and autumn the French standpoint has changed. General de Gaulle sug- gested bilateral talks to the British Ambassador in the light of his conviction that the Britisb problem blocked all progress in the Common Market.
At The Hague Nt. Pompidou professed his faith in the Com- mon Market as a developing organism destined to evolve from a mere customs union into an
economic, and eventually a poli- tical one. There must, though, be no more dilution than was inevi- table in the process of growing from Six to Ten, and the enlarge- ment should be compensated for by closer cooperation in a num- ber of fields which he set out in detail.
The communique of the meet- ing at The Hague included the provision that "" the Ministers of Foreign Affairs will study the best way of achieving progress in the matter of political unifi- cation within the context of en- largement "".
This is understood to mean that the views of Britain and other candidates will be taken into account when the Six take up these and other matters. The French Government, however. does not accept the idea that political discussions might take Place between Britain and the Six on a parallel plane with negotiations for her entry.
French spokesmen in Paris and Brussels today denied that France had agreed to return to the NWes- tern European Union. M. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, has proposed to France that she should end her boycott of the Union.
M. Jean Monnet, president of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe, said on Radio Luxembourg todayv "" Britain will necessarily join the European Community. It will happen soon or not so soon- no matter. it will h-Annim ""
Our Diplomatic Correspon- dent writes: The Foreien Office
denied yesterday that Britain had sought any special talks with France, secret or otherwise.
It was pointed out that talks with the French are going on all the time, particularly with the object of getting Franco-British relations back on an even keeL";"December 6, 1969";"";57736;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris sees easing of British suspicion";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Dnc. 4
Before considering a report from the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to-day, the Assembly of the Council of Europe showed that it declined to use a mistake in voting last Saturday as grounds for reversing its recorded deci- sion in favour of a European agricultural authority.
It demonstrated a plain distaste for a bureau- cratic move which would have reopened the whole issue in committee by substituting the word "" organization "" for "" authority,"" and by 84 votes to 13 expressed the opinion that "".it would be contrary to parliamentary prac- tice toga back on a vote of cially proclaimed.""
The Assembly became as lusty as a national parliament as it gathered itself for the new vote. Almost aU the British delegates voted in favour of leaving the original decision intact, even though it had gone against them.
O.E.E.C. SURVEY
The O.E.E.C. survey was presented on behalf of a committee of Ministers by Sir Arthur Salter, British Minister of State for Economic Affairs. He explained that he was not speaking as a British representative, but he gave what many delegates took to be a hopeful hint of the development of British policy towards some European affairs. Mr. Churchill, he said, had only just come to office and policy could only be developed as the relevant facts emerged. The British delegates would do their best to understand what was in the minds and hearts of their Continental colleagues and would take part, when they returned home in consultations from which policy would develop.
Sir Arthur Salter said Britain deeply re- gretted some of the consequences of the restrictions on trade she had found it necessary to impose. The basic problem in production was coal, for western Europe in the second half of this year would be importing 17 miBlion tons of American coal at a cost of 5700m.
Mr. Boothby, the British Conservative dele- gate, pleaded again for an expansion of the sterling area by merging with it the economies represented by the European Payments Union. Exchange markets should be established in some European centres, he said, with upper and lower limits controlled by an equalization fund, and a dollar pool should operate for the whole area. Also monetary, fiscal, and em- ployment policies should be coordinated.
YOUTHS' DEMONSTRATION
Youths from six continental dations entered uninvited into the debate and in relay read a statement calling on the delegates to strive anew for political federation. As each in tumrn was hustled from the public galleries by French police in plain clothes another youth took up flom where the one before him had left off; and in the end nine or 10 youths had read a complete statement in French.
About 100 demonstrators from Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Germany were in the chamber. Afterwards they gathered in the hall outside to distribute their pamphlets and to show the green and white flag of European Union which they had already unfurled in the gallery. The youths who had spoken were hustled into a police room, and attendants snatched the pamphlets away from anyone reading them. The demonstrators were soon set free.";"December 5, 1951";"";52176;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Btitish Policy On Europe";""
"['From Patricia Clough']";"['News']";"From Patricia Croulh
Bonn, April 24
As Lord Carrington, the Foreign Secretary, left here for the idyllic countryside of Baden-Wuirttemberg after a day and a half of talks, no one vvould have imagined that a dark cloud had hung recently over Anglo-German relations.
German anger about British toughness on last year's budget issue and the more recent fish dispute were dispelled as if by n;agic. All was sweetness and light.
In talks with Herr HeImut Schmidt, the Chancellor, and. Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the Foreign Minister, both sides left sums and' quotas to one side and realized that they had many more things in common.
There ivas a slight element of stage-managing. Lord Carring- ton's leisurely trip gave the two ministers ample time to range over world events. Above all, it ensured that relations were not only good-they were publicly seen to be good.
The timing also was luckg. On the thorny issues which divide Britain and West Ger- many, particularly fish, nothing could be done until after the French presidential electionN, so there was no point in bring- ing them up.
There was much to clear uD.s First, the Chancellor has been insisting that Mrs Thatcher broke a commitment she gave him to reach agreement on fish in return for German. help on the budget question.
His staff maintain that such. a commitment-separate from the general commitment givenr by all EEC members to seek agreement before the end& of 1980-was made during a tele- phone conversation, but the
British say there ""is no such commitment in their record of the 'conversation.
Moreover, Bonn and the West German press htave been blam- ing the failure :to reach a fisheries agreement on British, rather than French, intransi. gence, which in the British view disregards th:e facts. At a press conference here today Lord Carrington seized the opportunity to; say .that Britain has been extremely flexible.
At the start of the press con- ference Lord Carrington empha- sized that membership of the EEC and Nato was central -to British foreign policy, as if. to counter West German scep- ticism about Britain's loyalty to Europe. -
Past difficulties appeared for, gotten as the two ministers found themselves in agreement on most world problems. In par- ticular, they shared their enthusiasm for a new political impulse in Europe.
"" The need to give Europe new political momentum was one of the points where our views were in remarkable har- mony "". Lord Carrington told Baden-Wirttemberg politicians
""I have told Herr Genscher that he will fin-d the United Kingdom a ready and construc- tive partner in thie followv-up to the ideas he; launched in this citv some months ago.""
These ideas .included' a treaty on European union, to provide for, among other things, a com- - mon Eurof.tan79fireign -policy .and consul sA'on security.
Lord Carrington, it is under. stood, does: riot .share Herr .Genscher's']ielidf 'in the need fgr,a treit*,,hui-efethusiastically e'n-ilorses:.th:iieed:'fbr a ew thrust towa,rd6' 'political' -co- operatIon,. .";"April 25, 1981";"";60911;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn talks end on note of new-found amity";""
"";"['News']";"Mr.yEden, speaking at Bury, Lancashire, | last night, described the Marshall plan as an attempt to assist Europe to live again. Britaill must do everything in her power tO further its success, but in the final resort we should find salvation only through our own efforts.
Mr. EDEN referred to Mr. Bevin's proposal for a Western Union and to a statement which he, Mr. Eden, had made in 1945 that any arrangements that might be mnade in western IEurope would be complementary to the arrangements made by Russia in the east.
A closer political, economic, and cultural relationsbip between the countries of western Europe could be made a contributiorl to peace. Indeed, under present conditions it was indis- pensable if we were to bring back to Europe a true sense of confidence and security. It seemed that the Benelux countries did not con-
sider that an agreement comparable with thel Anglo-French Treaty of Dunkirk sufficed for the Present situation. He agreed with M. Spaak that if the policy of Western Union was to be fully effective it must be one of mutual assistance covering the economic, politi- cal, and military fields. Nor could such an agreernent be justifiably regarded by anyone as the beginning of an aggressive policy. He felt that a much wider approach should be made, and, scarcely less important, that we should press ahead with these arrangements.
I should have hoped,"" he added, "" that we should have been able by now, for instance, to have been in the position to nlake some approach to Italy, whose addition to the Western Union we should surely all agree is desirabie'and urgent.""
NEED FOR LNITIATIVE
We were the heart and centre of a great Empire. Many of our western neighbours had themselves important links with territories oversea. And the parallel could be continued. The response of westem Europe to Mr. Bevin's ProPOsals showed clearly how mnuch need there was for this initiative.
He was certain that if the Western Union was to succeed it could not be built on an exclusive party basis. There was no possi- bility of building a Western Union on the ex- clusive basis of Socialism, as some apparently contlnued to think. We must be ready to work with those who were like-minded with us in their general conception of our free way of life, whether they called themselves Liberals, Socialists Conservatives, Radicals, or Christian Democrats. He regretted the deci- sion of the Labour Party executive to dis- courage the attendance of its members at the unofficial Congress on European Union which was Shortly to take place at The Hague.
Mr. Eden went on to say that there had recently been hints that there was no demo- cratic alternative to the present Government. That was not true. So far as the Conservative Party was concemed, he gave an emphatic assurance: "" We have combated and always shall combat any attempt to impose a totali- tarian tsystem on our people."" He added that the Conservative Party entirely repudiated and relected any policy of discrimination between one citizen and another on the grounds of religion, race, class, or creed.";"February 21, 1948";"";51001;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Union Essential";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"I From Roger Berthoud
brussels, Nov 19
The Foreign Ministers of the Nine meet in The Hague tomor- row and on Tuesday to hammer out a joint approach to the European conference on secur- ity and cooperation. The 33- nation conference itself is not expected to take place before next June, but multilateral ex- ploratory talks at heads of nis- sion level begin in Helsinki on Wednesday.
The meeting in The Hague is the last of this year's gather- ings to coordinate foreign policy within the inter-govern- mental framework established by the Davignon Report of 1970. The Dutch are the hosts because Holland holds the chair in the EEC Council of Minis- ters until the Belgians take over on January 1.
The problem of how the voice of the EEC should be heard at the security confer- ence and the delicate question of bilateral cooperation agree- ments with Eastern block coun- trins, such as those concluded by the French with the Soviet Union last year and this year, will be among the main points for discussion in The Hague.
The European Commission has produced papers on repre- sentation at the security confer- ence, and on economic and commercial cooperation.
The ministers are expected to agree that the Helsinki ambas- sador of the country holding the presidency of the Council (the Dutch at the moment) should speak for the Commu- nity at the preparatory talks in Helsinki. At the eventual conference, the Community spokesman should be the minis- ter in the Council's chair (the Belgians until June 31, 1973, then the Danes), wvith the Presi-
dent of *the Cornfiission-M Francois-Xavier Ortoli of France from next January 6, acting as adviser.
The 10-year cooperation agreements witlh France signed by Mr Brezhnev, the Soviet party leader, and Mr Edward Gierek, the Polish leader, in 1971 and 1972 have posed a problem for the Community. They will not expire until well after the deadline of 1980 set by the recent Paris summit for the achievement of European union, meaning full economic and monetary union if nothing else.
The agreements, drawn up with minimal regard for the Community's regulations, in- volve regular decisions on trade matters by a mixed inter-gov- ernmental commission. This is clearly at cross purposes with the fact that from January 1 the Commission is due to take over responsibility for all trade negotiations with the commu- nist countries.
Another delicate question is whether bilateral industrial cooperation, and deals like that between Fiat and the Soviet Union should come within the Community's competences.
The ministers are expected to take a look at the possible outlines of an ""attractive and balanced "" Western economic and commercial offer to the communists
There are those in the Com- munity who believe the West should endeavour to persuade the communist countries to regard East-West trade as a permanent element in their iong-term economic planning, and not just as a means of plugging gaps. This would be a big ideological concession, but would greatly encourage West- ern businessmen.";"November 20, 1972";"";58636;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Nine to consider security and trade with E Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 20
The conference of German, French, and Italian Defence Ministers which is to take place here to-morrow might provc to be a decisive step forward towards western European integration. The Ministers are to discuss cooperation in research, development, and standardiza- tion of conventional weapons, and the eventual establishment of a European armaments community has been men- tioned.
The conference will last for only one day, but there will be two sessions, and a great deal of preparatory work has already been done. Experts have met on several occasions in the past year and Herr Strauss has met his French and Italian colleagues separately. It is clear that much of the initiative has come from Herr Strauss, though the existence of a Franco-German rocket experi- mental station at St. Louis in Alsace under German technical leadership indi- cates that France is 'no less anxious to cooperate.
The conference will be concerned primarily with the design of a "" Euro- pean"" tank and aircraft, and the standardization of communications, small arms, vehicles, and other equip- ment. Joint production is apparently not on the agenda, but this would seem inevitable, and already there is close Franco-German cooperation in the design of a light tank, with the prospect of production lines in both countries.
FORCEFUL MINISTER
Judging from previous proposals he has made, Herr Strauss would like to see cooperation between the three coun- tries taken farther-to the extent of a complete division of labour-that is, each country producing for the common pool those weapons it can best produce. Should this ever be attained, the political consequences could be far-reaching.
Efforts to standardize weapons in N.A.T.O. or Western European Union have hitherto not been very success- ful, but they did not have behind them the support of a. forceful Minister such as Herr Strauss. The French and Italian attitudes suggest that all three countries are determined to come to a joint arrangement.
BLESSING OF N.A.T.O.
To-morrow's conference has the bless- ing of N.A.T.O. and W.E.U., and at first sight this desire for close coopera- tion is highly commendable. It is a pity, however, that the Federal Government, and presumably the other two Govern- ments as well, seem determined that the suggested community should remain exclusive; and that Britain or, for that matter, members of the Common Market should not be represented.
The fact remains that Britain is not at liberty to cooperate fully with Ger- many, or any other European country, because of the special arrangements with the United States. This has been re- ceived in western Europe as evidence of an effort to establish an Anglo-American leadership in N.A.T.O. The suggestion that to-morrow's conference is a reac- tion to this cannot therefore be entirely dismissed.
Germany has recently renewed her treaty obligation not to manufacture nuclear weapons, but the treaties permit nuclear research. Moreover, all mem- bers of Euratom are required to share information, including information about research connected with the military use of nuclear energy. The participation of German scientists in the French nuclear bomb programme is therefore possible, though many of the more distinguished are opposed to it.";"January 21, 1958";"";54054;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Three-Power Conference On Arms";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"'IrROM OUR CORRE'SPONDENT
OSLO, SEPT. 5
When Quisling's defence was opened to- day at the resumption of his. trial for treason a schoolmaster, Hr. Ullmann, who was a boyhood' friend of Quisling, des- cribed in evidence the accused's fantastic political ideas which, he said, made him believe QUisling to be mentally abnormal. Quisling rose and said: "" They were not political fantasies, but realities. I can Prove it, and did so in the Storting, but my politicat opponents twisted it.""
Ullmann said he had a iong talk with Quisling early in 1940. They had not met since 1935, but one day before April 9 he met Quisling in the street. Quisling, he found, had completely fantastic ideas, and said that armed Communistic groups were ready for action at many places in Norway, and were only waiting for the signal.
""W What was most unpleasant to me:' said Ullmann, "" were the violent accusations that he made against members of the Government, including Hr. Nygaardsvold and Hr. Trygve Lie. He declared that Hr. Lie had made agree- ments with leading Russian Bolshevists and had received big sums of money from Russia to finance a revolution in Norway. I got. the imDression that he believed that secret treaties existed between Norwegian and Russian politicians aiming at a Bolshevist rebellion together with' a Russian invasion through Finland.""
HR. LIE "" A TRAITOR ""
At this point Quisling again protested that his accusations were realities. The President of the Court, Hr. Solem, said to him: "" If Hr. Trygve Lie had done what you have accused him of, was he a traitor, to be punished severely ? "" Quisling tried to avoid the ques- tion, but finally answered, "" Yes.""
Hr. Bergh, in his speech for the defence, said: ""It is a peculiar fact that there is no- body in this court room who shares Quisling's politial ideas-not even his defending counsel. The prosecutor, Hr. Schjoett, has described Quisling as willing to do anything to gain power; a cynic who sold himself to Germaniy. We must try. to understand the working of Quisling's mind.""
Hr. Bergh then described Quisling's boy- hood in Telemark, and his work as Norwegian military attache at Helsinki and as secretary to the Norwegian Legation in Moscow, where at one time he represented British interests. Counsel read letters from Dr. Nansen to Quisling which, he said, proved that Nansen regarded Quisling as a valuable assistant in fighting famine and epidemics in Russia. The speech will be continued to-morrow.
OSLO. Sept. 4.-Hr. Bergh referred to a tele-' gram -which, he said, Quisling sent to Mr. Neville Chamberlain in October, 1939, express- ing on behalf of all Nordic countries the hope that Mr. Chamberlain would stop the "" fratricidal war "" between Germany and Britain. The only hope for Europe, it said, was the cooperation of Germany, France, and Britain. He begged Mr. Chamberlain to call a congress of all the European nations to form a European union, Quisling received a "" most amiable "" reply 10 days later from the British Legation, but counsel did not read the text of the mnessage.-Reuter.";"September 6, 1945";"";50240;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Quisling's ""Political Fantasies""";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, FEB. 21
Dr. Adenauer, the Federal Chancellor, told your Correspondent today. that little would be said in his talks with Mr. Macmillan tomorrow about the relations between the Common Market and the European Free Trade Area. There had already been successful discussions between British and German experts, and between Britain and Italy, and now President de Gaulle had agreed to dis- cussions between Britain and France. He hoped these bilateral talks would develop later within a wider framework.
Since last summer and his meeting with the French President the atmosphere had greatly improved and "" purged "" itself of the misunderstandings which had arisen; while the prospects had become more favourable for establishing a link between the Six and Britain. This atmosphere pro- mised to become a "" European "" one, and as such Britain had her place in it.
Progress in this respect could not be achieved overnight. Britain's attitude to- wards Europe was the result of a tradi- tional turn of mind. He recalled that at the Lancaster House conference which brought the Western European Union into being Sir Anthony Eden became angry when M. Mendes-France expressed doubts about the British proposals for playing a more active role in Europe, and declared that this was the first time in 500 years that Britain was prepared to enter into an alliance with the continent.
AVOIDING SUSPICION
The Chancellor said the Western Euro- pean Union could provide a framework for closer political consultation between Britain and the Six within Nato. The Foreign Ministers of the seven countries. including Britain. were meeting in Paris next Monday. The W.E.U. had a perm- anent secretariat in London. and also a parliament to which Britain belonged. The Federal Government would welcome more frequent meetings of the heads of Govem- ments of W.E.U.
What must be avoided at all costs, he emphasized. was . arousing the suspicion that anyone was trying to create a Euro- pean block within Nato. Hence the obvious advantage of using W.E.U. for the pur- pose-it would not provoke any misgiv- ings, since it existed already. He did not, however, consider this organization suit- able as such for the purpose of creating an organic link between the Six and the Seven. It had been set tip with largely Political and military objectives, and not with economic ones.
BERLIN QUESTION
Dr. Adenauer said there would not be much time for more than a broad exchange of views on all the issues of interest to both countries, such as relations with Russia in the light of the new Soviet memo- randum delivered by Mr. Smirnov, the Soviet Ambassador, and of the trade agree- ment concluded at the end of last year botween Russia and west Germany. It was not possible to say that the Russians would leave Berlin alone for any length of time. Mr. Khrushchev clearly wanted the Berlin question brought to some con- clusion this year; but he was too shrewd to attempt to do so before his first meet- ing with President Kennedy.
The creation of an atomic striking force, with which the Chancellor was in full agreement, might also come up for review.";"February 22, 1961";"";55012;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. As Link Between Six And Britain";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS. JULY 30
.'lnquirics ,in French, Italian, and N.A.T.O. circles here about the so-called proposals for closer political cooperation between the six members of the European Community suggest that this idea; which first saw light at the time of General de Gaulle's visit to Italy, can- not be construed as a sinister attempt to by-pass Western European Union. still less N.A.T.O. In its present form. -indeed, the scheme is so vague and indefinite that accounts differ of what it reallv is. The present situation might be described as much ado about almost nothing.
It is difficult to.pin down even the author- ship of the plan, though it is understood he-re that the' Italians-have- been ptlrsuin.git with the -utmost .enthusiasm. The statement issued ini Rome after General de Gaulle's visit referred to-the need to develop cooper- ation among the. countries of western Eudpe,-"" particolarly in the political field."" Since then there -have been contacts between Italy and other interested Governments but, with diplnmatic 'activitY conceiitrated at Gineva, no real progress has -been made.
RETICENT FRENCH
The scheme, so far as it exists, has been received with something short of joy in both Brussels and The Hague.- French sources are reticent. but it ispess,ble to sense a feel- ing of considerable irritation in Paris at th,e recent antics of Italian diplomacy, which to many observers seem designed to fit in the framework of Italian domestic politics-more than anything else. This is as - true of certain aspects of General de Gaulle's visit to Italy as of.Signor Peila's activities on the fringes. of the Geneva- conference.
At- N.A.T.O. any idea - of a ""grpup within a group"" which'could in any way undercut-or by-pass N.A.T.O. is certainly: regarded with marked distaste. It is felt
that in the past 18 months or two years the. N.A.T.O: Council . has developed into an 6organ for far-reaching -political consulta- tion. and it would be not only superfludous :but positively -harmful to add any more :machinery for political consultation outside the N.A.T.O. frarework.-
- So far-as can be gathered.here, the original Franco-Italian intention,-the French are -not too keen about accepting joint paternity
.-was -merely for. periodic consultations between the Foreign Ministers of the six Powers, preceded by preparatory: sessions -cf ofricials. . It was not even the intention
that. the meeting should invariably' be held in'; Paris. or that the- officials -concerned should -necessarily constitute. a permanent secretariat. :
' . NOT ANTI-BRITISH .
Italian sources here e nphasize that there wds jitohing' femotely:anitij-1Brjtish' in the o0riginal skig-estion, indeed rather the reverse. The major problem of- the western -Europ1e.n, alliance is- how to bridge ' the .gulf ,between Britain.-and the continental Powers.'and this.. it is said. would provide a 1ft1iifill subject :for sttidy- by the six Forefi,g Ministers. 'There is no question,
howeVer. 'of -any pooling. of. foreign policy. in' the supra-national sense.. However much other nations inngbt want this-and there iS no -particular, sign that- they do.-it would meet with impiacable. opposition from the ,Gaullist regime in France. -";"July 31, 1959";"";54527;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Community ""Plan""";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Oar Own Correspondent
BONN, Nov. 16
No effort is being spared to ensure that the atmosphere of friendly helpful- ness surrounding the plans for Dr. Adenauer's visit to London is main- tained. In a semi-official publication there appears to-day a statement by Herr von Brentano, the Foreign Mlinister, in whioh he praises British foreign policy, both past and present, and describes Britain as an indispensable economic partner of the Federal Republic.
A few weeks ago such a statement would have been dismissed as either an expression of piety or a piece of inde- pendent thinking which would earn a quick reprimand from the Chancellor, but since then things have changed. The Chancellor seems for some time to have been in agreement with the Foreign Ministry that some kind of economic arrangement must be created, and early last week Professor Carstens and Dr. Harkort, the two officials chiefly responsible for European economic integration, had already been included in the Chancellor's London party, though Dr. Harkort was not in the original list.
Herr von Brentano described British anxiety about European integration as legitimate, and this was amplified in a Foreign Ministry statement which said that Britain's world-wide obligations made inte- gration with the countries of the Continent harder for her.
WIrHOUT COMMENT
The Foreign Ministry statement praised the British attitude to Europe. Of the nego- tiations which resulted in Western European Union it said: "" At that time Great Britain abandoned her centuries-old traditions and drew a force'ul line underneath a policy that had previously been based on the prin- ciple of 'splendid isolation '."" The state- ment mentioned without comment the British desire to build a bridge between the European Economic Community and the Outer Seven, in contrast to recent statements by Professor Hallstein, the president of the E.E.C. commission, who sees no virtue in the idea.
In regard to plans for disarmament or possible disengagement in central Europe, the Foreign Ministry was able to commend British policy by the simple device of assuming that it was identical with that of the Federal Republic. Federal German fears in this respect, however, are obviously not entirely at rest; the Foreign Ministry restated in some detail the Government's objections to anything that might harm the position of N.A.T.O.
The German Press, which was largely rcsponsible for the ill will that followed President Heuss's state visit to Britain last year, has so far shown restrain. It tends, if anything, to blame Dr. Adenauer for the differences that have arisen.
UNREALISTIC, DANGEROUS Die Welt points out to-day how unrealis- tic and dangerous it would be for Germany continually to offend her allies. "" Recently that is just what has often happened,"" it says, "" particularly in relations between Bonn and London.""
The Frankiurter Allgemeine says that "" it is time to put Anglo-German relations on the solid basis of common interest,"" and concludes that Bonn ""should count itself Ilcky that it has to deal with the British Government which approaches the ques- tions. concerning the two countries soberly
and positively. . . . In London the Chan- cellor should seize with a firm hand the opportunity that presents itself.""";"November 17, 1959";"";54620;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paving Dr. Adenauer's Way To London";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, May 9
Foreign policy went largely by default in the presidential election campaign so far. The reason is that the average Frenchman is more interested in inflation- thaai in the Middle East or Europe, and because all three leading candidates have endorsed, with minor shades of difference, the Ga^llist concepts of national independence and a
""European Europe "".
But in the second' rotund of the campaign, which opens officially tonight at midnight, it will play a much more central role.
The resignation of Herr Brandt, a victim of communist subversion, provides M Valery Giscard d'Estaing's supporters with ready ammunition in mobi- lizing public opinion against the menace lurking behind M Francois Mitterrand. -
The Soviet Government, and the French Communist Party, could* not have acted more clumsily even if they wished to embarrass the candidite of the left. The Soviet Ambassador called on M Giscard d'Estaing two days ago, ostensibly to dis- cuss Franco-Russian economic cooperation.
The French Communist Party has reacted indignantly, describ- ing the visit as ""inopportune"". The Socialist. Party's reaction was ""it could have been avoided."" There was no better way of demnonstrating that Soviet interests do. not: always coin- cide with those of the' local party.
*M Georges Marchais, the Comtnunist Party's secretary general; conspicuous for his discretion in the first part :of the campaign, has begun to iti
d ulge in such outrageous pro. clamations of Gaullist fatb that he- cannot, seriously expect they will take anyone in.
In the battle for the spoils'of Gaullism, M Giscard d'Estaing's claim to be the true executor of the General's foreign policy .rings truer' in the ears of most Frenchmen than, that of: M Georges. Marchais. M Michel. JXobert, the Foreign Minister, has not had 'a moment's hesita- .tion: he. announced. today that lie was now supporting the Finance Minister.
M Giscard d'Estaing recalled at a press conference this morn- ing that General de Gaulle had restored' to France . independ- ence, and the stability of insti- tutions. ""This policy will be continued by me if Lam elected.""
It was essential to give a new
impetus to European unity both in the economic and especially the monetary fields, and politically. ""1980 and the goal of European union is not so far off "", he stated. He was already thinking of a timetable
His pe iFia friendship'-:ith Miretr Helmiut Schmidt,- Herr` Brabdt's- ieir'appAr'ent and' their- common experi,nce. of ,monetary. yand 'econoiiE 'prob- lems wouid. facilitate coopera-. ttion bet*een France'and West .'emany.' -"" Franceis -an inde- pendent country: which prac- ises international cooperation We-w;ill:hiave relations with-the '.United-States based on partner:' Whip,but -not on dependence.""
in a :radio interviek* today' lie'hempeasized-.,that. France 'wouldl be.able to avoid depend- 4nce on the 1ifited States if she followed' .a* reasonable policy;
""I ;want to be: the candidate of freedom, liberaliiation and. change,"" *he declafed..
' Both candidates in this ctm- paigil were appealing to-Gaiji- lism. But one had always fought against it, ,while ,the' other had -always supported. it. .. '-Those. who would. not have-. all,owed ' General - de ulle: to .come .to
power in 1958.,are notqualified to appeal.to the Gauflist "", he stated.";"May 10, 1974";"";59085;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Communist blunders aid cause of M Giscard d'Estaing as foreign policy becomes poll issue";""
"['By Staff Reporters']";"['News']";"Yr Thomson (left) with his presentation tankard, and Mr Sandys toasting the new Europe in chlampagne last. night after meeting the torchlight marchers in Whitehall
By Staff. Renorters
A torchlight parade organized by the London branch of the European Movement yesterday eviening wound its way through the centre of London to celebrate Britain's entry into the Ebxro- pean Economic.- Community. Headed by. the- band of the Romford Fifes and Drums some 300 people from all waiks of life marched briskly, torches flickerng in the cold, from '-Sordon Square to, Whitehall to present a silver tankard to Mr George Thomson, one of Britain's 'two Commissioners at Brussels..
The band struck up, appro. priately, ""When the Saints Go Marching In"". At the head of the. procession marched repre- sentatives of all the other European Comniunity members except'Ireland-and Belgium.The European flag was flanked by those of Italy and Denmark. The represertatives. had come to -Britain* fdr a conference, organ- ized byLthe Young. Conservatives.
yesterday, called ""Priorities for Our Generation in a United Europe.""
Behind tlem followed repre- sentatives of all the major parties, including, about thirty Young Conservatives. At the .back followed peacefully and in good order 80 members of the. Union Movement, which yester- day changed its name to the Action Party. Although .they were not under the wing of. the European Movement, the repre- sentatives. of Sir Oswald Mosley's political party .joined. in because, they said,..such an issue transcended party differ.: ences. -
T he 'procesfioio was.met at the-- Niational. aLiberal. Club, White- hall, by Mr .Thomson and .Mr Duncan Sandys, a leading Euro- pean.
There was one protest demo- stration against entry. About 40 people, with heads bowed and wearing black armbands, staged a mock funeral procession through the village of Hull- bridge, Essex.
The protest was organized by Mr R. Leighton, director of the Common Market Safeguards Campaign.
The United Kingdom entered the European Community not with. a fanfare-that begins *on Wednesday-but -with the
hiccup of one extra second,- deemed necessary by the Royal Greenwich ObserVatory to bring us into 1973 on time.
At the moment when 1972 became 1973, the Post Office speaking clock ticked an addi- tional tick to accommodate the ""`leap second "", which the observatory inserted into its own time signals at the same moment.
Since the 10-day Fanfare for Europe is not due to begin until. Wednesday, the celebrations at the actual moment of entry were somewhat muted.
Britain's other commissioner, Sir Christopher Soames, former Ambassador in Paris. saw the new year in with his family. Like Mr Thomson, he greeted. entry with enthusiasm.'
Mr Thonison said that what dictators had failed- to do- by force, democracies were under. taking by peaceful consent. ""It is a task not for this year or the next, but for a generation.""
Sir Christopher said: ""This day marks for Britain and for Europe as a whole the begin- ning of a great adventure. As a. community of 250 million people we now set out to develop- over the years. a European union which, with its own personality, strength and sense of purpose, will have a major impact on world affairs.""'";"January 1, 1973";"";58669;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Torches and an extra tick of time";""
"['From EDMUND STEVENS']";"['News']";"From EDMUND STEVENS-
-Moscow, Feb. 13
Pravda today charged that "" the entire activities of the British poli- tical machine (both the ruling panty and the opposition) are pre- sently directed towards all round aggravation of the situation in Europe.""
An article by Spartak Beglov of the Novosty Agency, spread across four columns of the Soviet Communist Party's official organ, accused the Labour Government of practically all the mortal sins. The deadliest was the a-legation that London supported west Ger- man nuclear bomb aspirations as part of full parity for west Ger- man arms and was in fact prepared to go to any length to set up a London-Bonn military, political and economic axis.
The main villain of these machinations was named as Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Secre- tary, who according to Beglov seeks to make the atom bomb ""the arbiter of the destiny of Europe "". It was further alleged that "" in a fit of military hysteria he threatened in the pages of the west German magazine Der Spiegel to sink the entire Soviet fleet in the Mediterranean in a few minutes if war broke out "".
In the words of Beglov: "" Lon- don hNs litezally become a hornets nest of organizations cngaged in subversive activities against the socialist countries.""
He alleges that Britain has been exploiting Western European Union in order to get around the French veto on Britain's entry to the Common Market and to achieve the maximum isolation of France so as to promote Britain's ascendancy in European affairs- which in turn would mean all-out escalation of iNato military meas-
ures so as to build up tensions in Europe.
Beglov suggests that London chose this particular time to press its designs because it hoped "" by fanning anti-Soviet hysteria to lessen disappointment in western circles over failure of the opera- tion to destroy socialism in Czechoslovakia and secondly because the transfer of power in the United States had resulted in a certain gap in western political contacts at summit level "". As corroboration of the second point Beglov states that Britain tried to step into the gap as early as last November at the meeting of Nato Ministers by taking the initiative in proposing new Nato military measures against the Soviet block.
There is more in the same vein in an article in the monthly review International Life by Pravda's London correspondent, Oleg Orestov, who writes: 'One gains the impression that the right-wing Labour leaders have decided to sacrifice the gains made in ties between Britain and the Soviet Union for the sake of acquiring laurels as fighters against com- munism, thereby winning the plaudits of Bonn and Washing- ton.""
In a more onciliatory tone Orestov winds up: "" England rightly insists on its right to par- ticipate actively in the political and economic life of Europe and in guiding the destinies of the European continent. Britain can become a great European power if its policies are attuned to the interests of all the peoples of Europe.""
The obvious implication is that there is still hope for Britain if only she will mend her ways.";"February 14, 1969";"";57485;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pravda onslaught on Britain";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"I From David Cross
Brusscls, Sept 8
The European Community's long summer break ends tomorrow when ministers of agriculture of the nine recon- vene in Brussels to take stock of the impact of the drought on food and. fodder, supplies during the coming autumn and winter months.
The 'special meeting, wvhichi has been convened by Mr Pierre Lardinois, the Com- missioner for Agriculture, principally as i public rela- tions exercise, is unlikely to produce much practical help for consumers or fermers.
But it will provide an oppor- tunity for the -Commission to ensure that national 'iid pro- grammes are fully in line with the common agricultural ,policy's goals' of free trade and fair competition between member states.
A balance sheet of this year's. harvest prospects is likely td show that although production of staple commodities like cereals and sugar beet will be lower than normal this. year, supplies will be adequate and prices will remain relatively stable.
The maii problem area will be vegetable supplies, par- ticularly potatoes. Prices are
expected to be considerably .higher
The European Commissibn- will therefore be asking mem- ber governments to approve an extension of import tariff sus- pensions on. a range . of - fresh vegetables until the end of the yeal. Present arrangements designed to encourage imports of scarce vegetables are due to expire at the end of the month.
Hard on the heels of the agriculture ministers' meeting,. their colleagues from foreign mi-nistries of the Nine will be meeting infor.mally in Holland kt the wekend for the first time since July to look at major foreign and iiiternal policy prob- .les ' confronting the Com- mnunitv.
Their deliberations' in the: seclusion of a small,chateau at Beetsterzwaag; Northern Hol- land, are likely to focus on the EEC's approaclh to the southern African crisis and the future shape of the Communitq
Mr Leo Tindemans, the Bel- gian Prime Minister, whlo vas the-author of the recent report on European union,- will attend the meeting in the hope of persuading: member govern- ments to. implement his ideas for greater political, economic and monetary integration.. His
aspirations are shared bv ]ii.s Dutch and Lukerhboi1rg: ;col- leagues, but not by the British and French,-,who fear that'any newv moves -in: this directioih .wonld come under heavy attack at home.
* .On the foreign' p'olpij :.front the ministers are expected to discuss the results of this wveek's meetin' Q,in Zurich betWeen' Di
*Henty! Kissinger, the Americant Secretay .of State, and Mr Vrster, .-the South' African Piie Minister. I
The Community, which fulIv supports Dr Kissinger's latest peace inihative, is anxious. to see Namibia ' (South-West Africa) attain independence
democratically and .peacefuliy' under the' supervision: of t'he United Nations.' ,
Other issues -wlich fite likehf to be raised by participants 'at this weekend's deliberations: in- clude the future enlargement of the Community. to embrace Greece and, eventruall.y, Portu. gal and Spain, and the Cyprus dispute.
Notwithstanding the flurry of Community activity during the next few -days, the coming months are unlikely to proauce new initiatives or decisioxs of great sigdificance in Brussels or other EEC capitals. .";"September 9, 1976";"";59804;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC counts the cost of drought";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The official visit which Sefior Castiella, the Spanish Foreign Minister, has been paying to London ended yesterday. There were further talks at the Foreign Office with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, after which a brief statement said that "" the Ministers had a cordial exchange of views and agreed on their determination to improve the relations between the two countries "".
An invitation for a return visit to Spain was made and accepted in principle. No date has been fixed and the invitation was addressed to the British Foreign Secretary -unnamed, which is normal but which has special Point at present, since Mr. Selwyn Lloyd himself may not be at the Foreign Office much longer.
The statement said that the discussions yesterday and on Tuesday were in the form of a general review of the world situation. and included one or two specific items of Anglo-Spanish intercst. Anglo-Spanish trade relations were also discussed in general terms, but there were no formal negotiations on any topic.
Both sides obviously regarded the fact of the visit-the first official visit to Britain by a -Spanish Foreign Minister since the Franco regime was established-rather than the talks themselves as the important pointer to improved relations.
Neither side raised the question of possible Spanish membership of Nato, but Spain's relations with Western European Union may well have been considered generally. In any event. Spanish repre- sentatives were saying later that, in view of the current consideration in Nato of the German request for military facilities in
Spain or elsewhere, it was fair that the Spanish Government should be asked whether or not Spain would permit the W.E.U. inspection area to be extended to include Spain. If so. future military facilities accorded to Germany or other W.E.U. countries in Spain would be sub- ject to inspection. In this connexion it is not widely realized that British forces in Gibraltar are within the W.E.U. inspec- tion area and therefore subject to inspection already.
The question of Gibraltar was con- sidered, but only, it seems, in its least Potentially acrimonious aspects. Thus Mr. Lloyd asked for a relaxation of remaining restrictions on movement from Spain into Gibraltar, and Sefior Castiella was given an assurance of British cooperation in tightening regulations against smuggling from Gibraltar into Spain.
Mr. Lloyd raised the question of Protestants in Spain, where a number of Protestant churches remain closed. This is a matter of British interest (and was raised as such) because some of the chapels arc owned and were built by British religious groups and there is a British element in the Bible societies in Spain.
A consular convention, which is in draft was considered and it is hoped to conclude this by the end of the Year. This would give consuls nights of direct access to the police and local authorities, and to their nationals under arrest.
In the discussion on trade matters the British interest was to ensure, without damaging or seeming to underrnine the Six, that Spain, which is placed betwixt and between the Six and the Seven, does not favour the Six at the expense of the Seven.";"July 14, 1960";"";54823;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Invitation To The Foreign Secretary";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"IMAN IN THE NEWS
FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
Professor Furler, who was elected yes- terday to succeed M. Schuman as pre- sident of the European Parliamentary Assembly, is a "" little European "" who has devoted much of his political career to the cause of a united Europe. His election is thus a personal achievement that he must find particularly sasfying.
Soon after his election to the Bundes- tag in 1953 he became chairman of the special committee for the Common Mlar- ket and Euratom. In 1956 he became president of the Common Assembly of the Coal and Steel Community, and a member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe and of the Assembly of Western European Union in the following year.
LAW AND TEACHING
He is also chairman of the Bundestag foreign affairs committee, and his loyalty to ""little Europe"" was no doubt a factor in his atpointment
to that influential post. His election as the first German president of the Par- liamentary Assemblv will therefore be welcomed here as recognition of a widespread aspira- tion for European unity.
Professor Furler. who is 55, a Roman Catholic with a happy familv life. ,
a cultivated man
with an academic background. From 1930 he managed to combine law with teaching, first at Karlsruhe, where he practised at the Landgericht and taught at the tech- nical university. In 1940 he, moved to Freiburg, where he was a visiting professor at the university and practised at the Oberlandesgericht. With the exception of a short break after the war, he continued to practise and teach at Freiburg, until he was returned to the second Bundestag as member for Offenburg in Baden- Wiirrtemberg.
His political duties made it impossible for him to continue to teach, but he was hoping to retum to Freiburg as a visiting-professor in May. This will now be impossible;. and he believes it will be necessary to resign the chairmanship of the Bundestag foreign affairs committee.
It is hardly a coincidence that the first German president of the European Parlia- mentary Assembly is an academic. The Federal Republic's leading European Civil servant, Professor Hallstein, the president of the commission of the European Econo- mic Community, was the rector of Frank- furt University before he became State Secretary in the Foreign Miniistry.
DEEP-ROOTED DESIRE
Professor Furler does not have the inti- mate relationship with Dr. Adenauer such as Professor Hallstein enjoyed when he was in the Foreign Ministry. It was to be expected, however, that the Chancellor, with his deep-rooted desire for a united Europe, should have depended so much on two men who because of their training and back- ground could produce and deal with theories and ideas more easily than most politicians.
The latest plan of Professor Hallstein shows that he is also capable of boldly carrying out ideas at a speed which some politicians find distressing. It can be assumed that the European Parliamentary Assembly has elected itself an energetic pre- sident who will be equally anxious to advance towards the objective of European unitv.";"March 29, 1960";"";54732;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Landmark In A ""European"" Career";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Nov. 22
A vision of an annual renewal of the Atlantic parliamentary debate now in pro- gress in Strasbourg, expanded perhaps to include the countries of the British Com- monwealth, came into focus to-day. The American senators and congressmen spoke in favour of it, and suggested that it should be held alternately on either side of the Atlantic.
=te proposal was made when the American visitors for the first time were put a little on the defensive, not by the European debaters in the Assembly Hall but by the Press.
On the Assembly floor the Americans have involuntarily filled the role of sympathetic lecturers. But they regard their task here so seriously that during the hour of the day when at home they would have been eating Thanks- giving Day turkey, they yielded themselves to the Press for questioning.
Several questioners wished to discover the attitude of the United States towards -Atlantic union or federation, because the American pleas in the Assembly Hall had all been for a form of European union or federation. The questions were all the more pertinent because it has been made clear that the Conservative Government in Britain, while feeling more benevolent than their predecessors towards the Council of Europe, are not in essence any more ready at this stage to lead Britain into a con- stitutional movement embracing Europe alone.
BRITAIN'S STAND
The first reaction to the questions came from Senator Green, who said simply that he had been surprised at the official stand of Britain now. His colleagues were more candid, and Mr. Keating, Republican member of the House of Representatives, from New York. said that any attempt to use one country's opposition to federation as a lever for Atlantic union would be "" barking up the wrong tree.""
Senator Humphrey, an eloquent Democrat, frorn Minnesota, declared that he had been impressed by a move by Senator Gillette, in Washington, for an Atlantic parliamentary session, which would be a forum to thrash out the wider problem, and would enable those taking part to learn facts from direct representatives of the people, instead of having them handed down from Ministers.
Other speakers supported the strategy of making a beginning "" with small things."" Senator Benton (Democrat, Connecticut) thought that European disunity was not the road to Atlantic union, and Mr. Ellsworth (Republican, Oregon) spoke of the danger of retreating behind a more comprehensive idea in place of action now.
Wthin the Assembly Hall the debate con- tinued until this evening on political aspects of defence, on the dollar gap, and on refugees. If conclusions are to be reached they must be haramered out to-morrow, which is the last day. One of the three Germnan delegates, Herr G.erstenmaier (Christian Democrat) reviewed again the unyielding probJem of refugees, and another report by a committee was handed in to-day for the benefit of the Council. So many words have passed on this subject that an announcement by Senator Benton this evening that he and Senator Green, and perhaps others, will leave for Italy on Saturday to see for themselves the latest refugees, caused by the floods, had about it the fresh warmth of action.";"November 23, 1951";"";52166;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Attitude To An Atlantic Union";""
"";"['News']";"July 24.-Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent
opens rebuilt Blue School, Isleworth.
Vice-Admiral Hughes-Hallett, Parliamen-
tary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, visits Merseyside for talks with ship- building employers.
Trades Union Congress inquiry begins into
Electrical Trades Union affairs (private). World Parliament Association luncheon
for Lord Attlee, Dorchester Hotel.
European Union of Women, British
section: General assembly opens, Imperial College, South Kensington.
Victoria League: Annual meeting, Man-
sion House.
Council of the Institute for Strategic
Studies meets, 18, Adam Street, W.C.
Oxford Committee for Famine Relief
conference, Oxford (six days).
National Sporting Club dinner for Totten-
ham Hotspur F.C., Cafe Royal.
Royal International Horse Show, White
City (six days).
Parking meters installed for first time in
City of London.
July 25.-The Duke of Gloucester visits
Royal Armoured Corps centre, Bovington.
The Duchess of Gloucester attends Royal
International Horse Show, White City. Modern Churchmen's conference, Oxford
(five days).
Inquiry into train collision, Victoria
Station, Manchester.
Royal Welsh Show, Llandilo (three days).
July 26.-Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent
attends nurses' prize-giving, Bethlem Hospital, Beckenham.
July 27.-The Duke of Gloucester visits
R.A.F. station, Swanton Morley, Dereham, Norfolk.
The Duchess of Gloucester at East Africa
Women's League garden party, Victoria League House.
Burnham Committee meets to consider
teachers' pay.
July 28.-The Queen visits Royal Inter-
national Horse Show, White City.
Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, takes
salute at Sovereign's Parade, Sandhurst. Mr. Maudling, President of the Board of
Trade, addresses India, Pakistan and Burma Association, Plantation House, Mincing Lane, E.C.
Brighton Antiques Fair, Corn Exchange
(10 days).
July 29.-Kent Summer School for Teachers,
Nonington College of Physical Educa- tion, Dover (10 days).
THEATRE FlRST NIGHTS
July 26.-Mermaid Theatre: The Bishop'5
Bonfire, 7.
July 27.-Royal Court Theatre: Luther.
PARLIAMENTARY NOTICES
HOUSE OF LORDS
July 24.-Motions to approve White Fish
Subsidy, and Herring Subsidy (United Kingdom) Schemes, 1961, and Patents (Fees Amendment) Order, 1961. Housing Bill, committee.
July 25.-Motion to approve Diplomatic
Immunities (Conferences) (Cyprus) Order, 1961. Licensing Bill, report.
July 26.-Motions to approve Visiting
Forces (Application of Law) Order, 1961, and Insurance Contracts (War Settlement) (Germany) Order, 1961. Army and Air Force Bill, North Atlantic Shipping Bill, and Human Tissue Bill, third reading; Trusts (Scot- land) Bill, committee; Crown Estate Bill, report; Crofters (Scotland) Bill, and Credit-Sale Agreements (Scotland) Bill, committee; Licensing Bill, third reading.
July 27.-Debate on the economic situation,
on a Government motion. Royal Commission.
HOUSE OF COMMONS
July 24.-Supply, Committee: debate on
trade and industry in Scotland. Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Bill, Police Federation Bill, and Highways (Mis- cellaneous Provisions) Bill, Lords amendments.
July 25.-Supply, Report: debate on east
and central Africa.
July 26 and 27.-Debate on the economic
situation.
July 28.-Public Health Bill, and Suicide
Bill, remaining stages.
SPORT
CRICKET
July 27.-England v. Australia, fourth Test
match, Manchester (five days)
POLO
July 23.-Cowdray Park Cup week (until
July 30).
RAciNG
July 25.-Goodwood meeting (four days)
RIFtE SHOOTING
July 24.-NR.A. Meeting, Bisley (until
July 26)
ROWING July 29.-Bedford regatta.
YACHTING
July 29.-Cowes Week (until August 7).";"July 22, 1961";"";55140;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Diary Of Next Week's Events";""
"";"['News']";"The congress carried a motion accepting the referendum decision that Britain should stay in the European Economic Community.
The motion said the responsibi- lity, of representing the British tradc union movement required- a continuing review of develop- ments within: the Community by the general council and the deter- mination of policies to ensure greater democratic control over the European Commission by the European Parliament, greater -direct control and supervision of
the Council ot Ministers and the., European Parliament, reforms of .the economic, social, industrial and agricultural policies in. the tinterests of the workers of the Community, and the extension of- greater positive participation by .vorker in industrial democracy.
An amendment was accepted saying that no irrevocable steps should be taken towards European union without the- known whole- hearted consent of the British :eople.
mtr Leslie Buck, general secretary, National Union of Sheet Metal Workers, Coppersmiths, and Heat- ing and Domestic Engineers, pro. posing the motion, said it was essentially to determine the
approach of the congress to the, EEC, having made it clear at the 1974 congress that the will and- voice of the British people would be accepted. The motion ensured that the congress would set Its sights on the main issues that had to be resolved and on the role the movement intended to play.-
Mr alve- Jenkins, general - secre- tary, Association - of Scientific,. Technical and Managerial Statfs. moving the amendment, saldthere would be a call by the press and politicians : to integrate, more closely- into a European mono super state, The British Labour -movement risked beilng submerged: -. If there was to be an attempt by anyone to -abolish Britain's par-
lianmentary institutions or subordin- ate them entirely to a European super state the British people must be consulted, and that meant an election or a referendum.
Mr Jack Jones, general secretary, Transport and General Workern' Union, in a separate reference to the European community said
"" Our intention is constructive participation, but our representa-; tives in the Economic and Social Committee of the EEC will not tolerate inaction, bureaucratic complacency and red tape frustra- uon ""t
Delegates loudly applauded a strong plea bv Mr Jones, that the Internatioial Labour Organizatioi), at present split for political rather than industrial reasons, must not be allowed to die.
Mr Jones, chairman of the TUC international committee presenting the internationa) sec. tion of the general council's report to the congress, said the ILO was split because representa- tives of the Palestine Liberation Organization were to be admitted as observers to some of its meet- ings, including the annual con- ference.
When the Issue was first raised the general council did not sup. port the Idea. It did not think that such recognition for the PLO was opportune, because the PLO was not a country with defined boundaries and an established trade union movement. But there was a majority in favour, and the PLO had been admitted, not as a member but as an observer.
Because of that decision the American workers' representatives, among others, walked out of the ILO conference and the govern- ments of West Germany, Japan and the United States were for the moment not paying their large share of the cost of. the";"September 5, 1975";"";59493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Keeping a careful eye on EEC developments";""
"['From Arthur Osman']";"['News']";"From Arthur Osman
Birmingham, July 1
The future of Mr Percy Grieve, QC, as Tory MP for Solihull is being threatened for the second time in 30 months. This comes after what was described today as "" extra- ordinary manoeuvring and attempted coercion "" from out- side Conservative circles.
Mr Grieve has one of the safest seats in Britain, with a majority of 24,757. As a lawyer member, and rather precise in manner, he is well this side of the usual back-bench headline hunter and prefers, he says, to work in the background to make a more effective contribution in many spheres.
He is a confirmed Euro- peanist, has been oin the United Kingdom delegation to the Council of Europe since 1969. and is chairman of one of its committees, on rules of pro- cedure.
In February, 1971, he won by a two-thirds majority when a motion of no confidence was moved at an executive council meeting of his local association. This was after an article critical of him as an MP appeared in the Birmingham Post. Mr Grieve said the article was unfair, slanted, contained inaccuracies. and was an attempt at "" character assassination "", a suggestion the paper strenuously denied.
The matter had apparently ended there until this weekends when the 102 members of the executive council, who are due to meet tomorrow, quite unexpectedly received a memorandum marked confiden- tial from their chairman, Mr Peter Dallow.
The memorandum referred to the new Conservative Party rule which says that a sitting member wishing to stand again
must submit himself for readoption. It also said that the Birmingham Post had approached Mr Dallow earlier this year to say they had been compiling a 'dossier on Mr Grieve's parliamentary activi- ties. Mr Dallow and the consti- tuency president had two meet. ings with the paper's editor. Mr David Hopkinson.
The memorandum does not say that Mr Dallow and others knew of the paper's intentions five months ago, and several members said today that they were extremely angry that such a state of affairs existed, and had been kept quiet for so long. They also wished to know what part their officers had played in the matter.
Mr Grieve will not be present, for he will be in Florence all this week on Council of Europe busi- ness. Before he left London to day he said he had every confi- dence he would be adopted again. He believed the Birming- ham Post had been unable to accept the result of. the 1971 vote, and were determined to pursue him.
He said: "" I have noidea what the motive is, and why they per. sist. I am quite happiy with my parliamentary re'cord. You can- not be on the Council of Europe and the Western European Union and not miss divisions at Westminster.""
A member of the executive council said today: "" We will not be coerced by outsiders, even if the editor of the Birmingham Post is a resident of Solihull. There seems a determined attempt here at 'king-making'. which should be fully resisted. There are many questions to be asked now about the extraordin- ary manoeuvring and attempts at manipulation wh,ich have been going on.""";"July 2, 1973";"";58823;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coercion alleged in second attempt to unseat MP";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Berlin, Feb. 28.-Herr Klaus Schu.tz, the chief burgomaster of west Berlin. today ruled out any hope of an agreement with east Germany leading to more freedom of movement for BerLiners.
"" The authorities in east Berlir are not ready for talks or agree- ment "", he told reporters. "" I assume that the Federal Assembly meeting (to elect a west German President) will be held here as planned on March 5.""
Herr Schiitz was commenting on the meeting on Wednesday be- tween Herr Horst Grabert, acting for the Senate, and Dr. Michael Kohl. representing the east Ger- man Government.
Dr. Kohl had demanded a firm guarantee that the presidential election would not be held in west Berlin as a precondition to any agreement granting citizens passes to visit relatives in east Berlin.
Last night east Germany refused any further talks unless such a guarantee was forthcoming.
East Germany has offered passes for Easter only if the place for the pott is changed. but Herr Schutz has made it ciear that west Berlin is interested only in a far- reaching arrangement. Passes were only part of such an arrange- ment.
Neues Deutschland. the cast German newspaper. today accused Herr Schutz of blocking agree- ment on passes by raising un- realistic demands.
Herr Schiitz said today that the Senate's efforts in recent days had been aimed at finding basic truths. "" It is clear that the east German authorities still refuse to talk to us without preconditions and agree on what is necessary.""
East Germany was categorically dictating its terms and only those %vho fulfilled them without demur could expect a small dose of bumanity.-Reuter.
Our Berlin Correspondent writes: Marshal Yakubovsky.
commander of the Warsaw Pact forces, and Mr. Vladimir Semyo- nov. the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister, arrived in east Berlin today, and their visit has aroused speculation.
The manoetivres in east Ger- many beginning in early March could explain the presence of the Marshal, but the appearance of Mr. Semyonov. the Kremlin's ex- pert on Germany, might indicate that the last word on possible talks between the Senate and east Ger- many has not yet been spoken.
After three weeks' training in west Germany. 550 officers and men of the United States 3rd Bat- talion, 6th Infantry. travelled in a convoy of 115 vehicles along the Helmstedt-Berlin autobahn today.
Reporting the move, a United States Army spokesman empha- sized that it had been planned a year ago. Each of the Berlin brigade's three infantry battalions made two such trips each year for training in west Germany.
No difficulties had been encoun- tered on the return journey, he added.
Bonn reaffirms WEU stand
From Our Own Correspondent
Bonn, Feb. 28 Herr Gerhard Jahn. Parliamen- tarv Secretary of State at the Foreign Ministry, said today that the west German Government wanted to revive and make "" inten- sive use ' of the possibilities for political cooperation within the Western European Union. The German position had been subject to "" certain misinterpretations "" but Bonn remained convinced that it was the right one.";"March 1, 1969";"";57498;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hopes fade for pact on Berlin passes";""
"";"['News']";"MR. HEATH EXPLAINS HESITATION AT TAKING ""TWO HURDLES""
The following extracts cover the main points from the speech, which Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, made to the Ministerial Council of Western European Union in private session in London on Tuesday.
Addressing the six other Ministers of W.E.U., who are also the six of the European Economic Community, Mr. Heath said:-
""You yourselves have decided that those
who want to join the Economic Com- munity as full members must also join the political unions. I am sure that this was the right decision. If the European union is going to achieve the great things which we confidently expect of it then, in our view, it must be political as well as economic. As members we should want to strengthen its political development.""
ENLARGED GROUP
On future development Mr. Heath said:-
.We have been thinking in terms of an
enlarged Community including not only the United Kingdom but also other European States who will be joining the European Economic Community.
ln other words, and this is the point I would like to make to you here, unlike you, we have had to take account of the problems of countries which would be called upon to accept the political and the economic implications of this experiment at one and the same time. I might describe this as taking two hurdles together-whereas you have been able to separate them by several years. This is an important difference. It accounts for what you may sometimes feel to- be a certain caution and hesita- lion in our approach to the question of future commitments in the political field.""
*Mr. Heath then spoke of the existing European communities and, their relation- ship to ministerial machinery. He said: - ""In considering what might be the political
structure for the enlarged European Com- munity, we have always assumed that the existing European communities would be the foundation on which Europe lwould be built.
WORKING TOGETHER
"" These communities, and especially, of
course, the European Economic Com- munity, are in themselves an achievement. for which your six countries will always deserve the greatest admiration. I have had enough contact with those who direct the future of the communities to appre- ciate what they have accomplished not only in resolving the difficult problems they face but in engendering the habit of working together and thinking as a com- munity. This is undoubtedly something new in twentieth-century international life; it is one of the real inventions in our inventive age.
""I can assure you that the entry of Britain will not be used by us to discourage this work or to obstruct in any way the deve- lopment of the European idea. On the contrary, we shall join wholeheartedly in helping to build the new Europe.
'At the same time it is evident that the
existing communities, though their objec- tive is political as well as economic and technical, are not by themselves fully able to meet all the needs of Europe in the future, particularly on the political side.
MACHINERY NEEDED
""For example, if we are to reconcile the
vital interests of the member-states it is clear that there must be some machinery whereby those who carry the highest responsibilities in their respective states can play a part. This is not provided for in the existing communities.
There is also clearly a need for more concentrated ministerial machinery, esneciallv of Ministers responsible for
political questions. Periodic meetings of heads of Government and of Foreign Ministers would promote and set their seal on the day-to-day consultation which already exists.""
Mr. Heath said that the British Govern- ment. had "" no fixed views "" on the par- ticular fields of policy in which the mem- bers of the European Community should try to harmonize and unify their policies. As a general indication of the British-Gov- emnment's thoughts, he said, however:-
""It is our desire to see the development of
a strong political and economic com- munity, composed of the countries who are full members, whose voice will be heard increasingly in world councils and whose influence will make itself felt more and more.
COLLECTIVE RESOURCES
""Such a community will marshal the col-
lective resources, energies and skills of the member-states. It will be in a posi- tion of leadership-an aggregate of power within the free world, standing shoulder to shoulder with the United States. Such a community is going to have opinions on many subjects-Per- haps on most subjects.""
Speaking on cooperation over defence matters, Mr. Heath said: -
""We quite accept that the European politi-
cal union, if it is to be effective, will have a common concern for defence prob- lems and that a European point of view on defence will emerge. What is essen- tial, however, is that any European point *of view or policy on defence should be directly related to -the Atlantic alliance. *We must make it clear beyond all doubt that the object of our:common policy is to defend and strengthen the liberties for which the Atlantic alliance is the indispensable shield.
CHANGING BALANCE
""But of course, as the European Com-
munity develops, the balance within the Atlantic alliance is going to change. In -the course of time there will be two great groupings in the west: North America and Europe. The growth of this European point of view in 'the defence field will not, we believe, be long in making itself felt Already we have seen the signs. We have the Western European Union itself, and we have the beginnings of cooperation in joint defence projects.-
.,There is no doubt in my mind that. with
the -closer integration- of our industries which will follow British accession to the European Economic Community, we shall see great- advances in European coopera- tion over defence production, research and development.""
On the future Europe and its relations with other countries including the Com- monwealth. Mr. Heath said:- .
""In the first place, we are working for a
Europe -with close and valuable con- nexions right across - the globe- connexions acquired through the his- torical, actions and achievements of individual European countries and their peoples. These connexions and friend- ships will be a vital possession for the whole Community. We must take great care not- to -neglect them or throw them away.
SOURCE OF STRENGTH
""I- am- speaking just as much of the over-
seas influences and. responsibilities of your countries as of the Commonwealth coniiexions of mine.
""We shall' of course, retain our consti-
tutional -ties and the arrangements for consultation with the Commonwealth. which we have worked out. In my judg- ment these will be- a source of strength to Europe. They- will in no way prevent us from participating fully in the growth of a new Europe, and this in its turn will give -fresh vitality to our Common- wealth connexions.
""The Commonwealth is a grouping of
countries with widely differing views about the great questions which divide the world. In our opinion it will be particularly important that Europe should continue to show a sympathetic comprehension for these different attitudes towards world affairs.""
On the relationship between the European Community and other European countries, in particular the Efta neutrals, Mr. Heath continued:-
""It is our view that the European Com-
munity will form, as it were, a nucleus at the centre of the wider European family.
EXCLUSION A MISTAKE
""We shall want to do nothing which might
slow down the impetus towards the political unity of this central nucleus. At the same time we must ensure that other western European countries which for various reasons cannot, or do not, join the central core remain nevertheless within the political and economic orbit of western Europe and are not driven to seek suDonort and comfort elsewhere.
""I should like to mention in particular the
position of the neutral members of Efta -Austria, Sweden and Switzerland. All three are politically stable and staunchly anti-commiunist. Historically they have played an important role in the life of the continent. We believe it would be a serious political mistake to isolate them from the new Europe. I am convinced that their association with the Community could be arranged in such a way as not to weaken the political and economic cohesion of the central nucleus of full members or impede their progress.""
On the best way to future progress in the political field, Mr. Heath said:-
""My Government's view on this. is that
when we are drawing up texts we should make sure'that they point the way-to the future but that they do so without cir- cumscribing our course of action. They should contain the principle of growth; they should allow the plant light and air, but without defining too meticulously bow fast it should grow.
""We do not' thirik that at this stage it is
wise to try to lay down the exact rhythm of future political developments. We are all politicians and we have to take account of present limitations as well as of flture vossibilities.
PRAGMATIC APPROACH
""As you know, the British are much
addicted to pragmatism. We think that the substance of political integration will grow most effectively out of the habit of working more and more closely iogether. ""This does not mean that we are going to
make difficulties. about accepting written texts. We recognize that written texts are necessary. but we have a preference for those which leave open, as far as possible, the timetable for future develop- ment.
""The clement of caution in our present
outlook might impose on us an attitude of reserve if we were asked to commit ourselves now to specific forms of political machinery, or to particular courses of action at a fixed moment in the future-whereas when we reach that moment we may well find that the course of action seems quite natural and perfectly obvious.
""One example of this may well be the
question of parliamentary control. to which we in this country attach a great deal of importance. As members of the Community we will, I am sure, want to see the European Parliament playing an important part. But it is not easy for us to commit ourselves, at this staze and before we have participated in the work of the Assembly, as to what that part should be or as to how it should be accomplished.""
Mr. Heath then turned to the question of. British participation in the political
GREAT STIMULUS
""Might this not be a great stimulus to
our whole work together?
""The two processes of discussion between
us. both the economic and the political. might then go forward together, and we might find that they interacted favour- ably upon one another.
""This is a thought that I would like to
leave with you and on which no doubt you will want to consult together.""
Mr. . Heath ended his statement as follows:-
w""e are looking forward to joining you as soon as possible in constructing a Europe united politically as well as economically. We are thinking* in terms of an enlarged Comm-unity whose members have accepted the same obligations and on Whose shoulders will fall the main bur- den of the construction. while not for- getting other European countries who are unable to join us.
We see the existing communities continu- ing and expanding their work but knit together with the 'new political structure in a coherent and, effective whole.
""This' new Europe will be a great power,
standing not alone but as an equal part- ner in the Atlantic alliance, retaining its traditional ties. overseas and fully con- scious of its growing obligations towards the rest of the free woil'd.""
discussions among the Six. On this he said:
You have not invited me to comment on the texts which you have been dis- cussing among yourselves and I have been careful not to do so. But as we shall be anxious to be able to join the political union at the same time as we join the European Economic Community we shall naturally expect to have the opportunity of consulting with you and commenting on the draft treaty before it is finally agreed and. of course, we already have your assurances to that effect.
""But in view of the progress which we
hope to- make in the negotiations in Brussels in the next few months, I wonder whether it might now. be helpful if we. as impending members of the European Economic Community, were to join with you now in your discussions about the future political framework of Europe.";"April 13, 1962";"";55365;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Agrees European Community Must Be Political";""
"";"['News']";"If Ralf Dahrendorf had been a man for whom a dignified style, comfort and money were essential, the move of a European Commissioner from the thirteenth floor of the Berlaymont
buildings in Brussels to the fifth floor of the London School-of Economics in Aidwych could- never have occurred. But for the
46-year-old professor of sociology the appointment as director 6f - the highly respected LSE was the fulfilment of a professional dream and also a cause for nostalgia: he had already studied politics and sociology at the LSE in 1952.
In Germany Dahrendorf, who was born in' Hamburg, has been considered a whizz-kid for.20 years. By the age of 27 he had.
qualified as a university lecturer; a year later he was already lecturing at Hamburg as professor of sociology. He gave guest
lectures at British and American universities and was one of the founders of the University of Constance.
* In 1966 he began his political career as a Parliamentary State
Secretary in the Foreign Ministry-in Bonn ; finally he went to Brussels as member of the Commission for Education and Research. He was always a convinced European but never a
comfortable one. Under the pseudonym "" Wieland Europa ""-he criticized the bureaucratic structure of the Community, yet he maintained: "" I have not had a single wasted day in Brussels.""
. On his move to Britain the BBC provided him with a brilliant and honourable entree by asking him to give the 1974 Reith
Lectures. His new post as director of LSE is both a distinction and a challenge for him. trhe LSE students are among the most politically temperamental in Britain. But Dahrendorf can look back on his first year in-office with satisfaction-: students and director have grown accustomed to each other almost imperceptiblv.
Europe Is again making negative headlines. The British are bragging about their oil, the French are pro. tecting their wine-growers, the Ger- mans are being miserly with money. Is this just chance, or is it the sign of a new wave of nationalism in Europe ?
On the whole my opinion about Europe is that it is moving forward on a realistic course. But the sped- fic European headlines of which you speak are the sign of an unfor- tunately worldwide trend, that of a return to protectionist tendencies. I observe this not only in Germany, Britain and France, but also in the United States and Japan. Europe cannot build itself while ignoring the rest of the world and we see this clearly from the examples you have mentioned. But I think that on the whole Europe has greatly improved itself in the past few years and that is still true today.
You said a few years ago: ""The first Europe is dead, long live the second Europe "". For you, the first Europe was an illogical, bureau- cratic and illiberal Europe, the second should be a political Europe. If one considers the most recent events in the Community: is the first Europe really dead yet?
I ac,ept everything you say :about my own assertions, with the exception of the word ""illogical "". I think that one of the crucial weaknesses of the first Europe was that it was too logical and not sufficiently realistic.
You yourself once used the word
illogical "".
I described certain aspects of the agricultural policy as illogical. The essence of the first Europe was that European unification was to be brought about according to a plan which was, as it were, to be drawn up at the tables of the Council of Ministers in Brussels and then translated into reality. According to a logical plan, if you like. That was the customs union plan. It was very successful.
My thesis was that this systemat- ic Europe, which tried to impose its own timetable on reality, has come to an end. Our experience with economic and monetary union shows us that our experience with the customs union cannot be trans- ferred to other spheres. So to that extent I insist: the first Europe is at an end; the second, if you use that term-I mean the Europe that is intended to lead to European union-is indeed a more political
Europe, that is to say it is one that does not impose its own plans on reality but adopts a certain attitude on the subjects confronting all European states.
In other words it reacts more poli- tically than before?
I suspected that you would use the word 'react"" some time and you have every right to do so. Perhaps that is what I have in mind. I
would naturally much prefer to see an acting rather than a reacting Europe. I would much rather see one that developed its own ideas. But what I mean is a Europe that concerns itself with inflation, with unemployment, with the question of the dialogue with th e Arab countries, with the problems which arise from reality; rather than a Europe which, as in the case of monetary union, develops its own programme at a distance from any reality.
You originated the phrase ""demo- cratic deficit "" in that first Europe. We all placed great hopes in the British in that respect. How- ever, it is precisely the British who are resisting a resolute advance here. Were our expectations about British entry perhaps too optimis. tic?
Well, I was one of those who took part in the Paris summit con- ference of October 1972 and I must state clearly: at that time there vwas an alliance of the great against the small. It was the Dutch Prime Minister who demanded an accel- eration of the process of direct election and the British Prime Minister was completely in agre- ment with the German Federal
Chancellor, the Italian President and the French President.
I have the feeling that the ques- tion of the democratic deficit camnot be solved by a single country. If you are asking me, my regrets are directed less towards Britain than towards Denn.ark. That means that I regret that here we have a small
democratic country which really- ought to have a determined in- terest in the exercise of stronger democratic control through direct elections but is nevertheless not working in that direction.
You refer to past heads of govern- ment ls the fact that others are now in power a reason for the lack of progress in Europe towards political unification?
It is tempting to argue that Mr Heath and Herr Brandt, in their personal make-up, were more strongly Europe-oriented than MJr Wilson and Herr Schmidt I would go so far as to say: the Paris summit conference basicaDv made clear something which still applies today, namely that the large couu- tries like to act at government level and that it is only the small countries and the Commission and Parliament itself which have an in- terest in government in Europe
continued on page 16
The second
Europe:
facing reali.ty
colitititued fr i 1o.i pgc 1I
beitg n10ote deftitiitclv the reslon. sibililtl of thic people. Atil I amt oni the sidc of tlic sitall coiuilntriCs.
You, speak of the politically sniall. let tis speak of those wvho are econoimically and socially tihativau- la4 iA n jniroje1 There is at sib. iant,aI; difterenIma1 here Is i nlot the caise that inLstead of a first and a secoipd ELurope we are int d.mt'.ier
f havinog a first-class aind a second- class Europe, as llerr ltrandt oIIce snggested ?
Yes, that is iutifo tutitiately so, atid I imi:st sayv itt the strongest possible terms I consider it inotolerable tIi lt we accept tile fact of tile ecou onmic tiffereitial atid that wc are liugiti0 ing to draw t he concluitsion
It li ecatse of this econiomic dif- fet culal (lifferillg potlitcai st'ttc- toreS most he created. I have aiwavs held ihe view that a serious F iroilyeait regional policy is tit
-sillial feature of a p'olicy for Ei lipe.
lostever, to date thiece has iiot Itteit a itn sci-intis Isutropeall regioimal ol) icy of this kihdX. What wC i1s- call regiital policy is a liiitetd proceCs of finaticial adjiust- iilellt vilhtitit at gcnuliie political coiucc-ptlaln fmii,tdillioni antd is there. fiore qlile inadequalte. No, I cannitot Contlraict your diigitosis. l,ut I would say tIhat IhCe teatnicilt nitist bc a regional policy that represetnts a dletermined attenipt to sectire eql iahlily ttf opportunitity.
Itave we rgot tile wrong people ill BIrussels ? Yo'iu once descrilietl tbe foreigit iltiltisters ass tercllically in- coi-plet cot uttid thte Etrpetran civil servaints as plolitically incomttpetenit andl ca lled imtstead ft,r thlc appoint. nient o,f nministers for Europe. Do yoll expect that t great change wouldo coite frotit this ?
Mi givat cia itge. Buit I believe onganlliacid ctordintiont wihill tite naitional;l govXernmentils andliiigii level piiilitical represetaitnioti it 1rui l s-atdIid I Iteanil nitiforit represcit n I n Btlussels-to be two crucial matlles. Somvrltittg stranlge hiah Iihppenied witliitt titc It-cilsels institution. A great oaltny minitlers, the nittisters of agr ictil- ttit e first of all, tave discovereil that theyv call ItSe the iticetitgs of the Coutiicil of Mintisters t,o exert pressit re ott tieir natiottal goverii- tItiCIts. vtparticulirly nit tlieitr ntiltitllal filaljlce tilltistels.
I do titit wish to ttike the side of tite fititiice ttiit histers here. I believ-c thalt the fitianice ntiisters liave to -nIle extetit plavye alt :111i. fiirtilita te role in tlie hhistiory of PFlluipeati developtentit and thtat tietc hIave beeni pintits at vhiicli tlhe s1-ldi havle beetn rendiitded citletl tlilole forcibly oif thteil- 1`ti.o peain respott1sibililics. Buit I believe
that oit form, representation in the Cotncil of Ministci-s anid a coor. dinating ftiinctioni at home could be useful.
Vhat priority has defence policy in ttic nicw or second Euirope announced by you ?
Could I first just say this about tilc tew or second Europe, mciely to clarify the concepts- in my ter m, the first Europe was the Europe of the cuistonis uniion. WVhat I olice calledl the seconid Euirope is hresicatly a tranlisitiotial phase, an in- termediate stage, a phase in which therc are a wealth of methods of cooperation, the Europeanl Sciciice Forunitdation, the currenicy sniake,
aind so ou.
Ilave we not been talking of a transitional phase in the European Coniminity for 20 years?
I do rlit disagree, but at thc nmonlent I ant noit talking about the European Cotniruntity. Trie Euro- peatn Conmiunity is oiily a part of the secotud Europe. I say this ticerely to clarify the concepts. It is important for tirc core of .our qutestioni. Now to defetice policy. It is my opi nioti that the devehopmimnt of thie Eulro-grouip in Naito is a goeni idea. I'lic Eurropeant rnenibenrs of Nato liave certain cotinioti itn- terests.
It is also my opinion that there canl be even stronger cooperationi in this field. I believe that a com- mon foreign policy of the Euro- pean Community is unthinkable vithout certain aspects of a com- mitot defence policy. A complete comimnton European defence policy wvithinl the framework of the Euro- pean Community may be desirable, but it is out of the question for a lotig tinie.
You once coined the phrase 'ithe zero-sutm nmentality "", referring to the inability to draw any benefit front the processes of social policy. Htas this mentality now infected Ihc Communities?
To a certain extent, yes. The zero-stim mentality is the belief that one person can only gain wvhat attotlier persont loses, tlat it is not possible for all to benefit from cooperation and joint activity.
The German Federal Government maintains that it bas too often been the loser in the European Community.
That is an assertion by Bonn whicit has only been made by some people in Bonn and of wlhichi those wvho have made it still owe us a pr oof.
The phrase ""the paymaster of Eulrope "" has been itsed in Bonn.
I have heard the word ""pavmas. ter"" used and I cosisider it one of the imiore titifortunate expressions to have conic out of Botin in con- ItCXionI with Europe, because if aitiyonie has beniefited ftom niem. bership of the European Comnrerutity, bothi tangibly and in- tantgibly, thenl it has becn the Fed- eral Repttblic.
You have buried the buireaucratic Furope and called for a political Elurope. Wouild this not be the time to call for a more human Europe?
That is onie of those questions to vhicil it is all too easy to answer ""yes"". Of course there is a need to interest people in Europe rather titore directiv in matters European, by doitig somethiig for thenm directly il Ettrope. Btit we should beware of illusory ideas here. There are things that ciain be done, for exaniple tthe common passport, still easier mobility within Western Euirope. There ar e other thinigs which I do nlot tiecessarilv think shunild be done at the European level.
For example?
I do not think, for example, that a European social policy embracitig all spheres of social life is necess- ary. For the member states rightly place thc eniphasis differently in their social policies. Why should this be disregarded ? So I am in favour of a more human Europe but I think thtat Eutrope is most htinan when it also respects its differences.
As a European Commissioner you
worked at the centre of European politics. Ilow does Brussels now look when seen from outside?
I must first make a personal observation: Brussels is one of those capitals and the European Community is onie of those institu- tions of which it can be said that when one is in them one is at the centre of everything and when one is no longer in them one is out of everything. There is really no European political culture. There is
o group of European politicians who, so to speak, remain naturally part of the Brussels atmosphere, even wvhen they are no longer working there. That is why Brus- sels seems almost strange to me now, not because I wish it but because Brussels is organized in that way.
You once sharply criticized the European Community under the pseudonym Wieland Europa. Why Wieland* exactly ? Did you feel yourself a prisoner in Brussels? Was your criticism an act of revenge and your departure from Brussels a kind of flight with self- forged wings?
The pseudonym was not invented by me. That was the time when someoie writing under the pseu- donym Wielanid Deutsch had made some interesting comments about German Ostpolitik in a periodical and to that extent it was topical.
These comments were made in 1971 and I left Brussels in autumn, 1974. So there is no connexion be- tween the two things.
WVould voui still write that article today?
Not on all points, no. One grows older, one learns, and besides I made some statements which I would say today were superflious and groundless in that form. But in essenice I would say the same thing now anid indeed I have already said the same timing to you in this initer- views.
May I ask you to make a forecast: how will the Community look in 1980? More stable, more united, more logical; or will it be seen as a prosperity club which foundered when tested by a crisis?
I see the years up to 1980 as years ill wimici, there will be a dozen or more developments in eniergy, science, defence, foreign policy cooperationi, and other areas which will not at first appear to strengtheni the Community directly. Some of them, the currency snake for example, or the energy con- ference, may even appear to weaken the Community temporar- ily.
But I am convinced that in 1980, or at any rate at some point about that date, the time will come when it will be possible to look at what has been achieved in Europe and say: good, we have now developed cooperation in a key area in
The old leaders: Herr Brandt, Mr Biesheuvel, President Pompidou, Mr
Heath and Signor Andre-' otti at a meeting in 1972.
Europe to the point where the transformation of our cooperation into a European union really makes sense. And then the institutions will be created which will consti- tute the European union. Some time between 1980 and 1985 this will happen, I am firmly convinced. That would then be the start of the second Europe ?
No, that would be the third Europe. The second Europe is the intermediate phase in which practi- cal progress is made but before this progress has yet found its fixed form institutionally. It is the third Europe, that is to say the European union, that I really want.
Fritz Wirth
Die Welt lVierand is a figure from Gerrnan folklore. He was kept prisoner by King Nidud, who detained him by cutting his tendons. WA'ieland avenged himself by killing Nidud's sons. He finzally escaped with the aid of wings which he had forged himnself.
EUROPE U I,U
EUROPA
Editorial Pierre Drouin, Jacqueline Grapin, Le Monde; Piero de Garza- rolli, Carlo Sartori, La Stampa; John Greig, David Spanier. The Times; Fritz Wirth, Elmar Biebl, Die Welt.
Editorial Coordinator: John Greig.
Commercial: Michel Gerard, Le Monde; Riccardo di Corato, La Stampa; Garry Thorne. The Times; Dietrich Windberg. Die Welt.
Commercial Coordinator: Garry Thorne.
© Times Newspapers.";"December 2, 1975";"";59567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The second Europe: facing reality";""
"['From Our Special Correspondents']";"['News']";"The Geneva conference opened yesterday with conciliatory speeches by the four heads of Govermment.
President Eisenhower said it was time that all curtains, whether of guns or bricks or regulations, should begin to come down, and Sir Anthony Eden proposed:-
(i) A security pact between the four Powers and Germany; (ii) discussion of the total forces to be maintained in Germany and by her neighbours, without prejudice to other disarmament discussions;
(iii) a demilitarized area between east and west.
Marshal Bulganin suggested ways to lessen tension and adhered to the Soviet view that German reunification must come within the framework of a European collective security pact.
GERMA1NY THE
HUB
FOUR POWERS'
APPROACH
From Our Special Correspondents
GENEVA, JuLy 18
The conference opened to-day in an atmosphere of friendliness. At the end of the day Marshal Bulganin, at a din- ner given by President Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles, said the conference had got off to a good start. This was confirmed afterwards by Americans who were present at the dinner. It does not mean, however, that the conference can pro- duce any quick results or do more than was hoped of it originally-to set in train further negotiations on agreed subjects.
At the two sessions at the Palais des Nations to-day both sides stated their public positions in conciliatory terms. Most of the suggestions for study on the western side came from Sir Anthony Eden, who proposed as an illustration of what might be considered, a security pact between the United States, Britain, France, Russia, and a united Germany; a freezing of armament levels ""on each side in Germany and the countries neighbouring Germany""; and a demilitarized area between east and west.
Marshal Bulganin made clear the Soviet Government's desire for a detente. He seemed to make equally clear, however, the Russians' determination to maintain the divi- sion of Germany, when he stuck.to the Soviet theme of an all-European security pact. He spoke of two stages before its fulfilment. Evidently the Soviet Union hopcs for the present for a freezing of forces on either side, with Germany divided between N.A.T.O. and the "" eastern N.A.T.O.,"" and for a period to follow this in which the Soviet Union (an win over German opinion itself with the promise of unification if Germany abandons N.A.T.O.
SOVIET CONCESSION
Marshal Bulganin made one concession for which President Eisenhower had already appealed. He offered to contribute fission- able material to the proposed international atomic energy agency, but he matched this by proposing that as a step towards reducing forces the troops to be withdrawn from Austria should be demobilized. This really means that the Soviet Government wishes to prevent United States troops now in Austria from being stationed in Italy.
The impression is growing here that the real leader of the Russian delegation is Mr. Khrushchev. It was icarnt to-day that after the dinner given by the Fre.:ch delega- tion to the Russians last night Mr. Khrushchev did almost all the talking on the Russian side. This evening it was noticeable that President Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles were described as co-hosts. This in practice meant that Mr. Khrushchev, who was on Xr. Dulles's right, was given equal precedence with Marshal Bulganin.
The conference is taking place at two levels. At the first, statements are made for publication, as this morning. These indicate the broad wishes of either side, but naturaUy give no detailed or final bargaining positions. At the second the conference is being conducted over the dinner table or in conversations between a few delegates in villas up and down the Lake of Geneva. The public relations side of conferences, whicb used to be rudimentary, has now 'been re- duced to a fine art. Careful preparations have been made for the issue of the public statements and for Prcss conferences about them. This has the advantage of enabling the real negotiations to take place in secrecy.
President Eisenhower opened his statement to the conference witY& a note of warning. They could not expect, in "" the few hours of a few days,"" to solve all the problems of all the world. They could, perhaps, create a new spirit, and take "" the first steps on a new road to a just and durable peace."" He expressed his confidence that, if things went well, the Foreign Ministers would be able "" to carry on from where we leave off.""
END OF "" CURTAINS ""
The "" new approach "" could not be found merely in talking in terms of obstructions and generalities. The President detailed some of the concrete problems for discus- sion, putting first the unification of Germany and the formation of an all-German Govern- ment based on free elections. Next was the restoration of sovereign rights and self- Government to certain peoples of eastern Europe.
In a striking passage the President said that the American people wanted to be friends with the Soviet people. "" It is time that all curtains, whether of guns or laws or regulations, should begin to come down."" He turned next to the problem of inter- national Communism, the activities of which had disturbed relations between other nations and the Soviet Union for 38 years. The distrust created by the support of such activities could not be ignored.
Finally, there was the overriding problem of armaments. Limitation might best be approached by seeking as a first step depend- able ways to supervise and inspect military establishments, so that "" there can be no frightful surprises."" The President pointed out how the present burden of armaments not only deprived their own peoples of higher living standards but also denied the peoples of underdeveloped areas resources which would improve their lot.
HINT TO RUSSIANS
The President ended by saying that he believed that the international climate would be improved if the Soviet Union contributed part of its stock of fissionable material to a ' world bank ""-a proposal he first made in December, 1953. The purpose of such a bank would be in steadily increasing measure "" to substitute cooperation in human welfare for competition in means of human destruction.""
M. Faure set out to show that the end of the cold war depended on a solution of the German problem. That in turn depended on the problem of European security. Security was linked with disarmament, and disarmament would be facilitated by the adoption of his plan for devoting money saved on armaments to the development of backward areas. He hoped that the con- ference might decide in principle that casier
contacts should be established between eastern and western Europe. But the ideological division of Europe was less serious than the brutal fact of the partition of Germany.
All were agreed that she must be reunified, and he felt that the procedure for doing so need not really be so difficult. Neutraliza- tion of Germany would impose an unfair limitation on German sovereignty, and would create a dangerous power vacuum in central Europe. But he realized that Russia might feel uneasy if Germany were reuni- fied and brought into N.A.T.O. and Western European Union, and he besought the con- ference to look at this problem from the Russian point of view. At the same time he reiterated the defensive character of the Paris treaties. He sketched a plan for a European security system which Germany could join. It was evident that his ideas on this matter would need elaboration round the conference table.
M. Faure proposed the creation of an international economic organization which would exploit the "" positive "" rather than the negative side of disarmament by devoting the money saved on armaments to the development of backward areas. This would help to ensure control of disarmament; it would also provide automatically for sanc- tions, for any Power rearming above the agreed level would have to pay for this in addition to its contribution to the fund. The system would provide some guarantee against economic recession, and would divert public opinion from a sense of insecurity.
UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY
Sir Anthony Eden recalled the unparaUeled opportunity for good or ill which confronted the conference. As they were reviewing their problems in the context of Europe, he too spoke of Germany as the chief prob- lem, and of the essential need for her uni- fication; he appealed to the Russians to relax physical restrictions between eastern and western Germany.
The Prime Minister in effect acknowledged without justifying Soviet anxieties about a rearmed, united Germany, which had not, been allayed at the Berlin conference, and after pointing to the good progress made recently towards disarmament, he spoke of the urgent problem of making a start in reducing tension bbr seeking effective ways to control armaments.
Then came his "" inter-related proposals,"" partly actions and partly assurances, aimed at allaying Soviet fears and making a practi- cal experiment in the operative control of armaments. He proposed:-
(i) A security pact to be negotiated between the four Powers and Germany;
(ii) discussions on the total forces to be maintained in Germany and by her neighbours, under reciprocal control, supervised by the four Powers and Germany without prejudice to further progress on disarmament generally;
(iii) a demilitarized area between east and west.
Sir Anthony Eden put forward these sug- gestions as offeringreal security and providing an area in Europe which might be an example and might "" extend outwards from the centre to the periphery.""
The proposals, it will be noted, have changed from those of the Prime Minister's recent speech to the English Speaking Union, when he spoke of a West European Union area of arms control perhaps spreading east- watds. The idea of a nucleus area of security which could be extended and therefore give hope for the future remains part of the Bnttsh concept.
PERSONAL CONTACT
The Prime Minister expressed hope for greater freedom and exchange of contacts between east and west before he returned to the central necessity of reunifying Germany. The British proposals were no complete plan. The success of the conference would depend on whether or not they could make a practical start in negotiations on Germany.
Marshal Bulganin made a statement of some 3,000 words which was friendly and conciliatory in tone, without revealing much change in known Soviet policy. He said he was glad of the opportunity to make personal contact with the heads of the other three Governments, and hoped the conference would be fruitful.
There were "" urgent issues "" dividing them, but these merely made it all the more important to consider the current situation in earnest. He welcomed the President's statement on the American people's desire to be friends with the Russians, and agreed on the need to lift artificial restrictions between the two peoples.
Marshal Bulganin made it quite clear, however, that the Soviet delegation was not prepared to discuss the activities of inter- national Communism, or the regimes in the satellite States. He also made an attack on the strategic goods embargo. The vital question of Germany he dismissed in a few sentences towards the end, merely saying that the creation of a European security system would help to settle the problem of unification, which at present was held up by the entry of west Germany into N.A.T.O.
IN TWO STAGES
He dwelt at much greater length on a col- lective security system for Europe, which he suggested could be established in two stages: during the first period countries would retain their existing military obligations, but agree not to increase their forces on foreign soil; this would be followed by the melting away of the Atlantic and Warsaw treaties and Western European Union, and their-replace- ment by an all-European system.
The Far East was mentioned only in the most obvious terms, with the usual refer- ences to China's rights to Formosa and membership of the United Nations. On disarmament, Marshal Bulganin urged that now Russia had agreed to the western pro- posals on the levels of armed forces, the west should agree, in turn, to the Soviet suggestion for the prohibition of atomic weapons.
The Russian arrival at the Palais des Nations to-day was in marked contrast to that of Mr. Molotov at the Asian confer- ence here last year. On that occasion the Soviet Foreign Minister arrived in a closed, bullet-proof car, and hurried into the build- ing, heavily shielded by bodyguards. To-day Marshal Bulganin and his colleagues arrived in open saloon cars. They seemed in no hurry to enter the building, but stood talking and joking for a while with few apparent signs of a bodyguard.
Extended reports of the speeches of. President Eisenhower, M. Faure, Sir Anthony Eden, and Marshal Bulganin are on page 7. Picture on page 16.";"July 19, 1955";"";53276;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"East And West Present Their Plans";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"A crucial vote on the London and Paris agreements in the French National Assembly-which concerns Western European Union- was last night postponed until this afternoon after opponents of the agree- ments had successfully raised a question of procedure.
On the insistence of M. Mendes-France the Assembly voted on the second question of confidence, notably concerning the admission of Germany to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which the Government won by 287 votes to 256, a majority of 31.
PREMIER BACKED
BY SOCIALISTS
GERMANY IN N.A.T.O.
APPROVED
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEc. 29
The National Assembly's long and impatiently awaited final decision on the London and Paris agreements was post- poned for a further 24 hours to-night. as the result of last-minute procedural objections raised by opponents of the agreements in the course of the session.
Under the Assembly's order of busi- ness, the first question of confidence which was to have been voted on was that on the new Bill ratifying the agreements on Western European Union and the arma- ments control organization. This was the Bill replacing the article of the original text rejected by the Assembly last Friday.
The announcement by M. Ldon Noel (Gaullist) that he withdrew a minor amendment which had been accepted by the Government and included in the ques- tion of confidence however provided Communist and other opponents of the agreements with a pretext for claiming that the entire question of confidence was thereby invalidated; an argument which the bureau of the Assembly later decided had just sufficient substance to make a further delay of 24 hours' reflection advisable.
MAJORITY OF 31
The vote on the question was therefore fixed anew for 5 p.m. to-morrow, just over 24 hours from the announcement by M. Noel of the withdrawal of his amend- ment. At the strenuous insistence of M. Mendes-France the Assembly did resolve to proceed straight away to a vote on the second question of confidence, tabled on the various articles and amendments adopted separately by the Assembly yesterday. This was carried by 287 votes to 256, a majority of 31, the Assembly thereby finally approving, notably, the entry of western Germanty into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Even apart from these attempts at obstruction, to-day's session had got away to a slow start. Profiting by one of the most abused features of French parlia- mentary procedure, under which every deputy is entitled before a division briefly to address the Assembly "" in explanation of his vote,"" an unending stream of speakers this afternoon succeeded one another at the rostrum.
SOCIALIST SUPPORT
This procedure, however, permitted a note- worthy speech by M. Mollet, the secretary- general of the Socialist Party, in which he assured the Prime Minister of his party's support. The Socialists, he said, were pro- foundly disturbed at the thought of German rearmament. Why, then, was it that they were engaged on this policy rather than a policy of disarmament ? Why was it that the United States and Britain, the leaders of the peace- loving nations, and all their Atlantic allies, insisted on the need for it ?
The reason was Russian policy since 1945; alone of the wartime allies she had failed to demobilize, and had taken advantage of this to destroy the liberty of "" a fantastic number of people.""
To supporters of the European Defence Community who were tempted to say to their opponents: "" You rejected E.D.C.; it is for you to vote for the alternative "" his reply was to remind them that the majority which rejected the E.D.C. treaty had included Ihe Communists.
The Socialists were as anxious for negotia- tions as anyone, but they believed in the neces- sity for a ""double combat,"" by which the organization of western security and the search for coexistence and disarmament should be pursued simultaneously. This was the view which had becn adopted by the great majority at the recent conference of the Socialist International.
It was true that they were in deep dis- agreement on this with the German Social
'Democrats. The German party had been re- formed under difficult circumstances, and was led by men whose sufferings had earned their respect; but it was preoccupied above all by the national problem of German reunification.
The question of the moment, however, was not unification, but the defence of freedom. The French Socialists would vote in the coming division for M. Mendes-France, whom they had always supported in the past; but they would have voted for the present agree- ments whatever Government had proposed them in order that France should retain her voice in the free world.
M. HERRIOT'S APPEAL
Earlier in the session M. Herriot had made a final appeal to the Assembly not to ratify the agreements. To-day France was free to negotiate with Russia, he said; to-morrow she would be obliged to seek German consent. Ten years ago they had signed a treaty under- taking never to join in an alliance against the Soviet Union; all his life he had fought for the respect of treaties, and, he could not reconcile with his conscience what they were now being asked to do.
In an effort to demonstrate the agreement of both supporters and opponents of the Paris agreements on the fundamentals of French policy, some 20 deputies on both sides, belong- ing to all parties except the Communists, have put forward a resolution which they want to be put to the vote at the end of the debate.
It says: "" The National Assembly wishes to reaffirm its unshakable attachment to the fundamental and indivisible principles of French policy, which no difference of opinion on methods should put in doubt: (i) the maintenance of the solidarity of the members of the Atlantic community, the foundation of their securityt (i) the reinforcement of the cohesion of western Europe, whose progres- sive unification is a factor of progress and peace; (iii) the untiring search for an inter- national de'tente by means of diplomatic nego- tiations and, when sufficiently prepared, by a four-Power conference. The Assembly renews its resolve to spare no effort for the inauguration of a final peace between all nations, assured by the simultaneous and con- trolled reduction of armaments.""
VOTE WELCOMED IN
LONDON
FRESH HOPES AROUSED
BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The vote of the National Assembly came too late last night for official comment, but the result, so far as it goes, is welcomed naturally at the Foreign Office, even if the welcome can only as yet be qualified.
Confidence in the responsibility of the Chamber was badly shaken last week by the unexpected-it seemed frivolous-rejection of the Paris agreements, but there were many here who believed that the Chamber would somehow "" pull itself out of the hole."" This belief seems some way, if only a little way, towards being justified, and if it is there will be nothing but a warm welcome for that fact.
It was pointed out yesterday, however, that some French deputies still apparently believed that if the Paris agreements were now rejected a further four-Power conference would yet be possible. It cannot be over-emphasized that this is the purest illusion. The unusually out- spoken British statement of December 23 should have left no doubts on that score. Rejection of the agreements would in fact be followed without delay by bilateral consulta- tions between the United States and British Governments.
Whatever the result-and there are increas- ing hopes that it will be favourable-the pro- longed struggle in the Chamber has meanwhile had one clear effect upon official opinion here-in rehabilitating the respect felt for the determination and skill of M. Mendes-France. The French Prime Minister has always been an enigmatic figure and is likely to remain so. Contrary to expectations, which some thought had been unduly stimulated,heseemed to many to have killed E.D.C. by failing to put his full weight behind it. Now, having defended the Paris agreements as the best obtainable for France, he has stuck steadily to his guns. He has indeed indicated to right-wing opponents that while ratification is being completed, talks with the Russian Government can be carried on by way of "" parallelism,"" but his tenacity in support of the present Bills before the Chamber leaves no doubt that maintenance of the western alliance is the cornerstone of his policy.";"December 30, 1954";"";53126;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Assembly's Final Decision To-Day";""
"['Pierre Drouin']";"['News']";"Europe is a bore. Why ? Because for. years it has been chising its tail, pre- occupied with its butter, its sugar, its wheat prices,- its wine, its member states' obsessive vigilance against pos- sible encroachments upon their. rights by their fellow members, and because it occupies itself in generating vast quantities of paper which' contribute not a whit to -the construction of the Community edifice.
The imbalances are becoming more pronounced. West Germany's annual rate of inflation is moving towards 3 per cent,' Italy's towards .20 per cent. The range of growth rates is growing wider, from a projected 4 per cent in 1977 for West Germany to 0 per cent for Italy. The combined balance of payments surplus of West Germany and Benelux is likely to. be about $7,500m, while the five other countries promise to show a deficit in excess of $7,000m. With unemployment, the pro- jected average for West Germany is 950,000 against 1:,500,000 for Britain.
What do the citizens of what is becoming such an ill-assorted union think of the relationship between so many fine speeches and the realities of a disjointed Community ? Certainly that there is something rotten in the state of Europe.
The Old World was to have played the role of honest broker between the big two, having 30 years ago wearied *of the charms of power-seeking. But, things being as they are, one should hardly be surprised if it finds no lines to speak or hesitates to take any initia- tive until the United States has stated its position.
Since it is clearly incapable, for the time being at least, of taking its place in the international policy-making centres which count, would it be too much to expect Europe to give back a little more human warmth to its peoples, to teach them to communicate more effectively, take a collective in- terest in the issues of greatest concern to them in their daily lives ?
Many of the supporters of direct election to the, European Parliament by universal suffrage believe that they provide a fine opportunity for lending- colour to Europe and releasing it from its technocratic matrix. Why ? Simply because the electoral campaign will be played out, not at the level of a supra- national abstraction, not on the func- tionaries' stamping ground in Brussels, but in the living regions of the Old World.
This development is consistent with today's trend in favour of decentraliza- tion of decision-making and a return to the.regions which have been forced into the background by the industrial civilization.
The individual, like Europe, is look- ing for his identity in the labyrinth of functions which the division of labour,
the comnpartmentalization of life, and urban constraints have eventually lim. posed upon him.
Today, coherence is only to be found in organization, that is in bureaucracy. tC I seek a man "", said Diogenes, hold. ing aloft, a lighted lantern in broad daylight. Today's Diogenes.seeks the "" European citizen "" but with no more success.
,The strength of the ecologists' and regionalists' movements lies in their rebellion against the technocratic homogenization of individuals. The aim must be' to channel these new currents, rather than! allow them to degenerate into folklore fads or. develop into irresistible and unaccept- able centrifugal forces. Could not the European Parliament offer a platform for the expression of the 'regional cultures which have received scant support from our nations hitherto ?
In a report, The Regions and Europe, commissioned by the Euro- pean Community, Signor Riccardo Petrella asks whether it would not be possible to arrange the. European landscape on a new basis -by rejecting the concept of the centralized super- nation while developing existing creative'potentialities on the basis of basic social structures.
Regional identification, taking the form of the assertion of the right to be different, has been a recurrent theme in Europe's cultural history. As Signor Petrella observes, it has been a guiding force in the development of European societies, counterbalancing the other major force in the history of the con- tinent: the pressure for unification from the centre (social groups, political parties, economic forces, systems of values). The nation-state is not , the be-all and end-all of the historical reality of Europe, nor is it the only important cultural dimension.
Is the rediscovery of the regional dimension compatible with the process of European unification ? It is cer-
tainly true that the regions today are not wh'at they were before the Second Woorld War. To the Sardinians, Cala- brians, Corsicans and so on, the Europe which they knew has now become the Europe of, migration. To a lesser extent; the same applies to the Scots, Welsh, Bretons and Alsatians who have been drawn by economic develop- ment towards their national centres or' farther afield, to other countries.
If European integration continued to develop along the lines of recent years, Europe would sooner or later find itself in open conflict with the most disadvantaged regions, which 'would become pockets of active resistance. Opinion is already divided: for groups of citizens'in Br-ittany, Scotland, Sar- dinia or South-west France, Europe is -a rather negative factor, whereas the prevailing view in the Italian Mezzo- giorno, which has benefited from European'integration, is diametrically opposed.
One of Europe's essential tasks is to avoid the break-up of the Community's territory between opposing regions, which means that it must create-the conditions under which the main regional claims can be met. For years there has been talk of economic regional development in -Europe and the haggling over the appropriation of funds for this purpose has not been forgotten.
IAlas, the cultural dimension has been. neglected and Signor Petrella's report Jas the merit of drawing atten- tion to it, making concrete suggestions for lines of research.
'Man needs roots just as much as he needs mobility, hence the need for a plurality of allegiances, a society iTi the plural in which all sectors of society can participate at their different levels, with equality of opportunity and mutual respect in the continuing task of creating the civitas, with the iegions looking. to. Europe to devise the machinery whereby they will soon be able to make'an active contribution to the building of the Community.
Mr Leo Tindemans, -the Belgian Prime Minister, nWas .right when he said i. a recent interview: "" Man identifies not so much with the wider community as with the small group, which perhaps accounts for regionalization. People
. need to feel at home in a society which does not obliterate the indivi- dual, human personality.""
The Community must acquire the means of gaining a more intimate knowledge of the European citizen in terms of his regional identity. It should draw up a register of public and pri- vate centres and institutes concerned with the study* and promotion of regioeal cultures and languages, going on to promote inter-regional contacts, European holiday courses on various aspects of regional policy and so. on.
Perhaps one of the best chapters in the Tindemans report on the European union is ""A citizen's Europe "". "" The day that Europeans can move about within the union, can communicate among themselves and when necessary receive medical care without national frontiers adding to the problems of distance, European union will become for thenm a discernible reality.""
A discernible reality: this is the key to the vitality of the European ideal. One must entertain no delusions about the difficulty of the venture, even if the Parliament elected by universal suffrage comes into being. Indeed, ciiriously enough, Europe is attracting more and more other states, despite the drab aspect of its bureaucratic uniform.
And when the Nine have been joined by Spain, Portugal, Greece and per- haps Turkey, will not the motley of the regions prevail over the oppressive force of centralization ? At the same time, for those responsible for the administration of such an ill-assorted entity, there will be a strong tempta- tion to concentrate on the Community functionary and forget the European citizen.
Pierre Drouin";"June 7, 1977";"";60023;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Return to the regions gives the individual a chance";""
"";"['News']";"NEW YORK. JAN. 25
The United Nations General Assembly observed a minute's silence in tribute to Sir Winston Churchill today, and adjourned until this afternoon as a mark of respect. Mr. Alex Quaison-Sackey, the Ghanaian president of the Assem- bly, announced a special meeting for Wednesday to hear eulogies of Sir Winston.
Mr. Quaison-Sackey described him as the greatest statesman of our century. He spoke of ""this mighty man of the century "", and said: ""He lives through his noble deeds, his monumental writ- ings and his eloquent speeches.""
U Thant, the Secretary-General, acknow- ledged Sir Winston's role as a ""founding father"" of the United Nations and said:
He was one of a the great men of this or any other age.""
ADVOCATE OF U:NION
PARIS-The North Atlantic Council, with the flags of the 15 allies at half-mast, met in homage to Sir Winston, who was described by Signor Manlio Brosio, the Seoretary-General, as the precursor of the Atlantic alliance and the whole movement towards European reconciliation. "" I hope we shaU be worthy of the heritage he has left us,"", he said.
Messages of sympathy were sent to the Queen by M. Rene Maheu, Director- General of Unesco, and to Mr. Wilson by Professor Carlo Schmid, president of the Western European Union. Professor Schmid wrote that Sir Winston's advo- cacy of European union was a forcible reminder that Britain was an essen.tial part of Europe.
French tributes bespoke an almost per- sonal loss, felt especially by those who heard his assurances during the war that France would be free again. A sensitive appreciati.on in Le Monde by M. Mendes- France, the former Prime Minister, said that no British statesman in history had been mourned n France so deeply.
STRASBOURG.-The Assembly of the Council of Europe adjourned its meeting for a short time in tribute. Speaking of Sir Winston's efforts to unite Europe, M. Pierre Pflinmlin, the president, said that it was he who had first envisaged the creation of the Council of Europe in 1943 and had later become one of its founders. He had also been the first to call for ""the united states of Europe"" in 1946.
OTTAWA.-Mr. Alan MacNaughton. the Speatker of the Ganadian House of Commons. sent a message of sympathy to Sir Harry Hylton-Foster, the Speaker of the House in London. Members of the Toronto Stock Exchange observed a two-minute silence.
MOSCOW.-Mr. Vasily Kuznctsov, the First Deputy Foreign Minister, signed a book of condolences at the British Embassy. A three-line announcement of Sir Winston's death appeared in Pravda, the only Soviet newspaper published on Mon- day: it was accompanied by the full text of the messages from Mr. Kosygin, the Prime Minister, to Lady Churchill and to Mr. Harold Wilson.
AMMAN.-In a message to the Queen. King Husain of Jordan saia: ""The ideal leadership, courage. and sacrifice of the late Sir Winston Churchill, who is con- sidered one of the greatest men of our
century, will remain immortal."" In a message to Lady Churchill he said that the hearts of millions throughout the world shared her grief.
TRIPOLI.-King Idris of Libya said in a message to the Queen that Sir Winston was a great and unique personality. "" In him we have lost a dear friend who honoured his pledge and promise."" Libya greatly appreciated his assistance in the creation of the Senussi Army at a time when helpers were few.
EMPEROR'S MESSAGE
TOKYO,-Ernperor Hirohito of Japan sent a message of sympathy to the Queen.
CAIRO.-In a messageto Lady Churohill President Nasser of the United Arab Republic described Sir Winston as one of the greatest men of the era.
KARACHI.-President Ayub Khen of Pakistan said: "" With his paSsing away the world has lost the one great statesman of the century.""
BLANTYRE.-The Malawi Parliament observed a one-minute silence and Dr. Hastings Banda., the Prime Minister. de- claimed Sir Winston's "" finest hour "" speech to the House.
WARSAW.-Mr. Cyrankiewicz, the Polish Prime Minister, visited the British Embassy and personally expressed sympathy to Sir George Clutton, the Ambassador.
NEW YORK.-Mr. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the late President Kennedy and American Ambassador to Britain from 1937 to 1940. said in a statement: "" When things looked blackest in May, 1940, I realized that affairs in Great Britain were in the hands of England's most dynamic indivi- dual . . . Churchill revealed a new type of bravery-English bravery.""
Mr. Bernard Baruch, the financier, said: ""I have lost a cherished friend, Britain has lost her most luminous son, free men everywhere have lost their champion.""
LEGEND IN HIS LIFE
PRETORIA.-The acting Mayor of Pretoria said: "" Winston Churchill was the last great Englishman who played a role in Pretoria in the troublesome but stirring yCars 1899-1902. For us in Pretoria Churchill in his lifetime became a legend.""
LEOPOLDVILE. - Mr. Moise Tshombe, the Congolese Prime Minister, said in a message to the British Govern- ment: "" In the eyes of the world Sir Winston Churohill remained a great man for more than half a century. The truest qualities and the example of Sir Winston will inspire the advancement of all peoples who are fighting the hard battles of liberty.""
BUENOS AIRES.-Saturday has been declared a day of national mourning. President lIlia and members of the Argen- tine Government will attend memorial services.
LIMA.-Peru will observe a day of mounning on Saturdav.
BRASILIA.-President Castello Branco of Brazil decreed three days national mourning and described Sir Winston's death as ""an irreparable loss to humanity.
ATHENS.-The Greek Parliament un,animously approved a resolution offer- ing the House of Commons condOlences for the loss of Sir Winston. Even the extreme left wing joined in the universal praise for him. ""In spite of our past differences"", said the spokesman. for the pro-communist E.D.A. Party, "" we acknow- ledge him as the leader of the anti-fascist
orusade which led the allies to victory in the last wart.'
JERUSALEM,-Mr. Levi Eshkol, the Prime Minister, spoke in the Knesset of the special Jewish debt to Sir Winston. who had repeatedly expressed his indignation at anti-Semitic persecution and anti-Jewish discrimination whether in Tzarist Russia or razi German>,.
PRAGUE.-Czechoslovak newspapers paid tribute to Sir Winston for his oppo- sition to the Munich agreement and his war leadership in spite of his anti-communist beliefs. Rude Pravo said: ""Churchill's greatness lies in that he was able, at cer- tain periods of his life, to see beyond his own class.""
PEKING.-The Chinese Communist Party newspaper Peoples Daily reported the death of Sir Winston, described simply as a former Prime Minister of Britain. in one brief paragraph near the bottom of the back page.
N. ZEALAND PRAISE
FOR LEADERSHIP
Mr. Keith Holyoake, the Prime Mini- ster of New Zealand, has sent a message to Lady Churchill saying that all New Zealand is moved by feelings of most profound sorrow and regret at the pass- ing of Sir Winston.
""Sir Winston was an illustrious, loved Englishman, one of our greatest parliamen- tarians and a pre-eminent world statesman. His services to his country and his people have added a glorious page to history.
"" We in this country today pay tribute to the memory of the man who so magnifi- cently led his country and the Common- wealth through its gravest peril.""
President Kaunda of Zambia said in a message to Lady Churchill: ""Sir Winston Churchill never wavered in his fight for freedom and justice and we will remember particularly his inspiring leadership during the war and his outstanding service as a parliamentarian.
"" He won a place in. our hearts. We feel his death as a personal loss and join with millions of other peace-loving people all over the world to mourn his death.""
Dr. Eric Williams, the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, said: ""Britain has lost one of her greatest patriots whose leadership during her darkest days will never be forgotten.""
Sir Alexander Bustaamante, the Prime Minister of Jamaica, said in a message to Mr. Wilson: "" The end has come of a great man. His memory will linger in the hearts of many for a very long time, perhaps for ever. May his soul enjoy everlasting peace.""";"January 26, 1965";"";56229;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Minute's Silence Observed By U.N. Assembly";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"A COLLECTION of new poemns, which are said to have been written by Yuli Daniel in a Moscow prison before, during and just after the famous Daniel-Sinjavski trial, has appeared in the west at an awkward -moment for the Russian writer who is serving the five-year sentence imposWd at the trial in 196b.
There are fears that the Russians are planning to extend the sen- tence; and according to the letter from Daniel's 18-year-old son. Alexander. which The Times pub- lished on Saturday, his father's transfer to the notorious Vladi- mirov prison would appear to indicate that such-a move is afoot. The publication in the west of the poems could provide the Soviet authorities with a pretext
Twenty-one of the poems have been translated into English by David Burg, the Russian emigre commentator on Soviet affairs. and poet Adrian Mitchell. and were to have 'been published in May by Jonathan Cape under the title. Prison Poems. But Cape have now decided not to publish the poems because 16 of them have appeared in the left-wing Italian magazine. Espresso, and seven have since been included in a slim En,glish volume, Next Wave Poets.
As with all literary material smuggled out of Russia. the ques- tion of authenticity inevitably arises. K.G.B. agents are known in the past to have planted forged writings in the west to incriminate Soviet authors. Ed Victor, of Cape. denies that the book was withdrawn through doubts about its authorship.
""We wanted to publish these poems exclusively. But with an Italian translation already in print, there could have been any number of English versions by the time our book came out"", he says. ""There was an escapeclause in the contract allowing us to withdraw if the poems were published previously, and this is what we have done. It was just one of those things that didn't work out.""
The poems came west in a mime- ographed copy which Burg obtained. Burg (who is believed to be in Cey- lon) declined to reveal his source
to Cape or to his agent, Deborah Rogers. "" We had the poems checked by an expert and in his c'pinion they were probably authentic ""', says Victor. ""Never theless we intended to publish some sort of disclaimer.""
In Next Wave Poets, a foreword points out that the poems are only attributed to Daniel, althoueh Desmond Hertzberg, the book's 22- year-old publisher, says he is fairly confident of their authorship-'- I talked to professor Max Hayward [translator of Dr. Zh,ivago and other Russian works] about them.""
Small beer
IF the brewers are worried by the National Council on Alcoholism's report that the disease may cost the country £250m. a year. their anxiety does not find much finan- cial expression.
The Council, whose staff con- sists of Colonel Peter Perfect and a secretary (""we both lick stamps and she makes the tea '"" just about breaks even at £7,000 a year, in- cluding their salaries. Te Brewers' Society, representing the whole industry, contributes £500 a year; the Brewers' Company (represent- ing the London finns) gave a like sum two years ago for one of the Council's regional centres. but last year reduced its grant to £100.
Colonel Perfect, who stresses that be is grateful for these sums. adds tbat the Council could also employ a much-needed field worker if it had £10,000 a year. To call this a drop in the keg to the brewers is an overstatement: the Prices and Incomes Board put last year's ""profits available to share- holders"" at f42.5m. Watney's (profit £14.045.000 before tax) con- tributes to the Brewers' Society's munificent grant; so does Whit- bread's (£11.091,000)-about £100. Allied Breweries (£29,500.000)- like Bass Charringtons (£25.657,000)-give oothing: ""We
don't encourage anybody to drink too much.""
The distillers have been more liberal. The Distillers' Company gave £50,000 in 1966 on a 10-year covenant to the Scottish Hospital Endowments Research Trust; and thanks to a private seven-year covenant from a distiller of £1,100 a year the Council can afford £1,600 a year for its new offices.
The tobacco industry cuts a more generous figure. The Tobacco Research Council gives a total of Elm. a year, matched by individual firms. for cancer research.
COOKS-B.E.A. Silver Wings has taken a diplomatic middle-of-the- road stance on the Gibraltar issue. The section on the Rock in its 1970 brochure reads: A sun-drenched bit of Britain in the warm bright Med. with no need to spend youtr cuirrency allowance. Bobbies in familiar helmets, red pillar boxes. corner grocer's shops under the hot Spanish sunshine.... Thze '-onwns are mine, of course.
Habsburg visit
""RIGHT-WING democrat"" or ""democrat with socialist tenden- cies'""? Which title most fits Dr. Otto von Habsburg, eldest son of Austria's last Emperor and vice- President of the Pan-European Union?
There is little doubt which Dr. Habsburg would prefer. While in Londofi. where he has been meet- ing Anglo-European and Anglo- Atlantic representatives, he has been making a point of being seen in the company of Labour politi- cians: among them Sir Geoffrey de Freitas. M.P.. chairman of the Labour Committee for Europe and of the European-Atlantic Group; George Jeger, MI.P.. chairman of the Anglo-Austrian Society. and his host. Robert Flack, prospective Labour candidate for Eastleigh.
Dr. Habsburg has aroused the animosity of some Europeans by his association with the Gaullist views of the president of the Pan- European Union, Count Couden- hove-Kalergi. However, while supporting Coudenhove-Kalergi's plans for a Eutrope des patries. Dr. Habsburg has carefully avoided some of the more nationalistic extravagencies of the former French president.
It is no secret that Dr. Habsburg would like to see Vienna as the eventual capital of a Europe stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals.
CHURCH-GOING students at Jesus College, Oxrford, can now have a longer lie-in on Suindays: Holy Communion is now at 10.15 a.m. instead of the utsual 8 or 8.30 a.m. "" The change is not only de- signed to allow undergraduates to stay in bed longer but also to tie in with the buts timetable"", says the Rev. Denys Whireley, the chaplain. "" First results are defi- nitely encouraging.""
Coach's protest
CARWYN JAMES. Llanelli's highly respected coach. \ ill give the Welsh side their pre-match instructions before today's game against the Springboks. and will then leave Stradey Park. ' I shan't be watching the game"". be says.
""I made up my mind quite early on that I wouldn't watcb the Spring- boks play on the tour.""
James says the D'Oliveira affair brought his opposition to apartheid to the point of protest. ""I had always accepted the view Ted Heath took last week-although its pretty superficial-that politics and sport don't mix. But it hit me when they told us that they would never accept certain peoople, and virtually picked our cricket team for us. What worries me is that the South Africans may refuse to accept Maoris later this year if we play against the Springboks now. Thafs why we must protest.""
James. who is just 40. appears regularly on television and radio. He is Plaid Cymru candidate in Llanelli (where he faces undaunted a 26.000 Labour majority) and last year took part in a Plaid Cymru political broadcast.
He won two Welsh caps during his playing days (as a stand off half), and until recently taught Welsh at Llandovery College, and coached the public schoors suc- cessful XV. He is nDOw a lecturer in the Welsh and drama depart-
ient at Trinity College, Carmar- then. He has coached Llanelli since the close season. and has coached the side for this game. - Lots of people ask why. But. you know, one may be coaching a side for a period of years. and this is only one game in the season-""
PHS";"January 20, 1970";"";57772;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"One of the most surprising paradoxes of Italy's paradoxical political situation is that the country afflicted with chronic governmenit instability - Signor Giovanni Spadolini's prcsent admininistration is thc forty- second since the end of thc Second World War - should somehow manage to play a substantial role in international affairs, and often Make its voice heard effectively both in Washington and in the EEC.
Another is the fact that the weakness of the state has not produced any substantial drift toward political extremism of right or left. or a demand for an authoriiarian regimnc of the French Fifth Republican type.
Perhaps, as a senior diplomat suggested to me. the expla- nation lies in the fact that the art of compromise which they iave to apply continually to the formulation of policy by co- alition governments makes Italian political leaders particu- larly apt at proposing reason- able and acceptable solutions for some of the more tangled international problems of the day.
The role of the honest broker in world affairs, which Britain played in the past from a position of strength, Italy now plays fron a position of apparent weakness, without provoking the same jealousy or resent- ment.
It also combines with the natural Italian instinct for negotiation rather than conflict to produce a foreign policy which carries more weight than that of some larger, richer, more stable and better administered countries in the West.
But there is also a personal faictor. Signor Emilio Colombo. who has been in charge of his country's foreign affairs for more than two years and three successive governments, is de- termined to establish his repu- tation as a world statesman. He travels ceaselessly, cultivates contacts painstakingly in all continents. and shows great resourcefulness in proposing ingenious ways out of hope- lessly deadlocked situations - while careful always not to leavc his country too far out on a limb.
Because Italian govcrnments are based on weak coalitions, he enjoys as foreign ministcr. though flanked bv four state secretaries each belonging to a different party, a freedom of action and initiative which his British and French opposite numbers must envy.
Take Italy's role in thc Middle East. for instance. It illustrates the art of making the best of what at face value are the not very impressive assets of a country nowhere near the front rank. How could the Italian Government allow Mr Yassir
Charles Hargrove
Arafat, the PLO leader, to enjoy a Roman triumph without permanently damaging its re- lations with Israel? Because the small Republican Party, the party of Mazzini and Cattaneo, had considerable influence in their day on the Zionist movement, and remains strong- ly pro-Israeli, as Signor Spadoli- ni, who is its leader, emphasized to me recently.
The Prime Minister did not receive the Palestinian leader himseit but left it to the Foreign Minister, who did so in the Parliament building, and in the context of the Inter-Parliamen- tary Union conference, and not in his office in the Farnesina. The Italian Government hoped by this gesture to assist in the transformation of the P' 0 from a terrorist and military organi- zation into a political one; and to coax its European partners a little further along the path to formal recognition of it.
When Signor Spadolini ex- pressed the fear that the Israeli occupation of west Beirut and the massacres of Sabra and Chatila might unieash a wave of anti-semitism in the West, he spoke with the authority con- ferred on him by his consist- ently pro-Israel stand.
it was a terrible irony that the Jewish community subsequent- ly blamed the welcome given by some Italian leaders, as well as by the Pope, to Yassir Arafat for the bombing of the Rome Synagogue last weekend. Signor Colombo described this, the first major anti-semitic crime on Italian soil since the Second World War. as ""totally foreign to the conscience of our people.""
There is a pardonabie tend- ency in Rome to inflate Italy's role in the Middle East crisis, from the European ""summit""
Italian troops of the multinational peacekeeping force on service in Beirut
and declaration on the Middle East of June, 1980, in Vcnicc, which it claims to have inspired, to its sharc in super- vision of the withdawal from Sinai last April, participation in the tirst multi-national lorce in Beirut, and initiative in the despatch of the second last month.
But the fact remains that Italy has been increasingly active in the area in the past few years,
and managed - unlike France, for instance, - to remain on good terms with all sides, cven Colonel Gadaffi's Libya, its most important trading partner in thc Arab world. This policy is part of the vocation which the Italian Governmcnt regards as properly its own of bringing closcr together all the countries bordering on the Mcditerrancan and of restoring the balanice of power within the European
Community in favour of sou. thern Europc. Hence its support for the early entry of Spain and Portugal into the EEC. even if its political aims are in danger herc of running counter to its economic interest.
Italy thinks - and on the wholc justifiably - that it is also particularly well placed to help mend the fences between Latin America and Wcstern Europe, because of its long-standing
friendship with Britain - de- monstrated at substantial politi- cal and economic cost during the Falklands crisis - and of its blood ties with Argentina, where almost every other inhabitant is of Italian origin, and the Italian colony is more than one million strong.
in Buenos Aires in August. Signor Colombo took pains to point out to the Argentine junta that it could not expect international backing for nego- tiations with Britain if it regarded the sovereignty issue as settled from the outset. In London last month. lie empha- sized the strength of the Latin American solidarity with Argen- tina which the war had pro- voked, regardless of widespread condemnation on that conti- nent of the initial act of force.
He is now in search of a formula which would bring the two sides together, like the one which Signor Spadolini pro- duced to help break the deadlock between the United States an4 France over the Siberian gas pipeline by suggest- ing a stiffening of the loan terms to Russia. The formula might have worked if the French Govcrnmeiit had been more flexible.
If the Italian Government has succeeded in siding with its European partners unequivo- cally over the pipeline deal, and in welcoming Mr Arafat to Rome, without undermining its credit in Washington, the reason is simply that these black marks, from the American point of view, were more than offset by the strong points scored through its firm stand on the stationing of theatre missiles in Europe. Italy is a weak and vulnerable country. It therefore needs a powerful ally. But it always ensures that this ally is both very rich and as far away as possible.
Nato and Europe remain the twin pillars on which Italian foreign policy has been based for the past 30-odd years and through all the changes of government in Rome. A strong united Europe, in the eyes of the present Government, is the essential corollary of a powerful American ally, if the countries in the EEC are not to be turned into mere satellites. Italy thought Europe incomplete and unbalanced without Britain, Signor Spadolini told me. It also produced the compromise formula of May 1980 which temporarily overcame the dead- lock on the European budget.
But this, he added, was a provisional agreement. There was never anyv hought on Italy's part of prolonging it indefi- nitely. To do so would merely delay the necessary adjustments of British trade patterns to help correct the situation.
It would postpone those structural reforms of the Community, such as an increase in its own resources by improv- ing on the I per cent of VAT. while preserving the basic principles on which the Com- mon Agricultural policy is based.
More European union, more powers for the European Par- liartent, closer political cooperation, are the Italian Government's constant objec- tives. ""I believe that if we remain obsessed with economic and commercial problems with- out the ambition of achieving European union, we shall not solve these probiems."" Signor Colombo declared. Italy does not fear loss of national sovereignty. That makes sense in a country where the sover- eignty of the individual - or of the family - is much greater than the sovereignty of the state.";"October 13, 1982";"";61361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Affairs";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
SAARBRUCKEN, Ocr. 18
Arrangements are now more or less complete for the holding of next Sunday's referendum on the Saar Euro- pean statute and for its supervision, although that description is too strong, by neutral observers.
The Saar Government is responsible for the arrangements but not the conduct of the polling nor the counting of the votes. The neutral observers from Luxembourg, Holland, Belgium, Italy, and Britain will act for the European commission, which has held a watching brief for Western Euro- pean Union since the campaign began on July 23.
RESTRICTION RESENTED
The voters, numbering about 670,000, must answer "" yes "" or "" no "" to one question-
Do they approve the European statute for the Saar agreed on by the Federal
ierman and French Governments an October 23, 1954, with the assent of the Saar Government ?
In 1935 the electorate had one of three choices: union with Germany, the status quo (the international regime under the League of Nations), or union with France, and during the early stages of the present campaign the anti-statute parties have made much of the restrictive choice available on Sunday.
Men and women who will be 20 years of age on the voting day are entitled to vote; they must be Saar nationals, or born in the Saar and domniciled or permanently resident there on October 23, 1954, or if not born in the Saar domiciled or permanently resi- dent there for at least five years before October 23, 1954.
POLLING CONTROLS
The structure of the referendum follows that of Landtag elections. The voting unit is the parish (gemneinde), of which there are about 345, and in which, according to size, there will be one or more polling stations. At the moment the number of polling stations is 930. Polling will be controlled at each station by a committee on which each of the parties in the campaign will have one representative. The committees will begin counting the votes immediately polling stops at 6 p.m. The polling booths will be open at 8 a.m.
In parishes with only one polling station the result will be passed immediately to one of the eight kreis (county) headquarters. In larger parishes the consolidated results of all the polling stations will be sent to kreis headquarters on Monday. On Tuesday the kreis polling committees will confirm the results which will reach the land polling committee on Wednesday. The collective results will then be handed over to the Euro- pean commission, which within two weeks from polling day must report to Western European Union. The report will be on the referendum results, still at this stage des- cribed as provisional, on the conditions in which the referendum took place and on pos- sible infringements during the campaign and the referendum itself.
BASIS OF DECISION
On the basis of this report the council of W.E.U. will "" finally decide whether the Saar population has approved the statute."" This cautious almost leisurely procedure allows for contingencies like a high number of abstentions or of spoiled papers. It seems unlikely that Saar opinion will ex- press itself in such forms. More realistic possibilities would be a marginal acceptance of the statute, or a clear rejection. In the first instance the opposition would almost certainly challenge the referendum, and an early final decision by W.E.U. would be desirable. In the second instance the feasi- bility of maintaining the status quo with no Landtag elections until 1957 would be con- tested at once.";"October 19, 1955";"";53355;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Final Stages In Saar";""
"['By NEIL ALLEN']";"['News']";"By NEIL ALLEN
Glasgow Celtic Football Club yesterday sought to cancel their European Cup match with Ferenc Varos of Hungary in Budapest on September 18 because of thc Czechoslovak crisis.
They stated in a telegram to the European Union of Footbali Associations in Berne: ""in view of the illegal and treacherous in- vasion by Russian, Hungarian and east German forces of Czecho- slovakia, and in support of the Czech nation. we of Celtic FooT- ball Club do not think any western European football club should be forced to fulfil commitments in any of these countries.""
Mr. Bob Kelly, Celtic chairnan, said yesterday: We hope other western European clubs will fol- low our move.""
Celtic's action swiftly received full support from other Scottish clubs including Glasgow Rangers. Aberdeen, and Hlibernian. Mr. John Lawrence, Rangers's chair- man, said: ""'We wholeheartedlv support Celtic but we are not directly involved as we meet Viovodina, of Yugoslavia. in the Cities' Fairs Cup, and Yugoslavia is on most friendly terms with Czechoslovakia.""
Aberdeen have been drawin against Slavia Sofia of Bulgaria- one of the Warsaw Pact countries which invaded Czechoslovakia- in the Fairs' Cup; Hibernians play Olympic Lijubina. of Yugoslavia. in the same competition.
Leeds are due to play Ferenc Varos at Budapest on Septernber 11 in the final of last season"". Fairs' Cup competition whiclh had] to be held over. But Leeds are not likely to follow the example of Celtic, according to Mr. K. Archer. their secretary.
He said yesterday: ""As soon as we heard of the invasion we contacted the Fairs' Cup commit- tee who told us there was no change. We arc going ahead as planned and we have applied for visas. It is possible the Leeds directors will discuss Celtic's move on Monday but the club's at;itude is that sport should not be involved in politics, certainly at this level.""
Mr. Denis Follows. secrctar. of the Football Association, toli The Times yesterday: ""We can- not afford to have political opinions. If you are members of an international football commnu- nity, you must obey the rules or get out. Celtic are entitled to their own opinion. but the F.A. will not put any pressure on Leeds or any other English club.""
British and international bodies in Gther sports may have to make up their minds on their attittide to the political situation in the next few weeks.
Mr. Gordon Pirie. former 5,00x- metres world record holder. said yesterday that Russia and her sup- porters in the invasion should be barred from the Olympic Games in Mexico in October.
He was speaking on his return from Czechoslovakia with his wife. three children and Anne Smith, world record miler. whom he coaches.
British sportsmen. Mr. Pirie said. should stop being hypocritical and take positive action to help the Czechoslovaks. At the ntoment from all he had heard anI seen. it was merely a battle of words between politicians.
""Had Mr. Harold Wilson been down the Czechoslovakian streets with us on Wednesday mornin"". with the tanks almost going over our toes. it would have been different "", he said. There had been a lot of fuss about the South Africans competing in the Olym- pics. but not a word had been said -i far about the Russians.";"August 24, 1968";"";57338;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Celtic act to cancel match";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
Paris, Nov. 19 The Paris Bourse will be closed today, it was officially confirmed in Paris this morning. The deci- sion, it is understood, was taken in anticipation of the meeting of the Group of Ten Finance Minis- ters in Bonn, which is expected to take decisions to put a stop to the wild speculation on a revaluation of the Deutsche Mark or a de- valuation of the franc in the past fortnight.
The closing of the Paris money narket will naturally prompt the deduction that the Government, on the very morrow of the Prime Minister's statement before the National Assembly, has been forced to take the decision to devalue.
The Budgetary cuts amounting to 2,000m. francs (about £170m.) announced late this evening by M. Couve de Murville, the Prime Minister, to the National Assembly will reduce the 1969 Budget deficit to less than 10.000m. francs (E850m.) and are rather steeper than expected.
The economies.- M. Couve de Murville said. would demonstrate in striking manner "" the common determination of the National Assembly and of the Govern- ment "" to achieve economic equil- ibrium. The cuts. he indicated, would principally affect the nation- alized concerns. the management of which had to be deeply reorgan- ized.
The Prime Minister also indicated in general terms the Government's intention of carry- ing out a far-reaching reform of the money market and of the credit system. But he did not elaborate beyond saying that all rates of interest, and in particular the discount rate, must recover their true significance, and quanta- tive restrictions which were the very negation of a credit market niust be done away with.
Mark speculation cause of crisis
On the whole, however, those who expected details of the action the Government proposed to take were left distinctly dissatisfied. He did not, for instance, disclose even in general terms the decisions taken by the governors of the cen- tral banks at Basle over the week- end, explaining that, in so sensi- tive a matter, the assembly would understand his silence.
More surprisingly, perhaps through excessive diplomatic nicety, he did not refer with a single word to the decision an- nounced this evening by west Ger- many to limit exports. But, in informed French circles, these decisions, amounting to a revalua- tion of the Deutsche Mark of about 34 er cent, were regarded as quite inadequate to stop the wave of speculation, though a step in the right direction.
M. Couve de Murville con- ceded that the Government had not expected the drastic credit restrictions adopted a week ago to put a stop to speculation.
Soames returns
for talks
Forthcoming moves by Britain and her European neighbours to. wards European union were, it is believed, the main subject of talks in the Foreign Office and at 10 Downing Street yesterday. Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador in Paris, who had returned to London for consulta- tions, met Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, and Mr. Wilson.
Inquirers -were strongly dis- couraged from supposing that these talks are concerned with the immediate troubles of the franc. Indirectly, however, the weakness of the French financial position, and the present Fret,ch depend- ence upon economic sipport from Germany could have their bearing. upon talks on Europe.";"November 20, 1968";"";57413;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French cut spending by £170m";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-PARIS, JUNE 13
Mr. George Thomson. the British Minister with responsibilities for Europe, told the Assembly of the WVestern European Union here today that Britain was now paying more atten- tion to relations with Europe than cver before. The political will to join the Common Market existed in Britain, and the debate had now shifted to the question of conditions.
Britain, he said, wanted an expanded Common Market. It wanted to be a member, and it wanted to find a basis on which this would be possible. It required that its essential interests should be safeguarded, but it felt that it was in the interests of Europe as a whole that the necessary adjustments should be made.
The conditions set by Mr. Huigh Gaitskell in 1962 were not all of them as acute as they had been at the time, but difficulties remained for Britain. Canada, Australia, and Now Zealand had to be considered, especially New Zealand, and perhaps the biggest problem was the question of agricul- ture. On the other hand, Britain was not questioning the institutions set up by the Treaty of Rome.
Mr. Thomson's statement, made on the opening day of a meeting that is to discuss the Nato crisis, the European Launche.r Development Organization (Eldo), and ""the dimensions of Europe""', was essen- tially a restatement of the British position on the issues of the moment.
Nato, he told the assemobly, was for London a matter of "" defence, deterrence and de'tente "", and the British Government felt that nonc of thcse aspects should be neglected.
Position on Eldo
Mr. Thomson recalled the proposal made by Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, in Brussels last week for a code of coopera- tion between east and west. This, he said, would soon be followed by practical pro- posals, to be put forward for discussion by the permanent representatives on the North Atlantic Council.
Mr. Thomson expressed thc hopc that a satisfactory basis could be found for further European cooperation wilhin Eldo. The British position was that Eldo programnmes must be scientifically worthwhile and that
they must be under adequate financial control. Britain had a real desire to co- operate with the rect of Europe on worth- while projects of this typc.
A further indication of the turn which the W.E.U. asscmbly's debates are likely to take has now been given with the publica- tion of a report, -written by NIr. Duncan Sandys on behalf of the defence committee. France and Nato. This report emphasizes that France has far more precise obliga- tions to her partners under tbe treaty setting up W.E.U. than it has under the North Atlantic Treaty.
In a draft recommendation the report asks for confirmation that France, like hcr six partners, still regards herself as unreservedly committed to these obliga- tions. The issue is similar to thc one debated at the Nato Brussels meeting last week. in that it turns on the question of whether the French will automatically come to the assistance of their allies in an emergency.
Mr. Sandys's report urgcs that the North Atlantic Council should be moved from Paris in order that it should be in the samc place as the military committce and :ts new integrated military staff, aid within easy reach of supreme allied headquartcrs.";"June 14, 1966";"";56657;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Agriculture biggest problem in Common Market issue";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign Ministers of Britain, France, west Germany, and the United States will all be in Paris by Sunday; according to present arrangements they will meet that afternoon to discuss the latest Soviet proposals on Berlin. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd plans to fly to Paris on Saturday evening.
The programme of meetings for the week in Paris had not been finallv arranged yesterday, but it was expected that there would be a meeting of the Council of Europe on Monday morn- ing and of the Western European Union that afternoon. Representatives of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation are also likely to meet on Monday, or later in the week. and Mr. Heathcoat Amory, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, will attend. This meeting will discuss multilateral arrangements between the six members of the Euro- pean Economic Community and the 11 other members of O.E.E.C., to prevent an economic division between them when the first Common Market tariff reductions come into effect on January 1.
GERMAN NAVY
On Monday, or later in the week, there will also be a meeting of the N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers. The strengthening of the west German Navy is one subject likely to be considered.
The opening public session of the Ministerial Council of N.A.T.O. is due to be held on Tuesday morning; it will be followed by a closed session that afternoon, and there will be two more sessions on Wednesday. A further closed session will be held on Thursday morn- ing-with possibly a second in the after- noon-and the final session and issue of the cointtnuique will be either on Thursday afternoon or Friday morning.
The N.A.T.O. Foreign Ministers will be reviewing the world situation. and in particular discussing the Soviet pro- posals for Berlin.
British and German representatives in London were emphasizing yesterday that there was no basic difference of opinion between them on the handling of the Berlin problem. Dr. Adenauer evidently felt at first that the British Government were in a sense the weak link in the chain. His successful meeting with General de Gaulle at Bad Kreuznach had shown that France was throughout determined to take a tough line over the Soviet proposals. United States repre- sentatives have also latterly been claim- ing that their attitude is every bit as tough as the French or anyone else's.
It was natural at this point that Dr. Adenauer should propose a personal meeting with Mr. Macmillan, partly to coordinate policy on Berlin, and partly to balance the Bad Kreuznach meeting.
DOUBTS REMOVED
British, German, and American repre- sentatives were all saying yesterday, however, that Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's exposition of the British view on December 4 had in fact removed German doubts. Mr. Lloyd did indeed say that the time had come "" after due consultation with our allies, to have a full discussion with the Soviet Union about the problems of Germany and European security,"" but he had also stated flatly that the Soviet proposals on Berlin were unacceptable, and had implied that it would be reasonable not even to discuss them.
In speaking of a general settlcment, he proposed reunification on condition that east Germany was demilitarized and
that a control system was established in Europe. He also said, in effect, that there could be no discrimination against west Germany in the arms which she received. and that no settlement could be agreed which changed the balance of military security to the disadvantage of the west.";"December 10, 1958";"";54330;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Allied Ministers' Review Of European Structure";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, with Mr. R. A. Butler
at the French Embassy in The Hague last night.
From Our Special Correspondent
THE HAGUE, Ocr. 24
On the eve of the Western European Unoion meeing in The Hague, M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Mini- stcr, gave a dinner at the French Embassy for Mr. R. A. Butler, the F oreign Secretary, and his seniior advl- sers. Ibis at least has established personal cotaet,, but any faint hover that it mia,t do more were dashed late tonIght when a British spokesman said: "" All that came out of the talk was that there was a complete exchange of views on all sub- jects on the agenda, both political and economic, and there was agreement to remain in close touch.""
There is hope, evidently, that the French will agree to more detailed preparation of future W.E.U. meetings on economic and political questions, but French and British views are evidently no closer than before.
On the main political question for dis- cussion tomorrow-east-west relations- the French evidently are still convinced that a probing of the Soviet position will only delay the moment wben the Soviet Government will be ready to seek an a-commodation with the west
There was no discussion, naturally, of British membership of the Common Market, and little was said on nuclear matters.
The meeting of W.E.U. tomorrow wil1 not be tlhe first time that the Foreign Ministers of Britain and the six Common Market countries have met since the breakdown in January of the Brussels negotiations for British membership of the Common Market.
BRITAIN'S PART
Much of the interest in the conference lies, therefore, in the impact which Mr. Butler will make. When he arrived here this afternoon, he quickly made it clear that he would treat close and developing relations with Europe as a central theme in his policy.
In a statement he said that he took "" a very special interest"" in European affairs. He was, he said, very pleased that his first international engagement should be with Western European Union, because "" Britain is physically and politically a part of Europe "". For good measure he added that Britain had taken a prominent part in drawing up the original Brussels Treaty, the pre- amble of which calls on the member states to work for European unity and greater European integration. ""That remains "", he said, ""the firm aim of Britain.""
,He said ihat the British Government had sent a very strong team and Euro- pean affairs would receive the same care and attention as in the past. He also said that he hoped to be able to attend most of the European Ministers' meet- ings in person.
FURTHER MEETINGS
""I am looking forward immensely to the meeting "", he said. "" I was brought up partly in France and have always had a great interest in French affairs.""
He said that it was a very good thing that "" we have got this meeting at last "". He went on: "" Now that we have it we will look forward to more frequent and regular meetings."" These might take place every three months or so, but this was something which he would have to discuss in the next two days.
At present it is far from certain whether the French will agree. In fact. W.E.U. representatives are, as they said today, approaching the next day or two on tipoe.";"October 25, 1963";"";55841;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Unity Still Britain's Objective";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The discussions between Britain and her western partners on the proposed reductions in the British contingent in Germany reached a critical stage yesterday.
It is no secret that the British pro- posals were strongly criticized by several, if not most, of the representatives at the Atlantic Council meeting on Wednesday. They will be discussed again this after- noon at a meeting of the permanent representatives of the Council of Western European Union in London. The objections of the W.E.U. members will certainly be no less strong than those of the N.A.T.O. countries, among whom they are included.
EFFORTS CONTINUED
Efforts to avoid an open breach or dead- lock were being continued yesterday. The position is that under the Paris agreements Britain may not withdraw from the main- land of Europe her commitment of four divisions and a tactical air force (or their military equivalent) against the wishes of a majority of the W.E.U. Powers. At present all the members except Britain will vote against the proposals if the question comes to a vote. If no resolution is passed, the British Government will carry out the pro- posed reductions, and they have hoped that no resolution will be put and that this fact Can then be treated as tacit acquiescence.
The unilateral British decision has, how- ever, evidently stiffened opposition. Yester- day there was a possibility either that the French would put forward a resolution opposing the British plan or that the Ger- mans would propose that there should be a further W.E.U. meeting at ministerial level. As the British Government wish to publish the White Paper on defence before the end of this month and want a conclusion of the discussion in W.E.U. before Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd leave for Bermuda on Tuesday, any ministerial meeting would have to be held on Monday. Such a meeting seems improbable.
CHIEF OBJECTION
At least two of the representatives con- cerned were said to be awaiting further instructions from their Governments last night. The outcome of to-day's meeting was still evidently an open question.
The chief objection to the British pro- posals seems to be, not that the reductions are inherently dangerous from the military point of view because they weaken further an already weak N.A.T.O. shield, but that any reductions unilaterally announced and carried through by a major Power increase the difficulty for all N.A.T.O. Govern- ments of winning parliamentary approval for their own programmes and undermine confidence that the general military pro- gramme will be fulfilled.
On the British side it can be argued that the reductions cannot-well be criticized by France, which has removed nearly all her troops to North Africa, or by Germany, which has conspicuously failed to build up her promised contingent. Moreover, the original proposals have been modified to meet some at least of the Supreme Allied Commander's criticisms. It is be- lieved that the reductions are now phased so that they will not begin until 1958 and that only about half of the 25,000 men to be withdrawn will leave in the 12 months after that.
Meanwhile there is an evident desire not to indulge in mutual recriminations, but there is clearly an equally strong tendency among the W.E.U. members not to let any loosening of the western front or weaken- ing of the military effort pass unchallenged.";"March 15, 1957";"";53790;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Opposition To B.A.O.R. Cuts";""
"['FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT
Discussion of relations with the United States occupies an imnportant part of a Labour Party pamphlet, Problems of Foreign Policy, published to-day.
The pamphlet is the first of a series to be distributed throughout the Labour movement with an invitation to all sections to send in their conclusions and comments, which will be taken into consideration in framing the new Labour Party policy.
The executive committee and the party are not committed to any of the views expressed irn the pamphlet, though the executive has approved the text and Mr. Attlee and Mr. Herbert Morrison are among its members. The executive will produce an interim statement on policy for this year's conference in October.
The pamphlet states that since the war in Korea, America which supplied most of the troops and suflYered most of the casualties, has been less tolerant of foreign advice on how she should use her immense strength. This will create many problems for Britain in the years ahead. The question for any British Government is not whether to work with the United States but how to work with her most effectively.
Many of the Labour Party's most important objectives in world affairs, it is pointed out, depend on America's assuming not fewer responsibilities than she has already but more. The Middle East and Southern Asia are men- tioned as examples.
SUSPICION CREATED
""As America accepts increasing responsi- bility it is natural that she should demand increasing influence in the councils of the democratic world. If all American policy was as enlightened in conception and execu- tion as was the Marshall plan we should have little to fear from this. But recent develop- ments have created suspicion of American good sense. The problem for Britain may be summed up as follows: -How can we ensure that America plays an increasing part in world affairs without losing our own influence and even sacrificing vital British interests ? ""
Particular examples of the problem are dis- cussed, and the subject recurs in a section on western Europe, which states: "" The security of Europe against Russian attack and German domination depends on America's being per- manently involved on the Continent. . .. There is no doubt that American support for a. European Union springs partly from the belief ttiat a united Europe would form a cordon sanilaire or Maginot. Line against Soviet expansion, behind which America could sink back in comfort. While many leading Americans reject this view, it is at present so strong that nothing should be done to encourage it.
The pamphlet takes the view that it is unrealist to believe that any steps can now be taken to prevent Germany from becoming once again a great Power in her own right. T~he only question still relevant is how to ensure that a powerful Germany works with the west rather than with Russia or for selfish national aggrandisement.
SOVIET REGIME
Among other points made are:-
THE SovIEr UNION: It remains extremely doubtful whether Russia woulcl ever permit the inspection of her territory on which any disarmnament plan must depend. But it is not irrational to hope that the Soviet regime may itself undergo some change, particularly in the period which follows Stalin's departure from power.
THE FAR EAST: In the long run China is the one Communist country which may succeed in following Tito by breaking away from Russian influence. British policy should always be directed to this end, though Communist China might be no less a problem in the Far East as an independent Power than as an ally of the Soviet Union.";"April 10, 1952";"";52283;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"America's Part In The World";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Ch4rles Hargrove
Paris, Nov. 18
The breach between France and Western European Union over Britain, w:hich came out into the open at the beginning.of last year. is now comipletily healed. M. Jean de Lipkowski, the French State Secretary fdr Foreign Affairs, told the W.E.U. Assembly today that his presence at the session proved that French fears of the W.E.U. .being' used bv Britain and her sup- porters as a back door into the European Community bad been laid to rest.
""The W.E.U. is a very useful meeting place between the Six and Britain, so long as there is no intier- ference of the W.E.U. in the work of the Six"", M. de Lipkowski said answering a question by Herf Schultz (Gerrnany), who had just been elected chaimnan of the Assembly's political cormmittee. What France had objected to in the the past -was the attempt to discuss within WE.U. matters that had been dealt wzith by the Six.
Earlier M. de Lipkowski took part in the debate on east-west rela- tions and the European security conference. He said that the Ftench Government had had a general impression in the past months of a movement towards relaxation of tension-relative but none the less distinct-between east and west. pariicularly in Europe.
Russia has not given up attempts to extend her influence in the worvk. but she tries to do so through a policy of negotiation. by carefully avoiding anything that could lead to a direct confrontation with the United States"", he went on. The relaxation of tension had had most results in Europe, thanks to the west German Governmenfs policy of normalizing its relations with Russia and her allies.
""By recognizing througb the German-Soviet treaty of August 12 the existing realities in Europe, Bonn and Moscow have helped to stabilize the situation in Europe durably.""
There was a hitch, however---the problem of Berlin. In answer to a question. M. de Lipkowski emphasized that the four-power status of Berlin must be clearly reaffirmed. ' One cannot envisage progress towards detente without
M. Jean de Lipkowski, French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, addresses the W.E.U. Assembly in Paris
practical solutions of the Berlin question. on access. on movement of Berliners and so forth . . . Berlin must not become an isle con- demned to suffocation.""
Turning to the subject of a European securitv conference, M. de Lipkowski said the French Gov- eirnent preferred a bilateral approach to the preparations for the conference to one between blocks. The latter would lead to discssions between blocks at the conference and prefabricated solu- tions on a block-to-block basis.
Mr. Geoffrey Rippon. Chan- cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister in charge of Euro- pean affairs. in a speech to the Assembly insisted on the need for increased coordination and co-
operation between European coun- tries in defence. We are all signa- tories of the North Atlantic Treaty. which remains the basis of our security'. he said. ' In the future. as the unity of Europe spreads and deepens, defence will also have to be included within the same frame- work of unity.'
Mr. Rippon welcomed the state- ment last month by NM. Debr. the French Minister of Defence, about the positivc stand of France on increased cooperatiou and defence among the countries of western Europe. -Without France, there can be no trulv European effort dedicated to the defence of Eur- ope"". he said.
Europe's reluctance to share Nato's
burden. Page 10.";"November 19, 1970";"";58027;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France drops its fears that WEU might be used by Britain as a back door into Europe";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Macmillan with Signor Segni, at 10, Downing Street yesterday.
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Signor Segni, the Italian Prime Minister, and Signor Pella, the Foreign Minister, started their three-day visit to London yesterday, and in the afternoon had the first of their conversations with Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. It was later described as a valuable dis- cussion on political and economic co- operation in Europe and on disarma- ment.
On one point both sides are certainly in the fullest possible agreement, namely, that, however the process of com- bination between the west European nations is carried out, N.A.T.O. must be maintained. The concert of Europe must not be allowed to deteriorate into disharmony.
NOT A CLOSED SHOP
The Italians gave an assurance that so far as they were concerned, the Com- mon Market was not a closed shop, and that they approached in a spirit of good will the problem of associating other countries with it, and Britain in particular.
The British reaffirmed that the estab- lishment of the Common Market-con- trary to some past suspicions-was some- thing which they had throughout wished to see, and that their fears that it might become a high tariff block had been calmed by the evidence so far given of its members' intentions.
With regard to the question of future links between the Common Market and the free trade area, the Italians have been careful to say that they are making no specific proposals-and, indeed, that they are speaking for themselves only and not on behalf of the six Powers. There have been suggestions recently that the British Government should take the lead in proposing a round-table conference to include both the Six and the Seven, with the United States and other western countries also represented or associated with the work.
PRELIMINARY STAGES
Yesterday's discussion seems to have been confined to the preliminary stages in the preparation for further neootia- tion. In the British view it would be unwise to enter further negotiations until there was a better prospect of suc- cess. No initiative is likely at any rate until the relations between the Six and the Seven have been debated next week in the House of Commons.
The present British view seems to be that the Organization for European Economic Cooperation offers the best forum for economic discussions, and that Western European Union can be made a useful forum for political discussions, at any rate between Britain and the Six.
The discussion of disarmament yester- day evidently established a common view that western consultations before the summit meeting should so far as pos- sible be hastened. Italy is directly con- cerned as a member of the 10-member United Nations disarmament committee which is due to start work in the New Year, but its discussions can hardly be useful until the Coolidge committee, which is at present studying disarmnament problems, has reported-probably not before the end of this year-to the United States Government, which will need a month or so after that to form its views.
Signor Segni and Signor Pella were Mr. Macmillan's guests last night at a dinner at 10, Downing Street. Signor Pella will have conversations with Mr. Selwyn Lloyd this morning, and there will be a further meeting between the Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers at 10, Downing Street in the afternoon.";"December 2, 1959";"";54633;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Need To Avoid A Split In Europe";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby
Strasbourg, March 11
European MPs today called on EEC heads of government, at their meeting in Luxembourg on April 1 and 2, to take ""the final decision allowing for elec- tions to the European Parlia- mant by direct universal suf- frage in 1978 "".
Adopting a resolution jointly tabled by the Socialist, Christian Democratic, Liberal and Con- servative groups, the Parliament also urged that the heads of Government should base their decision on the proposals it submitted to the Council of Ministers last year.
These envisage the enlarge- ment of the Parliament from 198 to 355 members, who would be directly elected instead of being nominated as at present. Initiallv, each EEC country would use its own system of voting in electing its members to the Assembly.
The decision to hold today's debate and vote, in place of a scheduled discussion of the Tindemans report on European union, was taken earlier this week amid growing concern among I,Ps that heads of government may seek to post- pone a final decision on direct elections, which they promised
to take at their last meeting in Rome in December.
After their meeting next month, the heads of govern- ment are not due to meet again until July. Failure to take a decision in April could jeopar- dize the whole timetable for direct elections, Mr Schelto Patijn, the Dutch Socialist who drafted the Parliamenes pro- posals, warned his fellow MPs.
Intended to instil a sense of urgency into the heads of gov- ernment, today's debate also revealed sharp divisions of opinion within the Parhiament itself on direct elections. This, in turn, reflected differences between the EEC's member states, some of which fear that direct elections will erode national independence.
The House was never more, and usually much less, than half full throughout the debate. The Gaullists and French and Italian Communists, who were united (though for different reasons) in opposing current proposals for direct elections discreetly left the Chamber before a vote was taken.
Seven members of the British Labour party's contingent abstained. Some, like Mr Mark Hughes (Durham), said after- wards that their abstentions did not indicate opposition to direct elections as such, but merely
their desire not to preempt the adoption of a formal position by the British Government.
Other Labour MPs, however such as Mr John Evans (New- ton), made it clear that they were opposed to direct elections as early as 1978. The first task, they felt. was gradually to in- crease the Parliament's powers. Apart from a small say in budgetary matters, these do not at present extend beyond the right to be consulted.
Most other Socialists, as well as Conservatives and Christian Democrats, argued the contrary case; that only with the demo- cratic legitimacy conferred by direct elections would the Par- liament be in a position to press for an expansion of its prerogatives.
MPs of this view were par- ticularly concerned that the heads of government should not be allowed to exploit legal tech- nicalities of the dispute over the distribution of seats in the assembly as a pretext for put- ting off a decision when they meet in April.
There was general agreement that the distribution of seats should reflect the population strengths of member states as far as possible, and that the Parliament should not have more than 400 members.
Parliamentary report, page 6";"March 12, 1976";"";59651;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European MPs urge heads of government not to delay their decision on elections in 1978";""
"['By CLIFFORD WEBB']";"['News']";"By CLIFFORD WEBB
With the straight road into the European Economic Community blocked by France. Britain will take any road which goes in the right direction to achieve member- ship, Mr. George Brown. the Foreign Secretary, said in Birm- ingham last night.
He said: "" I don't pretend that the French decision to veto nego- tiations for our membership of the European Communities has not been a setback.
"" It was a setback for us. and it was a setback for the many countries on the Continent who have wholeheartedly and con- sistently supported our application. But I believe that in the broad sweep of history this will be seen to be ephemeral and irrelevant.
"" We have set our course towards European unity. This is not the time to alter it. We will not with- draw our application. We will not turn off the road to follow illusory alternatives: nor shall we be side- tracked with partial solutions which would give us a second class status in Europe.
""That is why we have accepted wholeheartedly the recent Benelux proposals. They offer a way of cooperation and joint action in the field of technology. They envisage close consultation between the Communities and the applicant -states such as ourselves and they look forward to wider political co- operation in western Europe.
' By such methods I am sure we can progress: not threatening the ex- isting Community but creating all the time the circumstances in whbch one day the Community can enlarge it- self into the greater unity which Europe needs and which our times demand.""
During his visit to Birmingham Mr. Brown made peace with press photo- graphers.
In his happiest mood, he visited Birmingham Press Club to present the prizes in the Midland Press Photographer of the Year competi- tion.
I have been put under enormous constraint by my advisers "", he con-
fessed. Then with a grin he added: "" I reckon I have as much authority as anybody in the world for deciding to which photographer to present an award.
""My view about what awar,d to present to some of them might be different from yours.""
He bowed to the cameras and dis- appeared towards the haven of the bar where, by custom. the jolliest remarks can be made off the record. On leaving, he said: ""We will try, shall we, in the future"".
[Mr. Brown clashed with press photographers during the Labour Party conference in Scarborough last year. He complained he was unable to dance with his wife because he was pestered by photographers crowding them on the dance floor.]
Efta countries'
interest
FROM OUR CORRESPoNDENr
GENEVA, FEB. 2
The other seven countries of the European Free Trade Association (Efta) showed interest when an explanation of what is envisaged under the Benelux plan was given today at a meeting of the Efta Council.
They were addressed by Sir Con O'Neill, Deputy Under-Secretary for European Economic affairs at the Foreign Office, who delivered an analysis of the plan and points raised during last Tuesday's meeting in Brussels of the Western European Union, at which the Common Market countries and Britain were represented by Foreign Ministers, with the exception of France.
According to Efta officials, the con- sensus was that Efta members could safely associate themselves with Benelux plan developments at this early stage, provided the steps agreed upon were not detrimental to the interests of either the Common Market or the association.
KASSEL, GERMAv.-Thirty-seven people were injured when an empty goods train and a commuter train collided here.";"February 3, 1968";"";57166;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown Backs Benelux Plan";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Faris, June 5
Mr John Peel, the Conservative MP for South-East Leicester, was today chosen president of the Western European Union assernbly by an overwhelming majority at the opening of its 18th session in Paris.
He is the second Englishman to be elected to the post. Mr Peel reiterated the words of the first, Sir James Hutchinson, when he was elected in 1957: "" I am happy to think that you wished in this way to acknowledge that Britain, traditionally confined in her insularity, now follows in concert with you the path to European unity.""
Mr Peel emphasized in his in- augural speech that the main value of recent agreements between East and West lay in the new start they could give to the dialogue between them. Every new development of the political situation had to be regarded as an invitation to the gradual creation of a political Europe, he said.
But, be said, the development of this political cooperation would not alter the fact that defence was essentially a matter for the Atlantic Alliance and the defence of Western Europe was impossible without the United States.
On the question of British entry into Europe. he emphasized the WEU role was not confined to acting as a link between Britain and the Six. It was also a treaty under which a number of countries had entered into specific undertakings with one another, such as the control of German rearmament.
"" I am convinced that the WEU, which unites the contracting parties for 50 years, must perse- vere in its present task which is to maintain the guarantees its mem- bers afford one another, contribute
to the rationaization of their defence effort, and help in the creation of a European personality "", he said.
Professor Carlo Schmid, the dean of the assembly and the West German Minister for Franco-Ger- man youth cooperation, also em- phasized that the assembly had reached a crossroads.
The American commitment to Western Europe's defence would no longer be quite the same as in the past, and it could no longer be satisfied ""with a defence eftort which makes it an auxiliary of the United States in a defence system organized in Washington "". Europe . must ask itself today how it could ensure its own defence in the event of American intervention not be- ing immediate abd total. The WEU was created to provide a frame- work for such reflection "".
An optimistic assessment of the strength of the western alliance and of the prospects of detente between East and West was offered by Herr Berkhan, the West German Min- iser of State -for Defence.
Nato's spring session in Bonn had proved itself an instrument to strengthen the political cohesion of the alliance and once more con- firmed the dual strategy of defe-ice and detente, he said. It had given the go-ahead for the preparation of the European security confer- ence, a project which the West Ger- man Government had advocated from the outset.
""For the foreseeable future, it would appear to me, a safeguarding of peace is conceivable only if our Western alliance remains unim- paired and if the process of economic and political unification of Western Europe continues. Pro- ceeding from that secure founda- tion, detente is neither dangerous, nor merely an empty catchword"" he said.";"June 6, 1972";"";58497;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Briton elected president of WEU Assembly";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL COIRP2wPONDENT
SAARBRUCKEN, AUG. 16
Herr Hoffmann, Chief Minister of the Saar, and other leading supporters of the Saar-European statute at a Press 'confer- ence' to-day stood by the allegation that the campaign of the three new parties who oppose the statute is being financed from the German Federal Republic. They did so in face of a denial published this morning from Herr Jakob- Kaiser's Ministry for All-German Questions in Bonn.
In the past two weeks the three parties, hitherto forbidden, have emerged with apparently fully efficient organizations and newspapets. The alleged source of part of their funds was first publicly mentioned by Dr. Peter Zimmer, Speaker of the Saar Land- tag, who belongs to the Saar Social Demo- cratic Party, at the meeting on Saturday night which he addressed along with Herr Hoff- rmann. Dr. Zimnrer. put the extent of this alleged subvention at 1,500 million French francs (the currency in use here) and sug- gested that part of the office expenses of the new parties- was met from this source.
NEWSPAPEIC FINANCE
Dr. Zimmer also suggested that the news- paper of the new Democratic Party (whose circulation he'put at 100,000) could not have been financed by. its publishers, whom he described as "" Kaiser Socialists "" and former members of- his own party, some of whom had not then always been able to pay their party dues. After implicating Herr Kaiser further by name, he said that if this support from- the Federal Republic were stoppedi"" the whole nationalist sector would
anish in a fortnight "" from the. Saar. He threatened that -he might later suggest to his party .that they should vote against'the statute at the plebiscite ot October 23 and indicate to the whole world 'their rejection of
such double dealing.""
The allegation, serious-when it was made, must assume a new seriousness when main- tained 'against the reported semi-official denial from Bonn. According to the Christ- ian Democratic Neueste -Nachrichten, an authorized source in Bonn made two com- Inents: first, that-the Federal Government is adhering strictly to the agreements it has entered into and has no intention .of inter- vening in the Saar plebiscite campaign and, secondly, that the sum mentioned constitutes the whole of the funds which Herr Kaiser's ministry has at its disposal.
PARTY'S CHARGE
At the Pres^s conference Herr Richard Kirn, chairman of the Saar Social Demo- cratic Party, acted as spokesman on the matter for his party and for Herr Hoff- mann's Christian People's Party, but with- out going into detail. The details would be published at the right time, he said, and would be brought before the international commission which is supervising the referendum on behalf of Western European Union.
The general outline of the charge is that the three parties whose leading members claim that they were not able to do much more than maintain contact during the period when they were forbidden, could not from their own resources maintain theiT newspapers and parny headquarters, especially at this stage when local branches are still being formed. The Christian Democrats claim they are dependent on members' subscriptions, together wifh heavier backing from well-to-do members. The pro-statute party states that the alleged German subsidy ernanates from Bonn and reaches the Saar through the Deutsch Saarbund (the German Saar League), a west German organization.";"August 17, 1955";"";53301;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Statute Opposition";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 31
The French Government has no de- tailed views yet on the invitation from London to a Western European Union conference, largely because the exact British intentions are unknown. From here it seems that the possible reduction of British forces in Germany will be by far the most important subject; and in general French officials, while sympa- thetic towards British difficulties, are not particularly happy about the prospect.
The French, like the N.A.T.O. Supreme Commander, have always felt that it would not be a good arrangement to substitute for a given amount of manpower in central Europe an equivalent amount of fire-power. They also fear the effect on other countries of a sharp reduction of British forces: a chain reaction might set in, with the result that Europe's "" shield and buckler "" might quickly be reduced to a token state.
In particular, the French feel that such a move would be unfortunately timed for Germany, where elections are to take place this year and a wave of neutralism might easily follow.
QUESTION OF MACHINERY
It is not clear here how the W.E.U. machinery can be made to work in this context. The appropriate protocol to the amended Brussels treaty says that there shall be no withdrawal of British forces (except in the event of acute oversea emer- gency) ""against the wishes of the majority of the high contracting Powers (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Fr::nce, Britain, Germany, and Italy), who should make their decision in the knowledge of the views of the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe.""
Whether there would be a majority for or against British manpower reductions is open to question, but it is certain that General Norstad would oppose such a step; he made this clear in an interview with your Correspondent, published in The Times of January 22, and again in New York two days ago.
Another clause of the Brussels treaty pro- tocol refers, it is true, to possible strains on ""the external finances'"" of the United Kingdom; but nothing is said about general budgetary difficulties, and in any case the procedure in the case of these external difficulties is by way of the North Atlantic Council.
ORIGIN OF IDEA
As for Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's ""grand design"" for Europe, French officials are curious and interested, but so far lack the details necessary to make considered com- ment. At the moment, far from simplify- ing or streamlining the European structure, the French Government is aiming at the setting up of one, if not two, more Euro- pean parliamentary assemblies, one for the common market, and the other, perhaps, for Euratom; though there is no reason why these bodies should not be made to fit into an eventual "" European-Atlantic"" body.
M. Pineau's suggestion, made at the last meeting in Paris of the W.E.U. council, was not, as reported, that W.E.U. should be the framework for closer British association with the common market and Euratom; but rather that the nature of that association should be first discussed within W.E.U.
On the whole, however, the French favour the idea of strengthening W.E.U., and in particular the idea of a common programme of arms production. Indeed, it may be claimed that this idea originated with the French, who put it forward with- out avail in London on October 1, 1954, at the conference which led to the signature of the London and Paris agreements on German rearmament.";"February 1, 1957";"";53754;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Possible Reduction Of British Forces";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent-
-Brussils, July 2
The European Common Market will need far-reaching constitutional reform if Britain is to become a member, according to Professor Walter Hallstein, the former president of the Commis- sion of the European Economic Community. It may even be nec- essary to give up the rule by which each member countrv has at least one of its nationals as a member of the executive commis- sion. Enlargement of the Euro. pean Community from six mem- bers to 10 (including the Republic of Ireland, Denmark and Norway) will strengthen Europe only if the opportunity is taken to streamline the Community struc- ture.
Professor Hallstein's 5,000- word document is to be discussed by M. Jean Monnet's Action Committee for the United States of Europe at its meeting on July 15 and 16. It is a direct pointer to a federal European constitution and thus runs directly counter to the French nationalist thesis which cost Pro- fessor HaUstein his post in 1967. It is also a plan to bring the eventual federal union under de- mocratic control.
The principal proposal is that the commission should be appoin- ted by the European parliament and be directly responsible to it. The direct election of the Euro- pean parliament should, in the first phase, be associated with national parliamentary elections and mem- bers should initially-but only ini- tially-be allowed to be members of both.
There should be a gradual shift of budgetary powers from the Ministers to the Parliament and the latter should also be given a degree of legislative opportunity and effective power to object to ministerial enactments.
It would be essential for the commission's effectiveness that its membership should be kept small. At present it has 14 members but
there is aj treaty obligation to reduce the number to nine in July next year. The Council of Minis- ters, whicli at present has the power of I approving legislative proposals, would progressively take its place as the upper chamn- ber. This p-esupposes the restora- tion and txtension of majority voting, vhIch has been in abey- ance sinc the "" Luxembourg compromisu"" with the French in 1966.
Voting fights should be so arranged tlat a blocking minority Iof one-thid would require the votes of Ivo of the four big countries cq of one of them and two or throe smaller ones. Abuse of blocking tactics could, how- ever. be cpiecked by giving the Parliamnenta power of decision if the Council failed to decide within a specified time.
Peter rafford writes from Bonn: : I
Herr WIlly Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, made it clear 1lre today that Bonn would insist on linking the discus- sion of vatious internal problems now facing the European Eco- nomic Cortmunity-in particular the finali regulations for the common agricultural policy- vith the question of British entry.
The agricultural regulations are of vital importance to France. which has! always been the main net gainer, from the E.E.C.'s agri- cultural policy. and Herr Brandt's statement, made to the political committee! of the Assembly of Western European Union, sug- gests that Germany will try to use this as a lever to get some movement from France on the British question.
Herr Brandt's speech was made on the cldsing day of a three-day conference of German ambassa- dors in western Europe, called to examine the situation in Europe in the aftermath of the resigna- tion of General de Gaulle.
Leading article, page 9.";"July 3, 1969";"";57602;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hallstein calls for big EEC changes";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 17
Against the run of past experience, a new initiative may have been launched in the Western European Union at its Paris assembly, which ended tonight. It adopted the "" package "" presented by Mr. Duncan Sandys. This calls, notably, for a supreme executive to assume military and political direction of the Atlartitic alliance. and for the creation of a European arnaments board to seek a more equitable balance of arms purchases in Europe and the United States. Emphasis is also placed on the retention of a fully integrated command system, and the need to develop efforts for European unity.
The only dissenting vote came from a lIabour delegate. Gaullist deputies were content to abstain, in contrast to their negative votes against the lindings of a parallel report, of German authorship, calling for integrated defence and effec- tive political consultation within Nato, on world affairs. For all the earnestness and near-unanimity of the assembly's views, the question, as always, is whether they can produce action from -the seven Gover-nments, let alone the Atlantic Council.
FUNDAMENTAL AIM
M1r. Sandys sees strong support for the use of W.E.U. as a forum for advancing European Political union-this, even with- out France, since no decisions need be taken in the near future. His proposals tend to discourage too much concentration on the purely nuclear problem, though the trend of the debate, especially in German terms. emphasized that non-proliferation nmight be impossible in the long run so long as the nuclear powers retained their weapons under national control.
Most speakers found it absurd to sup- pose that the French nuclear force, when it became fully operational, could protect Europe, an idea that might encourage Russian strategists to strike by surprise. There has been increased insistence on ade- quate guarantees for the non-nuclear coun- tries as an idispensable condition for re- nouncing nuclear weapons, the thought emerged. notably from the Dutch delega- tion today. that the fundamental aim must be an understanding on honourable terms with the communist block.
The idea of a political supreme execu- tive, broadly comparable with the Washing- ton standing group in the military stnl_e. remains ill-defined, and is rejected at first sight bv the Nato secretariat. Mr. Sandvs certainly had the assembly with him in urging a greater share for Europe in the procurement of Nato arms. This problem. he insists, cannot be solved by the play of economic forces. Governments. for a time, must be prepared to pay more for inferior weapons in Europe until Euro- pean technology is on a more equal footing.
SPACE RACE
The assembly had its first report on space and resolved unanimously that Europe must be 'n the space race. A proposal by Mr. Ronald Brown, Labour M.P. for Shoreditch and Finsbury, called for a ministerial conference to define European space objectives, and would also establish a European authority to coordinate the efforts of existing organizations. Mr. Brown said that Europe had all the necessary scientific resources; only the political will was missing. Colonel Pierre Bourgoin, a Gaullist deputy, said that European space efforts were derisory and wished to see a European authority established comparable with America's Aeronautic and Space Administration.
There was almost equal support for a rcsolution from General Cadorna (Italy) inviting all members to contribute to Nato's
mobile force "", which should- be raised to divisional strength for ?the purpose of intervening swiftly in sensitive areas.";"November 18, 1965";"";56482;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Assembly In Favour Of Nato Plan";""
"['CHARLES DOUGLAS-HOME, Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"By
CHARLES DOUGLAS-HOME, Defence CorresDondent
The Government's Defence White Paper, published yesterday, shows that most major policy decisions are being held up until the conclusion of talks in Nato on future force leveis in Europe. Mr. Healey, introducing the White Paper at a press conference, admitted that it had nothing to report except progress on last year's decisions.
The White Paper shows that spending this year will be £2,205m., which the Government claim will represent 6.5 per cent of the gross national product, com- pared with 6.6 per cent last year. The most significant element in the White Paper, however, is that dealing with the economies in foreign exchange spending which the Ministry of Defence will achieve during the year, in line with the Prime Minister's directive of last July.
By April next year, the White Paper states, about 25,000 men and 6,000 fami- lies will have been brought back to Britain from outside Europe. The Gov- ernment plan to buy 3,700 houses for them, and the rest wiU be housed in mobile homes, or hirings. The Treasu, v has also provided money for the refur- bishment of 16 disused barracks in Britain, which will accommodate further troops should they be brought home.
New Polaris plan
In addition to the 25,000, the Ministry is planning to bring back another 10,000 from the Far East. The base in Malaysia and Singapore will be reduced, and talks are to be held with local governments about the move. The savings on foreign exchange from the 25,000 men will be about £75m.
The foreign exchange problem has compelled the Government to examine the political, economic and military implications of our deployment outside Europe, the White Paper says. Mr. Healey's views that Nato's ground forces could be reduced and allied tactics revised to meet a different threat are forcefully expressed, with the hope that the allies will have reached agreement by July 1. And he gives warning that the Government may find it necessary to reduce the level of our forces in Germany-after consultation with Nato and the Western European Union. should ways not be found of meeting the foreign exchange cost of the Rbine Army.
The establishrment of a permanent nuclear consultative committee in Nato has meant the abandonment of the Gov-
ernment's proposal to commit Britain's.
Polaris submarines to an Atlantic nuclear force. The A.N.F. is not men- tioned in the White Paper. Instead, sub- marines will apparently be directly assigned to the Supreme Allied Com- mnander Europe, although they will con- tinue to remain under ultimate British control.
Outr Political Correspondent writes:y- Mr. Enoch Powell, Shadow Defence Secretary, showed in a statement last night the main line of attack he will follow when the Commons go into their annual two-day debate on the Defence White Paper on Monday and Tuesday week. He is particularly critical about the uninformativeness of the policy and planning section.
He complains that the Government's ""fudging "" of a defence budget of £2,000m. for 1969-70 at 1964 prices has determined the nature of some decisions and the timing of others. Events in Aden, and now in Malta, have followed precisely the course the Opposition pre- dicted, he adds.
Mr. Emlyn Hooson, Liberal spokes- man on defence, said the defence review had failed utterly to recast British defence policy along the lines required for Britain's European future rather than her colonial past.
Defence economies, page 20.";"February 17, 1967";"";56868;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cuts hinge on Nato talks";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Paris, Nov 20
President Giscard d'Estaing holds one of his periodic rnews conferences tomorrow and there can be little doubt that the question he is preparing to answer most carefully con- cerns the future role of the European Parliament.
With the Gaullist Partv in- creasinglv showing its concern that direct elections will lead to usurpation of French sovereignty the President will feel bound to try to allay such fears.
M Raymond Barre, the Prime Minister, sought to do this yesterday when he spoke to the convention of pro. "" Giscardian"" clubs in Stras- bourg. He described the Europe of the future as being one where the countries joined to- gether to give a specific Euro- pean contribution to progress, development and peace.
It would be a Europe that was master of its own destiny, organized for cooperation at all levels, and frees responsible and just.
Having conjured up this un- exceptionable ambition, the Prime Minister then tackled the more thorny problem of sovereignty. The European confederation, he said, was a union of states which were associated together, at the same time preserving their indepen- dence and agreeing, in those areas sietermined by carefully defined agreements, to abandon sovereignty to the association.
The reason why it was impossible to think of the United States of Europe in the same way as the United States of America was that Europe was made up of old nations with their own traditions, sus- ceptibilities and interests. ""We must develop a mode of asso- ciation for these nations in a way that each of the people of Europe feels that it can belong
to a European union, without; denying its own history and its own traditions.""
France was ready to draw all the consequences of the Euro- pean negotiations, provided they were conducted in the best interests of all and there was an equality of concessions given and demanded.
As to the role of the assembly he promised that it could be given no extra powers beyond those defined in the Treaty of Rome without violating the agreements signed by the mem- ber states. If the powers of the new assembly were to be enlarged it could be done only with the agreement of the individual states. As far as France was concerned, if the: constitution were to be affected by any proposed change, then a referendu mwould he held to decide.
M Jacques Chirac, leader of the Gaullist Party, speaking last night as a rally in Argentan, drew attention once again to the remarks of Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, a week ago whein he spoke of the assembly's inevitable attempts to extend' its power.
There were too many dis- cordant voices raised all over Europe on this subject, M Chirac said, anld,-the result wasr that the .direct .elections, were masking the real iproblerns.
M Georges Marchais, the Communist Party leader. also referred to Herr Schmidt's- remarks in a weekend speech in Melun. .Thev showed, he said, how West Germany would not hesitate to speak high and loud and would do everything possible to impose its diktat.
While strongly critizing what he* saw as the failure of the EEC to keep its. economic promises, he said it would be unrealistic to break the links which had been created with the Nine. -The Community existed, he said, and could not be ignored.";"November 21, 1978";"";60464;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French leaders try to allay Gaullist fears on Europe Parliament";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Brown's remarks on defence to the Western European Union meeting at The Hague on Tuesday have stirred the anxieties of the ardent anti-marketeers in his own party who are sensitive to any hint of new integration into Europe. Mr. Brown should have no diffi- culty in making clear that his statement gave no new commit- ment but it is true that the fire generated in some anti-marketeer hearts was presaged by just the merest puff of smoke in the state- ment-a puff which would. inci- dentally, have been a good deal more substantial, if Mr. Brown had felt able to take the advice of most of his Foreign Office experts
Mr. Brown actually said:-
'We believe that Europe can emerge
as a community expressing its own point of view and exercising influ- ence in world affairs, not only in the commercial and economic, but also in the political and defence fields.
""We shall play our full part in this
process. . . . As a member we shall accept whatever responsibili- ties the evolving Community may decide to assume and we shall join as eagerly as other members in creating new opportunities for the expression of European unity.""
Later at the end of his statement he also said:-
""Today the European spirit flows
strongly in the movement towards a greater unity.
""Surely it is in the interests of all
our countries that Britain should make her full contribution to this unity. With Britain as a member of the Community Europe will be enabled to play a greater role in terms of Power and influence. . . "" Clearly what this means in con- crete terms is that the British Gov- ernment take a positive interpreta- tion of the Treaty of Rome-that it aims at full European unity one day-and meanwhile they will
eagerly seek new ways of achieving this,. for instance, by closer coopera- tion in research-and development and procurement of new arms. Members of the British delegation at The Hague were emphasizing this at the end of the meeting.
Mr. Brown's statement falls well short of a commitment to join a European defence comrnmunity- first because in accepting whatever responsibilities the Community may assume he is looking forward to a time when Britain is herself a mem- ber with a say in the decisions, but mainly also because the Common Market members are deeply divided on defence policy.
What can fairly be said of the state- ment is that it could make it just a shade harder for a future British Government to reject a new form of European defence community or other defence solution if the Six were agreed upon it
MP apologizes to
Mr Brown
BY OUR POLrTCAL STAFF
Mr. Michael English, Labour member for Nottingham. WVest apologized last night for making a personal attack on Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, for his speech to the Western Euro- pean Union on Britain's applica- tion for entry into the Common Market.
In a letter to Mr. John Silkin, the Government Chief Whip, who car- peted him on Wednesday, Mr. English said his remarks had arisen "" from my strong feelings about Britain and the EE.C. *.
In his comment on the Foreign Secretary's speech Mr. English had said: ""Mr. Brown should clearly be given Cruft's first prize in the class of spanieLs.""";"July 7, 1967";"";56987;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown's puff of smoke on defence integration";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";".FROM.OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 3
European unity, in all its'disarray, seemed to; be the one talking point i.n Paris today. The main approach in the assembly of the Western European Union called for a European summit conference:to decide on unity of action, leaving the rival claims of integration or confederation to the future. A parallel proposal, looking to political reform of the Atlantic alliance, urged European members to get together and adopt a comrmon position.
A more dramatic contribution was made outside the conference by M. Peyrefitte, the French Minister of Information. who saw no reason why Europe, following the American example, should not assert some sort of Monroe Doctrine-surely the most inapt historical precedent yet applied to the European question ? Such action. he
laimed, would not be incompatible with the Atlantic alliance.
INJFERIORITY COMPLEX
Tlhe germ of his thought was that Europe is suffering from an inferiority complex, and does not know her own strength. M-ust they wait for a new genera- tion, he asked, to re-launch the notion of Europe ? It' was all a matter of self-con- fidence. The Minister saw no conflict between European states, as they now .existed, and the European state, to which all aspired. Europe must take realities as they are and mnake herself; beginning with tEurope des patties they would become le patrie europeerrne.
M. Peyrefitte, advancing this as the essence of Gaullist thought, took up the latest argument of M. Pompidou, the Prime Minister, that the French nuclear force must by nature be European. France opposed the Project for a multilateral force, he insisted, because its motives were unknown. The intention was to put all French defence forces at the disposal of Europe as soon as a common organization existed. There could be no question of establishing a French protectorate because France-unlike America-was part of Europe. In terms of the Atlantic alliance, what was wrong, he asked, with the idea of a strong, independent Europe ? France accepted President Kennedy's definition of partnership.
BRITISH SUCCESS
The approach of the W.E.U. assembly was less egotistical. British delegates, led by Lord Crathorne, scored a distinct vic- tory, at least on paper, by inducing the House to agree to Britain's participation, from the outset, in the proposed moves for European political construction. The draft motion had contemplated that initial negotiations would be confined to the Six, but after a long wrangle the British view was accepted.
The amended resolution, passed by 49 votes to two with seven abstentions, urges all seven governments to unify their action at a conference of heads of govermment called for the purpose of creating pro-
isional political machinery. This would include a decision,making body; an organ for preparing decisions reflecting common European interests; and a parliamentary assembly drawn from existing European assemblies.
Member governments are also invited to commit themselves to the drafting of a final treaty of political union, which would be open to the accession of other European states.
Lord Listowel said the continuity of British foreign policy had not been affected by the change of Government. Britain remained faithful to the ideals of the Treaty of Dunkirk the 'source: of the European movement. He gave an assura7ace that Britain would respect her military engage- ments in the conventional field and in- tended to bring the Rhine Army up to 55,000 men.";"December 4, 1964";"";56186;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Call For European Summit";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The Ministry of Defence is planning radical changes in the role and organiza- tion of British forces in Germany. It is proposed to reorganize the British Army of the Rhine into a highly mobile force which instead of being committed to a static role in defence of a permanent sctor of the central European front will be available to be moved quickly, if necessary by air, to any area of the Nato defences from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
The implications of the plan in terms of tactics, training and organization were discussed by Mr. Profumo, Secre- tary of State for War, and General Sir William Stirling on their recent visit to the United States. Sir William is shortly to become Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine. Some of the international implications will be dis- cussed initially with the Italian defence mission which is to visit Britain this week.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
The changes, which will be designed to accord with the forward strategy con- ceived by General Norstad and now to be implemented by his successor. General Lemnitzer. have arisen from a number of economic and strategic factors. While the United States Administration, the Western European Union and the Supreme Allied Com- mander in Europe have been pressing for improvements in allied conventional forces in central Europe, Britain has been reluctant, for reasons of manpower shortage and adverse balance of pay- ments. to increase the strength of the British contribution.
The Bahamas agreement, which in- volves an expensive nuclear weapons programme over the next 10 years, has. in the view of official planners, mnade any increase in the strength of conven- tional forces even more firmly out of the question.
MORE VALUABLE
The Minister of Defence believes that the best way to improve the British con- tribution to the defence of Europe is, therefore, to increase the mobility of the force.
This was foreshadowed by Mr. Thorneycroft, Minister of Defence, in Paris last month when he told the Nato Council thiat the European defence strategy should be based on the forces which the various allies could reason- ably make available and not on a purely theoretical plan.
The transformation of the Rhine Army into a lightly equipped force would en- able the Ministry of Defence to save rrmillions rof pounds in heavy equipment such as nuclear and medium artillery, armoured troop carriers and tanks. It would also make the force more valuable to Britain as a strategic reserve.
NO RETREAT
The Ministry of Defence are at pains to emphasize that there will be no re- treat from the agreement to keep 55.000 troops in Germany.
The theory advanced by General Sir Hugh Stockwell, the deputy Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, among other military experts, that Nato strategic thinking is too closely con- cerned with central Europe always has been favoured by the Ministry of Defence. Their view is that the Supreme Allied Commander needs a strong mobile and well-equipped reserve if his flanks are not to be dangerously exposed.
If Nato agrees to the new plan for the British Army of the Rhine, a permanent reserve would be created. This would, incidentally, also help to solve some of the problems of conventional defence forces which will face Britain in the coming years if she wishes to keep a military presence in Europe as well as in the Middle and Far East,";"January 16, 1963";"";55600;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mobile Role For Rhine Army?";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
SALISBURY, DEC. 8
The culmination of many years' nego- tiation and of bitter wrangling in the past nine months was an offer yesterday by the Rhodesian Federal Government to the Rhodesia Railway Workers Union (the white railwaymen's union) of a scheme for African advancement which, if accepted, will be the beginning of the end of racial discrimination in employ- ment on the railways in Northern and Southern Rhodesia.
If carried out, it will have an incalculable effect in the long term, because the railways are the biggest single employer of labour in the Federa- tion. What they do in respect of African advancement will set the pattern for others.
The background to Yesterday's offer is a pledge given by the Administration, when the Rhodesia Railways were nationalized in 1947, that opportunities would be given to African employees to advance. In the protracted talks witb the white and African unions the railway higher authority and the Federal Government have been trying to fulfil that pledge.
RATE FOR THE JOB
A tentative agreement with the African workers' union as a first step was for the reduction to two special classes. at lower wage scales, of seven existing white "" job categories"" on the railways. These jobs, such as bus driver, ticket seller, crane driver and so on. were already being done in other industries by Africans. Jobs on the reduced scale would not be reserved for Africans only, but it was tacitly under- stood that they would become in cffect African jobs.
The African tiion accepted the proposals, considering them to be a ladder from the existing African level to higher levels which at present are a European preserve. The white union, backed by the Dominion (Opposition) Party, tejected the proposals out of hand. They stated that they were not opposed to African advance- ment but it must be on the rate for the job, the European rate. A series of meetings with the railway higher authority and with Mr. W. H. Eastwood, the Minister of Transport, ended in deadlock. Eventually, Sir Roy Welensky, the Federal Prime Minister, intervened. The new alternative proposals were the outcome.
What these do in effect is to extend to the railways the system of advancement which operates in the Federal Civil Service and which has been accepted in principle for the Southern Rhodesia Civil Service. Suitable Africans will be specially trained for specific jobs which now are wholly white. If they prove themselve5 in training, they will be promoted to the job on a four- year tecting period. If in that time they prove their ability to do the job efficiently and display an adequate sense of responsi- bility they will be confirmed in the job on equal conditions with the whites. In other words, the rate for the job is accepted with safeguards against any lowering of standards.
AFRICAN DISAPPOINTMENT The European union are now considering the new proposals. In view of their earlier stand and statements they will have difficulty in rejecting them, though they may want modifications. The African union's immediate reaction is that the Government has let them down. The African trades union council, however, has urged them to give the proposals full con- sideration.
The Dominion Party has tentatively approved the proposals-but may be in a cleft stick for it rejected a motion in the Southern Rhodesia Parliament which would give Africans the similar opportuni- ties in the colony's civil service.";"December 9, 1959";"";54639;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Plan For Advancement Of Africans";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOmATIC
CORRESPONDENT
By the time Dr. Adenauer had reached London yesterday, shaken hands at Vic- toria with a smiling Mr. Macmillan- and then with the engine driver and his Jamaican fireman-it could safely be said that the atmosphere for the present round of Anglo-German talks was already noticeably better than when the two leaders last met in London at the end of 1959.
The talks began with a meeting of nearly two hours at Admiralty House in the after- noon, and later continued at a dinner which Mr. Macmillan gave to Dr. Adenauer in the evening. At the start Mr. Macmillan gave an exposd of his views on the current state of east-west relations. The two dele- gations are in full agreement on this and a German spokesman said later that there was. therefore, no need for long discussion
The British view before the meeting was known to be that'Mr. Khrushchev wishes to meet President Kennedy for serious east- west negotiations, that there is a reasonable prospect of a nuclear test ban agreement, and of a reopening. of disarmament nego- tiations, and that Mr. Khrushchev is un- likely, therefore, to bedevil the situation irreparably meanwhile.
ECONOMIC GROUPS
Dr. Adenauer had, it is believed, drawn much the same conclusions from the letter which Mr. Khrushchev recently sent him, which, it is said, did not indicate any imme- diate pressure upon Berlin. Indeed the continued stream of refugees from east Germany-in particular of skilled men- may well be an added reason why Mr. Khrushchev can hardly wish to put too much trust in the east German regime. Furthermore, the Germans have long since laid aside their suspicions that over Berlin Britain might prove the weak link in the western chain. The need for close consul- tation on the western side was a keynote of the discussion.
Mr. Macmillan and Dr. Adenauer soon passed on to discuss the present economic division of Europe. The Anglo-German expert talks, followed by the Anglo-Italian talks, have explored a number of possible ways of associating the Six of the Com- mon Market and the Seven of the Euro- pean Free Trade Association. It remains to see whether the Anglo-French talks, which start in London tomorrow, will carry on this process. The Germans were say- ing yesterday that it might be necessary to coordinate the expert discussions later, but so far President de Gaulle has not been prepared for an enlargement of bilateral discussions.
One noteworthy aspect of yesterday's discussions was that Mr. Macmillan and Lord Home. the Foreign Secretary, had with them Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Chancel- lor of the Exchequer, Mr. Maudling, the President of the Board of Trade, and Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, who will repre- sent the United Kingdom at the ministerial meeting of Western European Union in Paris next week. Obviously financial questions were under discussion.
Britain is concerned both over the possible prepayment of Germany's postwar debt, and over the strain on sterling now that the German annual contribution of £12m. to the cost of British troops in Germany is about to cease.
There iS no question of reviving the support costs issue, but the British can fairly claim that the present situation, whereby seven brigade groups are main- tained in Germany, calls for a financial easement.
Pictures, page 22.";"February 23, 1961";"";55013;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer Arrives In London";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Dec 18
EEC staff in Brussels sus- pended their week-old strike f'or two days today while minis- ters for foreign affairs, trans- port and agriculture began a final attempt to clear up out- standing business before the formal enlargement of the Corn- munity on January 1.
Ministers from the entrant countries, Britain. Ireland and iDenmark, were taking part. For. the purpose of ministerial meet- ings, enlargement is accepted as v~irtually an accomplished fact.
The 6,000-strong staff of the European Commission and the Council of Ministers will decide on Wednesday whether to resume their strike. Meanwhile, their representatives will have further contact with the Coun- cil of Ministers. The question at issue, which has been referred to the European Court of Jus- tice, is rwhether the Council's recent decision on salary in- creases squares with its ruling last March on cost-of-living and other factors in future wage increases.
One important item on* the, long, two-day agenda of the Council was the formal appoint- ment today of the 13 members of the new European Comnris- sion, who will take office on January 6. All these had already been nominated by their states, and only the desig- nation of the five vice-presi- dents remained. These were expected to be two of the existing vice-presidents, Herr Wilhelm Haferkamp and Signor Carlo Scarascia Mugnozza, to- gethe'v with Sir Christopher Soames (Britain), Mr Henri Simonet (Belgium, represent- ing the Benelux countries) and Mr Patrick Hillery (Ireland). After two years Mr Hillery is expected to make way for the Danish Commissioner, Mr Finn Olav Gundelach.
The day began with signing of the recently negotiated five- year preferential trade agree- ment between the EC and Egypt.'The signatories were Mr Muhammad Merzeban, a deputy Prime Minister, for Egypt; the President of' the Council, Dr. Norbert Schmelzer, ard Dr Sicco Mansholt, President of the Commissioit for- the Com- munity.
The* agreement, 'seen. as part of a progressive -move towards a:free trade-area, provides for a phased reduction.by' 55 per cent on the Community's external tariff on most Egyptian indus- trial, exports, modest conces- sions on agricultural exports, and certain '"" reverse prefer- ences "" for the EEC's industrial and agricultural exports enter- ing""Egypt. There is a. compara- ble agreement with Israel. An agreement with Lebanon was also being signed this evening.
Other outstanding issues in- cluded the question of when a minimum ""reference"" price should be fixed for exports of- Cyprds sherry to Britain' The Cypriots, fearing it will price them out of the market, want five years' grace. The Council is offering two, but the Italians say that even this is against the principle of Community prefer- ence.
The day also included a meet- ing between Dr Schimelzer, the Dutch Foreign Minister, as Council President, the Speaker of the European Parliament, Herr Walter Behrendt, and the President of the Court of Jus- tice in Luxembourg, Judge Robert Lecourt. One topic broached by Judge Lecourt was the Court's views on how Par. liament and the Court could best contribute towards draw- ing up a report on moves to- wards European union. The communique of the October Paris summit- meeting said that this should be done by the 'C institutions sif the Cominu- nity "".";"December 19, 1972";"";58660;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Staff strike suspended to let EEC prepare for entrant countries";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent I
BONN, DEC. 3
German cooperation in the further development of Blue Water, the British ground-to-ground artillery rocket, appears to be the most interesting advance towards better Anglo-German cooperation in the research and manu- facture of arms to have emerged from the meetings of Mr. Watkinson and Herr Strauss, the two Defence Ministers, which were concluded to-day. A joint technical working party is to be set up to consider the further development of the rocket.
Blue Water is apparently not far beyond the drawing-board stage-cer- tainly there has been no test firing- and German technicians will thus be associated with its development from an early stage. If it proves successful, both countries will recommend it for adoption by N.A.T.O.
100-MILE RANGE
The rocket, which is still on the secret list, will have a range of about 100 miles and is designed to be fitted with an atomic warhead. If it is accepted for joint production as a N.A.T.O. weapon, the council of Western European Union will again have to be approached to> modify the restrictions on German arms manufacture.
The Ministers agreed that the N.A.T.O. shield forces should be strengthened not only by the provision of nuclear weapons but also with im- proved conventional weapons. Here too some progress was made. Herr Strauss confirmed that the British 105mm. tank gun had been accepted as the standard weapon for future German tanks.
This suggests that two tanks will eventually be produced instead of a standard Anglo-German tank. The British prefer the 120mm. gun, which would have to be mounted in a tank heavier than 35 tons. which still seems to be the German limit. It was agreed to-day to hasten the production of the British prototype. The German proto- type will be ready next year.
AIRCRAFT ENGINES
It was also agreed that the two countries should cooperate closely in the development of anti-tank weapons. This work will be done under the direction of German experts. who have long been concerned with guided anti-tank missiles. Herr Strauss confirmed that cooperation would continue between Rolls-Royce and Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg on the develop- ment of engines for manned aircraft.
Much of this progress is due to the work of the Anglo-German working group which was set up some time ago to direct cooperation and coordination in these fields.
At the conclusion of the conversations Mr. Watkinson said that Britain had no intention of reducing the strength of the Army of the Rhine, which presumably mneans that the fate of the extra 10,000 troops is no longer in doubt. The strength of the Rhine Army will pre- sumably remain at 55,000 men. Both sides agreed that troops in western Europe should be fully integrated with N.A.T.O., and that air defence should be fully coordinated.
Herr Strauss said that the N.A.T.O. command structure in northern Europe and the defence of the Baltic approaches had been discussed, but there had been no mention of whether Northern Army Group ;hould in future be commanded by a Briton or a German.
It is not unlikely that cooperation in the production of submarines was also discussed, because both sides agreed that anti-submarine defence could best be provided by submarines.";"December 4, 1959";"";54635;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-German Joint Rocket Development";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Nov. 22
The Consultative Assembly to-day began discussion of the long-awaited report of its general committee "" relative to the changes necessary in the political structure of Europe to achieve a greater unity between the members of the Council of Europe."" Far from creating the impres- sion Of greater unity, however, the debate revealed those fundamental differences of approach which come to light every time the basic character of European Union is raised at Strasbourg.
The General Affairs Committee was entrusted by the Assembly with a two-fold task: to draw up a plan for the reform of the statute, and particularly for the suppression of the Committee of Ministers' veto; and to define the kind of European authority endowed with "" limited functions but real powers "" which it was desired to set up. The report of the com- mittee, which contains a number of specific recommendations, shows how differently its members conceive this authority. On almost every occasion when a vote was taken a split occurred between the. "" functionalists "" and "" federalists,"" in exactly the same way as it was revealed in the Assembly debate to-day.
DEFINMON OF AUTHORITY
An Occasion of this sort occurred particu- larly during the committee discussions with regard to the definition of a European authority. A vote was taken on the question whether the setting up of a complete federation between those member States ready to join in a federal pact should be allowed. The result showed an almost even division of opinion, which does not reflect the true state of affairs.
The main recommendations of the General Affairs Committee are: (1) that the specialized authorities be extended to cover such matters as joint defence (some members of the committee voted against this because in their view it contravened the statute); (2) that the statute itself be reformed to allow defence in its political aspects to be written into it, and the veto of the Committee of Ministers replaced by a two-thirds majority vote in certain cases-the secrecy of discussions being modified to allow a Minister to make his attitude known; (3) the establishment of closer links between the Council of Europe and the Organization for European Economic Cooperation and the Brussels Treaty organiza- tion; and (4) that the committee of experts entrusted by the Ministers with the revision of the statute should include members of the Assembly.
PRACTICAL STEP
It was obvious that M. Bonnefous, a French Centre Party member, and Mr. Crosland, a British Labour member, held very different views on the nature of the specialized authori- ties, although both praised them as a practical step towards European unity. M. Bonnefous thought that Mr. Dalton's statement in the Schuman plan debate yesterday would enable progress towards effective union to be made all the more easily, as several countries had held back for fear of finding themselves in opposition to Britain. Europe, he said, could be built more surely and rapidly through specialized agencies than by paper constitu- tions. Mr. Crosland thought there was no difference between the British parties on oppo- sition to federation; the vote in the General Affairs Committee had shown that even a partial federation of a few countries was not desired by the majority.
The British Labour members have further clarified their position on this somewhat subtle issue in a proposed amendment which states that decisions for common action must be taken by Governments acting together in a spirit of unanimity and not as a supra-national authority";"November 23, 1950";"";51856;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Basis Of Unity In Europe";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"The Palace of Europe in Strasbourg was very empty yesterday morn.ing, even by its own exacting standards of emptiness. A dutiful- 120 of the 434. Euro MPs had stayed on to take -part in the last session of Europe's first directly elected Parliament and they were just -about outnumbered by the people in the gallery.
But the vast open spaces of the permanently temporary home of the European Parlia-. ment were deserted, save for the occasional journalist dash- ing back end forth mainly searching for some end-of- term colour to livn the story.
Someone had to say it and Ann. Clwyd .did. ""Not with a bang but a whimper,"" she observed as she left her splenidid, sterile MEP's office for' the last time to head back for. the corridor desk at Westminster which she has been allotted -as Labour's newest MP.
There were only 14 British members - 10 Tory and four Labour - left at the end to see the lights go out for the last time. One was Mr Richard Simmonds, who had steered through the report on video nasties the previous evening. (The European Parliament is against video nasties but is powerless to stop them.)
Those who stayed were treated to a sombre farewell message from Mr Piet Dan- kert, the power-crazed presi- dent. He is crazed not by having power but by lacking it. ""We have still not estab- lished a real identity for the essential contact with tbe electorate,"" he complained in the big chamber to his small audience.
Government had to give the Parliament more responsi- bilities to be responsible aboutt poor Mr Dankert protested. Members were about to' campaign for a second elected Parliament. If that failed to get more power there might never be a third one.
The last act of the first
Parliament was to approve its' minutes. It fortunately did so: unanimously, because there. might not have been.a quorum if a vote had been forcedc
Those minutes include what-, most members hope will.' become a glorious page in EPC ' history, recording the speech: of President Mitterrand to a. very packed house - the pre- vious day. He had dangled in front of them a vision of what' they craved most - power in'a European union.
He was thus assured of an. enthusiastic reception from, all, or almost all. For as Mie- Simone Veil pointed outD
tartly, the French socialists. had not voted to support the union proposals 'which their leader was now grasping enthusiastically to his electoral- bosom.
The minutes show that the last session of Parliament raced through one of its most crowded workloads, studying about 70 reports on everything
from bathing water. to .kanga l roo skin toys.
It. has passed emergency resolutions demanding an end to arms supplies for the.Gulf' War (it is powerless to. insist).
It called for a permanent: Greek home for the Olympic Games (it has no powers to provide it). It pressed yet again for lead-free petrol (but has no power to order it). It wanted help for Italian earth- quake victims and Afghan refugees (which the Parlia- ment cannot give). It wanted' the Sakharovs freed (it cer- tainly cannot do that). It was concerned about Turkish human rights and drugs sales to teenagers on Merseyside (but the Turkish Government and the drug pushers show no signs of being worried).
Also, it failed to muster a quorum to pass an opinion on the 1984 budget.
Members were largely seek- ing brownie points to take back to the hustings for the campaign ahead.
Ian Murray";"May 26, 1984";"";61841;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Letter from Strasbourg";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, APRIL 17
The British plan for a west European arms pool was formally agreed on here to-day by the Governments of the seven Western European Union Powers- Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Benelux. Details of cooperation are now to be worked out by the WE.U. arma- ments committee, and the seven Defence Ministers are expected to meet again in about two months to put the plan into operation. The purpose is that the seven countries should pool their resources for the research, development, and produc- tion of various types of arms, including missiles but excluding nuclear weapons.
NATIONAL RIVALRY
The approval of the plan is regarded as a personal triumph for Mr. Sandys, the British Defence Minister, who has been working on it for the past year. It will supersede most existing bilateral or trilateral arms agreements, such as that recently signed between France, Germany and Italy, which was regarded in Britain as having certain drawbacks.
It is planned that not only should the scientists of the seven countries collaborate in research but that the arms industries should be harmonized, to allow different countries to specialize in different weapons or types of machinery. This will promote efficiency, but it is realized that it may also lead to a certain amount of national rivalry which will have to be handled with tact. Some of the weaker arms industries of certain countries are likely to suffer.
It is emphasized in W.E.U. circles that the plan will tend to make Europe less dependent on the United States in the field of armaments. It is regarded as one of the first concrete examples of the application of the principle of inter- dependence within N.A.T.O., and even as a proof of British preparedness to be
"" good Europeans "" that may augur well for the free trade area.
Under the plan Britain will become entirely dependent on European countries for certain weapons, and vice versa. Cooperation with other Euro- pean members of N.A.T.O. will be in- vited, for there is no intention to make the plan an exclusive preserve of W.E.U. It has the full support of the United States.
The approval of this plan was the main but not the only achievement of the meeting of 14 N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers which ended here to-day. The closing statement reaffirmed that western defensive strategy was still founded on the concept of a strong deterrent, com- prising the ""shield"" with its conven- tional and nuclear elements, and the nuclear retaliatory forces. The Ministers were confident that the progressive modernization of N.A.T.O. forces would enable the alliance to maintain its defensive strength, while efforts con- tinued to be made to re-establish inter- national confidence through effective, controlled disarmament.
WELL SATISFIED
The Ministers are believed to have been well satisfied by the frank talks that they were able to have this week with the allied military commanders. It is suggested that the meeting enabled several Ministers to gain a clearer per- spective of the relative importance of conventional and nuclear forces in wes- tern strategy. It was pointed out to them that conventional armies could be brought up to the Russian level only at the cost of lowering the standard of living in N.A.T.O. countries.
But if the conventional armies were made too weak, Russia would be able to risk a series of minor incursions in the knowledge that the west would never dare answer them with the nuclear deterrent.";"April 18, 1958";"";54128;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Plan For Arms Pool Approved";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The recent widespread assertions of French Ministers that the first genera- tion of French nuclear weapons will be in synchronized production bv the end of the summer faces the British Govern- ment and their partners in the Western European Union (W.E.U.) with a dilemma which they would dearly like to avoid.
This is so because the statements in effect prove that France is now in open breach of the revised Brussels Treaty by which W.E.U. (Britain and the Six) was established.
Under the treaty, France in effect undertook to submit to inspection when she had reached the production stage of nuclear weapons. So far she has resisted any suggestion that qualified inspectors for the purpose of inspecting nuclear weapons should be appointed to the W.E.U. arms control agency, and no one believes that President de Gaulle would ever agree to inspection of the French nuclear force.
It is hardly for Britain to throW stones as she was exempted from the inspection provision for forces under British direct command. except for a few forces on the mainland of Europe. So far this has meant in practice the British force at Gibraltar.
French representatives have recently argued that the treaty is out of date, having been negotiated when France's position differed greatly from what it is today.
This answer, however, can give no satisfaction to the Germans. The Bonn Government, when it joined W.E.U., accepted inspection and various impor- tant restrictions on the types of arms which it could produce in west Germany.
The present German Government has clearly no intention of breaking with its western partners, and no attempt, it is believed, is being made to evade the restrictions on arms production in swest Germany, But Germans can fairly argue that if France flouts the Brussels Treaty as circumstances have changed so can they.
There are now, in fact, strong arguments for a revision of the treaty,
or at least of the force levels permitted under it.
At present, however. this is a nettle which the W.E.U. members have no desire to grasp. W.E.U., it has been agreed, is to be the link by which the economic and political policies of Britain and the Six shall be kept in line. There is now every indication that at the next Ministerial Council meeting of W.E.U., at. The Hague on October 25 and 26, no serious controversy will be allowed to develop.
Any member, it is agreed, can raise any political or economic question. The agenda at present includes on the first day such uncontroversial topics as east- west relations, and the situation in the Middle East, South-East Asia, and Latin America. On the second day, Britain's economic relations with the Six, nego- tiations in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt), the Kennedy round of tariff cuts, and aid for the developing countries will all be raised, but are most unlikely to be fiercely debated.
The problem of an open French breach of the treaty is not expected to be mentioned at all. But it cannot be ignored much longer.
It is certain to be raised by the W.E.U. parliamentarians when the dis- armament committee of the W.E.U. Assembly meets the permanent repre- sentatives on the Council under the chairmanship of Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister. at a meeting at The Hague on November 12.
Freneb reticence, page 1.";"October 11, 1963";"";55829;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Faces Crisis Over French Nuclear Arms";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The British, French, and United States officials, who will begin their pre- liminary meetings to-day at 10, Carlton House Terrace, have a difficult anid complex task before them. They will be preparing for their Ministers a report on the best means of approaching the Soviet Union on a four-Power confer- ence on European security. They will presumably work out an agenda, draft a Note of invitation to the Soviet Gov- ernment, and suggest the time at which it should be presented and the date of the conference itself.
In so far as the future of Gerruany will necessarily play a large part in their dis- cussions, they will be assisted als6 by a German delegation, which flew from Bonn esterday. The possibility of a scaling down of atmaments in east and west Europe is bound also to be considered as part of any settlement, but the fact that the discussiotis of the sub-committee of the United Nations Disarmament Commission have now been running a desultory course in London for some eight weeks without apparently tnaking progress is not a happy augUry for any eventual conference.
Yesterday a meeting of the subcom- mittee was postponed because of the indisposition of Mr. Malik, the Soviet Ambassador in London, who has been repre- senting his Government at the talks since the departure of Mr. Gromyko on March 24, and who was unable through illness to take part in talks for several days last week.
GERMAN ELECTIONS
The position of the western Powers at the Berlin conference was that there must be free all-German elections; and that Germany thereafter must be free to choose her alliances. But the Russians are no rmore likely than they were at Berlin to accept this solution; which would mean in effect the loss of all Germany by Russia to the west. Recently the offer by Russia of an Austrian treaty on the basis of neutralization has seemed, to hold out to the Germans the prospect of unification on similar terms, in the hope of tempting some Germans away f.ro the N.A.T.O. alliance. The western officials require, therefore to wrest the initia- tive on Gerrman unifcation from the Russians. They have to find a solution which will unite Germany without leaving her at the mercy of Russia, which means that she must remain in the western camp. It is difficult, however, to see what more can be proposed than at Berlin.
One line of approach is closely coupled with disarmament. It is suggested that German unification might be followed by close integration into Western European Union, which organization incorporates a system of checking and, therefore, of scaling down the armaments of its members. Such a system, if extended could give the Soviet Union an assurance that west European and in particular German forces would not be organized on an aggressive scale against her.
MOSCOW AGRtES TO
VIENNA MEETING
Moscow, April 26.-The Soviet Govern- ment has accepted the western proposal that the Ambassadors of the four Powers should meet in Vienna to discuss the Austrian draft treaty, though, it says in a Note, it does not share the opinion that in present con- ditions such a conference is the shortest way of reaching the necessary agreement on the Austrian question. ""Since the western Powers, however, considered that such a preliminary conference of Ambassadors is necessary for certain preparatory work, the Soviet Government was ready to meet this wish.""";"April 27, 1955";"";53205;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Steps To Four Power Talks";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From J*n Mwmrry,
Strasboum
Britain's 60-strong group of Conservative Euro-MPs has been discussing whether they slhould join the Liberal or Christian Democratic groups in the European Parliament after the elections in June.
The idea has apparently been raised by leaders of the group with the party chairman, Mr John Selwyn Gummer, who has in turn mentioned it to Mrs Margaret Thatcher.
The fact that it has met with considerable disfavour has been obvious in Strasbourg this wcek with MEPs and group officials issuing catcrogial denials that elected British conservatives would ever sit among MEPs from other nations.
""Anybody who went into the election campaign saying that would be committing political suicide,"" one of the group said yesterday.""
The matter was, however, aired during a privatc meeting in Strasbourg earlier this month beween Conservative MEPs and 200 of the pary agents, who were preparing for the election campaign.
It was agreed then that all the candidates must campaign as Conservatives if they were to be credible in the elections. This political reality has not, how- evcr, ended the argument among the many members who believe they could be much more effcctive in the Parliament
if they were integrated into one of the transnational political families.
May believe privately that over the past four and a half years the, massive 60-strong block of Conservative members has been an embarrassing and unwieldy power base.
For much of the period Britain has been-at odds with the Communiiy over the budget question and the Conservative group has often been whipped to vote together a inst policies which many of the mote European-minded members wanted to support.
This block voting feel, has built up resentment against Britain and made it more difficult to obtain a fair hearing of the case for, budget reform. The Parliament at the moment is still blocking payment of a £4S7m rebate 4ue to Britain some feel this is partly being done out-of spite;
Although about. 15 members say they cannot think ofjoining any other group discreet over- tures have been made unoffi- cially in recent months to both the Liberals and the Christian Democrats about some form of merger after the elections.
There Would be no objections at all to other groups joining the Conservative group which al- rcady includes two Danes in the European Democratic group in Strasbourg.
The Liberal group, which may well be led by Mmie Simone Veil of France after the elections, is already consideriag changing its name. European Liberals are politically well to the right of their British namesakes, and the group does in fact sit on the right of the British Conseratives in the Strasboitr chamber.
The right sort of name chatnge could help some of the more federally minded Conservatives to make such a jump.
In all 24 members of the group who believe in the need or a greater European union voted on Tuesday to support a project calling for greater powers for the Parliament in an increasingly federal Europe.
* MADRID: Spanish ofricials and fishing industry sources expressed varying degrees of satisfaction here yesterday over the latest fisheries quota agree- = ment reached with the Euro-
pean community in Brussels on Tuesday (Harry Debelius writes).
The Minister of Agriculture, Sefnor Carlos Romero, said the deal, which will allow Spain to catch 7,900 tons of hake and 21,620 tons of other types of fish, ""is a reasonable one,
bearing in mind that we. managed to keep the maximum limit of the catch very close to the one set in the previous pact.""";"February 16, 1984";"";61759;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tory Euro-MPs divided over plan to merge with right-wing block";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 7
The Assembly of Western European Union, meeting in Paris today, heard criticism of France for not notifying the organization of her manufacture of nuclear weapons, and a statement bv Mr. Watkinson, Minister of Defence, on Britain's contribution to Continental defence.
In a report by M. Housiaux (Belgian Socialist) reference was made to Britain's commitment to maintain 55,000 men on the Continent. At present, according to the report, the figure is around 51,000.
Mr. Watkinson, in his speech to the Assembly, said:-
We regard ourselves as a good Nato ally, and we want to bring our Army contr- bution on the central front up to our treaty obligation of 55,000 as soon as we reasonably can. It wnill be backed up by the strategic reserve in the United Kingdom. Beyond this we are not pre- pared to go.""
Explaining why, Mr. Watkinson sketched a broad picture of Britain's defence commitments. referring to the report on the future organization of western defence outside the Nato area presented to the Assembly by Mr. J. A. Kershaw (Conservative).
COMMON PATRIMONY
Of Britain's Commonwealth and other allegiances, Mr. Watkinson said that no one was working for a Europe cut off from the rest of the world. He went on:-
""It would be tragic to cut these ties or, by
neglect, to allow them to slacken. They are our inheritance from history, the common patrimony of the new Europe. We should like to see Europe the heart- land of a worldwide assemblage of free
peoples.""
Britain, Mr. Watkinson declared, was the only nation to be a member of Nato, Cento, and Seato, and he said he would like to see links strengthened between the three defensive organizations, resulting perhaps in common meetings between military experts.
Besides treaty commitments, includ- ing Middle East policing operations, Britain had other unwritten defence obligations, Mr. Watkinson said. It was sometimes not realized that more than 40 territories scattered throughout the world, with a population of some 32 million, "" look to us alone for their pro- tection "". This called for great mobility and flexibility in bringing force to bear rapidly over great distances. To do this, forces must become less dependent on a fixed base, and Mr. Watkinson said that in the future the main bases to be built up-excluding garrisons and staging posts-would be Britain, Aden, and Singapore.
Overseas, the three services would be brought to work eventually as a joint service task force.
BALANCE "" ABOUT RIGHT"" Mr. Watkinson thought that Britain had got the balance between her Euro- pean and world defence commitments ' about right "". He defended Britain's decision to go over to a long-term regu- lar army-partly on the grounds of pre- serving the civilian labour force-and insisted that recent recruiting figures were exceeding the expectations of some critics.
He concluded by saying that Britain would continue to play her full part in W.E.U. and Nato. "" What we do out- side Europe and Nato "", he added, ""we do as good Europeans and allies"".
The Assembly approved by 52 votes to two, with one abstention, a recom- mendation implicitly criticizing France for not notifying the W.E.U. Arma- ments Control Agency and the W.E.U. Council of her manufacture of nuclear weapons. Agreeing, in his report on the application of the Brussels Treaty, that as France had not ratified the con- vention she was not obliged to give such notification to the W.E.U. Agency, M. Housiaux regretted that there was a total absence of control on the manufacture of nuclear weapons in Europe.";"June 8, 1962";"";55412;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Role In Defence Of Europe";""
"['By Hugh Noyes, Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Hugh Noyes, Parliamentary Correspondent
Mr John Nott's anxiously awaited statement to Parliament tomorrow announcing the results of his defence review could, after all, include reduc- tions in the British Army of the Rhine.
Speculation grew at West- minster yesterday after the Secretary of State for Defence appeared to go out of his way to deny that Mr Douglas Hurd, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, had said that Britain envisaged no withdrawal from the BAOR.
He told MPs, who were eagerly pressing him for some advance details that he was still talking over some of his pro- posals with our European allies.
He was discussing these matters yesterday with Dr Joseph Luns, Secretary-General of Nato, and today, in Bonn, with Herr Hans Apel, West German Defence Minister.
Reports have so far sug- gested that Mr Nott was look. ing at the Royal Navy for most of his expenditure savings and that changes in the IBAOR wero unlikely.
As MPs from all sides of the House of Commons questioned him yesterday, Mr Nott res. orted to the usual formula that they must await his statement.
But when Mr Brynmor John. Opposition spokesman on def- ence, asked him about Mr Hurd's speech, the Secretary of State went beyond his self- imposed role.
In fact, Mr Hurd- had told the Western European Union that ""there is no question so far as BAOR is concerned of our going back on our Brussels Treaty commitment "".
That would, however, still leave some room for man- oeuvre, since the treaty com- mitment is for 55,000 men and the second tactical airforce. At the moment the strength of the BAOR is about 2,000 men above our treaty commitment.
Mr Nott also appeared to be rejecting suggestions yesterday that the cuts in the Navy would be as severe as some reports have irdicated.
.To the point made by Sir Patrick Wall, Conservative MP for Haltemprice, that any cut in-the escort forces of the Navy in the East Atlantic would totally unbalance Nato defences. Mr Nott replied that there were many ways of performing our crucial role in the East Atlantic. Pointing out that the latest figures showed the increase in defence expenditure last year would be above the manifesto commitment of 3 per cent 'Mr Nott added that there were no
proposals to change any of Britain's roles in Nato.
During a debate on the Royal Air Force Mr Peter Blaker, Minister of State for the Armed Services, adraitted that Mr Nott is having as much difficulty in containing defence expehdi- ture within the Government's cash limits as did his predeces- sor as Secretary of State, Mr Francis Pym, now leader of the House.
Mr Blaker said that even the harsh measures to restrain expenditure during the past year did not entirely overcome the cash problem. Early fore- casts of the Government were producing growing evidence that his department was once again facing a cash flow prob- lem similar to last year. Action was being taken to restrain spending and a close scrutiny was being maintained on exist- ing commitments and new starts, Mr Blaker said.
The irony of the situation is that w-hile Mr Pvm publicly declared that cash iimits should not apply to defence sloending, Mr Nort, soon after he took over his new duties, told the House that the cash limits system was ""absolutely funda- mental "".
Labour dissidents, page 3 Parliamentary report, page 8
Leading article, page 15";"June 24, 1981";"";60962;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rhine Army cuts may be in defence review";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, JUNE 21
Europe's position in the world was a hotly disputed topic today at the con- grcss for cultural freedom. Professor Bondy, of Switzerland, described western Europe as a no man's land between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Nlr. George Kennan, formerly United States Ambassador in Moscow, criti- cized Europe's lack of self-confidence. It had great strength, efficiency, and his- toric importance, and he thought it over- estimated the two big Power blocks in this respect. Eastern Europe, specifically, should not be regarded as something stable and pernmanent. The unrest beginning to show there should be included in any vision of the future Europe.
In his opinion, the only solution for western Europe's political problems would be a confederation of nations. But he added a warning against bringing Great Britain into such a union. That had failed in the past, and had only complicated matters.
Mr. Peter Wiles, from Britain. was in tavour of a federation in general. Local patriotism, he said, was dangerous, and he believed that the Suez conflict would have taken a different turn had there been a European community already in existence at that time. This conviction had turned him into an active European.
Professor Schmid, vice-president of the west German Bundestag, saw the begin- nings of a confederation in Western European Union and Nato-a first step towards a European nation. Another speaker expressed some mistrust of W.E.U. because it was carried mainly by Germany, France, and Italy, all couintries without any standing democratic traditions. Herr Luithy, from Switzerland, said that for this very reason he thought the organiza- tion a good solution.
"" THE ONLY SOLUTION""
The question whether the economic unions of the Six and the Seven, respec- tively, could be considered a first step towards European integration, or whether they must be.regarded as a fatal develop- ment, was discussed by speakers from many countries, including Switzerland, Austria, and Sweden. Most were in favour of W.E.U., and, on the whole, most partici- pants approved of a European integration. Herr Liuthy (Switzerland) said that the union of the Six had led to unrest, as was shown by the fact that a Dutchman, whose country belonged to it, was worried about it, while a Swiss and a British citizen spoke in its favour.
Don Salvador de Madariaga mentioned that the German Chancellor was bound by the Federal constitution to consider reuni- fication his outstandiing task. West Ger- many, therefore, would try to unite Ger- many, part of which was sittiated in the east. As long as Europe meant western Europe only, it would be troubled by this question. If a federation were established, this might be to the detriment of the eastern states fighting for their freedom, because it would be guided by western European interests.
Sefior de Madariaga and Mr. Narayan ,today submitted to the press at the congress a proposal for a world peace guard, which would be unarmed, and placed under the United Nations Secretary-General. A charter binding all members of the U.N. would guarantee the peace guard's inviolability, and would give it the right to intervene wherever a conflict arose, if one of the Parties concerned or a third Power asked for it.";"June 22, 1960";"";54804;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Self-Confidence Call To Europe";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
-Paris, Feb. 14
The French Government threa- tened this evening to leave the Western European Union if meet- ings similar to that held in Lon- don today on the Middle East, Vhich France boycotted, con- tinue to take place.
The London discussions, at- tended by the permanent repre- Sentatives of W.E.U. members (the Common Market nations and Britain) took place on the initia- tive of Mr. Michael Stewart. the Foreign Secretary.
The French threat is contained in a statement quoting official circles, which said: -
""France can no longer accept that the mechanism of the W.E.U. be disrupted. If there is no return to regular procedure, she will draw the consequences and leave the WE.U. She regards as a grave breach of the treaty the meeting called in London without her agreement, for this meeting violates the principle of unanimity which is at the basis of the W.E.U.""
The statement pointed out that in 1963 it was agreed to hold mini- sterial meetings of the W.E.U. quarterly to examine the political and economic situation in Europe. At the end of 1968, Britain tried to transform the WE.U. into an appeals body for the Common Market bid, and to organize more or less compulsorv political con- sultations
For France. there could be no question of studying changes in the community other than on a six-power basis. or of compulsory consultations ""while Britain con- tinued to espouse the American position to s:uch a degree "".
This new crisis which has flared up between London and Paris has at least the merit of having brought into the open the real rea- son for France's refusal to have closer consultations with Britain
-the alleged continued depend- ence of the United Kingdom on the United States.
It now remains to be seen whether, in the face of the open French threat, the five partners of France in the Common Market, and more especially west Ger- many, will go ahead with consulta- tions or will weaken. If they stand fast, France will be forced to resort once more to the policy of the "" empty chair "" that she prac- tised in Brussels for six months during the 1965 crisis in the E.E.C. over agricultural policy.
Our Diplomatic Correspondent writes: France was not represen- ted at yesterday's meeting in the London headquarters of WE.U. of its permanent representatives. Mr. Iweins d'Eeckhoutte, the Bel- gian secretary-general of the organization was chairinan, Mr. Stewart led .the British delegation and Italy and the Netherlands sent senior experts on the Middle East in addition to their ambassadors in London.
The significance of the meeting is that it was held in the face of French objections. It establishes that those W.E.U. members w-hich wish to develop the organization are not prepared to accept that the French claim to a right of veto extends to a matter of procedure to prevent W.E.U. from further- ing political integration, which the treaty says is one of its aims.
Mr. Iweins d'Eeckhoutte is known to have come under con- siderable pressure from the French Embassy to refuse. to act as chair- man or to refuse to treat the meet- ing as a normal W.E.U. meeting. He made his decision in accord- ance with the spirit of the treaty and with the wish of a six-to-one majority of the members.
The next meeting, agreed before the present wraugle broke out, is fixed for Tuesday.";"February 15, 1969";"";57486;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France threatens to withdraw from WEU";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, Nov. 20
Lord Carrington, the Defence Secretary, had talks in Paris this morning with M. Michel Debre, his French counterpart.
The British Minister, who was re- ceived with military honours, first had a private meeting with M. Dibre. while parallel talks took place between General Fourquet, c-hief of Staff of the French armed forces, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Charles Elworthy, Chief of Defence Staff, and between Sir William Crook. chief adviser (projects) at the Defence Ministry. and M. Jean Blancard. the Mini- sterial delegate for armaments.
The joint communique issued afterwards said that the meeting was part of the regular Franco- British defence consultations and had dealt with cooperation in arms production. Both Mlinisters re- viewed joint projects already under way, including the Jaguar trainer and olose-support aircraft, heli-- copters, and guided missiles like the F=rench sea-to-sea missile Exocei.
They also examined the pos- sibility of extending cooperation to other arms and equipment. The prinoip1e of a reorganization in the field of Franco-British coopera. tion was also agreed in order to increase its efficiencv in the light of past experience.
The Ministers discussed defence problems of common interest and noted that cooperation between their armed forces was developing very satisfactorily. The visit, the communiqud concluded, took p:ace in a particularly cordial atmosphere.
According to informed sources, the general review of defence problems dealt with the Drospects of increased cooperation in all fields, including the nuclear one, on the lines suggested by Mr. Geoffrey Rippon, the Minister for European Affairs, in his speech to the assembly of Western European Union this week.
This speech capsed much interest here, particularly the reference 'to "" adjustments in the organization of the alliance whiich may be necessary if progress on the defence front is to be brought into line with that on the economic and political fronts "".
M. Debre's remarks in Oslo. which Mr. Rippon took as his po,nt of reference, that France favoured increased defence cooperation among the countries of west Europe, seems to indicate a more elastic attitude by France, in practice at least.
Tn theory, however, as the Minister's recent speech in the mili- tary budget debate showed clearly, his stand on the independence of the French deterrent is as uncomn- promising as ever.
French observers consider that the question of Franco-British nuclear cooperation may soon become acute with the possible re- duction of the number of American troops in Europe after 1971. If the British and French do not do any- thing, there is a real chance of a German-Armerican arrangement. as the Germans regard the United States as vital to their security
The time is not yet ripe, how- ever, for any substantial progress to be made, even in the field of nuclear targeting, about which there need not be any problem because France is not a member of Nato. Some practical link-not integration, but something that achieved the same results-could be devised, but the French will be readier to discuss nuclear coopera- tion when they have developed their Pluto tactical nuclear weapon.
The only real difficulty which arises is over who ""presses the button "". but French observers consider that this question is as theoretical for Britain as it is for France. It is only with the Ameri- can President that the final deci- sion would rest, and the aim is to ensure that the western deterrent is so convincing that the ultimate step does not need to be taken.";"November 21, 1970";"";58029;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain studies closer cooperation with France on defence";""
"";"['News']";"D URING the weekend 10 women D have been converging on London
for meetings, with British col- leagues, of the Executive Comnittee and the Council of the European Union of Women, two each from France, western Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, one from Austria and one from Suomni Finland.
On Wednesday four of them will take part in a Brains Trust to be attended by
Miss Alison Tennant
some 500 members of the Conservative Women's organizations, under the chair- manship of Mrs. Evelyn Emmet, already well known to the guests not only as a British Member of Parliament, but also for her work as fuU British delegate to the United Nations in New York in 1952 and 1953.
Questions already submitted for tho Brains Trust cover a wide field and include the extent to which hire-purchase has become an accepted fact of domestic life on the Continent; bowfar profits from state lotteries are used to lessen taxation; to what extent women in other countries study their daily newspapers; and, this specially addressed to countries in which women have only recently been given the franchise, how far women vote on their own initiative, of how much they are influenced by the political opinions of the men of the family.
The replies should, in total, provide some very interesting information.
The main work of the Executive Com. mittee and the Council will, however, be to sift the subjects to be discussed at the General Assembly to be held next year in Strasbourg, and to get down to practical propositions.
One of the immediately useful results of such meetings is the pooling of informa- tion on how problems arising from the glut of horror comics are tackled, for example. A problem very much to the fore in Austria at the moment On the other hand, both Austria and Holland have worked out very satisfactory arrangements for part-time work by women whereby two women do a single gob, one in the morning, the other during the aftemoon.
The visitors, all eminent women in their own countries, include Dr. Maria Sutorius- Alting von Geusau, a famous Doctor of Law; Dr. lsa Conci, an M.P. and head of the Women Christian Democrats in Italy; Dr. Liisa Makinen, City Councillor for Helsinki; Mme. Germaine Touquet, Coun- cillor for the Clichy division of Paris; and the chairman is to be Frau Lola Solar. head of Women of Volkspartei of Austria.
The no less capable British vice-chairman Wil be Miss Alison Tennant, ""a Scot and proud of it,"" prosPective candidate for Falmouth and Camborne, who is also a member of the London County Council and a Westminster City Councillor. Long association with the intemational organiza- tion of Girl Guides has proved to her the intense interest of people of one country in the way of life in other lands, and the Brains Trust was her idea. And so popular has it proved, indeed, that requests for tickets have been overwhelming.
Always interested in social work. Miss Tennant studied Social Science at the London School of Economics, and is also a very good linguist, with friends in almost every capital in Europe. An easy forth- right manner, considerable experience of committee work, added to a genuine interest in her fellow humans and a well-developed sense of humour, should make her a more than useful participant in the week's discussions.";"July 9, 1956";"";53578;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"To Meet In London";""
"";"['News']";"Alother stage in the laborious process of building Europe is on the -verge of completion. By the end of this month Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, will ,resent es the heads of government of the Nine the ""summary report"" on European union first mooted at the Paris summit in October i972.
Three years have passed and we are still a- the stage of preliminary soundings. At this rate it is legitimate to doubt whether the objective will be reached in 1980, which vas the date fixed. Five years would still be more than sufficient, but it is not so much a question of time as of an effective, firm political determination.to make a united Europe.
It is certainly important that. European unity should have an institutional base, in the shape of the union. But it is still more important that the commitment to unity should exist in substance and be apparent in concrete form. And there, unfortunately, is the rub, as far as the European Com- munity is concerned-and evetyone knows it.
Instead of progressing, the process of constructing a united Europe is stagnating, to say the least. M. Ortoli, the -president of the Commission, put it bluntiy on June 26, when he gave an official warning that the economic crisis and international changes from 1972 onwvards ""have checked, and per- haps even put back, the building of Europe "".
A strong organism reacts ener- getically to attack by disease. Europe, on the other hand, by behaving as it has done when put to the test, discloses something more than weakness-an incapacity to function as an organism. As a mere form of words the realitv of Europe is accepted, more or less by everyone, and everyone professes his commitment. In fact, however, selfish partiality and national inter- ests, interpreted in the narrowest sense, are once again prevailing, with each countrv erroneously believing that it is better off seek- ing its own solutions to difficulties which affect everyone and should therefore be faced together.
Thus, for example, Britain does not propose to authorize the Com- munity to represent it on energy, and Germany is tightening the purse
M Ortoli: gave a blunt warning on the economic crisis.
strings, though at least it can say that its hard-earned marks should be used to promote European inte- gration and not the. private extravagances of individual mem- bers.
One need not look far for ex- amples of similarly self-interested action by France and Italy, the other major countries. The result is clearly negative, especially in eco- nomic terms. The efforts of the Nine to fight the recession have been miserable, the long-term eco- nomnic plans are in shreds, the idea of economic and monetar- union is dead.
The foreign policy outlook is less disheartening, bur it is Inl enough for Signor Moro to have signed the Helsinki Agreement (even in his capacity as president of the Coun- cil of Ministers of the Community) for anyone to say that Europe really has its own foreign policy on much more burning questions that affect it directly, from the western Medi- terranean to the Middle East.
And so 1975 draws to an end with a disappointing record of achieve- ment. Europe has not got off the ground, and for that reason Europe is still without an identity.";"December 2, 1975";"";59567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commentary";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The timetable of diplomatic meetings for January illustrates the two processes which will be at work in the international field. There will be the preparations for the Summit meeting, now fixed for May 16, while various efforts are to be made to consolidate economic and political relations between the main groups in the western world.
Preparations for the Summit, at least on the western side, in turn fall into three parts: -
Meetings in Washington of the working group of Ambassadors, who will seek to produce a common western position on east-west relations and Germany, includitig Berlin. The group may be assisted by special committees, to cover thc different aspects of cast-west relations such as economic aid to underdeveloped countries and non-interference in the affairs of other states.
Meetings. also in Washington. to work out a western position on disarmament between the tUlited States, Britain, France, Italy, and Canada. members of the .United Nations Disarmament Com- mission. of 10, which is to meet. on March 15 in Geneva.
Resumotion of talks in Geneva between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union on an agreement to end nuclear tests.
Within the western block itself there will be the ad hoc conference arranged at the western summit meeting in Paris before Christmas. Members of the Six (France, Germany, Italy, and Benelux), the Seven, (Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Swit- zefland, Austria, and Portugal). and Ite, United States and Canada will meet to consider ways of preventing economic divisions between the three groups and of coordinating economic aid from industria. lized to underdeveloped countries.
The conference may establish some con- tinuing body for these purposes, but at this stage it is more likely to agree to keep these questions under study by experts.
Next will come meetings in Brussels and then in Rome between the Ministers of the Six, and relations between that group will be furt4er consolidated by a Rome visit by Dr. Adenauer. Meanwhile preparations for a Ministerial meeting of the Western European Union will be almost completed. This, according to the latest proposal, takes place in London on February 8. At present the usefulness of W.E.U. is limited. The aim will be to give it some added useful- ness as a forum in which the Six and the Seven can discuss political problems.
The complete time-table is as follows:- Throughout The working group in
Jan. Washington, which began
work on December 30, will continue to prepare westem position papers on east-west relations and Germany for sub- mission to westerm leaders before the Summit.
Jan. 8 to 16 . . President Gronchi's visit to
Soviet Union.
Jan. 12 .. Nuclear test conference re-
surnes, Geneva.
Jan. 12 and 13 Ad hoc conference between
(probably) representatives of the Six,
the Seven, and North America to smooth out economic differences and consider problems of economic aid.
Jan; 14 . . Ministerial Couincil meeting
of O.E.E.C.
Jan. 18 . Meeting of Foreign Mini-
sters of the Six, Brussels. Jan, 19 to 22.. Dr.w Adenauer visits Rome. Jan. 25 .. The five western representa-
tives on the United Nations Disarmament Commission start to pre- pare western positiorn
Jan. (ast week) Meeting of ForeiFn Mini-
sters of the Six in Renee.";"January 1, 1960";"";54657;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Busy Period Ahead In Western Preparations For Summit";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Brown with President Johnson at the White House yesterday. On
the right is Mr. Bruce, the American Ambassador to Britain.
From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, Ocr. 14
Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secre- tary, arrived here today to meet President Johnson and Mr. Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State, with a public image that few of his predecessors:have enjoyed here.
He appears to have been on and off television since he landed in this country, and by now must be well known to the 30 million Americans who watch the network news programmes.
They are said to be appreciative of the blunt language which, according to one admiring viewer, provided an effective counterpoint to his warm personality.
Only the stuffier of his fellow country- men seem to have obiected to being called "" Brother "". This- is his first appearance here as Foreign Secretary, but not his first visit, and the welcome he received at the State Department. was as friendly as he could have wished.
""Hallo, George "", Mr. Rusk said. ""Welcome to Washington.'
President Johnson was equally cor- dial at the White House, where the two of them chose 3a-ant.x over Th&;af- covered lawns while discussing their business. Both were quite jovial after this perambulation, and Mr. Johnson insisted that Mr. Brown accompany him to the Capitol.
Vietnam and Nato
At the White House they discussed Vietnam. Nato, disarmament (with the rising hopes for a nuclear non-proli- feration treaty), and the President's pro- posals for peaceful engagement with the Soviet Union and other east Euro- pean countries.
Many of these echo what Britain has been voicing for some time, and it can be seen that Mr. Brown had little to be blunt about. If this town is a tiny bit bored with the proposals of non-com- batants on how to bring the war to an end, there is no objection to the six-point plan announced at the Labour Party conference.
His internationalism and Europeanism are of course welcomed. His determina- tion to stay east of Suez is most popular, if for reasons that receive little mention at Transport House. Contrary to British belief the Americans do not feel lonely on the marches of China-the coming Manila conference is evidence of that-but at least while Britain remains east of Suez Mr. McNamara has a good enough excuse for keeping the United States Navy out of the Indian Ocean.
Talks in Bonn
The Foreign Secretary attached the greatest importance to his talks on Viet- nam and nuclear non-proliferation. He reported that in his conversations with Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister had said that a non-prolifera- tion agreement was important and urgent, and that the bombing of North Vietnam must stop if negotiations are to be held over Vietnam.
In his talks with Mr. Rusk, Mr. Brown said the latest west German offer to off- set the foreign exchange costs of the Rhine Army was unacceptable. The tri- partite talks which are to begin in Bonn on October 20 must complete the arrangements for offsetting costs by November and not January. This was necessary becauset. of the budgetary deadline and the, 1quirement to con- sult with We,ftArn European Union, if
British troor.. t-e to be withdrawn.
Rhine Army cuts, page 7.";"October 15, 1966";"";56763;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Brown's Blunt Talk Welcome";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"-The blossom !was out in
front of the dub Berlay- rmnot in Brus- sels last weck. giving a rare splash of
colour-'and - freshness to the home. of EEC bureaucracv. It aptly symbolized the expec- taint mood of springtime which is. suffusing the Com- mun`ilv at the'moment.
,For after*a-very long; bitter winer of manv discontents there is -now a real feeling that the EEC is budding with ideas and thoughts. There are certainly cloudsx on the hor- izon, but .perhaps they just meakn afew April showers.
- , The ;first cloud bursts today when! the agticulture ministers meet again to try to settle the annual price' :deal 'and when West' ;Germany will again refuse to settle because it will not -allow any cut in. cereal prices. -Farmers. could well hia,ve to'wa,itunti.tthe summer for agreement. -
They will probably still be meeting, when the budget ministers try to agree a budget for.the Community' to replace the one , thrown 'out. by the European- Parliament last Dcembmeir. .The new budget ipcludes money to repay Britain- automatically £600 million ''in contributions this year and: there. are already omtnous.-noise in the. Parlia- mentthatitwilt be thrown out again, unless the way this money is spent is subjected to seitiny by ityembers..
. But the CornMunity-by now is hardened to having no deal on - agriculiure and on rows with the P,ar}iament. over the budget. Memiber-states have been, to the financial brink, looked over and found that things are not all :thai dreadful. There is confidence that s'onehow or other""it iyill all be .sorted out.
-here is no disiagrieement on the need .for; agreeing better ways of ageeing - -as the aruMPents -over thei farm
peices and budget prove. But there is profound philosophi- cal disagreemcnt on whether new ways of decision-taking ineVitably require a move towards federalism.
For Britain, the mattcr is simple enough. There should certainly be much more majority voting, but as a last resort a country must be given the right to use a veto if it really believes a vital national interest is at stake. The ""vital -interest"" would have to be defended publicly.
Such a system would suit Britain down to the ground. It would force West Germany to open its insurance market to competition from the City. It would force airlines to lower fares. It would generally open up a real common market quickly.
But West Germany, along with Italy and the Benelux, are wedded to a more idealistic, federalist strategy. They say they want majonty voting on virtually everything.
Britain's strongest negotiat- ing card is that time is running out. Changes will really have to be brought in before Spain and Portugal join.
The' federalist approach would need a great deal of time.
The British scheme, on the other hand, could be agreed at the June summit and be in operation before Spain and Portugal joined.
The federalists will be faced with a stark choice between a tangible, more efficient, econ- omic community or an in- terminable series of nego- tiations to try to build a European union. It is the age- old argument between the 'head and the heart and passions are running deeply.
Outside the Berlaymont the blossom had faded by the weekerit. The present spring- tim,4e of the Coinmuniiy miiht be as short lived because union is so divisive.
lan MurrayI";"April 22, 1985";"";62118;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['By Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Political Correspondent
At the request of the Socialist group, it is likely that the Euro- pean Parliament this week will decide to postpone the votes to be taken on the comprehen- sive report on political union which is to be presented on Wednesday by M Alfred Ber- trand (Christian Democrat, Bel- gium) on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee.
The request will be made by lHerr Ludwig Fellermaier, leader of the Socialists, on the ground that the 18 new members of his group from the British Labour Party need more time to familiarize themselves with the issues raised in the com- nmittee's recommendations.
Led by Mr Michael Stewart, the former Foreign and Com- monwealth Secretary, the Labour MPs and peers will be welcomed at the opening of this week's session of the Parliament in Strasbourg today.
Even. yesterday most mem- bers of the Labour delegation had not seen M Bertrand's report and the amendments which have been tabled: The debate on the report will pro- ceed as planned on Wednesday; the votes on the various amend- ments will take place at the September session.
M Bertrand's report takes up the generalized declarations of the European heads of govern- ment about the need for closer European union, and points t;*e way ahead,. as seen by the parliamentarians.
It envisages an expansion of the Community's joint decision- making to cover foreign policy and defence, as well as mone- tary, budgetary, energy, social, regional and research policies and the control of supplies of raw materials.
That, the committee says, will require a transformation of the Community's institutions and the creation of "" a single deci- sion-making centre wvhich wvill be in the nature of a real Euro-
pean government, independent of the national governments and responsible to the European Parliament "".
A controversial section states that the EEC Commission in the course of next year should sub- mit a programmg of action for the achievement of greater poli- tical union and that ""once this programme has been approved by Parliament, the Council of Ministers should adopt it and respect it, as' should the meni- ber states "".
Mr Peter Kirk, the leader of the European Conservative group, said last night that his group would be moving an amendment to delete after the reference to a decision-making centre the words ""independent of the national governments"".
It was far too early, he said, to say whether the decision- making body was going to be the commission or the Council of Ministers, or a combination of the two, but the wording of the recommendation seemed to imply that it wvould be the com- mission, and the Council of Ministers obviously would not accept that.
The Conservatives will seek to delete the list of functions on which the Community ivould take joint decisions and "" speak with a single voice"" and say instead that the new. decision-rhaking body should take over such functions as are necessary for the more effec- tive working of the union.
That would suit the Socialist group, which is proposing to delete defence from the func- tions, well knowing that the Dutch, Danish and Irish Socia- lists are strongly committed to opposing such an expansion of power. The group has reserva- tions on several other pro- posals, and there wvill be further discussions at a group meeting this morning, when the British Labour delegation can put their viewvs.";"July 7, 1975";"";59441;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strasbourg voting delay urged to help Labour";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"bl iLs customary burst of pre. Christmas activity the European Economic Community this month will be trying to pack in as much unfinished business as possible before the end of the year. The schedule includes at least eight meetings of the Council of Minis- ters, which /5re overshadowed by the fall-out from the summit gath. ering of EEC heads of government in Rome yesterday and today.
The Rome meeting, the climax to Italy's six months' presidenicy of the EEC, seems likely to reinlforce the role of the thrice-yearly sum. mit as a kind of final court of appeal for the settlement of out- standing disputes.
The heads of governmenlt are looking at proposals for direct elections to the European Parlia- ment anid for an EEC passport. Expectations before the meeting were that Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, would say how his report on the wider ques- tion of European Union is pro. gressing and that an important con-
tribution would be made by Herr Helmut Schmidt outlining Germnan proposals for tighter control of the EEC budget.
Foreign Ministers will pursue some of these matters in Brussels on December 9. This week Minis- ters responsible for budgets are meeting to consider the European Parliament's request for restoration of cuts made in the expenditure proposed by the European Commis- sion for 1976. The final draft will be submitted to the European Par- liament for adoption at its session in Strasbourg beginning on December 15.
On that day, Ministers of Finance will bave an opportunity to coordinate positions to be adopted at the Group of Ten meet- ing four days later in Paris. At the same time - Agriculture Ministers are expected to hold their first debate on the commission's farm price proposals for 1976-77.
Looking back
November 5-6. Mr Callaghan tells his fellow Foreign Ministers that he sees little hope of introducing direct elections to the European
Parliament by 1978. Discussion of an EEC mandate for the Paris
energy conference reveals wide dif. ferences on floor prices for oil.
Ministers give'qualified approval to the long-term supply for grain and other foodstuffs to Egypt.
November 10.11. Farm ministers
complete their stocktaking of the Common Agricultural policy and
forward a summary of their conclu- sions to EEC heads of government. They also agree to increase the
prices paid to New Zealand's dairy producers by 18 per cent from the
eginning of next year.
November 10-14. In Luxembourg
the European Parliament votes by overwhelming majority in favour of restoring nearly four-fifths of the cuts made by the Council of
blinisters in the European Commis. sion's original draft of next year's EEC budget.
November 12. The European
Commission formally decides to
take F-ance to the European Court of Justice for refusing to abolish
a 12 per cent tax on the import of_ Italian table wines.
November 17. Finance Ministers agree to extend the use of the
unit of account ""cocktail""-based on a weiglhted average of EEC
currencies-to transactions of the European Coal and Steel
Community. The ""cocktail"" is
already uised fur the European Development Fund and the
European Investment Bank. November 15. Ministers of
Employment and Finance, the European Commission, and
employers and trade unionists
bold joint meeting to discuss the Nine's five million unemployed.
Michael Hornsby
The 7'imes";"December 2, 1975";"";59567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"In prospect";""
"['From Michael Horusby']";"['News']";"From Michael Harnsbv
Brussels, March 30
A ""solemn appeal"" to EEC heads of government not to postpone their promised appro- val of a convention providing for direct elections to the European Parliament when they meet in Luxembourg later this week was made here today by M Georges Spenale, the Parlia- ments president.
He said that failure to take a decision would deal "" a serious hlow"" not only to the high reputation of the European Council. as the summits are called, but also to the hopes raised last December, when heads of Government agreed that direct elections should take place in May or June of 1978.
M Spenale disclosed that he had received a letter from Mr Gaston Thorn, the Luxembourg Prime Minister and present EEC president, assuring him that the question of direct elections wvould be treated ""as a matter of priority"" in the summit dis- cussionLs on Thursday and Friday.
Despite this assurance, there is doubt in Brussels about how much time the summit will have for direct elections, or the Tindemans report on European Union, in view of a recent French request that the eco- nomic and monetary crisis should head the agenda.
What the heads of govern- ment will be asked to approve in Luxembourg is the text of a convention providing for direct elections, most of the clauses of which are no longer in dispute. Several key ele- ments, howvever. remain the subject of controversy, after failure to resolve them at foreign minister level.
By far the most important is the size of, and distnbution of seats in, a directly-elected Par- liament. Here the debate is mainly between France,' which advocates a strict propor- tionality between seats and population strength, and smal- ler states like Ireland, which want the distribution heavily weiahted in their favour.
The position of Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, is close to that of the European Parlia- ment itself. This is that while proportionality should be ob- served as far as possible, small states must be ensured a mini- mum reasonable representation; but he is also concerned that Scotland and Wales should be adequately represented, which raises the rather different issue of regional claims.
From what Mr Callaghan said yesterday in the House of Commons, it seems fairly clear that the British representative will not be in a position to com- mit the Government finally on direct elections at this week's EEC summit. Even more serious, in the view of some Brussels observers. is the Gaul- list pressure on President Gis- car d d'Estaing to withhold approval for direct elections.
M Spenale said he was satis- fied that there had been no retreat by Britain from its com- mitment to the principle of direct elections.
What would be inexcusable, M Spenale said, would be for the Nine to allow the practical problems of introducing direct elections at the national level to serve as a pretext for post- poning the necessary joint decision at the Community level. The practical problems could not be tackled until that decision had been taken and ratified by national parlia- ments.
Our Political Staff Mrites: In a letter to each head of government, IVI Spenale en- closed a copy of the European Parliament's resolution of March 11, which urged that a definite decision should' be made at the. Luxembourg surn- mit meeting. M Spenale said the resolution reflected "" a wide measure of agreement on the principle of direct elections "".";"March 31, 1976";"";59667;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC urged to agree over direct elections";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 13
The Bill containing the Franco-German agreement on the Saar has to-day been tabled in the National Assembly, and its preamble makes interesting reading when compared with the preamble to the same agreement as tabled in the Federal Parlia- ment at Bonn.
As might be expected, the emphasis in the French preamble is all upon the practically immutable nature of the new statute, which is said to confer upon the Saar "" an irrevoc- able European statute, subject to the peace treaty "" [with Germany). The preamble opens with the remark that it is "" inconceiv- able,"" at a moment when Germany is taking an equal place among the community of free nations, that a cause of friction could be allowed to persist between France and Ger- many ""- which would condemn in advance any attempt at sincere and lasting cooperation.""
THE SINGLE EXCEPTION
The agreement, signed in Paris on October 23, gives the Saar a European statute "" which cannot in any manner be called into question, with the single exception of the peace treaty."" In the course of previous negotiations, the preamble recalls, it bad been possible to attach the Saar to the Council of Europe only as al temporary measure; now, it is "" under the auspices and in the framework of western European union that the statute is definitively placed."" It is thus "" incontestable "" that the Saar is getting a European statute.
It follows, the Bill goes on, that when the peace treaty with Germany is negotiated, the French Government will insist upon the con- firmation of the present agreement, at the same time seeking the support of the British and American Governments ""according to the formal assurances given by those Governments on April 10, 1947. and reaffirmed since then.""
In the economic field the new agreement ""proclaims categorically "" the maintenance of the monetary, Customs, and economic union between France and the Saar, which has always been contested by the Federal Republic. There can be no common market established between Germany and the Saar so long as the common European market is not realized.
"" Such are the essential dispositions,"" the preamble concludes, ""of an agreement which constitutes not a statement of principle or a sketch [prdfiguration] of the future statute of the Saar, but the statute itself.""
CONSECRATED PERMANENCE
The agreement will be submitted to a referendum of the Saar population, but once it has been approved it cannot be called in question except by the peace treaty, ""which means that any activity or political propa- ganda of a nature to compromise the action or authority of the institutions charged with applying it [the statute] must be illegal and contrary to the maintenance of peace in Europe and a good Franco-German under- standing."" The permanence of the statute "" which has always been in the forefront of the Assembly's preoccupations, is thus con- secrated.""
Finally, the Saar agreement "" cannot be dissociated from the whole of the Paris agree- ments, of which it constitutes a capital element."" It should eliminate one cause of the permanent friction between France and Germany, and "" the higher interests of all peoples demand that no State shalt assume the grave responsibility of calling it in question.""";"December 14, 1954";"";53114;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Bill On Saar Pact";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-Pari5, Dec. 4
Though Geneirl de Gaulle is hardly likely to take note of it; even remotely, and is even less likely to be deterred from his self- appointed course, the 13th session of the assembly of the Western European Union opened today in Paris in a mood more critical and indignant about French policy than at any time in the past-not exclud- ing the period immediately follow- ing the "" veto "" of January, 1963.
This mood was forcibly ex- pressed in the opening speech of the president of the assembly, Signor Badini-Confalonieri, who is also chairman of the Italian Liberal Party, and who denounced the "" political insolvency of Europe "".
Modified treaty
"" Instead of finding in union the remedy for its weaknesses, Europe runs the risk of losing everything by disunion "", he said. "" The most obvious symptom of the deep dis- agreement among our countries is to be found today in the very different conceptions that inspire the attitudes of France and of her neighbours on the question of British membership of the com- munities.
i This involves essentially a poli- tical problem . . The answer to whether the difficulties outlined in this opinion (of the Brussels Com- mission) can be overcome depends on the political will of all Govern- ments, including that of the United Kingdom "".
Since the hopes of an early open- ing of negotiations ran the risk of being dashed, ""must not one of the tasks of our assembly, as the modi-
fied Brussels Treaty calls upon us to do, be to recall that the British Isles are part and will always be part of Europe, and that, as a result, they cannot remain indefinAtely detached from the European communities ? ""
So long as Britain had not become a member, it was within the frame- work of the W.E.U. that a true politi- cal cooperation between her and the Six would have to be set up.
Europe found itself in a very dangerous state of deadlock. ""If Italy, Germany, and the Benelux countries, passively accepted once again a veto to Britain's entry into the E.E.C., the European communi- ties and the Atlantic alliance will move towards disintegrtion.
""In saying this, I do not criticize the standpoint of one man or one country. I think that, if, within the communities, one country tries, as is natural. to impose its way of think- ing on its five partners, the five must with the same energy, put forward their opinion "", Signor Badini- Confalonieri added.
It was necessary and opportune for Britain to bind itself to the com- mnunities but these could not pro- gress without France.
The British application for mem- bership of the E.E.C. will be dis- cussed by the assembly on the last day of the session. after a speech by Dr. Luns. the Netherlands Foreign Minister, on the subject. He is the only one of the foreign ministers of the seven member coun- tries to have responded to the assembly's invitation to attend.
A report by Mr. van der Stoel (Netherlands. Socialist) will provide the basis for this debate. It is to incorporate an assessment of General de Gaulle's references to Britain at his press conference.
Leading article, page 9.";"December 5, 1967";"";57116;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU criticism of French attitude";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 31
M. Mendes-France, the Prime Minister, | announced last night that he had invited Mr. Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of the United Nations, to call at Paris on his way from London to Delhi to-morrow. Mr. Hammarskjold is to stop at Orly for about an hour, and he and the Prime Minister will have a conversation either at the airport or near by. It is under- stood that M. Mendes-France wishes to discuss with the Secretary-General his plans-for renewed negotiations between east and west, to which he is more than ever committed after the past week's debate.
The National Assembly's decision in favour of the London and Paris agreements has been calmly received by the Press and public opinion here. Even the Communist newspaper L'Humanite, though it describes yesterday's vote as "" a nameless crime against France and peace,"" has for the moment no advice to give its readers but to await the reading of the ratification Bills in the Council of the Republic. Le Moande, which during the past few weeks has openly opposed ratification, abstains from direct editorial comment; but Combat, another opponent, warns that "" foreign capitals would make a mistake if they were to hang out their banne~rs; . . . by linking Atlantic policy indissolubly to the rebirth of German militarism they will have made the former the object of the same repugnance and appre- hension as the latter.""
NO JUBILATION
Newspapers favourable to the agreements have greeted the Assembly's vote without jubilation. ""At least we have faced facts instead of fleeing from them, which does not happen all that often,"" comments La Voix du Nord. "" The vote should be considered not as an end in itself, but as the starting point for the construction of Europe,"" says Le Figaro; while Franc-Tireur comments: "" The question now is to limit the harm done, on the one hand by encouraging integration with- in the new organization, and on the other . . . by seriously preparing a four-Power conference to settle the German question."" Sud Ouest declares: "" This mediocre vote will not pro- duce the tragic breach which could have been provoked by a refusal; but it will remain a source of suspicion . .. the vote has been won but the heart was not ir it.""
The managing committee of the Socialist Party last night announced the expulsion from the party of M. Max Lejeune, who voted against the London and Paris agreements. M. Lejeune was expelled from the party after the E.D.C. debate. in which, as chairrman of the Assembly's defence committee, he had played a leading part in the defeat of the treaty; but his expulsion was subsequently suspended subject to future good behaviour.
Sixteen other Socialist deputies who voted against the Government last night were deprived of the right to speak for or repre- sent the party for the rest of the present
parliament; they too had been under suspended sentence since the E.D.C. debate.
The general expectation to-day is that the agreements, having now passed the Assembly, are unlikely to meet with much difficulty in the Council of the Republic, which must con- clude its reading of them within two months. It is noted that the rapporteurs so far unofficially announced for the different agreements are all believed to be moderately favourable: they are M. Michel Debr6 (Gaullist) for western European union, M. Marius Moutet (Socialist) for the revised Bonn conventions, M. Auguste Pinton (Radical) for the Saar, and M. Jacques de Maupeou (Independent Republican) for the military aspects of the agreements.";"January 1, 1955";"";53128;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Plan For East-West Discussions";""
"['From Mario Modiano,']";"['News']";"From Mario Modiano,
Athens, June 16
The western powers were warned today that although the Soviet threat to the security of Greece and Turkey had not in- creased, these two countries needed urgent help to redress the alarming military disparity with their Warsaw Pact neigh- bours.
The warning was given in a 37-page report on ""European security and the Mediterran- ean"" submitted to the current Paris session of the Assembly of the Western European Union by its committee on defence questions.
The committee, in a draft recommendation to the assembly, urged the West ""to increase mutual assistance for the modernization of the mili- tary potential of Greece, and even more urgently, Turkey... with particular regard to the quality and level of armaments of neighbouring countries"".
The report, prepared by M' Jean Bozzi, a French parliamen- tarian, noticed that, despite the continued increase in the overall Soviet defence effort "" the direct military threat from the Soviet Union has not signifi- cantly increased-it is still less, in relative terms, than in the 1960's when important air and naval bases were available to the Soviet Union in Egypt "".
However, the East-West bal- ance of power in two potential war theatres involving Greece and Turkey-in Thrace and the Caucasus-gave cause for con- cern.
In Thrace, although the West could deploy roughly 350,000 men, the same as the East, the disparity in armour was enormous (6,200 tanks and 5,800 armoured personnel car- riers for the Warsaw Pact, 3,000 and 1,700 respectively for Greece and Turkey). The two Nato allies were also outgunned two to one.
The balance of air power was even worse for the West. The Soviet block had 640 dedicated air defence fighters, to 107 of Greece and Turkey, while the
difference in tactical fighters was less pronounced-310 to 241.
One hopeful observation here was that because there were no Soviet troops in Bulgaria or Romania, any attempt to seize the Turkish Straits-""-the most important conceivable Soviet objective in the area ""-would require the transfer of large- scale Soviet reinforcements, which would give Nato adequate advance warning.
'Concern over the equilibrium of forces in the Caucasian theatre was even more acute because there would be less advance warning of a Soviet attack, although the immediate strategic objective of such an attack was less obvious.
There the Soviet forces would outnumber the Turks in manpower two to one (310,000 against 152,000), in armour seven to one, in fighter air- craft five to one.
With this alarming assess- ment, the defence committee report voices concern over the problems of western cohesion in the area. It welcomes the return of Greece into Nato's integrated military structure, but regrets that (unlike the opposition parties in other Nato countries) the Greek opposi- tion party, which may win the next elections, calls for with- drawal from Nato.
The report wants Greece and Turkey to be encouraged to solve their differences, but reprimands the Greeks for regarding Turkey as their main potential enemy.
It said: "" (The committee) regrets a highly distorted view of Turkish policy that appears to be held by certain politi- cians and even in certain mili. tary quarters in Greece, and for which it is unable to find any basis in reality.""
Finally, the report urged sub- stantial and urgent military aid to be given to Turkey, although it regretted the absence of a time-table for a return to demo- cracy.";"June 17, 1981";"";60956;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Greece and Turkey have 'urgent need' of arms";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic t Correspondent
The Foreign Ministers of Western European Union flew to London at short notice yesterday to discuss the proposed reductions in the British con- tingent in Germany and agreed a compromise.
By the time they adjourned for dinner they had agreed to a,suggestion from M. Spaak (Belgium) thatkan attempt should be made to marry the two main types of Proposal before them. This was later successful. It meant that a communiqud will be published to-day,,under which the British Government can 'carry out about half the proposed cuts in the first year, beginning next month. A review of the British proposals, taking into account the: military effort of the other N.A.T.O.. Powers, will be carried out0before the end of the year.
The number of men to be\withdrawn in the first year would not be! regarded as definitive until agreement had 'been reached! on the remainder of the plan later in the, year. The strategic reserve of 5,000 which,~ under the British proposals, would be trans-: ferred to Britain, leaving its heavy equip- ment in Germany, would not be moved' back, at any rate during the first year, and its ultimate disposition would be subject. to further review.
ORIGINAL INTENTIONS
This means that in practice the British2 Government will be free during the next 12 months to withdraw about half of the proposed total of about 27.000 men. The: remainder will be withdrawn in the next 12 months, provided there is agreement on the British plan after further re.view in the light of the military effort of the other! N.A.T.O. Powers.
The Germans had proposed that, the: whole British plan be postponed for further' review. The French originally insisted; that the members of W.E.U. should ap- prove the British plan only if it conformed: to the requirements of the Allied Supreme, Commander.
The British are understood originally to have intended the withdrawal within: some 12 months of some 27,000 men, in-' cluding the strategic reserve of 5,000 who would be earmarked for service on the Con- tinent. General Norstad, the Allied Supreme Commander is understood to have recommended a slower phasing of the with- drawals over two years; rotation of the Canberra squadrons between Britain and the Continent to give the Air Force greater' experience of work on the Continent; and the maintenance of the strategic reserve of 5,000 on the Continent.
OVER TWO YEARS
General Norstad did not. however, rule out a reduction in the British forces in principle, and the Netherlands delegations, in order to avoid any W.E.U. resolution opposing the British plan, proposed modin- cations to bring it closer to General Nor- stad's views. The phasing was to take. place over two years, there was to be greaterl rotation of Canberra squadrons, and the: strategic reserve was to remain in Germany for an indefinite period.
M. Spaak's proposal of last night thus marries the German and French desire for a full review of the British plan with the Dutch proposal that the plan should go forward subject to modifications. In fact, under M. Spaak's proposal about half the plan can be put in train at once, and a review of all will be carried out before the end of the year and before the other half of the plan is put in operation.";"March 19, 1957";"";53793;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Compromise On British Troop Withdrawals";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARtcu 9
The Council of Ministers, which met this morning, heard from M. Pinay, the Foreign Minister, a full account of the latest developments on the Saar.
Questioned after the meeting about the arguments between Bonn and Paris on the interpretation of the new Saar statute, the Government spokesman said that too much importance should not be attached ' to purely parliamentary reactions."" It is under- stood that M. Pinay made clear to his col- leagues the difficulties of a French dntearche to London and Washington at this moment (as demanded in a motion tabled earlier this week by a Gaullist deputy) and pointed to the need for discretion over this matter in all the capitals involved.
RIGHT ADMITTED
There is a growing realization-and this was discussed in this morning's council meet- ing-that it is unrealistic to exnect London and Washington to repeat earlier undertak- ings when, by the introduction of the idea of a second referendum in the Saar, to be held at the time of the peace treaty, the French Government has shifted ground and now admits the right of Saarlanders to settle their future.
The Franco-Saar economic negotiations, aimed at forming a new economic convention between the two countries in line with the provisions of the Franco-German agreement, were resumed in Paris to-day after the inter- ruption caused by the fall of the Mendes- France Government. M. Pinay told the Council of Ministers this morning that there were good hopes for a prompt solution and that the remaining points of disagreement were more questions of form than of substance.
The Government spokesman later said that it was "" extremely probable "" that the negotiations would be concluded rapidly. perhaps even before March 22, the tentative date for the opening of the debate in the Council of the Republic on the London and Paris agreements.
COMMITTEE ACTION
To-day the economic affairs committee of the Council of the Republic adopted with- out amendment the whole series of agree- ments which make up the Paris treaties. after having rejected by 11 votes to six a motion which would have postponed rati- fication of the Saar agreement.
nbe industrial production committee of the Senate, which last week voted an amend- ment to the treaties affecting the Saar, to-day adopted by a large majority another amend- ment stipulating ihat the instruments of ratification of the treaties should not be deposited until a European standardization agency for armaments (the so-called ""arms pool "") and for the distribution of American aid had been established.
Developments in Bonn concerning the Saar question are reported on page 6.
SIR A. EDEN SETS OUT
BRITISH ATTITUDE
Sir Anthony Eden, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in a Parliamentary written reply, stated yesterday: The Government have welcomed the agree- ment between the French and Federal Germnan Governments on the Saar as an essential element in Franco-German cooperation in Westem European Union. Provided that the Statute is approved by the Saar people through a referendum her Majesty's Government will support it pend- ing the conclusion of a peace treaty. At any Peace Conference her Majesty's Gov- ernment will also support a solution which rests on the willing acceptance of the Saar people and of the French and German Governments. Thus they hope that the Saar, instead of being an occasion of con- flict, w ill become the permanent symbol of the reconciliation of France and Germnany and of the creation of a new spirit of European unity and confidence.";"March 10, 1955";"";53186;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Ministers Discuss Saar";""
"['By Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"By Roger Berthoud
Like the headmaster of a famously successful public school who has come to give out the prizes at a struggling com- prehensive, Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West German Chancellor last night had some encouraging words for Britain when he addressed the Foreign Affairs Club in London prior to today's talks at Chequers with Mr Wilson.
In the Federal Republic, he said in a remarkably relaxed and friendlv speech at the Savoy Hotel, they were cheered by the better economic news coming from Britain. "" I agree with the Prime Minister that the improvement in your bal- ance of payments, the sharp reduction in your rate of infla- tion, the fall in the number of davs lost through strikes last year are encouraging evidence that your economic strategy is working.
"" When I say this, I do not Intend to be patronizing in any way "", he hastily added. ""'It is both a German and a British interest that your economic re- covery should be as consistent and speedy as possible.'
After alluding to last summer's referendum as Britain's marriage with Europe, Herr Schmidt had some skittish compliments to make about the growing continental influence on the British way of life.
He had learnt from reliable sources, he said, that continen tal quilts (duvets. as we call them) were catching on in Britain, with sales soaring to 750,000 last year and expected to hit 1,250,000 this year. ""I think that is very important, be- cause it shows that you are breaking out of an old tradi- tion; that many of you are not tucking yourself away in isola- tion any longer, but that you are prepared to expose your- selves, mind and body.""
limpressed though he was by this decent exposure, Herr Schmidt agreed with ""Jim"" Callaghan, as he called him, that we Europeans should not throw our11 identities overboard. The Community could not de- velop into an all-embracing European Union overnight by those ""qualitative leaps"" one heard so much about. ""Each stage of integration must stand the test that the people in our
Herr Schmidt: 'You are not tucking yourselves away any longer.'
country are' willing to endorse it . . - because it holds advant- ages for them and opens up prospe-cts of a better future.""
Turning to the disparities between the member states of the EEC, he pointed out that if West Germany's per capita national income was put at 100, the figures for the other eight in 1974 were: Denmark 98, Luxembourg 97, Belgium 89, France 85. Holland 82, Britain 55, Italy 44 and Ireland 35 (the United States would have been 106, Japan 67). He thought the two-speed solution, allowing stronger member states to move faster towards economic and monetary union-advocated in the recent Tindemans report- had ""severe negative implica- tions "", a view shared by the British Government. "" We should be running the risk of the gap growing wider still "".
But he admitted that the European monetary "" snake "" was not a bad example bf co- operation between some mem- hers without the strength of others being overtaxed. He thought that if Jim Callaghan won his bet that the Govern- ment would get inflation down to 10 per cent by the end of this year, it would considerably improve Britain's chances of joining the ""snake"".
After pointing to the benefits Britain had derived from EEC membership, he gave a warning that Germany was not at pres- ent in any position to finance new EEC undertakings.";"February 7, 1976";"";59622;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Schmidt's warm words for Britain";""
"['OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY
OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
When Herr Brandt arrived in London yesterday on his first visit as Foreign Minister of Germany, he was asked at once about his attitude to British mtembership of the Common Market.
Would he be glad if the Com- mon Market accepted a British application to join ? He replied firmly: "" Yes. I can say hom much we in Germany would appreciate in the not too distant future Britain becoming a full member.""
Later, after a call on Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary, and a luncheon given by him at I Carlton Gardens, the talks began with the Common Market. German national and geo- political interests led her to support the expansion of the Common Market, Herr Brandt argued. and Britain could count on the Federal Government speaking with-one voice in the Western European Union with Britain present, or in Brussels with Britain absent
German efforts
Mr. Brown described the process of discussions now going on in the Cabinet and Parliamentary Labour Party, and emphasized the importance of an early conclusion to the Kennedy round discussions which, it is hoped. will result in a substantial reduction in trade barriers between the main non-communist trading countnes
Herr Brandt fully agreed on the importance of keeping to the April 30 deadline for the Kennedy round negotiations. The timing of a British application to the Common Market. he left to the British Government to decide. One suggestion now is that there should be a declaration of intent when thz Kennedy round negotiations end, followed by an application in the autumn to join. But dedicated "" Europeans "" in the Cabinet argue that the application sbould go in once the decision is taken.
Much of yesterday's talk at the Foreign Office. which lasted for two- and-a-half hours. concerned east- west relations. Herr Brandt describcd German efforts to open relations with east Europe and recent developments since Germany succxeded in cstab- lishing diplomatic relations withl Rumania. He thanked the British Government for their support with various countries in east Europe, and he explained in detail that it was the Federal Governmentfs sincere policy to improve relations and make its own special contribution to an east- wvest detente.
Atmosphere friendly
He hoped that Mr. Brown and Mr. George Thomson, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, when they visit Moscow and Prague respectively in May, would be able to explain the sincerity of this policy-and MIr. Brown and Mr. Thomson were both glad to give him this assurance.
The atmosphere at the talks was described later as very friendly, re- laxed and good-humoured and the talks themselves were more of an informal discussion than a formal session. One point which can clearly be emphasized by British Ministers in their contacts with east European countries is that the Germans can fairly claim in view of recent con- cessions, for instance, to Czecho- slovakia, that in spite of all the accusations against them of revan- chism they are not, in fact, pursuing any revanchist policy against any of their neighbours.
Herr Brandt later attended a receo- tion at Lancaster House and was the chief guest at a dinner given by the Foreign Affairs Club. at which he said: ' I would rather agree with what my British colleague, Georg.-
Brown, said last November beforc ,he Anglo-German association. that Anglo-German relations have prob- ably never been better than today.-";"April 13, 1967";"";56914;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt Starts London Talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MRtcH 8
Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd are expected here to-morrow for dis- cussions with M. Mollet and M. Pineau. The conversations are to continue for most of the day, culminating in a dinner at the Quai d'Orsay. Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Lloyd are spending to-morrow night and most of Sunday here, but no official business is intended to be done on Sunday.
This will be the first meeting between French and British Prime Ministers since the intervention at Suez. It falls in between the visit to Washington of M. Mollet and M. Pineau and the forth- coming conversations in Bermuda be- tween Mr. Macmillan and President Eisenhower. A prominent landmark on the ground to be covered is likely to be the. Middle East situation, with special reference to Israel and the future of the Suez Canal.
Here the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary will find their French hosts firmly resolved to withstand any illegitimate pres- sure from Egypt or the Arab States. As M. Pineau is reported to have informed the foreign affairs committee of the National Assembly yesterday, the French Govern- ment is reasonably happy about the situa- tion in the Gulf of Akaba, because it feels that if Israel ships were fired on or inter- fered with by the Egyptians, the Israelis would be justified in defending themselves, and in invoking Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.
UNKNOWN QUANTITY
The situation in the Gaza strip seems less favourable in French eyes, for Ameri- can policy in the event of a resumption of Egyptian raids into Israel appears here to be an unknown quantity.
Two other matters are likely to figure, at least in the general sense, in to-morrow's discussions: the British wish to reduce their forces in Europe, and the question of the European common market and a free trade area in Europe. The first has been dis- cussed several times, in the framework both of Western European Union and of N.A.T.O. The British project meets with nobody's complete approval, but it is clear that the French are looking particularly askance at it.
It is true that they withdrew a large number of troops from the central sector in Europe, without even properly informing N.A.T.O. beforehand, to meet the emer- gency in Algeria. But they can point to the solemn British undertaking of 1954 to maintain "" on the mainland of Europe, in- cluding Germany, the effective strength of ....four divisions and a tactical air force, or whatever the Supreme Commander re- gards as equivalent fighting capacity.""
DISQUIETING PROSPECTS
It can be argued that the French Parlia- ment was Persuaded to accept German re- armament within N.A.T.O. largely because of this British undertaking; and to set it aside, for however good a reason, within less than three years, and with the risk that the spirit of economy might spread also to the American forces in Europe, is naturally a disquieting and unpleasant prospect.
The problems of the common market and the free trade area are for the most part highly technical and clearly cannot be gone into at any depth to-morrow. But, as the Chancellor of the Exchequer made plain in the House of Commons, the decision of the six Messina Powers to in- clude their oversea territories in, or at any rate associate them with, the common market may complicate negotiations for a free trade area, and in particular may raise difflculties in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.";"March 9, 1957";"";53785;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan In Paris To-Day";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 17
The conference upon a European ""arms pool'"" which opened here this morning was attended, by representatives of the seven countries-France, the United Kingdom, western Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Nether- lands-who will be members of the Western European Union.
The British delegation was led by the per- manent delegate to the North Atlantic Council, Sir Christopher Steel. All the other countries save one were represented by their ambas- sador to N.A.T.O. The exception was western Germany, for whom Dr. Erhard, the Minister for Economic Affairs, appeared.
This conference, it may be recalled, grew out of the decision taken last October, at the time when the new agreements on Germany were signed in Paris, that a working group, in which were represented the nine signatory countries, should meet in Paris on January 17 to study the idea of an arms pool. In the event, only the seven W.E.U. nations are represented here, though Canada and the United States are to be kept informed, and there were American observers present to-day.
STARTING POINT
The document circulated by the French earlier this month, consisting of an outline of proposals for an arms poot in two stages- provisional and definitive-is to form the starting point of the present conference. But the French themselves have already made it clear that it is only a starting point, and although none of the other delegations is ready to reject the idea out of hand, no one seems prepared to accept it as it stands. The negotiations are likely to be protracted and technical.
The establishment of some sort of an organi- zation for standardizing arms and coordinating arms production is not directly linked with the ratification in the French Parliament of the new agreements on Germany. The National Assembly has already given the treaties a first and unqualified reading, and if the Council of the Republic, the Upper House, passes them without amendment, they will automatically go forward for the President of the Republic's signature in the second half of February. It is therefore somewhat difficult to explain why the French are now suggesting something which few people outside France seem really to want -t least in its proposed form-and which, by reason of the very length of time which it is going to take to negotiate, can have little impact upon the ratification process here.
SECRETARIAT FORMED
This morning's session opened with a general explanation of the French proposals by M. Parodi the leader of the French dele- gation, and then the delegates passed on to set up a conference organization, consisting of a general secretariat. The secretary-general is to be Mr. Peter Fraser, of the United Kingdom delegation, and the assistant secretary-general, M: Jacques de Follin, of the French Foreign Ministry.
French official circles have commented upon the latest Soviet Note to Germany, proposing the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bonn and Moscow. It is described here as a "" spectacular propaganda manifesta- tion,"" designed to hinder the ratification of the Paris agreements. The Note will not, how- ever, dissuade the French Government from pursuing its two-fold aim of getting the Paris agreements ratified and continuing its efforts to seek a dgtente between east and west by diplomatic preparation.";"January 18, 1955";"";53142;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"An 'Arms Pool' For Europe";""
"['By George Clark Political Staff']";"['News']";"By George Clark Political Staff
The Stormont parliament should be suspended, says a report from the Federation of Conservative Students published last night. It adds that a commission should be appointed by Westminster to administer the province for two years and that there should be ""a phased reduction of internment "".
Mr Andrew Neil, chairman of the federation and leader of its three-man mission to Northern Ireland and Dublin, said: ""With these two steps we believe tl.at -lie ground would be cut from beneath the feet of the IRA. We believe that the Catholics will respond to a reform programme carried out by a body with no vested interest in either community.
""We explain in our report how the commission could prepare Northern Ireland for consensus politics which, in the long run, is the only solution.""
Publication of the report was held up over the weekend at the request of Mr Heath. Mr Neil said the purpose of submitting it to the Prime Minister was to emphasize to him that it was their belief that there was no purely military solu- tion to the problems of Ulster that would be acceptable to the British people.
""We believe that there is still a chance that a political initiative could lead the way to a solution. However, the initiative must be radical to be effective in gaining the Catholics' confidence, but must be accompanied by a categorical assurance to the Protestant com- munity that Ulster will always be a part of the United Kingdom if a majority are in favour of union.""
Mr Neil said the students wished to impress on the Prime Minister that ""a radical political initiative is the most potent weapon he has
at his disposal to restore the law and order to Ulster which all men of good will desire"".
Mr Norman St John-Stevas, Con- servative MP for Chelmsford and an honorary secretary to the federa- tion, said last night: "" I understand that the Prime Minister, while accepting that the findings of the report are not Conservative Party policy, sees no reason why these young people should not make their contribution to the debate.""
The comnission sent to Northem Ireland consisted of Mr Neil, and Mr 1. N. B. Spencer, vice-chairman of the FCS and of the European Union of Christian-Democratic and Conservative Students, and Mr Ian Wood, a member of FCS.
The report states: "" This report represents the unanimous views of the three-man mission. We have an advantage over most Conservatives in the breadth of opinion we could meet.
' As Conservatives we met a number of Unionist Party represen- tatives, govemment ministers and Mr William Craig. As students we were able not only to meet Alliance Party and Catholic leaders, but also to go into and talk to residents in the Bogside. Creggan and Bally- murPhy. Our mission covered Dublin, Belfast and Londonderry.
""In presenting this to the Prime Minister, it is our belief that if more Conservatives were able to meet the people we have met they would realize that there is no simple 'law and order' solution and that a bold political initiative could still save the day.""
The report states that a military solution is conceivable only if Britain is willing to use the level of force and methods that have been used by totalitarian powers in the past. "" We believe that such a policy is neither desirable in itself, nor acceptable to the British people.";"March 21, 1972";"";58432;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ulster should be run by commission, Tory students say";""
"['From Michael Binyon,']";"['News']";"From Michael Binyon,
Bonn
Arms control, East-West relations and Europe's hopes for strengthening of Nato will be the main themes of talks which Chancellor Kohl begins today with President Reagan in the first visit to Washington by a European leader since the President's re-election.
Herr Kohl will underline his country's warm welcome for the resumption of Soviet-American arms talks, but will try to ensure that German and indeed West European, interests. are not neglected.
He and Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the Foreign Minister, will seek in their meetings with the President, Mr Gcorge Shultz, the Secretary of Statc, and Mr Caspar Weinberger, the Defence Secretary, to harmo- nize vanous strategic initiatives and clarify Nato policies-such as the Rogers plan for follow-on forces attack and air-land battle.
The German side will express its support, underiined yester- day by the Christian Demo- cratic arms.expert, for the five- year rescarch programme into space-based. defence proposed by President Reagan.
A particularly important issue for the'Bonn, however, is the inclusion, of medium-range missiles in Europe in the
umbrella arms talks Washing- ton will begin with Moscow next year.
Trading on his credit built up dunng West Germany's un- wavering commitment last year to deploy the new missiles, Herr Kohl will press hard for this issue to be given priority. Bonn is not expecting a freeze on the deployment of Pershing 2 and cruise missiles, but would not rule this out if it was a result of wider negotiations.
A clear German influence in formulating American strategy at any renewed Geneva talks would be a vital boost to the Chancellor at a time when he being accused at home of having little influence in Washington and when Bonn's own policies towards Eastern Europe are in some disarry.
On Alliance strategy, Herr Kohl will not attempt to speak for Europe as a whole, although he may seek American support for the strengthening of the Western European Union. He wants to convince the Reagan Administration that his Government at least is ready to strengthen conventional forces.
Some circies here, however, are balking' at the bigger burdens Washington has been urging on Bonn, and do not want the Chancellor to give his
hosts a carte blanche. In return, Herr Kohl will be seeking closer German-American co-ordi- nation and consultation.
Herr Kohl enjoys good personal relations with Presi- dent Reagan and is making nuch of the fact thatlhe is the first allied visitor in the President's second term. But Bonn has pressed hard for this invitation, and Washington does not appear to see much significance in it.
The Americans, with memor- ies of Watergate, will want to know how much Herr Kohl is politically handicapped at home by recent scandals, particularly the Flick affair, which has received widespread publicity in the United States.
Before setting off yesterday, Herr Kohl. met the Soviet Ambassador here to discuss Moscow's readiness for new arms talks and was given a written outline of Soviet pro- posals for the development of East-West relations.
Commentators have been advising against over-optimistic hopes - which Germans have fallen victims to in the past - of a rapid improvement in East- West relations.
Leading article, page 13";"November 30, 1984";"";62000;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Kohl to press Reagan for a stronger Nato at Washington summit";""
"['By George Clark Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"By George Clark
Political Correspondent
Comments from Members of Parliament of all parties at Westminster yesterday on the recommendations of Mr Le3 Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, for the next stage of European integration, contained warnings that some of the pro- posals will run into stronog opposition in Britain.
In particular, the suggestion that there should be cout:'oa European defence and foreign policies found little support among Labour backbenchers.
Mr Douglas Jay. Labour MP for Battersea North, and a leading opponent of E,C imem- bership, said that several im- portant proposals ran counter to the promises made by the Government during the refer- endum campaign and would require further approval- from the electorate and Parliament.
Mr Michael Stewart, the former Foreign Secretary, who now leads the Labour delega- tion to the European Parlia- ment, thought it contained a lot of generalizations and platitudes but was generally right in adopt- ing a pragmatic approach.
He said Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, wanted to give the European Parlia- ment a stronger position. equal to the Commission's, in the
initiation of legislation and had suggested that the acceptance of the majority vote in the Council of Ministers would have to be more common.
"" The vital question is whether the political will is there "", Mr Stewart said.
Mr, Stewart thought the pro- posal for, a "" two-speed "" approach to economic and monetary union was useful. That should be an encourage- ment to the United Kingdom.
Sir Peter Kirk, leader of the Conservative parliamentary delegation, ""said: "" The report is a modest attempt to move the Community on the lines we want to see adopted. But I particularly regret that although Mr Tindemans is prepared to see direct elections, he is not prepared to see any increase in the powers of the European Parliament at this stage. His economic and monetary pro- posals are probably too compli- cated to work.""
In spite of the British Governmenes initial reluctance, MPs at Westminster expect a Green Paper by the end of February setting out the various methods by which United King- dom MPs could be elected directly to the European Par- liament.
This will be debated in the summer, with the expectation tnat a Bill providing for the
elections will be introduced in the 1966-67 session of Parlia- ment.
Mr Douglas Jay, Labour MP for Battersea, North, who cam- paigned against .Britain's mem- bership of the EEC, said the Tindemans proposals con- flicted with the undertakings given by the Government in its referendum manifesto.
If such proposals *vere to be pressed forward, the Govern- ment would have to seek fur- tner authority both from the electors and from Parliament.
For the Liberals, Mr Russell Johnston, MP for Inverness, who used to be in the European Parliament, said: Tindemans is the voice of practical possi- bility. Basically, he has pro- duced the civil service approach; what is sadly lack- ing is a vision of the positive advantages which European union will bring.""
Charles Hargrove writes froin Paris: The French Government is cautiously refraining from taking any official stand on the Tindemans report before the meeting of the European Coun- cil at Luxembourg in March. But the report has already shown signs of resurrecting the old controversy between nationalists and supranational- ists in political parties and in the press.";"January 9, 1976";"";59597;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"MPs of all parties forecast strong objection in Britain to some proposals in Tindemans report";""
"['By Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"By Roger Berthoud
Ln a speech on Europe in Hamburg last night, Mr Cal- laghan, the Foreign Secretary, came out strongly against the idea of a two-tier EEC.. He feared that sucb a development -advocated first by Herr Brandt, the former Chancellor, and again in the report on European union by Mr Tinde- mans, the Belgian Prime Minis- ter-might deepen divisions be- tween member states, and end in breaking up the Community.
Mr- Callaghan's speech on ""Building the Europe of Tomor- row "" was remarkable for its positive spirit. Gone was the curmudgeonly tone of his re- narks about the EEC during the dispute over th-e Paris energy conference. Instead he spoke of ""our Community "", of the striking amount it had achieved since Britain's entry and, repeatedly of the valuable "" coordination reflex "" being de- veloped in foreign policy by Europe's statesmen.
He told Hamburg's Ubersee (Overseas) Club that he had read the report of Mr.Tinde- mans with ""interest and ad- miration "". Speaking for himself rather than the British Govern- ment, he welcomed Mr Tinde- mans's concentration on those subjects in which greater unity might be achieve -. He added: "" I support Mr Tindemans's general theme that it is in the interests of all our people that the Community should be a success.""
He also saluted Mr Tinde- mans for the "" realism and mod- esty "" of his ideas on economic and monetary union. The nub of the matter, Mr Callaghan submitted, was Mr Tindemans's remark that no one had claimed to find a solution acceptable to poorer member states.""
""The truth is that the Com- munity cannot advance rapidly
in. the direction of economic and monetary union without a mas- sive transfer of resources from the richer member states to the poorer member states"".
Britain would give careful consideration to Mr Tindemans's suggestion that the stronger countries should move faster than the weaker ones towards economic and monetary union. But this could have unforeseen economic and political conse- quences, especially if Greece, Portugal and other countries joined, and the gap between the two tiers grew wider rather than disappearing.
Earlier Mr Callaghan had said that the Community was firmly established. ""'There is not the slightest prospect of it collapsing. On the contrary, with every passing year, it be- comes more and more unthink- able that it will be dismantled.""
But later he qualified this with the fear that the creation of two tiers could end in the break-up of the EEC.
Direct -elections to the Euro- pean Parliament were one area where progress could be made. The British Parliament needed time to consider the political, constitutional and financial problems: the original Six had had 17 years, but for some reason did little about it.
""Let me make it clear, if I have not already done so, that it is our firm intention that British delegates should be elec- ted to the European assembly and not nominated. We wish to see a democratic parliament.""
The Foreign Secretary reckoned that the emergence of the EEC as a world power-not a superpower-gave the Nine a chance to speak on more level terms with the Soviet Union, whose power should be chan- nelled into "" a continuing pro- cess of negotiation at all levels "".";"January 23, 1976";"";59609;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Callaghan warning on 'two tier' Europe";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR COPRESPONDENT
THE HAGUE, MARCH 2
In an open letter to Dr. Luns, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, a group of 38 prominent Dutchmen, including two former Prime Ministers, Dr. Drees and Dr. J. E. de Quay, several former Ministers, leaders of associations of employers and the trade unions and intel- lectuals like Professor Dr. P. Geyl, the historiti, have attacked the current efforts of President de Gaulle to organ- ize Europe in the sphere of defence and foreign policy ""aimed at lessening the links with the Anglo-Saxon countries "" and at a policy independent of the United States and the United Kingdom.
They urge that a demand "" should be made at the earliest possible moment for the participation of the United Kingdom in any eventual discussion among the Six about political union "". They ask the Government ""that it should hold with all its might to the basic principles of its policy, and not allow itself to be dragged along, under the label of European union, on a course which would cause irreparable damage to European integration and to the cohesion of the Atlantic world "".
"" Holland "", they say, "" has always rejected as disastrous the concept of a united Europe as a third power between America and the Soviet Union."" The cornerstone of Dutch foreign policy since the North Atlantic Treaty Organization came into being is "" the maintenance and strengthen- ing of the Atlantic alliance "". which is being eroded at the moment because of the direc- tion in which the Europe of the Six is developing.
POLITICAL REASONS
A second essential element of Dutch foreign policy is the integration of Europe. but Holland "" has always taken the posi- tion that the integration should actuall""
strengthen the Atlantic alliance "". The pro- cess of integration should not be limited to the Six but the United Kingdom and other countries should also be brought into it. The French veto of JanuaTy, 1963. was not exercised for economic. but exclusivelv for Political reasons.
These are the reasons why the signa- tories of the letter urge that a renewed effort should be made for the participation of the United Kingdom. which has stated - with all clarity that it wishes to take part in this political discussion"".
They entirely reject the setting up of a Political union of the Six on the basis of a treaty, - if only because there is no agree- ment between the Six over the fundamental objectives of foreign policy. specifically as regards the attitude towards the United States "", New discussions among the Six would lead only to further concessions to France and continuing cleavage of the Atlantic world "".
The Europe of the Six. they say, ""can- not develop into an entity which can even get near to guaranteeing our security "". As only Nato can do that they urge ""the strengthening of the links between Europe and America and concerted action by the countries joined together-in Nato."" which should remain the highest priority in Netherlands policy, above the integration of the Six. rertaint:' in the direction it is moving now.
The signatories state that they are acting in their individual capacity. They are members of the main political Parties, including the Socialist Party, which is in Opposition, and it can be said that their appeal would have the support of a large majority in Parliament and of the Dutch people.
THE HAGUE, March 2.-Dr. Luns today thanked the signatories of the letter and said the dangers to European integration and Atlantic cooperation mentioned in the letter were causing him concern.-Reiiger.";"March 3, 1965";"";56260;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dutch Plea For Closer Links With Britain";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 31
Herr von Brentano, the west German Foreign Minister, has welcomed Mr. Mac- millan's announcement to open negotiations as an act of "" extraordinary political sig- nificance "". He said today: "" This is a step of decisive importance for the Federal Republic. The Federal Govemment will do everything within its power to bring about Britain's entry into the Common Market""
Asked afterwards if this meant that the Federal Govemment would support an amendment to the Treaty of Rome, he refused a direct answer before negotiations had begun.
Recalling that at the London meeting of Western European Union in May he had already indicated the Federal Government's desire to take up a British Government initiative, Herr von Brentano said: ""1 believe that with a common political will it must be possible to conclude with Britain agreements so that membership for her of the European Economic Community will be realized-with, of course, the reservation that the basic principle of all members having equal rights and duties is preserved.""
West Germany understood the difficulties facing Britain's entry into E.E.C., the links with the Commonwealth -"" which are immensely important and which we do not want to endanger""-and Britain's relations with the European Free Trade Association. "" The Treaty of Rome provides for special clauses which take into account the special condition of a member state, especially during a transitional period, so that in the end it should be possible for our aim to be achieved.""
Though the Federal Government and industry have long made clear they would welcome such a step by Britain, informed circles in Bonn are aware that a long period of negotiations is now approaching which will not only bring up economic differences. about which there has yet been little detailed thinking, but also the risk of political conflicts, already latent, within the Six.
FRANCE.-The first official reaction in Panis to Mr. Macmillan's statement recaLed that the heads of Government of the Com- mon Market countries at their recent meet- ing in Bonn had expressed the desire that Countries seeking to enter the Market would be ""ready t> assume, in all domains, th1e same responsibilities and the same obliations "" as the present members. Pend- ing more precise studies French officials were ready to give a "" favourable salute "" to tahe Britsh initiative.
BELGIUI.-Foreign Mlinistry officials welcomed the British announcement Observers in Belgium consider that unani- mous acceptance of Britain's request to negotiate is a foregone conclusion.
HOLLAND.-A Foreign Mlinistry spokesman said: 'The Dutch Government has always favoured the political and eco- nomuc strengthening of tbe whole of free Europe and thus applauds the British step."" Holland hoped the negotiations would be of "" the briefest duration "".
ITALY.-The development was wel- comed in Rome. Signor Flavio Orlandi. a Social Democrat, said it was a courageous act for a countnr which had always safe- guarded its insular Position and its Com- monwealth links. Signor Nenni, the left- wing Socialist leader, said it was a ""posi- tive and very important' event
LUXEMBOURG.-Mr. Roger Pinsent, a British Government delegate, today informed the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community of Britain's decision. Observers in Luxem- bourg said the decision implied the will to open talks for full membership of the Coal and Steel Community and Euratonm";"August 1, 1961";"";55148;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W. Germany Offers All Help";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. I
Implicit support for the creation of a multilateral -nuclear force was expressed in Paris today"" at the autumn Assembly of the Western European Union. At the same timc -a -reassertion of the French position was'being made in Parliament by M. Messmer, Minister of the Armed Forces, in opening a 'debate on French military planning for the next six years.
In less. than five years, he noted, the Atlantic treaty would come up for renewal. All were aware of French criticism of the mniLitary and' administratiVe structures of the alliance. For a sovereign state, an alliance could not in time of peace retain the organic form of an integrated system. 'The Minister said it would be well to pre- pare a better system for Nato in accord with their European neighbours; but the first duty of France was to define a national defence policy and assemble its means.
In a troubled and dangerous world, the French wish to remain free and, within her possibilities, help 'others to be free. M. Messmer then gave details of his £4,000m. programme, with its nuclear priorities, which by 1970 should find France equipped with submarine-borne ballistic missiles and six atomic battle divisions.
WORLD REALITIES
A note of caution was sounded in the W.E.U. Assembly by Signor Brosio. Secre- tary-General of Nato. Any reorganization of the Atlantic alliance, he said, must re- spond to world realities. expressed in politi- cal terms by the growing weight of Europe and the close interrelation of world events; or, in terms of detence. by the whole problem of nuclear weapons.
It had not been demonstrated, in his view, that the M.L.F. was the only means of enabling European countries to share in nuclear Policy without possessing nuclear forces of their own, which would be an admitted advantage. Nor was it certain that such plans would be an indispensable or decisive element for the alliance.
He felt that the significance of the M.L.F.
tended to be over-dramatized and the I dangers of division overestimated. What was needed was a frank and loyal dis- cussion to dispel doubts. overcome objec-
tions, and facilitate examination of possible I counter-proposals.
DIVISIVE GROTIPINGS
What seemed far more dangerous to Signor Brosio was the formation within the Atlantic -alliance of blocks or groups of countries committed in common to the con- stant pursuit of a rigid policy without regard for other allies. Such groupings, he said, had the risk of dividing the alliance; it would be quite otherwise if a group of Nato allies formed a true political union' recognized by their other partners.
General .Lemnitzer, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, reiterated his mis- givings about the reduct.ion of military service in some allied countries to too short a term, and spoke of the lack of adequate training grounds in the central European sector. He was gratified to see more countries taking part in nuclear planning, and noted that European airfields offering facilities for modern aircraft had increased from 20 in 1951 to more than 200 now.
An exhaustive report on aspects of western strategy. bringing out the widely conflicting attitudes of members towards the nuclear problem. was presented for the defence committee by Mr. Anthony Duynstee (Netherlands). His wide investi- gations tended to be overtaken, to t-he extent that he supported the new Brlish proposals for an Atlantic nuclear force.";"December 2, 1964";"";56184;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Over Dramatizing The M.L.F.";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATiC CORRESPONDENT
The two-day Western European Union Ministerial meeting opened at Lancaster House yesterday. This is the second of these ""new-style"" W.E.U. meetings, since the six Common Market countries agreed among themselves in July that W.E.U.-the Six plus Britain -should provide the machinery for maintaining links between Britain and the Common Market Governments.
The meetings. in effoct, fall into two parts. There is the more formnal cxchange of views on intemational questions, but there is also, inside or outside the council chamber, the much more real concentration upon the heart of the problem-Britain's future relationship to Europe.
Yesterday both these aspects were in evidence. Mr. Butler, the Foreign Secre- tary, representing the host government, was in the chair, and this gave bim the oppor- tunity to restate the British Governmnt's attitude to the possibility of European poli- tical integration-which was not on the agenda.
NEW FEELING
Mr. Butler said that the British Govern- ment had consistently made clear their hope that they would be able to take part fully and from the outset in any discussion on political unity. He added that he was repeat- ing this position. because of a new feeling that some new steps should before long be taken.
It would not be enough for discussions to take place without Britain, and for Britain to be informed through W.E.U. The British Government would like not merely to be able to comment on decisions but to take part in the decision-making itself.
At this point Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister, suggested that the Perma- nent Council of W.E.U. should be instructed to draw up a plan for closer political consultation, so that the nembers could work together towards closer political union. M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, took the line, however, that these new W.E.U. meetings were only now making a beginning and he opposed any development of their scope-at least for the present.
MIDDLE COURSE.
Dr. Schr6der, the German Foreign Minister, steered a middle course. Britain, he thought, should be in political discus- sions from the start, but the question of agreeing machinery for such political con- sultation could wait. Here the discussion lapsed. On the heart of the European problem the French in effect successfully maintained their opposition to any closer Unks between Britain and the Six but the meeting at least served to give the British attitude a good airing.
Mr. Butler scored a minor success in pressing for a communiqu6 at the end of the meeting, in which at least the approxi- mate date of the next meeting will presumably be stated. The next host country is BeIgium, and no difficulty iwas expected about fixing a meeting in Brussels in three months' time; but the fixing of a date at each meeting in advance could be of importance in preserving the three-monthly principle. After Brussels it will be the turn of Paris.
All in all yesterday no change of position appeared over the European problem, but the atmosphere was clearly less tense than at The Hague in October, when Mi. Couve de Murville sat silent throughout much of the two days. Yesterday he is known to have taken a full and incisive part in the discussions on east-west relations, and the -&Wtinc.af. Europe towards Latin-America,
the Middle East, and the Far East.";"January 24, 1964";"";55917;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Oppose Closer British Link With Six";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harprove
Paris, March 9
President Giscard d'Estaing presided this afternoon over a special ministerial meeting at the Elysee attended by the Prime Minister and the Finance and Foreign Ministers, to put the finishing touches to the French brief for the new- styled European Council which opens in Dublin tomorrow.
For the French Government, the main business of this "",summit "" will be to bring to an end, at long last, the wveary process of Britain's renegotia- tion. After that, the ball will be squarely in Britain's cour-t.
Very much as side issues, a further attempt will be made to find a Community standpoint on energy. The Middle East and the Eluropean security con- ference will be discussed.
Those who in the last few days, in Brussels or in London, have expressed fears, or hopes, that France would play the villain of the piece in Dublin are in for a surprise. France does not, at this summit, as so often in the past, intend to provide a convenient alibi or scapegoat for failure.
The French Government is convinced tllat the European Council wvill reach agreement on the outstanding items of Britain's renegotiation demands and particularly on the central issue of the corrective mechan- ism to prevent Britain's con- tributions to the Community budget from becoming an ""intolerable burden "".
What will emerge from Dublin, therefore, in the French view is a compromise based on the proposals of the Brussels Commission. These, the French Government feels, go danger- ously far, but would be accept- able at a pinch, provided all the conditions set out in them are maintained, notably the one which excludes recourse to the corrective mechanism should Britainis balance of payments turn positive.
The French Government does not think that a dispute over
sonie 200m to 500ni units of account (£83m to £208m), which is what Bricain stands to gain from the mechanism, is worth the risk of forcing Britain out of Europe. But at the same time, it is quite convinced that this is not wvhat will determine either the British Government's position or, even less, British public opinion, in the referen- dum.
So if Mr Wilson were to raise the stakes unduly and attempt to stray so far from the Com- mission paper that the French Government felt basic Com- munity principles were threatened, and tho.-Community itself undermined, President Giscard d'Estaiig would dig his heels in. Bbt even then, Ut is doubtful whether he would want to set up France as the sole umpire as to whether or not there is a threat to the Community.
He would do so only if West Germany, as seems most likely here, agreed vA%th this interpre- tation. He does not want another Franco-British argument in Dublin, even if it should suit Mr Wilson's political scenario at home; but ht is prepared to help the British Prime Minister present the Dublin results as favourably as possible to his public opinion.
Thle French Government, therefore, thinks and hopes that, barring the unexpected, the seal will be set on renegofia- tion in Dublin. What does worry it, however, is that this will not be the end of the matter.
It is concerned about Mr Wilson's longer-term intentions. Will Britain, for instanice, observe Community rules over energy, when North Sea oil begins to flow? What is its real standpoint on European union ? Will it continue behaving as though the Com- munity should adapt itself to Britain and not Britain to the Comminiunity, by permanently insisting onl exceptional treat- ment ?
Leading article, page 13";"March 10, 1975";"";59340;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French expect Dublin summit to accept main British demands";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"If opinion polls are to be believed, there are three trans-frontier issues exercising the minds of voters on the relatively rarc occasions that they think about this wecks elections to the European parliament.
Those issues are: unemploy- ment (about which the EEC has agonized inconclusively for years): wasteful farm surpluscs (about which the EEC has only just begun to agonize): and defence (about which the EEC has only just begun to agonize): and defence (about which the EEC has no real right to agonize at all).
The run-in to the election has coincidentally given a chance for studying some of the Community's performance in all three areas.
Last week, for exampic, unemployment took centre stage in Luxembourg (a country with almost no unemployment problem of its own - yet), where the Social Affairs and Finance
Ministers were meeting. While not all would go as far as the Frcnch in claiming that it was a problem eating up 18 per cent of the Community's wealth, there was much tut-tutting and and agrcement that something sould be done. Not much was.
Britain blocked two of the measures suggested. One would have put up about £60m to help small companies. The other would have given the green light for a shorter working week.
The Netherland blocked another project aimed at smoothing out trans-frontier tax arrangements for companies and so helping them to grow. It also blocked progress on the British dream of a common insurance market.
On the agricultural front. th week saw the surplus butter mountain grow expensively to over a million tonnes. It also saw the Commission wrestling with a request by West Gcrmany to pay extra com- pensation to its farmers. a
request which threatens to infuriate other countries if granted and to infuriate West Germany if denied.
As far as defence is con- cerned, tomorrow sees the curtain go up on the next act of France's attempt to bring the Western European Union (WEU) in out of the cold. with a meeting in Paris for foreign ministers of the seven member countries.
Defence is meant to have no place in the economic Community, but, as President Mitterrand said last week in his speech to the European Parliament, the question of joint security cannot be avoided by the EEC countries.
Franec sees the WEU as an ideal framework for wider cooperation since it excludes neutral Ireland and the unen- thusiastic Danes and Greeks of the ten EEC countries. It also has the advantage of including the French, who are not part of Nato's Eurogroup.
whichi is the body meant to be coordinating the eastern pillar of the alliance.
The EEC voter might well wonder what relevance the European Parliament has to any of this. There is some. MEPs could point to reports they had passed urging the need for most of the measures
But the fact remains that they were responsible for none of the decisions - nor are they cvcr likely to be until such time as the turnout in these elections can command re- spect from national govern- ments.
The Parliament is caught on a descending escalator. The less power it has, the fewer voters it attracts. The less voters who turn out, the more it power will be eroded. Inside the Parliament at the moment, nobody cares very much which party wins, provided the turn-out is high.
Ian Murray";"June 11, 1984";"";61854;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 18
The European arms pool conference, at which representatives of the seven member countries of Westerm European Union are considering the French pro- posal for a coordinated system of arms production and standardization, met again this afternoon at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris.
The delegates had heard yesterday from M. Parodi, the French representative, an expose of the French memorandum, and to-day the delegates of five of the other countries-the United Kingdom, western Germany, Italy. Belgium, and the Netherlands-all made a preliminary statement, giving the first re- actions of their Governments to the French plan.
Though the various statements nalurally differed in phrasing and in emphasis, they all displayed a somewhat cautious, or even nega- tive, attitude towards the French proposal. The German and Dutch delegates were the most outspoken. The former, Dr. Erhard, the German Minister for Economic Affairs and the only member of a Government at the con- ference, made it plain that his Government could not accept the supranational parts of the French plan.
He tabled a paper which, while not repre- senting exactly an alternative to the French proposals, might be another basis for subse-
quent discussion. This paper suggests variousi methods and plans for consultation between the Powers about their armaments production and planning, such consultation to be a parallel to that which now goes on within the Organization for European Economic Cooperation on European economic policies.
The Dutch representative feared an over- lapping with, and duplication of, the work of N.A.T.O. He pointed out that the formation of an armaments ""'club"" by the European
countries could weaken the structure of the 14-Power N.A.T.O., and also that while the United States was a member of N.A.T.O. she would not be a member of the smaller "" club."" Above all, the French proposal would tend, since the United Kingdom could not be ex- pected to belong to a supranational organiza- tion, to throw away the greatest advantage that had accrued from the downfall of the European Defence Community-namely, the new British commitment and role in Europe
The Belgian spokesman thought that some- thing might be made of the first part of the French plan-that in which a provisional period is suggested, during which two or more countries would be free to associate together in the work of standardizing armaments and producing them in common.
Sir Christopher Steel, for the United King- dom, spoke briefly. He is understood to have asked whether or not the French, in their plan, foresaw full British participation in the new organization (a point left somewhat open by the French memorandum, though on the whole the inference is that British participation is hoped for). Upon the answer to that ques- tion, he said, would depend the more detailed British reply.
ITALIAN PLEDGE
The Italian delegate spoke in more wide terms, pledging his Government's support in a general way to the aims of the French plan but reserving detailed discussion for later
The conference now stands adjourned until Friday. No bones have been broken to-day, and though some of the statements, particu- larly that of the Dutch, were fairly frank, there was no question of rejecting the French proposals or of closing the door to further discussion. But already it seems to be fairly clear that the French suggestions for an ulti- mate supranational armaments community in Europe are unlikely to see the light of day, though something more limited in scope and application, working perhaps within the frame- work of N.A.T.O., might well evolve in time.";"January 19, 1955";"";53143;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Doubts On Arms Pool Plan At Paris Discussions";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDIENT
ROME, MARCH 18
Mr. Duncan Sandys, the Minister of Defence, who concludes his official visit to Italy to-morrow, has agreed with Signor Ttviani, the Italian Minister of Defence, the principles of an unc.;rstand- ing between Britain and Italy, for co- operation in military research, develop- ment, and production.
According to the joint statement issued here to-night the two Ministers decided to appoint a group of experts to prepare the details of the agreement. During the course of the visit they had, it is stated, a eeneral exchange of views on policy in the field of defence and full discussions on military problems af mutual interest. Both sides give the impression of genuine satisfaction with the way the talks have gone. The arrangements they have discussed, it is pointed out, are similar to those already existing between each of the two countries and other allied Governments. The inten- tion is to bring together the separatc arrangements within the context of the Western European Union. Mr. Sandys spent to-day looking at military establish- mcnts in the north. He will leave to-morrow for London.
BIDDING FOR REACTOR
Mr. Sandy's presence in Rome provided an opportunity to hear some optimistic remarks from Signor Zoli. the Prime Minister, on the subject of British bidding for Italy's next Projected nuclear power reactor. The difficulty was caused by the fact that the bilateral agreement between Italy and Britain on cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy had still not been ratified when the Italian Parliamcnt was yesterday dissolved. One of the rules for the bidding for the S.E.N.N. Company s plan for a reactor, laid down by the World Bank which is financing the venture. is that a supply of fuel must be assured. Such an assurance is contained in the bilateral agreement. Technically this must be en- forced for British bids to be valid.
The Americans managed to have their agreement passed through Parliament just before the dissolution. Both British and Italian legal advisers have been searching for a way around this technical obstacle which could in theory disqualify British firms from competing for a contract worth about £25m. Bids must be in by the middle of next month.
SITE IN THE SOUTII
It is now virtually certain that the reactor will be established south of Rome, instead -as first thought likely-near Lake Mag- giore. lhe principal reason for this change is that money is more readily available, through the Government's special fund. for developing the south than for expenditure in the north. Several sites have been inspected-one near Latina, quite closc to Rome-though the final choice is likely to bc for a more southerly position.
When Mr. Sandys called yesterday on Signor Zoli the opening was taken by Sir Ashley Clarke, the British Ambassador, to thank the Prime Minister for the interest he was taking in straightening out the legal difficulties. Signor Zoli is understood to have said that the matter was in the hands of the legal departments of the Presidency of the Republic and of his own office. He was confident that the issue could success- fully be met; ""We shall,"" he said, ""find a formula.""";"March 19, 1958";"";54103;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defence Pact With Italy";""
"['From DAVID SPANIER, European Economic Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From DAVID SPANIER, European Economic Correspondent
Brussels, June 28
Indications are growing that Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secre- tary, intends to make his opening statement to the Six on Britain's negotiating position for entry into the Common Market at the Western European Union meeting at The Hague next week.
The British Governsent's motive, if it decides to go ahead, stems from a desire to keep the momentum going, in spite of France's refusal to give Britain a hearing in Brussels.
The suggestion that Britain's case should be presented to W.E.U. was made by M. Pierre Harmel, the Bel- gian Foreign Minister, when the Council of Ministers discussed the British application in Brussels earlier this week.
W.E.U., which meets on Tuesday and Wednesday, represents the only gathering where Britain and the Six are alone together.
In the Belgian view the oppor- tunity is well worth taking, even though W.E.U. is outside the Com- mon Market framework of Brussels. It would give the Six a better basis for discussing problems of British entry-as they intend to do, as France requested, on July 1O and 11. It would also assist the Commission in drawing up its report which the new president, M. Jean Rey, has undertaken to have completed by the end of September.
'Absolutely opposed'
Mr. Brown would be expected to set out at the W.E.U. all the main points on which Britain seeks to negotiate with the Six. She has repeatedly made it clear that she accepts in principle the Rome Treaty and the regulations made under it.
The main problems arising from moving to the agricultural system ef the Six, for Commonwealth trade and for the movement of capital,
bave been fully discussed during the tour by Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown of Common Market capitals.
The negotiations would centre on transitional arrangements. Mr. Brown's statement would thus be similar to Mr. Heath's in Paris in 1961. But the difference then was that the Six had accepted Britain's request for negotiations. Now France has blocked it in advance.
M. Couve de Murville told the Council this week that he was abso- lutely opposed to giving Britain a hearing, because it would imply that negotiations had already started. Furthermore, there was no need, he nrged, to hear the British because everything they had to say was already known.
He told his partners it would be a major operation to enlarge the Community. It was not just a ques- tion of Britain joining, but it would also entail membership by other countries such as Denmark and Ire- land and possibly Norway.
'Different today '
This influx would completely modify what the Six had constructed. said M. Couve de Murville. It was true that the Rome Treaty stated that the Community was open to other members, but there was a dif- ference betweern the state of affairs at the beginning of the Common Market and that obtaining today. At the beginning new members could be admitted without affecting what had been achieved. This was not the case now.
M. Couve de Murville said that the Six could not open negotiations and then see what the consequences of new members would be after that. They must see what the consequences would be beforehand. There were two kinds of problems-those for the Community upon the accession of new memnbers, and the future of the Community itself.";"June 29, 1967";"";56980;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown may go to W E U";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, JAN. 12
The French Prime Minister, M. Mendes- France, concluded his official talks in Rome with Italian Ministers at a long meeting this evening at the Villa Madama. Afterwards an official statement was issued which, although it refers to agree- ments on various secondary points, mostly of an economic nature, fails to make refer- ence to any agreement between the Italian and French Ministers on the main sub- ject at issue-M. Mend6s-France's plan for a European armaments pool.
M. Mendes-France, his wife and advisers will leave by train for Baden-Baden to-morrow for meetings with the west German Cthan- cellor, Dr. Adenauer.
FIELD OF AGREEMENT
To-night's statement said that the French and Italian Ministers agreed that the Paris agreements represent a stage in the building of a united Europe and "" that the provisions relating to the voluntary limitation and reciprocal control of armnaments contained in the Paris agreements should inspire those wider agreements which, with the purpose of assuring world peace could result from the initiative in this matter taken by friendly countries within the framework of the United Nations.""
The only other reference in the conzmunique to M. Mendes-France's own armaments pool ideas-as distinct from those arms control provisions already embodied in the Paris agreements-is the statement that, "" strictly faithful to the maintenance of existing Euro- pean organizations, and determined to give the Western European Union an enduring develop- ment in the economic and social fields as well as in the political, the Ministers agreed that it was opportune to study all further measures. including armament production.""
Instead of then recording agreement on the subject of future arms production, the comn- muniqui merely records that the French and Italian Ministers "" repeated their wish to maintain close contact by means of exchanges of information and reciprocal consultations."" It goes on to add that "" in the course of a tour d'horizon of all matters affecting the two countries the Ministers were able to establish the concordance of their points of view. The progress already achieved in the organization of the west must, in their view, form the point of departure for action by the allied countries to achieve a relaxation of inter. national tension and the pacific cooperation o0 all peoples.""
LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE
This last statement suggests that M. Mendes-France's proposal for an east-west conference after the new European arrange- ments have come into force found the Italian Ministers more ready to give it public support than did his arms control plan. Such a pro- posal coincides, in any case, with views previously expressed by the Italian Foreign Minister, Signor Martino.
The second half of the communiqua is able to record some more specific results for the work that has been done in the Franco-Italian conversations among officials as well as Ministers during the past five days. After recording that their representatives in O.E.E.C. and other European organizations will con- tinue efforts m common to bring about ex- panded international trade through the widest possible multilateral system of exchange and payments the Ministers took note of French tiberalization measures, particularly France's concession liberalizing imports from Italy to the extent of 75 per cent.";"January 13, 1955";"";53138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reservations On Arms Pool";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
Melbourne, July 8
Mr Whbitlam, the Australian Prime Mnister, tonight expres- ,sed "" deep concern"" at the ,news that the French had ex- ,ploded another nuclear bomb on Mururoa Atoll in the Pacific.
He said he had already pro- tested to the French Govern- mient at the explosion recently of the first bomb in the present series and the feelings of the Australian people had certainly not changed since then about the dangerous consequences to their environment of these ex- plosions.
MPs who are beginning to assemble in Canberra for the opening of Parliament tomorrow expressed resentment at the timing of the latest explosion at the very moment wvhen the International Court of Justice at The Hague is hearing argu- ments from Australia and New Zealand against the cont;nu- ance of French atmospheric nuclear tests. They considered that the French were deliber- ately defying the court which passed an order in June, 1973, requesting the French Govern- ment to refrain from further nuclear testing in the Pacific until the court had reached a verdict on the Australian and Newv Zealand applicatibns.
Wellington, July 8.-Mr Kirk, the New Zealand Prime Mini- ster, said in a written statement to Parliament tonight that he had ""reason to believe"" that France had carried out another nuclear test in the atmosphere at Mururoa atoll.
At a press conference earlier Mr Kirk said there had been a "" blow-back "" of debris recently from the first French test of June 17 and some of this had been recorded in New Zealand as well as in Pacific island terri- tories.
The amount was slight, he said, and there was no cause for alarm, though it did indicate that there was direct fallout on New Zealand from the French testing. It also indicated that
some of the debris blew back into the western sector from Mururoa, instead of the eastern sector as planned.
The Prime Mfnister said he expected the Australian case before the International Court at the Hague would end today, and that New Zealand's case would begin on Wedhesday or Thursday. e
France has boycotted the hearings, arguing that the court has no competence in questions affecting French national de- fence-Reuter.
Richard Wigg writes from Paris: The French authorities mailntained their customary silence today, refusing to con- firm reports of another nuclear explosion over Mururoa atoll.
This year's series is expected to involve a total of seven nuclear ""shots "". The aim is to achieve a toughening and reduction in size of the actual nuclear explosive charges as well as to prepare multi-headed missiles for the French nuclear deterrent force. During the present series it is expected that a tactical nuclear bomb will be released from a jet flown by the Air Force.
President Gisc'ard D'Estaing has declared that "" under the normal course of events "" this year's series will be the last conducted by France in the atmosphere. But much depends, it is thought, on how reliable are the underground firing facilities being constructed under Frangataufa atoll.
M Pierre-Charles Krieg, a Gaullist deputy prominent in the Western European Union, the defence organization grouping Britain and the six original countries of the European Com- munity, has tabled a question urging the body s'Council of Ministers to ask the United States Government to permit France to use its underground facilities, just as the British did with their recent nuclear test.
The latest test brings to 54 the number of nuclear explo- sions conducted by France since February, 1960.";"July 9, 1974";"";59134;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Australia disturbed by second French nuclear test in Pacific";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, FEB. 24
The Bundestag embarked quietly on its prolonged final debate on the Paris treaties, and this sober tone was main- tained through most of the day. While the whole debate on the second and third readings will probably take up the greater part of three days, the arguments on either side have long since been expounded to exhaustion. Only the decisions remain.
Neither the advocates of the defence con- tribution, nor its opponents, could point to-day to any new situation that had arisen to put the unending argument in a new light; yet the familiar uncertainties remain. No new offer-nor even any restatement of an existing offer in a more convincing form -has come from the Soviet Union to dis- suade the Federal Republic from committing itself to the western alliance. With the Cabinet crisis solved in Paris, the Federal Government is temporarily freed from the fear of an unfavourable turn of French policy.
The two sides, still irreconcilably divided, are thrown back for these three days upon the repetition of known arguments in familiar forms. Their speeches can hardly at this stage influence this week's decisions; they are, rather, laid on record as the material of future struggles for political power in Germnany.
RESTRAINT ON BOTH SIDES
Both sides, to their credit, have refrained to-day from demagogic expedients of appeals to passion. The police had evidently been put on the alert agaist attempts to influ- ence the debate by demonstrations from out- side the House, and stood in patient groups in the falling snow at all the approaches to the parliament building, but there was no disturbance and little for them to do.
The deputies charged with the presenta- tion of the reports of committees to the prlenary session set the tone of painstaking exposition from which the emotion had been filtered out. Before they began their work -the Socal Democrats had moved that the second reading should be postponed until steps had been taken, before the German decision to enter the western military alliance should become irrevocable, to explore the possibility of getting international agree- ment on the reunification of Germany. The motion was rejected as a similar motion proposed at the opening of the first reading debate was rejected in December.
FOUR BILLS
The Bundestag-is dealing with four Bills, which together wil authorize the Federal President to ratify a complex group of treaties. The Bills concern the ending of the occupation of west Germany by the three Powers; the conventioni to regulate the status [of foreign armed forces on federal territory;
the entry of the Federal Republic into the western- European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty; and the Franco-German agreement on the Saar,
The first three are sure of large majorities
the fourth is expected to go through, but by a narrower margin. The Government coalition is united on the first three BiUs, but the tension between the co4lition parties on the Saar agreement persisted, up to this evening, unrelieved.
Seen from the German point of view, the subject matter of the treaties falls broadly under five headings; the first of these, in the order in which the President of the Bundestag laid down this morning, is the problem of the reunification of Germany.
Most of to-day's speeches dealt with one aspect or another of this theme. The second
heading is the Saar; the third, defence. Financial and economic questions come fourth, and questions of law and sovereignty ftfth.";"February 25, 1955";"";53175;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Subdued Debate In Bonn On The Paris Treaties";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The report which the international commission for the Saar drew up for the council of Western European Union on July 15 was made public in London yesterday, together with an aide- tn&noire from the German Govern- ment which criticizes in mild language some of the powers conferred upon the Saar authorities.
October 23 has already been confirmed as the date of the referendum that will give the Saarlanders a chance to approve or reject the statute Europeanizing "" their terri- tory within the framework of W.E.U. It was announced vesterday that the three-month campaigning period before the referendum must be considered as having begun on July 23, the date of the coming into force of the four Saar laws which provide for a free campaign.
The first task of the commission, on which Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg are represented, has been to ensure that conditions are suitable in the Saar for the campaign to begin. The report makes it clear that the conditions are satis- factory. The Saar Government has adopted amendments proposed by the commission in the four laws, and has agreed to cooperate with the commission during the campaign. The commission is certain that the Govern- ment intends to act in good faith, and be- 'lieves that the working agreement reached with it provides an additional guarantee for the political parties. The Government has promised, should any important political question arise, to consult the commission before taking action under any of the four eaws.
WATCHING BRIEF
During the next three months the com- mission will hold a watching brief, with the Saar Government as the real authority, but !ater the commission will help to supervise the polling and examine the provisional results. In carrying out these tasks it will be guided by three principles: the pro- tection of the population; a fair referen- dum; and the maintenance of good Franco- German relations.
These relations have often struck bad patches in the past because of the Saar, and for that reason there is relief in London that the German aide-l,nemoire is so mild. It begins by praising the report, but then confesses to a feeling of anxiety. It remarks that the new Saar laws do not seem as liberal as is the practice in western Europe, and is unhappy about the power which the Saar authorities retain of taking "" drastic measures "" which might curtail certain free- doms of political a'ction and Press information.
The aide-memoire emphasizes the psycho- logical importance of this, and suggests that the Saarlanders will regard the. result of the referendum as valid. only if they believe that it reflects the freely expressed will of the population. It finds reassurance in the Government's promise to consult the com- mission before taking action, and hopes that this will give the Saarlanders a sense of security.
SUGGESTION REJECTED
German anxieties are regarded in London with sympathy, but it is t'lought that in practice they will prove to be unfounded and that the Saar Government will not find it needful to assume undemocratic powers. That, however, will depend on the behaviour during, the election campaign of the pro- German parties. among others.
In at least one respect the Government has shown itself more, not less, liberal than the commission, for the latter rejected a Saar suggcstion that broadcasting facilities should be offered to the parties during the campaign. The German aide-,ndmoire also expresses anxiety about broadcasting, and hopes the wireless will not be used for propagandist Government statements.";"August 4, 1955";"";53290;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Voting Plans";""
"['From Paul Routledge']";"['News']";"From Paul Routledee
The TUC decided yesterday to continue its policy of making closer relationships with trade
unions in the. Soviet Union and. East Europe, despite strong criticism of the Communist Party's activities In Pottugal.
On a show of hands, delegates
approved a resolation from the; construction section of the AmaU. gamated Union of Engineering workers calling for a British initiative to bring the Inter- nationaj Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the Prague-based World Federation of Trade Unions closer together. After the vote had been taken. greetings telegrams from the Soviet Central Council or Trade Unions and the East German unions were read out.
Thle growing relationship between the TUC and its 'com- munist counterparts mill be under- lined by an official visit by memn hern of the TUC internationial committee to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in November, and a second all-European trade union -conference next year, which mlay discuss worker .participation in management.
Mgr Len Mlurray, the TUC's general secretary, made clear that the general council accepted the construction engineering workers' .notion, with the reservation that the British unions at present prc- f erred to work through contacts with individual unions and national trade union centres, rather than through international bodies. The TUC would take part in the 1976 European -confcrence with the in- tention of discussing practical issues that could be followed up.
Mr Jack Jones, chairman of the TUC international cornmittee; said preparations for next year'S all- European conference w~ere already in hand. "" WVe shall look to see what progress we have made after our discussions this year, and I hope we shall also take up some other questions-perhaps of wor-
;ers' participation in management or of trade union education and training "", he said. He argued tliat solidarity, understanding and frlendship were the trade union. answer to internatiooa tension, a view not shared by the electricians', union, which launcbed an attack on commnunihts in Portuguese trade unions and government when seconding a mineworkers' resolu- tion OD Spain moved by Mr Michael -McGahey, the miners' communist vice-president.
The NUM motion called for a national solidarity campaign with those in Spain who were *I fighting for an end to fasdsnm and the establishment of democracy "". Mr McGahey said the chief threat to democracy in Portugal came from the right, whereas demo- cracy was to be found in the socialist movenent, the commu- nist movement and the army.
* A sharply political amendment tabled by. the electricians, which criticirsed "" militarism ' in Portu- gal and was directed chiefly at the communists was accepted by the miners although left-wineers had fought against it in the NUM delegation to the congress.
Mr Eric Hammond. speaking for the electridans Insisted that the real threat to democracy in Portu- gal came from the communists in the Armed Forces and the trade union movement, who were taking over the country against the expressed electoral wishes of the people. The motion. which was clearly self-contradictor.y,r was none the less adopted on a show of hands.
The generally left-wing nature of the TUC's International policy was buttressed by the conference's accentarce of a mo-e by Mr Clive Jenkins's union to demand another referendum or a general election before Britain took any irrevocable steps towards European union.
We must protect Westminster from Its own death wish "", he said.";"September 5, 1975";"";59493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Links with Europe's communist unions will be maintained";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE', 'From EDMUND STEVENS']";"['News']";"'From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, Feb. 17
France has decided to suspend, until further notice all participa- tion in the activities of the Western European Union. She will not attend the meeting. of the W.E.tU. council in London tomorrow or any subsequent meeting; and the Gaullist parliamentarians in the W.E.U. assembly, which meets in Paris on Thursday, will stay away. There is no indication, however. that the session of the assembly will be cancelled because of the French boycott.
What was being described last week as a "" mini-crisis "" between London and Paris has now developed into a crisis between France and her five partners in the Common Market as well. It can only bring about. a further -deteri- oration of the atmosphere and make any progress towards further economic integration less likely than ever.
The meeting of Ministers of Agriculture in Brussels today and tomorrow on price levels for 1969- 1970 is bound to reflect the grow- ing malaise brought about by the French refusal to join in any dis- cussions between Britain and the Six of her application to join the community, or indeed of any othcr forms of cooperation.
France has decided, as was to be expected in the event of her partners failing to knuckle under, to resort to ' the policy of the ""empty chair "", which she em- ployed in 1965 during the crisis over agriculture in the Common Market. She will stick to it until her partners acknowledge the errors of their ways, and give up supporting the British Govern- ment's strategy of using the W.E.U. to institute regular discus- sions of political, military and. other issues which must sooner or later include Britain's application to join the Common Market. This, the French Government main- tains, must first be dealt with thoroughly by the Six themselves.
In the meantime, any meetings in which France does not take part will not be regarded by her as meetings of the W.E.U.
OLur Diplomatic Staff writes: Britain recognizes that the meeting cannot make decisions of sub- stance, which would require French agreement, but is going ahead with the meeting and be- lieves with the other members apart from France that its discus- sions will be in order.
Michael Hornsby writes from Bonn: -Herr Conrad Ahlers, an official spokesman for the west German Government, today des- cribed as ""exaggerated"" French demands for the cancellation of the meeting of the permanent council of W.E.U. ambassadors, which is planned to take place in London tomorrow.
He said Bonn regarded the Lon- don meeting as legitimate and "" in accordance with the consulta- tions ag-eed upon in Luxem- bourg"". Herr Ahlers added that the Government looked upon the W.E.U. as "" a rational instru- ment"" for furthering cooperation between the Common Market countries and. Britain.
Ulbricht returns
to Berlin
From EDMUND STEVENS
Moscow, Feb. 17 Herr Ulbricht, the east German party leader, and his wvfe today left for Berlin after a month's holi- day on the Black Sea coast as the guest of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee. Accor- ding to Tass, he was seen off by the Soviet Communist Party chief. Mr. Leonid Brezhnev and the Central Committee Secretary, Mr. Konstantin Katushev and other officials.
The ofiTcial statement repeated the allegations about heightened activity of "" revanchist and neo- Nazi circles "" in west Germany seeking to generate "" a focus of tension in Europe "".
Nervousness in Bonn over Berlin, page 6; leading article, 9.";"February 18, 1969";"";57488;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France to boycott all meetings of WEU";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCiH 6
The Social Democrats have made another attack on Dr. Adenauer's treaty of cooperation with France. Herr Herbert Wehner, the party's deputy leader and foreign affairs spokesman, writing in the party journal, demands that when the treaty comes before the Bundestag a clause must be inserted in the ratification Act "" unambiguously embedding"" the treaty in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Western European Union, and the German treaty governing relations with the three former western Occupation powers.
When the Bundesrat, the Upper House, gave the ratification Act a first reading last week, a Social Democrat attempt at an amendment on these lines failed. No formal decision has yet been taken by the Social Democratic members of the' Bundestag, but it is thought unlikely today that they will not follow the influ- ential Herr Wehner. There are a few who want to go further and reject the. treaty outright.
A parliamentary battle thus looms up over the treaty; the Christian Democrats are expected to follow the Bundesrat, coupling ratification with a unilateral reso- lution, arguing that anything more would mean hazardous negotiations with France. For ratification they will be able to achieve the necessary simple majority with the Free Democrats. Dr. Adenauer's dearest hope, however, has been for ratification by a big majority, even by acclamation.
REMOVED FROM DRAFT
Herr Wehner says in his article that the core of the differences over the treaty is that "" some people "" who support the treaty really fear that the United States and the Soviet Union want to come to an agree- ment behind the backs of Germany and Europe. It would help to clarify the debate if those who presented the treaty as a wall against communism-as Dr; Adenauer did boefore the Bundesrat-said what they Secretly thought.
Herr Wehner believes that in the original German draft of the treaty there was a clause of the kind which he wants the Bundestag now to put in. "" Someone must really have had something at the back of his mind when this was taken out."" If the French should refuse to accept the reinser- tion of the clause, the Federal Government must let them know that this is not the time for such a treaty.
Meanwhile Mr. Livingston Merchant, President Kennedy's special envoy who is discussing the setting up of a Nato nuclear force, today began his exploratory conver- sations with Herr von Hassel. the Defence Minister, and Foreign Ministry officials. A meeting with Dr. Adenauer is arranged for Friday.
GEN. LEMNITZER'S VISIT
Herr von Hassel, when in Washington last week, did not rommit himself to the idea of a surface fleet of vessels to carry the Polaris missile, and one of the first tasks of the Americans would seem to be to ' sell"" this concept to the Germans. convincing them of its feasibility. Two other leading topics of discussion concern control and structure of command and the cost to the Federal Republic of participa- tion in such an internationally manned force.
Just after Mr. Merchant had arrived at the Defence Ministry to begin his talks.
General Lyman Lemnitzer. the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. arrived to Dav his first rficial cull on the Federal Govem- ment. Dr. Adena ier saw him for an hour and gave a luncheon for him.
No statement was issued after today's talks between Mr. Merchant and thie Defence and Foreign Ministry officians. They are to continue tomorrow.";"March 7, 1963";"";55643;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Party Clash Likely Over Paris Treaty";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Sept 24
Europe remains on the defen- sive about President Nixon's pro- iected visit to the Continent. The European Community's reluct- ance to be drawn into specific commitments emerges clearly from the text agreed by the Nine in Copenhagen two weeks ago of the proposed joint decla- ration which Dr Kissinger, the American Secretary of State, called for last spring to revital- ize. American-European rela- tions.
The text, which The Times has obtained in Brussels, is printed below. The suggestions of the Americans are expected to be far more specific.. Presi- dent Nixon is thought to want more than generalizations to show for his visit.
One problem is that of de- fence, a field where Washing- ton wants Europe to shoulder more of the burden, does not lie within the EEC's competence and will be the subject of a separate declaration within Nato. But paragraph 8 below does im- ply a potential readiness on the part of the Europeans to do more.
The defensive tone of the de- claration springs from the EEC's knowledge that in any joint ne- gotiation Washington is going to be much quicker on its feet than a group of nine sovereign states. Hence the desire to limit the declaration to generalities and to restrict negotiations to such forums at Gatt, the International Monetary Fund and Nato..
The passage on international monetary reform clearly will be subject to amendment in the light of� any progress achieved at Nairobi and subsequently. If President Nixon decides to come to Europe, and after all the pre- paratory work it- would be some- thing of an anticlimax if be de- cided against, the next task will be to achieve synthesis of the EEC draft and the American version of the declaration.
The text is 4s follows: Preamble
The United States of America on the one hand and the European Community and its member states on the other hand,
1. At a time when world events are profoundly changing the inter-
national situation, and when the Nine hIave affirmed their intention to transform, before the end of the present decade, the whole complex of their relations into a European union:
2. Aware that they have common values and aspirations, based on a shared heritage, and face similar problems and challenges:
- 3. Determined-to observe the fun- damental principle� of representa- tive democracy, the rule of law,. social justice and respect for human rights:
4. Conscious of the benefits that their citizens enjoy from the wide range of the !mutual relations be- tween their countries:
5. Recalling the lessons of history which demonstrate the need for the TJnited States and the European countries to remain closely linked:
6. Ulndertake to intebsify their existing cooperation on an equal basis in accordance with the follow- ing principles and to maintain a constructive dialogue. Geheral Principles
7. The United States, recognizing that the creation of the Community Is an event of great International im- portance and. has enhanced the stability, of Europei welcomes. the intention of the Nine tG ensure that the Community establishes its posi- tion in world affairs as a distinct entity.
S. The Nine and the United States wiU continue to,make a contribu- tion to peace and.prosperity com- mensurate with their human, intel- lectual and material resources.
9. They will work in harmony to promote a more stable international equilibrium, respecting. the prin- ciples of the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with their world wide responsibilities. They will each be open to the world and their policies are not directed against anyone. Their cooperation 'will stimulate wider international collaboration.
10. It is an objective of their poli- cies: that the economic strength of the United States and that of the .Community-as it wljl be enhanced by the economic and monetary union and other related policies- should serve the continued growth of trade to their mutual advantage, that of developing countries. and that of the other countries of the world.
East-West relations
11. While maintaining their own security they are determined to pursue a policy of detente and cooperation with the Soviet Union and the East European countries. They consider that both the United States and the. Nine have essential roles to play in this respect.,
12. They affirm their conviction
that progress towards European union will be a positive factor work- ing in favour of ddtente, noting in particular the v constructive contri- bution which the work of the Nine is making to the realization of the objectives of the CSCE. [Confer- ence on security and cooperation in Europe]
Cooperation with developing countries
13. They recognize that they have a special responsibility towards developing countries. They agree to intensify their efforts, in the fields of aid and trade to support these countries in attaining higher levels of prosperity and wellbeing and to strengthen international cooperation to this effect.
Cooperation with industrialized countries
14. They remain, determined to maintain relations of close coopera- tion with other industrialized coun- tries They agree that they them- selves and other industrialized coun- tries have a common interest in managing their own economic policies in, such a way as to pro- mote the prosperity of all. Trade
15. They will encourage the further development of trade not only between themselves but between all countries to help raise the standard of l living and the quality of life throughout the world.
16. They reaffirm their readiness to play an active role in the Gatt negotiations, with a view to the expansion and ever greater liberali- zation of world trade, inter alia through the progressive dismantling of the various types of obstacles to trade, on the basis of the principles of mutual' advantage, mutual com- mitment and overall reciprocity, due taccount being taken of the special situations and the special interests of the developing coun- tries.
These negotiations wil deal with international trade in both. indus- trial and agricultural products, taking Into accoUnt the, particular problems of each sector and, in par- ticular, the special characteristics of the agricultural sector.
17. On the basis of the agreement reached in Tokyo at the opening of the multilateral trade negotia- tions, they recognize that, the efforts to be 'made in the trade field imply continuing efforts to maintain orderly conditions in the monetary field and to establish a durable and equitable monetary system.
They recognize equally that the new phase in the liberalization of trade which they intend to under- take should facilitate the orderly functioning- of the monetary system.
*International monetary reform
18. They will promote agreement on international 'monetary refOrm to. achieve an equitable and durable system taking into account the interests of the developing coun- tries.
This system should itvolve closer international conisultation In the framework of the ItvF, ifixed but adjustable parities, general con- 'vertibility6of currencies, the effec- tive working -of- the balance of payments adjustments process, the effective international regulation of the world supply'6f liquidity, ihe reduction in thL- role of national re- serve curren'cies-.and -equal rights and duties for all participants.
They underline the -need to lessen the unstabilizing effects, of short- termn capital m9rements- "" Inflation
19. They attach importance to co- operating in the fight' against inflation -,so . as to promote the stability and further. development of their economies. Envirohnh'ent'-
20. They express their. concern at the dangers' arising from eaviron- mental pollution and'deterioration particularly in areas-where p6pula- tion is heavily c'oncentrated.
They will work together in co- opetation with other countries concerned in the competent Interna- tional bodies, including where apptopriate by the exchange of in- formation and experience, in order to develop measures, for the pro- tection and improvement of the human environment for the benefit of the present and future genera- tions throughout the world. Science and technology '
.21. They are determined'to con- tinue to cooperate both between themselves and in international
organizations in 'the scientific and- technological' fields; and- parti- cularly ln those of space; telecom- munications and research on the peaceful uses .of niclear energy. with a view to. ensuring- that they should all have the place to vhich they may aspire in the perfection and use of these new techniques.
Deyelopn.itt iQf world .-eeds and natuiral resources -.
ZZ. They are likewi'se ncerned that. world, needs in:.natural 're- sources should ' be, met-.by regular supplies available 'under economic conditions satisfactory to-all coun- tries. - -
They vould thus like., to see a greater degree of - cooperation among all the-parties concerned and are prepared for their part to con- tribute to any action undertaken with this end in view and aimed at ensuring the orderly functioning, of world markets in -the -main'-nat1rAl resources.";"September 25, 1973";"";58896;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European desire to avoid specific co mmitments shown in draft of US-EEC declaration";""
"[""By Sir Con O'Neill""]";"['News']";"By Sir Con O'Neill
The author was Ambassador to the European Communnzities from
1963 to 1965.
I am less surprised by wbat General de Gaulle said to Mr. Soames than a number of other people seem to be. This is partly because I have never felt indulgent towards Gaullist diplomacy. It is, to a large degree, because the General has used similar gambits before in more or less similar circumstances. Mr. George Brown has already said that he has seen a fly of this kind thrown before.
Three background factors must be considered. First, the long and on the whole consistent trend of the General's thought: second. his tactical methods: third, the situation in which he finds himself and to which he is reacting.
What the General told Mr. Soames seemed to mean he would like to see the end of both Nato and the Common Market. The end of Nato is an old and familiar aspiration. But that he would like the Common Market to disappear is really no more surprising. The General has never believed in or liked the Com- mon Market. He had no part in creating it. He found it there, newly born and rather insignificant, when he returned to power in 1958. As it grew. he realized the opportunities. both economical and political, which its restricted membership and its principles offered to France; and he has exploited them to the full.
But he has always disliked-as, given his fundamental views, he must-the two essential features of the Community structure: the independent authority of its institutions (especially the commis- sion). and its commitment to "" supra nationalism "", or majority voting. He would shed no tears over its disappear- ance provided that he could preserve the advantages it has given to France. So it is no surprise to find that the "" large free trade area"" he suggested to Mr. Soames included provision for ""the exchange of agricultural products "".
His proposal of a free trade area has seemed surprising to some: I do not find it so. This is not the first time the General has suggested including us in a free trade area with the Communitv. That, by and large, is what association with the Community would amount to: and the General offered us this at the same time as he vetoed our first appli- cation for membership in January, 1963. One of his gambits in dealing with us has been to say in effect: ""You can have anything except what you want '. In 1959 and 1960. when it seemed we might want no more than association, there were hints that we could have member- ship. Since we applied for membership in 1961. we have been offered association.
What seems more novel is the sug- gestion that we might really enter a future European structure as one of its principal members. If anything has been consistent in the General's attitudc on Europe previously, it has been his con- stant determination to keep us out. Yet even this apparent novelty lies in the line. if not of his thought, at least of his intermittent tactics. Here he deserves credit for consistency and logic. For the last couple of years he has maintained that the entry of Britain and the other candidates into the Commnunity would change its nature and structure so funda- mentally that it would become 6omething completely different. AU right, he says in effect, if you insist on coming in vou will have to come into something utterly new: so let us talk about that.
'PRIDE AND CUNNING'
And the most familiarly, even tedi- ously, characteristic clernent in what he said was the idea that if we want to talk we must suggest it, not he; and he wiDl then consent to receive a visit. The General is always Canossa.
As for his tactics, the General cannot complain if they are looked at narrowly. In one of his books he wrote: "" The man of action is hardly imaginable with- out a strong admixture of egoism. pride, toughness and cunning."" In another he wrote (dealing. admittedly, with an enemy in warI: Cunning must be used in order to mnake him believe that one is where one is not, that one wants sorme- thing quite different from what one does want.""
So it would be a mistake to imagine that the General is reallv prepared to give us (should we want it), or indeed could give us. the kind of European future he painted. His main object can only have been to divert us from a pur- suit and pressure which he finds embarrassing. Opponents determined to give battle must be lured into doing so on the least advantageous ground.
This brings us to the situation to
which the General is rcacting. After the veto of January, 1963, the British kept quiet on the whole. There were reasons for this. Support in Britain for our membership application was not solid It looked as though there would be a general election in Britain within 15 months (in fact, it was six months longer). All the same there was strong pressure, supported by the Five, for continuing contacts between Britain and the Six. This led to agreement, in July. 1963. that quarterly ministerial meetings of the Western European Union should be held at which (in the presence of the commission of the E.E.C.) European economic developmenLs would be dis- cussed; and such meetinggs have been held ever since. After the first tho or three such meetings the French Foreign Minister did not attend them himself. although the other six Foreign Ministers attended regularly. It is ironic to recall that the use of the Western European Union was proposed by the French in order to avoid proposals which they judged to be less advantageous.
After the last veto, in December, 1967. things were rather different. All- party agreement, expressed bv an over- whelming majority in Parliament. supported the objective of Britisb entry to the Community. The Five were, on the whole, even more irritated with French obstruction than thev had been in 1963. A formal mechanism foi regular contact and discussion of soms of the matters at issue existed in W.E.U. So the British have persevered. M r Wilson has shown he meant what he said when he declared he would not take no for an answer.
COMMON INTERESTS
British perseverance has had limited objectives. T'here is no immediate pros- pect of reopening the application for membership or getting round the French veto. But there remained im- portant activities. either wholly or largely outside the scope of the Treaty of Rome (foreign policv. defence and technology are examples). which it has seemed worth while to try to pursue in common w-ith the Six. Not to overcome the veto, but to create a habit of co- operation, common interests, policies and attitudes which would, admittedlv. help to smooth our path for entry into the Community if things should change. There has been no lack of such pro- posals: the Harmel plan, the Fanfani plan, the Nenni memorandum. France has done her best to frustrate them all.
This activity and pressure has irritated. and apparently even alarmed, the French Government. French official spokesmen accused the British Govern- ment five months ago of ""'diplomatic terrorism""; and, now of ""diplomatic activism and sensationalism "". The French have appeared rather rattled. although it is hard to see why as their defences against our actual entrv into the Community are impregnable so long as they choose to man them. Their over-reaction last week to the possible use of W.E.U. for consultation on foreign policy (which is one of its pur- poses) seemed to be based on iriitation and apprehension - and perhaps Lhe same motives underlie the General's latest effort to divert us from our objective.
All these episodes have not made Anglo-French relations worse so much as revealed how bad they are. Thev are hound to be bad; and the French can- not claim that thev were not warned how bad their actions were bound to make them. The prolonged and systematic frustration of what is by now the principal objective of British policv- an objective found reasonable and wel- come by all concerned save France- causes injury and creates resentment which cannot be wished away by a couple of compliments to ""la vieille Angleterre '"".
It is tragic that it should be so. We can never get into the Community against the wiU of a strong France. The Community cannot exist without France as a momber. It cannot prosper without the continuation of good Franco-Ger- man relations, which it symbolizes and which are as much in our interest as in the interest of France and Germany themselves. If France is the obstacle then. it is reasonably urged. for heaven's sakc talk to France. Of course we shall have to talk to France. With France we shall have to try to reconstruct and rediscover common interests in a united Europe, interests wbich I am sure exist. But the time seems unpropitious and the themes proposed unattractive.";"February 24, 1969";"";57493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Background to the General's tactics";""
"['Lord Chalfont']";"['News']";"Lord Chalfont
There is something profoundly depressing about the spectacle of western Europe feebly submit- ting to the crude blackmail of the oil war; yet it is sympto- matic of the general paralysis of will and of leadership which now seems to be afflicting the Atlantic Alliance and threaten- ing to shake it to pieces.
When President Nixon, ossibly reacting more to the Intolerable pressures of his domestic situation than to any real Soviet threat, brought American military forces to an advanced state of alert without taking the trouble to consuit his European allies, he was acknowledging openly a truth that has been emerging with in- creasing clarity over recent years -that the interests of the United States and western Europe can no longer be regarded as iden- tical, and that the security of the West is no longer indivis- ible.
This is the logical outcome of a process which began when the Soviet Union first achieved the capability of retaliating against an American nuclear attack; and which culminated in a recog- nition by the two super-powers that their nuclear weapons were relevant only in the context of their own national security.
This is a situation which western Europe must face with- out further self-deception. The nuclear umbrella is now demon- strably in shreds; and the Middle East crisis has revealed a degree of disenchantment within the western alliance which has at times threatened to
deteriorate into outright hosti- lity.
It was, perhaps, naive of the Americans to expect that the interests of their European allies would always coincide with their own. Successive United States administrations have encouraged the emergence of a unified western Europe, hoping that it would enable them to deal with a single homoge- neous element in the alliance instead of having to wrestle with the preoccupations of a collec- tion of squabbling nation states; and expecting also that a united Europe would be prepared to assume a fairer share of the crushing burden of western defence.
What happened when the Middle East crisis provided the first real test of the will and ability of the enlarged Euro- pean Community to act in con- cert with the Americans was that initially there was no European policy at all-each member of the Community instinctively consulted its own national interests and acted, or failed to act, accordingly. When some kind of ""common posi- tion"" was eventually achieved, it turned out to be in almost dir- ect conflict with United States policy. It is not surprising that Dr Kissinger permitted himself the liberty of a few abrasive comments-with friends like that, who needs enemies ?
The lesson of this for western Europe is clear and it is urgent, and the dangers of ignoring it are great. The pressures which have been growing in the United States for a substantial reduc-
tion in American forces in Europe are now likely to be considerably reinforced. Fewv well-informed observers any longer doubt that there will be a withdrawal of forces-the only questions are how soon and how many.
One of the corollaries to this is that it would be foolish to expect anything very substantial to emerge from negotiations with the Soviet Union on mutual force reductions in Europe. The Rus- sians are perfectly capable of making their own calculations about the possible directions of American policy; and they are unlikely to agree to withdraw any of their own forces from eastern Europe so long as they believe that unilateral American withdrawal remains a possi- bility.
The danger to western Europe of this situation scarcelv needs underlining. It does not lie primarily in the possibility of an all-out premeditated attack by the forces of the Warsaw Pact
it is partly a function of the lowenng of the nuclear thresh- old so that any military con- frontation, however accidental or limited in intention, is likely to reach very quickly the stage at which the West would have to decide whether to concede ground or use nuclear weapons. And it lies partly in the weaken- ing of the western European position in any negotiations with the Soviet Union in pursuit of European security and coopera- tion. If these dangers are to he avoided, western Europe will have to approach the problems of defence and foreign policy with a great deal more urgency
and imagination than they have so far been able to deploy.
Any artempt to achieve effec- tive cooperation in the defence and security of western Europe must begin from twvo basic assumptions. The first is that the organization of defence can- not take place in isolation from the evolution of common foreign policies. If the aims of the Paris Summit Conference of 1972- European Union bv 1980 at the latest-mean anything at all, the kind of desultory consulta- tion which now takes place in western Europe will have to be replaced bv effective machinerv uithin the EEC-for example, bv the establishment of a secretariat charged with the specific task of coordinating the foreign poli- cies of the members of the Com- munitv, and eventually their defence policies as well.
The second assumption is that European defence will remain for some time dependent upon American cooperation. however doubtful the nuclear guarantee msv anpear to be. and whatever differences Tray emerge between the ITnited States and Europe nn policies outside the Atlantic area one nf the nrPirities of European foreign policv must therefore be to repair the frac- tires which the ailiance has suffered in recent months.
The European Communitv is, therefore, now faced with the need to decide how it proposes to assure its own security within the broad and still relevant framework of the Atlantic Alliance. The first possibility is to develop further the activities of the Eurogroup, the informal organization of European mem-
bers of Nato which has been engaged since 1968 in attempts to coordinate European atti- tudes to alliance problems. Although it has some substantial achievements to its credit, the Eurogroup suffers from one decisive disadvantage--the ab- sence of France. European security without the full partici- pation of France does not make much sense; and if the French Government could be persuaded to join, the Eurogroup might soon be developed into an effec- tive instrument for defence cooperation.
The second ossibility is to create some kind of inner defence community based upon the enlarged Common AMarket and operating in close associa- tion with its existing Political Committee. This would have the important advantage of enabling those western European coun- tries which already share econo- mic and political interests tn exert a powerful influence on Nato policy and strategy. On the other hand it would create two classes of membership among the European countries of Nato -leaving Greece, Turkey and Norway. together with Portugal and Iceland, outside the magic circle. It would also raise the problem of Ireland-a member of the European Community but not of the Atlantic Alliance.
A third, and even more exclu- sive grouping, is the Western European Union consisting of Britain and the six original members of the EEC. As a basis for defence cooperation, WEU has the powerful advantage of bringing together all the milita- rily significant European coun-
tries tncluding Fmrnce. Its prin- ciple disadvantage is that it is based upon a treaty which was originaUy designed partly to im- pose certain measures of arms control on the West Germans, who might therefore regard it with something short of total enthusiasm.
Although western Europe will soon have to decide how it pro- poses to order these matters, no institutional arrangement is likely to be effective unless the political wiU to cooperate exists. (Nor, incidentally, will any of these defence groupings do any- thing to resolve the problem of European nuclear weapons policy, which is bound to emerge again as a live issue as soon as the broader and deeper lessons of the Middle East have been fully digested.) The real para- lysis is one of leadership. Faced with a crisis, western Europe takes on a remarkable resembl- ance to a yard full of chickens in a thunderstorm. There is a great deal of agitated movement, with foreign ministers bouncing distractedly off each other, and a high level of background noise which seems to inhibit rational communication.
Sooner or later someone will have to decide to assume the moral and intellectial leader- ship of western Europe. If the British are to do it-and there is no reason why we should not -we shall have to stop engaging in grubby compromises in which the interests of our friends are sacrificed to short term political expediency, and start to behave once again like a nation of cons- cience and courage.
O Times Newspapers Ltd, 1973.";"November 9, 1973";"";58934;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The will is the way to effective unity in Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 5
While newspapers here are still dis- cussing the work of the Atlantic Council meeting, preparations are proceeding for Mr. Macmillan's visit on Tuesday, when much of last week's unfinished business will be reviewed. British defence policy and troop withdrawals will dominate the discussions.
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's statement on British dependence upon the nuclear de- terrent had to be modified later because of the strong opposition of other mem- bers; especially Germany, Belgium, Hclland, and Norway. It is also no secret that the reduction in conven- tional troops is still opposed by the Supreme Commander, and the view ex- pressed after the meeting ended was that Western European Union had only postponed the ultimate reckoning.
General Norstad still insists that 30 divisions equipped with tactical nuclear weapons are the still irreducible mini- mum; and it is believed that only a compromise can avert a crisis of serious proportions.
The problem, as it has been allowed to evolve, is manifold. While the Supreme Commander is insisting on 30 divisions, most N.A.T.O. members are apprehensive of the unbalance between nuclear and conventional weapons which they see in the new British de- fence conception.
MR. EISENHOWER'S MESSAGE
Furthermore, President Eisenhower's message that American military disposi- tions will remain unchanged has not been as reassuring as was expected. It was generally known that no change was contemplated before next year, and many N.A.T.O. members fear that they will be unable to ignore internal de- mands for reductions similar to Britain's.
There is no reason to believe that the Supreme Commander will modify his insistence on 30 divisions in the re- appraisal which is to be ready in August. The balance between nuclear and con- ventional weapons is, therefore, not likely to be postponed for two years as can be the question of making available tactical nuclear weapons.
This is part of the problem. or con- fusion, which the carefully vetted ver- sions of the council's discussions could not altogether hide. The suggestion. however, that atomic warheads should be placed in the custody of the Supreme Commander and not of United States Army special units in Europe is a better arrangement, in that the warheads are likely to be more readily available if required.
The British view, in spite of Mr. Lloyd's qualifications, remains un- changed. It is that a compact, profes- sional army, reorganized and equipped with nuclear weapons, is the most effec- tive contribution it can make to western European defence. Most of the N.A.T.O. members remain unconvinced, though the emphasis on a professional rather than a conscript army is accepted as more valid than the assertion that re- organization can make up for the pro- posed reductions.
It is known that the Supreme Com- mander has already said that he would prefer the reorganization to take place
without reductions. This has been echoed by most members. The arith- metic of the White Paper is too persua- sive; it is argued that the Army envis- aged will be able to fight only a nuclear war and police the colonies. References to colonial forces have been dismissed. It is generally believed that, as in Aden, they are unreliable in an inflamed poli- tical situation, and it is known that the theatres in which Gurkhas can serve is strictly limited.
This problem is likely to take up much of the time available to Mr. Macmillan and Dr. Adenauer, but British political and economic participation in Europe will also be discussed. Mr. Lloyd's con- ception of a Grand Design for Europe is also Ilkely to appear on the agenda, if only because of the many misconceptions to be found here.";"May 6, 1957";"";53833;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan's Visit To Bonn To-Morrow";""
"['By George Clark Political Staff']";"['News']";"By George Clark Political Staff
The Conservative back- benchers and peers who have been selected to represent the United Kingdom'at the Euro- pean Parliament from January 16, met last night at Westmin- ster to discuss the personal and political difficulties that arise from their divided loyalties to two parliaments.
Mr Peter Kirk, M'P 4for Saffron Walden, leader of the delegation, and Mr-Hugh Rossi, MP for Hornsey, the Govern- ment whip responsible for MPs attending the parliament in Strasbourg, explained the work- ing of the European Parliament and the arrangements being made to keep the delegation in touch with the EEC institutions and Westminster wvhile they are in Europe.
They have been in Brussels,' Strasbourg -and Luxembourg recently to prepare for the arrival of the British delegation at the European Parliament next month.
Many b?ackbenchers were familiar with the workings of the European Parliament be- cause of their past association. with the Council of Europe and the Western European Union. They emphasized last night that the fiist issue must be'provision of speedy transport between London and Strasbourg' and Luxembourg, where European Parliamentary sessions are held. Often they have been delayed.
. A member of the delegation said that he often finds it quicker and more reliable to travel by car and Channel ferry than by air.
Mr, 'Kirk agreed to. ask the Prinme Minister for government assistance. in improving* com- munications. Someone men- tioned that the West. German -Government puts an aircraft at
the disposal of its European MPs'
Apparently the British MlPs did-not go so-far in their demand. They -merely. want government' 'assistance in persuading BEA or .some other airline to provide adequate-services. Alternatively, .they suggested, the delegation might travel'in chartered air- craft.erda-
- They have to bear in mind the travelling allowance given by the European Parliament. That is reckoned on the number of kilo- metres from a point midway between an MP's constituency and his national parlianment, and the venue of the European Par. liament, wvhich may be either Strasbourg or Luxembourg.-
Conservative peers were appar- ently annoyed by the ruling that since they represent no constitu- ency their, allowance' will be calculated from London
Our Political Editor writes: The Primhe Minister has made his peace with Mlr Thorpe and Liberal MPs in the dispute over nomination of Westminster MPs .to join the delegation- to the European Parliament.
By letter Mr Heath has made clear that no conditions are attached to his offer of two places for Liberals, and his acceptance of Mr Thorpe's argu- ment that he should be able to have a representative from the Commons as well as the Lords. Mr H.eath has apparently ex- plained that when the Parlia- mentary Labour Party decides to take -up its allocation of seats in the European Parliament, the nmanning of the Westminster delegation will be reviewed.
Last night Mr Thorpe con- firmed that the Liberals in Strasbourg will be Mr Russell Johnston (Inverness) and Lord Gladwyn, deputy party leader in the. Lords. Mr Johnston will also' serve on the ad hoc com- mittee to consider 'how the Commons should handle man- datory legislation flowing out of the EEC.
Other members of the com- mittee announced yesterday are:
Conseri'ative: Mr Brian Batsford (Ealing, S), Sir John Foster (Northwich), Mr Michael Hamilton (Salisbury), Mr Robert Hicks (Bodmin). Mr Angfis Maude (Stratford), Mr Ian Percival - (Southport), and Miss Joan Quennell (Petersfield).
Labour: Mr Michael Foot (Ebbw Vale), Mr Peter Shore -(Stepney), Mr King Murray, QC (Edinburgh, Leith), Mrs Shirley Williams (Hitchin) and Mr Eric Deakins (Walthamstow, 1W).
It is expected that the com- mittee will not report for two or three months.";"December 19, 1972";"";58660;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Transport worries of MPs for Europe";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby
Luxembourg, July 6
In a stark warning to his EEC colleagues, Mr Henri Simonet, the Belgian Foreign Minister, told the European Parliament here today that fur- ther enlargement of the Community could be ""synony- mous wvith paralysis"" unless the decision-making machinery of the Nine was radically over- hau-led.
He made the point during the traditional inaugural address to the Parliam,ent delivered by each new EEC president at the beginning of his country's six-month chair- manship of the Council of Ministers. Belgium replaced Britain in the chair last Fri- day.
A Socialist and a former member of the European Commission in charge of energy questions, Mr Simonet demonstrated his linguistic ver- satility by reading his speech in French, Dutch. English and German. He said that Bel- gium's aim would be to ensure that national governments acted within the European framework they had opted for.
The expansion of the Community to include new Mediterranean members would have far-reaching economic, political and institutional im- plications, Mr Simonet said. It must be used as a ]ever "" to set the wheels of Community development in motion again rather than as an obstruction "".
He later told a press con- ference that there must be more recourse to decisions by majority vote in the Council of Ministers, wich implied the progressive surrender by members of their right of veto on matters of vital national in- terest.
As he sawv it, there wvere twvo alternatives to this course: either an enlarged Community would grind to a complete halt or it vould degenerate into a loosely knit free trade area dominated bv a nucleus of big countries. ""I cannot honestly see any other possibilities "", he added.
Speaking to the Parliament. Mr Simonet said that Belgium would make a determined
effort during its presidency to make progress on proposals for the closer convergence of economic and monetary policy outlined last year in the report on European union drawvn up by Mr Tindemans, the Belgium Prime Minister.
In particular, Belgium wanted the Nine to co ordinate national targets for money sup- ply and credit expansion as wvell as the choice of instru- ments for attaining- them. EEC financial assistance should be increased but made conditional upon the observance of these jointly agreed aims.
Welcoming Mr Simonet's assumption of the EEC presi- dency, Mr Roy Jenkins, the President of the European Commissioii, told the Parlia- ment that a decision on a site for the EEC's thermonuclear fusion project wvas ""vital both for the credibility of the Community and because of the inherent value of the project "".
Mr Jenkins promised that the Commission wvould "" do everything in its powver to cut the knot and get a decision"" from the foreign ministers ""at the end of this month "". That the project should materialize was more important than where it materialized, Mr Jen- kins said, alluding to the com- petition betveen Britain and West Germany to provide the sate.
However, Mr Simonet told journalists that discussions on the subject at last week's sum- mit in London had been so heated that he doubted whether passions vould have cooled sufficiently to offer a reasonable chance of agree- m*ent later this monft. He sug- gested that it might be better to renew the debate after six months.
Mr Jenkins also made a spirited defence of the Commission's plans for playing a more interventionist role in the raising of loans to finance investment for the creation of jobs, which received a mixed reception at last wveek's sum- mit. He said that the Commis- sion wvould neither be ""put off or cast down"" because a novel idea did not immediately com- mand unanimous support.";"July 7, 1977";"";60049;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgium tries to oil Community wheels";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"I From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Oct 23
The Bureau of European Socialists and the socialist group in the European Parliament have written to Mr Wilson and Mr Douglas Houghton, chairman of 'the Parliamentary Labour Party, urging Labour not to boy- cott the parliament at Stras- bourg.
Herr Walter Behrendt, a West German Social Democrat, who is president of the European Par- liament, said today that the letter had pointed out that there would be an imbalance if the Conservatives came and the Labour members stayed in West- minster. The letter was sent last week and so far there had been no reply.
Referring to the possibility of a Labour boycott at a separate press conference, Dr Sicco Mans- holt, the. president of the Euro- pean Commission, said he thought-as a Socialist-that it would be ""stupidity of the first order "" if parliamentarians of any country refused to work in any committee or body of the Community. There was so much work to be done and ""all pro- gressive forces"" would be needed, he .said.
Leading members of the Euro- pean Parliament expressed some disappointment in Brussels today at the outcome of the summit meeting of Nine in Paris. They were distressed that the con- ference had taken no concrete steps to make the Community's decision-making machinery more democratic.
There was some understand- ing for Mr Heath's decision to concentrate in Paris on com- mitments on regional policy. But it was hoped that British MPs would help to assert the need for parliamentary supervision wvhen they joined in January, and that the Labour Party would not fail to send a contingent to the Parliament in Strasbourg.
Herr Behrendt descrll,ed the summit's achievements in the institutional field as "" very meagre "". "" I think the word democracy was written in small letters "", he said.
He thought the meeting had given she Community a certain -
impetus and had set some firm deadlines, and that at last human beings had become the cynosure of all eyes. But, he asked, how could the important decisions necessary for econo- mic and monetary union be taken if the citizen was not allowed to participate actively in the Community ? Social tensions might arise if these decisions were taken on the previous technocratic basis, he said.
The European Parliament, he said, must not be relegated to the role of being consulted only non-committally. Asked whether he had been disappointed by Mr Heath's failure to push for more parliamentary control, Herr Behrendt said he- upderstood fully why - British P-.:ne Minister concentrated on prob- lems of paramount importance to Britain. But he thought the reserved position of the candi- date countries on this would change when they were in the thick of day-to-day affairs..
On the vexed question of which group the Conservatives would sit with in Strasbourg (Christian Democrats, Liberals or even Gaullists), Mr Cornelis Berkhouwer, the Dutch leader of the Liberal group, said it seemed almost certain the Con- servatives would start as a group of their own. He thought it "" very regrettable "" that another national group-like the Gaul- lists-should thus be estab- lished.
There was some speculation whether the British Liberals, far more progressive than most of their Continental brethren, would join the Socialists.
At his press conference this afternoon, Dr Mansholt said the Paris communique's expressed aim of transforming the "" whole complex of the relations of member states into a Euro- pean union"", could mean a lot or nothing.
He was disappointed there had not been a better definition of the political aims-of European union. He believed it would be neither a federation nor a con- federation, but something sui generis. It would have to be developed empirically, taking into account the history of the various member states.";"October 24, 1972";"";58613;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plea to Mr Wilson by European socialists";""
"['by William Wallace']";"['News']";"by William Wallace
Britain and France have a wide range of common interests in defence and security, and a long record of failure in attempting to build on them. The instinctive Atlanticism of successive British leaders has combined with the Gaullist intransigence of their French opposite numbers to sink initiative after initiative, leaving waves of mistrust and scepticism behind.
In London ministerial attitudes to European cooperaion are now 'changing, however, while the old certainties of Gaullist defence policy are visibly crumbling. When Mrs Thatcher meets President Mitterrand in Avignon on Thursday for the annual Anglo- French summit, proposals for closer bilateral defence cooperation will be on the agenda. The Prime Minister should pursue those proposals vigorously.
Sir Geoffiey Howe told the Conservative Party Conference in Brighton that ""we need to strengthen the European pillar of the Atlantic Alliance"", and at the Western European Union (WEU) ministerial meeting in Rome on October 26 both Howe and Heseltine impressed their partners with their new-found enthusiasm for European defence cooperation.
The core of the current debate is to be found in the Franco-German dialogue launclhed at a summit meeting between Schmidt and Nlitterrand in February 1982. Sin'ce then three commissions of senior officials have been meeting regularly, reporting to the six-monthly meetings of
heads of government in which defence minisiers take part. Neither side would claim that to have yet achieved a revolution, but some solid progress had been made.
The missing link between the three leading European powers is between London and Paris. It is not that military and industrial cooperation do not exist across the-Channel. But there is no sense of mutual commitment, and no political determi- nation to strengthen the limited and often over-formal links which do exist.
Cooperation in procuring arms began more than 20 years ago, although compe- tition between the two countries' arms industries means it has often been a bumpy road. Politico-military discussions between the two governments go easily on East-West relations, arms control, and transatlantic issues, within the multilateral framework of European political cooperation and Nato. Outside Europe, British and French. forces have served recently together in the Lebanon and Sinai, and the two navies cooperate discreetly from the English Channel to the Persian Gulf. What has been lacking is a dialogue at the top, a willingness to explore other ways of working together and to accept a degree of intervention in each other's domestic debates.
The characteristic British response to French initiatives is to ask suspiciously,
""What do they mean by it?"". We would do better to ask ourselves what our objectives are and how best to harness the current European debate to those ends.
There is a real concern in Paris over the American commitment to Europe, and a reverse of the old Gaullist attitude over how to reassure them about West Europe's contribution to the Atlantic alliance. There is concern, too, about political develop- ments in West Germany, and the need to ensure a future for the French arms industry. There is thus an opening for British ministers to draw the French more closely into sharing the responsibilities of western defence.
The generations of British leaders who have retired hurt from earlier attempts at dialogue will caution that it will not be plain sailing. But international politics rarely is. The Franco-German dialogue has already seen some hard talking behind the scenes. We would have to be prepared to discuss taboo subjects, ours as well as theirs, including independent nuclear deterrents, Anglo-American intelligence cooperation
But the prize could be great. A dialogue with the French which led to a closer link between French defence and its allies would be the single most significant contribution we could make to the alliance in the next three or four years.
Thie autihor is deputv director of thle RoYal Institute of International Affairs.
(© TiWs Newpaprs Limited, 1984";"November 28, 1984";"";61998;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Link arms across the Channel";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, March 14
The French and west German heads of government ended theiT talks here today with General de Gaulle suggesting a possible widening of the Common Market and Dr. Kiesinger, the German Chancellor, indicating that the question of Britain's entry was an obstacle to closer cooperation among the Six.
The two-day talks have under- lined the change in recent months in Franco-German relations. What for the Germans was originally a love match, with tempestuous ups and downs, has become a marriage of reason, with the partners trying to make the best of what they have in common.
Dr. Kiesinger said today that his Government wished to co- operate with France on the poli- tical future of Europe. But the British candidature was an obstacle to closer cooperation in the Common Market.
The essential point of the con- versations had been the Common Market. General de Gaulle was ready to continue working in it, and a question like Britain's entry could be discussed.
He went some way with General de Gaulle in agreeing that the notion of supranationality had lost ground. But the community struc- ture must remain the kernel of a united Europe. Germany did not agree with France that British entry would change the nature of the community. They should go ahead with European political cooperation, but the ties between Europe and the United States must be to the forefront.
General de Gaulle confirmed that France was not looking for substitutes for the Common Mar- ket. It should be carried further. It might prove necessary to widen the Common Market to include other countries. But a new struc- ture would have to be created.
France had believed Britain was interested in such possibilities, and made overtures to her, which had not gone too welL It did not mean the matter should not be examined jointly in Bonn and Paris.
General de Gaulle said that France would not attend meetings of Western European Union, but she was not opposed to Germany pursuing consultations within W.E.U. Dr. Kiesinger pointed out that there was no question of mak- ing it an appeal jurisdiction from the CoTnmon Market, but that his Government thought it made use- ful machinery for political consul- tation. France did not believe in military integration, but found it quite natural that others should belong to it, and had no objection to the continued stationing of American forces in Europe.
The General insisted that there were new factors in world develop- ments of which Franco-Ger-man cooperation should take stock. One was that Russia felt the threat from China had taken the place of that she formerly believed to lie in western Europe. She was therefore ready to establish con- tacts with Europe and with the United States.
Another was that the United States had decided that the policy, through the Atlantic alliance, of making Russia withdraw could no longer be expected to yield results, and was ready to reach some agreement with her. It was essen- tial for Europe to organize itself, economically, politically, and also from the standpoint of security. This did not mean giving up the alliance with the United States.
The two Governments have agreed that more effective crisis management was needed in monet- ary matters.
General de Gaulle described the conversations as not aimed at reaching any spectacular agree- ments, or as the scoring of points, but to set out respective stand- points. They did just that, without any attempting to paper over the cracks, on Europe, Britain's entry into the E.E.C., and defence.
In spite of such differences, General de Gaulle emphasized that France was ready to cooper- ate with the Federal Republic on a privileged basis. This was the object of the Franco-German treaty and remained its object.
Dr. Kiesinger chats with President de Gaulle before leaving Paris. With them is i. Couve de Murvfille,
the French Prime Minister.";"March 15, 1969";"";57510;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle favours Franco-German talks on EEC";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JuLY 7
M. Francois-Poncet, the French High Commissioner, speaking at Munich to- night, uttered. a warning against relaxing vigilance in face of the ostensible new course of the Kremlin. At-the same time, he appealed strongly for the development of European integration and for. an entente cordiale between France and Ger- many. M. Francois-Poncet was speaking at a reception given for him by the Bavarian Government.
If this summer was of unusual importance, M. Fran9ois-Poncet said, it was not merely because it was election year in Germany. In the past few years the consciousness of their countries belonging together, their solidarity, and the necessity for the coordination of their policy had grown apace. The conception of Europe and of European union had taken deep roots. "" The idea of nationality, even if it* remains ever dear to us, no longer satisfies our political feelings and outlook,"" M. Frangois-Poncet said. "" We have become con- vinced that there is a supra-national interest which we must serve.""
Not the military but rather the moral and the econornic aspect was paramount for the French. In the moral field "" we have recog- nized at a time of direst chaos throughout the world that we are children of the same Christian and humanistic civilization and that freedom, respect for the individual, and equality of atl before the law represent prin- ciples which we are not prepared to allow to perish.""
If the idea of European cooperation and organization had overflowed from the moral and economic into the military field, then, M. Francois-Poncet went on, "" we are not to blame. The perpetual threat from Russian Communism is alone responsible with the enslavement, of the satellites, and with ihe war in Korea, Indo-China, and Malaya."" For some time now it looked as though Russia had something different and better in mind and as -though the course hitherto followed was to be changed. It might evenl appear as though the threat was to be dropped.
PROOFS REQUIRED
te n principle, we do not rule out the peni- ence oF the sinner,"" M. Frangois-Poncet said.
but we require proofs of the sincerity of such a change of mind. After all that has ;one before, especially after the courageous rising of the workers in Berlin and the Soviet zone on June 17, we are in duty bound to askc whether| the -signs of this change of mind are not merely tactical. Is it a pause o£ somne monthsl designed to prevent the defence community of the west coming into being, or is it really a change of intentions ?""
Professor Hallstein, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, said at KEarisruhe last night1 that a foreign policy free of alliances was impossible for Germany. The western Powers would agree to German reunion only if they were assured that the German potential would not pass into the hands of Russia. That meant either the maintenance of the statVs quo or the alignmnent -of all Germany with the western world.
The subjugation of Gem-Any to Russia as the price of reunion was quite out of the question, Professor Hallstein added. A secojid solution was the satisfaction of' Russia's need for security. That could be done only if Europe was consolidated, and he suggested that the Kremlia should consider whetber such consolidation was not to be preferred to a situation of neutralization and standing 'con- trol in which the oppressed peoples were struggling for their liberation.
Professor Hallstein's statement is inter- preted in some quarters here as foreshadowing the possibility that the western Foreign Ministers may, at their Washington meeting, discuss a treaty of non-aggression with Russia.";"July 8, 1953";"";52668;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Reminder On Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Nov. 24
The Council of Mlinisters of the Euro- pean Economic Community is believed to have agreed at Strasbourg to-day on a series of measures designed to obviate or limit trade discrimination which might arise as a result of the Common Market.
Its proposals are reported to be along the general lines of those originally put forward by Herr Hallstein, the presi- dent of the Common Market commis- sion, and, if the reports are accurate. would appear as such to diminish, if not destroy, the possibility, hinted at in the Stockholm treaty and since made the subject of a Swedish Note to the six (iovernments, of negotiations between the E.E.C. and the Outer Seven within the framework of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
This is a summary, as reported by French sources, of to-day's decisions: - (i) 'ossible extension to all member-States
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Tr.,de of the tariff reductions to be intro- duced in thc Common Market in July. A French amendment to make such extension optional was approved. No decis'on was madc on the amount of the tariff redactions, which may vary between the 10 per cent. recommended in the Hallstcin proposals and the 20 per cent. recently suggested by the French; agreement on this will have to be reached in the next few months.
(ii) Extension to third countries on January
I of the increased import quotas due to become effective on that date in the Common Mark-et. This includes the extension to third countrics of minimum quotas, due to reach 4 pcr cent. of the national production of the particular prodluct. It is proposed in the hope of securing reciprocal treatment from the member-countries of G.A.T.T. and the International Monetary Fund.
(iii) In connexion with the common
external tariff of the Common Market now in preparation, a big reduction of tariff levels, on condition of reciprocity: this to be put forward at the tariff con- ference to be held under the auspices of GA.T.T. in 1960-61.
(iv) Establishment of a ""contact com-
mittcc"" between the six Common Market Powers and the ""outer seven."" (Independent reports. however. say that no decision was reached on this point.)
(r) Possible reduction of tariffs on agri-
cultural products.
(si) A proposzal for regular consultations
with the United States, Canada, Britain andl other European countries with a view to coordinating measures of aid to under-developed countries.
QUARTERLY CONSULTATIONS The decision made at Strasbourg yesterday by the Foreign Ministers of the Common Market countries to meet every three months for consultations on international policy is being interpreted by some here as a setback for French and Italian wishes to see a political secretariat established, probably in Paris. Both the Belgian and Dutch Ministers apparently expressed their misgivings about this project, though M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, assured them that it implied no anti-British intentions.
Indeed, he recalled that Mr. Selwyn .loyd during his recent visit to Paris
had expressly approved the idea of closer consultation in Europe, provided that this was complemented, and completed by consultations in Western European Union, of which Britain is a member.
It is probably an exaggeration to speak of the compromise reached as a defeat for French ideas, for the Ministers are to have their regular con- tacts. But there is to be no permanent machinery, and to this extent the Belgian and Dutch anxiety lest anything might be done to prejudice the future associa- tion of Britain with the six-Power community has presumably been allayed.";"November 25, 1959";"";54627;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Limiting Common Market Trade Discrimination";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE', 'Our Brussels Correspondent']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, Feb. 20
The assembly of the Western European Union had to postpone its debate on the crisis in the organization today, when the (laullist delegation took excep- tion to the wording of the motion.
Proposed by the Christian Dem- ocrat, Liberal and Socialist groups, the motion had welcomed ""the action taken by the Council at its recent meetings in Luxembourg and London to secure close and continuous intergovernmental con- sultation "". and expressed the hope that the French Government would agree to participate.
Last night the political com- mittee finally agreed on the text of a motion for debate tomorrow. It deplored the crisis in the W.E.U. at a time when all efforts should be concentrated on achieving Euro- pean unity, and it welcomed the initiation of regular and frequent consultations on international issues.
The resolution ends with the hope that the French Govermment will agree to participate again in the meetings of the council. It was adopted by 15 votes to three 'with four abstentions. Though the details of the voting were not given, the Gaullists probably opposed the motion.
In spite of the unexpected hitch in the timetable, the feeling in the lobbies of the Assembly was dis- tinctly in support of some sort of compromise between France and
the other six member countries, though respective standpoints both on procedure and on substance remain far apart.
Signor Badini, the president of the assembly, this morning addressed an appeal to France *not to carry her discontent to the point of endangering the con- struction of Europe."" A reconcil- iation between France and Britain. through frank and direct talks. was needed if the W.E.U. was to function properly. But Signor Badini did not think the council had to be unanimous to proceed to a simple exchange of views.
Another conciliatory note was struck by Mr. Gaston Thorn, the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, the only Minister to speak during this session (Dr. Luns who was originally to have done so was prevented by a debate in the Dutch Parliament). In his opinion the meeting of the Council of Minis- ters at Luxembourg earlier this month had shown positive results
Mr. Thorn proposed that the Couicil of Ministers must either reach an agreed interpretation of the existing rules or make them more complete.
Two members of the Gaullist group told me in the lobbies that they agreed with Mr. Thorn's pro- posal (though it remains to be seen whether the French Government does). If the treaty rules could not be applied, then they should
be modified. But one country could not just go ahead and inter- pret them as it thought fit.
M. Charles Krieg, in particular, emphasized that France should not be accused of provoking a crisis in the WE.U. when it was obvious that Britain had delibe- rately been the cause of it, in spite of all the French Government's warnings. Britain would also be responsible for prolonging the crisis, he added, if she persisted in opposing a return to normal pro- cedure.
The Middle East had only been a pretext, M. Krieg went on, to cover what was essentially a British diplomatic manoeuvre with the aim of creating a European community outside the Com- munity of the Six. France had no intention whatever of leaving the W.E.U., of which she fully appreciated the importance (although the French Government seemed less aware of it a week ago).
Our Brussels Correspondent
writes: A spokesman for the Dutch Foreign Ministry today rejected the French claim that last week's meeting in London was in violation of the W.E.U. treaty. Both Holland and Belgiumn have taken -the line that this is an occa- sion for firmness in responding to the French attacks, but that the incident is not one that should be dramatized.";"February 21, 1969";"";57491;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gaullists force WEU to defer crisis debate";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR ON' CORRESPONDENT
PAUS, FEB. 28
The meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Common Market in Brussels tomorrow promises to open in an atmosphere very dif- ferent from the one created on December 20 when France and her five partners agreed to disagree about the opening of negotiations with Britain.
T. wo months ago much was said. especially by Ministers of the Benelux countries and Italy, about a new paralysis of the Com- mon Market.
There were threats of creating a united front of the five against France. The Dutch. in aU these cnterprises. played the part of Bri- tain's most passionate advocate-
But as the -w%eeks went bv it became obvious that, m-uch as they might dislike the attitude of France, none of her partners was prepared to back Britain's suit to the extent ot
endangering the existence of the European Economic Community or of threatening it with prolonged paralysis.
Now that the ""British ques- tion"" is again up for discussion, it is obvious that there will be no going back on the Ministers' decision of December 20 but that, while they vill continue to agree to disagree about Britain and to find waYs of bridging the gap betw-een themi and her, the progress towards a Euro- pean economic union must go on.
Substantially, the Six will talk about the Benelux scbeme tor permanent consultation between the European Community and the apolicants for admission. the Franco- German proposal for industrial and agricultural ' arrangements "", and the Italian xzherne which lies some- where betveen the two.
The French Government is hostile to the Benelux scheme In the opiniion of the Frencii it amounts, in effect, to maKing the development of the Community sub- joct to the oontrol of non-n mbers,
as no decision of importane would be taken without consulting Britain.
The Italian memorandum is not taken very seriously by the French -nor. it would appear, by the Italians. It is something got up at the )&st minute.
What of the Franco-German pro- posa]. worked out earlier this month ? Its greatest weakness- and tihis is admitted privately-is that it carries no credibility in British (and other) eyes. luch could be said about the present dis- trust between Paris and London, and the British suspect the Franco-Ger- man plan to be-in the French in- terpretation at least-an astute wav of leaving the potential club meni- ber waiting permanentlv in the ante- room while offering himn some small refreshment (in the form of tariff reductions) to sustain his hopes
Thbe French suspect the British of not having abandoned tix hope of forcing their way in through the pressure of the five other members, and of conspiring to change the rulcs to suit themnselves.
Britain's distrust of Fiance now seems to engulf Germany; today's discussion in the political comrmittee of the Western European Union was a Sadly eloquent illustration; strong doubts were exPresbed by British Labour members about the obicetivity of a proposed German rapporleur, and a Dutcb one was preferred.
Nevertheless the French Govern- ment feels that this situation should not prevent the Franco-German pro- posal from being discussed in Brussels on its merits tomorrow, and examined in London later. It con- tains, it is argued in Paris, a simple and concrete formula to grant Bri- tain and the other applicants certain commercial advantages "" of a nature to facilitate their evolution "" tou-ards Europe.
Its object, it is claimed, is to pro- mote trade and therefore assist Bri- tain to improve her econotnic health, which in turn would make it easier for her to meet the obligations of I mcmbership.
Leading article, papg 11.";"February 29, 1968";"";57188;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brighter outlook for EEC Ministers";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME. JULY 25
The Government has quietly, and probably judiciously, allowed its long- standing ban on the holding of the third national congress of the neo-Fascist M.S.I. (Movimento Sociale Italiano) to lapse, and to-morrow 60(1 delegates, representing the 600,000 members claimed by the move- ment, will open a two-day meeting at L'Aquila, in the Abruzzi, to take stock of its progress and set its future course.
The congress has not assembled since 1950. After the relative success scored by the M.S.I. at the last local governmeni elections. all shades of public opinion are displaying interest in the meeting, which is expected to provide a guide to the aims of the movement.
The delegates are assembling under two shadows-the recently approved law against the resurgence of Fascist activities. and a pro- found disunity within the movement. It is expected that the new law will act as a deterrent to the more hot-headed delegates. while, to judge from articles in the neo-Fascist Press, the keynote of the more responsible speakers will be the necessity for party disci- pline and concord.
Although the real trend of the movement may not be seen until its new executive sets to work in preparation for next year's general election, one important outcome of the con- gress may be to indicate what prospect there is of the M.S.I. becoming a national political force, capable, in collaboration w.ith other nationalist-minded groups, of competing for public support with the two parties. the Christian Democrats atd the Communists, which now dominate the Italian scene.
TWO MIAJOR FACTiONS
Another issue to be clarified is the attitude towards the Atlantic Pact, which some of the movement's leaders have condemned as an
inadequate "" instrument for the defence of western Europe, and towards European union. Above all, the congress should provide evi- dence whether the sharp cleavages of policy within the M.S.I. can be satisfactorily bridged.
Two major factions appear to be manoeuvr- ing for control. One is led by Signor Do Marsanich, political secretary of the M.S.I., who held responsible posts during Mussolini's regime. This group's policy is based on the traditional anti-Communism of Fascism. no preconceived hostility to the Atlantic Pact; the organization of the State on "" corporative "" lines; and a temporary, opportunist alliance with the Monarchists.
The other faction follows Prince Valerio Borghese, honorary chairman of the movement, and a naval commander who stood by Musso- lini to the last. His aims are, so far, rather nebulous, and he has yet to prove himnself as a political leader.
ATLANTIC PACT OPPOSED
Opposed to both these factions is a voci- ferous group, of left-wing tendencies, led by Signor Pettinato and Signor Pini, men promi- nent under the Fascist dictatorship. This group strongly criticizes the movement s leadership. calls for repudiation of the Atlantic Pact, sup- ports the Republic, and preaches an anti- clerical policy. Lurking at the back of all. hitherto in comparative isolation, is the former Marshal Graziani, who still appeals strongly to the more youthful hot-heads of the M.S.1., but whose plans are even more nebu- lous than those of Prince Borghese.
Efforts are already apparent to have the more contentious items shelved during the congress, so as not, by a too obvious show of disunity, to jeopardize the movement's chances at next year's general election, or to offset its successes at the last local elections. These successes were partly due to the alliance with the Monarchists, and it will be instructive to see what freedom will be allowed to the anti- Monarchists to express their views during the meeting.
President Truman has commuted to life imprisonment the death sentence passed on Oscar Collazo, the Puerto Rican, for his part in the attempt to assassinate the President on November 1, 1950, when a White Housa policeman was killed.";"July 26, 1952";"";52374;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Disunity Among Neo-Fascists";""
"";"['News']";"Lord Samuel, Liberal leader in the House of Lords, Lord Woolton, and Mr. Duncan Sandys have made statements directed at Liberals and the use of their vote.
In a message to Liberal candidates, Lord Samuel says that the_party puts two things in the forefront. The frst is e need to cam- pai8n vigorously to lower prices. This object colid be achieved by putting an end to aU restrictions that hindered output and' to monopolies and price rings "" which keep up the retail prices beyond the rate of fair profit."" Greater freedom of commerce aU over the world was essential to the welfare of all countries, and for this the Liberal Party, alone, had always stood.
The second object of vital importance was to lessen the enmity between east and west. There was only one solution-man' must rehnounce war as an instrument of policy.
e agent to brng this about must be the 7nited Nations, and its membership must no longer exclude a third' of mankind.
C-ONSERVATIVE APPEALS
Lord Woolton's statement said that Liberal electors had to make a grave decision by polling day, because so much might turn on their votes. It was sigrnificant that. the secretary of the Labour Party thought that in a number of cases a Labour victory would be achieved as a reshlt of Liberal influence-either intervention or abstention.
At the 1951 election Conservative and Unionist candidates received the votes of many Liberal electors. Sir Anthony Eden' was now appealing for a mandate to carry on the work for peace and to restore the country's credit. Surely Liberal electors could not find fault with his record or his polcy. If we are to realize the prospects of peace now opening before us we must have a Government that is united and strong. A victory for a Socialist Party flagrantly divided in itself would be a disaster.
Mr. Duncan Sandys, Conservative candi- date for Streatham, writes, on foreign policy in a letter to all known Liberals in the con- stituency-where there is no Liberal candi- date. He states: "" There is virtually com- plete agreement between Liberals and Con- servatives and the official section of the Labour-Party lon foreign policy]. But this pnolicy was, and continues to be, flatly repudiated by Mr.- Aneurin Bevan, supported by nearly half the Labour M.P.s.""
REDUCING TENSION
BY STAGES
MR. MACMILLAN'S HOPE
Mr. Macmillan, the Foreign Secre- tary, said at Bromley on Saturday that it bad been suggested the four-Power meeting was "" some kind of electioneer- ing dodge that the Tories have embarked upon."" It had been asked, he said: 'Why did we do it at this moment-?""
"" We did it at -this moment because it was the earliest moment at which we could safely move. Until the formation and strengthen- ing of N.A.T.O. and the creation- of Western European Union we had not completed and filled our ranks.
""I am absolutely sure that negotiation with Soviet Russia, if it is to be fruitful, will be based on our strength and not on -our weakness."" -
The Foreig Secretary said that he had never tried to represent the meeting as some- thing which of itself could solve "" all the enormous problems."" The four Powers could not arrogate to themselves the right to decide the future of the world. They must bring into their consultation the other Powers specialy affected.
He foresaw a series of meetings-perhaps later on another meeting of the heads of Governments-and the progress might gradualy bring a reduction of tension here and there, so that the whole temper began to cool.
It was hoped that the talks between the heads of Governments would take place in July or August.";"May 23, 1955";"";53227;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Advice To Liberals";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
-PARIS, Nov. 16
The creation of a supreme executive to direct the Atlantic alliance in all its aspects, military and political, was pro- posed today in the assembly of the Western European Union by Mr. Duncan Sandys, as rapporteur of its defence committee.
This part of his exhaustive study of European security, with its strains and divisions, was viewed with some scepti- cism by Signor Brosio, the Secretary- General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; and his insistence on maintaining a fully integrated command structure drew a sharp rejoinder from one of the Gaullist delegates in defence of French policies.
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, leading the British delegation, called French policy nothing less than ""sabotage of Nato "". MI. Rend Radius, a Gaullist deputy leading the F-rench delegation, held that the integrated defence system went against the French Government's policy of independence and national survival. Far from increasing dangers of war, the existence of several national deterrents gave a possible enemy more incertitude, and thus increased Nato's dissuasive powers.
Mr. Sandys said Nato must go on, but though America's nuclear power was still the foremost element of western defence some of the other members, after 16 years, felt they were entitled to a greater share in strategical direction and controL
He felt that both the M.L.F. and A.N.F. proposals raised serious practical and poli- tical difficulties. they were purely political and had no other purpose than to create a better psychological atmosphere. They had no military value, and would not pro- duce a single extra missile or warhead. Then there was the attitude of France, which might take part in a purely European nuclear force, but would have nothing to do with a rmixed-manned Nato force under the ultimate control of the United States.
PLACE FOR ALL
The idea of creating an M.L.F. without an American veto or a European nuclear force without American participation would, he said, cause as much consterna- tion in the White House as in the Kremlin. He did not know whicb would be the more alarmed. In view of all the doubts and difficulties. it might be well to consider whether the same result could not be achieved by improving the decision-mak- ing machinery of the alliance. The creation of a nuclear executive had been suggested.
but non-nuclear mernbers might continue to feel that their status was inferior.
Mr. Sandys said the propo,al ior a supreme executive responsible, under the North Atlantic Councl, fr- ',.
direction of the alliance would give each country an influence proportionate to its political importance and military contr,bu- tion. It would be composed of permanent representatives of the larger allied powers and rotating delegates of other members. Thus, a non-nuclear nation like (iermany would have just as big a voice in decisions as Britain or France.
Signor Brosio clearlv took issue with General de Gaulle's recent view of integra- tion as the subordination of France, the integrated system, he said, was in no way politicaL but merely a matter of command technique; it did not raise problems of subordination for any ally, in that all re- mained sovereign in both political and mili- tary spheres. He felt that less was to be feared from the emergence of a European ""third force"" than from the discord of National European states, each pursuing its own interests and ""seeking isolated con- tacts with our enemies "".
The Secretary-General commended the wirit and purpose of the Sandys report, estpecially the suggestion to set up a Euro- pean armaments board, but felt that the proposals for a supreme executive might cause "" legitimate appreheTtsions "".";"November 17, 1965";"";56481;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Sandys Calls For Supreme Nato Executive";""
"";"['News']";"The present difficulties of the Nine are attributable to one main cause-that the Community institu- tions set up to establish and administer the EEC have not been invested with sufficient authority to enable our countries to cope- with the profound economic and political changes of recent years in unison.
If it Is true, and gratifying, that the European Institutions are well Organized for discussion, the same cannot be said of decision making. Nevertheless, one must appreciate what has been achieved, and this is not negligible. For centuries the countries of Europe have lived with domination and war. Now without the threat of the use oi force, they are seeking to solve their common problems in common Institutions through discussion and, eventually, agreement.
These European institutions are applying common rules 'based on the eqLuality of the participating countres; the abolition of customs duties and quotas has led to the creation of a vast common market and protec~tionism has been super- seded -by competition and increased trade.
This vast common market is a phenomenon of worldwide impor- tance; - it represents a complete transformation of European life after centuries of fragmentation, ambitions toward domination and protectionism. Since the end of the war, European integration has been intimately bound up with Franco- German reconciliation and has
continued on page VII
Preparations must be made
for union
continued from page I
formed the basis on which the efforts of governments and the work of our peoples have built peace and material progress in Western Europe year upon year.
Who is to blame?
In a venture like the European Community, the responsibility for pogress or setbacks must lie prin- 6ipally with :the governments con- cerned. For the present, it is they, supported by their administrations, who take the final decisions. If they have not been bolder, it is for a simple reason: administrations, generally speaking, do not like change and the Community repre- sents a fundamental change. Among those who have opposed it, one obviously thinks of General de Gaulle, but he has not been the only one. This said, thie transfer of sovereignty remains a difficult pro- blem.
So do not lay all the blame at the door of the Commission in Brussels, it Is not responsible for
what is not working, because it does not 'have the final say.
What can be done ?
We must continue with what has been begun, so arranging our affairs that we have a greater capacity for joint decision and financial resources matching the scale of the difficulties which we have to confront. It is possible; there are signs of change in gov- ernment behaviour.
M Giscard d'Estaing, Herr Hel- mut Schmidt and their colleagues will no doubt be holding regular meetings. For these meetings to succeed, the basic decisions will have to be taken collectively and put into effect.
These meetings of heads of state and government should be attended by the President of the Council and the President of the Commission of the Economic Com- munity, who should render account for the activities with which they have been entrusted.
In the Council of Ministers, vot- ing on a weighted majority should become the most common mode of decision-making. It is in the com- mon interest of the member coun- tries that decisions be taken, and no longer that interminable efforts be made to establish unanimous agreement.
The European Community should issue substantial loans on the scale of its real resources so that the oil deficits and investment programmes of common interest can be financed. The first agreement signed in Luxembourg on October 21 between the Finance Ministers of the Nine is a step in the right direction'
In addition to this short-term action, preparations must be made for European union and European suffrage, and this fairly soonl so that this further development beoomes a real. prospect condition- ing political attitudes.";"November 7, 1974";"";59238;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Monnet, the European Community is in a mess. Why?";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BADEN BADEN (SATURDAY), JAN. 15
M. Mendes-France and Dr. Adenauer ended their meeting here after midnight with a cheerful and confident air. As it appears, the atmosphere of the talks was cordial and more free from tension than might have been expected from the diffi- cult and involved nature of many of the questions facing the two men.
The French Prime Minister did not, as some responsible G3ermans had feared, try to insist on any form of German agreement to his armaments pool proposals as a condition of French readiness to discuss the many points arising out of the Saar agreement, which the Germans are anxious to settle before their next parliamentary debate on the Paris treaties. The passage in the final communiquW on the armaments pool is amiably worded but somewhat general in character. In its concrete aspects the subject is left to be explored by the seven-Power talks in Paris next week.
REFERENDUM PLAN
About the Saar, on the other band, the joint com,nuniqu6 indicates definite advances towards the eventual settlement which have been made in this-long day's work. Thus, the referendum which is to be taken for or against the proposed European statute was studied in detail and the two heads of Govern- ment agreed to propose that an international commission should be created to supervise it. They intend to put this proposal jointly before the council of the Western European Union. They agreed, too, to approach the British and United States Governments for a guarantee of the Saar statute.
On the general question of western security and relations with the Soviet group of Powers, the communique reaffirmed equally the obliga- tions which France and the Federal Republic had assumed for the "" maintenance and con- solidation of peace ""-that is, the Paris treaties -and the efforts which they agree to continue towards a relaxation of international tension. This presumably means in practice that they are agreed to ratify the treaties first and to seek talks with Russia afterwards.
UNITED EUROPE
M. Mendes-France said after the talks, just before he caught his train back to Paris, "" We have made good use of the day."" He declared himself "" happy to enter now into the period of execution of the agreements on the Saar,"" and added that France and the Federal Republic "" can now look forward together to the work of building a united Europe in which our two countries are to play such an important part.""
Dr. Adenauer said that the talks had been open, free, and sustained by good will through- out. He compared them with previous Franco- German talks of the past few months and drew the conclusion that relations between the two countries were now better, stronger, and warmer than ever.
ALL-DAY DISCUSSIONS
M. Mendes-France arrived by train from Rome yesterday morning and spent the day in talks with Dr. Adenauer. The two began the meetings with a short talk between themselves. They were joined after a little time by their two advisers who have been negotiating intermittently for four or five months past about the Saar, M. Soutou and Herr Blankenhorn.
A full meeting followed in which the Federal Government stated its view of the French project for a European armaments community. The French proposals were circulated last we.tk. Dr. Adenauer left the task of comment- ing to his Minister of Economics, Professor Ernard, who made a series of proposals. By entrusting the exposition of the German point of view to Professor Erhard, Dr. Adenauer seems to have conceded the demand of German industry that economics should prevail over politics in judging the French plan.";"January 15, 1955";"";53140;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Accord";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The decisions reached at the Paris con- ference of western Foreign Ministers in the third week of October left a good deal of work for the experts to do before the agreements could be put into a practical form. Some of the preparations for bringing Westem European Union into existence have been made by a committee in London which has recently concluded one stage of its deliberations.
This interim committee of the Brussels Treaty Organizatibn consists of-Foreign Office officials, members of the Embassies in London of the six countries which, with the United Kingdom wiU form the Western Europeaan Union-Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. They have been meeting on an average twice a week since the Paris conference at the headquarters of the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission in Eaton Place.
The stardng point of their work is the protocols to the original Brussels Treaty which were agreed on by the Foreign Ministers in Paris. There are four of these. The first modifies the older treaty to allow for the adherence of Italy and the German Federal Republic, sets up a new council with executive functions, suggests in outline the form of an assembly, and emphasizes close cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, on which W,E.U. will rely "" for information and advice on military matters."" The second deals with the armed forces of W.E.U., and the third with the manufacture of armaments on the Continent.
ARMAMENT CONTROL
The fourth referred to an agency, with beadquarters in Paris, for the control of armaments, which is to be responsible to the council of W.E.U. sitting in London. Start- ing with these protocols, the interim com- mission was directed to fashion more detailed blue-prints for the new machinery which the Ministers had suggested in somewhat general terms.
Their method has been to divide the various issues into two groups. The first includes matters on which the commission can do no more than clear the ground and leave the final word to their Governments. The second consists of subjects on which the commission can produce its own conclusions.
They have finished the first stage of the first section. Proposals in the form of a questionary have been sent for Government comment. They cover such matters as the membership of the council. Would it consist of the heads of diplomatic missions here or permanent delegates ? Other questions are the likely cost of the new organization; arrangements for the assembly, which the protocol describes only as ' composed of representatives of the Brussels Treaty Powers to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe""; and the manner in which effective liaison with N.A.T.O. can be assured.
TWO APPOINTMENTS
Another question of the first importance is sure to be the appointment of a director of the arms agency. Progress on planning the agency cannot go forward without knowledge of who the director will be, because he, pre- sumably, would want some say in the kind of agency he will be expected to direct. Many of the problems relating to the agency are likely to be made over to another group of experts which wiU sit in Paris early in the New Year.
The appointment of a secretary-general of W.E.U. is, bowever,, likely to follow, the opposite principle and to come after the pre- liminary work on the structure of the organiza- tion has been completed. It will then be clearer what qualities are required to fill the new post. The headquarters of W.E.U. wil be the first of its type perrnanently to settle in London, and some multilateral convention will have to -be drafted to place -on a- legal basis the status and privileges of its staff.";"November 11, 1954";"";53086;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe's Joint Defence";""
"['From Diana Geddes,', 'By Henry Stanhope, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes,
Parik
Eureka, the European ad. vanced technology co-operation progamme, was officially laun- ched early yesterday by minis- ters of 17 European nations meeting in Paris.
In a final joint communique. issued a little after lam, the IC members of the EEC togethex with Spain and Portugal, plus Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria and Norway, an- nounced ""firm support"" for Eureka, still loosely defined as ''a selection of civil projects chosen in various fields of high technology"" and agreed to set up a working group to prepare a second interministerial meeting on Eureka before November 15. Germany has agreed to the next meeting.
Although no detailed de- cisions were taken as to the fmt;ire structure and definition oM aureka, most participants felt tOat it had been an extremely good and worthwhile meeting with a lot of imaginative and interesting ideas, thrown up during the 10-minute exposes given by each of the 17 participants, but without suf- ficient time to co-ordinate those ideas.
The British proposals for a market-led approach, with pro- jects concentrating on commer- cial exploitation of scientific
and technological research rather than on the research itself, were well received. Remembering Britain's initial cool response to Eureka, when. it was still seen as a mere French counter-initiative to the Ameri- can Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), some participants were surprised by what they now considered a positive, well thought out, ""very European"" contribution by Britain.
The meeting agreed that the present Eureka secretariat, headed by M Claude Arnaud, former French Ambassador to Moscow, should continue its. work in preparation for the next Eureka meeting, working in close liaison with the host country, West Germany, the current president of the Euro- pean Council, Luxembourg, and the European Commission.
A group of high-ranking officials of each of the 17 participating nations is also ""to contribute to the preparation"" of the meeting.
Each participant has been asked to make every effort ""to encourage and promote the elaboration of concrete projects by industry and research insti- tutes of different countries as well as devising suitable methods of funding"".
Europeans fail to reach Star Wars agreement
By Henry Stanhopp, Diplomatic Correspondent
Senior officials from the seven Western European Union (WEU) countries have failed to agree a response to President Reagan's Star Wars programme.
Sources deny that another row between Britain and France lay behind the failure at a meeting in London this week.
The governments of Britain, France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux states, which have revivified the moribund WEU, have given officials the job of co-ordinating reaction to Washington's invitation to participate in Star Wars research. Britain wants to reply
Caspar Weinberger: Clarifi-
cation for Britain.
positively; the French want to say ""Non"".
Sources say the split is over French insistence that the seven co-ordinate policy on the Strategic Defence Initiative as a whole - not just on the research DEFENCE TALKS: The Brit- ish and American defence secretaries will meet in Washington, probably next Monday, to clariz the basis on which British organizations may participate in Star Wars research (Rodney Cowton writes).
During the last few weeks Mr Michael Heseltine, Secretary of State for Defence, and ministry officials have consulted indus- try and research establishe- ments and now have a fairly clear idea of Britain's potential contribution.
Mr Heseltine will seek clarifi- cation from Mr Caspar Wein- berger, the US Defence Sec- retary, on whether British firms would be sub-contractors, or be awarded prime contractm whether America would waive constraints which limit foreign involvement in defence pro- grammes: to what extent there will be a two-way flow of technical information; and what limitations will be put on commercial exploitation";"July 19, 1985";"";62194;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Eureka project gets 17-nation send-off";""
"['From David Bonavia']";"['News']";"President PGmpidou is greeted by Mr Chou En-lai on his arrival at Peking airport for a state visit to China.
From David Bonavia
Peking, Sept 11
President Pompidou arrived here today to a decorous wel- come. He was met at the air- port by Mr Chou En-lai, the Chinese Prime Minister, and other senior leaders, including Mr Wang Hung-wen, the young coniniissar from Shanghai who was recently named third in the national leadership.
The President's American. built DC8 jet touched down promptly at 3 pm (Peking Time). He and his party were greeted by a guard of honour, which arrived at the airport singing a revolutionary march- ing song. Young girls in brightly coloured skirts danced and waved scarves and paper flowers.
In the centre of the city, the route was lined-mostly by applauding young people-for nearly a mile on either side of the Tien An Men Square.
Mr Tung Pi-wu, the acting
head of* state. was awaiting President Pompidou at the offi- cial guest house.
The welcome lacked the exu berance of that accorded to the leaders of nations which China regards as "" comrades in arms "". The Frenchl leader is expected to have three days of talks in Peking and then spend some four days sigbtseeing in the provinces. He is the first West European head of state to visit China either in modern or in historical times.
However, t.he Chinese leaders still seem to entertain some reservations about French for- eign policy, which the Presi- dent's talks here are unlikely to dispel. TIhe leading article in the People's Daily this morning, welcoming the visit, was faintly admonitory in tone, recalling that Europe "" is i-n the midst of acute upheavals "".
It emphasized the ueed for vigilance among the Bluropean peoples to oppose Soviet and
American ambitions for hege- mony.
Whereas in the past the Chinese have been gladdened by France's resistance to dependence on the United States, recently they have had reason for concern at the rel- ative cordiality between Presi- dent Pompidou and Mr Brezh- nev, the Soviet Party ]eader, wyho lately has been the subject of bitter personal attacks fromn Peking.
The Chinese also may be puzzled by France's go-slow attitude on some aspects of European integration, which they see as the only future for West Europe.
Peking, Sept 11.-Mr Chou En-lai, at a banquet in honour of President Pompidou tonight, gave a warnin& that the danger of war still existed and blamed the nuclear super powers for world tensions. He added, in a clear message to West Europe, that China approved of present moves towards European union.
His speech before more than 800 guests in the banqueting room of Peking's Great Hall of the People contained none of the virulent . anti-Soviet language used in an address he gave to last month's tenth- Communist Party congress.
However, he said:."" There are a smalf number of people in the world -who have a passion for encroaching on the indepen- dence of others. Living in the 197Os they dream dreams of eighteenth century feudal em- perors.
"" Their policy is one of hold- ing nuclear weapons in one hand and declarations or treaties of what the y call peace and security in the other, so as to deceive and impose their will on others.""
On Europe, Mr Chou said: ""We are for the view that. the cause of European unity, if it ig carried out well, *will contribute to the improvement of the situa- tion in Europe and the whole world.-Reuter.
Shock troops of the soiL. page 14";"September 12, 1973";"";58885;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Pompidou arrives for state visit to China";""
"['FROM OUR BONN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR BONN CORRESPONDEN T
When it became knovn that Herr Haiis von Herwarth was to leave his post as German Ambassador in London in order. at President Lubke's special request. to become State Secretary of the Federal Pres:dent's Office, there % erc many people in Bonn who hoped that Dr. Hasso von Etzdorf would be the man to get the job. Their hopes have been fulfilled, and yesterday a Foreign Nlin:strv spokesman was able to announ.e that Britain had given approval to his nomination.
The new ambassador shares not a little of the behind-the-scenes credit for the
remarKaole improve- ment in Anglo-Ger- man relations during the past 18 months: while bead of one of the two western departments at the Foreign Ministry (a post he has held since February. 1958) he is generally felt to have quietly seen this as one of his chief tasks. Speak- ing goc0d English. he has often accom- oanied Dr. Aden-
auer. whose confidence he has long enjoyed. on his many journeys to Washing- ton and London.
This background has convinced Dr. von Etzdorf. who comes to London at a time when Britain, the Commonwealth, and the countries of the Common Market are seek- ing to evolve an historic new relationship. of the importance of Anglo-German cooperation. He is believed to wish to see Britain playing in future a big role in European affairs.
NUREMBERG WITNESS
Dr. von Etzdorf, a big man now aged 61, is familiar with London, having served for a year as the first deputy Secretary-General of the Western European Union after its inauguration in 1955. His father, a west Prussian landowner and civil servant, often came to London before 1914, sometimes on errands for the Kaiser. He remembers that there were English guests staying at his father's house at Elbing, near Danzig. when the First World War broke out.
Entering the foreign service in 1928, be served in Tokyo and Rome and then for two years, from 1934 to 1936, was private secretary to Baron von Neurath in Berlin. Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War during which he was attached as a Foreign Ministrv liaison officer to the German Army General Staff. he drew up and circulated, at the risk of his life. a memorandum urging upon senior Armv officers the necessity of Hitler's early over- throw.
After the war Dr. von Etzdorf. who had been a member of the Nazi Party, appeared at Nuremberg in the Wilbelmnstrasse trial as a witness for his former chief at the Foreign 'Ministry, Ernst von Weizsiicker. Dr. von Etzdorf was himself cleared by an allied de-nazification court.
CLEARED BY COMMITTEE
There was controversy again, however, in 1952 when an all-party Bundestag com- mittee reviewed his case, as it did Herr von Herwarth's. The committee had been set up after German press criticism of Dr. Adenauer's appointment to high posts in the new German foreign service of officials who had served before the war. Dr. von Etzdorf was alleged to have been concerned with the special units attached to the Wehrmacht which seized works of art in occupied Europe. The committee exonerated him. finding his conduct unobjectionable; he had done nothing con- travening the Hague Conventions and had belonged to a resistance group. H-is membership of the Nazi Party, the com- mittee established. had been only nominal.
The new ambassador is a hard worker. Among the sports favoured by diplo- matists he acknowledges a liking for riding and shooting-though he says he is far inferior as a shot to his predecessor in London. Fishing he took up in Canada during his two-year spell there as ambassador from 1956 to 1958; the interest that developed then he hopes to pursue after settling down in London, where he is expected to take over next month.";"August 9, 1961";"";55155;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Man In The News";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Macmillan told delegates to the seventh Commonwealth Parliamentary Association conference at a Government dinner at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, last night that the plain fact was that the formation and development of the European Economic Community had created, economically and politi- cally, a situation to which we must react.
""A decision to keep aloof would have just as far-reaching consequences, and per- haps graver, than a decision to join or to try to join. As I said in the House of Commons on July 31, the political objective of the Treaty of Rome, which is to promote unity and stability in Europe, seems to me good in itself and in the larger interests of the Commonwealth.
""If Britain can help this movement by associating herself with it, I believe that she should do so. Of course, any substan- tial injury to the Commonwealth would be far too high a price to pay for member- shiP of the European Economic Com- munity. But I do not believe that such injury is a necessary consequence, nor do I believe it is necessary.""
Mr. Macmillan said it was stated that, since the European Economic Community had political as well as economic implica- tions. the British Government would not, if it joined, be able to speak as freely and openly in its discussions with other Com- monwealth countries as it did today.
"" I must say that I do not find this very convincing. Britain already belongs to a number of political organizations and asso- ciations such as Nato, and the Western European Union in the European area, and Cento and Seato in other parts of the world.
""Some other Commonwealth countries are also members of these organizations, some are not. Yet it has never been
suggested that the British Government, or any other Commonwealth Government, would be inhibited by their membership of these groups or their loyalty to the Com- monwealth as a whole impaired. Yet these institutions-Nato and the like-deal with perhaps the most vital of all aspects of a national policy-defence-life or death, destruction or survival.""
Moreover, might we not be able to bring something of value to this field ? "" Might not our European partners be able to gain through us a clearer understanding of Commonwealth life and thought ? ""
The second argunent was the economic one, which was more tangible and per- hans therefore easier to discuss. The diffi- culty was quite simple: how could we reconcile the present systemn of Cormnon- wealth trade with the principles of the European Common Market ? What would be the position of free entry and prefer- ences in theory and in practice ?
""This problem is simple to state-not so easy to resolve. All the same, I am sure it is our duty in the present state of the world, and the state of the world I fore- see for generations to come, to examine it in a genuine desire to find the way to solve it if it can be solved.
""I will only say that we shall take full account of Commonwealth views throughout the negotiations, and keep in the closest touch with the Commonwealth Governments.""
Throughout its history the Common- wealth had been notable for two things- its reliance on traditional standards and as adaptability in methods, said Mr. Macmillan.
""Old in tradition, but modern in organiz-ation-that is indeed the secret of our strength. We must not fear change. but rather welcome it as a sign of living vitality. For the Commonwealth, more than perhaps any other institution in the world today, is the child of change.""";"September 30, 1961";"";55200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""Must React To E.E.C."", Says Prime Minister";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MAY 3
M. Pinay and Herr Hoffmann, the Chief Minister of the Saar, this even- ing signed the Franco-Saar econtomic convention on behalf of their twp - Gdvernmetits.
The conclusion of this convention was one of the two conditions laid down by the French GCverimcnt for the depositing of the instruments of ritification of the London and Paris agreemerits; the other condition was an agreemeht on the Rdchling steel works, which M.. Pinay and Dr. Adenauer reached last weekend at Bonn.
The convention signed to-day is a detailed applicatiUn of the general agreement :reached some weeks ago by Paris ard Saar- btlcken. It confirms the maintenance of .a Franco-Saar monetary and* Cdlstoms union, and cd-apls it so as to cohform (more: :or less) with'the new intemationa statute for the Saar as signed by Dr. Adenauer and M. Mendbs-France'last October. Thus a Saar Customs service is to be crcated to: function under the general authority of the French Customs, and the Saar Government will be represented at any future commer- dal negotiations affecting the Franco-Saar union and at any negotiations concerning foreign Governments in the Saar.,
ESSENTIAL POINT
At the signing ceremony, M. Pinay said that the agreemeht was as satisfactory for France as it was for the Saar; "" the essential' thing was to confirm the ecohomic union between the two countries."" The conven- tion opened the way to negotiations with the Federal German Republic; France and the Saar would negotiate with a soveteign Ger- many for the expansion of relations between the three countries.
In reply, Herr Hoffman declared that he was "" unreservedly satisfied "" with the Franco-Saar negotiations. The Saarianders hoped that the Western European Union would assure them "" not - only economic security but the stability of the statute.""
Herr Hoffman then enumerated the three main points which underlay the Franco-Saar negotiations: (0) maintenance of the principle of a Franco-Saar economic, monetary, and customs union; (it) equal participation for the Saar in economic negotiations concerning that union and respect of Saar requirements and increase in the freedom of the Saar to
take independent decisions; and (iii) integral I respect of the principles of Article 12 of the I Franco-German agreemernt on the Saar creating relations beiween the Saar and western Germany analogous to relations existing between France and the Saar.
TWO TRIBUTES
The Rochling agreement, which has been much criticized both in the Saar and in Paris, came up in Parliament to-day. In the Council of the Republic a Gaullist senator complained that the Governmtent, in accepting the Franco-German consortium, had excluded the Saarlanders, and in the Assembly M. Faure (obviously with his eye on possible criticisms at to-morrow's Radical congress) referred to it in the coutse of an account of his Government's actions. Inevitably he dwelt on the prospect of east- west negotiations, and emphasized that the depositing of the instrtrments of ratification on May 5 was linked with the preparations for such negotiation.
Subject to the Soviet attitude, he said, the preparatory period should not be prolonged beyond the summer of this year. Four- Power negotiations must be undertaken in a practical spirit and the conversations must not be brought to an imnmediate standstill by the_bringing forward as principal subjects,
of questions which had already been the object of futile and.interminable discussions.
fM. Faure reverted to his familiar thembe of Atlantic solidarity afid of the importance of France's affies' respecting her snterests. He recalled that he had already had occasion to emphasize the importance of a xeaiistic policy in the Far East. A Government which held in its hahtds the destiny of 500 million people [China) could not be ignored. Siniilarly, French interests in North Africa should be recognized and sup- ported by the Ufited States and Britain, which should also understahd tiat they were
dwelling with vigilance on problehns of Franco-Libyan relations and the main- tenance of indispensable guatantees in the Fezzan.""";"May 4, 1955";"";53211;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Convention Signed";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
* Now that the talks between Dr. Adenauer and the Russians have ended, there-will be continued.preparation for the next Geneva conference.
British, French, and United States repre- sentatives will meet as a working party in Washington next week to prepare for the meeting of the three western Foreign Mini- sters in New York'on September 27 an'd 28. This meeting itself is preparatory. to the Geneva conference in October. The senior British representative on the working party will be Lord Hood, head of the Western Organization's Department in the Foreign Office. West German represelltatives will also be in Washington for consultation with the working group.
The Foreign Ministers are evidently work- ing on a compromise between previous Soviet proposals for an all-European security pact among some 26 countries, in which the United States and Canada might join, and Sir Anthony Eden's proposal at the last Geneva conference for a five-Power pact between Britain, France, the United States, Russia, and a united Germany. The main difference between these proposals, apart from the number of members, is that the British plan is put forward on the basis that Germany will be united and free to join the western alliance.
SOVIET PROPOSALS
The Soviet plan contemplates two stages. During the first, existing military groupings would remain in being and Germany would remain divided, with west Germany allied to N.A.T.O. and east Germany to the Warsaw Powers. The all-European security pact would come into being only after a melting away of the Atlantic and Warsaw treaties and Western European Union. Germany, in fact, would be united and the all-European security system fully established only after the western -alliance had been dissolved.
Marshal Bulganin said of Sir Anthony Eden's plan that it was worthy of considera- tion, but the western Powers are still faced with the problem of finding a security system which reassures Russia against any possible resurgence of militarism in Ger- many and yet permits that country to be united and still secured by the western alliance against becoming overwhelmed by Russia.
Mr. Merchant, Assistant Secretary of State in Washington, during his recent visit to Paris, Bonn, and London is understood to have discussed various alternatives. One pro- posal is that in addition to the existing western and east European alliances there should be a security pact between 14 nations. RECIPROCAL GUARANTEES On the western side Britain, France, the United States Italy, Canada, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg would, it is understood, declare their willingness to defend the Soviet block against a military threat from Germany. Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Hungary, and Bulgaria would give a similar guarantee to the western countries. These countries, it is argued, would be most imme- diately affected in the event of any attack. The commitment would be on the lines of the present N.A.T.O. arrangement, which does not bind member countries to an imme- diate declaration of war, but provides in case of attack that each member will take "" such action as it deems necessary, includ- ing the use of armed force."" The terms of the pact would be subject to review after some five years.
Clearly there can be many variations on this theme. It is possible that some neutral countries might take part, such as Yugo- slavia, which has objections to joining military blocks, but might well be ready to play her part in joining a security system. The Soviet Union would, however, be ex- pected to agrec to German reunification on the basis that Germany was free to choose her alliances-free, in fact, to provide for her own security-and that condition would seem to remain the stumbling block in this as in previous western plans.";"September 15, 1955";"";53326;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Problems At Next Geneva Talks";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I -.-
PARIS, JULY 16
The idea that General de Gaulle and Dr. Adenauer agreed during their-reent Paris talks *to try to bring about the political union of the Six before Britain can become an effective member of the Common Market no doubt contains a grain of truth in so far as it embodies the General's personal wishes. For his own reasons, he has always strongly opposed the exercise of British influence on the concluding phases of a political treaty. even if he could count for support from British tradition for his resolute con- ception of a loose union of sovereign states.
Though in public the General has lately seemed more agreeable to Britain's entry into Europe, few in- formed persons believe that his innate reservations have changed. They prob- ably hold the key to the attempt about to be made in Rome and Bonn to revive the stalled political discussions among the Six by inducing the Netherlanals and Belgium to modify their refusal to sign a treatv until Britain is in Europe.
The inner complexities of the situation certainly do not emerge from the decision reached by the General and Dr. Adenauer in Paris. What they said in private is a matter of conjecture. Officially, acting on messages from Signor Fanfani, the Italian Prime Minister, they agreed to a resump- tion of political discussions with a view to holding the much postponed "" summit "" meeting of the Six in Rome by the early autumn.
CHANCELLOR'S AIM
In this much of the Pressure came from Dr. Adenauer in his desire to see his name inscribed on a treaty of European union. The decision admirably suited General de Gaulle. too, in that he could remain above the battle and leave Rome and Bonn to bring the Dutch and Belgians along.' He would not lose face if they failed to do so.
Underlying this arrangement was the recognition by both men that-the shaping of political Europe sbould not mark time until Britain had decided to join the Common Market-the position on which Paris had fallen back after the failure of the six Foreign Ministers in April to agree on the final draft of the so-called Fouchet Plan, which foundered essentially on Britain's application for membership.
There is little support for statements that the two leaders discussed a precise time- table by which Britain's entry would be delayed until January 1. 1964, though Dr. Adenauer is believed to have advanced the view that the Common Market negotia- tions -and political union should be treated as at least separate parts of the same package.
The question of timing, from which Machiavellian implications arc being
drawn, seems -to have arisen during the parallel discussions of M. Couve de mur- ville and Dr. Schroder, the two Foreign Ministers. M. Couve de Murville, pointins to delays in the Brussels negotiations. felt that the Common Market details could not be finally tied up before the rniddle of next year and-where British officials take issue with him-that it would take another six months to comnplete the process of ratification.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM
This estimate creates a suspicion that the French still seek to resist repeated repre- sentations that the British Governmeni should be "" effectively and visibly con- sulted "", presumably at a Council of Ministers, befpre a treaty of political union is crystallized. This is quite a different matter from bein* kept informed of the progress of negotiations or being sent a copy of an agreed draft treaty, as M. Couve de Murville proposed in April in an attompt to secure Dutch and Belgian assent
indeed, therm is good reason to suppose that General de Gaulle would have been given his treaty d sLr if be bad then been prepared to see it submitted to full British consultation. Even if the heads of Government bold their Rome meeting in SePtember the same nroblem will nersist";"July 17, 1962";"";55445;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General De Gaulle Still Wary Of British Influence";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 15
Herr Ollenhauer, leader of the Social Democratic Party, paid his first visit to Dr. Adenauer's home at Rhondorf on Saturday afternoon to hear a report from the Chancellor on the meetings in Paris which brought the Federal Republic into N.A.T.O. and Western European Union.
Herr Ollenhauer has plans of his own for the future course of west German foreign policy, but the hour and a half he spent at Rhondorf did not provide the opportunity, he said, for an exchange of views. Later he told an election meeting at Ludwigshaven that it was a mistake to suppose that the Opposition would be any more closely associated with the Government's actions as a result of the mcetings.
""SINGLE TRACK POLICY"" If the familiar "" single-track foreign policy of the, Chancellor "" was realized now, it was much too late for the Social Democrats to have any part in it. Herr Ollenhauer repeated his warnings of the dangers of a policy of strength which might well result in the crystallizing of a virtual State boundary across Germany. He did not, however, accept the setting up of an castern military alliance after the Warsaw conference as an insuperable obstacle to reunification. It was clearly the Soviet answer to the entry of western Germany into the western alliance. But if definite German proposals on reunification were formulated by the Federal Govemment, both military groupings might well be submerged in a wider system of collectivz security.
The Opposition's method of approaching the problem was more exactly set out in its analysis of how the signing of the Austrian treaty was applicable to Germany. The first of the three factors behind the Austrian success was the determination of the Gov- ernment and the people not to allow them- selves to be degraded into a plaything to be bandied about between the two blocs, while at the same time they retained their adher- ence to the westem way of life. The second was the insight shown by the Austrian poli- tical parties in understanding that the agree- ments of the occupying Powers to a State treaty could only be obtained by means of a closely thought out policy.
LACK OF COURAGE
The third factor was the Austrian wish to remain aloof from any existing military alliance. Where is there to be found, the Socialists ask, a similar determination and a similar courage from Germans ? The Federal Government had nothing better to offer than the speedy presentation in the Bundestag of the defence laws.
The official reception of the news from Warsaw and from Vienna gave no indica- tion that the Government would be similarly moved into accepting either as a stimulus to a change in policy or outlook. There would be cause for surprise if it had. The Warsaw pact has been taken as a merely formal recognition of the absolute political and military control exercised by the Soviet Union over its satelites. The signing of the Austrian treaty was greeted with satisfaction as would, a spokesman said, every step on the way towards a better understanding between east and west. The change in the Russian treatment of Austria since the Berlin conference was ascribed in part to the firm and purposeful behaviour of the western Powers.
AMBASSADOR ON MIS
MISSION
Bounuu, May t S.-Baron von Herwarth, the newly appointed German Ambassador to Britain, left to-day by train for London to take up his post. In a statement, he said: ""I regard it as a great honour to be allowed to represent my country in Britain . . . at this historic moment of the entry into effect of west Germany's treaties with the west. It is now my mission to gain confidence in Britain and to convince her that we Germans are trustworthy and faithful allies, that we 3tand or fall by our alliance in the west.""- Reuter.";"May 16, 1955";"";53221;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Views On New Status";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-BONN, FEB. 5
If General de Gaulle's approach to German reunification. and especially his emphasis on the settlement of frontier and security problems by common agree- ment between east and west. gave the west German Government any grounds for misgivings, then it went out of its way to suppress them publicly, and to put upon his speech the most positive interpretation.
Herr von Hase, State Secretary in the Press Office. found solace in the fact that the French President had devoted a third of his remarks to the German problem. They constituted the "" most valuable contribution to the realization of Germany's claim to reunification"".
T he final settlement of the Germai frontiers, Herr von Hase added, could be carried out only by a freely elected all- German Government, and negotiatidis could be held only on the basis of the juridical position enshrined in the Potsdanm Agreement. The brutal expulsion of Germans from Peland was a fact carricd out in defiance ot all justice.
General de Gaulle had in no way pro- posed a ""prior settlement of the German eastern frontier "". He had, on the contrary, emphasized that every settlement of which Germany was the object necessarily required a solution of her frontier and defence problems in relation with her neigh- bours in both east and west.
ENVOY'S CLARIFICATION
Asked whether this was not substantially what Mr. Dean Rusk, the United States Secretary of State, had said in his back- ground briefing at the turn of the ys_ar, Herr von Hase replied that reports of this briefing (which caused such profound dis- comfort here) had been subsequently cleared up by the American Ambassador in Bonn. He had assured the Federal Government that there was no change in American policy towards Germany.
General de Gaulle's conception of the close llnk between reunification and the unity of east and west Europe was an important contribution to developments towards this reunification. Such a develop- ment could be described as the "" European component of reunification "". The French President had not outlined the procedure for reunification, or the possibilities now at hand, but he had not in any way aban- doned the responsibility of France as one of the four allied powers for it. What had been agreed in Rambolillet about a four- power initiative was unchanged.
If one looked back over the past years one would note that never hitherto, in so concrete a form and from so exalted a place, had SuLch a basic suggestion been made to assist in a solution of the German ptoblem.
NEW INITIATIVE
This enthusiastic endorsement is not wholly shared by the press or by the parties. To many, the ""spirit of Rambouillet"" did not in the press conference take sufficiently concrete form. But what obviouslv has impressed most Germans. irrespective of any misgivings they might harbour at the backs of their minds. is the grandeur of the vision of Europe projected by General de Gaulle. and the place he gives Germany's reunification in i--something, an inde- pendent observer noted, the like of which had not been heard since a speech by Sir Winston Churchill at a congress of the European Union in Brussels in 1949.
Christian Democratic comment empha- sizes this aspect, and the continuing respon- sibility of the former wartime allies for the reunification of Germany, which in the press conference (if since corrected by the Quai d'Orsay spokesman) seemed displaced by European responsibility. The Socialists note the absence of any reference to the Atlantic community and the link with the United States.
They interpret General de Gaulle's long- term view of the German problem as sweep- ing from the conference table Dr. Erhard's painstaking efforts for a new initiative to- wards Moscow.";"February 6, 1965";"";56239;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Welcomes Gen. De Gaulle's Remarks On German Issue";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 2
Official data on the naval arm of the French independent nuclear strike force, recently supplied to Le Monde. indicates that the construction costs of three atomic submarines, with the nuclear missiles they will be capable of launching when submerged (excluding the warheads), is estimated at about N.F.2,000m. (f146m.). The first vessel, carrying 16 strategic missiles, is due to be launched in 1969, as announced in The Times of June 25.
Work is said to be progressing well. A prototype reactor, with enriched uranium supplied by the United States for exclusive use on land, is under study at a reactor centre at Caradache, near Avignon, and is expected to function within 15 to 18 months. Another experi- mental pile, submerged in a pool, has been functioning since last April testing cores supplied by the French atomic energy commission.
LAUNCHING TESTS
The Navy has also successfully launched test rockets from submerged caissons and tests with strategic ballistic missiles-under development for all three services-are to begin at a launch- ing site in France next year.
Work at Cherbourg on the hull of a conventionally powered submarine, the Q251, equipped with underwater missile launching equipment, is stated to be well advanced. Gyroscopic and electronic guidance devices are given in the data as being already of ""international class "". On the warheads nothing is divulged, though, according to present plans, the French atomic bombs are to be operational in about 12 months' time.
The missiles, for which solid fuels comparable with the best American pro- ducts are already stated to have been produced in France, will have a range of 900 to 1,200 miles, increasing eventually, it is hoped, to 1.800 miles.
The submarines, according to the official information, wiDl be sent on long patrol missions in zones vast enough to
reduce risk of detection, yet within range of important strategic objectives. Admiral Cabanier, French Chief of Naval Staff, stated last June that the submarines would have a cruising capa- bility of 90 days. The data, now given speaks also of a supply ship like the American Proteus based at Holy Loch.
ROBOT COMMANDER
A commander, whose mission ""can only be nuclear bombardment "", is to be given ""extremely precise and strict instructions"" before embarking. His vessel will be equipped with torpedos for tactical defence, the use of which will be left at his discretion. However, for strategic purposes, he is to have no choice and is ""to consider himself a robot ""'
An order for nuclear attack would be given "" once only"" from the "" supreme national authority "". It will come to the submerged vessel on ultra long wave radio. If the transmitter should be destroyed messages would be sent on short wave, though this entails danger, for the submarine must extend an aerial above the surface.
The development of the French nuclear strike force is bound once again to stimulate a critical airing in the debates of the parliamentary assembly of Western European Union which begin in Paris tomorrow. Mr. Duynstee (the Netherlands) is to present a reporl on a Nato nuclear force. Mr. Thorney. croft, British Defence Minister, is also to address the assembly, as are General Norstad, the retiring Supreme Allied Commander, and Professor Carstens, west German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs..
The pooling of arms production, dis- armament, and civil defence are also on the agenda, and a report on the nego- tiations on Britain's application to join the Common Market. M. Leynen (Belgium), in reviewing the negotiations, proposes that the protocol for Britain's accession be signed by March 25, 1963, the sixth anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.";"December 3, 1962";"";55564;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Frfance's £146M. Plan For Three Atomic Submarines";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD-
-Luxembourg, Feb. 6
Britain and five European countries reached a general agree- ment in Luxembourg today to con- sult one another on important matters of foreign policy before taking up firm national positions.
The agreement was reached at a ministerial meeting of Western European Union, which groups to- gether Britain and the six member countries of the European Eco- nomic Community. Only France did not agree to take part. M. Jean de Lipkowski, the French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, said he would simply take note of the intentions of the others.
Much still remains to be settled, including the specific topics on which there are to be consultations and the form these consultations will take. The agreement is also less binding than many of the par- ticipants, including Britain, would have liked. Nevertheless, confer- ence sources said tonight that the meeting had achieved more than they had expected. There appeared to be general agreement, even in the west German delegation, that the six countries were free to go ahead in this field without France.
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign and Commonwealth Sec- retary, said afterwards: "" I re- gard the meeting as a decided step forward in European unity. While Britain firmly maintains its appli- cation to join the E.E.C., it is prov- ing possible to make progress in other fields.""
The sources said tonight that a list of foreign policy topics pre- sented this morning by Signor Pietro Nenni, the Italian Foreign Minister, would be taken as a working basis. Among these topics Signor Nenni listed relations between Europe and the United States: relations with the Soviet Union and other communist countries; east-west detente; com- mon defence and security prob- lems; the attitude to be taken by Europe on crises in other parts of the world; and relations with developing countries.
The Germans, always the most doubtful in an exercise of this kind because of their links with Paris, have taken the line that they.
like any other country, should be free to pick and choose the sub- jects on which they want to consult others. At today's meotings, for instance, they gave a warm wel- come to a suggestion by Mr. Stewart that there should be a meeting in London, probably next week, on the Middle East.
Mr. Stewart had told the meeting that he would be calling this con- ference as a first step in European political consultations. He said invitations would be sent to the ambassadors in London of the member countries of W.E.U., and that the aim would be to prepare the way for the forthcoming Big Four meeting on the Middle East in New York.
Mr. Stewart's statement came after Signor Nenni had presented proposals for a system of compul- sory consultations on questions of foreign policy, defence, techno- logy, and monetary cooperation.
Giving whole-hearted support to Signor Nenni's proposals, Mr. Stewart said that the conference on the Middle East was a con- crete example of how they could be put into effect to give Britain the opportunity of learning the views of other W.E.U. countries before the New York meeting.
The idea was recommended by all members of W.E.U. except France. M. de Lipkowski did not reject the idea, but said he was surprised by Mr. Stewart's sug- gestion. He asked why the Middle East could not be discussed at the present meeting, since it was on the agenda.
Mr. Stewart replied that there would be time for a full discussion in Luxembourg, but what was necessary was to have a longer and more restricted conference on the proposals.
Signor Nenni's proposals were accepted by Mr. Stewart for Britain, Dr. Joseph Luns (Nether- lands), Mr. Pierre Harmel (Belgium), and Mr. Gaston Thorn (Luxembourg).
M. de Lipkowski and Herr Gerhardt Jahn, the west German State Secretary, had remarkably similar reactions; both attempted to water down the proposals.";"February 7, 1969";"";57479;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe agreement to consult over foreign affairs";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Ocr. 29
The changed tone of French diplo- macy, perhaps more a matter of persua- siveness than of any essential shift of position, was again apparent today in a policy statement to the National Assembly by M. Couve de Murville, the Foreign Minister, who on these rare occasions has usually been more disputatious.
""France is perhaps a difficult ally'
he said, "" but above all she is a loyal and sure ally. Whenever grave crises arise, all can testify to this."" The Minister was doubtlessly alluding to the alacrity with which his Government endorsed allied contingency plans to deal with the latest incidents on the Berlin auto- bahns.
Last week's advances in The Hague bore fruit in his finding that relations between Britain and the Six had to some extent been normalized through the interplay of the Western European Union. The problem remained, how- ever, and he did not see how it was going to be resolved.
RESTORING FRIENDSHIP
There are other indications that the French Government may have seized on the ministerial changes in London as the occasion for a conscious effort to improve Franco-British relations. It may be noted that M. Pompidou, the Prime Minister, expressed a desire to British journalists today that conflicting policies on some issues should no longer stand in the way of restoring the close under- standing and friendship of the two coun- tries.
M. Couve de Murville seemed to justify the French position towards cast- west contacts by saying that nothing had emerged from three months oT Anglo- American exchanges with Russia. He would not hazard much on the likeli- hood that a basis of agreement would emerge. France, he said, was in a different situation from that of countries who had adhered to the Moscow test ban agreement in a ""purely platonic gesture "".
If France, from the military stand- point, was already a nuclear power, she was far from having completed her weapons programme. When it came to real disarmament, France would be the first to demand that all existing nuclear arms, including her own, be sacrificed to world peace.
ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE
But Russia today remained the mistress of manoeuvre; and the essential difference of the French posi- tion was in maintaining that the western allies should not automatically engage in discussions on any subject the Rus- sians proposed. There must first be a transformation of Russian policy, and all sorts of doors would be opened. It would be enough, for example, if the Russians ceased their threats to Berlin, or if, during a reasonable number of months, there were no more incidents on the route to Berlin. Then the detente would begin to be evident, and real pro- blems could be approached and nego- tiated.
-The Minister insisted that France did not intend to be associated with east-west talks, at the risk of being reproached with isolating herself.
If the present situation were pro- longed, the alliance, he said, would become an anachronism, with the risk, perhaps sooner than later, of provoking an "" agonizing revision "", of which fears were being expressed here and there. This, be contended, could be avoided only by a firm and reasonable French policy. Was this proof of isolation ? Since when had they come to confuse conformity with unity ?
M. Pompidou today presided in Paris at the official installation of the Franco- German youth council set up under the Paris treaty of cooperation to stimulate and develop youth exchanges between the two countries. M. Francois-Altmayer is to be the first secretary-general of the council's board, of which the secretariat is in Bonn. Offices are to be set up in each capital.";"October 30, 1963";"";55845;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France ""A Difficult But Loyal Ally""";""
"['From Diana Geddes,', 'By Nicholas Ashford, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes,
Paris
Discontent over the failure of the seven member govemnments of the Western European Union to follow through their inten- tion. to to give the body a new impetus, was expressed by the President of the organization's assembly yesterday.
The president, M Jean-Marie Caro, of France, was speaking at the opening of the assembly's four-day session in Paris. The union is the only European body with competence to discuss defence matters.
Mv Caro said that at their meeting in Rome in October 1984, the ministers for foreign affairs and defence of the member countries (Britain, France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Holland and Luxem- bourg) had adopted the Rome Declaration asserting their will to breathe new life into the 30- year-odd moribund organiza- tion, and to ""seek to harmonize their views"" on defence matters.
A year later, however, ""the activities of the WEU council of ministers make one wonder about the reality of the govern- ments' will to make WEU really active,"" he said. Indeed, he wondered whether certain member governments had not actually changed their minds about wanting to relaunch the union.
Three weeks ago, for example, the ministers of defence and foreign affairs of member countries totally failed in their attempt to bring a co- ordinated European response to the American Star WVars chal- lenge. Examination of matters relating to disarmamcnt, an- other of the questions the WEU was supposed to be discussing, had never been started.
The union's budget (around £26 million) remained ""deris-
ory"" and, far from being increased in line with the proposed increase in the organi- zation's activities, had actually been cut in real terms
Contacts between the as- sembly and the union's counicil (of ministers) bad been excel- lent at the level of the p-resident of the assembly and the two successive chairmen-in-office but has not been so good where the council as a whole was concerned.
Y BRUSSELS: Considerable improvements in Nato's con- ventional forces were an- nounced for 1986 by the European defence ministers in Brussels yesterday before todav's two-day meeting of Nato's defence ministers (Ere- derick Bonnait wHites).
About 500 modern main battle tanks and 400 other armoured vehicles vwill go into service next year, anti-armour defences are to be improved and 100 heavy guns and surface-to-surface missiles as well as 800 mobile air defence missiles are being deployed.
Some 250 new aircraft will be added to the inventory and airfield defences are - to be strenghtened by the introduc- tion of additional air defence missiles. Nato's European navies will receive an additional aircraft carrier, four modern vessels and destroyers, 10 mine warfare vessels . and three submarines.
* EAST BERLIN: The East German Defence Minister, General Heinz Hoffman, aged 75, died of heart failure yesterday, but Warsaw Pact military leaders decided to go ahead with a planned meeting he was due to host (Reuter reports). Obituary, page 16
Healey wants test ban
By Nicholas Ashford4 Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr Dennis Healey, the shadow Foreign Secretary, said yesterday that the British Government had ""a clear duty"" to seek the immediate resump- tion of the trilateral nego- tiations for a Comprehensive test ban treaty.
He. said that the treaty would be ""the first step to guarantee a
total freeze on new nuclear weapons systems as the basis for deep cuts in existing arsenals which America and Russia have both now proposed"".
Talks between Britain, the US and the Soviet Union on such a treaty were broken off by the Americans in 1980 at a time when a draft was 90 per cent complete.";"December 3, 1985";"";62311;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Failure of WEU states to find new life deplored by president";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 20
Dr. Adenauer and his ministerial col- leagues were obviously content with their London discussions when they returned yesterday. The Chancellor said at the airport that they had been most success- ful, and that agreement existed on all the most important questions.
This was echoed by Professor Erhard, Minister of Economics, who said that Germany must play a broker's role in the free trade area negotiations. The world was too small for other arrangements, and the visit had confirmed his belief that all the necessary conditions existed for the closest cooperation between the common market and the free world, above all with the United States.
These happy remarks have been widely published here, but the Opposition has been quick to assert that the final statement issued after the talks reflected only the "" all or nothing "" attitude they have long asso- ciated with the Chancellor, with the suspi- cion that he does not expect or really desire any change in Europe.
It was denied here to-day that Dr. Adenauer had pressed for the appointment of a German commander over British troops stationed here. It remains a fact, however, that a review of the higher com- mand in the N.A.T.O. Northern Army Group will probably soon be necessary.
BIGGEST UNDER N.A.T.O.
As a consequence of the run-down of the British Army of the Rhine. which apparently is to go beyond the second with- drawal agreed to by Western European Union, and the steady expansion of the Bundeswehr, Germany will have the right to press for the appointment of one of its own officers as commander-in-chief in the not too distant future. With 12 divisions. Germany will have the biggest army under N.A.T.O. command by 1961-if the agreed programme is carried out in time.
Five or six of these divisions will come under Northern Army Group, and will be the largest national contingent in that corn- mand. It could well be argued that General Sir Dudley Ward should be its last British commander. So far the Federal Govern- ment has been a diffident ally, properly modest and mindful of the past.
It was denied to-day that the Queen had been invited to Bonn.
""WE AGREED ON OUR
MAIN POLICIES ""
MIR. MACMILLAN'S FAREWELL
TO DR. ADENAUER
Both Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancellor, and Mr. Macmillan spoke of the unity achieved in their talks in London when they said farewell at Northolt airport on Saturday. The Prime Minister said: ""We agreed on our main policies, on our attitude to Russia, to disarmament, and on how we shall handle the summit talks when they come off.
""We have agreed on European free trade and on how to supplement the six countries into a wider community of Europe in order to go still further towards European unity, in which the Chancellor has been so long interested. We have agreed on how to deal with the economic problems which lie before us."" They were determined to hold such meetings frequently, Mr. Macmillan added.
Dr. Adenauer spoke of the free trade area, and said: ""I believe the difficulties wil be overcome because both you and your cabinet are determined to establish the free trade area as soon as possible, and I think it will be possible in the next few months. . . .
'The free trade area and the common market are not only of economic import but are also of political significance.""
Of his personal feelings, Dr. Adenauer said: ""I am going back with the feeling of the warm friendship of the country and the British people and of you, Mr. Prime Minister. You spoke of the desirability of continuing these talks and I share that view.""";"April 21, 1958";"";54130;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Broker's Role For Germany";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONENT
BONN, D-m. 10
Mr. Butler's two-day talks in Bonn ended with a luncheon, given by Dr. Erhard. before he flew off to Berlin today. The talks had been dominated by the most likely source of Anglo-German misunder- standing-east-west relations and Britain's determination to pursue the current "" probe "" with Moscow. The official state- ment on the discussions said:-
""The Ministers agreed on the importance
of continuing to seek for possibilities of improving east-west retations. The pros- pects of agreement on certain measures
were examined. In this connexion it was agreed that an essential pre-condition is, as always, the readiness of the Soviet Union to work for agreements that help towards a genuine reduotion of tension, and not merely towards one-sided advan- tages for the Soviet Union.
""There was full agreement that in seekin.'
for further measures of relaxation sight must not be lost of the need for progress in removing the causes of tension, par- ticularly the problems of Germany and Berlin.""
BERLIN QUESTION
It has become a commonplace of such talks to say afterwards, as the official state- ment also did. that they were held in "" an open and cordial atmosphere "". However. for once this form of words corresponds to the facts. A German politician who attended the dinner given last nigh.t by Dr. Schrbder, the German Foreign Minister. for his British guests remarked that he had never before witnessed so much real friendship and understanding at an An,glo-German gathering
The talks were important and successful because, on the one hand, Mr. Butler was able to ascertain for himself the great emphasis which Dr. Schroder, the Foreign Minister, placed on avoiding any steps which might lead to an alteration in the status of the east German communist regime, or to any prejudice to the position of west Berlin; and on the other hand because Mr. Butler had the opportunity to explain that Britain, and he himself, con- ceived their role as one of pushing the allies forward in the search for possible areas of agreement. This might mean that Britain was sometimes a pace ahead.
However, the Foreign Secretary appears to have convinced Dr. Schroder that the British Government would not undertake anything in the sphere of east-west relations without consulting Bonn.
TRADE RELATIONS
Dr. Erhard. who saw Mr. Butler at the close of this morning's conversations, emphasized that it remained the Federal Republic's wish to bring Britain closer to Europe. Both sides appreciated, however, that any discussion of Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was not palitica'lly practicable at present. The official statement said on this point that both sides emphasized the value of the regular contacts established this year between the members of the E.E.C. and Britain in the forum of Western European Union, and ""it was agreed that both Gov- ernments would seek to cnsure that the course pursued by Great Britain and her European Free Trade Association partners on the one hand and by the E.E.C. coun- tries on the other hand would remain closely aligned "".
On the proposed multilateral nuclear force Mr. Butler has been persuaded of the political importance which the Germans attach to the project. The plan for an experimental mixed-manned vessel was dis- cussed, but the Foreign Secretary did not commit himself to it; he is believed to have emphasized that Britain had financial. technical, and political reservations.
DAMASCUS.-The National Revolutionary Council has issued a decree commuting the death sentence on three former officers. Colonel Jassem Alwan, Colonel Raef al Maari, and Major Mohamed Nabhan. to hard labour for life.";"December 11, 1963";"";55881;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Real Cordiality In Bonn Talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owi Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 17
The Federal Government is to resist strongly the proposed reduction of British forces stationed in Germany, especially Air Force formations. Dr. Adenauer. it is reported. will discuss the question with M. Mollet, whom he is to meet in Paris to-morrow.
It is the considered opinion of the Chancellor's military advisers that the air defence of the Federal Republic will be dangerously weakened if any R.A.F. squadrons are withdrawn. The present strength of first-line aircraft based on the northern plain is regarded as the irreducible minimum.
The preliminary flying training of fighter pilots for the Luftwaffe has barely begun, and no squadrons will be avail- abla before next year. It is considered most unlikely that other member-nations of N.A.T.O. are prepared to reinforce their air formations here, and ground- to-air missiles have yet to be delivered in sufficient quantity to the American Air Force in Europe. In the words of one senior officer. the R.A.F. must not yzt leave western Germany.
DUPLICATE EQUIPMENT
Resistance to a reduction of ground troops is nearly as strong. It is pointed out that the N.A.T.O. estimates of 30 divisions as the minimum required to implement a forward policy, includes 12 German divi- sions, of which only five will be ready by the end of the year. The Chancellors military advisers believe it would be a grave mistake to withdraw British troops until more German divisions are available. While appreciating Britain's economic diffi- culties, they believe that any troop with- drawal should be coordinated with the planned build-up of German divisions. They would welcome a phased withdrawal. spread over at least two years.
The proposed plan to have troops based
in Britain ready for immediate transfer to a
Germany in case of need has been met with a great deal of scepticism. There is a fear that they might be committed elsewhere when they would be required in Europe. It is argued that the proposal to have dupli- cate equipment here for their use would be expensive. They cannot see how this arrangement would sizably reduce the British defence burden, especially as the Federal Government has demonstrated its readiness to meet most of the local costs of troops stationed here.
There is some talk of applying what is known here as the veto when the proposed reduction comes before Western European Union, but this is at present unlikely. In- stead, Germany will certainly seek to sup- Port General Norstad, with an appreciation of the situation prepared by the Defence Ministry and a plan for phased withdrawal as outlined above. This would at least guarantee a substantial force on the continent, if of lesser strength than that considered necessary by the Supreme Commander.
It is Possible that to strengthen the pro- posal the Federal Republic will invite the Atlantic Council to review the financial con- ditions under which British formations are maintained, at any rate on the continent of Europe. In this connexion it can point out that agreement in principle has already been reached for Germany to meet more than two-thirds of local costs. It could also point out that, with certain economies, this agree- ment would be sufficient to meet al local costs.
STAFF STRUCTURE
An anny now comprising about 72,000 men, which can make do with a civilian labour force of less than 10,000, is not impressed with the claim that the British Army of the Rhine must have 84,500 civi- lian workers; even allowing for the special needs of a foreign force, Germans zre also critical of British staff structure and methods, believing the first to be too large and the second too rigid. Allowing for differences in national approach, it can be fairly said that an army created in the lush days of the occupation can afford to lose a lot of fat before some of its sinew and muscle is removed.";"February 18, 1957";"";53768;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans To Oppose Reduction Of British Forces";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign Ministers of Britain, France, the United States, and west Ger- many are to meet in Paris soon on Berlin and the problem of Germany. That is now certain from what is known of the exchanges that have been taking place in the past few days. The British Government will certainly agree to such a meeting.
It was stated at the Foreign Office yesterday that the proposal was under consideration, but that means evidently that the date has not yet been decided. Previous reports indicated that the meeting would be in Bonn-which might have been a useful meeting place in demonstrating that the western Powers were rallying to the Germans' side. A west German spokesman said yesterday, however, that the meeting would probably take place in Paris, either just before or just after the Atlantic Council meeting on Dec- ember 16. Paris is the most convenient place.
PREPARATORY WORK
The four Foreign Ministers are expected to confer on December 15; they are expected to meet for part of that day-the rest being taken up with a Ministerial Council meeting of the Western European Union. Meanwhile, the preparatory work may be conducted in Bonn.
The Ministers will have to consider whether Mr. Khrushchev is determined merely to put the screw on Berlin, or whether he is now ready to negotiate a settlement of the German problem on terms which the west Germans. in particular, could accept. Present indications are that the Soviet Union has no intention of withdrawing-apart from Berlin itself-from territory which it now occupies. If it has any real negotiation in mind, it would not include German reunification but would be along the lines of a thinning out of forces on either side of the east- west border-which, according to reports from Geneva. would run from the Baltic, via Greece and Turkey, to Persia.
COMMONS STATEMENT
However, this is to look ahead. A more immediate task for the Foreign Ministers will be to decide how far they can safely acquiesce in the substitution of east Germans for Russians along the lines of communication to Berlin. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, in a reply in the House of Commons yesterday, said:-
We hold the Soviet Government responsible
for the execution of the four-Power agreement about Berlin. To the extent that persons appointed by the authorities in eastern Germany exercise minor tech- nical functions on our lines of communi- cation to Berlin, we can be said to accept such persons as the agents of the Soviet Government. But the principal func- tions of control on these lines of com- munication are in fact now performed by Soviet officers.
Behind present moves each side holds a card of some value. The Russians can use the rejection of their proposal to make west Berlin a "" free city "" as an argument that any future difficulties are the fault of the west for not recognizing east Germany. But they are under some pressure themselves. They, still less some of their satellites, are not happy about the growing strength of the west German forces.
Also they certainly desire a nuclear standstill, and reports from Geneva show that they have now gone some little way towards recognizing that an agreement on suspension of nuclear tests must include international control. Altogether, a tough but not necessarily hopeless period of bargaining lies ahead.
Messages from our Correspondents in Bonn and Berlin are on page 9.
RIGHTS EMPHASIZED BY
MR. MACLEOD
NEW YORK, Dec. 1.-Mr. Macleod, the British Minister of Labour, told an American television audience last night that he believed the allies "" should make it quite clear they have rights in west Berlin and intend to stay there."" The western allies. he said, could not accept Mr. Khrushchev's ""unilateral repudia- tion of agreements made by the four parties some years ago.""-Associated Press.";"December 2, 1958";"";54323;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Berlin Talks Agreed";""
"['By Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"Council of Europe's leader explains its role
I By Roger Berthoud
Anyone trying to dream up a Christmas quiz on Europe might well include this ques- tion: which European body recently brought together Spanish opposition leaders for the first time, is helping Por- tuguese lawyers and officials to understand the nuts and bolts of democracy, and protects and promotes the democratic philo- sophy in Europe?
Not the EEC, not Western European Union, not the geo- graphically broader Nato or the Organization for Economic Co- operation and DevelopTnent but the Strasbourg-based, Council ;o, Europe, whose secretary- general, Herr Georg Kahn- Ackermann, has just been pay- ing his first official visit to London since his election in September last year.
'It is certainly a political problem that people, even poli- ticians, can make no clear dis- tinction in their minds. between all these organizations"", he says in an interview.
It does not help that the EEC has its own Council of Mini- sters, while the Council of Europe-set up in 1949 as the first European organization for political cooperation-has a Committee of Ministers, and that the assemblies of both share a building in Strasbourg.
Herr Kahn-Ackermann, a for- mer journalist and Social Demo- cratic member of the Bunde- stag, is a great deal sharper than his resemblance to a large
and genial walrus might suggest. He has no difficulty in cogently answering the question: Is your council really necessary?
He points first to the Euro- pean Convention on Human Rights, which actually imple- ments the all-too-theoretical Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. Since France and Switzerland finally ratified the convention last year, it gives democratic Europe a single legal basis in matters of human rights.
"" For the first time in.history, we have some sort of yardstick with which to measure demo- *cratic systems, and to judge whether a country can enter or remain in the club "", he says with pride.
The Greek junta was forced to withdraw Greece from the Council of Europe because of violations of the basic principles of parliamentary democracy, rule of law and human rights. The government of Mr Kara- manlis, which succeeded the junta, was keen to reenter.
As a result of the convention, British citizens have the right to appeal to the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg if their recourse to the British courts proves unsuccessful; Belgium nas amended its vagrancy legis- lation, and West Germany its law on detention pending trial.
The council also helps to spread democratic habits through its central activity, the harmonization of laws concern- ing such domestic matters as social security, education, pub-
lic health, culture, prison condi- tions, crime fighting and others.
g' If your great grandmother. dies in Turkey, the fact that you can send her body home is thanks to the Council of Europe "". Herr Kahn-Acker- mann says.
The council also acts as a useful counterpoise, he believes, to the EEC's tendency to arro- gate to itself the right to speak for Europe.
""It is an important means of keeping the peripheral coun- tries like Iceland, Turkey, Malta and Greece within the European framework. For the neutrals too, it is the main body for getting informed about poli- ticaln-.. cooperation, within, the Nine.""
He' hopes that institutional cooperation with the EEC, called for in Article 230' of the Treaty of Rome, will gain in momentum next year..
Although the EEC's' foreign minifstis tend'to be' pressed for time; to devote to- the Council of Europe, the latter's assembly can take the initiative in, for example, bringing together the leaders of the Cypriot Greek and ""Turkish communities, or putting up an aid scheme for reinforcing democratic struc- tures in Portugal.
Most East European countries have' taken part in the council's specialist committees. The secretary-general believes that the . Strasbourg concept of human rights is a 'source of worry to some of them, and Moscow remains, in general,
very hostile "".";"December 23, 1975";"";59585;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strasbourg court upholds human rights";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
Mr. Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defence, is expected to have private talks with Mr. Thorney- croft, before the meeting of Ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion in Paris next week. It is under- stood that when the two Ministers last met in Washington, in September, they agreed to continue the practice, familiar from previous meetings. of the Nato Council. of discussing their approach to important problems before going into the main conference. It is believed that they will meet early next week either in London or in Paris.
The meetings of the Nato representa- tives will begin on Monday and Tuesday witb meetings of the military committee, at which Britain will be represented by Lord Mountbatten. Chief of the Defence Staff. On Thursday and Friday Foreign and Defence Ministers will meet. The principal questions likely to be discussed are those related to control of nuclear weapons in the alliance.
The nuclear committee of the North Atlantic Council, which has been making a close study of existing nuclear weapon systems since the last Nato meeting in Athens, is expected to report progress. Their views on the problems of laying down guide lines for the use of nuclear weapons and sharing the responsibility for planning and deploy- ment are of vital interest when the debate about a European deterrent is beginning to gain momentum.
ROLE OF U.S.
If the proliferation of national nuclear striking forces is to be halted and put into reverse, the British and French deterrents must c':arly be absorbed into a centrally controlled force. The heart of the debate is-will this be with or without the United States ? The Assembly of Western European Union has adopted a resolution calling for the establishment of a Nato deterrent with American participation, but the prob- lems of political control remain unsolved.
The separate but closely related prob- lem of a medium-range ballistic missile force for Europe will also claim the attention of the Paris delegates. General Norstad will be making his last appear- ance at a Nato meeting (his last, at any rate, as Supreme Allied Commander) and he is unlikely to miss the opportunity of a final attempt to press one of his favourite proposals on the alliance.
Briefly, his plan is to replace the bomber aircraft upon which the Supreme Allied Commander now relies for tacti- cal support of his ground forces with missiles capable of firing nuclear war- heads over a range of 1.500 to 2,000 miles. So far he has failed to enlist the support of either the British or American Governments for the project, which has always been kept low on the list of Nato priorities.
AMERICAN INTENTIONS
Although the British view remains un- changed there are signs that the United States Administration may be having second thoughts. President Kennedy has already offered to place nuclear- powered submarines with Polaris mis- siles at the disposal of the European powers provided that they can evolve a satisfactory multilateral system of com- mand and control. There are now signs of an American move to press mobile land-based ballistic missiles into the hands of Britain and possibly other European powers.
Among the more familiar subjects which will be discussed, with little real hope of genuine progress, will be the weakness of conventional forces in the defence of Europe and interdependence -the arrangements for joint arms pro- duction and standardization of equip- ment. If previous Nato meetings are a reliable guide, everybody will agree fervently that the deficiencies in non- nuclear forces are deplorable and that interdependence is a most desirable aim-but everybody will have some pressing reason for not doing very much about it.";"December 5, 1962";"";55566;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Preliminary Discussion With Mr. McNamara";""
"['By Nicholas Ashford, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Nicholas Ashford. Diplomatic Correspondent
Mrs Margaret Thatcher flies to Luxembourg early on Mon- day to attend the European summit which British officials hope will achieve ""modest progress"" on the complex issue of EEC reform.
The emphasis is on the word ""modest"". After the fiasco of the last summit in Milan, the very best that can be hoped for this time is agreement on a package limited to a few key issues.
But no one in London is discou'nting the possibility that this summit might also break up in disarray. There has been a considerable harmonizing of views over the past six months, but experience shows that big disagreements can develop over small differences when heads of government find themselves performing on an international stage.
The British are looking for progress in three main areas: creation of a genuinely open market between member coun- tries by 1992; ways of speeding decision-making; and closer co- operation on foreign and secur- ity policy.
They believe that agreement on setting up a ""European market without frontiers"" could be reached in Luxembourg.
There was a broad measure of agreement on this in Milan, but this was overlooked in the dispute over amending the Treaty of Rome.
There are still deeply diver- gent views on the treaty amendments, but the British have shown signs of flexibility.
""We hope to be able to achieve progress without amendments"", one official said. ""But the Prime Minister is not dogmatic on this point. She will judge the package as a whole when she sees it.""
Britain also hopes that a political cooperation treaty will be approved. A draft has already been tabled. As the text is based on an original British draft and contains French and West Gerznan amendments, there is a good chance of it being approved.
The treaty would commit member states to ""consult"" on foreign and security issues to develop a ""Community view"".
The question of providing greater powers to the European Parliament is much more problematic. The Italians favour giving it real co- decision-making powers. Bri- tain and Denmark axe opposed.
The presidency has put fonvard a compromise plan which would give the Parlia- ment more muscle while still ensuring the Council of Minis- ters retains the final say.
The British could probably live with this, although they are deeply suspicious of any pro- posal that might reduce the role of sovereign parliaments.
As these and other issues are interlinked, it is possible that agreement may be reached on some but not a package.
This, in the British view, would be a serious setback. 'We need to resolve these pDblems now,"" one British official said.
Leading article. Daze 9
Stiff UK resistance to Euronean DassDort
Brussels - Britain is lagging behind its Common Market partners in relinquishing its stiff, dark blue passport for the new Burgundy-coloured Euro- pean passport (Richard Owen writes).
Some EEC officials argue that only when symbols of European union like the passport are introduced will Britons become accustomed to the idea that they are ruled from Brussels as well as Westminster.
A further push towards fiull identification with Europe could come in the second half of next year, when Britain takes over the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
But Lord Cockfield, Britain's senior Commissioner and re-
i-
sponsible for the internal market, said yesterday the United Kingdom would not start issuing EEC passports until 1987. because of the desire to incorporate a ""machine-read- able"" page in the new docu- ment. This is designed to speed immigration checks.
A similar position is taken by West Germanv. But Denmark, Ireland. Luxembourg, Italy and Belgium have begun issuing the Euro-passports and France abolished national passports five months ago.
This is causing problems for French travellers in remoter parts of the world, where news of the concept of EEC citizen- ship, let alone of EEC travelling documents, has yet to penetrate.";"November 30, 1985";"";62309;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain hopes for modest reforms at EEC summit";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPT. 24
Dr. Adenauer and Herr von Brentano, his Foreign Minister, left for Brussels to-day for a two-day state visit, and with the reported intention of sounding Bel- gian opinion on the possibility of arming the Bundeswehr with atomic weapons. This inquiry, it is understood, is likely to be carried farther when the Chancellot meets M. Mollet, the French Prim Minister, later in the week.
'Ihe need to persuade west Germanys neighbours that they have nothing to fe.T from a Bundeswehr armed with atomc missiles seems to have delayed a numhr of decisions that will soon have to be takni on the future strength and character f the Bundeswebr. Presumably, howevr. these neighbours will need a great deal )f persuading, if only because this and othr recent developments reported in this corr6- pondence threaten to create an army whili was not in the mind of those responsilde tor the Paris treaties, or for that matter of those west German parliamentarians wL,o were prepared to accept nothing more than a defence force.
Herr Blank, the Defence Minister, has had little to say, except that recent develop- ments in armaments (atomic missiles) should be considered, and to advocate their adoption step by step.
PRESS FORECASTS
The Minister is possibly waiting for the Chancellor's decision: the Press has not been similarly inhibited. One newspaper has reported that the Bundeswehr expects to have tactical atomic weapons by 1960. and another claims that the west German agreement not to make atomic weapons, as laid down in the Western European Union, treaty, had already been outdated by developments.
This sudden public interest in atomic weapons only reflects what the Defence Ministry has been thinking for a long time Other recent developments concerning thi Bundeswehr are: -
(i) That the conscription period shoul3 be only 12 months. The Cabinet is e:- pected to discuss the conscription Bll on Thursday; it seems inevitable thit the basic period, at least for non-tecc- nical troops, will be 12 months.
(ii) That the regular force should be larger than the conscript element; a ratio of three to two seems to have been tentatively accepted. While this is con- trary to the earlier view, that the con- script element should be larger to ensure that the army remains what has been called a democratic force, it is inevitable if the period of compulsory service is reduced to 12 months, unless more than one class is called up. For the next few years the average class will be about; 210,000; after that it will drop to about 190,000.
(iii) That former Waffen S.S. officers and senior n.c.o.s will be recruited with the rank they formerly h-ld. This again is probably inevitable if the regular force is to be expanded; the public reaction has been disappointingly acquiescent.
(iv) That the period a-reed for the build-up of the forces should be extended, unless a military emergency threatens.
POPULAR APPEAL X These developments are sufficient to throw some doubt on the army's imme- diate future, and to create much confusion. Whereas before there existed two opposing points of view (that is, the political opposi- tion to conscription, or a longer conscrip- tion period, as advocated by those who have not forgotten the treaty obligations), there is now a third: the military view that there should be a larger regular element armed with atomic missiles.
The third view will receive strong politi- cal support because a shorter conscriptiot period has obvious popular appeal-there is now talk of not imposing conscription until after the election next year-and it therefore acquires increased importance. It is still possible that some kind of com- promise will be reached, but the trend of thinking is unmistakable; that is. west Germany should raise the army it requires. and in its own time. regardless of N.A.T.O. obligations.";"September 25, 1956";"";53645;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Claim For Atomic Weapons";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";", FROM OUR OWN COMSPONDENT X
PARIS, MARCH 25 I There was little passion in the debate on the ratificatioii of the London and Paris agreemtntst'when it was resutmed in the -Council of the Republic. to-day.
The esstntial of ' to-day's. debate consisted in- the exchanee of speeches between M. Debu-Bridel (Gaullist), one of the most deterrined.opponents of the agree- ments, aind the. Foreign Minister, M. Pinav.
M.. Plnay, .whl paid tribute' td the courteous and objectlve character of the previous speeches, began by' recalling the aphorisim,"" In order to, coexist, we must first exist."" They could not reinaih .passive before, the latent menace which the Com- munist blecin. Eurbpe and Asia exercised,
by its sole weight, on western Europe. In I the.past eight,years all the. successive: steps in the, organization of the west-Dunkirk' and Brussels treaties, .O.E.E.C., Atlantic pact, Coal and Steel Community-had been. taken at the initiative.of France. It was by this. constructive co.ntribution' that France had recovered her place among the great Powers;
The. first stake in the' present debate was thus: the continuity of French policy. ,lt was only in appearance that the debite bore on. German rearmament ; in fact, it was the Atlantiic alliance which- was in question. If Germany was not rearmed with. themn it would te without, even perhaps: against, 'them.
* Any' delay- or amendment,i M. Pinay warned, would in the. present circumstances 'amount to a rejectidon; for any condition placed on ratification would be interpreted by their allies as "" a .simple subterfuge 'intended to mask an incapacity of decision.""
After the liberation, while the west ;demobilized. the Soviet Union had created an eastern bloc with 250 'divisions, 23,000. aircraft, and the world's most powerful fleet' of submarines. To face this', western Europe : had barely one-fifth of these forces. Thai was why France had obtained from her British and Anierican 'allies the maintenance of their forces on the Continent, and the organization ,of a'comrnon.defence system, under a single commnan'd. Without the counterweight of this western, military presence, which could only be deployed on Gertnan soil, they would :slide into' the Soviet camp like Czecho- slovakia without a struggle.
EFFECrfVE DEPENCE
The,allies were not trjing.to enter into a race to build up their strength.to Soviet level, but simply to put in p lace. the most effective' defence system with' the minimurm of means. If they defended Europe on' the Rhine, the' Low Countries and much of France would' be within the range of guided miisiiles, and the theoretical line of interception of enemy bombers would pass through Paris. Europe must be defended at the foot of the Iron Cur- tain. A'German' defence contribution was thus not, as had been too often alleged, a .condition arbitrarily imposed on' them by others but inseparably linked to the. forward strategy of their own choice.
M. Pinay emphasized the fourfold 'guaran- tees. offered by the Paris agreements: (1) Juridical, in the' Western European Union and -armaments control agency; (2) materiali by N.A.T.O. control of supplies and comrnmunications; (3) strategic 'in the' shape of the supreme allied command; and finally (4) political, by the solemn under- taking of the German Federatl Government never to resort to force for national airms backed by the presence of' British and Atnerican forces on the Continent.
What wpuld be the result of failure to ratify the agreements ?' The-'illies would simmply abandon' the forward- strategy-t.1% foundation of French security-in fa vgr ox a peripheral 'one, and one day fate &ulds confront them with ""the choi of4 leryy without hope or'liberatiot in'n (M. Pinay was here intei bwloud and sponlaneous a.. 2 X4L-";"March 28, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pinay's Defence Of Treaties";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
FRANKFURT, JAN, 24
Dr. Adenauer, the Chancellor, and his Federal Government at Bonn felt obliged to-day to attempt to calm the troubled waters stirred up by two Cabinet Ministers in the past two days, and went some way towards disavowing public statements made. by those Ministers. The first was the speech by Dr. Dehler, Minister of Justice, at Hamburg an Sunday, and the second was a memorandum on the Saar question made public by the Ministry for All-German Affairs under Herr Kaiser, with the explanation, now denied by Dr. Adenauer, that it had been submitted to the Cabinet.
The Government, in the face of the damag- ing effect of Dr. Dehler's speech, and of a suggestion that the Saar at this stage should be incorporated politically in the west German Republic as a 12th Land-this being the principal recommendation of Herr Kaiser's mllemorandum-has now made a unanimous declaration of mnore statesmanlike quality. It .declares that it is determined to adhere to its policy of cooperation with the allies, establish- ng good relations between France and Ger- many, and pursuing the idea of European Union. The second and third of these three points were, in its opinion, of so decisive im- portance that all concerned must - assist in preventing anything wbich would disturb the "" development of the Saar problem."" The Federal Government agrees that everything must be done to make clear to the German people that their future is inseparable from that of western Europe and that any national- istic movement must therefore be opposed.
NOW IN AGREEMENT
Dr. Dehler and Herr Kaiser attended the meeting which unanimously adopted this worthy declaration. The senior Press officer for the Government who made the announce- ment had a difficult time eluding many supple- mentary questions from Press correspondents, but he gave his listeners to understand that Dr. Adenauer and Dr. Dehler were now in agreement. It would be best, he added, if the German Press left the Saar issue alone while it was being discussed in capitals abroad.
Herr Kaiser's memorandum on the Saar had declared that a plebiscite should be held there with a view to incorporating the territory politically in the Republic, but allowing it to maintain the closest economic reiations with France. The document also described a series of steps taken by the French which, it main- tained, were contrary to the spirit of the agreements made between the Powers on the Saar. Dr. Adenauer was more emphatic in disavowing these sentiments than in shelving those aired by Dr. Dehler. His office declared to-day in a separate statement that he had not seen the document, of which he first learned in this morning's newspapers. It had been made public through an indiscretion, and the Chancellor did not agree with its proposals.
CONSTITUTIONAL DOUBT
After the Press officer had spoken for the Government to-day, a spokesman of Herr Kaiser's department at once added that the memorandum had been drafted before the visit of M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, to Bonn, and had been distributed to the members of the Cabinet. The assembled correspondents naturally wished to know whether this meant that Dr. Adcnauer had also then seen it, but received equivocal answers. There is doubt constitutionally whether the Chancellor counts as a member of the Cabinet, and behind the folds of this cloak the baffled correspondents lost their prey.
IThe contents of the document are not startling, but the incident illustrates still further, if this were needed, that the new German Government machinery is still far from being well run in, and that Dr. Adenauer is having difficulty in mastering the controls.";"January 25, 1950";"";51598;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Indiscretions In W. Germany";""
"['From Our Labour Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Labour Correspondent
The Socialist parties of the west brought to an end on Saturday their relations with the majority of the Social Democratic parties in eastern Europe. Yesterday the conference of Socialist parties of Marshall plan countries beg4n to sketch the outlines of a new international Socialist plan. It decided to call a conference on democratic union for Europe in April, to decide on common policy before The Hague con- ference.
The committee of International Socialist Conferences, which concluded its meeting at Transport House, London, on Saturday, declared in the first place that the Social Democratic parties of Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary, having been absorbed into the Com- mlunist movement by- an arbitrary decision of their leaders, had excluded themselves from the conliittee. This was not much more than a statement of known facts.
The resolution then referred to the Czech, Polish, and Itallian parties. "" In Czecho- slovakia the Social Democrats have been betrayed to the Communists bv a few of their leaders, supponed by the Communist-con- trolled police. This comnmittee cannot accept the present leadership of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party as representative of Socialism, lt denounces to the world the Oppressive, reactionary, and humiliating nature of this caricature of democracy which hyo- critically describes itself as a ' people's democracy.'
fTALIANS WALK OUT
'To the Polish and Italian Socialist parties, which are at present following the same path to absorption, the committee addresses a frnal appeal. It asks them to remain faithful to Socialism and democracy, to regain their free- dom of action while there is still time. It calls on them ,to preserve their faith in the active solidarity of international Socialism, and to prove by their deeds that, faced by the choice between subjection to the Cominform and free cooperation in European reconstruction, they have chosen the Socalist way.""
The representatives af the Nenni Italian Socialists left the meeting in protest against the reference to Italy in this resolution. and they are not attending the Marshal countries' copference. The Polish and Czech parties were not represented at the committee meeting because of delay in issuing British visas.
It was decided not to accept exiled Socialists into membership except for the Spanish Socialist Party, at any rate for the present. In explanation of this decision the committee's resolution said: "" The committee is fully aware that Communist parties have been ordered to destroy democratic Socialism. It has tried consistently to naintain cordial rela- tions between Socialist parties of all countries, but many of them have been forced to submit to Communist control or to disappear alto- gether. The responsibility for the split thus caused inside the European Socialist movement rests wholly with the Cominform and with the policies through wbich the Cominform has tried exclusively to serve the interests of the Soviet Union.""
WESTERN UNION
At the Marshall plan conference, held in private in a Surrey hotel, it quickly became clear that the European Socialist parties feel a need for urgent leadership in the develop- ment of western European union, and there were sig,ns of disappointment that the British Labour Party has not given such a lead more vigorously.
The French in particular pressed for a great propaganda campaign, for a permanent organi- zation, and for a conference of European Socialist parties, trade unions, and progressives before The Hague conference to enable opinion to be massed and give a Socialist direction to western union. This was defeated and a more limited conference of Socialist parties in Paris preferred. The conference also dis- cussed yesterday what conditions could make the Marshall plan unacceptable.
Dr. Kurt Schumacher, leader of the German delegation, was taken ill after his arrival in England and was unable to take part. The conference will conclude to-day.";"March 22, 1948";"";51026;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Democratic Union In Europe";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Dr. Adenauer's visit to London ended yesterday after a further two hours of discussions with Mr. Macmillan at Admiralty Housem The visit has helped to clear the ground--it could not be expected to do more than that-before further discussions elsewhere, in par- ticular on the future political and econo-, mic links between Britain and the' European Common Market, and on the economic problems now facing the western community, which must be solved if the best use is to be made of western resources to meet the growing communist economic challenge.
On this it was agreed that Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Chancellor, should visit Bonn at whe beginning of March for talks on the long-term problems of economic aid to underdeveloped countrnes and the pre- sent imbalance of payments between the United Stes and wfestern Europe, in pre- paration for later mul-tilateral discussions with the Americans.
RELAXED ATMOSPHERE
Dr. Adenauers vsit was descrbed yesterday by both British and German spokesmen as ""extremely satisfactorye;, and a British spokesman had said earlier that the talks were conducted in ""an easy and informal atmosphere"". Indeed, the relaxed atmosphere of this eighth meeting between Dr. Adenauer and Mr. Macmillan contrasted with their much more tense meefng in London in November, 1959. The fact is that, in the interval, the Germans have ceased to suspect that the British might lead a western move towards a deal with Russia at Germany's expense, and on both sides there is imcreasing empbasis on the essential need for much greater economic interdependence.
The discussion on political links between Britain nd the Six made clear that Dr. Adenauer hopes that before long Britain (and as many of her partners as possible) will decide to join the Common Market
QUADRIPARTITE TALKS ?
In that case Britain will natually take part in the political discussion of the Six. If Britain does not join, political dis- cussions with her can be-and so far as Germany is concernded, would be- carned on in the framework of the Western European Union, A ministerial meeting of WME.U.im Paris on February 27 will discuss this. Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, will represent Britain.
The possible future economic associa- tion of Britain with the Six will be dis- cussed by British and French experts, who meet in London also on February 27. At present not much seems to be expected of this meeting. Dr. Adenauer seems to have reverted to the position that, if Britain is not prepared to join the Common Market, and if the French experts are not prepared to take up the various suggestions for economic association which the Anglo- German and Anglo-Italian talks have considered, then there is not much more to be done.
Dr. Adenauer indicated that he was actively interested in the British proposal for a European space programme, but Germnan representatives made it clear that agreemet to adopt the British Blue Streak rocket as a test vehicle, which Herr Strauss, the German Defence Minister, recently opposed, has been left for further tech- nical study.
The Chancellor also spoke yesterday at the talks of the stops which the Federal Govermnment had taken to achieve better reliations with Poland. This particular chapter in diplomacy continues evidently on its delicato way.
There has also been some discussion of iNato problems. On the German side there
is support for the proposal of the Eisen- hower Administration to place nuclear weapons under Nato command, but on this sosfar the British position hasbemn reserved, both over the type of weapons and their
,cstroL.
T7he talks, therefore, left many problems to be decided, but by the time Dr. Adenauer waved good-bye from his com- partment at Victoria yesterday such meet- 'ings- seemed a more usual and matter of
fact business than often in the past.";"February 24, 1961";"";55014;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer's Visit Helps To Clear Ground";""
"";"['News']";"As the enlarged European fCommunity flounders in its cont'radi_tions Dne sees more clearly -what is 'lacking. Quite simply, it is the.essentials: roots and.i'magination, earth and sky. m'agination,
Brussels is a platform where governments parade their"". ideas and their interests, a forum: in whvich pre'ssure groups, farmers or industrialists, expound,their points.of view. But how can the European tree grow there since the people are not represented there, any more than they have a voice in the Parliament at Strasbourg, a shadow- theatre,' until its members are elected by -universaI suffrage ?
Europe's ""capital"" is a technocratic breeding ground populated by a thousand issues. 'But how many of these really affect public opinion ? Ministers, since they prefer guarantees to visions of the future, since. they seek' to exploit situations rather than to arouse a fresh Europeap impetus, devitalize topics that could attract public support.
Thus. the regional policy, which-should have directly interested millions of people,.became during last month* nothing more than a-high finance wrangle. The Common Agricultural Policy comes across as just a series of.master-. strokes performed by M Chi'rac for the benefit of beef producers. On monetary cooperation there is the.same disillusionment : after the pound and the lira, the franc, in. its turn,' has been floating since January 21. This time progress towards economic union -has been truly frozen..
Finally, the energy crisis has also played no mean part in revealing the spectacle of our tragic impotence.. Hitherto, major challenges-the cold war, the first "" Suez ""-enabled Europe to take imnportant steps towards unification. But this time, nothing. Just words.
Since external.pressures no longer awaken the.ardour of the Community leaders, the topics that arouse the attention, even the passions, of the citizens'of the member states could at least appear in a prominent position on the* agenda of the Council of Ministers;
There are subjects that "" get across "", especially at a time when, by force of circumstance and the good offices of the Arabs, the Western world is compelled to look agaip at essentials, the aims of growth, because it cannot afford to waste its resources. What an opportunity ta act together on the proposals for a new "" savoir vivre'"", a mizode of life in keeping with grass-roots feeling in Europe, particularly among the young:
In the absence of elections at Community level there are at least surveys by which aspirations can be gauged. The most recent of these surveys tells us that people are happier in the "" smaller "" than in the "" bigger "" countries, where dissatisfaction and pollution are increasing more rapidly than gross national products. Should that -not make one think ? Is it not time to come down to earth ?
The tree, in our metaphor, also lacks sky: Europe needs horizons, plans, something to fire the imagination. To know how to-live is to know how to hope. How, then, is this increasingly acute and demanding sensitivity to the.
future to be fostered ? By holding out bright prospects - of an economic and monetary union by 1980 when we are not even able to lay the foundations by combating inflation ? By setting 1975. as the deadline for a' report on a "" European Union "" ?
- It is amazing that so many people, anmong the old and new members of the Community alike,- still believe that -the flame has not burnt itself out. A little comfort may be drawn from one's feeling of surprise. For the rest, the play that is being given on the Community boards seems to be directly inspired by Bismarck's "" Political Testa- ment "", in which he wrote: ""' I have always heard this word 'Europe' used by 'politicians when they were addressing to other powers deimands. that they dared not make in. their own name."" Pierre Drouin, Le Monde";"February 5, 1974";"";59006;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Savoir vivre";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Har2rnve
Paris, Nov 29
For the Russians; there is no ristaking the signs: a colder wind has been. blowing from Paris. As they see it, the former Gaullist enthusiasm for ""detente, entente and coopera- tion "" has given way to a deep- rooted suspicion of Russiani in- tentions.
The Russians have responded -with increasingly obvious demonstrations of ill humour, the latest of which is an article in the Literary Gazette criticiz- ing M Jobert, the Foreign Min- ister, without in fact naming hlim. The newspaper deplores M Jobert's renewed expressions of scepticism about detente before the assembly of West European Union (WEU) last week, and his emphasis on the need for Europe to assume responsibility for its own defence.
Whether this ill humour on the part of Moscow is behind the reported postponement of Mr B-ezihitev's meeting with President Pompidou early next year in some quiet place in Russia is another matter. The reason, as Le Monde suggests, may be purely technical-a visit by the Soviet leader to Cuba in the New Year for the celebra- tions to mark the fourteenth anniversary of the triumph of Dr Castro's revolution.
French experts tend to think that Mr Brezhriev would be more anxious than ever to see M Pom- pidou if he really felt France were sliding back into the American orbit.
The French Communist Party tirelessly tries to raise a scare about France edging backward into Nato and betraying General de Gaulle's heritage of national independence. It certainly does this with the blessing of the Kremlin, if not at its actual instigation.
M Georges Marchais, the secretary-general of the party, returned to the charge last week in a letter to President Pompi- dou in which he declared bluntly that the Government's policy "" brings into question the
sovereignty of France "". The letter is highly illuminating on the Communist approach to Eurgpean Unity.
""We are in favour of a real European construction and ready to take part in it "", M Marchais says. "" We are in favour of political cooperation, but with the object of contribut- ing to collective security, the dissolution of blocks, the inter- national d6tente, and disarma- menft. That is not the path you are treading. A series of official statements shows that you in- tend, on the contrary, to take the lead of a new crusade to give this West European political organization a military dimen- sion.""
XI Jobert, he goes on, spoke at the WEU of the French nuclear force contributing to the ""global reinforcement"" of the Atlantic alliance. "" How can you claim after this that it is an in- strument of our country's inde- pendence ? "" M Marchais asks.
What has obviously stuck in French Communist and Russian gullets is M Jobert's reference in his fdreign policy speech to the National Assembly on Nov- ember 12 to a ""condominium"" of Russia and the United States over the world. To find the French Government, which it regarded as the guarantee of European independence from the United States (and a reassur- ance against Germany) using the same language as the Chinese must be particularly galling to the Russians.
For the Russians, who regard agreement with the United States as the alpha and omega of security, the Foreign Minister's emphasis upon European vigi- lance and preparedness, and upon a European defence organ- ization, is anathema. They are ready to accept the existence of the European Community as a fact of life-even the French Communists dare not Oppose it. But a politically united Europe firmly wedded to the Atlantic Alliance, and possibly tomorrow with its own defence organiza-
tion, is quite another matter. i";"November 30, 1973";"";58952;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moscow irritated by French distrust of Soviet intentions";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The meeting of the Ministerial Coun- cil of Western European Union in London yesterday was largely devoted to a statement by Mr. Edward Heath, Lord Privy Seal, of the British Govern- ment's position on political cooperation if Britain joins the Common Market.
According to a representative of one of the Common Market countries, Mr. Heath made a clear and convincing statement of the British Government's readiness to join fully in the political commitments of thg- European Com- munity. Although he did not directly comment on the political consultations which have been taking place within the Fouchet committee, set up by the Six. Mr. Heath did in effect make clear the British Government's views on all the most controversial issues, on which so far the Six have been unable to reach agreement.
PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL Mr. Heath emrphasized, for instance, that the British GCovernmernt would certainly be in favour of ultimate parlia- mentary control for the European Community. but throughout he avoided taking a fixed view on, precise solutions.
It may be assumed. therefore, that the British Government would agree with the principle that real powers should sooner or later be given to the European Assembly, without. for instance, advo- cating any particular form of election for it.
Mr. Heath evidently did not meet with any particularly warm response when he suggested that the time was approach- ing when the United Kingdom might join with the Six in working out future political arrangements. The other Foreign Ministers will give their Governments' considered views on the points in his statement later, but there is clearly no prospect that Britain will be invited to take part in their meeting on April 17.
TWO HURDLES
In effect the present development of the exchanges, both economic and political, Suits the British Government's position well enough. Mr. Heath explained yesterday that unlike the other six members of W.E.U., who had been able to take their economic decisions first and form the Com- mon Market, the British Government faced not one hurdle but two, since they were negotiating with the Six on the economic questions, and at the same time faced the developing political commitments between members.
Mr. Heath, in his statement, came down on the side of those members of the Com- mon Market who have been determined to preserve the powers of the European Eco- nomic Community against encroachment by a Council of Ministers, as President de Gaulle would wish.
He seemed, however, to agree with the French view that defence should be in- cluded as a proper subject for closer integration, but emphasized that it was extremely important that this shouid be directly related to the Atlantic Alliance.
EFTA NEUTRALS
He made, in effect, a clear condition for Britain's entry into the Common Market when he spoke of the importance of main- taining existing links between members of the European Community and overseas countries, adding that the United Kingdom would retain its constitutional ties and arrangements for consultation with the Commonwealth.
He also joined issue with the Americans when he declared that. in the British view, other European countries who were unable to join the Common Market as fuU mem- bers-notably the Efta neutrals-should not be left out of the European Community.
There are different views among the Common Market members on the links which they should maintain with other European countries. But some form of special association is generally favoured, in spite of United States anxieties that this might water down the development of the European Community itself, and amount to discriminatory trade arrangements between the Common Market and other countries.
Mr. Heath maintained yesterday that association for the European countries which did not join would in no way weaken the European Community's political and economic cohesion.";"April 11, 1962";"";55363;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pledge To Six On Political Cooperation";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
NDOLA, N. RHODESIA, Ocr. 17
The Northern Rhodesian African M ineworkers' Union to-day announced that all African employees on the Northern Rhodesian copper mines- Nchanga, Mufulira, Roan Antelope, and Nkana-would begin a strike at 2 a.m. on Monday. The announcement was made this afternoon after conciliation proceedings had been resumed for a brief period during the morning.
The strike follows the demand by the union for an increase in basic wages for all African mine workers of 2s. 8d. a shift. This demand was rejected by the mining companies, who subsequently made two offers of wage adjust- ments which the union rejected. The union refused to allow the dispute to go to arbitra- tion and conducted a strike ballot, which on Saturday revealed a large majority in favour of strike action.
"" ESSENTLAL SERVICES""
A statement issued by the African union to-day says that union members will maintain
essential services,"" that is hospital services, power lines, and water for health and sanita- tion, but will withdraw all other classes of labour.
The union's statement mentions, for the first time in the course of the current dispute, matters which are considered by many observers here to lie at the bottom of the demand and to be almost as important to an understanding of the union's attitude as the claim to higher wages. The union statement says: ""The union feels that the rejection of its demand for a wage increase for all workers is based on the industrial colour bar, because there is a very large gap between European and African earnings."" The union refers to the "" unsympathetic attitude which the Euro- pean mineworkers have shown towards the African mineworkers,"" and adds, "" we have not had cooperation from the European union in the spirit of the trade union movement.""
POLICE PRECAUTIONS
The union statement, which was made by Mr. L. C. Katilunga, said that union leaders were confident that the strike would be peace- ful and that all incidents would be avoided.
The Attorney-General of Northern Rhodesia, who is also Secretary for law and order, and the Commissioner of Police, Colonel J. P. 1. Fforde, arrived in the copper- belt earlier this week and have visfted the four mines and Ndola. Police at all copper- belt stations are standing by as a precautionary measure though there is no reason to believe that the strike will not proceed in an orderly manner.
Strikers will continue to live in housing pro- vided by the mining companies but rations issued as part of African wages will be with- drawn. Arrangements have been made by the Government by which African strikers will be able to buy food from the mine stores at each mine.
No official statement is yet available from the Northern Rhodesian Government, but Government concern at the development of an industrial dispute into strike action is obvious in view of the fact that Northern Rhodesia's economy rests almost wholly on copper pro- duction. Copper exports, too, are of major importance to the Commonwealth rearmament programme.
A statement by the Northern Rhodesian Chamber of Mines said to-day that a strike by African employees on the copperbelt would mean that all production of copper would cease. Mines would maintain essential services only. The statement adds that the orderly closure of mines and plant will begin on Monday morning, and that the effect will not be a partial stoppage but a complete shut down.
The mayors of the Yugoslav cities of Belgrade, Zagreb, and Skoplije have arrived in Istanbul to return the visit that the Mayor of Istanbul paid two months ago.";"October 18, 1952";"";52446;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strike Call In Copperbelt";""
"";"['News']";"STOCKHOLM, AUG. 13
Mr. Macmillan, speaking in Stock- holm today at a press conference before leaving for London, said that if the British people were wise bbey would reelect a Conservative Governmnent at the next general election. He told a questioner: "" Of course I hope we shall win ... I see no reason wyh we should not. There have been some mistakes- all Governments make mistakes-but the people will, I think, be wise to say: 'Thank you very much, let's go on '.""
When a reporter asked if he thought President de Gaulle would let Britain into the Common Market, Mr. Macmillan replied:-
I don't think that is an expression I wouldaccept. Wo are not on our knes. t is not a question of being let in. Nego- tiations have ended for the moment. We
re not crinpni We can. live and we inftend to ive-and We are living very
SILENT REVOLUTION,
Discussing the British home scene, Mr. Macmillan said: -
"" We have governed the country very welt
for 12 years. Abroad we have made it rcspected and powerful. We have taken a great part in the policies now comins to fruition, which are largely due to British efforts.
""We have presided over the biggest opera-
tion ever carried out in the history of nmankind-the transfornation of a great colonial empire into a Commonwealth of free nations without bloodshed.
""We have raised the standard of living of
its people. Without socialism, we have the highest exports in the nation's history There has been a spread of education and opportunities.
""Tbere has been a kind of silent revolu-
tion in the whole attitude to our life carried through quietly and successFully."" Mr. Macmillan refused to answer a question about whether he would lead the Conservatives to victory again. He said he had answered this before, and added amid laughter: "" It has got noth- ing to do with the visit to Sweden, as far as I can SC.""
Asked about west Germany and the nuelear test ban treaty, Mr. Macmillan said Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary (who also attended the press conference), would want to discuss the future course of action with his colleagues, and he referred to Dr. Schroder's impending visit to London. He thought the first and most important thing for the test ban treaty was that it should be ratified by the United States Senate.
Mr. Macmillan said that in Sweden he had discussed the role of the European Free Trade Association. Ministers of the member countries would meet in Stockholm on September 11, a month before the proposed meeting of the Western European Union, when Britain would meet the Common Market Six. He went on: -
AVOIDING DIVISION
So it will be possible to have a good review at the September meeting of how we propose'to work, what contacts Efta can make through us with the Six, through the machinery of the W.E.U.""
Efta had not been set up as a per- manent rival grouping to the Common Market, he added. The concept of a single grouping was in abeyance for the moment, but they should, not try to embark on programmes that would cause a division between the two sides.
Asked about his reported comment that the Foreign Seorotary's job was a "" particularly killing one,"" Mr. Mac- rmillan replied: . ... I said it was the most tiring of the jobs I have ever done."" Lord Home, he said, had both the mental strength and mental and spiritual resilience to carry it, and he added: - I think it is largely because be can retire
occasionaKy across the border and find in Scotland, as all do wiho go to Scotland that moral renaissance that one finds there.
Lord Home added with a smile: "" The thing that really tires the Foreign Secre- tary, Mr. Prime Minister. is being ques- tioned by newspaper correspondents.- Reuter.";"August 14, 1963";"";55779;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan Confident Of Victory";""
"['From Our Military Correspondent']";"['News']";"Prom Our Military Correspondent
The 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, and the I st (Guards) Indepen- dent Parachute Company are due to arrive at Southampton to-day from Cyprus. For the first time since January last year, all the Army's Regular air- borne troops, who form the 16th In- dependent Parachute Brigade Group, will now be stationed at home, with the exception of a sub-unit of the 33rd Para- chute Field Regiment, R.A., which is being flown out to Aden.
No doubt it is not an accident that our most mobile form of strategic reserve should be at home complete a week before the opening in London of the ministerial meeting of Western European Union to discuss the British proposals for reducing her forces in Europe. Presumably the Gov- ernment hope that by pointing to the avail- ability in emergency of the Parachute Brigade they may help to lessen the severity of the proposed cuts in Continental eyes.
T-he Government proposals have two aspects, the size of the reductions, and the way in which they are to be carried out. The number of soldiers to be withdrawn from the Continent may be fewer than many people imagine, probably about 24,000. One reason for this is that the present strength of the British Army of the Rhine is often thought to be 80,000 or more: it is probably not much more than 70,000, because units are not up to strength. SWING OF THE PENDULUM The possibility of British reductions has been in the air for so long that it is the second aspect-the way in which they are to be carried out-that is likely to cause the most comment at next week's meeting. Nothing has been said publicly about the reorganization, but the Army is clearly thinking in terms of brigade groups (which may still be organized in divisions for political reasons).
Some American and French authorities have long believed that the present B.A.O.R. divisions, two infantry and two armoured, are wrongly organized. They argue that the introduction of atomic weapons restores the linear concept of war. just as the fire-power of the machine-gun forced the combatants of the First World War into static trench warfare. The tank restored mobility to the battlefield, but atomic weapons have now sent the pendu- lum back again. For this kind of linear warfare they favour the use of small groups, and consider that armoured thrusts would be impossible, because they would imme- diately attract nuclear attention.
Anotber factor to be taken into account is the Hull report on the future structure of the British Army, which recommends re- ductions in the numbers of armoured, infantry, and artillery units. There are more armoured units in B.A.O.R., where the facilities for armoured training are un- rivalled, than anywhere else, and the pro- posed cuts are likely to affect them dis- proportionately.
The combined effect of this and the linear concept of war may well produce a lop- sided B.A.O.R. For instance, if as seems likely, the two infantry divisions are reduced by a brigade each, considerable reductions will also have to be made in the armour. The two armoured divisions are now in effect only large armoured brigade groups,
so that it might mean cutting out one of them. The reduction of the infantry divi- sions by a brigade each would save two armoured regiments now integrated with the infantry.
An army of this kind would be suited only for atonmc warfare, and for that reason is likely to be opposed by western Germany. The introduction of atomic weapons has not so far noticeably shaken German faith in armour. The psychological effects of withdrawing famous units or formations will also have to be taken into account, and the method of reorganization may well pro- duce more disagreement than the size of the reductions.";"February 18, 1957";"";53768;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Possible Return To ""Linear"" Conception Of Warfare";""
"['FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR LABOUR CORRESPONDENT
MILAN, OcT. 21
After a hard struggle the Socialist Inter- national adopted at its concluding session to-day a long resolution on European union. The doubts and divisions which appeared in private session yesterday were repeated in public to-day, and were diffi- cult to overcome in spite of most careful compromise and ambiguity in thq drafting of parts of the resolution.
At one point Mr. Vorrink, of Holland, impatiently observed that if they went on having congresses for 10 years they would only repeat 10 times that tiiey could not agree on how to achieve collective security. The greatest weakness of the International was that it could not reach unity on this question, Mr. Vorrink said, and he protested that their resolutions dtid not go tat enough. Fvet.ning to a para- graph dealing with German rearmament, he said it was a good example of the making of phrases that did not mean anything-which was becorning a habit of the Iniernational.
This paragraph noted that the German party at its recent congress had expressed the view that Germany should take part in collective security on the three-fold condition that the security system be effective, that it be based on equal chances and equal risks, and that the reunification of Germany is not obstructed.
COMPROMISE REACHED
Meaningless or not, M. Ridet, a French delegate, regarded it as dangerous from a democratic point of view, and from a defence point of view. Herr Heine, of G_rmany, said it was only intended to express the fact that the German party was not opposed to parti- cipation in collective security in all circum- stances, but only in certain circumstances.
On the question of a four-Power meeting on Germany the compromise eventually reached was as follows: "" The Socialist Inter- national appeals to the four Powers in occu- pation of Germany to redouble their efforts to convene a conference of four with the object of reuniting the western and eastern zones of Germany under a single Government on the basis of completely free elections under international control in the whole of Germany.""
A section of the resolution dealt wi h the working of the Coal and Steel Commninniy and revived a controversy between M. Spaak, of Belgium, and M. Mollet, of France, on the question of British participation. It began in private session yesterday. The resolution said that the member countries of the Council of Europe not affiliated to the Coal and Steel Community should be entitled to be repre- sented-on conditions to be laid down by common agreement-on the coal and steel Assembly as observers with the right to speak.
AN "" ULTIMATUM ""
M. Spaak complained that M. Mollet had asserted that anybody who did not accept this paragraph was against collaboration with Britain. It was a kind of ultimatum. In his opinion one of the great tactical mistakes of the proposals was that it settled British rights without having tackled the duties and responsi- bilities that should go with them-and he made a formal reservation on the point.
M. Mollet replied that the conditions to be laid down later were purely technical. The proposals were not for association of Britain with the coal and steel pool but. for observa- tion, which they hoped might lead to associa- tion. He recalled that the Socialist inter-group at Strasbourg had for the first time been unanimous on this point, and said it was unbelievable that the Socialist International should not support it.
The resolution expressed the view that the coal and steel pool and the plans for other similar communities had effectively posed the problem of the institution of a political com- munity with real but limited powers. It charged the International's European study group to consider the requisites which should be met by such an authority from the Socialist point of view.";"October 22, 1952";"";52449;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Socialist Policy On Europe";""
"";"['News']";"3/5/49: Representatives of 10 countries met at St James's Palace to sign the constitution of the Council of Europe, including M Schuman, the French Foreign Minister (right), and M Massigli, the French Ambassador. 27/11/67: President de Gaulle on the "" vast and deep transformation "" needed to bring Britain into Europe.
May 9, 1950.-Declaration by Robert Schuman, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, pro- posing the pooling of the coal and steel resources of France and Ger- many in an organization open to aWl European countries.
April 18, 1951.-The Six (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Lux- embourg and The Netherlands) sign the treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Comn- munity (ECSC).
August 31, 1954.-The French National Assembly rejects the treaty on the European Defence Community (EDC).
March 25, 1957.-The ministers of the Six sign the treaties establish-
ing the European Economic Com- munity and Euratom in Rome.
January 1, 1958.-The institu- tions of the new commnunities are set up in Brussels.
January 1, 1959.-First reduction of custms duties within the EEC by 10 per cent.
August 9, 1961.-Brtain applies for membership of the European Com- munities.
January 14,.1962.-The ministers of the Six adopt the general princi- ples of the Common Agricultural Policy.
January 14, . 1963.-General de Gaule considers that Britain is not ready to enter the EEC and the negotiations initiated with the Six are brought tD a halt.
December 15, 1964.-The Six adopt
the Mansholt plan for the unifica- tion of cereal pnaces.
June 30, 1965.-The ""empty seat"" crisis with the French represent- ative refusing to sit on the council in protest eganst proposals for the financing of the Common Agricul- tural Policy, which were considered excessiveay supranatio-nal.
July 1, 1967.-Meging of the Euro- pean executive institutions with the creation of an economic council and a sngle ooenission for the EEC, the ECSC and Euratoin.
May 11, 1967.-Britain again sub- mits its application for membership Of the European Community fol- lowed by Ireland, Denmark and
NTorway.
July 1, 1968.-The customs union betwen the Six is aompleted 18 months ahead of the ehmetable laid dotn in the Treaty of Rome.,
December 1, 1969.-Conference of heads of state and government at The Hague, marking the end of the transitional stge and the begin- ting of the final stage of the Com- munaity.
January 22, 1972.-The new members of the Community (Den- mark, Britain, Ireland and Norway) sign treaties of accession in Brus- sels.
September 26, 1972.-By a slender majoety the Norwegians decide not tojoin the EEC.
October 19, 1972.-The heads of state and government give their soemn undertaldng to establish European Union by 1980.
January 1, 1973.-Official birth of the Conmumity of thhe Nine.
December 14, 1973.-Copenhagen summit meeting produces particu- larly disappointag results on account of the oil crisis.
December 9, 1974.-Another sum- mit meeting in Paris where the nine heads of government decide to hd a European Council nmet- ing three times a year. They pro- pDse that the European Parlianmet should be elected by universal suf- frage from 1978. -
February 28, 1975.-Signing in
oiim6 of a convention between the Comnmunity and 4S hird World cougntries wth provisions for etobdi- izig te epot reenu ofthese
March 9, 1975.-First European Counil at which Britain agrees to the Community budget, awovng Mr Wilson to recommend a ""YeP' vote in the referendum endosing Britains accession to the Comn- munity.
December 3, 1975.-Meeting i Rome; the Nine agree tbat the Community wiR speak with a SiUF gle voice at the north-south con- ference.
22/1/72: Mr Heath and Sir Alec Douglas-Home signed the Treaty of Accession. 26/9/72: Mr Bratteli, the Norwegian Prime Minister, listened to the results of a referendum in which the voters chose to stay out of the European Community.";"January 6, 1976";"";59594;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The past 25 years";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEc. 1
Count Vittorio Zoppi, whose appoint- ment as the next Italian Ambassador to the Court of St. James's in succession to Dr. Manlio Brosio, who is being trans- ferred to Washington, has now been announced officially in Rome, is Italy's senior career diplomatist
His transfer from what is the highest pro- fessional post at the Palazzo Chigi, one in many. ways analagous to that of the permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, has been described by the officially inspired Italian foreign affairs review, Esteri, as a "" new proof of the interest attached "" by the present Italian Foreign Minister and Govem- ment to "" a favourable development of Italo. British relations.""
In spite of the hard work of the present Italian Ambassador in London and the British Ambassador here, Sir Ashley Clarke, it has never been possible in recent years-until a few weeks ago-to forget completely the inescapable fact (and the psychological effects) of differences going back to the days of sanctions and Italian colonial disappointments, *as well as to the more recent and bitter mani- festations between rioting Italian nationalists and British authorities in Trieste.
TRIESTE SETTLEMENT
* But the settlement of the Trieste dispute and the closer ties with Italy implicit in the British undertakings to the Western European Union, give Count Zoppi the chance of a fresh start. Of this possibility it is already clear that his political chief, Signor Martino, intends to take all advantage possible-to judge from statements about British policy made by him in recent weeks, the warmth of which has not been equalled among Itahan politicians for many a long month.
Since the end of the war Count Zoppi's work has been entirely at the centre of Italian foreign policy. From 1945 to 1948 he was director- general of political affairs in the Foreign Ministry before his promotion to the post of secretary-general, which he has held for the past six years. After 10 years af the closest association with the making of Italian foreign policy, during a decade in which Italy has developed from war time "" co-belligerence "" by way of the peace treaty and reconstruction at home to to-day's position as a fully equal ally of the western Powers, Count Zoppi has an unequalled experience of the causes and aims ofthe policies he will now have to represent in London.
This experience, coming after 20 years of diplomacy in such varied appointments as vice- consul at Munich and then Algiers, consul'in Bona and Nairobi, first secretary in Addis Ababa in the period before the Abyssinian war, counsellor in Madrid in the first three years of the Second World War when Spain was a key neutral, and Italian representative in Vichy France, together with experience on occasional missions abroad with post-war Italian Foreign-Ministers, provides good justi- fication on paper for the view of those who have had practical dealings with him at the Palazzo Chigi, that Count Zoppi is the "" complete diplomatist.""
A PIEDMONTESE
For those who have the popular English conception of such a personage Count Zoppi fills the bil perfectly. Reported to be ex- tremely competent and knowledgeable on all subjects that have to be mastered by the modem senior diplomatist, Count Zoppi, as a Piedmontese, has much of the reserve that foreigners traditionally associate with British ambassadors, although those who know him better declare that he is not without warmth and a wry humour. Iron-grey hair, pro- fessional polish, and linguistic capacity-for one who has not lived in England or America; Count Zoppi speaks good English-complete a picture which, as popular conceptions go, is perhaps more traditionally English than traditionally Italian. Count Zoppi, who is 56, is not married.
Reginald Adsett, aged 35, a senior flying examiner for the Australian Department of Civil Aviation, has been ,illed in an air crash near Sydney.";"December 2, 1954";"";53104;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Next Italian Ambassador";""
"['rom Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Those parliamentarians who supply the main drive behind the Assembly of Western European Union, and who seek by their efforts to give an added impetus to the European movement, are now firing their opening rounds in prepara- tion for the W.E.U. Assembly meeting in London on May 29.
It was their recommendation to the W.E.U. Council of Ministers-that Britain should join the three communities of the Six (the Common Market, the Coal and Steel Pool, and Euratom, the atomic energy Pool)-which, the parliamentarians claim, stimulated the British Government to make through Mr Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, their offer o-f a common outer tariff at the last meeting of W.E.U. Ministers in Paris on Februarv 27
The parliamentarians are now hoping that their insistence will induce Mr. Mlacmillan to give some official sign of a further British advance towards Europe, when he makes the opening address on May 29. This Assembly, it is noted, opens only two days before the potentially fatefuJ meeting between President Kennedy and General de Gaulle in Paris on May. 31.
THREE REPORTS
Yesterday, at the W.E.U. headquarters in Grosvenor Place, the press were invited to hear an explanation of the work done in preparation for the Assembly. Mr. Peter Kirk, Conservative M.P. for Gravesend, who is the chairman of the political com- mittee of the W.E.U., explained that three reports would be presented to the Assemrbly -a report on the relations between western Europe and African countries with a view to avoid.ng an economic split in Africa on the lines of the present economic division in Europe; a report on political consulta- tion. emphasizing the need for consultation in the W.E.U. Council rather than in the Council of European Economic Com- munity of the Six; and a report on the difficulties to be overcome, if Britain were
to become a member of the European Economic Community, with special refer- ence to the difficulties arising from the system of Commonwealth preferences. All these reports are based on the assumption that at some stage the United Kingdom will join the E.E.C. They have been accepted by the General Affairs Committee unani- mously. The report on difficulties in the 'way of British membership will be pre- sented by Mr. Mathew, Conservative M.P. for Honiton.
PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS
Mr. Mathew explained yesterday that he had been asked to follow up the more general recommendation that Britain should join the European Economic Com- munity by proposing ways in which special difficulties could be overcome.
The report recommends the acceptance of a common inter tariff for Britain and the E.E.C. and the renunciation by Britain of preferential tariffs for exports to the Commonwealth in favour of E.E.C. mem- bers. Special arrangements are required for imports from the Commonwealth. including tariff quotas for certain raw material imports, with the E.E.C. tariff held as low as possible; the ending by stages of preferences on exports to Britain of manufactures from high-wa2e Common- wealth countries; a progressive increase in imports of industrial good,s by E.E.C. from low-wage Commonwealth countries; a common policy for the import of tropical products to remove trade barriers: and tariff quotas for the import into the United Kingdom of temperate foodstuffs.
The report also recormmends that British agricullture must be able to oompete with European agri-,ultural produce, but pend- ing the harmonization of agricultural policy within E.E.C.. there &hould be an increase in the two-way trade in agricul- tural products between Br:¢ain and E.E.C. mnmbers. Mr. Mathew said yesterday that meanwhile there must be safeguards for the British producer.";"May 17, 1961";"";55083;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Preparing For The European Union's London Meeting";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, JuLY 8
The Assembly of Western European Union, consisting of the British, French, Dutch, Belgian, Luxembourg, Italian, and German parliamentarians who attend the Council of Europe, held its second meeting to-day under the chair- manship of Mr. John Maclay (Britain, National Liberal).
This new body has no standing rules yet, and the main business was to appoint a committee to draw thesc up. But considera- tion- of this question, as well as the next- which resulted in a decision not to appoint a clerk of the Assembly until further con- sideration had been given to the matter- was complicated by the personal, political, and international stresses which make nominations and appointments the most hotly contested subjects in these assemblies.
There was an even more extreme example of this in the afternoon, when the Consulta- tive Assembly of the Council of Europe was called on to appoint Mr. Dunstan Curtis, a serving member of the international secre- tariat at Strasbourg, to the post of assistant Secretary-General of the Council of Europe. The Assembly was piqued at having received only one nomination from the Committee of Ministers; and there was also a good deal of national and inernational manoeuv-
ing apparently designed to impede the appointment. In the end, however, Mr. Curtirls twas appointed by a comfortable
CHIEF ACTIVITY
It is still too soon to predict how the Western Union Assembly will develop. A certain apprehension has inevitably been felt here this week that W.E.U.-the Europe of seven-may overlap with and perhaps one day divide the Council of Europe-the Europe of 15. The Swedes, conscious of their neutrality, tend to question the presence among the. 15 of the seven Powers whose association in the expanded Brussels treaty is based primarily on defence. Other Scandinavian Powers, such as the Danes, look with wistful envy on the "" club within a dub.""
So far as there are any set ideas about the functions of the new Assembly, it seems probable that its chief activity wiU be to debate the annual report submitted to it by the Committee of Ministers of W.E.U. The two specific matters with which this report will deal are the Saar (W.E.U. is in a general sense responsible for the European statute of the Saar) and the armaments control agency; and committees for these subjects are likely to be set up, with power to call in outside advisers. But beyond this, there is in theory no limit to the matters which the Assembly could discuss.
In practice there will be a check on any tendency to duplicate or trespass on the dis- cussions of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe in that the meetings of the W.E.U. Assembly are not likely to take place until immediately after the Coun- cil of Europe meetings have finished. This rather crowded week has shown that it is not really practical for the two bodies to sit nearly simultaneously.
SOCIAL COOPERATION
But, if arms control and the Saar are to be the chief preoccupations of the W.E.U. Assembly, there is a strong disposition to continue with the work of the old Brussels treaty organization in the field of social and cultural cooperation in Europe. This was expressed by the W.E.U. Ministers at their meeting on Monday. The dangers of overlapping with the work of the Council of Europe in this field are perhaps more real here; but it is felt in W.E.U. that agreements or conclusions reached in these spheres need not be mutually exclusive and that, because agreement between seven is easier to reach than agreement between 15, useful work may be done or, rather, continued.
the Consultative Assembly to-day began a debate on European economic integration l based on the annual report of the Organiza-
l tion for European Economic Cooperation.";"July 9, 1955";"";53268;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Stresses At Strasbourg";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray
Dublin
! An EEC plan to fight unemployment was endorsed by the 10 heads of government at the European summit in Dublin yesterday. It won strong support from Mrs Thatcher, who described it as the best report on the subject she had yet seen from the European Com- mission.
The plan appeais to owe a great deal to present thinking in the British Treasury. It urges monetary policies which steer clear of inflation, cuts in public expenditure and reductions in budget deficits. It argues for tax cuts to create investment capital, calls for greater flexi- bility in wage rates and an end to closed-shop controls on the labour market. It emphasizes that competitiveness must be strengthened.
Despite agreement on the plan, which is to be studied next year by Community Finance, Ministers, none of the leaders believe it will end unemploy- ment.
But Mrs Thatcher argued that it was high time to introduce an -enterprise culture"" in the Community to challenge the United States and Japan.
Protected by an anti-terrorist screen round Dublin Castle, the 10 leaders earlier argued over the conditions for Europe's two newcst democracies to join the Commullity.
By this evening they are meant to have found not only a
Speaking again after Chequers
Mrs Thatcher and Dr FitzGerald are to meet again early in the new year for an Anglo-Irish summit, according to British officials. The two leaders have appeared to have settled differences which arose after the summit at Chequers last month when Dr FitzGerald accused Mrs Thatcher of being gratuitously insulting (Ian Murray writes).
way to drain thc EEC's wine lake, and smoothed the way of Spain and Portugal into the Community by 1986, but also have settled the British budget problem once and for all, agreed on the economic and social situation, prepared a common position towards the second Reagan Administration, p4otted European union and taken steps to stop famine in Africa.
It is an ambitious programme and Dr Garret FitzGerald, the Prime Minister of the Irish Republic, is already smarting from criticism from an Ameri- can jounalist that he has ill- prepared this summit and that failure is inevitable. Hlis per- sonal spokesman described the charge angrily as ""a load of rubbish"", but could not deny the negQtiating enormity of the task ahead.
Dr FitzGerald was also running a poor second best to Mrs Thatcher in grabbing
everyone's attention. For secur- ity reasons, she alone travelled by helicopter from the airport to; the lunch with Dr Patrick Hillery, the Irish President, aind then into the old exercise.yard of Dublin Castle, for:. -the meeting. Even inside the castle's fastness she was exposed to any. terrorist attempt for a mere 25: yards.
The other heads of govern- ment drove in a fleet of Mercedes from the President's palace to the castle, through the roadblocks and massed ranks of police in the city centre. Terrorism was one subject on the agenda of the Foreign Ministers at the summit.
There was a hint from the Irish spokesman of how forth- coming the final statements might be. Although Mrs Thatcher had been seen stcp- pinlg from a brown RAF Westland Wessex into the castle yard, he would go no further than to say that if journalists thought someone had been seen arriving by helicopter they were entitled to think so.
i LONDON: New internal procedures for the enlarged European Community, inclu- ding the extension of majority voting, might be the only way of furthering British interests, and making the Community accept the realities of an internal market, Dr David Owen, leader of the Social Democrats, said yesterday (Julian Haviland writes).";"December 4, 1984";"";62003;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Dublin summit";""
"['From ROGER BERTHOUD']";"['News']";"From ROGER BERTHOUD
Bonn, June 5 France was back and a spirit of good will prevailed; that was the most important fact about today's ministerial meeting in Bonn of the Western European Union, to which Britain and the six Common Market countries belong. The meetir3 took on additional significance from the imminence of negotiations over Britain's application to join the Common Market.
Afterwards Mr. George Thomson. the Minister respons- ible for European affairs, de- scribed it as "" highly successful "". "" We are now in a position where on the political and economic front there has been a maior im- provement in the European cli- mate "". he said. On the econo- mic front negotiations for broad- ening the Common Market were about to begin and on the poli- tical front. France's return to the W.E.U. had brought about a use- ful improvement.
France left in February, 1969, because she believed Britain was trying to use the W.E.U. as a back door to the political deli- berations of the Common Mar- ket. The way for France's re- turn had been paved by a for- mula devised by M. Pierre Har- mel, the Belgian Foreign Minis- ter. This stated that the seven member states "" have agreed not to discuss in W.E.U. technical or economic problems relating to the enlargement of the European communities, nor political ques- tions which are directly con- nected with it"".
It added that this did not modify their right to discuss the problems of the political con- struction of Europe-a poin,t which Mr. Thomson emphasized today.
M. Maurice Schumann, the French Foreign Minister, paid tribute to M. Harmel's media- tion and put the French view- point on changes which should take place in the Permanent Council of the W.E.U. It was for Ministers to charge the Per- manent Council with the sub-
jects they should keep under review, he said. But if urgent subjects arose they could be dis- cussed unless there was an objection.
He said France had no desire to make difficulties if an impor- tant subject should come up. It was Britain's attempt to discuss the Middle East in 1969 which was the immediate cause of the rift with France.
It is less the juridical aspects than the spirit which has changed. It was agreed by the end of today that the future agenda of the Permanent Coun- cil of the W.E.U. should include: An exchange of information be-
tween members on the inten- sified bilateral east-west con- tacts wvhich have already be- gun. followed by ant analysis of the results.
At M. Harmel's suggestion, an
examination of the possibility that all these moves on the east-west front could result in a European pact in accord- ance with the United Nations charter.
The possibility should also be
examined that there should be a common initiative on south- east Asia, a field in which several members have made separate moves recently.
The supervision of a working
party to suggest practical steps for the security of diplomats. On the Middle East, the French thought-and there was some sympathy for the idea- that the United Nations and the Group of Four should remain the main sphere of action.
Mr. Thomson, in a general statement on Britain's applica- tion for membership of the Common Market, said she had applied as much with an eye to the political advantages of a united Europe as to the possible economic benefits. She wanted to play a full and equal part in this political construction. He did not think that Britain would find it difficult to ao as far as the Six wished her to go in this field.";"June 6, 1970";"";57889;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Return of France generates new spirit in WEU";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Rusk will arrive in London by air from Rome tomorrow afternoon. He will dine with Lord Home, the Foreign Secre- tary, in the evening, and will have an opportunity then to hear Mr. Macmillan's views on his visit on June 2 and 3 to Presi- dent de Gaulle. He will also meet Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, at the dinner but there will be no formal discussions on particular Common Market problems during his stay.
On Monday there will be a full day of discussions at the Foreign Office. Mr. Rusk has come to Europe to listen rather than to Propose, and it is safe to say that bis main purpose is to report to bis Gov- ernment on the probable lines along which union in western Europe is developing, in the light of the growing European claim to parity in defence and foreign policy with the United States.
On the developments in western Europe must depend the degree of integration w.hich will be possible between European and United States defence and foreign policy, and the contribution which the United States can usefully offer, in order to achieve Policies integrated with its own.
To decide upon this, Mr. Rusk must consider if and how Britain will become a member of the Common Market. and if a real lowering of trade barriers across the Atlantic will be possible.
He must also try to discern if European policy will be controlled by a Council of Ministers, each with a veto, or by a more integrated body under effective parlia- mentary control. Mr. Heath seemed to Rive the British view in speaking to the Council of Western European Union. The words of one text of his speech referred to the question of parliamentary control. "" to which "", he said, "" we in this country attach a great deal of importance. As members of the Community we will. I am sure, want to see the European Parliament playing an important part.""
EUROPEAN DETERRENT
Control of nuclear weapons is only one aspect-if a most important one-of the whole problem. Mr. Heath has been care- ful not to exclude the possibility that the British contribution-at Present integrated to all intents and purposes with the United States deterrent-could be integrated with a European deterrent. Mr. Rusk has to consider whether the French Government will integrate its future deterrent in a Euro- pean plan, itself linked to the overall Nato strategy, and, if so. what assistance should be given and what share in present controls must be transferred to European hands.
These problems may leave little time for Berlin. Mr. Rusk's last talk with. Mr. Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador in Washington, is understood to have made no headway. Since then, however, Herr Ulbricht. the east German leader, has given some official communist backing to the re- ports that the communists would be pre. pared to accept western ""police"" forces in west Berlin. There is no sign that this would be acceptable to western govern- ments, though it may be said that some forms of gendarmerie armed like the French with tanks and armoured cars would for purposes of protection on the spot be similar to regular armed forces.
Herr Ulbricht's statement, however, at least makes clear that the communists are not neoessarily determined upon the re- moval of western garrisons altogether, and to that extent the possibility of a Berlin agreement may be the easier.
Western representatives do not encourage any suggestion, however, that a Berlin agreement is possible at present. The next step is likely to be the western reply, which it is now expected will be sent soon in answer to the Soviet Note of June 8, protesting at incidents on the sector boun- daries in Berlin. The reply is likely to answer the Soviet allegations in detail, but to suggest means to lessen the risk from such incidents.";"June 23, 1962";"";55425;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Visit To London Tomorrow";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"Erom R.ichard Wipe
raris, April 19
M Val6ry Giscard d'Estaing, the Minister of Economics and Finance, who is now. seeking the presidency ""with an en- larged majority "" today launched what he called his ""presiden- tial perspectives "" at the official beginning of the election campaign.
He strove at a press confer- ence in Strasbourg to improve bis imlge with the electors where it is generally judged weakest. The search to appeal to the middle-of-the-roadvoters, those who reject a polarization but have no champion of their own, is obviously determining both his electoral strategy and that of M Francois Mitterrand, the candidate of the -left.
M Mitterrand yesterday em- phasized the realism with which he would carry out the left's common programme, based on a strong franc. M Giscar.d d'Estaing, who has beeriFinance Minister for the past five years, highlighted social reforms.
As leader of the.Independent Republicans, he received in the past 24 hours several hard knocks from Gaullist leaders, in- cluding M Jacques Chaban- Delmas, whom the latest public opinion polls show lagging just behind the Finance Minister as the Government supporters' preference against M Mitter- rand in the first ballot.
M Giscard d'Estaing has told a
foreign audience that, if elected, .he intends to seize on France's turn to occupy the chairmansbip of the European C6mmunity's. Council of Ministers from July 1, to propose both the timetable and ""the method"" to .achieve European union by 1980. One suggestion here is that this could include proposing direct elec- tions to a Europ'ean Parliament.
Today'he declined however to give any detailed programmee, offering instead "" signposts "" to be developed in the election campaign.
He defended the "" important"" efforts already made by past governments to achieve greater justice, and went on: ""A just society must offer greater secu- rity to elderly p'eople, and then to workers and to women "". He also committed himself to mak- .ing France a more open and more equal society.
The ""nine changesl"" that were needed includedl oppor- tunities for the young and 10r women, reduction of the in. comes gap and priority to invest- ments in public transport. hos- pitals, and housing.
M Chaban-Delmas, the official Gaullist candidate, told a Gaul- list rally in Bordeaux last night that if the present energy crisis was not handled adequately, France would have tlie, worst unemployment for 40 years.
After attacking the remedies proposed by the left he said:
"" Distrust equally .those wvho justify accepting st:eply rising prices in order to preserve em-- ployment, because the cancer of inflation will. destroy every- thing, including jobs.""
* M Chaban-Delmas proposed a programme which included a state-guaranteed wage from 1975 to offset losses in earnings through ill health, death, or un- employment, tax reform, and the lessening of the present wide salary differentials.
furing a 30-month period an effort would be made to create half a million new jobs, particu- larly to aid the young coming on to the labour market.
M jean Royer, the. former Minister of Posts and Telecom- munications,. and Mayor of Tours, was speaking today in that city. He accused the Fin- ance Ministry of having acquired an "" excessive "" power. The ultimate decision on the annual budgets and the devel- opment plan must be restored to the Prime Minister, he said. If France was to fight inflation seriously a "" supplementary effort "" must now come from those with large ijncomes.
M Royer, who is the cham- pion of small shopkeepers and the ""small man"" generally, introduced another bone of con- tention likely to divide older pro-government voters by speak- ing against any liberalization of the abortion law.";"April 20, 1974";"";59069;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Giscard d'Estaing promises to turn France into a more open and equal society";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. ;M1. Rcndel
Diplomatic Corresiondent
The British Government are henceforth to take a full part in all discussions on political matters between the Six.
This means that Sir Thomas Brimelow. Deputy Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office. will join the Davignon Committee on which tihe Political Directors of the Foreign %linistries of the Six meet to concert their vie""s' on foreign policy: for instance. on the agenda or date for a conference on Euro- pean security.
The Davignon Conimittce is in .fact the machinery in embryo for evolving a, common European foreign policy. The tasks to be given to it have not been finally 'defined, but it will also be con- cerned with workine out the future political institutions of the enlarged Community.
Sir Thomas Brimelow is already the British representative on the Pennanent Council of the Western European Union (Britain and the Six) which meets fortnight1v in London for an exchange of in- formation on political questions. The WEU meetings will continue. but they do not attempt to reach common policies.
Among the deputy secretaries in the Foreign Office Sir * Thomas Brimelow w%as an obvious choice. In addition to his work in WEU,
he has spent mucih of his service in Russia and was Ambassador to Poland from 1966-69.
His experience of Eastern Europe is widely welcomed among repre- sentatives of the Six. In working out a common policy they will be primarily concerned in. the monthis ahead with' East-West relations. in particular. preparation for a Euro- pean conference and discussions on mutual and balanced reductions in forces.
The next meeting of the Davignon Committee will be in Luxembourg on February 14 and 15. In the past the Six have met on thc first day and been joined by the four candidate members on the second.
When the 'Six and candidate members met recently in Rome the British Government stated that he British Parliament had already voted massively in favour of entry to the European Community. They asked that they should join the Six in all the political discussions, once the Treaty of Accession wvas signed. This has now been agreed.
So far as is known, the other thrce candidate members. Den- mark. Norway and Ireland. have made no similar request, and since they have referenda ahead, 'their progress towards entry is less advanced than Britain's.
It appears. -therefore. that oniv Britain will be ioining the Six in their full political discussions for the present.
The Davignon Comrittee,
which so far has met four times a year to prepare for two mini- sterial meetings, is expected to have also a delicate and more long-term task. This consists of discussing liaison, between the Eurogroup of those European members of Nato whose forces are integrated in the rnilitary organization. which does not in- clude France. and members of the European Community as a whole. including France, and possibly Ireland which is not a member of Nato.
For the present, the main task of preparing the future integra- tion of the European Community in the political and ultimately defence fields will fall, therefore. Onl the Davignon Committee. The British Government would like. therefore, to havc more frequent mneetings of the Davignon Com- mittec and more than two ministerial meetings.
The ministerial meetings of WEU. which are supposed to take place every threc months. may be reduced to perhaps two this year.
There is no suggestion, how- ever. that thc WEU organization should now be whittled down. The experts who havc been con- sidering futtire institutions for Europe consider rather that the WEU machinery could well. be built on in the future since it allows both political and defence integration: and can boast a lively parliamentary assembly.
European bureaucracies, page 14";"January 28, 1972";"";58387;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain joins Six decision-making";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 10
To-day has marked the official open- ing of the last round in the fight for the ratification by the French Parlia- ment of the London and Paris agree- ments on Germany. This morning M. Pinay, the Foreign Minister, appeared before the foreign affairs committee of the Council of the Republic and pleaded strongly for unconditional ratification. This afternoon, before the foreign affairs committee of the National Assembly, he spoke on the same subject but with particular reference to the Saar.
One of the difficulties that M. Pinay has to face is that he abstained from the vote in the Assembly when the treaties were approved on first reading. He partly met this poit to-day by emphasizing that, although it was true that he abstained, be was nevertheless the Prime Minister of the Govemnment which signed the treaty for a European Defence Community .
TALKS WITH RUSSIA
In his survey before the senators' com- mission he spoke of the agreements as a starting point from which the Atlantic alliance would be strengthened. The essential aim was to link Germany with western Europe. Ratification should not be interpreted as a renunciation of negotiations with the east: NI. Pinay emphasized that the cohesion of the allies was indispensable if they were to have strength and authority in such negotiations.
On control of armaments, and in particular the French proposal for a Euro- pean arms pool, he referred to the conference of experts now proceeding between France and her partners in the Western European Union, and said that the transition period envisaged in the French proposals was the only suggestion that had been entertained up to now; the technical studies to which it had given rise showed that the apparent
difficulties could be overcome. The pos- sibility of bilateral or multilateral agreements in this field should not be excluded, M. Pinay added.
Without a German contribution to the defence of western Europe, the allies would be reduced to defending themselves on the Rhine. So far as the Atlantic alliance was concerned, "" the Americans have no need of Europe, while we have need of them."" Certain remonstrances vis-a-vis her allies could win respect for France (M. Pinay mentioned specifically the occasion, when, as Prime Minister in 1952, he rejected an American Note and thereby won great credit in the country). But continuing disagree- ment between France and her western allies ran the risk of harming her.
SIR W. CHURCHILL'S LETTER
At this point M. Pinay revealed the exist- ence ot a letter sent on January 12 by Sir Winston ChurchiU to M. Mendes-France, who was then Prime Minister. The letter underlined the importance that Britain attached to there not being an empty French chair at international conferences, with the danger that if there were it might eventually bc occupied by somne other nation.
The Foreign Minister emphasized once more that the agreements w.ould prepare the way for a reconciliation with Germany and Ifor conversations with the east, lie sug- gested that these might begin about Septem- ber or October this year.
M. Pinay is to appear again to-morrow morning before the Senate committee, to be questioned about the Saar. He appears to have said little on this to-day, except that the Frencb statement issued at the end of last week had the tacit approval of the British and United States Governments. He had a good reception from the committee and is believed to be optimistic about ratifi- cation prospects in the Senate; some of the questions asked to-day, however, suggest that there is still some lively opposition to the idea of passing the Bills without any amendment or reservation.";"March 11, 1955";"";53187;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Appeal To France";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 16']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent - BONN, Nov. 16
Today's meeting of the Western Euro- pean Union Council of Ministers was the occasion for a dramatic reassertion by Mr. Gordon Walker of Britain's belonging to Europe, and of her desire to be associated with discussions for a European political union from the start. Britain, he emphasized, was quite ready to play her fuU part in the creation of Europe; but by Europe, he meant a group of countries forming an integral pant of the Atlantic Community.
However welcome it must have been to most of the Ministers present, this state- ment seemed to toll the knell of Germany's laboriously worked out plan to get agree- ment among her Common Market part- ners for a new European political formula. Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister. made it abundantly clear that as Europe could not be fully integrated on the basis of the Six, he was entirely in favour of Britain's being in on pdltical talks from the beginninz.
The British Foreign Secretary opened the meeting with a definition of European co- operation as something far wider than the Six or Efta, even extending to the countries of eastern Europe; and he described the Western European Union as far more than a piece of machinerv to keep Britain in- formed of what was going on on the Continent.
COLLECTIVE ACTION
The W.E.U., he said, was not just an organization of the Six plus Britain: it was a meeting of seven member countries-a definition which Dr. Schrdder, the German Foreign Minister, fully endorsed at a press conference afterwards.
Mr. Gordon Walker stated unequivocally that Britain wanted to helt the W.E.U. to do a real job. It should try to tet more colilective action and more coUlective Policies. This had been the view of the maioritY when, in July, 1963, it had backed the German proposal to breathe new life in-to the W.E.U. mnachinery, to overcome the situation created by the breakdown of te talks on Britain's entry into the Common Market. But the record since then had been extremely disappointing. The potentialities of the W.E.U. had by no mneans been exploited so far.
The Foreign Scoretary had said earler that Britain did not want to be-a suppliant begging for admittance at the closed door of Europe nor did she want to appear to exercise a veto on political discussions by the Six. But she wanted to be in on them from the beginning.
He expressed regret that the German plan for a revival of negotiations on politi- cal union had excluded Britain in the initial phase. Close cooperation, after all. hc maintained, between Britain and the E.E.C. d*d not depend only on Britain but on the other countries of Europe as well.
FRENCH COMMEINT
M. Habib Deloncle, the French Secretary of State, deputizing for M. Couve de Mur- ville, had to be urged by Dr. Schroder, who was in the chair, to put forward the French view. Finally, he declared reluctantly that there was little new in what had been said, though some of the ideas put forward by Mr. Gordon Walker were interesting and would have to be examined more closely in Paris.
The German Foreign Minister is under- stood to have cmphasized that the German proposals for political union were not in- tended to exclude Britain from the talks;
but there werc many difficulties, he pointed out, to be overcome by the Six before they could see clearly which way they wae heading. There was no point in bringing in Britain before they had reached that stage.
The Ministers' meeting also gave Mr. Gordon Walker the opportunity to restate Britain's unequivocal position on Berlin and the Gerinan question, and the new Government's firm intention-to stand fuUy by all their obligations on Berlin and German unity.";"November 17, 1964";"";56171;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Wish For Part In Unity Talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, MARcH 21 1 Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign -Secretary, said on arrival at Dulles Inter- national Airport, outside Washingtoa, this afternoon that the basis for negotia- tions on Vietnam did not yet seem to exist. Britain recognized the position and the responsibilities of the United States in South Vietnam and. like all humane people, wished to see this cruel war ended. A proper basis for negotia- tion, however, must be consistent with hunm'an dignity and freedom, and such a basis did not now seem to exist.
The Foreign Secretary was reluctant to give any overall assessment of the Vietnam situation until he had talked to the Administration here, but he said he hoped to confer with President John- son. Other subjects he would cover here during his two-day visit included the Middle East, the organizational prob- lems of the Atlantic alliance and the topics he had discussed on his recent visit to Bonn and the Western European Union meeting in Rome.
With U Thant, the United Nations Secretary-General, whom he is to see in New York later in the week, he would be discussing the future of the United Nations and ways to get it out of its present difficulties. In reply to a ques- tion, he said he did not fully agree with U Thant about Vietnam.
NO FLEXIBILITY
T he talks which Mr. Stewart will begin tomorrow with Mr. Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State, will naturally start from Mr. Gromyko's London visit. The Administration would be interested to hear, for example, if there were any nuances in what the Soviet representa- tive said about Vietnam that have not percolated through the usual channels. Apparently there were not, and Mr. Gromyko's attitude on most other ques- tions was apparently equally unyielding.
He is reported to have shown no flexibility on the issue of United Nations financing and his promises on disarma- ment were of the vaguest sort.
The Foreign Secretary is bringing with him Mr. Robert Crawford, who specializes in the Foreign Office on Middle East problems, and it is here that some important contingency planning is expected to be done. Apart from the precarious situation in Cyprus, where the report of the United Nations representative is awaited with anxiety, Mr. Stewart is said to be keen to consider the dispute between the Arabs and Israel over the division of the Jordan waters.
GERMAN TENSION
The new tension which has arisen over west German policy in the Middle East provides the focus for concerting Anglo-American policy in the area, although the era of public declarations to this effect is past. Nor is there much that can be actively done about Yemen or South Arabia, but Mr. Stewart will have an opportunity to sound out the American view.
For those who believe in omens, a good, diplomatic start has been made to the visit by distinguishing the Foreign Secretary from Mr. Michael Stewart, the Charge d'Affaires at the British Embassy, who has retreated behind the initials M.N.F. If there were likely to be much talk about the alliance's nuclear problems, these initials might have to be changed but for the moment there is little to be said about the A.N.F., the M.L.F., or variations thereof.
It is expected that a conference will be held fairly soon at which intei-ested members of the alliance can discuss the various proposals now on the table. This may await the outcome of Mr. Wilson's visit to President de Gaulle on April 1, but in any case there is little at issue now between the United States and Britain on this subject.";"March 22, 1965";"";56276;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Stewart Arrives In America";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"InInterrogator,interrogated, speaker, listener: four moods of Presidett Pompidou during yesterday's television press conference at Ithe Elysee Palace. The one element common to all four moods was buoyancy.
M Pompidou shows he is firmly at the helm
From Charles Hargrove
Paris, Sept 27
President Pompidou's tele- vised press conference at the Elysee Palace today assured milions of Frenchmen that he was firmly at the helm and knew how to achieve his aims, both in foreign policy and home affairs.
The reassurance was much needed after a silence of nine mdnths, broken only by occasional "" little phrases"" dropped at Cabinet meetings, during which concern had grown about his health.
The President was firm on the retention of national independ- ence and the pursuit of nuclear advances to ensure it. He ex- pressed loyalty to France's allies but, at the same time, readiness to cooperate with everyone; dedication to the cause of Euro- pean union; and especially determination to place himself at the service of his countrv "" as long as it requires me"".
There was nothing particularly new in all this-no striking initiative in the European or domestic fields, as many had hoped-but it needed to be said.
Underlying M Pompidou's statements was his sharp scepti- cism which refuses to take good intentions in world affairs at their face value. He insisted on Gaullism - but a Gaullism adapted to cope with ever-chang- ing developments.
He said: ""I am not a man obsessed by Germany, contrary to what the German press Writ2s. I believe the reconcili- ation and friendship between France and Germany is a funda- mnental and essential element of stability in Europe. It must re-' main an essential element of the policy of both couintries.""
M Pompidou favoured more frequent meetings of heads of state if they could promote Euro- pean union. There would only by a true European union when there was a European policy.
Contrary to the general belief, France was not hostile to it.
"" If one feels that political co- operation, to progress faster, should occasionally be handled at the level of heads of state and them alone, I am in favour not of taking the initiative but of discussion with our partners.""
As for democratic control, until there was a real European executive, there could not be a r-eal European Parliament. The Strasbourg assembly could deve- lop its activities, but this marked their limits, the President declared.
As for European regional policy, France had taken a positive attitude towards it at the Paris summit. "" It is a matter for discussion and I will not show my hand today; but we will not necessarily be fierce about it.
""It will depend on the two partners (Britain and France) and on their meetings."" But it was not true, to say that France
had been the principal bene- ficiary of the common agricultural policy-and the President produced figures to support this contention.
Smiling, he added that Britain should acknowledge that the rise in world prices mneant that a country could- feed itself more cheaply in the Community than on world markets.
""We should not reckon sou by sou, should we, like the Scots or the Auvergnats, and see which has made most or lost most. We have all made some- thing from it. - That is why Britain and other countries wished to enter.""
* The rapprochement between the United States and Russia raised problems. Could it lead to a kind of condominium of Europe ?
""We are told it will not, but must consider all hypotheses. France must therefore remain vigilant and preserve a defence of its own.""";"September 28, 1973";"";58899;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West Europe";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harprove
Paris, June 19
M Michel Jobert, the French Poreign Minister, in his first foreign policy statement to the National Assembly, said today that this year the problem of the defence of Europe would un- derlie discussions both inside and outside Europe.
"" Fundamentally this Europe -the Europe of the Nine-is a disarmed Europe "", he said. "" True, there are national armies equipped with conventional armaments. There is, in addition, the French nuclear deterrent, free from any strings. There is the British nuclear deterrent, backed, within Nato, by Ameri- can resources.
""It remains none the less a fact that, France apart, Europe does not, in matters of defence, enjoy autonomy.""
When the United States pro- posed to the countries assembled in the Atlantic alliance, and especially to the Nine, a discus- sion on the aims of the alliance and on reshaping it, it was the defence factors which would be decisive. "" When the United States asks itself questions about its military presence in Europe; when it wishes the advantages afforded its partners in this res- pect to be compensated else- where-I mean on the commer- cial plane-the European coun- tries know well enough that the real debate, the real problem, is that of their security "", M Jobert said.
The strategic arins limitation negotiations and those on the mutual balanced reduction of forces were likely to affect deeply the conditions of Euro- pean security. France was absent from the second negotia- tions because it did not intend to condone, in a Europe already so deeply divided, the establish- ment of "" a zone with a special status which would itself be a new factor of division, at least for Western Europe "".
There was a danger that the negotiations would finally in- volve France's own forces and armaments, which the French intended to maintain free from any liability. As France con- sidered that the negotiations could imperil Western defence, is was even more essential to see that the talks could not affect France's own capacity to defend its national territory.
""The future of Europe, and the difficult conditions under which it is being shaped at pre- sent-between the temptations of the super powers to settle through their discussions the division of world responsibilities and the still fragile cohesion of the Nine-fully justify the efforts undertaken by France to ensure its own defence "", he said.
""It is necessary, in the light of this fact, to appreciate at its true value the campaign against French nuclear tests: the ex- pression of a certain policy
which wants to assert itself in the Pacific, and probably of another policy which refuses to allow France the possibility of a nuclear deterrent.
"" Knowiing this, how could we be diverted from a national un- dertaking, contemplated back in 19$0, which today ensures our security and a greater weight for our country in tough inter- national negotiations? ""
In his exhaustive survey of French policy M Jobert placed special emphasis on the prob- lems of European unity.. It was striking that a minister who has acquired something of a reputa- tion at international meetings for a sceptical, even ironical, turn of mind should brush aside the. delays and disappointments on the path to unity.
"" If one is willing not to tarry over day-to-day events, but to look at. things in the. perspec- tive of the past three years, what impartial observer can say that the European idea has not progressed, not only in the texts but also in the mind of the pub- lic and in the spirit of a genera- tion which knows that Europe is one of the fundamental condi- *tions of its peace ? "" he said.
""No one forgets here, I hope, the appointment which has been made for 1980 which, by the will of the peoples, I am sure, and by the combined and tena- cious effort of governments, will be the year of European union.""
NZ ban on ships, page 7";"June 20, 1973";"";58813;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West Europe";""
"['By JOHN HENNESSY']";"['News']";"Mr. Noel Watson, chaiman of the F.A. disciplinary commit-
tee, leaving Millwall's ground
yesterday.
By JOHN HENNESSY
Celtic Football Club took the unprecedented step yesterday of imposing a fine of f250 on each of the players who took part in the match against Racing Club of Argentina in Montevideo last Saturday.
On the other hand, Racing Club's team are to be rewarded with a new car each, United Press lInternational reports f rom San- tiago. Besides this, each player in the team has received a total of more than £2,000 during the championship.
With the Football Association also fining Millwall fl,000 for crowd misbehaviour at a recent match, it was a day of football retribution in Britain.
Mr. Kelly, chairman of Celtic, emphasized that the whole club took the responsibility from the chairman downwards. He said: - We appreciate that this game was a
great shock to everyone from a team which has established such a wonderful reputation for eisci- pline that they should fall so badly from grace on this occasion . . . We feel that for our reputation and
for the reputation of British foot- ball the players must suffer tor their conducL
The players concerned were W. McNeill, R. Auld. J. Clark, J. Craig, J. Fallon, T. Gemrnell, W. Hughes, J. Johnstone, R. Lennox, R. Murdoch, and W. Wallace.
Lennox, Johnstone, Hughes and Auld were sent off by the referee, but Auld did not, in fact, leave the field.
McNeil, voice of integrity
In view of the acrimony heaped upon them since Saturday, and particularly since the television recording shown bv B.B.C. on Monday, it is only fair to report that the players have taken their medicine like men.
There was not a letter out of place in the statement issued after- wards by McNeill, the captain.
He said: "" It is never pleasant to be fined, but I speak on behalf of all the players when I say that any decision taken by the club must be respected and acted upon "".
It was the voice of integrity, for by all accounts McNeill was innocent of any misbehaviour, except in not calling his men to order.
The matter cannot end there, for no domestic decision taken by Celtic can relieve the Scottish Football Association of their re- sponsibility to take action. They can hardly fail to, when millions of Britons. watching television, saw the sickening goings on.
For the moment. though, Celtic ""have set a shining ex- ample to every club in the country which is not prepared to put up with bad conduct on the field of play "". These are the words Mr. Ken Aston. a member of the referees' committee of F.I.F.A. (International Football Federa- tion). They will be echoed by all those who want to see football throw off its tarnished image.
Millwal penalty is highest
The fine on Millwall for an inci- dent at their ground on October 14 when the referee was jostled by spectators and had to be carried from the field, is the highest im- posed on a Football League club for disciplinary reasons.
The statement by the three-man commission. led by Mr. Noel Watson, said they had "" taken note of proposals put forward by the club, to ensure greater protection for players and officials ""
Millwall declined to enlarge on the proposed changes. In view of their past record of misdemea- nour many will regard them as fortunate not to have bad their ground closed for. the third time since the war.
The European Union Football Association, who did not send a representative to the game in Montevideo, have asked the Scot- tish F.A. for a full report.
Mr. John Johnston. Lord Pro- vost of Glasgow, refused yesterday to advise Celtic not to play an exhibition mnatch in Bulawayo, jhodesia. next summer.";"November 10, 1967";"";57095;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Celtic fine players £250 each";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, Feb. 10
It is questionable whether the new strategy developed at Lux- embourg last week by Mr. Michael Stewart and Signor Nenni, the Italian Foreign Minister, with the outright support of their Dutch, Belgian, and Luxembourg col- leagues, to circumvent the French veto and bring Britain into closer association with the Continent can really gain enough momentum to justify the hopes placed in it in London.
What is not questionable is that it marks a further deterioration in Franco-British relations. These will take yet another turn for the worse if the Foreign Secretary does go ahead-as everything indicates --with the plan he announced at Luxembourg for calling a meeting of the permanent representatives of Western European Union in London to discuss the situation in the Middle East. The French Am- bassador will certainly be in- structed to remain absent.
The stage has been reached where many people on this side of the Channel ask themselves how bad Franco-British relations really have to become before, for reasons of evident logic and self- interest, they start getting better. The distrust and lack of com- munication between the two gov- ernments is such that any move by one, not only with regard to Europe, is immediately suspected by the other of concealing some ulterior motive.
To French observers, the new strategy of Mr. Stewart and Signor Nenni onlv makes sense on the assumption that enough pressure can be built up by Britain and five members of the Common Market to induce France to accept a cooperation with Britain within the W.E.U. that she reiected in 1963 and 1967 within the Common Market, and so to allow of Britain entering the Common Market bv the back door.
The same strategy was attempted after the second British applica-
tion in 1967. Then the offensive was fio,ntal. Now it is indirect. It failed on the first occasion be- cause west Germany refused to back Britain's candidature to the extent of provoking a crisis in. Franco-Gernan relations. The only outcome of the second appli- cation was a crisis within the Common Market.
There is no reason to believe that west Germany's attitude will be any different this time, in spite of the strains which its relations with Paris are now undergoing, because of French insistence that it is high time Germany acknowledges cer- tain unpalatable realities of her position in Europe. A federal Europe without France makes even less sense. in the German view, than a federal Europe with Britain.
General de Gaulle has in the past shown himself little amenable to argumfent on the necessity of British membership, and he is even less open to compulsion. But he has been known to change his mind even on important issues on which it seemed quite set. Given time, certain developments in Europe and in the balance of forces on the Continent, and in Britain, membership of the E.E.C. need not be ruled out. But is a kind of political enveloping move- ment, with a weak link in the middle, likely to make any impression on General de Gaulle. other than to stiffen his resistance ?
A possibilitv is the direct ap- proach. The Dutch and Belgians might be suspicious but the Ger- mans would be immensely relieved.
Our Diplomatic Correspondent weites: Mr. Stewart has asked the W.E.U. secretariat in London to call a meeting on Friday to dis- cuss the Middle East and any other business. as arranged in Luxembourg last week. Late last night there was still no reply from the French Government to say whether a French representative would attend.";"February 11, 1969";"";57482;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French unyielding on WEU plan";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
-Luxembourg, Feb. 7
Britain and France were in con- flict at today's meeting of the Western European Union after Lord Chalfont, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, said that Colonel Ojukwu, the Biafran leader, was the real obstacle both to a negotiated settlerient and to relief operations.
M. Jean de Lipkowski, the French Secretary of State for For- eign Affairs, replied that the ob- stacles did not all come from the Biafran side. A French hospital in Biafra had twice been bombed by the Federal Nigerian forces. he stated.
M. de Lipkowski told the meet- ing that Biafra was a reality, and the Federal Goverrnment had shown itself powerless to reduce it. He deplored the fact that no settle- ment had been possible and said that in the meantime emergency relief was necessary. He pointed out that France had organized an airlift for this purpose from Libre- ville in Gabon. and that it would soon be organizing a national day on. Biafra.
In his statement Lord Chalfont said the war was primarily an African problem, an d the Africans did not we{come European inter- ference. Britain had tried to bring the two sides together at the recent Commonwealth conference, but the Biafrans had 'been unwilling to cooperate. Anyone who had any influence with them should try to persuade them to stop using starvation for political and mili- tary purposes. Colonel Ojukwu was concealing his nightly aTms airlift bebind the fagade of relief flights. Lord Chalfont said.
The meeting also heard an appeal from Signor Mario Zagari, the Italian State Secretary for Foreign Affairs. for a total embargo on arms deliveries to Nigeria and Biafra. Signor Zagari added that W.E.U. should take the initiative in trying to bring about a cease-fire.
In the discussion on the Middle East, Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, said that there
was something basically construc- tive in the recent Soviet memo- randum. Britain could not accept the strongly anti-Israel line that the Soviet Union had taken in an oral communication, and consi- dered that details in the memo- randum still needed to be clari- fied, but it did not intend to get into polemics about it.
Mr. Stewart also welcomed the French proposal for a four-power meeting, particularly as it envis- aged a meeting in a United Nations context. He had no doubt that U Thant, the United Nations Secretary-General, or Dr. Gunnar Jarring, the United Nations special emissary, could be associated with the meeting at some point.
Yesterday Mr. Stewart said that he would be calling a meeting on the Middle East in London, prob- ably next week. It seemed clear here today that France's five Com- mon Market partners would be taking part in the meeting, regard- less of whether France was present. French sources said France would not be present, but there was some expectation in other circles that it would finally agree to take part.
Tlhe meeting on the Middle East was seen as the first of a series of possible meetings to discuss Euro- pean attitudes on foreign policy issues. Dr. Joseph Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister. said today that he did not rule out a comparable meeting on Biafra in the next week or two. As one observer pointed out today, France's partners appeared to be prepared to have political consultations with Britain-something they had re- fused in the past to have with France.
The crucial question is whether France will !be prepared to accept anything of this sort-and, whether west German doves remain as strong as they seem to have been these past two days. As things stand at present, others appear to have evaded a possible French veto by making the consultations sufficiently informal and the ques- tion will be whether Paris will be anxious not to be Jeft out.";"February 8, 1969";"";57480;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British clash with France on Biafra";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT', 'Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The council of permanent representatives of the Western European Union met yesterday at its London headquarters under the chairmanship of Mr. Iweins d'Eeckhoutte, the organization's Belgian secretary-general. Bri- tain was represented by Lord Hood, Deputy Under-Secretarv at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
The significant fact about the meeting was that it was attended by the ambassadors of all the member nations except France. The French Government has decided to bovcott all W.E.U. meetings since the Soames affair and it now appears that the meet- ings* will go on without her.
In general, there seems to be agreement that if France remains absent decisions will and can legally be taken without her, as the council's work has to be orga- nized so as to enable it to func- tion continuously.
Decisions normally have to be taken unanimously, but a com- mittee has been set up to advise on certaid difficult points of pro- 'cedure which will arise if France continues to be absent. and where, for instance, decisions have to be taken specificallY by a two-thirds majority.
The Italians have been particu- larIy robust after a speech to the Senate in Reme by Signor Nenni, the'Foreign Minister, on Tuesday
in which he declared that the claim by Fraiice to a veto over the activi- ties of W.E.U. was neither legally nor politicaUv tenable.
The council yesterday also dis- cussed one political question-the attitude of W.E.U. members to the decision of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. that Greece should be ex- Pelled. This will be furtber dis- cussed bv the W.E.U. council at its next meeting. which was fixed yesterday for Mlarch 12, when the Nigerian question is also to be considered.
Charles Hargrove
wrote from
rans yesterday:
General de Gaulle made no statement on the "" Soames affair "" at today's meeting of the French Cabinet. The Ministecrs heard a report by M. Debre, the Foreign Minister. of how the affair evolved. No details were given to the press.
The Minister of Information nierely enmphasized, in answer to a question that two days after his meeting with the General on Feb- ruary 4. Mr. Christopher Soames. the British Ambassador, had seen M. Debr; and had ""been given all the necessary indications about the full significance of his conver- sation with the President of the Republic "".
In other words, there could not remain any doubt afterwards in the ambassador's mnind about the nature of General de Gaulle's
"",reflections "" on the future of Europe or of his readiness to have direct conversations with Mr. Wil- son on the subject.
The General's silence today, to- gether with the Minlister of Infor- mation's reticence about M. Debre's statement, confirms the view that the French Government is deliberately abstaining from addhig any fuel to the flames of Franco-British discord.
""You know the French stand- point"". the Minister of Informa- tion said: ""In no form whatever was approval given by any French authority to the version drawn up by the staff of Mr. Soamies of his conversation with General de Gaulle."" There had been no minutes of the conversation. "" and for our part we shall continue to respect the rules in use, which bave perhaps been forgotten'.
Perhaps General de Gaulle feels that Sir Alec Douglas-Home, in the Commons debate yesterday, reminded the Foreign Secretary Of what these rules were as effectively as anyone on this side of the Channel could have wished.
'Mr. Wilson's diplomatic methods are strongly criticized in the Commons"" is the headline ia Le Monde over its correspondent's report of the debate. "" The Tories reproach Mr. Wilson with violat- ing diplomatic secrecy "", the left- wing newspaper Combat writes.
De Gaule row hides Britain's readiness to talk, page 3.";"February 27, 1969";"";57496;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France only WEU absentee";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
Paris, Dec. 9 The seven members of Western European Union (Britain and the six Common Market countries) are now very close to a solution of the dispute which has led France to boycott meetings of the Council of Ministers and the per- mianent council of the organiza- tion since last Febeuary, Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, told the WEU Assembly in Paris today.
Mr. Harmel, who was report- ing to the assemblv in his capacitv as chairman of the Council o;f Ministers. said that he had sent ,written proposals to the seven governments four days ago after some ` encouraging contacts"" with them.
""We are waiting with confi- dence for their reply "", he said.
' The seven states know very well, I think, that they naiv_ just come much cioser together.
"" They know very well ti;at in six months' time all the th.mes of their whole range of coopera- tion will be negotiated ieLwe'en them. As a result, the leg-ti dis- pute is today less important than the political will to move torward together. The Council of Mini- sters of W.E.U. will give proof of this, I hope, without delay.""
Mlr. Harmel did not disclose the details of the compr<omise which he has proposed to the seven governments, but it is be- lieved that it would involve a tacit acceptance of the French view that the agenda must be agreed unanimously where formal meetings of the council are concerned, coupled with an agrcement to hold informal meet- ings. attended only by the Ministers themselves and their deputies, at wihich each member would have the right to initiate discussions on any subject.
The dispute arose in February when France refused to attend a special meeting of the council called at the suggestion of the British to dis.uss the crisis in
the Middle EasL The French maintained that the council's meetings had no legal validity unless the agenda were unanimously agreed.
Mr. Harmel's speech came near the end of a debate on "" W.E.U. and the political union of Europe "", during which Mr. Geoffrey Rippon, the British Shadow Defence Minister. said that the Conservative Party favoured "" a separate and distinct European defence capability- nuclear as well as conventional- that can and should be an integral part of the defence of the tree world, but which gives an inde- pendent influence to Europe"".
This view was opposed by certain Labour members, both British and Dutch, who argued that to create a European nuc:ear force would be "" an act of unwisdom. unless it was done within the Nato umbrella'.
Mr. Rippon also tried to re- assure the French that there had never been any question of ""Britain seeking to use W.E.U. as a back door into the Common Market "". M. Edmond Nessler, a French Gaullist, had given a warning against using W.E.U. to accelerate negotiations be- tween Britain and the Common Market, arguing that since the Treaty of Rome economic prob- lems were no longer within the scope of W.E.U.
MI. Nessler suggested that all that was needed to solve the dis- pute over the council was to return to the status quo before February. He also argued that the agreement at The Hague did not involve any change in French policy, pointing out the similarities between it and the agreement reached by the Six at Bad Godesberg in 1961 in the presence of General de Gaulle.
The subsequent negotiations had failed, he said, not because of anv lack of good will on France's part but mainly because of the Nassau defence agreement between Britain and the United States.";"December 10, 1969";"";57739;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French boycott of WEU expected to end soon";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"In Brussels it has been the week of the victimized oyster, the -tattooed pet and the campaign for real chocolate. The EEC, with its uncanny expertise at shooting itself in its own feet, has been busy grabbing the headlines with its undoubted sillinesses.
Coming at a time when the Community is, so they say, being infiltrated by the Mafia and when it has been found incompetently handing out money to non-existent Tame- side factories, these Euro-lunacy stories are surely confirming-the popular British prejudice against all things associated with the Treaty of Rome.
While the BBC's Today programme ho-hos its way through the idea of marking animals with a Eurocode so that 'their owners can idenitiry. them more easily if they are lost, the cartoonists roll up with mirth at the very idea of a British stamp without the Queen's head on it. The undisputed view is that if it comes out of Brussels it is I probably mad and expensive and undeniably hilarious.
In consequence public and hence politicians have a gut reaction to reject and revile a great deal that comes out of Brussels without paying it the compliment of trying to under- stand it.
Many critics have been more influenced by the ridiculous story that one Euro MP was camrpaingning against cruelty to oysters, than by the fact that the Community has just agreed to spend a further £226 million on helping Britain's depressed regions.
Those who were quick to sneer at the idea that a stamp should be Queenless never thought how convenient it would be to be able to buy stamps in Brighton to stick on holiday postcards mailed in Brindisi. Those who said tattooing cats was barbaric never considered that the scheme had been functioning well in France for years.
But this automatic popular rejection of the EEC is danger- ous, given that Britain is now
inextricably part of it. It means that politicians and even some governmment ministers do not bother to find out what is going on, leaving the civil servants with huge responsibility over decisions and negotiations, well beyond the wildest extrava- gence of Yes Minister.
At the moment a very nice negotiation is going on in comparative secrecy over what, if any, institutional improve- ments or changes should be brought in to make the com- munity run better. The negotiat- ing committee is due to put forward a report for decision by the summit meeting. But already Britain is being villified in some countries for its refusal to agree to a new Treaty of European Union, giving the European Parliament more powers and an equal say in decision-making. -
Mr Malcolm Riflkind, junior Minister at the Foreign Office, is the British representative on this negotiating committee, and he needs all his habitual coolness to keep his head amongst the Euro-enthusiasm which is reportedly being generated in it - And his job must be made doubly difficult by the suspicions among his own countrymen of what he may or may not be doing.
Mr Rifkind, if he sticking to the traditional brief prepared by some of the very best British civil servants, will be arguing that what is needed is not new treaty, but a will to make the existing treaty workc. He will be arguing for better consultation and conciliation with the European Parliament - before and not after decisions are taken. He will be arguing for more majoritv voting where vital national interests are not at stake.
and he will be holding out against writing a new treaty with grandiose words, which ultimately mean nothing. Words like that have given the Community a bad name and make it an easy target for the cartoonists.
Ian Murray I";"January 28, 1985";"";62047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David. Cross
Brussels, Oct 24
The European Community's 160 million voters would go to the polls during the first week- =end of May 1980, to choose 355 members for the first directly electeTh European Parliament under new draft plans unveiled in-Brussels today.
The proposals, drawn up by a Duitch member of the Parlia- menit, Mr Schelte Patijn, are designed to put some flesh on EEC aspirations for the elec- tion by direct universal suf- frage of European parliamen- tarians. The draft convention wlhich Mr Patijn has produced has received wide support from other European MPs and its broad outlines are expected to be approve.d by the Assem- bly as a whlole in the near future.
Its timing is of considerable significance, as the whole ques- tion of the future role of the Parliament, including direct elections, could come up at the proposed European summit conterence in D'ecember. There are growing signs of a change of heart by the French Govern-. ment, which blocked earlier attempts to make the Euro- pean Parliament a more demo- cratic and powerful body.
At a press conference in Brussels today, Mr Patijn said there were three main prob- lems concerning the content of a convention on direct elections to thie European Parliament. These were the electoral proce-
dure which should be used in the member states, links with national parliaments, including the difficult problem of dual mandates for MPs, and the number of members -there should be in any directly elected body.
Although all nine -member countries shared the principle of universal, free, equal and sec- ret elections, national electoral systems varied considerably in. detail; Mr Patijn said. In some countries, for example, voters were allowed to vote at 18 and in others at 21i, in some coun- tries voting was compulsory and in others it was optional..
In view of these differences, he was recommending -that member states. :should be free to use their own electoral svs- tems in any direct elections to the European Parliament. But. the date of the elections would be synchronized and the man- date for European MPs set at five years. He had chosen 1980 because this was the earliest practical date elections could take place and because it coinl- cided with the target date for European union.
On the question of the Euro- pean Parliament's future rel. ations with nationial parlia- ments, Mr Patijn said there was general agreement that links between these bodies should be maintained. Neverthe- less, although he thought it should be possible for Euro- pean parliamentarians to hold a national mandate as well as
a European mandate, it should not be compulsory.
He hoped that natiojnal par-' liaments would take measures in both their own interests and in .the European interest to- facilitate the work of members who- wished to retain their. national mandate, so that they vould be able to carry out their Euronean duties
This couid be achieved, he suggested, by releasing Euro- pean MPs from active partici- pation in national parliaments or by delegating their voting rights in their national parlia- ment to colleagues.
On the. delicate question of the number of seats in a directly- elected Parliament, Mr Patijn said he favoured a rel- atively small increase in mem- bership from the present 198 to 355 members. This would make the Parliament more representative of the Com- munity's 250 million inhabi- tants, but\ would not make it too cumbersome or. overrepre- sented for the relatively light workload it had to fulfil.
He had calculated his figures on the basis of population in the various member colntries, but without any reduction in the present number of any member country's represent- atives. Under his proposed scheme West Germany would be entitled to 71 members, Britain to 67, Italy 66, France 65, the Netherlands 27, Bel- gium 23, Denmark 17, Ireland 13 and Luxembourg six.";"October 25, 1974";"";59227;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan for direct elections in 1980 likely to be approved by the European Parliament";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 23
Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, the Bridsh High. Commissioner, addressing the Foreign Press Association at Bad Godesberg to-day, advised Germans and Europeansl generally to think less about the form of i British interest in Europe and more about. the substance. "" We have not only al commitment to fight in Europe,"" he said, "" but have actually stationed in Germany to-day a larger and more effective military force than any west European country and a very substantially larger air force. Our commitments to Europe are definite and undisputed, but you will see that the emphasis has changed.""
The High Commissioner recalled that earlier in the century British policy had encouraged nationalism and the building of small nations. Since then there had been a change in fashion. To-day they believed in abandoning national- ism and in huilding up large blocs. During his period of service in the Foreign Office a radical change had taken place. Formerly it was complained that Britain was too little interested in Europe. What was the position to-day ? Britain had about 850,000 men per- manently under arms, and compulsory military service for two years, which was a longer period than that of any other west European country.
REMOVING FRICTION
Too much attention was directed to the form instead of the substance. He recalled Mr. Churchill's statement in Washington that! Britain was committed to an effort which was two-thirds that of Europe combined and that 11 we do not accept the reproaches for alleged failure to support the European cause."" Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick spoke of the sincere British desire for a Franco-German understanding. and of the great effort which the British had made to remove elements of friction with the Germans.
When he first came to Germany as High Commissioner there was a long list of specific grievances-dismantling, disarmament, restric- tions on shipbuilding, and Heligoland. He thought it was true to say that there was no Anglo-German difference which had not been settled. Whatever differences remained were those between the allies and the Germans.
In considering the position of Germany as an equal partner in the western association. it was important to remember that equality did not necessarily mean uniformity. There was a tendency in Germany to confuse the issue.
The Americans and the British, in particu- lar,"" the High Commissioner said, "" have em- barked on a revolutionary course in stationing in peace-time a vast body of troops on German territory. and we have therefore got to ensure the security of these troops."" Referring to the negotiations for the conclusion of contractual agreements with the Federal Government, he said that progress was inevitably slow, but "" it is no good trapping the other man into ill- considered concessions.""
""BALKANS OF EUROPE""
The High Commissioner said in reply to questions that he did not think that Germany, by reason of her economic resources and the industry of her people, would become pre- dominant in any European union. It was true that Germany had become the Balkans ol Europe, but, if Europe were put into the frame- work of the Atlantic community, the predomi- nance of one country was of no more conse- quence than "" the well-known predominance of Texas in the United States.""
In regard to war criminals, he said that there was no particular reason why stones should be thrown at the British. The total number of prisoners at Werl, in the British zone, was 150: at Landsberg, in the United States zone, it was about 400: and at Wittlich, in the French zone. it was about 600. It would be "" monstrous "" if the case of Manstein were singled out for special consideration just because he had many friends to support his cause.";"January 24, 1952";"";52217;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Stake In Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Owvn Correspondent
.AIZ IJue; a
M Michel Debre, the Defence Minister, held out little hope of any evolution of the French Gov- ernment's opposition to a Euro- pean defence organization in his speech to the Western European Union Assembly today.
Defence must be national in order to be credible; he declared in substance, as nothing could be achieved in this field without patriotism. His hostility to any form of integration or suprana- tionality, he emphasized was well known.
He even went a step further and rejected the defence com- mittee's proposal submitted by its rapporteur, M Bernard Des- tremau, an Independent Repub- lican, for the creating of a con- sultative committee to consist of chiefs of staff of WEU member countries within the framework of the Atlantic alliance. Reply- ing to a question by Lord Glad- wyn, AM Debre said that this would lead to placing European defence within the framework of an integrated Atlantic defence.
""It is an old-affair, but it is always new"", he said. ""If the Atlantic alliance remains always new and France is ready* to assume its obligations under it, integration is ruled out, and all orientations or - organizations which directly or indirectly seek to restore it cannot be counten- anced by France. What would meetings of chiefs of staff mean
if France were to defend the pursuit of its deterrent alone?
""Our paths in defence are contrary. Before we can asso- ciate usefully, these disagree- ments must be overcome. As for cooperation between Britain and France in the nuclear field, we know the impossibility of going beyond mere. words.""
This is the fourth time in the past few days that M Debre has emphasized the French Government's standpoint on European defence. Some observers think that his restate- ment of the pure Gaullist, doc- trine has something of a valedictory flavour. Perhaps he feels the need to place it solemnly on record againse the. time, which might come after the general election, when he is no longer Minister of Defence.
""The absence, of any major opposition between Russia and the United States enables Europe to cease henceforth to be the closed field of the cold wvar "", M Debre went on. ""In these conditions, the* common effort of economic and socidi development can go ahead if there is the will on the part of the European nations to emphasize an independent pOliCy. It is, in many ways, an historic chance to be grasped.""
But he added: ""If the Euro- pean nations must continue to lay emphasis on a policy of defence, the reason is that they~ have to emphasize the
value of vigilance in relation to the objectives of detente and entente (with Eastern Europe) that they are seeking to achieve.""
The minister went on: ""we consider that, if defence is to be credible, it must retain a national character..: . It would be dangerous from the stand- point of the defence of Euro. pean nations and of their capacity to weaken or' destroy national patriotism, which nothing would replace, because each nation has fundamental in- terests for which it must assume responsibility on pain of losing its legitimacy"".
The French defence policy was an elemlent of stability and security in rEurope. M Debre expressed surprise that France's neighbours should not appfeci- ate the need for tests ""so neces- sary to modernize our nuclear deterrent "".
To Dame Joan Vickers, who asked whether France intended to discuss next year's pro- 'gramme of, tests with Australia and New Zealand, he' replied that the question was outside the competence of - the WEU assembly. For the nations of Western Europe to. abandon their determination to defend themselves was, in the last
ranalysis, to give up the- attempt to take part in the fundamental discussions on Europe's future.";"December 7, 1972";"";58651;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M Debré bars integrated defence";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 17']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 17
The Bonn meeting of the Council of Ministers of Western European Union, which came to an end this afternoon after dealing with economic items has undoubtedly in German eyes established the reputation of Mr. Gordon Walker as-in the words of a member of the German delegation-a sensitive and sensible exponent of the continuity of British foreign policy and as a man of both forcefulness and tact, who suc- seeded in removing any persisting reservations in the minds of the Federal Government about the British Labour Government's aims in Europe.
The vigour of Britain's interest in Euro- pean unity and in the proposed Nato multi- lateral nuclear force came to the Federal Government as sornething of a surprise. Satisfaction over this positive approach, which accords fully with the conception of a wider, outward-lookins Europe held by Dr. Erbard, the Federal Chancellor, and Dr. Schroder, his Foreign Minister, must inevitably be somewhat mixed because the complete recasting of the multilateral force (which no one herc doubts any more) means possibly more delay than the Federal Gov- ernment would have wished and there are strong misgivings about the looser form which Britain would like to impose on the whole project.
NOTHING SINISTER
Mr. Gordon Walker has. bowever, at least succeeded in dispelling any suspicion that the British Government's unexpectedly forceful attitude on both counts concealed some sinister or disruptive purpose. Britain, he said. wanted to take vart in both the political talks and the multilateral force because she wished them to succeed.
Admittedly, the prospects for the talks on European political union are dim. Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister, indi- cated at yesterday's session that his Gov- ernment was waiting for just such a state- ment of princiDle on the part of Britain as
,-Mr. Gordon Walker. had made gt-order to excuse its lack of enthusiasm for the Gcrrnan initiative without incurring the charge of Wrecking the negotiations again.
rhe Federal Government is not, how- ever. greatly dismayed by the spectacle of the fragments in which its plan now lies: in the opinion of well informed sources, it never had over-much faith in its pros- pects. As for the multilateral force, th:re is genuine satisfaction at the prospect of Britain's participation. which would make it far more accep:able to others of Germany's allies.
Mr. George Ball, the American Under- Secretary of State. who had talks in Bonn yesterday with Dr. Schrdder and Dr. Erhard, mnade it clear that the British ideas were welcomed and would be thoroughly examined, but that they must not delay the realization of the project He apparently spoke of February or March as a possible new deadline.
SURCHARGE ASSAILED
Mr. Douglas Jay, the President of the Board of Trade, took over from the Foreign Secretary for the economic phase of the ministers' discussions today. The most livdly exchange is understood to have taken place on Britain's 15 per cent import sur- charge, and -Mr. Jay had to face an on- slaught from M. Jean Rey. the Belgian member of the Commission of the Euro- pean Economic Community. He replied that M. Rey had criticized the measure without offering any practical alternative, and he emphasized that the surcharge was transitional and would be lifted as soon as there was an improvement in the situa- tion; this. as the examnles of Australia and New Zealand recently had demon- strated, might happen quite quickly.
Herr Lahr. the State Secretary in the German Foreign Ministry, expressed under- standing for Britain's position but pointed out tbat the Federal Republic would be one of the main sufferers. Dr. Hallstein. the chairman of the European Commission, said that there should be no going back by individual countries on the general prin- ciple of trade liberalization.";"November 18, 1964";"";56172;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Gordon Walker Convinces Bonn Of British Sincerity";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, OCT. 14
The European sub-committee on human rights has ""approached .the Governments concerned "" for the neces- sary facilities to conduct an inquiry in Cyprus to see whether, in accordance with the European convention on human rights, there is "" a state of public emer- gency threatening the life of the nation."" It will also ascertain the circumstances in which the curfew regu:ations are applied there.
The Greek Government last year com- plained to the European commission for human rights of the alleged British failure in Cyprus to implement the convention for the protection of human rights and funda- mental freedoms. Under the convention, which was signed by the 15 Governments belonging to the Council of Europe and has been ratified by all but France and Austria, any of the parties may vefer to it, through the secretary-general of the Coun- cl of Europe, any alleged breach of the provisions of the convention by another party.
SUB-COMMITTEE OF SEVEN
The commission, composed of repre- sentatives of each of the countries which have ratified the convention, declared the Greek application to be admissible in June last year, and the matter was referred to a sub-committee of seven members, in accordance with the rules. Two members of this sub-committee were British and Greek nominees-Professor Waldock and Mr. Constantin Eustathiades-and the remaining five were drawn by lot: Hr. Berg (chairman, Norwayt. M. Paul Faber (Luxembourgi. Mr. Crosbie (Ireland), Herr Siistermann (Germany), and Mr Muvaffak Akbay (Turkey). Mr. Akbal died and his place was taken by a Belgian.
Members sat on the sub-committee in their personal capacity and not as national representatives. After hearing statements from representatives of the British and Greek Governments (Mr. Hylton Foster, Q.C.. for Britain. Maitre Rollin (Belgium) for Greece), the sub-committee decided on September 6 to send a mission of inquiry to Cyprus.
Under the terms of the convention, the States concerned in a dispute shall ""*fur- nish all necessary facilities"" for the examination and investigation of a petition; and the Commission on Human Rights shall make its services available ""- with a view to securing a friendiv settle- ment of the matter on the basis of respect for human rights."" Countries are also authorized "" in time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of tbe nation"" to derogate from the obligations of the convention "" to the extent required by the exigencies of the situation, pro- vided that such measures are not incon- sistent with its other obligations under international law.""
MINISTERS' LAST WORD
The findings of the inquiry will be passed to the full commission for human rights. which will have to pronounce on the com- patibility with the convention of the emergency measures in Cyprtis. The last word, however, rests with the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The present inquiry is limited to the first Greek application; it is not concerned with the subsequient Greek complaint about 49 cases of alleged torture in Cyprus. which has also been considered by the sub- committee, so far without any announced result.
The session of the Assembly of Western European Union drew to an inglorious close here to-day. Becauise of the absence of a French Government and on the insistence of some of the French delegation, it decided to adiourn the debate on Algeria which was due on the report on "" policy of member-States of W.E.U.""
Several members. among them Dame Florence -orsbrugh (Britain. Conservative). the leader of the British delegation, felt that, without any thought of wishing to harry the French, it was a pity deliberatelv to sidestep a possible debate just because it was awkward. W.E.U. scarcely enhances its drooping reputation bY decisions of this kind.";"October 15, 1957";"";53972;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Human Rights In Cyprus";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"I From David Cross
Brussels, Sept 2
After its traditional August pause, the European Economic Cmnmunity this week begins to buckle down to what is ex- pected to he one of the most active and gruelling periods in its 15-year history.
Between now and the New Year member governments of the Nine have set themselves the task of completing a whole package of actions to speed the Community more firmly to. wards the goal of "" European Union "" by the end of the decade.
Out of all these actions- industrial, social, scientific, eco- nomic, monetary and so on- the British Government are, of course, most interested in the Community's plans for a re- gional policy to improve the lot of the EEC's economically back- wvard areas.
But as EEC officials return to Brussels from their holiday retreats few, if any, of them are willing at this stage to predict a successful end-of-the-year out- come.
* The sour atnosphere wrhich characterized the end of the pre-vacation period has hardly been improved by the events of the past month. The bickering between the French and the West Germans, which was evi- dent at Community meetings in July, has-come to a head in the accusations and ripostes which
have poured out of Paris and Bonn these pasr few weeks.
The-battle of words centred on the remarks of M Jacques Chirac, the French Minister of Agriculture, who claimed that Bonn had lost interest in the Community.
The attitude of the French Government will clearly be cru- cial in forthcoming weeks. Tihe .remainder of the Community will be watching anxiously to see wvhether it can determine a more positive attitude emanat- ing from Paris.
If this does not materialize little progress will be made.
In this context, the probable absence of M MAchel Jobert, the French Foreign Minister, from next week's ministerial meeting of the Nine in Copenhagen has been noted with some concern here.
The two-day meeting-one of the Community's re~gular polit- ical contact sessions-will be devoted to discussions on rela- tions between the EEC and the United States in preparation for President Nixorn's planned visit to Europe. The Nine are still far from an agreement on a joint approach to the United States with, of course, the French the most sceptical.
The first real indication of France's present attitude to- wards the Community may emerge from the international trade talks which are due to open in Tokyo while the For-
eign Ministers are still meeting ini Copenhagen.
The first official EEC Coun- cil of Ministers meeting per se will take place in Brussels, probably on September 20. This meeting of Foreign Ministers, which.will be accompariTed by a meeting of Budget Affairs min- isters of the Nine, will be followed in quick succession by sessions of the Agricultural Ministers on September 24 and 25 and by Foreign Ministers again on October I and 2.
Froni the begiining of October until the end of Decem- ber the pace of meetings is expected to be intensified fur. ther. Some wags in Brussels are already talking in terms of a continuing council session during the whlole of the month of Decemoer with ministers of some kind or other always being present in Brussels work- ing against a New Year dead- line.
Whether there will be a full- blooded Community crisis before the year is out, as some observers are predicting, re- mains to be seen. But even before the August holiday break started, there was serious discussion in Brussels about the possibility of a single summit or series of summit meetings between EEC heads of govern. men-t to give new momentum to the Community. On present evi- dence, such an encounter could still well be required.";"September 3, 1973";"";58877;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French viewpoint expected to be key factor in gruelling new term for European Community";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JuLY 7
Dr. Gerhard Schroder, the west German Foreign Minister, said in a broadcast interview tonight that during the Franco-German consultations in Bonn last week there had not been the slightest trace of any: ill-feeling caused by the visit of President Kennedy. "" It would be wrong and foolish for anyone to be irritated or angered by the Kennedy visit "", he added""
Statements by the French Minister of Information and numerous reports in the German press had suggested French displeasure at the enthusiastic reception given to Mr. Kennedy in Germany.
Dr. Schroder said that the importance of the United States to Europe was extremely great Everyone must endeavour to culti- vate the best possible relations within the six Common Market countries and between the Six and Britain and the United States. Franco-German cooperation had been agreed after the greater plan for a European political union had foundered and had had to be postponed.
The Franco-German treaty served the long-desired goal of a3 united Europe. Franco-German consultatiohs also helped to further common aims. Disoussions had taken place whicth would be carried on within a wider framework, such as on agricultuTal policy. This cooperation therefore smoothed the path for coopera- tion between the Six.
POLICY FOR 'FARMS
Dr. Sehroder denied that the discussions on agriclture had proved wholly negative. I[t was sometimes erroneously believed, he said, that France was interested in increas- in:g her agricuiAtural production, but she we1l knew it was necessary for her tG sren-hen the industrial sector of her economy.
*In the ,past eithit wears the rnuber of-
ople employed in agriculure i,n France hiad falen from 27 per cent to. 20 per cent of tihe ppulation. In the Federal Republic he figure was between 11 per cent and 12 per cent. Fs'endh pressurc for harmoniza- tion of agricutural policy was therefore understandable. The answer was a longer transitional veniod and a compromise.
Dr. Schroder recognized that the differ- ent standpoints in relation to contacts with Britain had not yet been sufficiently recon- cited. This would be discussed in Brussels this week. The best thint would be for the permanent representatives of the Six. with the Commission, regularly and openly to exchange information with the British representatives. In addition, the Westerm European Union offered a possibility of remaining in contact.
FRENCH CRITICIZED
Professor Erhard. the Vice-Chancellor. speaking in Munich today at a party meet- ing of the Christian Social Union, said that last week's consultations had not produced agreement on all points. "" Some very tough controversy came to the surface "". he said. He mentioned above all the agniculturat problem. It should not be assumed that everything had been laid dt,wn in the treaty: one had daily to reexamine the* decisions to be taken.
Professor Erhard came out again strongly for a widened Common Market and criticized French pla'ification. He
said he was open to all soud argumneDts but pressure left him cold.
Accordlng to reliable information, General de Gaulle would not accept Ger- man suggestions about the permanent representatives in Brussels informing their British colleagues on developments in the European Economic Community because this, in his view, would lead to a running discussion of plans and in the end would be tantamount to consultation. He countered with a proposal to use W.E.U. as a means of contact-a surprising move which caused some suspicion in Bonn, since it was French objection that led to a shelving by the Federal Government of plans to call a W.E.U. meeting in Bonn for this purpose a couple of months ago.
The Federal Government, it is under- stood, would only consider action in W.E.U. again if it were made quite plain from the beginning that contact with Britain would be on the agenda.";"July 8, 1963";"";55747;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Denil Of Resentment Over Mr. Kennedy's Visit";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Nov. 6
Mr. McCloy, the United States High Commissioner, to-day met both Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancellor, and Dr. Schumacher, leader of the Opposi- tion, and it is a fair guess, though nothing has been said officially, that Mr. McCloy sounded a cautionary note in view of the debate on foreign affairs in the Bundestag on Wednesday. The recent course of the controversy over a possible German con- tribution to the defence of western Europe has been observed with disquiet in allied circles.
American policy was defined in the article in the Nenie Zeitunig that was summarized in the later editions of The Times on Saturday. Whether the German party leaders have taken sufficiently mnto account its warning that the American public might have second thoughts, and its emphatic intimation that the present Bundestag is competent to take a decision on a German armed contribution, may be questioned. The Chancellor cannot take a categorical line unless the western allies or the Atlantic Powers formally express a desire for such a contribution. Dr. Schumacher, on the other hand, has no inhibitions, and he and other Social Democratic leaders have been making the running.
""NO MORE SOLDIERING""
Although Dr. Schumacher has been careful not to rule out an eventual contribution, the picture of his party as "" the party of no more soldiering"" is growing in the public mind, and is assisted by his ostentatious meetings with Pastor Niemoller, the Evangelical church leader, who at Dortmund yesterday said that the Evangelical Church could not keep silence "" if a policy that would finally split Germany into two parts is being pursued in the Federal Republic.""
Pastor Niemoller expressed the view that a rearmament of the Federal Government for reasons of security could not change the present ratio of strength between east and west. TIhe Soviet Union would, however, be provoked into doing the same by force in its own zone of occupation, and the inhabitants' already grievous lot would be worsened. He appealed to German political leaders to restore the country's unity as soon as possible, with the help of the United Nations. The Federal Government, he said, must in any event pre- vent Germans from taking part in a war between east and west.
These are hardly likely to be Dr. Schu- macher's views, but the association of the Opposition leader and a church leader on this issue has done much to extend confusion and to encourage defeatism. The latest Moscow proposal for a four-Power conference on Germany has caused only a ripple of interest. The Opposition is at one with the Government in demanding free elections throughout Ger- many as the prerequisite of reunion, and in rejecting the Communists' demand for parity of representation. In his talk with Dr. Schu- macher to-day Mr. McCloy may have found occLsion to express regret, therefore, that the Opposition should have been put into a false position by the pursuit of party rather than the national interest.
GERMAN PUBLIC OPINION
A survey just made in Germany for the United States High Commission by Professor Katona. of the Michigan University, reaches the conclusion that, though many democratic Germans are opposed to re-establishment of German military power, there is a widespread feeling for a west European union, and that German youths who are reluctant to serve in a German army are willing to serve with other Europeans on an equal footing in a European Army. Dr. Katona noted also a lack of responsibility among Germans, who rely on the Americans to rule them, to take care of them, and to provide them with food as well as with defence against aggression.
Field-Marshal Lord Montgomery, chairman of the Western Europe Commanders-in-Chiet Committee arrived at Buckeburg by air to-day for a four-day visit.";"November 7, 1950";"";51842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germans Divided On Arms";""
"['From Our Common Market Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Common Market Correspondent
BRUSSELS, FEB. 7
Britain's partnership in Europe was denied in the Common Market negotia- tiations because two visions of Europe came into head-on collision. Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, said tonight. It was not because of pig meat or grain or New Zealand or nil tariffs.
Lord Home, who was speaking at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in Brussels, at which M. Spaak, the Bel- gian Foreign Minister, was also present, said that one vision was of a Europe so ordered that it would be a third force between Russia and the United States, a Europe protected, exclusive.
The other was a Europe of equal, democratic, politically mature nations in complete partnership with America, doing their duty by the world outside. Belgium and Britain, he said, had stated with absolute claritv which vision of Europe was their choice. Lord Home went on:-
The collapse of the Brussels negotiations
was a setback for unity. but the point of real danger to the future structure of free Europe would come if the competi- tion of a Europe introspective and exclusive was imported into the institu- tions which we have devised for our collective security.
"" NOT GOING TO SULK""
Particular vigilance would be called for in Western European Union and in Nato. The Foreign Secretary said:- After the failure of the Brussels negotia-
tions we are not going to sulk and retire from the game or even refuse to go on the field with the Player who has not observed the spirit of the rules. On the contrary, we wish the community well. Britain did not ask Belgium to choose between Britain and her other partners, any more than Belgium had asked Britain to choose between the Common Market and her partners in the Com- monwealth. The task of statesmanship was reconciliation, not division. Lord Home continued: -
Where wc hope you will help us-and your-
selves-is by keepins alive both the ideals of a liberal. responsible com- mnunity and the possibility of our joining it when times are better.
Britain would push ahead with ber partners in Efta, working in harmony with the European Economic Com- munity and doing all she could to narrow the gap between the two groups. ""The division of our continent, from the Baltic to the Adriatic, is already one division too many "", he said.
CHANGE OF EMPHASIS
Discussing the role of Nato, Lord Home said that Britain did not, and would not, conceive of Na.o without American participation at all levels of management and execution.
There was room for a change of em- phasis as between the effort and burden carried by the United States and the European allies, but in the British view there was no argument at all about the need for an American military presence in Europe for as far ahead as could be foreseen. If the nuclear powers of the alliance were to offer Nato the nucleus of their own deterrent, with provision for a multilateral contribution in due course, it would achieve beneficial results.
FAITHFUL TO BRITAIN
In an emotional speech, M. Spaak said that he would never forget the lesson of courage and civilization demonstrated by Britain during the war. Belgium would remain faithful to Britain. one of the finest flowers of Europe. yesterday, today, tomor- row and for always.
He said that the present time was one for reflection. The kind of Europe that they all wanted had been shaken to its foundations. and the objectives of this Europe called in question. Belgian policy was based on the twin pillars of the Alan- tic alliance and the Conmmon Market. Without the United States the defence of the free world was inconceivable. and he apProved completely of the agreements made at Nassau.";"February 8, 1963";"";55620;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lord Home Sees Danger To Nato In Inward Looking Europe";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"From Richard Wigg .
Paris, June 5
M Jacques Chir-, the new French Prime Minister, declared flatly today that the British demands for renegotiation of the terms of membership do not "" appear reconcilable with the fundamental objectives of the European Community, any more than with the legitimate interests of the eight other partners "".
Presenting the newv Govern- ment's programme to an uncer- tain National Assembly, and *therefore in search of support, M Chirac took an apparently tough negotiating line. He did so only one day after Mr Cal- laghan. the Foreign Secretary, obtained- agreement in Luxem- bourg to instruct the European Commission to report on econo- mic developments in the EEC and 'forecast the future.
Britain was asking, the French Prime Minister said, that "" arrangements "" should now be made in the EEC treaty, which it had signed and ratified one year ago, which ""would put in doubt the equilibrium of the agree- ment concluded "".
M Chirac, who gave an im- portant. place to European affairs in his statement, also highlighted France's need, for its economic development, to have ""close links"" with the United States, the world's lead- ing economic power. Evidently to satisfy the Gaullists, who must still deliver the bulk of the new Government's votes when the debate ends tomorrow, M Chirac also insisted that close
and friendly cooperation with the Americans could only be on the basis of ""strict equality"".
The new French Government, he went on, regarded the con- struction of Europe with France's partners as the neces- sary condition for real pros- perity and for world power status. To renounce the con- struction of Europe would thus be to renounce what was essen- tial for France itself.
Then M Chirac listed the main causes of the worrying state of Europe today,-passing by way of the financial troubles obstructing monetary union and the Italian and Danish trade restriction measures to Britain's renegotiation demand.
On all the essential points, the Prime Minister said, French policy would have to show the greatest firmness and he pro- mised the Government would do that.
M dhirac, who was Minister of Agriculture under President Pompidou, also emphasized that the Government regarded the common agricultural policy, to which the European economy owed an important part of its equilibrium, as something "" un- touchable "".
He conceded that he was speaking "" frankly "" about Britain's renegotiation request, but added that, although it was not for France to judge this, it did not seem to Frenchmen in accordance with the British people's interests that they should separate themselves again from Europe "" where they
have been received with warmth and friendship"".
M Chirac expressed optim- ism, however, about the Com- munity's future based, he said, on the determination of the peoples themselves not to let governments hinder the con- struction of that Europe whose benefits they had experienced.
He confirmed President Gis- card d'Estaing's determination to achieve European union by the end of the decade and to take initiatives on essential topics like energy, regional and social policy, transport, and the environment.
""For the Europe in crisis of today, France ought to have the vocation to bring to birth the united Europe of tomorrow "", M Chirac- declared amid applause.
In a revealing passage, he remarked that relations between states must necessarily take account of the relations of force. "" On that subject "", he went on, Crealism is indispensable.""
Then 'he went on to warm Gaullist hearts by saying that the first principle of French foreign policy must also be national independence. France must assure its own national security, including its nuclear deterrent force, he said.
The Prime Minister, who quickly ran into spiirted criti- cism from the Opposition benches, was not aMle to an- nounce the precise anti-inflation- ary measures that the Govern- ment promised to hove ready by next Wednesday.
Leading article, page 17";"June 6, 1974";"";59108;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Premier sees Britain's demands as threat to EEC";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The latest list of ministerial appoint- ments contains some significant indica- tions of future trends in defence organ- ization and policy. The appointment of Mr. Mulley as Deputy Secretary of State for Defence as well as Minister of Defence for the Army is the most obvious reflection of the determination of the new Government to develop the policy of integrating the three service ministries into a monolithic Ministry of Defence.
As well as his general responsibility for Army matters, Mr. Mulley will have over- sight of international affairs concerning all three services and will be responsible for coordinating defence policy matters affect- ing Britain's relations with its allies. There is a special flavour of the right rnan in the right place about this appo.ntment-Mr. Mulley, who was vice-president of the Western European Union Assembly in 1960, is the author of The Politics of Western Defence, one of the few authori- tative works on the North Atlantiic Treatv Organization to be written by a British pohtican.
A by-product of Mr. Mulley's appoint- inent may well be a temrorary strengthen- ing within the Ministry of Defence of the voice of the Army, where some of the difficulties of rapid integration are believed to loom larger than they do in the other two services.
MR. WIGG'S DUTIES
The appointment of Mr. George Wigg to the somewhat non-committal post of Paymaster-General is also likely to have an effect upon matters of defence and national security. Although he is known to regard his new duties primarily as an opportunity to help the Prime Minister in any sphere of government that might be demanded of him there is little doubt that his principal preoccupation will be in the future as it has been in the past with mil!i- tanr matters.
One of Mr. Wigg's ambitions is to see the reestablishment in some form of the old Committee of Imperial Defence: another is to develop a measure of all-party control over defence expenditure, similar in principle to the control extrcised by the House Armed Services Committee in the United States.
He is a fervent admirer of the McNamara stvle of defence planning, and is likely to be close enough to the Prime Minister to get a serious hearing for some of his ideas about the relationship between the Cabinet office and the Ministry of De- fence in matters of strategic planning and financial control.
Lord Shackleton's appointment as Minister of Defence for the Royal Air Force follows recent precedent in having one of the Service Ministers in the House of Lords. There may, however, be some misgivings in the R.A.F. that they have been selected this time-the cuts that are bound to come in defence expenditure seerm likely to fall most heavily upon the equipment programmes now in train for the R.AF.. and they would probably have liked their Minister to be in the Commons.
The appointment is yet another indication of how in the future defence policY and programmes are to be conducted more than ever on a functional rather than on a separate service basis. Like Mr. Christopher Mayhew, the new Minister of Defence for the Navy, Lord Shackleton will be chargcd by the Secretary of State for Defence with functional responsibilities affecting all three services.
The pattern of functional administration is now clear in the Labour Government's defence organizat:on-although it is under- stood that Mr. Healey has no intention of pushing matters any faster than the machine will readily stand. In a year or two, how- ever, the picture is likely to emerge of the sort of defen-e organ:zation often identi- fied with the views of Lord Mountbatten. with complete centralization of planning and policy making,
There is little doubt, too, that wh!.n Mr. Roy Jenkins has completed his task at the Ministry of Aviation the military functions of his Ministry will be transferred to the Ministry of befence,";"October 20, 1964";"";56147;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Future Trends In Defence Organization";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Tia Murrav '
. .Stuttgart
The Stuttgart European summit lived up to its advance billing by being the toughest and longest such occasion ever. It proved a withering battle for the body and soul of the tiny EEC exchequer between the forces of the penny wise and those of the pound foolish.
Mrs Margaret Thatcher, leading the attack against the idea that the EEC could spend its way out of trouble, spent most of the time in a nine-to- ane situition, a position she seemed positively to relish. Some of her - colleagues, despite 'bruisizig encounters with her over the, past, four years, still seemed surprised at her determination.:
Her one true ally in the past
was West Germany, but on' this occasion Dr Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor, clearly felt that being chairman of the meeting meant a need for greater flexibility. In conse- quence he lent a compromising ear to the arguments of those who wanted to see the budget grow beyond its present limits.
With his. experienced Foreign Minister, Herr Hans- Dietrich Genscher, the Chan- cellor had worked out a tight ground plan for the debate which was meant to take as much heat as possible out of the argument. The ploy was to try to treat. the unpopular question of the British. rebate as separately as possible from the more popular subject of how the Community shcu d pay its way into the future.
Accordingly Mrs Thatcher was given her chance to plead
Winning smiles? Mrs Thatcher and Sir Geoffrey Howe about to sign the EEC declaration on European union, with Mr
Ruud Lubbers, the Dutch Premier, on their left looking on.
her case at length and with -some detail very shortly after the summlht got together in the Neues Schloss. Then the foreign ministers were peeled off into a separate working group to argue the nitty-gitty of the British rebate, while the heads of state and government cleared their throats, to talk of grander things&
But although the- foreign ministers began tossing figures around with the gay abandon of a bingo caller, none of them was high enough to interest Sir Geoffrey Howe, who wvas in the privileged position of
knowing precisely how much leeway the previous Chancel- lor of the lExchequer- had allowed. for in these nego- tiations.
So after a couple of hours of futile discussion on Friday
evening the foreign ministers' gave up and joined their leaders. Mrs Thatcher and Sir Geoffrey left the official dinner shortly after midnight and went into a deep tactical session on how-to brealk the deadlock.
On Saturday morning, anni- versary of the Battle of Waterloo, Mrs Thatcher chan- ged from the unobtrusive blue
of the previous day to a striking cyJaxnen pink and went hard at the enemy.
The foreign ministers mean- while were, having another abortive attempt to frx a figure. When they failed again it was still all to play for, with President Mitterrand insisting, Ion leaving early to return to Fraice- so he could commemor- ate'the anniversary of the day General de GauUe gave back ,the fighting Free French their digulity.
Bv 2.25 there was still no agieement and tinme was running out before Mrs. Thatcher's chief protagonist was due to cut and run.
Suddenly, and nobody after- wards could explain wvhy, there was a breakthrough. At 2.50 the size of the provisional, British rebate was settled and the heat went out of the battle.
Mrs. Thatcher celebrated by-putting on the reddest dress any of her aides could remember her, wearing, and went out for more hard bargaining over dinner. A -Sunday newspaper correspon- dent rarag London and offered to do the story as either a humiliation or a triumph. ""You can read it both ways,"" he explained. ""Write it as a :humiliation,"" he was ordered,
""it makes -a better story"".";"June 20, 1983";"";61563;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Changing from blue to pink to red";""
"";"['News']";"'fhe need to overcone the barrier of Ian- guages in order tQ make western European union possible-was urged by MR. ROBERT BmLEY, head master of Eton, in his presi- dential address to the Modern Language Association, at the conference of Educa- tional Associations at King's College, London, yesterday.
Recalling his experience as educational adviser in the British zone in Germany, Mr. Birley said he was convinced that in the hearts1 and minds of the vast majority in western Europe thtre was genuine longing for closer union.. Thaidid not mean it would inevitablyi happen. Alinost'-qually strong was realiza- tion of the: ixnniese difficulty of bringing union about.' People ktewtit vwould entail a startling reversal of political.and cultural traditions.
lie did not think many Englishmen regarded this quiestion with any real urgency-certainly not with ahy feelings cornparable with those xpeneinced on the Continent. The fact that'we b;elonged io an Empire created for us a pectuliar'difficulty. One thing alone twhich prevente,d this, difficulty from being inl- snperabrlej wvas. the extraordinary political matiirty-shEiwn by the younger memnbers of
They seemed to dhe need for Britain
Ito play a part in this European development. There was a genuine conviction on the Con- tinent that if this 'couintry did not go in, Western Union would be- impossible.
He returned from Germany convinced that the union of western Europe would be im- possible unless the barrier of different lan- guages were overcome. This did not mean that all of. us must speak one tongue as our usual language. It meant that a great many of us would have to be bilingual. He did not see how to maintain intercourse in the union without a Koine [common literary language]. The establishment of a common language should be the conscious endeavour of the peoples and Governments of western EuroPe Extension of secondary education should mak it possible to carty this out in a generation.
A NATIONAL DUTY
It seemed unavoidable that the common lan- guage would be English. Personally, he con- sidered tbat French would be more suitable, but different factQrs, such as the importanre of the United States and the extent to which English was already taught in schools of Europe, seemned to make our own language a certain choice. That did not mean that we could simply. abandon the teacthing of modem languages here and concentrate on English grammar. The study of mnodern languages was a national duty. It was now more than ever necessaly for. Englishmen to understand other nations of Europe, and that could be done only by knowing something of their history, literature, art, and customs.
A restatement of religious truth in terms that could be understood and accepted in this scientific age was urged by DR. A. G. HuoHEs. chief inspector of schools to the L.C.C., who spoke on "" Educatien and the democratic ideal."" He warned people to beware of "" the debunkers of democracy "" and their "" new game of chipping at it with an elegant snigger,"" for they were more dangerous than the denouncers of democracy.
Problems of child, education in the home were discussed by DR. J. MAC4ASTER BREW in a lecture on ""The. family and informal education."" She said that at home children should be-taught reverence and wonder, social umption, and tradition. There was evidence of group suicide in a refusal to rear children. and the emotions of family life were not being led into the proper channels, Many parents had lost their way and become overwhelmed. The adolescent girl often believed she should not do anything if she did not feel like it: one of the juvenile delinquent's grievances against society- was that he could not do as he liked. Many children Were better educated than their parents, and that wrecked homes. Father was boeing deposed and mother was "" built up too much.""";"January 3, 1951";"";51889;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Barriers Of Language";""
"['From Our European Economic Correspondent-LUXEMBOURG, JUNE 29']";"['News']";"From Our European Economic Correspondent-LUXEMBOURG,
JUNE 29
Britain's ideas for bridge building I between Efta and the E.E.C., presented today by Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, were given a fairly encouraging reception by the meeting of Western European Union. This was the first formal comrnent made by the Six on Mr. Wilson's initiative launched in Vienna last month. The Six also wel- comed Britain's efforts to promote a peaceful settlement in Vietnam.
As expected, the French reaction to bridge building in Europe was signifi- cantly more reserved than the others. M. Habib-Deloncle, the French State Secre- tary for Foreign Affairs, said that France did not see the peril of an economic split quite as seriously as the others. Efta was discussing its ideas, and as the French Minister put it, if and when Efta formulated specific proposals it would then be time to consider the matter.
Other Foreign Ministers who were representing the Six suggested that in the period before the Efta meeting in Copenhagen in October the E.E.C. itself might look at some ideas for healing the split in Europe. Everyone seemed agreed that each side should consider the question separately, rather than have joint meetings.
PRACTICAL MEASURES
Signor Fanfani. for Italy, said that the emphasis should be on practical measures rather than on an institutional link. Dr. Schrdder, for Germany, re- peated the German idea for the two economic groups to exchange ambassa- dors. Dr. Luns, of Holland, was glad to note that Mr. Stewart's ideas for bridge building were not an alternative to the final solution-British member- ship of the E.E.C.
Behind these expressions of E.E.C. encouragement lie two considerations. First, a desire not to embarrass Mr. Wilson but to encourage his pro-EuroPean leanings. Secondly, the belief that the real problem is not bridge building but the enlargement of the Common Market by the addition of Britain and other Efta countries.
Mlr. Stewart was careful to impress on the meeting that British ideas were con- ceived as the start of "" a continuing dialogue"" between Efta and E.E.C. There was no desire to do anything to harm the further consolidation of either group.
VIETNAM MOVE PRAISED
All the activities that Britain was pur- suing, including increasing technical co- operation, were not an alternative to a final bringing together of Europe in a single organization "", Mr. Stewart said. The ideas were not only useful in themselves, but could promote an atmosphere in which the wider unity of Europe could be pos- sible. Mr. Wilson's pet idea of a larger free trade area was not mentioned. Mr.
Stewart preferring to speak of ""a wider European community "".
Mr. Stewart said in summing up that he would be surprised if there were not some ways in which the E.E.C. and Efta could not work together on matters affecting them as Europeans and neighbours, to the profit of all their countries. Building bridges by a process of deliberate and sustained coopera- tion was desirable until the time came, as he trusted it would, when it was possible to move forward again to the time which would bring them finally together in a com- mon European market.
Mr. Stewart's report on the Common- wealth initiative on Vietnam was well received. M. Habib-Deloncle said that the British policy of trying to get talks started was a good one. The British reading of how the situation might be developed was simlar to that of France. in spite of the difficulties the general feeling of the meeting was that the Commonwealth could have a role to play in the future. It all depends on the answer from Hanoi.
Tomorrow the Ministers will consider the economic situation in Europe.";"June 30, 1965";"";56361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"E.E.C. Receptive To Ideas For Bridge Building";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENIT
-Paris, June 13
European parliamentarians were told today that Britain would not be put off by opposition to her joining of the Common Market.
In a statement to the Assembly of the Western European Union, Mr. William Roderts, Under Sec- retary for Foreign Affairs, said:
""vWe - intend to maintain the momentum of our application. Our decision was made in the full kcijow- ledge of the obstacles that might con- front us. But our talks bad con- vinced us that there is nothing either in the Treaty of Rome or in the prac- tical, working of the Commaunity which need make any difficulties in- soluble, given good will and a genuine desire to see negotiations succeed.""
Britain was convinced that "" once we are in the Community we shall be able to go as far as the Com- munity as a whole in steps to develop political unity "".
Sir Alec Douglas-Homo empha- sized that the Government's move was backed by "" the conviction of the large majority of all the major parties in the House of Commons "", unlike the situation when the Mac- millan Government made its move.
Speakers from Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands were unani- mously in favour of British entry.. while not one French voice was raised either to approve or disap- prove.
E E C application
Earlier in the day Mr. John Stone- house. Minister of State at the Ministty of Technology, spoke of the need for establishing a ""basic market "" for the products of the European aviation industrv. The European air-bus was an example of this.
The Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution calling, on member. Governments to work for the immediate conclusion of, an agreement to build the European air-bus, the Anglo-French Jaguar' fighter, and. the variable geom,etry aircraft
David Spanier writes from the Nato ministerial meeting at Luxem- bourg yesterday:-,
Mr. Brown took advantage of the presence of M. Couve de Murville, Herr Brandt, and other Common Market Foreign Ministers at the Nato meeting to call for an early start to negotiations for British membership of the market. He said he looked for an opening of the dialogue well before the summer holidays.
Full support was promised by Herr Brandt when Mr. Brown discussed the timetable with him at a private meeting this morning, it is understood. Herr Brandt, who takes over as chairman of the market's Council of Ministers on July 1, will 'have the leading part in raising the question of the British application. It is due to be discussed, if M. Couve de Murville accepts, on June 26. Mr. Brown wants a ministerial state- ment of Britain's case to be made as soon as possible after this date.
An important part of Mr. Brown's speech today was devoted to British cntry, Britain was not considering this question purely in economic terms, he declared. Her purpose was political.
Versailles visit for Mr Wilson
BY OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Wilson's talks with President de Gaulle on the British application to enter the Common Market are to take place next Monday in the Tri- anon at Versailes. This confirms the repeated hints that there would be no tactless restaging of a meeting between President and Prime Mini- ster at RambouiDet, where in 1963 Mr. Macmillan and President de Gaulle agreed to differ over the Nassau. agreement on Polaris raissiles.
Mr. Wilson will leave London for Paris on Sunday evening and stay that night at the British Embassy. The talks in Versailes will run, it is thought, throughout Monday, and Mr. and Mrs. Wilson will stay that night as guests of President and Madame de Gaulle.";"June 14, 1967";"";56967;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Determination On Eec";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE', 'Our Bonn Correspondent']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, March 9
After the Western European Union controversy, the ""Soames affair "", and the visit of President Nixon, the French Government's attention wiLl shift next week from the Anglo-Saxons to west Ger- many, with which important con- sultations are about to begin.
M. Debre, the Forcign Minister, will meet Herr Brandt, his German opposite number, in Bonn to- morrow and will be received by Dr. Kiesinger, the Ch?incellor. The main object of the visit is to pre. pare for the talks that Dr. Kiesinger will have in Paris on Thursday and Friday with General de Gaulle.
The-se Franco-German meetings are taking place under far more favourable auspices than would have been the case a few weeks ago 2.t the height of the WE.U. controversy, in far better circum- stances than the talks in Bonn last September, when Dr. Kiesinger was under pressure from all par- ties to be "" tough "" with General de Gaulle over east-west relations, security and European unity.
The ' Soames affair "" has contri- buted to this improvement. The Bonn Government reacted to Mr. Wilson's report of the conversation between General de Gaulle and Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador, and especially that part of it dealing with the future 9f Nato, with understand- able alarm. But when the French Ambassador in Bonn had ex- plained to Dr. Kiesinger that General de Gau}le had in fact told Mr. Soames nothing he had not said many times before, the alarm subsided.
The affair proved once again that the Franco-German alliance has priority in Bonn over any desire to see Britain in the Com- mon Market and that when it comes to the crux the Federal Government will never really en- danger the first to achieve the second.
It explains, too, the atmosphere in which the Council of Ministers
of the European Economic Com- munity met in Brussels early last week, when two items of M. Debre's plan for the future work of the Community-the harmoni- zation of fiscal systems and the creation of a European patent- were adopted.
As interpreted by Paris, the change of mood in Brussels arose from a realization by France's five partners that there is no way round French opposition to Britain's entry and that it is best to concen- trate on turning the Common Market into a real economic com- munity.
President Nixon's visit and his willingness to take French policy as it is and to establish workmanlike relations with General de Gaulle have also had positive effects on the Franco-German partnership. Any lessening of the strain be- tween Paris and Washington can be met in Bonn only with a sigh of relief.
Finally, the tension between Paris and Bonn has been relieved by the election as Federal Presi- dent of Dr. Gustav Heinemann and the defeat of his rival, Dr. Gerhard Schroder, whose handl- ing of Franco-German relations when he was Foreign Minister has left bitter memories in Paris. General de Gaulle's warm mes- sage of congratulation to the new President reflected the reaction of Frenchmen, both Gaullist and anti-Gaullist, to the election of a confirmed pacifist.
In the long-tern view, the French Government, in spite of these improvements in relations between Paris and Bonn, is never- theless concerned about the econo- mic power that the Federal Repub- lic wields on the continent and about its growing political role.
Our Bonn Correspondent
writes:
M. ULeore arriveL in Bonn tonight. The Germans want to hear more about General de Gaulle's offer of ,talks with Britain and are anxious to know whether reports from Paris that the General is tired of the Common Market are true.";"March 10, 1969";"";57505;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn-Paris talks today in new air of cordiality";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Frnm Our Own Correspondent-
-ROME. MARCH 9
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Sec- retary, speaking at the opening session this morning of the Westtrn European Union meeting, proposed a real divi- sion of labour on arms production in Europe, aimed at avoiding waste and the duplication of the resources of the west.
He assured the meeting that the British Government now had a coherent pro- gramme towards the working unity of Europe within the Atlantic framework. His remarks were welcomed by repre- sentatives of all the countrics belotging to the Etiropean Economic Commlunity, wvith the exception of the French, who made no comment.
In general this opening session was said to have been pitched in a rather low key, partly because only three of the seven countries belonging to W.E.U.- Britain and the Six-had sent their Foreign Ministers. Apart from Mr. Stewart the other Foreign Ministers were Signor Fanfani. Nvho was in the chair as host. and Dr. Luns. of the Netherlands.
POSITIVE ASPEiCTS
The others, for a variety of reasons, were replaced by their deputies. This helped to concentrate attention on the more positive aspects of what Mr. Stewart had to sav. Dr. Ldns is a con- firmed advocate of the need for a full British presence in Europe.
Both Signor Fanfani and the Foreign Secretary were coming fresh to a W.E.U. meeting. In the past. during bis several premierships, Signor Fanfani has insisted on the importance of British participa- tion in Europe.
In his explanation of British policy towards Europe, which was the first speech of the day, Mr. Stewart rejected the idea that Britain looked towards Europe from the outside. The Govern- ment was giving much thought to their European policy. They sought to approach the question in a practical rather than a dogmatic spirit. The British picture of Europe was set within the frame of the Atlantic connexion.
As examples of British thinking in this conteXt he teferred to the project for an Atlantic nrmclear force, his pro- posals for defence agreements between European countries and a general strengthening of the industrial basis of Europe as a whole.
On political integration he said that the cause of European and Atlantic uhity would not be served if important decisions were taken by restricted groups. Britain expected to be consulted and informed fully about decisions taken in meetings where there was no British representative. He felt that no effective progress would be inade in limited talks at which the British or other members of the European Free Trade Association took no part.
The British Government were ready !c. come at any time to W.E.U. or other international bodies to explain their policies and seek the views of the allies on decisions. Efta was not regarded in London as an end in itself; the British Government supported it not to divide but to unite Europe.
His final summary of the British posi- tion was somewhat hedged, but seems to have been quite well taken. Provided Britain's essential interests were safe- guarded we should. he said. ultimately want to join a European common market with any members of Efta wishing to join; provided this common rnarket was of a kind that the British wished to see emerge, there could be no reason why connexions with the Com- monwealth should be an obstacle.
DEFENCE MINISTER TO
VISIT NORWAY
Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Minister, will pay an official visit to Norway from April 23 to 26, as guest of Mr. Harlem, the Norwegian Defence Minister. Mr. Harlem visited Britain as a guest of the former Defence Minister, Mr. Peter Thorneycroft, two years ago.";"March 10, 1965";"";56266;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Stewart Proposes Division Of Labour On Arms";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Nov 11
The path to the proposed EEC Paris summit in December appeared heavily strewn with boulders *vhen foreign mini- sters of the Nine met for their first full day of preparations in Brussels today.-
The Irish and Italian mini- sters were nrepared, tactically at least, to block the entire exercise unless they had some assurance that an adequate regQnal fund wvould emerge from the Paris meeting. But the work;ing assumption was that it would take place in Paris on December 9 and 10, and would cover inflation, unemployment, energy, -regional and social problems and improvements in the EEC's creaking decision- making machinery.
Britain's renegotiation de- mand will also be discussed. Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secre-
tary, announced that .Mr Wilson would be explaininlg the Gov- ernment's renegotiation position at the Paris meeting. The Prime Minister looked to the summLit to give neiv impetus to bring renegotiations, to a satisfactory conclusion in the early spring, the Foreign Secretary said.
If a solution to the problem of Britain's contribution to the EEC budget had not been found by then, the Government hoped the sumnmit vould give the Com- mission further guidelines wvhich vould help towards a solution. The foreign ministers wilU be grasping this nettle for the first time here tomorrov.
Mr Callaglian reacted caut- iously to a German proposal for a comrnmon EEC passpokt, indicating that it involved many complicated problems of nationality. But it was agreed
Continued on page 5, col 1
EEC gives new priority to unemployment
Continued from page 1
that a working group should be set up to study the problems of the abolition of pasports at EEC borders, and the harmonization of national legislation on aliens and immigratron. The summit may give this venture some sort of blessing.
The Foreign Secretary rapidly dispelled French hopes that the summit might set some signi. ficant new targets for the EEC's institutions. In particular, he opposed the progressive loosen.
ing of the present practice of. unanimous- decisions in the EEC's Council of Ministers.
- On matters of importance, he indicated. decisions should con.
tinue to be taken by general agreement, without the pos- sibility of a member state being overruled. He also opposed President Giscard d'Estaing's proposal for fixing a target date for direct elections to the Euro. pean Parliament in Strasbourg, which the Labour party is still boycotting.
He was equally unenthusiastic about France's desire for a new date and basis for European union, still scheduled for 1980. The British Government sees no point in setting a target for a goal which remains undefinied.
Institutional problems will be discussed' again by the foreign ministers in Paris on November 18, and the so-called
"" matters of substance "" a a new meeting in Brussels on November 25. This will have been preceded by a meeting of finance ministers on November 18.
One positive development was a ne emphasis on the rela- tive importance of unemploy- ment and inflation. Several delegations admitted that they had in effect joined the British in giving priority to unemployment. St was agreed that the Commission should revise its inflation-oriented proposals.
On the related topic of regional policy, the British would prefer the suinmit to avoid the detailed question of national benefits from a regional fund. They are afraid
that the question of budgetary
contributions and of receipts from the distribution of the budget may become interwined.
On energy policy, which the Germans want to be a principal theme' French ambitions seem hopelessly opposed to their partners'. The French want the Nine to concentrate on achieving a joint platform for President Giscard's proposed mammoth conference of energy consumers and producers.
The other eight believe that the wider Energy Consumers Group, boycotted by France, is the right forum for consumer cooperation. Nonetheless, there was some gleam of hope that the positions of the two camps might be growing closer after today's brief discussion.";"November 12, 1974";"";59242;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Path to EEC summit is full of obstacles";""
"['By A. M. Rendel Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M. Rendel
Dinlomatic Corresnonmient
One conclusion of the Nato conference in Brussels last week was that in view of the strong Soviet naval build-up in reccat years therc is an obvious need to masintain strong and . vigilanA forces on Nato's northern flank.
Greatr naval contributions by the Nato allies are therefore be- coming increasingly desirablc. But West Germany is the only member of the alliance which can easily afford to build new long- range destiroyers of the type re- quired.
West Germany's naval building programme was, however, placed under restrictions by the Paris agreemnents of 1954. The restric- ,.sons were required for poli;tical reasosns by West Gerrnany-s part- ners in Western European Union. which were then still fearful of t.he possiibility of an eventulal resutrgence of German militarism.
Today, however, it is widely acknowledged by the allies that the restrictions are an anachron- ism and a handicap to the alli- ance.
Of the six other WBU members which. apart from West Germany, took part in the Paris agreements, Britain. Italv and, it is believed, the three Benelux countries would have no obiections today to the building of West German ships beyond the agreed tonnages.
France is in no position to object as it would now certainly
rejeot as outdated its own obliga- tion under the Paris agreemeiats to submit its military atomic pro- gramme to inspection bv the WEU Arms Control Agency. (Restrictions on the production of atomic weapons by West Germkany. also contained in the Paris agreements, have been overtaken by Bonn's acceptance of the nuclear non-pro- liferation trcaty.)
Herr Hclmut Schmidt, the West German Defence Minister. in the face of United States pressure at the Nato conference, has agreed merely to consider the deployment in the North Sea or Atlantic of German naval units which are now almost all in the Baltic.
Everyone knows that West Ger- many's destroyers in the Baltic could be used to a better advantage i,n the North Sea. but thev are sma11, with onlv a short range. Larger destroyers with mueb longer range are required.
For the foreseeable future there is clearly, however, no inten- tion of any wholesale abolition of the WEU restrictions or of the Arms Control Agency.
Any such abolition of the res- trictions would present the Soviet Union with a gratuitous opportun- ity to allege provocation through rearmament in the West even though the Soviet Government, in falling in with the eastern policv of Herr Brandt, the West German Chancellor, has bv implication abandoned the claim that West
(iermanv remains militarist and revanchist.
Fhc outcome is that any piece- meal exemptions from the WEU naval restrictions that may be required by West Germany arc likely to be accorded quietly and without fuss or delay.
It remains a fact that the Soviet fleet based on Murmansk has becn grcatly strengthened in recent years. The forward patrol line for Soviet submarines ts be- lic%ed to have been advanced from a line stretching from the North Cape to Spitsbergen to one from the north-west coast of Norway to the Facrocs.
The Murmansk fleet is also supported by a strong newly de- veloped Soviet Marine Corps.
In its present mood the Soviet Government is unlikely to em- brace an adventurous policy in the West. but it could be tempted at an apparently favourable moment to risk overrunning a part of Northern Norway from the Kola Peninsula by a sudden isolated grab.
Fortunately the Norwegian forces in the far north are tough and well equipped. with small missile-carrying torpedo boats of little use in the open sea but excellent for defence in the fiords.
Until now the Norwegians, whose memory of war time occu- pation has died hard, havc asked the West Germans to make no naval visits farther tip the Norwe- gian coast than Olesund. near Bcrgen. But the mood is changing.";"December 16, 1971";"";58352;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pressure on Bonn for warships";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Ocr. 24
Dr. Adenauer arrived back from Paris last night and is spending two days at Bonn before he sets off early on Tuesday on his visit to the United States. He has called a Cabinet meeting for to-morrow.
The text of the agreement on the Saar is not expected to be made known until Tuesday, when Dr. Adenauer will be in the air over the Atlantic. The inevitable political debate about the rights and wrongs of the Saar settlement can hardly take definite shape before then, but in a general way it has begun already, and it is plain that, of the complex body of agree- ments concluded at Paris, the Saar agreement will give the most trouble.
Bad as the chronic condition of Franco- German disagreement was, it spared the politicians the necessity of coming to terms with the accomplished fact. Now that the Federal Government has done this it will have to defend the concessions it has made. At least, Dr. Adenauer's party, the Christian Democratic Union, will have to defend them. Land elections are to be held in Bavaria and Hesse next month, and neither the smaller Government parties nor the Opposition are likely to accept any share of the odium of a compromise that can hardly be popular.
TWO FURTHER STATEMENTS The Federal Government is concerned, as might be expected, to put the Saar agreement in its perspective as part of a wide and bene- ficent settlement of western Europe, and of relations between France and Germany in particular. Exertions are being made to pre- pare by Tuesday two further joint statements by the French and Federal German Govem- ments, one dealing with the projected Franco- German economic cooperation, and one with plans for closer cultural relations between the two countries. Freiherr von Maltzan, the head of the trade department of the Federal Foreign Ministry, returned to Paris to-day to press on with the economic talks.
Dr. Adenauer said on his arrival at Wahn airport last night that it had naturally not been possible at Paris to get all that. was desired. Yet, if one reflected upon the break- down of the Brussels conference and on the failure of the European Defence Community project only a few weeks ago, one could be happy that a new dYke for peace and freedom. had been built in so short a time.
SOCIAL DEMOCRAT VIEW
The state of near unanimity which the Ger- man party leaders enjoyed for a time in Paris about the German requirements in the Saar has not survived Dr. Adenauer's final con- cessions to M. Mendes-France. Herr Ollen- hauer, the Social Democrat leader, announced his disapproval of the Saar agreement when he arrived back from Paris last night. The Social Democrats have stated their view some- what more fully to-day. They object to the description of the settlement as "" a European statute ""; this creates a definitive position, which they oppose. They object to the appointment of a commissioner under the Western European Union, and to a plebiscite in as short a time as three months; the Germans wanted 12 months to prepare for the plebiscite. They object to the Saar raising its own armed forces, and to the transfer of the seat of the European Coal and Steel Com- munity to Saarbrucken. In short, they hold that Dr. Adenauer has for practical purposes agreed to the separation of the Saar from Germany.
Some of the Chancellor's coalition allies, too, have begun to voice misgivings. Dr. Dehler, the Free Democrat leader, who has also returned from Paris, complained in a speech at Wetzlar to-day that no member of the Federal Cabinet was acquainted with the contents of the Paris agreements at the time the Chancellor signed them; this was not the right way to take such far-reaching decisions. He had not found his role as a "" dummy "" in Paris at all congenial, Dr. Dehler said.";"October 25, 1954";"";53071;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coming Impact In Germany";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Sec- retary, is now clearly determined to counter attack strongly next week against the recent increase, according to opinion polls, in opposition among the electorate to Britain's attempt to join the Common Market.
Mr. Stewart will deal with the British application among a wide range of foreign policy questions when he -speaks-- probably on Thursday-to the Labour Party Conference at Brighton, and more specifically he will be speaking on Europe in particular when he addresses the Labour Committee for Europe on Wednesday.
The Government view is that the opposition among electors- the polls indicate that at this moment 50 per cent of the elec- torate would be opposed to join- ing-reflects not so much a re- luctance to membership itself as a natural disinclination to start- ing another unsuccessful attempt to join, and that a favourable decision by the Six to start nego- tiations would produce a corTe- sponding favourable reaction in the United Kingdom.
According to the opinion-pols opposition to membership is al- most entirely cented upon the fear that the cost of living would rise. To counter this the Gov- ernrment intend to give Parlia- ment and the country as much information as possible on both the cost of going in and the cost of staying out.
Tbhis is clearly a difficult task in that any assessment must depend upon factors which at present are difficult to assess- notably future world food prices. the effect of the Common Market's agricultural policy. and the length of the transitional period which Britain obtains in negotiations to enable her to bring home prices into line with Common Market prices.
The assumptions which it is reasonable to make on these aspects of the problem will be- come clearer as the debate with- in the Six proceeds. Against the disadvantage of some higher prices has to be weighed an
assessment of the situation' which Britain would have to face
if the Government abandoned the attempt to join Europe and British industries found them- selves in perpetual competition with larger industries and mar- kets in, for instance, west Europe or Japan.
Although it is ckar that the French Governmenit are deter- mined to drive an extremely hard bargain over agricultural policy and to get this agreed among the Six for a certain period ahead, Mr. Stewart in his talks with Mr. Schumann, the French Foreign Minister. has obviously been left with the clear impression that Mr. Schumann wants the enlarge- ment of the Common Market.
Clearly any agreement among the Six will have to be subject to some revision in the light of the British application to join. when enlargement of the Com- mon Market is considered. It is then that a satisfactory agree. menit, in the Government's view. should be negotiable.
On Western European Union there are steadily brighter hopes that France will before long re- sume her place. The political con- sultation which has proceeded without her since February 7, when France last attended, to coordinate policv on such sub- jects as the Middle East, Libya or Greece, has been by all accounts most useful and effec- tive, and the six other members- notably the Italians and Dutch- are reluctant to agree to French insistence that each member must have the specific right to veto discussion of any question raised if France is to come back.
A tacit agreement not to press for discussions of a subject which patently and directly con- cerns the vital interests of a par- ticular member, but to discuss anything else which one or more members wish to raise. could be one way of enabling France to rejoin the W.E.U. meetings, Which all the other members cer- tainily desire.
Indeed it is said that Mr. Schumann may yet attend the next ministerial meeting of W.E.U. which, as at present agreed, will be held in Brussels on December I and 2.";"September 27, 1969";"";57676;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Stewart plans to hit back at EEC critics";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The action of France and west Ger- many in mutually abolishing passport; on December 15 clearly carries western Europe an important stage towards the goal of Mr. Ernest Bevin, who said that he wanted to see a world in which he could "" go down to Victoria Station, get a railway ticket and go where the hell I like without a passport or anything else.""
The event prompts two questions. How far have passport requirements in Europe been eased in recent years, and has British practice delayed this tendency ? The Coun- cil of the Organization for European Econo- mic Cooperation recently recommended all member countries to abolish passports for visitors to one another's territory.
It may be said that between countries which are neighbours or which are aiming at close association on a regional basis much has already been done. The Scandinavian countries have led the way. No passports are now needed by Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Finns, and Icelanders for journeys by their citizens between any of these countries.
BENELUX POSITION
The three Benelux countries-Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg-also have given up a passport requirement for journeys between each other's territory. Belgium has gone as far as any country and in addition to her Benelux partners has abolished passports with France. Monaco, Germany, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Luxembourg has done so with France.
The Federal German Republic has can- celled a passport requirement for journeYs to France. Belgium. Luxembourg. and Switzerland, and an official of the Ministry of the Interior sa.d last week that the German Government wished to extend this to the countries most frequented by German tourists, which, in addition to Switzerland, are Austria and Italy.
France has abolisbed passoorts recipro- cally with Belgium. Switzerland, Luxem- bolurg, and west Germany. French tourists going to Italy and Italian tourists coming to France can apply at the frontier for a 15 days' laissez passer in place of a pass- port. Negotiations for a new agreement will begin in January and the French intend to propose the abolition of pass- .,orts for all visits to and from Italy of less than three months. The French. in fact, hope to establish this passportless system with as many countries as possible.
If the Italian negotiations succeed, Frenchmen next year will be able to travel throughout all Western European Union countries except the Netherlands and Britain without a passport, and there are indications that a French-Austrian agree- ment can be reached.
BRITISH ATTITUDE
France would be in favour of abolishing passports with Britain. but the British Government in the words of Mr. Ormsby- Gore, Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, in reply to a question on Monday, tbinks that "" passports are the most satisfactory documents of identity for British subjects travelling abroad and are a necessary part of the United Kingdom system of control of aliens."" Passports have in fact been abolished reciprocally only with Eire. The reasons for this are apparently that United Kingdom citizens have no identity cards, and require either an identity card or passport to establish their identity if they need assistance abroad.
Under present currency regulations the foreign currency taken out of the United Kingdom is noted in the passport. Aliens working in the United Kingdom are given labour permits for specific periods. One advantage of the requirement of a passport from them is that this enables an easy check to establish if the conditions of their labour permits are being fulfilled.
It is understood that it is for these and other reasons that the British Government have not been prepared to fall into line with the movement to abolish Passports which has evidently been gaining some momentum in western Europe in recent months.";"December 19, 1956";"";53718;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Abolishing The Passport";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
Luxembourg, Nov 9
The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh today paid homage to Luxembourg's contribution to European integration by paying a brief visit to the EEC headquarters, which has trans- formed the Grand Duchy into the second capital of Europe.
graving the first spots of rain she has encountered since she arrived in the Grand Duchy yesterday, the Queen formally inaugurated a large bronze statue of a reclining figure by Henry Moore, the British sculptor. The sculpture, which has a- base more than 15 feet long and weighs five tons, has been put on a site chosen by the artist outside the European Court of Justice, the Community's *'supreme court.
Mr Moore had hoped to attend todav's iunveiling 'but because of hiis advanced years -he is nearly 80-he cancelled his plans at the last moment. However, he intends to return to Luxembourg for 'a quiet, nrivate visit to survey his work in situ. A convinced pro- marketeer, he has described the sculpture as "" The concrete manifestation of mV continuing belief in Europeanism"".
The ceremony provided one of the rare light moments of the visit for renorters and photographers fdllowing the royal- couple. As pho-o- graphers swarmed round the statue obscuring it completelv from the view of the Dnke of Edinburgh. heb: quipped: "" I hope somebodycan send me a picture of if because I can't see it.""
Before the unveiling, the Queen, who iwas wearing a dress and coat of peach- coloured gabardine, was the guest of the Luxembourg Gov- ernment at a luncheon in the panelled chamber where EEC ministers meet each year to discuss community affairs. The Queen recalled the long line of distinguished. Luxembourg. statesmen from Robert Schu- mann, who was born in Luxem- bourg, to Mr Gaston Thorn, the present Prime Minister and Foreign Minister "" who have made their country's voice heard in the councils of Europe and indeed of the world "".
Voking his well-knowd' frus- tration at the slow pace of European integration, Mr.Thorn said that progress must,not be halted or ""else we.risk jeopar- dizinig what has already been achieved. We must. move be'yond a mere customs union "", he said. ""We need 'considerably increased unity of. purpbse. We must progress towards.the goal of European union with re- newed determination.i'
Today's programme. begen with a visit to the industrial south- In the steel town,of Esch the Queen was welcomed by the country's only Communist mayor, Mr Arthur Useldinger, who is 72. The Mayor recalled Britain and Luxembourg's ioint fight and final victory over Hitler's forces during the Second World War. ""The voice of London was for us the symbol of. resistance "", he said in a short speech written in English by himself and his 34- year-old daughter who vas born in a German prison.
Mr UTseldinger was a resis- tance figbter during the war and his wife spent some time in Ravensbruck concentration camp.
When the Queen appeared on the balcony of. the towfi hall to wave to hundreds 'of well- wishers in the rmain square Fhie was greeted by' cneers irom schoolchildren waving., paper Union Jacks. From the -outset, the traditionally' phlegma,:ic Luxembourgers have displayed uncharacteristic enthusiasm for a visiting dignatory.
After a reception in the town hall' 'the Queen!' donning a white plastic safety helmet, toured a. steel works nearbv. Much of the equipment at tCie Arbed steelworks at Differ- dange was made in Britain and a recent £800.O00 deal will Drn- vide the mill with a variable steel straightener, built in Britain and weighing 400 tons.
The day ended with a state banquet and reception at a theatre in Luxembourg- ci y hosted by the Queen. 'ihis followed a short tour of the medieval ramparts of the cit'r, which was once known as the Gibraltar of the north because of its invincible position .on a group of- rocky promontories surrounded by meandering rivers.";"November 10, 1976";"";59857;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Queen pays tribute to European pioneers";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
BERMUDA, MARCH 25
Mr. St. Laurent, the Canadian Prime Minister, arrived here to-day with his senior Ministers and advisers to confer with Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, largely on the achievements of the Bermuda conference. which are of obvious and especially intimate import for the Canadian Government.
Everything that transpired during the Anglo-American discussions supports the conclusion that Bermuda has been the right place at the right time; the arrival of the Canadian mission on the scene rounds off the productive work of the past few davs with a useful exercise in Commonwealth relations.
Mr. Macmillan, who leaves for home on Wednesday-Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar and one or two others are going on to Washington-has been spared the further journey to Ottawa; Mr. St. Laurent and Mr. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, have moved into the quarters at the Mid- Ocean club vacated yesterday by Presi- dent Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles, and there will be every opportunity for the private, informal conversations that are so valuable on these occasions.
AIR OF ANTI-CLIMAX
It is difficult to avoid an air of anti- climax, as the two missions will be going over so much of the ground covered with the American delegation, but these conver- sations will have more than informative purposes. A number of the matters to be discussed are of primary interest to the two Governments. and the presence of Mr. Howe, the Canadian Minister for Trade and Defence Production, suggests that special attention will be paid to the concerns of his department.
Mr. St. Laurent, who was greeted by the Governor of Bermuda, Sir John Woodall. and Mr. Macmillan, made a brief statement at the airport in which he singled out trade as one of the chief topics of the exchanges. Canada shares the apprehensions ex- pressed by Mr. Dulles that the creation of a European common market might lean towards high protective tariffs, and a specific subject down for discussion, it seems, concerns guaranteed purchases by Britain of Canadian uranium in view of British developments in the atomic field.
FIRST FULL SESSION
A first full session was held this after- noon at which the two Prime Ministers led off with general statements. The intention is to conclude the conversations by to-morrow night. The agenda calls for a full review of British defence arrangements as they emerge from the discussions in the framework of Western European Union. and from the further exchanges with the United States concerning the location in Britain of the American intermediate ballistic missile, in which the Canadians may express some interest.
Some of the strongest arguments brought to bear on Mr. Eisenhower and his coun- sellors concerned the role of the United Nations in world affairs, and the British Ministers will have a special interest in reiterating them to the Canadian Govern- ment in view of Mr. Pearson's constructive efforts in the General Assembly to keep its Middle East decisions within the bounds of reason.
The British Ministers will no doubt assure him of their deep appreciation of his counsels of restraint, but as the conference opened it seemed unlikely that the Canadians would be much more receptive to the British case than Mr. Dulles had been. At all events, the remark of the British spokesman that Britain had some cause to regard the Assembly with a
jaundiced eye'""-a reference to the Suez eruption-could be contrasted with the ascurance of his Canadian colleague that his Government viewed the United Nations as a "" cardinal factor "" in Canadian foreign policy.";"March 26, 1957";"";53799;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Second Bermuda Conference Opens";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MAY 26
The Danish Government delegation, headed by Mr. Kampmann, the Prime Minister, has every reason to be satis- fied with its talks in Bonn which ended yesterday, and is now seeking relaxation by sampling the vintages of the Mioseile valley.
The Common Market and its effect upon Danish agriculture domninated the two-day discussions. The Danish Primo Minister. who was accompanied by his Foreign and Agriculture Ministers, and an impressive array of experts, found great understand- ing on the German side for his country's predicament, should the Common Mlarket finally decide to Pool agricultural resources.
West Germany is as anxious as Den- mark to maintain the friendly relations which have been establisheed between them since the war, and these depend primarily on the present close trade connexion.
The purpose of the Danish Ministers in coming to Bonn was to impress upon the Chancellor and the Federal Government concern over the future of Denmark's food exports to Germany, which make up 35 per cent of the total. If. as is reliably reported, President de Gaulle in his talks last Saturday with Dr. Adenauer insisted that agricultural resources within the Com- mon Market should be pooled by the end of the vear, this becomes an urgent issue for the Danes.
WAITING FOR BRITAIN
Mr. Kampmann repeated in Bonn his country's decision to enter the Common Market when Britain does so. and her desire to participate in anv discussions which might take place between Britain and the Six on special measures to safeguard agriculture.
The Danish Ministcrs seemed convinced, after the latest statements by NI r. Macmillan and Mr. Heath in Parliament. that the question was not whether Britaih would join, but how and when. In the Danish view, as put to the Federal Goverm- ment. this would happen in two stages: first Britain would announce her intention of joining the Common Market, with Den- mark following suit immediately; then the manner of her joining would be negotiated in detail. This would inevitably take time.
What the Danes would like is the oppor- tunity to draw the attention of the Six to their special agricultural problems between the formal decision to join the Common Market and the time of joining, so that no irrevocablc step on the pooling of agricul- tural resources would be taken without Danish participation or at least their knowledge.
The statement issued after the talks last night said that both Governments con- sidered this "" appropriate "". but whether Paris will share the same view is another matter. If Britain and Denmark do not join the Common Market. Denmark would have to fall back on bilateral agreements.
EFFECT ON NATO
The Chancellor. who was assisted by Hlerr von Brentano. the Forcign Minister, and Professor Erhard. the Economics Minister, is reliably reported to have assured the Danes that Germanv uas anxious as far as Possible to maintain her traditional channels of trade. namely with Denmark. whatever the steps taken by the Six towards closer economic integration.
A weakening of the trade connexion with Denmark. apart from undesirable repercussions on political relations, would further complicate the already delicate situation in the northern European com- mand structure (which was not. however. raised on this occasion). but would also lead to a weakening of the solidaritv within Nato. This, for the Federal Government. would be a cause tor even greater concern than a setback in the creation of a united Europe
Speaking at the annual congress of the European Union in Kiel this evening. Mfr. Krag. the Danish Foreign Minister, declared that "" negotiations for a solution on the lines of a wider market appeared imminent or have perhaps even begun' It would be unreal.stic in these circum- stances for the Six to draw up plans for an agricultural policy "" as though the Com- mon Market would forever consist of six countries only""";"May 27, 1961";"";55092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Sympathy With Danes On Agriculture";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 25
A renewed effort to broaden the basis of cooperation on military research, development, and produc- tion was announced to-day after talks between Mr. Duncan Sandys and Herr Strauss, the Defence Ministers of Britain and west Germany.
An announcement this evening said the two Ministers had agreed that the time had come for the existing bilateral and tripartite agreements to be put on a multilateral footing which would in- clude all member States of the Western European Union who may wish to parti- cipate. The proposal would be dis- cussed at the meeting of the N.A.T.O. Defence Ministers in Paris next month.
BRITISH CONTRIBUTION
When a questioner at Mr. Sandys's Press conference this evening pointed out that the bilateral and tripartite agree- ments had come into existence because of the failure of attempts to cooperate on a wider basis, Mr. Sandys said: "" Our intention is to make fruitful what has been unfruitful."" He could not, how- ever, give much indication at this stage of how this would be achieved. He said he was convinced that Britain could make a substantial contribution, but in what form he could not yet say.
No new arms contracts for Britain had been arranged, but the effect of the new plan would be that the countries participating would get larger contracts for fewer different types of weapons. Since Herr Strauss's visit to London last May experts had made good progress in the study of the problem and the exchange of information, but before starting on actual projects they had thought it better to see whether these could not be worked out on a wider basis.
The two Ministers also discussed the military aspects of disarmament and dis- engagement, but as the formulation of western policy on these subjects was a matter for the North Atlantic alliance as a whole Mr. Sandys would make no further comment. He said the British troops would be equipped with tactical nuclear weapons. Asked whether, if nuclear weapons were ever banned from German soil, British troops would have to leave, he said he did not wish to answer a hypothetical question.
Asked whether, if Britain supplied nuclear weapons to other western Euro- pean countries she would retain custody of the warheads, as the Americans were doing, he said that Britain had not i t made enough such weapons for her own use.
SUPPORT COSTS
During their talks Mr. Sandys and Herr Strauss also examined problems of common concern to the German and British forces and it was stated, found themselves in full agreement on the principles which should govern the defence of Europe and the prevention of war. General Heusinger had also ex- plained the Federal Government's plans
for the building up of the Bundeswehr. Mr. Sandys felt that, with the debate on the equipment of the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons still going on, it would be improper for him to express an opinion.
Support costs had been discussed, said Mr. Sandys, but the problem now lay with the Atlantic council. He said it was wrong to think that England was relying too much on nuclear weapon;. Nuclear bornbs and the aircraft to carrv them took only 10 per cent. of the defence budget. At the same time there was no doubt that for Britain to rely on conventional weapons alone would be to accept the fact that Russia could con- quer Europe.
Mr. Sandys is to leave here to-morrow to visit the headquarters of the northern army group and the Second Tactical Air Force, as well as British units. He will pay a short visit to Berlin on Friday before returning to London on Saturday.
Bundestag debate-page 8.";"March 26, 1958";"";54109;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-German Move To Widen Defence Cooperation";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From nMichael Hornsby
Brussels, Feb 5
In his first public reply to criticism of his recently pubb- lished report on European union, Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, today b:rongly denied that he was proposing a ""twvo-speed"" EEC wzth1 two different categories of membership. On the contrary, his aim waS ""to reinforce the Community in all its aspects"".
All he was recommending, M-r Tindemans said, was that in tf:e gradual move towards econominc and monetary union certain countries (such as Britain and Italy) wvould be : Ilnowed a longer time than th1eir partners in which to im 'ement jointly accepted comrmitments All, however, would tibe under binding agree- men to attain the same ultimate ' I..il.
Far from Nvishing to accentuate the pretent diHerences between the cconomic and monetary iro(ities ot the Nine, his pur- pose was to help to reduce them throutih remedial action taken iojtnl1v within a Comnmunity -rarlework. The last thing he wanted to see wvas ""a Europe a la carte "".
MIr Tindemans's defence of his pronosals came in a speech at the opening in Brussels of a three-daY congress of the Euro- oean Movement convened especially to discuss his report. Tht European MIovement em.braces a variety of interna-
ional non-government associa-
tions working for the greater unity of the continent.
Last month. Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, ex- pressed "" serious doubts"" about the two-speed concept
Despite his rejection of the two-speed label, Mr Tindemans did not show convincingly today that commentators had been un- justified in applying it to his proposals. He was much more persuasive in arguing that his reconmmendations were the only commonsense response to an already existing situation.
It was a fact of life, he pointed out, that because of their difficulties, Britain, Italy and Ireland were less advanced along the road to economic and monetary union than the other six members of the EEC who had accepted the discipline of the joint currency float known as the ""snake "".
At present, the management and development of the snake system was essentially in the hands of the participating coun- tries. NVhat he was proposing was that henreforth it should be dealt with in a Community framework involving all Nine members and the European Commission.
The Nine should agree on action to strengthen the snake system and to enable weaker members to joinL They should also increase the effectiveness of the European Monetary Co- operation Fund, which should become the "" embryo of a Euro- pean central bank, in particular
by some pooling of reserves"". This would involve the. richer helping the poorer.
There was no reason, how- ever, why certain countries should not be given more time to implement these jointly agreed objectives, provided that they were able to satisfy both the Council of Ministers and the European Commission that they had valid reasons for not pro- ceeding at the same pace as their partners.
The thrust of Mr Tindemans's defence was that his proposals represented the only way of making any progress at all to- wards economic and monetary union, which he regards as the indispensable foundation of European integration. The alter- native would be to let the pre- sent stagnation continue with the risk of further fragmenta- tion.
Our Berlin Correspondent writes: MI- George Thomson, the EEC Coammissioner in charge of regional policies, made a strong plea tonight for a spirit of solidaity in shaping a common political role for the European Cormunity.
In addressing a meeting of the Anglo-German Society here, he nEoted the positive achieve- mnents of the past few years, out added that he still saw a danger of menmber nations drifting apart if there was no reaffir- Mation of the Nine's willing- ness to help each other In their common political goals.";"February 6, 1976";"";59621;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Tindemans says he proposes gradual move to economic union and not a Europe 'à la carte'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MARCH 27
The Franco-Italian treaty, foreseeing an eventual customs and economic union between the two countries, was signed yesterday afternoon at the Quai d'Orsay by M. Schuman and Count Sforza. Franco-Italian cooperation, declared M. Schuman at the ceremony, was a first step towards European union. The Americans, who were anxious that Europe should become self-supporting, were beginning, said Count Sforza, to be mistrustful about European efforts: "" Here we bring them a fact.""
The treaty, which has yet to be ratified by the two Parliaments, derives from the French desire for European customs unions, originally made known at the Paris economic conference in Auguist, 1947. That offer was immediately taken up by Italy, and in the succeeding 18 months a joint committee worked upon details. The present treaty is the culmination of those
SUBSIDIARY AGREEMENTS
Three subsidiary agreements are annexed to the treaty and were also signed yesterday. These concern arrangements for the payment of Italian workers in France, immediate plans for Franco-Italian trade, and exchange rates- with the approval of the International Mone- tary Fund the franc-lira rate is to be changed from 220 lire for 100 francs, to 180 lire for 100 francs.
Within one year of its coming into force the treaty foresees a common tariff regime for the two countries. But since this is not enough to achieve a proper economic union there will be progressive suppression of the restrictions that prevent the free circulation of persons and goods between Italy and France, until at the end of six years economic fusion will have been achieved. A mixed committee called the Council of the Franco-Italian Customs Union is to be established, and will meet at regular intervals to advise the two Governments of the steps to be taken each year towards, first, tariff union and, later. economic fusion.
Considerable importance is being attached, in Fretch official quarters, to the prospects opened up by the treaty. it is described as a step towards closer economic cooperation in Europe, and as a prelude to great adjustments in the economies of the two countries. This last is borne out by the definition in the treaty of the powers that are to be entrusted to the mixed committee, which is to recommend steps towards harmonizing the agricultural, indus- trial, social, fiscal, monetary, and customs policies of the two countries. Each Govern- ment, however, is to have the right to maintain the monopolies that it at present enjoys.
PRO-ITALIAN POLICY
Apart from sts economic significance the treaty is important also as one more mani- festation of the consistently pro-Itauan policy that the Quai d'Orsay has pursued since the war. To identify Italian with French interests, to make Italy a fully fledged member of the western family, and also-although this is less easily deduced-to ensure that Italy's economic future is linked with France, rather than with a fast recovering German industry, these have been, perhaps, the main lines of French policy towards Italy.
Count Sforza, who has in any case been a regular visitor to Paris over the last 18 months for the meetings of the O.E.E.C., had another conversation with M Schuman to-day when the latter entertained him to lunch. It is thought that the two Ministers discussed. among other matters, the former Italian colonies, whose fate is due to be considered at the United Nations General Assembly in April. Count Sforza left Paris by air to-night for New York on the way to Washington. where be will sign the Atlantic Pact for Italy. M. Schuman leaves by air for Washington on Wednesday. During his visit to North America it is expected that he will pay a short good will visit to Ottawa at the invitation of the Canadian Government.";"March 28, 1949";"";51341;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-Italian Treaty";""
"['By Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The western reply to the latest Soviet Notes on European security was delivered at the Kremlin early yesterday morning -only a few hours before the conference proposed by Russia was due to open. The Note is admirably categoric in de- claring that the western Powers are all determined to ratify the Paris agreements, and thereby to bring Germany into N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union-before they negotiate further on European security.
In some respects, however, the reply is less definite than the westem Note of September 10. This fact and the delay in completing the text indicate that there may yet be breakers ahead, when the western Powers come to decide among themselves their approach to further negotiations with the Communists after ratification is complete.
RATIFICATION STAND
The Note begins by pointing out somewhat caustically that the recent Soviet proposals contain in effect no points not already dis- cussed in Berlin. It then at once emphasizes that the western Powers "" do not intend to be deflected "" from ratification of the Paris agree- ments. The Note argues that unlike the -' centrally imposed, massive, and un- restricted "" rearmament of countries in the Soviet bloc, "" the unity now being built up in the west "" is protected by ""a system of con- trols, limitations, and prohibitions.""
On Germany, the Note says that the western Powers await any concrete proposal on ""the tirmng and the nature"" of tree all-German elections.
The Note calls for careful preparation of negotiations to ensure that they may be successful, and says that '- the essential basis for a useful conference whether on Germany, Austria, or the remaining aspects of European security does not exist "" at present in the western view.
Finally, to establish a basis for successful negotiation and "" to deal with the foregoing uestions in due order,"" the Note makes the fie following proposals: -
1. Agreement to sign the Austrian Treaty. 2. Clarification of the Soviet position on free elections in Germany.
3. Diplomatic exchanges on any other European questions-in particular, security.
4. A meeting of the four Foreign Ministers "",as soon as it should appear that there is a real prospect of finding solutions, and after the ratification of the Paris agreements.""
5. A conference of "" European and other interested Powers "" on "" the remaining aspects of European security,"" if at this stage a conference appears hikely to be useful.
THE FRENCH PLAN
Clearly the final text of the present Note bas been influenced on the general question of European security by the proposals made recently by M. Mendes-FPrance to the General Assembly of the United Nations. He gave a somewhat paradoxical welcome to Commu- nist suggestions that Western European Union would be met with an eastern European military organization. Such an organization, be argued, if it embodied the same restric- tions as in the west upon the armaments of its members, might eventualy ease the problem of arms limftation between the two blocs.
The wording of the present Note, though it refers to the western organization, might equally wel be read to support a similar orga- nization in the east. Although such an out- come is certainly far ahead, if it comes about at all, the Note almost seems to express a hope that the Communist Powers, who yester- day began their Moscow conference in the absence of the other 17 countries invited, will in fact agree to set up a military organization similar to Western European Union.
It is on the question of German unification, however, that the text of the Note is perhaps of greatest interest. In their Note of Septem- ber 10 the western Powers stated that they were prepared to negotiate on the basis of the western plan for free atl-German elections, as proposed by Sir Anthony Eden in Berlin. They do not now stand on this, and have made, ostensibly at least, an important con- cession in saying that they await ' any concrete proposal "" on free German elections.
In the Note of September 10 the western Powers also declared that if the Austrian treaty were signed, and free elections in Germany on the basis of the western plan were agreed, they would then be prepared to cal a four-Power meeting "" to complete the action on these problems "" and "" to con- sider the remaining aspects of European security.""
CLARIFICATION SOUGHT
The present Note is rather less definite. It proposes signature of the Austrian treaty and clarification of the Soviet Government's attitude on German elections as the first two points among questions to be considered "" in due order,"" but it is not clear whether a satisfactory solution of these questions, or possibly of one or other of them, is an essential precondition of any further negotiation on European security.
It seems that here there has probably been some divergence between western views. In the British view, a satisfactory settlement of German unification remains throughout a vital need, if a real easing of tension in Europe is to be achieved, and without this in view- a conference on European security could hardly yield sound and lasting results.
What is definite from the Note is that the western Powers intend now to ratify the Paris agreements. While that process continues, the Note does not exclude-further exchanges with the Soviet Government on Austria, German unification, and security, but ratification must precede any conference.
The text of the British Note to Russia is on page 11.
CONFERENCE OPENED
IN MOSCOW
NEW DEFENCE WARNING
BY MR. MOLOTOV
BY OUR SPECIAL CORPESPONDFNI-
The Soviet-sponsored European security conference opened in Moscow yesterday afternoon-an event which is being given pride of place in all Russian and satellite broadcasts and in the Press.
According to Moscow radio, 39 delegates from seven countries (all having Communist regimes) are attending the conference in addi- tion to the Soviet Union, and China is repre- sented by an observer. Mr. Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, presided at the opening session, which lasted several hours.
The Press were not admitted to the opening of the conference, held at the Spiridonovka Palace, formerly the home of a Russian noble- man, but in the evening Press representatives were given the text of Mr. Molotov's speech. This contained two essential points, a virtual call for the establishment of an eastern military bloc which would include cast Germany, and an appeal to the western Powers to abandon while there is still time the
'perilous course "" of rearming west Germany. Mlr. Molotov began by expressing regrets that all the countries invited could not see their way to attend. In the circumstances, he said, the conference must be held with the participa- tion of those States which bad accepted the Soviet invitation. His proposal was imme- diately seconded by the leaders of the Polish and Czechoslovak delegations whose Govern- ments originaly supported the invitation to the other 20 countries to attend a meeting in Moscow or Paris.
No details of the measures that Mr. Molotov forecast have yet been indicated, but Pravda, in a leading article on the eve of the conference, containing almost verbatim some of the main points in the Foreign Minister's address. declared that ratification of the Paris agreements would change the situation in Europe and exclude the possibility of organiz- ing European security.
Measures possible in certain circumstances, said Pravda; are impossible under others. This
INTERPRETATION IN
PARIS
SOVIET OPPOSITION TO
TREATIES
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 29
French opinion, observing the gathering of the nations at the ""security confer- ence"" in 'Moscow, is naturally asking what can be the purpose of such a meet- ing, and out of this query emerges only one clear answer: that the west is about to be subjected to another blast against the London and Paris agreements on Germany and their ratification.
The text of the westem reply to Russia, issued to-day, will meet with the approval of aU those who think that M. Mendes-France's suggestion for a four-Power conference imme- diately after ratification is the proper way to go about this business; it will not, of course, be approved by the Communists or their friends, or by the considerable number of Gaullists-including, it is said, the General himself-who think that negotiations with the Russians should precede and not follow ratifi- cation of the agreements.
The western Note contains, in its closing passages, some new material that was written into it after M. Mendes-France had made his recent speech to the United Nations, proposing a four-Power conference in Paris in May. In N.A.T.O. circles it is emphasized that the Note was drafted after consultation with the members of the North Atlantic alliance, and that the replies of the nine countries of N.A.T.O., other than Britain, the United States, and France, who received the Russian Note of November 13, are substantially similar to the reply of the three western Powers.
DISCUSSIONS ON SAAR
Dr. Blankenhorn, the German representa- tive who has been in Paris for the past few days to discuss the Saar agreement, has had further conversations at the. Quai d'rOay about those articles in the agreement signed in October by M. Menoe-. raa.ie &.. *r. Adenauer which were left to be completed in detail. It is emphasized that the talks cover only details of how to implement the agree- ment; the Frencb have many times said that they cannot for one moment consider going back upon, or interpreting or adding to it, and it is certain that Dr. Blankenhorn has not asked for any such revision.
Yesterday, M. Grandval, the French Ambassador to the Saar, gave a lecture in Paris which provides a good example of how not to approach a delicate question in which the national pride of two countries is deeply involved. The ambassador, apparently over- looking the fact that the final agreement fore- sees, at the time of the German peace treaty, a second referendum in the Saar by which the Saarlanders can express their wishes, declared that the present agreement, although only setting up a provisional statute, was definitive. He underlined the concessions made by France, and claimed that the French had done nothing to complicate the problem. "" I do not get the impression that, over the last month, we have been paid in return,"" he added.
AMBASSADOR'S FEARS
While paying a tribute to the attitude of
Dr. Adenauer, be said that the preamble to - the Saar Bill as tabled in thetBundesrat was not of a kind to pacffy French feelings. The preamble gave to the Saar agreement a
tendentious, mistaken, and sometimes boorishly untrue interpretation."" M. Grandval admitted that the elections in Hesse and Bavaria might account for the nationalist tone, but thought it disquieting that in Germany, to succeed, it was necessary to be more nationalist than one's competitor. In reply tO a question, he said that, in spite of the undertakings in the new agreement against interference by foreign parties in Saar politics, he feared that the German parties would indulge in insidious propaganda tn the territory.i
may be intended as a waaming that Russia would not agree to a conference with the westem Powers after the Paris agreements were ratifed, and that she is now formning a strong military bloc of all satellites, including east Germnany, with the Soviet Union as the p To- tecting Power in Europe, and supported by China iD the Far East.
In addition to the delegates from the seven satelite countries, the conference is attended by representatives of the Estonian, Latvian Lithuanian, Ukrainian, White Russian, and Russian Federated Republics.
DENUNCIATION OF WEST
Moscow, Nov. 29.-In the course of his speech to the opening session of the con- ference, Mr. Molotov said: ""It is regretted that not all States who received the proposal have found- it possible to take part in the work of the conference, which is discussing problems of great concem to all peoples of the world.
"" The development of events in Europe has taken a dangerous route for the course of peace since certain Governments-first and foremost the United States, and also Great Britain and France-have taken a certain course, that is. the arming of Germany and the inclusion of Germany in military groupings and opposing one group of European States against another.""
""At the present time, the three westem Powers, with the support of the other countries of the North Atlantic bloc, have entered into an open alliance with the militarists of west Germany. The London and Paris agreements can only be considered as being directed at the rebirth of German militarism and involv- ing a remilitarized w.estern Germany in the North Atlantic bloc and the Wester Union bloc, which serves as an addendum to the North Atlantic bloc.
DANGER OF WAR
Mr. Molotov said Russia proposed two things: 1. In no circumstances to permit the rebirth of German militansm, which un- leashed the First and Second World Wars, but to bring about a peaceful solution of the German question on the basis of agreement between the four Powers; 2. To establish a system of collective security in Europe with the participation of aU countries interested, irrespective of their social and state systems. It would not be easy to reach agreement on these proposals, "" but nobody can prove that it is impossible.""
The aims of the Soviet proposals were radically different from those of the Paris agreements-"" a further and particularly dangerous stage in the preparation of a new war in Europe. Therefore, the delegations taking part in thtis conference must consider special vigilance and must work out practical measures to provide for their securtv-and this fact should be known by other aovern- ments of Europe, ind not only Europe.
NEW MEASURES NEEDED
"" Since the ratification and implementation of these Paris agreements is being prepared for the very near future, the peace-loving European peoples cannot confine themselves to those measures which they have taken hitherto to secure their defence. This safety concerns those States which are represented at the present conference, but, of course, it also concerns those peace-loving States who do not wish to contribute to the preparations and the unleashing of a new war in Europe.""
"" To ensure their security firmly, the peace- loving states of Europe must consolidate their forces and considerably strengthen them in case the Paris agreements are ratified and implemented. For this, it is necessary for them to prepare such measures to strengthen their defence capabilities as would. answer the present situation.
"" This demands on the part of the States taking part in the present conference common measures in the field of organizing the military forces of their-commands, as well as other measures to protect securely the peaceful labour- of our peoples and to guarantee tbe integrity of their frontiers and to ensure their defence against possible aggression.""";"November 30, 1954";"";53102;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Reply On European Security";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 10
Mr. Dulles to-day saw both Mr. Selwyn Lloyd and M. Pineau. He talked to the Foreign Secretary this morning for an hour and a half at the home of the American Ambassador, and to the French Foreign Minister for two hours at the Quai d'Orsay this evening, after the Western European Union meetings.
The atmosphere at both interviews is said to have been cordial, and M. Pineau remarked afterwards that Franco- American talks had now recovered their usiual tone. In both cases N.A.T.O. problems and the Middle East were discussed.
NEED FOR JOINT ACTION M. Pineau said to-night that he and Mr. Dulles had agreed on the need for joint action to see that the Suez Canal was reopened as soon as possible. Mr. Dulles is believed to have expressed him- self in favour of the use of French salvage equipment. According to M. Pineau, it was agreed that in seeking a final solu- tion.for the Suez Canal problem, account should be taken of the six points accepted at the United Nations.
Prospects for a meeting with the Egyp- tian Government were discussed, and it was agreed, according to M. Pineau, that they should go on working at the United Nations under the auspices of Mr. Haammarskiold rather than hold direct negotiations with Colonel Nasser at Geneva.
M. Pineau said that he bad raised the Algerian question at the meeting and had tried to explain some of the ""problems about which Mr. Dulles knew little."" such as the economic, social and political re- forms carried out recently by the Frencb. The Syrian situation and the chances of a peace settlement in Palestine had also been discussed. M. Pineau remarked that the interview had been concerned with the future rather than with recriminations about the past.
ALIGNING POLICIES
In discussing the role of N.A.T.O. and the report of the committee of three, both M. Pineau and Mr. Dulles are reported to have-expressed doubts whether it was either desirable or possible to align the foreign policies of member-countries over matters outside the 1.A.T.O. area. Thus. while it was wise for N.A.T.O. countries concerned with the Middle East, such as France and the United States, to try to align their policy there, it was thought to be too much to ask all the other N.A.T.O. Powers to associate themselves with it.
Information about what passed between Mr. Dulles and Mr. Selwvn Lloyd is some- what scantier, but it is reliably reported that for much of their talk they discussed not only how to get the canal open but also how to ensure its remaining open. Their conversation, both in its trend and contents, was judged this evening to be a hopeful augury for the future.
Obsbrvers were left to-night with the impression that Mr. Dulles had crossed the Atlantic more to be a listener than to be a talker this week, and that he had not brought with him many positive new ideas for solving the Palestine problem, the Syrian menace, or the long-term future of the canal. This has led his critics here to reflcct once more on the apparent lack of a constructive American policy in the Middle East. But American officials close to the Secretary of State were Pointing out to-night that Mr. Dulles was still con- cerned primarily with catching up with his work.
BIGGEST RIFT
Aftcr the hiatus caused by his illness and by the temporary breakdown of the alliance, he is chiefly interested to find out how the British and French attitudes have evolved. So far as is known no further meetings have been artanged between the three Foreign Ministers, but this does not necessarily mean that they will not occur.
Ministers have been arriving throughout the day in readiness for to-morrow's open- ing of the Atlantic Council meeting. Lord Ismay, the secretary-general of N.A.T.O., said this evening that the most important problem-the restoration of the unity of the alliance-did not figure on the agenda. But this, he said, was "" the most important N.A.T.O. conference since Lisbon in 1952.""
Of recent events in the Middle East and the Franco-British intervention in Egypt, he said (i) that the great interest that the Russians were taking in the southern and south-eastern flank of N.A.T.O. had -been unmasked; and (ii) that the Franco-British decision had constituted ""the biggest rift in the history of the alliance."" In reply to a question, he said that he had no evidence of a potential Soviet military threat to the Middle East. and N.A.T.O. bad no information about increased Soviet air or submarine activity in the area.
LESSON OF HUNGARY
Lord ismay began by underlining the difference between the background and atmosphere of this meeting and those of the last Ministerial meeting in May. At that time the "" very plausible "" changes in Soviet tactics had iust begun to make themselves felt-the snrile instead of the frown, the vilification of Stalin, the good-will visit instead of isolation in the Kremlin, even a certain amount of liberalization in the satellite States. Even the most sceptical people in the west had begun to think that this might represent a change of heart and not just of practice.
At the same time it had been said that N.A.T.O. was not doing enough in the political and economic fields. The appoint- ment of a special ministerial committee to report on this aspect had been one result of the principal meeting.
Some people had then began to talk. Lord Ismay went on. as if N.A.T.O. should concentrate entirely on these political and economic aims, as if the military task of the alliance were finished. To-day the atmosphere was very different. Recent events in Hungary had shown that the men in the Kremlin were exactly the same as before. and that there was no sort of outrage against the laws of God or man fromn wbich they would shrink if expediency demanded.
COMPLICATED PROBLEM
Lord Ismay emphasized that there was no idea of departure from the ""forward strategy""-which he defined as meaning the defence of the whole of western Euro-7e. But it was doubtful whether any nation could spend mucb more money than it was spending now, and all the time the cost of armaments was going up by leaps and bounds.
The alliance must therefore decide the size and pattern of forces required to meet the new conditions. This was a terribly complicated problem, and the permanent council had spent a long time working on a political directive which would enable the commanders to continue their plan- ning. What was now needed was the sub- stitution of machine power for manpower,
for if manpower.were reduced consider- ably more money would be available for the expensive new weapons.
Lord Ismay emphasized that N.A.T.O. was purely concerned with defending N.A.T.O: territory. He had heard it said that N.A.T.O. should have been ready for action over Hungary, but N.A.T.O. was a goalkeeper, and ""you might just as well say that the Arsenal goalkeeper is a rotten goalkeeper because he has scored no goals.""
The council of Western European Union met at the Quai d'Orsay this morn- ing and again this afternoon under the chairmanship of Mr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister Germany was repre- sented by Herr von Brentano, Belgium by M. Spaak, France by M. Pineau, Italy by Signor Martino, Luxembourg by M. Bech, and Bnitain by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. The statement published this evening speaks in the vaguest terms of plans for developing W.E.U.
SIR A. EDEN'S RETURN
NO PROSPECT OF MEETING
WITH PRESIDENT
FROM OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT
Mr. Butler, speaking in the House of Commons yesterday, held out no pros- pect of a meeting between the Prime Minister and President Eisenhower before Sir Anthony Eden returns to London on Thursday after his three weeks' rest in Jamaica.
Replying to a question on the subject by a Labour member, Mr. Butler referred first to an answer which he gave to a similar question last week. He then said that the Prime Minister valued these meet- ings, and that he and the Government had the possibility of such a meeting very much in mind, although ""the time of it must be left to the heads of Governments.""
In the course of replying to a supple- mentary question yesterday, Mr. Butler said (in the same connexion) '. . . nor would I say that the Prime Minister is making particular efforts in this direction. His objective is to come back to this country at the end of three weeks' rest. . . ."" Mr. Butler added that very satisfactory contacts would be made with American leaders- Mr. Dulles and Mr. Humphrey-by senior Cabinet Ministers at this week's Ministerial N.A.T.O. meeting in Paris.
The Foreign Secretary and the Minister of Defence are already in Paris, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer will leave London by air early this morning to join them.
Mr. Nehru will be in London this week- end on his way to visit President Eisen- hower in Washington. It is thought that the Prime Minister may wish to meet bim before he continues his journey.
AIRLINER BOOKING
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
KINGSTON (JA.), DEC. 10
Sir Anthony Eden has booked seats on a B.O.A.C. Stratocruiser leaving Montego Boy at 4 p.m. (local time) on Thursday and arriving at London Airport at 3.55 p.m. on Friday after a short stop at Bermuda at about midnight. The Chief Minister, Mr. Norman Manley, visited Sir Antbony Eden and Lady Eden this evening.";"December 11, 1956";"";53711;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-American Talks On Suez Canal";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, DEC. 30
President Eisenhower, from his head- quarters at Augusta, Georgia, to-day hailed the French vote on Gertnan re- armament as a "" matter for great gratifi- cation not only to the United States but to the entire free world."" He had waited many hours, often in consultation with Mr. Dulles by telephone, and had been ready to fly back immediately from this golfing retreat which had become the focal point ef intense activity in the capital.
The President's statement noted that a further step had yet to be taken, both in France and elsewhere, before a satisfactory foundation of western defence was achieved, and continued:-
"" Of particular importance is the fact that. the French deputies, after initial hesitation against bringing Germany into the western defence arrangements, have now voted to ratify the new treaties signed at Paris last October.
ITALIAN MAJORITY
""bThe French action is all the more signi- ficant since it follows the vote on ratification taken last week by the Italian Assembly which approved the western defence plans by a decisive majority. Once sovereignty has been restored to the Federal Republic with German participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, there will be added defensive strength and general solidarity in western Europe.
"" As decisive cooperation supplants age-old antagonisms, prospects for a general and last- ing peace will be definitely improved, and a measure of encouragement may therefore even now be felt by all who are earnestly striving to maintain and improve the unity and harmony of the free world.""
Mr. 14agerty, the White House Press Secre- tary, indicated that the President will now complete his stay at Augusta, where, with his economic advisers, he has been working on his messages to Congress. and will probably return to Washington on Monday.
The first flash of relief at the French vote is sufficient for the day, and ihe impl,cations that are bound to be drawn from its nalTow margin-indeed, from the whole course of these tortured decisions-may come to be tempered by a deeper appreciation of the formidable obstacles of fear and suspicion that have been surmounted in wresting approval from any French Parliament for such a fateful step.
PERSONAL IMPRESSION
The dimensions of the problem have often been ignored here; but the personal impres- sion made by M. Mendes-France during his Washington visit will certainly be heightened, and an admirable effort of self-discipline has been made in most quarters not to display the irritation and impatience so frequently shown during the E.D.C. crisis. There has been some quasi-official talk, however, of alterna- tive plans for the defence of western E..:ope that must have followed another adverse vote in Paris; and due note has been taken of M. Mendes-France's own warning that approval of German rearmament by a small majority would be almost as bad as its rejection.
The Newv York Tines. probably in an effort tn coften this ccrutinv of the French vote. works out a few sums to-day to support a contention that slim majorities in the National Assembly are an "" optical distortion "" that does small justice to the French people. The argument is that nearly 100 Communist votes represented not France but Moscow, and that an absolute if not overwhelming majority existed for a new German Army. The news- paper does not suggest, however, that the Communists were elected by Russians, and this approach to such a complex problem is surely a little facile.
MR. DULLES'S STATEMENT The President's views were warmly shared by Mr. Duties, who, in a separate statement, commented that the Communist deputies had voted mechanically against all constructive measures, while, the other parties had dis- played differences of opinion about strengthening western defence. It was under- standable, he said. that these differences should have existed; the issues were both complicated and momentous. Mr. Dulles paid tribute to ""those in France who saw that patriotism required a varying of age-old hos- tilities,"" and added 'that this could happen is a good augury for the years ahead."" They could now justifiably hope that the remaining ratification procedures tn France and else- where would soon be completed.
GERMAN REACTION
DR. ADENAUER ON WORK
FOR PEACE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 30
Most people here who had been follow- ing the debates in the French National Assembly had come to the conclusion that the treaties would in the end scrape through.
This was the Federal Government's own opinion, and the Opposition, too, has been cautious in its utterances, showing no inclina- tion to gamble on the other possibility. Still, after the shock of the adverse vote last week, no one dared to be confident. The favourable decision, when it came, was no surprise but it was an immeasurable relief.
Dr. Adenauer, in a statement issued imme- diately the news of the French vote reached Bonn, said that the National Assembly's de- cision filled the Federal Government, and himself personally, with satisfaction. ""The proceedings of the French National Assembly have shown,"" he added, "" what extraordinary difficulties of a political and psychological character still remain on the way to a Europe capable of unified action.
"" Many of these difficulties are explained by the tragic past, which, we hope, will be finally closed by the realization of the treaties. The Federal Republic will make its contribu- tion with good will, persistence, and modera- tion to the common work of the European nations, in the free conviction that the freedom and peace of the western world can be main- tained only in this way.""
SOCIAL DEMOCRAT VIEW
The Social Democrats have commented that the treaties have "" a completely insufficient backing among the French people,"" and that the narrow vote in the National Assembly has by no means removed the danger that the rearmament of west Germany may give new life to the idea of a Franco-Soviet alliance. This comment, issued to-night through the party's Press service, outlines a policy which in the party's view would be more likely to lead to the desired result of the peaceful reuni- fication of Germany in freedom.
The strength of the German position, it points out, is that the United States cannot allow the west German potential to fall into Soviet hands; if they did. the balance of power would change in their disfavour. They, and Britain, cannot withdraw their land forces from Germany unless the Federal Republic enters their military alliance unconditionally -as, in the Social Democrat view, she is doing under the present treaties. The Federal Republic ought rather to refuse a defence contribution, the Social Democrats argue, to
force the weste rn Powers ""to concernm them- selves seriously at last with the political solu- tion of the German problem.""
CANADIAN PRAISE FOR
ASSEMBLY
MR. PEARSON'S STATEMENT
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
'OTTAWA, DEC. 30
Mr. Pearson, the Secretary of State foi External Affairs, has expressed the belief that the French Assembly's decision was based on a wise and realistic understanding of the situation, and was not only in the best interests of France, but was also required if the Atlantic coalition, whose strength and unity were essential for peace, was to be maintained.
He continued: "" We must now prove that the rearmament of Germany, not unlimited or uncontrolled but within the context of
N.A.T.O. and Western European Union, is not only no menace to France or to any other country, but, on the contrary, will help to associate Germany with the free western world in such a way that peace and security will be strengthened"" Without close and friendly cooperation and understanding between France and Germany such a strengthening of peace would be difficult, if not impossible.
RELIEF IN LONDON
APPRECIATION OF FRENCH
PRIME MINISTER
BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
News of the vote in the French Assembly was received at the Foreign Office with obvious relief.
It is pointed out that further steps have to be taken in France and elsewhere before the Paris agreements take effect, but there is no doubt here that the news from Paris will hearten all in the Atlantic alliance. It is hoped that after the start which has been made in France. Italy. Britain, and in other countries the process of ratification can now be accelerated and concluded as quickly as possible.
The Paris agreements have yet to come before the Council of the Republic, the French Upper House, which in normal circumstances would probably endorse them without cavil. In view of the tenseness of the debate and the extreme divergences between those who favour and those who oppose the agreements it is always possible that the Council of the Republic will seek to amend the Assembly's. decision. In that case a final decision upon the agreements will be referred back once more to the Assembly.
Meanwhile a Western European Union working group will meet in Paris on Janu- ary 17 to discuss the production and standardization of armaments. This was agreed at the London conference in October, which also agreed that French draft directives should be studied. These include, it is under- stood, ambitious plans for the pooling of arms production. There is now, however, greater confidence that these discussions will not give rise to further delays in the ratification procedure.
TURNING POINT
There is no doubt that yesterday's vote cleared the main obstacle to ratification in France. The National Assembly-the final legislative body, and therefore ultimately the voice of France-has now spoken in favour of the Paris agreements, including the rearma- ment of Germany. Yesterday's vote-when all the caveats have been uttered-may well prove to be the turning-point.
The oUtcome of the debate has naturally further confirmed the increasing respect with which M. Mendes-France is regarded here. It is no secret that he has not at times been viewed in London as one with whom col- laboration was always easy, but there was full praise yesterday for the tenacity with which he has piloted the agreements through these stormy waters.";"December 31, 1954";"";53127;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"President Eisenhower On Better Outlook For Peace";""
"['EMILIO COLOMBO']";"['News']";"EMILIO COLOMBO
Italian Prime Minister 1970-72. Foreign Minister 1980-83.
Tlhe 35th anniversary of the Atlantic Alliance finds a con- sensus of opinion in Italy that virtually encompasses the coun- try's entire political spectrum. Reservations such as the im- portant one concerning the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) are still voiced by the Communists. It would be a nmistake to disregard these reservations, though it is a fact that no one dares deny the usefulness of the alliance, as it wvould not be understood by public opinion today. This has not always been so, and grateful acknowledgments go to those meni who at the end of the 1940s worked to make this evolution possible.
In recalling the lively debate which at the time attracted the interest of the country's poli- ticians alongside the man in the street on a choice made complex by the difficulties of post-war Italy, positions such as the one taken by Alcide de Gasperi, a staunch supporter of the Atlantic option, today appear particularly far-sighted. The Christian-Democratic Party, still at the centre of the country's political spectrum, and the other parties, which, following our proportional sys- tem, formed coalitions solidly anchored to the Western con- cept of democracy, were aware that the validity of the choice would be confirmed, and would enable the settlement of dis- putes which accompanied its conception.
The lively debate between the two sides of the Atlantic, which has characterized in more than one instance the history of the alliance, cannot per se be regarded as the motive of the crisis, provided that a frank debate be established. In fact, it is only through a frank debate that moments of apparent tension can be overcome, safeguarding the individuality and the sensibility of each participant and avoiding dangerous differences.
Two instances come to mind. The first one is the difficulties wlhicil arose among the allies during 1982, after the dramatic events in Warsaw. I believe these were due to the fact that the political objective to be pursued, on which we were all in agreement and which was a serious and unanimous warning to the Soviet Union, had not been clearly defined. We also had to take into consideration the legitimate interests of each country as far as East-West economic relations were con- cerned. But this we did with some delay and not without difficulty.
The second instance which comes to mind is the fruitful dialogue which immediately ensued between Europeans and Americans on the very delicate question of INF. In my opinion, the West owes its united front to this intensive and open dialogue in which European countries made many valuable suggestions. I personally recall my meeting with President Reagan in March 1983 at the White House on the so-called ""intermediate option"". The extraordinary frankness of that conversation greatly contrib- uted to further defining the
Western position on the matter.
The alliance was therefore able to respond to the psycho- logical offensive launched by the Soviet Union as a cover for its massive programme of rearmament in the Old Conti- nent by strengthening its solida- rity and through closer forms and methods of agreement. The INF did not cause that schism which Moscow had sought in Europe, nor did they widen the gap between the two shores of Ihe Atlantic. Europe gave its firm response to the threat of the SS-20. Of course, there still is keen concern also for the l'uture of peace, as peaceful rallies all over Europe demon- strate, quite apart from dis- torted interpretations. How- ever, I am reassured by the prevailing awareness that in this present phase peace and secur- ily require above all a common effort on the part of each and every one of us.
On the other hand, we are concerned by the fact that political forces such as the British Labour Party, which have managed to firmly govern their respective countries even in difficult times, have, and I trust only temporarily, changed positions. This weakening of attitude could prove very costly for Europe's stability.
The question of the INF has therefore once again confirmed that Europe's security is indivis- ible from that of the United States and it has further proved, if there were any need, the importance, I would say almost structural, of the Euro-Atlantic link for each of our countries. The search for always more efficient ways of ensuring security for all in the future can only spring from a reaffirmation of our interdependence.
Some weeks ago in Bonn, in the course of a meeting on European questions, I remarked that if Europe wants to play a full role, if it wants to make its voice of moderation and wis- dom heard with greater auth- ority within the Western con- text and the world, it must for her part take on wider and more direct responsibilities.
Politics is the art of the possible and shuns rigid con- trasts. It is a fact, however, that as Europeans it would be somewhat difficult for us to
make our needs and priorities better heard if we are not prepared to do more, and above all to do it together.
I am only too well aware of the effort nmade on the national scale by countries of great traditions such as Great Britain and France. I also know full vell that this is a very delicate question and I can understand thc legitimate sensibilitv of' Londoni and Paris on this point. With due respect for the position of each country. the day will conic when these questionis will have to be addressed. that is if we are to succeed in building a European f; amework.
While recognizing the imi- portance of a militar-y commit- mient, European countries have for many years deleted fronm their common political diction- ary terns such as ""defence"" or .security"", either out of fear or hypocrisy. Today, we talk a lot about European security.
However, what needs to be done first of all is to clear the ground of certain prejudicial obstacles. The first and most dangerous one is the idea that vider agreement among Euro- pean countries for a more firmly concerted common de- fence necessarily presupposes thiird-force options, and is a prelude to a split between Europe and the United States, or even to a precipitous return of the latter to an isolationist position.
This is a concept which though well r1ooted in manv circles on either side of the Atlantic nevertheless is based on a two-fold misunderstand- ing. On the other hand, Europe cannot be defended without the United States, an undeniable fact recognized by all, including the French. The debate on the potential decoupling impact of the decision on INF stands to prove this point.
On the other hand, the United States could survive without Europe, but the re- duction and fragmentation of the free world could herald an era of growing uncertainty.
Having accepted the prin- ciple, which works both ways, that the Europeans cannot defend themselves without the United States, it remains to be seen what the Europeans should do among themselves. Unilate- ralism and the temptation of a restricted forum are both to be dispelled, since they have no right of existence in Europe's security.
What should be done first of all would be to try to coordinate our weapons industries and our procurement programmnmes. European industry has suffered considerable losses in the past through duplicating efforts, for
some it has been possible to reach relevant market positions on a purely national basis, but this 'ill become always more difTicult with the next gener- ation of ""intelligent weapons"". on which Nato has based its cowncntional modernization programme. We will have to %york pragmaticallv, bearing in mind past experiences and lookitig lor industrial and economic compatibilities. The Frcnch idca based on relaunch- ing Westein European Union (WEUl) to coordinate and rationalize European procure- mcnt is a step in the right direction.
lhe key issue is of course Europe's political will to move torward. and to do so together. The timid reference to political and economic aspects of secur- ity in Stuttgart's Solemn Declar- ation. which was all Herr (ienscher. the Wcst Gcrman Floreign Minister, and myself wcrc able to obtain at the end of a long negotiationl. stands rather as a testimonv of present difliculties than as a sign of progress. Yet. there is no doubt that progress in the field of security is essential in order to lend substance to those policies which we all are advocating as a Wa out of the quagmire of the lakes of milk. butter and wine in which we are now locked. At Stuttgart we expressed a politi- cal will vhich did not, however. bear its fruit in Athens, but whicil cannot be ignored for too long and which will soon need to be tested.
TIlhe articles appearing in this Special Report are part of the series mhich have been appearing since January. Thev will all be included in expanded form in a book Clhallenges to the Western Alliance, to be published by Times Books, edited by Joseph Godson, the George- town Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC.
If Europe shows its ability to face up to the technological and economic challenige of the coming years, and at the same time provide a greater contri- bution to common defence in the interest of the Atlantic Alliance, it will have acquired a new and greater international dimension. It will be a slow and difficult process, whose ob- stacles can only too easily be visualized, but it is something that has to be done in order to move forxvard. If we are able to undertake this process with clear determination we will give greater strength to the idea of a European Union aimed at reinforcing closer ties among its members and at co-operating to promote a common vision of peace and interdependence with the United States.";"May 29, 1984";"";61843;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A frank debate is needed";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD-The Hague, Nov. 8']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD-The Hague, Nov. 8
Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, today endorsed the idea of a conference of European heads of government to be called to discuss cooperation in fields outside the scope of the Treaty of Rome. He told more than 500 parliamentarians meeting in The Hague that it was wel- comed by Britain.
The two-day congress, called by the European Movement, is in- tended to "" give a fresh impulse to the work of political and economic union "". It was used by Mr. Stewart today to give a fresh affirmation of Britain's faith in Europe and to underline her inten- tion of pressing for closer links with the rest of Europe in spite of the French veto on membership of the European Economic Com- munity.
""If the way to membership is blocked for the moment "", he said, "" we must not abandon our efforts to make progress towards Euro- pean unity in other ways. Together with other European countries we have been seeking ways of build- ing Europe in those fields where no country has the right to veto pro- gress.""
He mentioned the Benelux plan, put forward last January, and the more recent Belgian proposals. Britain, he said, was determined to do all she could to see that this line of approach, begun in Rome at last month's meeting of Western European Union, succeeded. He hoped that by the next meeting of W.E.U., to be held in Luxembourg in January, it would be clear what decisions it would be possible to take.
Mr. Stewart's statement was made to ministers and parliamen- tarians from 16 countries in the course of a grand European occa- sion. The meeting, held in the thirteenth-century Ridderzaal be- neath the flags of the eleven Dutch provinces, has been called to give a new impetus to European unifica- tion and particularly to the appli- cations of Britain. the Republic of Ireland, Denmark and Norway to join the E.E.C.
The congress was opened by Queen Juliana. Among the other speakers. either today or tomor- row, were the Foreign Ministers of all the E.E.C. countries except
France, as well as ministers from the Republic of Ireland, Denmark, Norway and Austria. Leading European figures such as Mr. Edward Heath and Herr Franz- Josef Strauss were also on the list.
M. Jean de Lipkowski, the French State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was billed to speak but he told the organizers at the last moment that "" unforeseen circum- stances "" prevented him from taking part. The French Ambas- sador in The Hague has also found himself unable to be present, so it seems clear that word went out from the Elysee to boycott the occasion.
Before the congress was a draft resolution declaring that the best way of uniting Europe was to build on the foundations of the Euro- pean Community. If, however, progress there was not possible, "" the peoples of Europe cannot afford to stand still any longer""'.
The governments which recognized the pressing need should take steps to integrate their policies in spheres outside the scope of the European Community and to set up the necessary com- mon institutions. ""We ask that a conference ot heads of govern- ments be convened without delay for this purpose "". the draft added.
It was this idea which Mr. Stewart adopted in his speech. There was no question, he said, of establishing a community in rivalry with the E.E.C. The aim should be one Europe, and one Community, and the work done outside the existing Community should be joined to that done in- side when an enlargement became possible.
At the same time, no European country which wished to take part in the action which was now being prepared should be excluded. But Europe could not wait for every- one to agree.
The Hague, Nov. 8.-M. Jean Rey, president of the Common Market executive commission, called for an end to what he called the Community's paralysing and outdated veto system. He told thz congress that although the Com- mon Market was not at a stand- still, progress, however substantial, still did not meet the pressing needs of the times.-Reuter.";"November 9, 1968";"";57404;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain backs plan for summit talks on Europe";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Dr. Adenauer, on his way back from the United States to Bonn, had luncheon at Chequers yesterday as thc guest of Sir Anthony Eden. Later the German Federal Chancellor described his talk with the Prime Minister as "" very good and very fruitful.""
A statement issued as the Chancellor left London Airport, after six hours at Chequers, said that Dr. Adenauer had taken the ofporturtity of informing Sir Anthony Eden of his conversations during the past week with United States representatives, and of discussing the forthcoming four-Power con- ference, and the latest Soviet Note to the Federal Republic.
At a time when the western Powers were making sustained efforts to secure the unity of Germany, the statement went on, it was essential that they should be ih continual contact with the Federal Republic. Both the Prinme Minister and the Chancellor intended as circumstances developed, to follow tie day's conversations by futher exchanges of view between the two Govern- ments.
Such *' exchanges of view,"" it is under- stood, will form a development of the close and friendly cooperation which has been built up in the past few years between Dr. Adenauer and two successive Conservative Prime Ministers. The personal character of the proposed exchanges, as of yesterday's talks, is emphasized. No further meeting has yet been arranged.
NO "" NEUTRAL1TY""
Dr. Adenauer said he would like to take the opportunity of telling the British people that the Federal Republic would be loyal to her partners in the west, and would stand by the N.A.T.O. and Western European Union treaties. This was a repetition of a similar pledge made to the American people a few days previously. Both are rLgarded in London as a public warning to Russia that west Germany will not contemplate "" neutrality,"" as much as an assurance to her new allies and a bid to silence any remaining western sceptics of German intentions.
Sir Anthony Eden said, as he saw the Chancellor off at the airport, that he was glad to have had the opportunity of talking with him again, and was sure that he was right in saying that the discussion had been useful to the two countries and to the cause of peace. Modestly, the Prime Minister suggested that it was "" largely through the help Dr. Adenauer gave us "" that it had been possible to conclude the treaties uniting western Europe. I lt is on the basis of that unity that we all look forward to discussions with the Soviet Union to try to promote a relaxation of tension.
""W We wish all good fortune to the Chan- cellor,"" Sir Anthony Eden went on, "" in his efforts for the unification of Germany, which we desire as he desires it. I hope he will feel from the welcome he has received how sincere we are to work for the unity of the west and therefore for the peace of the world.""
No further details of the talks were made known last night, although it can be assumed that Sir Anthony Eden expressed his approval of the joint declaration by Dr. Adenauer and President Eisenhower on June 14 that one of the western objectives at the Geneva conference would be to pave the way for the early reunification of Germany. Dr. Adenauer has now seen in the past few days two of the three western leaders who will meet Marshal Bulganin at Geneva.
Sir Anthony Eden spent part of Saturday working on preparations for the Geneva conference with Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office.
Another distinguished west German visitor to Britain arrived in London last night. He is Herr Karl Arnold, Chief Minister of the Land Government of North Rhine- Westphalia, who will stay until Saturday as the guest of the British Government. His visit is largely of a social character, with trips to Oxford and Scotland, but it will also include a political talk with Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick at the Foreign Office to-morrow.
Picture on page 16.";"June 20, 1955";"";53251;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer's Conversations With Prime Minister";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, AUG. 1
All six countries of the European Common Market expressed a warm welcome today for the British Govern- ment's decision to open negotiations for membership. The first opportunity of canvassing a concerted opinion of Mr. Macmillan's announcement was pro- vided by a ministerial meeting in Paris of the Western European Union, which was given an exposition of British hopes and difficulties by Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal. British official observers tonight were highly gratified with the unanimous approval given to the new initiative.
The WE..U. is not, of course, a forum for negotiations but it is the only body composed of Britain and the Common Market countries and this early expression of views was felt to be of value to main- taining momentum. Most countries were represented by their Foreign Ministers and the council met at the Italian Embassy- the meeting would normally have been in Rome-after a separate exchange of views among the Six at the Quai d-Orsay.
An official statement tonight said that Ministers of the Six welcomed the British initiative, which was described as of the "" highest importance to the political and economic future of Europe "". They recalled their previous hopes that European states which were ready to assume the same responsibilities and the same obliga- tions in all fields as the present members would adhere to the European Community.
The council agreed that it was necessary, once the envisaged procedure had been completed, that negotiations should open as soon as possible and should be conducted and concluded in a spirit of mutual good will.
COMMONWEALTH LINK
Mr. Heath, after informing the council officially of the British decision, emphasized that it was only the first step and he hoped negotiations would begin at a fairly early date. He drew attention to yesterday's statement by the European Free Trade Association and spoke of the vital import- aace to Britain of preserving the Common- wealth relationship in the course of negotiations. The British Government believed that arrangements to overcome these difficulties could be made within the framework of the treaty of Rome.
In asking for an understanding of British agricultural problems he pointed out that when the treaty was negotiated each of the six countries had laid its individual difficulties before the others and a solution had been thrashed out. Britain, he said, asked for nothing more than this.
No particular French reservation was detected in the remarks of M. Couve de Murville, who was prepared to accept the initiative as a "" decisive step forward "". He described the problem as a reconciliation of interests between Britain and the Common Market countries and called for a maximum of good will in the negotiations.
Although Britain's new approach to Europe dominated the session, as it does the French press today, the council had a wide exchange of views about the Berlin situation and also discussed relations between Europe and Latin America, the Congo, Bizerta, Laos, and Kuwait.
Mr. Heath said at London Airport last night on his return from Paris that in his statement he had pointed out Britain's obligations to the members of Efta and to
the Commonwealth. "".In reply, every minister accepted the value of the Com- monwealth and its purpose and the need to make suitable arrangements for it.""
Asked if he gathered from the meeting whether Britain would be expected to enter any other European group such as the Coal and Steel Community or Euratom, the Lord Privy Seal replied: "" When I made my statement I said that if it was required we would be willing to enter negotiations on the question of these two communities.""
Mr. Heath said that the next step would be to place Britain's application officially before the chairman of the council of mini- sters of the European Community. "" It should be possible for us to start negotia- tions in six to eight weeks' time "". he said. ""That is moving fast.""
On today's debate in the House of Com- mons Mr. Heath was asked what action the Government might take if a division was forced. Smilingly, he replied: ""'As a former Chief Whip I shall leave that to the present Chief Whip.""";"August 2, 1961";"";55149;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ministers Of E.E.C. Countries Welcome British Decision";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent-DÜSSELDORF. MAR. 29']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent-DCSSELDORF. MAR. 29
The events of recent weeks had shown that Federal Germany had become too rich for the liking of other countries, Dr. Adenauer claimed here today. Opening the Christian Demo- cratic Party (C.D.U.) conference, the last before the general election in Sep- tember, the former Chancellor, who is now party chairman, said that if Ger- many was as poor and weak as at the end of the war perhaps the rest of the 'world would have shown "" goodwill mixed with pity "".
He called on his party to "" fight, fight to the last"" to beat the Social Demo- crats (S.P.D.). An immense responsi- bility rested upon them to make clear to the German people all the dangers that threatened their country in the coming years.
Although his speech was a typical fighting performance, it somehow failed to stir the delegates as it would have done only a few years ago. However, by emphasizing the present strength of Germany and the dangers for her in the world, Dr. Adenauer picked out what it seems will inevitably be two chief themes in the C.D.U.'s election campaign. The party is pinning its hopes once again on the tremendous economic success during their 15 years of uninterrupted rule, and, relying on the Gernan people's ever- present longing for security; it is warn- ing the electorate as vociferously as it can that this is not the time for changing political horses.
AUTOBARN EVIDENCE
Dr. Adenauer tried to conjure it all up in simple language by drawing the picture that presented itself on the Autobahn as he came from his Rhondorf home to the conference-yesterday packed with Ger- mans out on a Sunday drive. and today with heavily laden lorries and people driving to work. ' This is an achievement of our party "", he declared.
The tone of this conference is strangely uncertain, in spite of the many self- conscious references to Germany's new standing in the world. Herr Dufhues. the business chairman who spoke after Dr. Adenauer, said that Germany had never been so strong since 1914. But he bluntly told the delegates that they had to make a virtue of discipline now if they wanted the support of the German people in September and no ""socialist adventures""
The uncertainty springs both from an awareness that the C.D.U. will have its biggest fight yet with the S.P.D. to win, and of its own performance and divisions under Dr. Erhard's leadership. The latest public opinion polls show the S.P.D. lead- ing-35 per cent against 31 for the C.D.U. and with the Chancellor's popularity rating sharply lower than 12 months ago. It is still better. however, than Herr Brandt's.
In a skilled speech Herr Strauss. the former Defence Minister, promised the loyalty of his Christian Social Union
Bavarian party. He seemed to be backing carefully into the limelight, almost sug- gesting that if the party wanted a strong and younger leader, able to take firm deci- sions, he was still available, and he took smilingly the delegates' lively applause.
At a pre-conference public rally last night, Dr. Adenauer ignored the appeals for party discipline, expressing his concern about Franco-German friendship. He had, it seems, criticized Dr. Schroder. the Foreign Minister, beforehand at an internal party meeting. Dr. Erhard did not look happy as the former Chancellor expressed regret that "" comparable deeds "" had not followed Dr. Erhard's Rambouillet meeting with President de Gaulle and pessimism about the meeting of the six Foreign AMinisters this summer on European union. Dr. Adenauer gave a further warning about a Franco-Russian entente at Germany's expense. The people must, he said. put pressure on the politicians, for Germany's security was bound up with France.
Dr. Erhard, making a tough speech which appeard to sit uncomfortably upon him, denounced socialism which, he said, ""meant the destruction of the curvency "".
BRITISH "" CRISIS""
It was socialist countries, he went on. which had failed to maintain a stable cur- rency and to overcome their balance of pay- ments problems.
The Chancellor said he would accept the word "" crisis"" for Britain's financial diffi- culties. which could shake the whole country.
Clearly, the Christian Democrats intend to point to the British Labour Government's difficulties in order to warn the German electorate of the S.P.D.
The opposition party. Dr. Erhard said, had "" made opportunism their basic principle "".";"March 30, 1965";"";56283;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Prosperity As Theme For The German Elections";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT-Rome, Feb. 23']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT-Rome, Feb. 23
The Italian Government today officially proposed to its five E.E.C. partners specific measures for breaking the present impasse on British membership in the Community and for maintaining the forward momentum of the Cornmon Market towards com- plete economic union.
In a detailed document sent to- day to all EE.C. members, Signor Fanfani, the Foreign Minister, also proposed that the foreign nministers of the Six plus Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway should meet with the EE.C. Com- mission to study "" greater co- operation between their governments towards the end of economic and political unification of Europe "".
Apparently flying in the face of declared French policy, Signor Fan- fani also proposed that the EE.C. Council of Ministers, due to meet on February 29, should order the E..C. Commission to continue its study of the candidate countries' applications for membership and consult directly with those countries on the ""most opportune ways and measures to obtain the common objective "". The Commission would further be charged with presenting "" specific proposals"" as soon as possible for consideration by the Council. The Commission would also be told to present specific proposals on the fusion of the Com- munity's three executive organs.
Five proposals
The Fanfani memorandun said the Italian Government's position was based on three things: the deci- sion of the Commission on Decem- ber 19, 1967, to keep the candidate countries' applications under consi- deration; the proposal made by tie Benelux countries on January 19; and the Franco-German statement of February 16. It asked that the Council of Ministers take these three facts under consideration and adopt a series of five proposals.
The main points of these were:- 1. Maintaining ""normal lile and the
process of unification of the Com- munity "". Specific measures in- clude abiding by the agreed time- table for free circulation of indus- trial and agricultural goods and labour; continuing elaboration of measures leading to economic union; consolidating the basis of common activity in the nuclear field and examining the Commis- sion report on fusion of the three Community organs.
2. Avoiding any measures which
would increase the gap between the E.E.C. and candidate coun- tries. The EX.C. countries would consult with the candidates on any future measures leading to econo- mic union, taking care not to create new problems for the candi- dates in the areas of agriculture. commerce, industry, taxation, and energy.
3. Adopting measures to reduce the
gap between the E.E.C. and candi- dates. Specifically, the Commis- sion would study the candidates' applications together with the can- didates, and make specific pro- posals to the Council of Ministers as soon as possible. The Com- mission would also propose measures for developing, together with the E.E.C., coordination of economic policies between mem- ber countries. The E.E.C. Monetary Committee would also propose regular meetings with the Directive Committee of the European Monetary Accord. The finance ministers of the Western European Union member countries would take part in the W.E.U.'s quarterly meetings to coordinate economic and monetary policy.
4. Harmonizing the Common Mar-
ket's external policy with mea- sures already adopted. Specifi- cally, the Council should decide by July I on the requests for association from Israel and Spain and on the convention with the African countries.
5. Developing a United Europe. The
Six should formulate a "" declara- tion of intentions on the develop- ment of a European policy "", then submit it to the candidate coun- tries. Finally, when the Council has examined the Benelux propo- sal and the Franco-German state- ment. they should consider the possibility of a conference of foreign ministers of all E.E.C. and candidate countries.
Regain initiative
It is thought here that the Italian proposal is basically an attempt to find a way out of the impasse caused by the French position. But it is also considered an effort by the Italians to regain some of the initia- tive from the Germans.
There is still considerable feeling here that an Italo-German agree- ment, produced at the time of Dr. Kiesinger's visit to Rome, went awry when the Chancellor subsequently met President de Gaulle. Some of the Italian proposals are, in fact, simmlar to those discussed with the German leader. But they would have been suggested in another way had his meeting with the French President gone differently.";"February 24, 1968";"";57184;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy acts to end EEC deadlock";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MARCH 18
The Foreign Ministry spokesman to- day announced that Dr. Adenauer had joined in the efforts now being made to reach agreement in Western European Union on the proposed reduction of British forces in Germany.
He was presumably referring to the compromise proposal already submitted by the German delegation, but it is obvi- ous that the Chancellor is determined to ensure that a solution is reached, even at the cost of a diminution of N.A.T.O. strength here, which is regarded as inevitable if the reductions are made.
ONE DIVISION LESS
It is recognized here that the proposed withdrawals will not greatly affect the potential strength of N.A.T.O.; it will mean one division less of the 30 to be raised. Pre- sumably the Chancellor is following the advice of his military advisers, which amounts to a phased reduction, timed with the development of the Bundeswehr. to ensure that there shall be no immediate diminution of strength.
This will not make up for the troops to be withdrawn, nor will the reorganization of the British Army of the Rhine in brigade groups, as described by Mr. Julian Amery in the Commons last week. The loss, how- ever, seems to have been accepted as inevitable.
It can now be seen that the proposed reorganization of the Rhine Army into brigade groups has fundamentally nothing to do with the proposal to withdraw men. The reorganization is a natural develop- ment of the improvements in the order of battle which have been going on for a long time. In fact, the present infantry division already comprises three brigade groups as described by Mr. Amery, in that each in- fantry brigade has a regiment of tanks and some artillery attached to it.
CHAIN OF COMMAND
The brigade group, if accepted, will not be a light division, and it would be mislead- ing to call it tbat. It will be approximately what the Americans call a regimental com- bat group, containing infantry, armour, and artillery-a workmanlike whole that per- mits the commander to fight most battles without having to call for armour or artillery attached to a higher formation.
The reason for this reorganization is not to save men or increase the basic ratio of firepower to manpower. Indeed, it is un- likely to save many men, even in the higher echelons of command or supply. It is understood that much still has to be settled, but it is fairly clear that the links in the chain of command from army group headquarters are not likely to be decreased. Whatever it is called, there will have to be the equivalent of the present divisional headquarters.
In war the divisional commander is not likely always to have three brigade groups under his command; one reason why the brigade group is being evolved is to achieve more resilience within the army's struc- ture. The groups will be transferred as they are required, but there will have to be a higher headquarters than brigade. The economics in manpower that can be effected will be chiefly in supply or administration but these will be marginal.
ATOMIC WEAPONS
The firepower ratio of the brigade group, like that of any basic combat formation, can be increased only by atomic weapons. German critics recall that these weapons were taken into consideration when the pre- sent defence organization was planned, and that the acquisition of these weapons must not be confused with the reorganization and reduction in manpower now proposed.
It is also stated that no British Army formation here has yet received atomic weapons, and it is considered that the promised Corporal will not be an ideal weapon for brigade groups. Only when tbese weapons have the mobility of a tank will they be suitable for brigades or divi- sions. and this is not yet in sight.
This is fair comment, though the Bundes- wehr is itself concentrating on an organiza- tion structure similar to the British pro- Posal. There remains, however, a great deal of trepidation due to the uncertainty of future defence thinking in Britain. The emergence of Britain as a nuclear Power is accepted, but doubts have been expressed about ber ability to be simultaneously a nuclear and a military Ppwer in the con- ventional sense.";"March 19, 1957";"";53793;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German View Of Manpower Cuts";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
A four-power meeting between the British, French, United States. and German Foreign Ministers to discuss the Berlin crisis is now being planned, to take place in Paris at the beginning of August. No final arrangements have been completed yet.
It is not cizar, for instance, whether the four-power meeting would be preceded by a tripartite meeting between the British. French, and United States Foreign Ministers, since they represent the three western powers which, with the Soviet Union, are responsible for the post-war agree- ments on Germany and Berlin. Probably President de Gaulle, who still cherishes the proposal for a three-power director- ate to control western strategy. would prefer a three-power meeting first.
GARRISON POWERS
It 'is the three western Powers with garrisons in Berlin who in any event are primarily responsible for policy there. But any initial tripartite dis- cussion must clearly be widened to include the west Germans.
This meeting is quite distinct from the meeting of Ministers of the Western European Union, which has been agreed on for August 1-also in Paris. The meeting of the Foreign Ministers on Berlin would. it is expected, follow a day or two later.
The permanent representatives of the North Atlantic Council would naturally be fully informed after the four-Power discussion.
The United States, British, and French Ambassadors in Moscow yesterday dclivered to the Soviet Government what was in effect the same communication on Germany and Berlin. All three com- munications reject the Russian claim that the Soviet Government can make a valid separate peace treaty with East Germany and hand over rights, both in Berlin and on the lines of access to Ber- lin. to the east Germans.
PLAN OF 1959
The United States communication is President Kennedy's reply to the memorandum which Mr. Khrushchev handed over in Vienna. It makes plain that the western powers are prepared to negotiate for a German settlement in the light of the proposals which the west have already put forward. The western peace plan put forward at Geneva on May 14, 1959, for instance, proposed the formation of an all-German mixed committee, nominated by the Federal German Government and the east Ger- man authorities, to prepare for free all- German elections which would lead to German reuniflcation. During the pre- paratory period certain securitv measures would be introduced. The restrictions on arms production now accepted by west Germany would be extended to eastern Europe. There would be an exchange of information on force levels; forces and armaments would be limited to agreed levels: there would be measures against surpriss attack in agreed areas tbroughout the world; and a system of inspection would be established.
PROPOSALS NOT NEW
The present western replics offer no new proposals, but recall that in default of a German settlement the western Powers have been ready to negotiate an interim agreement for Berlin. They thereby leave the door open for further exchanges and for an eventual negotia- tion.
The United States communication makes it quite clear that the western powers are not prepared to negotiate with the Soviet Government on the basis of a situation in east Germany dictated by the Russians.
The United States reply is a long document, since it answers in detail the various accusations contained in Mr. Khrushchev's memorandum.
REPLIES TO MR. GROMYKO
By contrast the British and French Notes are much shorter, and more suit- able, therefore, for complete quotation as a statement of the western position. They are in the form of Notes replying to the explanation of Mr. Khrushchev's memorandum, which Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minister, gave to Lord Home, the Foreign Secretary, and M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, during their meetings at Geneva on Laos. The British and French Notes are said to be very similar. There is a clear implication in t: z British Note that the way is open for further ex- changes, but both Notes leave the Soviet Government in no doubt that western rights in Berlin and on the lines of access to Berlin are not negotiable-in fact, that maintenance of the freedom of the west Berliners is a sine qua non for them.";"July 18, 1961";"";55136;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Meeting Of Ministers In Prospect";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-Paris, Dec. 7
The Assembly of the Western European Union today passed by 43 votes to seven the recommen- dation asking the Common Mar- ket to agree to the immediate start of negotiations with Britain over membership of the Community. The seven votes against were those of six French Gaullists and one Italian Christian Democrat.
Opposing the recommendation, M. Michel de Grailly, the leader of the Gaullist group, who walked out of yesterday's debate in pro- test against attacks on General de Gaulle, repeated the argument of M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, that the Six should agree on, their own view- point before negotiations could be started.
""France's position "", he said, 'has the merit of being the only prudent one apparent at the pre- sent time. The only tangible result of Britain's candidature has been to create a certain tension within the Six.""
lie told the British delegate :""if you want to break up the Commiu- Dity, I don't say you'll succeed, but you have a good chance of succeed- ing tyojudge by what we have heard
Mr. Luns. the Dutch Foreign Min- lster, supported the recommendation strongly. If no agreement was reached on the opening of negotia- tions, he said, ""no one should have any illusions about the consequences which might follow. Even if the fabric of the communities is not affected immediately-a possibility not to be dismissed, however-the life of the communities will certainly suffer.
I think it would be a mistake to believe that business would continue 'as usual' when the very basis of our cooperation has been damaged, the business of Europe simply could not be transacted as before.""
Mr. Luns suggested various ways in which "" those who have the Euro- pean ideal at heart "" should "" prepare the ground for the time when the courSe towards European integration can be resumed "".
There should be cooperation between those favourng the enlarge- ment of.the community. At the same time, ""within the confines of the Six, we would bave to. see to it that no action is undertaken which would mnake the admission of new members more difficult "".
Britain would have to undertake to continue to prepare herself for her eventual entry "" so that, to the largest possible extent transitional difficulties be reduced "".
PARIS, Dec. 7.-Addressing the Assembly, Mr. William Rodgers, UnderSecretary for Foreign Affairs, questioned President de Gaulle's statement that Britain would consti- tute a ""monumental exception"" in the European community.
""Which country among us is the real ' monumental exception ' to the
Mr. Duncan Sandys: ""The Euro- pean idea has been firnly
planted.""
general European consensus on how to conduct our relations with each other and the world outside; on how to organize our defence; on how to pursue our international monetary policies ? "", he asked. ""Who is out of step ? Certainly not Britain.""
Common destiny
Mr. Duncan Sandys (Conservative) said: ""The European idea has been filrIy planted. It has fired the imagi- nation, particularly among the young, with whom the future lies. The more Opposition it encounters, the stronger it will grow.
"" Nothing and nobody can prevent us from pursuing together our com- mon destiny.""-Reuter.
Ouir Diplomatic Correspondent writes: -
Mr. George Brown yesterday sent a personal note to Signor Fan- fan,i. the Italian Foreign Minister. The day before Signor Fanfani had told a parliamentary committee that Italy would press firmly for British entry into the Common Market at the meeting of the Six on December 18. Mr. Brown, who has recently met the three Benelux Foreign Ministers and who will be enter- taining Herr Brandt, the German Foreign Minister, this evening, clearly wished to express warm thanks to Signor Fanfani also for this timely and most welcome sup- port.
Herr Brandt will have talks at Chequers on Saturday with the Prime Minister. The tactics of the German delegation. whose position is crucial at the meeting of Decem- ber 18. will clearly be a main topic for the talks this weekend. It appears now to be fully agreed, how- ever, that the application for ful] membership should be pressed and if vetoed. should then be left on the table";"December 8, 1967";"";57119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain asks: 'Who is out of step?'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, DEC. 13
There is much satisfaction at the assur- ance given here last night by Mr. Nutting, Minister of State, that Britain stands "" four square"" with the United States in the efforts to secure the release of the American airmen imprisoned in China. Before returning to the United Nations Assembly he saw Mr. Dulles to-day in company with Sir Roger Makins. the British Ambassador, and will have found cause for reciprocated pleasure in the decision of the American Government to support the British position in the Cyprus case-and it is many a day since the United States took a positive stand in a matter of this nature.
Unusually warm admiration has been privately expressed for Mr. Nutting's speech on American prisoners made in the United Nations last week. Now, on a television programme called "" Meet the Press,"" he must have surprised and gratified many ears by implying at least that Britain would also be with the United States if hostilities broke out over Formosa.
""AfTTACK ON U.N.""
He was asked if Britain would stand by this country in the event of a Chinese Com- munist attack on the island and put the problem in an entirely new light by replying that an attack on Formosa would be an attack on a member of the United Nations and as such would invoke collective action similar to that used in Korea. This statement of British policy is the more significant in the light of the bilateral defence arrangements recently concluded between the United States and the Chinese Nationalists.
Indeed, Mr. Nutting went further. He was asked if the same intervention would be extended to a Communist attack on any of the off shore islands now in Nationalist hands and answered: "" The Chinese Communists should notice that if they attack anybody they will have to deal with the United Nations."" No wonder Washinoton is so pleased.
Questioned about the American prisoners, Mr. Nutting commented that Mr. Ham- marskjbld was going about his task in a "" rare missionary spirit "" and was determined to make every possible effort for their release. This task, in Mr. Nutting's view, was to make the Chinese see how wrong they were and how much their action was increasing international tension. They had committed not only a breach of the Korean armistice agreement, but a folly in alleging that uniformed airmen were spies, a contention which did not bear a minute's examination.
INNOCENT MEN
For the Secretary-General it was not a ques- tion of negotiation, of offering anything in return, but of getting innocent men out of prison and of persuading the Chinese that they had committed a breach of the armistice. He was required to report back to the United Nations by the end of the month and it would then be for the Assembly to decide in the light of his report whether to give him fresh instructions.
Like all British spokesmen on such occasions, Mr. Nutting was pressed about western trade with the Communist world, and pointing to the scrupulous observance of the strategic embargo, he asserted that when it came to objections against aiding China's economy they had to strike a balance between making her more dependent on Russia or assisting her to pursue a policy of aggression.
Commenting on the European situation, he saw little danger of Russia using an east Ger- man army to prevent the rearmament of west Germany, though he remarked that where recently the Russians had followed a policy of blandishments they were turning now to open threats against France. This mixture of "" chopped carrots and bamboo cane,"" he thought, would not go well with lovers of the French cuisine. So long as the west could maintain a balance of strength, it would be safe. There was little risk of war so long as they remained solid, united, and strong, and that was why the strength of western European union must be consolidated before they talked with the Russians.";"December 14, 1954";"";53114;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.N. Liability On Formosa";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS. JUNE 11
General Norstad, the Supreme Allied Commander. Europe, who returned from the United States yesterday, attended a meeting of the Permanent Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to-day and made a statement on ""the present situation regarding the deploy- ment and arming of certain N.A.T.O. aircraft based on French territory."" This part of the meeting lasted for half an hour and there was no debate as such, the Supreme Commander merely answering questions.
A N.A.T.O. spokesman said later that the matter was to remain on the council's agenda, but it was not expected to come up again in the immediate future.
ACCESS TO AMMUNITION
The official wording chosen to describe General Norstad's statement in the council to-day-"" deployment and arming ""--confirms the news, first published in Thze Times on June 4, that Supreme Headquarters is considering "" measures which will assure the effec- tiveness of allied units now based in France."" These aircraft are United States fighter-bombers now stationed at three bases in eastern France; and in the face of the French Government's refusal to allow the stockpiling of atomic weapons for use by these aircraft, the question now arises of their being based outside France. with satisfactory access to their nuclear ammunition.
Earlier this week, the French Govern- ment issued a statement, drafted by General de Gaulle's office, to the effect that conversations were still going on with the United States and Britain about a whole range of problems affect- ing the alliance. The French statement added that there could be no question of France's accepting any new N.A.T.O. commitments, which was explained later by a spokesman as meaning that France could not agree to decisions which might affect or prejudge the final issues.
REVEALING GLIMPSE
It is now clear t';at these issues, in addition to General de Gaulle's wish to see France play a part in the Atlantic alliance on a footing of equality with Britain and the United States, and his
determination that France shall become a member of the "" nuclear club,"" include the feeling that France's N.A.T.O. allies should unreservedly support her aitns and actions in Algeria. There was a revealing glimpse of these feelings in the small hours of this morning when, speaking in the National Assembly, at the end of the debate on Algeria, M. Debre, the Prime Minister, said the Government's duty was to obtain for French policy in Algeria "" support and respect from abroad.""
He had never said, the Prime Minister went on. that the value of the Atlantic alliance depended on support for French policy in the Mediterranean and in Africa. France was for the Atlantic alliance, "" but our national support is needed for this and it will be lacking if our allies do not act in the same way towards us.... The same is true for the European union."" (Here M. Debre presumably meant the grouping of the six Powers in "" little Europe "").
REVERSE EFFECT
Many observers. in and out of N.A.T.O., some of them French, regret this kind of approach to the question. It is the more regrettable because, since General de Gaulle's return to power and the widespread impression that he gives, in private and public alike, of a humane, liberal. and undogmatic atti- tude towards the Algerian problem, opinion abroad has been more ready to understand and sympathize with the cruelly difficult problems that France has to face in Algeria.
Persistent and public references to the need for complete N.A.T.O. solidarity. and the coupling of these with the degree of French support for N.A.T.O.. are likely, in the opinion of many people here, to have a reverse effect to that desired. Within N.A.T.O., considerable irritation has before now been caused by the tendency of the French to insist simultaneously on N.A.T.O. solidarity over Algeria and on the fact that Algeria is a domestic affair for France alone.
PARIS, June 11.-General Norstad is flying to London to-morrow to attend the Trooping the Colour ceremony and to take the salute at the Royal Tourna- ment on Saturday night.-Reuter.";"June 12, 1959";"";54485;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Seeks Support For Algeria Aims";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
HONGKONG, JuNE 9
Recent arrivals by air from Tihwa (Urumchi), the capital of Sinkiang, report that while there has been no outward change in the status of the province the Chinese authorities there have gone very pro-Russian. Chinese newspapers are anti-American and anti-British in tone, carry frequent denunciations of the Atlantic Pact and of -Western European Union, and contain much of propa- ganda put out by the Chinese-Soviet Cul- tural Relations Organization, which is controlled from the Soviet Consulate- General.
The Turki Governor, Masud by name, who waS associated with the Kuomintang for many years, has been succeeded by a German- educated Tartar named Borhan, who since the war has been careful to keep in with both sides. Britain and America both maintain consular missions in Tihwa. Reports have been current for some time past that negotiations had been reopened between Tihwa and lii, the capital of the three northern districts of Sinkiang which had revolted against the Chinese central Government; the Manas river, however, re- mains a closed frontier except for a little smuggling. The Russians seem to be in the fortunate position of having both the Chinese officials in Sinkiang and the leaders of the dissident 11i regime vying for their favour.
A MOHAMMEDAN RAJ
Nor has there yet been any concrete issue to the negotiations reported to be in progress giving the Russians long-term economic con- cessions in Sinkiang. To indicate which way the wind was blowing, it was officially announced on June I that the Chinese Soviet air agreement had been extended for another five years. Under this agreement the Russians fly a twice-weeky service between Alma Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, Ili, Tihwa, and the oasis of Hami. Chinese officials have never liked this arrangement because although it is supposed to be a joint affair, in practice it is operated and controlled almost entirely by the Russians.
General Chang Chih-chun, an astute nego- tiator who used to be General Chiang Kai- shek's representative in the north-west and who was responsible for Sinkiang, is now in Peking. He led the Nationalist peace mission to the Communists and voluntarily stayed behind in Peking when the negotiations broke down, even having his family flown up from Nanking. His place in the north-west has been filled by General Ma Pu-fang, the Moham- medan governor of Chinghai province, an able if ruthless administrator. A sort of Mohammedan Raj seems to be emerging in the three north-western provinces of Chinghai, Kansu, and Ninghsia. Most observers think that there is no chance of these tough Chinese Mohammedans, who have behind them an age- old martial tradition, doing a deal with the Communists, and that they will bitterly con- test any Conrnunist incursion.
ROASTED ON SPADES
Their chief weakness is the absence of any arms industry in the north-west. General Ma is reported to be laying in stocks, and the transport planes of Central Air Transport- which is operated by an American-are flying into Lanchow daily with arms and ammunition from the south. It is generally agreed that the Chinese Communists will now meet no serious military opposition anywhere in China except possibly in this Mohammedan belt in the north-west.
The Bailie school of Chinese industrial cooperatives, located in a remote corner of Kansu about 250 miles north-west of Lanchow, is staying there, although the extreme uncer- tainty of the military and political situation is having an unsettling effect on both students and staff. The New Zealand director, Mr. Rewi Alley, is there, and the European staff at present includes seven New Zealanders, an Englishman, an American, a German, and an Austrian. The classes are continuing as usual, and the number of students has increased by 50 in recent months. Currency fluctuations continue to be a major difficulty. Conditions generally have deteriorated and many bandits and Nationalist deserters are roaming the countryside. A wealthy landowner was brought into the school hospital the other day who had been roasted by bandits on spades over a fire and forced to reveal the whereabouts of 18 muleloads of silver and 3001b. of opium.";"June 10, 1949";"";51404;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Conditions On W. China";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JuLY 3
M. Spaak, the Secretary-General of N.A.T.O., addressing the parliamentary assembly of Western European Union in Paris to-day, expressed the opinion that to equip N.A.T.O. forces with tactical atomic weapons was the only way of re-establishing the balance of power between Russia and the west. No politi- cal party in west Europe, be said, would agree to make the effort required to redress this balance with conventional weapons. Tactical atomic weapons meant modern artillery, and it would be virtually impossible to win a land battle against Russia without them.
The current popular campaign in the west against nuclear weapons had come four years too late, Mr. Spaak declared. It should have been made, if at all, when the dccision to equip N.A.T.O. with these weapons was being taken in 1954. At that time, parliamentary and public opinion in the N.A.T.O. countries had endorsed this decision. Why, then, was there all this fuss now ? It was partly. he thought, because in 1954 people. had supposed the United States to have a virtual monopoly of nuclear weapons, and the nuclear menace to be therefore directed mainly against Russia. People now knew that Russia had her own powerful bomb, and that the menace fell also on them, so they liked nuclear bombs less.
MORALS AND POLITICS
The desire of some people in the west for unilateral disarmament might be morally justifiable, but politically it was nonsense. He noted that no one in Russia spoke in favour of unilateral disarmament. He also criticized the ""very original theory"" that armies ought to exist but should not be allowed to -be fully efficient. He defied any westem Defence Minister to get up in his parliament and propose that the towns of his country should bc protected from a pos- sible enemy attack by inadequate means.
This morning the Assembly considered a report on European security, presented by Colonel Fens (Netherlands) on behalf of the defence committee. The report says that technicaL knowledge for the production
of nuclear weapons, as well as the power of decision over their use in a strategic role, should be shared among all member countries, in default of which the United Kingdom's Possession of nuclear weapons "" cannot fully be held to be a contribution to the defence of the west.""
No great progress is noted in the nuclear equipment of N.A.T.O. ground forces.
MISSILES FOR EUROPE
The view is expressed that, for both political and military reasons, intermediate- range ballistic missiles must be stationed in Europe, and the ""only way for western European countries to contribute as they should to policy-shaping . . . is by accept- ing missiles on their territory."" The alliance will suffer "" if one State refuses on political grounds, as its neighbour might one day be tempted to invoke the same argument.""
General Valluy, commander-in-chief of Allied Forces, Central Europe, is stated to consider that on the central European front Soviet and satellite forces could. ""without any period of mobilization,"" attack with about 5,000 aircraft from 300 airfields, and with some 50 to 60 divisions (20 of them satellite divisions of varying reliability). The report also says that, though the Soviet armies have been modernized, the N.A.T.O. forces have changed comparatively little over the last few years, and in the central sector only about IS divisions can be considered ready for action.
The most urgent requirement of the cen- tral Europe command is stated to be the provision of about 30 divisions at full strength ""with an appropriate number of tactical weapons."" It is hoped that the French divisions will be brought back from Algeria, the German divisions brought up to strength and increased in number, and the British contribution maintained as an effective fighting force. The report adds: ""The reductions so far made have con- siderably reduced its fighting power, and any question of withdrawing a further 10,000 men would have disastrous con- sequences-psychologically and materially -on western defence.""
The persisting doubt about the future strength of the British forces on the Con- tinent, it is declared. "" makes a fundamental examination of the support costs question essential.""";"July 4, 1958";"";54194;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Tactical Atomic Weapons Essential To N.A.T.O.";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, FEB. 13
Signor Scelba, the Prime Minister, and Signor Martino, the Foreign Minister, left Rome this afternoon for their official visit to London whfere, after a meeting with General Gruenther in Paris to-morrow, they will arrive on Tuesday morning.
Signor Scelba, who is making his first visit abroad as Prime Minister, told journal- sts at the railway station that since the end Of the war "" much water has flowed under the bridges of both Tiber and Thames."" To-day ""nothing more divides the British and Italian people,"" and he added that ""a direct exchange of views with eminent states- men who govern that friendly country on the major international problems and on the Position of our respective countries cannot fail to be useful and profitable.""
In an interview which the Prime Minister gave to your Correspondent on the eve of his departure he said he foresaw that the major benefit of his visit would be the opportunity for a personal exchange of views by the leaders responsible for the conduct of foreign policies. ""I trust, that as a result of this exchange of views, that frank collaboration which beganx well some time ago will be strengthened.""
PROPITIOUS MOMENT
Asked whether, after the elimination of such problems as that of Trieste, he thought there still remained any serious difficulties in the way of better and closer relations between Britain and Italy, he replied that he thought the resent time was clear of the obstacles of the past "" and propitious for a more close and cordial collaboration."" The fundamental basis of Italian foreign policy was "" the Atlantic pact, or better still what we should like to be able to call the 'Atlantic community.' Another subordinate and complementary fundamental is the European Union, which we assume to be also the premise and starting point for the development of European integration.""
On these poits there was, he thought, a wide and substantial concordance of
view between Italy and Britairl especially since the United Kingdom, responding to a need felt in Italy as well as elsewhere, has taken the initiative in assuming in Eurooe those obligations which are laid down in the Paris agreements.""
Regarding the difficulties of a psycho- logical kind which had damaged Anglo- Italian relations in the past, he thought the best way to treat these was to leave them to history. He believed that the present collabo- ration towards the common aims of peace and social progress would provide the basis from which there would "" develop naturally between countries united by a double alliance that sense of mutual trust which for so long characterized the history of relations between Italy and Britain.""
ECONOMIC NEEDS
Asked how he thought Britain might help Italy in her many social and economic problems, the Prime Minister said that his GJovernment had presented to the O.E.E.C. last December a study of how the national economy could be developed to provide four million new jobs for Italian workers within 10 years, as the struggle against unemploy- ment was one of Italy's fundamental post- war problems.
This study, he pointed out, "" presupposes among other things a gradual increase of Italy's foreign trade, and foreign financing and investment in Italy. It seems to me that it is principally in this field that Britain could contribute, so far as she is disposed to do so, to the success of our long term proanrammes for maximum employment in
Although obviously there might always be trade competition between the two coun- tries in foreign markets, because of the many points the two national economies had in common, he thought that in the long run this could only be beneficial in improving the quality of products and lowering prices. Direct commercial relations were ""'uimprov- ing every day."" It would be noted that Italy had proceeded vigorously with trade liberali- zation measures, and with the return of Britain towards the liberalization of trade and exchanges one could hope, Signor Scelba remarked, that in future trade be- tween the two countries "" will reach an even higher level.""";"February 14, 1955";"";53165;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Scelba On Closer Links With Britain";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"I From Charles Harerove
Tarns, Jan 25. : :
M Robert Galley, the Minister for the Armed Forces, declared *himself an. out-and-out partisan
'of Eutopean cooperation in the standardizati6n and productio,n of armaments. But he hedged about this declaration with such far-reaching requirements that it could not modify French arms programmes in the appreciable future, contrary to the cleir proposal formulated by M MichelJobert, the Foreign Mini- ster, before the Assembly of the Westerh European Union last month.
*This is particuslarly true of the French multi-role' combar aircraft of the future, the ACF, which is due to take over from the Mirage 3 and the Mirage'4 strategic bomber in the 1980s.
This international coopera. tion, M Galley emphasized in an address to aviation journalists must ""-have common objectives, spring from common staff appre- cations, answer to precise indus-. trial specifications, and be. based on an industrial organization which respects both costs' and delays "".
He went' on to reject once again the possibility of French membership of the Eurogroup, ""which is too tied up with the Atlantic organization and the United 'States. The Europeans must be able to coexist within a structure which is 'already there "".
The ACF wbuld be the great preoccupation of the coming years. He had just taken the decision to embark on the pro. duction of a prototype, which would be followed by another, ""and priority will be given to the development of an air-to- ground missile with a nuclear warhead of very great power 'for the distant penetration version of this aircraft "".
Studies were in progress ou a compromise between the range and power of such a low-altitude missile. Its range woulsi be be- tween 80 and 150 kilometres (about 50 to 93 miles), in order to evade anti-missile defences; its power would. be between 500 and 600 kilotons.
M Galley emphasized, in deal- in.g withy the development of the French nuclear capacity over the next decade, that there was no question of France becoming *involved in a long-drawn-out conventional conlflict.
Frace would not.embark in a qtlantitative escalation of nuclear weapons. "" When a few strategic nuclear weapons are sufficient. Our objective is to avoid all forms-~of war through the nuclear deterrent"".
The last two series of nuclear tests in the Pacific had made it P3ossible to achieve very appre- ciable progress in the develop ment of small nuclear warheads.
A third battery of strategic m-,issiles would be set up to bring from 18 to 27 the num- *ber of missiles buried in silos in H{aute Provence. An improved version of the sea-to-ground mis- sile fitted to the nuclear sub- marines (the third of w,hich will become operational this year) would increase its range beyond the present 2,500 kilometres (1,553 moiles).:
P rance. M Galley said, would be capable of producing missiles with multiple warheads by the end of the present decade. Its nuclear mission must remain essentially the destruction of the* economic potential of the enemy.
Our Diplomatic Correspon- dent writes: Dr Josef Luns, the Secretary-General of Nato, asked in London if there were signs of greater French military co- operation with the allies, said that France would not return tco the Nato military system, but in other ways de facto French participation in defence mlleasures might well be pDOSSi'ble.
HIe had been greatly impres- sed by his visit in December at the invitittion of M Galley, to
The strategic nuclear missile sites in France. He added that French Air Force officers had warmly praised the British nuclear effort-a clear hint which nowadays can often be confirmed, that many French -bilitary coimmanders, if not the French aPlitial leaders as yet. strongly support some forn of Anglo french nuclear co- operation.
Dr ins said that in his opiion AdegIo-French nuclear forces compared to the Soviet wuclear arsenal were far too small to take ehe place of American nuclear armaments. But they had some real mean- ing as a deterrent in countering 'the argument that American nuclear WeaPons might nc>t be used in an attack launched againom Europe only.";"January 26, 1974";"";58998;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French minister puts conditions on arms cooperation in Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, OCT. 29']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Ocr. 29
After the prolonged hiatus of the elec- tion campaign, German foreign policy is getting into its stride again, at least as far as consultations and high-level meetings are concerned. It remains to be seen, however. what effect the con- tradictions that Herr Strauss and his political friends have sought to inject into it will have on its evolution in practice.
Immediately after the Government's policy statement to the Bundestag on November 10. it was announced today, Dr. Schroder. the Foreign Minister, will go to Paris for consultations with M. Couve de Murville. The outcome of the French Minister's Russian visit will naturally monopolize a great part of their talks.
On this subject Herr von Hase, the Government spokesman, emphasized that, in spite of a great deal of speculation, Mr. Gromyko's journey to Paris last spring had yielded no sensational results. The French Government had informed its German ally exhaustively about the Soviet Foreign Minister's talks, and he had ground to believe the same would be true of the pre- sent case.
W.E.U. MIEETING
The Paris visit has been prepared by meetings of Dr. Schr6der with M. Seydoux, the French Ambassador, and of M. Couve de Murville with Dr. Klaiber, the German Ambassador in Paris. Dr. Schroder will go from Paris to London to meet Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary. This meeting is expected to take place around November 20. Apart from these talks. Dr. Schr6der will have opportunities for talks with his British and French colleagues at the West- ern European Union meeting in The Hague on November 4 and 5.
This first round of ministerial activity is regarded as the prelude to Dr. Erhard's journey to Washington at a date which, owing to President Johnson's convalescence, has yet to be fixed-but it can hardly be before the end of November or the begin- ning of December.
Herr von Hase described the purpose of the London visit as ""filling out with political substance"" the emotional and psychological impact of the Queen's state visit last May "". How this can be done, apart from a fev initiatives in the cultural field, is not very clear. The British Govern- ment does not hold with bilateral agree-
ments. whether cultural or otherwise, con- sidering them relics of a past age.
But a far more urgent task for the Ger- man Foreign Minister is to ascertain Britain's views on the multilateral nuclear force. following the confusion about them created in this country by Mr. Stewart's remarks in the United States. All Herr von Hase had to say on this was that it wvas the task of public opinion to discuss foreign policy. It was not the task of the Government to express its views on all the speculative proposals going around, before the Government policy statement had been presented to the Bundestag.
FLEXIBLE POLICY
The Political and Social Correspondence, a news sheet which stands close to thc C.D.U./C.S.UJ., is more illuminating on the subject. In an uisigned article, believed to be from the hand of a leading member of the ruling party. one can read that ""' what is required in German foreign policy is not a degree of imagination, but the soli- darity of its foundations. The Federal Republic must have gone off its head if it is prepared to risk its healthy, secure sys- tem of friendships and alliances for an 'imaginative' foreign policy. Chancellor Erhard has no more time for the 'smnall step;' approach. as the inventors of this glittering expression (the Free Democrats) understand it. than the maiority of his Ministers.""
The news sheet added that the policy of closer economic and cultural ties with east European countries as pursued by Dr. Schroder so far. would be continued. German foreign policy will remain a policy of greater flexibility (though this has not always been apparent) . .. but at the same time, in quite a different sense from that in which the strategists of flexibility under- stand it"". it concludes.";"October 30, 1965";"";56466;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Schröder To Visit Paris On Way To London";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Correspondent
KITWE (N. RHODESIA), JAN. 7
An unexpected turn in the dispute over wages of Africans enmployed in the Northern Rhodesian copper mines was announced to-day. Mr. F. S. Maybank, general secretary of the Northern Rhodesian European Mineworkers' Union, issued the following statement:-
""The executive of the union has re- solved to render all necessary assistance to Mr. Ronald Williams (representing the Northern Rhodesian African Mine- workers' Union) in the presentation of the case for an increase in the basic wages of African employees of the mining companies, which will be heard by an arbitration court at Kitwe.""
,The arbitration proceedings to which the statement refers are due to begin on January 19. They, have aroused great interest through- out southern Africa because, though they are ostensibly concerned only with the dispute between the copper-mining companies and the African workers on wage questions, there is some possibility that the African union may succeed in extending the scope of the hearings to embrace such fundamental issues as the, industrial colour bar in the copperbelt and-by implication if not by direct reference-to venti- late African views on various forms of colour bar which are in operation throughout Europeanized Africa.
POSSIBLE EXTENSION
The presence at the arbitration proceedings of Mr. Ronald Williams, a Labour member of Parliament and legal adviser to the National Union of Mineworkers, as counsel for the African union, and of Sir Hartley Shawcross, former Labour Attorney-General, for the com- panieS, has emphasized that both the mining companies and the union regard the arbitration as of great significance. The statement by the European union indicates that the possibility of an extension of the field covered by the proceedings has not escaped European mine- workers.
It has frequently been stated in Northern Rhodesia, and in the Press in Britain, that the effective bar to African advancement in the copperbelt is not so much a specific colour bar as an agreement existing between the European and African miners' unions, to the effect that any employment of Africans in jobs at present done by Europeans must be accompanied by equal pay and conditions for equal work. The effect of this apparently innocuous agreement is to render uneconomic and virtually impossible any employment in the mines of African labour in jobs now done by Europeans.
The present action of the European miners' union appears to be designed to counter the possible effect of an argument which may be advanced by the companies. This would say that the employers cannot economically pay Africans the increases at present de- manded, but would be willing to pay them more if they were allowed to do more highiy skilled work. Such an eventuality, the com- panies may argue, is effectively barred-not by any action of theirs. but by an agreement existing between the two unions.
INDUSTRIAL ACTION
It has long been believed in Kitwe that the European mineworkers' leaders take the view that the African union ought not to engage in arbitration arguments which -may move away from a specific and limited demand for higher wages into fields affecting.European labour, such as the implementation of the Dalgleish report (which recommended certain progressive advancements for Africans in the industrial field). It should rather take the line that what African trade unionists want is not such "" gradual "" means of progress as the Dalgleish recommendations and the lifting of the colour bar, but large increases in basic pay, obtained by direct industrial action aimed against the companies. Whether the leadership of the African union will accept this view is open to question. -
It is true that, while the politically minded and "" anti-federaition ' African union leaders desire to bring about the long-term changes of which the Dalgleish report is the symbol, the rank and file of the union, and a power- ful section of the second rank of its leader- ship, recognize that there is nothing more attractive from the point of view of prestige than a successful struggle to win spectacular immediate increases in pay.";"January 8, 1953";"";52514;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Miners' Demands";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
-Paris, Feb. 25
Franco-British relations are condemned to an indefinite spell of hibernation, in the opinion of French official circles, after what is described here as the "" unheard of "" handling by Mr. Wilson of General de Gaulle's offer of direct conversations.
The renewed expression of readiness on the part of the British Government to have these conver- sations-provided its partners on the Continent were kept informed, and on the understanding that there could be no question of dis- cussing an alternative either to the Commnon Market or to Nato -is regarded in Paris as at best an unbelievable display of ingenuousness after all that has occurred.
The offer, accompanied by regrets over what had happened, was contained in a letter from Mr. Michael Stewart to M. Michel Debre, the Foreign Minister, which was handed over by the British Ambassador yesterday to M. Herve Alphand, the Secretary- general of the Quai d'Orsay.
At the same meeting the French Government's formal protest was delivered against the use made first in diplomacy and then in the press of General de Gaulle's remarks on February 4. It is pointed out in official circles that the British offer is in complete contradiction with the tenacious way that Mr. Stewart in the House of Commons yester- day clung to his version of the ""Soames affair ""
Quite apart from the funda- mental differences between the two Governments about the future of Europe and its relations with the United States, which the affair has brutally emphasized, there is a mutual suspicion which makes any productive discussion out of the question for a long time. Le Monde reports this evening in a dispatch from London: ""The opening statement of Mr. Stewart, like his answers to questions, re- flects a fundamental, profound, even 'visceral' distrust towards General de Gaulle and his policy "". Le Figaro notes after yesterday's debate that "" it is clear London re- fuses the Franco-British dialogue which the five partners of France had long been hoping for "".
It is reliably reported that General de Gaulle has been deeply wounded by the way in which, in his eyes, the offer of direct talks has not only been rejected, but trodden underfoot. It has strength- ened him in the conviction that there is no possibility of coming to terms with the Labour Govern- ment, and that the only thing to do is to wait for a return of the, Conservatives to power at West- minster.
The French Government is anxious to prevent the affair from assunung greater proportions than it has already. M. Debrd avoided all polemics when he spoke to the Ambassadors of the five other member countries of the Com- mon Market at the Quai d'Orsay last evening.
M. Debre is believed to have emphasized that it was in response to Mr. Soames's request that the meeting had been arranged, at first for a date in January. It did not therefore arise from any desire of G-eneral de Gaulle to lay a diplo- matic trap for the British Govern- ment, as the latter chose to regard his offer of direct talks.
It is also pointed out in Paris that the offer of direct talks be- tween Paris and London did not have the remotest connexion with alleged attempts to torpedo the British Government's proposals for closer political consultations with- in the Western European Union. The French Government has no intention of attending the meetings of W.E.U. permanent representa- tives in London tomorrow or on March 5, as west Germany has suggested, or thereafter, so long as its partners have not indicated through diplomatic channels or otherwise their readiness to revert to the normal rules of procedure agreed in 1963, and in particular to the stipulation that there must be unanimous agreement of all seven members before meetings a-re held.
The only positive aspect of the Soames affair in French eyes is that France's five partners in the Common Market may be more dis- posed to resume combined efforts towvards a genuine economic com-e mlunity. Apparently reports to this effect have already been received in P.aris.";"February 26, 1969";"";57495;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French scorn for British offer to pursue talks";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The compromise agreement on the proposed reductions in the British con- tingent in Germany, which the Ministers of the Western European Union reached on Monday night, was published yester- day. It recommends a new overall review this year of the resources of the N.A.T.O. allies, and agrees that mean- while the United Kingdomn may begin to carry out reductions planned for the financial year 1957-58, having regard to the views of the Supreme Allied Com- mander.
Any further reductions will not be decided until there have been further discussions in W.EU. in October, in the litht of the N.A.T.O. review. This means in practice that the withdrawal between April, 1957, and April, 1958, of some 13,000 men of the present total of about 77,000 will be put in train. The number, however, to be with- drawn in this period will not, it is under- stood, be regarded as a definitive figure until the N.A.T.O. review has been made and agreement reached in W.E.U. The remainder of the withdrawals proposed- some 14,000 men in the following financial year-will only be decided in October after further discussions in W.E.U.
GERMAN PROPOSALS
A statement embodying this agreement was issued yesterday after a final drafting session between offlcials. The operative paragraphs are as follows:-
""The council recognized that the problems facing the United Kingdom were, in fact, common to all members of the alliance and that these common problems caUed for a common solution within N.A.T.O. The seven Govetnments there- fore agreed to recommend to the North Atlantic Council that they study urgently the proposals made by the German Chancellor for a new overall review of the resources of the alliance covering: ,a) military requirements and defence aims; (b) relationship between conventional and atomic forces and weapons; (c) relationship between modem armaments and economic and financial resources; (d) common pro- duction of modern weapons; (e) common solution of currency problems arising from the stationing of troops in other member States.
""The United Kingdom Government, pending the result of this review by
N.A.T.O., will carry out their plans for the 1957-58 financial year, having regard to the views of the Supreme Allied Com- mander.
"" Any further reductions will only be decided in October, 1957, after new discus- sions in W.E.U. in conformity with Article VI of Protocol TI of the Paris Agreements and in the light of the above-mentioned review.
IMMEDIATE START
Article VI of Protocol II of the Paris Agreements is the article under which Britain is committed to maintain its forces of four divisions and a tactical air force (or the military equivalent) on the Continent and not to withdraw these ""against the wishes of a majority "" of the W.E.U. mem- bers, who wiU decide in the light of tha Supreme Allied Commander's advice. In effect, therefore, the present W.E.U. con- ference has agreed that a start be made with the reductions forthwith, but has upheld the principle, on which the French were insistent, that any reductions must conform to the views of the Supreme Allied Commander. The Germans have also made their point-which, it is believed, Dr. Adenauer emphasized when Sir Christopher Steel, the British Ambassador in Bonn, saw him in Italy at the weekend- that the problems facing Britain in assess- ing her defence effort, are common problems calling for a common solution within N.A.T.O.
PLANS MODIFIED
The British Government can now begin to carry out the cuts with W.E.U. assent, "" having regard to the views of the Supreme Allied Commander ""-which, it is under- stood, means that their original plans have been modified to involve a withdrawal of not more than about 13,000 men in the first 12 months; that there will be greater rotation between Britain and Germany of British Canberra squadrons; and that the so-caUed strategic reserve of 5,000 men, whom the British wished to withdraw to the United Kingdom with heavy equipment left in Germany, will not be included among the forces to be withdrawn under this agree- ment, pending the N.A.T.O. review.
Mention in the statement of the need to review the "" common production of modem weapons"" is in line with much that has been said in recent W.E.U. discussions.";"March 20, 1957";"";53794;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Compromise Agreement On British Army Reductions";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
SAARBR(JCKEN, OcT. 21
M. Dehousse, the chairman of the European commission, announced here to-nigbt that the Saar frontiers with Germany, France, and Luxembourg would be closed from midday to-morrow until 6 a.m. on Monday. The restriction of movement will not apply to persons leaving the Saar.
On Sunday, between 6 p.m. and midnight, while the votes in the referendum on the Saar European statute are being counted, the prohibition on entry will be complete except in cases of proved emergency. Other- wise, exceptions will be made for various categories of persons, including members of N.A.T.O. forces stationed in Germany, journalists, and the so-called Grenzginger -peopie living on one side of the frontier and working on the other.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE M. Dehousse said that the closing of the frontier was entirely a precautionary measure and ought not to cause concern. Since the end of August-that is, since the time when the commission's intervention stopped the demonstrations against Herr Hoffmann, the Saar Prime Minister-the campaign had run a normal course, and he hoped this would continue. He reminded journalists at the commission's headquarters that in reaching a decision on the plebiscite the council of Western European Union would take into consideration not only the result of the voting, which is determined by a majority of valid votes, but also the conditions under which the campaign had been conducted.
The commission's report will be in the hands of W.E.U. by November 7, and M. Dehousse said that thereafter its examina- tion would take 15 to 20 days. The meeting of the council for its final decision on the report, and therewith on the referendum, might, he suggested, be delayed by the coincidence of the Geneva conference.
The tive national teams who will act as observers for the commission during the voting on Sunday will assemble in their allotted districts to-morrow. They number 1,005 in all, and come from Belgium, Luxem- bourg, Holland, Italy. and Britain.
TWO NEW FACTORS
Thoug~h there is a mounting interest in the referendum with the voting day little more than 24 hours ahead, the Saarlanders, on the whole, are taking the occasion calmly. Two new factors have emerged that may have some influence one way or the other. On the one hand, the Saar Ministry of Finance has made public a French proposal by which the joint French and German interests in the R6chling steelworks at Volk- lingen would be shared with an American group, who would allow Saar participation in their interest.
On the other hand, Herr Schonemann. the Saar reliresentative on the committee which is now investigating the Warndt mines, has resigned, and his resignation is much pub- licized by opponents of the statute.
Though M. Dehousse spoke of the normal course of the campaign, there has been a recurrence of demonstrations against Herr Hoffmann. When he spoke to-night in Dillingen, a steol and manufacturing town of about 30.000 people, a crowd of between 2,000 and 3,000 gathered in front of the hall. While the meeting was goine on the crowd sang Deui(schlazd jiber Alles and Deutsch ist die Saar, the song which the Nazis p:-oduced for the 1935 plebiscit-. and shouted. "" Der Dicke muss weg "" (the fat man must go), one of the opposition's chief slogans directed against Herr Hoffmann per- sonally during this campaign.
POLICE CORDON
The approach to the side entrance to the hall by which the Primne Minister entered and left was cordoned off by policemen. As Herr Hoffmann left the crowd booed and whistled and again sang Deiusclh ist die Saar but made no serious effort to break through the line of policemen, who now stood with linked arms.
The fcmonstration appeared to be more spontaneous and to involve larger numbers of people than the demonstrations in August.
Later in the evening when Herr HolThiann spoke in Schwalbach, a town of 3,000, a crowd of about 1.000 ga-hered near the hall. The crowd 'was unfriendly, but not aggressively so. This mi'd hostilitY has been typical of Herr Hoffmann's recention in some of tHe many places where he has spoken recently, th6ugh last night there was some trouble in Friedricbsshal and Quier- s^hied. His reception in the meetings them- selves has been favourable.";"October 22, 1955";"";53358;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saarland Vote To-Morrow";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Foreign Ministers of the six Common Mfarket countries, when they meet in Paris tomorrow, will be striving to reach agreement among themselves on the form of their future political cooperation. They must also decide whether, and at what point, Britain should be admitted to their political discussions, now that Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, has made clear in his speech to the Council of Western European Union last Tuesday that the British Government would be ready now to take part.
There seems no prospect of British par- ticipation in the immediate future. The French Government has throughouit taken the view that only existng full members of the Common Market should expect to take part. On Tuesdar after Mr. Heath's speech, M. Couve de Murville. the French Foreign Minister, gave it a short, formal welcome, but was non-committal, but Dr. Scwhloder, the German Foreign Minister. somewhat to the surprise of other Common smarket representatives, was distinctly reserved.
There is no doubt that the Federal Government wishes to see the Common Market enlarged by the membership of Britain and as many other Efta members as are prepared to seek full membership, but for the present the Federal Govern- ment in this matterwh.ich is largely a question of timing and tactics-has ervidently decided to stick closely beside the
I3ELGI-AN DOUBTS
Accordinsg .to reports from Brussels, M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, addressing a congress of the Belgian European Movement, has openly expresse d doubts wvhether Britain should take part in taLkcs on a European political union before it was certain that negotiations on her membership Of the Common Market wo>uld succeed.
Dr. Schroider, however, before he left London last wveek told British reporters that he envisaged success in the talks among the Six on political union by early next mnonth, and that if the main outline of this agreemnent wras then ready for signa- ture by the heads of state or Government of the Six at their meeting arranged in lune, Britain mnight be brought into' the discussions for final consultations before
then. This, however. he agreed, might be an over optimistic forecast.
Dr. Schrdder also said that there were three main outstanding differences between the proposals for political union. The first problem was how the relationship between a European Political Union and Nato could be defined. He argued that it could be stated, easily enough that cooperation in defence matters among members of the European Community should serve to strengthen cooperation in Nato.,
REVISION CLAUSE
Secondly, there is a difference of opinion on the relationshiP between the political union and the existing economic communities. Dr. Schroder said that there now seemed to be a broad asreement that the heads of state or government should discuss economic matters, but on the basis that the economic communities normally handled them.
The third difference arose over a possible revision clause. Dr. Schrader argued that there should be such a clause, and that it should fix a definite time for revision, but he was less precise about the degree to which it should prescribe further steps towards full, integration.
From all this it appears that the larger Common Market countries after the recent meetings which Signor Fanfani, the Italian Prime Minister, has had with President de Gaulle and Dr. Adenauer, are broadly agreed on a form of compromise between the French view that the powers of the future European community should be concentrated in the Council of Ministers. on which each member retains a veto, and the view of the other five Common Market members that the supranational powers of the existing economic commissions. must not be impaired. The French evidently conceded that European cooperation in defence must be linked to cooperation in Nato, but the question of a revision clause may well still hold up agreement.
Meanwhile the larger Common Market countries ar, clearly making every effort to Persuade Belgium and the Netherlands to compromise. Dr. Schrader has asked to see Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister. today.
One thing seems fairly certain-that the Efta neutrals-Sweden, Switzerland and Austria-will ultimately be able to nego- tiate a form of association with the Com- mon Market, if Britain and the other Efta countries .join it. Dr. Schrdder specifically agreed with Mr. Heath's speech on the need to associate the neutrals.";"April 16, 1962";"";55367;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Role In Six Political Talks Unlikely";""
"['By David Spanier']";"['News']";"By David Spanier
A new initiative to rededicate and revitalize the European Community has been launched by the West German and Italian governments.
Their joint plan, announced yesterday and termed a "" Euro- pean Act "", is couched in- the form of a declaration of Euro- pean aims and ideals. It will receive its first discussion at ministerial level in the Euro. pean Council, at which Mrs Thatcher takes the chair, in London on November 26-27.
The declaration, the text of which has yet to reach London, is modelled on the ideas of European union canvassed bv Herr Hans-Dietrich Gonscher. the-West German Foreign Min- ister, who is -the moving sDirit behind it.
Accorditg to German sources. the declaration is in three parts: a restatement of the original Common Market treatv with the emphasis on economic integration; formal' establish- naent of the highly successful political cooperation; and a widening of the range of Euro- pean issues. to include impor- tant matters such as securitv. education and cultural coopera- tion.
By making this declaration a ""European Act"", the Germans hope to avoid the need for parliamentary ratification that a formal treatv would require, a point which was particularly worrying to Britain.
The French Government is also- putting forward its own plan for relaunching the Com- munity, as set out by President Mitterrand, with its emphasis on social and economic develop- ment. The French text is expec- ted to be released next Monday.
Up to now, the British Government has taken a fairly cool attitude to these plans and projects. This is not simply because Britain tends to mis- trust grand designs for Euro- pean integration, but mainly because Lord Carrington, the Foreign Secretary, who is Chairman of the Council of Ministers, is concerned above all to make progress on the mandate for restructuring the Community budget.
Some substantial progress is reported on this front, which will be the most urgent issue on the agenda at the coming summit meeting in London. In
particular, it is good news for Britain that, thanks to the fall in the pound and better man- agement of the commion agri- cultural policy, the British contribution to the budget is likely to come out- far lower than expected for 1980 and 1981.
According to Mr Gaston Thorn, President of the Brus- sels Commission, who had meetings first with Lord Carrington and then with Mlrs Thatcher yesterday, the British net contribution in these two years is liklely to come out at a total of about 440m European currency units, or about £260m, which is one-third of the total as estimated, itself one-third of the original sum which Mrs Thatcher reiected as unaccept- able.
In fact, EEC officials calcu- -late that it could even turn out that Britain is a net beneficiary from the budget this year, which would be, after all the fighting and feuding on this question, an ironic result indeed.
The consequence of this change in Britain's fortunes, while illustrating, as Mr Thorn said, ""the fragility of budget forecasts,"" is that renewal of the special arrangements for Britain is now most unlikely.
Instead the emphasis, as Lord Carrington sees it, will be on finding a permanent arrangement to ensure that the system operates fairly for all the member-states. The Gernan Government, facing a net con- tribution for the current year of 4,000m currency units or about f2,360m, is extremely concerned about the open- ended nature of its commit- Wrent, and can certainly count on British support.
The Germans are prepared to pay the lion's share in 'the Community, as a reflection of their economic streng:h and as a sign of European solidaritv. But Bonn is not prepared to make ""unlimited"" payments.
Mrs Thatcher, who was the first leader in the Community to raise a storm about this prob- lem, will have an opoortumty to discuss the whole querftion with Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, when she goes to. Bonn for the regular Anglo-German summit early next week.";"November 14, 1981";"";61082;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rome-Bonn drive to give Europe new life";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
Paris. Dec. 10 Herr Helmut Schmidt, the west German Minister of De- fence, went out of his way at today's session of the Western European Union Assembly to dispel any impression that the new Federal Governmentfs Policy of liberalization towards Russia. and eastern Europe might be pursued to the detri- ment of Nato and the western alliance.
""Without a firm foundation in Nato "". he emphasized, .' there can be no sensible policy of detente in Europe.
"" It would be sheer folly "", he added, "" if one attempted to conduct one's policy towards the east from any other basis than that of firm western solidarity. Nato remains the indispensable prerequisite for both the safe- guarding of our security and for any efforts towards an east-west rapprochement.""
The maintenance of an effec- tive defence in the west de- pended on the continuity of a balance of power as did the improvement in east-west rela- tions.
For west Germany, an exclu- sively national policy of deter- rence would lack both credibil- ity and effectiveness. ""We will not dimninish the German effort either in quantity or in quality "", he insisted.
For Europe, the necessity re- mained to keep up an effective defence. It was the responsibility of the European members of Nato not to slacken their efforts when the military potential of the Warsaw pact was contin- uously being reinforced and modernized.
Herr Schmidt referred to the possibility of American disen- gagement in Europe and empha- sized that an American military presence in Europe would con- tinue to be required for the foreseeable future.
"" In Europe, America is at stake as well. Presence is what counts "", he exclaimed. What happened after mid-1971, up to which time Mr. Melvin Laird, the Defence Secretary, had given an assurance that United States troop strengths in Europe would be maintained, depended to a large extent on the Euro- peans themselves.
Thc Hague summit had de- monstrated that western Europe was quite capable of closer cooperation. ""Perhaps the idea of a European identity in the
defence field need not remain wishful thinking either"", he added.
In this connexion, Herr Schmidt insisted that the signa- ture by his government of the non-proliferation treaty was based on the premise that the possession of the means of de- livery, consultation and plan- ning on nuclear weapons in non-nuclear countries did not consLitute ""control of nuclear weapons"" within the terms of the agreement.
""It is of vital importance to our security that the arrange- ment in nuclear matters within Nato not be impeded and that Nato's defence in this field remain fully effective"". he de- clared.
East-west relations appeared to have entered a new, more dynamic phase. Contacts were opening up at various levels. ""The Federal Government has no concern that the principle of balance [of power] might be infringed upon in the Helsinki talks "", he said. The principle of balance should also apply at the European level.
Turning to the Soviet pro- posal for a European security conference, H_rr Schmidt said that as long as terms like "" sov- ereign equality "", "" political in- dependence "", ""territorial integ- rity "", and ""non-interference in domestic affairs"". were inter- preted arbitrarily by the east, it would be difficult to arrive at any genuine rapprochement.
Berlin was one of the points where a lessening of tension could be of great significance. ' The relationship between Bonn and east Berlin will, in any case, have to be put on a more balanced and pragmatic footing. If not, the German quarrels will overshadow or even break up any all-European conference before it can get down to its proper business' Herr Schmidt concluded.
Mr. Wayne Hays, a member of the House of Representatives and president of the North Atlantic Treaty Assembly de- clared this morning that the United States, whatever the pally in power, would never abandon its first line of defence, that is to say it would never give up the defence of European security.
"" I am happy that Senator Mike Mansfield [who spoke in favour of American troop with- drawals] is not Secretary of State "", he exclaimed.";"December 11, 1969";"";57740;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn gives pledge that west comes before east";""
"['David Spanier Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Believe it or not, Mr Calla- ghan rather enjoys 'the Euro- pean merry-go-round. Or he did, anyway, before the row about Britain's seat at the pro- ducers-consumers' conference.
Certainly Mr Callaghan accepts Britain's place is in the Community. But that is not such a simple proposition as it looks. The Foreign Secretary, as in everything else he does, takes a very political view of life in the Community. That is, he is far more concerned about ways and means, about national interests and public opinion, than he is with ideals and ideology.
One of the things he disco- vered on first going to Euro- pean Council meetings was- surprising as it may seem- that none of Britain's partners had any very clear idea about where the Community was going and what its aims were.
This discovery was probably something of a relief to Mr Wilson and Mr Callaghan as they set about shooting the rapids of a referendum. It meant that all the talk about ""European union"" was really nothing more than well-inten- tioned speechifying. Britain was not committed to any dia- bolical federalist schenies; in- deed, everything was open and to play for.
In fact some European leaders in over-bidding the Brussels game, had seriously misled the public over period of two decades. They had given out the idea that the Community was marching for. ward to a brave and clearly defined destiny, they were con- tinually setting out grand objectives which were just as
Early talk about European unity
was really
nothing more than well-intentioned speechifying ...
quickly dropped or overtaken by events, and the Biitish wanted to bring the whole thing back to earth again.
Not that the Government had, or has now, any precise idea either of where the Com- niunity should be going. These things have to evolve, particu- larly in this country. For notwithstanding the viccry of the referendum campaign Britain is still a very new member of the Community, and the public needs time to adjust-such is the justifica- tion for caution.
Mr Wilson and Mr Callaghan have made it clear they accept the treaty commitment to direct election to the European Parliament. They regard this as the one major institutional developmens *which is really on the cards in the next ten years.
But there are, after all, for- midable problems to be over- come in the process. They want to carry the House of Commons and the country as a whole, in introducing direct elections. Then the European Parliament will have some legitimacy. It will have to fight
to enlarge its powers in its struggle to assert itself over the Council of Ministers, and this will take some time.
In the meantime, the Euro- pean Council-represented by
i-annual summit meetings-is going to exercise powser in the Community. That is the polit. ical reality, and experience has shown again and again that only the heads of government have the authority to get things moving.
The question is, in which direction? For the trouble with a totally pragmatic approach to the Community is that-it lacks the redeeming spark of idea. lism which the old European leaders ncver lost.
There is a risk that in asserting national interest on everv issue the examrZe of General de Gaulle-which made such a deep impression on Bri- tish thinking about the Com. munitv-may be misleading. The general, in his heart of hearts, may have wanted to break up the Community; cer- tainly he was quite prepared to see it founder for long periods; and even at his most intransigent. lhe was supported by the experience and subtlety of M. Couve de Murmille's dip. lomacy.
Britain. by contrast, wants to achieve the maximum coopera- tion she can in economie and foreign policy. The aim will be to coordinate rather than to unify. But having decided just what Britain's position is in the Community on each issue, the question of w;here to go still needs answering.
David Spanier
Diplomatic Correspondent";"December 5, 1975";"";59570;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Callaghan and the EEC: a case of more questions than answers";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL', 'David Wood']";"['News']";"nerr btrauss's day io London: breakfast with MIr. Desmond Donnelly, M.P. for Pembroke; Press conference at the Germa Embassy; meeting Mr. Heath; talk with Mr. Sandys, Conservative M.P. for Sreata ing g hs a a T T o f vun
I By A. M. RENDEL
Herr Strauss, the west German Finance Minister, before leaving London at the end of a niost crowded two-day visit, explained to reporters yesterday some pointB from his speech to the European -Atlantic group on Monday on the enlargement of the Common Mar-. ket, a European political union, and the control of nuclear weapons in a European force.
Herr Strauss said that he would like negotiations to admit Britain to the Common Market to be ini- tiated once the French election was over. The ideal country to do this would be France herself. Fail- ing that. he thought that Germany would not be the most suited to take the initiative, but if necessary she would do so, arid would in any event at once completely support the initiative whoever put it for- ward.
The remaining big vwest Euro- pean country-Italy-is, it may be added, the obvious choice if the next French Government prefers not to make an immediate move, and the Italians will need little prompting.
The negotiations need not wait for the German elections in Sep- tember, according to Herr Strauss. as all parties in Germany are agreed that the Common Mark-et should be enlarged. On this, how- ever, it may be added that a nunber of German observers would argue that the hustle which Herr Strauss has shown to get on with building Europe will in fact stand him in good stead in the elections, and may have helped o steel some thunder from the Ger- man Socialists.
Herr Strauss said that moves to establish a political union should. not wait until Britain had achieved
full-scale membership of the Euro- pean Community, which, because of the necessary transitional periods, was likely to take two or three yeaTs.
Herr Strauss foresees the poli- tical development of Europe through negotiations in the frame- work of Vestern European Union. In a television programme on Mon- day he called for an elected Euro- pean assembly, and he has in mind a European president with powers at first linited as in Germany, but later expanded on the United States model.
Asked how European nuclear weapons should be controlled, he said that a British and French nuclear pool would be under the control of Britain and France, be- cause the weapons were deployed in Britain or France. if they were later deployed on the territory of any other country then he envis-
aged a two-key system with that country having a veto on their use but not the power to order their use itself.
Herr Strauss crowded a full round of private talks into the second day of his visit. First he had a working breakfast with Mr.: Desmond Donnelly, the right- wing Labour M.P. who was ex- pelled from the Parliamentary Labour Party; and then separate talks with Mr. John Davies. chair- man of the Co, tration of British Industry, and' Mr. Duncan Sandys, 'who as a former Defence Minister was for long a colleague of Herr Strauss at Nato meetings. Lastly before luncheon, he saw MTr. Edward Heath. the Leader of the Opposition.
After a luncheon at The Times, Herr Strauss called on Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Secretary, whose views on the need to form a
European grouping in Nato are clearly close to his own.
The Foreign Office yesterday gave a warm welcomre to' Herr Strauss's support for an early activation of C6mmon Market negotiations. It also left no doubt that the British Govemment would not lag in cooperation in the achievement of political union in Europe.
Da-id Wood writes:
Mr. Heath
had a discussion lasting 70 minutes with Herr Strauss at his Albany flat. They ranged over the main themes provocatively developed by Herr Strauss wihen he addressed the meeting of M.P.s at Westmin- ster on Monday; support for British entry into the Common Market and a political federation of Europe leading to a third nuclear forme within the frame- work of a common defence policy.";"May 21, 1969";"";57565;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strauss looks to France for action";""
"['From LOUIS HEREN,']";"['News']";"From LOUIS HEREN,
Washington, May 2
The State Department an- nounced today that the United States would withdraw 35,000 servicemen fronm west Germany in the new year.
The plan. evolved during the tripartite talks with Britain and west Germany, calls for the re- moval of two of the three brigades of the American 24th Infantry Division.
After the withdrawal. the brigades will take turns to serve in west Germany, where their equipment will remain in sufficient quantity to ensure a prompt re- deployment of the entire division.
All dependants will be brought home, and the total annual saving will be about SlOOm. (035m.).
The two brigades with their sup- porting units number about 28.000 men. Four Air Force squadrons to be withdrawn have about 7.000 men, and they will also be rotated.
To be rotated
There are at present about 225.000 American troops in west Germany. If the American and British reduc- tions were dictated by economics, the State Department insists that the reduced forces will be adequate to deal with any possible attack.
Some hope was expressed tnat the Soviet Union will make reciprocal reductions. but there is no such understanding between the two super powers. The tripartite group has agreed that the Warsaw Pact garri- sons in east Europe have not decreased, and that their fire power is greater than ever.
Under the offset agreement. west Germany will buy $500m. (£f179n.) of special medium-term United States Government securities to mature in four and a half years. It has also agreed not to convert dollzars into gold, and ,to buy American military equipment.
Senator Mansfield, the Senate majority leader, said that it was an encouraging start. He and some 40 other senators 'had called for sub- stantial reductions, or the with- drawal of three or tour divisions. and he said that they would continue to press .t'he Administration to face the realities of 1967.
Pressure diverted
The agreement is a splendid case example for those interested in the chemistry rather than the mechanics of American Governm_nt. The early moves of Mr. McNamara. the Defence Secretary, showed that he had learnt little since the Skybolt fiasco. but congressional pressure was diverted by one man, Mlr. John McCloy,
He is no longer a member of the Government, but as a representative
of the American Establishment which helped to negotiate the post- war defence arrangement, he per- suaded a younger generation to allow for political as well as military and economic considerations.
Nevertheless, another postwvar era is drawing to a close. My earlier reports of plans to reduce European garrisons were hotly denied here and by American representatives in London, but with the promised in- creased airlift and some Soviet reci- procity, those garrisons may well be reduced to one or two divisions by the mid-seventies.
RAF base likely
to be closed
BY OUR DEFENCE CORRESPONDENT
A brigade group, numbering be- tween 5,000 and 6,000 men, and a helicopter squadron are to be with- drawn from Germany early next year.
The withdrawal was announced yesterday to the Commons by Mr. George Thomson, Minister of State, Foreign Office, who has been nego- tiating with America and Germany over the question of foreign exchange costs of troops in Germany.
The tripartite agreement provides for Britain and America jointly to wirthd-raw a total of 40,000 service- men and 100 jet fighters, all of which will be American. One of the R.A.F.s five bases-at Gcilen- kirchen-is likely to be closed, lead- ing to a redeployment of some of the 12 squadrons of fighters, bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.
The tripartite proposals were put to the Nato council yesterday morn- ing and to a meeting of the Western European Union in London. They will bi discussed by the allies and presumably agreed upon later.
The troops which will return to Britain uill remain officially assigned to the Supreme Allied Commander.
Green Jackets on way home
PENANG, Mlay 2.-The first group of British troops to be withdrawn from Malaysia under the second phase of Britain's military cutback east of Suez left the Minden barracks here today. They are men of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Green Jackets,- who have completed their two-and- a-half year tour of duty.
The complete battalion of 800 men will be phased out by June 2 and will not be replaced.--Reuter.";"May 3, 1967";"";56931;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. troop cuts in Germany";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
OTTAWA, JAN. 21
nTe debate on the motion to approve the protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty providing for the admission of the German Federal Republic, which will continue to-morrow, has shown much heart-search- ing by members of all parties, but it has clearly expressed recognition of the great importance of parliamentary endorsement of the protocol.
Mr. Pearson, Secretary of State for External Affairs, said that while they were doing all they could to make war impossible-by resolving the issues that divide, promoting cooperation through the United Nations, and ultimately seeking effective disarmament- the greatest temptation to aggression was weakness, and s we must consolidate our deterrent strength."" In this dangerous world "" the unity and strength of the North Atlantic nations unquestionably provide the most im- portant existing guarantee of continued peace.""
Paying tribute to the leadership of Dr. Adenauer, he said that in Germany, as else- where, there was a revulsion against war and militarism. Moods and attitudes could change. "" Nothing, it seems to me, could be more cal- culated to discourage the development of healthy political forces or to encourage a dangerous relapse into narrow nationaTism, disillusion with democracy, and ultimately into a dangerously cynical militarism, than a rejec- tion by the Parliaments of the west of the plans worked out by the democratic Governments of Germany and the other westerrt States for the integration of that people into a western European and North Atlantic communit
where they can play a. proper and useful role.'
ULTIMATE AIM
Mr. Pearson referred to the declaration of the Powers at the London conference that the achievement through peaceful means of a fully free and unified Germany remained a fundamental goal of their policy. This was a firm response to any who might maintain that the association of the Federal Republic with the west meant that the Powers had lost sight of the ultimate aim of a peace treaty with a united Germany.
Describing events leading up to the failure of E.D.C. and the dangers resulting from the decision of the French National Assembly last August, Mr. Pearson said: "" During these months which saw the end of the Euro- pean Defence Community, and indeed again in recent weeks, there has been talk of a Euro- pean and Atlantic security system functioning without France. In my view this is careless talla and ignores the great importance of France, politically. strategically, and indus- trially, to our collective defence.
""N.A.T.O. air forces are based in France and in French North Africa and the navies of the Atlantic Powers use French ports on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts.... No alternative airfields, ports, or communica- tions could be established elsewhere without a great weakening of our defensive arrange- ments and, I might add, much expense. In short, no Atlantic or European system of security could be really satisfactory or effective to which France did not willingly contribute.""
DANGEROUS TENDENCY
Danger, however, was not limited merely to the isolation of France. The very existence of N.A.T.O. and its underlying concepts would be threatened. Among some North Americans there was a dangerous tendency to move towards either bilateral or continental defence arrangements with emphasis on reliance on massive retaliation. These concepts had no great appeal to Canadians, nor would they provide a solid basis for good United States- Canadian cooperation.
Mr. Pearson dwelt on the limitations and controls on German rearmament. Would these safeguards work ? Would Germany throw them aside when she felt like doing so ? "" All international agreements have an element of risk and uncertainty,"" he said. "" It is. however, my considered view that support of these agreements, with the safeguards I have described, is both wise and farsighted, and of all the courses that are open to us this is the best to follow in our effort to shape a better future.""
On the proposed arms pool within Western European Union, Mr. Pearson said it was early to comment, and Canadian direct interests in the pooling proposals would relate to the allocation of German arms to be made available through the mutual aid programme to their allies in N.A.T.O. "" We are satisfied with the present procedure. but if the proposal were made that allocations for W.E.U. coun- tries should be made through W.E.U., the Canadian Government would be prepared to give such a proposal careful consideration.""";"January 22, 1955";"";53146;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Defence Contribution";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Diplomatic C9rrespondent
The British Governmentrepliedduring the weekend to an invitation received on Friday from the six countries of the European Coal and Steel Community to take part in the forthcoming discussions on closer European economic integration.
Details of the reply are not known, but it is understood that the invitation has been accepted, and that Britain will take a full part in the conference, which opens in Brus- sels on Saturday under the chairmanship of M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister. It will study the proposals made recently at Messina for extending integration into such fields as transport, power, atomic energy, and possibly the creation of a common market.
The British acceptance follows the recent talks in London between British Ministers and Mr. Beyen, the Dutch Foreign Minister and a keen European federalist. It will, however, involve her in no commitment at this stage. It is possible that Britain will prefer not to sit on all the sub-comnmittees which will in due course be set up to analyse individual aspects of integration. A common system of transport, for instance, is of only limited interest to her as an island, and there are well known obstacles in the way of British participation in a common European market.
The British Government are also alive to the danger of creating too, many inter- national bodies in Europe; their functions might overlap with those of existing and useful organs such as the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
STUDY GROUP
British views on such topics, and the Governmentss general attitude to integra- tion, are likely to be explained to Parliament to-day, probably in the form o£ a written answer by the Foreign Secretary.
The conference will be in the nature of a study group of specialists nominated by the six countries of the community. The Council of Europe, the O.E.E.C., and the High Authority of the Coal and Steel Community have been invited to attend, so that the group shall be as broad and representative as possible. After studying the Messina pro- posals in broad outline, the group will leave the working out of details to its sub-com- mittees before finally reporting to the Foreign Ministers at The Hague on Septem- ber 1. According to the present provisional programme, there will be a further Minis- terial meeting on October 1.
MR. MACMILLAN LEAVES
Mr. Macmillan left Northolt Airport yesterday to attend the meetings at Stras- bourg of Western European Union and the Council of Europe. As part of his staff he took with him Lord John Hope, joint Par- liamentary Under-Secretary, and Sir Harold Caccia, deputy Under-Secretary of State, and also gave a lift in the aircraft to Hr. Lange, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, who has been visiting Britain.
The next week at Strasbourg, said Mr. Macmillan, would be of considerable import- ance, as it would see the inaugural session of the Assembly of W.E.U. He had not been to Strasbourg for four years, he added, but as he had been at the foundation of the Council of Europe he was looking forward with -pleasure to taking part in its work after six years of its development. Mr. Macmillan is expected to address the Assembly of the Council of Europe on Wednesday.
The coming sessions are likely to be even more important in marking an attempt by both W.E.U. and the Council of Europe to work out their relationship with each other. This must be done if the two bodies, each with its common assembly and its ministerial committee or council, are to work smoothlv together. The ministerial council of W.E.tJ. has a clearly allotted executive task within European defence, but there are certain doubts as to what role its assembly-a more informal body of parliamentarians-can most profitably play. It is also felt that certain neutral countries on the Council of Europe-notably Sweden-may be reluctant to see too close an association between that body and the more military W.E.U., lest their neutrality be endangered.";"July 4, 1955";"";53263;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Invitation To Brussels";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"I From David Cross
Strasbourg, Nov 15
Members of the European Parliament tonight admonished ministers of the European Eco- nomic Community for their fail- ure to agree on an action pro- gramme to fight inflation.
In a surprise move, they unammously adopted an emer- gency resolution expressing their dismay that Finance Min- isters of the enlarged Commu- nity during their recent meet- ing in Luxembourg failed to live up to the good intentions expressed at last month's summit conference in Paris.
The resolution, which will be sent to the council of ministers, echoed the view of Dr Sicco Mansholt, the president of the European Commission, who ad- dressed the Parliament earlier today. He said that, on the crucial question of inflation, ministers had failed to act on the basis of their governments' agreement in Paris. He and the other members of the European Commission were very disap- pointed that in practice nothing of substance had emerged in Luxembourg.
However, in the field of social affairs member states had quickly followed up the impetus given by the summit to "" blaze a new trail towards a more progressive policy "", Dr Mansholt said. His speech came during a wide-ranging debate on political cooperation in the EEC and on the results of the summit.
It was still too early to assess the success of the summit meet- ing, he said. This would depend on the way in which the guide- lines agreed in Paris were translated into concrete actions.
The most important achieve- ment by far at the summit had been the commitment to draw up a new social policy. An enormous field of activities had been opened up and this would keep the new European Com- mission of the Nine very busy during the next two years.
He hoped that a series of conferences would be held next year, with both trade unions and managements taking part, to prepare a blueprint for the EEC's social policy. Social affairs ministeis of the en- larged community had already shown their readiness to act at their meeting in Brussels last week.
He also criticized the summit for having failed to adopt. a definite aid policy towards de- veloping countries. This failure was "" almost tantamount to a dereliction of duty "", he said.
With regard to European union, he said that the Commis- sion regretted that in the summit communiqu6 this con- cept was "" very vague and shrouded in mystery "". He thought that, if this notion was to have any sense, it must mean -political union "".
The Commission believed that the development of the enlarged EEC would gradually lead to a blurring of the present distinctions between Political and economic-policies.
Members of the European Parliament joined Dr Mansholt in some of his criticisms. Herr Josef Muller, a West German Christian Democrat, said that Parliament regretted the sum- mit's failure to agree to the allocation of 0.7 per cent of the gross national product of member states for aid to devel- oping countries.
Introducing a report drawn Up by the Parliament's political committee, Herr Muller added that his colleagues were also very disappointed that the heads of government had failed to commit themselves to the strengthening of the Communi- ty's institutions. No decision had been taken on the role of Parliament in the enlarged EEC, and on the part it should play in the- Community's legisla- tive process, he complained.
In addition, the political com- mittee had also hoped in vain that the summit would lay down a timetable for the crea- tion of a real EEC Government and for the direct election of members to Parliament.
This latter point, he contin- ued, was essential if members were to be able to devote enough time to European parliamentary affairs. The present system, which meant that MPs had to divide their time between national parlia- ments and the European Parlia- ment, was "" unfair "".
To reinforce his point, he said that he was unable to attend the whole of today's session in Strasbourg -because he had to return to West Ger- many to take part in the gen- eral election campaign.";"November 16, 1972";"";58633;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European MPs attack EEC for failing to fight off inflation";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"President Mitterrand, only the third Francois to head the French state, has chosen the favourite home of Francois I as the royal setting for an EEC summit he hopes will launch the ""citizens' Europe.""
At the top of the horseshoe staircase, which Napoleon descended on his way to exile in Elba, he greeted his nine distinguished European guests yesterday, and led them down the wood-panelled gallery of Francois 1. resplendent with golden Fs. to their lunch on a trestle table in the Hall of Columns.
Lunch over, the only head of state at the gathering led the mere prime ministers and chancellor into the ballroom for a merry dance through the problems of the world in general and the EEC in particular.
The magnificent parquet floor of the Great Ballroom had been covercd with a carpeted brown dais for the occasion to muffle the steps of the advisers as they padded in and out.
Mrs Thatcher. in alphabeti- cal order, sat behind a ""United Kingdom"" card, at the Opposite end of the long negotiating table from Presi- dent Mitterrand. Between them lay a low jungle of green and yellow-leaved house plants and a jungle of words and figures.
The spying television cam- eras in the minstrels' gallery withdrew. leaving the leaders alone with their problems.
Shut away within the sixteenth-century spicndours of the ballroom. the French president could feel a million miles away from the rest of the world, from the million people who marched in protest through the streets of Paris the day before and from thc millions who failed to vote for him in the European elections a week earlier.
For her part. Mrs Thatcher must have felt at home as she was jeered and whistled at by a crowd of banner-waving demonstrators fenced off out- side the entrance to the chateau as her flag-carrying Peugeot swept past.
But they were few in number and their chant of ""Vive Spenelli"" (author of the European Parliament's report on European union) seemed
unlikely to make it into the top ten of anti-Thatcher chants.
The French host had seen to it that there was some real ceremony that any British leader could appreciate in the form of the Republican Guards, splendid in plumes, and white breeches. presenting swords on the steps of the horseshoe stairway.
But for all the pomp, the circumstances were fraught. The British delegation had arrived grimly determined to negotiate a deal that even Mr Scargill's supporters could cheer, since Mrs Thatcher's obstinacy in European appears to be one of the few things in which she can at present call on thc support of the majority of the British.
As the stormy sky darkened and the evening wore on, the summit retired through the trees of the Forest of Fontai- nebleau to one of those exclusive little hotels and restaurants in which France specializes. It is in the exquisite village of Barbizon, beloved of Robert Louis Stevenson and many French painters.
Each room in the H6tellerie du Bas-Breau is in a style drawn from French history. With due deference to who it is who actually pays the Community bills, the two largest rooms had been booked for Chancellor Kohl and Mrs Thatcher.
His room, used at various times by Richard Wagner, Nathalie Wood and the Emperor Hirohito. was in the style of Louis XV (after whom came the deluge).
Mrs Thatcher was alloted a room once occupied by Prince Bertil of Sweden and by Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia. There was absolutely no signficance at all, aides asserted, in the fact that the room was in the style of the Directory.
Apart from the police, the most ubiquitous sight in the streets has been pretty signs high up on the lamp posts. ""Rendezvous a Fontaineb- leau"" they say the message set across a picture of the Chateau among the trees and a huge orange sun just above the horizon. It is impossible to tell if it is rising or setting.
Ian Murray I";"June 26, 1984";"";61867;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Letter from Fontainebleau";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE.
-Paris, Feb. 21
At the close of an exhaustive four-hour debate on the crisis in the Western European Union, the Assembly of the W.E.U. today adopted by an overwhelming majority a resolution implicitly congratulating the British Govern- ment on their initiative in calling the special coundil meeting on the Middle East (which France did not attend) and urging the French Government to resume full partici- pation in frequent and regular con- sultations on international affairs.
The Gaullist members of the Assembly, who regarded the motion as tantamount to charging France with sole responsibility for the crisis, voted against.
A last-minute attempt by the Italians to water down the resolu- tion to make it acceptable to them was rejected by a majority. Although the Assembly is purely consultative and its decisions are not binding, the vote was regarded by British delegates as a very wel- come demonstration of support for Britain's efforts to promote closer political cooperation within the W.E.U. in spite of French 'obstruc- tion. The French Government. for its part, sees the vote as a rebuff.
Today's debate demonstrated that, beyond the legalistic dispute about procedure, there exist fun- damental differences of conception about European cooperation.
Mr. Duncan Sandys, Conserva- tive M.P. for Streatham, said in a speech as pertinent as it was brief:
The issue raised is a much more
fundamental one. The question is whether the progress of European integration is to be held back to the pace of the slowest; whether the Six which wish to go forward are to be prevented by the one which does not. In short, the question is whether or not there exists the political will to build a truly united Europe.""
For years, he said, the Assembly had been urging the Council of Ministexs to promote more active consultation. The Ministers had at last begun to do this and it would be quite incomprehensible if the Assembly failed to express approval.
""It is said that we must not isolate France "", Mr. Sandys con- tinued. ""Nobody wishes to do that. France is isolating herself. We sincerely hope that the French Government will decide to resume their seat at the council table.
*"" If they do so, we shall all be very happy. But if they do not, we must give our full support to the governments of the other member states in their decision to consult regularly together, and encourage them in their efforts to promote the political integration of Europe in accordance with the clearly declared objectives of the Brussels Treaty.
The stand taken by the west Germans was of special interest. Dr. G. Kliesing, leader of the German group, considered that the affair had been unduly drama- tized and felt that the council should meet to interpret the con-
troversial Article 8 of the treaty. According to the French interpre- tation, no meeting can be called save by unanimous consent of all seven member governments.
""None of the seven govern- ments has any interest in destroy- ing the treaty "", Dr. Kliesing said. "" Everything that could aggra- vate the situation must, therefore, be avoided.""
Tle premature publication yes- terday of today's speech by M. Pierre Krieg, a Gaullist deputy, defeated the French attempt to secure support for a milder resolu- tion. The speech. reported to have been drafted by the Quai d'Orsay. accused Britain of carrying out a diplomatic manoeuvre in calling the London meeting on the pre- text of discussing the Middle East, of deliberately causing the crisis in the WE.U. and of plan- nimg to prolong it.
It was ""the culmination of an attempt begun in Rome in October, 1968, to make the WE.U. a centre of consultation on questions of all kinds not formally covered by the Treaty of Rome "". M. Krieg declared. "" Let there be no mistake. The W.E.U. has never been, and will never be, a court of appeal of the Common Market.""
He emphasized that France had no intention of leaving the W.E.U., whose importance, particularly in the limitation and control of armaments, she appreciated. It was up to France's partners to end an artificially provoked crisis.";"February 22, 1969";"";57492;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"WEU Assembly praises Britain's initiative";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Dr. Erhard, the west German Chan- cellor, said towards the end of his two- day official visit to London yesterday that the German delegation were very satisfied and pleased with the friendly welcome which they had received. He also said that he had come with the sin- cere and honest intention to continue the work of bringing about understanding and close friendly relations between Britain and Germnany. Both these re- marks gave the clear impression of one who intended to be a good partner.
The main significance of the visit has been in fact a fully successful effort to improve relations. By the late afternoon yesterday Herr von Etzdorf, the German Ambassador, was looking a thoroughly happy man.
The talks yesterday morning concerned east-west-trade matters, the Kennedy round, and European problems. Sir Alec Douglas- Home and Mr. Butler were accompanied for the first part of the morning by Mr. Maudllng, the Chancellor, and Mr. Heath, the Secretary of State for Trade, Industry and Development.
CREDITS FOR RUSSIA
Among the subjects discussed the follow- ing points had emerged by the end of the day.
EAST-WESr TRADE.-Dr. Erhard argued strongly against the granting of long-term credits to Russia, which he regards as a form of economic aid, proposed at a time when Russia's economic difficulties are one of the main reasons for an easing of com- munist pressure against the west.
He is aware that Germany's trade with the communist block, which he said yester- day was about 4 per cent of her total foreign trade, is far larger than Britain's but he claimed that the establishment of west German trade missions in Poland, Hungary, and now, Rumania carried on the policy of increased contacts, and had, therefore, a political as well as an economic purpose.
EUROPEAN POLITICAL INTEGRATION.-Dr. Erhard is understood to hold that discussion of a political commission of the Six. on the lines of the European Economic Commis- sion cannot be carried on usefully without close consultation with Britain through Western European Union. He does not expect new European institutions to be agreed for the present.
Preliminary discussion of a political commission may well go ahead between the Six, but there is good reason to think that Germany will not agree to further political integration in Europe until after the British elections, when British views can be put more conclusively.
RASIS OF POUCY
AlLANrlC COMMUNITY.-Dr. Erhard said that while Franco-German reconciliation was always the basit of a European policy, as the Germans saw it, this reconciliation should seek to attract, and not deter others. European unity should be a precondition .for the fruitful working of an Atlantic community, Franco-German reconciliation was the beginning. The next step would be Britain's reconciliation with the Com- mon Market to build the basis for a wider Atlantic unity or partnership.
MULnLATERAL FORCES.-For the German Government success for the multilateral concept would mean that European defence would develop along really Atlantic lines. For this rseason the German Government wants the British and Italians to take a full share in forming the M.LF.
FURTHER CONTACTS-A British spokes- man said later in effect that reports of a visit by the Queen to Germany in the near future were premature. The visit to Britain by Dr. Heuss, the late German President, was due to be repaid and certainly would be. The Queen's future programme was not being fixed until after the birth of her child, and the German Government would undoubtedly make an invitation later on at an appropriate moment.
STATIONING COSTS.-Dr. Erhard has reiterated the German intention to fulfil all Germany's commit.ments under the cur- rent agreement on stationing costs for the B.A.O.R., which ends on March 31. Of the total purchases of DM.l 00m. promised over two years, DM.250m. are still outstanding. If purchases up to this amount of military or civilian equipment cannot be concluded by March 31, the out- standing amount may be committed in advance. The British are also hoping for a longer-term agreement for the future. The Germans made it clear that their experts would discuss this sympathetically at meet- ings to take place in London in February.";"January 17, 1964";"";55911;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe Unity Moves Unlikely Before British Election";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
-BRUSSELS, APRIL 17
The opening of the Kennedy round on May 4 will be only a formal occasion, the Common Market admitted today. Negotiations proper will not be started, because of the technical difficulties in preparing the tariff cutting rules. This was the verdict given today at the meet- ing between Britain and the Six in Wes- tern European Union, when M. Jean Rey (Belgium), member of the Brussels Commission responsible for external relations,. reported to Ministers on the situation. in Geneva.
Thc meeting in May ought not to try to cut through all the contentious matters which officials had been unable to solve, M. Rey said. It was likely to be a solemn formal occasion, rather than the start of negotiations.
It has long been recognized by British experts and other parties to the negotiations that the preparations have become so bogged down that serious negotiations could not be expected to start on time. But this is the first time that the Common Market-which has taken such an opti- mistic line on the formula it produced- has said so in public.
Today's discussion on economic ques- tions went smoothly. Mr. Butler, the Foreign Secretary, said he thought the W.E.U. meeting was more practical t-han any he had attended so far.
BRITAIN'S CONCERN
""In the economic sphere we were able to-exchange views and information, and this proved successful in explaining the British aims in the Kennedy round both on industrial tariffs and agriculture"", he said, before returning home ton,ight.
Mr. Butler tried again today to impress on the Six the need to ensure that an across-the-board tariff cut should be achieved in the Kennedy round. He said that Britain was Particularly concmrned that the formula for handling disparities should not give rise to such a number of excep- tions to the rule as to undeimine the whole concept of a linear cut. This was the danger Britain feared.
He also underlined the fact that the United States had a large numnber of high
tariff items for which Britain or other Euro- pean countries were the principal suppliers to the, community. As an example, he pointed out that if the Common Market cut its tariff on woollen goods by 25 per cent instead of 50 per cent just because the United States tariff was high it would be Britain not the United States, that was hurt.
SEEING MR. HEATH
Such matters raised too many technical issues for a ministerial meeting and M. Rey is seeing Mr. Heath in London on April 28 to discuss ihe Kennedy round further. But it seems highly improbable that the Six will makc any change in their approach.
- The meeting began with a review of the economic situation in Britain by Mr. Butler and for the Common Market by M. Marjolin, vice-president of the Brussels Commission and chief author of the new stabilization plan.
Mr. Butler asked whether there was a risk that the Six's corrective measures against inflation might go too far, and cause a move from over-expansion to recession. M. Mariolin replied that it was over-expansion that was the worry and if the stabilization did go too far there were other instruments at hand to correct it.
He also said. in answer to another ques- tion, that the Community was not, by and large. disturbed at its loss of reserves. It was only alarming to the extent that it indi- cated a loss of its competitive position.
Although France is utterly opposed to any discussion of internal Common Mar- ket affairs with Britain. Dr. Schr3der. the German Foreign Minister, brought several Community topics into his speech.
PRESERVING BALANCE
In particular he emphasized that the Common Market's development in 1964 should preserve a balance between internal and external development. So far as the latter was concerned, the Kennedy round was the outstanding event, and everyone must make sacrifices to ensure its success.
He favoured intensifying informal E.E.C.-Efta contacts at Geneva. It could be taken for granted, he added, that Ger- many would not be the cause of any dis- ruption or failure. On agriculture, it must be recognized that Germany had particular difficulties of which account must be taken.";"April 18, 1964";"";55989;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"No Early START On Kennedy Round Tariff Cuts";""
"['Geoffrey Smith']";"['News']";"Geoffrey Smith
NIlrs Thatcher is unlikely to he the only allied leader urging President Reatgan at their mceting in New York today to make at least a restatement of WVestern disarmament pro- posals. Butt she will certainly be the nmost pressing.
The subject was R major topic of discussion a veek ago *i hen NIr George Shultz, the A.merican Secretary of State, iiiet Nato foreign ministers in Brussels. He liad gone there to reassure them about Mlr Rea- gan's negotiating tactics tt his summit meeting witlh MIr Gorbachov in Geneva on November 19 and 20. MIr Sihultz's inssion was partially successful, but he encountered insistent demands for counter- proposals to the dramitic propositions put forward by Mr Gorbachov.
These demands were led by Britain. Not all Nato countries joined the pressure. The French and Belgians attached less importance to the Unilted States getting in its retaliation before the summit, and ap- peared to be sceptical about the feasibility of doing so within the time scale.
*The West Germans seemed to take a positiotl in between, though at the meeting of WEU (thie Western European Union) the following dav they were in the forefront of thzose demand- ing new proposals. The Dutch %iere also eager for the Americans to come up with something, though not before the Netherlands has to take its ovn decision on the deplovment of cruise missiles on November 1.
Timing clearly presents a problem. It would be imposs- ible to get new proposals throughi the American bureauc- racy in time to put them on the negotiating table at Geneva before the present round of armtis control talks ends in earlv .Noember.
It ivould be excedingly difficult to do so before the summit itself. Hence the talk of a restatement, or repackaging, of earlier proposals - perhaps
ivith some reworkirig of the figures to take account of Mr Gorbachov's ideas. ;
The value of this would be essentially, presentstionat, but presentations of the American position is now ctusing anxiety to all Western governments. The summit IstS taken on a double significance. At one level it is a potentially critical engagement in the disarms- ment process. At another level it is coming to be seen as the battleground for European hearts and minds.
Nobody is quite sure at this stage wvhetlher Mr Gorbachov is equally interested in both levels. But his latest disarma- ment proposals and his skilful attention to publicity during his visit to Paris three weeks ago show that lie Is certainly making a serious bid for European opinion.
There is not just the risk of unfavourable comparisons heing drawvn between the ageing American President and the new, vigorous and much younger Soviet leader. There is the still greater danger of Mr Reagan giving the impression of an Anerican Molotov, forever saying no to every constructive proposition frotn the other side.
So, according to Mrs Thatcher and other, it is imperative not to leave all the initiative *vith Mlr Gorbachov. If President Reagan could claim international attention w ith his proposals, then Mr Gorbachov would either have to acknoAvlege them as a basis for negotiation or take his turn at saying no.
This seems to me sound reasoning so long as anything that purports to be a fresh statement looks sufficiently fresh. But even if Mr Reagan accepts this thinking, it ivill not remove all potential difficulties between the US and its allies.
There remain thje more substantive differences over the Strategic Defence Initiative. T'he principal message that Mr Shultz took to Brussels last week was that the US would abide by the more restrictive interpretation of the ABiR
treatv. This means that before deploying SDI the US would not onlv consult its allies but also negotiate with the Soviet Union.
This was wvelcome news to European governments. But there is still a misunderstand- ing between thent and the US that could be of some signifi- cance. European governments interpret a commitment to nCgOtiRte RS meaning that the US will not deploy without the agreement of the Soviet Union. The US means simply that it will talk wvith the Soviet Union before deploying.
Such misunderstandings need to be resolved if Mr Gorbtchov is not to win the propaganda battle in Geneva.";"October 24, 1985";"";62277;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commentary";""
"";"['News']";"Preparations are now nearly completed for the meetings of the Congress of Europe to be held at The Hague dlfring thc coming week-end under the presidency of Mr. Churchill There will be between 600 and 800 delegates-an official estimate which, by its vagueness, reflects the hesitancy to support the congress that has been shown in other countries besides Great Britain. The British delegation numbers 148, made up of 64 members of Parliament (27 Labour, 25 Conservative, five Liberal, two Liberal National, five Independent) and 84 members of the public, representative of the national life.
Besides delegates from the 16 nations of Europe supporting the European Recovery Prograimme there wil be "" observers "" from other European countries, ihcluding Yugo- slavia, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Spain; they are all exiles from their countries. There will be a delegation from the western zone of Germany and another from Greece.
Mr. Churchill will speak at the opening session on Friday and again at a mass meeting in Amsterdam on Sunday.
Two draft reports-one political, the other economic and social-have been prepared for submission to the congress. They will be dis- cussed by commnittees at The Hague, and are thus subject to revision, before resoludons based on them are put to the plenary sessions.
PROSPECT FOR PEOPLES
The political report states that in Europe ""the peoples are faced with the prospect of moral and material ruin."" The productive potential of the 16 nations is as great as that of the United States, but this and other immense possibilities cannot be realized so long as Europe allows herself to remain enfeebled ,by internal division.
Discussing principles and objectives, the report states that if the. policy of mutual aid, adopted by the Governments of the 16 nations, is to bear any substantial, fruit it must be accompanied step by step with a paralle policy of closer political union. The report adds that "" sooner or later this must involve the renunciation or, to be mnore accurate, the joint exercise of certain sovereign powers.""
On the German problem the report states that the integration of Germany into a European Union provides the only solution.
POSITION OF BRITAIN
Britain's dual position as an integral part of Europe and the centre of a world-wide com- monwealth "" need raise no insurmountable difficulties."" Economically, the report con- tinues, both Europe and the CommonWealth would be greatly strengthened by being closely associated with each other; politically, the Dominions have as much to gain as the peoples of Europe.
Discussing immediate measures, the report suggests the formation of an Emergency Council of Europe, which should be respon- sible for directing joint action to secure econo- mic recovery and military defence and to pre- serve democratic freedom.
It is proposed that, as a condition of mem- bership of the council, governments should subscribe to a common declaration guarantee- ing the fundamental personal and civic rights essential for the matntenance of democracy, and should recognize the authority of the council to enforce them. An independent European court, with power to investigate such matters as the conduct of elections or political trials, is also proposed, and it is further sug- gested that "" in cases where the council deemed it appropriate and practical, a mixed European armed force might be sent to assure conditions in which free elections could be held.""
Looking beyond "" provisional expedients"" to subsequent plans for "" the permanent and
Continued in next colun
organic unification of Europe."" the repori states that these should include the grant of a common citizenship without loss oif original nlationality, the creation of a single European defence force, the development of a unified economic system, and the conclusion of a complete federation with an elected European parliament.
The economic and social report suggests a series of immediate, measures and states that the ultimate objectives would be:-Free cir- culation of capital to ensure the utilization of savings throughout the union to the best advan- tage; the complete unification of currencies; coordination of budgetary and credit policy; elimination, of double taxation; and abolition of all customes barriers to the circulation of goods.";"May 5, 1948";"";51063;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Preparations are now nearly completed";""
"['By Our Parliamentary Correspondent']";"['News']";"BY Our Parliamentary Correspondent
WESTMINSTER, TUESDAY
Mr. Lennox-Boyd, the Colonial Secre- tary, reported to-day on the situation in Kenya and on his recent visit. He warned the House that, as recent singularly brutal murders showed, the danger of outrages and terrorism still remained. There might well be, at any rate for a long time; a hard core of fanatical Mau Mau impervious to all attempts to help them.
'The rate of surrender was rising. The terrorists would become less determined to fight on as cooperation with the Government in the reserves and the greater strength of the Kikuyu guards gathered momentum. This was beginning to tell. He conceived it his duty to help to restore confidence. There was some lack of it among the European settlers as well as the Africans and he had told the Europeans they were in Kenya to stay and had nothing to tear for the security of their homes, them- selves, their families, and descendants.
An absorbed auditor of all this was Mr. Creech Jones, a former Colonial Secretary, waiting to take his seat as Labour M.P. for Wakefield. As he passed along the Treasury Bench the Colonial Secretary gave him a welcoming handshake. and he was surrounded later by old colleagues.
MEETING WITH RUSSIA
Mr. Bevan decided earlier to-day to join in the monotonously recurrent Opposition attempts to hasten a meeting between the Prime Minister and Mr. Malenkov. Sir Winston ChurchiU had already assured the persistent Mr. Warbey that he had no reason to think the Soviet authorities were in any doubt about his views on the matter. This referred to his expressed willingness to meet Mr. Malenkov if agreement could be reached on an appropriate time and place. Mr. Warbey wanted to know how he would com- municate his willingness to the Soviet autho- rities, but Sir Winston Churchill saw no advantage in discussing all the methods of communication in every case.
Nobody joined in from the Opposition front bench which a few minutes earher had been fortified by the arrival of Mr. Herbert Morrison, fresh from his foreign travels, sport- ing a brilliant red camation. He was warmly cheered, and the Prime Minister beamed a welcome. Mr. Bevan chided the Prime Minister with puzzling the public because week after week he said he was ready for high-level talks with the Russians, but when they invited him to have them he declined. It was the Prime Minister's tum to look puzzled. He failed to understand what invitation Mr. Bevan meant and he was none the wiser when Mr. Bevan said: ""The last invitation from the Soviet Union."" That, replied the Prime Minister, was a general invitation to a four- Power conference, and he did not think the moment for one had been reached at this stage when the agreements on western Europe had still to be ratified.
But Mr. Bevan suggested that there was all the more reason for the Prime Minister to accept the invitation now. M. Mendes- France had said he saw no reason why the talks should not run concurrently with the establishment of a westem European union.
The Prime Minister's reply to that was that whether there should be a four-Power con- ference including the Soviets was a matteT which must be discussed by the Govemments concerned. As for the exact relation of such a very important meeting with any personal contacts he might have tfie opportunity of making with Mr. Malenkov, that personal intervention should not affect, in any way, general decisions on the main issues.
Food and drugs occupied the rest of the parliamentary menu, giving fascinating scope for examining such topics as the exact mean- ing of angels on horseback and hot dogs.
Meanwhile the Lords had wasted no time in their examination of the Mines and Quarries Bill in committee. In little more than five hours they disposed of 305 amendments, an average speed of about one amendment a munute.
Parliamentary report on page 4";"October 27, 1954";"";53073;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Surrenders In Kenya";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The British Government have pro- posed a conference in London of mem- bers of Western European Union on or about February 26. The proposal, which was contained in Notes sent at the week- end to the six other members of W.E.U. (France, Germany, Italy, and the three Benelux countries), marks a further stage toward the closer association of Britain with her western partners, for which British Ministers have noticeably in- creased their support in recent weeks.
Among the subjects suggested for dis- cussion and coordination is the proposed reduction in the British contingent in Ger- many. The conference, it may be noted, will follow the Sandys mission to Washing- ton, through which, it is believed, plans are being worked out for streamlining British and United States contingents in Germany and for exchanging information and coordinating arms Production.
The coordination of arms production between the W.E.U. members has not apparently been proposed as part of the conference agenda, but discussion of this may arise when the evolution of W.E.U. is considered. At present the standing armaments committee of W.E.U. has the task of exchanging information and seeking the best method of using resources, but its work could be much expanded in practice. It is argued, therefore, by some that the machinery for an arms production agency already exists and might well be developed -although it is doubtful how far member countries are yet prepared to go towards a real pooling of arms.
COMMON POLICY
One subject which has certainly been proposed for debate in London is the co- ordination of policy. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization meeting in December emphasized the need for greater consulta- tion and for a common foreign policy, how- ever hard to attain this may be-whether over the Middle East, Cyprus, or other potential sources of disagreement. Sugges- tions will probably be made for a political directorate to discuss such problems well in advance of action. It would bt; composed possibly of Foreign Ministers from some countries and Ministers of State from others.
Another subject is the Italian proposal for a directly elected Assembly. Most member countries appear to regard this as too advanced a step towards the goal of a European Parliament, but views on European or European-Atlantic Assembly will be exchanged.
The British Note is understood to pro- Pose discussion also of the streamlining of existing European and Atlantic organiza- tions. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd in Paris in Decem- ber spoke of the ""grand design "" for Europe and argued against the present pro- liferation of international bodies - N.A.T.O., W.E.U., the Council of Europe, the Coal and Steel Community, the pro- posed European common market and free trade area, and the proposed atomic energy pool. British experts have since appeared to support the establishment at one head- quarters, presumably in Paris, of a single European-Atlantic organization, having a number of different sections. Each section would have an international staff drawn from the countries taking part in the work of the section.
U.N. EXAMPLE
There would be a single official or clerk of Parliament to summon an Assembly. The Assembly would itself be divided into different commissions on the lines of the United Nations commissions. Member countries might appoint standing parlia- mentary delegations to represent them on the commissions with which they were concemed. This means, for instance, that a neutral country like Sweden would not be represented on a commission dealing with defence, but would be included in a commission concerning European free trade area, if in fact Sweden joined the free trade area.
Information on the proposed conference was available only from non-British sources yesterday. There was no confirma- tion at the Foreign Office, but there is no doubt that the conference has been pro- posed. The date will not be fixed until later; it depends presumably upon the length and outcome of the present dis- cussions in Washington and upon the speed with which the Foreign Ministers of the Messina Powers are able to finish their work on the European common market and Euratom at the meeting which they are due to hold in mid-February.";"January 30, 1957";"";53752;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Plans London Meeting Of W.E.U. For Arms Talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN. FEB. 26
Bonn will be the scene of intense diplomatic and political activity within the next few weeks. Within the next few days-the exact date has not yet been fixed-Mr. Selwyn Lloyd is coming to discuss measures to alleviate the sterling balance of payment difficulties, on the lines decided by Dr. Adenauer and Mr. Macmillan in their talks last week.
Hc will discuss both the long-term aspect of these difficulties which. as agreed. can be settlcd only within an international framework such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.); and their. short-term aspect. which involves agreement on a bilateral basis on such questions as repayment of Germany's war debt. increased arms pur- chases from Britain, and the possible easing of trade restrictions on British goods. It is pointed out here, however. that little advance can be made on any of these points before west Germany's present troubles with the United States are straightened out. MR. HARRIMAN'S MISSION The next visitor will be Mr. Harriman. President Kennedy's Ambassador-at-large, who is due here about March 5. He can be expected to discuss the financial issues between Germany and the United States only in very general terms; the technical discussions, arising out of Herr von Brentano's much disputed commitments in Washington, are due to be resumed about the same time with the United States Ambas'ador, Mr. Dowling.
Mr. Harriman's talks will extend over a wider field-Nato. east-west relations, and possibly the Chancellor's meeting with President Kennedy. It will give Dr. Adenauer an opportunity to express his own apprehernsions about Nato and the weakening of its concentrated forces in the past few years, and the hopes he places in Mr. Kennedy's ability to reinvigorate it and provide new inspiring American leadership for the alliance.
Herr von Brentano, meanwhile, has left for Paris to attend the Western European Union Foreign Ministers' meeting tomorrow, at which the Germans expect a precise rePetition of the Dutch outburst against Franco-German attempts to dominate the Six that marked the Common Market heads of Government conference in Paris 10 days ago. The Foreign Minister will, apparently, put forward a proposal that the next meeting of the heads of Government of the Six here in May should be accompanied by a similar meeting of the W.E.U.. also in Bonn. to emphasize the close political consultation between the two groupings.
There is still much scepticism here about the Anglo-German project for reactivating the W.E.U. to provide some common ,round u,ntil a better link between E.E.C. and Efta can be devised. Die Welt recalled yesterday that similar plans made during a previous visit of the Chancellor to London in 1959 never materialized. However, Britain had since come a long way towards recognizing the political aims of the Six and expressing her desire to be associated with them.
VISIT BY DR. VERWOERD A closer examination of the Soviet memorandum handed over by Mr. Smirnov on his return from Moscow has produced increasing disappointment over the inflexi- bility which underlies the Professions of good will in it. Dr. Kroll. the German Ambassador. has been called back to c.larify the apparent discrepancy between the urbane tone of Mr. Khrushchev's message, and the unyielding nature of Soviet demands.
Finally. it has been announced that Dr. Verwoerd, the South African Prime Minister, will, somewhat surprisingly, call in Bonn for discussions with the Chan- cellor at the beginning of next month, on
his way to the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' conference This will be the first occasion on which a South African head of Government has visited west Ger. many. The talks will be mainly on trade, for there are no outstanding political issues to be discussed between the two countries.
Dr. Adenauer, who goes to Cadenabbia. on Lake Como, for a holiday on March 13. is rcportcd to be making arrangements to meet Signor Fanfani. the Italian Prime Minister, for what have now become their traditional conversations there.";"February 27, 1961";"";55016;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn As Centre Of Intense Financial Studies";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT '
BERLIN, JULY 20
The officers' revolt of July 20 against Hitler has been commemorated on its eleventh anniversary at a number of places in Berlin associated with the revolt. While one such ceremony was in progress in the cotirtyard of the for- mer War Ministry in the Bendlerstrasse, the street itself was being renamed Stauffenbergstrasse .after Graf Claus von Stauffenberg.
Dr. Bauer, the chairman of the Twentieth of July Foundation, spoke of the service which the revolt had done in contributing to disperse the mistrust of Germany and to construct a new State order. He urged that more should be done to care for the widows of the dead Resistance men and to give their children an education such as they would shave had if their fathers had lived. A wreath from President Heuss was among the many flowers laid at the monument in the court- yard.
5"" SYMBOL OF UNITY""
The student bodies of the free university and the technical university held commemo- rative meetings. Bishop Lilje, of Hanover, and Mgr. Adolph, of.Berlin, led a religious service this morning in the Lehrter Strasse gaol.. Burgomaster Suhr laid a wreath at the memorial at Plotzensee prison last night, and received to-day, as "" a symbol of the unity of the European Resistance,"" two urns of earth from Resistance memorials at Strasbourg and Baronvilliers, in Belgium. These, which will be placed at the.Pldtzensee memorial, were sent by the hand of the chairman of the German Resistance Associa- tion on the proposal of the International Free Federation of Deportees' and Resistance Bodies.
Attempts of this kind to keep alive the memory of the German Resistance move- ment are treated with hostility by the Soviet zone regime. Neues Deutschland, the Socialist Unity Party organ, yesterday pub- lished an analysis of the events of July 20 by Herr Ulbricht, taken from his book, On recent history. A prefatory comment explains that western commemorations of the revolt are an attempt to present to the world as Resistance fighters "" the Hitler generals who are to form the staff of the new aggressive army.""
"" PROVOCATIONS""
Herr Ulbricht concedes the name of patriot to some of the rebels-he mentions Adam von Trott, and Stauffenberg himself -who were prepared to work with popular forces. But he condemns Goerdeler as a right-wing Conservative, and the political opposition generally as a reactionary attempt to rescue German imperialism from the ruins of the Nazi system.
The Soviet Press is devoting much space to "" provocations "" devised by the Federal Government at Bonn to damage the pros- pects of the Geneva conference. First among these provocations, naturally enough, is the passing of the Volunteers Bill, which is presented as in flagrant contrast to the discussion of security and disarmament at GSeneva.
Reports of the imminent transfer of General Gehlen's intelligence organization from United States to Federal German con- trol are treated in the same manner. Finally, there is a fresh crop of reports of police and judicial measures against Communist organizations and their sympathizers in west Germany.
LESSON OF GENEVA
Neues Deutschland devotes a long leader this morning to the first lesson of the Geneva conference, on the theme that the relaxation of international tension must be pursued through the establishment of a collective security system in Europe. As it points out, Marsha1 Bulganin has agreed that the United States should be in such a system. Sup- ported by disarmament and the prohibition of atomic weapons, the security system would bring the reunification of Germany nearer.
Throughout it is assumed that German unity would naturally follow a solution of the general problem of European security, but can hardly precede it. Security for Europe, however, presupposes, it is ex- plained, the abandonment of the Paris treaties and the dissolution of. the "" so- called ""' Western European Union. Neues Deuischla,d quotes President Eisenhower as speaking ""in one breath "" of the Paris treaties and the reunification of Germany- "" that is, he attempts to reconcile the irre- concilable."" In general, however, the Soviet zone Press is giving the western leaders at Geneva a courteous, though sceptical, hear- ing; its wrath is kept for Dr. Adenauer.";"July 21, 1955";"";53278;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Hitler Revolt Anniversary";""
"";"['News']";"An answer to what he called "" the 1955 smear campaign against the leader of the Conservative Party "" was given in an election broadcast last night by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, Minister of Defence. He refuted Mr. Herbert Morrison's charge of "" dilly-dallying "" by the Government in foreign affairs.
Declaring that the Conservatives "" were not given a very happy inheritance "" in 1951, he said that Sir Anthony Eden, as Foreign Secretary, set himself three tasks: first, to settle the causes of tension, taking the pro- btems individually; secondly, to prepare the way for worthwhile high-level talks with the Russians; thirdly, to achieve agreement on disarmament. "" You can judge for your- selves from the record whether there has been any dilly-dallying or lack of desire for peace,"" Mr. Lloyd added.
On the question of high-level talks with the Russians, he said: ""The timing is-all important. It is no use having a high-level meeting which results simply in namc-call- ing. We have always said, and I thought this was agreed by those Socialists who support Western European Union, that not until those agreements were firm was the moment ripe for high-level talks. Well, the agree- ments were ratified only a few days ago and we at once invited the Russians tO talks.
RUSSIANS "" REALISTS ""
Without a strong and united Western Alliance, the talks would have got nowhere. The Russians were realists and it was no use trying to negotiate with them from weak- ness. T here was no substitute for the strength of the free world.
We had made great sacrifices to secure that strength and had had to continue the two-year period of national service, which the Socialists introduced. "" We have promised to reduce the burden of national service as much as possible, as soon as pos- sible. The question is when. Now, when high-level talks are about to take place, is quite the wrong moment to weaken. How- ever, as our record shows, the Government are moving towards a situation in which national service can be reduced.""
The real answer to the problem of the bydrogen bomb was the a olition of war itself and a comprehensive system of dis- armament. ""That is the third task which we have set ourselves,"" Mr. Lloyd added.
1I am not going to suggest that ihe Socialtsts do not want peace, or that they would not realize their responsibilities. What I do suggest is that they are hopelessly divided among themselves as to how to get peace. How could the leader of such a party possibly speak with authority in the councilb of the world ?
""*The new Prime Minister, on the other hand, speaks for a united party, so did Sir Winston Churchill. It is my sincere convic- tion that Sir Anthony Eden is the most skilled and experienced peacemaker in office in the world to-day. Give him,. the new Foreign Secretary, Mr. Macmillan, and the rest of us the chance to carry on with the job.""
STATE PURCHASE OF
FOOD CRITICIZED
""COULD MEAN 19,000 MORE
CIVIL SERVANTS ""
Mr. Anthony Hurd, speaking at Alder- maston, Berkshire, yesterday, said that the Socialists have not produced any practical arguments to show how the State purchase ol meat, eggs, and milk would benefit any- one. "" Certainly it could create another middleman, with a staff of 19,000 Civil servants, which we had to run the old food controls. Nor do they explain what they mean by ' the rational use of available supplies.,
*Presumably it means that a Ministry of Food would decide what the public should take week by week. If the Ministry bought a big stock of low-grade Argentine mutton, which is what happened before, but.hers would be told that, however much their customers might prefer home-killed beef, they would have to clear some of this stock at the controlled orice as a condition of getting some of the home-killed.
""The housewife would find that if she had home-killed meat one weekend she would have to have something she did not want the next. This would be ' the rational use of available supplies.' It would be decided by State officials rather than the housewife's choice in a free market.""";"May 19, 1955";"";53224;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""Dilly-Dally"" Denied";""
"['By Our Political Staff']";"['News']";"By Our Political Staff
The Prime Minister has deeply affronted Mr Thorpe and other Liberal MPs by his attitude to the party's entitlement to places in the Westminster delegation to the European Parliament. The long-standing accord between the Government and Liberal MPs on Europeanism appears to have been rather clumsily put at risk.
Before the Government tabled its inotions this week naming the 18 Conservative members of the delegation Mr Heath offered Mr Thorpe two Liberal places, as had been expected. But he added what the Liberals regard as the humiliating rider that one of the places at Strasbourg wvas offered on a temporary footing and would be reviewed whenever the Labour Party decided to partici- pate in the European institutions.
*Mr Thorpe and the other Liberal MPs are incensed by a proposal which seems to them to be graceless and unjust: graceless, because Liberal votes were doubly precious to Mr Heath when the European Com- munities Bill could not be carried last session on Conserva- tive votes alone; and unjust be- cause the Liberals were accus- tomed to having one place in the delegation of 18 to the Western European Union.
They, like everyone else, had assumed that two permanent seats would be given to them in the 36-member delegation to the European Parliament.
The manner of Mr Heath's dealings with Mr Thorpe gave as much offence as his matter. The Liberal MPs felt that the Government *was taking them
for granted when it asked for two. names before Mr Heath had replied to Mr Thorpe's request for an assurance about the per- manency of the Liberal seats.
Consequently Mr Thorpe re fused for the time being to name any Liberal to sit on the ad hoc Commons committee which will recommend- new pro- cedures for parliamentary scrutiny of EEC affairs, par- ticularly decisions from the Council of Ministers and legis. lation flowing from the com- mission in Brussels.
Mr Thorpe will, nominate a committee member when Mr Heath has made clear his posi- tion about Liberal places in the Strasbourg delegation. The episode, in Liberal eyes, is made more surprising by the fact that the Six regard, nominations to the delegations to the European Parliament as the business not of governments, party leaders, or party managers, but of the riational parliaments.
Unless Mr Heath resolves the matter the Liberals will raise their complaints in the debate on the Government's motion on the Tory names next Tuesday.
It is noteworthy that the motion to be put before the House of Lords on Wednesday does not include the name of Lord Gladwyn, the Liberal peer and a former Ambassador to France, who had been expected to be a Liberal delegate to the European Parliament. This motion, published yesterday, in- cludes one name not before men- tioned, Lord O'Hagan, aged 27, who is the nominee of the cross- bench peers.
Mr Thorpe has* apparently made it clear that if the Liberals are to have only one permanent plade at Strasbourg .he might not be able to spare anyone from his small contingent in the Com- inons and it would have to be a peer. .He thinks it wrong that the- Liberals' elected represen- tatives in; the Commons should be denied the right to have one of their group at Strasbourg.
The clash with the Liberals has delayed the tabling of a motion setting up the ad hoc committee of the Commons on the: examinatiori of Common Market decisions and legisla- tion. It is understood that the Conservative nonlinees to the committee will include Sir Johif Foster (Northwich), Mr Brian Batsford (Ealing, South), Mr Robert H4icks (Bodmin), Mr Angus, Maude (Stratford), Mr Ian Percival (Southport), and Miss Joan Quennell (Peters- field).
The Labour nominees are likely to be: Mr Michael Foot (Ebbw Vale), Mr Peter Shore (Stepney), Sir Elwyn Jones, the former Attorney General (West Ham, South), Mrs Shirley Wil- liams (Hitchin), and Mr Eric Deakins (Walthamstow, West). If the dispute with Mr Heath can be resolved, it is expected that Mr Johnston (Inverness) will be the Liberal nominee.
The Tory list includes one backbencher who voted against entry into the EEC on October 18, last year, Mr Maude; the Labour group contains one front bencher who voted for entry on that occasion, Mrs Williams.";"December 16, 1972";"";58659;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Heath's 'humiliating' proviso on Liberals' representation at EEC deeply offends Mr Thorpe";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD-Brussels, Oct. 3']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD-Brussels, Oct. 3
A new and possibly far-reaching gttempt to circumvent the French veto on Britain's approach to Europe was launched in Brussels today by Mir. Pierre Flarmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister.
He suggested that Britain and the six countries of the European Economic Community sbould dis- cuss the coordination of their foreign and defence policies, as well as cooperation in the techno- logical and monetary fields.
Mr. Harmel, speaking at a press luncheon, said the Benelux coun- tries would be making proposals along these lines at the next mini- sterial meeting of the Western European Union in Rome on October 21 and 22. He hinted that if France were not prepared to agree the other countries might go ahead without her.
The advantage of W.E.U. as a forum is that its membership con- Sists of Britain and the six E.E.C. members. In his speech today Mr. Harmel made the further point that its terms of reference. establisbed by the Brussels treaty of 1948 and the Paris treaty of 1954, were also wider than those of the E.E.C.. so that such fields as foreign policy and defence were covcred
He argued that the Rome treaty of 1957, which set up the E.E.C, was a derivative of the Brussels and Paris treaties, but drew on onlv part of the topics covered by them -in particular, economic and energy policies. The other topics remained to be tackled, and just as only six of W.E.U.'s seven mem- bers had decided to join the E.E.C.. so there was no need for all of the seven to join any new endeav- our.
Mr. Harmel said the aim would be to induce all seven members to take part, as well as to bring in any other European countries interested. However, if after having made the attempt it proved impossible to reach agreement among the seven, there was no reason for them "" throwing down the spade "".
"" There can be many perfectly valid reasons "", he said, "" for which at any given moment a state is not prepared to take a step for- ward, whereas others are. This cannot be allowed to act as a per- nianent brake, because in that case we should have to give up once and for all the attempt to promote European integration.
"" No train would ever run if it was necessary to wait until all the passengers were ready to leave.""
Mr. Harmel's statement is the first full one by a leading sup- porter of British entry into the E.E.C. since the latest French veto at last week's meeting of the Council of Ministers and General de Gaulle's subsequent visit to Bonn. It forms part of the long-
term Benelux strategy of keeping the issue alive, maintaining pres- sure on Bonn, and doing every- thing possible to isolate Paris.
The object is to bave six coun- tries at next month's W.E.U. meet- ing prepared to go ahead, with one -France-refusing. There seems to be no intention of forming a new community along the lines of the E.E.C., but Mr. Harmel did speak today of setting up a secre- tariat to handle whatever degree of cooperation might be desired.
To accomplish all this, wc;t German support is necessary, and in his speech Mr. Harmel addressed himself specially to Bonn.
Above all, he made it ckar that he was not proposing to break the rules of the Treaty of Rone or drive France out of the com- munity. Previous Benelux pro- posals have appeared to Bonn to come near to this, but foreign policy and defence are both plainly outside the field of the treaty, while technological and monetary co- operation-the other two topics suggested today-are only partly covered by it.
Mr. Harmel emphasized that the E.E.C.'s internal development should continue, with "" waiting relations"" established between it and Britain.
There was no intention, he said, of torming a coalition against one member country, either in the E.E.C. or in W.E.U. At the same time he spoke out against the possibility that one country or twvo might aim at ""hegemony"" over the others-a reference to fears in the Benelux countries and Italy that Paris and Bonn might combine to impose their ideas on the others.";"October 4, 1968";"";57373;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgian scheme for Britain to beat French veto";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"Dr Joseph Luns, the Nato Secretary General, is waiting with some anxiety for a sight of the Goyernmenes defence review. It goes without saying that his anxiety is shared by every member of the British armed forces. I would like to write that the British public is as concerned as they to dis. cover what is inside Mr Mason's package, but that would be untrue. Defence has become that aspect of government spending which is most con- veniently cut. Defence is increasingly for others, not for ourselves.
Will Dr Luns be consulted, or merely informed ? Obviously, Nato would wish to be consulted, a process which would take at least six weeks. The Danes informed Nato of their intention to cut defence; there was a row, but a satisfac- tory compromise was reached. The Dutch wish to cut their forces. Mr Vredeling, the Netherlands defence minister, was summoned to Brussels, where he spent a mauvais quart d'heure. He left in tears, and Nato is now confident that some of the proposed cuts, which would have severely affected the allied position in the Northern Army Group, will not take place. Nato points to the German example as the one it would prefer. Dr Luns saw the proposals for the "" restructur- ,ing"" of Gernian defence even before the German Cabinet did so.
-With many a nod and a wink, Mr Wilson has let it be known in Brussels that whatever else might happen, Nato will come to no harm. Does that mean Cyprus will go ? The British presence has more than proved its worth this summer, and the bases do provide a listening post, and radar surveillance, at little cost. Despite the fact that the last Labour Government did give - priority to Europe, today Nato
fears the worst. At a time when the Russians have achieved nuclear parity, and are continu- ing the build-up of their conven- tional forces, the allies, wrestling with inflation and
seduced by detente, show clear signs of starting an accelerating process of reductions, cancella- tions, and delays.
With regard to the defence review, it is hard to see where savings can responsibly be made. The Ministry of Defence has not finished digesting the Conservative cuts. The most recent word from Whitehall is that we have little to fear. Are we then to be deceived, and not betrayed ? If those of us who are not socialists fear the betrayal of British interests, those of us wrho are should by now have become accustomed to being deceived. Mr Wilson has got the better of his Marxists in the past. Will he be able to go on doing so, despite an apparent shift in the centre of gravity within the Labour Party? As it was put to me in Brussels, ""if the Mason review gives birth to a mouse, what price Mikardo "" ?
What Nato fears is the "" ripple effect"" of any cuts were they to be in the number of ready-forces, or in their equipment. The ripple effect would be most likely to be felt in France, where national ser- vice is the target of a political campaign. Volunteer armies are so much more expensive. The Mutual Balanced Force Reduc- tion talks may hold up troop cuts, but the reequipment of Nato forces is likely to be still further delayed. Nato has always been three to four years ahead of the Warsaw Pact in the quality of its equipment. But even this last advantage will be lost as inflation and economy. play havoc with procurement.
As a major European power, Britain should be no less power- ful than either Germany or France. Were we to quit Cyprus, we would do so against the wishes of our allies. Nato would resist any cuts in our Nato com- mitment. Mr Mason may well be summoned to Brussels, but resistance to cuts would not be so much a matter of being beastly to Roy Mason, or the personal authority of the Defence Minister within the Cabinet, as it would the bilateral pressures that could be applied through the Nato framework. I can imagine Presidents Ford and Giscard and Chancellor Schmidt getting on the phone to Harold Wilson.
Julian Critchlev
Julian Critchley is the chairman of the defence committee of the Western European Union Assembly.";"November 19, 1974";"";59248;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Why Nato fears the worst";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris, Oct z5
I The Council of Ministers today approved the nomination of M Francois-Xavier Ortoli and M Jean-Frangois Deniau to be the two French commissioners for the European Community from this coming January.
M Ortoli was Minister for Industrial Development until the change of government last July, while M Deniau has been a member of the Commission since July, 1967.
The Government spokesman told the press after the meeting that the French Government wished M Ortoli to become the president of the new European Commission, which will take office next year, while recalling that such appointments were made by agreement between member governments.
The nomination of M Ortoli comes as no surprise. It had been reported earlier this year that it was for this appointmnent that he was not included in M Messmer's new Government. The name of the other French commissioner was the subject of some speculation until today's announcement. M Deniau was reported to have been approached, but to have been unwilling to retain the post which he has occupied in Brussels for the past five years.
By these nominations, France has only partly followed Brit- ain's lead in choosing two lead- ing political personalities to represent her on the Commis- sion. But M Ortoli has the personal esteem and confidence of President Pompidou, whose right hand he was for four years.
He is 47 and began his career
M Frangois-Xavier Ortoli, the former Minister for Industrial Development, who is to. become one: of France's two conmis- sioners with the Community.
in government service as an inspecteur des finances. He was a member of the private offices of several ministers before taking part in the negotiations on the Rome Treaty as head of the commercial policy depart- ment in the Ministry for Eco- nomic Affairs.
M Deniau, who is 44, and also a former inspecteur des finances, played a key part in the negotiations with Britain and the candidate countries from 1961 onwards, first as director general in the Brussels Commission, whose delegation he led, and -then from 1971 as
With many years' work on Community affairs behind him, M Jean-Francois Deniau remains a commissioner at the EEC headquarters.
member of the Commission for commercial affairs and. develop- ing countries..
President Pompidou, in a statement to the Council of Ministers. said that the Euro- pean summit meeting in Paris last week had been a success. ""It is up to us and our part- ners to translate its results into fact "", he said. "" The- confereqpce achieved reasonable objectives and went a few steps further.
"" First "", he went on, "" it consecrated the enlargement of the Community and, through the. full and fruitful participa- ion . of the. new members, it
made substantial progress in the economic and' monetary fields -by initiating,. cautiously, but clearly, a policy of Commu- nity union, internally andexter-' nally, and by setting out the direction and even precise timetables for certain aspects of economic policy "".
In the institutional field, the conference had laid down the objectives that could be achieved in the immediate future, including the integra- tion of the new members and a better organization of work, in- cluding parliamentary control and relations b'etween the dif-. ferent institutions. More inter- esting, the 'President 'empha- sized; was the ""cpsychological turning point"" marked by, the greater emphasis' .on social problems -and the quality of, life. "" For 'the first 'time the idea of re-creating- a civilization and a mode of life specifically European was' discussed. These! are only first steps, but 'it is' important to have made ai change and to have got beyond purely material preoccupa- tions.,
Finally, the notion of a Euro- pean personality to be defined' had met with unanimous approval. France could only re- joice over this, he said, because' she had taken the initiative in a draft declaration submitted to all the other heads of govern- ment before the conference. ""Indeed, European union is a vague formula. It was made deliberately so in order to avoid futile and paralysing de- bates. It is through determina. tion in action, and not througb a rigid, prefabricated frame. work that this union will take shape.""";"October 26, 1972";"";58615;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France names men with wide experience of government affairs as its commissioners in Brussels";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr. John Hay Whitney, the United States Ambassador, and a number of other diplomatists in London have given to The 7imes their views on the discussion which has been aroused by a leading article published on March 25. This considered the many formal duties which heads of mission in London per- form, and about which there are known to be different opiniors.
Mr. Whitney is himself clearly one of the busiest of ambassadors. On the calls which beads of mission pay to their col- leagues on arrival and on the return calls which are then paid to them he said:-
""Personally I feel I do not have the oPportunity to see as much of my diplo- matic colleagues as I would like. It is not cnough for new ambassadors to call; they should also have the opportunity of receiving, in order to round out the guest- host relationship from which understand- ing and friendship may spring. The burden now, I think, is manageable. Of course, it may not be in the future. Then, un- happy as the prospect is. ambassadors may have to take another look.""
VALUE OF CONTACTS
Mr. Soldatov, the Soviet Ambassador. has only just arrived, and understandably did not wish to give personal views. The feeling in the Soviet Embassy is, however, that in an era of personal diplomacy at the summit it would be a pity to cut down personal contacts between ambassadors, or indeed between members of their staffs.
In the French and a number of the smaller embassies the view is the same- that these visits take up indeed much time but are part of the job, and as a matter of courtesy should be carried out and re- turned. The French and others feel, how- ever, that the practice of celebrating the national day with a large reception, to which all heads of mission are invited, may be overdone and that it should be enough for heads of mission to return cards when invited-which would save some of the smaller missions mucb burdensome expense.
Mrs. Pandit, the Indian High Commis- sioner, is also one of those who think that a card of good wishes between col- leagues on national days should be suffi- cient. In her view national days shouid be confined to the nationals of the country concerned. As she said: ""The habit of inviting the whole Diplomatic Corps to a reception or cocktail party is meaningless.
It takes up time, is a waste of money, and leads to nothing-whereas in confining the day to nationals one has made it into an occasion.""
Mrs. Pandit also considers that coui'e;.
calls should be continued: "" In needin2 a new colleague by himself one learns more than one otherwise would in nalf a dozeni meetings at dinner or cocktail par-nes.'
One of those who feels that the initial visits and return calls are useful but too time-consuming has suggested that the Diplomatic Corps might trom time to time give a reception, at which newly arrived ambassadors could meet a number of their colleagues on the same occasion. At present the heads of mission from Israel, the Soviet Union. Ethiopia, Honduras. and Lebanon have all only recently arrived.
One time-consuming practice of meeting visitors at London Airport might also in the opinion of some be curtailed. There is an understanding at present between the Western European Union Governments that their Ministers will not be met on arrival by their opposite numbers, and this practice, it is suggested, might well be extended. The habit of going to London Airport is a relic of the days when visitors were met at Victoria Station-. much shorter distance from Whitehall.
There are now 73 embassies in London. five legations, and 10 High Commissioners' offices, One aspect of this great increase n the past 30 years is, it must be said, that the Diplomatic Corps now takes up an unfortunate amount of space, for instance, at ceremonies like the opening of Parlia- ment or on the other state occasions.";"April 4, 1960";"";54737;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"London Envoys' Views On The Burden Of Formal Duties";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JULY 14
Mr. Dulles arrived by air this after- noon, preceded by some of the advisers who will accompany him to the Geneva meeting, including Mr. Bohlen, the American Ambassador to Russia, and Mr. Thompson, Ambassador to Austria.
This afternoon the Secretary of State paid a courtesy call on M. Pinay at the Quai d'Orsay, and this evening he entertained Mr. Macmnillan at dinner, the Foreign Secretary having arrived by air from Lon- don soon after 6 p.m. The Germnan Foreign Minister, Herr von Brentano, also reached Paris by air this afternoon.
Qa arrival the Foreign Secretary said: ""1 am very happy to be in France to-day on the first stage of our journey towards peace and security . . . We are at the first stage of a long journey and we should regard it with hope and optimism, but also with prudence. We should be able to lay the foundations for preparing a negotiation which might lead in the long run to peace and security.""
At the dinner to-night, Mr. Macmillan was accompanied by Mr. Anthony Nutting, Minister of State, Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, Sir Gladwyn Jebb, British Ambassa- dor in Paris, and Sir Harold Caccia. Mr. Dulles had with him Mr. Stassen, President Eisenhower's adviser on disarmament, the Amnerican Ambassadors to France and Britain, and senior officials of the State Department.
EQUAL FOOTING
At the airfield Mr. Dulles, taking his cue from the fact that to-day is July 14, remarked that the words liberty, equality, and fraternity took on a special meaning. "" Our own liberty appears the more precious to us in the degree that we make sacrifices to place it beyond dan er, and that we see those who, having had liberty and having lost it since, are trying to regain it.""
The equality of nations, he continued. was underlined by the meeting of the North Atlantic Council, bringing together 15 nations, large and small, who on Saturday would be discussing, on the same footing of equality, questions of common interest. Fraternity was represented by the spirit of collective sacrifice which found its lofty expression in the undertakings entered into by the Atlantic commnunity-"" each for all and all for each.""
SPIRIT OF LIBERTY
The last time he was in Paris, two months ago, Mr. Dulles recalled, was to welcome the Federal Republic of Germany into the Atlantic community, before going on to Vienna to sign the Austrian treaty. Now, when they were preparing for the Geneva conference, "" it is with the conviction that the spirit of liberty, equality, and fraternity will allow us to take new steps leading towards a peace enriched with human values.""
On leaving the Quai d'Orsay after his interview with M. Pinay, Mr. Dulles said he had seen the French Foreign Minister at San Francisco and hoped that he would have the occasion to see him frequently. M. Pinay, recalling that the preparations for the Geneva conference had been begun at San Francisco, said that at Geneva they were going to open negotiations which might prove to be long ones, but which could bring about peace upon a solid basis.
EXPERTS' REPORT
To-morrow morning the Foreign Ministers will consider the report which the experts have been preparing here on the attitude which the three Powers should adopt at the conference. The report covers the subjects which the western Powers wish to discuss- German reunification, disarmament. and security, among others-those which the Russians may wish to raise, and the machinery which could be proposed for con- tinuing the discussion of these problems.
The discussions may be continued in the afternoon before the meeting of the council, of Western European Union which will consider the report of the international commission on the Saar. The report deals with the commission's view of the situation in the Saar and the conditions under which a referendum can be held. lt is believed that it suggests that the referendum period mnight begin almost immediately, and that the referendum itself might therefore be held about the middle of Ocetober.";"July 15, 1955";"";53273;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Dulles's Hope For Progress At Geneva";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Ocr. 23
The Council of Ministers to-day unani- mously approved the text of the declara- tion on German rearmament which M. Pleven will make in the National Assembly to-morrow. The Prime Minister is expected to reaffirm his opposition to any form of German rearmament on a national basis, and to outline a European solution to the problern, which M. Moch will defend at the meeting of Atlantic Pact Defence Ministers in Washington next Saturday.
M. Gazier, the Minister of Informa- tion, commenting on the declaration, said that it contained "" constructive proposi- tions, and, in particular, the creation of a European army placed under the autho- rity of a European Minister for the armed forces, who would in turn be responsible to European political organisms. These propositions are in line with those already made by France for the economic and political organization of the Continent.""
The French reply to the American proposal to recreate a German army is therefore a mili- tary version of the Schuman plan, extending not only to the armed forces of the participants but to their defence industries. Details of the plan have not yet been revealed, but there are idications that instead of the grouping of national armies envisaged in the Atlantic Pact the French Government proposes an international force recruited in Europe which would cooperate as a single unit with the armies of the United States and Canada.
WAR INDUSTRY
On the other hand, the principle of the Schuman plan for coal and steel would b. extended to apply to the entire war industrv of the participants and perhaps, from the very nature of things, to their economy as a whole. The appointment of a European Minister of Defence would merely set the seal to what would appear to constitute a federated Europe.
As in the case of the original Schuman nlan, the position of Britain appears to be a great source of anxiety to the French Government. Its plan is likely to provide for British coopera- tion in the European army without entirely depending on it. British reluctance about any form of pooled sovereignty or federation is sufficiently well known in Paris by now to be taken into account in the formulation of any proposals. The attitude of M. Mollet, the Socialist Secretary-General, at the Comisco (International Socialist Conference Committee) conference over the week-end-that European federation was impossible without Britain-is not, in the eyes of some observers proof that the French plan will stand or fali by British participation.
Throughout iPs deliberations over the week- end, the Government has had to take account of the internal and international aspects of German rearmament. From the standpoint of national politics, it could not acquiesce in a policy of German rearmament which was opposed by a majority of the French Parlia- ment. From the international standpoint, the Government realized the futility of a purely negative stand on an issue already settled to a large extent by the State Department. This fundamental contradiction was further com- plicated by differences within the Government and the parties of the majority on the con- ditions of German rearmament at some future date. The Socialists, in particular, would not consider it in any circumstances.
M. MOCH AND M. SCHUMAN
By giving the problem of German rearma- ment an international solution, the French Government hopes at least to solve its own internal contradictions. M. Moch and M. Schuman, who, at one stage of the Cabinet discussions, were reported to have taken oppo- site stands, found common ground to-day in the creation of a European arny. The inter- national solution does, however, raise all the difficulties encountered over European union at Strasbourg, and over the Schuman plan, apart from the defect of being a long-term answer to a short-term problem.
The Governrpent, for all that, regards it as the only method of reconciling European defence with the requirements of French security vis-b-vis a rearmed Germany. Funda- mentally, it is still haunted-and Parliament with it-by the spectre of a new German menace should the immediate threat from Russia subside.";"October 24, 1950";"";51830;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rearmament Of Germany";""
"['From DAVID SPANIER']";"['News']";"From DAVID SPANIER
Jerusalem. Feb. 18 The war of nerves along the Suez Canal and the west bank of the Jordan is being accentuated by diplomatic manoeuvres. The situa- tion is expected to remain tense while there is uncertainty over the French proposal for four power talks on the Middle East.
But on the diplomatic front, the Israel Government believes that one big advantage has come of the dispute over the meeting of WVestern European Union in London. ""It is that it has finally exploded French claims to speak for ""Europe "" on the subject of the Middle East.
Nothing substantial may come out of the London Walks, but at least France will be speaking only for herself in the event of any four power meeting. This is impor- tant for Israel, since it feels that the French Governmnent has totally disqualified itself as an arbiter in the Middle East,
At the same time the upsurge of interest in the Middle East among WV.E.U. countries is not un- wvelcome. Italy and Germany, to name two, have as much right as anyone to feel directly concerned by big power discussion of deve- lopments on the southern flanlk of Nato, it is pointed ouL Speaking in thX Knesset. Mr. Abba Eban. the Israel Foreign Minister. praised the countries of western Europe that refused to bow to the principle of Frances present
Middle East policy, which devia- ted from the overall European view.
Israel deeply mistrusts and dislikes the four power formula. This is because it cuts the ground from under Ambassador Jarring, the United Nations special repre- sentative in the Middle East, and raises the fear of an imposed solu- tion.
Mr. Jarring was making some Progress, it is felt here. His efforts were aimed at clarifying the issues, not proposing solutions. But now he is immobilized
Israel's main approach to peace is based on coming to terms with King Husain, while holding the situation with Egypt. Mr. jarring's probing and other contacts led to a hope that this mnight yet lead to something positive. Whether ne could have built on the fragile beginnings he laid between Israel and Jordan is hard to say at this stage. Now everyone is waiting for the four power proposal to run its course.
The Israel Government looks with bitter amusenent at the chances of these particular four powers reconciling their differ- ences sufficiently to reach any meaningful conclusions on tke Middle East.
As the Deputy Prime Minister, Mr. Yigal AUO, put it, until the Russians and the Americans settle their argument over Berlin and the British and the French resolve their disputes, they cannot compel anyone to accept their solutions.
All the same Israel is terrified of any "" imposed "" solution in the Middle East. Mr. Eban maintains that an imposed settlement is a contradiction in terms. If it ic imposed it is not a settlement, be argues, and would be rejected by the parties concerned at the first opportunity.
More concretely. Israel does not accept the premises on which the four-power proposal is based. First, the fear that war is imminent in the Middle East: in Israel's view it is not.
Second. the idea that Mtr. Jarring needs some higher backing. He does not. On the contrary, the four power initiative prevents bim from moving hand or foot.
Third, that the four poWers can and will act in the best interests of all the countries in the Middle East. The motives of Russia and France. in Israel's eyes, are trans- parently flawed and least of all directed towards promoting a genuine settlement. Meanwhile the opportunity of direct talks is further postponed.
So fax as the threat of a new war goes, it comes down to the flash- point of the Suez Canal. and the increase in terrorist activity.
In cwt the positions on the canal, with each side having well dug in fonvard positions backed up by heavy deployment of armour and artillery and aircraft, make the situation therc very stable, and much more stabk than a few months ago before Israel's retal- iatory raid inside Egypt.";"February 19, 1969";"";57489;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Israel scorns French plan";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-WASIHNGTON, OCT. 16
President Johnson leaves tomorrow for his south-east Asia and Pacific tour and the Manila conference, but attention here remains largely directed towards Europe and the Soviet Union. In spite of public admonitions against optimism. there is hope within the Administration of a nuclear non-proliferation agreement by spring, and speculation over a package deal that will also include another Viet- nam conference at Geneva.
It is remarkable that the latest speech by Mr. Brezhnev, the First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, has done little to diminish expectations.
As one commentator has it, while the Soviet Union thunders publicly against American policy in Vietnam. in private it appears to be operating on the assump- tion that the war can and will be stopped thus paving the way for a new east-west move.
This wave of optimism has left behiid a residue of scepticism. There are those in the State Department who fear that the Soviet Union is still up to its old tricks and is trying to divide west Ger- many from the United States.
Soviet interest
This scepticism seems, however, to ignore the basic premise of President Johnson's recent European speech, which is that the alliance must take part in any future detente diplomacv. Mr. Gromvko. the Soviet Foreigni Minister, was appar- ently reminded of this wheni he was here last week. and continuing Soviet interest suggests that it has wider objectives than dissension within the western alliance.
One can askl what role Britain can play in all this, and the answer, judgin g fromi the Foreign Secretary's visit, is that it will be a considerable one.
First, Mr. George Brown is clearly interested in drawing up a declaration of principles for east-west cooperation, which was first suggested by his prede- cessor at the last Brussels meeting of Western European Union.
Nato and Warsaw Pact countries are to be invited to agree on what can and what cannot be done to improve rela- tions at this time. It will not be a non- aggression pact, but could nevertheiess be a helpful move to clear the ground for further relaxation.
Secondly, Mr. Brown's Vietnam peace proposals were more warmly received by
President Johnson than by some of his officials.
Thirdly the arrival of Lord Chalfont in New York tomorrow to attend the disarmament debate at the United Nations completes the old disarmament troika. He wiU be equipped to join his American and Russian colleagues aft_r the next Cabinet meeting when his brief will be agreed upon.
Apart from this, Mr. Brown has clearly impressed Americans with the fact that Britain has once again an activist Foreign Secretary. The early coolness in London towards the tripartite com- mission, which begins its work in Bonn. on October 20, has been dispelled, and Mr. Brown now sees it as a great oppor- tunity for a substantial reduction of force levels in western Europe. Rhine Army costs
This in turn might lead to something similar to the old Rapacki, Eden or Gaitskell plan.
If this. and much more discussed here last week, depends on imponderables such as Soviet and west German atti- tudes. Mr. Brown injected one realistic note into his talks. The tripartite com- mission must reach agreement on offset- ting the foreign exchange costs of the British Army of the Rhine in early November.
November I is the British target date, but Mr. Brown is apparently prepared to wait a week or two if the talks between the United States and west Gemiany appear to be promising.
Mr. Brown made one more point be- fore he left for Ottawa this morning. The Americans must not be too greedy in their demands for west German arms orders. Something must be left for Britain.
OrrAwA, Oct. 16.-Mr. Brown said here tonight that response to his Viet- nam peace initiative in North America had been "" good enough from every side to encourage me to go on trying "". But he complained that North Vietnam had obstructed progress towards a settlement -whereas the United States had shown itself willing and anxious to settle on an honourable and just basis. He added that he was not thinking of sending a British mission to Hanoi although he would do so if it appeared likely to be useful.-Reuter.
Mr. Brovin in Ottawa. page 7.";"October 17, 1966";"";56764;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. still hopeful of East-West accord";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 7
Dr. Adenauer this afternoon appealed to Britain to believe that he supported British entry into the Common Market. -lis right arm stretched out towards the deputies in the Bundestag, he said: "" I want the British to believe my word."" He was intervening in the all-day debate on the Government policy statement to defend himself against criticism by the Social Democrats that the Federal Government had not been clear and decisive in its attitude towards Britain's joining the Common Market.
After the applause had stopped, the Chancellor went on: ""In this way we can corne a good step forward in the entire negotiations [with Britain]. We will be unable to do this, however, if doubts are expressed in this dis- tinguished House about the validity of my word.""
Dr. Adenauer had said that he would explain to Parliament why he had told General de Gaulle when the British application became serious-"" and, ladies and gentlemen, it was not always so serious""-that he was for British entry.
FRANCE DEFENDED
""I told General de Gaulle: 'We Germans must have a good relationship with Britain because of Berlin and German reunity and, therefore, I am clearly in favour of Britain's joining'. Of course there must be negotiations on the details, and that is wby I said here last October that British representatives are there to look after British interests and the German reprcsentatives German interests. One must see to it that one comes to an agree- ment. But o(e does not help things forward when one keeps on asking the head of government about alleged differences in the Cabinet.""
The deputy bold enough to sting Dr. Adenauer to his reply-and it contained some scorning personal criticism-was Herr Erler. a Social Democrat. Returning to the rostrum afterwards. Herr Erler said he was sure the whole Bundestag was gratefu1 to the Chancellor forhis refnarks and would give him every support if this standpoint was mantained ""like iron"".
Dr. Adenauer also stoutly defended General de Gaulle, whom Herr Erler had
attacked. The Chancellor described the deputy's remarks about the French Presi- dent's supreme self-confidence as ""highly unnecessary"". He added: ""We should be grateful for every friendship that we can obtain from every country. God knows we can make good use of it""
He repeated that the French President had agreed that when the Franco-German treaty was ratified the first subject of joint consultations would be Britain and the Common Market. He avoided answering the question that Herr Olknhauer. the Social Democrat leader, had earlier posed about whether he (the Chancellor) had been consulted by General de Gaulle before his January press conference. Dr. Adenauer comnented that far too much importance had been attached to the treaty because of the Brussels breakdown.
ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHI
Herr Erler's argument had been that on decisive questions concerning the future of Europe and the relationship with America the Federal Government had not exercised its full weight. The Federal Government must now, by Patient work of Persuasion, help to strengthen and widen tbe European Economic Community, he said. It could not be in France's true interest to bold Britain pol.tically aloof from the Continent.
Dr. Schroder. the Foreign Minister, suggested as an interim solution British associate membership of the E.E.C. He also thought that the Western European Union might offer the way to bring the problem a stage nearer solution. To call a W.E.U. conference would be worth while, however, only after bilateral discussions had taken place between all the members.
The Minister, denying that there had ever been ambiguity in the Government's position, regretted that they had failed in Brussels, in spite of great efforts, to get France to agree to something better than an abrupt halt to negotiations with Britain.
Spokesmen of the three parties in the earlier debate had failed to produce new ideas about what the Federal Government should do to overcome the Brussels failure. Dr. Mende, the Free Democrat leader, said the Franco-German treaty must be ""1 only the starting point for European reunification and not the terminus of European nostalgia ""
All parties indicated a willingness to ratify the treaty without excessive delay. The Cabinet last night approved the text, and the matter now goes to the Bundesrat tUpper House).";"February 8, 1963";"";55620;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer: 'I Want British To Believe My Word'";""
"['From Dan van der Vat']";"['News']";"Herr Scheel, speaking at the Free Democratic Party conference in Wiesbaden vesterdav-
From Dan van der Vat
Wiesbaden, Nov 12
Only political impulses will unite Europe. Herr Walter Scheel, the West German Foreign Minister, said here today.
Opening the annual congress of the Free Democratic Party (FDP), of which he is chairman, he said: ""Europe has grown beyond the blind belief that political unity would automati- cally and inevitably follow com- munal institutions in the econo- mic field. This conception has untfortunately shown itself to be false. The impulses which will bring Europe together, in the economic field too, must come from politics.'
Next month's European Com- munity summit proposed by President Pompidou. was there- fore especially welcome, Herr Scheel added. He also disclosed that he is to meet here tomor- row Mr Joseph Sisco the American Assistant Secretary of State with special responsibility for the Middle East. They will discuss the Mliddle East situa- tion and the European Com- munity's declaration on the conflict.
Commentators had created the impression, Herr Scheel said, that there was no solidarity in West Europe on th- iMiddle Last question. They had said that Nato had counted for little when it came to peace or war, and that the policy of detente did not prevent military conflicts. There 'was something in all these com- plaints, but this was no excuse for doing nothing ; the com- ments contained only half the truth.
The fact was that there was no European union-we were only on the way there. However, the nine EEC countries had, almost unnoticed, arrived at a common attitude on the. Middle East. Tensions arose in any alliance, as they had done in Nato, but the will for a renewed concen- tration on fundamental interests held in common remained un- broken.
In addition. the policy of detente had really only just begun. Nobody doubted that the efforts towards a better re- 1.Lionship between East and West must continue.
An all-out effort must be made to bring the Middle East con- flict to an end, now that the acute threat to world peace had passed. "" The world cannot stand periodic outbreaks of war in the Middle East "", Herr Scheel said.
The Free Democrats, the Junior partners in the ruling coalition uith the Social Demo- crats, began their congress in a mood of confidence, based on growing support among voters and the knowledge that they can expect to hold the balance of power between Social Democrats and Christian Democrats for the foreseeable future.
Roger Berthoud writes from Strasbourg: In a speech in Strasbourg today, Herr Brandt, the West German Chancellor, called on Europe to abandon the illusion of national policy- making and seize the present opportunity to open a new phase in European cooperation.
""The weakness of individual states has appeared clearly to all
in recent days and weeks "", the Chancellor said at Strasbourg University, where he was receiv- ing an honorary degree in law. "" No one can doubt anv more that we shall condemn ourselves to silence and impotence if ve do not learn how to form common policles.""
Without mentioning the Euro- pean Community by name, Herr Brandt said Europeans were still hesitating to cross the threshold which separated them from common sovereignty in fields in which this was important. Big decisions were constantly being postponed.
"" But in reality we are all so profoundly committed to the process of European unification that none of us could detach him- self from it. The link cannot be revived.
""None the less we plav from time to time with the possibility of completely independent deci- sions. In the big questions, this no longer exists. There is no completely independent econo- nmic policy, there is no com- pletely independent foreign policy, there is no completely independent defence policy.
""If one added together the foreign policies and defence policies conducted indepen- dently by the individual states of Western Europe, their sum total, seen from a global poli. tical viewpoint, would be little above zero. It is only bv putting them in a bundle together that one achieves a Policy worthy of the name. Only this grouping gives Europe weight in the field of international politics.""";"November 13, 1973";"";58937;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Scheel says politics must be the means of uniting Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, AUG. 1
An assurance that the Moscow nuclear test ban agreement would not affect North Atlantic Treaty defence planning w-as given to the west German Government by Mr. Robert McNamara, the United States Secretary of Defence, during his talks in Bonn yesterday. Dr. Adenauer raised the matter of German objections to the agreement at his two- hour meeting with Mr. McNamara.
The Secretary of Defence had more talks today with Herr von Hassel, the German Defence Minister, before the two of them flew to inspect Bundeswehr units in the Brunswick area.
It is understood that Mr. McNamara believes, from his ;talks with the Ger- mans that they will keep future military purchases from the United States. and financial payments, to present levels. No firm undertaking was given yesterday by the Germans on the lines of the Strauss- Gilpatric agreement, which covers the years 1962-63, but Mr. McNamara is apparently satisfied with the German intentions revealed to him. A new agree- ment will now have to be worked out.
PLAN FOR DESTROYERS
No details of arms purchases were dis- cussed yesterday. A study was made, how- ever, by the two Ministers of the joint development possibilities for a Nato tank, to be ready in the 1970s. The Germans are also pushing with the Americans plans for equipping the Federal Navy with missile-carrying destroyers. These, it is said, would be bought from the United States.
Mr. McNamara goes to Kiel tomorrow the last day of his visit, to watch naval units at sea
Sir Frank Roberts, the British Ambassa- dor, called &gain today on Dr. Schroder, the west German Foreign Minister, to dis- cassthe test ban agreement. He is assumed to have repeated the British Government's view that adhesion to the agreement does not involve recognition of the east German communist regime should the latter sign. The Federal Government is endeavouring to get a clarification of the western position.
In Bonn today President Segni of Italy, who is on a three-day visit to the Federal Republic, had political discussions with Dr. Adenauer. At the same time Dr. Schroder met his Italian colleague, Senator Piccioni, who is accompanying the Presi- dent.
GERMAN HOPES
Signor Segni's visit is not a state one, but both the Chancellor and Dr. Sohroder were at Cologne airport to welcome him. The emphasis given to the visit is intended to: -
Reassaire the Italians that the Franco-
German treaty of cooperation has not lessened the impottance attached to close Italo-German cooperation in Europe.
Obtain Italian understanding of, and
support within Nato for. the Federal
Government's doubts about the Moscow test ban agreement
After arriving yesterday in Munich, Pre- sident Segni attended, with President Luhke, the dedication of an Italian memorial chapel in the former Nazi concentration camp at Dachau. By choosing this opening to his visit he intended. by a gesture of humanity and reconciliation, to show the west Ger- mans that Italy does not forget, but forgives the past. He described the chapel as a symbol of the fact that both the Gennan and the Italian Peoples, absolutely and finally, condemned a painful and tragic past.
It has been at Dr. Adenauer's instiga- tion that the visit is including serious poli- tical discussions in Bonn. West Germany has looked rather askance at the so-called ""opening to the left"" in Italian politics, and at the moment President Segni is re- garded in Bonn as one of the most stable elements in Italy. He is also liked as an unswerving upholder in Italy of the Atlan- tic alliance.
No spectacular results are expected from the visit. Both sides want, ihowever, to consider how the many obstacles that have recently slowed down the progress of Euro- Pean integration might be overcome. The-y are ex,pected to agree on wishing to widen the scope of the newly-arreed consulta- tion with Britain within the Western European Union so that it includes political as well as economic matters. On agri- cultural issues there remains a divergence of view.
The talks continue tomorrow, when President Segni, to underline the import- ance that Italy attaches to her citizens-
morethan 30,00 of them-working'in west Germany, will also visit the Italian colony in Cologne.";"August 2, 1963";"";55769;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"American Assurance To Bonn On Test Ban";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, act- ing swiftly after the surprising news on Wednesday that France is to cooperate with the United States in developing a swing-wing fighter aircraft, yesterday summoned M. Andre, the Minister at the French Embassy.
As well as questioning the apparent preference by the French for American partners, after with- drawing from the joint Anglo-French project, Mr. Stewart sought an explanation of two puzzling points made in a speech in Paris by M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister.
M. Debre described British involvement with United States technology as ""a hindrance to European technological independence "". He also apparently declared that France rejects the political ideology of the Treaty of Rome-the very point France has used to obstruct British entry.
By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, yesterday summoned M. Andrd, the Minister at the French Embassy, in the absence of M. de Courcel, the French Ambassador. A Foreign Office announcement last night added merely that M. Andrd saw Mr. Stewart in the evening. The meet- ing lasted about 15 minutes.
It is understood, however, that in summoning M. Andrd, Mr. Stewart had in mind the surprising announcement on Wednesday that France, after backing out of an agreement with Britain to build a swing-wing fighter, was to co- operate with the United States in a similar project.
After all that has been said in France about the need for Europe to avoid technological dependence on the United States, this was indeed an astonishing departure, even though French spokesmen may maintain that the arrange- ment is a private one between two companies - Ling-Temco- Vougat of Dallas, Texas, and the French firm of Avions Marcel Dassault.
Mr. Stewart, however, does not seem to have laboured this re- markable decision, but took rather the opportunity to ask for clari- fication of some remarks reported to have been made by M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister, to the Diplomatic Press Association in Paris. Mr. Stewart was puzzled by a passage on technology.
In this, M. Debre was reported to have said-and there is indeed no doubt whatever that he did say -that British involvement with United States technology was a hindrance to European technolo- gical independence. This state- ment was. however, subsequently omitted from the version of the speech put out later by the Quai d'Orsay, and Mr. Stewart wondered why.
Mr. Stewart also asked for clarification yesterday of another passage in M. Debre's speech, in which he said: "" Our conception of the organization of the Com- mon Market is not that of the
Treaty of Rome with its political ideology which we reject.""
The Foreign Secretary pointed out that Britain had often been told by France that she was not ready for membership of the Common Market because she was not ready to accept the Treaty of Rome, although the British Gov- ernment had on many occasions publicly stated that they were pre- pared to accept the treaty.
Now a Foreign Minister of one of the Common Market member countries was-in devastating con- trast-apparently declaring that his country rejected the political ideology of the Treaty.
All that is known of M. Andre's replies is that he undertook to report Mr. Stewart's inquiry to his Government, but as the interview was so short, it may be inferred that he wisely refrained from argument.
The fact is that the French Government has long unwound a rigmarole of pretexts to block British membership, so much so that these desperate antics, it can safely be said, have convinced the other members of the Com- mon Market that it is France, not Britain, which is blocking the unity of Europe.
Our Bonn correspondent writes:-
A dispute arose between Britain anti France at the scientific and technological committee of the Western European Union in Bonn yesterday. French delegates accused Britain of backing out of the European Launcher Develop- ment Organization (Eldo) because she was annoyed at being excluded from the Common Market.
Dr. M. Mfller, the British dele- gate, who is Labour M.P. for Kelvingrove, Glasgow, rebutted the charge, saying that Britain had dropped Eldo because the develop- ment of a European rocket system was "" uneconomic"".
The committee passed a resolu- tion regretting that Britain had withdrawn from Eldo and Italy from the European Space Research Organization (Esro).";"September 20, 1968";"";57361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Stewart asks French about deal with US on swing-wing plane";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPANhFNiT
The visit of M. Spaak, secretary- general of N.A.T.O., to London to-morrow, and the subsequent visit of Dr. Adenauer, will be largely in pre- Paration for the N.A.T.O. meeting in December; all observers agree that this meeting will require the most careful preparation.
In the first place, President Eisenhower is expected to appeal for cooperation from the N.A.T.O. allies over the pooling of their defence effort. This he needs to strengthen his hand when he urges Congress to amend the terms of the McMahon Act and thus allow the sharing of secret informnation. The western allies, on the other hand, will want to know just what information is to be shared and what control over weapons is to be given them, before they commit themselves to any pooling of production. Thus it will be difficult to obtain final decisions at the December meeting, though a declaration of coMmon purpose may well be made.
GERMANY'S PART
The pattern that may ultimately result seems to be that the United States should produce the long-range inter-continental ballistic missiles and warheads, Britain the intermediate missiles, and some warheads, and that France and Germany should con- centrate on tactical weapons, including the shorter-range rockets. It is important, in particular, that France should agree to forgo her plans to become a fourth atomic Power with an independent programme, which would be most uneconomic in men and resources.
The question of Germany's part in the scientific defence programme is less urgent, but if Germany is to share in the production of guided missiles she will require to be sure in advance that present restrictions on her weapons production will be removed where necessary. Germany is bound by the Paris agreements not to produce atomic, biological, or chemical weapons, and she undertook not to produce various other weapons, including large rockets. A two- thirds majority of the Westem European Union countries (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) could absolve Germany from these restrictions. Dr. Adenauer will be concemed with the British views on this question and on the Pooling of production.
CREATING CONFIDENCE
If programmes are to be integrated, France and other N.A.T.O. countries must be certain that they would be defended adequately with nuclear weapons if they were attacked. This means much more widespread knowledge of the potentialities of such weapons. Knowledge of the flexi- bility and destructiveness of even the smaller tactical weapons should give greater confidence. It also means, however, that the countries concemed must have a degree of consultation in the use of nuclear weapons, to ensure that they would in fact be used when necessary to defend Europe (and not only the United States), and alter- natively that they would not be used pre- cipitately.
It is suggested that the weapons of various ranges should be located throughout the alliance wherever militarily desirable, and that the warheads should be under N.A.T.O., not purely United States, control. Some machinery, such as a N.A.T.O. com- mittee, could be devised to associate the N.A.T.O. countries with decisions by the Supreme Commander on the use of nuclear weapons. There have also been suggestions that an intemational N.A.T.O. force might be established to control the nuclear weapons, though such plans seem some way ahead as yet.
QUESTION OF CYPRUS
M. Spaak will have other N.A.T.O. problems to discuss in London. In particu- lar, General Norstad has proposed that some machinery should be set up to link the N.A.T.O. countries with the Baghdad pact nations and with the South-East Asia Treaty Organization. The link with S.E.A.T.O. may seem tenuous, but it may ultimately be of great importance, as it would provide a link between countries of the free world and the atomic potential in Australia.
M. Spaak has also made it known that his good offices are available for an agree. ment over Cyprus, which is now basically a problem between N.A.T.O. members, Greece and Turkey. This will therefore also probably be discussed this week in London. The British Govemment evidently do not exclude an international or N.A.T.O. solu- tion, provided that Britain continues to have full use of existing military installa- tions. The main requirements are a head- quarters, communications system, and staging rights for aircraft.";"November 4, 1957";"";53989;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coordinating N.A.T.O. Arms";""
"['From Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray;
Brussels
Nato defence ministers meet- ing here yesterday examined ""conventional"" ways of protect- ing the alliance from the Warsaw Pact against the back- drop of an angry and embarrass- ing argument between two members - Greece and Turkey.
The centrepiece of thie day's discussions was a presentation by Mr Caspar Weinberger, the American Defence Secretary, about the way in which the alliance could make use of its better technology to improve its defences.
This wa s a compliment to the well-publicized views of Gen- eral Bernard Rogers, the Sti- preme Commander in Europe, that more spending on conven- tional weapons would make a nuclear war less likely.
Mr John Nott, the British minister, contributed to the debate by pointing up the lessons to conventional warfare of the Falklands conflict.
But before the real discussion could take place there was a two-hour exchange betweeni Mvr Andreas Papandreou, the Greek Prime Minister and Defence Minister, and Mr Haluk Bayal- ken, the Turkish Foreign Minis- ter.
Mr Papandreou sought to explain why he had called off the planned high level meeting in Brussels next week between Greece and Turkey, and why Greece had stopped the planned Nato Apex Express 82 exercise in the Aegean Sea.
He complained that Turkey had ""massively"" invaded Greek air space in defiance of an agreed moratorium on such incursions. He asked why Nato had r efused to include the island of Lemnos in its plans for the exercise.
Mr Bayalken replied that his Government wanted only to negotiate, and Greece was to blamc if these negotiations were being called off. While the Turkish minister spoke, Mr Papandreou walked round the cotincil room handing out copies of a pamphlet detailing 23 alleged incursions into Greek airspace by Turkey on November 22 and 23.
Dr Joseph Luns, the Nato Secretary-General, General Rogers and Admiral Robert Falls, chairman of the military committee, all tried to stop the public quarrel by emphasizing that the argument must be
settled: at a bilateral level. Admiral Falls said later that the affair ""raises hell with our ability to plan the defence of the Aegean"".
When debate returned to real Nato matters, Mr Weinberger put forward ideas about the way in which .the alliance could capitalize on its better high technology in surveillance sys- tems, precision-guided muni- tions, and in rapid communi- cations to counter Soviet strengths.
Mr Nott raised the curtain on his forthcoming White Paper about the Falklands conflict. An important lesson, he said, had been that conventional warfare used up an enormous amount of equipment and ammunition. It was esssential to study the whole question of stockpiling in preparation for a conventional war.
He promised that Britain would replace all the equipment which it had lost, and which was under Nato command, and indicated that British defence spending would rise in real terms by something like 10 per cent over the next three sears.
v PARIS: Repeated hints of France's inteniton to reorganize its troops in Europe have been confirmed by M Charles Hernu, the Defence Minister, in a speech here to the Assembly of the Western European Union, whose four-day meeting ends today. (Diana Geddes writes).
However, observers werc disappointed that M Hernu failed to give any details of what that reorganization would en- tail, and in particular whether it would involve any withdrawal of the 50,000 French troops now stationed in West Berlin and south-west Germany.
M Hernu simply said that it was France's intention ""to increase, over the coming years, the speed and flexibility of our ability to intervene at the sides of our allies in the event of a European conflict"". France also hoped to increase cooperative ventures with its European partners in the field, of arms development and production.
e Geneva talks: The third round of negotiations for a reduction in intermediate range nuclear weapons cnded in Geneva on Tuesday with only srictly limited progress appar- ent. (Our Defence Correspon- dent writes).
Making a point: General John Vessey, US Chief of Staff (left), conferring with Mr Caspar Weinberger, Defence
Secretary, at the start of the Nato meeting in Brussels.";"December 2, 1982";"";61404;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Greek-Turkish row sours defence summit";""
"['From Our Labour Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Labour Correspondent
BAARN, HOLLAND, MAY 16
The International Socialist Conference, at its concluding session here to-day, passed unanimously a long resolution defining its attitude to the recently created Council of Europe, and decided to do all in its power to make the Council a success.
Proposals that the Assembly should be turned into a federation with powers of deci- sion were opposed by the British delegation and were not accepted. The conference agreed, however, to regard the Council as a step on the road to a permanent European union, with common administrative, economic, and social services under the continuous supervision of responsible representatives of the peoples. The other issue on which discussion mainly turned was whether the various representatives of Socialist parties in the. Assembly should act together on party lines, as was advocated by the French. Again the British were anxious to avoid hard-and-fast arrangements at this stage.
It was eventually agreed that Socialist repre- sentatives in the Assembly should "" be guided in their actions by the legitimate interests of the working masses and the lasting purposes of international Socialism."" The conference further decided that items on the agenda of the Assembly should be examined by the whole body of Socialist delegates in the light of the common interest of the countries they represented.
This consultation is expected to be of an informal character. The Dutch proposed that a tripartite economic council, representing employers, workers, and the public interests, should be set up to advise the Assembly. The British opposed this, partly on the grounds that an efficient working economic organization already existed in the Organization for Euro- pean Economic Cooperation, and it was dropped, but the conference expressed the hope that close contact would be established between the Council and the O.E.E.C.
COMMONWEALTH LINES
Britain's opposition to any commitment on the federal principle was explained by Mr. Denis Healey, chief of the Labour Party's international department, in a speech which impressed the delegates. If the Assembly were to be given powers of decision, he said, it would clearly have to be strictly representa- tive and mandated. In that case the individual freedom of the members of the newly established Assembly would be lost. The hope that it might become a machine for creating and expressing public opinion, some- times in advance of the policies of Govern- ments, would have to be abandoned. They could not commit themselves to federation as an immediate technique, and even as a long- term objective it might prove that federation was an archaic form, because of the increased powers and responsibilities wielded by the modern State. It was conceivable that coopera- tion on the lines of the British Commonwealth might prove a more practical way of development.
In a discussion on the unofficial "" European Movement ""eit was stated there was no indica- tion that the Labour Party had changed its attitude. The conference agreed, however, that parties could decide for themselves whether their members should take part, and that Comisco (the committee of the conference) would coordinate to the best of its ability the attitude of those who did so.
The conference after hearing of the left wing victory at the congress of the Nenni Socialist Party in Italy. formally expelled the Nenni party from membership. The Saragat Party is already in the conference. and a conference committee will visit Italy as soon as the time is suitable to help and encourage the Social Democrats there.
RELATIONS WITH SPAIN
The conference passed a resolution regretting the proposals to restore normal diplomatic relations with the present Government in Madrid, "" since this may be interpreted as a sign of political approval, consolidating a regime which prevents other States from meet- ing the Spanish people round a common table and from including Spanish cooperation in the work of European reconstruction.""
A resolution on Greece said: "" The duty of ipternational democratic Socialism is to encourage all attempts to re-establish demo- cracy and peace in Greece. The International Socialist Conference takes note of the Greek E.L.D. Socialist Party's initiative in trying to regroup all sincere democratic elements which are opposed both to the financial oligarchy constituting the present oppressive and reac- tionary retime, and also to the aims and methods of the Communists, and which desire to put Greece on the road to democracy and reconstruction.""";"May 17, 1949";"";51383;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Unity Endorsed";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 5
It was confirmed in Bonn to-day that M. Mendes-France, the Frenich Prime Mini- ster, is to return from Rome by way of Baden-Baden, where he will meet Dr. Adenauer. January 14 is mentioned un- officially as a likely date, though the Federal Governnient has not said more than that the meeting Will take place dur- ing the Chancellor's holiday.
Dr. Adenauer is leaving Bonn on Satur- day fof a fortnight at Buhler Hohe. From there he will have only a short drive to Baden-Baden. Both places are in the French zone, but Baden-Baden was the French headquarters in west Germany in the full occupation days, and its choice for the meeting may be a concession to the delicate state of French opinion about Germany.
The apparent ease with which this meeting has been arranged shows what a change has taken place in the Federal Government's feelings about M. Mendes-France since Dr. Adenauer was last on the B.ihler Hohe for his summer holiday. He had to interrupt that holiday for the dismal conference at Brussels, at which it was plain to see that he avoided a private meeting with M. Mendes-France until the proceedings were over.. Retuming to the Black Forest le received there the news of the French Assembly's rejection of the European Defence Community.
BITTERNESS CHANGED
Dr. Adenauer and the group of Christian Democrats dosest to him were disposed at that time to blame the French Prime Minister personally for this disaster to their hopes, and their bitterness was not concealed. This has all changed, and the exertions by which M. Mendes-France got the new treaties through the National Assembly in the last days of 1954 have made him even more admired in Bonn now than he was mistrusted in August. This is a good augury for the meeting.
M. Soutou, the Chef de Cabinet at the French Foreign Ministry, spent the whole of to-day here in preparatory discussions for the meeting of the two heads of Government. Most of his discussions were with Herr Blankenhorn; M. Berard, the French deputy High Commissioner, joined them at luncheon, and M. Soutou also saw Professor Halistein, the State Secretary in the Federal Foreign Ministry, and the Federal Chancellor, to whom he brought a birthday greeting from M. Mendes-France.
Tlhese talks are completed, and M. Soutou is leaving to-nigh:. Nothing of what they discussed has been officially disclosed, and indeed the programme of business for Baden- Baden is stil a matter of conjecture. The impression prevails here that it is intended to be a full Franco-German conference, not merely an informal talk between two men. It is bound to deal with the Saar to some extent, although the Federal Government no longer pretends to entertain any hopes that France wil agree to any supplementary protocols to the Saar agreement.
DIRECTIVES QUESTION
It does expect to discuss the directives, which will have to be drafted at some stage, from the Council of the West European Union to its commissioner in the Saar. In the German view the merits and demerits of the Saar agree- ment may be greatly influenced in practice by these directives. The Federal Government would like to agree on a Franco-German draft which the two Governments could jointly lay before the western European Council of Ministers for its approval when it is formed.
Other parts of the discussions will probably deal with the French proposal for a west Euro- pean armaments pool, upon which technical talks between the Brussels Powers are to begin on January 17. No doubt, also, Dr. Adenauer and M. Mendes-France will exchange opinions about the time-table of ratification of the Paris treaties in their two countries. In this con- nexion it appears to be expected on the Ger- man side that they will talk about the possi- bility of talks between the western Powers and the Soviet Union.";"January 6, 1955";"";53132;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Meeting";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 19
The Federal Government will to- morrow bulldoze the Bundestag into accepting nuclear armament for the Bundeswehr. This is the reaction of the Opposition to the Defence Minister's Press conference yesterday and the equivalent of a three-line whip now being flourished by the Christian Democratic Party for to-morrow's debate, and they are not far wrong.
It is fully realized here that the pur- chase of Matador missiles is the last step towards nuclear armament and, indeed, the Government has made it plain that the issue can no longer be avoided. The political implications loom bleakly. Even rcunification has taken second place to the belief that hopes of some kind of rclaxation or disengagement in central Europe have been dashed.
POLISH FEARS
The implications have occupied the two oPposition parties-and, to judge by the activities of party leaders, the minority of Christian Democratic members also. The Social Democrats fear that it will make impossible any Profitable discussion on the lines Proposed in the Rapacki plan. If anY doubts existed, they were removed to-day by Professor Carlo Schmid. a deputy chairman of the Bundestag, who has recently retumed from Poland.
There he found widespread fear of the nuclear armament of the Bundeswehr, and statements made by Herr Strauss. the Defence Minister, in the United States had also caused alarm. The Poles believe that Matadors could reach Warsaw, and do not believe that they wottld be tised with conventional warbeads. The methods used to acouire the Matadors have also incensed the Opposition. They were first Lttered by the United States Government last summer and were accepted by the Chancellor in December. though at the time it was officially denied that their purchase was being contemplated. Now the Bundestag is required to approve the purchase before April 3, and the Opposi- tion is complaining of ""unheard of pressure.""
It has nevertheless been known for some time that the Government has been con- templating the nuclear armament of the Bundeswehr, and its policy is clear. It firmly believes that it must keep in step with other N.A.T.O. countries, and it has been prodded enough by General Norstad. As for the political implications of nuclear armament, it would not be unfair to suggest that they take second place to the determination of the Government to do what it believes Mr. Dulles, or the Pentagon, want it to do.
AMENDING TREATY
The Christian Democrats have indicated that nuclear armament will be reviewed if some measure of general controlled disarmament is achieved. The official answer to the question why nuclear disarmament shouid be decided at this timc, when most nuclear tactical weapons are not available. is that the men must be trained, a process that will take at least 18 months.
This does not explatin whv it has been decided to produce missiles. Herr Strauss said to reporters last night that it would be necessary to amend the treaty forbidding
German production of certain types of weapons, and it was learnt at the Defence Ministry that Western European Union would be approached next month. It would seem, to say the least, that the Federal Republic is becoming too enthusiastic an ally.
Herr Strauss obviously believes that this latest development should give no cause for anxiety to Germany's neighbours. Medium- range missile bases will not be installed on German soil. and atomic, bacteriological, or chemical weapons will not be manifac- tured. The capabilities of the Matador are apparently of small importance.
This is not the case. The Matador C. or TM60c, is an alternative warhead weapon but, because of its inaccuracy and price, would be used only with a nuclear warhead. Its extreme range is 600 miles, but its guided range is 200 miles. As a push-button weapon it is relatively primi- tive, but it is the best of its kind in service, and American troops stationed here are equipped with it. Its destructive power cannot be disregarded.
Certainly it is not a training weapon in the usual sense, because it cannot be recovered. Its launching pad is mobile, thus meeting the requirements of the General Staff. Bearing in mind the number ordered-12 launching pads and at least 20 missiles-it is difficult to accept the state- ment that they are required only to acquaint troops with modern weapons and tech- niques.";"March 20, 1958";"";54104;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear Weapons For German Forces";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
GENEVA, Nov. 8
In his speech to the conference to-day, Mr. Molotov said he could not find any- thing new in the western declaration presented last week. Its object still seemed to be the remilitarization of Germany and the inclusion of all Germany in a military block directed against Russia and her friends.
T The fact had to be faced, he went on, that there were now two German Governments. The Soviet Government did not entirely approve of the Federal Republic, but in the interests of peace it had opened diplomatic relations, believing that under certain con- ditions this might facilitate a settlement of the German problem. The western Powers, however, had not taken into account the views of the east German Government. The Russian treaty of friendship with east Ger- many was based on equality and non-inter- ference, and could not be violated.
E. GERMAN INTERESTS
Turning to free elections, Mr. Molotov said that the process of replacing Govern- mcnts frequently happened even without elections. Proposals to unite Germany by free elections ignored the conditions actually existing in Germany.
An election would settle the fate of the German people-whether it was going to be peaceful or militarist-and the time was not yet ripe for this. A mechanical merger "" by so-called free elections under the Eden plan with the presence of foreign troops "" would lead to the violation of the legitimate interests of the east German workers. A solution could come only through a gradual rapprochement of the two Germanys. It should be the com- mon object of the four Powers to improve trust and cooperation between them.
Mr. Molotov added that time and patience would be needed. He commended the plan for an all-German council. The German problem, he said, could be solved only when the Germans themselves took into their own- hands the task of preparing a settlement. He thought that recognition of the east German republic was only a matter of time. East Germany was sure of a great future, for it was following a path of development common to all mankind. and had faithful and strong friends.
Finally he reiterated that the western proposals were merely a device for bringing all Germany into N.A.T.O. The guaran- tees and controls provided by the Western European Union would be worth little once Germany became armed again.
Herr von Brentano, the Fotfeign Minister of the German Federal Republic, who
arrived in Geneva to-day, will see the western Ministers to-morrow. It is understood that he will express the deep satisfaction which Dr. Adenauer and he feel at the firm line the west has followed at the conference. He said he was hopeful of an agreement on the reunification of. Germany through free elec- tions. If Mr. Molotov desires to meet him he will naturally agree. One reason for Herr von Brentano's visit may be to offset the presence here of Herr Ollenhauer, leader of the Social Democratic Opposition.
NEUTRAL;IST EMISSARIES
Several German patty leaders and spokes- men of more motley groups are now converg- ing on Geneva. Dr. Dehler, leader of the Free Democrats, and Hubertus Prinz zu Lowenstein, one of his more flamboyant party colleagues, have both arrived. Dr. Dehler said he was quite prepared to discuss German affairs with the Soviet delegation.
The out-and-out neutralists have also sent their emissaries. One of thetn is Herr von Bonin, who was with the organization depart- ment of the German general staff during the war, and in recent years was a senior member of Herr Blank's team concerned with building up the new German armed forces. Herr von Bonin's neutralism is not greatly different from that of Karl Graf von Westialen, who has also come to Geneva. Herr Stegner, an independent member of the Bundestag who went over to the neutralist camp, has likewise put in an appearance.
MEETINGS TO-DAY
There will be meetings to-morrow between western Ministers on some non-agenda sub- jects, notably between Mr. Dulles and Mr. Macmillan on the Middle East. Mr. Evelyn Shuckburgh, assistant Under-Secre- tary at the Foreign Office responsible for Middle East questions, accompanied Mr. Macmillan from London to-day.";"November 9, 1955";"";53373;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Accusations Repeated By Mr. Molotov";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, MARcH 17
In spite of opposition in Western European Union to the proposed re- organization and reduction in strength of the British forces here, the trend to smaller military formations seems likely to continue. After the announcement of the reorganization of American forces here into small, "" pentomic "" divisions, there are now indications that the Bundeswehr is thinking along similar lines.
On the day that Sir Christopher Steel, the British Ambassador, flew to Lake Como to meet Dr. Adenauer to seek a way out of the critical stage reached in the W.E.U. discussions the Frankfurtar Rundschau reported a scheme produced by the Bundeswehr planning staff to reorganize the German defence forces and reduce the man- power of the German contribution to N.A.T.O. No confirmation is available at the Defence Ministry, but it is understood that the proposal is soon to be examined by Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister.
PASSED INTO OBLIVION
The newspaper reported a plan for the raising of a professional army, to be placed under N.A.T.O command, and a separate body of troops for home defence. The N.A.T.O. contribution would comprise 12 divisions of 6,000 men, and the home defence force would be raised on a militia basis, with a strength probably not much more than 200,000 men. The report added that Herr Strauss welcomed the proposals in a study paper prepared by General Matzky on which the scheme is based.
The scheme has the advantage of feasi- bility. There can now be no doubt that the revised strength of the Bundeswehr at 300,000 men is unlikely to be changed. The original target of 500,000 men, considered necessary to raise the promised 12 divisions as well as an air force and a navy, has passed into oblivion with the proposed 18 months' compulsory military service. It is also clear that conscription, apart from the reduced period of 12 months, is not going to produce many men. It has been an- nounced that next year as well as this year only 10,000 men will be called to the colours, and there are insufficient suitable volunteers to form 12 divisions of the old strength.
The political attraction of the scheme is that it is practicable without changing the form of selective service now being prac- tised under conscription. It is remarkably similar to the views expressed by the Social Democrats at the beginning of the struggle to introduce conscription with 18 months' service, and should therefore be acceptable in an election year.
TREATY OBLIGATIONS
It ignores, or at any rate puts a different interpretation on, Germany's treaty obliga- tions, and the project of a German armed force, even a militia, outside the control of N.A.T.O., might be opposed by some allies, especially the French. These are problems for future consideration, but it would seem that this planning should be considered along with the British proposals. Indeed, if the German contribution is to be further reduced along these lines, N.A.T.O. will again have to review the defence capabilities of westem Europe.
A generous interpretation of the agree- ment on the German contribution to the cost of British troops here was made by the Foreign Ministry spokesman at the week- end. He said that there was no relation between the amount paid and the strength of troops stationed here: Britain was in a special position, and had other commit- ments.
Ihe spokesman was answering questions on the Belgian demand for more support costs. Complaints have been made in Brussels that, while 40,000 Belgian troops, equal to rather more than half the strength of the British contingent, are stationed here, the support costs offered are little more than one-tenth of the amount to be paid to Britain.
It was in anticipation of a situation such as this that Germany insisted that payment to Britain should be under two heads: £17m. as support costs and £33m. as mutual defence aid. The first is only a half of the amount paid last year, and this is the ratio Germany would like to apply to the other allies with troops here, including Belgium. Mutual defence aid is so far payable only to Britain.";"March 18, 1957";"";53792;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bundeswehr To Have Smaller Divisions";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
COLOGNE, APRIL 25
Dr. Adenauer, in a hard and witty speech, poured scorn here today on the Social Democrats' (S.P.D.) chances of winning the west German elections in September.
He showed himself vastly.confident before the delegates to the Christian Democrats' pre-election conference, and ruled out any idea of an eventual coali- tion with the S.PJD. For more than a decade, he said, they had advocated "" ruinous "" foreign policies, saying "" no "" to everything the Christian Democrats had stood for, and for this reason the idea of a ""grand coalition"" between the C.D.U. and the S.P.D., such as Herr Wehner had suggested at the weekend, was out of the question. "" I am con- vinced "", the Chancellor said, "" that if the Social Democrats' proposals had been followed over the past years, then peace and freedom for the Federal Republic would have been lost long ago.""
FALSE POLICIES
There was no reason why, he said, after 11 years of totally false policies and fearful nustakes over matters in which the fate of the German people was at stake, the voters this year should give the Social Democrats their trust at the polls.
The S.P.D., the ChanceUor said, after three lost federal elections and a fourth where their prospects were "" anything but good "", found themselves in a horrible situation. They talked much now about the need for a political stocktaking. One usually did this in business after heavy losses, the Chancellor said, and he would be delighted to help them.
Then Dr. Adenauer presented his stock- taking: a list of Bundestag votes from the Petersberg Agreement to the vote for Germany's entry into the Western European Union, in which. he said, the Opposition had always said "" no "", thereby hindering Germany's taking her rightful place in a gradually uniting Europe.
Dr. Adenauer advised the German people that while it might be possible to improve on mistakes in internal affairs, for the Social Democrats to be able to do this in foreign affairs, where for 11 years they had been wrong, was impossible.
HERR BRANDT CRITICIZED
In the debate whioh foflowed Dr. Adenauer's speewh and one by Herr von Brentano, the Foreign Minister, the hardest remarks were reserved for Herr Brandt, whose fortunes the Christian Democrats appear to consider on the wane. Although the party has now been governing for 12 years, and has every prospect of adding four more to the record, not one delegate felt the need to criticize anything apart from the Opposition,
Herr von Brentano had told the con- ference that ""more elasticity"" in foreign policy was only a dangerous slogan of the Opposition. The Federal Republic, he said, had cooperated on all new diplo- matic initiatives, but she would never make proposals that might separate her from her partners in the west,
Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, speaking after the debate, chose to present himself to the conference in almost defen-
.He kept close to matters con-
corning his own Ministry and hardly men- tioned foreign affairs. (He is credited with a wish to step into Herr von Brentano's shoes.) He defended the heavy expenditure on the Bundeswehr, arguing-though the example of Germany's post-war rebuilding hardly supports this viow-that economic expansion required the framework of security provided by a state with adequate means of defence.
NATIONAL SERVICE
The Social Democrats still owed the GeT- man electorate a clear answer where they stood on the issue of national service, Herr .trauss said. He also questioned whether Herr Ollenhauer's reservations, in the Bundestag debate last week, about deve- loping Nato on the political and economic side did not still imply reservations about Nato itself.
Almost all Herr Strauss's fire was reserved for a fibal outburst against the German press, which he accused of wilfully ignonng the facts-about the attitude of.the United States and the Federal Republic to nuclear defence. "" We are in full agree- ment with the offioial Anierican views"" he told the conference, "" and in full agree- ment over.the official Nato plans and the build-up of the Bundeswchr.""
Mrs. Emmet, Mwl.P. for East Grinstead, bringing greetiligs from the British CODservative Partyt- told the Christian Democrats the time~ had come to stop talking and to do something about the problem of the Common Market and the European Free Trade Association; such action, could not, however, come from one side alone..";"April 26, 1961";"";55065;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer Rejects Idea Of Coalition With Socialists";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Copenhagen, Saturday morning
Restrictions on Arab oil exports to Europe might be eased in exchange for Europeani help towards a Middle East peace settlement. This was one of several points put by four Arab Foreign Ministers to the Foreign Ministers of the nine EEC member states in the course of an unexpectedly long meeting which finished in Copenhagen early this morning.
Trhe ministers were Mr Abdul Assiz Bouteflika, of Algeria, Mr Mansour Khalid, of Sudan, Mr Muhammad Masmoodi, of Tunisia, and Mr Adnan al Pachachi, Minister of State of Abu Dhabi. The Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister was unable to come.
The ministers had been man- dated by the recent 19-nation Arab summit conference in Algiers to put the conference's conclusions on the Middle East war and the future of the Medi- terranean area to European leaders gathered here for the EEC's summit conference.
According to M. Michel Jobert, the French Foreign Min- ister, the ministers said the decisions of last weekend's meet- ing in Kuwait (to impose further cuts in oil deliveries) could be adjusted if the Europeans took certain positions. "" It is less a matter of being our friends than of helping towards a peace settle- ment,"" they said.
The Arabs sketched in general terms their ideas for a far- reaching pact between the Euro- peans and the Mediterranean nations.
The Arabs expressed pleasure at European attitudes during the Middle East war and with the EEC's November 6 declaration. M Jobert said they had laid greater emphasis on cooperation than on putting pressure on Israel. However, other Arab sources here indicated that some very specific measures against Israel would be welcome, including an end to arms deliver- ies and economic cooperation.
'The arrival of the Arab ministers in Copenhagen. threw the first day of the EEC summit conference badly out of gear. The most concrete development in a confused situation was the tabling of a detailed plan for a Community energy policy by the West Germans.
The European Prime Ministers had not come to take decisions. But, according to West German sources-as usual by far the most forthcoming-they eventu- ally agreed on three points.
1 The President of the EEC Council of Ministers should be able to call a summit conference once during his six months' term of office. The Germans, who take over from the Danes on January 1, have already sug- gested a meeting next spring.
2 The Council President should be able to summon the ambassadors of the other eight member states to act as a form of crisis management commit- tee.
3 The Council President should present an interim report on progress towards the goal of European union by 1980.
In a television statement last night Herr Brandt, the West
German Chancellor, said the Community, and with it the Western world, faced its most serious test since the Second World War, and indeed, leaving that aside, since the economic crisis of 1929-32.
Herr Brandt's energy plan, which was transmitted to the other member governments yesterday, calls unequivocaily for a common energy policy to be formulated as soon as pos- sible. It should include long- term cooperation between oil producers, Europe and other consumers (like the United States and Japan), Bonn believes.
As an expression of solidarity, the common energy policy should lead as far as possible to consumers in the different member states bearing similar burdens.
In the short term, Herr Brandt suggests that a group of experts from the member states should draw up a situation report on present supplies, likely future supply trends and present de- mand. A high-ranking commit- tee should help the Commission to supervise the implementation of the new energy policy.
Yesterday's meeting began with a statement by Mr Anker Joergensen, the caretaker Danish Prime Minister, who was flanked in the press conference room by Herr Brandt, President Pompidou, Mr Heath, Mr Joop den Uyl, the Dutch Prime Minister, Mr Ed- mond Leburton, the Belgian Prime Minister, Mr Liam Cos- grave, of Ireland, Signor Mario Rumor of Italy, and Mr Pierre Werner of Luxembourg.";"December 15, 1973";"";58965;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Arab ministers in Copenhagen hint at terms for lifting oil curbs";""
"['FROM OUR COMMON MARKET CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR COMMON MARKET CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, MAY 17
Three meetings were held today when the British Common Market negotiations were resumed at officials' level. The deputies discussed comparable outlets for Commonwealth agricultural products, with special reference to wheat; secondly, the horticultural working party examined how far the problems of British horticulture could be met by the Treaty of Rome and the regulations arising from it; and a third working party discussed the British formula f6r manufactured exports from the developed Commonwealth. Reports will be prepared before the Ministerial meeting at the end of the month,
M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, is going to Italy for talks with the Italian Government tomorrow and Saturday, when the question of Euronean Political union will be further discussed.
The suggestion that the Six should sign a political treaty but not ratify it until Britain's entry to the Economic Com- munity was assured will probably be raised again. This is one of the suggestions that Italy has been canvassing in her attempt to bridge the gap between France and other members of the Six on the subject of poditical union. But M. Spaak is unlikely to look on the idea with much favour. in the light of General de Gaulle's rather chilling attitude towards the European Community at his press confercnce.
Belgian support for British entry to the Common Market is as strong as ever. This has been clearly reaffirmed hore in order to resolve any doubts raised by M. Spaak's comment about sacrificinr British entrv for
a strong European union, as given in the French magazine Realiteis. Government spokesmen have pointed osut that the article was written much earlier in the year, before the breakdown of -the political talks, and that a paragraph can be misleading out of the full context. It is not suggested that the translation of the article that appeared in The Times was anythinz but accurate.
M. Spaak has always been the vanguard of the movement for European unity. His remarks that he preferred politically inte- grated Europe of the Six to a commercial magma of seven, eight, or nine is con- sistent. But it is well understood that such a close-knit union is at present no more than a dream. Since it is politically im- Possible, Belgium will only accept some- thing less with the presence of Britain, which is, indeed, the essential prerequisite to such a lesser union.
In fact, M. Spaak has argued that there is no need for undue haste on political union. It should be clear whether Britain is going to join the Common Market be- fore many months are out, so the sensible thing is to wait and-see. Any treaty signed bofore British entry is known for sure would not be in the interests of a small country like Belgium, who would-even with a system of unanimous voting-be overruled in the long run by the big partners.
M. Spaak. of course, speaks for Belgium, and has always led public opinion, but there are other points of view. A member of the majority Christian Social Party writing in the Flemish newpaper De Nieuwe Gids argues that Gentral de Gaulle's pro- posals for political union have their relevance.
CATCHING THE TRAIN
British membership is of great political importance, the article states, as providing an element of balance. But the fact that everyone was crying out for Britain to join the Six was unwise, since the more insistent they wsre. the higher the British bargaining position was likely to be raised, with consequent difficulties on the economic side.
Belgium should not insist on too much in political integration, which was already so complicated nor should she offer a blank refusal, the article goes on. Europe should neither become an express train which prevented Bnitain from boarding her, nor should she be completely immobilized. A steady pace should be maintained, so that Britain could catch the train at the last moment Such a small progress, the article concludes, was possible with the proposals of General de Gaulle.";"May 18, 1962";"";55394;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commonwealth Products";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE-
-Paris, Feb. 12
France will not take part in the London meeting of permanent representatives of the Western European Union called by Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Sec- retary, to discuss the Middle East. M. de Lipkowski, State Secretary at the Quai d'Orsay, told the Coun- cil of Ministers today. The British initiative, he emphasized, was strange, and departed completely from procedure. France, further- more, saw no point in the meet- ing.
The Middle East had been on the agenda of last week's meeting in Luxembourg of the Council of Ministers of the W.E.U.. and France did not see why this dis- cussion had to be postponed and held in London at the permanent representatives level.
M. de Lipkowski, who led the French delegation in Luxembourg, said he had declared himself ready to discuss the Middle East ques- tion immediately, to outline the French proposal for four-power contacts and to hear other views.
Mr. Stewart had not replied to his arguments, M. de Lipkowski told the French Cabinet today, but had maintained the decision to call the London meeting.
Speaking, at a luncheon of the diplomatic press today, M. Michel Debre, the Foreign Minister, remarked with much heat that he did not see any usefulness in the London meeting. ""Will it advance the application of the Security Council resolution by an inch ? "" he asked. ""The subject is too grave. We must be serious about it.""
He said 1969 must be the year of the enforcement of the Security Council resolution on the Middle East. The return of peace in the Middle East rested on acknow- ledgment of the principle of self-deterrmination and on the maintenance of an equilibrium of forces in the area.
French policy had always underlined the right of Israel to be recognized as a state. ""But the fact of recognizing Israel does not mean recognition of her right to impose her will on others. The right of self-determination applies to all peoples ', M. Debre said.
France had also a heritage to defend both spiritually and from the standpoiat of self-interest in her relations with the Muslim countries. She therefore demanded the enforcement of the Security Council resolution. With the special responsibility of certain powers for it, which "" might go so far as control of this application "".
In reply to a question, he said he did not think much of the British initiatives at the Luxem- bourg meeting because he did not see to what thev could lead.
The problem of Europe was twofold, economic and politioal. The economic problem lay in the Treaty of Rome and the method of applying it. In spite of the con- straints it imposed upon her, France considered the positive as- pects of the treaty outweighed the negative ones.
i ao noT minx britam is m a position to enter this economic community as yet "", he said, "" nor that other countries can do so be- fore it is thoroughly appreciated that a common market with 10 or 12 members is not the same as one with six.
"" This sort of thing requires lengthy study which has not yet been carried out. It cannot be settled in a few months. I do not think 1969 will bring about any deep change.""
M. Debrd stigmatized the arms shipments through Lagos and said that "" France neither gives nor sells arms to Biafra "". The Ibos bad a right to determine their own future. He foresaw the day might come when France would have to take the initiative of recognizing Biafra.
Our Diplomatic Correspondent writes: The WE.U. secretariat has sent out formal notices from its London headquarters convening the meeting which Mr. Stewart has proposed for Friday morning. All the signs are that a meeting will be held, and attended by all W.E.U. mnembers except France. If the French obiections to the meeting are accepted. discussions could still be held outside the W.E.U. frame- work. In that case, the French Government could claim that it had stopped W.E.U. becoming a forum for political consultations- but only at the cost of openly breaking the spirit of the W.E.U. Treaty, one of the airns of which is political integration.";"February 13, 1969";"";57484;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France to boycott London talks on Middle East";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPT. 30
M. Mollet, the French Prime Minister, and M. Pineau, his Foreign Minister, left here soon after midnight after a full day of talks yesterday with Dr Adenauer.
The 12-hour visit also gave the opportu- nity for a discussion of the new impulse in the European policy of both Govermments. which the Federal Chancelor now likes to see given the character of urgency, and which has been further stimulated by the British Government's fresh preoccupation with the question of a common European market.
The change in British thinking towards Europe, at least in economic terms, has had a wholehearted welcome from the west Ger- man Government. Although it is fuly understood that the British suggestions for making O.E.E.C. the basis for any future free trade area are so far no more than ideas, the development has been gratefully snapped up as a highly desirable gesture.
BRITISH PARTICIPATION
The French Ministers came with the advantage of their recent talks with Sir Anthony Eden and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, and passed on their impressions of British inten- tions to Dr. Adenauer and Herr von Brentano, the Federal Foreign Minister. This is recorded in the joint statement, which emphasizes the importance of the active participation of Britain in the build- ing up of Europe. The document welcomes the growing interest which the British Gov- ernment and public are showing in Euro- pean questions.
The Suez crisis is picked out as a point at which better coordination of the policies of the countries of Europe seems to be "".more than ever necessary."" For Dr. Adenauer the renewed hope of Europe as a third force between the United States and Russia began to take shape earlier. There can be little doubt now that the Federal Chancelor was fundamentally shocked by the thought that the United States was con- sidering a strategic reappraisal involving a reduction of the forces stationed on the Continent. Two thoughts seem to be troubling him. first, that whatever the Americans may have in mind at present- and he received fulsome reassurances on this subject from Senator George on Friday -there would always be the danger of the United States losing interest in Europe. And, secondly, his own prospects of an active political life in the indefinite future are not such as to recommend patience. His 80 years and uncertain chances in next year's elections must spur him on to accom- plishing what he can as quickly as he can. On top of this, the differing opinions at the two London conferences on Suez un- doubtedly came as a shock to the west German delegations there.
After a reading of the official statement. the Chancellor said the first phase of European integration was already over. He based this assertion, rather oddly perhaps. on the thought that the feeling of partner- ship in Europe was so strong that wars between European nations had become unthinkable. The second Phase, now being entered, was the upholding of the import- ance and the value of EuroPean influence In the world.
OUTSTANDING POINTS
The two heads of Government expressed their wilingness to consider proposals for making more effective such bodies as the Council of Europe, O.E.E.C. and Western European Union. They dealt briefly with the possibility of realizing the armaments pool foreshadowed in the Paris treaties.
Two points on the Saar problem were outstanding when the conference began. Some relatively detailed parts of the scheme for making the Moselle river navigable, on which the French and west German Gov- ernments had agreed to cooperate, were soon settled. The second was the question of the change of currency.
M. Maurice Faure and Professor Hall- stein, the State Secretaries in- the French and west German Foreign Ministries. concluded their discussions of the currency change on Friday. It remained for the heads of Government, and for Dr. Adenauer, in. particular, to make the inevitable concessions necessary for success.
The treaties and annexes, amounting to about 400 pages, are expected to be signed in Paris towards the end of next month.
Through a complicated chain of events. the aircraft bringing M. Mollet and his colleagues to Wahn was delayed about 40 minutes. Thirteen British jet aircraft, returning from manoeuvres, unwittingly held up the French Prime Minister's arrival while the Federal Chancellor, among others, was waiting impatiently at the air- port";"October 1, 1956";"";53650;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Concession By Germany";""
"";"['News']";"The inevitability of the Cabinet's rapid movement to- wards an application to enter the Common Market came through strongly in the speech made at last night's meeting by Mr. Shinwell. Labour's elder statesman, and the tallest man among the anti- mnarketeers. He gave a warning that Britain was about to embark on a risky and perilous adventure.
"" It is a gigantic gamble "". Mr. Shinwell said, "" and we cannot afford any misunderstanding.... There may be a dispo<-tion on the part of those who are convinced pro-Common Marketeers to gloat about what may appear to be a victory for their case.
"" I advise them not to shout hallelujah too soon. Much better to wait and see what the outcome of the Government's decision will be. No. don't shout hallelujah too soon."" The Labour Government's decision to enter E.E.C. would not enhance the party's popularity. ""We shall win no cups or medals.""
Mr. Shinwell had given Mr. Wilson advance notice of ques- tions he meant to ask. One demanded to know whether the Governmnent decision would be
subject to endorsement by the next party conference. Mr. Wilson answered that the constitution would not be altered. That was taken to mean that the Govern- ment do not recognize the right of the party conference to dictate policy by resolution.
Before Mr. Shinwell spoke 10 backbenchers gave their views, about equally divided on the ques- tion of applying for membership.
Mr. Pavitt (Willesden, West), who is parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Stewart. Minister for Economic Affairs, said that the National Health Service was financed by direct taxation. amounting to about 4 per cent of the gross national product. His worry was that if more came from direct taxation it would. under the Common Market rules, constitute unfair competition. While there could be no bar on the level of expenditure now, there was a fear that any increase in finance would have to come from private insur- ance schemes or other sources. Already, he said. there was pressure from the British Medical Association for finance from other sources. If these pressures
were not resisted, it would destroy the whole basis of the National Health Service.
The debate was begun by Mr. Donald Anderson (Monmouth), director of the Campaign for Europe, who deployed the argu- ments for entry. Mr. Austin Albu (Edmonton), a former Minister, said that although there were important economic reasons for entering, he thought that the pro- found political reasons were over- riding.
Inward-lookiog
Mr. Charles PanneU (Leeds, West), a former Minister of Public Building and Works. came out strongly in favour of entry. He said that between the reigns of the two Elizabeths, the British race had fertilized the whole world with new ideas, and he was confident that in Europe we should produce desirable changes.
On the other side, Mr. John Mendelson (Penistone) said that the Government should resist the two demands: one was that they should make concessions in the field of the non-proliferation treaty which was already virtually
.A
agreed between Britain, the United States, and the U.S.S.R.; the other was that we should accept restric- tive conditions on our trading relations witb east Germany.
Mr. Wilson said later that the Government remained firmly behind the non-proliferation treaty proposal.
Mr. Edward Milne (Blyth) in- sisted that the Government should get satisfactory safeguards for the trading interests of the Efta coun- tries. He did not want Britain to join a narrow, inward-looking economic and political block.
Mr. Robert Maxwell (Bucking- ham). intervened iust before Mr. Wilson rose, to ask whether there could be a vote on the question of applying for membership. He was told by Mr. Douglas Hough- ton, the chairman. that no proper notice had been given of such a vote therefore it could not be allowed.
A Reuter report from Stras- bourg yesterday said that Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown have been invited to the Paris meeting of the Western European Union Assembly from June 13 to 16.";"April 28, 1967";"";56927;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Big Gamble, Mr Shinwell Says";""
"['Lord Gladwyn']";"['News']";"By
Lord Gladwyn
We are on the eve of great events. The Prime Minister and the Foreign Secre- tary are about to visit the capitals of our immediate neighbours. The lords of the Common Market will subsequently meet in Rome. The subject is Europe.
The real issue is not economic, im- portant though that is, but political. What is to be the future of these islands, and indeed of our neighbours, if we do come into some real European union, and how far will this imply an accept- ance or alternatively a rejection of the legacy, the damnosa haereditas, of our tremendous past ?
Certainly nearly 500 years of British foreign policy will be changed if we sign the Treaty of Rome and abide by its terms. So we ought to be clear where we are going, as indeed should our great neighbours if it really is their intention to admit Britain to their group. For whether we or they like it or not, an economic community does not make sense, and indeed cannot possibly work, unless it has a strong political content.
What is this "" Europe "" which Britain for 500 years has successfully prevented from uniting as an empire under the leadership of any particular European power ? It is that part of geographical Europe which either formed part of the Roman Empire or was Christianized from the west (i.e., not only the west of geographical Europe but many coun- tries in the east as well). From Charle- magne onwards this area has possessed certain common traditions and modes of thought which have gradually trans- formed the world. It is sometimes referred to as ""western civilization "", and indeed America is an extension of it, though no longer an integral part. From Connemara to the Curzon Line, from Algeciras to the North Cape, ""Europe"" in this sense is a cultural entity, and it seems that this sense of identity cannot wholly be destroyed even by 500 years of fratricidal struggles.
THE NATION-STATE
Can it now at long last come together by peaceful means and will the two super powers be the conscious or un- conscious "" federators "" ? That is what Mr. Wilson is presumably going in some degree to discover-or so we must pre- sume. Some insinuate that he is simply thinking in terms of the next election and may even be consciously preparing to ride for a fall. Though he may be unduly impressed by the economic side of the problem, I am convinced that this is monstrous. At any rate, whatever Mr. Wilson may be pondering, it is cer- tainly the larger political considerations, and not the precise effect (if this can be calculated) on our standards of living, which is uppermost in the mind of that great present adversary of Britain, Presi- dent de Gaulle.
Adversary, perforce, for so long as he apparently thinks solely in terms of the totally independent European nation- state. For in these ("" historical "") terms "" Europe "" can still only be united, if it is united at all, either by the individual efforts of one of its component parts, or by the physical domination of one of the super powers-a solution to which he is, quite rightly, totally opposed. So it follows that, as he apparently sees it, there is only one satisfactory solution to the problem of European unity: all con- cerned, including Britain, should in some way recognize the leading role of France and agree, for instance, that the logical
capital of any European union, or rather "" Confederation "", should be, not Brussels, or Strasbourg, or Luxembourg, or Aix-la-Chapelle, but Paris, where there would be no nonsense aboUt any "" supra-national "" element or any place for the present Brussels Commission.
If we admitted all this, and further agreed, with the Germans, tihat Ameri- can troops had better leave Europe with- out delay-as of course the bulk well might when Europe has been built up -in other words, that a "" third force "" based primarily on French leadership should be created, then it is possible that he would welcome our entry into the Common Market without further ado.
ONE ANSVVER
Yet this is precisely the sort of solu- tion which Britain has been successfully resisting for 500 years and would almost certaitnly continue successfully to resist in the future, for this time we should probably have the majority of Europeans on our side. It is true that such a struggle mnight have lamentable results for all concerned, and indeed eventually on-ly benefit that other "" outside'"" power, and still a potential "" federator"" namely, the Soviet Union. But if the General insists on his ""nation-state"" policy, this is unfortunately a prospect which all concerned must face. No prospective British Government could afford to acquiesce passively in an attempt to create either a ""Europe"" without, that is to say against, our country, or one based on the adinitted hegemony of any one European nation- state. Still less could we, or the Anieri- cans, do anything but oppose to the limit of our power any attempt to call in Russia while excluding the United States.
How, then, can ""Europe"" be con- stituted at aU unless it be by force, internally or externally applied ? There is only one possible answer. Those European states which are now cultur- ally, sociologicaUy, economically and indeed politically on much the same footing, and which are contiguous geo- graphically, should come together in a ""Community "" in which decisions will, in all fields, increasingly be taken in com- mon and in which, therefore, the general will, and not solely the wiU of the General. must in the long run prevail. 'The machinery for doing this in the economic sphere already exists in the splendid system of democratic checks and balances devised for the E.E.C. by the Treaty of Rome. It is true that this system is only partially applied at the moment, thanks to the nationalist oppo- sition of one Member; but it is there; it has not been repudiated; and we for our part have already declared that if we entered the Community we would abide by the Treaty and thus willingly accept the full Community thesis.
A "" collegiate "" administration for Europe, as defined above, is consequently something which the British Government will presumably favour in principle, for it is clearly only on such a basis that we can agree (with the. General) that it should gradually be built up as an auto- nomous entity, even in foreign policy and defence-yes, even in the joint con- trol of nuclear weapons.
The exact way in which such machinery can best be constructed.may well be left open for the moment-even- tually something like the Helvetic consti- tution might be adopted. But all we should now do is to declare
(a) that what we want to join is a real
Community and not some associatizn
of one leader (or even two leaders) and a number of satellite states, and
(b) that this Community, when formed,
though genuinely autonomous in all spheres, should be at least within the framework of that Atlantic Alliance which even General de Gaulle says he is determined to preserve for so long as it is necessary for our own protection. If our leaders made such a political declaration of faith and, on the economic side, said that they were only asking for things evidently necessary in the interests of all, such as reasonably long transi- tional periods for ourselves and New Zealand, some broad arrangement on the sums to be handed over in respect of the agricultural levies, a new voting for- mula, and nothing else of consequence, it would at least be apparent to all that fears of some trick by perfide Albion: were as groundless as fears that we should be run by foreigners if we joined.
What would in fact happen, if we did join, is that by one means or another a common policy would have to be elaborated, and this would obviously in the first place embrace a common attitude towards the states of eastern Europe. These states will not break with: the Soviet Union any more than the states of our new Community will break with America; but there is no reason why they should not have increasingly close relations with an enlarged E.E.C. of which they might one day be associates or even members. Most people now recognize, in any case, that this is the- only way to approach the supreme prob- lem of the ""reunification in peace and freedom "" of the Germans, who can only be so reunified if they all form part of a greater and non-national whole.
So we can only hope that de Gaulle will finaRly appreciate the appalling risks in seeking to impose his pro-Soviet policy, and will not disagree that our new Europe should, as it were, face the oceans rather than the Steppes.
MYTH DISSIPATED
One thing he can take for granted. Britain is in effect gradually abandoning her postwar pretensions to be a power with ""special responsibilities east of Suez "", a "" special relationship "" with the United States, and even a "" special role "" for the pound sterling. The old Empire has vanished. The myth of the:
Commonwealth as an additional source: of power has been dissipated. Britannia
no longer rules the waves. A new. vigorous middle-class nation is emergingZ whose energies must, if possible, be harnessed to those of its neighbours in the performance of great peace-time "" tasks "". The expanding nationalism, the "" crusading spirit"" of the nine- teenth century, is finally dead. We are back in our island.
So too France, the "" mother of arts, of arms and of laws"", whose voice is now rightly heard and respected abroad, must surely renounce individual grandeur and glorv. For it is only by combining with Britain as an equal in a new Europe that she can possibly fulfil the promise of a new French renais- sance. That she should of her own volition transform the Channel into a frontier would seem on the face of it to be a self-defeating gesture. Littora lituoribuis coittraria. . . .? And when l'Angleterre extends her hand ? If the British Government do, in fact, come near in their approach to the attitude which I have tried to suggest, this would be something that could never be forgiven.";"January 12, 1967";"";56837;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political issues must dominate coming E.E.C. talks";""
"['From our Special Correspondent in Northern Rhodesia']";"['News']";"From our Special Correspondent in Northern Rhodesia
An important arbitration case begins on the Northern Rhodesian copperbelt this week. The dispute is between the two companies owning the mines, the Selection Trust and Rhodesian Anglo-American, and the African M ineworkers' Union, representing over 35,000 workers, who are claiming an all-round increase of 2s. 8d. a day. Two British Labour mem- bers of Parliament, Sir Hartley Shawcross, Q.C., and Mr. Ronald Williams, are appearing as counsel for the companies and the union respectively. The Euro- pean Mineworkers' Union, though an important factor in the issues, is not a party to the dispute. It is a case which will be watched intently by European workers in Southern Rhodesia, who are afraid of the effects of federation on their own position. .
Although ostensibly a simple claim for increased wages, the Africans' demands affect the whole economy of Northern
Rhodesia, since 90 per cent. of its wealth is derived from copper and they involve some of the most controversial social and industrial problems of Central Africa, particularly that of the industrial colour tar.
The demand was instituted by the leaders of the union and after all the normal processes of conciliation had been exhausted a strike was called in October which lasted three weeks. The companies did not budge from their posi- dion, offering arbitration and a much smaller increase, equivalent, perhaps, to 4d. a day. The union leaders finally accepted arbitration.
MIGRANT LABOUR
Nevertheless they were well pleased with the strike because they had been able to call out the whole of the labour force in spite of almost a quarter of it being migrant labour from outside the territory. In this their decision to ask for a flat rate giving well over 100 per cent. increase for the bulk of their members proved successful (75 per cent. of the miners belong to the union and their dues are collected by the companies).
There was no violence-the last African strike on the copperbelt, in 1940, when no trade union existed, led to the death of 18 miners. Essential services were maintained by the European miners, a fact which caused some bitterness among the Africans. Since then, however, the European union has an- nounced its support of the African claim. In the year the companies may have lost through the strike more than they would have lost by granting the demand. Recently they made concessions amounting in all to £600,000 a year for the Europeans. The Africans' claims are estimated at £300,000. But the adamant attitude of the companies is based on grounds quite other than costs.
Conditions for the African mine workers are on the whole fair. About two-thirds earn between £3 and £5 a month basic cash wage. Over a thousand earn between £12 and £14; another thousand earn wages extending up to £20. Lodging is free. and, although some of the older compounds are ramshackle, the general standard of housing is good. Nor are the compounds barracklike or soulless. They are reasonably cosy, untidy, and typically African. Their tenants look happy, and for a few Africans of the higher grade, houses with gardens are provided which many a middle- classfamily in England would be glad to get.
FREE RATIONS
Free rations, valued at over £3 a month, are drawn weekly by the miners' wives, and, if queueing is part of the English way of life now being introduced to Africa, it can at least be said that an English housewife would be glad to receive what these women carry off in their baskets. Medical service, especially against silicosis, is free and efficient. The chief social weakness is juvenile delinquency, and one mine is now trying to combat this by running a school where children who get into trouble can be trained for a useful job in the industry. Almost the only necessary expense the African has to meet himself is his non-working clothing. On retirement he gets a handsome gratuity. His prosperity is proved by the £115,000 now accumulated in the voluntary savings scheme.,
If conditions are so good, why, it may well be asked, do the Africans make demands at all ? One of the reasons undoubtedly is the great contrast afforded by the artificially high wages paid to Europeans. Apprentices after four years are earning £1,000 a year, ordinary artisans £1,400, and occasional rock crushers
£3,000. Their housing is of good quality and they are provided with magnificent clubs and recreational facilities. On a gala night at these clubs nearly every one is in evening clothes, smoking Havana cigars.
These conditions are made possible by the high profits the mines are earning-and, it should be added, Europeans to-day would not easily be tempted to the copperbelt unless con- siderable attractions were provided. The gap, however, between European and African con- ditions is too wide to be socialy safe. The mining companies, for their part, are prosper- ous enough to narrow the gap by raising African wages, but they have the rest of Northern Rhodesia to think of. Labour is not over plentiful and already the standard of wage paid by them is drawing the workers away from the railways, the farm and the Government. That it is forcing up wages outside is in general a healthy trend, but this is not a process which can be pursued reck- lessly out of all proportion to what the economy of the colony can stand.
Another factor which drives the African to make demands is his increasing needs. He is beginning to buy smarter clothes; to eat foods be never did before; to drink wine and English beer instead of native liquor. It is, infdeed, an almost impossible task to-day to compile a reasonable family budget because of this tran- sitional stage in African "" consumer "" require- ments. This, too, however much people may disapprove of the elaborately dressed up Afri- can "" spiv "" with his cowboy hat, sunglasses, and new bicycle, is a healthy trend; it is obvi- ously essential if the African is to be weaned fromn a subsistence to a cash economy that he should develop the needs that create incentive.
FIXED OCCUPATIONS
Most important, however, as an underlying cause of potential labour unrest is the indus- trial colour bar. By an agreement reached between the companies and the European union in 1942 Africans are forbidden to be employed in occupations other than those they held at the time, and are thus debarred from advancement into skilled or semi-skilled jobs. This decision is contained in clause 42 of the agreement, commonly known as the "" standstill clause,"" and it is the principal stumbling block to good race relations on the copperbelt.
A colour bar of this kind, although not strictly illegal, is flagrantly contrary to British Government policy as frequently declared both at home and in the colonies. Matters were made rather worse by the sending out of the Dalgleish commission whose report in 1948 favouring African advancement was never implemented. The copper companies, who would quite willingly see Africans advanced, take the line that they are bound by the 1942 agreement-entered into apparently to pro- tect the interests of miners absent on war service.
In 1950 the European and African mine workers' unions reached a ' gentleman's agreement"" between themselves laying down the principle of "" equal pay and conditions for equal work "" for workers of both races. Such an agreement sounds fair in name, but it is in effect a further barrier to the Africans.
LESS SKILLED WORKERS
At the present stage Africans who went on to more skilled or responsible employment would not generally perform it as reliably as Europeans, and, as the Dalgleish report recognized, they would have to be paid a lesser wage until they did. Even so, it is doubtful whether in fact more than 4 per cent. would be able to take advantages of such openings.
The point of view of the European mine- workers deserves careful understanding. They claim that the African is so backward that industrial advancement is not practical for him at present. For the future they want to ensure that their children have the same opportunities as themselves. Then they are suspicious that the companies are merely out to get cheap labour and they maintain that the replacement of European lorry drivers by Africans during the 1931 slump was proof of this.
Individually a number of them are more liberal than might be supposed from the united front presented by their union. Moreover the most highly skilled have in practice little to fear. But a trade union fighting with all the paraphernalia of the closed shop is a difficult fortress to penetrate into. Naturally it is the less highly skilled who are most reso- lutely opposed to African advancement. The union is indeed attacking forward rather than acting on the defensive.
CALL TO ENGINEERS
Outside the mines and railways there is at present little industrial colour bar in Northern Rhodesia, but the union is now trying to coopt allied industries, such as engineering, into their industrial section and thus spread it. The Africans, baulked at every turn, have fallen back on making a straight wage demand. If they cannot qualify for the higher-paid jobs, then they mean to be paid more for those they are doing.
In trying to suggest solutions for this thorny and crucial problem, certain basic considera- tions must be borne in mind. The first is that the African, although frustrated because he feels there is an artificial barrier imposed, is not usually yet capable of taking over jobs from Europeans man from man. His advance- ment demands a degree of supervision and, therefore, a complicated reorganization and re- distribution of the employment and wages structure. This must be linked witb intensive technical training both within and without industry. It is the African of the next genera- tion rather than of this one who stands to benefit most.
Secondly, the European worker must be con- vinced by practical proofs that he is not being ousted to increase profits by the substitution of cheap native labour.
Thirdly, if economic development of Africa to the utmost limits of its potentialities is intended, then the advancement of Africans in industry is necessary to achieve success. Finally, an industrial colour bar is morally unjust and therefore injures race relations. Europeans who conceive of it as a means of preserving a privileged position are on doubt- ful ground. They are more likely to safeguard the future of their children in Africa by removing reasonable causes of resentment now.";"January 19, 1953";"";52523;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Industrial Issues On African Copperbelt";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charies H1arAdvc-
Paris, July 21,
The Cyprus' einergency. is providing: a 'contintcmig and effective ekxample:of 'ciisis man- agement. and concerted action by the nine member countries of the European Community.
Over the weekend the French -vernlnent. as chairiman of 'the Council of Ministers of the EEC, ahag been consulting its partners; M Sauvagnirkues, the Foreign Minister, told't4e'press tlast night that, with Herr. .Genscher,_ his West;- German colleagiue- at his 'side 't the Quai 4'(Jrsay, he had:ibeen in touch by teleph,one 'with. Dr Kissinger; the Anerican. Secre- tary of State.
We` noted that' our views were * :r.ather -<Iose."" -'he emphasiped, ""and Dr Kissinger even indicated- that. sme of the suggestions I put ""forward to him seemed useful. He-said-our efforts were on the same lines as those of the United States Government '.
The British suggestion of talks in London between Britain, Greece and Turkey appeared useful to the Europe of the Nine. ""If one wants to avoid an escalation- of violence, it is essential that the three powers should, get together to work out, a peaceful- solution"", M Sauvagnargues said.
The, Community had been able to act and to speak with one voice. ""The role of the United States is important. But the weight of Europe must not be underestimated.. The pressing appeal wve have sent out to the parties involved must cause them to reflect seriously about what could happen if it were not heeded.""
It was the second demarche of the Nine in Athens and Ankara in the past 48 hours.
M Sauvagnargues went on to say that the ddmarche called for acceptance of the British invitation to take part in talks in London; for an end to all military operations; and for the return. .to the constitutional order established by the Lon- don and. Zurich agreement guaranteeing the independence of Cyprus and the security of the two commuriities on the island.
President . Giscard d'Estaing called two special ministerial meetings yesterday to discuss the Cyprus situation. ""France means fully to carry out her responsibilities as president of the Council of Ministers of the Nine, in order to achieve a co- Zordination, of standpoints on Cyprus "", he said.
The President instructed the Foreign Minister to ensure that the Nine took an active part in the solution to the crisis, and suggested that they should use all the means available to them -and. in particular economic pressure-to promote, the re- storation of peace.
The envoys of the eight part- nets of Frances were called to the Foreign Ministry for con- sultation. They, drew up a com- mon statement affirming '"" their attachment to the independence anid territorial integrity of 'ypr-us, and their opposition to any intervention or interference that might undermine them"".
Herr Genscher, who is in Paris oni a. working visit, told a press. 'conference that Cyprns was the main topic of his talks with' his 'French colleague. iEuropean affairs,' especially energy: and - the Euro-Arab oil negotiations, had been also dis- cussed. European union by 1980 was still the aim.
West 'Germaiiy also agreed that a summit meeting should conclude the work of the Euro. pean security conference in Vienna, provided it achieved concrete results. That is also the French standpoint.
Four French military trans- port aircraft left, for Cyprus today to repatriate tourists stranded on the island. They were to land at Akrotiri airbase with the permission of the Brit- ish authorities, and return to Roissy airport, north of Paris, at an unspecified time, accord- ing to the Defence Ministry.
David Cross writes' from Brus- sels: -The Nato Council, which met twice in quick succession after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus yesterday, refrained from holding any further emer- gency sessions today. Nato rep- resentatives apparently felt that a further meeting at this stage would serve no useful purpose, barring some new initiative oni the military or diplomatic front.
After yesterday's sessions, the alliance issued a short statement pledging broad support for United States diplomatic efforts urging a restraint on Greece and Turkey, as well as for the British initiative calling for tripartite talks in London.
Greek representatives yester- day accused the Turks of ""an act of aggression "". The Turkish delegate countered by claiming that his Government had acted only to restore security and human rights on the island.
In a further development, EEC foreign ministers, includ- ing Mr Callaghan, are to discuss the Cyprus question during one of their regular monthly meet- ings in Brussels tomorrow night.";"July 22, 1974";"";59145;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC show of unity and accord with US in facing crisis";""
"['David Spanier']";"['News']";"David Spanier
The days wvhen British influence was reflected in large parts of the world atlas being marked in red have long since past The very phrase "" Gun- boar diplomacy "" has become an anachronism. In the modern world, British foreign policy works through influence and persuasion, and every effort has been made to reduce the numbers of troops around the globe.
The result is that apart from Nato, which is of course the fundamental alliance wvhich guarantees Britain's security, there are very fewv British soldiers abroad, even in those areas which can still be marked in red.
Nato is a defensive alliance 'but curiously enough it does not commit Britain to assign forces to it. That comes under the Western European Union (WEU), wvhich is the custodian of the balance of European forces.
The W3EU treaty wvas a lkeey part of a highly sensitive political compromise of the post-wvar period, which per- mnitted the rearming of West Germany and its entry into Nato. Of the seven signatories of the modified Brussels Treaty of 1954 (Belgium, France, W'est Germany, Italy, Luxem- bourg, Netherlands and the United Kingdom) only Britain accepted an obligation to maintain forces on the main- land of Europe.
The total at the time was 77,000 men. Then in February- 1957 Britain sought to Teduce the level of its forces in Europe as part of the cost saving associated wsith the run- ning down of national service. It was agreed that the total could be be reduced to 63,500. Again in December 1957. Britain proposed a further re- duction, and the U1EtJ Coun- cil agreed to a further 8,500 men being withdrawn.
This was-s expressed as ren- resenting ""four divisions aiid the Second Tactical Airforce, or such other forces as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, regarded as having equivalent fighting capacity "".
The present level of BAOR forces is about 57,OD, although some 1,900 troops stationed in Northern Ireland have con- tinued to be nominally attribu- ted to BAOR. The esta-blishment of RAF Germany stands at 11,000 men.
The latest report to the Assembly of WVEU by the Com- mittee on Defence Questions and Armaments gives Britain the thumbs up on its military contributions. Noting that the units in Nofthern Ireland wvould be speedily returned' to their duty stations in an emergency affecting Nato, the Commnittee concluded that the average number of British forces stationed in Germany was prk- aLbly about MOB men short, not important in itself.
'Elsewhere around' the globe,
1980 Defence expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product. The tree cost of defence in other European countries is understated because they rely on
low-paid conscript armies.
British forces are few and far between, and the opportunitv for making significant savings in manpower correspondingly limited. British troops are stationed in the FaLkland Islands, Belize, Gibraltar, Brunei, Hongkong, the sovereign bases in Cyprus and Diego Garcia.
In dependent territories, Britain has a commitment to maintain their defence. Clearly, the contingent of 40 marines in the Falklands, however gallant, is not stationed there to repulse an Argentinian invasion. It is more an earnest of Britain's sense of obligation, though the marines are useful in dealing wvith a minor emergency, such as say a buccannering aircraft landing on the islands to assert Argentinian claims.
In Diego Garcia, which Mauritius has ceded to Britain f or use as a base, there is a detachment of 25 naval personnel. The United States runs the airstrip.
Belize is a different story. There are about 1,600 men all told in the garrison, plus four RAF Harriers, with the specific purpose of deterring an attack bv Guatemala. This has been, in recent years, a serious threat. But with the recent agreement under -which Guatemala accepted giving up its territorial claims in return for various other benefits, there is now a very good prospect of Belize proceeding to independence in an orderly -way this year.
In that case, the British military back-up would natur- ally come to an end, though not perhaps straight awavy The additional cost of having forces in Belize is put at £3.5m out of a total of about £25m a year.
Rather than specifying a par- ticular level of forces or equip- ment, Britain's' allies expect Britain to do its duty as an ally. On the nuclear- issue, it would appear that considerable satis- faction is felt in Bonn, and also WVashington, that France is not the only nuclear power in Europe. The West Germans went out of their, way to vwel- come the Trident decision.";"June 18, 1981";"";60957;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commitments/";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
PARIS, Ocr. 25
It has been another full day for the Foreign Ministers. Two meetings of the Atlantic Council were held to discuss the apprcach to Geneva. The discussions between 'Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Dulles probably concerned the Middle East, and perhaps also differences about member- ship of the Security Council.
It is announced that Mr. Dulles, besides going to Yugoslavia, will visit Austria during the course of the conference. Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Theotokis, the Greek Foreign Mini- ster, met and discussed Cyprus to-day. There are unconfirmed reports from Greek sources that the Cyprus question might be "" put on ice "" for f:ve years, by which time the secu- rity situation may have changed.
The Atlantic Council meeting was largely devoted to a statement by Mr. Dulles of the three-Power views on the first item on the Geneva agenda (European security and German unification). The western Powers propose to offer a security pact guarantee- ing Russia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia against attack from Germany. Membership of the pact on the western side will be left for later discussion if Mr. Molotov takes up the idea, but it is increasingly believed that the Russians are not interested in a western gcarantee.
Mr. Macmillan spoke on the second item (disarmament); but there is little expectation that the conference can lead to more than a declaration of encouragement for the work of the Unxited Nations disarmament sub- committee.
LIVELY DISCUSSION
M. Pinay spoke on the third item (east- west contacts), after which there was a lively discussion, opened by M. Spaak. It was decided to hold an afternoon meeting, in which all the Ministers took part. It is known that general agreement was expressed with the proposals made for membership of the security pact. Some changes in the pre- sentation of the western case were suggested. but no change of substance. The only refer- ence to the Middle East is understood to have been made by the Turkish Foreign Minister, who made a statement on the Baghdad pact.
Mr. Macmillan is host at a dinner at the British Embassy this evening to be attended by French and British diplomatists who are going to Geneva.
At the ead of the day, Herr von Brentano, the German Foreign Minister, informed the Press that he had discussed the results of the Saar referendum with M. Pinay. The French Government. he said, had accepted the Saar people's decision with exemplary calm. (This was noted also by many foreign representa- tives here to-day.) A solution of the Saar problem, in his view, should be found by Western European Union in agreement with the Governments of Germany and France, and he believed that such a solution would be found.
The Minister was asked what effect the referendumn would have on the Coal and Steel Community, which France had joined while in control of the Saar's economic production. He replied that no one had any intention of ignoring French economic interests in the Saar
Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Dulles met this evening alfter the N.A.T.O. meetings un- accompanied by their advisers, and they will meet again. to-morrow, probably to discuss the Middle East before the meetings each will have separately to-morrow with Mr. Sharett, the israel Prime Minister.
Mr. Sharett received your Correspondent this afternoon and said that his visits to Paris and later to Geneva were due to the "" abrupt and perilous "" change in the Middle East situation after the Czech-Egyptian arms deal.
The Egyptians had always possessed a marked superiority in equipment. Britain, for instance, had sent Egypt Centurion tanks, which Israel did not possess. The Israelis were prepa,-ed to plead guilty to a superiority in technical skill and organization which had helped to restore the balance. Now, however, the arms deal had upset all that. Egypt-maintained that she was still at war with lsrael. We believe,"" said Mr. Sharett, "" that her aim is to destroy Israel.""
POSSIBLE REMEDIES
The Israel Prime Minister said that there were three Dossible remedies. The first was to prevent the arms deal. He would put it very strongly to Mr. Molotov when he met himn in Geneva that the arms deal was wholly inconsistent with the Geneva spirit. t created tension, in contrast to the alleged Soviet policy of diminishing tension. The second possible remedy was for the western Powers to give Israel arms and so preserve the balance; and the third was to conclude a security -treaty which would be a contract between States and not "" imposed from above "" like the tripartite declaration of 1950 in support of the status qto.";"October 26, 1955";"";53361;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western ""Brief"" For Geneva";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
KITWE, JAN. 4
The announcement that Sir Hartley Shawcross, Q.C., will appear for -the copper mining companies in the wages arbitration with the African mine workers' union on'January 19 marks the signifi- cance that the companies attach to the case. He will be assisted by Mr. A. F. Williamson, Q.C., and Mr. W. G. Trollip, of the Johannesburg Bar. The companies concerned are the Rhodesian Selection Trust, Limrited, and Rhodesian Anglo American, Limited, and their mines constitute a great part of the wealth of Northern Rhodesia. The wage claims were first -made by the Afri- can union early in September, and were for a flat rate of 2s. 8d. a day. After attempts at conciliation had failed a three- week strike was called in October, during which European'workers maintained the essential services. The strike was eventu- ally ended on the understanding that an arbitrator from England should be appointed, and it has been stated that Mr. C. W. Guillebaud has accepted the task.
The claim is unusual in that it seeks to raise the wages of the lowest grades in some casesl by as much as 178 per cent. and the highest by only 10 per cent. It is difficult to assess the merits of the claim, because conditions are so artificial. Nearly all basic necessities are pro- vided by the companies on a comparatively lavish scaTe. The claim is indeed scarcely one of hardship. The companies could no doubt meet present demands, but the effect on the general wage structure in the colony would be catas- trophic. Farms and railways could not compete.
ADVANCEMENT BARRED
Behind the demand of African union, how- ever, is the spectre of a far more controversial and fundamental issue-namely, the applica- tior, of the industrial colour bar in the copper belt and in central Africa generaUy. By an agreement made between the companies and the European mine workers' union in 1942 Africans were effectively barred from funher advancement to skilled and semi-skilled jobs in the copper belt. The Dalgleish report in 1948 recommended the reversal of this policy, but was boycotted by the European union and never implemented. In 1950 the African and European unions agreed on the principle of equal pay for equal work, but this in effect was merely strengthening the barrier against Africans, who are not yet sufficiently advanced to take over jobs on such terms.
The dispute over the colour bar is not so much concerned with the present as with the future. European workers here could probably make considerable concessions without affect
ing their position, owing to the backwardness of the Africans, but it is their children they are thinking of. From the Africans' point of view also it is to some extent a battle for the future, as only a very small percentage could benefit from concessions now, but in their case prestige is a substantial factor.
The debarring of Africans from advance- ment in the copper industry must, in the long run, have its effect on the development bf the colony as a whole. There is no colour bar in Northern Rhodesian industry outside mines and railways, but an attempt is being made to spread it by bringing in outside workers, such as engineers, under the industrial section of the miners' union. The African union has made various attempts to bbtain a relaxation of the induced colour bar, but has made no pro- gress. Although the Government and the companies may feel syrDpathy for them, they have not been prepared to take action while the union remains adamant.
WATCHING NEIGHBOURS
Any modification would be complicated, as it would involve a redistribution and reclassifi cation of jobs and alterations to wage agreements. The present demands of Africans must be interpreted in this light. As the colour bar appears to be firmly entrenched, they are attempting to turn the flank by demanding an increase for jobs they are already doing. Advancement figures only indirectly in their claims, its denial being given as a subsidiary reason for making them Nevertheless the implication is clear. Further significance is added to claims when it is remembered that the arbitration will come on before the referendum on federation in Southern Rhodesia. An industrial colour bar also exists there, and the outcome of the case will be closely watched by white workers.
In general there is a marked absence of tension in the copper belt. The African union is well pleased with the way its strike wentI off. But there is an underlying sympathy with the African union which would make itl dangerous to indulge in complacehcy. The security services are well staffed on the inteUi- gence side, but they lack effective forces should trouble occur.";"January 5, 1953";"";52511;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"African Miners' Claims";""
"['From Ian Murray, Stuttgart']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray, Stuttgart
Under ""hard pounding"" from an extremely tough Mrs Thatch- er other EEC leaders at the Stuttgart summit reluctantly put their signatures to a final document yesterday which appeared to give the British Prime Minister everything she was asking for. But it still remains to been seen if the hard won promises will be honoured.
the document offers Britain: a £450m rebate on its 1983 contriutions to the EEC budget, with no commitment to an increase in the amount of money which member states must pay to the community.
But France has had it written into the minutes that it will block any payment to Britain if there is not a prior agreement on the way in which the near bankrupt Community should be financed into the future.
And Mr Piet Dankert, the President of the European Parliament - which can stop any rebate - warned that the ""unsatisfactory and disappoint- ing conclusions"" of the summit were just not good enough.
Both France and parliament want to see the Community paid more money and they have very wide support. So far, Mrs Thatcher has always said she ""remained to be convinced"" of the need for more money, but yesterday she seemed to soften slightly on the point. She would consider an increase, she said, once there had been a full review of the Common Agricul- tural Policy spending, a proper look at other policies and once she was convinced that the budget contributions were being fairly levied.
1-er agreement might be easier if negotiations are speeded up on Spanish and
Portuguese membership. There were some indications that Britain might be considering raising the budget ceiling in the interests of enlargement.
But this sign of softening was in no way apparent at the negotiation table. Mrs Thatcher pulled off a remarkable nego- tiating triumph, oblivious of the fact that she might be spilling bad blood on the way. On Saturday she apparently threa-
Quote: ""The summit came very close to breaking down"" - Mr Gaston Thorn, Com- mission President -
Quote: ""The battle was very rough"" - M Pierre Mavroy, French Prime Minister.
Report, photograph, sketch and part text of the Declar- ation on European Union, page 4
Leading article, page 11
tened to leave the meeting and so bring the summit crashing to failure.
An aggrieved M Pierre Mauroy admitted afterwards: ""It was a bit rough."" Herr Helmut Kohl, the West German Chancellor, who chaired the meeting, said pointedly that he had not liked some of the things which had been said. It was time for an end to national selfishness in the interests of the community, he added.
The presidency of the Comm- unity is assumed by Greece from the beginning of next month and there are only three working months of negotiations left in which to put together the necessary package in time for agreement by the Athens summit at the beginning of December.
The. phrase in -the final document which' nec'essitated MrTfiatcher's ""hard pounding"" reads:. ""On the basis -of the conclusions reached (on devel- oprment of policies. improving budgetary discipline' and the exatiination of the_ financial syste i,the e*tent andtuniing of the Cominiuneiys requitnents in terms""ofwVn res'ources will be determined'1.''
T.he: orignal' 4rafs, 2 she expl'ained, hadL tried"" jjA hold Britain'' down. 'to -agree an increase' and she would have none of it.,
Sher was afso imnmernsely pleased with the rebate money on offer, even though it was much - less than had been mentioned as a likely British target. It meant, she explained patiently, that over the past four years Britain had received back some £2,500 million in rebates which' worked out at 65.5 per cent..-This, she emphasized, was very near the two thirds target which Britain had always sought.
Since she had believed when she arrved that nobody was remotely interested in giving Britain any money at all, she said she was very satisfied with the result, however sceptical some people might be about it.
The summit's one moment of peace among the discord came at the end when the leaders put their signatures to the so-called solemn declaration on Euro- pean union, a much watered down version of a paper drawn up hopefully in 1981. In the intervening negotiations all the bits which Britain regarded as dangerous have been excised, in particular any reference to the need for majority voting in the Council of Ministers.
,Satisfied: Mrs Thatcher at yesterday's summit's closing press conference";"June 20, 1983";"";61563;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French throw doubt on Thatcher's 'triumph' at summit";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, DEC. 7
No open displeasure has been voiced by the United States at the French initia- tive in seeking gussian views regarding a possible four-Power meeting next May,i though Mr. Dulles stated at hiis Press con- ference to-day that talk of a specific date went ""far beyond anything of which we1 have been informed."" He admitted, how- ever, that M. Mendes-France had men- tioned a possible meeting in May durinfg his recent talks in Washington, though the reaction in the State Department when he publicly spoke of such a date in the United Nations was that he had gone too far.
These ambiguities frequently occur; but ro-day Mr. Dulles went farther towards endorsing the idea of talks with Russia than at any previous time-always provided that the London and Paris agreements were out of the way, so that such a meeting could not degenerate into a manoeuvre, as he said, to prevent ratification.
It becomes increasingly apparent from the latest utterances of the President and the .Secretary of State that the United States is speaking with two voices to Russia and to China, and there is an obvious coincidence between this change of tone and the consulta- tions in Washington of Mr. Bohlen, American Ambassador in Mos'ow. who~ returns to his post to-morrow. He may well have left a suggestion that the problem of weaning China from Russia to the extent that it is seen im that light in the United States, could be viewed in diametrically opposed terms; the unusually stiff language with which Mr. Dulles discussed the Formosa defence treaty might readily support this supposition.
PRELIMINARY TALKS
He now said that Mr. Bohlen would not return to Moscow with any specific proposals beyond his awareness of the ""general senti-I ments"" of the Government, and he would be! fully authorized to encourage developmentsl along those lines. Any suggestion that the. three western Powers were seeking exchanges! in Moscow for the specific purpose of arranging! a meeting "" would be an overstatement,""i though a preliminary exchange of views was' now going on in Paris.
A distinct evolution in the American position may be perceived in his explanation that a consensus of the opinion of the President, him- self, and the heads of Governments of Britain, France, and west Germany looked to useful consultations with the Russians next spring after ratification of the Paris agreements. But they had not reached the point of thinking in concrete terms. There had been no concerted action by the western Powers to fix a date. However, Mr. Dulles would be in Paris with Sir Anthony Eden next week for the annual review meeting of the North Atlantic Council, and undoubtedly the subject would then be discussed.
The United States, he said, would hope for talks with the Soviet Government that would be really constructive and deal seriously with some o the grave issues, such as the Austrian treaty and the unification of Germany. He repeated the point from his Chicago speech, on which M. Mendes-France had commented that they would also be glad to encourage limitation of the armaments of the Soviet bloc comparable with the limitations imposed as a self-denying ordinance upon members of the new Western European Union.
AMBASSADOR'S REPORT
The Secretary of State was asked what Mr. Bohlen had reported about the new mood in Moscow. He explained that there was an "" iron curtain "" there between western diplomatists and high officials of the Soviet Government- the Ambassador's talk with Mr. Malenkovy shortly before leaving Moscow was a step! towards doing away with that complete barrier. It would be helpful and desirable if there! could be opportunities for informal talks between foreign diplomatists and Soviet! Government officials in the sort of atmosphere' obtaining in Washington, though such al change could come about only gradually.1 There was now some tendency, he said, for the! Russians to break down the rigidity of thisl "" iron curtain,"" and the United States would welcome such a move and respond to it.
Mr. Dulles was also asked whether there was; any intention of urging Russia to intervene in' Peking for the release of the Americanl prisoners. He replied that for the time being this problem was primarily a matter for the United Nations, which would decide whether such an approach by the Secretary-General would be proper.";"December 8, 1954";"";53109;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Contacts In Moscow";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"I From Richard Wigg
'aris, Veb 18
The Gaullists are in turmoil over direct elections to the European Parliament. The prob- lem for the UDR leaders is how to reconcile the mandate given the movement by General de Gaulle himself to reject any- thing smacking of ""supra- nationality "" with the need to stay united behind the Govern- ment.
The party executive spent several hours last night discus- sing a common attitude. But al- though that was the second long meeting on the topic, the Gaullists agreed only to meet for a third time next month and possibly hold an emergency national council-the party's 120-man highest body-to ap- prove a party stand. This would be timed .- precede the meet- ing of the government heads of the Nine in Luxembourg on April 1.
President Giscard d'Estaing obtained from the European Council meeting in Rome in December a pledge to hold the direct elections in 1978. He dined with M Chirac, his Gaul- list Prime Minister, last night and is believed to have ex- amined the issue with him.
The dispute over direct elec- tions is really an internal Gaullist one. The party leaders headed by M Chirac are com- mitted to support the President in order to survive. But the numerous elderly ""barons"" of the movement talk about a referendum on the fundamental constitutional aspect of the European elections.
M Giscard d'Estaing has tried to assuage the old guard while lunching with M Michel Debre, the former Prime Minister, who is among the most alarmist, before the first meeting of the Gaullist executive. He publicly declared last week that the real
question was ""less the method of election than how the Assem- bly fulfils its mission: it goes without saying it must do that within the terms of the treaty of Rome "".
M Chirac accepts direct elec- tions but holds that any exten- sion of the European Parlia- ment's powers would threaten the break up of the UDR.
M Claude Labbe, who as leader of the parliamentary party is close to the Prime Mini- ster, said before yesterday's executive meeting: ""The Gaul- lists do not refuse the idea of elections to a European Parlia- ment on universal suffrage; we say simply that a certain num- ber of rules must be observed.""
But he added that France must ""maintain her independ- ence in order to remain a great power "". He advised the Gaul- lists "" not to question the President's motives, because until now he has maintained France in her status of non- dependence "".
At yesterday's meeting several Gaullist leaders attacked the report of Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, on European union for its "" un- real "" and "" ambiguous "" pro- posals. In particular, M Christian de La Malene rejec- ted the suggestion for majority decisions on agreed aspects of foreign policy and defence.
M Chirac and the President are telling the Gaullists that the future European Parliament will be kept in its present restricted role by the national govern- ments, regardless of how mem- bers are elected. But the Gaul- list old guard is profoundly sus- picious that the "" new legiti- macy "" of direct elections will transform the present economic Community politically.
They already see the Britons, Germans, Dutch and Italians taking an Atlantic line on fun-
damental issues like defence thus ""smothering"" France. M Alexandre Sanguinetti, a former secretary-general of the party has spoken of ""a mortal peril' for the only three ""genuine"" European nations, which accord. ing to him are France, Britain and Spain.
Another spectre for the Gaul, lists is that European elections could favour the opposition in 1978 when French parliamen- tary elections are due on a balloting system which, they hope, will again bring victory to the present majority.
M Giscard d'Estaing has said, however, that the European vote will be held after the national elections. The Minis- try of the Interior is examining various voting procedures. The Government does not want pure proportional representation for the European elections-this could benefit the opposition- and the ministry has accordingly suggested a mixed system.
The election issue troubles not only the government camp. M Georges Marchais, the Com- munist leader, uses language quite as emotional as that of M Sanguinetti to express his party's rejection while the Socialist Party has supported the idea publicly since Decem- ber 1973.
But last month a Socialist executive meeting revealed serious differences in that party. A left-wing third of the party assembly disapproved of the enthusiastic public asser- tion by M Francois Mitterrand that direct elections were the best method to ""democratize"" the EEC.
Only M Giscard d'Estainig's own Independent Republicans and the Centrists led bv M Lecanuet, the Minister of Justice. are unfettered suppor- ters of direct European electiocns.";"February 19, 1976";"";59632;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gaullists are divided over direct European elections as old guard fears 'supranationality'";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON. OCr. 26
American intelligence agencies let it be known today that military traffic from North to South Vietnam has declined considerably in recent weeks. One esti- mate says that it may be down by as much as a third.
This is the first indication of a slacken- ing of northern support for the war, but officials here are chary of the suggestion that it may be evidence of a change of policy. They see it as the cumulative effect of the bombing campaign.
The assumpion is that the destruction of oil storage tanks is at last beginning to be felt.
EXPOSED ROUTES
If this assumption is correct the con- sequences can be of great importance. The Vietcong, as well as North Vietnam regular Army units, are now almost com pletely dependent on supplies from the lorth, and ammunition shortages musi reduce their operations.
It is possible that the lack of fuel may also explain the recent shift of supply lirzs from the long Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos to across the demilitarized zone divid- ing the two Vietnams. Whatever the reason. the new routes are more exposed and would only be used by an army desperately short of tuel.
The development is surprising if only because a senior official was convinced that North Vietnam could carry on the war indefinitely. Perhaps it could, at a lower level of intensity, but elsewhere in the Administration the conviction is growing that the fighting war will be over weU before the presidential election in 1968.
New time limit for
offset talks
FROM OUR OWVN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, OcT. 26
The United States Government has been informed, much to its relief. that Britain has once again postponed the deadline it had imposed on the tripartite discussions of offset costs for British troops in west Germany. It is now prepared to continue discussions until the early part of December.
Mr. Callaghan, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, originallv insisted that an a""lree- ment to meet the foreign exchange costs of the Rhine Army should be ready by the middle of October. This was stretched a little after the recent Washin-ton visit of Mr. George Brown, when it was made klnown that Britain was prepared to wait until mid-November, but now the talks are to continue until the Nato Council nmeeting in December.
This new flexibility is welcomed herc, primarily because officials were not con- vinced that Britain's budgetary processes and the need to consult with the Western European Union required so much time. More attention can now be given by the tri- partite commnission to matters of equal rele- vance to troop levels, such as the Soviet threat and strategy.
More time is not expected to produce many more Deutsche MvIark;s, but at least the opportunity remains to persuade the west Germans that some troop reductions Sceould tbe made without endangerina their
BOGOTA STUDENTS
CALL STRIKE
FROM OUR LATIN AMERICA CORRESPONDENT
NEw YORK, OcT. 26
The Colombian National Federation of Students has callcd a 48-hour strike in pro- test against the use of trooDs and police to deal with a riot at Bogotd University on Monday.
Several liundred youths stoned a car carrying President Carlos Lleras Restrepo and Mr. John Rockereller to the opening of a new atzricultural course subsidized by the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. Lleras ordered in the troops, who used tear gas.
The number of students arrested and sub- ject to military trial is now ION.
INQUIRY ON BISHOP'S
ALLEGED HERESY
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, Ocr. 26
The House of Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States today put in train arrangements for an inquiry into allegations of heresy and pastoral irres- ponsibility made against the Rt. Rev. James Pike, the retired Bishop of California.
Dr. John Hines, the presiding bishop, said that under the laws of the Church he had no alternative, after Dr. Pike said that the House had passed judgment on his conduct as a clergyman, without giving him a fair hearing.
The House voted by 103 votes to 36 yesterday at Wheeling, West Virginia, to accept the report of a special committee which recommended that a charge of heresy should not be pursued, but deplored what it called Dr. Pike's lack of "" sensitive pastoral care and patient and reverent penetration"" in attempting to reinterpret the language of faith in a modern context.";"October 27, 1966";"";56773;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Supplies From N. Vietnam Dwindling";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-BONN, JULY 22
The west German abinet met today to hear Dr. Dahlgriin, the Finance Minister, report on his talks yesterday with Mr. Callaghan on the cost of the British Army of the Rhine. There is no sign yet that the Germans will change their decision that the further payments which Britain demands will not be met from the German Budget.
The Cbancellor of the: Exchequer. before leaving Bonn last night, appeared to imply that the last word had not been said on the German side about Budget payments. Presumably he was leaving the door ajar. However, an official spokesman assured me today that the German Government was adamant on this point, and t'Xat the British Govern- ment had been clearly informed of it.
Little surprise
German official. circles seem hopeful that a compromise solution of some kind can be reached, and are sounding out the seriousness of British intentions to with- draw parts of the Rhine Army. The British warning of a withdrawal has caused no undue flurry here and has had relatively little coverage in the press.
There is some indication. in circles not far from the Government, that the Germans are not prepared financially to inconvenience themselves unduly to keep the British forces here, and take the line that if Britain for her own reasons feels she must take out some of the troops she should go ahead and do so.
Contrast with France
Some circles are more critical. The official spokesman was asked today why the Government was making such efforts to agree with General de Gaulle about keeping French troops in Germany when France had virtually forsaken the Nato alliance, whereas no similar attempt was being made to make a similar accommo- dation with Britain, which was a faithful ally.
The reply was that the British troops were costing money and Britain was ask- ing for cash payments from the German
Budget for their upkeep, while there was no similar problem about the French troops.
REPLY EXPECTED IN
ABOUT A WEEK
FROM OUR POLITICAL CORRESPONDENT
It be6comes incresinyciear that thie' main part of any immediate defence cuts must depend on the west German reply to Mr. Callaghan's demands, which is expected within a week or so. For the present, London is giving the impression of a resolute decision to bring back part of the Rhine Army forthwith if Bonn is unable to propose a practicable way of staunching the outflow of sterling. At this stage of the bargaining nothing else could be expected.
T he fact remains that the Govern- ment do not convincingly explain yet how any substantial cuts in Rhine Army strength could be quickly achieved. It would be relatively easy to bring back some troops and find temporary quarters or bivouacs for them; it would be impossible to bring back quickly their civilian dependents.
CAMPS READY
If Bonn has nothing to offer within a week or so, the threat is that the Gov- ernment will begin the process of dis- cussing cuts with Britain's allies through Nato and West European Union pro- cedures.
Taking up a reference by Mr. Calla- ghan to bringing back troops and put- ting them under canvas in Britain, the Defence Ministry (Army) yesterday commented: "" In the event of its being necessary to withdraw troops from Germany there is no question of their moving into tents. There are 14 butted or brick-built camps all ready on a care and maintenance basis against contin- gencies of this kind.
Sterling better
FROM OUR CITY EDITOR
Sterling was better able to hold its own yesterday. Its improvement since the Prime Minister's statement on Wednesday had been largely engineered by the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. But yes- terday, apart from an early push and some late selling of forward dollars, the authorities seemed to let the market find its own level.
The pound closed at U.S. $2.79 3-32 with a gain of 1-32c., having been taken 1-16c. higher at one stage on demand from Paris.
ON OTHER PAGES
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Arts - - - - 16 Overseas at As It Happens - 11 Parliament Bridge - - - 14 Sale room Business World 16-19 Services ton Court, social - - 12 Sports
Crossword - 20 TV and rad Engagements - 12 The Times, I Gardening - - 14 University n Home News . 9,10 WVeather Law report - 15 Wills -
Letters - - 11 Weekendfei Liner movements 16 Obituary- - - 15
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Births, Marriages and Deaths . . . .2
Personal - - - - - - - 2.. 2 Entertainments . - ....... . 4 Index toothercategories . . . . 2";"July 23, 1966";"";56691;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn still refuses to bow to Mr. Callaghan";""
"['A. M. Rendel']";"['News']";"Mr Karamanlis, left, and Mr Ecevit: A new meeting of reconciliation ?
one immediate reaction in Greece to the Cyprus disaster has been arn extraornknarily bitter almost universal execra- tion of Americans. Nine think- ing Greeks out of 10 are con- vinced that the CIA encouraged the colonels to risk the coup against Archbishop Makarios whioh gave Turkey the pretext to dnvade. There followed in Greece a passionate desire to be free of all foreign meddling and the outraged withdrawal from the military organization of Nato at a moment when Greece patently needs full United States sympatlhy and support in her several disputes with Turkey.
Greek leaders stress that Greece has not left the alliance. They readily admit that the bilateral agreements with the United States-for instance, the home porting agreement for six United States destroyers; stor- age of nuclear weapons to guard the northern frontier; sea and air facilities in Crete; and maintenance of a radar screen-are much in the strate- gic interests of Greece and that their abandonment would also be a severe economic blow. They argue that it took France a year to leave the military organization of Nato and tvo years or more to negotiate further working arrangements. In the early warning system and certain exercises,, for instance, France has continued to cooper- ate throughout. For the present, therefore, the Greek Govern- ment will leave matters much as they were, while tempers cool.
Anti-Americanization together wvith the desire of Greece to be accepted as internationally res- pectable once more, has strongly increased the determination of Greeks to win full membership in a European union at the earliest possible moment.
Meanwhile Cyprus remains the most urgent problem. In face of the sufferings of Cyprus, Greeks feel much responsibility and genuine distress. As one young political agent said to me: "" If there is a package deal with Turkey, I would rather make concessions over oil for the Aegean than agree to a forced transfer of Greek Cypriots from their homes."" This could be a youthfully gen- erous attitude, but many Greeks would agree with it, though many others now wish that
Cyprus could just be forgotten.
The Government have now withdrawn about one-third of the 600 Greek officers serving with the Cyprus National Guard, and HilI before long have re- placed all those who were in Cyprus at the time of the attack upon Archbishop Makarios. They acknowledge that the arch- bishop has still the support of a large majority of Greek Cypriots. If he decides to re- turn to Cyprus, they will do nothing to stand in his way thoug.h they would like to en- sure that, if he goes, he takes responsibility himself for a negotiated agreement, and does not merely bedevil ani agree- ment from the wings. Any settlement which the Greek Cypriots accept will be readily accepted by the Greeks.
Behind all this the leading diplomats of Greece and Turkey know how greatly the real interests of both would be served by a settlement of their outsanding differences once and for all. For the present the crisis has made a solution far harder than before, but Mr Karamanlis and Mr Ecevit, the Prime Ministers of Greece and Turkey, as national leaders with strong popular support could yet join in a new meeting of reconciliation such as served the interests of both countries so well after the Lausanne Treaty of 1923.
Mr Karamanlis, unlike the colonels, is certainly ready to discuss the oil dispute-or any question which the Turks may wish to raise, possibly, for in- stance, ways of developing and reassuring the Turkish com- munity (120,000) in Thrace or the final demilitarization of islands in the Aegean some of which were garrisoned by Greece during the crisis. Another bone of contention left in 1923 for settlement later- the Greek community in Istan- bul-has over the years largely solved itself since most of the Greeks, uncertain v of their future, have deDarted. Only some 12.000 to 15.000 remain, which gives a real chance to scotch once and for all Turkish fears that Greeks still dream of ""the Great Idea"" of regaining Istanbul.
At vresent, however, Greek;s fear that the Turkish army, being the real power in Turkev, is in a mood to seek spoils, not peace. It is. therefore, too soonI to speak of a new period of reconciliation-buit in a year or so much could channe.
A. M. Rendel";"November 8, 1974";"";59239;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A year is a long time in the eastern Mediterranean";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"From David Cross
Brussels, May 2
The European Community's standing in the developing world has received a sharp set- back from the failure of im- portant sugar negotiations in Brussels at the end of last week.
Talks between the European Commission and ministers from 13 African, Caribbean and Paci- fic (ACP) nations ended incon- clusively just before midnight on Friday. Mr George King, the Guyanan Trade Minister, main- tained that- the negative out- come was a ""clear discrimina- tion"" against the interests of the developing countries con- cerned.
His comments augur ill for the fourth United Nations Con- ference on Trade and. Develop- ment (Unctad) which -opens in Nairobi later this week.
The talks broke down over the Community's final offer of a guaranteed minimum import price of about £180 a tonne for the Community's imports of cane sugar from the mainly Commonwealth countries over the next 12 months or so. This was nearly £10 less than the ACP countries were demanding.
A new -price agreement is being negotiated under the terms of the Lome trade, aid and cooperation agreement which guarantees access to the Community of up to 1,300,000 tons of ACP sugar a year.
Mr King, who -led the ACP delegation during two days of deliberations last week, said that the Community's final price offer represented an -increase of about 2 per cent on last year's price, comDared with a rise of 8 per cent for EEC beet sugar producers this year. ACP
producers lRad suffered just as much from inflation as Com- munity growers and to offer the former a smaller increase was ""blatantly unfair and dis- criminafory"", he claimed.
Although he conceded that in sterling terms the Community's offer was some £30 above last year's level virtually all of this increase was due solely fo the fall in the value of sterling on forqign exchange markets.
Mr King said that he and his colleagues were beginning to lose hope and f4th in the Lome convention, which they had originally seen as "" a model ideally suited to the adjustment of the iniquitous international economic order "".
On behalf of the Community, M Pierre Lardinois, the Com- missioner for Agriculture, said that the EEC could not agree to pay overseas sugar pro. ducers more than growers in most Community countries were receiving. He pointed out that British producers were in fact -getting 20 per cent less than £180 a tonne because they were unable to benefit from recent falls in the value of sterling.
Moreover any figure higher than £180 a tonne would go well beyond the negotiating mandate approved by ministers of agriculture of the Nine last month.
Although the two sides failed- to meet the May I deadline they had originally set them- selves, contacts between the Commission and the sugar pro- ducers are to continue. M Lardinois is to report back to ministers of agriculture of the Nine at their next routine meet- ing in Brussels in mid-May to discover wlvether any farther
improvement in the Com- munity's price offer is possible.
The deadlock in the sugar negotiations may also be raised in passing during a routine round. of discussions among EEC foreign ministers in Brus- sels tomorrow and on Tuesday. This would pfobably be during talks on the preparation of the Community's standpoint at the Unctad conference.
In addition to a number of other foreign policy items like the Community's relations with Greece and other nations bor- dering 'the Mediterranean, the ministers will be taclding some pressing internal problems, these include the delicate issue of direct elections to the Euro- pean Parliament and the report on European Union by Mr Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister.
Mr Roy HXattersley, the Minister of State at the Foreign Office, who wsrill be standing in for Mr Crosland, the Foreign Secretary, during the latter's visit to China, is expected to reiterate the urgency his Government attaches to a reform of the Community's fisheries policy. Mr Crosland himself intends to play an active role in this process later as MP for the fishing port of Grimsby.
During other discussions Mr Hattersley is lik;ely to come under some pressure to agree to recent Community plans to standardize summer time in all EEC member states who want to apply it
The British have so far refused to accept a suggestion that from next year summer time should last about six-and- a-half months from the beginning of April. At present British summer time lasts about seven months.";"May 3, 1976";"";59694;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Failure of sugar price talks damages EEC standing with the Third World";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From- PETER STRAFFORDI
Brussels, Jan.-l1 Mr. Geore Thomson, the Chancelor of the Duchy ol Lancaster, told a meeting ol Western European Union (WEU) yesterday that Britain Was ready to open nogotiations with the six Common Market nations immediately. Britain hoped, he said, that negotiations could open even before July, the time by which the Six have agreed to complete their own preperations.
In the meantime he was con- fident that the Council oa Ministers of the European Bconomic Comunxity would not ignore Britain's own very con- siderable interests when it came to discuss the future of the Con- munity's agricultural policy. particularly the question of the surpluses.
Britain was ready to come to termn with the agricultural policy, but she wanted to discuss tihe question as a full member and play a part in its solution.
This eagerness to get over the present waiting period, and to be able to play an active role in E.E.C. decisions, was the main feature of the two.day meeting of W.E.U., held without the French, which erided yesterday. It was the first meeting of this sort since the summit conference of the Six in The Hague last month. and the British representatives showed some of their main pre- occupations.
On Friday' Mr. Michael Stew- art, the Foreign Secretary, asked for, and received, assurances that the Six were not contemplating big decisions on political cooperation without takig Britain into aocount. Yesterday. when economic questions were discussed. Mr. Thonsun turned to the question of agriutural finance and said that Britain, as a future member, was particu- larly concerned that arrange- ments for sharing the burden should be equitable.
Britain had noted with interest. he said, the efforts being made by the Six to limit budgetary costs by better control of the agricultural mairket.
In their replies both Signor Aldo Moro, the Italian Foreign Minister, and Dr. Joseph Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister. Pointed out that a certain adaptation of the financial regu- lations on the admission of new members had been provided for at The Hague. They added that the recent agreement on agricul- tural finance allowed a phasing of nationa*l contributions until
the end of 19 77, and that this. too, would help Britain.
In his statement Mr. Thomson said that Britain would accept wvhatever new responsibilities an evolving E.E.C. might decide to assume, and would join in seiz- ing opportunities for European unity as eagerly as any of the present members. He welcomed last month's decision on agricul- tural finance because, as a result, the way was now open for put- ting to the test the attitude of the Six to negotiations with Britain.
On the issue of increasing the powers of the European Parlia- ment, which is linked with the finance question, Mr. Thomson reoalled the British commitment to a Europe firmly based on democratic institutions. This had been clearly expressed, he said. in the joint declaration by the British and Italian Govern- ments last April.
Turning to Britain's own eco- nomic situation, Mr. Thomson said this was noVw much stron- ger. He expressed confidence that, would be possible to main- tain it. There bad been a per- manent switch of resources from internal consumption to exports. Which would enable Britain to maii-tain its share of world trade even if the present expansion slackened.
He said Britain was not the only country to be facing the prospect of wage increases. He did not think. therefore. that there was any great risk of a setback to the balance of pay- ments over the next 12 months. It was now possible to envisage some moderate rise in public and private consumption. although the maintenance of a sound balance of payments would remain a cardinal objective of Government policy.
In his summing up at the end of the conference, Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, said that Europe was now at a "" rare moment "" in which not only the political cir- curnstances were favourable, but there was also the prospect of considerable economic progress in the coming year. The prob- lems of Europe had changed.
Mr. Harmel said tha-t as a result of an agreement reached at this meeting, Belgium would remain in the chair_for-the rest of the first quarter of the year-the period in which France would normally have been in the chair. France had not yet replied to the proposals which he bad made in view of an end to the French boycott, but all countries wanted to see her return.";"January 12, 1970";"";57765;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain calls for early start to Six talks";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, JUNE 16
Gaullist spokesmen today gave assur- ances to the Assembly of the Western European Union that France did not intend to abandon its obligations lo its allies under the Brussels Treaty. This treaty, on which W.E.U. is based, gives its members more precise obligations thin the North Atlantic Treaty.
The'question of the French Goveriment's attitude towards them was the most import- ant issue in today's debate on the report by Mr. Duncan Sandys on France and Nato.
A recommendation was adopted, by 40 votes to two, which asked for confirmation from the Council of Ministers of W.E.U. that all the seven member Governments still regarded themselves as unreservedly committed to their obligations under the Brussels Treaty. The votes against were cast by Gaullists.
Colonel Pierre Bourgoin, a Gaullist deputy, gave a formal denial that France intended to modify its view of Article V of the Brussels Treaty, in which it is pro- vided that if any mernmber country is attacked in Europe, the other members will afford "" all the military and other aid and assistance in their power "".
Colonel Bourgoin made the point that aggression against western Europe could come from only one quarter, and that the countries of western Europe were not likely to drag France into "" adventures"" of which it might disapprove. He thus made a clear implicit distinction between France's allies in W.E.U. and her allies in the North Atlantic alliance.
Ultimate intenfion
The thinking behind the report debated today was explained by Mr. Sandys in his opening statement. One of the great difficulties at present, he said, was the uncertainty over the French Government's ultimate intention. Did General de Gaulle seriously envisage the possibility of a war between Nato and the countries of the Warsaw Pact in which France would remain neutral ?
A specific reply was given both by Colonel Bourgoin and, later, by M. Jacques Baumel, the Secretary-General of the Gaullist Union for the New Republic. M. Baumel told the Assembly that France would remain a faithful member of W.E.U., and would favour any strengthening which led to greater efficiency. He added the warning, however, that Frauce would not support any attempt to introduce elenents similar to those it had found repugnant in Nato.
There were a number of British speakers who were not satisfied by these assurances. Sir Alec Douglas-Home said that he would
feel much less anxious if they were repeated by a French Minister, speaking on behalf of the Governmeat. Mr. Ronald Brown observed that all the participants in the debate were speaking an a personal capacity.
There was some division of opinion today on whether the Assembly sJotud recom- mend the moving of the North Atlantic Co4ncil away from Paris. Mr. Sandys was quite clear that it should. Leaving it in Paris would not only mean it would be cut off from Supreme AMied Headquarters and al other courses of military advice. It would also mean the council would be on territory that coud be neutral in a future conflict.
Mr. Sandy's arguments were rejected, however, by 22 votes to 21, and an amend- ment to the original recoimmendation was adopted in favour of keeping the Council in Paris.
BRITAIN'S ROLE IN
EUROPE
Herr Franz Josef Strauss, chairman of the Christian Social Union and formerly German Defence Minister, who is paying a short visit to London, spoko last night to the Foreign Affairs Club at the Waldorf Hotel on Britain in Europe; Europe in the Atlantic AUiance . He mnaintained that the decision to change Washington's military hegemony in the west into partnership was not anti-American. "" To me "", he said, ' it appears to be nothing but an act of self- assertion . . . ""
Herr Strauss said that the Europea?n Economic Community would soon require foreign-political cooperation for its further development He had proposed a summit mceting of the Six before the forthcoming important foreign trade decisions which must be made jointly, if the E.E.C. wished to prove itself as an economic political power in the world, both in the Kennedv round negotiations and in a coordinated credits and investment policy towards the east. The sooner the Six arrived at a joint political programme, he said, the earlier the time would ripen for a consolidation of Britain with the Continent.
Urging the need for joint European cor- porations to compete in the new industries wish countries on a Continental scale, Herr Strauss cal;led for a broader European basis for the air-bus project with German par- tioipation.
On defence policy, Herr Strauss argued that a large part of national defence budgets should be spent on joint European projects";"June 17, 1966";"";56660;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Pledge On W.E.U.";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Corresiondent
BONN, MAY 16
The Federal Government, while it welcomes the Austrian treaty as an im- p:ovement in the European situation, made it clear to-day that it dislikes the new provisions which restrict the return of German private property in Austria to its former owners.
An official spokesman announced that the Federal Government has sent Notes to the three western Powers asking how these new provisions came to be adopted. and that. Dr. Mueller-Graaf. the head of the west German economic delegation in Vienna. has expressed his Government's "" astonish- ment "" to Dr. Figl. These steps were taken at the end of last week, before the treaty was signed.
[he draft Austrian treaty went through such rapid changes before it was signed that the authors of the protest-it is not described officially as a protest. but it cannot be regarded as much less-have had difficulty to-day in identifying the objectionable clause. It is paragraph 13 of Article 22; this article is the former Article 35 to which three new paragraphs were added by the Ambassadors last week.
RESTORING PROPERTY
Under paragraph 13 the Austrian Govern- ment binds itself not to restore property, rights, or interests worth more than 260,000 schillings to their former German owners, if these are "" natural persons,"" and not to return any property to former German owners who are "" juridical persons,"" that is, companjies or corporations. Exceptions are made fot property which serves cultural, charitable, or religious ends.
The Austrian treaty has thus added a new entry to the diligently kept ledger of west German grievances over expropriated Ger- man assets in foreign countries. From a reading of the treaty it does not appear that the Federal Government has any formal grievance in international law. Article 22 proceeds from the assumption that the occupying Powers have the right under the Potsdam agreement to dispose of former German assets in Austria. In any event, the Federal Government bound itself in the "" convention on the settlement of matters arising out of the war and the occupation "" to accept whatever provisictis the Austrian treaty might contain about these assets.
PERSISTENT CAMPAIGN
The same convention contains. however. a similat German undertaking not to call in question allied measures against German foreign assets in general. This has not deterred the Federal Government from con- ducting a persistent campaign on. that sub- ject. The German view is that such clauses. formallv binding as they are, do not pre- clude the Federal Government from doing its best to get a wrong righted by agreement with Governments individually. It regards the prohibition of the return of property in Austria to German owners as a wrong, just as it regards the seizure of German private assets in other countries, whether for repara- tions or any other purpose, as unjust and inadvisable. As it has to accept the Austrian treaty in law, the Federal Government can- not now demand that identifiable properties should be handed back. But it can ask the Austrian Government to compensate the dispossessed owners. This, according.to the official spokesman to-day, is "" the least "" that the Federal Government proposes to do.
MR. MACMILLAN IN
LONDON
'BREAKING ICE-JAM""
Mr. Macmillan, the Foreign Secretary, returned to London by air from Vienna yesterday. On arrival he made the following statement:-
"" In the last eight or nine days a. great deal has been done. The actual phrases do not fully describe the immense amount of work and effort which has gone to nroduce these results-the forming of West European Union, the admissiorn of Germany to N.A.T.O. and now the signature of the Austrian treaty by the four Powers.
All these are a tribute to the steady efforts of long years. They are, in my mind, the justification of the policy which Sir Anthony Eden has pursued-the policy of peace through strength. The fruits are begin- ning now at last to ripen. This is not to say there are not anxious and difficult times ahead. The breaking of the ice-jam itself opens new problems of navigation. They will require the same combination of firm- ness and patience.""
SIR A. EDEN'S MESSAGE The Prime Minister yesterday sent the following message to the Austrian Chan- cellor, Dr. Raab: -
"" The signature of the Austrian State Treaty is a most happy occasion for us all. Please accept, Mr. Chancellor, my warmest congratulations and my best wishes for the future of Austria now at last on the threshold of her freedom and independence. Kindly convey my personal greetings to Dr. FigI, who has played with yourself so distin- guished a part in the negotiations.""";"May 17, 1955";"";53222;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Austrian Treaty Objections";""
"['Leonard Beaton']";"['News']";"For years my favourite American was Mr. Dean Ache- son. The aristocrat who could dominate American foreign poicy in its most cmative period, build the weste.n alli- anmc, conruct the defences of western Europe, scor MCar- thy, refuse to disown Hiss and hold the loyalty of Hrry Truman, made a magnificent figure. As the -son of an Angli- can bishop (albeit Canadian) it is not surprising that he shouid have made a morce ready appeal in Britain than in the United States. And yet when it came to legislating for Britain's future he seems to me to have made the most superficial (if the most influential)- statement of the 1960s. "" Great Britain hat lost an empire"", he told the West Point cadets six weeks before- the firit de Gaufle veto, ""and has not yet found a role. The attempt to play a separate power role. that is, a role apart from Europe ... is about played out"". '
Senator Robert Kennedy, by contrast, was not at all my kind of- man. He must have been about as tough a character as ever moved in the higher reaches of American public life. He operated without the amia-
iitke of nosts woial int& courw-mnd while this, of c-irs. is not necessarily ground for aspicion his early asociations (particularly with Joe McCarty) inevitably kft deep vuspicions about 'his principtle.. -
The more that amerges about this man and about the way he was developing the more con- vinced I am that the mistrust was badly misplaced. Senator Kennedy, like President Truman, seems to have had an unlimited capacity for growth.
If Mr. Acheson produced the comment which rang truest with- British opinion in the 1960s, Senator Kennedy's biog- raphers have produced the se- tence most deserving of quota. tion in the 1970s.' It arose during his 1967 visit to, Britain.
'""Your po&itics are losingin8Dter- est "". he is quoted as saying,. biecause you don't s;tand for anything"". There it all is ina brief sentence.
Superficially it would seem that the personality of Mr.
Leonard Beaton
Wilson -sums; up this problem. In a' period dominated by him. the political range of vision has been narrowed and the perspec- tive shortened. He appears to havo converted the country to the dreams dreamt by exces- sively young presidents of the Board of Trade: a destiny largely confined to economic growth.
On the great dilemmas of nuclear power, for example, the only thought he ever seems to have had was that Britain should let her nuclear force fade away. Having abandoned this in the face of reality, he then detected no visible proh-
lem In British sponsorship of the gas centrifuge method of uranium enrichment.
Faced with a revok by a small minority in Rhodesia, a, territory over which Britain claimed sovereignty, he could see no dishocour in allowing millions of British subjects to pass under alien rule. Nor could he apparently detect any contradiction in making heavy sacrifices to create a European union without a federation.
Perhaps the thing that dis- turbed Senator Kennedy most was Mr. Wilson's slow transla- tion of the rough but genuine Anglo-American alliance into a pathetic hankering after Ameri- can friendship. This showed itself most prominently, of course, in the public support and private criticism of the Vietnam war.
Much of traditional policy lost its genuine point. Nominal public support for the Com- monwealth went with a deter- mined policy of withdrawal from the problems of the cx- c*olonial world. Nominal respec- tabilityr in UJnited. Nations cir-
cles went with a distinct shift of concern away from world-wide solutions towards the North American-European area. No sensc of a world order intruded itself into the crude argument for a total military withdrawal into Europe; nor did it influ- ence the Government when a public relations argument about CS gas in Ulster came into conflict with the long efforts of British foreign policy to outlaw chemical weapons. The list could be greatly extended.
If there has been a failure to stand for anything, can it really- be attributed to Mr. Wilson ? Tho root of the problem. surely, is to be found in the radical critique of the 19SOs which hammered away at the lofty pretensions of the post- war govemments and at the assumption that Britain had something important to offer the world. Al that mattered, on this argument, was wtilth.
Mr. Wilson may have been the heir to this distorted view of the world and he may have taken its logic much further than most people imagined pos- sible. But his priorities have been widely accepted. Who be- sides Mr. Powell has restored the interest to politics by being felt to stand for something ?";"April 8, 1970";"";57838;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Failure to make a stand";""
"['From a Staff Reporter']";"['News']";"The Prime Minister last night outlined the conditions on which Britain would be prepared to consider joining the Contmon Market. There could be no unconditional acceptance of any terms. offered, he said.
Mr. Heath, after accusing Mr. Wilson of slamming the door on Europe, denounced the speech as ""poisonous "".
'NEGOTIATIONS WILL BE TOUGH'
From a Staff Reporter
-BRISTOL, MARCH 18
In a specch here tonight Mr. Wilson made a considered and definitive state- nient of thc Labour Party's position on entering the Common Miarket.
Given the rigbt conditions, he said, it should be possible to join the E.E.C. as an economic communitv. ' But we reject anv idea of supranational control over Britain's foreign and defence policies. We are in Europe. but our power and influence are not, and must never be. confined to Europe.''
Mr. Wilson said: ' We shall be ready for contacts, for informal discussions through the proper channels, for any probings that might be necessary to assess the kind of terms on which Britain might join.
""What we face, if as a result of our probings favourable conditions are seen to exist, is tough negotiations. Nothing would be worse, if vital British and Com- monwealth interests are to be safe- guarded, than to enter those negotiations as we did before. cap in hand, and if we were to state. as our opponents now state, that we shall accept whatever conditions arc offered us.
NO CRAWLING
Given a fair wind, we will negotiate our way into the Common Market, head held high, not crawling. And we shall go in if the conditions arc right "", the Prime NMinister said.
The speech differed subtly from previous statenments of Labour thinking on the issue. The conditions required, as stated by Mr. Wilson, were less specific and seemed to leave room for more flexibility. But he did give a warning that they would require that Britain must continue to be free to go on buving food and raw materials in the cheapest market-the Common- wealth countries-and not have this trade wrecked by the levies the Tories were so keen to impose.
Mr. Wilson described recent state- ments in France and in the ministerial conference of the Western European Union as removing one major impedi- iment to Britain joining the European Economic Community. For over three; years. he said. the question of Britain. joining on any terms had been academic because of the French refusal to agree;.
Although there was still deep impre- cision in what the French leaders were saying, the Prime Minister saw their present attitude as markedly different from that of three years ago. Then, when Mr. Heath was negotiating for entry. Britain suffered an intolerable humiliation by the curt French refusal to allow Britain to join even on tbc unacceptable terms the Conservative Government was willing to see imposed uponl it
Mr. Wilson gave the assurance that the process of probing and consultation which he intended to undertake would be carried out with and through and not behind the backs of Britain's Efta partners.
The Prime Minister rejected what he called Conservative urging to accept whatever terms were offered. He claimed that Mr. Heath's proposals would mean :--
L. An unacceptable increase in the cost
of living, and hence in wages and export costs.
2. An unacceptable increase in our
import bill, which would wreck any hope of Britain paying her way.
3. A total disruption of Commonwealth
trade.
Labour, he said, were not unilateral economic disarmers. ""Negotiations'?- yes. Unconditional acccptance of what- ever terms are offered ?-no.""
Mr. Wilson had a warning to give also on the political implications of a closer association with Europe. He said the Conservative leaders had been totally eva.'sive on this central question. We bel.eve that. given the right conditions. it should be possible and right to join EE.C. as an economic community.""
Mr. Wilson said that the Common Maarket was no cure-all for Britain's economic problems.
""We face a harder road if we are going to repair the years of neglect and easy-going attitudes on both sides of industry. and extend the area of profes- sional expert management in place of feckless amateurs.
The Prime Minister was under strain while delivering his speech. He was suf- fering from a heavy head cold and his voice was huskv.
Mr. Heath's statement, and other elec- tion news, page. 6.";"March 19, 1966";"";56584;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Wilson Ready For Europe-On Terms";""
"['Leonard Beaton']";"['News']";"Leonard Beaton
Large numbers of people be- lieve that Britain's membership or non-membership of the European Communities is the greatest issue of national life. For some it is essential to be in and for others to stay out. Both sides are agreed in putting this decision above traditional party preferences and in this, I sus- pect, they are right.
The continentalists find them- selves in the agreeable position that they can vote Conservative, Labour or Liberal as their tastes dictate and in each case support a party committed to Common Market membership. But the more critical among them must ask not about offi- cial party commitments but about what will happen. Equally, the islanders superfi- cially have nowhere to go with their votes; and yet they know that the issue is by no means settled and could be signifi- cantly altered by the character of the next government and Parliament. What then should each regard as the preferred result ?
Probablv the main difference between the Market and anti- Market interest is in something the voter cannot easily vote for: the difference between a large majority and a small majority for either party. Small majorities mean that the coun- try will remain in a pre-elec- toral condition after the elec- tion.
It was only with the large 1966 majoritv that Mr. Wilson underwent his celebrated conver- sion and Mr. Heath and Sir Alec no longer believed that it was necessarv to wait for a unani- mous invitation from the Six in order to apply again.
In the present pre-electoral phase, the tone of the politi- cians has once more visibly altered. Not a man in any party is prepared to go in unless the terms are right and Mr. Heath has travelled aUl the way to
Paris to break the harsh news to the Six. Although within narrow limits-far too narrow to determnine so great an issue- the terms are already perfectly obvious, pre-electoral compul- sions make solid commitments to go in impossible. It is a reasonable assumption that this will continue to be the situation if neither party gets a reliable majority.
This, however, is no guide to the voter. In most seats, he has the choice of Conservative and Labour. Which is most likely to achieve, or fail to achieve, a unified European destiny for Britain ? In the simplest possible terms, a Labour Government would seem to be more likely to enter the E.E.C. than a Conser- vative Government. A successful negotiation is probably possible on French terms, which will be expensive. Both Mr. Wilson and Mr. Heath as head of govern- ment would almost certainly accept these terms since 'hey have pursued membership with such determination and they know that nothing else is avail- able. As leader of the opposi- tion, Mr. Heath would 'ilso certainly support entry.
A Labour opposition, how-
ever, could well break the line. Mr. Wilson has put aU the necessary phrases about the terms being right on the record ; and if he could not be relied on (as he probably could not) it is hard to see how a Heath government could expect to ratify.
Qn first reading, therefore, a Labour opposition is the best hope of the anti-Market voter and a Labour. government of the pro-Market voter. A new element is introduced, however, by the effects of one or other of these election results on the party leaderships. A Labour victory (the pro-Market hypoth- esis) might well be accompanied by the displacement of Mr. Heath and much would depend on his successor. Enthusiasm for E.E.C. membership has always been in short supply in the higher reaches of the Tory Party ; and most of the obvious leadership candidates would be far fron Mr. Heath in their belief in a united Europe. A Tory Party seriously defeated would be likely to reassert itself as the party of the nation.
Equally, a clear Conservative victory could well displace Mr. Wilson. If the succession fell to Mr. Callaghan it is probable that the same rules would apply as for Mr. Wilson: Labour could not be relied on to give official front bench support to ratification. On the other hand, if Mr. Jenkins succeeded we should have the equivalent of Mr. Heath-a politician whose dedication to European union is very strong indeed. In these circumstances. a Heath govern- ment could and would join.
It therefore seems that a sub. stantial Conservative majority with a Jenkins opposition and a substantial Labour majority with a Heath Opposition are the only strong hopes of the marke- teers. Ali the most iikely out- comes seem to offer solace to the unrepresented mass of the anti-Mark-et party.";"May 20, 1970";"";57874;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Voting on Europe";""
"['By David Wood']";"['News']";"By David Wood
Political Editor
If the second ballot for the Labour leadership and the new Prime Minister fails to produce a conclusive result next Tues- day, who will represent the United Kingdom when the heads of government of the EEC meet in Luxembourg to settle several crucial Com- munity issues on April 1 and 2?
That wsas the question strongly pressed from the
Opposition front bench yester-- day in the Commons when Mr Hattersley, Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, made a statement that emphasized how important the summit meeting will be.
He said that although there will be no formal agenda for the three meetings, the Tinde- mans report on European union, direct elections to the European Assembly, and Com- munity unemployment were subjects likely to be discussed.
Mr Hattersley understandably sidestepped the question. But it is fairly widely assumed on the Labour side that Tuesday's declaration of voting in the second ballot is unlikely to pro- duce the name of the successor to Mr Wilson.
In that event, the hints are that Mr Wilson, within a day or two of discarding the mantle of leadership and responsibility, will lead for the Government in Luxembourg. Mr Callaghan, his predicted successor, as Sec- retarv of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, would of course accompany him as usual.
Conservative leaders and
rank and file argue that it does not follow that Mr Wilson, as Prime Minister, would neces- sarily take precisely the same view on Community questions as (say) Mr Callaghan, Mr Foot, Secretary of State for Employment, or Mr Jenkins, HIome Secretary, any of whom could theoretically be the new Labour leader and Prime Minister before the EEC summit ends on Friday week.
Although the Government counters that there is continu- ity of government policy on EEC questions, it is manifestly embarrassing for ministers to look ahead to the possibility that Mr Wilson, in his last few hours, will be committing the Government for months and years ahead, or else entering reservations for the United Kingdom.
Nobody in the Parliamentary Labour Party expects the ballot to be declared this evening to produce a clear winner; that is, a candidate who gets slightly more than half of the votes of the 315 Labour MPs who are expected to take part in the ballot.
Mr James Sillars (Ayrshire South) and Mr John Robertson (Paisley), although elected as Labour MPs in October, 1974, have joined the new breakaway Scottish Labour Party and have said that they will not vote.
Polling in the ballot has been prompt throughout the week, and only a few votes re- main to go in before the ballot closes at midday today. The count will take place during
Continued on page 2, col 2
MPs seek constituency mandate on ballot
Continued from page 1
the afternoon, and the figures will be announced at the PLP meeting opening at 6 pm.
If the rival campaign mana- gers have their arithmetic even roughly correct, Mr Callaghan and Mr Foot will be ahead tonight, with perhaps Mr Jenkins running third.
At least two candidates are expected to be eliminated according to the rules of the exhaustive ballot; probably Mr Crosland, Secretary of State for the Environment, and Mr Benn, Secretary of State for Energy.
Any candidate whno qualifies for the second ballot may with- draw if low figures suggest his cause is hopeless, though no new candidates may be nomi- nated. Ballot papers for the second poll will go out with the PLP whip tonight, and papers have to be returned by noon next Tuesday.
The count will be announced that evening at another party meeting. Once again, if there is no candidate with half the votes plus one, voting for the third round will begin on Thursday
and the figures will be declared by Mr Cledwyn Hughes, chair- man of the PLP and the return- ing officer, at a party meeting today week.
A fourth ballot, if it proved necessary, would ba declared on the evening of April 5, less than 24 hours before the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, one of the candidates, is due to open his Budget in the Commons.
Mr Bruce George, Labour MP for Walsall, South, said yesterday that he would seek a mandate from constituency party members tomorrow on the candidate he should sup- port in the second ballot.
The following are the best estimates of votes the campaign managers of the candidates were willing to make late last night for today's declaration of figures:
Mr Callaghan 90-100 Mr Foot 85-100 Mr Jenkins 70-75 Mr Healey 30-40 Mr Benn 26-33 Mr Crosland 14-20
Parliamentary report, page 10";"March 25, 1976";"";59662;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson may lead EEC summit team";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"Conservatives care about defence but we do not think very deeply about it. For too many of us it is enough that We should wish to be defended. One question that has not yet been posed, let alone answered is what, if any- thing, should replace the four Polaris boats in the nineties? The hull-life of the first boat will be over at the end of the eighties. There is a ten-year rolling programme for defence spending, and a decision whether or not to replace the force, and by what, will be one of the first a future Conserva- tive Government will be obliged to tale.
The British deterrent is a ""minimal "" one. If we agree that anything more ambitious would be unnecessary, then there would seem to be no obvious need for the United Kingdom to match American improvements in their sub- marine-launched ballistic mis- sile systems. We will not buy Poseidon, even though that vill mean that we cannot fit our Polaris warheads with mul- tiple independently-targeted re- entry vehicles (MIRVS). In- stead, we have embarked on "" Operation Antelope "", a modest warhead improvement programme, whiich involves some underground testing in the United States. The problem is not so much the improve- ment of Polaris, but the nature of its replacement. Were Mrs Thatcher to conclude that it is essential for Britain to stay nu- clear, which seems probable, it does seem that the task may become technically and eco- nomically impossible unless carried out on a cooperative basis.
But with whom should we cooperate ? Would the Ameri- cans make the Trident system available in the same wvay, and on the same terms, as they did Polaris ?
An alternative would be Anglo-French cooperation, at least in the construction of the missile, warhead and means of delivery-a combination of Bri- tish warhead technology allied to the ability of the French to produce the missile, the M4.
This would leave in the air the thorny problems of a "" European "" nuclear force (which can only come about when there is a European government)
The British Polaris force
consists of four boats: the French are to have five. Would nine submarines mak-e a cred- ible force for a United Europe? Both the national nu- clear forces are ""minimal"" deterrents, that is they have the ability to destroy a few key cities, with little or no counterforce capacity with which to attack Soviet nuclear forces.
But a European force would need to be more than "" min- imal""; it would have to become large enough to ensure ""assured destruction""; that is a force designed to destroy many ciites, millions of people and much industrial capacity. Thus as far as Britain was con- cerned, the four Polaris boats would have eventually to be increased to something like 10. Would the Germans pay part of the bill, or would the addi- tional numober of boats be paid for from a European defence budget ?
A Europe which remains allied to the United States in the years until the end of the century would not need to build a force capable of posing a realisic threat to the major elements of Soviet nuclear forces, such as the United States does today. A relatively modest deterrent could provide insurance against a Soviet first strike, and might conceivably deter a Russian conventional attack.
Nineteen-seventy-seven -will see an important year for Polaris for three reasons. A submarine wsill begin its long refit, a pro- cess that will last a year. Will three boats be enough to guarantee one on station? The anti-ballistic missile limitations agreed in Salt I w,ill come up for review. Any relaxation of the limits placed upon them would weaken the credibility of independent deterrents. And, the last of the United States Polaris will go out of service. Are we certain that we shall obtain from Lockheeds an adequate supply of gyros, missile fuel and other spares ?
Mrs Thatcher, who has no taste for national disarmament, sees the value of Polaris as providing both insurance and self-respect. Yet the decision to seek a replacement, and the problems of choice, will present her with acute difficul- ties, financially, politically and strategically. Should not the Conservatives begin to think about the unthinkable?
Julian Critchley
The author is Conservative MP for Aldershot, and chairman of. the defence and armaments committee of the Western European Union.";"June 25, 1976";"";59739;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Is there a future for Polaris?";""
"";"['News']";"May 29.-The Duke of Edinburgh attends
Commonwealth Technical Training Week inaugural meeting, Guildhall, and in B.B.C. "" Panorama "" programme inaugurates the week. The Duke attends a civic dinner at Belfast.
The Duke of Gloucester reviews Scots
Guards, Horse Guards Parade.
The Princess Royal visits W.R.A.C. unit
at Shoeburyness.
The Duchess of Gloucester attends
Princess Helena College appeal fund party, Hampton Court.
The Duchess of Kent receives purses at
annual festival of Shaftesbury Socicty, Central Hall, Westminster.
The Prime Minister attends Westem
European Union Assembly, Church House, Westminster (four days).
The Lord Chancellor attends Association
of Land and Property Owners' luncheon, Grosvenor House.
Lord Astor of Hever attends Derby
lunchcon, Press Club.
Civil Ser;ice Clerical Association
conference, Brighton (four days).
Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
conference, Folkestone (five days).
Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers'
conference, Blackpool (five days).
Opening of Nuclear laboratories, Berkeley,
Gloucestershire.:
May 30.-lhe Queen opens new buildings,
St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
The Duke of Edinburgh visits Belfast and
Glasgow.
The Queen Mother attends concert in aid
of Edwina Mountbatten Trust, St. James's Palace.
The Duchess of Gloucester opens new wing
of Ladies' Home, 41, Abbey Road, N.W. Princess Alexandra of Kent attends
National Federation of Women's In- stitutes' annual meeting, Albert Hall.
Parliament reassembles after Whitsun
recess.
Mr. Hammarskjold receives honorary
degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and lectures at Oxford.
Trinity Law Sittings begin.
General Medical Council, Prcsident's
address, 44, I-lallam Street. Teachers' pay talks resumed.
English-Speaking Union of the Common-
wealth: annual meeting, 11, Charles Street.
Fire Brigades Union conference,
Llandudno (three days).
Inquirv into proposed nuclear station,
Anglesey.
May 31.-The Queen attends the Derby at
Epsom.
The Duke of Edinburgh visits Edinburgh. The Duchess of Gloucester attends Navy
League ball, Dorchester Hotel.
Inquiiry into proposed New Town,
Skelmersdale, Lancashire.
Boilermakcrs' and Shipbuilders' con-
ference, Southport (three days).
Bath and West Show, Bristol (four days). June i.-The Duke of Edinburgh attends
Commonwealth Training Week Service, St. Paul's, and visits Birmingham and Cardiff.
The Duchess of Gloucester opens new
Central Library, Orpington, Kent, and attends consecration of Christ Church, Orpington.
Princess Alexandra visits the Royal
Masonic Girls' School, Rickmansworth Park.
Aviation Safety Award luncheon,
Dorchester Hotel.
Milk Marketing Board annual meeting,
Agriculture House Knightsbridge.
Mr. Gaitskell attends Young Socialists'
rally, Skegness.
June 2.-Eighth anniversary of the Queen's
Coronation. The Queen attends the Oaks Meeting at Epsom.
The Duke of Edinburgh visits Glamorgan
Flying Club at Rhoose airpoit, near Barry, Glamorgan, to see the finish of the London-Cardiff air race.
The Duke of Gloucester attends rehearsal
of Trooping the Colour, Horse Guards Parade.
The Minister of Labour. Mr. Hare, lavs
foundation-stone of Technical College, Sunderland, and attends Northern Area Business Men's luncheon, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Royal Air Forces Association conference,
Douglas, I.O.M. (two days).
Junte 3.-Truro summer fete, Zelah, near
Truro.
PARLIAMENTARY NOrTICES
HOUSE OF LORDS
May 31.-Rating and Valuation Bill, second
reading.
June !.-Dcpartment of Technical Coopera-
tion Bill, second reading; Hyde Park (Underground Parking) Bill, and Czrriage by Air Bill, committee. Motion by Lord Douglas of Barloch on contami- nation of food by pesticides, &c.
HOUSE OF COMMONS
May 30.-North Atlantic Shipping Bill, and
Human Tissue Bill, remaining stages; Flood Prevention (Scotland) Bill, Lords' amendments.
May 31.-Supply, Committee: debate on
apprenticeship and training forindustry. June 1.-Finance Bill, committee.
June 2.-Land Drainage Bill, third reading;
Police Pensions Bill, second reading,- Patents and Designs (Renewals, Exten- sions and Fees) Bill, remaining stages.
THEATRE FIRST NIGHTS
May 30.-Old Vic: Tule Aferclant ol Venice.
7.
Royal Court Theatre: The Blacks.
May 31;-Savoy T'heatre: 7he Bird ol
Ti,yie.
June 1.-Globe Theatre: Da-zling Prospect.
Royal Opera House: Boris Godunov, 7. Bath Festival: The WIh'Jeel of Fire. 7.30.
June 2.-Unity Theatre: Thie Visions ol
Sinione Afachard, 7.45.
June 4.-L yric Theatre: Repertory Plavers
in Race Against Timie. 7.
SPORT
BOXING
May 30.-World bantamweight title,
Caldwell v. Halimi, Wcmbley.
CRICKrT
May 31.-Oxford University v. Australians
(threc days).
June 3.-Sussex v. Australians, Hove (three
days).
NMay 29.-British women's championships,
Carnoustie (four days).
LAWN TENNIS
May 29.-Surbiton tournament (six days).
MOToR RACING
June 3.-Brands Hatch International.
POLO
May 28.-The Queen's Cup semri-finals
(Windsor and Cowdray Park).
RACING
May 31.-The Derby (Epsom). June 2.-The Oaks (Epsom).
SWIMMING
June 2.-Great Britain v. Netherlands,
Cardiff (two days).
YACHTING
June 3.-Royal London Y.C. Rcgatta (two
days).
WINTER SPORT
May 31.-Ski-jumping competition, Wembley
(two days).";"May 27, 1961";"";55092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Diary Of Next Week's Events";""
"['By David Spanier Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By David Spanier
Diplomatic Correspondent
The Government is going to study Herr Brandt's suggestion that there might be some tem- porary kind of division in the European Community to assist Britain and Italy because of their backward economic situa- tioi.
There was ino official coim- ment on Her- Brandt's idea, which wvas made in a speech in Paris earlier this week, but Mr Roy Hattersley, Minister of State at the Foreign Office, said last night that any suggestion from the former West German Chancellor deserved careful consideration.
He added that as Herr Schmidt, ihe present Chancel- lor, wvas coming to the Labour Party Conference shortly, it would be possible to explore West Germany policy more fully, and find out if Her r Brandt's idea had official back- iIng.
While the Brandt suggestion is regarded as being made in a helpful spirit, the Govern- ment's full effort in Europe is being directed towvards the piro- cess of renegotiation of the terms of entry. "" We are on course and on schedule"", Mr Hattersley said, "" but there is much ground to cover and much could go wrong"".
The Government published yesterday the first of its re- ports on renegotiations (Deve- lopment in the European Coin- munities March-October 1974). Mr Hattersley emphasized that it wvas an historical document rather than an attempt to set out all the process of renego- tiation which is still going on.
The main interest of the White Paper is that it sets out
just how wide a net the process of renegotiation covers.
The principal changes whichi Mr Callaghan is seeking deal vith the Community budget, the common agricultural policy, the policies of the Community to- wards Commonwealth and de- veloping countries in trade and aid, and regional and industrial policy. The report does not cover matters which are still under discussion, notably the new budgetary arrangements Bi3itain is seeking-which are likely to be the crux of the renegotiation-but it still gives a great deal of information.
Perhaps the most revealing part of the report is the dis- tinctly encouraging tone in which political cooperation in the Community is described.
""In the view of the Govern- ment,"" the White Paper says, ""the cooperation which has been established has proved valuable. The nine governments have continued to cooperate on the establishment of common positions at the conference on security and cooperation in Europe; at the United Nations they have adopted common positions on an increasing num- ber of international problems, though not on all.""
The report adds that the niiie governments agreed to estab- lish a Europe-Arab ""dialogue"" with the Arab states through which it is hoped to create an increasingly constructive rela- tionship wvith the Arab world through cooperation in a wide range of fields, and goes on: "" The Government, together wvith the other member govern- ments of the Community, are also determined to preserve a balanced relationship with Israel and to maintain our many links with that country.""
On relations with the United States, (which many members of the Labour Party regard as of paramount importance), the White Paper notes that in recent months "" previous misunderstandings have been removed and the climate of relations between the nine gov- ernments and the United States on both political and economic matters has been im- proved "".
Another anxiety of the Labour Party is allayed in the White Paper's comments on economic and monetary union and Euro- pean union. "" Thiere has in recent months been a major change of attitude on the part of other member states,"" it says, "" on the practicability of an early move to permanently fixed parities between EEC countries and of the concept of attaining economic and monetary union by 1980.
""The Council of Ministers has discontinued its discussion of a draft resolution on the im- plenientation of a second stage in the move towards EMU (Europeani Monetary Union) "".
As for the intention of creat- ing a European union by 1980. the White Paper comments that there are widely different viewvs
)n its meaning and content and that it is clear there is no common understanding of wlhat wvas envisaged. ""The member governments are considering anew how further discussion of thiis question should be approached.""
Rome, Nov 20.-The initial Italian reaction to Herr Brandt's proposal was lukewvarm. The Foreign Miniistry said that a division of member countries into distinct categories vas neither legally possible nor politically opportune.-Reuter.";"November 21, 1974";"";59250;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Brandt proposal for a temporary division of Community will be given close study by Britain";""
"";"['News']";"Since the holiday period Europe has been having to look iwo ways at once. During the first fortnight of September, one eye was trying to take in the enitire world at the United Nations dialogue between rich and poor countries, which is To be conitinued with a smaller number of participants in Paris; the other eye has been focused on dowsestic bickering, the most con- spicuous, if not most disturbing, in- stance of which has been the "" wine lake' debate. Not the most comfort- able of positions.
The beginnings had been promis- ing, however, when the finance nministers met in Venice over the second-last weekend in Atigust to discuss tbe difficulties of the day. The leading lights of reflation, France and Germany, needed no second bidding from their col- leagues before explaining their hopes and fears' regarding their plans for the reactivation of their economies.
Agreement.was also reached, be- fore the annual meeting of the lnterinational Monetary Fund, on The tise of the IMF's gold and quotas, and on freedom of gold transactions between central bapks. Admittedly, these were not con- tentious matters and care had been taken to keep the most difficult topic, the exchange rate system, off the agenda.
Similar caution was displayed in
the speech nmade in the niame of the. Nine by Signor Mariano Rumor, the Presitlet-ini-Office of the Council of Ministers, on September 1 at the United Nations extraomdinarv ses- sion on d)evelopiuent. It was indeed comforting to niote that Europe was able to atlopt a united posture when attending the gather ing.
The foreign Mlinisters had in fact outlinhed a coinnoti position on July 22 in. Brussels, where the Nine agreed to ioin the other industrial- ized cotirit;ies anid the Third World in discussions oni twvo imiethods of combating the harmful effects of fiuctinatiolis of raw material prices on the economies of the producing countries: product agreements and financial machinery to stabilize overall export reveniue, or combina- tions of the two.
The tragedv is that, in order to manage to speak with one voice, Europe is obliged to stifle its contra- dictions first, but the effect is that the voice itself is stifled. Dr Kissin- ger's words were listented to much More attentively than those of Signor RUimor because he was.able to throw caution to the wvinds. Un- concerned about reversing former positions, he laid out on the table an array of concrete proposals which impressed the represenitatives of the developing countries. The fact is, however, that Euirope holds more truimps than the Americans: the ink is dry on the Lome Convention with the associated countries in Africa the Caribbean) and the Pacific. Dr Kissinger has only made promises.
China has jujst appointed an
ambassador to - Bruxsels and the arrival last month of MNir Li Lien Pi is a significant pointer to the pos- sible strengtheniing of Europe's in- dependence vis-A-vis the two super- powersm Is that not precisely what the ""pon-aligned"" countnies of ihe Third World also desire?
But if Europe is to have an im- portant role to play in the vast re- structuring of the world, it cannlot allow itself to be undermined by internal strife. Agriculture is with- out doubt the area in which natters are going from bad to worse: the ""wine war"", which has given rise to successive confrouttions . be- tween France and Italy, then the Commission rn Brussels and Franice, then Germany antd the Commissiort, is only the prelude to a great ip- heaval over ""Green"" Europe, with Bonn increasingly reluctant to watch so much money being swal- lowed up by support for farns pro- duce: about. 1,000 nmiliion units of account for surplus powdered milk, of which there is a million tons.
The scandal is a twofold one, itith food surpluses piling up in Europe while the poor countries wait for ,someone to coine to their aid. The financial machinie has gone n-ad if it leads to such results.
. Could the agricultural policy, the cornerstone of the Community, soon become the factor leading to its collapse? It could be time ifor serious -consideration. of the qots- tion-from another angle., that :which that pilgrim of European union, Mr Tindemans, is explorinig. The crises through which we are passing could help in this, as lotug s it doefs rtst cause the Comryuq3ityo..to sfe a - ""nerveus breakdownA'w first.";"October 7, 1975";"";59520;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commentary";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, Nov. 29
The Western European Union Assem- bly, bringing together parliamentarians from the United Kingdom, France, Italy, western Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, met here today and began a debate on its political committee's report which calls for full British membership of the "" Little Europe "" Common Market, Euratom and tbe Coal and Steel Community. This report was adopted unanimously by the political committee at its meeting in Brussels earlier this month.
The political committee's original recom- mendation recognized that a ""satisfactory solution of the problems raised by Com- monwealth free entry is a necessary condi- tion of Great Britain's entry into the Com- mon Market "". It recognized also that since British entry into the Common Market would call for prior agreement between the members of the Seven, parallel arrange- mnents must be made between the enlarged European Economic Community and any members of the Seven who do not wish to join it.
FULL MEMBER
The committee therefore recomnends that negotiations should be dpened between the member Governments of W.E.U. for the accession of the United KCmgdom to the European Economic Community as a full member It further recommends that there should be parallel negotiations for the accession df the United Kingdom to the Euratorm and European Coal and Steel Community.
In an implicit referenice to General de Gaulle's plan for closer political coopera- tion between the member Governments of ""Little Europe"", the report recommends that the British Prime Minister should take part in any eventual conference of heads of European Governments which may arise from *the meetina in Paris of the heads of Governments of "" Little Europe"" on Mlonday.
The report of the political committee is the work of M. Molter (Belgium), and vhile it is only a personal expression of opinion, it has some interestinz material for Brtish readers. Thus, M. Molter thinks it would be inconceivable for Bntain to enter the European organiza- tion unless she brought with her what he calls her ""historical baggage ""-meaning the Commonwealth He thinks that the only possibility of solving the problem of free entry and similar questions is to estab- lish an economic relaitionship not simply between Britain and the Six but between Britain and the Six on the one hand and, on the other, all the overseas countries associated with them, whether thev are countries connected with continental states or are members of the Commonwealth.
"" GREAT OPPORTUNITY ""
"" For both economic and political reasons "", M. Molter says, "" I would prefer to regard the problems posed by the Com- monwealth not as a price which it is worthwhile paying to ensure Britain's entry but rather as a great opportunity in political and economic terms to associate the united Europe we are gradually build- ing with all those overseas territories to which Europe has given so much in the past.""
On Britain's participation in the con- ference of heads of European Govern- ments, M. Molter says that it would be wise for the Six to invite the British Prime Minister to take his place; ""the essential
point is that the new political development should be started with Britain "", because if a start were made without her, her later entry would cause great difficulties.
He admits that Monday's meeting has already been arranged, but says that the Six heads of Government wauld do well to adjourn the discussion of future forms of greater European unity in the political sphere until the spring and then invite Mr. Macmillan to take part from. the beginning. "" We do not waht the leader- ship of any one Power, but a genuine integrated community of nations.""
* PAus, Nov. 29.-An unexpected amend- ment was tabled by three Christian Demo- cratic parliamentarians-from France, Italy and Germany-and the voting on the Brussels recommendation was held over until tomorrow. Instead of a clear-cut invitation to Mr. Macmillan to join in, any heads-of-Government conference arising from Monday's meeting, the amendment would ask Britain to take part "" to the greatest possible extent in any new form of European cooperation "" arising from the meeting.
Although a comfortable majority for the Brussels recommendation is expected, there will not be a unanimous vote, as at. first thought, and this, it is believed. would reduce it to the value of a pious hope with- out real impact on Governmerit decisions.
Mr. John Hynd, British Labour member of Parliament tabled proposals * to bring the Common Market and Euratom execu- tives into the council of association between Bitain and the Coal and Steel Community. -Reuter.";"November 30, 1960";"";54942;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Invitation To Britain Receives Setback";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"trom Uur Political Correspondent
Ir Mr. Wilson and Mr. Michael Stewart want it to be put about that Labour hostility to the Common Market is now much less iron- necked and brass-browed than it was three years ago, they had better bring some other senior members of the Cabinet up to date. For the cntente that broke surface on Wednesday, at the best one of the most tender blooms this spring, was nearly killed off yesterday by the frosty nips it got trom Mr. Peart, Minister of Agriculture, at the Transport House news conference.
It was Common Market day on all sides of Smith Square. Mr. Callaghian and Mr. Peart were strongly reacting to Mr. Heath's Europeanism, and thereby confirmed that Mr. Wilson, the grand strategist, has indeed decided that enough ground has been gained to make it necessary to protect his flank. But Mr. Wilson or Mr. Stewart will have to take the stage themselvcs if the flank is not to end up rather more exposed than bcefore.
As it happens, Mr. Callaghan and Mr. Peart, unlike several other members of the Cabinet, have never been Marketeers; and Mr. Callaghan showed where he stands today by rather cynically saying that we had all come there for headlines.
aRna re fleaculne tor the day was that the Conservative proposals to go into Europe would put lOs. a week on every family's food bill.
Mr. Callaghan said they were very happy to see the moves now taking place in Anglo-European relations, "" but what we are not ready to do is to beg our way in "". Mr. Heath was prepared to write a blank cheque irrespective of the posi- tion of the British housewife, the British fanner, the Commonwealth and Efta friends. ""i t is a matter of bargaining- don't throw away your cards before you get to the conference table."" The C Comnmon Market's agricultural policy was harmful to Britain.
NIr. Peart said Labour had estimated that the Conservative proposals would mean f4)0m. more off the British consumer, about 1Os. a week for every family. If there were negotiations with Europe they would have to sce whether a compromise was possible betw%ecn deficiency payments and import levies. His own criticism in the past had been that Conservatives were prepared to blide in without negotiations.
COMPLACENT REACTION
1To this Mr. Callaghan added that Britain Was a traditionally low-cost food country and the other European countries WeIC traditionally high-cost food countries. "" I do not regard agriculture "", he said, "" as an insuperable difficulty . . . but to sweep it all on one side and say we will go in and negotiate about these difficulties afterwards brought us to disaster on the last occasion. On this occasion we must be quite clear what policy we are going to follow."" H: believed that nobody in the Labour Gov- ernment would sign the Treaty of Rome as a blank cheque.
At Conservative Central Office, Mr. Heath said there had been an important development at the Western European Union conference in London on Wcdnes- day and the Government's reaction had been complacent.
He added: ""Thc Labour Party is com- pletely divided down the middle . . . they are in a grave dilemma and they cannot react to an initiative taken at the W.E.U. conference. The real question is: 'Did Mr. Stewart ask the members of W.E.U. whether they are prepared to abandon the common agricultural policy ? ' So long as the Labour Party is not prepared to accept the common agricultural policy, then they have no possibility of starting pre- liminary talks, lct alone negotiations on entry into Europe.""
Questioned, MIr. Heath said it was not possible for Britain to negotiate a coni- promise on agricultural Policy, although it would be possible to achievc some of the aims negotiated last time, like the price review system. He did not believe accept- aTcC of the common agricultural policy wouild sacrifice British interests.
At Liberal headquarters, Lord Byers welcomed thc fact that "" the Common Mlarket has become a major issue "". Liberals thought it vital to get the position of the three parties clear before polling day. A few months ago Mr. Peart was saying the Common Mlarket issue was a dead duck and that the question was completely acadeniic.
Liberals did not believe that negotiations could follow the same pattern as last time. While they would accept without reserve thc rules of the Treaty of Rome, problem, such as the transitional period for British agriculture could best be negotiated ""once we are members of E.E.C., but e must make it clear to the Five that we are enter- ing without Gaullist strings or any Npee;al understandings with France"".";"March 18, 1966";"";56583;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"We are not begging our way into Common Market, Mr. Callaghan says";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. W. Brucker (left) with Herr Strauss during their meeting in Bonn.
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JuLY 5
Mr. Wilber Brucker the American Secretary for the Army, called on Herr Strauss at the Defence Ministry today, and the Ministry made known after- wards that there were no differences of opinion. over the arming of North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces with middle-range missiles.
The Ministers seem to have travelled a long way since yesterday, when the Bonn Ministry described Mr. Brucker's remarks about west German interest in the Polaris missile as incomprehensible. After today's meeting Mr. Brucker told reporters that there was no misunder- standing over the Polaris. He and Herr Strauss had reached complete accord over a broad range of questions. The Polaris had been discussed but not in detail.
VAST UNDERTAKING
Herr Strauss said that the Federal Government had not applied, and would not apply, for any particular missile. It Was for Nato to consider the American offer, and if Nato made a plan the Federal Government would seriously examine it. The Defence Minister pre- haps protested too much; the Bundeswehr is to be equipped with the Mace, a missile with a reported range of 950 miles and of which the Polaris can be regarded as a strategic development.
Herr Strauss has every reason for being cautious, for the Polaris missile programme, if accepted by Nato, could easily be the largest undertaking of the alliance in its 10 years of existence. It was first raised at the Nato Defence Ministers' meeting in April by Mr. Gates. the American Defence Minister, who suggested that the United States should equip as many Nato countries as were willing with the Polaris or a similar missile. Mr. Gates proposed that the missile could bg supplied to Nato and used under the authority of the Supreme Commander, or that it could assist western European countries in produc- ing the missile under licence.
TIME FACTOR
The second proposal is unlikely to be taken up; apart from the time factor, in itself serious, west Germany has accepted the obligation not to manufac- ture missiles of such size and range. An agreement within Western European Union would be required to lift the ban, which could not be guaranteed.
A Nato decision is expected this year and approval of the programme, if given, will only be the first step. Methods will
nave to be devised to make the pro- gramme a common Nato effort, at least common to the recipient countries, who would be expected to pay tor much of the launching equipment. This could well prove to be expensive.
The political aspect of the programme is of first importance. It is the view of many observers in Bonn that the whole- sale distribution of a weapon such as the Polaris could blur, if not make non- sense of. the original Nato sword-and- shield concept.
CHANGED CONDITIONS
It is no exaggeration to suggest that inherent in the Polaris programme are military concepts that would have been unacceptable to some member nations when Nato was first established. Not least among these is the prospect of equipping the Bundeswehr with a weapon that could overshoot Moscow. The alliance has come a long way since the Federal Republic was regarded uneasily as an ally, but the French, for instance, are reportedly still unenthusi- astic over the proposal to increase the specified limits on west German naval tonnage.
It is apparently for this reason that Nato has also proceeded cautiously. The suggestion has been made that the Polaris, because of its range, does not have to be based in west Germany, but this ignores the purpose of the pro- gramme. Ihe west German attitude is not much clearer. Herr Strauss informed himself of the missile's capabilities when he was in the United States recently, and be is prepared to examine the pro- gramme if it is accepted by Nato. There are difflculties here.
EFFECT ON BUDGET
One difficulty is that the Polaris could make necessary a review of the west German missile procurement pro- gramme. The defence and budget committees of the Bundestag have already approved an unspecified vote for the purchase of the Mace. The Defence Ministry would probably not want both weapons, and delivery dates could make the choice difficult.
Nevertheless, its protestations appear superfluous. The Mace could reach the Moscow area, and while Nato permis- sion may have been obtained, the procuremen-t is a bilateral arrangement between the Federal Republic and the United States. The delivery of the Mace to the Bundeswehr will also bend the concept of the use of Nato land forces as generally understood by some of the member nations.";"July 6, 1960";"";54816;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""No Misunderstanding Over Polaris""";""
"['From DAVID SPANIER, European Economic correspondent,']";"['News']";"From DAVID SPANIER. Euronean Frnnnmnim,' B
Brussels. June 26
Britain's advance towards the Common Market took a distinct step forward tonight, after strong backing from five members in the face of French delaying tactics.
The Council of Ministers of the Six agreed tonight that the Brussels Commission should be in- vited to give its opinion on the British application, as laid down in the Rome Treaty. M. Jean Rey, who takes over as president of the commission in July, gave an assurance that the commission's report could be substantially ready by the end of September.
French demands for a prolonged and extensive study of the future of the Community were brought into focus by the five, by their insistence that legally there is no ground for opposing the opening of negotiations with Britain. Accordingly an imme- diate start will be made on studying these problems at raised by France at a council meeting on July 10 and 11. The commission's work can go forward in parallel.
W E U meeting
But M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, strongly opposed the suggestion from the five that Britain should be given a ""hearing"" in Brussels to state her position on negotiations. He told the council that it would only create a misunderstanding that negotiations were in fact starting if Britain spoke before the council in Brussels.
He was equally opposed to Britain appearing before the commission. and suggested that the commission would do better to listen to the opinions of member governments.
M. Couve de Murville also opposed a hearing on the ground that the British had already explained themselves fullY - during Mr. Wilson's visits round the Six and in his statements in the House of Com- mons-and that there was nothing new to be said.
The Belgian delegation, however, has proposed that Britain might wish to take advantage of the meeting of Western European Union in The Hague on July 6 and 7 to state her case, and so use this meeting as a substitute for a hearing. M. Couve de Murville said that this was a matter for the council of W.E.U. in London to decide.
Resolute support for opening negotiations with Britain wvas given at the outset of the meeting in the statement by M. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign. Minister. He argued that the Common Market had a clear legal and political obligation to open negotiations with Britain on her request for mnembership. The debate
he said, was on how negotiations should be opened, and not about whether individual members of the Six favoured British entry.
Herr Willy Brandt. the west Ger- man Foreign Minister, also lent support, making it clear that Germany supported enlargement of the Community by new members.
Mr. de Koster, the Dutch State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, said that as Britain had made it clear that she was ready to accept the Rome Treaty and the later regulations agreed by the Six Holland did not see any great problems presented by British membership.
European Commission
BRUSSELS, Jone 26.-The Common Market Foreign Ministers agreed here today on the membership of the new unified European Commission which will replace the executives of the three European communities on July 1.
The President of the new 14- member commission wiU be M. Jean Rey, of Belgium, aged 65, a member of the present Common Market Com- mission and a former Belgian Economics Minister. Its Vice-Presi- dents will be Herr Fritz Hellwig, of west Germany, Signor Lionello Levi Sandri, of Italy; Dr. Sicco Mansholt, of Holland; and from France, either M. Henri Rochereau or M. Raymond Barre.-Reuter.
Italian Ministers
in London
BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDEN I
Signor Moro, the Italian Prime Minister, arrived in London yester- day evening. He will be joined this morning by Signor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Minister, who has bee ii attending the Ministerial Council of the Six in Brussels to dis- cuss the British application for mem- bership of the Common MarkeL
The Italian Ministers will start talks with Mr. Wilson, the Prime Minister, and Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, this morning. Britain's application to join the Common Mar- ket and her desire for early negotia- tions are certain to be high on the list of subjects for discussion.
Signor Fanfani, like Mr. Wilson, has frequently emphasized the impor- tance of European technological cooperation. Other subjects on which there will also be an exchange of views include the Middle East, East-West relations, the non-proli- feration treaty, Vietnam, Nato, and certain bilateral Anglo-Italian problems.";"June 27, 1967";"";56978;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Five Back Britain In Face Of France";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrevo
Paris,June 15
The three countries. apart from Britain, which are applying to join the Common Market- Denmark, Norway and Ireland-are to be in- vited to become members of Western European Union (WEU), it was announced today.
Making the announcement, Mr 5eor¶ges Housiaux, the Belgian president of the WEU Assembly, e.mphasized the role of WEU in the development of European unity. A united Europe would be based on the European Comi- n.unities, whose role was the defin- ing of a eommon economic policy; and WEU, whose task was to con- cert the ' efforts of member countries to ensuring their security and maintain peace in the world.
A notion inviting Denmark, Norway and Ireland to join. has al- readybeen tabled for the three-day. Assembly. Mr Housiaux said that if they accepted this would have ronsiderable importance. If they did not, if they felt they could not subscribe to the revised Brussels Treaty, it would mean they could not carry political cooperation with the seven countries very far. At all events, political consultations in WEU would retain all-their value,
This session of the Assembly is inevitablY dominated by the recent Franco-British sutmit. which re- moved obstacles of substance to British entry into the Common Market The usefulness of WEU bas beSn periodically questioned ever since its creation in 1954 by the. Brussels Treaty. But in the .pdt-few-yearOitiad succeeded in justifying itself as a useful and enduring link on the parliamentary
level between Britain and the Six. After the summnit, tbis role has ceased to have any significance in the lobbies of the Palais d'Iena, where the Assembly meets. It was to counter this that Mr Housiaux laid emphasis on the cause of Euro- pean unity.
On the issue of. American troop cuts in Europe, Mr Housiaux said that even if this involved a balanced reduction by Russia, the military situation in Europe would not be improved. Europe had to take over her own essential defence. If 'the burdens on the economies. of the Eurojean countries were not to be too great arms production would have to be rationalized; and. this must go hand-in-band with a com- -mnon foreign policy and defence policy.
European defence is clearly golng to be the most interesting aspect of this and future -sessions of thc Assembly. Particularly striking is the attitude of France, which from having regarded WEU as a war forum for the British and the sup- porters of their entry to the Com- mon Market, now seems to look on it as- a useful instrument of- European defence cooperation out. side Nato.
Against this, the Germans seem to see the development of their national sovereignty as irreconcil- able with the role of WEU. as the instrument of control of those clauses of the Paris treaty of 1954 banning German access to ARC (atom-ic. bacteriological and chemical) weapons. Bonn par- liamentacians can be beard des- -cribing WE-U as no longer up to date. obsolescent. Blut this control £unction of WEU is one- to wrhich Frawzce remains stronigly'attached.
Early last Imonth. M Michel Dcbre, the French Defence Minis-
ter. received ihe defence comnmit- tee of VEU at ibe underground headquarter. of the French strate- gic forces at Taverny near Paris. He is reliably reported to have told them of a file containing con- crete proposals for Franco-British cooperation. mainly regaTding joint production of tactical wea- pons, joint targeting and so on. He explaisned that while the Mac- Mahon Act somnewhat restricted the British as to the information they could pass to France, there was a fund of information the two countries could usefully exchange outside the scope of the Act.
Unfortunately, M Debr6 pointod out, the half of the file 6et iside for the British response to these proposals had remnained blank.
The report bv Mr. James Boyden (Labour MiP for Bishop Auckland) on the defence committee on Euro- pean security, will be taken up by the Assemably on Thursday, with another report by a Gaullist deputy. This latter will recommend study of a European conference for the rationalization of armaments, and Mr Boyden's will specifically refer to the developments in French defence policy.
It will say that one important area where Nato cooperation should be improved is relations with France. Persoral and prac- tical rclations are good, but the theory of French relations with Nato still remains as it was under General de Gaulle, with French ininisters looking to progress in relations from bilateral agreements.
France Is anxious to establish some form of nuclear cooperation with Britain within the framework of a European defence organiza- tion which would not involve her reintegration into Nato.";"June 16, 1971";"";58200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Denmark, Norway and Ireland to be offered membership of WEU";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Ftn. 25
Sir Paul Gore-Booth, leader of the British delegation, has retumed to London without reaching final agree- ment on the amount west Germany is to pay in support costs and defence aid for British troops here. The Westem European Union meeting in London to-morrow will therefore discuss the proposed reductions in the British Army of the Rhine with this not inconsiderable factor still in the balance.
This was not unexpected; it was made clear to-day that the west German contri- bution would not necessarily be dependent upon the outcome of the meeting, and negotiations are in fact continuing at experts' level. It was also authoritatively stated to-day that the Federal Government would almost certainly pay between £46m. and £52m. While this confident assertion does not take into account the Cabinet approval required for the final agreement -which will only be forthcoming if the Proposed reductions are politically accept- able-it can be said, nevertheless, that Herr von Brentano goes to London with a general directive to be as helpful as possible.
5' FANTASIES"" OF SCIENCE
Acceptance of the British defence pro- posals, however, may take considerable time, and it is already being forecast here that to-morrow's meeting will be little more than preliminary. A meeting of heads of Government is considered necessary. The reason is clear; in spite of the consulta- tive apparatus of N.A.T.O. and W.E.U., the Federal Government was almost com- pletely unprepared for the British proposals with all their far-reaching imolications.
The realities of nuclear war are to some extent stiUl regarded here as fantasies of science fiction or at the most applicable only to the United States and the Soviet Union. Two days before Mr. Sandys ex- plained in the Commons how he saw them, Dr. Adenauer was still insisting that Soviet aggression could be held by conventional troops alone. Although the Chancellor in- cluded tactical atomic weapons in the con- ventional armoury-and it is in the develop- ment of these missiles that west Germany is looking to France for cooperation-it was clear that he did not accept the thesis that war could be prevented only by the existence of a nuclear deterrent.
It is also clear that he does not see Britain as a nuclear Power, and this failure to understand the implications of the growing force of V-bombers, the increasing stocks of atomic bombs and the Megaton bomb soon to be tested in the Pacific, has been tackled by the British Embassy.
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING
The Englische Rundschau, the weekly newspaper published by the Embassy, has reviewed the dangers of complete depend- ence upon the United States to deliver the deterrent. It said that Sir VWmston Churchill emphasized in 1955 that the United States could not necessarily be expected in the first decisive hours of another war to attach the same degree of priority to certain targets as would Britain and other west European countries. For geographical reasons alone targets considered important by Britain would be of vital significance for her Con- tinental allies. This additional and import- ant contribution Britain was making to the security of its allies, apart from N.A.T.O., should therefore not be overlooked or underestimated, the writer said.
This plain speaking should be effective even though west Germany tends to regard Britain as Just another European country utterly dependent for its security upon the United States, but there is still lack of understanding and disagreement on at least two issues. The first is that because of their bomber airfields the nuclear front line is now in the Engfish eastern counties and not on the Elbe or the Rhine. Of this there is little or no comprehension here, and some understanding would seem neces- sary not only to ease anxieties here but to demonstrate that Britain wiU not withdraw from Europe.
The second is the difference over the number of N.A.T.O. forces required to pre- vent ""nibbling"" attacks by Soviet or satellite troops. If the Rhine Army must be reduced, the Federal Government would prefer a phased withdrawal to coincide with the expansion of the Bundeswehr, but it would rather retain its present four divi- sions if only because it cannot endanger its forward policy. To say, as has been said, that reductions will make avail4ble much needed barracks for the Bundeswehr, misses the point.";"February 26, 1957";"";53775;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West German Defence Aid Still In Balance";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
President Kennedy's statement on Tuesday, making clear that the United States is open to an offer of negotiations on Germany but is determined mean- while to take precautions to keep up its guard, was given full support by the British Government yesterday.
A Foreign Office spokesman made the following comment: -
""The British Government welcome and
fully endorse the President's statement, particularly those passages concerning the whole German problem, including Berlin.
We share the readiness of the United States Government, as indicated in Presi- dent Kennedy's statement, to negotiate about the German. question with the Soviet Government, provided always that the Soviet Government are ready to do this on a reasonable basis. We made this clear in our Note of July 17 to the Soviet Government. But, if negotiation is to have any chance of success we and our allies must demonstrate clearly to the Soviet Government that threats to pursue their aims through unilateral action can only create the most serious dangers.
CONTINUOUS CONTACT
""Tlhe British Government fully agree with
the United States Goverrment that we must make such preparations as are required to face the critical situation which may arise. We have been kept fully informed by the United States Government of the development of their policy in this connexion. We have been in continuous touch with them through the visits to Washington earlier this year of the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary, through the diplomatic channel and. most recently. through the meeting in London this week between the United States Secretary for Defence and Mr. Watkinson.
Any further steps that may have to be taken by this country will be a matter for discussion by the Foreign Secretary with his colleagues at the meetings to be held in Paris at the end of next week. There will also be full consultation within Nato on the role which Nato has to play. Accordingly, no statement can be made now on the nature of the steps which the British Government will take. These will not necessarily be identical with those taken by President Kennedy, but they will have the same purposes.
""There is no conflict here with what the
Chancellor of the Exchequer said on this subject in his statement to the House yesterday. As Mr. Selwyn Lloyd there said, the British Government have invited the North Atlantic Council to review the
financial conditions under which our forces are maintained. He went on to say that such a request is provided for under the terms of the treaty and does not affect our determination to stand by our Nato obligation in the defence of west Berlin. He also said that this review will relate to the next financial year.""
In reply to questions the spokesman also said: ""It is well known that the Government possess the necessary powers to call up certain classes of re- servists without further legislation."" What in fact is in mind is a filling of gaps in the present strength of the British Army of the Rhine which is about 5,000 men short of its establish- ment of 55,000.
FINANCIAL REVIEW
Some other preparatory measures are also likely to be taken, but none before the Foreign Ministers' meeting in Paris next week. One of the two squadrons of Canberra bombers which recently flew to Kuwait has now returned to Germany.
The decision to fill gaps in B.A.O.R. has no direct connexion with a British request, made to the Nato Council on Monday and placed before the council of Western European Union on Tuesday, for a financial review of the conditions under which British forces are maintained in Europe. This request [was not put forward as one for immediate action this year but for the financial year 1962-63.
In face of overseas balance of pay- ments difficulties, Mr. Selwyn Lloyd naturally intends eventually to cut over- seas military expenditure. This could be done by a cut in B.A.O.R. if the inter- national situation warranted it, or by provisions to ease the foreign exchange burden to take the place of Germany's former contributions to British costs.
Such assistance would naturally be re- quired all the more if a continuing period of tension necessitated increases in the British contingent-but none of this affects British determination to fulfil commitments to Nato and her obligation to defend west Berlin throughout the present phase.
Reactions in other capitals to Mr.
Kennedy's speech, page 8.";"July 27, 1961";"";55144;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Action To Fill Gaps In B.A.O.R.";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
DORTMUND, JUNE 3
Dr. Adenauer got a hero's welcome and a standing ovation from a crowd estimated at some 6,000, at a public rally held in the huge Westfalen Halle at Dortmund today to mark the opening of the Christian Democratic Union's national congress. It showed that in spite of all the rumblings of revolt and dissent within the party in recent weeks, the old magic of his personality still works.
He must, however, have disappointed some of the contenders for the succession to the Chancellorship when he emphasized, at a meeting of the party delegates earlier in -the day, that he had no intention of resigning this year. The Adenauer era is not ended yet, he emphasized. In agree- ing, after the last elections, not to serve a full term of office, he had not stated the day or year of his retirement.
100 PER CENT UNITED
This afternoon's speech was loosely strung together-an assortment of home truths and commonplaces, intersPersed with touches of wit, to which audiences have become well accustomed over 12 years, but which is. still capable of raising a cheer. Apart from the usual emphasis on the relentless danger of communism and the need for western unity, Dr. Adenauer emphasized once again that in the fight against it the free woild could be led only by the United States. ""This must be repeated 12 times a day if necessary "", he added. The Press. both German and foreign. tended to make elephants out of fleas. The differences of opinion between the allies were not serious because the allies were 100 per cent united in theirbasic aims. What was most important was to avoid keeping alive in Mr; Khrushchev a bope that the unity of the west might break up.
Talks were in progress in Paris between Mr. Macmillan and General de Gaulle. and he did not wish to comment on them. "" The position of the Federal Government, how- ever, is quite clear"", Dr. Adenauer vent on. ""W!e are for British membership of the E.E.C., but not for Commonwealth membership, because the Common Market simply cannot digest the Commomvealth's economic potential."" He had. told the party delegates earlier that. Britain's role as leader of the Comnmonwealth presented
' exceedingly difficult problems for her and for us "".
By contrast, the Chancellor pointedly emphasized that "" the friendship between Francc and Germany is the most valuable factor in these difficult times "". Do not believe. he told the cheering audience, that Nazism and its ideas have yet been for- gotten entirely. The Eichmann trial has revived memories of them, even in the United States. "" For Germany, the friend- ship with France is a legitimation of the fact that modern Germany is not the same as Nazi Germany "", Dr. Adenauer declared. He had said earlier that it was not his personal friendship with General de Gaulle that had brought about the reconciliation between France and Germany, but the realization of both countries that European union would become impossible if they did not remain friends.
In his morning speech, the Chancellor had urged the press to use more restraint. Comments in American newspapers had hurt the cause of the west by alleging that Germany had to chose between the United States and General de Gaulle. He referred ta another connexion, to the negative role played by the press in creating the feeling that he and President Kennedy did not see eye to eye on negotiations with Russia. ""We are in agreement on the basis and aims of our policy "", he said, "" but we differ on methods""
Herr Dufhues, Minister of the Interior in North Rhine-Westphalia and president of the congress, who has been nominated for the newly created post of business ranager of the party, got almost as good a reception at the rally as the Chancellor. Dr. Adenauer made it clear that his election was a foregone conclusion.
PREPARING FOR FUTURE
This means that, while this congress stands under the unwritten slogan of `The C.D.U. after Adenauer "", the question has lost much of its sting, for it will be Herr Dufhues's specific task to prepare the party for the bleaker future it faces when the magic of the old Icader is no more at hand. The question whether the party should become a more broadly based conservative party, appealing to old-fashioned liberals, or stick to its strongly confessional charac- ter, will probably be a more hotly debated issue before the congress ends. The present trend is away from a narrow definition of the word ""Christian"" in the party's name -and Herr Dufhues is doing everything he can to hasten it.";"June 4, 1962";"";55408;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer Says HE IS Not Retiring This Year";""
"";"['News']";"PARIs, Oct. 26.-The official statement in which France and west Germany announce that they have agreed on the principle of large-scale economic coopera- tion and long-term trade agreements between the two countries is as follows: -
The negotiations begun at La Celle-St. Cloud on October 19, and continued paraUlel with the Paris conference between M. Mendes- France and Dr. Adenauer, dealt with all questions having a bearing on Franco-German relations. The two Governments, convinced that close cooperatioa between their two countries will make an essential contribution to the building of Europe and of peace, have agreed not only on the Saar problem but also on the following problems:-
(1) The two Governments are agreed on the principle of large-scale cooperation between France and the Federal Republic of Germany in the economic field. Having noted with satisfaction that Franco-German commercial exchanges have grown in recent years and have reached a record figure, they examined together the methods suitable not only for stabilizing these exchanges but also for developing them. To these ends,:it was recognized that negotiations for long-term commercial agreements is desirable.
LONG-TERM CONTRACTS
Long-term contracts dealing especially with certain agricultural products, notably wheat and later sugar, should result from these agreements. Concerning more particularly wheat, account wiU be taken of the increased possibilities of the present situation during the commercial negotiations scheduled for November.
The two Governments, in the same spirit of cooperation, have considered the terms of the establishment of a "" Franco-German economic committee "" and the foundation of a Franco- German chamber of commerce with equal membership. The questions concerning former German trade-marks will be settled by common agreement at a meeting of experts which will be held soon. The problems of transport and communications, and particu- larly those raised by the canalization of the MoseUle, were studied. They will be the subject of new talks as well as examination a a later date with the other interested countries.
The desirability of associating French and German capital and business firms in Europe and oversea, with a view to developing resources as well as increasing and rationalizing industries, was recognized. Such associations would remain open to other countries, parti- cularly the members of the west European union.
Seen in relation to the economic expansion which is their common goal, such cooperation
in the new tasks which these industries will have to face will serve the general interest by contributing to the enlargement of domestic and foreign markets, the increase of con- sumption, and the raising of the standard of living.
(2 Considering, that the closest possible cooperation between the-French and German peopl,-s in the cultural field must improve their mutual understanding, the two Govern- ments have concluded a Franco-German cul- tural agreement on the following basis:-
(a) Exchanges of teachers, scientists, lec- turers, students, schoolboys, technicians, and apprentices. To help these exchanges the two Governments will make available scholar- ships and subsidies to nationals of the other country, and organize holiday schools for teachers; students, and schoolboys. They will also further collaboration between youth organizations.
(b) Increase of regular courses in the language and civilzation of the other country in universities and schools, permitting so far as possible all students to choose this language.
(c) Mutual benefits to be granted to already existing institutions, or others which may be set up later, as well as to institutes, study centres, and schools.
(d) Facilities for the mutual recognition of examinations and degrees.
(e) Support for the organization of confer- ences, concerts, exhibitions, theatre and cinema shows, radio and television programmes, dis- tribution of books, reviews, and other cultural publications.
(f) Encouragement of objective presentation of all questions relating to the other country at al levels of education and particularly in text books.
(g) Mutual consultations about the main- tenance of their common cultural interests abroad.
A MIXED COMMITTEE
It was decided to set up a mixed committee, consisting of an equal number of delegates from each Government and chosen from among senior Civil servants and representative figures of inteUectual life. This committee's task wfll be to solve the problemns raised by the application of the agreement, to seek the best means to attain the proposed objectives, and to submit to the two Governments their suggestions for the development of cultural relations.
(3) The two Governments concluded a con- vention to settle certain problems arising from wartime deportations dealing particularly with the repatriation of bodies, pilgrimages, and the maintenance of memorials to those who had been deported. The head of the French Government and Chancellor Adenauer also signed a convention relating to the mainten- ance of German war graves in France.- Reuter.";"October 27, 1954";"";53073;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Basis Of French-German Economic Cooperation";""
"['From Peter Hazelhurst,']";"['News']";"From Peter Hazelhurst
-Tokyo, April 27
President Reagan's decision to lift the grain embargo against the Soviet Union appeared to confound th Japanese Govern- ment today, a mere three weeks after American and British leaders wvere exhorting their Far Eastern ally to take a tough stand on the issues of Afghanistan and Poland.
Japanese officials expressed fears today that the announce- ment will further undermine the West's position on Afghan- istan and Poland and induce European governments to lift sanctions against the Soviet Union.
""The Japanese Government is examining its options if this happens. For the time being Japan will continue to impose sanctions against the Soviet Union,"" an official said.
Other officials in the Min- istry of International Trade and Finance said that the Govern- ment is strongly convinced that the United States, Japan and West Europe should continue to take a strong stand against Moscow while Soviet troops re- main in Afghanistan.
""President Reagan's action
could indicate that the United States might be abandoning Afghanistan to strengthen its hand on the issue of Poland. We are not sure, but Mr Suz- uki (the Japanese Prime Min- ister) will take the subject up when he mets President Rea- gan in Washington next month,"" a senior official ex- plained.
Mr Reagan's decision has undoubtedly confused Japanese leaders, because a little more than three weeks ago both Lord Carrington, the British Foreign Secretary, and Mr Mike Mans- field, the United States Ambas- sador in Tokyo, called on Mr Masayoshi Ito, the Japanese Foreign Minister, to exhort Japan to close ranks with the West- on the issues of Afghani- stan and Poland
At the time Mr Ito assured Lord Carrington that Japan 'vould continue to impose an economic embargo against Mlos- cowv until Soviet troops- were withdrawn from Afghanistan. Mr Ito also assured the Foreign Secretary that Japan wrould stand by Europe and strengthen its sanctions against the Soviet Union if Poland was invaded.
EEC likely to fall in line and lift expoirt curbs
From Michael Hornsby, Brussels, April 27 .
Current restrictions on the subsidized sale of the EEC's grain surpluses to the Soviet Union will almQst certainly be dropped after President Rea- gan's decision to resume Ame- rican grain exports to the Rus- sians.
The American embargo wvas imposed early last year by Presi- dent Carter in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanis-:an. The EEC agreed then to see that its own exports wvould 'not replace, directly or indirectly, United States deliveries on the USSR market "".
This has meant in practice that the EEC has restricted ex- ports of cereals to the Soviet Union to the average level re- corded over the last three years, which wvas negligible, so as not to fili the gap in Russian sup- plies left by the Americans.
With the American emnbargo lifted, the basis for the EECs decision has been removed and the French Government has announced alreadv that it is making arrangements to sell some 600,000 tonnes of- surplus wheat to the Russians- at prices subsidized by the EEC.
Biitain and- West Germany, wfhich take-a dinmviein of the subsidized sales - mainly be- cause, as the biggest net contri- butors to the EEC budget, they bear most of the cost - do not dispute that the _priginal argu- ment for curbing2Lgrain exports
to the Soviet Union is no longer valid.
But both countries are expec- ted to urge, on economy grounds, that the special mach- inery set up last year for moni- toring sales of grain and other foodstuffs to the Soviet Union and elsewhere should be kept in being. The British will also urge that the current controls
on butter sales to the Russians should stay.
Future policy on the sale of food surplusea is to be discussed later this week by the perm- anent committee of EEC ambas- sadors in Brussels and may be put on the agenda of the next meeting of EEC Foreign Min- isters.
Mr Joseph Luns, the Nato Secretary-General, said today that the decision to end re- strictions on grain sales had weakened the position of the United States. ""This decision plays the game as Moscow vants it,"" he said during a meet- ing of the Western European Union Assembly, which is descussing developments in Poland and the Gulf.
A draft resolution, drawn up by the assembly's political coam- mittee, calls on West Euiopean governments to ban sales of advanced technology to the Soviet Union in the event of direct Soviet intervention in Poland.";"April 28, 1981";"";60913;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"US grain decision baffles Japanese";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"Herr Brandt (centre) enjoys a joke with M Giscard d'Estaing, the French Finance Minister, during a lunch at the Quai d'Orsay, which also was attended by M Messmer, the French Prime Minister (right).
From Richard WiJ2L
Paris, Nov 26
Herr Brandt, the West Ger- man Chancellor, who has arrived here for two days of talks with President Pompidou, dropped all other issues in order to con- centrate on the Middle East oil crisis. He told the French Presi- dent that Franco-German soli- darity must prove itself in the emergency now facing Europe.
President Pompidou was re- ported to have said that he too believed that Franco-German cooperation should be valid in energy matters.
lHe said that they were meet- ing at a moment that was crucial for Europe's future. But a chance was opening for them. ""We owe it to our peoples to seize it, even at the price of cer- tain immediate sacrifices which all will understand and accept"", he said.
Next month's summit of the Nine in Copenhagen was not dis- cussed until a second meeting between the two men this after- noon.
Herr Brandt was expected to discuss the energy crisis at a dinner given in his honour to- night at the Elysee Palace by President Pompidou. In a text
released earlier, the German Chancellor said that all the mem- ber countries of the European Community were not affected in the same way.
"" But wve must not deceive our- selves. In reality we are all equally concerned and none of us has the right to leave the other alone with his worries.
""In accepting the weakening of one country we would in reality be weakening the Com- munity itself and thus each of its members. If we do not stand United in this domain we shall not realize anything lasting in any other domain either.""
More quickly than anyone had realized or feared, the Euro- pean will to unite was faced by a challenge affecting every member state.
In the third meeting this year under the Franco-German treaty of cooperation, the oil crisis and the consequences for Europe also were discussed at the Quai d'Orsay by M Michel Jobert, the French Foreign Minister, and Herr Walter Scheel, his West German counterpart.
Herr Brandt suggested to President Pompidou that the energy crisis should be discussed promptly within the Com-
munity's Council of Ministers, and that the ministers directly responsible for energy matters should confer with the foreign ministers of the Nine at their next meeting in Brussels, due to be held on December 3 and 4.
All this concerned the short- term effects of the eliergy crisis. When the two leaders turned to the long-term aspects, President Pompidou explained the French decision to go ahead with build- ing a plant to obtain enriched uranium by the gaseous diffusion process.
Germany, along with Britain and the Netherlands, prefers the rival centrifugal process. President Pompidou was reported to have said that France might be interested in some kind of collaboration in other projects but apparently the matter was not taken any further.
On the Copenhagen summit, Herr Brandt told M Pompidou that it could offer a considerable opportunity to make progress to- wards European political unity provided thev did not give the impression that the leaders of the Nine were trying to supplant the Council of Ministers.
This touches on a fundamental
difference of approach between France and Germany on the European process of political unification; but apparently Herr Brandt still emphasized to Presi- dent Pompidou, wvho is the orig- inator of the idea of regular sum- mits, to tackle the basic political issues which France insists do not come within the purview of Brussels; and that, in the West German view, intergovernmental cooperation must come ""under the roof "" of the present Euro- pean institutions.
On European defence, where the French Foreign Minister and the German Defence Minister differed publicly in Paris only last week at a meeting of the Western European Union the Chancellor evidently sought to be conciliatory.
He told President Pompidon that he saw no reason why West Germany should not collaborate on European defence affairs within organizations like the WEU, in which France partici- pated. At the same time, he gave it to be understood that Germany would continue to take part in bodies like Nato's Euro- group, in which France did not.
Leading article, page 19";"November 27, 1973";"";58949;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt sees oil crisis facing Europe as challenge to Franco-German solidarity";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our OWn Correspondent
BONN, OcT. 12
The Federal Government has applied to the west German patents office to have a newly developed process for isolating uranium 235 listed as a state secret. This was announced by spokes- men of the Foreign Ministry and the Ministry for Atomic Energy today, after reports from Washington that research here had reached an advanced stage and that the United States had asked the Federal Government to impose restric- tions. The Foreign Ministry spokes- man explained that the Federal Govern- ment could impose restrictions only by means of an application either to the patents office or to the courts.
The process that has been developed is known as the gas centrifuge. The principle of it has been familiar to scien- tists for many years and work was begun in Germany as far back as 1941.
In the United States and Britain, however, the gas centrifuge method was abandoned in favour of gas diffu- sion, one of the other two methods that scientists had been developing. Broadly speaking, the gas centrifuge subjects uranium to centrifugal force under high temperature, whereby the fissile uranium 235 is separated from the non-fissile uranium 238, rather as wheat is winnowed. Under gas diffusion, the uranium is put thxough an apparatus that resembles a series of sieves.
LOWER RUNNING COSTS
Uranium 235 is one of the fissile materials that is used in atomic weapons, and the development of a cheaper method of production is therefore bound to arouse world-wide attention. There hasi even been talk of a ""people's atomic bomb "".
Professor Wilhelm Groth, of Bonn University, one of the scientists responsible for recent development of the process in west Germany, said today that it was too early to give a definite judgment on whether it would in fact turn out to be cheaper. Research had not yet reached the point at which the process could be used for production purposes. At present, he said, running costs were lower than were those of the gas diffusion method. but investment costs were higher. Other scientists gave varying opinions, Professor Heisenberg dismissing the process as scientifically insignificant.
That research has not ye.t reached a point of conclusion was confirmed by Degussa (Deutsche Gold und Silber Soheideanstalt) a Frankfurt non- ferrous metal firm which has also played a large part in development, though separately from Professor G. and his colleagues. The scientist chiefly
responsible for Degussa's researches is Herr G. Zippo, who was already working on the process just after the war, when he was a prisoner in the Soviet Union. Before leaving the Soviet Union, Herr Zippo is reported to have made a small model of the apparatus for the Russians.
INSTALLATIONS SOLD
Within the past two years west Germany has sold three installations in their half developed form, two to Brazil and one to the United States. According to Professor Groth, numerous applica- tions for purchase have been made by other countries, some of which be thought wanted the apparatus for pro- duction ,purposes, but for ""political reasons he refused to name them.
The results of west German researches were put to the conference on the peaceful uses of atomic energy in Geneva in 1958 and since then, Pro- fessor Groth said today, he had given numerous lectures on his subsequent work. It seems that great strides have been made since the Geneva conference and it is presumably the more recent developments that have made the whole process suddenly look practicable, and therefore something to be kept secret.
Professor Groth described what had been achieved so far as pure research. This was amplified at today's press con- ference when the spokesman for the Ministry for Atomic Energy pointed out that west Germany was not engaged in the production of fissile material, or indeed isotopes of any kind whatsoever. Isotopes needed for west German industry, including the fissile material used in atomic power stations, are all imported.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Under the protocols to the Western European Union agreement, article five, annexes one and two, uranium 235 is specifically listed as one of the materials of which the Federal Government has renounced production, it being "" prim- arily useful"" in the manufacture of atomic weapons. Development of the gas centrifuge process on the practical level will therefore presumably be carried out largely by countries with which west Germany has agreements for the exchange of information.
The members of Euratom are auto- matically informed of west German developments, even those that have been declared a state secret. The United States is also informed, having in 1957 signed a bilateral agreement with west Germany for the exchange of informa- tion. The United States has a similar agreement with the United Kingdom.";"October 13, 1960";"";54901;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Concern Over ""Cheap Bomb"" Technique";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, DEC. 4']";"['News']";"From Our Own Corfespndent-PARIS, DEC. 4
The assembly of the Western European Union ended its session in Patis tod&y by expressitig the ho06 that the new Russian Government would, of its own accord, initiate setious nCgotia- tions on the whole German problem. Western goverhments were asked to give their encouragement. The motion rioted that the visit to Germany planned by Mr. Khrushchev would have given an opportunity of examining possible solutions.
A statement by Dr. Erich Mende, the west German Vice-Chancellor and leader of the Free Democratic Party, was not without its warnihgs of rising pressures. Germans, he said, would Saoon be commemnorating the twentieth anni- versary of the end of the War, yet there was stlll no ptace treaty. The Gern`in people, especially the younger genera- tion, could hot resign themselves to this and would press more strongly for a final settlement.
SEC-OND STRIONGEST
Twenty years had wrought their changes. The Federal Republic had become the second strongest power in the west after the United States; and tast Germany now ranked second after Russia in the Soviet block. A reunited Germany of 76 million people at the geopolitical centre of Europe would rank as the thitd world power after the United States and Russia.
It was understandable that east Euro- pean states, such as Poland and Hungary, should shy away from these implications and that there should be reservations in the west. Fears that a reunited Germany might be infected by the old furor germanicus had to be dis- pelled. He admitted that there could be no Germah settlement in isolation but only within wider Europeati arrange- ments, which would preferably include eastern countries.
Dr. Mende, having discussed some of these problems with General de Gaulle two days ago, said that his Government was favourably impressed by French attempts to extend the idea of European unity towards the east.
WALL OF SHAME
Both Dr. Mende and, after him. Herr Heinrich Albertz, the deputy Burgo- master of we§t Berlin, strongly de- nounced the Berlin Wall. Lack of action against it might give the false inmpres- sion, Dr. Mende said, that the Federal Republic accepted its existence. On the contrary, this "" wall of shame "" became increasingly unbearable; it was a per- manent menace to Europe and signified a permanent state of civil war in Germany.
Sinct its construction at least 53 per- sons had been killed simply because they had wished to cross from Berlin to Berlin. Dividing the country there were 1,200 niles of barbed Wire and mine- fields, with 600 watch-towers; along this line 52 people had been kIiled whitle ttiying to go from Germany to Gernany.
flr. Mende spoke of a prison wall that kept 17 million people inside a police state. Every week 50 people, rnostly under 25, risked their lives to escape; aLinost every fourth person iti the west was either an escapee or a former refugee from eamt Gerrnany.
There was no qtlestion, now or in the future, of Bonn's recognizing this com- munist police state. There was much contact, however, between the two zones -300 million letters ahd parcels a year, interzorial trade and now a pass system for orid-fty visits. Such things, how- ever, could only relieve the pain without solving the German problem, which remained the responsibility of the victorious powers.
The menace of inflation was discussed by Lord Grattchester as rappoteur on tht European monetary situation. f[is report was not without a bearing on the recent British crisis. He said that creep- ink inflation in Europe since 1960 was reaching a point where the possibility must be faced of currencies becoming worthless within the next decade.
RISING PRICES
Inflation was not an inevitable process but in aU cases was due to human error. The general debasement of currencies in all European countries was being masked by the success officially claimed in maihtaining stable currencies.
The assembly passed i resolution ask- ing the W.E.U. Council of Ministers to examine urgently what steps could be taken by member Governments in con- cert to halt the prevailing trend of rising prlces in Europe and to ensure the value of their eurreticies by the maintenance of monetary discipline. In particular the council wis asked to seek elucidation of the objectives of Mlnisters of the Group of Ten in their approach to refortus of the existing monetary system.";"December 5, 1964";"";56187;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Appeal To Russia To Hold Talks On Germany";""
"['FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Reports from Paris of the withdrawal of French staff from Nato military head- quarters in France do not affect the more important question of the two French- divisions in Germany. The divisions themselves, it is true, are pro- bably not so important as a military contribution to Nato as the French squadrons and atiti-aircraft missile batteries, which the French Government are in any event certainly withdrawitg.
The French air component was fully integrated into the allied defence net- work, and could not operate effectively except as part of the integrated Nato system. The squadrons were always bound, therefore, to be withdrawn once President de Gaulle decided that inte- gration was incompatible with French independence.
The two French divisions are neverthe- less an important part of the total allied forces in Germany. Are they to remnain in Germany linked by some effective military plan to the other allied troops, or are they about to be withdrawn also ?
Nuclear warheads
Upon this much depends. The future allocation to French units of United States nuclear warheads, the use by France of the allivd early warning system, and con- tinued allied overflying rights over France, are all subject to the decision on the ground troops.
tf they are pulled out of the present defence arrangements the reorganization of Nato will bc on a far greater scale than if they remain in Germany.
A few weeks ago almost all the diploma- tists were saying that France intended to pull out of Nato altogether (although grad- ually, avoiding the odium so far as possible, and making out that the allies, in particular Germany, were setting unreasonable condi- tions for the retention of the French troops in Germany).
One theory about President de Gaulle's aimns in Moscow is that there will be an announcement of the withdrawal of French troops from wcst Germany, coupled with a Soviet announcement of a com- parable withdrawal of Soviet troops from cast Germany. This could indeed slhow the way to a thinning out of Nato and WVarsaw Pact troops on either side, which might suit President de Gaulle well enough as a step towards the removal of United States influence in Europe.
Russian atfitude
On the other hand, it is by no means cer- tain that the Russians will want any thin- ning out or withdrawal of the Americans at this stage.
It is argued that the Russians cannot want any further rocking of the Nato boat at present, and that the continued presence of strong allied troops, including Uhlited States troops, in Germany helps the Russians to hold the Warsaw Pact together.
In any event. the French Government may have decided for its own reasons that it is worthwhile to keep its forces in Gcrmany. French representatives at the Westemr European Union Assembly meeting in Paris last week gave assurances that France would stand by her W.E.U. commit- ments-which involve close military arrangements.
RUMANIANS STILL
SCEPTICAL
FRROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
IN EASTERN
EUROPE
BucHAREsT, JUNE 22
With Moscow playing host to General de Gaulle on a scale which was bound to overshadow Mr. Chou En-lai's public per- formance here. the Rumanian and the Chiiese delegations met again this morn- ing to conclude their talks and to prepare for the final act, the Sino-Rumanian friend- ship rally fixed for tomorrow.
The rule of the game that public speeches must not be offensive to third parties was a handicap to Mr. Chou. In compensation, his hosts bave seen to it that he was given a grand welcome from the cheering crowds, but there was little else but pious words.
Restricted to a limited field of preaching China's revolutionary gospel, Mr. Chou
was talking to a lot of sceptics. Even their applause could not have encouraged him into thinking that the Rumanians were about to be converted to Mao's faith.
The obvious contradiction between reality and the outward signs of enthusiasm which the Rumatiais are showing makes this great demonstration of Sino-Rumanian friendship seem like a fairy tale. The thinese sermons, their warnings against softness, their lectures that socialist society must destroy the whole past history, are applauded. But when it comes to facts the points of disagreement are greater than those of agreement, and it is then that the whole carefully constructed front becomes empty inside.
BELGIAN APPROVAL
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, JuNE 22
The Belgian Senate today approved by 96 votes to 33 the Government's plan to accommodate Nato headquarters in Belgium. It was also announced today that the Belgian Government would welcome the transfer of the Atlan,tic Council, now housed in Paris. The 14 members of the Council will decide in October.";"June 23, 1966";"";56665;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato reorganization awaits decision on troops";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 25
Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, appeared before the defence committee ol the Bundestag to-day and expressed hurt surprise at the western Powers' ieaction to the suggestion that Germany might establish supply bases in Spain. Details are not officially available, but Herr Strauss is understood to have quoted the dates on which he had had conversations with representatives of N.A.T.O. and of the western Powers.
He said that he had explained the Defence Ministry's plans in these con- versations, and he failed to see why the
Herr Strauss.
western Powers should suddenly be reacting so strongly just because the pro- posal had become public.
He apparently omitted to mention that General Norstad and others had con- sistently opposed it; and he gave no indication that he might now be having second thoughts. He emphasized that only exploratory conversations had taken place; these he considered to be significantly different from negotiations.
According to a Christian Democratic spokesman, Herr Strauss assured the committee that there was no question of military cooperation between Germany and Spain, and dismissed as nonsense any suggestion that Germany was.trying to bring Spain into N.A.T.O. through the back door-as if either of these possibilities were the reason for the objections that have been raised.
NO CONFIRMATION
He is also said to have given an assur- ance that no decision would be made against the wishes of N.A.T.O., and it is being concluded from this th,t the idea has been dropped, but of this there is no confirmation.
In to-day's Press Herr Strauss is called several sorts of fool for having failed to foresee the stir that would be caused in western circles, but most newspapers go on, rather illogically, to criticize the British and the Americans for appearing to be so upset. Herr Strauss is not the only one who seems not to have grasped what the argument is about.
There is no discussioa. of the Western European Union agreements, and of the major newspapers only the General- Anrzeiger gives any prominence to yesterday's meetings between Herr
Strauss and the British and American Ambassadors. The Siiddeutsche Zeitung is typical in pointing out rather plain- tively that the United States already has bases in Spain, and in asking whether it is different if done by somebody else.
Herr Weinstein, the military expert of the Frankfurter Allgenmeine. says that "" the N.A.T.O. partners must remain consistent and accede to the military needs connected with the arming of the Federal Republic.""
""ACT OF STUPIDITY""
Criticism, in so far as the Press is critical, is concentrated on Herr Strauss's methods. The General- Anzeiger accuses him of a "" gigantic act of stupidity,"" but this turns out to con- sist of having played into the hands of "" those forces in Great Britain that look on any movement of the Chancellor's as suspect.""
BONN, Feb. 25.-Herr Strauss is to visit Greece from March 10 to 16, at the invitation of the Athens Government. He will have talks with Greek leaders and visit military installations and arma- ment factories.-Reuter.
THE MANOEUVRES OF GEN.
FRANCO'S ENEMIES
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MADRID, FEB. 25
Big headlines in the three Madrid morning newspapers ABC, Ya. and Arriba state that Germany has been "" accused "" of negotiating the establish- ment of the military bases in Spain. There follows the Foreign Ministry statement that all news published abroad that Germany has negotiated the con- cession of "" army bases or guided missile ranges"" in Spain is false.
Carefully selected reports from abroad aim chiefly at discounting that negotiations have taken place and at poihting out the manoeuvres of General Franco's foreign enemies.
BRITAIN BLAMED BY
MOSCOW
Moscow radio said yesterday that west German moves to set up bases in Spain were part of a plan to establish a German rocket system on the Atlantic seaboard, and resulted from the "" short- sighted "" post-war policy of Britain and the other western Powers.
A commentator said: ""Their desire is the logical result of post-war develop- ment, particularly the policy of the western Powers which encouraged the revival and strengthening of revenge- seeking militarist forces in Federal Germany in every possible way. The British ruling circles played an import- ant role in this.""-Reuter.
DEFENCE MINISTERS
TO MEET
PARIS, Feb. 25.-Defence Ministers of the Atlantic alliance are to meet in Paris on March 31 and April 1 for talks on military problems, N.A.T.O. head- quarters announced to-day. The announcement said the meeting was being held ""in accordance with the decision taken at the December Minis- terial meeting of l959.""-Reuter.";"February 26, 1960";"";54705;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Strauss Pained At All The Stir";""
"['FROM PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"FROM PETER STRAFFORD
Brussels, March 11 Mr. George Thomson, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, said in Brussels this evening that there was no link between the opening of negotia- tions betveen Britain and the European Economic Commu- nity and the forthcoming gen- eral election in Britain. Neither Mr. Wilson nor Mr. Heath thoulght that the election should delay the opening of negotia- tions, and there was no reason for anyone on the Continent to think so.
Mr. Thomson admitted that recent opinion polls had shown many people to be not so en- thusiastic, for entry into the E.E.C., but he insisted that different polls had given different answers. Some had shown a majority for the open- ing of negotiations or had shown that people expected Britain to join, and he con- sidered that these were just as significant.
Mr. Thomson, who has re- sponsibility in the Government for the negotiations, was speak- ing at the airport on his arrival for talks with Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister. This visit is the first in a tour of the three Benelux capitals-Brussels, Luxembourg and The Hague-and forms part of a programme of visits to all the capitals of the Six.
Mr. Thomson said that he thought negotiations should open as soon as possible and cer- tainly before the summer holi- days. In answer to a question, he said that there was no sug- gestion that the Six were stalling in their preparations. On the contrary, they bad made remark- able progress since their summit conference at The Hague in De- cember, particularly in their dis- cussions on closer economic and monetary cooperation.
Britain, he said, was taking a very poeitive view of the recent decisions in this field and was ready ot go as far as the Six. She was quite prepared, he said, to go along with the general lines of the recent decisions, though he refused to be drawn on points of detail.
At present, he declared, Britain had one of the strongest economies of the western world, and this was the background to the coming negotiations. As to the cost of the E.E.C.'s common agricultural policy, it was recog- nized that Britain would have to
come to termns with it. though it was right that there should be a fair sharing of burdens in an integrated Europe.
Questioned about the E.EC.'s plans for moves towards political union, Mr. Thomson said that Britain was certainly in favour of this, as the political advantages of membership were one of the decisive points for Britain. He insisted, however. that Britain should take part on "" full and equal terms "" as soon as negotiations for entry -had opened-in other words, before she was actually a member of the E.E.C.
This is a point which has not so far been accepted by the Six, particularly by the French. Mr. Thomson justi-fied it by saying that moves towards political union were quite distinct from the economic aspects of entry. On the latter the Six had made much progress and negotiations were necessary. On political union, however, they were only just beginning and it was right that Britain should be in from the start.
He was distinctly lukewarm about the idea of using Western European Union as a means of contact between the Six and Britain during the negotiations, as has been proposed by the French. W.E.U. was a valu- able organization, he eaid, and it was to be hoped that France would return to it. But it was separate from the moves to- wards political union
Asked about the prospect of federalism in the E.E.C., he said that it was false to see the ques- tion in terms of federalism or anti-federalism. The first priority was economic integration, be- cause of its implications in the political field. The Treaty of Rome itself did not prescribe federalism or any form of politi- cal unification, and the right ap- proach now was to see how far it was possible to go together and then to look at the possible insti- tutions.
On the question of who should do the negotiating on the Com- munity side, Mr. Thomson said that Britain had no preference and that this was a matter for the Six to decide among them- selves. The British choice was for negotiations to open eardier rather than later and for them to be aTraw,ged in such a way as to enable fast progress in problems which were bound to be diffi- cult.";"March 12, 1970";"";57816;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Six are told that election will not hold up talks";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic
Correspondent
At the end of the Anglo-Italian talk-s yesterday evening it was announced that Mr. M1acmillan had accepted an invita- tion from Signor Segni. the Italian Prime Minister, to visit Italv in the spring. The dates are not yet fixed. 'but probabh he will go at about the time that Mr. Khrushchev is visiting France (March 15-27). It is expected that Mr. Selwyn Lloyd will accompanv him.
The announcement seemed a fitting finale to talks which were described as ""a useful and businesslike meeting between friends. consisting of a general exchange of views and information.""
The discussions between the Prime Ministers yesterday afternoon seemed again to have concentrated largelv upon the avoidance of a division, political or economic, in western Europe. Both sides were speaking for themselves alone and not as representatives of their respective groups, and no final decisions were, therefore, to be expected.
BROAD AGREEMENT
However, in so far as agreement was possible, it seems that they did broadlv agree that the three-monthly political discussions now envisaged between the six countries of the European Economic Community should be followed by a WVestern European Union meeting. in which the discussions would be con- tinued with the United Kingdom.
On the economic side it was agreed that the Organization for European Economic Cooperation was the best forum for harmonizing the position of the Six both with the Seven of the Free Trade Area and also with the United States and Canada, who are associate members of O.E.E.C.
It is hoped that the next meeting of O.E.E.C. in Januarv will be a Ministerial meeting with this objective. The Italians apparently did not bind themselves fullv to work for this, but wavs of achieving an early and effective meeting, to include all the Six and the Seven, and other interested States, were considered.
DISARMAMENT VIEWS
Discussions on the east-west summit meeting were, it seems, limited. The Italians would like to be represented at the meeting, when, for instance, dis- armament is discussed, since Italy is a member of the 10-Power United Nations disarmament committee. It was made clear that Italy's views would be taken into account on the British side if Italy was not represented.
The 10-Power committee can hardly hold useful discussions before February. If the east-west summit is in April or May, this will leave all too little time for proper preparation of the ground in the committee. Both sides agreed that pre- parations for discussion of disarmament should be hastened as much as possible. This amounts to a reminder to Washing- ton, since the preparatory work must largely be done there.
The Prime Ministers also discussed ways of giving economic aid to the under-developed countries and agreed that coordination was required between the many different forms of aid (at present given through the United Nations, bilaterally, regionally, and so on). They also agreed that O.E.EC. would be a good forum for further discussion of this.
SOMALIA SITUATION
The day began with a meeting between Signor Pella, the Italian Foreign Minister, and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd. the Foreign Secretary. Their discussion included a purely informative exchange of views on the Middle East. in which the position in Iraq and Egypt was considered.
They also discussed problems con- nected with the forthcoming indepen- dence of the Italian-administered United Nations trust territory of Somalia. The trusteeship committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations on November 27 recommended that Somalia's independence should be advanced six months to July 1, 1960; this raises administrative and budgeting questions. The territory faces a heavy budget deficit when it becomes independent.
Britain is closely concerned because it has agreed that British Somaliland may, if it wishes, link up with Somalia after Somalia attains independence.
COMMON GOAL
The Ministers return to Rome to-day. Signor Segni, speaking at a luncheon given by the British-Italian Inter- Parliamentary Group at the House of Commons yesterday, was evidently in- tending to sum up the sense of the last two days when he said: -
I think we can take it for granted that all
of us feel the pressing need to understand one another more deeply. and to stick together more than it has been done at any other time. We nmay. of course. occasionally disagree on the ways best suited to reach this common goal; bLt we fully trust one another's intentions and we share the certainty that mutually satisfying s&lutions shall eventually be found.
Mr. Eisenhower's mission; Dr. Adenauer's discussions in Paris; Mr. Watkinson in Bonn-page 10.";"December 3, 1959";"";54634;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italians Invite Mr. Macmillan";""
"['From EDWARD MORTIMER']";"['News']";"From EDWARD MORTIMER
Paris, Oct. 22 M. Jean-Jacques Servan- Schreiber, author of The Ameri- can Challenge and publisher of the weekly news magazine L'Express, is planning to inter- vene more directly in French politics by reviving the mori- bund Radical Party, which is France's oldest political party (founded in 1901) but has now fallen to a mere 13 seats in the National Assembly.
M. Maurice Faure, who was elected chairman of the party at its congress last Sunday, has asked M. Servan-Schreiber to help him in his self-appointed task of reorganizing the party within the next hundred days. M. Servan-Schreiber wi}l prob- ably accept, and if so he may be given the post of secretary- general of the party. He was an active member of it in the mid- 1950s. when it was led by M. Pierre Mendes-France, but since then has kept himself free of party allegiances, relying on L'Express and on his own writ- ings to keep himself in the public eye.
After standing unsuccessfully as an independent with left-wing support in the elections of 1962. M. Servan-Schreiber used L'Ex- press to launch the abortive can- ditature of M. Gaston Defferre for the presidency of the Repub- lic in 1963-65. M. Defferre set out to build a "" great federation "" of General de Gaulle's left-wing and centrist opponents, which would rule out the communists but in- clude everyone from the Social- ists to the former Christian Democrat Party (M.R.P.). In the event the federation broke up before it had really started. and M. Defferre decided not to stand in the 1965 election after all. Instead M. Francois Mit- terrand stood as a left-wing can- didate with communist support, while M. Jean Lecanuet, a former M.R.P. man, stood as a centre candidate.
In spite of this, M. Servan- Scbreiber did not give up his idea that what is needed in France is an equivalent to the Social Democrat parties in Sweden and west Germany-or to the British Labour Party: A non-con-nsunist left-wing party which would run the capitalist system both more fairly and more efficiently, and by work- ing for European union would help Europe to stand up to American competition. He
showed how Europe could learn from America, first by turning L'Express from a kind of French New Statesman into a glossy. successful news magazine on the model of Time or Newsweek, and then by writing and pro- moting his book. The American Chaltenge, which became a best- seller in several countries.
Last year he thought of stand- ing for Parliament in Cannes as a supporter of M. Mitterrand, but withdrew owing to opposi- tion from the local Socialist Party. He also thought of stand- ing this month against M. Couve de Murville in the Yvelines by- election. But again decided against it after carrying out a private opinion poll in the con- stituency. Earlier this year he appeared on television to sup- port M. Alain Poher in the presidential election, and aston- ished viewers by telling them that to vote for M. Poher was "" the best way to introduce a socialism of the Swedish type in France "".
ThewRadical Party may seem to offer M. Servan-Schreiber his last chance of becoming "" the French Kennedy""-an ambi- tion with which he is often credited. More plausibly, th- Radicals see M. Servan- Schreiber as their last chance of survival. The break-up of M. Mitterrand's Federation of the Left, has found them homeless, obliged to affiliate themselves to the Socialists in Parliament, yet more inclined to look for new alliances to their right.
Almost certainly, they will soon link up with those centrists who have remained in opposi- tion. This would be a kind of regroupment of the parties which supported M. Poher in the presi- dential election, and whose hope lies in the revival of a centre-left alliance, perhaps under the leadership of M. Edgar Faure, the former Minister of Educa- tion, who is himself a former Radical.
M. Edgar Faure (no relation to M. Maurice Faure) has just returned to Parliament with Government support but without a party label, proclaiming his admiration for General de Gaulle but promising "" sprightly contestation"". He makes no secret of his desire to be the next President of the Republic, and clearly intends to keep in with both the Gaullists and their opponents, at least for the time being.";"October 23, 1969";"";57698;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lively recruit to French Radicals";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"The Grand Duchv of Luxembourg pushes out the boat this week. She is called the Marie-Astrid, known as ""the
tlagship of the Luxembourg Navv' and she sails the N1oselle.
Last month. she was used as a signing platform by the Bcnelux, France and Germany foir an agreement. to make it casic- for cars to cross the borders between these five countires. She was svmboli- caliv tied up as ncar as possJe to a point on the Moselle w here three of the countries meet.
This week she is to be used for a pleasure cruise to win the hearts and minds of the EEC's media. Tacking between wine cellars and food castles down the river. she will try t woo support for Luxwmbourg's case that it really ought to be used as a seat by the European Parliament.
The Parliament is meeting in Luxembourg this week for the first time since February 1981. when President Sadat spoke at a formal sitting. Mvembers have since held everv regular session in Stras- hourg, where the facilities and large supplies of restaurants are certainly more attrMetive.
But the entry of Spain and Portugal into the Community means that this month, at least. members have been for-ced back to Luxembourg. The Strasbourg chamber istoo small to accommodate mem- hers 1rom the two new countries and the places are having to be narrowed to fit in the Iberians.
Work is under way. so the chamber in Strasbourg cannot be used this month. Spurred on by M Pierre Pflimin, the former Strasbourg mayor who now presides over the Parlia- ment, the builders are being given every incentive to finish the job by the time the September session comes round.
Given that the chamber is rareiy more than a quarter full. some might argue it is a waste of time and money to enlarge it anyway.
So Luxembourg, which has bitterly resented the way members have deserted it. knows for certain it has only this one month in which to persuade members to come hack - at least sometimes. It has fought the case through the European Court and failed. It took the precautions some time ago of enlarging its chamber to take in the Spaniards and Portuguese.
Ther-e are- new carpets and decor.
It plans to use up some of Europe's food Mountains and wine lakes in the hope that the way to an MEPs heart is through his stomach,
There are, in fact, good financial rcasons for using Luxembourg-in a cash-starved Community. The Parliament's own staff trade union calcu- lates the cost of moving all the necessarv staff and equipment to Strasbourg from the set- retariat offices in the Grand Duchy at about £250,000 a session. Each year. the total cost is more than that spent on administering EEC food aid.
But Strasbourg. a citv which has been ""swapped"" between France and Germany so often. svmbolizes much about the EEC to the manv MEPs these days. who are talking of European union. Luxem- bourg's more sterile atmos- phere is not so emotive and most members have all but borgotten what it is like to mect there. :
Most British members would actually prefer to hold evervthing in Brussels on grounds of cheapness and convenience. That wav, thev argue. they can' haul com- missioners and otficials before them to answer questions whenever they like, while there would be no need to go on carting the European Parliament's impressive paper mountain around Europe. The restaurants are pretty good too.
It is an argument which is meant to be seitled by a summit, but a far more delicate one than any of the relative trivialities about sub- jects like the British budget or institutional reform.
Poor Luxembourg is also in the first throes of trying to sweep up the mess left after the Milan summit. It had come down with a suggested work programme which bears a singular resemblance to an idea put forward, but never debated. bv Britain at the summit itself.
This includes setting up the inter-governmental conference demanded by seven countries, but at the same time going ahead with rules for increasing majority voting while protect- ing the right of veto.
Luxembourg gave it's name to the Community's most famous compromise - some- thing which in best EEC fashion it does not believe in itself. If it succeeds with its present plan, it will have a compromise it could itself be proud of.
Ian Murray";"July 8, 1985";"";62184;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European notebook";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"Nearly 20 years ago the Yugo- slav Foreign Minister, Koca Popovic, gave this answer to the question "" after Tito what? "" ""Only the very naive ask that question, and only an absolute fool would try to answer
Tito is now 84. He can still put on a remarkable perfor- manice on special occasions, but his stamina has declined considerably, and the areas in .which he does not operete are expanding. However naive, the question of Yugoslavia after Tito must still be asked, if in- adequately answered.
Tito cannot be replaced. Yugoslavia is a federation of nine states and regions, and his successor, who could be either Kardelj or Bakaric, will be primus inter . pares, the chairman of a collective. Whoever he- turns Out to be (and the position of President, mav be rotated on an annual basis among the represent- atives of the nine) the interest of the Communist Party leader- ship will be to maintain the unity of Yugoslavia-where one half of the 1,700,000 dead in the Second World War were killed by fellow Yugoslavs, for Yugoslavia is the least homo- geneous country in Europe- and to thwart Russian ambi- tions. Were it to fail, the regional balance of power would be upset wvith conse- quences that are incalculable.
Tito's death will signal a testing time for detente. The Russians wNill be under strong ideological and geographical pressure to secure the return of an apostate to the fold, and bases upon the Adriatic.
They seem to have retained or created links with and footholds in many areas of Yugoslav life; and the credibil- ity of the threat, or even the
actual use, of Soviet force remains high. The threat is from the East. No Nato power would risk anything that would weaken the Yugoslav regime.
Economically, Yugoslavia did better than expected in 1975. The recession continued, but her balance of payments though sill adverse did not deteriorate. This was due to good results from tourism, remits from Yugoslavs working in Germany (a good propor- tion o-f German social security benefits must have crossed the exchanges), and to rigorously applied import restrictions, mainly at the expense of West- ern goods and services.
Europe should do more to help, but Yugoslavia is pri- marily an agricultural pro- ducer, and the ban placed by the Community on the import of meat has done the country harm. What Yugoslavia needs from the EEC is not so much investment, btut access to West- ern markets. Yugoslavia is seeking arms from the West, in particular anti-tank missiles, and ""contacts do exist"" with the United States. It is believed that $1.5m worth of arms will be supplied.
The West should make con- tacts in Yugoslavia before it is too late. Britain has taken less interest than have America and Germany. Had he not resigned his office, Sir Harold Wilsoh was to have gone io Yugoslavia. Can Mr Callaghan be persuaded to make a visit ?
It is not easy to strengthen contacts with Yugoslavian communists while keeping Spanish and French "" revi- sionists "" at arm's length. Curiously, the Labour Party has neglected Yugoslavia, its itinerant MPs seem to prefer the hospitality of the other countries of Eastern Europe.
Mr Brezhnev has postponed his visit to Yugoslavia. In the meantime "" corminformists "", that is Russian sympathizers, have, been put on trial for off ences against the Yugoslav state. Soviet protests have been muted. Yet the- Russians have tended to pass over in silence the Belgrade Declaration of 1955, which constituted the basis of the Soviet-Yugoslav reconciliation. And an article in the Novenmber, 1975, issue of the Soviet journal Kommunist talked of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union marching side by side towards the same socialist and communist goals.
Yugoslavs suspect that the Russians may still regard their country as being within their sphere of influence. In all pro- bability Tito's successors will wish to maintain the independ- ence, integrity and non-align- ment of their country and will retain the wish to fight for it. Their chances of doing so, however, may be doubted.
""C Conservatives "" among the leadership may come to prefer Russia to feform. A combi- nationi of a neutral Italy and Yugoslavia's reincorporation -in the Soviet block and Warsaw Pact would be the single most important destabilizing factor in the European balance.
Yugoslavia cannot afford a power struggle after the death of Tito: a fragile West could not afford the humiliation of her return to the Soviet fold. It is 15 years since the Berlin crisis-and storm-warnings are fly,ing once again in Europe.
Julian Critchley
The author is Conservative MP for Aldershot and, chairman of the Defence and Armaments committee of the Western European Union Assembly.
©) Times Newspapers Ltd, 1976";"June 9, 1976";"";59725;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"After Tito, why Yugoslavia cannot afford a power struggle";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, FEB. 27
A new approach by Britain to the Common Market was announced in Paris today by Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, at the ministerial council of the Western European Union which, greatly impressed by the impor- tance of this statement, decided to meet for a more detailed exchange of views before the June session of the W.E.U. Assembly.
Mr. Heath, who returned to London tonight to dine with Mr. Averell Harri- man, gave the council a carefully worded statement on the British position towards the recomMendation of the W.E.U. Assembly last November urging full association by Britain with the economic and political relationships of the Six. Coming to the main point of the new British offer, he said that if the Common Market countries "" can meet our Commonwealth and agricultural difficulties, the United Kingdom can then consider a system based on a com- mon or harmonized tariff on raw materials and manufactured goods imported from countries other than the Seven or the Commonwealth "".
TROPICAL PRODUCTS
This, he said, was a fundamental change in principle in the British Position; they had never before envisaged adopting a common tariff over a sector of the economy. Special arrangements for tropical products were also visualized, and in response to inquiries during talks with the German and Italian Governments, the United Kingdom had stated that. as part of an overall settlement, it would see no diffi- culty in principle in the way of discus- sions between the Six and the Commonwealth about possible reduc- tions in tariff preferences which Britain now enjoyed in those countries.
Mr. Heath did not wish at present to express a view on the Assembly's sug- gestion that arrangements should be made for Britain to accede to the Com- mon Market as a full member. They could not tell what the framework would be until they knew more about its contents. nor could they see clearly what the British relationship with the Six would be until they had learnt more from the Six about their attitude to individual technical problems.
""But We are not afraid of common institutions "", he said. Thev recognized. indeed, that there would 'have to be common institutions to control a common or harmonized tariff; but no arrangements would be satisfactory to Britain which did not involve a political as well as an economic relationship with the Six.
REAL BASIS ESSENTIAL
The Minister again reflected the view of his Government that the develop- ment of two separate economic groups must hamper the expansion of produc- tion and trade in western Europe, and would eventually lead to ill-feeling, with detrimental political consequences to European unity. It was also recognized that "" another breakdown such as occurred in 1958 would be disastrous to ius all throughout Europe "". It was for this reason that the Government had not wished to begin formal negotiations until they could see that a real basis existed to carry them to a successful conclusion.
Mr. Heath traced the fresh approach that had been begun with the Prime Minister's discussions with Dr. Adenauer, Signor Fanfani and General de Gaulle, and he welcomed the opening in London today of talks with French officials. The results so far, he said, had been reasonably encouraging, and through them they could see more clearly what the problems were and what arrangements had to be made.
In all these discussions. Britain's partners in Efta had been kept fully informed, and as regards the Common- wealth it had every hope that an arrange- ment on the lines he had given would be acceptable. Further discussions would be necessary-presumably at next month's conference of the Common- wealth Prime Ministers. What remained was to continue this series of explora- tions and informal exchanges until they could see clearly enough ahead to justify more formal negotiations.
FAIR SETTLEMENT
As for political consultation, Britain had no desire to weaken the ties, of the six Power community or to dilute or impede its flow to new forms of unity. Britain had no wish to force her way into political discussions among the Six arising from the business of the com- munities. But when broad European and world-wide problems were to be discussed, they firmly believed that Britain should take part.
The British purpose, he said, was tc reach a fair settlement that could be mutually advantageous to all,, both eco- nomically and politically. He reiterated that the Prime Minister would be willing to attend future summit discussions of the Six on receiving a unanimous invi- tation from them.";"February 28, 1961";"";55017;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Offer On Common Market";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
STRASBOURG, JAN. 21
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, making his first appearance before the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. said to-day that if the idea of ""a peculiarly European association "" (that is, an agreement between the Six and the Seven) were to be abandoned, then "" grave dangers loomed ahead."" In particular, if the Six extended their political consultations to affairs outside their community, such as east-west relations, disarmament, or Africa, he did not see how Western European Union could survive. "" and the obliga- tions we have taken thereunder.""
The Foreign Secretary's speech was. by his own definition. one of some candour: ""There is no point in my coming and talk- ing to you unless I speak frankly,"" he said. The speech added little to what was known about British European policy, but it re- emphasized that the British Government. like their partners in the European Frce Trade Association of the Seven, are as determined as ever to work for a ""wider multilateral European settlement,"" as against the idea of ""'the Six and the rest of the world.""
UNCONDESCENDING TONE
What the Minister said seems to have been generally well received, not only among the Seven, who naturally approved, but also in Common Market circles, where his uncondescending tone made a favour- able contrast with previous British efforts in this field.
Mr. Lloyd began his review of European questions with a restatement of British policy. He said that Britain regarded her- self as part of Europe, and her association with the Commonwealth and membership of the Atlantic Community were not incon- sistent with European status. As for criticism that Britain had kept out of the Coal and Steel Community and the Euro- pean Defence Community, he thought it bad been a mistake not to take part in negotiations for the first, and doubted whether the second had been "" a practic- able proposition.""
He ""categorically denied"" that Britain was opposed to the community of the Six- he welcomed it and would support it, pro'- vided it was not "" in opposition to a bigger Europe."" By that he meant that, if the
community bad high tariffs and was rigidly protectionist, "" then there will be a trade war in western Europe."" He had. how- ever. received assurances from the French and other Governments that the com- munity would apply liberal trade policies. and he was "" very glad "" to hear Profeszor Hallstein (president of the Common Market commission) confirm this in his speech yesterday.
The Foreign Seoretary then gave his warning, which was one of the strongest parts of his speech. about the dangers of the Six entering into exclusive political consultations-and he noted that the Six had said that they had no wish to develop political consultation in this way. Asagainst these dangers, he went on. he bad found in aU his European conversations since November ""a new determination to sec that this gap, this split, this division in western Europe, does not arise.""
"" NUB OF THE MATTER""
After recalling that the E.F.T.A. (thc Outer Seven) was not hostile to anyone. Mr. Lloyd said that a way must be found "" in which that large part of Europe ou:- side the [Six-Power] community can contri- bute, with -the Six, to the concept of unity in Europe. The creation of the Outer Seven preserved the possibility of a wider multilateral European settlement. and that was a political objective of the highest importance.
He thought that the Paris economic con- ferences last week marked valuable pro- gress, because, in the provision they made for examining the relationship between the Six and the Seven. they made the opportu- nity for a "" fresh start."" United States and Canadian association with the work was welcome. but. in the context of European unity, "" the nub of the matter is economic relations in Europe.""
After mentioning the importance of con- tinuing the good work of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, and pointing out the connexion between a Six- Seven agreement and the degree to which countries could contribute aid for under- developed countries oversea, Mr. Lloyd promised that the British Government would enter into the coming economic dis- cussions with good wilt "" My own feeling,"" he said, ""is that western Europe cannot afford another failure to reach agreement."" Some changes in position might be neces- sary on both sides. but there must be the political will to succeed,";"January 22, 1960";"";54675;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Lloyd Warns The Six Against Protectionism";""
"['From Ian Murray, Brussels']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray, Brussels
The whole future of the 1uropean Community is at stake when leaders of the 10 member states meet in Stuttgart this afternoon.
With the EEC staring bank- ruptcy in the face and Mrs Thatcher intent on forcing her reluctant colleagues to agree to a substantial refund in Britain's contributions, this summit will have to take radical and far- reaching decisions if the Community is not to stagnate.
Time and money are both running out and unless the 10 leaders resolve to put an end to the indecisivenes which has characterized the EEC increa- singly in recent years, there are fears in Brussels that the EEC could begin to unravel.
Mrs Thatcher and her insist- ent demand for a British budget rebate can be relied on to concentrate the minds of the other heads of government on the urgency of the problem. She will not be content with anything less than a negotiable chequea made out in Britain's favour.
If she does not get it, she will certainly precipitate the ""ex- tremely serious situation"" threatened by Sir Geoffrey Howe, her new Foreign Sec- retary, after a very inconclusive round of talks with other Foreign Ministers on the subject last Monday in Luxembourg.
The amount at issue is likely to be about £280m. This is the difference between the £530m Britain feels it deserves and the £250m which is the most France appears likely to. con- cede. The amount at issue is thus tiny compared with the Community's £15,000m budget.
The hard and wearisome negotiations will have to be concentrated into the first half of the meeting, since President Mitterand intends leaving at lunchtime tomorrow to take part in ceremonmies commem- orating the forty-third anniver-
sary of General de Gaulle's radio broadcast from London in 1940, which led to the creation of the Free French movement.
The agument will not be made much easier by the paper being put forward by the West German presidency for decision at the meeting. This is essen- tially nothing more than a resume of the discussions in Luxembourg last Monday, plus a return of West german compromise conclusions aimed at finding ways for saving money inside the Commuunity.
That approch ran into con- siderable opposition in Luxem- bourg and there is little to indicate it will receive a more favourable hearing in Stuttgart.
Brussels diplolhats believe that the weakness of the paper reflects a power struggle inside the West German Cabinet between Herr Gerhard Stolten- berg, the money-conscious Finance Minister, and Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the Foreign Minister.
Beyond trying to get agree- ment on the rebate, Mrs Thatcher will also be pressing for swift action to reform the financing of the Community.
She will be urging the British view that a series of extra Foreign Ministers' meetings will have to be arranged between now and Christmas in order to agree necessary changes, includ- ing measures to cut agricultural spending.
This idea is expected to run into stiff opposition from a number of countries, but the fact that the EEC looks as though it cannot avoid bank- ruptcy next year, unless de- cisions are taken quickly means there could be grudging agree- ment on such a system of meetings.
This would add a consider- able work-load, to' Foreign Ministers, who are also likely to be asked to speed negotiations for Spanish and Portuguese entry.
The other really contentious issue at the meeting is the proposal drawn up jointly by Herr Genscher and Signor Emilio Colombo, the Italian Foreign Minister, who seeks to create a greater sense of European union.
Herr Genscher is hoping to crown the West German presi- dency with the signature of this ""solemn declaration"", as it would be known, by the summit on Saturday, before President Mitterrand leaves.
Since Denmark and Greece still have strong objections to the paper, there cuold still be prolonged argument on it and this would eat into the time available for discussion of the financial problems.
There will also be some pressure for the summit to revive the EEC's dormant Middle East initiative and to see if there is any way in which it can inflence events in Leanon.
Having been critized for bad preparation of the March summit, which took place just after the West German elec- tions, Chancellor Helmut Kohl has put together a daunting agenda for Stuttgart.
Depsite the fact that it is to continue over three days, there is a prevalent view in Brussels that the meeting will not have enough time to take the decisions the EEC desperately need.";"June 17, 1983";"";61561;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Summit must take radical decisions to save EEC from terminal decline";""
"['FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
-STRASBOURG, JUNE 29
Professor Walter Hallstein, president of the Commission of the European Economic Community, strongly criti- cized the lack of unity among the Six in the European Parliament here today.
In what is generally regarded as a veiled attack on current French atti- tudes, he said: "" The European way of life itself is being threatened by the fragmentation of Europe; Europe's only chance of being an independent partner of the world's powers on an equal footing is unification.
""To persist in disunity, and to return to ooncepts that would make us the Balkans of the world, would constitute a permanent invitation to the others. the great powers, to intervene and restore order in Europe for their own security.""
Basis for integration
In a belated reply to General de Gaulle's disapproval of the "" power-hungry Brussels technocrats "", Professor Halistein said: ""Nothing would be more dangerous than to belittle and put aside political and eco- nomic matters as purely technical.
""No, the quality of this work is. fol- lowing the original design of our endea- vours, a solid basis for the complete inte- gration of Europe. Integration is action. Cooperation is the essence of European politics.""
Commenting on the otherwise favour- able balance-sheets of the E.E.C., Pro- fessor Hallstein regretted that the ""ex- pected"" geographical expansion of the Community had not materialized. Britain's entry was still, however, topical.
Prognostics were diffioult, and much de- pended on the solution of political and economic problems, he said. Neverthe- less, the executive Commission was glad to note the emergence of a "" certain pattern of thought"" on all sides.
He added that the Comnmission would be ""pleased if our British friends make an- other attempt to adhere to the Rome Treaty "".
As for the futurc. the Commission felt that it would be premature to work out
practical details of the main issues to be tackled by the E.E.C. during its third tran- sitional stage, which began on January 1, 1966, and will be completed on July 1. 1968.
Professor Hallstein emphasized, how- ever, that important decisions for the success of the Kcnnedy round would have to be taken before the summer holidays. These included agricultural marketing sys- tems, common prices for six more farm products, and the Community's agricultural offers in the Kennedy tariff negotiations.
Europe-wide firms
Another main objective of the Commis- sion was to create conditions for the estab- lishment of firms on a European scale, both to ensure proper research facilities and to face foreign competition.
Later today the European Parliament is to discuss a scheme for the setting up of Europe-wide companies, while safeguard- ing the interests of small and medium- sized industries. One of the problems in need of solution is how to encourage the amalgamation of industries across fron- tiers, while preventing monopolies and domination.
New Zealand Inquiry, page 17.
Britain cautious
over Six
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Foreign Office representatives were at pains yesterday to tone down any undue optimism after the return of Mr. George Thomson, "" Minister for Europe "", from the Brussels meeting of the Westemn European Union, at which he gave a long and detailed account of the British Government's atti- tude over negotiations to join the Common Market.
M. de Broglie, French Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. certainly said that nothing could better crown the success of
the Common Market than the inclusion of Britain and other countries. But there is no change to show that the French Govern- ment are as determined as the British Government would be to bring negotiations to a successful conclusion.
Mlr. Thomson, according to one version of his speech, said that before the British Government could apply again to join, they needed to be sure that all parties to the negotiations were as bent as Britain on their success.
After stressing the importance in any agreement of Commonwealth trade, the position of other Efta countries, and the effect upon British agriculture, Mr. Thomson spoke of the other two of the five Labour Party conditions for entry- freedom to pursue an independent foreign policy and the right of the Government to manage their own economy.
On foreign policy Britain, he said, con- sidered it essential to look beyond Europe, but closer economic integration need not impede a country's influence or efforts throughout the world.
On economic policy, Mr. Thomson said, Britain had much in comnmon with the Community, though there might be diffi- culties in the international monetary field. These need not be insurmountable.";"June 30, 1966";"";56671;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Disunity Invites Intervention In Europe'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Frao Our Own Corresbonden't.
Paris, Jan 20 : -
On the same day that Mr; Edward Heath. the former Con. servative leader, put in yet another Thrceful. plea for direct elections to t. the Europeanr Parliament, M Michel Debrke the former&Fierich Prime MiRi' ster, described the plan as ""Ill
conceived, ill-prepared, unclear in, its consequences and, as such, an intolerable attack :oix the. independence of. ""the republic "".
Mr Heath spoke at the presentation cerermony of the Adolf Bentinck Prize, awarded for the most notable contribu- tion to European union, to M Jean Monnet, the ""father of Europe "". M Monnet, who is 87, was not present at the cere- mony because of his delicate state of health, and the prize was received by his daughter.
Mr Heath stated- "" Only when the people of Europe know that they have direct representatioii in the European Assembly wvill they feel that the community is aligning itself more closely with their needs and aspirations.""
Mr Heath acknowledged that ""over the last two years, the European Community has lost its momentum, The high hopes held of enlargement have not been fulfilled. We have made all too little progress along the path outlined at the meeting of heads of government in Paris in October, 1972. .. .
""The establishment of a newr Commission, under a new presi- dency, a newv clhairman of the Council of Ministers, a new chairman of the European Coun- cil, can enable us psychologic- ally, as well as politically and practically, to make a fresh start"", he stated.
He suggested that while economic and monetary union were out of reach, the Com- munity should concentrate ""on r ectifying the existing im- balances which have preven.sd us so far from achieving it"".
It should, in spite of econo- mic difficulties, be able to move forward in the fortnulation of a common foreign policy, and develop its common procure- ment for the defence services.
But in the political field, he said, ""no challenge is more urgent or more real than the need for direct elections. . . . Our purpose must be jointly to create a more democratic Com- munity.""
M Debre, the former Gaullist Prime Minister, who announced the creation of c ""committee for the independenL,2 and unity of France "", headed by pro- minent persoiialities from poli- tics, literature and journalism, emphasized that the adoption of prop3rtional representation for the European elections would bring about not a Europe des pahies, but a Europe des partis.
These elections could turn out to be ""the third ballot of presidential elections for an unsuccessful candidate who might be tempted to head a list for European elections"".
The error, in his view, was to dig up a provision of a treaty signed 20 years ago and try to apply it at a time when the Community was falling apart, and was increasingly dominated, economically and monetarily, by West Germany.
The choice lay, in his view, between the creation of a Com- munity of European nations, each preserving intact their independence and sovereignty, which did not exclude a prac- tical solidarity in maliy fields; and a European ""ideology and theology "". If the latter pre- vailed, France would become the Quebec of Europe.
"" We are Europeans "", he added, ""but the first contribu- tion we can make to the power and grandeur of Europe is the power and grandeur of France.""
As it was impossible to drop the idea of direct elections at this stage, which wvould have been preferable, he proposed the signing of an additional protocol to the Rome Treaty specifying that the sole com- petent political authority in the Community was the European council of heads of govern- ment, ""the sole expression of national legitimacy.
""Anl end must be put to the ambiguity of a Commission, which is not a government, responsible to an Assembly wvhich is not representative"", he declared.
Our Political Editor writes: Leading opponents of British membership of the EEC, in concert with M Debre, yesterday launched a campaign in the Commons against any Govern- ment Bill later this month to provide for direct election of the European Parliament in May or June next year.
Mr Bryan Gould, Labour MP for Sourhampton, Test, chal- lenged the argument that there wvas a Britisb commitment to direct elections to the European Parliament under Article 138 Df the Treaty of Rome or as a consequence of the referendum on EEC entry. The decision rested with Parliament at West- minster.";"January 21, 1977";"";59913;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Debre attack on direct elections to Strasbourg";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESpONDFNT
MOSCOW, Auo. 2
The Supreme Soviet is to meet on Thursday to hear its first Minister report on the Geneva conference, and although Mr. Khrushchev and the Press have already said much to indicate the Soviet Government's appraisal of the talks at the "" summit"" and its likely line of approach to the Foreign Ministers' meet- ing in October, the speech of Marshal Bulganin will, in fact, represent the first fully official pronouncement since the Russian leaders returned home.
Of their satisfaction with the results achieved at Geneva there is no doubt. It has been reflected in all Press and radio comment and Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev made it abundantly clear when last night with Mr. Molotov they attended a Swiss national day party-their first con- tact with westem ambassadors since leaving Geneva. "" A great success "" was one of Mr. Khrushchev's comments, and later both he and Marshal Bulganin spoke with warmth of their invitation to Britain next year-the latter in particular recalling his previous visit to London as chairman of the Moscow Soviet before the war-a prosprect of new contacts which they view with evident satisfaction.
GRATIFYING RESPONSE
If the Soviet Press has yet to offer its comments, the welcome accorded in Britain to their acceptance of Sir Anthony Eden's invitation has apparently been gratifying to the two Soviet leaders and it may be assumed that they attach considerable importance to the whole project,
For the moment-and this will remain so for some time-newspapers are preoccupied with the problems of carrying international relations forward from where Geneva adjoured; and predominant in all the dis- cussion of ways and means to develop the atmosphere of greater confidence established by the four heads of Government is the Soviet Government's insistence on its own proposal for a European collective security system to which both parts of Germany would belong, while-increasingly one has this impression-the question of their reuni- fication is a subject, for reasons argued forcefully by Pravda to-day, less immnediate in Soviet minds even than hitherto.
""FRESH BREEZE""
Pravda speaks of the ""fresh breeze"" which blew over the world as the first post- war decade ended and the second began with the agreement to confer at the highest levet on the termination of the cold war, and describes the Geneva conference.as a valuable contribution to the creation of a new inter- national atmosphere, a "" specific turning point "" in relations between Russia and the west. If this turning point is followed through subsequent stages the relationships between the Great Powers can be a "" new vivid illustration "" of the possibility of peace- ful coexistence between States of differing social and economic systems, because the
basis now exists for stable and enduring relations among them all.
That being so, "" genuine interests "" made It possible to seek unification of the efforts of the western Powers and the Soviet Union to find means of gu'aranteeing lasting peace and international security, disarmament and the return to normal of the situation in Asia and the Far East.
The first of these' three objectives was ""fundamental "" to any guarantee of peace in Europe and would indeed fundamentally change the whole outlook in Europe, and the wrter suggests perhaps not only there. Europe, in the past the main scene of two wars, "" could become a zone of lasting peace one of the corner-stones of a system of world security.""
ONE PATH POSSIBLE -
Pravda concedes the importance of the German problem but insists that it be taken independently of questions of security because there are two Germanys, one belong- ing to N.A.T.O. and Western European Union and the other to the Warsaw treaty organization, and it is impossible to wait for them to be reunited before discussing security in Europe. While these organiza- tions remained on either side, participation of both German States in a European col- lective security system and all round poli- tical, economic, and cultural contacts between Germans "" is the one path possible, the one realistic path to re-establishment of German unity.' r
* Pravda refers also to Mr. Macmillan's recent speech in which the Foreign Secretary said that any success registered at Geneva and thereafter would in the main be based on acceptance of the viewpoint that war as an instrument of policy represented an obso- lete conception. Approving, the writer views the statement as a renunciation of the idea of negotiating from "" positions of strength ""- the suggestion of which drew the Russians' fire before the Geneva talks. began-and adds, "" No matter how important this admis- sion is in itself, decisive importance rests on the renunciation of this policy in practice.""";"August 3, 1955";"";53289;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Meeting Of Supreme Soviet";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JuNE 5
Within the limitations defined by Gaullist policy, Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, contrived today to advance some constructive, if modest, proposals for the revival of the Westerm European Union as a forum in which Britain and the Six could still plan and work together.
The Paris assembly of the W.E.U.. refleoting the stress and strain of the Brussels breakdown, was clearly impressed by his assurance-it may have had veiled implications for Franze-that the con- tinuing objective of the British Govern- mnnt was to develop political and military cooperation with their six partners in the W.E.U. ""We are all allies together,"" he said. Oniy so could Europe assume its proper share of responsibility for defence within the vwestern alliance and in the con- duct of eit-wese relations.
Mr. Heath, noting with regret that mini- sterial consultations in the W.E.U. council -had ceased since the London meeting 14 months ago. hoped for an early resump- tion. At this stage of European develop- ment some positive action was needed to give fresh impetus to the political and militarY cooperation of the seven allies. Would -it not be useful, he asked, to trY to identifY precise subiects on which co- operation could best be developed forth- with ? Could Ministers not be constructive and work together in areas where coordina- tion and joint action were shown to be possible ?
AVOIDING REPROACHES
Mr. Heath deliberately used the interro- gative form in order to avoid possible reproaches of having advanced proposals without previous consultation, which in the circumstances was impossible.
Tlhere was none of the hard-hitting that he recently used at Strasbourg, though French d'ip!ornatic observers may not have bean deoeived by the disarmning tone in which he spoke of pursuing bilateral nego- tiations wiith the Six, strengthening the British delegation in Br,ussels, and develop- ing the coh,esion of the European Free Trade Associatior, Withoit any specific reference to GauNlist conceptions of Burope he sLibitly indifated that most of t-hem are not shared by the British Government.
In a W.E.U. context his statement fell into the pattern of the five other European speeches he has given on the Continent in the past few weeks; as if to emphasize British interest in this W.E.U. session he was conspicuously supported today by the presence of Sir Pierson Dixon. the British Ambassador in Paris; Lord I-ood, of the Foreign Office; and Sir Evelyn Shuck- burgh and Lord Hankey, chiefs of the British missions to the Atlantic Council and the Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development.
Mr. Heath's theme was that the W.E.U., whatever their disagreements on matters of detail, had a constructive role to play in formulating a unified European position towards world problems; and part of this essential task lay with the Council of Ministers. It had always seemed to Britain that a Europe centred on the seven coun- tries of the W.E.U. and other like-minded powers would be best able to afford economic policies that took full account of the needs of the rest of the world. Specifically, European policies could have been developed to ensure that Europe shared responsibility for western defence more equally with the United States.
He agreed wholeheartedly that the W.E.U. had become the obvious place in which to seek to develop closer European cooneration in defence and foreign policy in the spirit of the Paris agreements of 1954 "" to promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of Europe "".
NUCLEAR DEFENCE
As regards defence be said that one of the aims of British policy was to give Europe a far -greater participation in the organization of the western nuclear system. There was also scope in W.E.U. for closer cooperation in non-nuolear aspects of defence, espeoially in the production of armaments. Logistic and training services mi.ght also be more closely itegrated. In the -political srehere a eart mixht he made by reviewing the common interests of member countries outside the Nato area. and the means deployed to sapport them. ""Whatever our past rivalries "", he said, ""we -in Europe now fortunately have broadly similar interests alll over the world.""
The French reply was conciliatory with- out indicating any essential change in the French position. The need to avoid con- fusion in the various domains of European construction was emphasized by M., Habib Deloncle, State Secretary of the Foreign Ministry. He seemed to imply that there could be no political consultation in the W.E.U. council. The first essential in the construction of Europe, he said, was not to divide the Six but to consolidate their unity -economic unity through the scrupulous execution of the treaties, political unity by the creation of consultative organs among the Six.";"June 6, 1963";"";55720;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath Calls For Revival Of W.E.U.";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY 8
The Assembly of Western European Union this morning voted by 31 votes to 27, with 10 abstentions, in favour of a motion which objects to the way in which the ministerial council of W.E.U. recently approved the reduction of British forces in Germany, and expresses ""deep concern "" that European security ""is weakened by reducing defence forces which are already inadequate."" Although approved by a relative majority of the assembly, this motion was, however, constitutionally rejected, because of the requirement in the assembly's rules that motions of this kind must receive an absolute majority -45 votes-of all the members of the assembly, present or not.
The final form of the motion states that the report submitted to the assembly by the Council of Ministers on the ques- tion of British troop reductions ""does not contain the detailed explanation, which the assembly has the right to expect,"" of why the Ministers approved the reduction. Nor did the Ministers, in the words of the motion, give sufficient study to the effect of the reduction. After the expression of deep concern, already quoted, the motion ends with the words: "" the assembly considers insufficient Ithe Ministers' report] and refers it back to be re-examined and a new report made to the assembly."" As the motion was not formally adopted, this reference back will not of course take place.
COMPLEX WRANGLING
This morning's debate, with its com- plex wrangling over procedure, did nothing to clarify the already confused atmosphere which has surrounded this censure motion. Its opponents, the British delegation foremost among them, argued that the outside world would be bound to interpret the motion, if accepted, as an expression of censure on the British Government. The sup- porters disclaimed any such intention.
Finally, various delegates objected to the obscurely dual nature of the motion, which complained about lack of in- formation on the circumstances of the decision on British troop reductions, and then went on to deliver judgment upon those reductions. As one German dele- gate recalled, this was like the member of the old German Imperial Parliament who said that he did not know what the
Government's policy was, but if he did he would disapprove of it.
All these issues, and the lively debates to which they gave rise this morning, seemed at times to generate an enthu- siasm worthy of a better cause. There was something not quite straightforward about the assurances that the motion was in no way directed against the British Government. Although it was cast in the form of a complaint against the Council of Ministers, an authentic note of anxiety was certainly sounded, both in the motion and in many of the speeches, about the impact and implica- tions of the new British policy.
On the other hand, it was not the British alone wh1o regretted the motion. A Belgian spokesman found himself quite unable to criticize British policy, which he did not think had weakened western security, and some of the Ger- mans also were dubious of the motion as drafted. As for the procedure adopted by the British for getting their troop reductions approved, everyone agreed that they had had the right to raise the question and had done it in a most un- exceptionable manner. If anyone had fears that this morning's vote revealed a genuine feeling of hostility to the United Kingdom, a moving episode this after- noon went some way towards correcting this impression.
IMPASSIONED APPEAL
A Dutch delegate had taken up again the morning's motion, and had suggested that it be added to the general report on European security, with the rider that the council of the 'W.E.U. should ex- amine the question of British troop re- ductions after consultation with N.A.T.O. This proposal threatened to set off again the long debate of a few hours earlier, but Mr. Hale (United Kingdom. Labour) made an impassioned appeal to the assembly not to nourish British isolationism by continuing to criticize Great Britain. Speaking, he said, as the member of a working class constituency, he recalled that all the early steps taken in Britain in the direction of a pro- European and international policy had been taken without a mandate. Isola- tionism was growing and was fomented by more than one national newspaper. Was it worth while. he asked. to keep on jeopardizing the international cause in Great Britain by these "" little pin- pricks"" ?";"May 9, 1957";"";53836;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Strasbourg Vote Critical Of British Defence Cuts";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, JULY 2']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, JULY 2
The German press and public find it hard to believe that General de Gaulle is coming to Bonn tomorrow for two days accompaniied by eight Ministers- almost the whole French Cabinet- merely for what is described in Paris as a routine occasion. They are inclined to regard this progress to the banks of the Rhine as, at least, a deliberate demonstration by France of the import- ance of the Elysde Treaty in spite of its ups and downs.
Government circles in Bonn are a little worried that too high hopes may be raised, only to be certainly disappointed; but at the same time they do not want to belittle or underestimate the signific- ance of their semi-annual exercise in consultations between heads of govern- ment.
There will be three separate talks between the French President and the Chancellor, without advisers or witnesses. And here at least German observers are quite con- vinced that European unity will loom largest. Dr. Erhard, the Chancellor. has, in spite of past rebuffs, not abandoned hopes of getting political union somchow back on to the agenda of the Six. He seems less inclined than he was a year ago to wait for Britain.
E.E.C. SUMMIT
He is cxprcted to bring up again the idea of an E.E.C. summit to discuss the matter. At the same time, he will again make clear that there is no question even of inaking a start on a purely Franco- German basis.
General de Gaulle will probably not oppose any move or Press for a Franco- German beginning His attitude is that since the rejection of the second Fouchet plan two years ago, the onus is on others to take the initiative. It has been noted in Bonn, as a srnall positive sign that a modified version of the Fouchet plan pro- duced at the W.E.U. assembly in Rome by a C.D.U. member of the Bundestag encoun- tered almost no opposition (only five abstentions), whereas a year ago it pro- voked violent controversy.
This wiU certainly be invoked by Ger- man advocates of the "" small political solution "" for Europe as a sign that base- less fears of Franco-German domination are beginning to abate.
Apart from European union, Dr. Erhard has to report on his journey to Canada and the United States and General de Gaulle on the intense diplomatic activity of which he has been the centre in past wooks. On China and South Vietnam both parties can only agree once again to disagree, although the French Govern- ment is under the impression that Bonn has successfully resisted American urgings to become involved in a hopeless military situation. But Germany's position is w-ll understood in Paris: and there is no hint of an atternpt to persuade her to come round to the French thesis on China or neutralization.
CREDIT FOR COMMUNISTS Dr. Erhiard, who has the matter very much to heart, will undoubtedly raise the issue of long-term credits to communist countries The impression still persists here that France would like to find a way round the Berne agreement where China is concerned.
Another dominant concern of the Chan- ceilor is the threat of inflationary trends in France, and more so in Italy, to the
economic equilibrium of the Common- Market, and what collective measures should be taken to meet it, whether loans, accelerated tariff reductions, or other steps.
This leads naturally on to the Kennedy round. The ChanceUor may have come back from Washington convinced that the Americans did not regard harmonization of agricultural prices as a prerequisite for tariff nlegotiations-at least in the opening phase. The French standpoint is un- changed. For short-ter-rn tactical reasons. arising from the stabilization programme, it suits the French Government that French grain prices should not be raised now. General de Gaulle will emphasize, howevcr, that France will in -no circumstances discuss tariffs until a common policy on grain prices after 1966 has been thrashed out. by the Six.
French and German standpoints are closest on east-west relations and the Ger- man problem. There is little to discuss on that issue st the moment.
About 100 admirers. fewer than usual, - gathered on the roof of number three building at London Airport yesterday to welcome the Beatles back from Australia. Mr. Brian Epstein. the Beatles' manager. said the day of airport demonstrations was over. The group were as Popular as ever.";"July 3, 1964";"";56054;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Unity Of Europe As Topic For Erhard-De Gaulle Talks";""
"";"['News']";"Among the world leaders coming to London to attend Sir Winston Churchill's funeral are four kings and a queen, five other heads of state and 16 prime ministers. Of the 113 countries invited only two will not be represented: Mongolia and China.
The following is a list of official Com- monwealth and foreign representatives, other than diplomatists based on London,
King Olav of Norway and Mr. Einar G#rkardsen. toe Prime Minister.
Q(ueen Juliana and Prince Bernihard of theNetherlands and l)r. Luns, the Foreign
King Frederik of Denmark and Mr. Krag, the Prime Minister.
King Baudouin of Belgium and M. Paul. Henri Spaaki, the Foreign Minister.
King Constantine of the Hellenes.
Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg and Mr. Werner, the Prime Minister.
Crown Prince Meridazmatch Asfaou Wossen of Ethiopia.
Prince Bertil of Sweden.
Prince Hassan of Jordan.
Prince Taufa'ahan of Tonga.
President de Gaulle and Admiral Cabanier, the Chief of the French Naval staff.
President Asgeir Asgeirsson of Iceland.
President Shazar of Israel and Mr. David Ben-Gurion. the former Prime Minister.
President Kaunda of Zambia. and Mr. Simon Kapwepwe, the Foreign Mv,fister.
Archbishop Cardinale. the Apostolic Delegate, representing the Pope.
Sir Robert Menzies, the Prime Minister of Australia.
Mr. Keith Holyoake, the Prime Minister of New Zealand.
Mr. Lester Pearson, the Prime Minister of Canada. and Mr. Diefenbaker, Leader of the Opposition.
Mr. Ian Smith. the Prime Minister of Rhodesia.
Dr. G. Borg Olivier, the Prime Minister of Malta.
Sir Roland Symonette. the Prime Mini- ster of the Bahamas.
Mr. Forbes Burnham, the Premier of British Guiana.
Mr. Swaran Singh. the Indian Minister for External Affairs.
Mr. Z. A. Bhutto. the Pakistan Foreign Minister.
Mr. Ka Ofori-Atta, the Minister of Jus- tke of Ghana. and Major General Otu. Chief of the Defence Staff.
Dr. T. 0. Etias, the Attorney-General and Federal Justice Minister of Nigeria, and Aihaii Shehu Shagari, the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications.
Mr. Oscar Kambona, the Minister of External Affairs of Tanzania.
Mr. Andreas Arauzos, acting Foreign Minister and Minister of Commerce of Cyprus, and Mr. Tassos Papadopoulos, Minister of Labour.
Mr. Robert Lightbourne, the Jamaaican Minister of Trade and Industry, and Mr. Clement Tavares, Minister of Housing.
Mr. Oginga Odinga, Vice-President of Kenya,
Mr. Z. A. Baharoon, Chief Minister of Aden.
Mr. Dean Rusk, Secretary of State of the United States of America, Chief Justice Earl Warren. and General Eisenhower.
Mr. Konstantin Rudnev, a Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, and MaLrshal Ivan Koniev.
Mr. Alex Qnaison-Sackey. president of the United Nations General Assembly.
Dr. Erhard, the west German Chancellor. and Dr. Schriider. the Foreign Minister.
Dr. Josef Klaus, the Austrian Chancellor. Mr. Johannes Virolainen, the Prime Mini- ster of Finland.
Mr. Moise Tshombe, the Prime Minister ot the Congo.
Mr. Chung 11 Kwon, the South Korean Prime Minister.
Mr. Nobusuke Kishi, former Prime Minister of Japan.
Lord Casey, a former Australian Minister for External Affairs.
Signor Manlio Brosio, the Secretary- Gene.a] of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Mr. Kothi Suphamonghkon, the Secre- tsry-General of the South-East Asia Treaty Organization.
Senhor Vasco Leitao da Cunha, the Foreign Minister of BraziL
Dr. Pedro Theotonio Pereira, member of the Council of State of Portugal and a former Ambassador to Britain.
Signor Giulio Andreotti, Italian Minister Of Defence.
Senior Ignacion Iribarren Borges. the Foreign Minister of Venezuela and, former Ambassador to Britain.
Seilor Gabriel Valdes, the Foreign Mini- ster of Chile.
Seiior Zavala Ortiz, the Argentine Foreign Mnhister.
Mr. Habib Bourguiba, jar., the Foreign Minister of Tunisia.
Mr. Edvard Kardeli, President of the Yugoslav Federal Assembly.
Senator Jan de Klerk, the South African Minister of the Interior, and Sir de Villiers Graaff, the leader of the Opposition.
Mr. Frank Aiken, the Irish NMnister for External A fairs.
Mr. Kemal Satir, the Deputy Prime Mini- ster of Turkey.
Mr. Edgardo Seaone, the Vice-President Of Peru.
Dr. Friedrich Wahlen, the Foreign Secretary of Switzerland.
Mr. Emmanuel Pelaez, the Vice- President of the Philippines.
Mr. C. B. Rogers-Wright, Minister of External Affairs of Sierra Leone, and Mr. J. Nelson-Williams, Minister of Informa- tion and Broadcasting.
Dr. Antonio Carrillo-Flores, the Foreign Minister of Mexico.
Seiior Luis Giannatasio, President of the Council of Government of Uruguay.
Mr. J. Rudolf Grimes, the Foreign Minister of Liberia.
Mr. Lucian Motyka, the Polish Minister of Culture and Art.
Mr. Lompolo Kon6, the Foreign Minister of Upper Volta.
Mr. Camille Alliali, Foreign Minister of the Ivory Coast.
U Thi Han, the Burmese Foreign Minister.
Dr. A. A. Khalatbary, Secretary- General of the Central Treaty Organization.
Mr. Iweins d'Eeckhoutte, Secretary. General of Western European Union.
Dr. E. N. von Kleffens, representing the three Euronean ni mm2n:";"January 29, 1965";"";56232;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Four Kings And A Queen Among Leaders From 113 Nations";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 9']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, Nov. 9
Dr. Schroder, the west German Forcign Minister. has marked his return to office after an absence of several 1%eeks through illness with a blunt reminder to Dr. Adenauer of the rcalities of the German position. His contribution to the controversv over the crisis in relations with France appeared today in a Mainz newspaper.
After praising Dr. Adenauer's undis- puted merits in the restoration of German sovereignty and the transformation of the Federal RepLublic into a partner of Ger- many's former enemies. Dr. Schroder went on to say: ' Why will he impair these '
Why narrow the vision ? Why, instead of the whole, which in the interest of our securit, requires a good partnership with Washington, agreement with London, and friendship with France, put the detail in its place ? Why too great a compliance towards one partner ? History moves for- ,%ard. We must be clever enough to pur- sue our goals cven in a changed world.
"" Of course I stand for close friendship and cooperation [with France] but some of the things we have recently had to listen to from Paris contradict the spirit of friendship. Our French partners never aUlowed any doubt to arise that they under- stood our position over the multilateral nuclear force.... Now. however, to crcate an alternative-gra;n prices against protection by the United States or against cooperation with a number of partners uithin the framework of the multilateral force-that seems to me hardly objective.""
NEIGHBOURS' FEARS
Dr. Schr(ider said that much more pro- gress had been made in respect of Euro- pean unity than was usually appreciated. *'A united Europe-the circle should be drawn as widely as possible-which is closely connected with the United States, is one of the best and most lasting guarantees of peace."" Franco-German understand- ing, the close cooperation of both powers. was surely-as Dr. Adenauer also was always saying-the cornerstone of the whole structure.
' Not one of us will endanger this. But we must also acknowledge that in other neighbouring countries the fear of a pre- ponderance, of a claim to hegemony, could also arise.""
After tive Cwceks of inactivity Dr. schroder no doubt wkislcd to present his own version of the Franco-German con- troversy. It is unlikely to help him much. It can only increase the impression among the German public of confusion and inde- cision in the Government, which the fashion of thrashing out internal feuds through newspaper interviews does nothing to correct.
Dr. Schroder now has a busy and crucial time ahead of him. Tomorrow he goes to Brussels to take part ir the two-dav session of the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community. where M. Couve de Murvitlle, the French Foreign Minister, is certain to raise the issue of farm prices. Under the circumstances he can expect little
SuCCCSS for bis advocacy of the new German proposals on European union. Whether he will be in a position to suggest a likelihood of a change in the Bonn Government's attitude on this subject is an open question.
He declared in his interview that he would be happy "" if as Foreign Minister I could defend a position on agriculture which also met the wishes of the other participants "". It is reported that Dr. Erhard, the Chancellor, in consultation with Dr. Westrick, the Minister in charge of the Chancery, and Herr Schwarz, the Minister of Agriculture, is trying to find a way out of the present quandary without provoking the German farmers too far.
Herr von Hase, State Secretary in the Press Information Office, indicated this today when he told the press that he did not consider the present moment suitable for any new statements on the subject of cereal prices. What in fact the Government can find by way of a solution is bard to see, for both a so-called fictitious price and a price with postponed application wouild -have the same psychological effect on this highly combative section of the German electorate.
ILater in the week the Foreign Minister will meet Mr. George Ball, the American Under-Secretary of State. in Berlin and will sound out t'he American Position on the multilateral nuclear force in the light oi proposals which the British Government are expected to put forward. Hence the importance attached here to the visit to
Bonn next weekend of Mr. Gordon Walker. I the British Foreign Secretary.";"November 10, 1964";"";56165;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Schröder Back With Hard Words For Dr. Adenauer";""
"";"['News']";"*This is the last of three articles by Ian Murray in -Brussels marking the first -quarter-century of the Euro- *pean Economic Community, which was created with the signing of the T'reaty of Rome on March 25, 1957.
If it has done nothing else over the past quarter of a century, the EEC has suc- ceeded in putting Europe on the world trade map. Al- though bickering continues inside the Community, from the outside it represents the most important trading block in the world. In consequence, when Europe speaks, the world increasingly listens.
Given the current econ- omic climate, it seems clear 'that, if the EEC had not been created 25 years ago, some- thing like it would be necessary today if its individ- 'ual member countries were :to have any chance of facing (the pressures of the United States and Japan. The Com- 'munity may or may not be 'doing the job badly; but the 'fact is that Europe is now an established entity in the minds of trading partners.
Japan is being made to think seriously about open- ing its markets much more Ithan it would like. Even France, with its strong pro- tectionist streak, is coming over to the view that the best way to force concessions from Japan is to do so collectively.
The United States now negotiates on trade quite naturally with Europe. Fibre producers in the Third World gave been obliged to make their arrangements with the Community as a whole.
Protecting its security and trade has led the Community forward into developing its own foreign policy - an
issue which strictly falls outside the provisions of the Treaty of Rome but which is the most fertile growth area for Community spirit at the moment.
The European initiatives on the Middle East and Afghanistan may not have succeeded, but they remain credible alternatives to the present stalemates in both regions and they do so precisely because they are a Joint initiative.
On Poland, Europe can argue that it has been consistent and that it under- stands the Polish issue better than the Americans, who see it all in black and white. Europe has more to lose and less to gain from a tough trade confrontation, and nobody seriously considers that Poland is worth going to war over.
There are no illusions that Europe can become a super- power. At the same time it does see itself increasingly in the role of a moderator, with enormous influence for peace and common sense.
The political cooperation (known as ""POCO"" to Euro- pean intimates) of the Com- munities has been rapidly gaining importance and, with the London report last year, was institutionalized. It is increasingly the case that every member government takes foreign policy decisions in consultation with the other states and a joint European position is emerg- ing on most issues.
This is being maintained despite the fact that Greece, since it changed government last November, has tended to view things very differently from the rest. It refused to, agree sanctions against the Soviet Union over Poland,
for example. But, more important, Greece did not stop the other members taking sanctions and did allow its name to be involved in most of the Community statements deploring events in Poland.
The London Report admit- ted that the Ten are still far from playing a world role appropriate to their com- bined potential. All members, in consequence, are prepared to work together increasingly at this level to shape events rather than simply react to them.
This is why there is cautious, but widespread, support for the plan put forward jointly by West Germany and Italy for great- er European union and why France has won muted sup- port for its ecomomic and social blueprint for the future. It is now recognized that Europe can only advance if it pulls together and can only do that if it has a sound economic base. The problem is finding the necessary way.
The only way out of the financial straitjacket is to agree on plans which honest- ly lead to convergence of the economies. When Spain and Portugal enter the Com- munity the problem will be- come even more difficult.
The argument as to whether the EEC is worth saving is futile. The fact is that after 25 years it exists and will go on doing so in one form or other.
The challenge of the next 25 years is to find the best way of making the treaty of Rome work to everyone's advantage rather than allow- ing individual nations to exploit it at the expense of others.";"March 24, 1982";"";61190;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC silver jubilee: Part 3";""
"['by Henry Stanhope Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";",by Henry Stanhope
Defence Correspondent
-Last year was to be the Year -of Europe, according to Presi ; dent Nixon. So it was in a ;sense, though not in the way -that he meant it. It opened -with brave talk about estab ,lishing new relationships be
tween the Old World and the ..New,. but ended with every. :,one hastily trying to patch up *the old ones. It was a ,year that opened with people ,searching around for cham. -pagne in Brussels and ended with them looking for oil in :Rotterdam. It was that sort -of year.
Long before the Middle East war it had become com- ~nonplace to contrast the bi- ..polarity of the past decade with the new pattern of poly. centrism as developing forces in Europe, China and Japan impinged upon the distribu- .tion of world power. Yet in the Middle East war it was ;not these emergent power -blocks but the established isuperpower of the Soviet Union and the United States .which influenced world his- tory. Far from dictating the course of events, Europe, like -Japan, found itself being dic- tated to by these events as oil, the source of motive power, .was shown to be a source of rpolitical power as well.
The war provided evi- dence of a certain steadfast- .ness in United States' .foreign policy, both through its support for Israel and in its determination to resist the expansion of Soviet interests. -The notion of a country divided and weakened by the Watergate affair was, for the time being, laid to rest. 'These factors apart, however, ,the war brought little com- Jfort to those concerned with the defence of Europe. It ,demonstrated how easily the interests of Europe and the United States could diverge and how. crippled the Euro- .peans were by their short- ages of raw materials and political will.
In the bad old- days of the cold war the way in which the superpowers squared up to each other might have had the effect of driving Ameri- cans and Europeans more closely together. In the event it had the effect of pulling them slightly farther apart. It was the superpowers them-
ment to Nato. Not even the most efficient dual-basing system can be as effective as troops on the ground, nursing their weapons.
If American withdrawals are made under an MBFR agreement the question of re- placing them will simply not arise. If they are withdrawn unilaterally the question will have to be answered swiftly. The size and weigl* of the Warsaw Pact forces would then be more out of propor- tion to Nato forces than they are at present and Europe might feel itself to be in a position of permanent weak- ness.
Any further diminution in strength would force the West to rely more heavily upon the nuclear option for its ultimate defence, simply because its conventional forces would probably be able to hold an invading army for no longer than a few hours. It might even force Nato back towards its old strategy of massive retaliation. which revolved entirely around nuclear defence. To increase dependence on the nuclear option would not only be re- garded with some abhorrence ill most quarters, but would also be militarily unwise. A strategy which relied upon
the decision to press, or not to press, the nuclear button would lack credibility. Nato's Nuclear Planning Group succeeded several years ago in drawing up a set of guide- lines for the first use of nuclear weapons in the event of a Soviet invasion-but it has been preoccupied ever since with deciding what happens after that. It is less dependence upon nuolear weapons, not more, that Europe should be striving for.
For its strategic deterrence Europe will. continue to shel- ter under the AmericAn nuc- lear umbrella for as far ahead as one can see. The British and French nuclear forces are a useful additional form of insurance but are obviously no substitute for the over- whelming strikepower of the American triad, and to talk of them as a nuclear force held in trust for Europe sounds unconvincing as long as Europe lacks real political cohesion.
It would make sense, how- ever, for Europe to draw more closely together in consider- ing its collective defence per se, without in any way sacri- ficing the North Atlantic alli- ance. To do so Europe should choose a framework upon
selves that could have been pushed more closely to- gether as common interests forced them to reexamine their relationships with each other. The mutual trust be- tween them had been shaken. Their duologue faltered. But strenuous efforts were made to restore the trust and the duologue, having faltered, went on.
Europeans watching all this felt aggrieved by Dr Kissinger's failure to consult them, but felt equally im- potent in the face of it. Once again it seemed as if they had not so much power as potential. The New World of Europe, awkwardly stamp- ing the ground like a new- born colt, still looked full of promise but had accomp- lished little on its first out- ing.
This vulnerability of Europe was not being exposed for the first time. Nor was there any fresh fear that it might be tested on the battle- field or indeed upon .less open ground. The Soviet Union had economic prob- lems of its own and while en- vious of Western technologi- cal strength had clearly more to gain through peaceful co- existence than through any
feet of auns. The possibility of an assault, either overt or covert, upon the security of Western Europe looked as rembte at the end of 1973 as it did at the beginning.
Even so the warm feeling of security that Western Europe had enjoyed for so long had dropped a degree or two in temperature. The protective wing thrown over Europe by the American eagle remained in place but a slight turbulence was ruf- fling the feathers. As talks on Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions' (the ""balanced"" being a Western optional extra) opened in Vienna the likelihood grew that sometime, somehow, somewhere, some of the 310,000 American troops in Europe would be withdrawn. The Jackson-Nunn amend- ment in Congress gave Europe 18 months in which to meet America's foreign ex- change deficit-or else. The only question seemed to be whether the negotiators at Vienna who were trying to exact some quid pro quo from the Russians in return for American withdrawals could work quickly enough.
A more fundamental ques- tion, however, concerned Europe's ability to manage
with a reduced American force this side of the ocean. Indignant European politi- cians had long pointed out that, contrary to what most Americans seemed to believe, the 10 European Nato nations already provided 90 per cent of the ground troops in Europe, 75 per cent of the combat aircraft and 80 per cent of the naval units. Would the loss of even 40 per cent of the American force-as demanded in the Senate last October-make so much dif- ference ? Would the gap in the thin multicoloured line be irreparable ?
Senator Mike Mansfield, who is identified as the leader of the ""Bring the boys back home"" brigade in Was1ting- ton, has caustically put it; "" . . . the 250 million people of Western Europe, with tre- mendous industrial reserves and long military expqrience, are unable to organize an effective military coalition to protect themselves against 200 million Russians who are contending at the same time with 800 million Chinese, but must continue after 20 years to depend on 200 million Americans for their defence.""
It is not a bad summarv of the situation. But it fails to take account of the fact that
the 250 million of Western Europe are still divided be- tween a complex of nations which has not yet become accustomed to the notion of thinking as one-and indeed is a long way off it. Generals and defence- ministries have had long experience of think- ing together through Nato, and indeed in such directions as infrastructure and pro- curement there are encourag- ing signs of the alliance work- ing. A decision to offer more troops for the common de- fence, however. or to spend more of the Gross National Product involves ministers of finance and, more .signifi- cantly, public opinion. With- out any imminent threat to bind them together, the burghers of Europe are un- enthusiastic about seeing their taxes converted into tanks.
The Americans are most unlikely to leave Europe altogether. Not even Senator Mansfield has proposed that. The GIs are not in Europe for purely altruistic motives. They are there because after two world wars and a cold war, the United States realizes that she his a vested interest in bolstering Euro- pean defences and in thus demonstrating her commit-
which to build a new spirit of cooperation so that it can pre- sent a united -front to the world and meet the United States on equal terms in Nato. One possible framework could be the Eurogroup, the exist- ing group of European defence ministers within Nato. Another is the Western European Union, which, though superseded by. Nato, lingers on with much to say and rather less to do. The third is the European Com- munity.
a special report
Each of these has Its advan- tages and disadvantages. The Eurogroup looks immedi. ately attractive because it is already extremely active and is half doing the job already -but it does not include France. It is arguable how far Europe should go in try- ing to bring France back into some common defence frame- work. There is no very clear incentive for France to come back in from the cold. On the other hand it is obviously desirable that it should.
The Western European Union does include France and was indeed created after the war to perform a very similar task. It is also kept in good repair-but it would need stripping down and being reconditioned to con- vert it to such a role now. The European Community would be in many respects the ideal bbdy because it is already taking over so many subjects-and would pro- bably absorb defence in time anyway. But the Commu- nity already has trouble reaching coordinated views.
There is need for some speed, as Europe struggles through the energy crisis and looks forward to a gloomy 1974. Last year was the Year of Europe in that it asked questions of the old democra- cies. This year they should try to answer at least some of them. With detente pre- served, it is no bad time to do so. As Dr Kissinger said at the Pilgrims' Dinner in London in December, detente is an imperai ive. "" In a world shadowed by the dan- ger of nuclear holocaust "", he said, "" there is no rational alternative to the pursuit of relaxation of tensions. But we must take care that the pursuit of detente does not undermine the friendships which made detente pos- sible."" It is not a bad guide. line for 1974.";"February 19, 1974";"";59018;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European defence";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"The French Council of the Republic has approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements.
The voting, after more than 40 hours' debate, followed an impassioned appeal by M. Faure, the Prime Minister, who emphasized the need for European solidarity and issued a warning against the unrealistic conception of France as a mediator between tne western Powers and Russia.
NEED FOR NEW
CONFIDENCE
"" BANISHING DOUBT
AND FEAR ""
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MARCH 27
In the early hours of this morning the Council of the Republic approved by large majorities the ratification of the London and Paris agreements, after rejecting all proposals for amendment or delay. 'There now remains no legal obstacle to the signature of the instru- ments of ratification by the President of the Republic.
The voting on the different agree- ments, which came at the end of more than 40 hours' debate, was as follows: - (i) Western European Union: 184 votes to
110:
(2) Ending of the German occupation
statute, 234 to 75;
i3) Entry of western Germany into
N.A.T.O.: 200 to 114;
(4) Franco-German agreement on the Saar,
217 to 92.
PARTY DIVISIONS
In the first and narrowest division, the following details of the vote show that differences within the parties per- sisted to the end:
Right wing groups, 60 for, 15 against, 10 abstentions-
Gaullists, It for, 30 against, five absten- tions;
M.R.P., 17 for, 4 against, 5 abstentions; Oversea independents, 3 for, 11 against;
Radicals, 46 for, 21 against, 2 abstentions; Socialists, 47 for, 10 against; Communists, 16 against.
The council's massive vote in favour of. the agreements inevitably raises the question whether all the anxieties of the past few weeks have been justified. But it would certainly be unjust not to recog- nize the contribution, perhaps decisive, made to the final result by the Prime Minister's impassioned advocacy-for the agreements. There were those who feared, at the time of the Government's formation, that M. Faure and his Foreign Minister,. M. Pinay, would not possess the moral authority and con- viction needed to secure ratification and successfully oppose all delaying or crippling amendments.
GROUNDLESS FEARS
Not only have such fears been proved groundless, but it has been shown that the blunt denunciation by M. Faure and M. Pinay of Russian aggressiveness and non- cooperation as the cause of France's dilemma struck a sympathetic chord among the senators, and won from them a response which would perhaps not have been evoked by the more subtle reasoning of M. Mendes- France, who would, in addition. have laboured under the bandicap of being con- sidered by many senators as responsible for the failure of E.D.C.
The last stages of the debate produced new evidence of. M. Faure's tactical skill when in answer to the various amendments tabled he proiuced unexpectedly a written declara- tion of policy, which had received the unanimouls approval of his Government at a Cabiet meeting earlier in the day. This declaration, whicb hc read from the rostrum immediately after completing his speech, made a marked impression.
CONTRACT FOR FUTURE
Thc chairman of the foreiRn affairs coni- mittez, M. Marcel Plaisant (Radical), imme. diately requested a suspension to enable the committee to study it in detail; and when the session was resumed for the explanatory declarations and voting the committee tabled a motion accepting the Prime Minister's assurances and declaring that it considered them to form a contract for the future between the Government and Parliament; this was later voted by a show of hands.
In the statement or policy read by M. Faure, the Government declared its convic- tion that ratification of the agreements was ' both the prior condition and the necessary starting point "" for the consolidation and development of European organization and the Atlantic alliances. The reinforcement of western solidarity was indispensable for negotiations with the east on all outstanding problems of peaceful coexistence and dis- armament.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The statement Listed the five essential heads of French policy as follows:-
(l) The Franco-German agreement on the Saar should enter into application only after the concttsion of an economic agreement between the two countries on the basis recently agreed by them.
(2) The Western European Union should he completed by an armaments production organiiation assuring the best possible utilization of the resources of member countries The statement went into this second point in some detail. The objective, which would he pursued untiringly, was the creation of a European agency possessing a comnmon budget and real powers in relation to research, production, and the distribution of foreign aid.
With a view to this, the Government would propose to its partners in W.E.U. the crea- tion of org-ins for the closest possible co6peration between all member States. At the same t:me it would open negotiations wx th the owher members to "" equalize the e-onoimic and social conditions of produc- tion "" in. their countries : ahd would seek the conclusion of mu!tilateral agreements implying powers of decision "" among such countries as were disposed to join-them;
ARNAMAM;ENT CONTROL
(3) The Government would seek a speedy definition by the Council of W.E.U. of the proposed controls on wvcapons of mass destruction:
(4) Thnc Government would point out to thle members of N.A.T.O. the need for a strengthening of the links between them. N.A.T.O. shouid not be limnied to military problems alone, but should be a source of political, economic, and social solidarity between its members both in and outside Eurone-notably in the Mediterranean and Africa:
(5) The Government would seek the con- vening of a four-Power conference at the nearest possible date, and had already anproached its allies with a view to the renewal of negotiations with the Soviet Government: it wotu!d also spare no effort for the sticcess of the recent conversations on disarmamant.
GOVERNMENT'S A lTITUDE In his speech winding up the general deoate, M. Faure had made it clear that it the Government opposed all the amendments put forward, regardless of their content. it was not out of obstinacy, but because an, amendment to tle ratihfation Bill would
require a reopening of negotiations on the I treaty itself, and it was, he thought, impos- l sible to hope for any new agreement more I
favourable than the present. He would rather that those who had tabled amend- ments pronounced frankly for the rejection of the agreements.
The Paris agreements were not, an end in themselves, and they had their omissions and drawbacks which the Government would seek to remedy. The Saar question was one. which would be resolved only in the wider context of the construction of Europe. The Government would do. its best to obtaint satisfaction over the maintenance of econo- mic equilibrium in Europe, and in particular in the complicated matter of social insur- ance chiarges. He believed it would be pos- sib'e to achieve a positive result in the negotiations for an armaments agency.
EUROPEAN SOLIDARITY
Turning to questions of general policy, M. Faure emphasized the necessity for the con- tinued organization of Europe. He observed that they had approached this problem by its steepest side, the military one; the evolu- tion of the world compelled them, in view of the massive bulk of the United States, Russia, and China, to pursue this European policy and to develop, for the study of com- moi problems, some more solid and closer links than the intermittent contacts and con- ferences of the past. He underlined- the necessity for a close political solidarity between N.A.T.O. countries, and in particu- lar between the United States, Britain, and France, between whom there should be agreement on all major problems.
Here. he remarked (somewhat un- expectedly) that it was "" inconceivable "" that only one of the great western Powers should have recognized Communist China, and that the presence of the Nationalist representative in the Chinese seat at the United Nations "" denoted a total lack of political realism."" Similarly, he said, it was irritating to see France's policy in North Africa light- heartedly called in question by countries in no position to give her lessons on the subject.
MYTH OF ""MEDIATION"" On negotiations with the east, he declared that- France had never, in spite of aU the vicissitudes since 1944, abandoned the idea of a genuine peace. They had always accepted the principle of coexistence, and had hoped to see it transformed into a mutual under- standing and agreement. "" I am all the more confident now,"" he continued. "" I believe in a Franco-German reconciliation and I consider, no less sincerely, that it should be all the more possible to reach agreement with a people which has been our allv.""
He issued a warning, however, against the conception of France as a "" mediator "" be- tween the Anglo-Saxon Powers and the Soviet Union. "" This viewpoint is a gran- diose one,"" he said. "" It flatters our pride. But it is completely divorced from reality. In fact, we are not arbiters, we are in one of the two camps; that is what those critics forget who reproach us with not being independent enough towards Eng. land and the United States. And even if-to take an extreme case-we left the Atlantic pact, we should not be in a position to mediate; we should simply have operated a reversal of alliances.""
WARNING RECALLED
M. Faure recalled the warning of M. Mendes-France that at certain moments they had been within inches of seeing Germany rearmed over their heads. Personally, he said, he did not believe that this would happen, but that they would be faced with two or three hypotheses; the "" empty chair,"" the "" peripheral strategy."" and tne ""withdrawal to the American continent."" Certain people wished to confront them with an "" eternal dilemma "" between security and negotiation; they must pursue these two paths simultaneously.
"" I measure all the gravity of this debate,"" the Prime Minister said in his peroration, "" but my mind is made up. I have no inten- tion of speaking to-niorrow in the name of a weak France-weak only by its divisions- nor of an uncertain France. All our Govern- ments have pursued the same policy: Atlantic pact, negotiations, disarmament. Nor do I intend to speak in the name of a humble France, nor in the name of an arro- gant France either, for vanity would only be an alibi for indecision.
ENEMIES WITHIN
""Our true enemies are within ourselves; they are doubt and fear. Let us recover our confidence in ourselves, in our past and our future. Let us banish doubt and fear from our hearts. I call on you for a vote of clarity, of fidelity, and of hope.""
After M. Faure's speech, which was greeted with loud and prolonged applause, and his reading of the Government state- ment, ther- was little doubt of the outcome of the debate. When the session was re- sumed, shortly before midnight; there were still several hours of debate, with the inter- vention of individual senators to explain their vote, or to move, defend, or oppose the various amendments seeking to postpone ratification until after another attempt at nepotiation with Russia, or to make it con- ditional upon the creation of a European armaments community. Five such amend- ments were moved before the final voting on the agreements; all the amendments were rejected by majorities varying from 64 to
93. _ _ _ _ _";"March 28, 1955";"";"";"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Decisive French Vote For Western Treaties";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE', 'By MICHAEL WOLFERS', 'From DAVID HOTHAM']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
-Paris, Feb. 21 French offlcial sources denied tonight that General de Gaulle had. in a recent conversation with the British Ambassador. expressed different policies from those ""which had been publicly and constantly defined by himself in the course of the past few years "". The sources repeated the view that Europe will only be able to take shape on the political plane if the nations composing her agree on a policy of European independence.
The sources also said that France, who remained attached to the smooth functioning of the European Economic Community, noted that any enlargement of the community through the accession of new members. and especially of Britain, would involve a complete transformation of it, and, in prac- tice, its disappearance. The com- munity could then be replaced by a different organization.
General de Gaulle, it would appear, did not at any stage of the conversation with Mr. Soames propose the replacement of the Common Market or the negotia- tion of some alternative solution. He merely touched upon Euro- pean and Atlantic problems, and on how Europe might evolve when the Common Market and Nato had been overtaken by the evolution of events.
French sources also accused the British Government of having given their partners a sensational version of the General's remarks.
Political discussions with Britain
Le Figaro confirms this morning that the organization of the Europe which General de Gaulle. allegedly outlined to Mr. Soames, "" would take place simultaneously on the economic and political plane."" As to the Common Market, ""if several now countries entered it. It would become a different entity, and one 'would have to study the advantages and drawbacks of this mutation in ad- vance.""
France Soir, in an article by Emmanuel de la Taille, a corres- pondent who covered the Brussels negotiations for the French broad- casting organization. writes:
""General de Gaulle told the last meeting of the Council of Minis- ters that the partners of France did not wish to create a European Europe or could not do so. They were prepared to bave political discussions with Britain which they would not accept within the Com- man Market.""
Conditions of an entente
Mr. Soames was entrusted with the task of proposing to, his Gov- ernment "" confidential "" conversa- tions, to study the conditions of an entente between France and Britain on political, military, and economic problems in Europe. General de (;; Ille was even ready to meet Mr Wilson, France Soir adds.
If General de Gaulle's reflections-for that, and not suggestions or proposals is what they were, according to French sources-were genuine. they will have been short- lived. The revelation of a conversa- tion of so confidential a nature must certainly cause consternation as weU as anger at the Elysee. It adds one more stone to the already threatening monument of Franco- British suspicion and misunder- standing.
A French scheme to replace the Common Market with a wider European economic grouping indepen- dent of Nato and the United States was disclosed in London last night.
The new grouping would have a four-power inner council-Britain, France, Italy and west Ger- many. Britain, however, is believed to be cool to the idea, rejecting the inner council suggestion and the dissociation from Nato.
The plan was understood to have been outlined by General de Gaulle himself during a luncheon on February 4 with Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador in Paris, but authoritative French sources last night denied that the general made any such suggestion.
London rejects idea of
break with Nato
By MICHAEL WOLFERS
General de Gaulle's ideas went so far beyond wbat'has been ortho- dox European diplomatic thinking in the last few years that, after his long talk with Mr. Soames. a record made of their discussion was put in an agreed form the text of which was approved by the British Embassy and by the Presi- dent's own office.
Versions of this record have been appearing in French news- papers, but in terms that conflict with British understanding of the meeting on February 4, and a later meeting Mr. Soames had with M. Michel Debrd, the French Foreign Minister. on February 12, when Mr. Soames put Britain's own views.
There are some indications that the general would have liked to keep these ideas private between France and Britain in the early stages. Britain's view, however, has been that the vital interests of other European countries and of Nato allies are affected, and therefore it was the British duty to keep other nations informed. It has been doing this through normal diplo- matic channels.
The lunch with Mr. Soames had been proposed by the general hin- self. He argued that European thinking was deeply affected by the pro-American feelings of all the countries in Europe, and of Britain. France was the only country which had taken up a totally independent position, and this was notably not the case for west Germany, italy, the Netherlands and Britain. The essential point of a European entity was that it should have an independent standpoint in world terms. General de Gaulle was not convinced that Britain would accept this view.
Once Europe was truly inde- pendent, there would be no need for Nato. which had what the general saw as American domi- nance and American command structure. The general said he had taken no part in the creation of the European Economic Community, and had nO particular faith in it. He was sure that if Britain and other countries joined the E.E.C.. it would no longer be the same. This was not necessarily undesir- able, and might happen in the future. as Britain was set on join- ing it.
General de Gaulle then ex- plained the change he would like to see in which tLe E.E.C. would become a looser form of free trade area with arrangements by each country to exchange agricul- tural products. He told Mr. Soames that he would be quite prepared to discuss with Britain what should take the place of the Common Market. and would like, as a first stage, political discus- sions between Britain and France.
His own scheme would be for a larger European economic associa- tion, with a smaller inner council of a European political association. He then proposed a four-power
inner council, comprising, France, Germany, Italy, and Britain. Before this could get off the ground it would have to be established whether Britain and France had sufficient in common in their poli- tical thinking. This, he felt, was the key to any real political association
General de Gaulle then re- minded Mr. Soames that M. Debre had a few months ago suggested political talks between France and Britain, and his own understanding was that Britain had been luke- warm about the idea. The general was seeking talks between France and Britain on economic, mone- tary, political and defence ques- tdons, to see if the two countries could resolve their differences. He suggested that Britain make an initial gesture to seek talks, which he would then welcome.
Mr. Soamnes reported General de Gaulle's new proposals to the Government, and at a meeting with M. Debrd on February 12 put Britain's reactions. It is believed he said then that the general's ideas were significant, but empha- sized that Britain would have to inform its partners in the Western European Union, because their vital interests and security were involved. Britain reiected the thesis that Europe could be inde- pendent of Nato, and Britain maintained its position on seeking entry to the E.E.C.
Britain was willing to have dis- cussions with General de Gaulle. but on those basic assumptions, and provided that Britain's part- ners in the alliances were kept informed. It is understood that there has been no French counter reply to Mr. Soames's statement, but there has, of course, been the open diplomatic dispute over meetings of the W.E.U. It is clear that relations between Britain and France are, at the moment, less cordial than they were before Mr. Soames's meeting with M. Debre.
Britain has had continuing con- sultation in the past week with the countries concerned, and with the United States. Britain's position is that the Government wants to join the E.E.C., which is regarded as the best basis for European cooperation, and wants to open negotiations on membership as soon as possible. If General de Gaulle prefers some other approach. Britain would expect him to produce the arguments in a way that would convince Britain and other European countries that his suggested alternative was pre- ferable.
On the present evidence, Britain would disagree fundamentally with General ea Gaulle's thinking on the future of Nato, on the European relationship with the United States, and on the need for a four-power directorate in Europe. Britain's case rests on an Atlantic alliance and cohesiog in Europe.
W.E.U. debates crisis, page S.
French proposal, because Mr. Wilson informed Dr. Kiesinger of the details last week when the Prime Minister visited Bonn.
The Germnans are being very guarded about the de Gaulle plan. They would not admit to any knowledge of it but there is no question that the plan would run counter to all German ideas for a close political and economic federation of Europe.
Brussels: Neither the Belgian nor the Dutch Government would make any official comment on the de Gaulle proposals, but there is no question of the hostility of both towards the idea of a four- power directorate from which they would be excluded. Both Brussels and The Hague were officially
informed last week of the French suggestion.
Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, is reliably re- ported to take a very serious view of the situation which has now arisen. He considers the latest development to be of the highest importance, but is waiting for reactions in other capitals before making any move.
At the European Commission, which is the most directly threatened, the new development has been received more calmly. It is recognized that the proposals run direrctly counter to the prin- ciples of the Treaty of Rome, but it is argued that. there is nothing new about Paris taking this line. The same ideas are said to have been put forward when General de Gaulle met Mr. Macmillan in 1962
Bonn was given details last week
From DAVID HOTHAM
Bonn. Feb. 21 Sir Roger Jacklins, the British Ambassador in Bonn, saw Dr. Kiesinger. the Federal Chancellor. for about an hour tonight at his own request. The subject was the Westerm European Union.
It is not clear what aspects were discussed. but presumably Sir Roger asked for a further clarifica- tion of the German standpoint on the recent dispute within the orga- nization. A British Embassy spokesman said later that General de Gaulle's offer for a larger European association did not come up.
There was no need for Sir Roger to tell the Chancellor about the";"February 22, 1969";"";57492;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Storm over de Gaulle proposal for British entry to Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, FEB. 13
In the Chamber this evening M. Bidault made the most important statement on French foreign policy that has been given for several months. He extolled Anglo- French cooperation, re-echoed in the warmest words Mr. Bevin's call for a re- birth of Europe, spoke of the French lead in the matter of European customs unions, and emphasized his Government's desire to see a federal peaceful Germany taking her place within the European structure.
M. Bidault began by reviewing the events of the last nine months which led to a division of Europe, a division which "" cannot be called definitive but which is an immense dis- advantage for the peace of the world."" The Soviet refusal to take part in the: Marshall aid conference last summer and the grave diver- gences which appeared at the United Nations General Assembly in the autumn meant that France found herself faced with serious decisions. What was to be done to-day ? M. Bidault's answer was that the field of action was Europe. "" France is above all a European country and it is not possible to contemplate Europe without France "" ; and the French mission to-day was to make France the cham- pion of European union. "" When I speak of Europe, I mean all Europe,"" said M. Bidault, for between France and the other countries the moral and material ties were too close-to admit of division.
""INDISPENSABLE"" AID
After having expressed the gratitude of the French people to the United States for the "" indispensable "" aid which had been forth- coming, as well as the intention of France to accept more aid "" in the same conditions of independence."" M. Bidault passed on to em- phasize the close cooperation and community of outlook between France and Great Britain. This cooperation was the mainspring of the 16-Power conference, and it remained the basis of France's European policy. "" Nothing in the future can separate Great Britain and France; the entente cordiale has become the immutable alliance."" There was no other solution for Europe and therefore for peace but that the two countries should have a common existence. Here M. Bidault referred to Mr. Bevin's speech last month and recalled the first joint Anglo- French move that had followed it, the approach to the Benelux Governments offering an extension of the Dunkirk treaty.
It was, M. Bidault continued, above all in the economic field that Europe must be orga- nized ; and he recalled the policy enunciated by the French Government at the 16-Power conference last summer in favour of Customs unions. So far Italy had been the only country to respond; a Franco-Italian Customs union was to be fashioned which could not fail to be of paramount importance to Europe as well as to the two countries. British coopera- tion in the creation of Customs unions was essential, M. Bidault declared; and he added the hope that it might be possible to "" go further and quicker than our friends have so far agreed to go.""
CONTROL OF, GERMANY
What was perhaps the most important part of the speech, that w,hich concerned Germany, was reserved to the cnd. "" People must work,"" said M. Bidault, "" for the integration of a peaceful Germany in a united Europe."" France was opposed to the reconstitution of the unitary Reich of Bismarck and Hitler. What was the use of insufficient controls or of controls which would disappear ? France wanted something new and workable. She recognized the rights of Germany to a decent life, but could not allow that she be given any priority over her victims. "" We do not want a centralized Reich,"" re-emphasized M. Bidault; and he added that Germany could, within a federal framework, play a part in Europe commensurate with her resources.
Then came the concrete' requirements of France: an occupation, unlimited in time, of the Rhine provinces; the hmitation or sup- pression of certain industries; an international rdgime for the Ruhr; and a just distribution of its coal. "" A federal Germany, an effi- ciently controlled Ruhr, such are the essential conditions for our security."" Referring to the forthcoming talks on Germany in London, M. Bidault did not hide the fact that there were differences in view between France and the other western allies; but he hoped that the three Powers would agree and if they could it would remain to extend the agreement until it was a four-Power pact.
M. Bidault concluded with an assurance that France would never cease to seize every oppor- tunity to use her offices for reconciliation in the intermational field. "" We want peace and we want liberty. Neither for us nor for Europe do we want to be caught in the choice between peace and liberty. We must ally ourselves with those who have adopted the same attitude. Peace and liberty are the only aims of France.""";"February 14, 1948";"";50995;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France And Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our An^ A -----
Paris, Nov 21
M Michel Jobert, the French Foreign Minister, told the Western European Union in Paris today that it could offer a suseful framework for dia- logue "" in coordinating Euro- pean defence efforts.
However, his caution was shown when he was asked about a proposal, passed earlier by the WEU Assembly, for the setting up of a European nuclear com- mittee. This body, aecording to the proposal, would provide niembers of the WEU with the same kind of relationship to the British and French nuclear forces as the Nato nuclear plan- ning committee provides to the United States forces.
M Jobert said that the pro- - posal was ""interesting for the
future "", but he admitted that he did not see its function in the short term as more than theo- retical. The problem, he sought to explain to a somewhat dis- * appointed audience, was that,
while the French nuclear deter- rent was ""completely indepen- deht "", the British one was not.
The essential difference lay, not in the technical nature of . the two forces, but in the nature
of their organization and the ability to control the weapons.
M Jobert emphasized France's belief that its independence, liberty and destiny were linked .: to a nuclear deterrent which, he
said, was also defending Europe. * Apart from a framework for pooling strategic ideas, M Jobert singled out the WEU standing arms committee and mentioned the French wish that it should be revitalized. "" WVhy not en- , large the horizons of this organi-
zation, as a privileged instru- - ment for cooperation in arms * manufacture, to really European
dimensions ? "" he asked.
M Jobert admitted that a co- ordinated European defence effort faced "" considerable diffi- c- 'es "". He was asked for further ' clarifications "" by Italian and West German depu- ties after a brush with Mr Fred Peart (Lab, Workington), who twice bluntly demanded to know why France did not now rejoin Nato. M Tobert replied that he would have to ask another ques- tion: How was Nato commanded and how had it functioned in the * past? ""Then you will under-
stand why France is not a mem- ber "", he said.
He told the Assembly that Europe had been ""shaken"" by its virtual exclusion from deci- . sions concerning the resolution
of the Middle East crisis. It must now develop a "" different road to detente "" than that pro- posed-and imposed on the rest of the world-by the Americans and Russians. He spoke of a
"" Cinderella "" role for Europe at the present time.
The meeting between Prest- dent Nixon arid Mr* Brezhnev, the Soviet party leader, had altered profoundly the concept of d6tente, he went on. The attainment of world equilibrium, he said, must be based on the ability of all countries, big or small, to decide their own destinies and their capacity to defend themselves.
Europe had no need for inter- mediaries M Jobert said, urg- ing it to establish direct relation- ships with a worldwide list of other groupings.
The WEU Assembly approved the proposal to set up a Euro-
pean nuclear committee. There' were 21 abstentions, which came chiefly from Social Democratic and Labour parliamentarians.
Now that Britain has joined the European Community, the WEU is. searching for a new role. At present its parliamen- tarians are anxious to exploit the new mood for greater Euro- pean cohesion in political and defence matters under the im- pact of America's failure to con- sult their Nato allies over the Middle East war.
The WEU reckons that it could provide suitable machin- ery at a wholly European level for cootdinating defence efforts in preference to the ""Euro- group "" set up within Nato. But this view is contested by, among others, the West German Social Democrats.
Today's resolution also called on the United States to commit itself over the strength of its forces to be stationed in Europe. Only then would its European allies accept any East-West agreement on a mutual reduc- tion of forces.
Mr Julian Critchley (Conser- vative, Aldershot and North Hants), the rapporteur of the defence and armaments commit- tee, had earlier argued that,, in the event of Anglo-French nuclear cooperation growing, the United States should be per- suaded to Ldopt a policy of nuclear equality between the two countries. The French force would stay nationally controlled, but its targeting plans would be coordinated with the United States Joint Strategic Staff.
It was plainly impossible for Britain and France to purchase the full panoply of nuclear power, Mr Critchley said- "" Public opinion, would not pay the price. This suggests all a united Europe can reasonably aspire to is the status of an economic superpower.""
Europe, he went on, must look increasingly to its own defence, but also change the nature of its relationship with America ""in order to preserve a per- manent American interest in its security and survival "".";"November 22, 1973";"";58945;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear defence link formed by WEU";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The reappraisal of the forces required for the defence of western Europe now being made by General Norstad and his staff at Supreme Headquarters in Paris is likely to be completed by late Sep- tember or early October. It is a funda- mental reappraisal, which will lead to changes in the functions and dispositions of the shield forces, though hardly in the number of divisions required.
The emphasis will be placed more on deterring and identifying aggression and less on the role of the shield forces as an adjunct to the American and British strategic bomber forces in global war. The concept of reserve forces, parti- cularly those which could not be ready until at least a month after the outbreak of war, will be drastically revised. The forward strategy of the past two years will become an Iron Curtain strategy, with screening forces along the frontiers.
This military reappraisal was begun some months before the request of Western European Union in March for a review of the resources of the alliance. On the military side it was prompted by the introduction of missiles, problems of air defence, and improvements in weapons. In the wider context, how- ever, it was prompted by the obvious reluctance of western European coun- tries to provide forces the primary role of which was to prevent the Continent from being overrun during a global war that would probably be suicidal in any case.
ORDER OF PRIORITY
The new strategy starts from the premise that deliberate aggression against western Europe is, as General Norstad said in Washington last week, most unlikely, if not impossible. The west's nuclear deterrent is so ample that deliberate aggression would be suicide.
The new strategy is designed to guard against the far more real danger of a global war's starting by accident or mis- calculation. The shield forces will therefore be given three roles, in the following order of priority:-
(i) Deterrence.-If the front line were in-
adequately guarded, it could be crossed either by accident or by an aggressor aiming at a limited penetration. If the intruders were not pushed back it would mean the end of N.A.T.O., the members of which are pledged to regard an attack against one as an attack against all; but a deliberate incursion could be repelled only at risk of starting a major war. The first aim, therefore, is to deter any intru- sion or aggression by keeping visible forces along the frontier. (The German Army will probably supply much of this forward screen).
(ii) Identification.-If an incursion does
take place, the task of the shield forces will be to hold it until it can be identi- fied either as accidental or deliberate. If it is a deliberate aggression, the aggres- sor will have the onus of bringing up extra forces to penetrate the defences, thereby revealing his intentions. (A doc- trine of what would constitute real aggression was worked out at the North Atlantic Council meeting in December; this seems to be the military method of carrying it out).
(cii Retaliation.-If an aggression were
identified as deliberate, then the west would have no option but to use the strategic nuclear deterrent. The role of the shield forces in defending Europe as an adjunct to the strategic bomber forces would be limited to the interval between the start of hostilities and the time needed for the retaliation to take effect.
BRITISH CUTS OPPOSED
The effects of these changes in strategy are not yet known in detail, except that the total shield forces required will still be about 30 divisions. Even with 30 divisions, the average divisional front will be about 22 miles, compared with about seven miles in the last war. The second instalment of the proposed'reduc- tions in the strength of the British Army of the Rhine is therefore certain to be opposed by the N.A.T.O. military authorities.
How long it would take for nuclear retaliation to become effective in total war is hardly predictable, but it is obvious that most of the present plans for reinforcing the shield forces are academic. Canada, for instance, is supposed to move the balance of an infantry division from Canada to Europe on the outbreak of war to rein- force her brigade group in Germany, and there are many similar absurdities.
The new strategy is unlikely to involve any change in the present policy of equipping the shield forces with tacti- cal atomic weapons, which they would still require for their third role if the deterrent failed.
NOT EASY TO ACHIEVE
But the emphasis in the first two roles will obviously be on conventional weapons, and it will not be easy to achieve the right balance.
It is often argued that units equipped with missiles retain their conventional capacity, but the missrle is a wildly un- economic method of delivering a con- ventional warhead. If missiles displace heavy artillery, it looks as if aircraft, which do not suffer from this economic disadvantage, would have to take the place of the heavy gun.";"June 27, 1957";"";53878;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Role Of N.A.T.O. Shield Force";""
"['From David Cross']";"['News']";"Differences between the EEC countries on the Community's relations with the United States appeared last night to have been smoothed over at a weekend meeting of foreign ministers
Mr Callaghan. the Foreign Secretary, and M Jobert, his French counterpart, both reported that good progress had been made on the issue. Their views had been poles apart at a meeting in Luxembourg earlier this month.
'Fireside chat' ends in compromise in Compromise
From Davict Cross
Bonn, April 21
Foreign ministers of the Nine appeared tonight to have smoothed over their differences on the biggest foreign policy problem confronting the Euro- pean Community-its relations with the United States.
At the end of a weekend of informal discussions held in a moated eighteenth-cen'tury baroque castle some 25 miles from Bonn, booth Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, and M Jobert, his French counterpart, told reporters that good pro- gress had been made on. the question of consultations be- tween Europe and the United States. This was the- divisive point on which the ' ministers bad failed to agree when they met in Luxembourg earlier this month.
On that occasion the British, supported by most of the Nine, were in favour of regular con- sultations. The French, on the other *hand, felt the United States should simply be in- formed after the event of any matters directly affecting it.
The'country weekend atmos- phere of the talks today and yesterday, wvhen ministers met alone round the conference table without advisers, without en agenda, and without any briefing :--pers, apparently promoted compromise. There was a general agreement that consultations between Europe and the United.States should be. conducted on a pragmatic, case- by-case basis.
Mr Callaghan told reporters at Bonn airport' before flying home that it was fairly clear that everyone could continue to consult the United Sta'tes bila- terally and, at the same time bear in mind the need for getting ' a corcert of European, views ""
For his part, M Jobert said that the ministers had shown considerably more-realism this weekend than at their Luxem- bourg encounter. There was general agreement, he added, that a schematic, theoretical approach to consultations should be avoided so that prob- lems could be dealt with on an ad hoc basis.
He made it clear that he felt the recent deterioration in transatlantic relations was now over, for the time being at least. ""With a little calmness and good sense we will have a balanced, happy relationship with the Americans "", he said.
Herr Walter Scheel, the West German Foreign Minister, said the meeting had proved that the European Community was not seriously threatened by tem- porary problems. The talks had clearly demonstrated ""that all
of the participants are deter- mined to give new .life to the commullity "".
As with all other items dis- cussed at Schloss Gymnich this weekend, no formal decisions on r elations wvith the United States were taken, and it re- mains to be seen whether today's converge-nee of the views will survive more formal future rounds of discussions when pragmatism has to be translated into actions.
If it does survive, the Com- munity's approaches to the Arabs for a far-reaching eco- nomic cooperation pact can be expected to go ahead without too much delay. The British have linked formal approval of this long-term dialogue to agreement on full discussions with the United States.
During their deliberations, the ministers concentrated con- siderable attention on the future of Europe. Mr Callaghan spoke for all his colleagues when he told reporters -that clearly much wvork had to be done before anyone knew what Europe wvould really look like in the years to come.
The Foreign Secretary, who -has shown considerable scepti- cism in regard to the Communi- ty's plans f6r European union by the end of the decade, said he was glad that there was no unanimity of views among other member states about what sort of Europe they would like. This was useful, he said, ""because it enables me in due course to recommend to my colleagues what is the right thing to do "".
.He added that he had heard views expressed at Schloss
ynymnich with which he and the British people would agree.
Mr Callaghan said that the delicate problems of Britain's request for a renegotiation of its EEC membership terms had only been touched upon in pass- ing. When M. Jobert was asked about the same Subject by jour- nalists, .he simply covered his ears to -show that he did not -Want to hear the question. As an afterthought he said wryly: .I only see one thing-the Treaty of Rome and the-com- tmitments subscribed to by the British Government "".
Among the other matters which came up for discussion tvere the Community's indus- trial policy, questions of energy and raw materials, and the recent outbreak of fighting in the Middle East.
At the end of the meeting, all the participants appeared very satisfied with the results of their ""fireside chat "", as it was dubbed by one senior official.
Photograph, page 5 Business Diary, page 21";"April 22, 1974";"";59070;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC foreign ministers reach agreement on consulting US";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JuNE 7
General Lemnitzer, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, said at the assembly of the Western European Union today that his command should retain ntiuitary control of the proposed multilateral nuclear force. Whatever form this took, its military role should be to support the defence of allied Europe; and in his opinion that defence was indivisible.
He could think of no advantage in .operatimg the force as a separate entity. Nuclear forces were an essential means for carrYlng out the Supreme Commander's mission, and to deprive him of them could be militarily disastrous.
General Lemnitzer, making his first publlic statement since taking over the com- mand, said that he hoped soon to an- nounce the appointment of a senior officer as nuclear deputy at supreme headquarters, as agreed at the Ottawva meeting of the Atlantic Council.
Hle described the Ottawa decisions as major steps towards fulfilling pressing Political requirements; they had the important advantage, from his point of view, of not disturbing the military posture.
Greater attention, he said, would now be given to the longer-range proposal for a mixed manned force. The basic concept was to create a nuclear force of significant size, equipped with modern ballistic mis- siles, which would be internationally owned and operated and completely commi-tted to the alliance. This, with the existing nationaly owned nuclear forces assigned to Nato would constitute the Nato nuclear force.
FORWARD DEFENCE
The General, welcoming any augmenta- tion of nuclear capabilities, said that this proposal would not be capable of satisfy- ing the entire requirement of the allied command-for strike forces. Staff studies indicated that a mixture of surface ships, submarines and land vehicles would be the best solution. Within broad limits, any method adopted for the mixed manned force could be fitted into their overall mili- tary requirement and their command and control arrangements.
Speaking- of forward defence, he said his command was now working on plans that would -provide direct physical resis- tance to any enemy attack immediately in the vicinity of the iron curtain. The de- ployment of their main forces would thus be appreciably in advance of what had previously been practical. This gave them positive military advantages.
A forward defence posture, however, to be fully effective, demanded larger forces than had been contemplated. Since the inception of Nato, forces in Europe had fallen short of established goals; the adop-
tion of forward defence again emphasized the need for nations to meet their military obligations.
An effective defence needed greater tac- tical mobility, more arnour, more con- ventional fire power, and better logistical support than they had now. Peacetime barrks, too, were not always best placed for troops conducting a forward defence. If they were to avoid a complicated and vulnerable deployment plan at the outset of hostilities, some re-stationing in peace was required. It would be both difficult and expensive.
MANNED AIRCRAFT
General Lemnitzer resisted widespread ideas about the increasing obsolescence of manned aircraft. Weapon systems had been created that could destroy any aircraft coming within their range, but until they existed as operational entities in sufficient quantity to repel air attack, the enemy's
aircraft were as effective as ever. I
They must ensure that the undoubted ability of modern air defence weapons to stop attacking aircraft was fully employed in an integrated defence of the alliance.
General Lemnitzer, now having com- I pleted his visits to most nations of the alliance and their senior military com- manders, found that the alliance had deve- loped a remarkably effective command structure.
The assemnbly, after one of its liveliest debates for a long time, had the frustrating experience of being unable to vote on any of the defence recommendations in the absence of a quorum. The exceUent docu- ments of Lord Kennet (Britain) and Mr. A. E. M. Duynstee (the Netherlands), the two rapporteurs of the defence committee, advancing divergent conceptions of the nuclear force, couLd only be held over to the December session.
"" NINNY'S POLICY ""
There had certainly been too much dis- sension in the debate for a vote to be dispensed with. M. Jacques Bauqnil, secretary-general of the Gaulhist U.N.R. (Union for the New Republic), bluntly described the mixed-manned force as a ""ninny's policy"" which had every chance of ending in a bilateral Amerioan-German force. Delegates seemed to give his strong words all the weight of an official pro- nouncement.
One of the Dutch delegates said today that it was difficult for anyone who had served in a ship to support the idea of a mixed crew. One wrong manoeuvre and the ship would he 0ost. It was for Mr. R. Gresham-Cooke (Britain) to recall that Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar had about 70 foreigners in the crew of the Victory- kmoricans, Dutch, Italians, Maltese, Por- tuguese, and Swiss. as well as two or three women. He hoped this reminiscence would sive no offence to their French frionds.";"June 8, 1963";"";55722;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gen. Lemnitzer Says Separate Nuclear Force A Disaster";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
As the Western European Union representatives were assembling yester- day for the two-day council meeting which opens in London today. Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, gave the British Government's first official reac- tion to the decision of President de Gaulle to end the Nato system of inte- grated defence so far as France is concerned. This French move will be the main subject for discussion at the W.E.U. talks though it does not figure on the formal agenda.
Mr. Stewart, who was speaking to the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, refer- ring to what he described as ' the pres- ent crisis in Nato "". emphasized that Nato will survive, and that an integrated defence system is essential at present for any alliance if it is to be an effective deterrent.
"" I trust,"" he said, ""that France will in due course come to realize how much it is in her own interests to remain an active and effective member of the alliance and of the organization.""
SHORT NOTICE
The Forcign Secretary said: "" We live in an age of inter-dependence. Science has cut the size of the world to the point at which whole armies can be moved from continent to continent in a matter of hours.
' It follows from this that, if a treaty is no more than an undertaking between the parties to come to each other's help should need arise, then such a treaty is not a credible deterrent to a potential aggrcssor, particularly if the aggrcssor possesses the most sophisticated weapons and is able to bring them to bear at very short notice.
""The undertaking could not be fulfilled unless advance preparations had been made, that is to say, unless there is between the parties to the treaty an integrated system of defence.
"" A treaty alone does not make an alliance. What is required is an organiza- tion. Nato exemplifies what I mean by an inter-dependent and integrated defence system of the kind which the realities of science and the nature of the threat to Europe have made necessary.
"" No member of Nato can afford to put national prestige ahead of that collective defence on which depend the safety and freedom of all members of the alliance.
EMOTIONAL MANNER
""You will have seen reports of recent French pronouncements on the future of Nato. We shall not react in an emotional or ill-cousidered manner, but do not let us for a moment underestimate the cxtreme scriousness of the French pronouncements.
""'They strike at the whole integrated system of defence upon which the security of the wcst and the freedom of mankind depends. No system of bilateral arrange- irments can be a substitute for that inte- grated system.""
Dr. Luns. the Netherlands Foreign Mini- ster, told me on arrival yesterday that he fully supported Mr. Stewart's views and he emphasizcd the grave view which the Netherlands Government took of the pre- sent situation.
Dr. Luns said he expected the full reper- cussions of the Nato crisis to be felt within the Common Market. The possibility that the Six might come to some sort of agree-
ment with regard to political talks seems. he said. to be fading completely into the background.
OPENING ADDRESS
When the W.E.U. meeting opens today. Mr. Stewart. in making the opening state- ment as chairman, will state the British Government's desire that France should remain in Nato, but at the same time will point out clearly that French policy by weakening the integrated defence system of Nato strikes a heavy blow at the effec- tiveness of WY.E.U.
BROADER ROLE FOR
EUROPE URGED
FROM OUR OWVN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, MARCH 14
A note of wariness is more evident in official discussions here of a Nato wvithout France. The obvious reason is the reluct- auce of some smaller members, especially the Scandinavians, to contemplate any new arrangement that could enhance the stature of west Germany.
Senator Mlike Mansfield. the Democrat leader ini the Senate, today suggested that President de Gaulle may have performcd a needed service by forcing the Nato nations to an early reappraisal of the structure of the Atlantic alliance, rather than temporizing until .1969. The French announcement should be regarded as"" most helpful "", he told-the Senate.
The need4 for deterrence or defence ob- viously remained in western Europe. - But it appears to me that far greater responsi- bility than in the past, under the treaty, can and should be devolved on the European members of the Alliance.
""The responsibility and burdens still borne heavily by the United States might be properly reduced considerably in this process, especially in view of our com- mitments in Vietnam"", Senator Mansfield said.
ATLANTIC COUNCIL
MEETS
FROMt OLR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MIARCH 14
The Atlantic Council, without its fifteenth member, France. met again today to discuss the drafting of a declaration of solidarity in face of General de Gaulle's decision to withdraw from Nato. Signor Brosio, the Secretary-General of Nato, attended un- officialy, but no firm decsions seem to have been reaohed";"March 15, 1966";"";56580;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Stewart Condemns France's Action On Nato";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY 7
Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, set the tone today in the Assembly of the Council of Europe for its revived role, which was unanimously accepted by the Ministers, as a forum in which contend- ing European forces may be confronted and possibly reconciled.
His frank picture of the wider European union that Britain seeks to enter carried a warmly applauding audience with him, even though he reiected the idea advanced notably by M. Pierre Pflimlin, the Assem- bly's president, that the road to unity might be found in the creation of a European nuclear deterrent.
To the extent that the coming debate is dominated by the voices of Britain and France. it was a pity that the immediate French reply from M. Habib Deloncle, a junior Minister, was essentially defensive.
Mr. Heath's two days in Strasbourg have been well spent and he left this evening to pursue his European tour which wiLI take him to Lisbon for the meeting of mmrnbers of the European Free Trade Association.
He made it clear at once that, for reasons obvious to everyone-seen as a reference to the British election-there was no question of Hritain's seeking an early resumption of negotiations to enter the Common Market.
POINTS OF AGREEMENT
Mr. Heath, in analysing the situation at the end of the Brussels negotiations, said the idea that problems could have readily been solved if only Britain would sign the Treaty of Rome had become a gramophone record used to cover the noise of breaking crockery. It was also said that Britain was not ready to transform herself sufficiently to become part of the European Commu- nity.
Enumerating the many points of agree- ment reached in Brussels. Mr. Heath main- tained that negotiations had reached a phase in January where everything could have been settled by a package deal.
Why, then, had the negotiations been broken up ? It was said that Britain was an island. This was a grave statement on which he had consulted Whitehall. He had been told that Britain was an island when the negotiations opened. this did not seem a sound reason to break up the negotiations.
There were also objections to the insular' characteristics of Britain; he and his col- leagues had felt that she might become 'peninsular at any moment "".
He Pointed out that German foreign trade exceeded Britain's and it would not be
sound to argue that Britain was ineligible because she indulged in world commerce. Mr. Heath may have been open to challenge in contending that all these objections were a "" flagrant breach "" of the Treaty of Rome which provided that any European state could apply for membership from which islands were not excluded.
TWO VIEWS OF EUROPE
He was on faTnmiliar ground in refuting other French objections one by one, and went on to say that two clear and very different views o'f what Europe ouxht to be had now emerged.
A year ago he had defined the British conception of an outward-looking Europe. take'ng part in tariff reductions and able to exercise its influence across the world. The contrasting viiew now emerged of a much more limited Europe which was bound to be protectionist in approach. and believed in an independent European defence policy. possibly separate from the Atlantic alliance and which therefore aroused suspicions and fears of a third force.
"" When it is said that Britain is not European "", he went on, "" what is really meant is that we are not European in the second sense. There can be no doubt what- ever that we are European in the first sense."" There could be no greater unity until this deep division of policy was reconciled.
Hr did not think tLhat the role of the Council of Europe was to make contacts for renewed negotiations as some members suggested. There were plenty of other ways of doing this, and Britain, for obvious reasons, was not carrying on conversations or making contacts for a resumption.
COUNCIL'S ROLE
The council's role he thought was to discuss these great issues fully and frankly and cease using automatic phrases about a common will and desire for unity. The Mlinisters had agreed -to discuss the issues among themselves and their hope was that the Assembly would also do so.
This was not the only European forum, but it embraced 17 countries; what was so difficult now was to have a frank discussion o-. European differences. Speaking of the role of governments, Mr. Heath pointed to initiatives that had been taken since the break-up in Brussels and to the need to crcate consultative machinery between Britain and the Six so that decisions could be takea .in the light of the problems.
The British Government, he said, would fully support the Kennedy round of tariff negotia'ions. They wished to see a balanced negotiation in order to reduce tariff barriers and promote world trade.";"May 8, 1963";"";55695;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath Ridicules French Idea Of ""Island Britain""";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, SEPT. 14
A Presidential announcement from Gettysburg to-night says that President Eisenhower, at the invitation of the British Government, has asked Mr. Dulles, the American Secretary of State, to fly to London again next week for further consultations on the Suez dis- pute. The Presidential Press secretary, Mr. Hagerty, said Mr. Dulles would probably leave on Monday. He would thus have time to confer with the British and French Govemrnents before a new conference, beginning on Wednesday, of
ever the doubtful prospects of the new operational plan which is so largely his own creation.
The Secretary of State's reference yester- day to the preparation of naval auxiliary tankers to make the journey round the Cape, if need be, has brought word from the Pentagon that the United States has about 41 oil tankers in its "" moth ball fleet "" which could be made ready for operation in 60 days. It would probably take another month or two, it is stated, before they were carrying oiL
The naval authorities assume that Mr. Dulles was referring to tankers held in the maritime administration's reserve fleet rather than to tankers laid tip by the Navy
PROM OUR UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENT
NEW YORK, SEPT. 14
In a circular letter sent to all members of the United Nations, Britain denies the charges made yesterday in a similar letter sent by Egypt on the circumstances in which non-Egyptian employees of the Suez Canal Company have left their posts. The British letter, signed by Sir Pierson Dixon, the per- manent representative with the United Nations, says it is untrue, either that the canal company "" ordered "" its employees to leave, or that her Majesty's Government "" endorsed this act of intimidation.""
the 18 nations which sponsored the pro- posals that came to grief in Cairo, and are now expected to proceed with the latest plans for a users' association to keep the canal in operation. Mr. Hagerty described their deliberations as an attempt to "" put out a warlike fire "" that seemed to be mounting in the Middle East.
He also said the new conference would further discuss the situation in the light of Egypt's rejection of the first proposal of the 18 nations: the purpose of the United States, he added, was still to seek by peace- ful means an assurance that the Suez Canal would perform the international service to which it was "" dedicated "" by the 1888 Convention.
The President's decision was taken after a conversation in Washington with Mr. Menzies, who had interrupted his delayed return to Australia-he will resume his journey to-morrow-to discuss the latest aspects of the situation.
WASHINGTON MEETING
President Eisenhower flew back from Gettysburg-he returned there later- to receive Mr. Menzies, whose flight over the Atlantic was delayed by weather; he was accompanied to the White House by Mr. Dulles and after a conversa- tion of some 40 minutes he returned with him to the State Department for a further exchange of views. Mr. Menzies, of course, was able to give the President a first-hand account of the failure of his mission in Cairo, though his only comment to reporters was that he was not here to make statements about these important matters but rather to have talks that would help him prepare reports to his own Government.
The immediate reaction of American public opinion to the debate in Parliament is undisguised ielief at Sir Anthony Eden's assurance that Britain would take the dispute to the United Nations before resorting to force.
The Prime Minister's reference to in- dependent action that might be necessary in an emergency makes little impression on those who are convinced that Mr. DIlles, who in this crisis has something of the adroitness of a juggler with four. or five balls in the air, has again succeeded in his policy of playing for time, what-
which, presumably, could also be restored to active duty to meet an emergency. The maritime administration has 18 T2 tankers among its reserve vessels and those of the Navy include two tankers each capable of carrying 104,000 barrels.
CONFERENCE CALLED
INVITATIONS TO GROUP
OF 18 POWERS
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
Preparations are going ahead rapidly for the conference at which the users' association for the Suez Canal will be formed.
A Foreign Office spokesman said last night: ""The Foreign Office has sent instructions to-night to our Ambassadors or representatives with the 15 of the 18 countries who took part in the London conference or supported plans for the inter- nationalization of the Suez Canal, inviting them to a conference on the users' asso- ciation. The invitations were sent on behalf of the other two.""
Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary, yesterday saw the three Scandinavian Ambassadors whose Foreign Ministers will be meeting in Stockholm to-morrow. He was also in touch with the French Ambas- sador, M. Chauvel. Mr. Lloyd is going to Paris to-day for the meeting of the mini- sterial council of the Western European Union which west Germany has requested.
BRITISH DENIAL SENT
TO U.N. MEMBERS";"September 15, 1956";"";53637;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Dulles To Attend New Suez Talks";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Staff']";"['News']";"Froni Our Parliamentary Staff
.A resolution uirging British
vithtdrawal from Nato and all ornier mlilitaly alliances. an end to recrtinttg tn the Services, a pIsatei withdrawal of troops from overseas. incliding Northern Ire- land, and an end to all foreign bases in Britain. was defeated.
hlle resolutionl was proposed by Mdr Stav-en Atack. chairolan of the Lraguc of Yo'ung Liberals. llis proposal for a han on' the sale of arms wats endorsed.?
He said that the Liberal Party could he protid of its record in fighting for peoiple's rights, but probahbly the greatest ricght of every hruman being was the rig'ht to live ill peace.
The chlances of war alid violence were increased liv sucil alliances as Nato. There could be. no divi- sion in tile party on the question nf niclear disarmament. They hatd A moral commitment to that cout rse.
0n arms sales, he said thev could not pretentl, as other parties did. that once the armts left Britain It ivas nothing to do with them hosv they were used. Such an atti- tude w4;as immoral and should he darmned.
It wvoild he totally irrespon- sible if he were to advocate alt Irnmediate cnd to thc ar-med Forces, But there were certain thjn2s thiat could he doie over a short period. Ther c should he a complete stop to furlther recruit- ment to the Forces. Ile accused the Government of exploiting tn- ensioymetlt in the interests of re- cruitment. T'he way voung, people were encouraged to join the Fo-ces was immoral.
There was no greater- threat to the security of thie country than the presence in Britain of AmQri- cl?h nuclear hases, it was time they were told to leave. It was hvnocriticnl for Britain to tell the Third World not to develop - uiclear weapons while at the same
time Britain rotained hers.
Mr Anthony Richards, prospective parliamentary candidate for New- hury. said he could not support the impracticality of the' resoln- tion. They might dislike the reality of thep balance of power, but it vas preferable to the international anarchy that existed in Europe before the war attd after it before thr creation of Nato.
Tlieir objective shotld be not merely PBtitish disarmament to 'Salve their consciences, but world 'disarmament.
Lord Bantks, chlairmati of the Euro- pean subcomrnittee of the party's foreign affairs panel, said Britain should not he reduced to a state of complete defencelessness, as the resolution required. "" We cannot relax our guardl, because we can- not be certain of Rtissian inten- tions "", he added.
Mr Robiln Otter, prospective par- liament;iry candidate for Ciren- cester and Tewkesbury, said that if the Liberals could say one thing loud and clear it was that it was immoral to trade in arms at the expense of the Third World. MIr Peter Emerson, Belfast, said that to withdraw forces from Ulster would encou.ale extremists on both sides and risk inore blrnodshed, if not a civil war.
Dr Jamet Walsh, prospective par- liamentary candidate for Hove, said that any government must be prepared to defend the freedom of its citizens against aggression. MSir Christopher Mayhew, prospec- tive' parliamentarv candidate for Rath and a former Labour min- ister, said the assumption that a country could abandon its arms unilaterally hal never been demon- strated. "" If we do that, can we r ely uponi Franco not taking. Gib- raltar ? "" he demart(led.
Lord Seaumont of WVhitley said tlhis was no time in relax the eternal vigilance which was the Price of liberty. Hitherto they had relied for their defence on America. They had been lucky, but Europe must defend itself.
"" There are those who say it is impossible "", he went on. I am onie of your representatives in the Western European Union. I think it is possible and 1 know that it is necessarv.
Before you can lead the good life you have to be alive. Before you can be effectivelv Liberal vou have to be free yourself. We are hicky in this country to be one of the few countries of the world that are free. Let us keep it that uvay . -
Miss Ruth Addison, chairman of the Union of Liberal Students, said she was nat prepared to bring children into the 'world to put them into uniform and send them out to kill another woman's children. Politics in Britain and abroad had been dominated bv the masculinie themes of aggression, competition and destruction. They needed to base their- politics on ideas of love, cooperation and understanding areas in which women had so mnuch.to contribute.
"" If you accept the existence of armies and militarism as a strategy yotu are in the end accepting the horror and obscenity of Hiroshima and. Auschwitz as part of your country's policy "", she said. "" If you want to limit war the only practical wav is to disarm.""
Delegates rejected the proposals in the resolution urging withdrawal
from Nato, an end to recruiting;- the immediate closure of all non- British bases in Britain and withdrawal of troops from over- seas, hut endorsed the proposal for a ban on the sale of arms.";"September 20, 1975";"";59506;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Call for disarmament and withdrawal from Nato rejected";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 25
Speaking in public for the first time since the operation on his eye, General de Gaulle this afternoon re- asserted his implacable opposition to the treaty for a European Defence Com- murnity. He suggested instead an "" organ- ized alliance "" of Powers, including Germany, to be formed concurrently with an international confederation based upon popular consent. He professed himself equally confident that the E.D.C. treaty had not the support of the French people, and that the Americans would not cease aiding Europe, and could not, without breaking their alliances, re-arm Germany against the wishes of France.
There was little new in what the General. who was speaking at a Press conference in Paris, had to say. As he recalled, he had been inveighing for a long time against the European army; he added that it was simply blackmail to say that after the idea had hung fire for two years it must now be approved in a matter of weeks. Hle spoke with bitterness about the Government-he referred to it as "" a certain team ""-which had been using all means o propaganda, including money from abroad, to publicize the E.D.C. Nor did he appear to be in the least appeased by the additional pro- tocols; morally, he said, they were no more that an excuse for the deputies so that they might ratify the treaty.
MISLEADING TERM
The term ""European Army"" was, the General declared, totally misleading because Europe in that sense did not exist. What the treaty did was to hand over the so-called Euro- pean army to the American commander-in- chief in Europe as an instrument of American strategy. The General disclaimed any anti- American feelings-it was not the Americans who had invented the treaty-and went on to show how the American commander in Europe would have a completely free hand with French troops. In time of war the French Govern- ment would be totally excluded from arrang- ing for the defence of France. If the American commander decided that France could not be defended, or decided to withdraw the forces under his command to the periphery of Europe, there was nothing the French Government could do about it.
The General criticized the institutions, such as the commissariat, set up under the treaty; he described therh as a "" technocracy."" Then he showed how, in his opinion, the' treaty could not fail to lead to the military and politi- cal hegemony of Germany in Europe: Under the treaty, France was to belong to the E.D.C. without the strength and resources of the French Union. Control over her Navy, which she was to retain, would make no difference to France within a European army, where the Germans were bound to outstrip the French in numbers. There was also the question of the lost German territory in the east, and the probability that the Americans would be led to favour German aspirations to regain Prussia and Saxony. One understood very weU why the German Chancellor-the General referred constantly to Germany as "" the Reich ""- wanted ratification of the treaty.
DIVISION OF OPINION
General de Gaulle concluded this first, purely destructive, part of his statement by declaring that the E.D.C. treaty, if accepted,, woould break up the French Union for ever, would introduce a bitter division into the middle of the French people, and would prevent any real European union.
When asked what he would do instead, the General replied that it was necessary to be realistic. The nations of Europe must be brought together in an organized alliance, pre- sided over by a council of the heads of Governments, which would have at its dis- posal a combined staff-something like the Churchill-Roosevelt partnership. There could also be a commissariat, though its powers would not be sovereign. The General pointed out that Britain could join in such a system without losing her sovereignty and without breaking her imperial links, and that Germany also could be included, for with the strength of France and the French Union the equili- brium of the alliance would be assured.
Concurrently, the General foresaw a con- federation which would not be a "" techno- cracy "" but a strategic, economic, and cultural union built upon a popular and democratic base. The instruments of this union would be a council of the heads of Governments, meeting periodically, two assemblies, and some form of court.
The General spoke with greatest vehemence when he was questioned about German rearm- ament. He did not deny the necessity for it, but said that the great question was whether German rearmament was going to absorb the French effort. He thought nothing of N.A.T.O. and never had thought anything of it; the fight against Communism required a world strateev. he maintained.";"February 26, 1953";"";52556;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Army Alternative";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"By A. M1 RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
The most recent phase in the long-drawn-out Cyprus dispute has now ended with a quiet but out- standing triumph for Archbishop Makarios.
By a masterly exhibition of dip- lomatic skill and coolness at critical moments, aided by the in- eptitude of the Greek Govern- ment's foreign policy advisers, the Archbishop has now achieved a situation. for Cyprus and himself, wh.ich clearly suits hinm better than any other possible solution at present.
There is only one condition which Archbishop Makarios must fulfil to prolong the status quo-that there must be no flare-up of Greek Cypriot aggressiveness against the Turkish Cypriot minority. Otherwise the Archbishop seems to have a clear blue sky before him.
Archbishop Makarios has achieved this, for him, happy outcome as fol- lows. When the military regime in Greece came to power in April, they desired to achieve a diplomatic success, and unlike former parlia- mentary Governments they were able to continue an existing but desultory dialogue with the Turks on Cyprus without fear that their negotiating effort would be vitiated by chau- vinist clamour from a parliamentary opposition.
Military presence
An agreement between Greece and Turkey was nearly achieved in the spring, on the basis of the union of the great bulk of the island with Greece. but leaving a combined Turkish military presence in a base. which might have been called a Nato base but would in effect have been Turkish. At this stage, however, the Turks shied away, apparently being unconvinced that the military regime
in Greece were sufficiently secure in the saddle to deliver their side of the bargain.
This form of solution continued. however, to be canvassed. Every- one knew that Archbishop Makarros would oppose it, but there were con- stant reports that the Greek Gov- ernment, having 14,000 Greek regular troops on the island under General Grivas, would be able to impose such a settlement on the Archbishop, if necessary.
Matters came to a head after the outbreak of the Israel war. During the weeks that followed the Greek Government had the chance-while buying off the Turks with the assur- ance of a base in Cyprus as part of the ultimate settlement-to force a solution upon the Cyprus Govern- ment which the rest of the world would have been too busy to notice.
Repeated rumours
There were repeated rurmours of plots and threats and counter-threats in the Greek and Cypriot press.
Skilfiully harping, however, on the need for ""true"" enosis-i.e., union with Greece without compensation for Turkey-Archbishop Makarios succeeded in building up support in Cyprus for continued independence. The chance that the Greek forces in Cyprus could seize the Archbishop. himself and take over the Govern- ment without serious Greek Cypriot resistance steadily waned.
The Greco-Turkish dialogue con- tinued, however, and the Greek mili- tary leaders were convinced by their Foreign Ministry advisers that a settlement combining enosis with a continued Turkish military presence in Cyprus was negotiable. For any such plan to succeed it was essential that the Turkish Governmnent should present it as a solution by way of partition rather than enosis, but the Greeks in their optimism and eager- ness overreached themselves and let
it be widely supposed, in advance, that enosis was round the corner.
By the time that the Greco- Turkish summit in Thrace was held on September 10 the Turkish posi- tion had stiffened; they were deter- mined to refuse any undisguised enosis; indeed, Mr. Demirel, the Prime Minister, with the Turkish military behind him, rejected enosis in any form; the meeting was a total failure; and the Turks appear to have decided since then that an independent Cyprus-broadly, a con- tinuation of the status quo-suited them better than any solution which might be negotiated.
They had long since been dis- illusioned or balked in their hopes of United States support against Greece and also wished cautiously to mend their fences with Russia. The Russians for their part have always opposed enosis, since, by making Cyprus part of Greece. it would bring the island into Nato. Accordingly, the communique issued on September 29 after the visit of Mr. Denmirel to Moscow declared that Turkey and Russia were dtter- mined to uphold the independence of Cyprus.
Uiimate aim
Thus Archbishop Makarios re- mains Prime Minister of an indepen- dent Government, a position which allows him a voice on the world stage in the United Nations or at Common- wealth conferences. He has not given up enosis as an ultimate aim and it is still possible that when it suits him -perhaps-in the fullness of time as he nears retirement, when Greece and Turkey wil be possibly much closer as members of a European union-he will one day crown an astonishing career by actively leading his island back, in the full Greek Church tradition, to the bosom of Greece.";"October 11, 1967";"";57069;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Quiet victory for Makarios";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 20
Dr. Conant, the United States High Commissioner in Germany, was at the Palais Schaumburg, the Federal Chan- cery, at midday to-day to deposit his Government's instruments of ratifica- tion of two of the Paris agreements, one ending the occupation regime, the other dealing with the stationing of allied forces in a sovereign western Germany.
So much was expected and had been announced in advance. It was something of a surprise that he was promptly followed by Dr. Adenauer, the Chancellor. carrying out the same formality on behalf of the Federal Government. Both moves were presumably related more to the state of German opinion than to the demands of diplomatic necessity.
The Americans wasted little time after receiving the treaties from Washington before appearing at the Chancery to deposit them. The treaties arrived in Bonn on Monday. Yesterday notice was given that the ceremony would take place to-day, and that there was to be no waiting for the British and French representatives to be there to add their instruments, although without them no official life can be given to west German sovereignty. The other two western occupying Powers intend to con- clude the formality early next month.
FURTHER MOTIVE
American promptness is officially said to be no more than the normal process of properly disposing of treaties that have been signed by the President, at the earliest con- venient time. But they would have come tc no harm, any more than the west German documents would have done, in the safe keeping of Govemment offices where, for a fortnight or so, they could have bxen deposited in the everyday sense of the word, instead of in its peculiar diplomatic usage.
Tne further motive may well be found in the consciousness that German thinking about the prospects of reunification is con- fused. At the moment public opinion is having to absorb the disconcerting example of apparent Soviet readiness to free Austria from occupation, so long as the country is content to enjoy its freedom as an enforced neutral, with no military bases on its soil. The Russian insistence on there being no Anscht,iss with Germany has not prevented the other connexion being made quite genuinely in some German minds, and officially by the east German Governmen. that the means by which Austnia obtained Soviet assent, and the terms on which it wa, offered, could be taken as a formula for eventual German reunification.
The Social Democratic Opposition has taken it in this way. Otherwise there have been few examples of outright advocacv of the Federal Government following in the footsteps of the Austian Chancellor. But in personal contacts there are ample signs that the MaoSCow ncgotiations have added to the
feeling of mnisgiving which arose, in its pre- sent form, at the beginning of the year when Russian intentions towards Germany seemed so radically to have changed, the Govetn- ment being able to reply only with a general plea for steadfastness, backed by doubts of Soviet sincerity.
FEAR OF FUTURE
Fear about the fate of Germany, as the obvious battlefield in the event of an atotnie war, is a potent one in the minds of ordinary citizens. There is the odd sensation when the talk turns to politics that the ground bass of opinion can in a moment become a tremolo. To the politizally conscious, there is the consideration that the Russians have said repeatedly that the ratification of the Paris agreements would indefinitely postpone any serious talk of reunification. Any deter- mined Soviet attempt to extort recognition of the east German regime, as is being done in the current affair of the road charges on the Autobahn from west Germany to Berlin. can be interpreted as part of a solution in the minds of the Russians for reducing tension in Europe, and which would leave two Germanies, each with membership of an alliance as consolation for lack of national unity.
The uncertainty is there, but publiclv its expression is indirect. When a Government spokesman mentioned on Monday that Article 10 of the German contract allowed for alterations in the form of the Paris treaties in the event of reunification or of a European federation. his remark was applauded in the editorial columns of the independent newspaper Die Welt as a sign of flexibility in Governmental thinking.
'REMAINING STEADFAST
The view of the Federal Government has already been clearly stated, that the Austrian case is not directly applicable to Germany. To-day's ceremony could be taken as a reminder of western Germany's immediate future as a sovereign member of the Atlan- tic alliance. and the depositing of instruments by Dr. Adenauer as a mark of his Govern- ment's intention to continue steadfast. It was a symbol as much as an offitill act. Before the full pattern of west German mem- bership of N.A.T.O. and of the Western European Union has been given its diplo- matic frame, there is still much depositing to be done, in Bonn, in Brussels, and in Paris, like some Homeric treasure hunt in reverse across the face of western Europe.";"April 21, 1955";"";53200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Prompt U.S. Action On Western German Sovereignty";""
"['From Our Labour Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Labour Correspondent
The preliminary agenda for the forty- eighth annual conference of the Labour Party, to be held at Blackpool from June 6 to June 10, is issued to-day. At least two full days are to be devoted to a discussion of the programme for the next General Election, based mainly on a policy state- ment by the executive committee, to be published shortly. An appeal to affiliated organizations not to send in resolutions has resulted in a reduction from some 300, last year, to about 220.
Many of the resolutions are proposals for the election programme and will, presumably, be dealt with in the debates on that subject, though the biggest group (33) are about hous- ing, particularly building costs and the high level of council house rents.
Those on the election programme vary from out-and-out support for the policy of consoli- dation to demands for a great programme of socialization. Kingston-upon-Hull requests the Government to review the process of nationalization and consolidate those industries I which have been, or are being, nationalized before undertaking further terms of nationalization.
Tottenham asks for the extension of nationalization to all important industries- agriculture (the land), building, shipbuilding, engineering, textiles, &c.-without compensa-
tion, except in cases of hardship, either for these industries or for those already. nationalized. Each nationalized industry, it says, should be controlled by elected repre- sentatives of the workers. At the same time there should be cessation of payments on the National Debt, except in cases of hardship. Sutton and Cheam also put forward a long list for nationalization, including heavy chemi- cal industries, aluminium and light alloy production, shipbuilding, water supplies, life insurance, building materials, sugar refining
flour rmlling, and wholesale food distributon includmg the distribution of fresh fruit and vegnetables, and the joint stock and private
ARMAMENT IUSTRY
There are nine resolutions which favour nationalization of the land, and other resolu- tions ask for nationalization of shipbuilding and ship repair, the whole armament industry, the chemical industry, milk distribution, coal distribution, water supplies, fire insurance, building societies, and (from the foundry workers' union) engineering and founding.
Other suggestions for the programmne are greater control of prices, profits, and divi- dends, rationalization of distribution, and abolition of the House of Lords.
There are fewer resolutions (seven) than last year on the control of nationalized industries, on which the executive is to present a report, but the National Union of Railwaymen has again put one down regretting the delay in giving effect to desires for more workers' par- ticipation; urging the Government to give greater consideration to the views expressed when making appointments. Most of the others advocate greater workers' participation, and there are five resolutions criticizing the high salaries paid to executives and officials. Seven resolubions criticize the composition of the boards administering the national health scheme, several suggesting that they should be elected.
More than 20 resolutions deal directly or indirectly with wages, prices, and profits, many of them expressing concern about in- creases in the cost of living and advocating stricter control of prices and profits. Three,
cluding one from tl4e Transport and General Workers' Union, want relief from purchase tax on essentials. The Amalgamated Engi- neering Union wants the Government to stand firm against the pressure of "" powerful busi- ness circles"" for abolition or reduction of
the profits tax. Several organizations, includ- ing the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, want the Government to institute an Inquiry into distribution costs and profit margins, and several want control of marketing of agricultural produce. The build- ing trade workers and six groups ask for increased old-age pensions.
""PEACE ALLIANCE""
Another subject on which there is evidently a good deal of feeling is de-rating under the 1929 Act, the end of which is demanded by seven groups who suggest that it is unjustly subsidizing land and property owners.
A number of resolutions on international policy include one from Croydon (West) advocating a socialist plan for a European Union which would become the centre of a peace alliance of nations independent of the two Power blocks. Coventry (East) wants the Foreign Minister to be advised by a council of five M.P.s who would be available to travel to any part of the world to report. Three resolutions express anxiety about foreign competition, particularly from Germany and Japan.
Among the rest are resolutions urging that polling day at General Elections should be a national holiday, with pay; that no more babies should be born in prison; that heredi- tary titles should be abolished; that burials should be municipalized; and, from North Angus and Mearns, that the Labour Party should accept the principle of equal allocation (with due respect to age) of purchasing power among those engaged in useful employment.";"March 29, 1949";"";51342;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour Party Conference";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our DipIomttic Correspobdent
The grand design which was pre- sented at Strasbourg was explained in general terrns by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary to the North Atlantic Council at its meeting in Paris on December 13.
Mr. Lloyd, reviewing the rapid prolifera- tion of international instithtions, made clear the principles on which he would build. The British first aim is to maintain the unity of the Atlantic alliance. There is no thought of establishing Western Europe as an independent third force. In the British view any development of the European community must not be at the expense of the development of the Atlantic com- munity.
A second principle is that European inte- gration is not merely a matter of federating the six Messina Powers (France, Germany; Italy, and the Benelux countries) in associa- tion with the United Kingdom. Some wider European cooperation should also be sought to include such countries as Austria, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Sweden, and Fin- land. The consolidation of the tighter smaller associations in Europe should not, therefore, be at the expense of the wider associations.
THREE ELEMENTS
Mr. Lloyd's grand design had three elements: the politico-strategic; the economic; and the parliamentary. In the politico-strategic field development depends largely upon the development of N.A.T.O. towards closer consultation and coordina- tion of policy, as recommended by the
three wise men."" The seven members of Western Europepre Union (Britain, France, German, Italy, and the Benelux countries), may also be able to strengthen their own cooperation within the N.A.T.O. framework by closer integration of, for instance, their conventional weapons pro- grammes.
In the economic field the British Govern- ment have so far regarded the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, of which Canada and the United States are associate members, as the main means of developing the closest economic relations, and would like European countries which are not members of the coal and steel pool or of the proposed common market and atomic pool (Euratom) to be associated with these communities within the frame- work of O.E.E.C. They would also like the machinery needed, when the European Free Trade Area is established, to be set up as part of the O.E.E.C.
It was in the parliamentary field that Mr. Selwyn Lloyd made proposals which will certainly be much discussed from now on.
He proposed a General Assembly of parliamentahians, to incorporate the various assemblies, which either exist already or are likely to be set up as new
European organizations come into being. There would in fact be one atsembly for the Council of Europei Western European Union, N.A.T.O., O.E.E.C., the coal and steel pool, Euratom, the common market. and the free trade area. The Assembly would split up its work on a functional basis, with committees or commissions to cover the different aspects of European and Atlantic coopeation. This machinery woLuld be similar to the comrnittee structure of the UJnited Nations General Assembly. Only those countries concerned with the particular activity Which A committee wis covering, wotld be represented upon it: A defence committee would presumably have upon it all the members of N.A.T.O. which would include all the members of W.E.U, but on this conmittee Sweden and Switzerland, for example, would clearly not wish to be represented. The organizations such as the coal and steel Pool, Euratom, and the common market, having in intention somethingf a supra- national character would probably require a separate committee.
TASK OF SECRETARIAT
The different committees would in fact take the place of existing assemblies, but they woild meet in one place with one secretariat, which would help to concen- trate public opinion upon the process of European and Atlantic cooperation. Indeed the Palace of Versailles has been suggested as a suitable meeting place. The General Assembly of the grand design would be in fact a form of umbrella orsan- ization-or as one west European diplo- matist put it recently, an asseibly d tiroir. -a sort of compendious chest of dravers. each of the drawers being pulled out and put to use as required. In the British view the wider the representation on the assembly and committees the better. The United States and Canada would Presumably send representatives to the General Assembly in view of their membership of N.A.T.O. and their associate membership of O.E.E C. The General Assembly would, therefore, be a place in which parliamentarians from the Atlantic and Eurdpean communities would meet. They would not bave powers to control their executives. The division of the assembly's work between committees covering military and ecodomic functions shotld permit uncomrnitted Europe;ih coun- tries to take part in part at least of the assembly's work, and ultimately it is to be hoped that east Eluropean States could also take part in the economicand parliamentary institutions without thereby being impli- cated in the work of N.A.T.O. or W.E.U.
Since the grand design was launched there hits been widespread agreement that the different institutions should be brought together in one place. The British Govern- ment would be ready to see them concen- trated in Paris, but there are others who prefer Strasbourg or other smaller centres.";"April 30, 1957";"";53828;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Maintaining Unity Of The Atlantic Alliance";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
Paris. Nov. 17
Signo. Manlio Brosio, the Secre- tary-General of Nato, addressing the Assembly of the Western European Union today, spoke of "" the vital importance for the western alliance of avoiding any unilateral reductions in forces"". This applied both to the United States and European countries. he said.
"" We are wholeheartedly pursuing our initiatives to promote a detente with the communist countries, but unilateral reductions would lead to failure and make serious agreement with the east impossible.""
Signor Brosio said that the function of American forces in Europe was twofold. They played a political and psychological role, providing the necessary link be- tween the American strategic nuclear deterrent and a defence against possible aggression in Europe.
""The presence of a substantial United States force in Europe to participate in the Continent's de- fence is both indispensable and irreplaceable "", he said.
This deterrent function would be unimpaired even if ""'a signifi- cant Proportion "" of the American forces were withdrawn. Militarily, however, the conclusion was quite different. Any reduction vould create a dangerous gap in western resources unless a "" qualitative and quantitative replacement was available "".
Pointing to the increased mili- tary effort of the Warsaw Pact countries. Signor Brosio said that Russia had now caught up with. and even overtaken the United States so far as intercontinental nuclear missiles were concerned, and the Soviet Navy included the most powerful submarine force in the world.
He saw no reason, however, why members of the alliance should resign themselves in
advance to a reduction in Ameri- can forces before the United States actually took such a decision. "" So tong as the Nixon Administration is in power we should be able to count on a period of preparation and on discussion with out Ameri- can aklies. That is all, but it is a great deal "", he said.
"" We must make the most of this period to build up and im- prove our European forces so as to be in a position to discuss and, if need be, to offset any moderate cut-back in American forces.""
Signor Brosio -said that he sup- ported the W.E.U. proposal for a high-level review of national de- fence efforts. An independent study by parliamentary represent- atives of European countries might produce more striking results than the official Nato defence study on the same subject.
He described as a ""hard task"" the rationalization and coordina- tion of national defence structures, the deployment of forces and logistical structure which was one of the keynotes of the W.E.U. study.
Nato governments had striven to achieve this goal for many years, he said, ""but all our discussions and proposals have met with lim- ited success.""
lIe described how the Nato strategy could be improved. It should be so flexible. he said, that if Nato countries were subjected to an attack by conventional weapons it should not have to be countered exclusively with conven- tional arms. ""The Nato allies should be in a position to opt in each case for whatever response most effectively halts the enemy.
""The selective and limited use of tactical nuclear weapons would not be deferred until our conven- tional forces were in a desperate position. These weapons will be used by the political authorities at the best time for the alliance and not the worst, and the aggressor will have to run all the risks his attack entails.""
The Secretary-General said that the purpose of Nato's and W.E.U.'s discussions was to strike a fairer balance between the United States and European con- tribution to a European defence which was the common defence of the alliance.
It had been suggested that Euro- pean countries should devote 5 per cent of their gross national pro- duct to defence. This was an attractive idea but hardly feasible. It would mean that some countries would have to increase their con- tribution by 50 per cent.
""I should be satisfied if each country in the alliance increased its defence budget by 5 per cent a year in real terms "", he said.
In a reference to the Soviet proposal for a European security conference, he said that Russia had set itself two aims: the ratification of the status quo and the establishment of a truly Euro- pean system of security from which the North American coun- tries would be excluded, at once or gradually.
"" The consequence of this new system would be the political. military and economic domination of the Soviet Union in Europe.""
The alliance should not fear a conference at an appropriate time. he said, but careful preparation was needed to ensure that it strtick a far balance between the interests of the alliance and those of Russia and its partners.
The allies might ask for a solemn pledge of non-intervention. acceptance by the eastern coun- tries of freer movement of people and ideas, and the liberalization of trade.
He said that the setting up of permanent consultative machinery between Nato and the Warsaw Pact countries should be approached very cautiously. "" When everyone promises to pro- tect everyone else. the danger is that, in the end, no one protects anyone.-";"November 18, 1970";"";58026;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato chief says withdrawal of US forces from Europe would create a dangerous gap";""
"['From Our Bonn Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Bonn Correspondent
His friends say of Dr. Herbert Elankenhorn, the new German Ambas- sador to the Court of St. James's, that if he had been State Secretary at the Foreign Ministry in these troubled days, German foreign policy in the Middle East would not have worked itself into such an obvious dead-end. What they mean is that Herr Blankenhorn combines well-tried political skill and personal acquaintance with all the political forces in Bonn, with the more usual diploma- tic gifts expected of a competent am- bassador.
STRONG PERSONALITY
This is enough to emphasize that it is no run-of-the-mill diplomatist the Federal Government has now decided to send to London. It always brings the greatest care to the appointment of its Ambassador there, and has chosen in Herr Blankenhorn, a man whom even his critics and enemies consider probably the most brilliant and gifted senior member of Germany's foreign service. It would be surprising, therefore, if he went not also some- what controversial. His strong per- sonality, drive, quickness of mind, and outspokenness do not always make him an easy partner or subservient official. But one thing is quite certain: if the Federal Government has in mind a definite policy towards Britain, Herr Blankenhorn is the man to carry it out effectively.
He was born in 1904 in Mulhouse, during the German Occupation of Alsace. of a well-to-do Baden officer's family, which owns the Blankenhorn hill of a famous Kaiserstuhl vintage. His origins and his family environment explain his characteris- tic South German whimsicality and bon- homie. French was the second language
in young Blankenhorn's home, and he was early penetrated by both cultures. After attending university at Freiburg. MIunich. Heidelberg, the Sorbonne. and the London School of Economics, he joined the Foreign Mlinistry in 1929 at the age of 25, and served his early years in Athens, Helsinki, Wash- ington, and Berne, ending up during the war in the protocol department of the Wil- helmstrasse. East German propaganda, in accordance with usual form, has attempted to brand him as yet another Nazi in the London post. It is true that he joined the Nazi Party in 1936. when serving as Coun- sellor in Washington. but there has never been any evidence that he was anything more than a nominal member,. like many others in the German foreign service. and he certainly belonged to the groun of dii-
lomatists who were to form the nucleus of a ""purged"" Wil- helmstrasse had the July. 1944, plot suc- ceeded.
The British zonal authorities made him deputy secretarv to the zonal advisory council in Hamburg, a post he held from 1946 to 1948. It was then that Dr. Aden- auer discovered him and that he started on an active political
career, immediately in the shadow of the Chancellor, whom he first served as personal assistant and diplomatic adviser.
In 1949 he was appointed head of the liaison office to the Allied High Commis- sion-the germ of the reborn Foreign Ministry-and after it came into being the next year, head of its political department. It was a post which, by virtue of his close personal links with the Chancellor and the
greater responsibilities it carried in a smaller, incipient, Ministry, enabled its incumbent to play a decisive rote in many fundamental policy decisions.
From 1955. for three years, he was Germany's permanent representative to the Atlantic Council in Paris, during the crucial period of the Bonn agreements and Germany's joining of the West-rn European Union. When in 1958, he became Ambas- sador to France. Dr. Adenauer entertained strong misgivings about General de Gaulle's policy for Europe. Herr Blankenhorn continued to share these misgivings long after the Chancellor had given them up, but he was an enthusiastic supporter of Franco-German reconciliation and especi- ally of practical steps, like youth exchanges, to give it a firm basis.
SOCIAL CHARM
He always held to his conviction that German policy should not confine itself to a narrow bilateralism with France and said so openly. This and his many close acquaintances among the "" Europeans "" of the Fourth Republic led to some estrange- ment with General de Gaulle. In 1963. Herr Blankenhorn was transferred to the Quirinale, and threw himself with his customary enerey into the task of estab- lishing contacts with all leading personali- ties from Milan to Palermo.
Herr Blankenhorn is unlikely to be seen much out on the grouse moors or by a trout stream. By temperament he is much more the intellectual than the sportsman, with a love of good books, good company and good conversation. A man of solid culture and social charm, with an elegant pen and a perfect command of English, be has a distinctly pragmatic approach to men and affairs. At least no one would dream of identifying him with the more hidebound, legalistic of his countrymen, whom British politicians and officials find it hard to come to terms with.";"March 13, 1965";"";56269;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Ambassador A Consummate Politician";""
"['Michael Binyon']";"['News']";"Bonn
Eighteen months ago Moscow and Washington were locked in contest for the soul of West Germany. Both recognized it as the lynchpin of Europe, the key to Nato's missile deployment plans and the influential intermediary through whom each attempted to influence the other'
Today, with attention focused on a new round of arms negotiations West Germany is far from their minds. In the East-West dialogue, where once Bonn set the pace and acted as a catalyst, it now has little to say to either side. Western Europe's mightiest economic and military power has been sidelined.
The reasons lie as much in Bonn as in Washington and Moscow. Under Andropov the Russians were convinced they could influence German public opinion and the German peace movement into making the proposed deployment of cruise and Pershing missiles politi- cally unacceptable. This policy has now changed completely. Instead of seeking to draw Bonn towards then, of enticing it away from its Nato anchorings with the lure of better relations. with East Germany, the Russians have reverted to the policy, discarded at the dawn of detente, of casting West Germany in the role of bogeyman.
This campaign against ""revan- chism"", taken up by Poland Czechoslovakia and other Warsaw Pact countries, aims to punish West
Germany for going ahead with)
Pershing deployment. Instead of-- talking to Bonn, Moscow now snubs it. At Soviet insistence, East German. and Bulgarian leaders abruptly. cancelled visits here in September.
Mikhail Gorbachov, the powerful Politburo member, chose to respond to overtures from Britain.rather than Bonn, and President Chernenko plans a visit to France. Bonn has been left out in the cold.
The US no longer needs. to woo Chancellor Helmut Kohl with its former ardour because it won him. Bonn has accepted the new missiles and demonstrated beyond any doubt its loyalty to Nato. Washington's worries that West Germany 'was going neutralist, becoming unre- liable and listening to siren voices in the East have been eased. Washing- ton no longer needs to. be seen 'demonstratively listening to Ger- man suggestions, consulting Ger- man opinion. The urgency of fighting back to win the propaganda battle on German soil has been. lessened.
This does. not mean that Washing- ton 'has stopped coordinating 'its policies with Bonn, or no. longer cares about the opinions of its European allies. In fact precisely because 'the Geneva negotiations on nuclear weapons demanded inten- sive- consultations with the Euro- pean partners the alliance, in the opinion of many, is now stronger than ever: before, and Washington and Bonn are more aware-of each other's aims' and preoccupations. But the new4 arms talks resulting from the Shultz-Gromyko meeting are.to be more wide-ranging than those -involving European interests alone, and Germany, as well as other West European, countries,, has no place between the two negotiators.
Developments in West Germany
Kohl: slready won over
itself have also deflected the spotlight of world attention. The peace movement reached its high water mark in 1983 and has been. steadily ebbing, with the gradual disengagement of the churches, trade unions and other broad currents of public opinion. Huge crowds, by the standards of other West European countries,. still turn out for largely peaceful demon-. strations against the new missiles. but each time the numbers are fewer, the slogans seem more tired. Public anxieties have died down. Even the opposition Social Demo- crats now seem grudgingly to have accepted deployment.
At the . same. time X certain clumsiness in the government's. handling of its once vaunted Ospoktik has undermined some of the authority and standing with
which Bonn spoke to both East and West. The wholly unnecessary debate on German reunification in the Bundestag in the spring pro- voked doubts in both Eastern Europe and, less publicly, among the western allies about the Kohl government's priorities. There has seemed to be a lack of coordination, a fuzziness about Bonn's intentions and interests. Hans-Dietrich Gen- scher, the foreign minister, has been having a difficult time recently convincing allies and adversaries alike that nothing has changed.
To some extent West Germany is happy no longer to be tusselled over by East and West. It believes its interests are best served by being taken in conjunction with those of its Nato partners, particularly its European allies. That is why Bonn places so much emphasis on European political unity and on a revival of the Western European Union to promote military cooper- ation.
The Social Democrats accuse the government of having squandered the influence and statesmanship built up by former chancellor Helmut Schmidt. Kohl asserts that influence can be exerted only when there is trust, which he has recreated. Neither he nor his colleagues in government relished the high profile his country achieved during the great debates on arms control, nor the blandishments from Moscow. If the price of a better Wesipolik if diminished sucess in Ostpolitik, it is one he is willing to pay.
Michael Binyon";"January 10, 1985";"";62032;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"From storm centre to the sidelines";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
PARIS. SEPT. 27
M. Pompidou. the French Prime Minister. in a ""fireside chat"" on tele- vision has demonstrated his gifts for improvisation and all the charm, incisiveness, and irony of which he is capable-and a quiet mastery of the techniques of this increasingly import- ant medium in French politics.
His appearance on the screen, which took the form of replies to questions, was obviously designed, at least to some extent, to correct the highly positive impression created on television by M. Lecanuet, the leader of the Democratic Centre, earlier this month in a "" face to face"" programme.
Devastating logic
The sharpness with which M. Pompidou attacked M. Lecanuet and his performance on that occasion justify the view that the leader of the Centre is the Prime Minister's "" privileged opponent ""-and-though he made light of the threat he represented-an adversary whom the Gaullists take very seriously in the coming parliamentary elec- tions.
In answer to the same question which had been put to M1. Lecanuet-"" If, in the new Parliament, the present (Gaullist) majority is short of 15 seats, what would you do ? ""-NI. Pompidou said that this was obviously a reference to the hypothesis in M. Lecanuet's television appearance that the Democratic Centre would get 80 seats, ""which five minutes later had grown to It00. and 10 minutes later to 150"".
Fortunately, the ""face to face"" pro- gramme came to an end, otherwise the Democratic Centre would have been the majority. It was excellent theatra.
M. Lecanuet had based his estimates of his chances on the number of votes cast for him in the last presidential elections. But, M. Pompidou added with devastating logic, he should have applied this argument to M. Mitterrand, the leader of the left- wing federation, and to General de Gaulle.
""If all the candidates of Gaullism obtained all the votes General de Gaulle himself obtained last year; and if N!. Mitterrand's candidates obtained all those M. Mitterrand himself garnered, you know the result. I can tell it to you. There will be 340 members of the (Gaullist) majority. 140 members of M. Mitterrand, and as for the Democratic '-entre. nil"" the Prime Minister added.
But M. Pompidou was prepared to dis- cuss. as a purely personal hypothesis, what would happen if the Gaullist majority was short of 15 seats. ""Well, I would consider that the policy we have carried out so far, whichi was approved by the country when it reelected General de Gaulle. must continue.
""Consequently, I would form a govern- ment which, naturally, took a little into account the shift in the composition of the National Assembly. It is natural, as our regime is half presidential, and half parlia- mentary "". he emphasized.
President's role
""I would see whiat the deputies would tell me to whom I offered a portfolio. And I would carry on with the same policy.""
If the 35 or 40 deputies who composed this Democratic Centre allied itself with the communists (whom M. Lecanuet categori- cally repudiated in his ""face to face"" appearance) to vote a motion of censure to overthrow the Government, "" I can imagine
the country would have a grudge against it and would be given the opportunity of expressing it"".
In other words. the regime may be part presidential and part parliamentary, but it is the President, as head of state and virtual head of the Government, who determines policy, and not the majority in the National Assembly.
If the elections return a Gaullist majority which is not stable, and needs the support of the Democratic Centre, the latter will be invited to help. But it will not be in a position to dictate the terms of this coopera- tion, or to insist that the policy of the majority be altered accordingly.
'We want stability'
M. Pompidou reck-ons that the offer of portfolios would prove irresistible to mem- bers of a party as ideologically disparate as M. Lecanuet's, and that their inclusion in the Government would, at most, involve shades of interpretation and not the prin- ciples of this policy themselves.
The alternative is dissolution and new elections. But these cannot be regarded as a delayed ""third ballot"" in a presidential contest, because the position of the Presi- dent or his policy, cannot, in the Prime Minister's interpretation, be at stake.
Commenting on M. Pompidou's remarks, M. Lecanuet said this evening; "" We want stability. It is not incompatible with the major conditions to any cooperation with a (Gaullist) majority, European union, and retention of France in the Atlantic altiance, of which the treaty expires in 1969.
"" If the Prime Minister threatens the Assembly with dissolution, let him do it. The country will decide. We are not the kind to become renegades.""";"September 28, 1966";"";56748;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Pompidou Tilts At Democratic Centre";""
"['Roberto Ducci']";"['News']";"If I wer e given the choice between being called a Eurofanatic or a Euro- theologian-which are the two terms describing those who have taken seriously the European endeavour-I would choose the first one. Not be- cause I consider myself a fanatic, though I am aware that without a cer- tain amount of fanaticism, that is of madness, no great enterprise can be hrought to fulfilment, but because theologians are generally so dry, no less those who write about the death of God (or of the European Com- munity) than those who rewrite St Thomas or St Anselm of Canterbury.
Does Europe need a creed ? Some people think it does not: not even a crced for simple people and for chil- dren at catechism like the Nicean Creed.
As the rule which governs our partnership is unanimity, and as wise people assure us that there would be no unanimity even on nine articles of faith (let alone 19 or 39) let us see wvhat is likely to happen. We have built or accepted a system which some people call a Community, and most of the others a market.
In essence the system amounts to a customs union, plus a set of actions called Common Agricultural Policy,. and a few paraphernalia, decorated with the name of "" political coopera-
tion "". The charter drafted by the founding fathers foresaw many other developments, principally an econo- mic union. It also implied ""a more perfect union "", a sort of Canaan to- wards which the various European tribes should patiently wander.
Speak now to most politicians in the nine countries about an economic union, and they will say-remember- ing the attempts of 1970-74-that the project is unrealistic. Ask them about a monetary union, also solemnly pro- claimed in 1972 by Pompidou, Brandt, Heath, Andreotti and others, as a worthy goal, and they will smile amiably as one does to innocent children. It is clear that theologians and fanatics have been defeated, and that practical people have won the day.
What after this victory ? The likeli- hood of unleashing a concerted attack on recession, unemployment and the despair of youth is close to nil: each country will be left to fend for itself.
The little we have achieved by a common commercial policy will collapse, exposing our countries thereby to a single-handed commercial war with Japan (and perhaps with the United States) and to the credit black- mail of the Soviet Union. We have not and shall not have a common energy
policy, which might safeguard us all from the Viking-like incursions of Opec into the North Sea, and in any case into our power stations.
Not having established, nor having the will to establish, a common indus- trial policy, *we shall see the main sectors of our industry go downhill into depression, as a consequence of over-investment and foreign attack. We shall quarrel over a diminished supply of fish, fail to defend our merchant marines against Russian competition, and be incapable of build- ing a communications satellite (let alone a military intelligence one).
All this is but small fry. How may we, in the long run, look at the American dollar (and at the United States multinationals), if not in the eye, at least not always from the view- point of the poor relation ? How will we balance the Atlantic alliance, instead of competing against one another for a special relationship with the master ? How will we talk to the Russians on the future of both Europes ? Does our ultimate defence lie in a transcendental faith in our transatlantic saviour ? Shall all of us, in the name of the blessed nation- state, acquire nation-state means of defence: a second class national cruise missile system, perhaps ? Or shall a
large part of Western Europe resignedly drift into a similar status to that of Finland?
If we, as practical (and honourable) men, accept these consequences, we should be honest with ourselves and with our peoples. A Community en- larged to 12 or 13 countries wvill cover more or less the same geographical extension as the Council of Europe or the OECD: distinguished organiz- ations, founded in 1948 and still shuffling on, like Chelsea veterans. Let us forget Monnet, and go back to Attlee.
If this is not what we look for, let us start wondering how-perhaps after the general elections in France and Britain, and in any case after the direct elections-politicians of good will may get together to prepare a sort of Nicean Council, which might be convened in 1980.
Some people may remember that 1980 was set apart by the Paris summit of 1972 as the date for the completion of the European Union. It might instead become the year in which we shall have to decide whether the 30- year-old dream has still any meaning whatsoever, or has tq be consigned once and for all to the parchments of history.
Roberto Ducci";"July 5, 1977";"";60047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"What price a dream";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, aEB. 11
Dr. Adenauer explained his view of the next stages on international policy to the foreign journalists in Bonn, whom he received at the Palais Schaumburg, this evening. He was confident-"" a hun- dred per cent, certain,"" he said-of Federal German ratification of the Paris treaties without delay.
The Bundestag would pass the second and third readings on February 24 and 25, with February 26 in reserve if it were needed. The Saar agreement would get a smaller majority than the other treaties, he said, but that could not be helped, and it would get a majority. He was not going to delay the decision in Bonn in order to wait for the formation of a new French Government, or for French ratification. It was necessary to go ahead with the treaties in order to bring about a more settled feeling in Europe.
Asked about the prospect of French rati- fication, Dr. Adenauer expressed no con- fidence, but said that he regretted the defeat of M. Mendes-France; it had "" brought a disturbing element into the negotiations "" between the European Powers. He thought it urgent that France should ratify as soon as possible, in order that the present "" depres- sion "" (in a meteorological sense) should be replaced by more settled weather. World stability depended very much on Europe, and stability in Europe was impossible until these matters were settled. We must all hope, he said, and with all urgency, that there would be a French Government as soon as possible, supported by as large a majority as possible. He was evidently not prepared to talk about France as an optimist at present.
REALISM IN MOSCOW
About the change of Government in Moscow he was much more cheerful. It had been clear from a reading of the Soviet Press that there was going to be a crisis. He did not expect the Communist aims to change, but at least Mr. Khrushchev was a man who had shown that he had a strong sense of realities-notably, by being the first man to grasp the importance of the agricultural problem in the Soviet Union. A realistically thinking man, such as he took Mr. Khrush- chev to be, was a better partner or a better opponent in negotiation than pure ideologists or men with iillusions. The crisis in Moscow- had brought no heightened danger of war. It had brought no deterioration in inter- national affairs.
Dr. Adenauer was asked about the pros- pects of an east-west conference. It was bis desire, he said, that the next four-Power conference should be wel prepared, and this could not be done in a few weeks. An ill-prepared conference would have unfortu- nate effects. When it came, it might be a four-Power, or a five-Power conference. Evidently he was thinking of talks on the German problem, for he added that by then the Federal Republic would have its sove- reignty. A questioner asked whether in that case there might not be six Powers in the conference-meaning that the Soviet zone might have to be brought in. Well, said Dr; Adenauer, he was not prepared to say anything about that, but he understood what the questioner meant.
Talks might take place, he indicated, after the treaties were ratified but before the rearmament of the Federal Republic bad actually taken place. It would be a heavy and complex task to form the German armed forces, and it would take a long time. There would be plenty of opportunity for talks. Not only did he refuse to attach much weight to the Soviet threat that the- ratifica- tion of the treaties would make it impossible to talk about reunifying Germany; on the contrary, he held that the Soviet Union had no inducement to negotiate so long as it could regard the ratification of the treaties as uncertain.
STRENGTH OF FORCES
He spoke of a measure of general dis- armament in the future. A general reduc- tion of armaments would necessarily mean, he said, that the defence figures in the Western European Union would be reduced in proportion. This would include a reduc- tion of the figures for the German armed forces in the union.
Dr. Adenauer later developed this train of thought in conversation with your Correspondent. The Russians held a pledge in their zone of occupation in Germany which they were not going to give up for nothing, he said. Like otner nations, they were afraid. He found it hard to believe that anything less than a general disarma- ment agreement would induce them to give up their occupation of the Soviet zone. And the general disarmament would have to start with atomic disarmament and the control of atomic weapons, which he thought to be technically entirely feasible.";"February 12, 1955";"";53164;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer's Confidence";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS. JULY 29
President de Gaulle intimated at his Elyse' news co6nference today that he intended before the end of the year to invite the three nuclear powers to join France in a study of effective means for the limitation and control of vehicles carrying nuclear weapons. The Moscow test ban agreement, he said, reinforced French intentions to call a conference before the problems involved became insoluble.
This, an old proposal, was about the only constructive move made by the general in an elegant and sometirmes per- suasive' dissertation on issues inimedi- ately affecting the Atlantic alliance and Europe. If he had no thunderbolts of the kind he hurled last January, one had no impression of any essential change in Frenlch foreign policy, though there wis perhaps a new note of concern and disillusi64 about the outlook for Euro- pean consttuction.
OPENLY SUSPICIOUS
The President, grouping questions in 4dvanoe, answered only those that suited his thought; and for 80 minutes, in the gleifting Salle des Fetes, made stifling by the television floodlights, he held forth, word perfect, to a company of several hundred journaliSts and the cream of Gaullism, including a full muster of <Cabinet Ministers. The Elysee news con- ference, as has. been said, certainly becomes an absolute weapon in his bands.
General de Gaulle, as expected, ex- plained why France could not be deterred from pursuing her own nuclear plans by the Moscow agreement, which he felt to be of limited importance unless it turned out to b'e the starting point for eotething' else. Here he was openly suspicious.
If a pact of non-aggression was en- visaged France, he said, ""does not appreciate this assimilation of the Atlan- tic alliance and communist servitude . He declared solemnly that France would never be the aggressor, and to join in such a pact would therefore have no purpose.
COMMON MARKET
He believed that the day might come when a sincere understanding would be possible between east and west; but at present France could subscribe to no combination devised by the Anglo- Saxons "" above our heads "" affecting Europe and notably Germany. The President noted that the test ban agree- ment did not exclude underground test- ing, and left the parties free to. go on stockpiling; but it had the approbation of France, while "" awakening her vigi- lance "". She was not to be turned by these arrangements from possessing her own nuclear arms, or security and independence would no longer be hers. If one day the Americans and Russians agteed to the destruction and prohibi- tion of nuclear weapons France, too, would abstain, but they did not seem to have reached that point.
-ieneral de Gaulle, whether by exhort- ation or warning, emphasized that the
Common Market must be completed by the end of the year or it would run the risk of collapsing. "" Europe can be born "", he said. ""It is for the Six to give it birth. and that is what France awaits.'
Speaking of agricultural policy, he said that an economic community would be meaningless if Europe did not supply its food fromn its own agriculture. And what, he asked, would be the position of France in a system that would soon have no more tariffs except on French farm products ? December 31 had been set as a target date for resolving these prob- lems because the disequilibriun between industrial and agricultural exchanges could last no longer; because Britain, not being able now to enter the Cotn- mon Market, had agreed with the Six to discusg world economic problems in the western European Union; and because it was in the coming spring that the United States and Europe would be engaged in the Kennedy round of tariff negotiations.
The strong winds that might then be blowing made it imiperative that the Common Market was standing and com- plete by that date or, he reiterated, it milght disappear.
The President again feared that exchanges between the "" Anglo- Saxons"" and the Russians mlght be shaping the course of Europe.
Observers feel that he may be playing this card to spur the Germans to an ultimate effort to resolve the agricultuxal deadlock.
U.S. PR1ESS BLAME])
General de Gaulle devoted most time and persuasion to the admnitted diffi- culties of Franco-American relations, which he attributed largely to the stric- ,tures of the American press-as if Paris were not a regular contributor. Friend- ship and alliance, he said, were the enduring fundamentals, the "" elementary need "", of relations betwen the two countries, who alone among the big powers had never exchanged a cannon shot. He attributed existing differences mainly to the profound change in the situation of France from postwar dependence on the United States, which commanded the only economy and defence, and a conception of aUlied inte- gration that was no longer valid for France. The time was cotning for a thorough confrontation of these diver- gences, a task to which France was eminently disposed-as near as the General came to saying that he is going to Washington.";"July 30, 1963";"";55766;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle Invitation To Nuclear Powers";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 4
Mr. Thorneycroft, the British Defence Minister, spoke today to the Paris Assembly of Western European Union about the need for larger European defence projects. He referred to "" very large projects indeed "" which required large capital resources and large markets. In the context of his speech most observers assumed that he was hinting at a Eurbpean nuclear deterrent, though the phrase was not used.
He bad deprecated criticisms of one another's efforts. whether the great land armies of France and Germany or the British Army of the Rhine, the British deterrent or the Royal Navy. He told his audience that they must study con- stantly how best to weld these forces into an effective instrument of defence for Europe and the western world by tackling the problem of interdepen- dence in research, development and pro- duction.
Whether European forces were de- ployed on the central German plains or in the Persian Gulf, they would demand more sophisticated and costly equip- ment. They were all in peril of having either out of date equipment or o1' straining their economies to danger point. Solutions found by the United States and Russia were also available to Europe. The combined capital and tech- nical resources* of Europe were equal to anything that could be found outside. The problem was how best to use them. how to reconcile requirements.
COSTLY WEAKNESSES
Mr. T'horneycroft pointed out that the search for ideal solutions for individual nations and armed services had resulted in costly weaknesses for Europe, which must think. of its defence as a "" world power"" allied to the United States. There had already been large exchanges of completed equipment - tactical nuclear weapons from the United States. small arms from Belgium, Britain had been buying French Alouette helicopters and howitzers from Italy; the Germans had just bought a tank gun from Britain. and many countries had combined in the air-to-air guided missile Bullpup, with Norway as the prime contractor.
However, they needed more combined work on research and development, and more control of European projects. He referred to the combined programme for the Hawker P1127, the most advanced type of aircraft at present flying in the world. It might lead to important developments. "" Let us try to make them on a European rather than a national basis "". he said
He took direct issue with a passage in a report to the assembly on the creation
of a Nato nuclear force suggesting that British nuclear weapons could be re- garded as dangerous, expensive, prone to obsolescence, and lacking any credibi- lity as a deterrent.
He commented: "" Dangerous, yes, to any enemy-very dangerous indeed. Prone to obsolescence, certainly-but so is everything and everybody. Expen- sive. certainly-for the price of deterrent war is not cheap. Lacking in credibility as a deterrent-I think that is an illusion. I say with all the emphasis that I can command that the United Kingdom is today, and will be even more with existing equipment for many years to come, capable of inflicting such damage on any poteatial aggressor as greatly to outweigh anything an aggressor can conceivably hope to gain; and that is what a deterrent means.""
NUCLEAR AUTHORITY
The Assembly, by a unanimous vote, went on to endorse a resolution from its defence committee calling on the seven member Governments to consider making common proposals to the North Atlantic Council for a Nato nuclear executive to be the sole authority deciding on the deployment and use of nuclear weapons in territory covered by the alliance.
The resolution also urged them to make common proposals to the United States for the integration of allied nuclear forces into a single Nato nuclear force, possibly based on an American and a European component, within a single command structure under the con- trol of a single political executive representing the alliance as a whole. It followed that the rapporteur. Mr. Duynstee (Netherlands), was strongly opposed to independent nuclear forces, whether of Britain, France, or Europe.
Another resolution adopted (and linked by Mr. Thorneycroft with the Common Market negotiations) called for the creation of a European pool for the production and standardization of armaments in the seven countries. All members of the Atlantic alliance were urged in a further text to participate fully in the Nato mobile force both by contributing trained military units and making facilities available on their territories.
A debate on the Cuban crisis in the light of a report drafted by Mr. Anthony Kershaw, M.P., brought the adoption of a resolution calling for a closer integra- tion of military and political plans within the Atlantic alliance, and for consulta- tions among allies on all problems likely to lead to a grave crisis, even if it were outside the Nato area.";"December 5, 1962";"";55566;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""World Power"" Defence Urged For Europe";""
"['By David Spanier']";"['News']";"By David Spanier
.it is an extraordinary occur- renvc-something unprecedented 'in ;history-that for the third time Bnitain nowlhas< the opportunity to join in "" making Euope""
Reviewing the past 25 years under the title -Europe Siner Hitler, Dr. Alan Budlock, Nicc- C-hancellor of Oxford, cites the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community by M. Jeant Monnet and M. Robert Schumann as the most original idea of the whole period.
Its originality 4ay in its combri- nation of economic proposals bold enough in themselves, with longer range poliiticwl objec4ives, the crea- tion of a framework which could provide the prototype for a future European federation, and at the same time contain the revival of German power.
It was on the achievements of western Europe that Dr. Bullock laid his fiinal emphasis in giving the Stevenson memorial lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science earlier this week.
Fortunately, Britain's refusal to join the Coal and Steel Commu- ni4ty was mnore than made good by' German willingness to accept M. Schumann's offer, he said. '- -
It was remarkable, Dr. Bullock, went on. that after the premature attempt to set up a European Defence Community, the leaders of the Six succeeded in making a fresh start with the Treaty of Rome and setting up the E.E.C.
""Britain no longer had the opportunity to take the lead as she 'might have done 10) years before. but she was given-the opportunity. to join on equal ter,ms and again refused- a more serious niistake, in my view. than 'her original refusal to join' the Schumann Plan.""
For the E.E.C., contrarv to British expdcfat-ions. proved a suc- cess, and Britaiin by her act of self- exclusion. found herself falling behind into a much less advanta- geous position from which to uegotiate entry in the future.
Ironically (and there was much irony in this period. said Dr. Bullock) just as the British started to change their minds. France began under General de Gaulle's leadership to use her influence to block the further development of the Community and in 1963 veto'ed Britain's application to join 'a change of attitude on the 'British part which might have been a turning point for the Communitv as we:l as for the United King- dom.
""Fortunately for Britain's pros- pects of eventually joining the Community. French opposition proved equally effective on both counts, ""Dr. Bullock added. ""so that by the time General de Gaulle gave up his attempt to revive the claim to an independent French leadership in Europe, the reniewed British application had not been outdistanced by the political devel- opment of the Communitv.
""Twenty years after Schurnann launched his famous plan, the concept of a European union has survived so many crises that it
appears --indestructible,- but- the- question whether Monnet was right in believing that an economic union can be turned into a political community or overcome the centrifugal force of national- ism, remains to be answered.""
Dr. Bullock, who in the space of his lecture covered the whole west European canvas. paid tribute to General de Gaulle. for restoring France's confidence; in herself. The- other achieven-ent of the General was "" to set the-seal on the effort from both sides to replace the
historic - enmity. between France and Germany with a degree of cooperation which, after -all that had gone before. must surely rank as one of the outstanding features of this period of European his- tory.""
Even more suprising. Dr. Bul- lock stiggested, was the fact that ift spite of periodic scares. the
German Federal Republic has'
easily outlasted its predecessor of I the 1920's. the Weimar Republic, proving economically stronger- than Britain. and politically more stable than either France or Italy.
All the west European govern- ments benefited from the long period of prosperity and in the mide 1 960s, there was much talk of ' the end of ideology'"" and con- sensus politics. Political extrem- ism, whether of rhe left or right, made little headway.
At the end of the 1960s thereJ were signs that this political stabil- ity might be coming to an end.
The novelty of affluence had worn off: expectations had out- stripped the ability to meet them: and no government appeared able to solve the problems of the new. industrial -society--from over- crowded cities and pollution of the -environmnet 40-- inflation. indus- trial strife and poverty of those left
This was one common source of discontent. the failure of the affluent society to live up to its e?pectations. The other, strongly felt by the young, was the hollow- ness of its success.
Both currents merged in a growing impatience with the i,n- mobilisme of consensus politics and a preference for protest and direct action. How far this will create a new pattern of politics in western Europe in the 1970s is a question no one can yet answer.""";"November 20, 1970";"";58028;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr Bullock says the Schumann Plan concept has survived so many crises it seems indestructible";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"At Oxford, Piesident Heuss talks to Lord Halifax, the University Chancellor, with whom
he lunched yesterday.
From Our Correspondent
OXFORD, Ocr. 22
During his three-hour visit to Oxford to-day Dr. Heuss, President of the Federal German Republic, sprang a sur- prise by announcing the gift of a fellow- ship to Oxford University. Under the terns of the gift five young graduates will each be able to study for a year in Germany during the next five years. The fellowship is to be named after the President.
Dr. Heuss, announcing his gift after he had been greeted at All Souls by Lord Halifax, Chancellor of the University, said that Oxford had made it possible for many German scholars to pursue their studies, 'among them many who had to leave our country in the years of terror."" Oxford was the alrna mater of German students.
"" It is my wish that young scholars of our two countries should get to know one another in common endeavour,"" the Presi- dent said. "" All academic bodies and similar institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany and west Berlin will be happy to welcome the young British graduates. In doing so they will live up to the high ideals which unite the universities of our two countries.""
RESEARCH PURPOSES
The Theodor Heuss Research Fellowship is intended for research in classics. modern history, modem languages and literature, English literature, Oriental studies, and philosophy, politics and economics.
Initially it is -being established for the Period October 1, 1959, to September 30, 1964, and the awards will be for a period of one Year each to correspond with the academic year at Oxford. The Fellows will be selected by a committee which the university are to set up and the fellowships will be administered by the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung in Bonn.
Oxford's reception of the President to-day was undemonstrative. About 300 People saw him arrive at the Clarendon Building to be greeted by the Deputy Mayor, Alderman R. F. Knight, and the Vice-Chancellor, Mr. T. S. R. Boase. There were slightly more to wave hihm farewelL
During his visit the Chancellor saw the Bodleian iUbrary and the University Church, where the German Lutheran con- gregation have held their services since 1939. The party, which included the German Foreign Minister. Dr. von Brentano, had luncheon at All Souls College.
Lord Halifax expressed the pleasure of the university at being able to entertain the President at Oxford and Dr. Heuss recalUed his two previous visits in 1911 and 1947.
""DUTY TO MAKE
AMENDS""
EMPHASIS ON COMMON
SPIRITUAL VALUES
Dr. Heuss, at a receptiqn at County Hall, London, yesterday, for organiza- tions concerned with Anglo-German affairs, said:-
""No one will dream of belittling the terrible things that happened during the last war. They originated in the hybris of those then in power in Germany, which brought sorrow upon almost every nation in the world, including the people of these islands,
""The very natural right of every person to live and to develop according to his own conscience had begun to be trampled under- foot cynically even before the curtain rose upon the tragedy of war.
""I see in this hail more than one old acquaintance or friend who for political or so-called ' racial' reasons was driven out of the country of his fathers, the land that was his home during his years of youth and manhood. We are grateful to Britain for having given these unfortunate people the opportunity to find a living, however frugal it may have been and may still be.
""OVER 2,250,000 CLAIMS ""
""We are aware, too, of our duty to make amends for the wrong that was done, an action which, alas, will always remain makeshift in the realm of the spiritual and of family relations, and which in regard to the material side will always remain a piecemeal job though accomplished by dint of much effort After all, it is a matter of over two and a quarter million claims, all of which must be channelled through a legal procedure. I know well enough that this work is stiII accompanied by a great deal of bitterness.""
On N.A.T.O. and Western European Union, Professor Heuss said that no one with the slightest knowledge of history would ever accept the thesis of the Kremlin that organizations conditioned by so many and varied historical and psychological fac- tors formed an aggressive plot.
"" We only hope,"" he said, "" that by loyal consultation over and beyond the strategic defence planning it will be assured that our common spiritual values. no matter whether we call them western civilization or occidental Christian culture, will bo preserved in their essential core-the freedom of man.""
He said he had been happy during his visit to England to ""feel tangible evidence of the fact that we are on the way to emerg- ing-that we have in fact emerged-from those critical periods for which the term 'misunderstanding ' is quite inadequate.""";"October 23, 1958";"";54289;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Theodor Heuss Fellowship For Oxford University";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
- BONN, JAN. 21
The conference of German, French and Italian Defence Ministers agreed in principle to-day to proceed with the joint development and production of weapons and equipment. A statement issued to-night says that this cooperation will be in accordance with N.A.T.O. principles, and that the object is standardization.
The Ministers met for only three hours, because of the late arrival of M. Chaban- Delmas. Their military and technical advisers met separately, however. to discuss the organizational side of cooperation. There was no indication to-night of any specific form of CooPeratiOn, but the Miinisters went beyond the announced agenda in agreeing to joint production as well as to joint development.
IN AT THE . BIRTH
The conference was treated as a maiot occasion. A guard of honour and a mili- tary band were at the airfield to salute the visiting Ministers, who were afterwards received by Dr. Adenauer. For the benefit of the official biographers, it seemed, the Chancellor wanted to be a witness to the birth of the European armaments community.
The discussions opened to the accom- paniment of a flood of Paris reports that the French Government was seeking Ger- man participation in its nuclear weapon programme. The indications are that these are not without some foundation, but the Defence Ministry denied before the con- ference opened that a tentative agreement had been reached. Certainly there is no evidence of eagerness on the part of the Federal Government.
While the Ministers deliberated, a Defence Ministry spokesman explained vwhy Britain had not been invited. He said it was unnecessary, because cooperation in the research and develoPment of arms already existed between Germany and Britain.
FRENCH INSISTENCE
This is a curious explanation for exclud- ing Britain, especially as she has most to offer among the member-nations of Western European Union, and had expressed willingness to cooperate. It is generally understood here that the United States favours to-day's efforts, but the conclusion is that the exclusiveness of the proposed armaments community was at the insistence of the French.
The cross purposes that can be seen behind the conference do not detract from the importance of the likely eventual out- come, the standardization and joint pro- duction of arms for the French and German armLes. But the cross purposes are of interest. because the outcome will no doubt depend on how they are reconciled.
The German approach is clear enough. Whatever political importance Herr Strauss may attach to cooperation and coordination in the manufacture of arms, it is obviously the easiest, and probably the cheapest, way for the Bundeswehr to acquire the arms it wants. Complete dependence on foreign arms manufacturers is an unhappy situa- tion for an industrial country with an Army that will eventually number 12 divisions.
FULL ORDER BOOKS
German industry, with fairly full order books, is not impatient to switch to arms manufacture, and the agreed ariangementq will help to bridge the interim period, To this must be added the obvious German anxiety to improve relations with France.
The French motives are not so clear. The urgent need for money to finance the numerous weapon developmentt schemes is no secret, and Germany is an obvious poten- tial source. The federal audit office is opposed to participation in foreign re- search projects-a factor that may have told against the SR177-btut it can be over- ruled. Firm promises of arms orders would no doubt help.
The French preference for a small. exclusive community seems to derive from two sources, though they can be traced back to the exclusive Anglo-American nuclear agreement. First. there is the resist- ance to what is regarded in some quarters as an Anglo-Anmerican hegemony in N.A.T.O. based on the possession of nuclear weapons.
FOURTH NUCLEAR POWER Secondly, it is clear that Britain, had she been invited, would not have been in a position to share information classified under Anglo-American security arrange- ments. In view of the French determina- tion to become the fourth nuclear Power. persistent reports that the French are deter- mined to obtain German financial and technical assistance for their nuclear weapons programme cannot be altogether discounted.
To-night's brief statement was interest- ing in that none of thc Ustial references was made to W.E.U. principles. There seems to be good reason for this omission. The W.E.U. did not give its blessing to to-day's conference, as the German Defence Ministry claimed yesterday. In fact, it is clear that it was not informed, because the British Embassy here yesterday denied that an invitation had been received. Fore- bodings expressed in allied quarters here that France may eventually prove to be responsible for the death of W.E.U. as well as E.D.C may well be realized.";"January 22, 1958";"";54055;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Three-Power Agreement On Arms";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The statement on Tuesday by Mr. Reath, the Lord Privy Sea], on political cooperation within an enlarged Com- mon Market, was a subject of intense interest yesterday among diplomatists from the Western European Union countries, to whom he made it, and among representatives of the Common- wealth and E.F.T.A. countries, to whom copies were given in advance. Although the actual text remains a confidential document, a full and well-attested version of what Mr. Heath said on the defence and political aspects of Euro- pean integration can now be given.
NEW BALANCE
On defence Mr. Heath said that the British Government were well aware that the European political union, if it was to work, would have a common concern for defence and that the out- come would be a European point of view on defence. The essential thing was that any European point of view or Policy on defence should be directly related to the Atlantic alliance. The members of the European political union should leave no doubt whatever that their objective was the same as the objective for which the Atlantic alliance was indispensable-to defend freedom.
Mr. Heath then argued, however, that as the European Community developed, the balance within the Atlantic alliance would alter. After a time there would be two large groups, North America and Europe.
The European point of view in defence matters would soon be noticeable. There were already joint defence projects, and Mr. Heath said that he had no doubt at all that as European industry became more closely integrated, Britain's entry into the European Economic Community would ensure great progress in European
cooperation in production, research and development in the defence field.
Mr. Heath ended his statement with a passage on future political develop- ments. He said that at the present moment it was not sound policy to try to prescribe their precise rhythm. The British in any event were much given to pragmatism and believed that poli- tical integration would grow best from actually working together. This was not to say that they would object to putting their signature to written texts, which, it was recognized, were necessary. They preferred, however, those texts in which the timing of future developments, so far as practical, was not fixed in advance.
This at present cautious approach, Mr. Heath said, might only be increased, and a negative attitude might result, if the British were required to agree now to specific types of political institution or to specified action at fixed dates in the future, although, otherwise, the British might well think equally soon that the action proposed was quite the right thing to do.
PARLIAMENT'S PLACE
Mr. Heath gave as one example the question of parliamentary control, which for the British was a matter of great importance. If Britain became a member of the European Community, they would certainly wish the European Parliament to have an important role.
Mr. Heath went on to avoid any posi- tive commitment, saying that this was difficult at the present and before the British had taken part in the Assembly. He said, however, that the United King- dom would wish to be able to become a member of the political union when they joined the Common Market, and expec- ted, therefore, to be given the chance to
consult with the Common Market mem- bers and comment on the proposed treaty, before it was concluded.
Mr. Heath then suggested that as it was hoped that progress would be achieved in the economic negotiations over the next few months, it might be helpful, if the British as impending members of the Common Market, were to take part now in the discussions on future poli- tical arrangements in Europe. The two processes-the economic and political discussions-might then advance to- gether, and it might be that they helped one another forward. Mr. Heath added that the Six would no doubt wish to discuss this among themselves.
LONGSTANDING LINKS
Mr. Heath summed up by saying that Britain looked forward to joining the Six, as soon as practicable, in building both a political and economic united Europe. They had in mind an enlarged Community, taking thought for other European countries which were not able to become members. They envisaged the present Commissions maintaining and incteasing their -work, but linked by new political machinery.. The Europe of the future would be a great power in furthering in equal partnership the aims of the Atlantic community, and in main- taining its longstanding links with coun- tries overseas.
This speech 'was described by many W.E.U. representatives yesterday as marking an important stage, because it left them in no doubt that the United Kingdom would play a full part in a future European political community. Mr. Heath's reference to parliamentary control was regarded as particularly important. At the same time they praised the good tactics and skill with which Mr. Heath bad avoided finally committing the, United Kingdom in any way. :";"April 12, 1962";"";55364;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cautious Approach To Political Unity Urged By Mr. Heath";""
"['BY OUR DIPLOMATIC STAFF', 'Our Paris Correspondent', 'From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"BY OUR DIPLOMATIC STAFF
The British Government intends to abide by its opinion that Greece no longer qualifies for membership of the Council of Europe and it is believed that Britain's stand will be enough to encourage waverers in Europe to provide the 10 votes needed to suspend Greece when the council's Committee of Ministers meets in Paris next week.
The ambassadors of Denmark. Norway and Sweden were called to the Foreign Office yesterday to see Mr. George Thomson, and were told that Britain stood by its position. This was stated last month in Bonn by Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, who said: "" I find it difficult to see on present evidence how Greece's membership of the Council of Europe could continue "".
There are 18 members of the Council, whose charter specifies tiat all members must fulfil cer- tain democratic norms. At the Foreign Ministers' last meeting in June, 13 members voted that the Greek military regime should be given a further six months' grace to restore democracy, and if it failed, that Greece should be suspended.
Now that Britain has decided to maintain this position. most of the others will do likewise. The Scandinavians are par- ticularly decided.
The United States, however. has expressed some misgivings over the suspension of Greece. fearing that it might then recon- sider its membersbip of Nato. Britain does not share these worries, arguing that Nato is a quite different organization which can adapt to different political regimes.
The threat of trade sanctions by Greece is not taken seriously either. Greece could hardly take on all westem Europe.
Our Paris Correspondent
writes: B3ritain's attitude will clearly be the crucial factor when the Council meets on December 12. Strong pressure is being brought by the United States on Britain, as well as on west Ger- many and Italy not to vote against Greece, for fear of its withdrawal from Nato.
Equally strong pressure is being brought in favour of sus- pension by the Scandinavian countries.
The decision requires an abso- lute maiority. i.e. 10 of the Council's 18 members must vote for it. Seven are regarded as certain to vote for suspension, namely Sweden, Denmark, Nor- way. Iceland. Holland. Belgium and Luxembourg. Four are equally certain to vote against -Greece herself, Malta, Cyprus and France-and four will ab- stain, Turkey, Switzerland, Austria and Ireland.
The votes of the "" big three"" -Britain, w-st Germanv and Italy-are still not yet decided and it is upon these countries that Washington is applying pressure. It is thought that Germany and Italy will follow Britain's lead.
ATHENS. Mr. George Papa-
dopoulos, the Greek Prime Minister. is expected to make his year-end statement to the nation next week, probably on Wednes- day. 48 hours before the Council of Europe meeting in Paris.
The announcement by Mr. Papadopoulos of a time-table for the restoration of full con- stitutional rule might influence the conference and some official sources in Athens believed this was indeed the Prime Minister's intention.
Whether the timetable would go all the way to lifting martial law and naming an election date -regarded by several European nations as essential proof of good faith-remains to be seen.
The Ministry of Justice has announced that the preliminarY drafts of 11 out of the 18 so- called "" institutional "" laws which are required to implement the new Greek constitution have already been prepared.
The promulgation of these laws, forecast for late 1970 and early 1971, has no direct con- nexion with the reactivation of the 10 suspended articles of the new constitution which keep in abeyance most civil and political rights. There are still about 1.600 Greeks with communist records detained in exile as poli- tical prisoners.
BONN.-American voices here are understood to have been put- ting the word about in govern- ment circles that it might be as well from a Nato point of view to treat Greece gently. Officially, it is strictly a question for the Europeans to sort out among themselves.
The Foreign Office is said to be divided, with emphasis being laid on the complexity of the issues involved and the variety of possible repercussions not only on Europe but on the Greek people. Certainly, the Nato prob- lem is very much borne in mind. Some are believed to favour an attempt to persuade Greece to withdraw with dignity before- hand.
WASHTNGTON.-The State Department denied today that it had interfered in the affairs of the Council of Europe to pre- vent the suspension of Greece. A spokesman said that no pres- sure had been brought to bear on member nations. However, he said that the United States believed that suspension would not help the people of Greece.
WEU proposal
for France
From Our Correspondent
Brussels, Dec. 4. Mr. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, today made proposals to M. Maurice Schu- mann, his French opposite num- ber, which could lead to France giving up her boycott of the Western European Union, called for by General de Gaulle last February, and returning to normal participation.";"December 5, 1969";"";57735;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European swing against Greece gathers force";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"New elections to the Saar Diet have been recommended by the Government of Herr Hoffmann, which has resigned after the referendum rejecting the European statute. A caretaker Govern- ment is expected to be formed in the meantime, and Herr Hoffmann has suggested as Chief Minister Dr. Heinrich Welsch.
In messages exchanged between Dr. Adenauer and M. Faure, both the German and French leaders express the resolve that the Saar vote shall not be allowed to affect Franco-German under- standing and the cause of European unity.
PARTY TALKS IN SAARBRUCKEN
CHOICE OF A NEW
CHIEF MINISTER
From Our Own Correspondent
SAARBRGCKEN, Ocr. 24
Although Herr Hoffmann and his Government resigned early this morn- ing, after the crushing defeat of the Saar European statute at yesterday's referendum, his successor had not been announced by this evening. In yester- day's voting the final official figures were: Against the statute, 423,434; for the statute, 201,973.
The new Chief Minister is expected to preside over a caretaker Government, which will carry on until after elections to the Landtag, which the retiring Government, in announcing its resigna- tion, recommended should be held as soon as possible.
POSSIBLE SUCCESSOR
Herr Hoffmann has suggested as his successor Dr. Heinrich Welsch, an ex- perienced administrator. Dr. Welsch, who has not yet indicated whether he is willing to undertake the task, would be acceptable not only to Herr Hoffmann's Christian People's Party but also, as their leaders have stated, to the three parties of the pro-German Heimatbund -the Christian Democrats, the Demo- crats, and the German Social Demo- crats. These three parties were illegal until the start of the referendum cam- paign, and are not represented in the present Landtag.
The attitude of the Saar Social Democrats to Dr. Welsch as caretaker Prime Minister will be determined at a meeting of the parlia- mentary group to-morrow. Dr. Heinz Braun, one of the party's leaders, said to- night that the party looked on Dr. Welsch personally with favour. Support for him would depend on his proposed colleagues. The attitude of the Social Democrats to any new Government is important. They hold more than one-third of the seats in the present Landtag; and a two-thirds majority is required for a new Government.
The party campaigned with Herr Hoffmann for the statute.
Though there are other possible choices, Dr. Welsch is the only person so far approached. He would be admirably suited for the task. Though he served in a previous Government of Herr Hoffmann from 1951 to 1952, as deputy Minister of Labour, he is not a party rnan. He is 65, and at present occupies several Civil Service posts, including the chairman- ship of the State insurance board. He is a lawvyer. During the war he served as chief German occupation magistrate in Metz, and helped M. Robert Schuman to escape from a concentration camp.
A SHOCK-ABSORBER
The Heimatbund parties have proposed that the European commission should re- main in being until the Landtag elections are over; they hope to secure the approval of the commission's parent body, the Western European Union, to this. The commission acted as an invaluable shock- absorber throughout the three months of the referendum campaign. The Heimatbund proposal, as stated by the Christian Demo- crats on the eve of the referendum, is that the commission should do for the election what it did for the referendum: help to maintain law and order, through its now considerable moral authority, and supervise the voting.
The commission is now winding up its referendum assignment by writing its report to W.E.U. The report, which will incor- porate the referendum result and the com- mission's observations on the conduct of the campaign and of the voting, must be ready by November 7.
There has been little to show that a decisive event in the Saar's history took place yester- day. Apart from the excitement in the Land- tag building, where the results were announced, all was quiet here last night. To-day only five black-red-gold German banners were flown in the centre of the town, and two were from the offices of the Christian Democrats and the Democrats.
"" VICTORY FOR GERMANY "" These facts are in odd contrast with the tone of to-day's issue of the Deutsche Saar, the Democratic Party's newspaper, which has among the headlines on its front page: "" The people of the Saar renew their oath of 1935,"" a reference to the referendum that united the Saar with Nazi Germany; and: "" We have won a victory for Germany."" The second of these headlines is a quotation from a tele- gram. sent to Dr. Suhr, the burgomaster of Berlin, by Dr. Schneider and Herr Becker, chairman of the Democratic Party. The telegram reads: "" We have won a victory on the Saar for Germany. At this time we greet our Reich capital and the Germans in the Soviet-occupied zone.""";"October 25, 1955";"";53360;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Early Saar Elections Recommended";""
"['Ian Murray']";"['News']";"France handed over the baton of the; EEC. Council presidency to Ireland this weekend in something of a blaze of glory.
The French presidency saw two great and expensive successes. The. first. was in holding a line against the growth in agricultural spending. The.second was in buying off Britain to end its long-running budget fight within the commu- mity.
Both achievements will cost the commuity a great deal of money. It remains for Ireland with Mr Peter Barry in the EEC hot seat to consolidate what has been done so they can both have lasting value.
On agriculture the cheesepar- ing will have to go on, since there is no way in which the Commuinity can hope to have rmore money until the ttart of 1986. This means that in this year.and throughout next year some methods of pruning back spending have got to be found. One of the. most. important of those ways is in holding back agricultural spending even fur- ther - a particularly difficult task for a country .with as strong an agricultural interest .as Ireland. i . .'.
As far as the British budget problem is concerned, there is still the crucial ""seconds con- dition"" to satisfy before. Mrs Thatcher is ready to put the whole package before the truculent House of Commons for approval.>..
The first condition was a long-term reduction in the size of Britain's contribution and that was met at 1ontainebleaii. The second condition was that EEC spending should be sub- jected to rigorous budget disci- pline, with any increase -in agricultural spending held down below the level of increase of the Community's tesoiurces.
This condition has to ""be negotiated . between. finance ministers,. who meet for the first time under the Irish presidency in a week't time to try to work out ""guarantees"" to control spending.
: The -sweeping up process from the problems of the past also includes completion of the negotiations to include Spain and Portugal in the Com- 'munity. The sticcess of Fontai- nebleau has doubtless sweet- ened the atmosphere and made these negotiations easier, but it will still be a long, hard haul to complete them in time to let both countries join by the target date of January, 1986. If that is to be possible, everything will have to be completed under the Irish presidency.
The same' thing'applies to the third Lome Convention being negotiated now ..with the 64 .'developing countries: who have
chosen -to sign a. cooperation. agreement with the EEC. The last two such conventions were ,both signed under Irish presi- dencies *so Ireland- has some- thing 'of a reputation to maintain in 'delivering' the third orne'.
An end to the budget battle, however, rmeans that the'Irish presidency can turn its attention to the EEC`s most intransigent problem, the fight against unemployment. Here Ireland believes' it is high' time to complete the ideas on coordi- nating. economic policies which have been' knocking around Commission corridors in Brus- sels for some time. In particular -it wants to etear down more internal trade.barri6rs. -
Mr G(arret FitzeraIld, the Taoiseach; said last week that it, :needed more than- just market forcs to 'resolve the unemploy- ment crisis. He means to try to launch. other schemes to stiniu- late the economy 'and-has plais
to spend Social Fund money on creating. jobs rather than, as at the moment, spending nearly everything on training.
He is also very concerned that the American economic ""locomotive"" may slow down radically next year, so he wants to plan collective economic action to counter this. This is the kind of economic philos- ophy which is unlikely to win immediate support, particularly from Mrs Thatcher, who is somewhat more monetarist than him.
In foreign affairs an Irish presidency can give the Com- munity a rather unique flavour. Ireland is the only non-Nato member of the EEC and it takes over at time when relations with the Soviet block are particularly tense. Ireland is all for dialogue, but its neutral VQoice may lack the depth of other countries.
At -the same time its neutral role, particularly in the Middle East, has won it some friends and influence in world trouble spots, which the former colonial powers cannot enjoy. It has already agreed to a meeting in September in. Costa Rica with the five Central American governments
It falls to the Irish, too, to work for European union. The grand schemes 'outlined by President Mitterraiid in , the closing weeks of the French presidency will have, t stan'd the test of ad hoc committees.
frish imagination and inspi-L ration will therefore be needed to see whether European flags, coins and sporting teams can be rapproved. It will also be under Irish guidance that the Com- munity will address itself once mhore to the wider question of just how united it wants to be.
-:. . - Ian Murriy";"July 2, 1984";"";61872;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Notebook";""
"['Henry Stanhope']";"['News']";"When the Assembly of the Western European Union gath- ers for its 18th Ordinary Ses- sion today, the Church of Eng- land will have a slightly more vested interest than usual in its proceedings. This latest inter- twining of Church and State can be traced back to a large, though confidential, meeting which was sponsored by the International Affairs Commit- tee of the Church's Board for Social Responsibility at Church House a fortnight ago. The subject was ""International Disaster Relief"" and, the fre- quent sudden worldwide need for some organization to ad- minister it. A continuing com- mittee was established under the chairmanship of the Bishop of Leicester, and the enthusiasm of a number of. distinguished people has been usefully tap- ped. Mr George Thomson, now a European Commissioner in Brussels, is among several politicians interested. Others include commentators on foreign affairs and a corps of recently retired senior officers from the three services with experience, in logistics. Most encouraging of all is the considerable interest shown by the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign and Common- wealth Office, each of whom sent observers. This is by no means the first time that the formation of an International Disaster Relief Force (IDRF) has been advocated, but this effort looks more concerted than most. The WEU Assembly is the first international body whose support will be sought this week.
General opinion seems to favour an IDRF consisting of military units supplied by parti-
A drop in the disaster ocean: a British helicopter brings relief afte' the cyclone disaster in East Pakistan in 1970.
cipating countries in much the same way that they supplv forces to Nato Ace Mobile Force. Britain, for instance, might contribute an infantry battalion, or a unit from- the Royal Corps of transport or the Royal Engineers-or perhaps a. company of infantry with en- gineering support together with a squadron of helicopters. Two- way radios, water purifiers, earth-movers and trucks, heli- copters, heavy-lift aircraft and ships-either to land supplies or to act. as a communications link-are' among the kind of
equipment that an IDRF might be expected to provide. The French army already have EMIR (Elements Medicales d'Intervention Rapide) which *oinprize 50-strong medical teams with their own helicop- ters and Transalle aircraft. Per- haps most crucial would be stockpiles of supplies sutch as blood plasma, food and clothing which could be strategically sited throughout the world ready for the IDRF to use in an emergency. Locations for these have already been suggested in places which are near to but
not actually in the most likely disaster areas. They include Cyprus, Teheran, Ankara, Izmir, Calcutta, Florida and Singapore.
The various units would not be co-located. But they might train together wvhen not actually working on disaster relief. All or some of the force would then be contacted when required by the newly- appointed UN Relief Coordina- tor at Geneva-who was also present at the Church House discussions. The financial cost should not be prohibitive. The
force would consist of service- men who would be maintained anyway, and who would gain good experience in logistics from the work they would now be called on to do. Certainly the armed forces in Britain are said to be enthusiastic about the proposal. The Royal Engi- neers spend much of their time on ""hearts and minds"" opera- tions in the Third World as it is.
The present initiative is the work of Mr Hugh Hanning, secretary of the International -Affairs Committee at Church
House, who believes the pro. posal might be relevant to the talTs on Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions in Europe (MBFR) which should open next year.
There are still a number of questions which need to be answered and to which the continuing committee will now apply itself. Mr Hanning says that what they tried to do at Church House was to ""work out .the dos and don'ts "". But the, possibilities are infinite and even include the use of parachutists to establish air- landing facilities in an area to which access has been impeded. Medium-to-heavy-lift helicopters have obvious attractions. In Peru two years ago when 70,000 were killed in an earthquake, these helicopters from the United States proved to be the only means of transport to. many areas.
In the last 100 years floods have accounted for a total of nine million people, earthq- ua'kes for another million and hurricanes for a further mil- lion. To these must be added a death. roll from droughts and disease. In 1877, famine killed as many as 10 milIion people in China. And after fire, flood and tempest, the products of nature, man has devised his own instru- ments of devastation which can go wrong. The world's popula- tion is on an upward not a down- ward, spiral. That alone suggests more scope for the really big catastrophe to strike at a teem- ing twentieth-century city. For the world to be caught unpre- pared, it is felt, would be the biggest disaster of all.
Henrv Stanhone
Defence Correspondent";"December 5, 1972";"";58649;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moves to avoid the biggest disaster of them all";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, APRIL 1']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, APRIL 1
It looks as though Rambouillet, in spite of the apparent irnprovement in Franco- German relations when Dr. Erhard met President de Gaulle'there inJanuarv, has after all upheld its reputation as the venue of a permanent Comedy of Errors. Bonn contends that the agree- ment between the Chancellor and the President to summon a conference of the six European Economic Community countries on European political union was not subject to the fulfilment of any preconditions; Paris, as M. Peyrefitte, the Information Minister, made clear again yesterday, bluntly maintains that it was.
The confident optimism displayed by Dr. Erhard at the Christian Democratic party congress in Duisseldorf yesterday. when, fortified by a report from the German Ambassador in Paris, he announced that General de Gaulle stood by the original agreement, has in barely 24 hours dis- solved into thin air. The official stand- point is still that no crisis has arisen between Bonn and Paris on the issue. but the denials no longer carry conviction.
Herr von Hase, the State Secretary in the Press and Inforniation Office, empha- sized today that the Federal Government, by agreeing to the harmonization of grain prices in December, had demonstrated that it was always prepared to press forward with the tasks within the E.E.C.
POLITICAL MOVE
""An immediate connexion between European political unity and E.E.C. matters does not exist "". he said. * The Federal Government remains of the opinaion that the conference must be prepared to some extent, but that naturally the solution of the most important -issues like the shape of the institutions of the contemplated politi- cal union must be left to the conference itself to decide.""
Quoting the relevant passage of the Rambouillet communique. that "" the moment has come to examine again the problems of political cooperation . . . meetings at different levels are contem- plated,"" Herr von Hase emphasized that this made clear the political content of the German agreement to the common cereal price.
""There is no misunderstanding between ourselves and the French,"" he added. Every conference requires a certain preparation, but both extremes are wrong.... We know the strong general sympathy with which de Gaulle looks upou such a conference. The whole thing is a political move.""
The misunderstanding nevertheless, definitely existed. Now that it is laid bare, the dashing of his hopes of holding a con- ference before the autumn is a bitter blow for the Chancellor, both from the stand- point of electoral tactics, and of future cooperation with France. '
M.L.F. SHELVED
As soon as he took office nearlv 18 months ago the Chancellor threw himself with genuine conviction, undeterred by warnings even from his own Foreign Mini- ster (who was sceptical from the start about General de Gaulle's backing for it) or from other quarters, into the task of getting poli- tical discussions out of the 1962 Paris dead- lock.
To win the French President's acquiescence to a new western initiativc towards Russia on the German problem and to a revival of discussions on political union the Chancellor agreed at Rambouille; to shelve discussions on a multilateral force.
According to informed reports the French Government is putting up every objection to a western initiative while he insists that a conference on political union can take place only when the elements of a common basis between the Six in foreign policy are at hand. This means, among other things, their attitude towards the United States. Nato and defence. and supranationality.
However ready the Federal Government might have been 4o talk about defence without saying anything, to speak of a common basis bctween the French and the Dutch is fostering a deliberate illuson.
SEARCH FOR SCAPEGOATS Franco-German relations are thus virtually back where they were in Decem- ber, at the time of the Nato meeting in Paris-with some of the bitterness of dis- appointed hopes as well. And Rambouillet has lived up to its parlous reputation. There will be inevitably a further search for scapegoats.
Dr. Schroder. the Foreign Mlinister, can hardly avoid being blamed once again for what he was inclined to predict all along. But the lesson may be salutary in demon- strating even for the Professional day- dreamers, as one observer put it, that one cannotwin General de Gaulle to Europejan union with an honest countenance and a warm heart.
His new flirtation with Russia. the wartiu send off to Mr. Vinogradov, the Soviet Arnbassador in Paris. the Franco-Soviet colour television agreement, the concerted pro-Russian campaign in the Gaullist press and on the air had been observed with grow- ing disquiet from this side of the Rhine.
Informed circles here do not exaggerate the scope of this flirtation. It is merely in their view, another illustration of the
Gaullist technique of putting up the price of French support by playing upon the Federal Republic's starry-eyed European idealismn and upon her fears. But it prompts Die Welt to write that "" there only remams. the evidence that de Gaulle does not want any European union, but only a concert
of powers, in which the east counts as a, foundation member"".";"April 2, 1965";"";56286;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Confidence On Europe Unity Vanishes";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 22
The debate in the Council of the Republic on the London and Paris agreements begins to-morrow afternoon and is expected to last for three days.
If the four treaties in question (end of the occupation regime in Germany, admis- sion of Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, establishment of WiNestern European Union, and the Franco- German agreement on the Saar) are approved without amendment, they will pass to the President of the Republic for signa- ture, and the long years of uncertainty will be over. It looks at the moment as if approval will be forthcoming, though it will almost certainly be given without any enthusiasm.
Only one committee of the Upper House has so far proposed an amendment; this is the committee for industrial production. All the others have approved without qualifica- tion. The industrial production committee wants to make the depositing of the- instru- ment of ratification dependent on the estab- lishment of a European arms agency. The Saar question, which at one moment seemed a major obstacle, has lost at any rate some of its terrors, and the conclusion last week- end of a new Franco-Saar economic under- standing should help the Government considerably.
SAAR AUTONOMY
Details have now been issued of that agreement, which was signed last night. It is a protocol, covering the principal points which will be taken up again when the full Franco-Saar economic convention is negotiated later. That convention will con- form to the Franco-German agreement on the Saar, signed in.Paris in October, and will guarantee to the Saar complete autonomy, except in specified fields.
The main points of the protocol signed yesterday are that France and the Saar are to form a monetary and customs union. French custom laws and indirect taxation will apply in the Saar; a Franco-Saar mixed committee will be set up to control credit and investment; Saar representatives will he present when France negotiates commercial agreements; and judicial power will be exercised by Saar courts. The two Govern- ments state that no divergence of principle exists between them,
A right-wing Independent senator has tabled the previous question "" to the rati- fication debate: this, if passed, could bring the whole debate to a standstill. The senator's resolution says that the atmosphere proper for such a debate cannot be estabS. lished until the Prime Minister, in the name of the Government and "" all the members of the executive."" has made a statement accepting responsibility for the treaties. This is evidenitly a thrust at the differences of opinion known to exist about them within the Government.
Both M. Faure and M. Pinay are certain to make statements during the debate. To-day they received Sir Gladwyn Jebb, the British Ambassador. and later the American Charge d'Affaires. According to an official state- ment, M. Faure wanted to let. the British and Arnerican Governments know "" the spirit in which he will be asking the Council of the Republic to ratify the Paris agreements""
THE PRICE
This somewhat cryptic form of words refers presumably to the price which the Government will be putting upon ratifica- tion-though payment will be looked for later. MI. Fraure has already hinted at what this payment may be: a European arms pool, preparations for four-Power talks and in a wider sense, the restoration of full con- sultation and cooperation between France and her allies in any matter in which France as a world Power is interested.
The reception of the publication of the Churchill-Mendes-France correspondence has been mixed. Independent observers ine
a good position to judge regret the need to publish the letters. From this side of the Channel Sir Winston Churchill's phraseology seems to be frank ratber than courteous, and although the French are famous for grumb- ling about their own institutions, many of them tend to resent it when a foreigner, whoever he may be, refers to their political parties as "" vehement and self-centred groups."" Sir Winston's protestations of affection for France are beginning to ring rather hollow here.
REFRESHING FRANKNESS
Much of the Press agrees in finding his words brutal; "" Will Americar. and British leaders,"" M. Ronsac asks in the left-wing anti-Communist Franc-Tireur. ""end by understanding that, if France ratifies the Paris agreements, it will not be to please the allies or yield to their pressure, but for more imperious reasons ? ""
On the other hand, some commentators find such frankness refreshing, and condu- cive to a clear understanding of the ratifica- tion issue. "" Either the treaties are ratified, and France will preserve and extend her prestige and authority in the world, or she goes back on her signature and her chair remains empty "" is how one newspaper in western France puts it.";"March 23, 1955";"";53197;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ratification Debate In French Upper House To-Day";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JULY 24
German policy is dependent neither on the United States nor on France "", the Federal Government declared today. in a formal statement on General de Gaulle's criticism of its subordination to the United States. "" A common policy of two governments cannot imply the adop- tion by one partner of all the views of the other "", the statement said, adding that this had been made clear, even before the signing of the Franco-Ger- man treaty, by German support for the multilateral force project; and by re- peated French assurances that while France did not propose to do the same, it appreciated the German position.
The statement repeated that the Federal Government viewed the results of Franco- German cooperation. more positively than the French President. and went on:-
""Both sides must now put in concen- trated political effort to exhaust the possi- bilities which the Franco-German treaty offers for the accomplishment of the great aims outlined by the Bundestag in its pre- amble to the treaty's ratification instru- ment. namely.-
- The maintenance and strengthening of the
cooperation of the free peoples, and especially a close partnership between Europe and the United States.
- Achievement of the right of self-deter-
mination for the German people, and the restoration of German unity.
"" Common defence within the framework of
the Atlantic Treaty, and the integration of the forces of the members of the alliance.
'And finally, the unity of Europe son the
basis already created by the European institutions, together with membership of Britain and of other countries willinz to join."". .
NEW PHASE DISCOUNTED
The statement of the Federal Govern- ment's basic aims is distinctly sharper than the semi-official comment made yesterday immediately after General de Gaulle's press conference. This can be explained by the feeliing here-though officiaUy denied-that his criticism in fact constituted direct inter- ference in a German domestic conrtroversy.
Herr von Hase. State Secretary in the Press and Information Office. denied that the French President's statement, and the Federal Government's declaration. marked a new, public phase in the divergences between Bonn and Paris. Frank talks be- tween two allies served the ends of cooperation, he said.
The fact is, however, that the Federal Government could not allow the French President's presentation of the case to go forward unchallenged, at a time when the Bavarian C.S.U. and some elements of the C.D.U. have been using the same arguments against the Chancellor and his Foreign Minister.
FINANCIAL BURDEN
When he was in Bonn. General de Gaulle laid particular stress on Franco-German military cooperation, and for the first time expressed open criticism of the Federal Governments support for the M.L.F. It is considered here that in the present deci- sive phase of the creation of the force de frappe, Generall de.GautIle has come to realize that the financial burden will prove too great for France alone, and wants Ger- many to come in on it.
Today's declaration makes it unmistak- ably clear. however, that the Federal Government will not be deterred from pursuing the course it has set itself both in Europe and towards the United States. It will do everything in its power to avoid an open breach with France. The German proposals to get discussion on European union going again are being worked on feverishly, and will be submitted to Paris as soon as they are ready.
Dr. Schr6der, the west Gerrnan Foreign Minister, without directly referring to General de Gaulle's press conference. yesterday in Cologne strongly condemned any loosening of the ties within Nato as an integrated alliance, and emphasized the need for close relations between Germany and the United States. ""Any move away from this conception would be fatal "", he declared. "" The fact that the United States stations six of its most modern divisions on west German soil means that an attack on the Federal Republic would also be -an attack on the United States.""
RUSSIA OPPOSES SHARING
OF NUCLEAR SECRETS
Moscow. July 24.-The United States was taking on a grave responsibility in agreeing to suPply further nuclear informa- tion to its Nato allies. the Soviet news agency Tass said today.
In a 1,300-word statement on the new Nato agreement, the official news agency said that ""it appears that American laws guarding atomic military secrets cannot withstand pressure from west German militarist circles"".
The United States and some other Nato Governments were "" almost vying with each other for the privilege"" of leading west Germany. to nuclear bombs, it declared.
Tass accused Nato of defying a United Nations resolution, and said that the only possible evaluation of the agreement was that the United States was preparing its Nato allies for the Possession of nuclear weapons. ""There is every reason to think that the appearance of this agreement is due in the first place to the pretensions of west Germany "", it declared. adding that Bonn had welcomed it ""as a kind of advance subscription to future adventures."" -Reuter.";"July 25, 1964";"";56073;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sharper Bonn Retort To Paris";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The movement toward European unity has seemed in the past few days to be gathering an unexpected speed.
British representatives were inclined yeslerday to tone down the first reports from The Hague on Thursday of the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of WSestern European Union at which it was agreed that representatives of the seven W.E.U. countries should consider ways and means by which the United Kingdom might join Euratom and the Coal and Steel Pool. Nevertheless, there was no inclination to deny that the cur- rent is flowing-strongly in that direction, even if the representatives of the W.E.U. countries find it difficult to negotiate membership of Euratom and the Coal and Steel Commnunity for Britain, with- out British membership of the European Economic Community also.
CLEARING THE ISSUES
The present talkls, which will begin in Lon(lon at the W.E.U. headquarters at Grosvenor Place on Wednesday, may do no more than clear the issues, and demon- stratc whether the six members of W.E.U., apart from Britain-who are, in fact, also the six members of the E.E.C. Euratom, and the Coal and Steel Community-will be prepared to accept Britain as a member of Euratom and the Coal and Steel Com- munity without E.E.C. membership.
It is argued that the three communities will share an assembly and executive, and that the British cannot easily be members of only two-thirds of this arrangemen-. Others claim that the British representatives to Euratom and the Coal and Steel Com- munity could have observer status, when E.E.C. matters were under discussion.
It was being pointed out yesterday that the British Government had reacted to an invitation from the W.E.U. Assembly to join their discussion, and had not strictly made an offer to join Euratom and the Cotil and Steel Community. If there was a British offer it was strictly to consider the possibility of joining these two communities.
Nevertheless, the agreement to discuss this between representatives of the W.E.U. countries who will be meeting, not as mem- bers of W.E.U., but as representatives of their individual countries, represents some advance. It also means that British repre- sentatives will now be meeting representa- tives of the Six, without evidently over- riding objections from Britain's partners in tht: European Free Trade Association (the Seveii-Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal.
The British Government have given many assurances recently that there will bc the fullest consultations with the other niembers of Efta before any agreement is mlade with the Six. The fact that British representatives are now to meet the Six indicates that these assurances have been accepted, and that some initial suspicion of the British Government's policy among the other members of the Seven has evaporated. (This was indeed clear enougb in Norway during Mr. Macmillan's recent visit there.) .Mr. Selwyn Lloyd no doubt gave further assurances and explained the Btitish attitude to the talks when he saw together yesterday evening the Ambassa- dors of all the Efta members.
Nor docs there seem any reason to think that British' membership of Euratom and the Coal and Steel Commtnity would be irreconcilable with British obligations to Efta.
FEDERAL UNION'S VIEW
The executive committee of Federal Union. the all-party ortanization, of which Lord Beveridge is President, have issued a statement welcoming the announcement that the British Government ate now pre- pared to consider joininy Euratom and the Coal and Steel Community. The state- ment emphasizes that "" if the British Guvernment is sincere in its desire to join the European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom, it must be prepared to recog- nize that Britain is accepting the obligations of a supra-national community "". Euratom and the Coal and Steel Community provide for international control of the de'.'elopment of atomic energy and of the coal and steel industry, but it should be added that the supra-national character of each has in practice imposed itself far less upon members than was at first expected.)
The executive coramittee go on to argee that there is "" no fundamental political reason why Britain cannot accept ftill membership of the European Economic Community [the Common Market] subject to any special arrangements"" to safe- guard Commonwealth interests.
NO CHANGE OF POLICY Mr. Selwyn Lloyd returned to London by air yesterday from The Hague, and repeated Britain's offer to give further con- sideration to joining Euratom and the Coal and Steel Community.
He said at London Airport: ""This reexamination of our position is by no means a move to independence away from our allies in the Seven or in the Common- wealth. There are still a certain numnber of Problems we have to work out. We are merely considering and reexamining our association in the light of present circum- stances.""
Mr. Lloyd said that Britain had a firm agreement with the SeVen, by which she would abide. "" But we have already announced that we wish to come to some association with the six Common Market countries. This is no change in policy. It is consistent with our policy of seeking out ways of associating with other countries.""";"June 18, 1960";"";54801;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain To Join Euratom And Coal Pool?";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, JuNE 28
M. Pierre de Leusse, the French representative, told the Nato Council today that the questions put to him by the 14 other members last Tuesday were, in the view of his Government, strictly military in character, and should be discussed between General Lemnitzer and General Ailleret, the French Chief of Staff.
The questions involved the strength and mission of the French forces in Germany, the creation of an allied com- mand in wartime, and the precise nature of French cooperation in time of peace and war. He emphasized that only negotiations between military com- manders could shed light upon them, at the same time making no bones of his opinion that they were uncalled for.
This has been the standpoint consist- ently maintained by the French Govern- ment since it announced its inteiltion to withdraw from Nato, and only modified at the Ministers' meeting in Brussels earlier this month, at the insistence of the 14, to allow the council to take it up in Paris, but without any concession of substance.
M. de Leusse stated, on the specific issue of an interallied command in wartime, that there had been one in the last war without integrated staffs.
Today's meeting did not, therefore, take I the discussion much farther, and no real
progress is likely to be made unless and until the 14 decide to give in to the French standpoint, at least to the extent of allow- ing discussions between military comman- ders to take place alongside the council deliberations.
Some member countries, notably Canada, Italy, Portugal and Denmark, which have from the start leaned towards the side of compromise, appear to be willing to con- template this way out. The American repre- sentative did not commit himself.
Signor Brosio, the Secretary-General, on the other hand, was utterly opposed to it. But for once the British representative, Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, could not by a remote effort of imagination be accused, as he has been in the past, of leading the pack against France. He intervened only brieily in the discussion, and strictly on points of procedure.
Adjourned for study
The council decided that the written protocol of the meeting must be studied carefully before reaching a verdict on the French contention, and adjourned until next Tuesday.
Today's meeting did hold out a slight promi6e of future progress on the sabstance of the issues preoccupying the 14. The French representative daparted from the take-it-or-eave-it attitude which, in the eyes of his colileagues at least, had charaoteized his Government's tactics so far, in that his replies, however unsatis- factory in their opinion, seemed to imply a greater readiness to enter into a serious discussion of the questions-though always, it was implied, at a military level.
Until today there was a strong feeling among some of the 14 that the French Government was insisting on purely military discussions, merely as a means of avoiding any firm corn ment. -
Meanwhile, bilateral discussions between Germany and France on the status of the French forces appear to be hanging fire. Professor Grewe, the German permanent representative on the council, informed it last week that the talks begun in Bonn on June 13 would not be resumed until some progress had been made in the multilateral discussions with France.
This is obviously a reversal of the earlier standpoint adopted in Bonn, that bilateral talks must proceed at all costs, whatever the course of the Paris discussions.
General Adolf von Kielmannsegg, Com- mander of Allied Land Forces in Central Europe, will replace General Crdpin as Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces in Cen- tral Europe, at Fontainebleau, from Friday, when French staffs cease to be integrated in Nato.
Bonn decision means
change of onus
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The decision of the west German Govern- ment to make a unilateral declaration grant- ing the 70,000 French troops in Germany a new legal status, when they withdraw from Nato command on Friday, will have the effect of shifting the main onus of negotia- tions with France from the bilateral talks with Germany to the talks within the Nato Council between France and the other 14 Nato members.
Mr. Thomson, the British Minister for European affairs, emphasized to the Western European Union Council in Brussels on Mlonday that the elaboration of a clear-cut role for those French troops is more important than the general assurance from French representatives that the decision to withdraw from the Nato com- mand makes no difference to the French Government's intention to stand by W.E.U. commitments.
Previously the French troops would have come into action under an overall Nato plan giving the French and other allied contingents their particular tasks in time of alert or operations.
It is fair, then, that the French Govern- ment should be pressed to make clear what measures in place of the Nato staff work they have in mind to ensure that their mili- tary support to W.E.U. wiU be effective- or is their wish that these commitments will wither away for lack of adequate mili- tary planning and cooperation-?";"June 29, 1966";"";56670;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paris Still Unyielding On Troops In Germany";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
SAARBROCKEN, AUG. 28
The statement made in Bonn on Friday by the German Christian Demo- cratic Union Press service has brought some objectivity into the Saar European statute referendum campaign-for those who wish to be objective. Backed by an assurance to the foreign journalists in Bonn that it had been approved bv Dr. Adenauer, it makes it clear that -the Federal Chancellor and his party stand by the Franco-German agreement on the statute of October 23 and so answers the most controversial point raised here so far.
The controversy arose because, unlike its counterpart in the Federal Republic, the Christian Democratic Union here opposes the statute. Opposition had always been expected from the two other new parties here, the German Social Democrats and the Saar Democrats. Their German affinities demanded as much. The stand of the Christian Democrats against the statute was, however, a surprise, perhaps even to the partv's leaders.
The party's policv was announced on August 7 on the basis of views expressed at the foundation meetings oF its local and district organizations. It can thus claim that its policy was democratically formu- lated, but in the two weeks between the opening of the referendum campaign and August 7 Dr. Schneider, the Democratic leader, had travelled round the Saar force- fully stating the case for the rejection of the statute, and had largely set the tune which the Christian Democrats demanded of Dr. Ney, their leader.
DELICATE MATTER
The new parties, led by the Saar Christian Democrats, suggested that Dr. Adenauer signed the statute agreement under pressure, and that, if it were rejected at the referendum on October 23, Saarlanders would be doing both the Federal Republic and themselves a, service. The provision against outside intervention in Article VI of the agreement made the clarification of Dr. Adenauer's position a delicate matter but, so long as the assertions of the anti-statute parties went uncontradicted by Bonn, Dr. Adenauer remained exposed to the reproach of double- dealing. Herr Hoffman, the Saar Chief Minister and chairman of the pro-statute Christian People's Party, pointed this out and asked for clarification eight days ago.
The Bonn statement is naturally comfort- ing to Herr Hoffmann's party and their campaign allies, the Saar Social Democrats, being all they hoped for and rather more than they expected. Three Weeks ago they were cautiously optimistic. Then came the anti-Hoffmann demonstrations at Saar- briucken, Neunkirchen, and St. lngbert. The significance of these was grossly exaggerated by the opposition, but they and the largely artificial uncertainty about Dr. Adenauer's views combined to leave tile pro-statute parties seemingly orf the defensive. The public was sensitive to this. and inclined to begin to rate the opposition chances higher until the Bonn statement was published y^sterday, though this mirrors only the mood of the moment and may not count cight weeks from to-day.
For those who are so minded, the explana- tion of Dr. Adenauer's position helps to put first things first. The point that the
referendum is not a vote for or against Herr Hoffmann meets a point common to the propaganda of all three new parties. The fact that Herr Hoffmann has never been over-generous to his political enemies is strongly in their favour. Occasionally in his own party, and more often among his Social Democrat allies, regrets are privately expressed that he disallowed the Democrat Party in 1952 and did not allow the forma- tion of the Christian Democrats and the German Social Democrats.
FRENCH CITIZENSHIP
There is also criticism of his retention of Herr Hector, the Minister of the Interior. The French citizenship Which Herr Hector acquired through his father's political exile in Alsace gives an anti-French twist to the criticism which is inevitably the portion of the man who controls the police.
The Bonn statement that Dr. Adenauer did not sign the agreement under pressure amounts to a disavowal of the Christian Democrats here,. and may also help to get the debate on the statute back to its merits. But yesterday's issues of the Neteste Nach- rich!ten and the Aligerneine Zeitzng. the Christian Democratic and German Social Democratic Parties' newspapers, contain examples of transmutation of black into white which are not helpful to a study of essentials.
The European commission watching the referendum camnpaign for Western European Union continues to deal tactfully with com- plaints reaching it from both sides. It is reported-it issues no statements of its own on such matters-to have drawn the atten- tion of the French and German Govern- ments to statements not in accordance with Article VI of the statute-one by the Quai d'Orsay on August 9 and one by Herr Merkatz, a Federal Minister, on August 23. The Saar Government has been reminded by the commission of the importance of strict neutrality on the part of the Saar wireless.";"August 29, 1955";"";53311;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Clarification Of Saar Issue";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent . . - -
BONN. Nov. 14
It became apparent at a Press confer- ence given to-day by Herr Strauss. the Defence Minister, that the Federal Gov- emmnent had not yet made up its mind whether or not to equip the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons. Herr Strauss said that the Government regarded its undertaking not to manufacture atomic. bacteriological, or chemical weapons as an essential contribution to' disarrna- ment. He recalled that""the Chancellor had once said that the Bundeswehr would be equipped with. nuclear weapons, even if the Social Democrats did not like it, but he could honestly say that no decision had been made.
TYPES OF ROCKETS
This, he said, depended on the Atlantic Council and the preparedness of the United States to place these weapons at its allies' disposal. Then the matter would be examined, and each nation would have to decide for itself.
The Bundeswehr was looking for four types of rockets: (a) anti-tank, such as the French SS 10 or .SS 11; (b) ground-to-air; (c) air-to-air; (d) ground-to-ground. The Minister insisted that they would not be fitted with nuclear warheads. The Bundes- wehr must have these rockets if -its armoury was not to be obsolete, but Ger- many would not produce, partly produce' or use intermediate range ballistic missiles, which were outside the scope of the Bundeswehr.
* When it was suggested that the types of rockets in which the Bundeswehr was interested could be fitted with nuclear war- heads, he said that so far as he knew, this was not now possible.
- It was essential that the Atlantic Council next month should consider:-
(i) The complete integration of western
European air defence, with the modifi- cations of equiprment necessary for European conditions-
Vii) the standardization of all essential
weapons and equipment;
(iii) a joint programme of weapon research.
development, and. production. ;
(iv) a'far reaching integration of supplies
and reinforcements. I
Herr Strauss believed that research. development, and . testing were more important than production. In air defence in particular it was no longer possible for small or medium-sized countries to work alone. Too many prototypes were already being developed.
CHANGED TIMES
Germany was prepared to make a con- tribution in research or development. but her capacity must not be exaggerated. Most people seemed to, think in pre-war terms, when men and material did not matter, but times had changed; Germany had a contribution to make. but it could not be a big one,
He reaffirmed that Germany . did not intend to propose the 'lifting of the pro- hibition of the mahufacture of. atomic, bacteriological, and chemical weapons. A lifting of the prohibition. of weapons such as guided missiles, strategic aircraft, and large warships would need a two-thirds majority in Western European Union. The Federal Govemment. had not requested this, and no such request was expected before the Atlantic Council meeting.
This careful statement, made' plain the anxiety felt here'about the state of western European air defences, -and an- obvious re- luctance on finanicial as well as political and moral grounds to embark on any pro- gramme of nuclear armaments. If the
3undeswehr isto be eu;ppedwith nuclear weapons, and if -Germaiiy is to take part in the:manufacture-of rockets. the proposals will first haye: to come from elsewhere.
Little that the Minister said to-day could offend.. the Oppositiori. ' Both the Social Democrats.and the Free Democrats have stated that they'are.opposed to the manu- facture anid use of nuclear weapons. Initern- ally, at least, the Governmnent has retain:d some room for manoeuvre, and the door has jbeen left open for any proposal from
CONSCRIPTION CHANGES
Possible changes in the present conscrip. tioi arrangements were discussed by the Defence Minister and Social Democratic leaders last night; He said to-day that the law was: too. inflexible; : it is known that he is contemplating changes that will allow men to servefor longer periods. The Social Democrats have always favoured a small professional atmy, supported by a large militia for home defence. This was also discussed -.-
Herr Strauss announced that he would require.an. extra l,OOOm. marks next year. The present defence budget is 9,OOOm. marks, and, if he has his way, the defence vote will be about £833mi. next year. This will still be not much more than half of the British defence bill'
The Anglo-German steering committee for cooperation in weapon research and development met here to-day. The British delegation was led by: Mr. Wheeler, an Under-Secretary in the: Defence Ministry. The cotmmittee is,to determine in which fields such cooperation can be most fruit- fully developed. A big Party of German experts are now in Britain to examine radar installations and equipment and air- to-air missiles; this indicates two fields where such cooperation;'can be developed.";"November 15, 1957";"";53999;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"No Nuclear Weapons For Bundeswehr Yet";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"The road to Helsinki is paved with good intentions. The hold- ing of a summit meeting next week will mark the end of the second stage of the so-called Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. It began three years ago and was a Russian idea, with the sum- mit as a prime objective of Soviet foreign policy. I do not begrudge the Presidents and Pr nme Ministers of 35 states their pleasures, but. once the celebrations are over, should we not count the spoons ?
Detente has become a magic word, an invocation. Its literal meaning is "" relaxation "", the moment when a drawn bow is released. Its adoption does not in any wvay release nation states from the obligation to secure, if not to maximize, their essential interests. The term "" detente "" is a' new label on an old package. Given the fundamental differences which exist between Soviet and West- ern societies, detente can never be anything more con- structure than an anti-suicide pact.
Any agreements which may be signed at Helsinki cannot he enforced. but can they be measured ? By changing the word "" free "" into "" freer ""-at Soviet insistence-with regard to the movement of people and ideas, we lost the game. "" Freer"" may mean anything, and very likely it will mean next to nothing: copies of The Titmes in Moscow libraries; an exchange of pictures between the Tate and the Ministry of Culture, and show-biz in space. It is true that some families, cruelly separated, will now be united.
;~~~~~~~~ - - 0-0
6 The Helsinki meeting
is an exercise
in make-believe: detente
is only an
anti-suicide pacte
The Helsinki summit cannot fail to be a victory for Soviet diplomacy. The Soviet Union seems to believe that it should be free to spread its views in the West. but that reciprocal freedom constitutes an inter. ference in the internal affairs of the communist countries.
Three vears of bargaining at Geneva will have made no dif- ference; the Russians who early in t&he conference equated freedom with pornography, are unlikely to be corrupted.
And what of the client-states of Eastern Europe ? It has long been recognized that a princi- pal Soviet objective is the legiti- mization of their hegemony in Eastern Europe. They seek-and have won-the Western seal of approval for the social transformation which they have foisted, and with great difficultv main. tained, on the countries of Eastern and Central Europe since 1948.
The West has had no eastern European policy worthv of the name. The people of the satel- lites have been systematically
refused western help, and they will have, after Helsinki, no reason to believe that .akny future rising or reform mov
ment would be spared Soviet repression. We should not forget that we have been dis- cussing freedom for countries that in Russian eyes en.iov no separate political identity from that of the USSR and which are, in terms of their social order, and their strategic posi- tion, part of the area of Russia's European hegemony, a glacis against the "" aggressive."" intentions of Nato.
The* other reality of Eastern Europe is hatred of Russia. Fear and resentment lies just beneath the skin. The Soviet Union cannot psychologically mishandle na-tions for decades, force them into an alien sys- tem, and expect to be loved. There is no country . that resents Russia as much as Poland. The Helsinki summit will be judged by many mil- lions of people very. cynically indeed ;- ""concessions "" that are unenforceable, and barely capable of measurement.
* Wben the party is over, we should remind ourselves of the dual, nature of Soviet foreign policy. One side shows a tradi- tional caution and realism. The other reveals a millenarian Communist. It is often difficult to distinguish one from the other. Despite a certain rea- lism in its dealings with the West, the links betwveen Mos- cow and the foreign commu- nist parties are never broken. Despite all the talk of, detente, the Russians strive to widen still further their margin of military superiority in Europe.
Despite the practice of con- ference-diplomacy in Europe, Russia plays the revolutionary elsewhere. Like all nation- states, the S6viet Union has a legitimate need' for security, yet. she maintains forces that are fat, in excess of that requhtemetit.-. They speak of security: they practice hege- mony.
The Helsinki summit is an exercise in make-believe. Even were limited agreements to be reached on arms centrol, force reductions, and crisis manage- ment, the differences between the two rival social systems would remain. We must sign an anti-suicide pact. Since 1972 in Geneva we have argued the toss out of necessity. The Rus- sian invitation to attend was an invitation 'we could not refuse. I hope that it has not been from fatigue and vanity that we have agreed to go to Helsinki.
Julian Critchlev
The author is Conservative MP for Aldershot. and Chairman of the Defence Committee of the WesteM European Union.";"July 25, 1975";"";59457;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Counting the spoons when the summit party is over";""
"['From George Clark']";"['News']";"From George Clark,
Strasbourg, Jan 20
Mr Piet Dankert, the Dutch Socialist, who was elected last night as president of the Eur'opean Parliament, said today that he intended to go over the heads of the Council of Ministers and EEC com- mission to the member- states' governments and par- liaments to enlist their aid in obtaining greater legislative powers for the European Parliament.
He said he would include in his personal cabinet people from different parts of the EEC, including someone from Britain, so that he will have direct links with poli- ticians and ministers in the European capitals.
Although MEPs of all parties welcomed Mr Dan- kert's firm commitment to what he called the struggle to increase Parliament's powers and influence, and to justify its existence to the European electorate, the Conservatives were doubtful about his plan for ""direct links"".
In his first speech as president, Mr Dankert paid generous tribute to the achievements of Mme Simone Veil, his predecessor, both in Parliament and on the world stage. He quoted Mr David Wood of The Times as saying that she had succeeded in getting the Parliament accepted as ""a presence if not a power, in international relations"".
He won applause for his declaration that before the next direct elections in 1984 the Parliament had to demon- strate to the electors that it could play a positive role in determining the Comm- unity's policies.
He added: ""Mr Gaston Thorn, the President of the
Mr Piet Dankert: The people's champion
Commission, assures us time and again that the Com- mission and Parliament are natural allies, but I do not think the Commission has always behaved as if they believed that. For good relations between Parliament and Commission, the Com- mission should be at least as independent of the Council of Ministers as it is clearly independent of Parliamerit"".
If the Commission was not prepared to put itself in that position, he went on, Parlia- ment would have to take upon itself an informal alliance with those in the member countries who want- ed to see the will of the Strasbourg Parliament trans- lated into European policy.
Mr Dankert attacked Mr Thorn for being too eager to cooperate with the Council of
Ministers on informal pros- posals which Parliament did not get a chance to examine. ""If this continues, if there is no return to the letter and spirit of the treaties, I cannot see how this Parliament can proceed effectively without adopting informal ways to ensure that its views, in representing the peoples of .Europe, can be heard suc- -cessfully.""
Mr Dankert is acknow- ledged by members of most parties to be. an effective champion of the peoples' representatives in the run-
fing battle with the Council of Ministers and the govern- meents of the member states 6ver the role which the European Parliament is en- titled to play, in European affairs.
Coming to the Parliament in 1977 after playing a prominent role in the Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the Nato Assembly, he made it clear that he wanted to achieve more democratic control over the actions of the EEC Commission and the Council of Ministers.
He had the chance to put his ideas into practice when he was general rapporteur of the European Parliament on the 1980 budget. Largely on his arguments, the MEPs rejected the budget, and the struggle began to assert Parliament's right to influ- ence the political aims of the Community, as expressed through expenditure.
As an apprenticeship to the job he now takes over, he has been a vice-president (deputy speaker) at the plenary sessions since 1979.
Mr Dankert was born in Steins, in The Netherlands,
read history and became a secondary school teacher. From 1960 to 1962, he was chairman of the Young Socialists in his country and excelled in the Atlantic Young Political Leaders' Association. From 1963 to 1971, he was deputy, then chief international secretary of the Dutch Labour Party,
From 1968 to 1981 he was an elected member of the Dutch Parliament.
C1 Serious divisions appeared in the ranks of the 63-strong European Democratic (Con- servative) group today, when they held an inquest on the failure of their leader, Sir James Scott-Hopkins, MEP for Hereford and Worcester, to do better than end up a poor third in the presidential contest.
His tactics were criticized on the grounds that his stubborn refusal to withdraw from the contest after the second ballots had prevented an agreement with the Chris- tian Democrats and the Liberals on an alternative candidate who might have blocked the election of Mr Dankert, a socialist, to the post.
Sir John is now under threat of being removed from the position to which Mrs Thatcher appointed him in June, 1979. He is being challenged by four members of his own group.
When nominations closed at midnight for the leader- ship election which takes place in London on February iI, five candidates were in the field: Sir James himself; Sir Henry Plumb, MEP for the Cotswolds; Sir Frederick Catherwood (Cambridge- shire); and Mr John Mark Taylor (East Midlands).";"January 21, 1982";"";61137;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dankert to fight EEC establishment";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, AUG. 6
In the past two days this citv, the seat of the Council of Europe, has filled with the arrival of delegates to the Consultative Assembly, the second session of which opens to-morrow afternoon. The Assembly as composed essentially of indepenoent delegates, for the most part drawn from parliaments, and its importance this year will be enhanced by the presence of 18 delegates from western Germany and four from the Saar. As associate members only, these countries are not represented on the Committee of Ministers; but in the assembly they sit as equals.
Through the institution in April of an ad hoc, or provisional, joint committee of four members of the Committee of Ministers and five of the Assembly, the two bodies have been brought closer together. The cormmunication of a message on policy by the Ministers to the Assembly, accompanying the Ministers' report, and even more the probable appoint- Ment by the Ministers of a spokesman to attend the Assembly debates. at least when decisions of the Ministers are involved, not only makes these relations still closer but implies the Ministers' acceptance. in a ltmited degree, of collective responsibility.
M. SPAAK'S CRITICISM
The Committee of Ministers ""'as frankly taken to task yesterday at a meeting of the joint committee by M. Spaak. in his capacity as chairman of the Assembly for the past year. The Issue was the Ministers' treatment of three proposals of the Assembly's general affairs committee. one of which-on a majority vote -invited Governments to submit to thcir Parliaments for debate recommendations of the Assembly. This was watered down by the Ministers to an expression of their convic- tion "" of the need to inform Parliaments regularly of resolutions of the Assembly whichi might advance European union and progress.
In the view of M. Spaak. the Committee of Ministers was reducing the Assemblv to a role of futility and disregarding European public opinion. He went from there to insist on the need for a gradual abandonment of sovereignty by European nations to the Council of Europ. I'he Committee of Ministers. in a spirit of compromise. may reconsider its decision on these three points when it meets to-morrow.
Western Germany and the Saar are debarred from full membership, which includes Government representation on the Committee of Ministers by the Foreign Ministers or their delegates, by the fact that under the surrender terms they do not administer their own foreign policies.
The 13 full members, however, unanimousiv agreed yesterday to remove this inequality as far as possible. The Committee of Ministers reaffirmed that the two countries would be represented in the Assembly on terms of complete equality, and decided that they shotild be associated with the work of the Committee of Ministers according to the following procedure:-
(a) Communications betueen them and the Committee of Ministers would be done directly through the secretariat. bttt copies would be sent respectively to the High Commissioners and to the French Government: (b) the Com- mittee of Ministers. where appropriate. would invite representatives of western Germany and of the Saar to join in their work in a con- sultative capacity for the examination of speci- fic questions: (c) western Germany and the Saar would be invited to take part in such of the Government working parties as the Committee of Ministers might consider appro- priate; (d) nationals of western Germany and the Saar would be eligible for employment on the staff of the secretariat.
VITAL PRINCIPLE
The Ministers' message to the Assembly reviews with satisfaction not merely thc achievernents of tre Couincil of Europe but those of all inter-European organizations.
Its final paragraphs contain a direct refer- ence to events outside Eurone. "" Serious though the international situation may be to- day,"" the message states. it is nevertheless a good omen that, thanks to the participation in your work of new mcmbers, Europe is ahle to make a greater contribution than befo:e to the cause it seeks to defend. As is stated in the preamble of the statute. our main conecrn is the pursuit of peace based upon jtustice and international cooperation. The Commititee of Ministers, meeting a few weeks after thc viola- tion of international law by Northcl-n Korea. is anxious to restate this vital princinle. The committee suggests that the Assemblv should in its turn express its devotion to the cause of peace by affirming even more categoricaliv. in accordance with a vital provision of the statttte, its complete solidarity with ihe action ot ihe Security Council of the United Nations for the defence of peace-loving peoples against aggression.""
STRASBOURG. Aug. 6.-Mr. Churchill arrived here to-day by air to attend the meet- ings of the Council of Europe. Mr. Bevin and Mr. Fuad Koprulu. the Turkish Foreign Minister, met on Saturday evening for more than an hour at the offices of the British delegation.-Reuter.";"August 7, 1950";"";51763;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Council Of Europe";""
"['D. C.']";"['News']";"Of all the ministers in the Belgian coalition Govein. ment, Mr Renaat Van Els- lande, the Christian Socialist Foreign Minister, has been perhaps the most fervent supporter of the achieve. ments and aims of the-Bene-. lux Economic Union (BEU).
In recent months, though, there have been signs that his enthusiasm has been cooling as the BEU, like the European Economic Com- munity, has found it increas- ingly difficult to move to- wards the scale of economic integration envisaged in the more optimistic early Post- war period. It was against this background that Mr Van Elslande outlined his views on Benelux during an inter- view in Brussels.
He believes that when one looks at the state of Europe today the single, most impor- tant achievement of the Benelux union is to have been ""the precursor and model for European integra- tion on a larger scale "".
""It is clear that in view of the EEC's ambition to attain economic and monetary union by 1980, and even a European political union by the same date, the BEU is destined to be assimilated into this wider concept "", he says.
""But having said this, I consider that Benelux has played a dual role (in Euro- pean integration). First, there are some matters' in which Benelux has moved forward more quickly than the Community. These are
Mr Renaat Van Elslande (Belgium).
areas where different sys- tems and practices in member countries have made. the task of harmoniza- tion particularly difficult. I am thinking particularly of tax harmonization and non- tariff barriers to trade; where unification is only possible.when legislation has been Dharmonized.
""Then there is the ques- tion of payments and move- ments of capital, where the very real integration
achieved by the Benelux Countries has not been upset by recent monetary crises. We hope that in. all these sectors the EEC will catch up with Benelux as soon as possible. In the mean- time we do not want to slow down or stop further progress between the three countries.
""I think the precedent of Benelux has, to some degree, drawn quite a few lessons for European integration "", he says. Two in particular come to his mind.
""As you know the integra-
tion process in Benelux and in the Community has fol- lowed - somewhat different lines. Although Benelux inte- gration began in 1944 its charter came into force only in 1960. During this in- termediate period a series of agreements and conventions was signed progressively as the union developed. It was only at the end of this pro- cess that all the results achieved were codified in the treaty which came into force after the EEC's Treaty of Rome.
""From these two different processes I conclude that there is not necessarily any one single road towards eco- nomic integration. That is not to say that I underesti- mate the constraining and beneficial influence of a text under which the govern- ments concerned pledge themselves to bring about a certain number of objectives within a set time-limit.
""This latter method is the one in force in the EEC, and it certainly paid off in achieving a customs union. I hope it will be equally suc- cessful when it comes to creating an economic and monetary union, as well as the European union agreed by the Paris summit.
""In the second place, the experience of Benelux has also taught us how daunting and complicated a task it is to achieve total economic union, particularly during the stage which leads from a customs union to an eco- nomic union. In this respect, our experience should pre- vent us all from being too pessimistic and discouraged
when difficulties arise along the road to European unification. We have learnt that the further one pro- gresses towards integration, the more difficult it is to overcome the obstacles.
""At the same time, it be- comes all the more necess- ary to give political stimulus to the leaders charged with the task of achieving eco- nomic union. It was this realization* that led us to instigate regular meetings of our heads of governments.""
Mr Van Elslande believes the Benelux Economic Union will continue to exist at least until the EEC has caught up with its achievements. ""For example, as long as the European Community has not brought into force 'its common commercial policy, the- three Benelux countries will have to work together on the basis of the agree- ments which they have con- cluded in the context of their own economic union.""
He points out that the Treaty 'of Rome gives the Community's full approval to the Benelux Economic Union and its achievement on a regional basis.
He also argues that the solidarity which exists be- tween the Benelux countries "" certainly constitutes a pos- itive element for negotia- tions in the wider context of the Nine "". In addition, ""the firm and profound belief in Europe, which is traditional in the Benelux countries, should be of great beneifit to the whole of Europe "".
v1. I";"May 26, 1973";"";58792;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The most important achievement: model for EEC";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Jan 14
There were glimmerings of a possible conmpromise when the foreign ministers of the Nine re- sumed their deadlocked discus- sions today on the establishment of the EEC's regional developo ment fund, already a fortnight overdue.
The possibility emerged of a two-stage fund, concentrating initially on the poorest regions -Britain, Italy and Ireland- but later on extending to all member states.
All the ministers adopted a .much more flexible approach than at the abortive meeting of December 17 and 18.
It was the Luxembourg mini- ster who most clearly suggested the idea of a fund covering all member states after a period of
concentration on the toughest problem regions.
Various other models were also discussed, and it was agreed that their implications should be further studied tomorrow afternoon.
Herr Walter Scheel, the West German Foreign Minister and new president of the Council of Ministers, suggested that the Commission should work out the mathematics of devoting 60 per cent of the fund initially to the three poorest regions and 40 per cent to other areas.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home made several conciliatofy points. He drew a distinction between the size of the commitment for the first two years of the fund and the actual amount which would be spent.
He could envisage, he said,
Continued on page 4 col 5
Herr Walter Scheel, the West German Foreign Minister, greeting Sir Alec Douglas4loaie before the meeting of the foreign ministers of the Nine at EEC headquarters in Brussels.
Sir Alec conciliatory at EEC
Continued from page 1
the actual payments for 1974-75 being lower than the commit- ments entered into for those two years. This might reconcile the views of those who wanted a big fund, and those concerned about the size of payments in the first two years.
He also conceded for the first time that a three-year fur.d of E1,OOOm, as proposed by the Commission, amounted to a ""substantial"" regional fund-a ""substantial"" fund being what Britain has been demanding. Previously, the British have re- garded the Commission's pro- posal as inadequate.
According to British sources, Sir Alec today "" dismissed from the start "" the idea of a fund confined to three member states. But this was before the idea of a progressive broaden. ing of the fund had clearly emerged.
Thc Foreign Secretary did allow the possibi]ity of some tightening up of the Commis- sion's criteria, under which 52 per cent of the area of the Com. munity would be eligible for aid. He emphasized again the political importance of a sub. stantial fund to the United Kingdom.
To those who would be big net contributors at first, he
pointed out that Britain's con. tribution would be rising while theirs declined. Brktain was already one of the chief contri
butors to the Community budget.
British sources indicated that Sir Alec was still making agree- ment on the fund'a precondition for decisions on setting up a Community energy policy. But he was clearly anxious for a policy discussion on President Nixon's invitation to five of the Nine for energy discussions in Washington on February 11, and he felt that such contacts with the United States and Japan were in the interests of everyone in the Community.
Herr Scheel had opened the meeting with a review of out. standing commitments. He laid great emphasis on the impor- tance of progress towards the creation of European union (scheduled for 1980). The strengthening of the Com- munity's institutions, and notably of the budgetary powers of the European Parliament, would play an important part in thist, he said.
isever had it been more neces- sary for the Community to speak with one voice to the outside world.
Mrs Margo MacDonald. Scot- tish National MP for Govan, was in Brussels today to deliver a
letter to the CoupciL This reiterated the SNP's view that no future Scottish Government would feel bound by decisions in which the Scottish people had not Participated, Moreover, the letter said, the rights of the Scots to their own natural re- sources including oil reserves, could not be bargained away in Brussels.
David Cross writes from Brussels: The European Com- mission today asked the foreign ministers of the Nine to approve an energy plan designed- to monitor and conserve the EEC's fuel supplies.
The plan covers trade in petroleum products both inside the Community and with third countries, as well as concerted measures to reduce fuel con- sumption. The measures, if approved, would remain in force until mid-summer.
The Commission suggests that member states should produce fortnightly a list of all exports of crude and refined oil pro. ducts.
In addition, the Commission recommends a number of ways in which consumers should be encouraged to save fuel. They include temperature reduct-ons at 'work and in the home, light- ing restrictions and more use of public transport in prefer- enceK to private vehicles.";"January 15, 1974";"";58988;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC compromise in sight";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-ROME, APRIL 8']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-ROME, APRIL 8
A good deal of importance is attached here to) the news that Signor Nenni, the Socialist Deputy Prime Minister. is expected to be received soon in private audience by the Pope. One of his Socialist colleagues commented today that a precedent might be found in the visit which Mr. Adzhubei, son-in-law of Mr. Khrushchev, paid to Pope John XXIII.
This might be implying a more sensa- tional character for the coming audience than circumstances justify, but there can be no doubt'of its importance in internal Italian affairs. because relations between Church and state are so much in the forefront of the national scene.
The reports coincided with the meeting of the Socialist central committee which is examining the difficulties of the coalition Government in which the Socialists are the leading allies of the Christian Democrats. It has not been easy for. a party which remains technically Marxist to work smoothly with a Roman Catholic party when recent events have tended to sharpen the religious isue, even if neither party is at all anxious to see the old bitterness revived.
Senator Vittorelli, the party's expert on foreign affairs and one of its most balanced ,personalities, said that following the recent controversy on Church and state, the com- ing visit was of ""extreme interest"" because for the first time it would give the leader of a great working class party the chance to talk frankly with the head of the Church about the problems of cooperation between Socialists and Roman Catholics.
CONCORDAT REVISION
The central committee meeting is show- ing that three of the main problems facing the principal partners in the coalition directly or indirectly concern the Vatican.
The first is the question of schools, which includes among other elements the Socialist reluctance, against Christian Democratic prompting, to allow more public money to go to private schools, most of which are in the hands of the Church.
The second is that the Socialists favour revision of the Concordat. This was prob- ably inevitable after the banning under the Concordat of performances in Rome of Herr Hochhuth's play T/he Representative. which attacked Pius Xli's attitude towards Nazi atrocities.
Their point is, however, more general. Signor de Martino, secretary of the party, told the central committee yesterday that the field was extremely delicate, but no one should be surprised if the Socialists, who originally opposed the insertion in the con- stitution of the Lateran pacts, of which the Concordat is one, should now, when faced with acts contrary to the constitutional safe- guards of freedom of thought and expres- sion, be talking of a revision.
It is a proposal more than a demand, which has so far found no sympathy at all in public reactions from the Vatican, and just as little from the Christian Democratic ranks.
A third point is the Socialist proposal that Italian rePresentatives in the European Parliament should be drawn, again as a matter ot- principle, from all parties, with- out exclusions. This in effect would mean that the communists would for the first time be able to take their places. As it happened,
the Pope today received members of a work. ing group of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. He was careful to avoid any strictly political aspects of Euro- pean policy, but. went out of his way to encourage efforts aimed at European union.
It might be recalled that the Pope has been at pains to show an extraordinary warmth towards Signor Nenni. When the socialist leader went to the United States to attend a symposium on Pope John XXIII's famous encyclical Pacem in Ter-is, he re- ceived a personal message of good wishes from the Pope as he was setting out on his journey.
This was something, as Christian Demo- crats were quick to comment, which no minister from their ranks had ever en- ioyed. The gesture came at the height of the controversy. about the banning .f The Representative. The Pope. moreover. is known to be deeply interested in the centre-left experiment based.on the alliance between Socialists and Christian Democrats. He will certainly value the views both on the promise and the difficulties of the present situation from the mellowed old Socialist who has done more than anyone and. probably-suffered more than anyone- because of the split in his party-to bring about the alliance.
NEW SECRETARIAT
Meanwhile the Vatican officially an- nounced to day the establishment of a special scretariat for relations with non- believers. Its first head will be Cardinal Koenig, Archbishop of Vienna. It will deal broadly with atheism in all its forms. with Communism figuring largely in its field.
The intention is to give the new bodv an essentially pastoral character. It takes its place with two other special secretariats at the Vatican concerned with non-Catholics: the others are Cardinal Bea's secretariat for Christian unity and Cardinal Marella's secretariat for non-Christian religions.";"April 9, 1965";"";56292;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signor Nenni Expected To Have Audience Of The Pope";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-BoNN, DEC. 20
Britain today told the six countries of the European Economic Community that she fully accepted the Treaty of Rome, with only the minor adjustments accorded to all new members, and that British commitments to the basic rules of the Community would be no different from the commitments of the six mem- bers themselves.
Mr. George Thomson, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, representing the British Government at the ministerial council of the Western European Union, which ended here today, said that Britain would play a part second to no Other country in shaping the policies and destinies of "" our continent "".
One after the other, the German, Italian, Dutch, and Belgian delegates, and the representatives of the Common Market commission in Brussels, rose from their seats to welcome this state- ment, probably the most positive yet made by Britain on the issue.
Only the French delegate, M. Jean de Broglie, remained seated and silent, echo- ing, it can be assumed, his master's silence m the Mlysde palace.
There was a smaller silence from Luxem- bourg, probably for no other reason than that there is a Government crisis there Luxembourg has steadily supported Britain's entry.
Delegates impressed
The French have always maintained that the W.E.U. is not the place to discuss impor- tant matters such as British membership of the Commnon Market, and in this instance they also argued that it would be absurd for M. de Broglie to have made a speech on the subject so soon before Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown are due to see General de Gaulle in Paris on January 24.
During the second day of the meeting, which was devoted mainly to discussion of Britain's relations with the Six, Mr. Thom- son's emphatic acceptance of the Treaty of Rome. and his categoric statement that Britain had no intention of attempting any alteration in the fundamental nature of the Community, seems to have impressed all the delegates but the French.
Mr. Thomson drew attention to the special importance of the forthcoming round of visits to European capitals to be made by Mr. Wilson, the Prime Minister, and Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary, in January and February. On the result of these talks, and in particular their recep- tion in Paris, would depend the British Government's decision on whether to reac-
tivate the negotiations that were broken off in 1963.
Mr. Thomson said Britain was entering on thls round of preliminary soundings in the European capitals with determination and hope; but the outcome of them did not depend on Britain alone. He was obvi- ously thinking of the negative attitude of President de Gaulle.
In an interesting passage, Mr. Thomson suggested that the coming discussions might touch on areas of policy outside the scope, as he put it, of the Treaty of Rome. The British view was that the European com- munities were based on something deeper than merely economic and social founda- tions, important though these were. Britain had a unique contribution to make to Europe, he affirmed, especially in the peace- ful application of nuclear energy.
Previously Mr. Thomson had spoken at some length on the state of the British economy. The drastic measures adopted by the Government in July this year had been successful, he said. The reserves had in- creased'by £43m. in October and November to a figure of £1,172m. Inflationary pres- sure had eased, and exports were up, though there had been a sharp and widespread rise in unemployment
Cautious optimism
He was cautiously optimistic in his fore- cast for 1967. Present retreinchment would have to continue until the balance of pay- ments was righted.
Mr. Lahr, State Secretary in the German Foreign Minmstry, rose to welcome Mr. Thomson's account of improvement in the British economy, which, he said, would facilitate British entry into Europe.
T'he friendly German attitude to British membership, which contrasts strikingly with' that of the French, has already been expressed by Herr Brandt, the Foriegn Minister, who told the W.E.U. assembly in Paris last week that he hoped to "" put the Franco-German treaty of friendship "", as he phrased it, "" at the service "" of Britain's application.
Dr. Kiesinger, the German Chancellor, is to meet President de Gaulle in Paris on January 13 and 14. He wiU do what he can for Britain, but he can hardly be ex- pected to bruise his head against the flinty rock of the P-lys6e.
The agreement reached last week between France and Germany on the stationing of French troops in Germany will be promulgated tomorrow morning by an exchange of letters in Bonn, it was announced today. The agreement states that about 60,000 French troops will remain on German soil only for as long as west Germany wishes them to do so. The German and French flags will fy together over the barracks.";"December 21, 1966";"";56820;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain ready for vital role in Europe";""
"";"['News']";"Agricultural affairs and the Mediter- ranean policy will be prominent in Community business this month. The ministers of agriculture will meet on two occasions, on February 16 and 17 and then on February 23 and 24, to agree on farm prices for the conming year.
As on previous occasions, this will be no simple exercise: for different reasons, the member states are far from satisfied with the Commission's proposals. Their negotiations will not be made easier by the increas- ingly acrimonious wine dispute between France and Italy, which is closely bound up with farm prices and shows no sign of solution. It is confronting the EEC with a threat of internecine trade war which it cannot afford to ignore.
It is clear that the continuing crisis in several member states, which was reflected towards the end of Januarv by the weaker showing on foreign exchange markets of the franc and the lira in particular, is not conducive to a settlement betveen-France and Italy. With the prevailing tension, one cannot dis- count the possibility of the Com- munity having to cope with fresh incidents posing varyingly serious threats to the cohesion of the customs union.
It is in this condition, weakened by the persistence of the crisis, that the Community will soon have to make clear its intentions about future relations with its Mediter. ranean neighbours. So far at least, the threats to its prosperity have not had the effect of freezing it into inaction: cooperation agreements with the three Maghreb countries have been. concluded after two years of tough negotiations and will be signed by late February or early March, while talks are about to begin on making similar arrange- mnents with the Machrek countries -Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
A less simple matter before the Nine is the need to give an early indication whether they are pre- pared to consider accession by Greece and Spain in the fairly near futnre. Greece has pult forward its application and the foreign minis- ters this month will begin their examination of the Commisszon's opinion of the difficulties involved.
The prospect of very close rela- tions w ith Spain, a country which bears comparison with the present member states in terms of agricul- tur-dl and industrial potential, raises political and economic issues of a very different order. Assuming ihe
new regime in Madrid establishes institutions compatible with the democratic tradiuons which the EEC countries value, it remains to be seen when and under what con- ditions the Nine will be able to absorb such a giant.
It is a confident prediction that Spain's membership would cause serious disrupdeit to th.te agricul- ta,ral common market, which is already so precariously balanced, pasticularly as regards produce froon the southern regions. By the date of the next meeting, February 9, the foreign minisers of the Nine will have a clearer idea of the Madrid Governmenets intentions; it wnll then fall to them to indicate how they intend to respond.
The four commissions set up by the c6nference on economic cooperation start work on February 11 and the Nine will need to add some substance to their sadly rudi- mentary position on the s-bject, that is if they view united Europe in any more than a passive role in this north-south dialogue. Finally, the foreign ministers will be beginning to make preparations for the European Council to be held on Anril 1 and 2 in Luxembourg, studying the proposals contained in the Tird-mnans report and seek- ing to establish clear procedures for d *rect elections to the European Parliament.
Lokin.s back
January 7. The Tindemans report
on European union is made public. The Belgian Prime Minister's
proposals include a recommendation that the member states whose economic circumstances are
sufficiently stable should press
ahead with the process of economic and monetary integration without waiting for those lagging behind,
namely Britain, Italy and the Irish Republic, thus giving official
sanction to the idea of differential progress towards union.
January. 8 and 9. Conclusion of the negotiations over the signing of a
cooperation agreement between the Community and Morocco and Tunisia.
January 15. The Commission
proposes a minimum safeguard
price of $7 a barrel for imported oil to ensure the profitabilitv of
capital expenditure on developing alternative energy resources.
January 17. Conclusion of the
negotiat;ons over the signing of a
cooperation agreement between the Community and Algeria.
Janm-irv 19 and 20. Renewed
hostilities in the wine war between France and Italv, which is the subject of fruitless discussions
between the ministers of agriculture, January 20. The foreign ministers
tmove cautiotliv towards restumption of trade negotiatjons.wjithiS.pain.
Modern methods on a farm near Rome. But the ministers of agriculture will face problems almost equal to whether the chicken or egg came first.";"February 3, 1976";"";59618;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Wine war adds to pricing complexities";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
SAARBRUCKEN, DEC. 19
There was bright sunshine here to-day after the damp, grey weather that accompanied the final stages of the Saar election campaign. The change was appropriate, fo;, with all the surprises contained in the full preliminary results, the voting of a new Diet has clarified political opinion among the Saarlanders. Both Paris and Bonn will need to take this fresh element carefully into con- sideration when the status of the Saar is again under negotiation.
The poll-over 90 per cent.-was heavier than had been expected. The final state of parties, as ,announced this morning, is as follows:-
Three small parties failed to achieve the 5 per cent. of the total votes necessary for representation in the Diet.
"" PRIMUS INTER PARES""
Most of the confusion at the result was caused by the Christian Democrats' failure to carry ofl the resouading victory expected of them. The territory is largely Roman Catholic, with powerful affinities loosely called "" pro-German'"" Nothing looked clearer than a triumph for the party that appeared to possess qualities attracting both kinds of sentiment. The Federal German Chancellor himself publicly expressed the wish that the Christian Democrats should be the rallying point for all Christian forces in the Saar. Instead, the Saarlanders refused to do more than make the party primnus inter pares.
Almost equal support went to the older .-Christian People's Party of Herr Hoffmann, which the Christian Democrats had claimed to be discredited, and to the far more radical democratic party of Dr. Schneider. The Social Democrats did not achieve what was forecast for them, in spite of the persistence of Herr Conrad, the chairman, in asserting their claim to be the local wing of a great west German party.
BLATANT NATIONALISM
Dr. Schneider's Democratic Party did alarmningly well. Considering that it had none of the organized bodies of opinion to which the other two pro-German parties could turn for backing, it must have profited from the formidable personality of its leader. Dr. Schneider's technique and his own past history have given rise to fears of a dangerous resurgence of the Nazi spirit. The endorsement he received from a number of working-class districts enhances the comparison.
He may have ambitions to enter west Ger- man politics, but his blatant nationalism is of a kind- not overtly expressed in any serious wtay in Bonn. His attraction to the voters is probably the truculent line he takes towards the French, and his repeated warn- ings that the Saar Government must be a full partner in the next negotiations on the future status of the Saar. He is in no mood to leave this to Bonn. It is a paradox that the voters found their "" pro-German "" cham- pion in a man who is not representative of the Germany they intend to join.
: Dr; Schneider is reported to covet- the post of Minister of Economics in the Saar admini- stration. No moves have yet been made to form a Government. Talks between the
leaders of the pro-German parties are begin- ning to-morrow, and a new adiministration is expected to be presented to the Diet in the first week of January. When it is installed in office, the mandate of the commission of Western European Union, which has been supervising the electioneering, will expire.
There are signs of support for a coalition led by Herr Welsch, the present Chief Minister, who is not a party man. Attention is discreetly drawn to the fact that he would be an admirable choice for the difficult negotiations with the French and Federal German Governments on the economic and political future of the Saar. This view is heard so often that it leaves an impression of reluctance among the party leaders to risk their own standing by concluding an agree- ment that may well be unpopular.
THE ECONOMIC TIE
French acquiescence in the eventual poli- tical return of the Saar to Germany is thought here to be certain; but hard bargain- ing on the economic side is sure to come. No detailed ideas about the form of the final settlement have been put forward. The Saar constitution would have to be changed to allow the territory to become a part of the Federal Republic. A three-quarters majority of the Diet is required to sanction such a change. Although the pro-German parties do not possess such a voting strength, they could rely on the Christian People's Party to join them in this technicality.
There is equal obscurity over the exact nature of the likely connexion with the Federal Republic. The Saar could hardly become a Land if it were to remain economic- ally tied to France. Suggestions are heard of a status similar to that of Berlin. Repre- sentatives of west Berlin sit in both Houses of the Federal Parliament, though they do not have the right to vote on substantive business.";"December 20, 1955";"";53408;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coalition Necessary In The Saar";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, FEB. 3
It may be assumed that Mr. Sandys and his advisers have returned to London from their Washington talks with a mixed bag of firm proposals and American misgivings in the whole field of British militarv planning; but the positive yield of ihe week's exchanges probably exceeds expectations.
There is always far more below the surface than is immediately apparent in official announcements on such topics, and yesterday's statement that the two Defence Ministers had "" explored "" the adoption by Britain of "" certain American weapons "" warrants the assumption that an agreement is in sight for the provision of American guided missiles.
FIRST CALL
Mr. Sandys has let it be known that he was ""greatly encouraged"" by the frank, cordial atmosphere of the Pentagon discus- sions; but, looking back, the most signifi- cant gesture toward the Anglo-American alliance may have been made by President Eisenhower on Friday when be invited Mr. Sandys to call on him for a Private discus- sion. They are old friends from the war. and their half-hour of conversation will hardly bave omitted a reference to Mr. Macmillan's prospective visit to Washing- ton. which now seems to be merely a matter for final agreement.
The fact that the President himself sug- gested this informal talk is sufficiently indicative of a renewal of warmth and con- fidence after the strained atmosphere of the Suez crisis: Mr. Sandys is the first British Minister to call at the White House since then-and it will be recalled that the President has been none too eager to receive either Sir Anthony Eden or Mr. Selwyn Lloyd.
MR. DULLES'S FRANKNESS Happily, the worst grievances are being forgotten, though they could undoubtedly bc inflamed again by lagging oil deliveries. or the American attitude towards Colonel Nasser. The air of reconciliation was fully sustained by Mr. Dulles. who talked freely and frankly with Mr. Sandys and the British Ambassador. Sir Harold Caccia. It is a long time since his exchanges with British envoys have been so open.
In the military talks ihe Americans were chiefly concerned at the widely reported intention of the British Government to effect substantial reductions in the armed services. and the presumption, not without misgiving, has been that the burden of such reductions wonld fall on the Britirh krmv of he Rhine.
Mr. Sandys and his experts have obvi- ously discussed the broad implications of any such intention, but speculation has run a little too freely in suggesting that they came to Washington with a detailed programme of defence cuts in mind. It seems that within the fortnight or so that Mr. Sandys
has been in office no definite conclusions have been reached, and Washington would hardly be the place for their disclosure.
In the absence of specific plans no secret has been made during the Washington con- versations of the trend of British military thinking along the lines of a reduction of man-power with a compensatory increase of fire-power; and the Pentagon has been informed in general terms of plans being developed to make some reduction in the strength of British forces serving in Europe.
RELATED STATEMENTS
But there has certainly been no qucstion of dissipating them to a point that might lead the United States to think of with- drawing from N.A.T.O. Some conflict of British and American opinion in these matters is apparent in two related state- ments in yesterday's official announcement -that the two Ministers had agreed that priority must be given to maintaining effec- tive military capacity, nuclear and conven- tional, in a high state of readiness; and that they also recognized that ' financial and economic stability is an essential founda- tion of military strength and that due account must be taken of this.
The reference to the provision of American guided weapons is guarded. but in the absence of positive intentions it would certainly not have been included in the announcement.
After Mr. Sandys's departure Sir Harold Caccia and M. Alphand, the French Ambassador, were invited to the State Department to discuss matters affecting the North Atlantic alliance.
It is disclosed that military instructors are coming to America from all the N.A.T.O. countries for training in the use of guided weapons. Some 15 officials of the Pentagon nave already left for Paris to supervise the programme, and it is esti- mated that about 100 instructors will have come to the United States by the spring for an eight months' course.
CONSULTATIONS WITH
S. Feb.FRANCE
P.Is. Feb. 3.-A spokesman of the Defence Ministry here said that Mr. Sandys will soon meet the French Defence Minister. M. Bourges-Maunoury, to discuss modemization of the two countries' armed forces. The date and place have not yet been fixed, but the spokesman said the talks would take Place before the meeting of the council of Western European Union, pro- posed by Britain.-Reuter.";"February 4, 1957";"";53756;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Evidence Of Renewed Warmth And Confidence";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"I FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPT. 14
Dr. Adenauer outlined the results of the German-Soviet talks in a statement to the Press in Moscow to-day before he left for Bonn. The text has been released here.
The Chancellor explained that the agree- ment to establish diplomatic relations was contained in two letters, of similar text, ex- changed between himself and Marshal Bulganin. Dr. Adenauer's letter to Marshal Bulganin contained the reservation that th, step must be approved by the Federal Cabi- net and the Bundestag. Marshal Bulganin, for his part. had -made a reservation that it required the approval of the Supreme Soviet. Dr. Adenauer said he proposed on his re- turn to inform the Cabinet and the political leaders-of what had passed.
Dr. Adenauer went on to read the text of a second document, a letter from him to Marshal Bulganin which, he said, was then being delivered. - It reserves certain rights,"" said the Chancellor, "" which we have, and which we cannot renounce. We were obliged in taking up diplomatic rela- tions to give expression to the fact that now, as before, we claim these rights for ourselves.""
The material part of this letter reads: ""The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Government of the Federal Republic of Gerrnany and the Government of the U.S.S.R. constitutes no recognition of the existing territorial situatioa on both sides. The final definition of the frontiers of Germany remains reserved to the peace treaty.
NATIONAL AIM
""The establishment of diplomatic rela- tions with' the Government of the Soviet Union implies no change in the juridical position of the Federal Government, in rela- tion to its right to represent the German nation in international affairs and in regard to the political conditions in those German regions which lie at present outside its effec- tive sphere of sovereignty.""
Dr. Adenauer went on to point out that the exchange of letters gave expression on each side to the hope of promoting the natioial aim of the German people: "" the re-establishment of its homeland.""
""From the side of the Soviet Union it was declared in the course of the debate that the four -Powers-that is, Russia in- cluded-had the obligation to bring about the restoration of German unity. That forms as we hope, a good basis for the negotiations at Geneva. The three western Powers take the same view, that the restoration of Ger- mnan unity is an obligation of the four victorious Powers, which they took over upon the occupation of Germany and when they assumed full power of government in tGermany.
"" I want to declare the following very emphatically,"" continued the Chancellor: "" between the Soviet Union and ourselves no secret agreements of any kind, and no understandings of any kind, have been arrived at. Nor was any suggestion made to us during the negotiations that we should turn from our western treaty obligations, the Western European Union and N.A.T.O. Nothing has changed in them. But I empha- size expressly that it was also not asked of us. I believe it is necessary to stress that and to say it very emphatically.""
FACTOR OF INSECURITY
The establishment of diplomatic relations would end a state of affairs which had been a marked factor of insecurity in the Euro- pean situation.
Dr. Adenauer then -turned to ""a very rmportant and welcome result "" of the talks. Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev had stated decisively in the-negotiations that the Soviet Union had no more German prisoners of war, but only 9,626 convicted persons-"" as they put it, war crimninals."" In patt, these would be granted amnesty by the Soviet Union and returned to Germany in freedom, and the others, in so far as the Soviet Government believed that they had committed really grave crimes, would be handed over to the authorities of the Federal Republic, so that the Federal Government could deal with them accord- ing to German law. "" [ believe that very much suffering and very much misery and pain will thereby be alleviated not only for the 10,000 persons here in the Soviet Union but also for their numerous dependents at home. Mr. Bulganin told me last night, and has authorized me to tell you, that already, before we arrive in Bonn, this operation will be set in motion.""
-SOLEMN PROMISE
The Chancellor went on to say that the German delegation held that a fairly large number of Germans still remained in the Soviet Union, who were not allowed to leave Soviet territory. These were not only ex- soldiers, but persons of many kinds. Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev had declared that they knew nothing of such persons. ""They have, however, said: 'If you are in a position to give us lists of them. we promise you '-and they have declared this in very solemn form-' that we will investigate the matter and that we will deal with these Germans in the same way as with the prisoners of war.'""";"September 15, 1955";"";53326;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer On Moscow Talks";""
"['From Gretel Spitzer']";"['News']";"From Gretel SDitzer
Bonn, June 15
Generally speaking, members of the Bundestag, the West Gerrman Parliament, no longer grumble about their pay. It has been raised to a level that permits a citizen without means of his own to em- bark upon a parliaamentary career. Members of eight years' standing or more are guaranteed a pension. Besides, their pay and other incre- ments should allow members to put something by for their old age and families.
| Under the latest pay reform, a meTnber of the Bundestag should not fare worse than an under-secre- tary of state. Nevertheless to be- come an MP in Germany still calls for a certain spirit of sacrifice, for qualified people could well carn more in business or industry.
Each member is paid DM5,870 (£690) a month. Of this DM2,770 (about £330) is his salary proper. The remaining DM3,100 consists of attendance pay, expenses and travelling allowances.
He can get reimbursed up to DM1,800 (about f200) for employ- ing an "" academic help "", provided the president of the Bundestag approves; usually, several mem- Ibers pool and employ some quali- 'fied person. The interpretation of "" academic help "" is wide and ex- tends, to virtually any assistance deemed essential.
He gets a free first-class ticket for the federal railways and, when travelling on duty, a first-class sleeper. He has a free ticket for all Lufthansa flights insidc Wcst Germany. He may even charter an aircraft if necessary and will be reimbursed at the rate of DMI a kilometre or the cost of the Luft-
hansa ticket. Visits on duty to foreign countries are also paid for.
According to one party Whip, some members are able to take home between DM2,500 and DM2,500 (about £3004£350) at the end of every month Exaot:y how much depends on tnany factors- the nature of the member's con- stituency, its distance from Bonn, how much he pays for a roorn or flat in Bonn, what kind of car he drives and wshich party he beongs to.
Cthnstian Democrats pay little to their parliamentary group-only about DM30 a month, with a con- tnibtstion of D:M10 for the new jiarty headquasters. Of course, they oan mzake mruch hligsher con- bri,butions df they so desire.
A Soeial Demnocrat memnber has to pay considerably more-20 per cent of his salary proper, or about £66. A Free Democrat memrber must pay about £9.
In addition t3he party oTganiza- tion of the Layid also makes its demands, and so do the district organization and the local branch. One Christian Democrat says he spends roughly £50 a month on these levies.
A Social-Democrat Member says he contributes about £40 a month to Land and district and, he adds with a heavy sigh, another £12 to a special election fund which, in some. mwsterious way, tee Ms to have bcome a permanent institu- tion.
All members are expected to join clubs or associations. The membership fees require close to £10 a month in some oases, in others t%ice or three times as
If a Member is absent without authority on session days DMI00 a
day is deducted from his pay. Even when his absence is authorized he loses DM70 a day.
It is left to the Member to decide how much to spend from his own pocket on his election campaign'. One candidate may spend £350, another over £1,000.
Rather more than 10 per cent ot Members are political professionals, but most have to give up their pro- fessions once they are elected, as the calls on their time are too press- ing to allow them to do muoh out- side the House. During session weeks a Member's working day begins about 8 am and lasts until about 9 pm.
Many work in one of the 19 com- mittees. Thirty-six are members of the European Parliament in Stras- bourg; 36 are Members of the Western European Union; 36 are Members of the advisory assembly of the European Council.
Since Whitsun, afternoon sessions have been eliminated in all 22 weeks of the Bundestag's work- ing year. The experiment is aimed at avoiding empty benches and reducing the stress on overworked Members.
In another way life has become easier for them since the opening of the lange Eugen, their now 30-storey office building, nicknamed after the previous President of the House. We don't have to sit on each other's laps any more,"", one Member said.
And how much does the Bunde.s- tag cost the citizen each year? The Press Office of the West German Parliament gives the figure of DMI.91 (about 22p) per head of population. An American citizen, it states, pays about three times as much and a Frenchman about double.
Tomorrow: France";"June 16, 1971";"";58200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How Europe treats its MPs: West Germans do not fare worse than under-secretaries";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, JULY 25
Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Secre- tary, told the Nato Council today that Britain would be forced to reduce her forces stationed abroad if her foreign exchange problems arising from them could not be met. It was the first time the issue had been put to the council, and it came, in the words of one of the other Ministers present, as "" a shock but not a surprise"".
Mr. Healey apparently emphasized that this would happen only if no assist- ance to Britain were available. She did not want it to happen, and it need not happen, but if the worst came to the worst, she would consult her allies and make the reductions in such a way as to cause least harm to the alliance.
He made tit clear that the problem at this stage was one between Britain and west Germany: there W'as no question of reducing British forces outside Europe. If it could not be solved bilaterally, however, it ,would become a Nato issue. The necessary procedures laid down in the North Atlantic Treaty and in the Western European Union would -be followed.
Heavy exchange burden
Steps to make the cuts would be planned immediately, said Mr. Healey, and the British Government would not be prepared to wait indefinitely.
iMlr. Healey, in his tough statement of Britain's position, is understood to have emphasized that Britain was making a bigger military contribution to the alliance than any of her European partners, and that the burden on her balance of payments was heavier because a larger proportion of her troops was stationed abroad.
The foreign exchange cost to the British Treasury was £300m. West Germany, on the other hand, had a net foreign exchange gain of some $1,000m. (£357m.) through the stationing of allied forces on her soil. All Britain was asking was that the money she spent which weakened her balance of payments should be repaid in some form or other.
Sympathy from U.S.
PMr. Healey added that the existing Nato forces were barely adequate to carry out the tasks with which they were entrusted. He did not believe the other members of the alliance would want a situation to arise in which Britain was forced to reduce her commitments.
The statement of the British case met with considerable sympathy from all the other Ministers present, especially Mr. MeNamara, the United States Defence Sec- retary, who felt that Europe was the area where it made most sense to try to solve the problem, though Herr von Hassel pointed out that west Germany, too, had her difficulties.
The 15 Defence Ministers, including M. Messmer, the French representative, adopted a resolution today instructing mnilitary commanders to revise force plans
in the light of the forces actually available, instead of, as ihitherto, basing them on theoretical requirements -which were in fact never met, It was the culmination of two Years of effort to inject some sense into Nato planning, as one expert put it.
'Rolling programme '
The Ministers also adopted, as was anti- cipated, a five-year ' rolling programme"" involving a revision of plans each year on the basis of what had actually been accom- plished in the preceding period, a method already used by the British Government.
None of them apparently raised the question of revising Nato strategy in theory, but adapting military requirements to availability inevitably involved such a revision.
Mlr. McNamara, in this connexion, emphasized in a somewhat stern speech to the council that the United States forces in the alliance were in fact ready to carry out the duties assigned to them. This was not the case with those of several other member countries. A number of units assigned to Nato were inadequately trained, inadequately equipped, and under strength.
The threat to Europe from .the east was permanent and real, he said. The United States was not contemplating a reduction of its forces, but it was possible that these might not be maintained at 100 per cent of their present levels.
Threat to the alliance
Mr. Healey endorsed Mr. McNamara's statement in general. American willingness to use its strategic nuclear forces in the defence of Europe was the core of Nato, he said. In future the threat to the alliance lay in low level attacks which could escalate. There was a continued need, therefore, for readiess at all levels if the Nato deterrent was to remain credible.
Credibility depended on political solidarity which in turn depended on equality of sacrifice and a fair sharing of the burdens involved, said the British Minister in his summing up.
Mr. Healey will take up the balance of payments issue again tomorrow at a luncheon to which he has invited Herr voh Hassell. Informed observers point out that it is not yet certain that Britain will have to invoke the procedures required for a reduction of her forces in Germany. The Federal Government is expected to reply in about a fortnight to the demands put to it by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Bonnd last week.";"July 26, 1966";"";56693;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain will cut forces in Germany unless aided";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"BRITAIN SEEKS EARLY EXCHANGES ON TRADE DIVISIONS
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Mr. lain Macleod, the Coloniat Secretary, gave the principal address- on relations between the states of Europe and Africa-on the second day of the Western European Union Assem- bly's meeting at Church House, West- nminster, yesterday. He welcomed the report of the French delegate, M. Arthur Conte, the present president of the assembly, which seeks to overcome the present pattern whereby the greater part of Europe and tropical Africa are each divided into two groups. The report suggests "".equivalent facilities"" for imports from Commonwealth coun- tries and from associated overseas terri- tories in both the United Kingdom and the European Economic Community of the Six.
Mr. Macleod said that he sympathized with the recommendation in the report proposing a governmental conference soon among the United Kingdom. the E.E.C., and as many African states as possible, but he doubted whether the stage had been reached at which a for- mal meeting of this kind could be truitfuL
INFORMAL TALKS
He referred to discussions between the E.E.C. countries on this subject which will take place in Strasbourg in June and said that a useful first step before any conclusions were reached would be to have an informal exchange of views between the British Government and the Governments of the Six, in which the United States Government would also, no doubt, take part.
Mr. Macleod had begun by saying that, in recognizing the need for cooperation in Europe, the European countries ran some risks in the world, since others might see this process of drawing Europe together as a defensive reaction by the European countries.
Mr. Macleod said; -
""Without explaining our real motives we
may alienate sympathies outside Europa -including sympathies of those who share the same heritage of civilization with us-sympathies which it is essential to retain if our real obiects are to be reached.
""We want to help the countries of Africa
to draw on the best that the European civilization has to offer. We hope that they will apply systems of government under which the individual has an opportunity for self-fulfilment.""
TECHNICAL AID
This necessitated an economic stan- dard on which cultural development could be built. The countries of E.E.C. had established a fund to assist those African countries which had special ties with them, and Mr. Macleod declared that the United Kingdom also devoted a great deal of money and effort to economic and technical aid in Africa. In addition, he said, Africa needed trade. This had been reflected in special mar- kceting arrangements for African exports, in part created through the desire of responsible metropolitan countries to provide protected markets for the pro- ducts of their dependencies and to reduce the effects of the vast and unfore- seeable fluctuations in commodity prices.
Mr. Macleod went on to speak of the present pattern whereby the greater part of Europe and tropical Africa were each divided into two groups with separate trading links running north and south, which was ""an unsatisfactory situa- tion "". The British Government, he said, hoped for an early exchange of views on this subject with the governments of E.E.C.
Mr. Macleod also spoke of the serious problem of encouraging private invest- ment in Africa. He said that the British private investment had averaged £150m. a year in recent years, which suggested that an investment guarantee pro-
gramme was less needed in the United Kingdom than it might be in other countries with less experience of invest- ment overseas.
WORK FOR EXPERTS
Referring to ""the immense need of Africa for technical aid as well as finan- cial help"", Mr. Macleod said that he fully agreed with M. Conte's report in advocating the need of the African countries for experts not only to advise, but also to work within their govern- ment structure.
Speaking of the advantage of policies which cut across the differences between the races and continents. Mr. Macleod said: "" If I may look at it for a moment from the standpoint of my own duties. I see mv task as one of bringing countries at present dependent to a state of demo- cratic. economically viable independ- ence, as free and equal members of the Commonwealth and of the United Nations. I say 'of the Commonwealth' with special emphasis. Membership does not exist to separate us from other countries.""
In spite of the distinctly cold water which Mr. Macleod had poured upon the idea of a conference of European and African states. the W.E.U. Assembly later passed unanimously the proposal for a conference as a recommendation to the W.E.U. Governments. They then considered the report prepared by Mr. Mathew, Conservative M.P. for Honiton. on ways in which British adherence to the E.E.C. could be achieved.
There are differences of opinion among the British Conservative repre- sentatives at the conference about the degree to which the position of Com- monwealth countries must be protected. The report is likely to be accepted with amendments, but the British Conserva- tive members are expected to vote both for and against it.";"May 31, 1961";"";55095;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Calls For Conference Of African And European States";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Two important developments took place in London yesterday, affecting the future armament of German forces. In the morning the Council of Western European Union announced the lifting of certain Testrictions upon German naval building and arms production.
This coincided almost exactly with the arrival of Herr Strauss, the west German Defence Minister, for talks in the afternoon with Mr. Watkinson, the British Defence Minister, on German purchases of British weapons and joint development of a vertical take-off and landing fighter aircraft. In particular there appears to be a firm prospect of substantial orders of British 105mm. tank guns for the German standard tank.
British representatives were claiming last night that an order for the first 200 of these, together with other immediate orders, would be worth about £20m.- which would go some way to ease the strain upon the British balance of pay- ments, caused by the maintenance of some 50,000 troops in Germany which at present costs about f65m. a year.
PAST DISAPPOINTMENTS
Military experts were inclined to defer judgment, until the orders in prospect were concluded. There have been many disappointments in the past, and it is pointed out that only a few years ago it was hoped that Germany would purchase a standard British tank and not merely a tank gun.
At the end of the talks. in which Mr. Thorneycroft, the Minister of Aviation, also took part, a communique stated: Herr Strauss confirmed the firm intention
to take the British 105mm. tank gun for the German Standard Tank. An order for the first 200 guns and ammunition would be signed very shortly' another 300 guns would be contracted for later and would probably be folowed by a further 2.000 to match Germany's evenitual need for tanks. Herr Strauss also confirmed that the contract for 50 Seacat missiles was about to be completed and that it was the intention of his Government to buy two prototypes of the British mortar spotting radar Green Archer.
Direct orders for the Bristol Orpheus engine
are being increased and substantial orders for Rolls-Royce Tyne engines are in pros- pect for the "" Transall "" transport aircraft. which is under joint Franco-German development
The Ministers decided to conclude an early
agreement for the joint development of a V.T.O.L. light-weight strike fighter air- craft on the basis of the Hawker P.1127 and also agreed to develop jointly, in association with France. the Rolls-Royce R.B. 162 engine.
The statement added that technical and industrial teams would meet in the near future "" to carry on this work "".
Clearly if the first order for 200 tank guns is foliowed by both the 300 promised, and the further 2,000 probably to be taken, the British payments position would be substantially eased for some years ahead, and presumably the need to reduce B.A.O.R. from 55,000 or 50,000 to about 45,000 would be corres- pondingly lessened.
It was noted with disappointment yes-
terday that no mention is mad. of the, British ground-to-ground tactical mis- sile, Blue Water. Evidently the Germans will take its American counterpart, the Sergeant.
BLUE STREAK'S FUTURE
It is not clear fro mthe communiqu6 whether German participation in a European space programme and thereby the future of Blue Streak was also discussed, but the presence of Mr. Thorneycroft at the talks may be some indication that it was. Mr. Watkinson is in any event having a further private talk with Herr Strauss before Herr Strauss leaves London this morning. A German decision for or against contributing the £60m. which would be the German share of develop- ment has been expected at about the end of this month. So far the omenS have been favourable. Mr. Townley, the Australian Minister of Defence, is also visiting London at present. Although Mr. Hulme, the Australian Minister of Supply, is more directly concerned for the development of Blue Streak at the Woomera range as a first- stage launcher for a space satellite, Mr. Townley is closely concerned in the future of the range, and is believed to act at times abroad as special representative for Mr. Menzies, the Prime Minister.
The W.E.U. announcement of yester- day morning will enable Germany to build eight destroyers and an unspeci-
fled number of auxillary vessels of up to 6,000 tons each. This raises the previous limit of 3,000 tons. Approval has also been given for the production in Germany of influence mines.
These amendments to the restrictions, accepted by Germany under the revised Brussels Treaty in 1955, wiU enable Ger- many to build vessels with a platform for ship-to-air and ship-to-ship guided missiles, which is agreed on the recom- mendation of General Norstad, the Supreme Allied Commander, and as a brief communiqu6 stated, the amend- ments are in line with technical develop. ments and "" make it possible for German naval forces to carry out the defensive missions assigned to theni by the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion "".
This had long been expected. British approval of the German request was given, it is understood, some weeks ago.";"May 25, 1961";"";55090;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany To Build Bigger Warships";""
"['FROM A SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM A SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
"" REAT progress, down-to-
earthiness, and a lot of solid work emerging in a more prac- tical way than ever before."" This verdict of British participators in the recent biennial general assembly in Rome of the European Union of Women lit with its own emphasis the 'theme to which the assembly was dedicated. ""Educa- tionat Develqpment of the European Idea.""
The meetings brought together about 150 women active in the Right and Centre political parties of the Union's member countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, west Germany, Italy. LuLxembourg, the Netherlands. Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Founded eight years ago with the aim of encouraging closer cooperation between European political organizations of similar outlook, and the wider education of women in European affairs, the Union, through its national sections, promotes the study and sharing of ideas on questions of political and social reform. This, its supporters feel strongly and not unreasonably, can afford a direct contribution to international understand- ing as a result of the contacts established.
Now seven years old, the British section alTeady has a mem-bersbihp of more than 500. Miss Alison Tennant, London County Councillor and chairman of the section. headed the delegation from this coun-
try, among them two members of Parliament, Mrs. T. A. Emmet and Mrs. Patricia McLaughlin, a United Kingdom delegate to the Council of Europe, and chairman of the council's sub-committee on public health, also Mrs. Unity Lister, deputy chajirman of the L.C.C., who succeeded Miss Tennant as vice-chairman of the Union.
Subjects of study by commissions linked thFroughout the member countries covered wide ground, and resolutions passed in Rome dealt with a mass of material touch- ing on foreign and economic affairs. local government, social problems, education, and the press, television and radio. Feminine focus on Europe obviously com- bined practicality with vigour in what a British delegate described as ""a groping and a throwing-in of ideas. We were not trying to arrange the whole world, but to see what we wore doing and what we could do in our own particular parts of it.""
TO HELP THE YOUNG
The assembly called for greater atten- tion at national levels to the education of responsible women in foreign affairs, and to the encouragement of all women to fol- low these more closely. Governments were to be requested to enoourage international schools, and the giving of full informnation to young people to enable them to choose their careers, as well as the means to accuire the necessary qualifications
Delegates insisted on the necessity for European cooperation in setting the high- -est standards in control of food and drugs and the relevanit 'motion' urged the Eco nomic Commission of the Council of Europe to stress that public health must come before economic considerations.
The Council was also asked to set up a special study of the problem of the short- age in many countries of suitable labour in the nursing and welfare services- mat- ter regarded as. one of urgencoy.
It was agreed that local authorities be urged to carry out a survey of land for buildings, to buy land* to reserve flor hous-
ing associations in order to avoid land speculation and to allow a longer period for house purchase than the customary 35 years in European countries other than our own. The need was emphasized for better training for young people in preparation
fer marriage as a means of decreasing the numbers of broken marriages, and all countries were asiked to respect the need of refugees for work, houses, anid political rights.
UNDERESTIMATED?
One resolution dealt specifically with professional and working women. The assembly felt that not enough importance is attached to the work done by women, and that there is not enough Promotion to senior posts within professional and politi. cal bodies.
Members had studied possible ways of aiding the developing countries through the p-ress, radio and television, and an increase of "" cultural and spiritual "" broadcasts was recommended to these as well as to European countries.
Wh'at the oonoete outcome of these deliberations may be. only the future can resolve. But there is no intention of con- fining the fruits of the assembly to its enormous aootmulation of paper work on thec differing social backgrounds of Euyrope, remarka:ble as this was as a testament of the integration of women's views oil many aspects of political and social life.
The resolutions will be used to put pressure on Governments, and new suibjects of study include the mroblems of clean air and pure water, rehabilitation of the injured and handicapped and the care of the aged.
Delegates received a special message from the Pope at a general audience. They were received bv the Italian President. The Mayor of Rome held a reception for them, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs gave a dinner Prty in their honour.
The British delegates speak appreiatively of the warmth of welcome, and the friend- liness and stimulation both of the formal discussions and of the informai contacts between the sessions.";"September 16, 1963";"";55807;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Conference In Rome";""
"['Henry Stanhope Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"AttacK is the mother of defence. Attacked, a nation hastens to get guns. At peace it prefers to buy butter. In 1949 when the North Atlantic Treaty was signed the four-year-old peace had been addled by Soviet activity in Eastern Europe. In 1972 when there is a need for a new force and balance in Nato, the same peace is 27 years old and bene- fiting from maturity.
On the need for a more cohesive European voice on defence there is widespread, if cautious, agreement. On the means by which this can be achieved, nation speaks unto nation with the collective autho- rity of the Tower of Babel. The difficulty lies partly in deter- mining which of three existing
organizations to adopt and adapt as the machinery for future consultation and col- laboration between European powers, the Western European Union, the Eurogroup within Nato or the enlarged European Economic Community. All present possibilities; none is ideal.
The WEU has a logical claim if only because it was conceived to perform a similar task, though in a different context, and has existing consultative machinery which is oiled and maintained. But the WEU has become so outmoded. almost dis- credited, that it would need stripping down and rebuilding with new terms of reference, after which it would still bnly
resemble a reconditioned engine with an old-fashioned name.
The Eurogroup is more im- mediately attractive because it is very much a part of Nato and, although there are disadvantages in this. any European structure must be complementary to, not a substitution for, Nato. But the Eurogroup has little machinery and remains very much an in- formal body of defence ministers dealing with a limited range of subjects. So it would in the first place have to be plumbed out.
In the second place it does not include France, because it is after all part of the defensive structure of Nato. French membership of the Eurogroup has been urged from time to time because this could act as a
halfway step towards a complete French return to the North Atlantic alliance. But the chances of this happening are slender and will doubtless remain so as long as M Debre stays on as defence minister in Paris. The Eurogroup also includes Greece and Turkey whose own special problems in the South-East might complicate rather than catalyze the movement towards closer defence cooperation. It does not in general give an im- pression of a body well tuned to current needs.
The alternative which is cur- rently winning most favour and which has recently been backed by a Federal Trust report, The Secutrity of Western Eutrope: To- wards a comrnon defence policy,
is the third, the EEC. The frame- work could be that of the EEC and the guidelines those already explored by the Davignon Report on consultation on foreign policy among ministers of the Six-or Ten. The EEC contains France and although the French Government would be wary of any formal linkage with Nato, observers in Paris believe that an EEC backcloth would stand the best chance of strengthening defence contacts with France. (The inclusion of Ireland which is not a member of Nato might prove awkward but not prohibitively so).
Even if no positive initiative was taken now, the natural de- velopment of the EEC would probably lead inexorably to-
wards defence. Consultation on foreign policy, after all, can hardly continue for long with- out including, it. But as the Federal Trust report's authors- Sir Bernard Burrows, former British permanent representative with Nato, and Mr Christopher Irwin, deputy director of the Trust, point out, such evolution would take time. And the time to take the initiative is now with the enlargement of the community.
The need for celerity is rein- forced not only by uncertainties about the number of American troops in Europe, but by the plethora of East-West negotia- tions. A single European voice. developed after intensive consul- tation, is an obvious advantage vis-a-vis the Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks, negotiations over Mutual Balanced Force re- ductions and the Conference on Security and Cooperation on Europe. And in the longer term there could be formed a Euro- pean defence agency which could sponsor research in weapons technology, or establish common European support ser- vices like communications and medical services.
Fear of any defence arrange- ment within the framework of the Community has been prompted by suspicion that a European nuclear force would be involved including the French and British Polaris-type sub- marines. But there is no point in trying to build up Europe as a third world superpower even
if this were technically or politic- ally possible.
The British Government has ruled out all possibility of an Anglo-French entente nrtcleaire for the foreseeable future. It would still be the American nu- clear umbrella under which Europe would shelter for stra- tegic protection. But at least Europe would shelter together. And, more important, the strong, single-minded European voice on conventional defence that has been desired for so long would speak as loudly and as long as that of the United States round the conference table in Nato and elsewhere.
Henry Stanhope
Defence Correspondent";"August 23, 1972";"";58560;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Spreading the butter over twenty-seven years of peace in Europe";""
"['by Arrigo Levi']";"['News']";"by Arrigo Levi
If one considers that just a few weeks ago the European Community was quite near total collapse, much more so than Mrs Thatcher and many others ever realized, the first feeling about the Venice European Council must be one of huge relief, just at the sight of the nine leaders meeting in friend- ship. It is 'to be expected that they will feel the relief as strongly as anybody else, or more so.
The Community has many faults, but the world outside looks so fierce and threatening that the very thought that even our common European shelter, however imperfect, might have been destroyed, makes one feel happy and grateful for what we have got.
The recent near escape from disaster should make- the nine leaders feel good and nice to one another. That would be helpful wvhen they discuss who the'next president of the Com- munity will be. Upon whom will the choice fall?
Another term tor a real statesman like Mr Roy Jenkins? A han-dsome recognition for what even a very small country can do for Europe, by asking Mr Gaston Thorn to take over the heavy responsibility of in- venting a new Community in just three years, before the British agreement' expires ? Gr another one of the many worthy candidates available ?
Imagination and daring are needed
If one were to give the European Council a word of advice, it would be to be dar- ing, and to choose a daring and imaginative man (my personal choice: Viscount Davignon, but there are others) who under- stands that the. British crisis can and must be transformed into the starting point for eat attempt to set up a better'and stronger Community.
There are twto paths ahead of us we can choose from. We can have more of the same, that is to say a limited and un- balanced Community, made up of a common market plus a costly agricultural policy, which will produce unending finan- cial imbelances (without Mrs Thatcher's bitter fight, Britain would have paid into Europe, in just th,ree years, the in- credible sum of $9,OOOm (E3,900m) and for what ?). The imbalances can of course be corrected. so that the Com- munity survives as an uneasy "" collage "" of ever more dif- ferent nations. -Or, one can invent a new Community. whose aim will be to create, through a whole set of com- mon development policies, a converging, unified Europe.
There are many reasons to choose the second path, but, ine is perhaps more impartant_thdn all the others. The fact is that, there can be no common Ebro-
pean foreign policy (BBritain's
present leaders have understood' that quite well) unless there is' behind it a strong community;
with strong common interests to*. protect. If we wanz to have .a - real European, stabilizing influ-
ence in the world, and we.-do,- just as much as the world does, then we need a- healthy and
growing European Community-. as wvell. -
Oil-saving target has to be set
Of course, at Venice 1 the
nine leaders will still feel a, -little bit too sore .after the recent .quarrels to be able to really think in common great,
imaginativ, thoughts about the. future of Europe..For that we may have to wait until the next
council, wnile the Comrmission. starts gathering new ideas. We can only hope that the cotiticil
will help the Commissioxnf..by offering it a starting message of
hope-and confidence, setting. its on the path that.might one day, lead to what wvas once described as a European union.
At Venice 1, most of the time will however be spent in preparations for Venice 2, the economic summit of the seven
that will follow 10 days later-, Among plans being completed now: The setting . of an arma bitious global target for .oil. saving by the seven in 1990; a new set of energy policies in-
cluding ' a huge plan for, increasing coal consumption;
a new pattern for recycling the. shattering oil producers' s-i1-- pluses, now running at around $120,000m a year. The aim is, to divert a substantial percent-
age of that surplus to the poor. countries, in order to help them develop new energy resources.
The West would have to pro-. vide substantial financing as.. well, but would get in exchange new orders from the Third World for its idle industrial capacity.
Camp David forum - will not be sabotaged
On the Middle East, the European Council is expected to produce some significant' ""language changes-"", being more explicit than ever before about Palestiniian rights tb self- determaination and the PaIestine Liberation Organization's role in a global peace negotiation.
A new European diplomatic' initiative or mission will be- announced. But there will cer- tainly- be no European pro- posals at the 'United Nations,
no sabotage of the Camp David- negotiating forum. So thtre will be no European-American clash at Venice 2 on the Middle East. But -there will have to be a Iqt of plain talk about the whole foreign policy strategy of the West, as well as about how to- preventfJurther mis- understandin -ht ' clashes between:the ""i ' $' !'
~.V ThimegiN 1980 ~a
-. '";"June 12, 1980";"";60649;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"World View";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
*f.lJV, NV. 13
Admiral Wright, of the United States Navy, the supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic, to-day talked to the Parliamen- tarians at the N.A.T.O. conference about the Soviet threat to N.A.T.O.'s lifeline, and discussed how it could be answered. He said that the Soviet Navy had risen from seventh place in 1945 to second place, and now occupied first place in new constraction. It was ""a navy larger than all other navies in the world combined, except the United States Navy,"" atnd contained the largest submarine fleet the world has ever known in peace-time.
The Soviet Union had this navy, accord- mng to Admiral Wright, for one purpose only: ""the isolation of North America from Europe. the defeat of N.A.T.O. at -sea and therefore the destruction of our alliance.""
Describing the plans for withstanding this tbreat, particularly for the security of the Atlantic, he said that the first and most important method was the employment of naval atomic forces, under his command against the sources of Soviet naval power. Although only a few N.A.T.O. nations could afford the highly complicated and expensive machinery for these offensive operations. all could and should perform other indispensable tasks, such as harbour defence, control and protection of shipping, and escort of convoys. His conclusion was that the defence of the Atlantic was essen- tial to the security of EuroPe in any war of to-day or to-morrow.
STANDARDIZING FORCES
The debate on the militarY committee's report to-day was a good example of the interesting, if rather rambling, form of discussion that comes out of these meetings. Mr. George Brown, M.P., did not agree with the recommendation in the report that the standing group and military com- mittee of N.A.T.O. should be transferred from Washington to Paris, but he did concur with its remarks about lack of standardization of N.A.T.O. divisions.
He thought that the forces of N.A.T.O. should adopt the ""pentomic"" structure established by the Americans for their divisions. Europe needed compact, hard- hitting, fighting divisions, properly equipped with standardized weapons, trained in a common military doctrine, and backed by tactical atomic weapons of lited size the method of using which was known (to the soldiers, the general public, and the enemy) beforehand.
The Canadian M.P. had an unusual suggestion, which was that the European member countries should share in the defence of the North American continent, the raw materials and strategic reserves of which were as much threatened to-day as the other sectors in the Atlantic alliance.
Brigadier Prior Palmer (Britain) de- fended the White Paper on the ground that
the United Kingdom was strengthening the defensive Power of the Atlantic alliance by her activities in the sectors beyond the alltance, such as Kenya and Singapore. He thought that there should be some coordination between N.A.T.O., the Bagh- dad pact, and the South-east Asia Treaty Organization.
It was obvious from the various com- ments that the military report will not be approved in its present form. The report says that N.A.T.O. ground forces are undergoing "" a steady disintegration,"" it criticizes the British White Paper on defence, and calls for a coordination of N.A.T.O. operational research.
There is no question that this meeting, the third of its kind to be held, is the most important yet. Coming just before next month's N.A.T.O. conference of heads of Governments, it provides a useful oppor- tunity for parliamentary representatives from the different countries to say what they think should be the end and the means of N.A.T.O.
NECESSARY, PUBLICITY
The first plenary session yesterday gave the impression of an historic occasion, with arc lights glaring down upon the scene and photographers moving from group to group. This conference, however, like its predecessors, is in fact no more than an interesting and useful debating society, though it is attended by many personages of high calibre. Among the American dele- gates are Senator Kefauver and Senator Saltonstall, and among the British, led by Mr. Walter Elliot, are Mr. George Brown and Lord Ogmore.
As the N.A.T.O. constitution stands. there is no place for a parliamentary body within it, even one with so little real power as. for example, the Council of Europe or the Assembly of Western European Union. Anything decided or proposed here this week, therefore, can only have such force as its sponsors may be able to give to it when they retuni to their national parliamenws
It remains true that this is the only par- liamentary body of its kind in which Americans and Canadians are associated with their European colleagues, and that it helps to arouse interest in N.A.T.O. and to give those attending it an insight into N.A.T.O.'s working problems. The presence of senior United States commanders at the meeting has helped to bring it necessary publicity.
General Powers, commander of the United States Strategic Air Force, an- nounced at a Press conference' last night that since October I that force (with its stock of nuclear bombs) has been in a state of readiness to get one-third of the bomber force, with their loads, into the air within 15 minutes of the warning of a missile attack. According to the general, this was not news, as it had already been printed in American papers. Judging from the publicity given to the statement to-day, however, it is news to Europeans.";"November 14, 1957";"";53998;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rapid Increase In Strength Of Soviet Navy";""
"";"['News']";"Mock war and peace: British troops on manoeuvres in Hildersheim. (Photograph by Peter Dunne).
Suhbstantial reductionts in the sirength of thle British Armnv of the Rlin'e WoUld have' ' a disastrous e/f'ect oni the Aaro allianice, accor-ding to allied politicians, diplonmals sen ior Nato officials anzd militarl'
commnan'ders, as \ve/l as most of their Britishi coiuniterparts. Fre- dler ick Boni arat reports ftrom Brussels.
In tfle lirst of two articles examini.ng reaction to the proposals for suich reductions. adranced in a series of leadinig articles published in The Times. last month, hle deals svith wthat the critics conisider ewould be the
i) Ilitarv consequiences.
Gencral Bernard Rodgers, Supreme Allied Commander in Eurooe, pointing out that the British forces are responsible for the defence of an important segment of the North German Plain - an obvious Warsaw Pact avenue of attack - said that thev were critical to the balance of his forces in the central region.
The forward defences of the central region of Allied Com- mand Europe lie essentiallv on the territory of West Germany. They consist of an intricate network of a number of national army corps grouped in two international army groups: Northern Army Group (Nor- thag) in the north and Central Armv Group (Centag) in the south.
The main fighting clement of Centag. commanded by an American general. consists of two American corps and two Gcerman corps while that of Northag. commanded bv a British general who is simul- tancously commander-in-chiet; BAOR - is made up of British, German. Dutch and Belgian corps.
Of these the Dutch have only one brigade in place in peace. timc, most of their corps being stationed in the Netherlands. the Belgians have one division and some corps troops in place withi the remainder of the corps in Belgium.
The British corps is about to be reorganized into three divisions with a fourth div- isional headquartcrs in the United Kingdom but, apart from units temporarily witlh- drawn for duty in Northern Ireland. it is complete, in accordance with Britain's treaty commitments under the West- ern European Union treaty to keep 55,000 men (in land forces) on the mainland of Europe.
General Rogers states that in the central region the allies' land forces are outnumbered by more than two to one and the Warsaw Pact forces, if they choose to attack, would havc the advantages of initiative and surprise in concentrating forces at the time and place of their choosing.
He estimates that the forces now available are marginally adequate for the initial defence, provided the units stationed in Belgium. the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in peace- time are rapidly deployed. The proposals made in 7The Times accept Britain's need to share in the land and air battles on the central front and state that Britain's Army would be there on full mobilization.
However. it is also suggested that. trained and equipped for general-purpose duties, thev would be less suited to an initial encounter in the forward areas
British Army personnel will get live television coverage from Britain for the first time this week, (Reiter reports from Cologne). Mr John Campbell, hea"" of the British Forces Broadcasting System in Cologne, said Rhine Army signals units had been respon- sible for building most of the continental network forming the world's longest one-way television ground link.
and would therefore be better employed as a mobile reserve for Northern Army Group.
Most of the Warsaw Pact forces, including most of the operationally ready Soviet div- isions, are stationed in East Germany. Poland. Czechoslova- kia. Hungary. and the Western Soviet Union, facing Nato's central region. Even if. as was suggested bv The Times. thc fundamental interests of the West are endangered by the vider strategic menace to energy and raw-material sources in the Middle East and other areas well beyond Nato's
boundaries. it is here that the immediate threat must be met.
Although General Rogers considers a Northag reserve cssential as the terrain ot the North German Plain favours thc attacker. he cannot accept this proposal. ""Our flexible response strategy for a forward defencc requires troops deployed in strength well forwvard. I need BAOR forces at the general defensive position and not in rescrve"", he says.
The proposed withdrawal would also jeopardize his recentiy publicized plans of incrcasing the convenitionial strength of his forces to raise the nuclear thireshold. Quite apart tfom accepting a reduction of oirces required for forward defence, he needs an enhaniced capacitv so that these forces can successfuliv defend against the lea(d divisions of the Warsaw Pact long enough to enable him to destrov the bIhlow-on forces belotc thley reach the area of combat.
=Ihis would permit the allies, he says. to defend without resort - certainly without eariv resort - to the use of nuclear -eapons as is now the case"".
A reduction in British air forces would reduce his capa- bility to attack follow-on forces. ""However"", hIe concludes. ""a reductionl in British land and air forces would have an even more fundanciltal and critical effort on our long established strategy and overall deterrent and detensive posture"".
This would be its political and psychological clVect on the other members of the alliance. in Europe and in North America.
A'el: hle political
cottsequences.";"December 13, 1982";"";61413;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato: Britain's Commitment: 1";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"Will NIPs be permitted to attend the European Parlia- ment ? It is all very well disput- ing whether to select or elect, concocting fancy franchises, or quarrelling over the powers of the European Parliament, but will our wives or, more to the point, our constituency party chairman, ever let us go to Strasbourg ?
Next year we must find 36 MPs who will be expected to spend betxveen 100 and 120 days a year at Strasbourg, two thirds of our parliarnentary time. This will not be easy when local parties of all colours are asserting control over MPs. run- ning some of us out of politics, and, in some instances, demand- ing a written undertaking of local residence. Would not the acceptance by an MP of re- sponsibilities abroad be consid- ered a dereliction of duty ?
Some years ago there was a song in a London revue that told how "" MPs' wives lead such solitary lives "". It has never been truer than today. There can be no denying the debilitat- ing effects of four late nights running at Westminster, but if we are to serve at Strasbourg as well, we shall all be living on our memories.
But no sacrifice is too great fcr Britain in Europe. At present negotiations are taking place discreetly between the parties to try to reach agree- ment on the method of choice. We could be elected by the party in parliament-a course the Labour Party is likely to favour, or the Whips might decide whom to send into exile, or the Prime Minister might continue to make the choice of those who should serve abroad his responsibility. But the prob- lem of whether or not to stand-or to accept-is one that many MPs have yet to resolve.
Money is another factor. MPs who attend the Council of Europe and Western European Union receive the equivalent of 250 French francs a day (f20) and free air travel. This is quite generous, and for those who are neither greedy nor unwvilling to stay at hotels with traditional plumbing, money may be made on the side. But such tax-free profits cannot compensate for the loss of director's fees, con- sultancy profits, and the re- wards of desultory journalism. Unless service in Strasbourg is to become the preserve of the rentier, European MPs will have to be paid more perhaps from the EEC agricultural fund.
The Member sitting on a marginal seat will be placed in the greatest difficulty of all. For him life is a grinding round of rotary lunches, mayoral recep- tions, and constituency ""surger- ies "", where he is asked either to find people houses or to give
planning permission. neither of which is he empowered to do. He must get his name in the papers, visit the old folks, and keep one jump ahead of tho prospective candidate. The fact that at Strasbourg the oratory would be incomprehensible, and the food rather better, would not make up for a growing disenchantment at home. He would be at the mercy of the editor of his local paper. -In politics absence rarely makes the heart grow fonder.
Direct elections could give to service at Strasbourg the pres- tige, necessary for political adv- ancement and thus survival, but it is likely that the recommen- dations of the Vedel Report- that the powers of the European Parliament should be increased prior to elections to it-will eventually be adopted. France does not favour direct elections, and it would be extremely diffi- cult anyway to agree on any method of election. For as far as we can see, our names will continue to go into the hat.
It will be many years before Strasbourg will come to rival Westminster as a forum for the ambitious. Politics, as Maurice Cranston has pointed out. is a performing, and not a creative, art, and the shortest route to the top is still a -ood speech in the House. Strasbourg will attract those whose ambitions have either been blunted or blocked. and others, whose special interest is foreign affairs. Younger members might wish to attend for a short time only, and ""marginal"" members, never. It is Smith Square that must edu- cate the rank and file. The parties must proclaim service at Strasbourg to be in the party interest.
The British delegation cannot be expected to live out of their suitcases. The Treasury ought to build or buy a block of flats with its own restaurant and secretarial services. And whether or not more money is paid, some help should be given towards air fares for wives.
Yet, despite all the difficulties, it would be going too far to conclude that our ""European MPs"" will all be Tories, rich men a touch past their prime, sitting on safe seats, and unhap- pily married. After all, Scottish MPs are weekly boarders and they still manage to get re- elected. An English MP would be in Strasbourg during the week, his constituency on Fri- days, and home on Sunday. But in our wanderings we shall be obliged to depend more than ever before upon that unpre- dictable triumverate: a loving wife, an understanding party chairman, and a sympathetic bank manager.
Julian Critchlev
Mr Crizchley is Conservative MP for Aldershot.";"July 7, 1972";"";58524;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Absence which will not make hearts fonder";""
"";"['News']";"A caii for a full and searching inquiry when a Labour Govern- ment was returned to power into the course of events that led Britain into the European Eco- nomic Community was made yesterday by Mr Peter Shore, Opposition spokesman on Euro- pean affairs.
Addressing a Labour Party rally against the EEC in Lon- don, he said: ""We have a duty to publish any secret treaties or understandings that the Heath Government may have concluded with European countries.""
If the Government thought it could fight and win an early election on the theme of ""who. shall govern Britain"" it would be ill advised, he said.
"" It is precisely because the people of Britain do believe that their elected representatives in Parliament, and no one else, should make the laws of this land . . . that this of all issues is one that Mr Heath cannot hope to press."" The main charge against Mr Heath and his Gov- ernment was not just that they had brought Britain near to ruin but that he had undermined democracy by subjecting the people and Parliament to the alien regulations of the EEC.
The Government should not imagine that it could charge the trade unions with challenging the suprermacy of Parliament when it was scheming to create before 1980 a still more ambi- tious European union in which Britain's existence as a self- governing and independent democracy would end.
Getting rid of the Treaty of Accession was among the fore- most tasks of the next Labour government. "" For we cannot deal with the great dangers that beset us; we cannot contain escalating food prices; we can- not staunch the outflow of capi- tal; we cannot plug the ruinous gap in our balance of payments, unless we can achieve a funda- mental renegotiation of our
EEC relationships "", Mr Shore said.
Mr Michael Foot, Opposition \spokesman on the EEC, said at
the same meetlig that in the past week the Prime Minister had tried to divide the Labour movement and turn the coun- try against the miners. Mr Len Murray, general se9retary of the TUC, had made it clear that trade unions refused to be bundled into such an attack.
Mr Foot said: "" I want to see the British (;overnment dealing with the oil situation, which lis certainly a new challenge to all the countries of the world "". Members of the Government had been behaving like inferior puppets and political pimps.
"" The British Governmnent, in order to secure itself with oil, will go running around the vorld saying: 'We will sell arms in order to guarantee oil '. We cannot endure them any longer "", he added.
Miss Joan Lestor MP for Eton and lIough, said "" We have hiad to buy rich, expensive food in Europe which we cannot afford.""
MIr WaLlker, Secretary of Stat. for Trade and Industry, said on Saturday that Britain was ready w.ith new machinery to make 1974 the best year ever for exports. But the power restric- tions were damaging the invest- ment and export p?rogrammes, he told a meeting in his constitu- ency of Worcester.
Mr Walker blamed the miners for causing the economnic diffi- culties. "" What a tragedy it is that the industrial action of the meiners should be doing so much damage to our economic pro- spects "", he said.
In 1973 Britain's increase in exports was more than double the volume of the average increase of the previous five years. ""And even more impor- tantX we commenced 1974 wvith by tar the biggest export order book in British history; an order book that if we were only able to fulfil, quickly, would be a
guarantee to full omployment .and prosperity for Britain.""
In the fitst 10 months o. 1973 Britain had imported qi extra £540m of machinery from abroad compared with:tlie same period the year before. ""Inn the last month fbr which figures are available, the.: new orders for our own iachine tool industry htve btolen new records.'
Mr Walker accused Labour of gross hypocrisy"" in its deal- ings with the miners. Under the prevous Labour government, he said, miners' e4rnin,.s and allow- ances working on the coal face increased by £4 a week. Under the Conservatives, if the pres- ent offer were accepted, the in- creases wotuld total £18 a week.
""If a Labour government had given these increases to the miners it would have proclaimed it as one of its great achieve- ments. Instead, because it is the Conservatives that have kought about this massive im- provement, it encourages the miners to demand still more, and makes no appeal to them to stop crippling the economy and to stop Jeopardizing the earn- ings and jobe of the people through}out te country.""
Mr Eldon Griffiths, Under-Secre- tary of State at the Department of the Environment, said in a speech to constituents at Bury St Edmunds that Britain wvould be on the road to anarchy once extremists proved that Parlia- ment's authority could be flouted and the Government "" pushed over "" by depriving people of heat, light and jobs.
Mr Ron Hayward, general secre- tary of the Labour Party, said that Mr Heath's attempt "" to rid himself of his sombre image by leading the nation in a dithering, wi]l-he-won't-he dance is another step along his irresponsible road to ruin "".
""We can only hope for an early election so that the object of ruin is Mr Heath himself and not the nation "". he said at Wimnbledon.
Cost of EEC withdrawal, page 4";"January 21, 1974";"";58993;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Labour government should ask how Britain came to join EEC, Mr Shore tells protest rally";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Recent Franco-German agreements have now evidently presented the western allies with a dilemma in the development of atomic weapons. Indeed, relations-with the United States, France. Germany, and other west European Powers in this field have been among the questions under current dis- cussion by British Ministers. The dilemma in which the British Govern- ment, and, indeed, the United States Government, are placed arises from the following circumstances.
The Euratom treaty-which has been agreed upon in Paris by the Prirne Ministers of France. Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries, although. as it has still to be ratified, no irrevocable step has yet been taken-is primarily concerned with the peaceful uses of atomic energy, but the light that it throws on the military intentions of the western Powers is of even greater interest. French military authorities, including Marshal Juin, have for years insisted that France must be free to plan her own atomic industry for military purposes, and at least one staunch * European "" among the French leaders has this week asserted in London that the proposals now agreed on in the Euratom treaty will, and must, leave this possibility open to France.
OBSCU'RE PHRASING
The phrasing of the present proposals for the Euratom treaty is evidently most obscure. A draft is believed to state that members will be free to use fissile material from their own resources for mili- tary purposes. Whether this means that they may produce their own fissile material or that they may also buy it independently, in practice the treaty will evidently not restrict France (or other members) from making or acquiring fissile material apart from the allocation from Euratom for peaceful purposes, or from producing atomic weapons from fissile material thus made or acQuired. The limiting factor for France, so far, has been finance.
The position of Germany is different. Under the Euratom treaty she, too, would theoretically be able to develop atomic weapons, but she is prevented from doing so by the Western European Union agree- ment, which debars her from making cer- tain weapons of mass destruction (atomic, biological, or chemical-the so-called ABC weapons). Germany is not prevented from conducting research for peaceful purposes; but this can hardly be distinguished from research for military purposes, nor is she prevented from acquiring ABC weapons from elsewhere.
Basically, therefore, the French position is that France is determined to have an independent atomic arms industry, but needs assistance in building it up; and Ger- many, though well able to carry out research, and though economically strong, cannot at present produce atomic weapons because of treaty restrictions.
It is in this context that the recent Franco-German agreement to collaborate in producing guided missiles must be viewed. The agreement covers all types of missiles, including medium and long-range missiles, the types designed to carry atomic war- heads. It seems clear, therefore, that joint Franco-German production of atomic weapons is in sight.
This, however, will entail vast expendi- ture on research and development- expenditure which is unnecessary if the other western allies supply the "" know- how."" Moreover, unless agreement is reached with Britain on exchange of in- formation and specifications, independent Franco-German production will mean that there will be no standardization of the new weapons among the W.E.U. or N.A.T.O. Powers.
AMERICAN DIFFICULTY
It is no secret that the United States Government is not prepared at present, for security reasons, to give military informa- tion on atomic development to countries which, like France, have a large Communist Party. Agreements dating from 1945, and therefore almost certainly out of date. per- mit an exchange of information between the United States, Britain, and Canada. Since Mr. Sandys's visit to Washington, tnese agreements, which were revised in 1955, may well be revised again, but the new agreements are not likely to permit tntam or Canada to pass on to other countries information that the Unitea States Government will not itself pass on.
The United States Govemment is, there- fore, in a difficulty. On the one hand, it wishes to consolidate a strong, prosperous, and united Europe. On the other, it is withholding information, and preventing Britain and Canada from passing on in- formation, which would save other west European Powers vast expense on research and development, and without which there will be sooner or later a bifurcation of atomic arms development in the western world. The French, if they are not assisted, are evidently deternnined to face the expense with German help, and there seems no doubt that the Germans, who feel that they have lost many years in research, will be willing to assist the French.
BRITAIN'S PROBLEM
The British Government also are in a difficulty. They would like to coordinate production with the United States Govern- ment and to arrange an exchange of in- formation as full as possible with the United States and Canada. Meanwhile, France and -Uermany, both, without doubt, wish for cooperation with Britain, and M. Bourges- Maunoury the French Defence Minister, during his recent meeting with Mr. Sandys in London, evidently aimed at a wide, co- ordinated programme of weapon develop- ment between Britain and France. Much, certainly, was achieved, but the agreements evidently do not extend to the atomic field.
Clearly, closer cooperation between Britain and her W.E.U. partners in military atomic development and standardization might, in present circumstances, jeopardize the chance of completing a satisfactory exchange of information with the, Unitea States Government.";"February 23, 1957";"";53773;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Production Of Atomic Arms Planned";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
-BONN, MARCH 10
A communication from President de Gaulle to MIr. Wilson, which was handed to Sir Patrick Reilly, the British Ambas- sador in Paris, by M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Mlinister, on Wednes- day evening. was being studied in London yesterday. The contents were not made known, but inquirers are readily allowed to assume that it puts the British Govern- ment on notice of the French Government's intention to withdraw from the Nato mili- tary organization, while maintaining that France is not withdrawing from the North Atlantic Treaty itcelL.
The reaction in London to this position is likely to be stated by Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, at the openning of the ministerial council of Western European Union. which meets in London on Tuesday.
NATO NUCLEAR POST
FOR ITALIAN
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MIARCH 10
General Lemnitzer, Supreme Com- mander of Allied Forces in Europe, today announced the appointment as his deputy for nuclear questions of General Nino Pasti, of the Italian Air Force. General Pasti, now serving as the Italian member of the Nato military committee in Wash- ington, succeeds General F. van Roleghen, of the Belgian Air Force.
Dr. Erhard. the Chancellor. has lost no time in replying to General de Gaulle's letter outlining his intentions regarding Nato and his desire for bilateral negotiations on the continued piresence of Frenel troops in west C,ermany.
The reply, like the French President's letter, is being kept secret, for the time being at least. There is good reason to believe that Dr. Erhard reaffirms in it the Federal Republic's loyalty to Nato and to the principle of military integra- tion, even in peace time.
At the same time. he does not close the door to possible negotiations, but only on condition that these are con- ducted on a multilateral basis. He informed the British and American Governments of the contents of his reply through their Ambassadors in Bonn.
General de Gaulle's move has put the Federal Government into a particularly em- barrassing situation-of the kind it despe- rately tries to avoid, but always seems fated to get into-of having to choose between two of its allies.
TROOP WITHDRAWAL
Unlike President Johnson, Dr. Erhard could not afford simply to say no, and face tht practical consequences of his stand with cquanimity-the withdrawal of the 65,000 French troops in west Germany and the break-up of the 1-ranco-German alliance.
The witlhdrawal of French troops from Germany would weaken the Atlantic alliance, in the German view, almost to the same extent as abandonment of the principle of integration.
German press comment shows that many people here are having second thoughts about the immutability of Nato principles. 'rie first reaction to General de Gaulle's intentions-and this is still the Foreign Ministry's-was that Nato and integration of forces took precedence over any other consideration: and that the Atlantic organi- zation without France was preferable ;o concessions to her which would break it up
and provide no alternative security for Ger- many.
A parallel was being made between the steadfastncss of the five towards France in the Brussels crisis, which had led to thic Luxembourg conference, and the similar steadfastness required now.
The military correspondent of the FPa,zk- fInter A ligemeine writes today, however, that the Federal Government cannot simply say no to Paris. It will have to talk. "" One can call these discussions Atlantic ones. In reality they will be Franco-German"".
Solidarity with the Americans, the British and the other Nato partners does not, in the opinion of Die Welt, dispense the Federal Republic of the necessitv of com- Utig to terms with France. It will not be able to reject General de Gaulle's offer to associate French troops on German soil and coordinate their tasks with the Bundeswehr and the American and British forces here.
Die Welt and several other newspapers emphasize that integration is imperative for wcst Germany. because the smaller western nations would regard a German Army, free from its bonds, as an uncontrollable factor of insecurity.
The Siidderttscile Zeitrng emphasizes the additional point that Nato without France might in the end boil down to a military alliance between the United States and Germany, surrounded by the remnants of integrated Nato members. Isolation of the Federal Republic-except from Washington -would be the result.
DR. ADENAUER SEES
GEN. DE GAULLE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 10
Dr. Adenauer. the former west German Chancellor, today had an hour's talk with General de Gaulle on European and world affairs, largely about the Nato crisis.
In a cordial exchange of toasts at the Elysec luncheon, General de Gaulle said that, as always, he had drawn - great profit and encouragement"" from the exchanges. Comnmon action Ly France and Germany, he said. was necessary to their t.vo
countries, to Europe, and to the world, whicb aspired to a new rallying point for progress. equilibrium. and peace. Dr. Adenauer said he had been much moved by his talk with the President. and even the press would say that they had passed an hour in good understanding.
The former Chancellor is on a private visit to Paris for the launching of the French cdition of his memoirs.
BRITAIN STUDYING
MESSAGE
FRONI OIJR DIPLONMATIC CORRESPONDENT";"March 11, 1966";"";56577;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Dilemma On France's Nato Move";""
"['From Diana Geddes,']";"['News']";"From Diana Geddes.
Paris
Britain has informed the Ulnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organi- zation (Unesco) of nine key arcas in which substantial progress must be made if Britain is to reconsider its decision to withdraw at the end of' 1985.
In a letter to Mr Amadou MIahtar M'Bow. the Unesco Director-General, giving formal notice of the decision to withdraw. Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretarv. said that althioughi progress had been made, it was not enough to satisfy Britain's essential re- qjuirements as set out in a letter last April to Mr M'Bow bv Mr TVimothv Raison. the Millister lor Overseas Development.
There was a need to make eel lain programmes, such as hilosc concerning coninmuni- eation, peace and disarmamcint. anid huiimanl rights. more accept- ahle to all member states. Sir (icoffirey said. Nothinig should he included in these which would in any way downgrade or dimiiinisil universally recognized hiLman rights.
The United States. which is cxpected to confirm its decision to withdraw from Unesco bv
lhe end of this month. has been critical of the alleged politiciza- tion of such programmes. Sir (icoffrey called for fewer studies and more action-oriented pro- jects of' direct benefit to
leveloping countries. He also wanted more to be done to i(lelitifv priorities, increase programme concentration and avoid overlap with other UN hodies to ensure the best use of t 'nesco resources.
He suggested in Friday's lctter. that outside advisers - managemenit consultants or the UJnited Nations Joint Inspec- tion Unit - be appointed ""to look at those areas which traditionallv lend themselves to a fresh and impartial examin- ation by people not connected wilth the work intself. in particular. evaluation of the programmes and management techniques"".
A confidential report last September by an internal committee of inquiry into IJncsco's planning procedures was critical of the widespread duplication iof programmes, lack of centralized co-ordi- nationi. paucity of clear goals andl objectives and absence of proper evaluation procedurLes.
Silr (eoffrcy emphasized Britalill's dlesilC to see a signiiicanit shift of r esources and liti ctionis away from Unlesco hcadquliarters in Paris and into practical projects on the grounid.
He insisted that Britain woLIld continue to work posi- tively and vigorousiv for reform with' other menibcr states.
""1I we were satisfied that substantial progress had bv then been made in carrving throulgh thc reform programme we have set out. wc would bc willing to reconsider our decision."" he said.
Other Western countr ies, including The Netherlands, Belgium. Italy. Canada. Japan and the Nordic countries, have written to Mr M'Bow express- ing concern about inefficiency and poor financial and adminis- trative management.
European unity pledge by UK
From Michael Binvon. Bonn
Britain was second to none in tlhe importance it attached to greater European unity, Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretary, declared in West Berlin yesterday. But Britain wanted real, practical steps that would benefit all the peoples of the European com- miunity rather than mere words.
Speaking to the Berlin press corps after talks with Herr Ilans-Dietrich Gensclier, the WVest German Foreign Minis- ter, Sir Geoffrey insisted foircefully to his audience that Britain was not the European laggard it is often portrayed here, but was an enthusiastic commune member whicih wanted to increase Europe's cohesion and influence in the world.
""W-\e are prepared to take %teps in that direction provided tlhey are real and practical steps, of genuine benefit to the people of Britain and of the community. The community has too often been able to agree only on words.""
Britain w anted to see practi- cal results emerge from the committees discussing Com- munity development - more open frontiers, freer trade, a communities determined to make its procedures work for agreement and progress, better consultation between various Community bodies, including the European Parliament.
""We are looking for serious, practical, attainable improve- ments. We want, not procla- mations masquerading as achievement, but achievements we can all be proud to proclaim.""
Sir Geoffrey dismissed the
notion common in Europe that Britain had proved a poor European. ""Since we joined the Community we have on any analysis played a full part."" Britain had opened new mar- kets to the Community, made a disproportionately large finan- cial contribution.
It had been in the forefront of efforts to make its partners more conscious of security, and to put military cooperation on sounder industrial and techno- logical base. Britain had undergone a ""Quiet revolution"" since the war, accepting the need to station its forces permanently overseas in Ger- many for the common defence of the West.
Mlore still had to be done, however, including the strenigthening of the W 'estern European Union, which Sir Geoffrey wholelheartedly wel- comed, to make Europe a better partner for the United States and Japan.
Paying tribute to WVest Germany as Community part- ner, Sir Geoffrey called East European charges of revan- chism a ""grotesque and unbe- lievable distortion."" ""It is simply not the Germany that I know and have experience of as an ally, friend and partner. The policy of the Federal Republic today is - in deeds and in human reality, not just in words - one of peace and responsi- bility and renunciation of force.""
His remarks were calculated to delight his hosts, and it is the second lime withn three months that he has gone out of his way to emphasize Britain's good relations wvith Bonn.";"December 11, 1984";"";62009;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British roles in Unesco and EEC";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 1
The talks between M. Pinay, the French Foreign Minister, and Dr. Adenauer, the Federal Chancellor, ended late but successfully last night. Soon after midnight the two Ministers each made statements to the Press expressing their satisfaction with the results of their two days of discussion and the excellent prospects they now saw for cooperation between their two countries.
Before M. Pinay and the ChanceUor made their personal comments on the success of their work, Professor Hallstein, the State Secretary in the Foreign Office, read out the joint statement.
PARIS TRE,TIES
The statement records that the discussions ranged over "" the world political situation, the development of European unity and the whole field of Franco-German relations,"" and led to agreement on "" all points."" The realization of the Paris treaties would mean that "" the necessary talks with the east "" would open in the best possible conditions for a genuine easing of tension. The re- establishment of German unity on a satis- factory basis and the setting up of"" a general system of security "" could lay the founda- tions of a lasting peace. It was the pure gospel, in fact, of the Chancellor's reading of the correct oreign policy for the west.
It was time, the statement continued, to advance European integration and the fields in which to apply it were aireiaft construc- tion, transport, research into and the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The Coal and Steel Community was not men- tioned, but the intention is to extend its competence accordingly and to reinstal M. Monnet as president of the High Authority, a post he resigned at a moment when the idea otlloser European cooperation seemed to have lost its impetus.
SAAR QUESTION
The question of the Saar took up much of the two Ministers' time yesterday, and was the main reason why the talks went on into the night instead of ending at six o'clock when M. Pinay had originally planned to call on President Heuss. It was decided that the first opportunity would be taken for
making over certain aspects of the applica- tion of the Saar statute to the council of the Western European Union. That body is due to be brought into existence on May 10 in Paris, and for this first meeting the two Ministers have prepared proposals for the carrying out of the referendum under the council's authority, for the powers and composition of the neutral commission of control and of the European commissioner.
The statute defines his powers as "" under- taking representation of Saar interests in the fields of foreign affairs and defence "" and supervising the observation of the statute itself. The third point is vaguely worded. In earlier exchanges Dr. Adenauer has ex- pounded to M. Pinay the role of the com- missioner as guardian of the curiously hedged enjoyment of liberty of expression and of political activity envisaged for the Saarlanders between the coming into force of the Saar statute and a final settlement after a peace treaty has been signed. It would be left to the commissioner with the guidance of the W.E.U. council and the terms of the European convention on human rights to draw the line between activities which "" directly or indirectly "" are aimed at undermining or demolishing the statute and those which are not. The first would not be permitted: in the second case, freedom would be "" total.""
DOUBLE COMPROMISE
So far the statement dealt with methods for solving problems rather than with specific solutions, but in the case of the holding of the Rochling family in the Volk- lingen steelworks a final decision was urgent. The French Government was prepared to hold up the final deposition of instruments lof ratificiation of the other Paris treaties for
The formula agreed on which has yet to be approved by the two Govemnments and which was not described in detail in the statement was the purchase of the entire RJochling interest and the composition of a Franco-German consortium to take over the concern. The consortium will consist of private individuals with one half of the shares
to French holders and one hatf to EerMgans.
Finally, the statement dealt with closer economic and cultural relations between the two countries, for the further study of which two committees are to be formed.
The French Foreign Minister left Remagen by train for Paris this morning. Among the west German officials who saw him go was Herr von Herwarth. who, as chief of protocol in the Foreign Office, was carrying out his last official duties. He will leave Bonn in the next few days to take up his appointment as west German Ambas- sador in London. He is succeeded in the Foreign Ofrmce by the former German Minister in Venezuela, Dr. Gfunther Mohr.
The announcement was also made over the weekend of Herr von Eckardt's departure from the post of director of the Federal Press Office. He is going to Paris with the Chan- cellor for the coming series of conferences there, and will leave later in the month to take up his new duties as the Federal Republic s representative at the United Nations.";"May 2, 1955";"";53209;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Agreement In Bonn";""
"";"['News']";"Calling for a move towards a degree of world government, Lord Attlee told delegates to the Commonwealth Parlia- mentary Conference yesterday that children in all schools in the Common- wealth should be taught that the days of the absolute sovereign state were over. It was necessary to move on to world order, and the children must take an interest in that if only in the interests of survival.
Lord Attlee urged that the message sent out by the Westminster conference should be: ""People of the world unite ! You have nothing to lose but an illusionary idea of absolute sovereignty. You have the world to gain.""
Speaking during a debate on inter- national affairs and defence Lord Attlee said the Commonwealth was peculiarly well situated to lead the way towards world government. Almost all the statesmen he had visited recently were in favour of it, but few seemed ready to take the imitiative.
"" NOT UNHOPEFUL""
""I am going to Moscow on Tuesday to try to raise the issue over there "", he con- tinued. "" I am not unhopeful that the east as well as the west, might accept the rule of law.""
Lord Attlee described himself as one of those who at San Francisco helped to form the United Nations and formed it on the basis of the absolute sovereignty of every member state. ""I contend that concep- tion is out of date. It is as out of date as the idea that every citizen can do exactly as he pleases. All states have got to come under the ru'le of law "", he said.
Emphasizing the need for a campaign in the world for total disarmament, he said that first it was necessarv to consider the conditions in which it could be obtained. Previous discussions on disarmament had generally broken down on the question of security.
In Britain the individual was not allowed to carry arms. The rule of law was en- forced by an independent police force. 'We want to do for the world what we have done in Britain. We want an aboli- tion of international armaments and the substitution of a security force.""
He said that the present constitution of the United Nations was not such as to enable it to be in effective control of a world security force. ""I stand therefore for the reorganization of the United Nations both in its constitution and its powers to make it able to take decisions.""
Dato Ong Yoke Lin, the Malavan Minister of Health and Social Welfare, opening the debate, said that in the
Commonwealth more members should play the game and give their support to the United Nations to enable them to implement resolutions in the security council. On the issue of nuclear tests, he said, Malaya had expressed her grave con- cern and the view that those who carried out nuclear tests did so in utter contempt and disregard of world opinion.
He went on to condemn the new form of colonialism that had arisen. He said that colonialism, as the world had known it. was on the way out but another form of colonialism and imperialism had reared its ugly head. This new form of imperial- ism was utterly sinister and depressing. He said he referred to Hungary, Poland and Rumania and also to the rape of Tibet resulting in the denial of human rights for the Tibetan people.
Although Malaya was concerned about the suffering of the Tibetan people, Malayans were equally concerned with the position over Formosa. ""The people of Formosa should not be sacrificed on the altar of communist Chinese ambition to dominate the island "". he said. "" We have made it our policy to support any move for the admission of communist China to the United Nations, but only provided China is defined as that area which covers the mainland of China. Formosa must be regarded as a separate nation also with a right to be admitted to the United Nations.""
VALUE OF U.S. POWER
One of the more outspoken speakers was Mr. L. H. E. Bury, leader of the Australian delegation. He had some blunt words to say to the uncommitted nations about the value and importance to them of American power. ""It is United States power that alone enable the luxuries of neutralism to exist "", he said. "" If you removed American power from the world, I put a considerable question on how long it would remain possible for any nation to be neutral-to criticize the Soviet Union as well as the United States.""
Mr. Bury also urged that in the future Commonwealth leaders should give other Commonwealth countries the benefit of the doubt more often when it came to consider- ing intentions.
A later speaker Mr. E. A. Fitch, Labour M.P. for Wigan, said he was an advocate of closer European union as a move towards world union. He said he could not understand some socialist colleagues who called on the workers of the world to unite but not with the French, the Italians, the Germans, or the Americans.
At a meeting on Thursday night of the general council of the Commonwealth Par- liamentrary Association Mr. R. A. Njoku (Nigeria) was elected chairman in succes- sion to Sir Roland Robinson for the ensuing year. Dato Ong Yoke Lin was elected vice-chairman in succession to Mr. Njoku.";"September 30, 1961";"";55200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Lord Attlee To Urge World Government In Moscow";""
"";"['News']";"The need for the closest possible cooperation between Britain and Europe and their identity of interests were the main themes of the addresses of both Mr. Churchill and M. Spaak last night to a meeting of the European Movement al Kingsway Hall, W.C. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Fisher, was in the chair.
M. SPAAK, president of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, said that Britain's full collaboration in Europe was indis- Pensable and that she need have no fears of being placed in any dilemma that would mean a choice between Europe and the Common- wealth.
The problem of Europe's organization now depended mainly on Britain, and should this country lose interest in the question he felt that continental Europe, compelled by neces- sity, would organize herself without Britain. Such a solution would be not only most inadequate but also detestable.
"" I am also convinced,"" he continued, "" that in such a Europe Germany's part would be considerable-too considerable. Personally I am ready to consider the Gertman problem with an open mnind, forgetting everything it is possible to forget. But, in the continental Europe of to-day, and above all in the conunental Europe of to-morrow, facing a Germany that already begins to rise again, the couriter-balance of Great Britain is indispensable."" Its absence would be disastrous for both Europe and Britain,
UNITY ESSENTIAL
Mr. Churchill outlined the progress which the movement had made, and said they were now coming to the difficult part of their task. Failure would mean a complete breakdown of the European economy when American aid ended, and from such soil Communism sprang. This was realized more widely every day. With- out Britain there could be no effective success. None of the great partners could stand aside without inflicting a mortal injury upon the cause. ' But there is no danger of Britain standing aside,"" he added. We recognize in this island that we have become an integral part of Europe, and we mean to play our part in the revival and prosperity of the greatness of the continent.""
For Britain to enter a European Union from which the Empire and the Commonwealth were to be excluded would, in the eyes of Europe, seriously reduce the value of our help. No time should be lost in discussing this ques- tion with the Dominions. These consultations could take place at the conference of Com- monwealth Foreign Ministers at Colombo early next year which Mr. Bevin was to attend, so that when the Assembly met again at Stras- bourg the representatives of Britain would no longer be restrained by any uncertainty about the wishes of our partners and kith and kin.
Mr. Churchill welcomed the admission of the new German Federal Republic as an associate member of the Council of Europe and the partial abandonment of the pro- vocative "" and "" ineffectual "" policy of dismantling.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Emphasizing that the European Movement was one of the regional gzroups without which the United Nations Organization could not reach its full development and strength, he said that Governments should makc it clear that they accepted the principle of joint respon- sibility for the maintenance of freedom and urged on them-and the British Government in particular-to set up a Court of Human Rights. Nothing would give the Assembly more confidence than setting up the machinery for this before its next session.
"" Behind the iron curtain,"" he continued, there are people who share our culture and traditions and who have no keener desire than to be united with us. All our plans for the new Europe must be based on the firm assumption that the fellow-Europeans now dwelling under the totalitarian yoke will, when they are free-and free they will be in the march of time-will come to take their places with us in the Council of Europe.""
The union of Europe must be a union not only of Governments but a union of hearts among the people. They must now build up a vast body of popular support behind the Assembly so that the Assembly's recommenda- tions might be translated into action. He hoped that the work would grow stronger and gather behind it "" almost a hurricane of public opinion "" to build ujp the life of Europe andi thus make it possible to rebuild the life of the world not only for generations but what might well be for centuries to comc..
GERMANY'S FUTURE
LORD LAYTON said tllat unity was the condi- tion of Europe's survival. It was vital to us that France and Germany, Sweden, and Italy should remain democratic and equally vital to them that we should not allow our liberties to be frittered away. Of the question-what are we to do about Germany's war potential ' -surely the only possible answer over the years wvas to create a European defence force to which, in time, German rnan-power and German industries would make their appro- priate contribution.
Other speakers included Mr. R. W.
MACKAY, M.P., and Mr. HAROLD MACUMILLAN,
M.P.
Earlier in the evening M. Spaak addressed some 150 members of all parties from both Houses of Parliament. The meeting, which was private, took place in a committee room at the House of Commons. Mr. Dalton Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, pre- sided. and several other members of the United Kingdom delegation to Strasbourg in the summer were also present.";"November 29, 1949";"";51551;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Task In Europe";""
"";"['News']";"I GENEVA, JULY 21
Marshal Bulganin's draft for a decision by the heads of Governments on disarmament is as follows:-
To lessen tension in the Telation between States, to consolidate mutual confidence between them and to remove threat of a new war the heads of Governments of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Great Britain and France recognize the need to make efforts for the purpose of the early conclusion of an international convention on the reduction of armaments and the pro- hibition of atomic weapons.
As a result of the exchange of opinions on the reduction of armaments and the pro- hibition of atomic weapons'they agreed on the following: -
1.-The level of the armed forces of the United States, the U.S.S.R., and China shall be established at one million to 1,500,000 men for each; that of Britain and France at 650,000 men for each, while the level pro- vided for China as well as other questions bearing upon the armed forces of China shall be the subject of consideration in which the People's Republic of China shall participate. The level of the armed forces of all other States shall not exceed 150,000 to 200,000 men and shall be agreed upon at an appro- priate international conference.
ATOMIC PROHIBITION
11.-After the reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments has been carried out to the extent of 75 per cent. of the agreed reductions, a complete prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons shall come into effect. The elimination of such weapons from the armaments of States and their destruction shall be completed in the course of reduction of armaments to the final 25 per cent. of the agreed reduction. All atomic materials shall thereafter be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.
11.-Simultaneously with the initiation of measures to effect the reduction of arma- ments and armed forces, and before the entry into force of the agreement on the complete prohibition of atomic and hydro- gen weapons, the four Powers shall solemnly pledge themselves not to use nuclearwcapons, which they shaU rFgard as prohibited to them. Exceptions to this rule may be per- mitted for purposes of defence against aggression, when a decision to that effect is taken by the Security Council.
IV.-As one of the first measures for the execution of the programme for the reduc- tion of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, States possessing atomic and hydrogen weapons pledge themselves to discontinue tests of these weapons.
V.-There shall be established an effective international control over the implementa- tion of measures for the reduction of arma- ments and the prohibition of atomic weapons.
VI.-The heads of Government of the four Powers have instructed the Foreign
Ministers to make efforts to reach necessary agreement on the unsettled aspects of the above-mentioned convention, which is to be considered in the United Nations.
At the same time the heads of Govern- ments of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Great Britain, and France, determined not to permit the use of atomic and hydrogen weapons, which are the weapons of mass destruction of people and to liberate nations from the threat of a destructive atomic war, solemnly declare that: Pending the conclusion of the inter- national convention on the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons the Soviet Union, the United States of America, Great Britain, and France undertake not to be the first in the use of atomic weapons against any nation and call upon all other States to join this declaration.
EAST-WEST PACT
UNDERTAKING NOT TO
USE ARMED FORCE
Following is the text of Marshal Bulganin's proposal for an East-West non-aggression pact:-
Basic principles of a treaty between the groupings of States existing in Europe pro- posed by the Soviet delegation:-
Guided by the desire to consolidate peace and recognizing the need to contribute in every way to a reduction of international tension and the establishment of confidence in relations between States, the Governments of the Soviet Union, the United States of America, France, and the United Kingdom have agreed that the interests of maintaining peace in Europe would be met by the con- clusion of a treaty between the States parties to the North Atlantic Pact and to the Western European Union, on the one hand, and the States parties to the Warsaw Treaty on the other.
That treaty could be based on the follow- ing principles:-
1.-The States parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and to the Paris agreements, on the one hand, and the States parties to the Warsaw Treaty, on the other, undertake not to use armed force against one another. The undertaking shall not prejudice the right of States to individual or collective self- defence; as provided for in Artidce 51 of the United Nations Charter in case of an armed attack.
11.-The States parties to the treaty under- take to enter into mutual consultations in case any differences or disputes arise be- tween them which might represent a threat to the maintenance of peace in Europe.
111.-The treaty shall be of a temporary character and shall remain in force until replaced by another treaty relating to the establishment of a system of collective security in Europe.-Reuter.";"July 22, 1955";"";53279;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Marshal Bulganin's Proposals";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
KITWE (N. RHODESIA), FEB. 10
The copperbelt is now in the trough between two waves. The first-that of the Guillebaud award, giving the African workers increases of 80 per cent. and over -has passed. A second and bigger wave, that of the Dalgleish report and the indus- trial colour bar, wil break no one knows when, but cannot be indefinitely delayed.
In the aftermath of the arbitration people are trying to assess its results. Already trade union meetings are being held in other parts of the country, and wages demands in other industries, some of which may not be in a position to meet them, must be expected. In the mines themselves some workers may find them- selves redundant, as the mining industry is lavishly staffed, particularly on the sur- face. There is a fear that the award will lead to a quicker turnover of labour, because the tendency among Africans is to work for a certain sum and then return home.
AFRICAN VTEWPOINT
Africans seem well pleased with what they have got, although it is only half what they asked. The benefits go chiefly to the lower- paid men, but workers in the higher groups point out that they itearly all have relatives in the lower groups.whom thes are bound to support, so that they are indirectly relieved if a poor cousin gets higher pay. This may seem a curious argument, but is quite natural in the setting of the African way of life, with its close family ties and obligations.
The most noticeable result is that the increases have consolidated the power of the African mineworkers' unions and given them confidence to proceed with the next step. Coupled with this confidence is a growing realization that the principle of equal pay for equal work is not really likely to help the bulk ot the Africans to industrial advancement. Some system of trade testing and grading by which Africans will at first be able to accept lower wages than Europeans for semi-skilled jobs would have to be introduced. Greal importance is also attached to the establish- ment of technical schools.
Meanwhile, the copperbelt is not entirely peaceful. A court case has arisen out of the objection of the African union to the part played by tribal representatives in the mining compounds. These are elders who were appointed by the companies after the wartime labour troubles to form a link between them and their tribal groups in the compounds. With the growth of urban courts to settle such things as marriage disputes and the trade union to settle labour disputes. their duties have shrunk, but the union is intensely suspicious of their power. Recently the companies pre- sented them with scarlet and green robes more appropriate to an Oxford Encaenia than a mining camp, and this gesture has been inter- preted as an attempt to build up their prestige at the expense of the union, and has led to threats.
NON-UNION LABOUR
The European mining workers' union also has its troubles. Its leaders helped the Africans in the Guillebaud arbitration by providing essential figures, but it must be remembered that it boycotted the Dalgleish commission in 1948 and there is no sign of its weakening on the industrial colour bar. At the moment there is a technical dispute at the Mufulira mine; and behind the scenes talks are proceed- ing on the vexed question of the employment of non-union contractors' labour in and aboui the mines, particularly in constructional engineering. This means the presence in the area of workers with different scales of pay and different customs on the use of native lab6ur from that agreed between the com- panies and the mineworkers' union. The European union seems determined to stop the practice, but the Government and the com- panies are apprehensive that compliance would lead to a general spread of th4 industrial colour bar, which is contrary to policy.
With all the preoccupation over labour matters, the publication of the White Paper on Federation passed almost unnoticed. It is the third White Paper to be published, and its perusal appears so far to be more than most people on the copperbelt are willing to undertake. This is not because of apathy but because most people have already made. up their minds one way or the other and are not interested in constitutional niceties. African opinion is solidly organized against Federation, and Europeans are influenced most by such considerations as whether their income tax will go up.
From the north all is reported to be quiet up till now. A mobile police unit hurriedly summoned to Fort Rosebery last Monday has been patrolling the Luapula Valley. At Mweru a local chief has been suspended on suspicion of complicity in illegal fishing in Lake Mweru. Four persons were arrested for illegal assembly and three for threatening violence to fish guards if they tried to enforce the law. The fishing in Lake Mweru was undoubtedly an act of deliberate civil dis- obedience supported by agitators, in that it is different from the fishing dispute in the Luapula Valley itself, where. prima facie. there seems to have been a specific grievance.";"February 11, 1953";"";52543;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour On The Copperbelt";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, JUNE 3']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, JUNE 3
The tenor of most debates in the assembly of the Western European Union has been that there can be little hope of progress towards European unity -much less Atlantic "" partnership ?._ until General de Gaulle changes his mind.
Mr. Maudling (Conservative) and Sir Geoffrey de Freitas (Labour), among the British delegation, said so openly before the spring session ended here today; indeed, hardly any subject has been dis- cussed without implied deprecations of French policies, as though resentments were beginning to snowball.
The assembly has been attended by the usual muster of Gaullist deputies. and a French Minister put in an appearance this morning; but, perhaps to avoid contention. they have been unusually quiet. Certainly this has been one of the more desultory sessions, without much ferment of new ideas, though the assembly's documentation is of undiminished excellence.
U.S. LINKS
Signor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Mlinister, indicated today that he had little liking for yesterday's recommendation to the Seven Governments that a permanent conference of counsellors be created to co- ordinate foreign policies. Recalling Italy's long interest in the realities of Euro- pean Union, he felt that such an organ would be an inadequate means of attain- ing their goal. At the same time he added a warning that efforts to unite Europe would make little sense if theY forgot the links they had made, and intended to retain, with the United States.
Signor Fanfani later had a talk with NM Pompidou, the French Prime Minister, in preparation for his discussions tomorro,. with President de Gaulle and M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister.
PROMOTING TRADE
The Assembly's main debate today was on ""Great Britain, Efta and the E.E.C. "". a title deprecated by some delegates for possibly signifying a measure of British particularism, though there was praise for the efforts of Mr. Maurice Edelman (Labour) as rapportetir. In many respects, indeed, this has been a British session. Gaullist delegates joined in a unanimous resolution inviting member governments to cooperate closely in pursuing the Kennedy Round negotiations, and to take all other measures to promote trade between the European Free Trade Association and the European Economic Community.
The executives of the two bodies were urged to promote the largest possible num- ber of economic and technical measures by establishing permanent links between them. Governments were also advised to extend the new technological and aeronautical co-
operation between individual members to other European nations.
The discussion ranged over much of the recent Vienna conference and the initiatives taken by Mr. Harold Wilson. Mr. Frank Figgures, the retiring secretary-general of Efta, was deeply concerned about the grow- ing trade gap between Efta and the Com- mon Market. Last vear's figures. he said, had shown a pronounced falling off in the rate of growth of Efta's exports to the Six from a previous average of 15 per cent a year to only 6.4 per cent.
This could be the first evidence of a dis- quieting trend. he said. It was a complete illusion to believe that, because little apparent harm had been done, they should complacently accept the present situation. Mr. Figgures renewed his call for a single European market, which would create a total national income comparable to that of the United States.
Mr. Edelman observed that for psycho- logical and political reasons the idea of join- ing E.F. C. and Efta had proved a non- starter Yet :t was wrong to imagine that there was no room for possible umbrellas under which the two could work together. He thought that rcsistance to bridge-build- ing was legitimate only if the builders intended to undermine the E.E.C.; but Efta, he said, believed in Europe and hoped for the eventual consolidation of the great European work already done.
MAUDLING REMINDER
Mr. Maudling reminded the assembly that the idea tor a free trade area had orig- inally been not British but west European as a whole. Even France had agreed that this should come about, if possible, at the time of the Treaty of Rome.
Herr Walter Scheel, west German Minister for Economic Cooperation, agreed there could be no united Europe until the process was extended beyond the frame- work of the Six to other European states who wished to cooperate. In this, his Government was thinking, he said, espec- ially of the United Kingdom.
The assembly wound up with its usual recognition of the Berlin situation. Its resolution, emphasizing free access and the maintenance of close links between the Federal Republic and Berlin, urged member governments to act in concert, with the United States, to seek ways of encouraging the Soviet Union to begin talks for the conclusion of a German peace treaty on the basis of self-determination.
Herr Brandt, the chief burgomaster of west Berlin, sounded more relaxed in speaking of a prosperous city, with full employment, to which people were moving from the west and thus improving the age structure.
GENEVA, June 3.-An 18-nation working party of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) will resume talks with Britain on June 16 on her 10 per cent import surcharge, it was announced today. -Reiter.";"June 4, 1965";"";56339;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Seeks ""Umbrella"" To Link Efta And Six";""
"['From Nicholas Ashford,', 'From Frederick Bonnart,']";"['News']";"From Nicholas Ashford.
WashinRton
The Reagan Administration is trving to calm speculation that agreement on a timing and agenda for a US-Soviet sum- mit mav be near bv reiterating the President's long-held view that such a meeting must be carefully prepared and offer the prospect of achieving concrete results.
Briefing journalists. Mr Donald Regan. the White House chief' of staftl. empha- sized that a lot of groundwork would first have to be com- pleted and a meeting between President Reagan and Mr Nlikhail Gorbachov. the Soviet leader, would have to hold the promise of being more than just a get-acquainted session.
""We think it would be a big let-down - not onv ly or Americans but also for the rest of the world - if the two leaders were to meet and accomplish nothing."" Mr Regan said. The President was against 'just having meetings for meetings sake"".
Mir Regan was talking to White House correspondents in
Santa Barbara, California, where President Reagan is spending a I 0-day Easter holiday.
There has been considerable speculation that.. a Reagan- Gorbachov summit could take place at the time of the 40th anniversary celebrations of the ftounding of.the' United Nations in New York this autumn. However, Mr Regan said that no time or venue had been agreed.
President Reagan first pro- posed a summit in a letter to Mr Gorbachov at the time of the funeral of President Chernenko in Moscow last month. The newv Soviet leader sent an affirm- ative response to Mr Reagan earlier this month. The issue is to be further discussed at a miecting which Mr George ShuItz. the Secretary of State. is expected to hold with Mr Andrei Gromyko. his Soviet counterpart, in Vienna next month.
The Administration's more cautious approach to a summit
Carrington urges greater European defence identity
From Frederick Bonnart,
Brussels
Lord Carrington, Nato Sec- retary General, said yesterday a collective European response should be made to the invi- tation by the United States to join the research programme for the strategic defence initia- tive.
Stressing the need for far greater cohesiveness in Euro- pean defence. he said in Paris he was convinced that ""the field of arms production and procurement is the key to a stronger European defence identity"".
In an oblique criticism of the French position in Nato, Lord Carrington emphasized the strength of Nato due to its integrated militarv structure - from which France withdrew in 1966 while remaining a mem- ber of the alliance - and regular exercises.
He compared this with the W'estern European Union wvhich had neither, but vas one of several different European groupings which appeared to be ""a case of mismanagement on an epic scale"".
I ""I passionately believe that Europe needs to be and needs to be seen to be. more energetic in its onwn defence"", Lord Carrington said.
Hlie saw two alternatives, either an end to the two-vay
street in transatlantic arms sales and consequent purchases from the most efricient pro- ducer - which would therefore often be an American - or the creation of a European arma- ments industry worthy of the name.
While WEU countries had spent $6.5 billion in research and development in 1982, the US had spent $20 billion and was planning to spend more than $30 billion in 1985, excluding nuclear energy and Nasa. Hence the huge imbal- ance in favour of the US in the transatlantic arms trade.
* MOSCOW: The Dutch Floreign Minister Mr Hans van den Broek spent more than three hours here with his Soviet counterpart, Mr Andrei Gro- myko, but their talks appar- cntly failed to bring the two sides closer together on missile deployment (Reuter reports).
Before leaving Moscow, Mr van den Broek told a press conference he had explained the Dutch position, but he had been ""somewhat disappointed"" by N-lr :Growyko's attitude. Hollafid rhe said; vsould deploy cruise missiles from November I if the- *nurmber, of SS-21s deployed by Moscow was greater than on last June 1.
is partly explained by Mr CGorbachov's. statement last weekend which annioyed the Reagan Administration because of what it ,considers to be his propaganda call for a freeze on the deployment of medium- range missiles in Europe.
The 'US regards the latest Soviet move as aimed at public opinion in Western Europe. Mr Regan said the offer was not a gesture of Soviet good faith""..
The US claims the Soviet Union has already deployed 414 of its triple-warhead SS20 missiles, of which 276 are targeted against Western Europe.
Nato. on the other hand. has only around 100 of its single- warhead cruise and Pershing 2 missiles in place in sites in Britain, West Germany. Italy and Belgium. A total of 572 cruise and Pershing 2 missiles are to be deployed.
* MOSCOW: Speaking last night afler discussions between his delegation and Mr Gorba- chov on arms control. trade, cultural, exchanges and human rights. Mr ""Tip"" O'Neill, Speaker of the US House of Representatives, said: ""About his ability and his talents,. his frankness and his openness, I ani tremendously impressed.
""There is no questipn that he is a master of words and a master in the art of politics and diplomacy ... Ycs.. he's hard, he's tough.""
Good omen: Mr 'Tip' O'Neill with Mr Gorbachov after they met for neariy four hours at the
Kremlin yesterday. Mr O'Neill said he saw a good omen about the chances of a summit.";"April 11, 1985";"";62109;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"White House signals cautious approach to superpowers summit";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, JULY 4']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, JULY 4
It has fallen to M. Maurice- Bokanowski, the Minister of Industry, to put a finger on some of the more obvious reasons behind the French Gov- ernment's decision to "" freeze "" relations with the Common Market. He made ominous use yesterday of the past tense, as if the break were final; but this pre- sumably was part of the diplomatic hand to be played in the coming weeks.
"" The breakdown at Brussels "", the Minister said, "" has shown, after three and a half years of effort, that the con- struction of agricultural Europe was an illusion because only France was inter- ested. To pursue the application of the Treaty of Rome in such a spirit would, to my mind, hold nothing but incon- veniences.""
END OF HOPES
Hie said more tellingly that for France, the first farmihg country of Europe, the conception of a Common Market made no sense unless it took in agricultural products. The Common Market had passed in Janu- ary, 1962, to the second stage of the treaty on the imperative French condition that financial mechanisms be adopted to increase the income of French farmers and at the same time to assure them of financial aid in finding outlets on the world market. France's partners had solemnly agreed to complete these arrangements by June 30 this year.
M. Maurice-Bokanowski spoke strongly of Dutch insistence on control of the Community fund by the Strasbourg Assembly, which had * no mandate or representation "". and of the refusal by Italy and west Germany to share equitably in agricultural financing. These positions had
*' put an end to a great French hope "". Every time France tried to promote a real Community policy, he went on. the Brussels commission and some member countries sought to re-launch the supranational con- cept, which went against the construction of true European union. France. he insisted, could not shoulder agricultural support costs, which her partners refused to share.
NUCLEAR COST
He mentioned the cost of the French nuclear force among the commitments which the other five had not to meet. saying that they preferred to rely on America alone for a perhaps illusory defence.
The Minister was probably nearer the heart of the matter in speaking of the insufficient concentration of French indus- tries and of the void in the interior of the Community which was being increasingly filled by American investmnents. Without the counterpart of a com on agricultural policy he did not like to think of passing automatically to the third stage of the treaty-or indeed to the system of majority voting due to come into effect next Janu- ary. Such a procedure, without an agri- cultural policy. would not help to gear French industry to foreign competition. "" We are not going fast enough "", he said. They must use the delay to effect a drastic rationalization of French industrial struc- tures.
These plausible reasons for the tough- ness of the French position may not wholly explain why Paris has pounced, almost with alacrity, on the June 30 deadline, of which a far less peremptory view had been taken lately by officials at the Quai d'Orsay. The subterfuge of "" stopping the clock "" has been used to good purpose in the past. and one is tempted to think that General de Gaulle was looking for an opportunity to
stall thc whole Common Mlarket process for reasons that may be partly read between the lines of M. Maurice-Bokanowski's state- ment.
He has always been highly suspicious of the European Commission and is now said to be angered by the initiative it has taken -behind France's back, as some see it-to place a European budget in parliamentary hands. General de Gaulle. from past experience, is sensitive to nothing else so much as the idea that others are ' ganging up "" against France.
Observers would not be surprised if, among counter-measures to be improvised by the French Government, he decided to recaU aU French diplomatists and experts from the Brussels pool. an action for which a precedent may be found in the removal from Euratom some time ago of M. Hirsch, its French director.
It has been made plain enough that France has the intention for the present of boycotting Common Market negotiations at all levels, a decision that some expect to be extended to Euratom and the Coal and Steel Authority.
On the agricultural issue, General de Gaulle has been nothing but consistent and few would deny that he has a strong casc. He said two years ago that the European Economic Community would mean nothing if Europe did not for the most part assure its food supplies from its own produce. which was amply sufficient. What. he asked, would be the position of France in a system which retained barriers only against French wheat, meat. milk. wine. and fruit ?
Electoral considerations may dictate counsels of moderation. but it might be a mistake to assume that the strong hand of the Elysee will be used in the weeks ahead merely as a means of diplomatic pressure. The impression this time is that people are playing with fire in more places than onc.";"July 5, 1965";"";56365;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Reasons For Rebuff To E.E.C.";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, AUG. 9
In the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe defence questions have been displacing constitutional questions as the preoccupation of representatives. The latest decisions of the Committee of Ministers, which met for the last time this morning, may, as they become known, swing interest back to relations between the two bodies; for on the contentious issues the Committee of Ministers decided to adjourn discussion until its next session in October in Rome. Their talks will then be resumed in the light of the decisions which the Assembly may have taken.
In the Assembly Mr. Robert Boothby, M. Bidault, M. Paul Reynaud, and Herr Gersten- maier, the first German representative to speak, were among the leading speakers to-day on the message and report of the Committee of Ministers. These and otbers charged the Com- mittee of Ministers with obstructing the wishes of the Assembly and reducing the Council of Europe to sterility, and cited the Ministers' message and report as proof. "" We have not even a European passport or a uniform rate of telephone charges to show for all our labours,"" said Mr. Boothby.
EUROPEAN WAR MINISTER The preoccupation with defence led 'o unexpected suggestions. Mr. Boothby desired the appointment of a European commander- in-chief; M. Bidault demanded that the Council of Europe should appoint a trustee responsible to the Committee of Ministers for putting into effect common defence measures, coordinating the actions of the various European organisms, and, as mandatory of the Committee of Ministers, facing the Governments of Europe with their responsibilities.
M. Reynaud proposed to entrust the task of organizing European defence to a responsible personality as a sort of European War Minister. With a gesture towards Mr. Churchill, who bowed and smiled as the Assembly applauded, M. Reynaud added that such a man could be found within the precincts of the Assembly.
The burden of Mr. Boothby's indictment was that the Council of Europe had fallen between the two stools of the functional and the consti- tutional approach to European union. He found the failure of the Committee of Ministers to make any progress in the functional direc- tlion incomprehensible and unforgivable. The establishment of the joint ad hoc committee had fortunately saved the Council of Europe from total collapse, for in it lay the germ of the"" political authority with limited functions but real powers "" which it was the declared aim of thc statute to bring into being.
COMBINED BOARDS
In the economic sphere he agreed with the views of M. Andre Philip and Mr. Edelman, and supported their proposals for European man-power and purchasing boards. He added the coordination of food production, transport and hydro-electric power as both strategic and economic necessities.
European defences were non-existent, he declared. In the struggle between western civilization and totalitarian Communism-in which all the representatives here were in the same boat-only the atomic bomb stood between Europe and destruction. Europe's strength must be built up quickly, and this involved admitting Germany into this western union on equal terms and with equal responsi- bilities for joint defence, which for her part Germany must accept. There must be a supreme command for the western demo- cracies, on the precedent of the combined Anglo-American Chiefs of Staff which, inci- dentally, worked successfully without arny constitution.
M. Bidault felt that the Committee of Minislers deserved congratulations for its liberal interpretation of the statute on defence matters, as evidenced by the reference in its message to Korea. He feared that Europe might be smothered by the multiplicity of the organisms set up to keep it alive. Defence required unity; and he compared the disunity of Europe to that of Greece before the Macedonian threat. He saw no conflict between the Council of Europe and the Atlantic Pact; on the contrary, the two were interdependent.
THE GERMAN VIEW
In his most cutting vein M. Reynaud berated the Committee of Ministers as the most reac- tionary body in Europe. He proposed to end the combination of closed doors and veto by one vote, which marked its discussions, and demanded that the Assembly should have another opportunity in six months' time of prodding the Ministers.
He also blamed the general affairs committee of the Assembly which had glossed over differ- ences to preserve unanimity and to spare feel- ings. "" We are a political assembly, not a mutual admiration society,"" he said. It was said that the United Kingdom favoured a func- tional approach; but it had rejected the Schuman proposals although they were exactly that. He recalled that the U.S.S.R. had rejected atomic control on the grounds that it infringed sovereignty. The unanimity rule was vigorously attacked also by Signor Benvenuti, an Italian Christian Democrat.
Herr Gerstenmaier (German Christian Democrat), on behalf of all the German representatives, read out and tabled the reso- lution on European unity recently passed by the Bundestag. He said the German people were against remilitarization, but were ready to play their full part in the preservation of peace. In the defence of Europe they would impose sacrifices on themselves no less than those who threw their moral and material resources in defence of peace. They were not counting on others to defend them.";"August 10, 1950";"";51766;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West European Defences";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 2
""The British Government, without regard to all that has happened in the last few years, will certainly be ready to consider anew the proposal that Britain should ioin Euratom and indeed the European Coal and Steel Com- munity as well "", Mr. John Profumo, the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. told the Assembly of Western European Union in Paris today.
He spoke after M. Arthur Conte (France, Socialist) bad introduced a report recommending that the Govern- ments of the seven member states of W.E.U. should examine the possibility of Britain becoming a full member of Euratom.
The recommendation was unani- mously adopted this evening after a debate in which speakers from all the s,( nations of the European Economic Community had made it clear that Britain would be welcome in Euratom as a helping and not a hindering partner. The Assembly as a whole saw the possi- bility as a first step which could be taken quickly and practically without betray- ing the European Free Trade Associa- tion (the Outer Seven). The atmosphere at the end of the debate was almost emo- tional, and the announcement of the unanimous vote on the report was greeted with a standing ovation.
UNITY THE AIM
Mr. Profumo had admittedly quali- fied his statement about possible British policy towards Euratom and the Coal and Steel Community. He said that:- Britain would have to know whether she
was welcome.
Britain would also have to know, in a
matter which had not only technical but political significance, what the effect would be upon the immediate situation. Any decision to be taken ""must be taken
with full regard to the loyalties that we have towards our partners in the Euro- pean Free Trade Association"".
Mr. Profumo referred to General de Gaulle's recent hope that some accom- modation could be found between the two groups in Europe, and added that he felt the best way to look at the problem was ""from the point of view Of what makes a real contribution to the purpose that we all have in mind-the Unity of western Europe "".
The "" more limited question "" of Euratom and the European Coal and Steel Community must be considered in the context of the wider problem. In any case, Mr. Profumo said, Britain intended to make whatever contribu- tions she could, "" and we shall consider this immediate problem in connexion with the larger hopes that are now current in Europe"".
SUPPORT FOR THE SIX
He had begun by emphasizing that the collapse of the summit conference made it important for the west to close its ranks. ""At this moment, the unity of western Europe is vital, and we in Britain are most anxious to do all we
can to preserve it and indeed to strengthen it."" There was a conviction in Britain that a solution to the problem did exist. Britain fully realized that Europe's destiny was inseparable from her own.
Mr. Profumo praised the spirit and constructive nature of M. Conte's report, some of which consisted of an explana- tion of British reluctance to associate fully with Europe. In what seemed a somewhat unsuitable reference for an assemibly that included Dutch, Belgian, French, German, and Italian delegates, Mr. Profumo explained that ""the war had bled us dry, both emotionally and economically "". He denied the implica- tion that Britain had failed to join the Europe of the Six because she doubted its survival powers. The establishment of the Six deserved, and would continue to deserve, sincere British support, and recent statements from both the Six and the Seven showed that ""the atmosphere is better in every way "".
But although the willl might exist to solve the problems, the problems remained; and here Mr. Profumo gave a warning that there were still differences "" between our approach and that of continental European countries and, frarnkly, some of these differences are unlikely to disappear"".
BRITAIN'S APPROACH
The British approach was from a different angle because of political traditions. the British role in world trade, and British obligations to the Com- monwealth. There should be no under- estimating the association of Powers in the European Free Trade Association "",or indeed the strength of the bond which unites us in our joint endeavour to free European trade "". but Efta was ""by no means irreconcilable with the six-Power communities "".
Those communities had a political content and momentum which was irreversible, ""and we welcome this"". This political content and momentum "" are things which must be preserved in any wider solution which may be made possible as a result of concessions on all sides "".
The statement issued by the Ministers of the Six at Brussels was welcome, and the British Government would be ready "" without any pre-conditions to play a full part in the proposed discussions out of which it is our hope that a permanent and comprehensive settlement may in due course emerge "".
M. Conte in his report describes the accession of Britain to Euratom as some- thing that "" would firmly convince the Six that there is a fundamental change of opinion with regard to Europe"" in Britain. He recognizes that in the nuclear energy field Britain is still a long way ahead of the Six and the latter would stand to gain by such an arrangement. But he argues that it is absolutely essential for the British to make a gesture of real value.";"June 3, 1960";"";54788;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Now Ready For Euratom Invitation";""
"['From Jonathan Fenby']";"['News']";"From Jonathan Fenby
Paris, March 14
As pressure is mounting in West Europe for a more effective machinery for consul- tations with the United States, France is setting out to encour- age its European partners to make. their voices heard in a stronger and more coherent fashion. within the Western alliance.
In his first 10 months in office, President Mitterrand has shown himself to be a convinced advocate of a strong Western alliance, taking a firm attitude towards the Soviet Union. His flying visit tO Washington on Friday was only the latest sign of his desire to 'consolidate relations with the Unlited States. desvite dif- ferences over specific issues such as Latin America and high American interest rates.
But the French administra- tion also believes that the European pillar of the Western alliance is in need of strength- ening to enable it to play a greater role in formulating policy and producing more effective joint reactions to crises such as that in Poland.
Suich a development would, the French feel, serve to strengthen the alliance as a whole and would help to calm the lurking fear in Paris of a Washington-Moscow deal over the heads of the Europeans.
It could also act as a counter both to the neutralist current on the Continent and to what one high French official char- acterized as ""the - risk of Balkanization, arising from national behaviour which too easily forgets the fundamental interests that exist between European countries "".
It might appear somewhat paradoxical at first that France should be promoting the idea of greater cohesion in defence matters, given the fact that Paris remains outside Nato's integrated military structure, a Gaullist policy which M Mitter- rand is intent on continming.
French leaders have, how- ever, long felt concern about West Europe's relative weak- ness in setting alliance policy, and France's independent line has been promnted in part by unhappiness with a role des-
cribed in identical wdrds by both Gaullist and Socialist Ministers as that of an atten- tive, discreet and inoffensive Cinderella.
There is no question of the Mitterandr Administration diminishing France's freedom of action, but independence is not seen in' Paris as being incompatible with increased consultation and agreement on coherent joint approaches to defence problems.
In seeking a' suitable forum for such consuiltation,' France- 6as. elirninated'- both 'thea' E'EC and the European Parlfiament.
Instead, it has 'turned' to the: Western European Unions an o rgaiiizatio0n which' has' attracted. little- attention in' recent years'-and has been: cast as a parliamentarians' 'talking shop of marginal interest.
The union, founded to pro- mote the unity and to encour- age the progressive integration of Europe, took 'its ""present"" form in'1954 after the collapse of a -French'plan for' a' Euro- pean defence, community, 'de- Continued on hack page, col 3
Mitterrand urges alliance outside Nato
Continued from page 1
signed to integrate West Germany into a European army.
Instead, the union provided simply an institutional frame- .work in the defence sphere in which Bonn could participate.
The union consists of a Min- isterial-level council and an assembly of members of Parlia- ment of the seven member states which are Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
The fledgling French initi- ative over the union became apparent at the last assembly meeting in Paris last Decem- ber, where M Georges Lemoine, the Deputy Defence Minister, identified the union as the authentically European institution which had a special
role to play in developing the solidarity of its member states.
The union's assembly was the natural place to discpss defence questions affecting Europe, and should be streng. thened accordingly.
The case for the Western European Union becoming the framework for a. European platform for joint defence matters was put by M Lucien Pignion, chairman of the French delegation to the or- ganization's assembly, in a speech to a committee session.
Repeating statements made on several occasions by M Charles Hernu, the Defence Minister, M Pignion insisted that while Paris was committed to its independent military force it could not pursue a ""France alone"" policy,
He said: ""France,intends to take part in the debate which
will one day have to lead to a European defence policy, lest it jeopardize the whole European undertaking by neglecting its fundamental aim, which is to protect and defend the common heritage. All' said arid done, perhaps Europe -will never be com- plet,ed without European. defence "".
M Pignion added that a European defence policy must be based on the idea of great- er independence for Europe in the face of the two oppos- ing world power blocks.
This reflected President Mitterrand's repeated warn- ings of the need to avoid divid- ing the world between the United States and Soviet zones of influence, an approach which he applied to Central America and the Middle East
but which was that much more important to him when Europe itself was involved.
The French idea of using the union to develop a collegiate approach to the formulation of a West European defence stance is understood to have received some positive reac- tions.
Italy was reported to be sympathetic and Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, said in a recent interview that he saw no ob- jections in principle to the French ideas
Bonn's attitude towards the organization is reported to have become warmer since the union stopped concentrating its arms controls inspections on West Germany, as it did in its first two decades of its existence.";"March 15, 1982";"";61182;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France presses for Europe to take independent line on defence";""
"['From DAVID BONAVIA']";"['News']";"From DAVID BONAVIA
Moscow. Feb. 3 Soviet propaganda has un- equivocally condemned attempts to widen the European Comnmon Market and eventually turn it into a political federation. Officialy, the Russians view the idea of a United States of Europe as aimed against the communist block. Privately, Moscow must fear its economic potential and its powers of attraction for east European countries.
Of all the possible alternatives in development of the Common Market. the Russians bave been least hostile to the idea of a Eur<ope des pafries stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals. (Ironically. they have not indi- cated what status Siberia. as an integral part of the Russian Fed- eration, miiht achieve in such a loose association. or whether "" Europe "" would have to be con- sidered as stretching right across to the Pacific.)
What really infuriates Moscow is the suggestion that a future European union might reach from the Atlantic to the Black Sea and the Rug. the border river betwveen Poland and the Soviet Union-excluding the latter, but taking in the other Warsaw Pact powers.
The Russians are also deeply opposed to what is most likelv to be the outcome of present moves towards European unitv-a fede- ration stretching from the Atlantic to the eastern borders
of west Germany. They have openly encouraged France in her past efforts to block British membership and tighter politicaJ integradon, and are showing alarm at the, gathering momen- tum of events this year.
The Russians' main argument is that a united western Europe will inevitablv be dominated by the Germans, and that this will encourage "" revanchism "" and deepen the present European split, for which they invariably blame the west.
There is. a paradox in the Soviet attitude to British entry. The Russians want to reduce American influence in Europe. and keep west Germany in her place. Thus they might have been expected to welcome, at least cautiously. the prospect of Britain helping to balance Gei
man influence, and being prised awav from her relationchip witl, the United States.
The Russians have not taken this attitude, because the short
term is more important to then) than the long term. In the shori tcrrn, thev seem to consider that Britain will simplv act as an American bridgehead
The Soviet leaders are apparently having trouble re- adjusting their thinking even to the slow progress being made to- wards unification west of the Elbe "". and they continue to emphasize that a united wvestern Europe will be simpiv another anti-Soviet block. like the Atlan- tic Pact. Doubtless thev realize that the west Europeans are not likely to abandon the American
nuclear shield until, if ever, they have developed a credible one of their own
At present, the Soviet Union .has two main aims in Europe. One is the acceptance by all con- cerned that the other Warsaw Pact powers shall remain within the Soviet sphere of influence for the foreseeable future. This is the real message which the Proposed European security conference is supposed to put across.
The other aim is that, if Russia is unable physically to prevent the growth of prosperity in western Europe, she should at least be able to exploit it for the benefit of herself and the other eastern block counztries.
In economic terms, the Russians cannot but see the Common Market as an exclusive club, with its members trading increasingly among themselves. The Soviet Union alone, with its huge resources, geographical isolation and disciplined people. might be able to shrug off this trend. while disliking it. How- ever, the Russians make no bones about the fact that the Warsaw Pact is considered essential to their own security, indeed to the survival of their entire system. and thev are aware that the attraction of western prosperity could split and destroy the pact if other east European nations were given their head.
That is why the fundamental Soviet strategy towards the Common Market is a delaying action. negative in its purpose and its tactics, and not very
effective. The Russians still pin some hopes on to France, but they have not overlooked the trends in French foreign policy since the departure of General de Gaulle. and must be worried by them. Their press studiously emphasized - Franco-German differences at the recent Paris meeting.
At the same time the Russians will do all they can to expand their trade and technological contacts with individual west European countries, in an attempt to siphon off some of the west's vitality and draw it into a complex economic in- volvement with the Soviet Union which would eventually have political implications be- cause of its sheer size.
Late last year. as the omens for the Soviet-sponsored security conference were becoming obvi- ously less favourable, the Rus- sians produced a whole package of economic proposals to be linked to the success of such a conference (that is, to the recog- nition of Soviet domination in eastern Europe). As with so many Soviet diplomatic initiatives, the book is just a little too obvious under the bait.
On the political front, the Russians have lost much of their previous back-stage influence in western Europe. The large, old- established communist. move- ments either have important reservations about the Soviet style of communism, and Moscow's foreign policy, or are badly split among pro-Soviet and ""revisionist"" factions.";"February 4, 1970";"";57785;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Briefing-15";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY 6
The report on the state of European security presented to the Assembly of Western European Union is the work of the assembly defence committee, which adopted it by 12 votes to two. It is divided into three parts of which a summary is: -
(D Report on a visit to headquarters, Allied Forces, Central Europe, at Fontaine- bleau in January, 1957.-(a) The central European command has only a limited number of divisions at its disposal, of which only the American divisions are at full strength. The British divisions are at some 60 to 70 per cent, of establishment The French contribution is gravely weakened by Algerian requirements, and there are no German divisions yet.
In the present situation the Commander- in-Chief, General Valluy, said it would not be Possible to give battle on the line of the Iron Curtain. but for political and psychological reasons he would try to pro- tect the German population and the indus- trial resources of the Ruhr to the maximum possible extent.
"" RIGID AND SLUGGISH""
(b) There is a great lack of uniformity in size and equipment of the divisions. which in Germany are frequently badly located. Also different weapons and different types of vehicles "" give the central European Army such rigidity and sluggish- ness"" that it would be difficult in the event of war along one axis to move divisions from one sector to another.
Allied air strength is roughly equal to potential enemy strength, but the Russians have available in central Europe 200 air- fields, or 500 including western Russia, as against 80, of which 50 are modem, on allied territory. This would enable a potential enemy to deploy aircraft in such a way that his striking capacity could be trebled almost immediately.
(c) Conclusion.-The shield formed by the central European forces is fragile, and can play its part only provided an effective counter-offensive can be mounted during the first days of bostilities. However. counter-attack by strategiL nuclear weapons cannot be guaranteed by the operational commander in charge of European de- fence.
(11) General defence strategy.-(a) Although N.A.T.O. Governments were never officially informed of this change, the N.A.T.O. requirement of land divisions was reduced in 1954 to 30, though at present the Commahder-in-Chief ""has under his control not inore than 15 divi- sions, of which only the Americans are ready for immediate combat.""
As 30 divisions are essential for a for. ward strategy, recent developments in atomic weapons have rhade it seem as though these weapons could take the place of the diminished manpower. But there
still remains the risk of small-scale attack. border incidents, &c., in which case the aggressor would place on the west ""the almost unbearable responsibility of turning a 'local' into a 'total' war."" This alter- native between peace and total destruction is ""clearly unacceptable.""
(b) Level of troops of member-States of W.EU.-While paying a tribute to the British Govemment's record on the Con- tinent, and recognizing that in 1955 Britain spent on defence more than any one of her European partners, the con1mittee con- siders that a reduction of British forces, *- certainly if it comes this year and probably even next year,"" will weaken the present N.A.T.O. forces.
The first German divisions will not be ready before the end of the year. and the impact of the new weapons will not be felt for at least one or two years. There might be a chain reaction among other countries, and then the United States might lose con- fidence in the defensive will of the European partners, and withdraw its divisions also. But British difficulties should not be looked at in isolation.
(c) New weanons.-It should be under- stood in Washington that a liking for bi- lateral agreements in the matter of the supply of new weapons by the American military authorities to European countries ""is liable to disturb dangerously the whole fabric of multi-lateral Atlantic and Euro- pean cooperation.""
'COMPLETE DUPLICATION"" Britain is the only Europead Power likely to possevs megaton bombs in the foresee- able future, and the committee would like to know what steps Britain has taken to enable her partners in western EuroPe to take part in the present programme of equipping British forces with guided mis- siles and other new weapons. The W.E.U. Council should Make a Joint approach in Washington to obtain the necessary tech- nical "" know-how.""
(d) Overlapping.--The committee visited the French centre of ballistic studies at Veron, where they found that L1Om. had been spent, on the basis of German in- formation captured during the war, for the development by 1957 of a missile which corresponds roughly to the English Electric anti-aircraft rocket developed three years ago. This in turn corresponds to the Ameri- can rocket now in fairly large-scale use.
"" An impression of complete duplication was left by this visit."" and the committee recommends a pooling of research and development among member-States.
(111) The Hungarian warning.-The com- mittee considers that events in Hungary have raised grave problems in regard to the attitude that should be taken if there were to be a renewal of events in eaat Germany or events in central and eastern Europe similar to those in Budapest. It therefore desires information abotut the broad out- lines of the political directives which the W.E.U. Council has been considering,";"May 7, 1957";"";53834;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Inflexibility, Unstandardized Arms, Overlapping";""
"['From PETER NICHOLS,']";"['News']";"From PETER NICHOLS,
RoME, MAY 4
The heartland of the Christian Democratic cause in Italy are the Venetian provinces and it is appro- priate that the present secretary of the party, Signor Mariano Rumor, who is now preparing for his visit to Britain, should be from Vicenza in the centre of that mellow strong- hold, where scenery and votes for the governing party are both luxuriously abundant.
Signor Rumor is setting off on Sunday and will stay three days. He will be seeing Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown as well as members of the Opposition and have ex- changes with a variety of public figures.
He is going at the British Govern- ment's invitation. In case this might look like a stroke of genius by Downing Street, given the extreme usefulness for both sides of this visit, one must add that the Government asked him earlier but his commit- ments would not permit it.
He himself points out that the fact that his arrival in Britain for his first real visit happens to coincide with a vital period in the European policy of Britain and Italy was foreseen by neither Government. He is not going to negotiate; he is the party leader, and at the moment holds no office in the Government This is one of the reasons wny his exchanges with British politicians can be of unusual value.
Postvar generation
He is 51 and so is representative of the generation of Christian Demo- cratic politicians wvho have made theiT career$ since the war. His family, however, had a long tradi- tion of local activity in specifically Roman Catholic affairs before the first Catholic political party was founded in the vears preceding fascism. The Verietian cities are strongly Catholic, avoiding the equallv traditional anti-clericalism in Emilia and Romagna to the south Signor Rumors father and grand- father developed the printing busi- ness wlich the family still main- tains: his own horze in Vicenza is over the printing works. His parents died comparatively young and as the eldest of five sons and daughters
Signor Mariano Rumor, secretary of the Italian Christian Demo-
cratic Party.
he early became the family head. He is unmarried.
He is provincial in having attri- butes. interests and a pride drawn from the traditions of his birthplace. He has a Venetian expansiveness in conversation, dealing with questions and concepts like some highly charged juggler.
In 1943 he was already a Christian Democratic member of the local anti-fascist organization and except for a brief period as a schoolteacher he has spent his life in politics. He sleeps very little, he works long hours in his office-"" infernal hours"" according to his staff-and may continue to work at home late into the night or relax wvith one of his two principal pastimes: novels and jazz records.
His mental energv and avoidance of convinced identifiea-ion xvith any particular group within the party account for his thorough knowledge of Christian Democracy's organiza- tion throughout the country. This has also been a factor in the decline of factions which has marked his leadership of the party since he became its secretary in January, 1964.
He has firmly maintained the party's European commitment. He supports British entry into the Com- mon Market, though he would not like to see this happen at the expetise of the unity of the Six. He has kept the party strictly on anti-communist lines. Last weeke'd he took part in a debate lasting three days at Lucca between Christian Democratic politi- cians and Catholic intellectuals. The classic Christian Democratic political outlook was given a respectful hear- ing. The meeting also indirectly raised a point of real substance, concern- ing the party's relatiotis with the Vatican. Before Pope John XXIII modified the Vatican's thinking on questions like relations with the communists and the Church's politi. cal influence in Italy, Vatican prcs- sure on the party had been heavy aid aimed at keeping Christian Democracy inclined to the right After Pope John and under the present Pontiff the Churcb has a more flexible and progressive approach,
The party's preoccupation has been to obtain and then maintain its auto- nomy, first to avoid the imposition of conservatism and then to be sure that the changes at the Vatican should not tempt Christian Demo- crats to look too leftward, thus de- stroying the militantly anti-com- munist atttiude on which their electoral appeal is based. It has been mainly for Signor Rumor to preside over the second phase and he is now able to say that all mem- bers of his party agree that it must bc autonomous from the Church. though obviously avowedly Cathojic in its princples.
Signor Rumor was Minister for Agriculture for the five years before he took over the secretaryship. This period was one which gave him a detailed knowledge of the Common Market's policies and difficulties as well as of tie last Brit.sh effort to join the Comnnunitv. In 1962 he came to see Mr. Christopher Soames, who was then dealing with agricul- ture, and his stay of scarcely 24 hours bas been his only visit to Britain. He feels that British chances of entry are better than before. As chair- man of the European Union of Christian Democratic Parties he is in contact with important parties in five of the six partners.";"May 5, 1967";"";56933;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Market Ally To Visit Britain";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDEN']";"['News']";"FROM OUtR OWN CORRESPONDhN.
PARIS, MARcH 10
The whole international scene was surveyed yesterday by the British and French Prime Ministers in the light of M. Mollet's recent talks in Washington and Ottawa and of Mr. Macmillan's forth- coming meeting with President Eisen- hower in Bermuda on March 21. Little progress was made on the question of the reduction of British troops in Ger- many, on which Britain remains adamant for economic reasons and France acutely anxious for political and strategic reasons.
It appears, however, that Britain has now agreed to accept the inclusion of French oversea territories in the common market and to try to cooperate on that basis. It also appears that rumours in France that Britain was softening in her atitude to the future of the Suez Canal have been much exag- gerated, and that the common Anglo- French strategy worked out on this issue is now dependent chiefly on Amerioan support.
In their talks on defence Mr. Macmillan explained to M. Mollet the economic neces- sities behind the proposed British reduction of forces in Germany. The Prime Minister, as he put it at Le Bourget, sought to per- suade the French that Britain was not plan- ning to "" tiptoe out of Europe,"" but rather to reorganize her Army in order to make it more efficient but less costly in money and manpower. The French are believed to have replied that the British withdrawal might encourage other Powers, including the United States, to follow their example and thus weaken the first-line strength of N.A.T.O. They also explained their fear of being left with Germany as the sole strong rival continental military Power in western Europe.
The conversations will at least have helped each side to understand better the other's point of view. But the British Ministers are said to be disappointed with the French refusal to modify their opposi- tion to the plan, and to-day's luncheon with Lord Ismay and Sir Frank Roberts is said to have been virtually a council of war to decide what line to adopt when the matter comes again before the Atlantic Council this week. Most of France's partners in western Europe are equally opposed to the proposed British withdrawal.
MINISTERS' PLEDGE
The common market and the free trade zone projects are technical matters and were not discussed in any great detail. But, after Belgium's agreement on Friday to bring the Congo into the common market, Britain appears to have given up any ideas she may have had of trYing to thwart the French colonial project. She is on record for the first time as having agreed yesterday to the association of the French oversea territories with the common market.
The British Ministers pledged themselves to try to find a fonmula for collaboration with the new-style Eurafrican common market through the proposed free trade zone, in spite of all the problems that this presents for British imperial preference and British colonial markets. Conversations on this subject between experts from Britain and the common market Powers will begin in Paris later this month under the aegis of the Organization for European Econo- mic Cooperation. Britain will try above all to prevent the common market Powers from setting up high external tariffs which will discriminate against the entry of British colonial products.
During the discussion of these European integration-schemes Mr. Selwyn Lloyd is believed to have mentioned again his plan for a synthesis of all the chief European and Atlantic bodies under the umbrella of N.A.T.O. This plan. first divulged at the Atlantic Council meeting here in December, would apply both to the parliamentary bodies which meet at Strasbourg and to their executive counterparts, such as N.A.T.O., O.E E.C. and Western European Union, most of which have their head- quarters in Paris.
A FRESH LITTER
The Foreign Office has been working on the plan since December. and is about to present details to interested countries. According to yesterday's statement, the two Prime Ministers expressed pleasure at the recent decision of the council of W.E.U. to study the means of associating more closely and, if possible. unifying the vanous European assemblies. It is difficult to see how this would fit in with the Messina Powers' gestation of a fresh litter of parliamentary assemblies to look after Euratom and the common market.
The conversations on the Middle East were lent a touch of drama by reports that arrived in mid-aftemoon that Colonel Nasser had partly rejected the canal toll plan. The two Prime Ministers considered vanous possible plans for boycotting the canal or otherwise inducing Colonel Nasser to come to a reasonable compromise on the payment of dues and ultimatelY on the running of the canaL
The decisions made and the tactics decided on are naturally secret, but these things can be said: that neither Britain nor France wishes to appear anxious to use the canal again quickly, or to give Egypt the impression that their need for it is desperate; that the British Ministers were at pains to remove any French fears that they were weakening in their resolve to hold out against Colonel Nasser's intransigence: that both Prime Ministers were agreed that much depends on American support against Colonel Nasser; and that Mr. Macmillan must try to find out something more about American intentions when he goes to Bermuda next week.
The Ministers said that the conditions in which navigation would be resumed in the canal would be of vital importance for its future.";"March 11, 1957";"";53786;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Prime Ministers' Wide Survey";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent W
THE HAGUE, MAY 10
The Congress of Europe has to-day com- pleted its labours in a series of three plenary sessions the first of which was pre- sided Over by Mr. Eden. The economic committee came late into the picture, as it was not until 6 o'clock this morning, after having sat right through the night, that it completed the draft of its resolution for submission to the congress.
The resolution of the political commmittee was discussed at the first plenary session and eventually passed unanimously. To-day M. Ramadier presented the committee's report. It shows that the congress will leave in existence a committee to frame a definition of demo- cracy precise enough for deciding which nations can c.ome into a voluntary federation of united Europe. This committee will also draw up a charter of rights. The congress organization will continue to study the proposed "" integra- tion "" of Germany in a federated Europe. On the proposed European assembly M. Ramadier observed that the committee suggested it should be convened as soon as possible, as it was convinced that the stir thus created would bring strength to the movement by awakening hope.
In the debate which followed M. Reynaud fired his parting shot at those who asked the congress to "" hasten slowly."" "" That is all right."" he said, "" for a man walking along a road, but not for a drowning man--and Europe is drowning.""
AMERICAN OBSERVERS
The congress gave a cordial welcome to Mr. Walter Maguire, an Arnerican observer, who said that he and-another United States citizen were there to testify to American in- terest in this endeavour. Herr Arnold. leader of the German delegation, spoke briefly in the debate.
The resolution of the economic committee was considered at the next plenary session and was moved by M. van Zeeland. It is a very long document beginning with a preamble in fairly general terms. The immediate measures it urges include the reduction of Customs duties between member States, steps that would pave the way for the free convertibility of currencies, the drawing up of a common programme of development for the basic industries of the whole area, and the promotion of mobility of labour. It also sets forth a hst of ultimate objectives and certain matters for future study, including the establishment of a commission to organize migration in Europe and the absorption of the 1,500,000 displaced persons.
Several speeches reporting the resolution in general terms had been made when M. Matisse, a French delegate, protested that there had been omitted from its text a provision that "" the workers and their representative organi- zations should be closely associated with the development and economy of United Europe."" He explained that certain French delegates who were representatives of the Force Ouvriere had not the backing of the workers in their support of European union and wanted to create the conditions favourable to obtaining it.
REMARKABLE ADVENTURE
The debate subsequently centred round this detail for a long time, in spite of appeals from both the chairman (M. Rappard) and other speakers to let the resolution pass as it stood and adjust the matter at some future time. Lord Layton, who had taken a leading part in the committee's discussion, appealed to dele- gates to regard the resolution as the greatest commnon measure of agreement oh which the congress might combine.
Mr. Churchill, who had been on the dais for some time, then rose to speak. He said that the congress could congratulate itself on the success of a remarkable adventure. He was told by his Socialist friends and opponents in England that he would dominate the con- gress and so he had thought it right to kceep away from what he believed 'had been most animated and virile discussions not only on the future of Europe but on the whole- of human society. It was very right that oppos- jng views should be expressed * each country in united Euro they would fight them out among themseives. At this congress they should dwell not on their differences but on what united them. Agreement on essentials would make their gathering a success; dis- agreement would make it a failure.
FAMOUS IN HISTORY
There were many forces at work to destroy even their right to meet and discuss their differences among themselves. They must pull together, for if they presented a picture of disunion they would hellp their foes. This meeting would be famous in the history of Europe if they united to make it so. He appealed to the congreis to pass the resolu. tion and let every one who had a minor point to raise to bring it up later on. They must unite or stultify themselves and scatter from that hall as a lot of discordant voices:
After a further brief discussion the French amendment was incorporated in the text of the resolution, which was agreed to unanimously.
The congress then adjourned, and after a while met for its final plenary session with M. Van.Zeeland presiding. M. Van Zeeland asked the congress to stand as a sign of thanks to the Queen of Holland and her people, in whose midst they had met. He dismissed the congress with an eloquent address in which he urged members that when they went home they should do their duty.";"May 11, 1948";"";51068;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Federated Europe";""
"['Roger Scruton']";"['News']";"Roger Scruton
That most people are not interested -in the elections to the European iParliament, have only the vaguest idea of that parliament's powers and duties, and would not be able to tell a Euro-MP from a speak your weight machine has been lamented as yet another sign of the political ignor- ance of the British public. In fact, it is the sign of a strong and flourishing culture, which refuses to take this body of pampered mediocrities as seriously as it takes itself. No doubt the Italians, having lost hope for a stable administration, have every reason to believe that they would be better governed from Strasbourg than from Rome. But their case is not ours. The worst thing that could happen to us, after centuries of stable government, is to be ruled from abroad, by a parliament of Social' Democrats, Euro-commu- nists, and hysterical radicals, moul- ded by cranky republican theories.
Unfortunately, however, the Brit- ish public's contempt for the European Parliament is not shared by the opinionated classes. Always active, always vociferous, always in search of an opportunity to try out their hare-brained schemes for human improvement, nothing seems to them more likely to bring lasting benefits to mankind than a parliament composed of people entircly like themselves. This is the real source of the popularity of Euro- politics among the radical middle classes.
In the House of Commons such people encountcr two important obstacles to their schemes. The first is the British constitution, in which unified sovereignty is wonderfully combined with diversified power. The second is the duty of represen- tation, which obliges members to give up their egomaniac ambitions and attend to,the pension of Mr Higgins, or passport of Mr Patel. Constitution and representation take the fun out of politics, and neutralize some pf its power.
Euro-politics, however, is free from those constraints. To the British public the European Parlia- ment is a joke. But to its members it is fun - well paid, irresponsible fun - and with marvellous opportunities for social and political scheming. Only one thing is lacking, and that is power. Without power the European Parliament is a harmless institution, in which second-rate politicians are paid comfortable salaries to stay out of mischief and count themselves kings. But the radical contingent wants power, and will by satisfied with nothing less.
The Itafian radical Ahiero Spinelli has therefore dovised a scheme which will enable him and his kind to enjoy in Strasbourg the power that they could never wield in Rome. This is the treaty to establish the European Union, soon to be voted upon, which would render our ,loss'of sovereignty permanent and
irreversible. Some states - Italy included - never had much sover-
eigntv to lose. But for the British citizen this treaty will, if signed, finally destroy his political culture, by destroying the centuries-old artefact of allegiance to the Crown.
The treaty sets up a new political entity - the Union of Europe - with ' autonomous powers"" to achieve monetary, economic. political and fiscal union. It will be a sovereign body, entitled to redistribute the resources and the rcserves of the member states, in obedience to the whims of a ""Commission"" and its president. Once the union is established, member states will lose autonomy in almost every matter from taxation to social welfare. The union's laws will take precedence over national laws, and it will take positive initiatives tc break down national barriers.
His aims go far beyond the economic requirements of a ""com- mon market"". Indeed, they include measures of a profoundly political kind, calculated not to further free exchange, but to stifle it. Thus Article 56 assigns extensive duties to regulate the social policy of member states. It aims to create ""lOnion-wide collective agreements"" between trade unions and management, ""worker participation"" in industrv, and ""equality between men and wormen"". And if free tradc gets in the way, so much the worse for free trade.
Of course, none of this ils vecry well worked out. The half-baked quality of the treaty can be seen by comparing Articles 46 and 47. The first proposes a ""homogenous judicial area"", in order ""to fight international forms of crime. includ- ing terrorism"". The second insists that ""the Union must (Note 'must', not 'will try to') attain within a period of two years . . the abolition of personal checks at frontiers."" In other words, we must open our frontiers to the terrorist populations of Paris and Rome. This invocation to drop our weapons and fight with symbols is typical of the whole spirit of the treaty. The Chamber of Mediocrities at Strasbourg would rather create ineffective powers against terrorism than leave effec- tive powers in the hands of sovereign bodies other than itself. Indeed. it is impatient with all forms of national sovereignty, and rides rough-shod over every true histori- cal allegiance in pursuit of its dangerous purposes.
If it is allowed to fulfil its ambition, Euro-politics will be the death of Europe. And every vote cast in an election to the European Parliament fuels its illusion of legitimacy. The British response is therefore the right one. For you can be sure that, whoever you vote for, he will believe in the power of the institution to which he aspires. And that is the belief which thrcatens our independence.
7The author is editor Of the Salisbury Review";"June 12, 1984";"";61855;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Euro-poll: why you should not vote";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, APRIL 16
French opposition to Britain's work- ing more dosely with Common Market countries on international affairs once again coloured the meet- ing between Britain and the Six in Western European Union which opened here today. Polite and diplomatic as these little conflicts always are, there Is no mistaking the determination of the French to confine contact between Britain and the Community to the level of exchanges of information.
Mr. ButVer, the Foreign Secretary, told the meeting that Britain is keen to find ways of working more closely with the Six. and where commoo interests can be identi- fied to extend the consultatioos in W.E.U. to active cooperation. Britain has already made it clear that she would like to be associated with any talks on political union from the beginnihg.
Dr. Schrdder, the German Foreign Mini- ster. supported British hopes of vitalizing W.E.U. and improving its machinery as quickly as possibe. The other Common Market countries are also in favour.
M. L. M. Habib Deloncle, French Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, repeated the old French argumnents. ""The time is not yet ripe"". he said. There was plenty of time ahead for W.E.U. to deveIop, he argued: it was no good being in too much of a hurry. Doubtless over the months or years, as W.E.U. continues, a structure of cooperation would grow up.
TEST CASE
The chairman of the meeting, M. Fayat. deputy Belgian Foreign Minister, suggested that in the absence of Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister (in Mexico). who originally made the Proposal for strengthen- ing W.E.U.. and as M. Couve de Murville was also away (in Manila) the question should be postponed until W.E.U.'s next meeting in Paris. It is hard to see any reason, however, for supposing that things will go any bebter there in three months' time.
The test case is Latin America: France would accept only two insignificant points of a report prepared for the meeting suggesting ways of coordinating policy on cultural and development efforts towards Latin America. Any meaningful coopera- tion with Britain is out. This is not con- sidered serious in itself, but is serious as an indication of the French attitude
Britain's main objective at the meeting is to bring influence to bear on keeping British and Common Market policies in line, and more particularly to show the five that the discussions are worth while. From this last point of view today's debate on political questions had its moments.
Opening the discussion of cast-west rela- tions Dr. Schroder said that Germany believed that fundamentally there was no change in the Soviet attitude. The two main reasons for Moscow's encouraging a ddtente, he said, were Russia's economic diffliculties and the political dispute with China.
SOVIET CREDITS
The Soviet Union's room for manoeuvre was further limited, he added, by her not being fully in control of the situation in eastern European countries, and by the general conditions within Russia. Theoreti- cally there were two wavs Russia could overcome her economic difficulties: by disarmament, but judging from the dis- armament talks she had decided against this, or by long-term credits from the west. He opposed this aid unless the Soviet Union simultaneously showed readiness to Pursue constructive political solutions.
Mr. Butler agreed there was no chance of a maior settlement with the Russians at present, but said it was important to con- tinue to put ideas to them. There were prospects in disarmament in the field of collateral measures, such as guarding against surprise attack and on observation posts.
In the discussion on Africa. the first that W.E.U. has had. M. Habih Deloncle said he thought the Russian and Chinese drive for influence was not as dangerous as it had been. Nationalism in Africa was turning away from being exploited by Marxism. Russia had had many failures and was now pursuing a long-term policy, directed more at the younger generation.
AFRICAN PROBLEMS
Mr. Butler discussed four main points on Africa: the danger of communlst infiltra. tion, the risk of racial conflicts, the need to create a basis for economic growth, and the task of creating Political stability within African countries. He also referred to the psychological and language barriers between French and EngUsh-speaking African countries, which W.E.U. might help to overcome in such ways as by encouraging language training. As most of these countries were associates of the E.E.C. or members of the Conimonwealth, he suggested it would be advantageous for the seven countries of W,E.U. to consider the political and economic aspects of these relationships.
On Zanzibar, Mr. Butler said it was encouraging that the East African countries had shown such concern over the future of the country. Three years aso this would not have been expeoted. Belgium reported on the situation in the Congo and exprcssed some fear for the security of the country after United Nations troops leave on June 1. Mr. Butler also gave a brief r6sumd of the situation in Cyprus and thanked the five countries which had made a contribution to the United Nations force in Cyprus.
Mr. Butler met Professor Hallstein and leading members of the Brussels Commis- sion at luncheon today. The commission are optimistic about the outcome of the Kennedy rou,nd, and Mr. Butler, it appears, is also hopeful. He believes that the Kennedy round will take a great deal longer than was first thought, but that something positive will come out in the end.";"April 17, 1964";"";55988;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France Again Opposes Britain";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, DEC. 3']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS. DEC. 3
General de Gaulle, firing his last shot in the election campaign, said tonight that Sunday's vote would decide the fate of France, "" perhaps for ever "". It would be a whole decision, implying a whole judgment of the new Republic, and therefore of the man who led it. The hint that he might refuse a second ballot was there again, but the highly personal ploy was now tempered.
The General, completely ignoring his five opponents, spoke for the first time of his "" action team "" in appealing for a renewed mandate to pursue the "" magni- ficent effort "" that had been begun. He was certain that, after him-another con- cession-the Fifth Republic would live on because the sovereign people had stamped it as theirs.
EUROPEAN UNION
Perhaps mindful of lurklng dangers of the Common Market boycott, he declared his readiness to see the economic union of western Europe, now partially functioning, completed among the Six on the basis of good sense and friendship. "" One day, no doubt, it could be enlarged by other neigh- bouring countries.""
The closing exhortations of the six can- didates, made on television in order.of the draw, again found the General next to M. Jean Lecanuet, the young "" European "" champion, whose impact on alU shades of opinion has made him the first target of Gaullist invective.
He has been tacking close to the Gaullist wind by denying any mtention of changing existing institutions-or dismissing Parlia- ment. His wish, as he puts it, is to change the pilot and push on with the cOnstruction
of Europe. His open aPpeal is to Gaullists concerned for the future.
M. LECANUET, lately president of the Popular Republicans (M.R.P.), looks to a sizable vote on Sunday to launch a broad democratic union of centre parties' Of all the challengers, he has probably made the deePest impact on the national scene.
PEASANT RUMBLINGS
M. MITTERRAND, the left-wing candi- date, redoubled his efforts tonight to destroy the idea that the choice is between the Fourth and Fifth Republics-the chant of Gaullist propaganda. With communist support, he seems bound to lie second on Sunday. Unless he makes a good showing, indeed, the French Socialist movement will be in sore straits after all the inner wrang- Ling that brought M. Defferre's candidacy to ruin.
The appeal of MAITRE TIXIER- VIGNANCOUR, one of the most dramatic of French advocates, has been to the embittered frustrations of the right wing- all the disllusioned elements of L'Alg&rie Francaise to whom General de Gaulle is anathema. No one has campaigned more assiduously during the past 18 months against the Government's atlantic and European policies, and his protest vote south of the Loire may be larger than once seemed likely.
M. PIERRE MARCILHACY, an inde- pendent senator, taller than General de Gaulle, has looked oddly out of place as a liberal moderate, for all his quiet charm. He has fought strongly as a champion of the French peasantry, which has shown ominous signs of disaffection from the present regime. His final thought was that the French have a terrible choice before them: if they made the wrong one, "" God help France"".
M. MARCEL BARBU, game to the last with his incoherent plea for truth and
decency, is likely to get little more from hiS challenge than a good run for his money on television.
There are about 28 miDlion French voters, of whom 15 million are women, and nine and a half million. the largest age group. are between 24 and 34.
With the official campaign over, it is difficult to judge the sudden impact of television-especially bearing in mind that this is the first time since 1848 that the President will have been elected by popular mandate. A great political debate has been aroused, and perhaps confused by too many voices; so much depends on the French mood-whether people wil be sufficiently stirred from political torpor for the deep- seated animosities against General de Gaulle to take full effect
He certainly seems to be in greater danger of a second ballot than anyone would have imagined a fortnight ago; but the assump- tion still is that he would have a comforable run-off against M. Mitterrand a fortnight hence, if only because Moscow is backing the General. In American terms, however, the Gaullists are "" running scared "". At least 10 Ministers were speaking acrois the country yesterday, in contrast to orders at the beginning to keep out of the way-even M. Couve de Murville, the Foreign Minister, wlao feared, in effect, that French agriculture was doomed unless he was there to handle the negotiations.
It may be noted that M. Beuve-Mery, editor of Le Monde. concluding today that General de Gaulle would not be restrained by either a maUll majority or a second ballot, urged that it was a duty to vote against him.
From past experience, too much could be made of intellectual opinion, always largely anti-Gaullist. My personal hunch is that the General will take about 55 per cent of the vote on Sunday-but there could be a ground swvell for M. Lecanuet.";"December 4, 1965";"";56496;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Says Fate Of France At Stake";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 24
Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, informed the British and American Ambassadors to-day that a three-man mission had just returned from Madrid, where it had had tentative and explora- tory conversations on the establishment of German military supply bases on Spanish soil. The Spanish Government was now considering the proposal and awaiting the decision of N.A.T.O.
The two Ambassadors, Sir Chris- topher Steel and Mr. Dowling, met Herr Strauss separately this afternoon at the Minister's request. It was learnt from German sources that Herr Strauss was angry, because he believed information had been deliberately ""leaked "" to the Press.
SECONDARY IMPORTANCE
Mr. Dowling is understood to have reminded the Minister that he had been forewarned of the unfavourable re- action that was to be expected. He dehied that there had been a deliberate ""leak,"" and apparently intimated that this was of secondary importance.
While Herr Strauss was informing the Ambassadors that a German mission had visited Madrid-against the advice of the allies and General Norstad-the Government spokesman was still deny- ing that negotiations had taken place. It seems certain that Herr Strauss is determined to pursue the matter in spite of opposition.
The proposal will almost certainly be rejected by N.A.T.O., as Herr Strauss must realize, but there remains an insen-
dand foreign opinion that has rbed many representatives of N.A.T.O. countries here.
NOT DETERRED
The history of the affair clearly demonstrates the German attitude. The approach was first made when the Spanish Foreign Minister visited Bonn in November. The initiative was purely German, and the western allies and General Norstad were informed only two months afterwards. Opposition was strong. but this did not seem to deter Herr Strauss.
When it was evident that the Minister intended to send a mission to Spain. General Norstad called on him and tried to dissuade him. The reply was non- committal, and it was afterwards learnt that Herr Strauss decided only to reduce the size of the mission. In spite of denials Herr Strauss has now admitted that a mission was sent. .
VIGOROUSLY STATED
It is understood that allied and N.A.T.O. objections were vigorously stated on both political and military grounds. The N.A.T.O. committee concerned with infrastructure has apparently not discussed the proposal, but the limited military value of the proposed bases was pointed out to the Minister. This did not deter him, nor did the allied views of the political con- sequences in allied countries, or the opportunities the proposal would offer to Communist propagandists.
These considerations are serious enough, but allied representatives have been further exercised because the estab. lishment of military supply bases in Spain would circumvent, wittingly or otherwise, the Western European Union agreements on the control of armaments which made possible the extension of the Brussels treaty to the Federal Republic.
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, FEB. 24
The United States Government has been put in an embarrassing quandary by German moves to secure training facilities and logistic bases in Spain. Neither approval nor disapproval quite meet the situation, where military and political needs conflict, but the general tendency has been towards disapproval, with an eye on the summit conference, and the impression is now that the idea will be dropped, or possibly limited to sending German units to Spain for occasional live firing practice, but with- out permanent facilities there.
American opinion has never been able to raise itself to the same heights of righteous indignation over Fascism as it has over Communism.
The W.E.U. inspection agency could clearly not function in Spain, which is neither a member of the union nor of N.A.T.O. Stocks could be accumulated beyond the ceilings laid down, and, though this is unlikely under the present Federal Government, suspicion would remain.
The Social Democratic Party to-day said that the proposal was "" an act of monstrous stupidity and lack of instinct.""
SPANISH DENIAL
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
MADRID, FEB. 24 The Foreign Mimstry states:-
The news published in certain newspape-s
abroad claiming that the Federal German Government had ne*otiated with Spain the concession of military bases or for the launching of guided missiles is false. It adds that Spain, loyal to her present agreements with Portugal and the United States. considers that these suffi- ciently cover her obligations to the western defensive system and therefore does not seek further commitments of this kind.
SUPREME HEADQUARTERS
STATEMENT
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, FEB. 24
It was confirmed here to-day that Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe, and thus General Norstad, knew about the Gertnan-Spanish exploratory conversations, but it was stated that matters had not reached a point at which discussion would be required by the Atlantic Council, the consent of which would be necessary on a matter having such political implications.
It can be predicted that the Atlantic Council would not look on the idea with favour, for it would tend to prejudge the question of Spanish entry into N.A.T.O.
Supreme Headquarters to-day issued a statement in which it stated that it knew that the German requirements for certain military training and logistic facilities presented difficulties for the Federal Republic, and it had been advised that several possibilities for meeting these requirements were being explored by national authorities on a purely preliminary and tentative basis.
STATE DEPARTMENT
QUANDARY";"February 25, 1960";"";54704;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bases In Spain Plan Shocks The West";""
"";"['News']";"Britain's allies in Nato and the Western European Union were told yesterday of the first measures the Gov- ernment are taking to reduce the foreign exchange burden of their commitments in Europe.
Parallel statements were made to meetings of the Nato Council in Paris, and the W.E.U. Council in London, both of which were called at Britain's request.
The statement was made in Paris by Mr. Guy Millard, Britain's acting repre- sentative on the Nato Council in the absence of Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, and in London by Mr. J. Barnes, a Deputy Uinder-Secretary at the Foreign Office, who is Britain's permanent representa- tive on the W.E.U. Council.
Personal expenditure
Nato and the W.E.U. were told that while some measures might well be necessary to reduce the size of the British Army of the Rhine, nothing would be done in this direction while the negotia- tions with the west German Government for a new settlement aimed. at obtaining more relief for Britain's foreign exchange burden were in progress.
In the meantime, however, administra- tive measures were being taken to reduce the personal foreign exchange expendi- ture of British forces in Germany and British civilians employed with the forces there.
In addition, Britain has told her allies of proposals for supplying the forces in Germany direct from England, instead of buying locally with foreign exchange.
A statement issued in London after the two meetings read: "" The British representatives in t::e North Atlantic and W.E.U. Councils today made parallel statements on the problem of the foreign exchange cost of our forces in Germany. As the Prime Minister told the House of Commons on July 20, we are nego- tiating with the German Government a new settlement aimed at eliminating this foreign exchange burden. 'A first step'
""These negotiations will not be con- cluded until the autumn. Meanwhile, the Government have been considering urgent steps to deal with the situation.
"" The object of today's statements was to inform our allies of the situation as it now stands, and of the measures which we are taking to reduce the foreign exchange burden and to seek their views on these and further measures which may be necessary.
"" As a first step, we are setting in hand administrative measures to reduce the personal foreign exchange expenditure of British forces and United Kingdom based civilians employed on defence duties in Germany.
' In addition, we have proposed to our allies a major change in the system of logistic support for our forces in order to achieve further savings of the order we need.
""Until we know the results of the work of the Anglo-German mixed com- mission we shall not be able to judge whether it will also be necessary to pro- pose more far-reaching measures. The Government believe that some such measures may well be necessary.
"" We have not at this stage made any proposal for withdrawal of forces from Germany. As the Prime Minister said in the House of Commons on July 20. any such proposal would be made through the prescribed Nato and W.E.U. procedures.""
It was hoped that detailed discussion would now start in Nato, so that the vi-ws of Britain's allies could be avail- able by the end of September and could be taken into account with the work of the Anglo-German mixed commission, the statement concluded.
CUTS WILL BE IN
BASE AREAS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. AUG. 19
The British Army of the Rhine hopes to save £20m. to £23m. in foreign exchange by the various reforms now envisaged. About £l5m. of this would come from the "" reorganization of logistic establishments"" announced today, and £5m. to £8m. from changes in the way Rhine Army troops spend their money.
The logistic reorganization will affect the advanced base near Antwerp, in Belgium, and installations in Germany, both west and east of the Rhine. About 14 units are involved, including vehicle, ammunition, supply and petrol depots, base workshops, and other establish- ments.
About 1,200 servicemen and British civilians are at present employed i:a these installations, with 2,200 dependants. Regularly employed labour, three- quarters of which is German, and the rest mainly Belgian, totals about 8,000. It is impossible to say at the moment how Aiany of these will be declared redurdant.
NATO AGREES TO STUDY
WHOLE PROBLEM
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, AUG. 18
The North Atlantic Council agreed today to the British request that it should study the whole problem of British foreign exchange costs in Germany. There was little discussion of the British statement at the meeting.
Britain to build
U.S. ships
WASHINGTON, AUG. 19
Two British shipyards were today awarded contracts worth more than $24m. (about £8,568,000) to build three non-combat vessels for the United States Navy.
The biggest award went to Fairfields of Glasgow for the construction of two ocean going survey ships at a cost of S16,730,530 (about £5,974,260).
Brook Marine won the second contract, worth $7,354,850 (about £2,625.640) to build an ocean-going sal- vage tug.
The contracts were signed at the De- fence Department this afternoon after a favourable report by a United States technical team which recently visited the two British yards.-Reuter.";"August 20, 1966";"";56715;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain tells allies of Rhine Army plans";""
"['From Peter Strafford']";"['News']";"- From Peter Strafford
Brussels, May? Political union in Europe has been one of the main objectives of the Six ever since they set up *thc European Economic Cwon-
u*ity in 1957. Moves in this direction have not made very much progress so far, mnainly because of national differences while General de Gaulle was in power in Paris. but the idea has been revived in rocent months and is now under. sty by a group of officials from the for- eign ministries of the Six.
The officials will be meeting in Brussels next week and the foreign ministers themselves are to meet in Rome at the end of the month. It will then be- come clearer how far the Six feel able to go in what is a huge and complex field, and also how closely they are pre- pared,to associate Btain, as a prospective metnber of the EE.C. with it all.
The talks that have taken place so far suggest that none of the Six wants to move very fast but that some want to set their sights very high Herr Wilter Scheal-the west German Foreign Minister, has spoken of taking in ""everything that is neoeeary to.enable Europe. to speak lwith one voice ', and this has been understood by his partners to include not jut for- eign policy but defence and monetary matters.
France, on the other 'and, has laid great emphasis on the need to be cautious and prag- matic- She has proposed that the foreign ministers should meet regularly in the various capitals to discuss foreign policy isMes, and does not appear to want to go very much farther than that. Italy and the Benelux coomtries are, broadlY speatking, on I the Cerman side of' the argument,
-with the Dutch attaching parti. cular weight to the need to give the -European Parliament an importantt role.
Proibay the maii question that - has> to be settled in the near future is the link between these purely political talks and the coming entry negotiations with Britaint the Republic of Ireland, Denmnark 'and- Noiway.' -Britain has said more than once that she wants to have a "" ful
and equal part"" in the talks as soon as the negotiations ha've begun,-but France has replied that this is not possible until she is a menber of the E.E.C.
The outcome may well be somewhere between these two positions. France's partners showed at the recent meeting of foreign, ministers in Luxem- bourg that they approciated the force of the French argument- that Britain could take part only when she was a m'ember-- 'but they also un'derstand the British concern not to bc ex- eluded. from important doci- sions on the political future of Ewopoe.
There will, therefore, be con-
sultations, with Britain during' the talks, and they will not just be a matter of the Six teling Britait what they have decided to do. Britain wi)[ also be able to make her- own views heard. These consultations. may well take place at first in Western European Union, but there is some-hope that, once the -nego- tiations for entry seem to be on the way to *suc,,s,;it may be possible to move the purely political consultations with Brit- ain tot more -of Community. frameworik.
Essentially, ""Britain wants to be in. on the ground -floor of any new politicil. developments. Governmnent: statements have alwrays emphasized that it is the politcal aspects of entry'into ,the:E.E.C. 'tha-t are' the,rmost
appealing, and the objett is to avoid being c6nfronted with -hard and fast decisions of the
sort that have- been: take: .over the past 12 years in thc eco- nomic field.
France, on her side, has yet to show that she is convinced of the need for close political integration in Europe. Officis tend to try. to: sef her apart .from her. five- partners by em- phasizing her ""world role "", and it has to be remembered fthat' in recent years she has ield'views different from those of her E.E.C. partners on such important issues as military in- tegration in Nato.
Her policy at present suggests diat she is mainly concerned to pvent Britainfrom getting the political advantage of entry into die EE.C.withoit paying for it by a, stiff contributioa to the Community's .. agricultural -fund-and heDce to France.
-Many observers 'in Brussels are frankly scepical about how far the E.E.C.'s moves towards political union will .-go. Cer- tainly, there wiY be no sudd&n conversion to a joint European foreign- policy or to a joint defence p'olicy. The immediate results of the Rome meeting at the end of the month may well seem unimpressive, and it is pos- sible that not much will be achieved before the negotiations with: Britain are over and the future shape of Europe known.
The first steps towards politi- cal union are, however, being taken, -and outside. events could give,them a heloiing hand.' De- velopments such as the Ameri- can-Russian talks on arms limi- tation -or a. shirp reduction in the level of American forces in Europe could provide an.impe- tus. In any case, it is.probably true to say that no one in the Six envisagee any serious steps which w6uld not inckhde Brit- :ain.";"May 8, 1970";"";57864;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Briefing";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. I
The plan for a pool of nuclear weapons under Nato control ran into its first open opposition today at the Assembly of Western European Union, where it was criticized by members of both major Britisb political parties. The Assembly was debating a report from its defence committee, which, after much discussion and amendment in committee, proposed the creation of a Nato force roughly of the kind that General Norstad desires.
Vice-Admiral John Hughes Hallett (Conservative, North East Croydon) opposed the report on the grounds of its vagueness. As it had emerged from the committee it was not clear whether its proposals would entail Britain's giving up part of her own striking force, or whether the means of delivery would be entirely American. If it entailed the former (as General Norstad's plan might require) he would be opposed to it.
REJECTION ADVISED
It was not clear, either, whether the proposed striking force would be con- fined to tactical and medium-range weapons, or whether it would include weapons with strategic uses as well; the mention of Polaris missiles based on sub- marines implied the latter. He advised the assembly to reject the report
Mr. Fred Mulley (Labour, Park, Sheffield) was. even firmer in his rejec- tion of the report. He had himself proposed a year ago that Nato should have its own nuclear deterrent, but he had intended that this should absorb all the strategic and medium range nuclear forces based in Europe, and a large part of the American strategic air command as well.
This would at least have decreased the number of deterrents under separate control. However, he said, the report's proposals would leave all the present in- dependent deterrents in existence, and merely add a joint deterrent to their number. In any case it was not clear from the report whether it referred to strategic weapons as well as medium range ones; if the latter, it would make little difference to the present situation.
NO ONE COMMITTED
The majority of speakers from other countries, especially the Germans, have been favourable to the proposals in the report, and hence by implication to General Norstad's plan. In any case, the diiscussions of the Assembly commit no one; the Assembly itself is purely consultative, and its members represent neither their Governments nor their political parties. Thus the only inference that can be drawn about the British attitude is that the setting up of a Nato nuclear force may be easier to accept than the transfer to it of British strategic bombers.
The Assembly also discussed the defence committee's other report, on matters of logistics. This emphasized
once again the need for a unified system of supply for the alliance, for standardi- zation of equipment, and for the mem- ber nations to build up stocks sufficient for 90 days' fighting. This was also opposed by Vice-Admiral Hughes Hallett, who criticized the supranational powers that a unified supply system would bestow on Nato.
This morning the Assembly heard General Norstad, the Allied Supreme Commander Europe, describe the mobile striking force which is to be set up within Nato. It would consist of combat units from several European countries, equipped with conventional arms. and also of separate units with tactical nuclear weapons. This would mean that the decision to use nuclear weapons on the battlefield would have to be taken by the highest authority pos- sible.
General Norstad again emphasized the need for stronger conventional forces, in order that the threshold at which it became necessary to use nuclear weapons should be as high as possible.
THREE POINT PROPOSAL
PARIS, Dec. 1.-The Assembly tonight adopted the resolution calling for the creation of a Nato nuclear force. The resolution, which was drafted by General Rafaele Cardona, Italian Christian Democratic Senator, made these points: -
1. The Assembly recommends to the
member Governments-Britain, France, west Germany, Italy, Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg--`that the shortages recognized by the W.E.U. Ministerial Council to exist in all fields of conven- tional defence should be promptly remedied "".
2. That ""a nuclear force be established
within Nato which the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe shall agree to be capable of ensuring the direct defence of Europe in the event of a particularly serious attack "". [The resolution referred to a permanent force which would be placed under a single authority covering all the nuclear weapons in Europe.]
3. That the 15-nation Nato Council "" estab-
lish agreed procedures to be determined by all members of the council on an equal footing, which would ensure poli- tical control of nuclear weapons and the sPeed of decision required in an emergency '-.
The resolution said that the proposal should be tabled before the Nato Ministerial Council which is due to meet in Paris from December 16 to 18.
SIXTEEN ABSTENTIONS
Voting for the resolution was 37 in favour, one (Vice-Admiral Hughes Hallett) against, and 16 abstentions (15 British members and one German Liberal).
The Assembly later unanimously approved a resolution for stockpiles to store both nuclear and conventional armaments "" in depth from the territory east of the Rhine to areas well in the rear, possibly including the territory of non-member countries of the Nato alli- ance "".-Reuter.";"December 2, 1960";"";54944;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British M.P.s Oppose Nato Nuclear Weapons Plan";""
"";"['News']";"Both Mr. Wilson and President Johnson had separate informal conversations with General de Gaulle in Bonn yesterday, where they were the guests of the west ! German Government at the funeral of Dr. Adenauer.
President Johnson and General de Gaulle attend the requiem Mass for Dr. Adenauer in Cologne Cathedral yesterday.
Mr. Wilson told the French President that Britain would soon make a decision on entering the Common Market, and also discussed the issue with Mr. Johnson and Dr. Kiesinger, the German Chancellor.
French sources said that Mr. Johnson gave General de Gaulle a personal invitation to visit him in Washington in July, but that the General did not make a firm reply. General de Gaulle will be in Montreal that month for the world fair, Expo 67.
NUCLEAR PACT ISSUE
FROM DAVID HOTHAM AND GRETEL SPITZER
-BONN,
APRIL 25
A 10-minutes conversation be- tween President Johnson and General de Gaulle. preceded by a friendly handshake at the Villa Hammerschmidt this morning was noted with great interest by poli- tical circles in Bonn. French sources said that the two Presi- dents had agreed to meet in France or in the United States at a later date.
The French President had occa- sion to talk with Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor, on his way from the airport to the Bundeshaus this morning, and they met again after the requiem Mass in Cologne Cathedral, before General de Gaulle's return to Paris.
Common Market
At a 15-minute meeting with President de Gaulle at luncheon today, Mr. Wilson did not inform the General that Britain intends to apply for membership of the Common Market, but he did tell him that Britain's decision would be made soon.
Informed sources said that the French President was friendly and interested, but did not commit himself on the main issue. The two leaders also spoke about the oil from the Torrey Canyon.
Mr. Wilson used the occasion for short talks with almost all the western heads of government, in particular leaders of the Efta (European Free Trade Association) countries. He informed them of the situation in the last phase be- fore Britain's decision on member- ship of the Common Market.
The Prime Minister had a talk of 35 minutes tonight with Presi- dent Jobnson at which the non- proliferation treaty, the Common Market and the foreign exchange costs of British troops in Germany were Cd:cussed.
Later. Mr. Wilson had nearly an hour with Dr. Kiesinger. during which the Chancellor is believed to have assured the Prime Minister that the German Government is as much as ever in favour of British entry into the European Com- munity, which is a vital German economic interest.
Not overestimated
The importance of these and other meetings on the occasion of Dr. Adenauer's funeral was not overestimated by spokesmen for the nations concerned. Yet politi- cal circles in Bonn did not under- estimate them either. The funeral provided a number of opportuni- ties for talks which otherwise would not have taken place.
Presidenl Lubke gave a lun- cheon at his residence today and.
posing for photographers on the terrace. he took the hands of President Johnson and General de Gaulle simultaneously in a ges- ture of friendship. Some by- standers said it was a gesture which the French President did not appreciate.
A reception at the Giirzenich in Cologne after the requiem Mass was the next occasion for infor- mal talks. Herr Brandt's invita- tion for the evening provided a further opportunity.
Tomorrow Mr. Johnson meets Dr. Kiesinger for what will be a hard political talk at 10.30 a.m., though the American President's departure is tentatively arranged for 1.15 p.m. The possibility that it might be postponed has not been excluded.
Both German and United States sources say that many obstacles blocking agreement between the two countries on the non-proli- feration of nuclear weapons have been removed. One main point, however, apparently remains: whether the treaty the United States is going to discuss with the Soviet Union should be limited to a certain period, or provide for no time limit. It was not known to- night which stand Dr. Kiesinger would take on this issue.
Cuts in troops
The question of a reduction of troops. provided it does not seriously curtail the military potential in Germany, will be less of a problem, according to in- formed sources.
Mr. David Ben-Gurion, the former Israel Prime Minister, will pay a courtesy call on Dr. Kie- singer tomorrow. He said at a press conference today that his intention was to discuss Israel's chances of becoming associated with the Common Market.
Mr. Ben-Gurion said that Dr. Kiesinger was carrying on the pol- icy of Dr. Adenaure, particularly in the field of European union and Franco-German friendship. and had done more in this respect than had Professor Erhard.
He was of the opinion that the relationship between his country and west Germany had improved since diplomatic relations were es- tablished. He was not alarmed by the votes polled by the National Democratic Party last Sundav.
COLOGNE. April 25.-Police arrested six people for releasing a bunch of balloons with an anti- Johnson streamer attached during the funeral ceremonies for Dr. Adenauer.-Reiuter.
State funeral of Dr. Adenauer.
page 10; picture, page 14.";"April 26, 1967";"";56925;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gen De Gaulle Invited To Washington";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Churchill, opening yesterday at The Hague the Congress of Europe, described its task as that of constituting an assembly through which the voice of the free countries could make itself continuously heard.
He appealed to the European peoples to forget the hatreds of the past as the only means of saving themselves from "" the perils which draw near.""
SHADOW. OF WAR
RUSSIA'S DISCORDANT
POLICY
From Our Special Correspondent
THE HAGUE, MAY 7
The Congress of Europe, now that it has heard the opening speech of its honorary president, Mr. Churchill, has at least assumed a definite shape and acquired a definite basis of policy for future action. It is still difficult none the less to build up a precise "" who's who "" of the congress or to state the number of delegates even approximately. Unexpected people continue to arrive with unorthodox credentials; some have succeeded in egta- blishing a claim to take part, but others have had to be rejected.
This first plenary session in the beautiful and historic Ridderzaal, or Hall of the Knights, has been one of introductory speeches and formal welcome. There has been warm appreciation of the presence of Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands at the inaugural session, as also of that of the Netherlands Prime Minister and most of his colleagues in the Government. With Mr. Churchill on the dais were Mr. Kerstens, chairman of the Netherlands organizing committee, and the three chairmen of the congress com- mittees-M. Ramadier (political), M. vaDi Zeeland (economics) and Count Silone (cultural).
The banner of the congress, a bold red E "" on a white background, is flying from many of the buildings of The Hague and was well displayed in the historic Ridderzaal. The burgomaster of this city opened the congress with a brief speech of welcome to its delegates.
A UNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
Mr. Ktrstens, who spoke next, described the congress as a unique developmerit in European history. He drew attention to the. special sig- nificance of its being attended by the delegate of the Holy See, Mgr.Giobbe, and spoke also of the encouragement it gave him to see so many members of the Netherlands'Govern- ment present. Then he expressed his pride in saluting Mr. Churchill, a sentiment that was loudly cheered. "" To no single man in Europe,"" he added, "" do we owe so much as to him. But for him there would not now be a congress of Europe in the same hall where,
eight years ago, Seyss-Inquart publicly took- office as the highest representative in Holland of the man who had constituted himself the Fiihrer of Eurppe.""
Mr. Churchill then rose to speak and was y,ven a great ovation by the congress delegates. He was listened to with the closest attention, and his statement that "" we seek nothing less than all Europe "" in the ultimate plan of Euro- pean unity was specially cheered. There was again much applause for his statement that "" we welcome any country where the people own the Government, and not the Government the people."" His assertion that the task of the congress should be the formation of a Euro- pean assembly to make the "" voice of Europe "" heard also met with enthusiastic approval. At the close of his speech the whole body of dele- gates rose and cheered for several minutes.
M. Ramadier was the next speaker. He warned the congress that the founders of a united Europe would have to work hard and that they must direct as well as inspire the faith of the people in that ideal. The Ministers who had signed the treaties of Brussels and of Paris were the real founders of European union. United Europe could not be created from a sort of federalist revolution that weakened in- dividual governments without strengthening the inion. Let them proclaim vehemently: *Europe or death I ""
THE VITAL QUESTION
Dr. Brugmans (Netherlands), president of the European Union of Federalists, said that European union was the vital question of to-day. If Europe discovered how to regener- ate itself in unity it would at the same 'time be able to reassert its independence in the world. It would be both moral and social independence, since among great Powers it would have brought forth its own Peculiar type of society born from free association and from stimulating cooperation.
Other speeches, mainly in general terms of high appreciation for the ideal of European unity, were made by M. van Zeeland and Count Carandini. Mr. Gafencu, a former Foreign Secretary of Rumania, was listened to with great sympathy, especially when he said that the arbitrary line now dividing Europe was written in sand.
The conference closed its inaugural session by passing a resolution affirrming that its objectives can be attained only when the whole of Europe was united and organized, and emphasizing that. as the 16 nations which had decided to cooperate did not form a closed group, they sent fraternal greedtings to all
peoples.
MR. CHURCHILL'S
ADDRESS
THE VOICE OF EUROPE
THE HAGUE, May 7.-Mr. Churchill said: -
Since I spoke on this subject at ZUrich in 1946, and since our British United Europe Movement was launched in January, 1947, events have carried- our affairs beyond our expectations. This cause was obviouslY either vital or merely academic. If it was academic. it would wither by the wayside. But if i' was the vital need of Europe and the world in this dark hour, then the spark would start a fire which would glow brighter and stronger in the hearts and minds of men and women in many lands. This is what bas actually bap- pened.
Great Qovernments have banded themselves together %ith all their executive Power. The mighty Republic of the United States has espoused the Marshall plan. Sixteen European States are nc. associated for economic pur- poses. Five have entered into close economic and military relationship. We hope that this nucleus will in due course be joined by the peoples of Scandinavia, of the Iberian Penin- sula, as well as by Italy, who should now resume her full place in the comity of nations
This is a movement of peoples and not of parties. nere is no room tor personal or airty aousies. If there, is rivatly of parties
c ibe to see which one will distinguish itselfI
most for the common cause. No one can sup- Pose that Europe can be united on any party or sectional basis, any more than that any one nation can assert an overweening pre- dominance. It must be all for all. Europe can only be united by the heartfelt wish and vehement expression of the great majority of all the peoples in all the parties in all the freedom-loving countries, no matter where they dwell or how they vote.
This congress has brought together leaders of thought and action from all the free countries of Europe. Although every one has been invited in his individual capacity, never- theless the congress, and any conclusions it may reach, may fairly caim to be the voice of Europe. Itis time indeed that that voice should be raised in the scene of chaos and prostration, Caused by the wrongs and hatreds of the past, -and amid dangers which lie about us in the present and cloud the future.
EFFACING FRONTIERS
We shall only save ourselves from the perils which draw near by forgetting the hatreds of the past, by letting national rancours and re- venges lie, by progressively effacing frontiers and barriers which awgravate and congeal our divisions, and by rejoicing together in that glopous treasure of lhterature, of romance, of ethics, of thought, and toleration belonging to all, which is the true inheritance of Europe, the expression of its genius and honour;* which by our quarrels, our follies, by our fearful wars and the cruel and awful deeds that spring frwomn war and tyrants, we have almost cast
The movement for European unity, as our draft report declares, must be a positive force, deriving its strength from our common sense of spiritual values. It is a dynamic expression of democratic faith based upon moral con- ceptions and inspired by a sense of mission. In the centre of our movement stands a charter of human rights, guarded by freedom and sus- tained by law.
It is impossible to separate economics and defence ~from general political structure. Mutual aid in the economic field and joint mili- tary defence must inevitably be accompanied step by step with a parallel policy of closer political unuty.
THE CONTINENTAL
FAM LY
GERMANY'S PART
It is said with truth that this involves some sacrifice or merger of national sovereignty. But it is also possible to regard it as the gradual assumption by aU the nations concerned of that larger sovereignty which can alone pro- tect their diverse and distinctive customs and characteristics and their national traditions alt of which under totalitarian systems, whether Nazi Fascist, or Communist, would certainly be blotted out.
Some time ago I stated that it was the prOud mission of the victor nations to take the Germnans by the hand and lead them back into the European family, and I rejoice that some of the most eminent and powerful Frenchmen have spoken in this sense.
For us the German problem is to restore the economic life of Germany and revfve the ancient fame of the German race, without thereby exposing their neighbours and our- selves to any rebuilding or reassertion of their military power. United Europe provides the only solution which covers both these fields and it is also a solution which can be adopted without delay.
It is necessary for the executive Govern- ments of the 16 countries associated for the purposes of the Marshall plan to make precise arrangements which can apply at present only to what is called western Europe. In this we wish them well and will give them all loyal support.
THE EASTERN STATES
But our aim here is not confined to western Europe. We seek nothing less than al Europe. We aim at the eventual participation of all peoples throughout the continent whose society and way of life are not in disaccord with a charter of human rights and the sincere expression of free democracy. We welcome any country where the people own the Govern- ment, and not the Government the people.
All the States of the east and south-east of Europe except Greece are constrained to hold aloof from us, and most of them are not allowed to express themselves by free -lemocratic electoral processes. We cannot aim at anything less than the union of Europe as a whole, and we look forward with confidence to the day when this will be achieved.
I was anxious at first lest the United States of America should view with hostility the idea of a United States of Europe. But I rejoice that the great Republic in its era of world leadership has risen far above such moods. We must all be thankful as we sit here that the nation called td the summit of the world by its mass, its energies, and its power has not been found lacking in those qualities of greatness and nobility upon which the record of famous States depends. Far from resentins the creation of United Europe, the Americai people welcome and ardently sustain the resurrection of what was called the Old World now found in full partnership with the New.
GROUPS OF NATIONS
Nothing that we do or plan here conflicts with the paramount authority of a world organization of the United Nations. On the contrary, I have always believed, as I declared in the war, that a Council of Europe was
a subordinate but necessary part of the worldI organization. I thought at that time, when I had great responsibility, that there should be several regLonal councils, august but subordinate, and that these should form the massive pillars upon which the world organi. zation would be founded in majesty and calnt.
This was the direction in which my hopes and thought lay. To take an example from the military sphere, with which our hard experi. ences have made us al familiar, the design for world government might have followed the system of three or more groups of armies -in this case armies of peace-under one supreme headquarters. Thus I saw the vast Soviet Union forming one of tbese great groups. The Council of Europe, including Great Britain joined with her Empire and Commonwealth, would be another. Thirdly, the western hemisphere with all its great spheres of interest and influence had already become effective, and with it we in Britain and in the Commonwealth were also linkedl by Canada and other sacred ties.
In the mfind-picture which it was possible to form as victory in the war became certain there was the hope that each of these three splendid goupings of States and nations- whose afalirs, of course, would sometimes overlap-mightfhave settled within themselves a great number of differcnces and difficulties which now, are dragged up to the supreme world organization and that far fewer, but also far more potent, figures would represent them at the summit.
There was also the hope that they would meet hot in an overcrowded tower of Babel, but, as it were, upon a mountaitn-top where all was cool and quiet and calm, and from
which the wide vision df the world would be presented with all things in their due pro- portion. As the poet Blake wrote:-
""Above- time's troubled fountains
On the great Atlantic mountains In my golden house on high.""
To some extent events have moved in this direction, but not in the spirit which was needed. The western heni)sphere already presents itself as a unit
Here at The Hague we are met to help our various Governments to create the new Europe, but we are all grieved and perplexed and UmperiUed by the discordant attitude and policy of the third great and equal partner, wvthout whose acive aid the world organization cannot function nor the shadow of war be lifted from the hearts and minds of men and nations.
We must do our best to create and combine the great regional unities which it is in our Power to influence, and we must endeavouri b'Y patient and faithful service to prepare for the day when there will be an effective world government resting- upon the main groupings of mankind. Thus for us and for all who share our civilizaton and our desire for peace nd world government there is only one duty and watchword: Persevere.
TIE SEARCH FOR REST
I have the feeling that after the second 30 years' war through which we have just passed *manind needs and seeks a Period of rest. After all, how little it is that all the millions of homes in Europe-represented here to-day are asking. What is it that all these wage- earners, skilled artisans, soldiers, and tillers of the soil require; deserve, and may be led to demand ? Is it not a fair chance -to make a home, to reap the fruits of their toil to cherish their wives, to bring up their chilaren in a decent manner, and to dwell in peace and saf'ety, witbout fear or bullying or monstrous burdens and exploitations ?. Tat is their hetaRrt'hs desire That is what we mean their for them. t we meanto win President Roosevelt spoke of the four free- doms, but the one that matters most to-day Is fredom from fear. Why should all these hardworking families be harassed, first, as in bygone times, by dynastic and religious quarrels; next by nationalistic ambitions. and finallY by ideological fanaticism? Why should
hey now be regimented and hurled against eacn othery variously labelled forms of totalitaran tyranny, all fomented by wicked men, building their own predominance upon
emisery and subjugation of their fellow human beings? Shall so many millions of humble homes in Europe, aye, and much of its eDlightenment and culture, sit quaking in
read of the policeman's knock ?
That is the question we have to answer here. That is the question which, perhaps, we have the power to answer here. After all, Europe
has only to arise and stand in her own majesty,
fatfulness, and virtue, to confront all forms of tyranny,andent or modern, Nazi or Com- munist, with forces which are unconquerable; and whiach if asserted in good time, might never
bchlenged again.
IN HARMONY WrTH
THE EMPIRE
BRrrAINPS ,PARTNERS
On the other hand, it would not be wise in this critical time to be drawn into laboured attempts to draw rigid structures or consti- tutions. That is a later stage, and it is one in which the leadership must be taken by the ruhng Governments - in response to our impulse, and in many oases to their own con- ceptions We are here to lay the foundations upon which the statesmen of the western demo- cracies may stand, and to create an atmo- sphere favourable to the decisions to which they may be led. It is not for us who do not wield the authority of Governments to con- front each other or the world with sharply cut formulas or detailed arrangements. There are Many different paints of view which have to find their focus.
We in Britain must move in harmony with our great partners in the Commonwealth, who,
o not doubt, though separated by the ocean spaces, share our aspirations and follow with deep attention our trend of thought. But undue precipitancy, like too much refinement, would hinder and not help the immediate mission we have to fulfil.
Nevertheless we must not separate without a positive step forward. The task before us at this congress is not only to raise the voice of Europe as a united whole during these few days. We must here and now resolve that in one form or another a. European assembly shall be constituted which will enable that voice to make itself continuously heard and we trust with ever-growing acceptance throughout all the free countries of this continent.
HIGH RESPONSIBELITY
A high and a solemn responsibility rests upon us here this afternoon in this congress of a Europe striving to -be reborn. If we allow ourselves to be rent and disordered by petti- ness and small disputes, if we fail in clarity of view or courage m action, a priceless occa- sion may be cast away forever.
But if we all pull together and pool the luck and the comradeship, and firmly grasp the larger hopes of humamity, then it may be that we Shall move together into a happier sunlit age, when al the little children who are now growing up in this tormented world may find themseives not the victors or the van- quished in the fleeting tiumphs of one countr
over another in the bloody turmoil of destruc- tive war, but the heirs of all the treasures of the past and the masters of all the science, the abundance and the glories of the futhe Reuter. of the future.
* Picture on page 8.";"May 8, 1948";"";51066;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Churchill's Call To Europe";""
"";"['News']";"M. Mendes-France suggested yesterday, in-a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, that a four-Power conference should be hetd-after ratification of the western treaties on Germany-in Paris next May.
He emphasized that one of the most effective steps that could be taken towards the restoration of international confidence would be Soviet agreement to conclude the Austrian treaty.
In London, most of M. Mendes-France's speech has been wel- comed, but it is pointed out that in .the British view more than ratification of the Paris agreements is required before the stage is ready for a conference.
VITAL CONDITION OF SETTLEMENT
NEED FOR AGREEMENT
ON AUSTRIA
From Our United Nations
Correspondent
NEW YORK, Nov. 22
In a forthright address to the General Assembly this morning M. Mendes-France made it quite clear that France would not be beguiled by Russian overtures at this stage, but would willingly enter into a four-Power conference next May, after the London and Paris agreements on Western European Union had been rati- fied by all the countries concerned.
The French Prime Minister spoke for an hour, and soon afterwards the Assembly and all its constituent com- mittees adjourned in token of their re- spect for Mr. Vyshinsky, bead of the Russian delegation, who died suddenly about midday after a heart attack.
To-day M. Mendes-France was more outspoken in his analysis of world affairs than at any time previously during his American visit. The frankness of his approach earned the immediate approval of the leaders of the British and United States delegations.
RUSSIAN "" HYPOCRISY""
As Mr. Nutting put it, M. Mendes-France exposed in all its hypocrisy the blatancy of the Soviet campaign to postpone and so halt ratification of the London and Paris agree- ments. He made it clear that we are not prepared to permit the Soviet Union to sabotage ratification of these agreements. But -he pointed to the fact that, once ratification is complete, the conference door is open.""
Commenting on the Soviet proposals for a general conference on European security, to be held this month, M. Mendes-France said they were "" neither realistic nor reasonable in their present form."" The time provided was too short to permit of adequate preparation. Furthermore, there could be no object in such a conference until after the countries of western Europe had ratified the Paris pact. otherwise it would be merely a "" flight into the unknown,"" and would be foredoomed to failure. He emphasized that the west was not rejecting the possibility of peace or a rapproche- ment with eastern Europe. The door to nego- tiations was not closed-quite the contrary.
He suggested the possibility of holding a four-Power conference in May, and said the French Government was prepared to organize such a conference in Paris if it was convenient to the three other participants. How*ver, he added, France would not take part in any conference ""without our American and British friends:'
TRADMONAL METHODS
Before any conference, he went on, there would have to be serious and detailed pre- parations and negotiations, "" without any noisy propaganda manoeuvres."" Traditional diplomatic methods should be used so as to "" avoid the violent reactions of an over-excited public opinion."" They must do all in their power to create a climate of public confidence.
One example of such actions would be the signing of the Austran treaty. Such a develop- ment could do more to promote world peace than 10 spectacular announcements of confer- ences meant for propaganda purposes. In principle at least there could be no differences on this matter. "" It is essential that the Aus- trian nation should recover its freedom,"" he said, and expressed his "" profound disappoint- ment "" that Russia was now proposing new talks on Austria when, so far as he knew, there were no questions remaining to be settled. He reiterated that it was essential that the Austrian treaty should be signed "" with precise evacuation clauses.""
Speaking of the London and Paris agree- ments, with their limitations and controls on armaments and their safeguards against unilateral expansion by any country, M. Mendes-France said they constituted a preview of a European and. indeed, a world-wide agreement on armaments. It might come as a surprise to some of his listeners to-day to know that the French Government would have no objection to an"" eastern European defence association,"" provided it was modelled on the western European defence union, and con- tained like provisions for publication, limitation, and control of armnaments.
RESTORING CONFIDENCE
Only thus would they restore to the peoples of Europe that sense of security which they had so long and so cruelly been denied. He concluded by expressing his great hopes for the future of the United Nations, an institution which to French people was "" the centre and cradle of ideals of world justice and peace.""
Earlier he said he had long taken part in the work of the United Nations, and he dis- cerned an improvement in the general atmo- sphere surrounding it. Certain agreements, though limited in scope, enabled them to face the future with more confidence. Once again the pessimists had been proved wrong. He noted that Russia had accepted the Anglo- French proposals on disarmament as a basis for discussion. This agreement, and the spirit of compromise shown by the west, had resulted in a common resolution which the Assembly had approved unanimously. When the dis- armament commission resumed its talks it would find its task facilitated, although it was still a difficult one.
Turning to the question of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. he spoke of the American initiative. arising from the "" creative imagina- tion "" of the President and United States generosity. It was comforting to note the measure of agreement shown so far in debate. and it would be a matter of great satisfaction if the political committee was able to reach a second unanimous vote on this question.
PURPOSES OF CHARTER
They must refuse to admit the inevitability of war. The Geneva conference had "" hushed the roar of the guns in Indo-China."" Long and difficult negotiations had been sticcessfttl, Similarly in other instances there should be negotiations instead of fighting. That. in his view, was the way to fulfil the purposes of the United Nations Charter.
New YORK, Nov. 22.-M. Mend&s-France suggested that Austria might accept a time limit of 18 months to two years for the evacua- tion of allied forces from the country after the treaty had been ratified, instead of the 90-day limit provided for in the present draft. This should be accompanied by a procedure of progressive evacuation. If the Austrian Government accepted this suggestion, he said. "" Would the Soviet Union sign the state treaty whi.h has remained pending so long? ""- Reuter.
RESERVE AT FOREIGN
OFFICE
BRMTISH POSMON PLAIN
BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The Foreign Office was somewhat reserved in commenting officially yester- day upon M. Mendes-France's proposal for a conference in Paris in May to dis. cuss European security.
The position of the British Government with reference to a four-Power meeting has been made repeatedly plain, it was said. in recent weeks. In a speech on October 25, which was also quoted by the Prime Minister in his Guildhall speech, Sir Anthony Eden said: "" If we can bring about stability and a com- mon purpose in the west, we shall have estab- lished the essential basis on which we can seek an understanding with the east.""
It was pointed out that M. Mendes-France had once more emphasized his determination to proceed with ratification of the Paris agree- ments, and in this his speech certainly met with the fullest approval here.
MAIN DIFFERENCE
The main difference between the French and British positions seems to be that M. Mendes-France has now proposed a definite and early date for a conference, whereas in the British view a conference will be effective only if there is already established "" stability and a common purpose in the west."" This seems to mean that in the British view more than ratification of the Paris agreements is required, and that some implementation of the agreements should be carried out before a conference is arranged.
It was clear from initial reactions in American and British circles yesterday that M. Mendes-France had given little time for consideration of the speech by officials before it was delivered. On his proposal for the gradual withdrawal of troops from Austria after signature of the Austrian Treaty, it was stated at the Foreign Office that the precise terms of the roposal must be studied before comment coutd be made on it. It is a departure from the line taken in the western Note of September 10, which called for the signature of the Austrian Treaty in its present form as proposed bv the Soviet Government.
This appeal is repeated, it is understood, in the present draft reply by the west to the latest Soviet Notes. British and American represen- tatives, who have been engaged in drafting the reply in London, were no doubt surprised, therefore, at the new proposal by M. Mendes- France.
DISARMAMENT QUESTION
M. Mendes-France's suggestion that an east European security organization might be helpful as a stage towards mutual disarmament is interesting. When the proposals for inspection and control of the forces of the Western European Union were first put forward, it was suggested that if all went well, they might form the nucleus of a wider system of armaments limitation. M. Mendes-France appears to have carried a stage farther this suggestion, which is itself not incompatible with the proposal made in The Times of yesterday that east and west German forces might be limited by general agreement.
ASSUAGING ANXIETIES
IN PARIS
PARALLEL NEGOTIATIONS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDTrr
PARIS, Nov. 22
The suggestion made to the United Nations by M. Mendes-France for a four-Power meet- ing in May should presumably do something to assuage the anxieties of those who feel that a chance for ending the cold war is being missed.
The notion of proceeding, directly ratifica- tion of the new agreements is completed, to a four-Power or broader conference with the Russians was approved by the extraordinary congress of the Socialist Party two weeks ago; and to-day the secretary-general of the party, M. Mollet, reiterated the same idea when he said that once ratification was secured it would be necessary to go immediately to any and all of the international conferences.
WEST GERMAN REACTION EMPHASIS ON ORDER OF
PRIORITY
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, Nov. 22
Dr. Adenauer has shown in a series of recent utterances that he looks favourably on conferences between the western Powers and Russia, provided-and the condition is vital-they are not held before the Paris treaties have been ratified and put into effect.
This view applies equally to a four-Power meeting, as to the latest Soviet proposal for a larger conference on European security. No fault can be found with the reported proposal by M. Mendes-France in New York for a four-Power conference in May. if it is measured by this yardstick. An official com- ment in Bonn to-night said that Dr. Adenauer was known to regard such a meeting as "" necessary and probable "" after the treaties had entered into force. Probably the Federal Govermment would not insist rgidly on the last minor instrument of the Paris agreements having been ratified by the-last of the many Powers concerned before a meeting could take place. The point on which it insists is that there must be complete certainty that the treaties are going through before any oppor- tunity is opened up for disruptive manoeuvres from the east.
AUSTRIAN INTEREST READINESS TO DISCUSS
FRENCH PLAN
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr
VIENNA, Nov. 22
M. Mendes-France's proposal in connexion with the Austrian treaty has been received with non-committal sympathy in Vienna. Dr. Scharf, the Vice-Chancellor, commented that the French Prime Minister's remarks were on the same lines as a proposal made by Dr. Figl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, at the Berlin conference, "" If during the next State treaty conference a proposal in the same sense should be made as that contained in the French Prime Minister's statement, the Austrian Federal Government will be ready to discuss it.""
Unofficially, it is pointed out that at the Berlin conference Dr. Figi was ready to extend to 18 months the 90 days prescribed in the draft treaty as the period during which ' -:d occupation troops would be withdrawn after the signing of the treaty. In view of the fact that Austria has already waited nearly 10 years for her independence, the extra months pro- posed by M. Mendes-France would not be worth making a fuss about.
Before his speech M. Mendes-France had a short talk with Herr Raab, the Austrian Chan- ceUor, who is visiting the United States.";"November 23, 1954";"";53096;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"4-Power Talks Proposed By M. Mendès-France";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 6
A call for urgent negotiations to settle the Berlin dispute was made in Paris today by the Assembly of Western European Union. This year's resolution on the subject, carried unanimously, drew an inference from Cuban develop- ments that the will was emerging to reach a final settlement of disagreements that had arisen since the end of the war among the former allied powers.
The assembly believed that at this moment, as a matter of urgency and in a peaceful spirit, they should open conversations for these purposes:
To demolish the Berlin wall without delay. To ensure full freedom of access to west
Berlin without discrimination, and free- dom of the people to move inside and outside the city.
To protect and strengthen existing Unks
between Berlin, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the free world.
CLIMATE IMPROVED
To conclude a peace treaty with a reunified
Germany recognizing the principle of free self-determination in conditions ensuring close and peaceful collaboration with neighbours of the new Germany, which should have the guaranteed right of integration in a unified Europe.
The few delegates who spoke at this con- cluding session felt that the international climate had been improved by events in Cuba. In the view of Dr. Karl Carstens. State Secretary of the German Foreign Ministry, they had confirmed the western belief that Russia wished to avoid war with the United States.
He felt that one of the greatest dis- advantages in the present contest was the slowness of free world reactions to offen- sive and expansive actions; and lhe urged that the western allies, in a given situation, ought to have the choice of several alter- natives in both the political and military spheres.
FAIR BASIS
Dr. Carstens said that the Russians had never renounced their basic demands in Berlin, even if details had been altered, and in such a situation no useful purpose would be served by advancing new western proposals.
If it became clear, however. in the course of serious negotiations that Russia was in- terested in settling problems on a fair basis, ' we should endeavour to the best of our ability to work out solutions as well as sound supporting structures "". Possible solutions, he said, might now be examined and prepared. but as long as the Russians showed no sign of willingness to settle problems fairly, future proposals should not be disclosed prematurely and thus exposed to Russian rejection.
Dr. Carstens noted with satisfaction that, 17 years after the end of the war, the parti- tion of Germany and Berlin was as far as ever from being consolidated because the east German regime, supported by 250,000
Russian troops and 6.500 tanks, had been unable to win over the population. This explained Bonn's persistence in asking friendly governments not to recognize or accept the present situation in east Ger- many and east Berlin. Pending a solution on the basis of self-determination the Fede- ral Government would do all in its power to assist the oppressed people of the Russian zone.
FOOD SHORTAGE
There was a shortage of food, he said, in what was once the granary of the over- populated western provinces, and resent- ment against the. overbearing regime was bitter and widespread.
The only outlet for human contact with free Germany had been sealed by the Berlin wall, which led to increased pressure from within, though open revolt was not to be feared. The people realized, he said, that such an act would be senseless, and everything possible was being done in the west to restrain them from rebellion. Reports of Cuban developmnents had engaged the east Germans in their steadfast attitude.
Dr. Carstens reiterated that the conclusion of a separate peace treaty with the east German regime could in no way alter the rights of the three western powers in Berlin. which were based not on contractual agreements with Russia but on the military defeat and occupation of Germany. He had reasons for assuming that none of the non-communist states would accede to such a treaty. and if it led to any hindrance or restriction of free access to Berlin, a serious international situation would arise for which Russia would be responsible.
NO OBJECTIONS
The Secretary noted that diplomatic soundings for Berlin negotiations had been interrupted by the Cuban crisis, and said that Bonn would certainly raise no objec- bons if they were now resumed. The Federal Governent would do all in its power to prevent any unnecessary heighten- ing of internatlonal teesion; but, as had been reMeatedly explained to Moscow, it was not prepared to renounce any vital interests of the German people, including Berlin.
He emphasized that in the present situa- tion the only means of solving problems was by negotiations, and whether they suc- ceeded or not was decidedly dependent on the will and attitude of the Soviet Union. Though future developments could not be predicted, he was convinced that the best contributon that the free nations of Europe could make at present lay in the European integration to which all aspired.
This would give new hope to the oppressed peoples of east Europe and be a guarantee for all countries of the world, including Russia, that the free part of Europe. so often the cause and source of international conffict, would in future be an area of stability and peace, If& as they confidently hoped. Russia one day became interested in a just and fair settlement, "" then such a settlement "", he said, "" should be made between her and a unified Europe "".";"December 7, 1962";"";55568;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Call For Negotiations On Berlin";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, FEB. 3
T he Federal Government goes on pro- testing loudly that there was no con- nexion between the breakdown of the Brussels negotiations and the Franco- German treaty, and that its friendship with France athd continued wholehearted support of Britain's entry are not alter- natives. But its desire to displease no one has ptLinged iLt into an agony of indecision and doubt, from which little in the way of clearcut decisions or initia- tive to help overcome the Brussels crisis can be expected.
Herr Dufhues, the business chairiman of the Christian Democratic Union. in a rlews- paper interview today takes the easy view that "" the possbilities and the obligations of the Federal Republic do not lie primaril1' in mediating between Britain and France. It is much more essential. within the frame- work of the S x. to overcome as soon as possibl- the differences of ovinion over BriWtan's cntry, so that negotiations can be resurled "". There are suegestions currc -t here that the Western European Union might be reinfused with a little more life for this Purpose.
MEDIATION DISCOURAGED The fact is that the brusque way in which General de Gaulle ignored the Chancellor's previous attempts at mediation, however halfhearted, does not encourage him to try again, the more so as basically they agree. And th. determination with which France sotght an immediate breakdown of the Brussels talks has even paralysed to sonie extent those in the Cabinet, the parties, and the Bundestag who were making bold state- ments 10 days ago about their attachments to Britain's cause, and what they would do about it.
There is now much less talk in political circles about making ratification of the Franco-German treaty conditional upon a change in the French attitude, or about any other method of putting pressure on France to produce a change of opinion. The charitable explanation is that French intransigence has made it clear that any attempt of this kind would be doomed to failure. The only reasonable course, it is argued. is to try to work upon France through the treaty.
Even Professor Erhard. Britain's most confirmed champion in the Government, if not the most effective, said in a broadcast interview over the weekend: ""I am not of the opinion that the treaty should be torn up."" But he tbought the parliamentary groups. when it came to ratification, had the duty of reexamining the treaty in the light of its repercussion on European cooperation and in the broadest sense also. on friendship with the Anglo-Saxon coun- tries and on the security of Germany's existence.
AVOIDING PARTY SPLIT
Working in the Council of Ministers and in the EEC should continue. though he made no bones about his doubts regarding the readiness of the Five to make further concessions to France in the future.
In other countries and under different circumstances. a Minister might have felt
compellcd to resign over this issue. But apart from the fact that resignation on matters of principle is not fashionable here Professor Erhard apparently feared split- ting his party.
Professor Mi}ller-Artnack. his Secretary of State for European cooperation, how- ever, felt that he could no longer, in the present atmosphere o. uncertainty, con- tinue to bear his share of the burden of the Federal Government's Policy. and handed in his resignation on Fr'lday. He stated yest_rday that he had on threz occasions experienced the last-minute failure of attempts to unify Europe: over the Euro- pean Army. over the free trade area, and now over British entry.
""As the E.E.C. is now constituted "", be said in a statement. "" with the requirement o& unanimity in all important decisions, the minimum of solidarity is quite indispen- sable. The unanimity rule was designed to give the smallest member a certain right of codecision; it was certainly not meant to be used for obstruction.""
BUNDESTAG DEBATE
The foreign affairs debate in the Bunde- stag on Wednesday will give the parties an opportunity of expressing their feelings. But Judging from the drift of recent public statements, no sharp clear-cut alternatives are likely to be forced upon the Govern- ment. Herr von Brentano, the C.D.U. parliamentary group chairman, has coun- selled the ratification, "" neither with delaY nor with excessive haste ""l
Trhe Franco-German treaty, however. mu3t in no way be misused in his opinion to place limitations on Nato policy and the European agreement.
Herr Mende. the Free Democratic Party chairman, said in Berlin that ratification should not be made conditional upon new negotiations for Britain's entry. But neither should Franco-German relations be isolated from the necessary improvernent in relations with London and Washington. The military clauses of the treaty. especi ally. must be examined to see whether they were reconcilable with the obligations assumed by Germany in Nato.
Herr Wehner, the socialist deputy chair- man, also opPosed Putting a "" thumb- screw "" on France, by linking ratification with Britain's entry. But the treaty should he suggested, be accompanied by a declara- tion of both Governments on the nature and goals of their policy, and notably on the unification of Eurpe. its partnership with the United States. and its willingness to share the duty of common defence with it.
WASHINGTON TALKS
Herr Wehner proposed concluding with Britain a treatv similar to the one wit-h France; and urged talks with the United States on President Kennedy's partnershiti offer.
BoNN, Feb. 3.-Professor Karl Carstens. senior Secretary of State at the west German Foreign Ministry, will fly to Wash- ington tomorrow to discuss "" current poli- tical questions "", the Foreign Ministry announced today.
Mr. Walter Dowling, the American Ambassador. is also flying to Washington this week for consultations after a series of meetings with west German Government leaders on the failure of the Brussels Comn- mon Market talks.-Reuter.";"February 4, 1963";"";55616;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Chances Of German Pressure On France Fading";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 7
The Council of Ministers of the Western European Union, which met in Bonn yesterday under the chairmanship of Herr von Brentano, the German Foreign Minister, decided in effect to postpone discussion on relations be- tween the Six and the Seven. and in particular on the-association of Britain with the Common Market.
Mr. Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal and Minister responsible, for Euro- pean .affairs, who represented Britain, is understood to have made no otficial statement on the British position. and the Ministers. in fact. confined them- selves to agreeing on a reply to the reconimendation put forward by the European Assembly last November.
CORDIAL ATMOSPHERE
This expressed *a desire that Britain should associate herself with the Common Market, and that she should be invited to take part in the meeting of heads of state of the six. member countries of the Com- munity. The reply welcomed the initiative taken by, the Assembly ""as an earnest of its determination to strengthen the links be- tween the member countries of the W.E.U. and promote the unity of Europe "",
The decision of the Ministers to post- pone the matter was not due to any serious divergences-indeed the atmosphere of the talks was described as extremely cordial-. but rather to the feeling that discussion would be premature at this stage. The Ministers had their eye on the technical conversations between British and French experts, the second round of which took place in London last week, and is said to have been rnost promising. These discus- sions have helped in particular to remove an impression current since the beginning of the year that the French Government might not be interested in having Britain in the Common Market at this stage, even if she officially expressed a desire to do so.
BREACH HEALED
The Ministers also felt that there was little point in taking up the question of rela- tions between Britain and the Six until President Kennedy had met President de Gaulle in Paris at the end of this month. And by July, when the heads of state of the Six are now to meet under a revised time- table agreed by Foreign Ministers here on Friday, conversations between the French Government and the Algerian Government in exile may have begun, and the situation in North Africa have, taken a turn for the better-with all that this implies, at least In the German view, for Europe.
As well as'the more hopeful turn taken by the bilateral discussions between France and Britain, there are good indications that the sharp divergences within the countries of the Common Market on the French pro- posals for closer political coordination.
which assumed alarming proportions at the Paris conference earlier this year, have now been overcome. The commission of experts
-mtrusted by the conference to took into these proposals-such as- meetings of heads Jf. state at regular intervals with a fixed stgenda, and the setting up of-a permanent secretariat-was \able to find some compromise.
The Dutch Government. which stood out most strongly in Paris against the French plans, has been persuaded to bury the hatchet in seturn for certain -concessions. and in particular, on the understanding that no step should be taken towards political unity among the Six that would make It more difficult for Britain to join the .Com~- mon Market. if she maJ;es up her mind to do sO.
The commission was thus able to reach agreement on the meetings of-beads of state. and on the setting up of a standing com- mittee to prepare them, although it may not be as permanent and as formal as the secretariat envisaged in the original-French plan. In return. the Dutch Government insists on a decision to set up a European university, and a date for elections to a European assembly-although it does so more as an act of faith in the supranational idea embodied. in the Rome-Treaty than as a Practical Droposition.
COMPELLING REASON
Even in The Hague, it is now apparently realized that, however. deplorable, the present trend among the Six is away. from federation towards a looser confederation. a reason that makes it all the more com- pelling, in the Dutch view, to have Britain in
At their meeting yesterday the W.E.U. Ministers also heard from Mr. Heath a report on the situation in Laos and the Congo. and discussed the coordination of their cultural activities in- Latin America, the better to withstand. communism. Neither' Mr. . Macmillan's nor Dr. Adenauer's talks with President Kennedy, nor the Cuban situation, were reviewed, as it was felt this would be.a more appro- priate subject for the Oslo conference of. Nato countries, which -opens tomorrow.
The Foreign Ministers of the Common Market countries, at their meeting on Friday, as well as considering the recom- mendations of the commission of experts set up by the Paris :conference, bad been instructed to prepare for the ""little sum- mit"" of heads of state of the Six, originally arranged for May .19 in Bonn.
MEETING . IN JULY
The Ministers decided that the postpone- ment of their own meeting (it was to have been held on April 28) had left themn in- sufficient time to do this, and agreed that the heads of state should now meet in July. It was made clear that this change of date would not affect the proposed visit of President de Gaulle to Bonn on May 19.
The Ministers went on to outline recent political developments in their respective countries, and M. Couve de Murville reported on the latest developments in Algeria.";"May 8, 1961";"";55075;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"W.E.U. Postpone Talks On Britain And The Six";""
"['From Peter Strafford']";"['News']";"F'om Peter Strafford
Luxemborg, Jan. 11
The difficulties of coping with kidnappings of diplomats were made clear at today's meeting in Luxembourg of Western European Union. The organization, which consists of Britain and the six mem- bers of the European Economic C ommunity, adopted a report on the possibiiities of international action, but the report was largely negative.
T he authors examined such pos- sibilities as increasing legal penal- ties for kidnappers, and an advance declaration o>n how W.E.U. memn- bers would react to kidnapping cases. But they concluded that it w.as neither possible in the last resort to prevent kidnappings nor to say in advance how the coun- tries concerned would TeaCt to individual vlses.
W.E.U. has discussed the pro- 1crm in the past, and recommended certair security measures. Today's meeting was taking place in the aftermath of the kidnapping in iMontevideo of Mr. Geoffrey Jack- son. the British Ambassader to Uruguay, and it oPened with an eXpresSiOn of condolences from the chairman, Mr. Gaston Thorn, the luxembourg Foreign Minister.
For Britain. Mr. Geoffrey Rippon. the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. said the kid- napping of dipleomats was a ""nvicious contagion"". It had reached almost epidemic propor- tions in Latin Acnerica and the recent cases in Canada and Spain had shown that it could spread else- where.
Everyone was concerned, he said, at the appasting vutnerability of dinglomats. Seurity measures could be taken, as they had been by the British Embassy jn Monte- video, but there was no umtcate defce against skilled and ruth- less attackers.
In the discussions so far, Britain has pressed for taking a hard line with kidnappers, so as to try to prevent the phenomenon from spreading. Mr. Rippon argued to- day that W.E.U. should work out a conventionson kidnapping, along the lines of the recently adopted
convention on the hidacping of air- craft and that one of the pro- visions should be that signatories would not grant political asylum to kidnappers.
This proposal ran into objec- tions from several of the other members. Thev wanted to keep their hands free to deal with each case on its merits, and said that they could not sign a convention which was legally binding on them not to grant political asylum in anv circurnstances.
The meeting decided neverthe- less to keep the problem under re- view. The W.E.U. report is to be sent to the Council of Europe. w.hich is also studyiog kidnapping, and a watch will be kept on the werk now going on in the Organi- zation of Amnerican States, where a convention is being drafted.
Speaking to journalists outside the meeting, Mr. Rippon said re- port. that Britain was prepared to pay a ransom for the release of
Mr. Jackson were not accurate. On the other hand, the Utuguayan Government was offeriag a reward for information on the case, and Britain was ready to contribute to this.
Today's meeting of W.E.U. was called to discuss current problems in internatiornal politics, among them east-west relations, South- East Asia, and the Middle East. This is in line with W.E.U.'6 policy of promoting political cooperation in Europe, and is seen by Britain as a valuable means of contact with the Six in this field pending her entry into the E.E.C.
Britain attached particular inter- est to the discussion on the Middle East. The Six have set up a work- ing group of their own on this ques- tion. and Britain was keen that its own contribution to the disctjsion should be incorporated in their work.
Mr. Ripjpon gave the meeting an analysis of the oresent situation and of the possibilities of action by western European countries. Both sides. he said, were worried by the cost of the fighting, and probably by growing war-weari- ness. These factors could contri- bute to a settlement as they had already done to the ceasefire.
There was an increasing role for west Europe to play and it should cooperate in moves to establish peace. It had greater interests in the Middle East than any other single group of countries. At the same time there were signs that the Arab world wanted to find a source of ideas and influence which was not wholly committed to either super power.
The discussion of east-Xx : ela- tions consisted largely of a reitera- tion of the view that there would have to-be progress in the talks with the Russians on Berlin before the member countries would be ready to move further towards a Euro- pean security conference. Herr Walter Scheel the West German Foreign Minister, spoke of the re- cent treaty with Poland, and of Bonn's intention of moving on to establish greater contact wAith Czechoslovakia.
The Russians knew. he said. that West Germanv would not ratify the treaties with Moscow and Warsaw until there was progress on Berlin, and so he thought that some flexi- bility on the part of the Russians might be expected. On the other hand. progress in the talks with East Germany, another precondi- tion for ratification of the treaties, had not been made.
Mr. Rippon said that the two treaties were a step towards the improvement of east-west relations, and that the British Government had congratulated Bonn on its achievements. It was now for "" the oher side"" to show that it was ready to make its full contribution, especially in the Berlin talks.
In a comment on the recent Polish crisis, he said this was largely the result of internal eco- nomic problems, and in particular an iU-timed decision to raise food prices. It showed, he said in a jocular reference to Britain's own negotiations with the E.E.C., that it was always difficult to raise food prioes. This raised a laugh, acoarding to conference sources.";"January 12, 1971";"";58070;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain and the Six find no easy answer to kidnapping of envoys";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent-THE HAGUE, MAY 12']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent-THE HAGUE, MAY 12
The most significant event at the opening day. of the Nato conference at The Hague has probably been a little- publicized meeting at the end of the full sessions between Mr. Dean Rusk. United States Secretary of State. Mr. -iButler, the Foreign Secretry, and M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister. Officially, disarmament is understood to have been the theme. Since the French do not attend the 18- power conference on disarmament at Geneva. this Nato meeting gives the British and American Foreign Ministers a chance to sound out M. Couve de Murville on, for instance, a non- dissemination agreement.
They may. however. also have talked. it is said, about Nato reorganization and the Seato meeting at Manila. At that meeting the French, stickingt to their policy of the neutralization of South Vietnam, re- fused to sign the agreed statement, and old Nato hands say that if a majority of the Nato members now wish to draft a state- nment emphasizing the continuing need for an Atlantic alliance, the French here may refuse to sign it.
CUBA THREAT
Certainly Air. Rusk, Dr. Luns, the Netherlands Foreign Minister. and Dr.. Stikker, the retiring Secretary-General of Nato. made strong appeals at the formal public open sessions this mo.ining for a continuing and more closely integrated alliance between -Nato's European and North American members. M. Couve de Murville clapped each socech briefly but politely, but throuzh this part of the morning he remained largely expressionless 'or with his head buried in a hand.
Later in closed session Mr. Rusk said that Russia's difficulties with China threat- ened Soviet leadership and might introduce an element of ngidity in Soviet policy to- wards the west. There was no reason to expect a major breakthrough in east-west relations. Limited progress-an air agree- ment, or an increase in trade-were pos- sible. Mr. Rusk said that at present the United States was not in touch with the Soviet Union on general or significant sub- jects.
On Cuba Mr. Rusk said that American overflights had to be maintained. Dr. Castro had blocked a United Nations role in Cuba and a nuclear-free zone in Latin America, and sought to subvert Latin America with arms, agents, funds, and propaganda.
PLEA ON CYPRUS
On Vietnam, be said, the United States had to assist South Vietnam in face of Chinese aid and direct North Vietnamese activity against her. Mr. Rusk called for economic, medical, and agricultural aid and political support for South Vietnam from all Nato mcmbers. Mr. Rusk ended by - declaring that the opportunity of improv-
ing relations with eastern Europe should not be lost, mentioning in partiCular recent efforts by Germano.
Mr. Butler followed Mr. Rusk and called for restraint over Cyprus-which so far there has been- -but in part of his speech, which was later much emphasized, he turned to European unity and reiterated that the British Govemment had always said that if new negotiations on European political unity were begun, they hoped to take part
from the start--either in talks in the Western European Union or in a broader fr.:me.
If the Common Mlarket countries wished to discuss their affairs, Britain could not, of course, obiect to that. but all the British Government asked was that nothing should be done to prejudge the eventual form of Europe. Mr. Butler also emohasized that there was no advantage in the European and North American partners in the alliance going to the great expense of building up senarate nuclear forces.
Further reports of last night's working dinner between the Foreign Nlinis:ers of Britain. France, Germany and the United States became available todav. 'fhe dis- cussion largely centred, it is said. upon the possibility of a further western-more speci- tically German-move towards Russia. The next logical step for the Federal Govern- ment, it was argued, was to carrv further their less rigid attitude towards thc com- munist block, and in fact for Dr. Erhard. the Chancellor, to nesotiate with Moscow.
FRONTIER OUESTION
The Germans wished, therefore, that the Nato conference should state their approval of a visit by Dr. Erhard and' should reaffirm German reunification as the aim. The Germans, however. were not prepared to accept the present eastern frontier of east Germany as final or to offer concessions on disarmaments in central Europe.
The British and Americans thought. therefore, that an approach to Russia by the Germans now would be of no interest to the Soviet Government and would be regarded as an attempt made purely for the record and risked only because of the Sino- Soviet split. Moscow's reaction might well then have been to stiffen, end the eaqt-west detente and thereby the chance of minor east-west agreements, and perhaps even tighten again the screw on Berlin.
Tbe position of the French was uncer- tain. but last night they stipported the British and Americans, and the four Foreign Ministers agreed merely in the end to con- stilt their governments, and refer the ques- tion of taking up east-west negotiation to the ambassadorial group in Wasbington once more, while keeping an open eye for any PossibilitY of effective negotiation as soon as possible.
THE HAGUE. May 12.-Dr. Dirk Stikker, retiring Nato Secretary-General, was today appointed director of the Roval Dutch Shell group at the company's annual share- holders meeting here. He will take up his post on September 1. succeeding Dr. F Q. den Hollander, who is retiring on July i.- Reuter.";"May 13, 1964";"";56010;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Fears That France May Refuse To Sign Nato Statement";""
"['From Our Bonn Correspondent']";"['News']";"Guide to the Adenauer Era
From Our Bonn Correspondent
Dr. Adenauer was elected first Chan- celor of the Federal Republic on September 15, 1949, by a majority of one vote. He was 73. It was the begin- ning of his career in national politics. Before the war he had been chief burgo- master of Cologne from 1917 until his dismissal by the Nazis in 1933, and he nearly became Reichskanzler twice, in 1921 and 1926.
His first concem was ending the occu- pation. a stop to dismantling. amnesty for minor Nazi offenders. and independent con- trol of foreign affairs. In return he offered the allies a firm commitment to the west. and a military contribution. The result was the Petersberg agreement of November. 1949. East German rearmament and the Korea war enhanced the value of Germany's offer.
In a memoranduum of Auwust. 1950, declaring readiness to contribute to a west European army, Dr. Adenauer declared: ""It is thereby made clear the Chancellor rejects the remilitariiation of Germany through a national military force "". He also first outlined then his conception of a united Europe, and of reconciliation with France. For this policy he was branded by the opposition as the ""Chancellor of the Allies
COAL AND STEEL POOL
M. Robert S&human's offer of a European coal and steel community in 1951 was eagerly accerpted by Dr. Adenauer as the first step towards permanent inte- gration of Germany in west Europe and European unity. The Bonn conventions ending the occupation and the Paris treaty were signed in May, 1952, accepting Germany as a rmember of a military u,nion of five countries.
FUtLL SOVEREIGNTY.
The French National Assembly failed to ratify the European Defence Community in August, 1954. Dr. Adenauer contemplated retirement from politics, and felt great bitterness against M. Mendes France.
In the face of much criticism, especially of concessions to France over the Saar. Dr. Adenauer signed the Paris treaty of October, 1954, by which Germany acquire full sovereignty and a national army, within the franework of Western European Union.
DEALINGS WITH RUSSIA
His visit to Moscow in autumn. 1955, in response to pressure for the return oi Prisoners, was a disappointment: the Russians refused to discuss reunification. and some misgivings were roused in the west by the German approach.
Dr. Adenauer said there was no intention of entering separate discussions with the Russians on German unity.
The proclamation of east German sovereignty produced a declaration to the Bundestag that "" the Federal Government is aione in a position to speak for the whole of Germany "". Recognition of the so-called German Democratic Republic by other countries would be regarded as an -unfriendly act"" (the Hallstein doctrine). This led to the break in diplomatic rela- tions with Yugoslavia two years later.
Dr. Adenauer remained firmly hostile to negotiations with Russia.
BUNDESWEHR BUILD-UP
The counterpart to Russian threats in Berlin and the failure of four-power negoti- ations was the active build-up of the
Bundeswehr. In January, 1958, Dr. Aden- auer told the Bundestag that he was pre- pared to equip the force with nuclear weapons. He called the Rapacki plan for a nuclear free zone in central Europe "" only a strategem to seize control of Europe ': FRIENDSHp WTH FRANCE
The 1957 elections further improved the Christian Democrats' absolute majority. The Common Market and Euratom treaties were signed in the same year.
At first Dr. Adenauer viewed General de Gaulle's comning to power with distrust
but the first meeting at Colombey-les-deZl- Eglises broke the ice. The failure of the free trade area, impatience with Britain's attitude towards the Common Market, the death of John Foster Dulles and suspicion of Anglo-American endeavours to seek a settlement with Russia threw Dr. Adenauer increasingly close to France, at the expense Of relations with Britain.
Mr. Macmillan's Moscow visit seemed confirmation of Dr. Adenauer's suspicions of Anglo-Saxon untrustworthiness. The Chancellor said: ""Germany and France are leaders on the Continent.""
An exchange of visits between London and Bonn brought about some improve- ment, but the return of the Saar to Germany rernoved the last obstacle to Franco-Ger- man reconoliation.
PRESIDENTIAL OFFICE
The presidential elections of 1959 in- creased C.D.U. pressure on Dr. Adenauer to become a candidate, because of his age and impatience with his autocratic rule. But when he entertained notions of setting up a Presidential system, the C.D.U. balked, and Dr. Adenauer decided to remain Chan- cellor.
Meanwhile the Social Denocrats aban- doned appeasement and Marxism and adopted their new Godesberg programme.
BEGINNING OF THE END
In the September, 1961. elections the C.D.U. lost its absolute majority. After prolonged manoeuvring, Dr. Adenauer was reelected Chancellor for the fourth time, on the understanding he would retire in Professor Erhard's favour before 1965. It was the .beginning of the end of the Adenauer era.
President Kennedy's election also brought to a close the period of intimacy with the United States. Misunderstanding about east-west relations, the American "".package deal"" on Berlin. and American balance of payments difficulties were at the root of this.
General de Gaulle's policy produced a stalemate in progress towards European political union. Dr. Adenauer, to avoid a breach with France. abandoned his inte- grated concept of Europe. General de Gaulle and the Chancellor exchanged visits in 1961.
Dr. Adenauer was reluctant to bring pres- surc to bear on France in negotiations for Britain's entry into the Common Market. The breakdown of the Brussels talks and the Elysee treaty provoked a crisis between Bonn and Washington.
The end of the economic boom, a string of socialist successes in Ldinder elections, and a series of scandals including the Spiegel affair, with as its sequel an even more la-borious Government reshuffle at the end of 1962, forced Dr. Adenauer to fix a firm date for his retirement and approve the choice of Professor Erhard as succes- sor.
Pictures, page 24.";"October 9, 1963";"";55827;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"14 Years As Chancellor Of West Germany";""
"['FROM OUR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CORRESPONDENT
-BRUSSELS
Nov.
The Common Market circle's first re- action tonight was to welcome the British decision to make a high-level approach to see if Britain can join. Details of the Prime Minister's statement were given by Sir James Marjoribanks, the British Ambassador to the European Economic Community, to M. Jean Rey, member of the Brussels Commission responsible for external relations.
The "" Eurocrats "" of the Commission have always supported British entry, and are ready to applaud any move in that direction.
Moreover it was noted. with satisfac- tion, that in reply to a question, Mr. Wilson indicated that Britain could accept the Rome Treaty, subject to any kind of changes naturally required, upon the accession of new nmembers.
Nevertheless the cautious, if not negative, tone of the British statement was also noted. There appears to be no expression of enthusiasm for the Community or the kind of contribution which Britain might make in it; rather, the whole emphasis seems to be put upon securing the right conditions.
Indeed, since Britain has already con- ducted soundings with all the six, and at the recent European Free Trade Associa- tion meeting reported that five members of the Common Market were more or less actively working in favour of British entry, the new statement appears primarily to be a way of continuing the discussion with France.
The French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister were recently in London and re- vealed little of their intentions about Europe, so that the immediate prospect of further clarification from Paris is not exactly encouraging.
OSLO CONCERN OVER
KENNEDY ROUND
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENrT
OsLo. Nov. 10
Mr. Wilson's statement about Britain's Common Market policy was welcomed today by Mr. Willoch, the Norwegian Minister of Trade. It was, he said, in line with the Norwegian attitude. Any step towards the solution of the European market problem was to be, welcomed.
Mr. Willoch emphasized the need, how- ever, to avoid any interference with work on the Kennedy round, which must be carried through with all possible effort. He also emphasized the importance of close contact between Efta countries in this respect
Rome is willing to
collaborate
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
ROME, Nov. 10
Italian Government officials tonight applauded Mr. Wilson's statement to the Commons. Signor Fanfani, the Foreign Minister, said in a statement, "".For years the Italian Government has been favour-_ able to the entry of Great Britain and other European Free Trade Association countries into the European Common Market.
"" Several times, most recently last spring in London, Copenhagen and Stockholm, I had the opportunity to confirm this posi- tion. Therefore it is completely natural for me to express my full satisfaction with the decision announced today by the British Government It evidently does not resolve the problem, but it gives a concrete begin- ning to the procedures that will be able to resolve it and during which Italy wiUl fully collaborate to insure a positive conclusion.""
Foreign Ministry sources also indLcated
that the Labour Government's decision had been expected for some time. But they sounded a warning that further delays might damage the prospects of trouble-free entry. As matters now stand, the sources say, entry into the E.C.C. depends on Britain's decision just how much can be sacrificed.
DANISH EXPORTS OF
CATTLE DECLE
COPENHAGEN, Nov. 10.-The leading Danish cattle export organization. Oxex- port, has asked Danish farmers to stop deliveries of cattle because of a serious decrease in overseas sales. Tons of beef are piling up in refrigerated warehouses, while live cattle remain in the markets. losing weighL
Danish beef exports are now down to 1,600 head a week, compared with the usual 4,000 to 5,000 head. This is blamed on falling exports to Common Market countries, especially to west Germany.- Reuter.
Trading partners are
satisfied
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
GENEVA, Nov. 10
The council of the European Free Trade Association (Efta) described Mr. Wilson's Common Market statement as "" a natural development of the process of consulta- tions-as between the two trading groups- agreed upon at various ministerial Efta council meetings "". The consensus was that the statement was positive and fitted in with the desires of the other E-fta Governments.
The contents of the Prime Minister's statement were made known in advance to the secretariat here, and to Efta member Governments. An official said they were not told of the initiative at the last ministerial council meeting in Lisbon.
Paris feels some doubts remain
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 10
First reactions in French Government circles to Mr. Wilson's declaration on the Common Market are that it does not repre- sent any basic change in the British posi- tion or take matters much further, at least for the foreseeable future. It is, however, considered a skilful attempt to restate British intentions in a more positive light, both for internal and external consumption.
The French standpoint, reiterated by M. de Broglie, the State Secretary in the Foreign Ministry, at the Westerrn European Union meeting in London recently, is that there has never been such a thing as a veto from Paris against British entry. But Britain, as M. Couve de Murville, the Foreign Minister, emphasized again some weeks ago, must declare her intentions preciseIy.
Mr. Wilson's reference to the Rome treaties does not remove all doubts about British intentions. It can, in the French view, be diversely interpreted. Does it mean, for instance, that Britain still main- tains its demands for treaty modifications both for Commonwealth food imports and for domestic agriculture?
Mr. Wilson's emphasis on the fact that Britain could not join the Common Market before she had put her economy in order is heartily endorsed by the French Govern- ment. On the other hand, there is frank admiration for the courageous way in which this problem has been tackled in the past few months.";"November 11, 1966";"";56786;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Move Welcomed By E.E.C. Leaders";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, MARCH 9
The debate in the Italian Senate on the Bill to ratify Western European Union, which has been in progress for a fort- night without any major excitements, suffered a noisy interruption this morn- ing when fighting broke out on the floor of the House between left-wing and right-wing senators.
The incident arose when a Communist senator asked permission to make a personal statement about accusations and insults exchanged during the debate last week, when the actions of Italian forces in Russia during the war were mentioned. To-day's personal statement quickly dcgcnerated in:o another exchange of abuses, and then to actual fight- ing on the floor of the House.
The president of the Senate, who sus- pended the sitting, allowed it to be resumed an hour later after deploring what he said was the first such ugly episode in the Senate -Italian senators are usually much less belligerent than Italian deputies, who start brawls fairly frequently-since he had presided over it.
MAJORITY FORESEEN
The general speeches in the debate are expected to end to-night or to-morrow, and will be followed by a winding-up statement from the Foreign Minister, Signor Martino, and the customary speeches for each party declaring their voting intentions. When the vote on the ratification Bill is taken-prob- ably to-morrow or Friday-the general ex- pectation is that it will be approved by a comfortable majority. The only parties who are expected to vote against it are the Com- munists and the Nenni Socialists, who also failed to defeat the Bill in the Chamber of Deputies before Christmas.
With this important foreign affairs measure out of the way, it has seemed in the past few days that the Scelba coalition might have to face another of the periodic crises which have threatened it throughout its 13 months of life. Ten days ago a crisis within the Liberal Party over Signor Scelba's compro- mise proposals for a land tenure Bill threatened.to lead to a crisis within the ooali- tion because of the threatened repudiation by the party of these proposals, which had pre- viously been accepted by the three Liberal Ministers in the Cabinet.
REPUBLICAN RELUCTANCE After this crisis had been averted by the Liberals announcing that the party would support the action of its Ministers in accept- ing Signor Scelba's proposals, the talk of a Government crisis was again stirred at the weekend by the decision of the directorate of the Republican Party that it would recom- mend to the national council of the party that the Republicans should refuse their support to Signor Scelba's proposals. At the same time the Republican directorate indicated that, in its opinion, the time was ripe for basic reassessmeut of the whole existing coalition formula and policies, the social reforrm aspects of which it felt were being hamstrung by the coalition's internal difficulties.
Such a reassessment has been generally regarded as inevitable in May, when the newv President of the Republic is elected and the present NMlinistry offers him its resignation, but the general idea of Govern- ment supporters has been to postpone such a crisis-which at present seems almost impossible of solution on anything but the present coalition formula-until it then becomes almost inevitable.
The practical effect of the Republican decision will probably be to deprive the Scelba coalition (which hitherto has had steady Republican support, although not Republican participation) of the five Republican votes in the Chamber on many critical divisions. Even so, however, the coalition can still just dispose of a tiny majority-about five votes if the Republicans vote with a combined Opposition of left and right, and about 10 vofes if they abstain.
From the political crisis talk provoked by the Republican action some imaginative commentators have woven elaborate theories of a new three-party coalition which would exclude the Liberals but include the Repub- licans, and would-as being to the left of the present coalition-enjoy the support, tacit or active, of Signor Nenni and his quasi-Communist Socialists.
This hope of being the arbiter of the fate of a centre party coalition is one long nourished by Signor Nenni. There is, however, no evidence that the Christian Democrats and the Saragat Socialists would ever place themselves in this invidious posi- tion without much more stringent guarantees from Signor Nenni that he was no longer acting as the inseparable ally of the Com- munists than he has yet given, or seems likely to be prepared to give in the near future. The suggestion that any arrange- ment with Signor Nenni might be under con- sideration was described by a member of the directorate of the Saragat Socialist Party to-night as "" quite untrue.""
Next Wednesday will see the first serious parliamentary test of the coalition's unity on Signor Scelba's land tenure Bill. The Government is expected to propose that the consideration of the Bill by the Chamber should be postponed until after the Chamber has dealt with a tax reform Bill, on which work has already been partially completed by Parliament. This proposal is likely to be resisted by the left-wing Opposition, who are all in favour of getting the land tenure Bill into parliamentary play as soon as possible as a useful means of dividing the three coali- tion partics and the Republicans, none of which is completely happy about this com- promise measure.
Signor Scelba may, therefore, have to make the postponement proposal an issue of confidence to keep his tiny maiority solid. But even if there is any baAksliding among individuals of his three parties. this may be prevented from having a decisive effect by part of the right-wing Opposition, which may not join the leftists in opposing post- ponement.";"March 10, 1955";"";53186;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Members Come To Blows In Italian Senate";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"I had not been in the House long before an elderly Tory said to me at dinner ""If you are a gentleman, don't you know, you will take an interest in agriculture and foreign affairs "". He never spoke to me again, and I was later told that he long believed me to be someone else. Another vener- able colleague once told me that I was wearing suede shoes, and it wvas some time before I realized that I had been rebuked. In those days I was not so much blue as green.
I have always preferred the Commons dining-room to the Commons chamber. MPs are rarely at their best on their feet. it is when seated that the politician is at his most com- fortable. In the constituency, ve eat our way from one elec- tor to another, -lunching with tihe Rotary on ritual and over- done beef, eating digestive bis- cuits with the old folk at elec- tions, and dining with the mayor: tomato soup, chicken, ice-cream and Nescafe. Our weight advances perceptibly over five years until it is shed in three weeks, and once more we begin to resemble our pho- tographs in The Times Guide to the House of Cominons.
The Commons dining room is a vaulted hall, somewhat similar to the restaurant at the Gare de L'Est. At one end sit the Tories in fours, eating eggs in aspic and bloody beef;, at the other end, out of sound, but not out of sight, sit the Labour party, eating black pudding. The only Conserva- tve who -actually broke this gastronomic apartheid was Mr Humphry Berkeley, who used to dine with Mrs Barbara Castle, and drink half pints of champagne from a silver tan- k-ard. The old things at our end used to mutter away with delight at 'having their preju- dices confirmed.
In one corner of the Tory end is the Chief Whip's table. Even on the most crowded of evenings, it is left empty. Eventually the great man' will appear, usually with three aco- lytes. If by chance there are only two, it -is fun to speculate as to who will join him, unin- vited. I 'have noticed that the wine served is invariably of a better quality-since Mr Robert Maxwell sold off our stocks in order to balance the books, the Commons claret has come from Senegal. I would like to think that it is the custom for the Chief Whip to buy the wine, but then I have never been invited.
I once wrote in an article in The Times asserting that only the unhappily married would volunteer for service in the European Parliament. Jokes are always dangerous. But I now believe the real reason to be the food. It is better
than Westminster, and the ora- tOy is largely incomprehen. sible. I have often laboured away as rapporteur for one or other of the commnittees of the Western European Union Assembly, amazing rty friends by the trouble I took. I did so out of greed. The reward for scribbling about 'force-levels and weapons-procurement is an invitation twice a year to take lunch in one of the top four restaurants. in Paris.
At wlhip, who shall be name- less, once told me that the two occupational hazards of life at Westmiinster were alcohol and adultery. I have been too busy. The real risk is gluttony, a sin ranked among the top seven, and which, together with envy, is particularly attractive to the middle-aged. I remember a friend who, when asked why on earth he wanted to go to the Lords, gave as his excuse the food-vwhicb he said con- sisted of toad-in-the-hole and bread and butter pudding.
At a meeting of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, I was asked by the independents (a grouping which consists of the British Tories, the Irish Repub- licans and one Dane), to organize a dinner. There was a fortune in the kitty. As this is the sole occasion on which I have ever been given respon- sibility by my party, I was detennined to succeed. At nine in the morning I went to the Crocodile and told the patronne what I had in mind. I suggested a figure per head w1hich brought a gleam into her eyes. She asked me about the wine, and took me down into 'her cellar, confessing that this was something she had never done before. I admired a battalion of . bottles; and Madame, after a second's hesi-: tation, opened a bottle of Le Musigny. It should have been superb, but it was too early in the morning.
Menu in hand, I left. to report progress, and was shown off the premises with that warmth even the French can show, if only to a custo- mer. The leader of the deleg- ation, a Tory MP, widely believed to be the fourth rich- est man in England, struck out every other item, even the Burgundy. "" More than one wine wvill inflame the Irish "", he said. He noticed my disap- pointment. ""Good effort "", he said, ""but I can see the head- lines at home, 'Tories blue all on monumental blow-out '.""
Like some MPs I keep a diary, an indiscretion which may keep me in my old age. The other evening, having first discussed marriage-for as Dis- raeli observed-only married men are regular attenders at the House, we chose titles for our autobiographies. The best was a line* from Little Gid- ding, "" Ash on an Old Man's Sleeve "": my choice was less literary, but closer, to the reali- ties of constituency politics, ""Spanish Sauternes "".
Julian Critchlev
I he author is Conservative MP
for Aldershot.";"January 7, 1975";"";59287;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Eating in at the Commons";""
"['LEONARD BEATON']";"['News']";"LEONARD BEATON
We are back in the midst of a Common Market debate. It is the third time of asking and even now it is by no means established whether the cause is just or the impediment real. As before, eloquent and convincing men range themselves on both sides. Their arguments take us from political institutions to butter, from nuclear weapons to growth rates, from the German problem to Commonwealth preferences, from a recreated medieval Europe to the sover- eignty of Parliament.
The flow of agreeable and affirmative argument is steady and undisturbing from most leader columns and the B.B.C., where the European cause is secure. But the letters columns of the newspapers are another matter. Even leaving Lord Glad- wyn out of account, few readers of any newspaper can escape Common Market letters for long. They are always passion- ate and usually short: and to me, and I suspect to most other people, they are compulsive reading. The thing about them is how strongly their authors feel.
It can be confidently pre- dicted that we shall be reading these letters for years. Whether in or out of the E.E.C., the unionists and the nationalists will pursue their historic dis- pute. The trouble is that to enjoy a debate you need cate- gories.
A few are available: we Commonwealth immigrants are on the whole sceptical while the impressive ranks of European and American refugees (and their offspring) are generally speaking enthusiasts for union. But what of the native British ? All the old categories of left and right, town and country, confor- mist and non-conformist, rich and poor, worker and farmer seem to be divided.
There is, however, a still older category which has fallen into disuse and deserves reexamina- tion: the two great unassimi- lated streams of Normans and Saxons.
The prospect. real or unreal, of a European union has brought the No-mans to life and filled them with old ambitions. The Saxons, accustomed to the Norman domination, have been slow to react and without iden- tifiable leadership. But they were aroused in their indignant milliops by Huah Gaitskell and uneasy Powell-watchers are aware that it could hanp.n again.
With the passage of centuries it is naturally difficult to sep- arate Norman from Saxon by looking at names. A letter from, say, a Fred Hoyle might be expected to speak out lor the Saxons and one from a St. John Stevas for the Normans. But intermarriage has been rife and it takes more than a familv tree to separate the one from the other.
The acid test of the Norman is the uncuenched spirit o. conquest, the notion that only an accident of history has landed them on these islands and that the real world is beyond. In particular. they seem never in their hearts to have accepted their loss of France: and when they talk of Europe they can usually be seen to mean France.
They do not, however, suggest any form of subjection to the French or anyone else. They do not even suggest that they are anxious to form a great new union in Which leadership must be made up, as in any modern state, from coalitiori command- ing support more or le-ss equallv across the whole arta. They talk about leadership in Europe and never for a momeni doubt that they will have iL
The Saxons are preoccupied with England. Whie the Nor- mans look out thev look in; and they are inclined to ask into whose hands their native land will fall. When they talk of Europe they are more likely to think of Germany than of Franze and of a' mighty new state of equals ratiher than an ordered system in which the superior status of the British will be permanently entrenched.
This also shows up in atti- tudes to the Anglo-Saxon dias- pora-the Amerirans and the colonized Commonwealth. To the Normans, these peoples are Saxons without Norman leader- ship, an appalling example of what might have happened to Britain without their fortunate intervention.
i iie iaxons have an entirely different vision. The Ameri- cans, Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders (and even the white Rhodesians) are their kind of people. Larger unions with the Americans would mean that nothing would be lost. Therefore, only an Anglo- American approach to Europe (as in Nato) is safe.
The Normans have the in- stincts of a dominant minority. They generate the most intense emotions about those who publ- icly oppose their line.
The Saxons have, of course, primitive democratic instincts. They will frequently criticize the E.E.C. for its undemocratic character. This argument means nothing to the Normans who because of the situation in which they find themselves have always had doubts about popu- lar democracy. Norman suspi- cions of the E.E.C are likely to arise if it becomes obvious that the institutions are incapable of handling the problems being assigned to them. The Normans believe in good strong govern- ment as the first essential and will not for long settle for anything less.
Our politicians, poor men, are Dbliged to find their way through this political minefield. Mr. Heath has been taken up by the Normans because they think be is their man. What they have not noticed is that he has a Saxon vision of European anion: he really believes in a inified Europe standing as a ,reat power in the world and ieveloping popular institutions. He may be the only prominent nan in public life of whom this s true.
Mr. Wilson, by contrast, ippears to be a typical Saxon, acking sympathy for European idventuring but accustomed Ionce in power) to rely on the Normans for advice on what ie should do. There, even vhen roused, is the Saxon's veakness. They have the in- tincts of the conquered. They nay have the numbers but the Normans have the nerve.";"August 27, 1969";"";57649;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New life in Normans";""
"['FROM OUR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Mr. Wilson (left) and Signor Moro, the Italian Prime Minister, walking past members of the European Union of
IStudents who demonstrated at Ciampino Airport, Rome, after the arrival of Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown.
FROM OUR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CORRESPONDENT
A crowd of students carrying flaming torches and chanting -'Eur-op-a !"" "" Eur-op-a ! "", greeted Mr. Wilson, the Prime Minister, and Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary, on their arrival at Rome airport tonight to start talks on the possibility of British entry into the Common Market. They carried banners with slogans saying "" Political union first and fast"" and ""Welcome to Mr. Wilson, but for the United States of Europe "", and "" Federate or perish "".
Mr. Wilson, who had been welcomed by Signor Moro. the Italian Prime Minister, and Signor Fanfani, the Foreign Minister, suddenlv turned aside and shook hands with some of the students, smiling broadly at their enthusiasm.
It was a surprisingly gay scene at the airport. Mr. Wilson's Comet taxied up smartlv to the landine stens. where a
guard of honour was drawn up. Are lights lit up the scene by the aircraft. As Mr. Wilson came down the steps, fol- lowed by Mr. Brown and a bevy of advisers carrying their maroon dispatch boxes, the buglers struck up. Beyond the tarmac waited the students with their torches and over all the blue-black
Rnman ckvX
Deeper significance
Mr. Wilson and Signor Moro then addressed short speeches of welcome to each other, with the aid of a pretty girl interpreter, who stood between them. Mr. Wilson said:-
"" All of us recognize the importance of the
task on which we are engaged. We shall be concerned with deepening and im- proving the opportunities of economic cooperation and integration.
"" But both sides, I think, will feel that in I
addition to our economic problems there i will be a deeper significance in what we a are ltaking about Purey economlc terms would be a frustrating and self- defeating exercise for both of us.""
He added that they looked forward to examnining the problems on the road to British entry of the E.E.C. frankly and fully.
Signor Moro said: ""Together we must seek in our old continent a new concept of European integration.""
He added that the British Govern- ment's approach to Europe was being followed with great sympathy in Italy. The British visit opened the opportunity for wider cooperation in the commun- ity of Europe, in which the EE.C. had already made important progress.
Mr. Wilson and Mr. Brown wiU be entertained to a working luncheon to- morrow, carry on their discussion after- wards, and will end the day as guests of honour at a reception given by President Saragat. They are expected to see the Pope on Tuesday.
Removing doubts
On the British side, the confessed aim of the tour is to sound out whether the conditions for British entry into the Common Market exist. But in prac- tice there is another and more important purpose of the coming discus- sions, by which the whole series will be judged.
This is the genuineness of the British Government's commitment. It is not simply that Mr. Wilson seems a some- what sudden convert to the European
ROME, JAN. 15
idea. It is that Britain has for so long been so cautious and so reluctant that her good intentions are still doubted. Mr. Wilson's airn must be to remove this question-marl.
One of the most insidious arguments against British entrv at this stage (it is one which Signor Fanfani is himself con- cerned about) is that Britain will disrupt or slow down the tight process of econo- mic integration undertaken by the Six. Accordingly, Mr. Wilson's case will be judged both on its intrinsic merits and on the likely effect on the future of the Community.
Mr. Wilson said at London airport last night before lcaving for Rome: ""This is no empty probe. WVe mean business.""
Pessimism among
Liberals
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JAN. 15
The executive committee of the Liberal International, which met in Paris over the weekend, took a pessimistic view of the prospects of Britain's entry into the Common Market It came to the conclusion that Mr. Wilson's probing talks were doomed to failure, and that Britain was going about the matter in the wrong way.
Mr. Ezdo Toxopeus, the leader of the Dutch parliamentary Liberal Party, and president of the Liberal Interna- tional, emphasized that Britain's entry was a political question demanding political initiatives and political deci- sions. Merely setting out Britain's terms, as the Government was doing, and leaving alt decisions to General de Gaulle would inevitably produce the same answer as before-a flat "" no"".7 Liberals in all the concerned countries were very favourable to British entry.
Leading artide, page 11; PKlgrimage to Europe, page 15.
MR. HEALEY IN PARIS
FOR TALKS
PARIs, Jan. 15.-Mr. Healey, the British Defence Minister, arrived here tonight from London for taks tomor- row with his French counterpart. M. Pierre Messmer, on an Anglo-French swing-wing supersonic jet fighter.
The two Ministers are thought likely to reach final agreement on the project, which has been delayed through doubts by the French about finding their share of development costs.-Reuter.
CUT-PRICE HELICOPTERS
OFFER BY RUSSIA
Captain John Cameron, managing director of B.E.A. Helicopters Ltd., is to fly to Moscow with a party of experts on February 4 to see the Russian-built helicopters. The Russians have quoted prices to B.E.A. as much as two-thirds below those asked by the Americans for smaller machines.";"January 16, 1967";"";56840;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cheers in Rome greet Mr. Wilson";""
"['Fred Emery']";"['News']";"Washington, Dec. 16
Mr. Heath arrives in Washing- ton tonight preceded by some of the keenest publicity a visiting British Prime Minister has enjoyed in recent times. His election vic- tory was received with some wonder; his venture to revise British attitudes at home and abroad. described in newsweek as "" counter-revolutionary "", has aroused curiosity as well as not a little awe; and. not least, the lengthy chronicles here of the power cut dispute depict Mr. Heath triumphantly putting the unions to flight.
Whatever tbe merits of Mr. Heath's "" tough "" image, it is use- ful that Americans are now sitting up and taking notice of Britain, for the Prime Minister's first offi- cial visit to the United States occurs at the start of a period of uncomfortable adjustments in American relationships with Britain and Europe.
It is uncomfortable because the decades of American support for European union are at last being disturbed by the intrusive economic action and reaction. Indeed, a Bri- tish Prime Minister and an Ameri- can President are sitting down for the first time to discuss, no longer how to help Britain get into the Common Market, but rather how to help limit the damage to free trade and America. after Britain is in. 'If that sounds presumptu- 9oUs. I have nOt met an American official or politician who does not view our entry as a foregonc con- clusion.
It is obviously in Britain's inter- est for Mr. Heath to be able to get the President's ear and sym- Pathty, and hear hinm place the wider interest of seeing at last a united Europe in the making above the sectional indignations in America at the spectre of European protec- tionism; but it is not going to be easy. The Trade Bill is already one clear warning of the spasm of Amerioan protectionism, and in- formed officials remark on the
astonishingly high priority given in Mr. Nixon's brief for the Heath visit to opposition to Britain's new variable levy system for agricul- tural imports.
"" There is not going to be a hassle over carrots "". one official conceded. Mr. Nixon and Mr. Heath will keep to the higher ground; but he emphasized that disquiet here is real enough at see- ing Britain draw closer to the com- mon agricultural Policy of the Six, and threatening of American agri- cultural exports.
Mr. Nixon's commitment to Europe and to the European idea nced not bc questioned; ii3deed. be has iust gone against the mood of Congress by refusing to withdraw any further from N.A.T.O. Yet there is no doubt that plenty of influential people within his admin- istration are chipping away at the original "" grand design"" ""policy out of apprehension that it is the Uni- ted States that will pay too high a price.
It is that sort of exaggeration that Mr. Nixon and Mr. Heath will be challenged to stop: It is easier said than done. For Ameri- cans appear to be as sensitive as the British to the fact that, at this stage, nothing must be done to give further renewed stimulus to the old bogy that Britain is to be any sort of American ""Trojan hofse"" in- side Europe. How to appear to ease slightly the moorings of the special relationship, while at the same time restoring the lost inti- macy betwecn President and Prime Minister that Mr. Heath seemns to regret, presents a special problem for both men. Indeed, in the likely fireside effusions at the White House and at Camp David, such straddling may prove impos- sible.
With the meeting chiefly devoted to the European scenario. there will be time only for a brief study of world crises. Informed officials see mostly alignment, though once the Middle East peace talks start again, as is expected.shortly, it is
predicted that some daylight, will appear between American and British policies. The British asser- tion of ""national interest "". in so far as the Arab world is concerned, is expected to lead to a far less flexible view of whether Israel should withdraw than is at present showD within this Administration
There will bc talk of Russian intentions in the Indian Occan, and probably vague agreement that more should be done about it. but on neither side, it seems. is there expectation that Mr. Heath will push for support on arms for South Africa. Within the Ameri- can Administration, the view that the political losses far outweigh any gains seems to be prevailing, and if Mr. Heath is as determined as he seems. to be to go ahead, the Americans would rather. not talk abouit it. They have no wish to open a flank to criticism in Africa. On Rbodesia. however, the Ameri- cans seem interested to knowv what is up, if,anything.
In general terms, Republican Washington is happy to see Mr. Heath in office, and happier still at what it sees. rather disparag- ingly for Mr. Wilson. as Britain's return to ivorld affairs.
As for personal communication, the two men are reckoned to have made a brisk start at Chequers last O_tober. and Mr. Heath's admiration for Mr. Nixon is cer- tainlv appreciated and recipro- cated. Mr. Heath's recent com- plaint that two-way communica- tions had "" sadly deteriorated "" under Mr. Wilson is nowv gradualiv being borne out by hithehto polite officials. They understand Mr. Heath to mean a loss of intimacy, rather than a failure of instant communication. Now. apparently, that intimacy is to be restored, Mr. Heath is known 'to have writ- ten several times to Mr. Nixon. and their relationship will doubt- less be expanded during the two days of this brief visiLt
Fred Emery";"December 17, 1970";"";58050;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Restoring mutual admiration";""
"['From Peter Strafford']";"['News']";"From PptPr CtrnffnrA
The Hague. April 19
The British Government are becoming more and more con- vinced that there will have to be a summit meeting between Mr. Heath and President Pompi- dou, according to British sources in The Hague. The idea is that Mr. Heath will have to allav French misgivings over British attitudes to the European Eco- nomic Community at the highest level. and so give the necessarv boost to the negotiation.s in Brussels.
These comments were made on the sidelines of todayvs meeting of Western European Union. at which Mr. Cieoffrey Rippon, Britain's chief negotiator. met ministers of the Six for a dis- cussion of wor ld affairs. Thc Brussels negotiations were not on the agenda, but Mr. Rippon is due to discuss themn with Dr. Joseph Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister, tomorrow.
The idea of a summit is one that has been under considera- tion for a long time. both in Paris and London. The British view is that it should not in any case be held before the crucial negotiating ses:sion in Brusseis
next month, and that it should to a certain extent be condi- tional on the. results achieved then.
The thinking behind this follows two main lines. The first is the orthodox one that the proper place for the negotiations is Brussels, and that a summit meeting in Paris between Britain and France must not be seen ah taking their place. This lead. to the conclusion that Mr. Heath and President Pompidou should not be expected to talk about such problems as Britain \ financial contribution in thc transitional period.
The second is that it would bc dangerous to hold a summit meeting simply to pick up thc pieces after an unsuccessful negotiating session next month. Before agreeing to a summi;. therefore, Britain will be looking
Continued on page 6, col. 3
Sterling a tonic for EEC summit
Continued from page 1
for evidence in Brussels of French willingness to see her in- side the E.E.C.
The argument here is that Britain has hecded the many French statements declaring that Paris wants Britan to come into the E.E.C.. but it now wants some tangible evidence of this in the negotiations. and hopes that this will be forthcoming in Brussels next month.
As for the summit itself, the idea is that it sbould be used for a discussion of the broader issues which would be raised by British entry to the E.E.C. Two topics that are now being con- sidered are the future role of sterling, and the attitude of an enlarged E.E.C. to defence ques- tions. in part.icular nuclear defence.
On the nuclear issue, British officials immediately dismiss the idea that there should be some sort of Anglo-French cooperation on the basis of present caDabilities. 'T'his is not feasible. they say. be- cause it is simply not possible to match what France wants with what Britain is in a position to give.
They consider, however. that the enlarged E.E.C. should ultimately have a coherent defence policy. and that this policy should include
nuclear weapons. This will mean in practice that it should be pre- pared to develop the next genera- tion of weapons, if only to meet a hypothctical situation in which an atreement between the Russians and the Americans might leave Western Europe out of account.
On sterling, the hope is that President Pompidou can be induced to say how in practice he consid- ors its reserve role can be given up. It is emphasized that there is no fundamental difference between Britain and France on the desira- bility of doing away with this re- serve role. butt that it is reaUy diffi- cult to see how exactly it should bc done. I
Something, it is pointed out, will have to be put in the place of the existing sterling balances. This can be the dollar-which it is assumed the Frenoh do not want--or it can be some new monetary unit. British officials undcrline that there are no strong preferences in London on the form for this, whether a joint European curreney or not, and they say they would like to have French ideas
It is not thought that the future internal political development of the E.E.C. should come up at the summit. This is in fact a point on which the French and British positions are similar. Any discussion of it at an Anglo- French summit might well look like an attempt to impose their ideas on the rest.
The majin point to emerge at today's W.E.U. meeting was a general feeling that thc Russians are not prepared to make conces- sions over Berlin in order to bring about their proposed European security conference. 'Nato has'for- mally declared that it will not take part in a security conference unless there is progress on Berlin. and it seems that the Russians have decided thev do not want the conference all that much. Hoowever, a possibi-lity in which the West Germans placed stress todav was that the Russians might care enough about the ratification of their recent .treaty with Bonn to make a move on Berlin. Ratt- fication has been made conditional on progress on Berlin.
In a discussion on the Middle East, both Mr. Rippon and Mr. Jean de Lipkowski, the Frcnch State. Secretary for Foreign Affairs. emphasized that it was time for Israel to make a move. Mr. Rippon said that the Israelis' objective was security, not territory for its own sake, and he hoped that they would rcalize the need for them to make a move.
It should be possible, he said, to provide credible and adequate guarantees for Israei's security. including demilitarized zones, a United Nations peace-keeping force, and formal commitments to peace. These would give Israel greater security than it had now through the occupation of Arab territory.";"April 20, 1971";"";58151;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Six summit likely for Britain and France";""
"['From Ian Murray,']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray,
Brussels. Nov 15
The European Com- missioners have spent the weekend locked in private session at Villers le Temple, south of Brussels, reviewing progress in their plan to reshape the European Corn- murnity. It cannot have been a meeting where there was mxuch cause for satisfaction.
After more than two months of intensive work, with Britain, the most inter- ested partner, fortuitously in the driving seat as President of the Council, not one decision has been taken and wide differences separate the Community on essential points.
This may be no more than traditional European brink- manship, but there are many pointers that several nations are. unaware that any brink exists, while others are refus- ing to see it.
When Lord Carrington opens the foreign ministers meeting in the morning, his main task will be to try to instil a sense of urgency into the discussions if there is to be any hope of progress towards a restructured Community at the European summit in London at the end of the month.
Next year, Belgium, with all its domestic problems, takes over as President of the Council and is followed by Denmark, which of all the Community countries is least inclined to want any change. Failure to make progress now, could mean that the Commission's mandate to bring about change, launched with such high hopes in the summer, will lose way and come to a standstill.
This danger has prompted Italy and West Germany in an unlikely combination to pro- duce a ""European Act"" aimed at giving new meaning to the old idea of European union. The document, to be given to the foreign ministers at their meeting, is a carrot being offered to the stubborn mule of the Council, which is refusing change.
It conjures the idea of a Europe able ""through a common foreign policy, to assume joint positions and take joint action in world affairs so that Europe will be increasingly able to assume the international role devolv- ing upon it by virtue of its economic and political import- ance"".
The Act accordingly sug- gests wider powers of political cooperation for the European Council, and a much larger role in this area for the European Parliament. The Commission itself is also to be involved in this area.
In dealing with Community problems the European Court would be given powers as an arbitrator but the document shies away from the idea that council decisions should be taken by a majority vote.
It also admits that the primary goal of the Act is strengthening the Community, and that ""the solution ot the problems currently being dealt with is essential if the solidarity of the Community is to be strengthened"".
Given this essential factor, the Act can not be expected to achieve much headway while the battle over the mandate for change is fought. If the
Act is the carrot, and some states do not see it as very appetizing, it is up to Lord Carrington to wield the big stick in an attempt to move things along.
The Council secretariat's review of progress on the three ""chapters"" of the mandate for change make gloomy reading. ""Although the need for a relaunching of the Community is generally recognized, the different situations and interests of member-states have led dele- gations to divergent views on priorities and means,"" is the secretariat's polite way of saying things are in an unholy mess.
The chapter dealing with the development of policies other than agriculture shows the most sign of there being a meeting of minds. Unemploy- ment has been the catalyst for change, and it is here that the most detailed work has been possible.
The underlying problem is that not a great deal can be done, certainly in the Com- mission's view, unless the Community has a budget higher than that possible under the present ceiling of a 1 per cent value-added tax rate.
To prove it is competent to run a larger budget, the Commission has in its second chapter sought to put the common agricultural policy in order and to reduce its share of the budget to under 60 per cent of the total. But, the secretariat reports, ""diver- gence . . . exists both on the objectives of the adjustment, and the modalities to be used"".
All these problems pale into insignificance alongside the third chapter covering what should be done about the European budget. The essen- tial problem remains that of Britain's contribution.
The familiar British argu- ment is that it is unreasonable and unfair to ask one of the poorer countries of the Community to bay almost the highest contribution, but it is an argument that is beginning to wear thin.
Embarrassingly for the British argument, their net payments over the past year have shrunk to a tiny £52m compared with the £445m originally estimated.
The result is that West Germany, now beset by domes- tic problems, is refusing to shoulder the burden of paying for the Community on its own any longer. The argument is understood, but not appreci- ated by members who still believe that West Germany is rich enough to pay.
As a result, the budget chapter is still no better than a series of four conflicting options. Britain is isolated again with widespread sup- port for the French view that no permanent mechanism can allow one country always to have subsidized membership fees.
No progress is being pre- dicted at the foreign minis- ters' meeting. The suspicion is growing that Britain is preparing to fight the whole of the rest of the Community again. This time, however, the battle positions are weaker and the opposition can be expected to be even stronger.";"November 16, 1981";"";61083;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rome-Bonn plan highlights EEC divisions";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, JuLY 5
The Greek Government has accepted the British invitation to a conference ""on political and defence questions which affect the eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus."" Mr. Stefanopoulos, the Greek Foreign Minister, conveyed the acceptance to Mr. Macmillan here this evening.
A joint statement made public after their meetig makes no mention of dates, but the conference, which Will be held in London, can hardly take place before the Geneva meeting of the four-Power heads of Governments. Mr. Stefanojioulos said that he was reasonably optimistic but so far his feelings could be expressed only as
wishes and hopes.""
It would seem from this that the reported Greek objections to the presence of the Turks at a discussion on Cyprus have subsided. In a conversation with your Correspondent this evening Mr. Stefanopoulos implied that the existence of the Turkish minority in Cyprus must be taken into account. He drew atten- tion to the fact that the conference would have no agenda-it would be "" simply a free discussion ""-though he emphasized that self-determination would be the central issue.
Immediately after his meeting with the Greek Foreign Minister Mr. Macmillan saw Mr. Menemencioglu, the Turkish Ambassador in Paris. Turkey has already accepted the invitation, so that the meeting to-mght was apparently confined to courtesies and a confirmation of the Turkish acceptance.
RE-ELECTION OF
M. MOLLET
ASSEMBLY CHAIRMAN
The day at Strasbourg has also seen the opening of the meeting of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the re-election as president of that body of M. Mollet (France Socialist); the first meet- ing of the Assemblv of Western European Union; and the final session of a conference of "" captive European nations.""
The Assembly of W.E.U. consists of the parliamentarians from member countries who are also delegates to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. They sat this afternoon in the haUl in the Maison de l'Europe which houses the Consultative Assembly, and their first act was the unani- mous election as president of Mr. John Maclay. Then M. Spaak spoke.
He began by recalling the diversity of tasks which members had set themselves. They included "" following a policy of peace, reinforcing their security, working for unity, encouraging the progressive integration of Europe as well as closer cooperation between W.E.U. and other European organizations."" The Council of W.E.U., and therefore the Assembly as well, also had two special functions: the control of armaments as fore- seen under the W.E.U. treaty, and super- vision of the activities of the Saar com- nussioner.
EXAMPLE TO WORLD
They were convinced, M. Spaak con- tinued, that limited control of armaments was a fundamental element in a sound inter- national policy. They were now going to ry to realize that aim. ""In doing so we shall be giving an excellent example to the rest of the world. ... If we succeed, others will perhaps have the wish and the will to Imitate us.""
In conclusion M. Spaak made sugges- tions for the organization of the Assembly's work. He said it ought to be independent of other European assemblies, though for reasons of convenience and economy it was desirable that it should so far as possible use the facilities offered by the Council of Europe. The agreement between the Coun- cil of Europe and the Common Assembly of the Coal and Steel Community could provide a useful precedent for arrangements in this respect. The powers, organization, and methods of work of the W.E.U. Assembly might be based on the rules which governed the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
ROLE IN INTEGRATION
The Committee of Ministers of the Coun- dl of Europe met this morning and again this afternoon and decided, among other things, to approve the nomination of Mr. Dunstan Curtis (Britain) as successor to Mr. Anthony Lincoln (Britain) in the post of assistant Secretary-General of the Council of Europe. A certain amount of national skirmishing preceded this result, in which the shadow of the Cyprus dispute was dis- cernible. The Ministers then resumed the discussion they began yesterday on the role of the Council of Europe in European inte- gration.
The four-day "" assembly of captive Euro- pean nations "" has been held at Strasbourg independently of the Council of Europe though there have naturally been personal contacts between the two bodies including a short talk to-day between Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Ripka, the former Czech Foreign Minister. This body, the headquarters of which are in New York, consists of exiled representatives of Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rumania, and Czechoslovakia, and this was its first meeting in Europe. Among the delegates were Mr. Mikolajczyk, the Polish former Prime Minister, and Mr. Gafenco, the Rumanian former Foreign Minister.
A resolution was passed expressing the wishes of the "" captive nations 1' on the eve of the Geneva conference. It states that any international agreement or European collec- tive security pact that might be made before the liberation of the peoples of eastern and central Europe the effect of which would be to legitimize the present situation of those peoples, "" would risk further aggravating the tension which afflicts Europe.""
Consequently the problem of liberating the peoples of the "" captive nations "" should be raised at Geneva and "" indissolubly linked with the conclusion of any agreement seeking to re-establish European peace.""
The peoples of those countries should be enabled to choose by election their form of Government and their political and social institutions. Not only should the freedom of those elections be guaranteed, but measures should be taken to ensure that the wiU thus expressed became effective.";"July 6, 1955";"";53265;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Talks On Cyprus";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Harmrove
Paris, Sept 29
President Pompidoui is disillu- sioned about the prospects for the Paris summit and for Europe. There was no mistaking his change of mood from hope to resignation at his last press conference when he said 'that the summit would not be a turning point of history. Even of European history.
"" I dare hope that when the heads of government meet and place their signature at the foot of a set of principles, something will follow out of it"", he declared.
European unity, he feels, is like a souffle which fails to rise. The recent months have demonstrated a distinct lack of a compelling Euro- pean will, and strong national- even nationalist - sentiments among the Six. So there is no prospect of making progress by means of spectacular decisions but cautiously, step by step, making the best of opportunities as they occur.
That President Pompidou is dis- illusioned is not surprising. He had, as Le Mornde emphasized a few days ago, done a great deal to win the favours of Europe and depended on her to give his term of office at the Elysee a particular brilliance.
He took a bold initiative at The Hague three years ago in coming out firmly for Britain's entry and economic monetary union. He made a personal act of faith when he put bis complete trust in the' British Prime Minister in May last year. It was Europe again which he chose to submit to a referendum of his fellow countrymen in April.
He now admits privately that the results were only partially success- ful.
It has certainly affected him deeply, and it explains the vigour 'of his reaction when the Belgian ministers came to Paris on June 2, and he first brandished the threat of cancelling the summit.
He made some tacticaL errors.
Tt was a mistake to put forward a claim for Paris as the seat of the now defunct political secretariat at his press conference last March.
It was a mnistake to put to a referendum the issue of Britain's entry which many Frenchmen re- garded as already decided and it was a mistake to threaten to can- cel the summit, when in face he could not afford to.
Also, the preparatory meetings of the permanent representatives in Brussels and. of the Foreign and Finance Ministers in the past, six months have revealed substantial differences of opinion on the ques- tion of the relations between the future economic and monetary union and the United States.
What irritates and tires President Pompidou is the way in which the foreign press interprets his policy as anti-American.
What he is trying to emphasize is that the future European Union must be, not hostile to, but distinct from, the United States, and that the European Community can never hope to speak with America on! equal terms, or to win her over to a revision of the international monetary system, unless it agrees on celtain principles, sticks to them, and speaks with one voice.
But instead of concentrating on essentials, some of the partners of France. and especially the Dutch, but also to some extent the Ger- mans and Italians, indulged in insti, tutional one-upmanship - the Dutch, it has always been suspec- ted here, because it provides them with an alibi for refusing to go ahead and do something, as in 1962, with the Fouchet plari.
Even the British seemed to be siding with the Germans, notably on the question of the European monetary fund, and M Maurice Schumann was deeply disturbed by his visit to London last August.
The return of sterling to a fixed parity, he is reported to bave said to Mr Heath, is a question of trust, and not a matter for discussion.
""It is not a matter for discussion '
the Prime Minister curtly replied, according to reports'
Hints have been driopped in Paris in recent weeks that the British would not be displeased to "" float "" as long as possible in order to deal a fatal blow to the common agri- cultural policy.
But it is only fair';to emphasize that these hints do n'ot come from the Elysee, and everyone at last week's press conference noted that, on the particular issue of sterling, President Pompidou stated unequi- vocally: "" I have reason to be con-
fident "". He is believed to have been. reassured personally by Mr Heath.
M Pompidou continues to be convinced that the Prime Minister will be as good as his word: that sterling will return to a fixed parity and that Britain will honour her undertakings over' ithe common agricultural policy, though she does not like it. i1
He does not fear-7as some lead- ing Gaullists do-a permanent collusion between Britain and Ger- many to thwart French aims of cre- ating a "" European Europe "". -
The fact remains that, as M Pompidou alWays susPected, pro- gress towards European unity will be a very long, weary, disappoint- ig grind. As Le Monde wrote last week, Europe will not be born with- out suffering. She will progress, as she has in the past, by dint of crises. It will be a Europe Iof merchants, and not of dreambrs.
But now that the European sum- mit is to take place, President Pompidou is determined, so far as it lies in his power, that it should achieve something and not merely give birth to a mouse.
There has been progress on the economic and monetary issue in the last few weeks, and then, who knows, something might come up..
I hope,"" the President said. ""that when we are all around the table, a European flame wvill glow a little more brightly-and France will not seek to-extinguish it.""";"September 30, 1972";"";58593;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"President disillusioned at summit hopes";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-', '-WASHINGTON, OCT. 27']";"['News']";"Mr. P. Gordon Walker (left). ;he Foreign Secretary, with President Johnson
at the White House, before their conference yesterday.
From Our Own Correspondent-
-WASHINGTON, OCT. 27
Mr. Gordon Walker, the Foreign Secretary, indicated today that the United States was no longer pressing for the charter of the multilateral nuclear force to be ready for signature by the end of the year. The Administration understood that the new British Govern- ment must have time to consider such a complex issue, and that it was not reason- able to expect a decision by December.
Speaking at a press conference, the Foreign Secretary said that he had asked for more time, but there would be no delay or cheating. Britain would act with all speed. but the M.L.F. was related to the possible reorganization of Nato which was the concern of other countries. It could not be decided by Britain and the United States alone.
IDENTITY OF VIEWS
Earlier in the day Mr. Gordon Walker met President Johnson, and afterwards told reporters that there were no important differences between British and American policies. Mr. Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, who went to the White House with Mr. Gordon Walker, said that their conversations had been valuable: the two countries had common interests around the world, it was important that they worked together, and he was happy to report that they had got off to a fine start.
By all accounts, they did just that. In their exploratory review of those common interests, stretching fropn the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Kennedy round to the British economy, both sides apparently found, in the Foreign Secretary's words, a broad identity of interests and views.
Even the announced visit to Peking of Mr. Douglas Jay, the President of the Board of Trade, seemed not to raise many eyebrows. Mr. Rusk saw it as an excellent opportunity to convey a message to the Chinese Government. The purport was that the United States did not want to be involved in Laos, and the general accords could work if China would not intrude
Whether the message will be welcomed in Peking, it is clear here in Washington that the Administration has shown considerable good will to the new Government in London, if a little appre- hension over Mr. Wilson's nuclear policy is still evident.
NUCLEAR FORCE
The talks today and yesterday were only exploratory, but after his meeting with the President, during which defence was not discussed, Mr. Gordon Walker said that his party's view of the original proposals for a multilateral force had not changed since it came to power.
This did not surprise officials here. who were more or less content to listen to the Foreign Secretary's exposition.
Mr. Gordon Walker spoke of renegotiating the Nassau Treaty, but also indicated that in seeking to resolve the nuclear problems of the alliance, the British Government would avoid the
fundamental error of Nassau. It will be recalled that when Mr. Macmillan and President Kennedy met in the Bahamas, they confronted the other members of the alliance with an Anglo-American agreement to which they had no chance to contribute, and President de Gaulle's response was swift and calamitous.
EQUALITY PRINCIPLE
This time, the Foreign Secretary said, Britain wanted to abide by the principle of equality, and would express its views at the Western European Union meet- ing in Bonn next month. There was a special reference to west Germany, which is already deeply committed to the M.L.F., and the hope was expressed that the British view would receive full attention and other European countries would make useful contributions.
The timetable Britain wants would seem to be rather longer than the United States would wish. After this week's talks and the W.E.U. meeting, Mr. Wilson would meet President Johnson in Washington in December when as representatives of the only two nucltar powers rt present interested in multi- lateralism, they would have special problems to discuss.
Presumably, however, Mr. Wilson could not represent the other possible members of a Nato nuclear force.. Not only could he not expect a mandate from the W.E.U., but Greece and Turkey are not members. This would suggest another series of meetings, not only in the Atlantic Council, should the Prime Minister and the President meet before then, but afterwards and perhaps at some special forum. This might involve a presidential visit to Europe, and clearly Mr. Johnson is regretting his campaign promise.
DOUBLE VETO
The British proposal for the nuclear command and conr,ol is ingenious, but it is also seen to pose some political problems that could scare off many allies.
The double veto system, one veto for the United States and the other for the European countries, is essentially similar to what is known here as the dumbbell system. with its concept of equality of authority on both sides of the Atlantic. The system has already been carefully considered, but pigeonholed for the reason that it presupposes a European political unity that does not exist.
Now that it has been restated by Britain, which is not a member of the European Economic Community, the objection arises in another form. Any move towards unity in defence that is inconsistent with the existing degree of unity among the Six could create diffi- culties that the Administration would want to avoid.
Nevertheless, the view of American officials who took part in the discussion yesterday and today is that Britain wants to make a serious and honest con- tribution to a new dialogue within the alliance.";"October 28, 1964";"";56154;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain To ACT 'With All Speed' On M.L.F.";""
"['By Bill Johnstone Technology Correspondent']";"['News']";"I By Bill Johnstone
Tec/hnologi' Correspondent
than $2,000 million. For the Japanese it wvas to be a major departure from their previous policies and a watershed in high technology trade. The agreements were to lay the foundations for a world revolution in high technology trade, particularly in tliccommunications - a sector which was to be open to foreign competitors. Plans wcre being made with Britain to liberalize its telecommunications market allowing competition with British Telecom; the Americans were to break the monopoly of A & T in the US and the Japanese would deregulate their network - private Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT).
The reality, is different. Four years later the Americans are still unhappy that they have not been able to penetrate the Japanese market significantly. One of the few large contracts that they have managed to obtain has been in space - through Hughes. The reason for acquiring that contract is obvious: the Japanese need
The only way to minimize tha ttade gap. with Japan is to ensure that Britain does not depend on its technology. Most European governments are quickly realiz- ing that the most effective way to dissipate the trade gaps in information technology - telecommunications and computers - which in some member states, like Britain. is measured in billions of pounds. is to be technically independent.
'So while Norman Tebbit, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, was wooing the Japanese last week: in an attempt to come to a satisfactory trading agreement and erode the trade differential between ourselves and the Pacific Basin, the member states of Europe were making significant political moves to orchestrate the research efforts of its scientists.
The firsi time that technical partnership had been thought of was curiously in response to -the research efforts of- the Japanese and the Americans. An £850 million five-year scheme - European Programme for Research and Develop- ment in Information Technologies (ES- PRIT) - was created about two years ago io marry the research talent of the Europeans.
L Last week the French government, quite out of character, was to call for more European collaboration on a wider range of information technologies to establish Europe as a credible force in technology. The new idea based on the Esprit projects has been termed ""Eureka"" and will be sold this week in Bonn to the delegates of the Western European Union - originally a defence forum, for Italy, France, West Germany, Holland, Belgium and Luxem- burg. The products of such research will clearly be used in defence projects but the commercial extension of that research is also vital.
One of the principal proponents of the Eureka project. which will embrace information technology and advanced optical communication techniques, is Roland Dumas, the French foreign minister. In the next few weeks it will be he who will canvass the idea in the European capitals.
The idea must be given support. It has always been a source of annoyance to European ministers that the Continent lags behind Japan and the US despite
-collectiveLir spending more on research. The transfer of technology from laboratory to assembly line is better excercised in the US and Japan, partly because of Europe's sluggishness commercially, but principally because that research effort has been diffused.
Mr Tebbit's efforts in Japan must be given applause - but how meaningful would be any agreement? Four years ago the Americans signed an agreement with the Japanese which would ensure that they would be able to penetrate the Japanese telecommunications market. The Ameri- cans were delirious. The document was historic and the success of the US could be emulated by other foreign manufacturers. The agreement had taken three years to negotiate.
More than 2,500 tenders a year were then expected to be put on open tender. Those were supposed to be worth more
the technology. They are well behind in the spacc race.
What is more curious is that the British signed a similar deal with the Japanese. In September 1981. Ichiro Yamanouchi, the Japanese Minister for Posts & Telecom- munications, and Sir Keith Joseph, the then Secretary of State for Industry, signed a British-Japanese pact. British companies were to have access to the advanced computer technical research of the Japanese. Expertise gained by the Japanese in advanced computer systems and related techonotogies, principally advanced tele- communications, was to be available to the British.
ICL was in time to forge some partnership with Fujitsu on advanced microchips, British Telecom was to monitor closely the research of some of NTTrs telecommunications and GEC and Mitsubishi were to obtain satellite earth station contracts in partnership. Those
marriages were however consumated by ! strict commercial criteria.
In the end, the British-Japanese agreement proved to be largely meaning- less. If it had been of more substance, -Mr Tebbit would not need to go to Japan and beg them to buy our products.
The Government, however, appears to be backing two horses in the same race. Last week it announced its approval of 50 new research projects - at a total cost of £20 million, df which £12.5 million is provided by the Government and the remainder by industry - to ensure that Britain will have its own technology to develop tomorrow's ""thinking computer"". The projects are part of the Alvey Directorate's five-year research pro- gramme set up by the Government two years ago. The projects which merge the research efforts of industrv and academia, have a budget of £350 million. of which £20 million comes from the government cotffers.
The Alvev programmes were neccessarv to keep Britain abreast of advanced computing tchnology - the fifth gener- ation computer - precipitated by multi- million pound research projects being conducted by . . . of course . . . the Japanese.";"April 23, 1985";"";62119;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Week";""
"['FROM OUR MILITARY CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR MILITARY CORRESPONDENT
At the beginning of this year the male strength of the British Army was 400,000, made up of 198,000 regular sol- diers and 202,000 national servicemen. Under the reductions announced by the Government last autumn, the Army's male strength will fall by April 1 next year to about 367,500-192,000 regulars and 175,500 national servicemen.
To fit in with this smaller Army some of the commitments in the following guide to British forces at present oversea will have .o be ieduced or ended. If the Government eventually decide to end national service, the success or failure of the regular recruit- ingcdmpaign based on the new Service pay code will largely determine how many of these commitments can be continued.
If infantry units alone are mencioned by name in the guide it is because their names stiU have Territorial significance; in nearly every station they are accompanied and often outnumbered by supporting units of artillery, sap,pers. electrical and mechanical engineers, ancd so on.
CONTINENT
BERLIN.-ONE INDEPENDENT BIIOADE.
British Army o'f the Rhine consists of the 6th, 7th and 11th Armoured Divisions and the'2nd infantrY Division. The total strength, including tbe Berlin garrison, is probably about 80,000. The details of this commit- ment are contained in atticle 6 of protocol II to the Brussels Treaty on the forces of the Western European Union, signed in October, 1954. By this, Britain undertook to keep in Europe four divisions and a tactical air force, or "" such other forces as the Supreme Aliled Commander, Europe, regards as having equivalent fighting capacity,"" and not to withdraw them against the wishes of the majority of the Brussels Treaty Powers (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom). This under- taking, however, is not binding in the event of an acute oversea emergency.
MEDITERRANEAN
GlBRALTAR AND MALTA.-The two garrisons together probably number about 5,000 men The Seaforth Highlanders are in Gibraltar, but both are mainly gunner garrisons. As Coastal Artillery is now being abolished some reduction in the garrisons is possible, unless coastal artillery Iunits are replaced by other troops.
CYPRUS.-According to Mr. Head's memorandum on the Army Estimates. "" the garrison now amounts to 14 major units, 12 of whom are devoting 90 per cent. of their time to the task of maintaining law and order in the island.""
Army units stationed in Cyprus are the Ist Battalions of The Wiltshire Regiment, The South Staffordshires. The Middlesex Regiment, The Royal Norfolks. The Royal Leicesters, The Gordon Highlanders. The Royal Warwicks. The Highland Light Infantry, and the 1st and 3rd Battalions of The Parachute Regiment. with headquarters. 16th Independent Paracbute Brigade Group. The parachute units are a strategic reserve. (Mr. Head's figures include also the units of 3 Commando Brigade, Royal Marines.) There is also a regiment of field artillery and a large R.E, contingent.. The. garrison has been further strengthened by the arrival at
the weekend of the Royal Horse Guards, who are equipped with armoured cars. The total number of soldiers now in Cyprus is prob- ably nearly 15,000.
CYRENAICA AND TRIPOLI.-Several thousand troops, including The King's Royal Rifle Corps at Derna.
CANAL ZONE.-The only fighting troops now left are the Ist Guards Brigade and some squadrons of The Life Guards. All troops, fighting and administrative. will have left by June 19.
JORDAN.-Under the Anglo-Jordan treaty, one British armoured regiment (at present The Queen's Bays). and one rifle company (The Welsh Guards, soon to be replaced by a company from The Middlesex Regiment), one permanently stationed in Akaba.
EAST AFRICA
KENYA.-There are three British bat- talions in Kenya. The Rifle Brigade, The Gloucesters, and The King's Shropshire Light Infantry. There is a strong likelihood that two of these will be withdrawn soon, leaving only the K.S.L.I. in Kenya, plus The King's African Rifles.
FAR EAST
KOREA AND JAPAN.-Five thousand United Kingdom troops at present, including The Cameron Highlanders. As announced a few days ago, the Ist Commonwealth Division is to become the Commonwealth Contingent. Korea, and Headquarters, British Commonwealth Forces, Korea, located in Japan, is to be closed down by July 1. About 3,000 British troops will be withdrawn in the next few months, including 14th Field Regiment, R.A.
HONGKONG.-There are about 11,000 British troops in Hongkong, including The Essex Regiment, The Northamptonshire Regiment, and The North Staffordshire Regi- ment. There are also several gunner regiments.
MALAYA AND SINGAPORE.-The only published figure of strengths is that there are 25,000 British and Colonial troops. Of these a good half are probably British. Infantry units include the first battalions of The Royal Hamrshire Regiment, The Royal Lincolnshire Regiment, The King's Own Scottish Borderers, The Somerset Light Infantry, and The South Wales Borderers, and the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Welch Fusiliers. Other units include the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment and the 11th Hussars.
OTHER AREAS
CARIBBEAN.-Two battalions at present -The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry in Jamaica and the 2rnd Battalion, The Black Watch in British Guiana. The last named are teturning to Britain in April, and only one battalion will be stationed in the Caribbean. Their place in British Guiana will be taken by one company of the D.C.L.I. detached from Jamaica.
ADEN.-The King's Own Yorkshire Lighit Infantry and one squadron of The Life Guards. In his memorandum on the Army Estimnafes Mr. l1ead says: "" In view of the importance of preserving internal security in the Aden Protectorate it has been decided 'to maintain a British battalion in the area
for the present.""";"February 28, 1956";"";53466;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Impact Of Falling Strength On Future Commitments";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 4
No one in Bonn expects any sensa- tional developments from the meeting of the six Foreign Ministers of the European Economic Community here tomorrow, or from the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union the following day. It is not even certain that the vexed question of relations between the Six and Seven, Britain's entry into the Common Market, and the position of the neutrals in any widening of the E.E.C. will be raised at all, except in the most general terms. Certainly well informed circles here do not expect any important statement of policy from the British representative at this stage, such as Mr. Heath, the Lord Privy Seal, made at the last W.E.U. meet- ing in Paris in March.
Everything is in a state of suspended animation, so to speak, until the British Governrlent have made up their mind on the principle of whether they want to join the Common Market or not-and Mr. Reginald Maudling, last Saturday, indicated that they had not done so yet; and until President Kennedy has talks in Paris at the end of this month with General de Gaulle, which, it is felt here, will be decisive upon French willingness to have Britain in, and upon the terms of her admission.
KEEPING DOOR OPEN
Pending these two developments, even the "" little summit "" of heads of state of the Common Market oa MSlay 19 here can do little more than take a further step or two towards the political tinity of the Six, without prejudicing the future, or closing any doors upon out- siders.
Tomorrow the six Foreign Ministers are apparently meeting in their capacity as representatives of their respective Govern- ments, and not, as is sometimes the case, as responsible Ministers of the E.E.C. This means the agenda will not be restricted to matters within the purview of the com- munity but will probably cover such broad questions as Laos, the Congo, and-depeno- ing on M. Couve de Murville's willingness to discuss it-Algeria.
The meeting of the Council of Ministers of the W.E.U. the following day will be the first held since it was decided at the ""little summit"" in Paris to use the union as an organ of consultation between tiC Common Market and Britain. In accord- ance with established cusiom, the six Foreign Ministers will inform ti;eir British colleague, Mr. Edward Heath. who will be accompanied by Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, deputy Under-Secretary in the Foreign Office and United Kingdom representative on the permanent council of the W.E.U., of their -discussions of the previous day. The deliberations are not eApected to be prolonged, however, since the talks that really matter are being held in London and in Paris later this month.
One question the Germans are asking themselves at this stage, iowever. is what effect the recent events in Algeria will have had on the French atitude and French policy in Europe. rae Germani have always emphasized the cllbs co,irexion between the Alierian cris;s. with its strain on French physical and moral reserves, and some of the ,narc a%ikward manifest.aions of President de Gaulle's policy of grandeur. They have felt tor a tong time that an end of the war in Algeria w'u'.l smooth many if not most difficulties ou!h in Nato and ia Europe.
""U.S. WANTS PARTNERS""
They now wonder whether the French President, whose personal prestige has been immeasurably strengthened in France by the failure of the generals' revolt. will feel more confident of bringing about Peace in Algeria in the foreseeable future, and therefore more inclined to compromise elsewhere; or. on the' contrary, whether he will prove more intransigent, because of the blow to French prestige abroad arising from the revolt. and the divisions it has revealed in the country.
Whatever the answer to this question, the Germans put their main hope in Wash- ington to provide the impulse for the next stop towards the political unity of Europe, and the bridging of her present economic division.
""The British Prime Minister"", Die Welt wrote editorially today, ""heard straight from Mr. Kennedy's lips that an England which was a member of the European confederation would carry far greater weight in American policy than an England which stood apart from the Con- tinent"". President Kennedy, it went on to emphasize, wanted strons European partners and not satellites. The question before President de Gaulle and Mr. Maomillan was: did they want Europe to become this strong partner through unity ? It was now no longer a question of build- ing a bridge between the E.E.C. and Efta; but of the "" fuU political and economic association of Britain with the Continent"".
This, paradoxically enoughi had been made easier by President de Gaulle's emphasis on confederation, or on a Europe des patries. as opposed to the supra- national federation envisaged by the Rome treaties. In the past few months. and especially since the Paris conference of February 9 and 10, the French views have gained ground in Germany, much to the concern of the Dutch in particular, who see in the supra-national principle the only guarantee against domination of Europe by the Germans and the French. If Britain came in, however. their fears would be put at rest immediately.
CONFEDERAL PHASE
The Germans are now prepared to acknowledge that while federation may be the ultimate desirable aim, confederation is a necessary phase through which European unity must pass in the meantime. They also realize that this fundamental change in the character of the European movement makes it much more acceptable to Britain, provided France in turn is will- ing to have her in the community.";"May 5, 1961";"";55073;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe Waits For Britain And Britain For France";""
"['Maurice Delaruc Le Monde']";"['News']";"In France the simultaneous occur- rence of the decision to hold Euro- pean elections and the publication of the Tindemans report has re- awakened intercst in the European debate. It is a debate which has never lapsed into indifference (whatever may have been said), although it has often been confused. For 30 years the French have been in two minds between the hope of finding new inspiration in Europe and the fear of losing their identity. Consequently, the resumption of the debate is marked by passion and the pereinnial confrontation between the (Gaullist) supporters of a ""Europe of the states"" and those who favour a supranational Europe.
It is probable that the Govern- ment is less than unanimous on * this issue. Although ministers are making every effort to be discreet and have been enjoined to do so by the President, it is clear that M Chirac, the Prime Minister, who is the heir to the Gaullist leadership, * is not on the same wavelength as M
Lecanuet, the Secretary of State, an "" orthodox European "". Even the President has deferred an official statement of his position until the meeting of the European Council on April 1 and 2.
M Giscard d'Estaing is acutely aware of the importance of the
momient: the time-table of the Treaty of Rome has run its course, the American umbrella over Europe is contracting and fear of the threat from the East has~ returned to the surface in Western Europe. Action is required and, in his opinion, what needs to be done is to give Europe a "" decision-making capability "". This is the standpoint from which he views the Tindemans report and, according to reliable sources, his judgment of it is severe.
The first criticism of the Belgian Prime Minister's text is that it lacks any guiding principle; in his attempt to please everybne and dis- please no one, Mr Tindemans has produced a sort of catalogue of mutually balancing reforms.
In the mind of the President of the Republic, on the other hand, the guiding principle is clear. The Community's decision-making capa- bility can be strengthened only on the basis of the European Council or, in other -words, on the basis of agreement between the govern- ments. The regular summit meet- ings of *this council for Which General de Gaulle and M Pompidou managed to gain acceptance among their partners, represent a personal success for M Giscard-d'Estaing who considers that they have proved their usefulness in the first year of their existence. He also believes that the decision-making machinery would be improved by the setting up of "" select working parties "" vested with specific responsibilities. The word directoire has been mentioned in this connexion only to meet with a storm of protest from France's partners.
At all events it is wrong in the Parisian view to seek, as the Tinde- mans report proposes, to set up a counterbalance to the European Council by conferring competitive political powers on the European
M Chirac, the French Prime Minister: the heir to the Gaullist leadership is not on the same ortho- dox European wavelength as some of his colleagues.
Commission, which is seen in Paris as having a purely technical role. Could this objective be achieved by democratizing the representative institution of the Community, that is, by introducinig direct elections to the European Assembly? The President of the Republic seems to be entirely in favour of this, but the same is not true of the Gaullist Wing of his majority.
Allowing for these uncertainties, the unofficial reactions to the main iniiovationis proposed by Mr Tinde- mans can be summarized as followvs:
The formulation of a common foreign policy on the basis of com- pulsory alignment witlh ve views of the majority is deemed impractic- able. It would lead the Community into a middle-of-the-road policy, wvhich would mean no policy at all. It is preferable to intensify the present consultation arrangements which leave responsibility in the hands of each individual partner.
Regular exchanges of views /on defence and security seem desirable. The formation of an arms pro- duction agency among the Nine would be likely to lead to duplica- tion with the European Independent Armaments Group recently set up by the European allies.
There is no objection in principle to the suggestion by Mr Tindemans for differential progress towrards European union with each country advancing at its own pace, but the risk of dislocation would have to be guarded against and a format acceptable to the back-markers would have to be found.
It would be undesirable for direct elections to the European Assembly to result in its having "" an increas- ing legislative role "", in the words used by Mr Tindemans.
The emphasis laid on the import- ance of the European Council by the Belgian Prime MIinister is appreciated in Paris.
The call by Mr Tindemanis for majority decisions to become com- mon practice is considered irrele- vant. It is clearly impossible for the Nine to take majority decisions which cannot be put into effect at national level, but a return to the 1966 arrangement restricting use of the veto to very important matters is considered desirable.
If the Commission were appointed by the European Assembly, as Mr Tindemans proposes, it would become political in character and this could lead to unacceptable risks of conflict with the council. It would not be unreasonable to involve the President of the Com- miission in the choice of his team, but in a more flexible way than that proposed by Mr Tindemans.
The ideas put forward by Mr Tinde- mans on the delegation of decision- making powers are not considered bad in themselves, but should be developed more fully. Perhaps this line of thought would lead back to the ""select wvorking parties"" pro- posed by the President of the Renublic.
Maurice Delaruc
Le Mlfonde";"March 2, 1976";"";59642;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reawakened interest in European debate";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, MAY 31']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-PARIS, MAY 31
More realism in the planning of force levels of the Atlantic alliance was advo- cated in Paris today by Mr. Healey, the British Defence Minister. Opinions so far expressed at a two-day meeting of the Defence Ministers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization seemed to have come some way to his view that military plans for the next five years should be based on existing levels of manpower and expenditure rather than on abstract goals to meet abstract contingencies.
Mr. McNamara, the United States Defence Secretary, was sufficiently in agreement to have shifted from the em- phasis of recent years on the need for a substantial increase of Nato's conven- tional forces; and both Herr von Hassel and M. Messmer, the German and French Ministers, are said to have agreed with many of Mr. Healey's points.
This may have been no more than acceptance of the fact that force goals advanced by Nato commanders are highly unlikely to be met; and there is some prospect that the discussions will succeed in discouraging the planners from fixing force levels without any relation to political and economic realities.
DISSENT BY FRANCE
The Defence Ministers met in Paris today to give fresh impetus to the planning of new force levels for the alliance. For the past two years a work- ing group of the permanent council, act- ing on directives from the ministerial meeting in Ottawa, has been making a detailed study of the feasibility of Nato's force goals.
Force planning by Nato has tended to be overshadowed for many months by the priority given in allied councils to the American plan for a multilateral nuclear force and the later British proposals for an extended Atlantic nuclear force. With both these schemes now hanging fire the time may have come to recognize that the long-standing allied commitment to put- ting 30 land divisions under Nato com- mand may never be fulfilled.
The impression emerging from the Ottawa exercise is that these force goals should be as much a matter of econo- mic capacity as of recrimination and em- barrassment. Strategic views have cbtruded to the extent that strategy is inherent in force planning, but the Defence Ministers are not expected to embark on a profound strategic review, if only because of the dissenting position of France.
Added point to French disagreement has just been given bv General de Gaulle's decision that France cannot take part in Nato's Fallex exercise next year because its general theme. in his view, is out of line with accepted Nato strategy.
Much of the ground of the Defence Ministers will be covered in a more academic way at the spring assemblv of the Western European Union, which opened in Paris today. There are the usual reports on European defence.
force levels, and the nuclear Problem; a report on defenc,- outside the Nato area is Itkely to pronmpt a discussioln abouit events in Vietnam and the Dominican Republic.
The main emphasis. however. will be on European political union and the relationship between the Commnon Market countries and the European Free Trade Association. As if to make a dis- play of European solidarity the delega- tion of British M.P.s is unusually strong this year, especially on the Conser%ati%c side, which includes Mr. Duncan Sandc s and Mr. Maudling in a joint attendance of 36 members.
DEBATE IN BRITAIN
Professor Carlo Schmid. who was ire- elected president, spoke of the need for European unity, including, one dav, - the Poles. the Magyars. and others"". For the moment he said, probably the most important task still to be completed v,.a to make Britain an effective member ot the European community. This was as much a matter of conversion as of recon- ciliation, and it was "" fascinating"" to study Britain's search for a role.
The revision of British policv to- wards Europe, begun in 1959-19%6. hatd reached a most important stage this veaL. Professor Schbmid said.
For both economic and milita rv reasons, because Britain had to reconcile its political relations with the European continent and with its American allies. an important debate had starited in Britain, and it was the task of Europe to make an earnest and friendly contribu- tion to it.
PARis, May 31.-Mr. Healev said on arrival here today that substantiai pro- gress in the strategic field could be achieved if Nato made the best use of the forces it had. Answering questions about what he expected of the Ministers' conference. he went on:-
"" I believe that a great deal of the disagrce-
ment which has prevented development of a coherent military posture in Nato has been due to unnecessary discussion of strategic theories.
"" I am confident-provided in this meeting
we concentrate on the practical question of how to make the best use of the forces we actually have-we shall find that the various Nato Governments are close enough together to make substantial pro- gress.""-Reuter.
TWO-VV AY STREET
Before leaving London Mr. Healev said: ""I think the American Govern- ment have come to recognize that inter- dependence inside the alliance must be a two-way street, and they cannot expect their allies to buy weapons from the United States unless America is pre- pared to buy weapons from us.""
Asked whether he thought the Paris talks might lead to reductions in Britain'
Rhine Army commitments, he said: ' I do not think that this particular matter will be discussed at the meeting. We will be discussing Nato strategy as a whole.""";"June 1, 1965";"";56336;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Healey's Ideas Gain Support In Nato";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"The Cabinet decided yesterday to keep Parliament in being right up to the beginning of the new session next Tuesday to guard against being powerless to react promptly to any sudden unilateral declaration of independence by the Rhodesian Government this weekend.
Mr. Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, yesterday met his party caucus. Many Rhodesian Front members are said to be bitter over what they consider the stalling tactics of both the British and Rhodesian Governments. Some Rhodesian Cabinet members are, however, believed to have been persuaded by Mr. Wilson that a unilateral declaration would be disastrous.
ENABLING BILL WOULD GIVE
POWERS FOR SANCTIONS
From Our Political Correspondent
Provisionally, the Government had arranged for the session to end this morning with the ceremony of proroga- tion. That would have meant that neither House could have been recalled for an emergency before the Queen re- opened Parliament and launched the new session on Tuesday morning.
Mr. Bowden, Leader of the Commons, announced yesterday the new plans. The meeting of the two Houses arranged for today has been postponed until Monday at 2.30 p.m. The effect is that the Lord Chancellor and the Speaker can bring back Lords and Commons at 24 hours' notice or less by publishing a formal notice of recall in the London Gazette.
A special edition of the gazette could be published at any time of day. The Chief Whips would be given early warning so that they could bring back their men.
In his Commons announcement, Mr. Bowden left the reason for the change of timetable unstated. He spoke merely of ""exceptional circumstances"" and sug- gested to the House that "" there is advantage in holding Parliament in ad- journrment for the weekend rather than proroguing "".
ORDERS IN COUNCIL
As reported in The Tines of October 27, the tactical reason is that if the Rhodesian Government took a plunge into U.D.I. the Government would want to carry emergency legislation through both Houses to atrm themselves with powers to apply economic, financial. and other sanctions. (Publicly and privately, the Government have not defined what they would be.) There would be an enabling Bill giving the Government authority to bring in a series of Orders in Council that would be debatable in Parliament.
The precautions now taken by the Government should not be interpreted as a sign that by yesterday the Government had good reason to believe that Mr. Smith, his colleagues, and his caucus were moving rapidly back to the brink.
Some faint hope is still left that the Rhodesians may take up Mr. Wilson's gauntlet and put to the proof whether Rhodesians as a whole want indepen- dence within the framework of the 1961 Constitution. But it is fair to conclude that in London- yesterday the possibility of U.D.l. looked very real to anxious Alinisters.
It looked real to the Opposition leaders too. Mr. Heath thought the parliamentary precautionrs taken were wise and asked the Government not to hesitate to invoke standing order 117 (the recall procedure) if there was in- formation to be given to the Commons or action to be taken between the rising of the House Last night and the sitting on Monday afternoon.
Mr. Bowden answered that his purpose was to allow the House to sit in that period.
In fact, a Sunday sitting is considered unlikely. The Commons last sat on a Sunday on September 3, 1939, on the outbreak of the war. The last Saturday sitting occurred during the Suez crisis on November 3. 1956.
Once the new session opens there are no procedural impediments to Executive action through Parliament. A reference could be slipped into the Queen's Speech that would allow the House to move without any delay to the dispatch of an enabling Bill and the consideration of emergency Orders.
In spite of mounting tension at West- minster, Mr. Wilson had not last night altered his weekend arrangements. He hopes to attend a party rally in Notting- ham tonight, and tomorrow he will travel with his family by train to Cardiff for the wedding of Miss Rosemary Bald- win, who is Mrs. Wilson's niece. He will be back at 10 Downing Street tomorrow night to work on his papers.
SPEAKER ABROAD
The Speaker, on whom the responsi- bility falls for recalling the Commons while the House stands adjourned, will also be away from London. Hle will fly to Geneva today to carry out an under- taking given by the late Speaker to open a library at the new headquarters of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in memory of Sir Randal Cremer, the I.P.U. founder. He will return to Speaker's House tomorrow evening.
During Dr. King's absence from the country his authority devolves upon Sir Samuel Storey, the Deputy Speaker, should there be a Government request for the recall of the Commons.
If there were a grave turn in the Rhodesian crisis, Mr. Heath intends imminediately to summon a meeting of the Shadow Cabinet and probably of the party Commonwealth committee. Opposition leaders refuse to be drawn into giving Mr. Wilson a blank cheque for Government action in a hypothetical situation, and they would want to study the ena.bling Bill's scope very carefully.
If there is no U.D.I. this weekend, the meeting of both. Houses on Monday to bring the session to a close could be largely ceremonial. Rhodesia apart, all political thinking is already of the new session.
E.E.C. READY TO JOIN
IN SANCTIONS
THE HAGUE, Nov. 4.-The European Economic Community countries assured Britain today they would support economic sanctions against Rhodesia if the colony declared independence uni- laterally. Authoritative sources said tonight that the assurances were given to Mr. Michael Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, at the Western European Union meeting.-Reuiter.";"November 5, 1965";"";56471;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cabinet Step To Meet Any U.D.I. Move";""
"['From PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"From PETER STRAFFORD
The Hague, D). 2 M. Maurice Schumann, the French Foreign Minister, said after today's agreement among the Six on negotiations with Britain that from the French point of view the result was ""a total success "". He paid tribute to President Pompidou for hav- ing taken the initiative of calling the sumrnmit and said that he was now "" reaping the rewards "" of his move.
France, he said, had received satisfaction on the kev question of the ""completion; ; f the European Economic Com- munity, in other words on the reaching of a final financial regu- lation for agriculture by the end of the year. As to its second con- cern, the further development of the Community, M. Pompidou had made precise proposals and the main points of these had been taken up in the final com- munique.
On the crucial question of Britain, he observed that there was no mention of a date or a period for opening negotiations -which was in line with French position-but he saw no reason why the preparation of a com- mon EEC position need take more than six months.
France, he claimed, had always wanted to open negotia- tions without delay, once it had been established that they were intended to maintain the EEC in being, as well as enlarging it.
Asked whether there would be preparatory contacts between the E.E.C. and Britain before the Six had finished definIng their position, he said "" No "". He added that he was not expect- ing difficulties over the business of preparing a comman Com- munity position within the agreed period.
As to the question how negotiations would be con- ducted, M. Schumann did not refer specificaUy to the Freuch support for the idea of having the Brussels Commission as negotiator, but he emphasized, as the French have done in the past, that the negotiations should be seen as taking place between the Community as a whole on the one side and the applicant countries on the other.
He said that the problem of Western European Union, and of whether France would end
Its boycott of this had not been discussed.
A Dutch Government spokes- man also described the summit conference as "" a total success "". The most important question, enlargement, had been resolved satisfactorily.
"" The French have always re- fused to set a date because they thought this would give them a better bargainingposition. That is why they wanted to get around doing so today"", he added.
But the French had committed themselves to a date in the end. Their insistence on leaving it out of the communique was seen as a face-saving measure.
Having given his word that he wanted British entry as soon as possible, it Was not realistic to ask President Pompidou to put a date in the communique. To do so would have shown lack; of trust in his word, and the Dutoh Government was now absolutely convinced that he did want British entry.
On the need for the Six to find a comsnon negotiating posi- tion, the Dutch were in total agreement with the others. ""However much we like you British. you cannot expect us to come to you and ask on what terms you would like to enter. We must work out first what our position as a community is.""
Signor Moro, the Italian Prime Minister, expressed his entire satisfaction with the results of the conference
He emphasized that the deci- sion had been taken to complete the preparatory work for nego- tiating wvith Britain before July 1. There was no question of an exact date for startina negotia- tions; but there wvas a unanimity of will among the Six on the question of enlargement
""We are convinced they are sincere"", he said, when asked about the French attitude on this.
The Italian Government believes that, while there are a great many practical problems to be tackled, notably agriculture, the summit conference has opened "" a new perspective and a new phase "" for the Community.
Herr Walter Scheel, the German Foreign Minister, agreed that the conference could be con- sidered a success. The atmosphere of the meeting had been especi- ally important, he told a press conference. He felt that the
E.E.C. had been lifted out o! stagnation and put back on the road to dynamic development.
He emphasized the constructive Way in which the French delega- tion had contributed to the out- come and the positive atmosphere that President Pompidou had helped to create by his attitude on European cooperation, not only within the terms of the Treaty but over and beyond it
"" There is no possibility in my opinion that agreement on the preparations for negotiations [with Britain and other appli- cants] could not be achieved,"" he said in reply to a question. ""Our attempts to get Britain into the Common Market go back a number of years and we know the problems well.""
Negotiations would be opened first with all the candidates- but they would afterwards have to be pursued with them singly. There would be a joint Com- munity approach, but it was not decided yet whether the Com- mission would be entrusted writh the brief.
Why had no date been men- tioned by which negotiations with Britain should begin ? "" There are always imponder.
ables in conferences which it is difficult and even unwise to attempt to penetrate,"" was Herr Scheel's cautious reply.
Asked why the conference had ended more than two hours af-ter the time originally set, Herr Scheel said that it was quite an achievement, in his experience, for agreement to be reached on a very long l6-point com- muniqu16 in so short a time.";"December 3, 1969";"";57733;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Schumann calls result 'a total success'";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEc. 3
Argumeats for and against the crea- tion of a multilateral nuclear force (M.L.F.) were given an unusual fillip in the Assembly of the Western European Union today by two Harvard professors who have had their influence on strate- gical thinking in Washington.
They were Mr. Henry Kissinger, who wanted to see a degree of European nuclear autonomy from an Anglo-French initia- tive, and Mr. Robert Bowie, who as the author of the M.L.F. idea in the last year of the Eisenhower Administration, felt that it was still the best solution for nuclear sharing. Their positions, elaborated with any amount of expertise, seemed to make little impact on the debate, which reflected many of the doubts and misgivings thai were so evident last month at the confer- ence of Nato parliamentarians.
The W.E.U. defence committee, far less non-committal than it was when the Assembly mgt in June, has come out with a positive recommendation for the creatioD of a mixed-manned strategic force under a Nato political executive; but this was opposed by most of today's speakers. An amendment tabled by Mr. George Brown. deputy leader of the British Labour Party. in the name of the socialist group would reject any initiative along these lines. It proposes instead the establishment within Nato of a unified strategic planning system for the development of a common strategy governing the use of both nuclear and con- ventional forces; and, like the Nato parlia- mentarians, would upgrade the Atlantic Council for these purposes.
ON U.S. TERRITORY
Mr. Anthony Duyndtee (Netherlands), rapporteur of the committee, throws out the idea in his report that the M.L.F. scheme need not be limited to the proposed surface fleet equipped with nuclear missiles. Mixed allied crews, he suggests, might eventuallY take over a squadron of Minuteman missiles on United States territory, and thus demonstrate to Americans as well as Europeans that the allies are taking a full share in the strategic deterrent based on the American continent In spite of the interest aroused by his suggestion, it should be noted that it forms no part of the defence committee's recommendations.
Mr. Kissinger, the more Provocative of the Harvard professors, said in the course of his address that he did not believe it could be an article of American policy that only people too impotent to hold differing idcas could be allies of the United States. One of the great problems, in his words, was ""how much unity do we want, and how much pluralisrn can we stand ? "" short of an Atlantic state which was still far off. The important thing to keep in mind, be said, was that indivisibility of interests should promote a pluralism of methods. He did not think that an M.L.F. was the best way, though no constructive alterna- tive had been advanced by Europe. It did not advance the debate, he felt, to talk in terms of an American withdrawal from Europe, or a betrayal of Europe, or of a settlement made at the expense of Europe.
Both the United States and Europe, he went on, must overcomc bad habits developed from Postwar experience. The west had need not so much of joint targeting as of a unified diplomacy-the elaboration of common negotiating positions and common foreign policies. He rejected the current French theory of massive retalia- tion based on national nuclear deterrents. Such forces would not enable them to go back to the nuclear monopoly of the 1950s.
and must be regarded absolutely as a last resort. The conclusions imposed by techno- logy called for a "" spectrum of deterrents "" enabling the west to resist all forms of Soviet challenge.
Mr. Kissinger deplored any impression that the United States contemplated a purely conventional defence of Europe. Even at the sacrifice of a degree of clarity, the Russians must be made to think that the danger of escalation was real. He agreed that structural changes were neces- sary in the interests of a unified strategy.
INDEPENDENT STAFF
The Secretary-General of Nato, he felt, lacked ind-pendent military advice, and it was desirable to have a military planning staff more direCtly responsive to him. The Atlantic Council, or a separate body, should be charged with long-range plan- ning of common negotiating positions with the Soviet Union. and its members should have Cabinet rank.
Mr. Bowie's contribution to the Assembly's debate was to question the con- structiveness of both the British and French nuclear forces. Both were justified on similar grounds which would require each member of the alliance to develop its own nuclear force. He noted that Britain had agreed to assign its forces to Nato subject to the right of withdrawal, but the political damage was still serious. The French forcc, he said, was intended mainly as the basis for political primacy and as a prop for a policy that impeded European ,integration. The British Government defended its force as the foundation of an independent foreign policy. In short, support for national nuclear forces sharpened friction and seriously damaged the interests of the Atlantic alliance.
P,ARis, Dec. 3.-Britain believed that the goal in Europe should be wider political and ecohomic union, Lord Carrington, Minister without Portfolio, told the W.E.U. Assembly today. It was essential that British and Common Market economic policies should develop in conformity with each other. If talks about a European political union were revived among the Six ""then we should like to be able to Participate in those talks from the beginiing "".-Reuter.";"December 4, 1963";"";55875;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour Opposition To Creation Of Multilateral Force";""
"['By Ian Murray', 'David Spanier']";"['News']";"By Ian Murray
and
David Spwmier
Britain plays host to the European Community's heads of government in London today as they start two days of summit talks at Lancaster House, with the EEC budget, reform of the common agricultural plicy and regional policies the main agenda items.
""It would be an exaggeration to say it is all going to be plain sailing"", Lord Carrington, the Foreign Secretary, told MPs "" There are a number of issues on the agricultural policy and the budget which are still some way from a solution.""
Mrs Margaret Thatcher, as chairman of the meeting, would be seeking with her Community colleagues to set ""guidelines "". Lord Carrington said. These would'need to be ""of sufficient severity to make sure these problems are solved, if possible
efore the end of the year "".
The Foreign Secretary, who was answering questions in the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, said that the point of setting guidelines was to refer the different issues back to the regular ministerial meetings in the European Community ""to get on with it "". He was not confident of reaching solutions at the coming summit, but remained hopeful.
The two-day summit is some- wtvhat longer than is usual for such events. The reason is that Europe's problems are too detailed and divisive to be solved quiickly. Any attempt to force the pace could split the community.
At the same time Britain is in udgent need of a settlement if there is not to be a repeat performance of last year's traumatic settlement on May 30, when the stop-gap compro- mise over budget contribu- tions sent out shock waves that continue to rock the Community.
The meeting opens at Lan- caster House this afternoon, after a lunch given by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. Lord Carrington hopes the first session will show whether significant progress is feasible. If so it is quite likely that the
officials of the Ten will meet late into the night.
The heads of state and governent will dine tonight at 10, Downing Street, as guests of the Prime Minister, and will be joined for coffee by the foreign ministers after dinner at Admi-alty House
A variety of i4ternational issues will be reviewed during the evening's talks, with Herr Helmut Schmidt tdhe West German Chancek&or, taking pride of place to report on his recent discussios with Presi- dent Brezhnev, and Lord Car- rington disoussing the Middle East.
The focus for the summit's meatiest talks is the plan drawn up by the European Commission when it was given a mandate to reshape the Com- munity after the May 30 settle. ment. Its suggestions cover the agricultural policy, other poli- cies and budget contributions and the changes it suggests are seen by some to be so radical as to amount to a re- write of the Treaty of Rome.
The agricultural policy was identified by the Commission as the key to the difficulty and it suggested a method whereby countries would have their payments taxed in order to decrease the amount they received.
That solved Britain's diffi- culties to some extent because it received significantly less from agriculture than other countries. Furthermore it shifted some of the burden of payment from West Germany to France.
Britain, West Germany and France are thus the three countries with most to fight for at the summit; on the fringes of the argument are Ireland and Denmark, which are quite happy with the way things are, and Greece, which is muttering darkly about re- negotiating its entry.
On the sidelines are Spain and Portugal, both seeking entry terms which could dis- rupt any agreement that might eventually be reached.
For the past few mnonths dip- lomats and politicians have
been Icckinig * th'e mndate around but falinitio Aoibte any goals. They haivtothie nearest in the "" other'pjolicy "" sector, with broad greement on the need to spend more 'o6i`such areas as the tiol:fId<ocia1 fund. A negotiabl6e pa0plr:;:a
been preparediob this subIecpt. There is little, c' hance 'f' it being negotiated, bover while there -is '` nofe""nove`fieeit whatsoever o. the other- two' sections.
Agristure'' s ' t hold the key to the gurepe* deadlock, especially nb,w' that France is taking mbre positlive steps tha-n ever to protect small farmers.
Mrs Thatcher, Who cadi expect to be told the result of the Crosby by-election while she is engaged in these com- plicated negotiations, will want all the more to' make -a success of the sunmmit.-
On agriculture she will be pressing for a timetable com- mitment for changes to be agreed over the next few months. Once agriculture is out of the way, discussions will turn to the budget.
To. sweeten the pill for the West Germans, who are resigned to having to go on footing a larga part of Europe's bill for the foreseeable future, she will be trying tg see that a favourable first reading is accorded to the "" European Act ""-a joint effort by the West Germans and the Italians to breath life into European union.
The summit's concluding session on Friday will cover traditional topics such as a review of the economic and social situation in the Commu- nity, but will be mainly con- cerned with the communique,
Talk of international issues and political cooperation are the normal bill of fare for summits and are largely too important to disagree about. The. reason this meeting is likely to go on much longer than usual is that the main argument is about the house- keeping money, which is the ront cause of the worst argu- ments in any family.";"November 26, 1981";"";61092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European budget battles divide London summit";""
"['Charles Douglas-Home']";"['News']";"""No progress will be made in any direction unless there is a new demonstration of politi- cal determination to see parti- cular problems, such as agricul- tural policy, settled in a broader context. . . It is up to them (the Six) to see that the crusade for European unity does not degenerate into a haggle over the price of butter. . . . For my part I would not guarantee that the
British people are prepared to go on beating indefinitely on a door that is shut in their face. No one can sue and be rejected so often without becoming tired of the whole thing-and doubt- ful of the goal.""
These remarks by Mr. Geof- frey Rippon, then Shadow De- fence Spokesman for the Con- servative Opposition and now to be our chief negotiator, at Brussels, would suggest a man with a hard heart towards Europe. Possibly all they were meant to convey was a. hard-headed approach to the coming negotiations, spoken as they were at a meeting of the Council of Europe in Paris last November.
In fact Mr. Rippon's Euro- pean credentials are impeccable, and his appointment yesterday seemed most natural. The few days' delay since it was first mooted suggested that Mr. Rippon himself may have needed time to consider Mr. Heath's suggestion, since there could have been personal politi- cal disadvantages in exchanging the comfortable and secure power base of the Ministry of Technology for a subordinate
position in the Foreign Office and no apparent power base in the Cabinet other than his powers of persuasion during return visits from Brussels.
Mr. Rippon's wtiole career in policnastion;al and. local- suggests a man -who, is con- scLous of the need to build a power base-perhaps almost too obsessed wiith the im,por- tance of power bases as such. He started life on the Surbiton Bor- ough CounciL to be elected mayor at the tender age of 26. His parish then spread to the old London County Council where he sat for Chelsea and was leader of the Conservative op- position for four years. On this base be gradually made a mark in national politics, consolidat- ing his position in the last Conservative government as Minister for Public Building and Works, a post which he person- ally took into the.Cabinet and in which he distinguished him- selif as a ministerial emnpire- builder par excellence.
The he lost his seat at Nor- wich in 1964, finding. a later haven at Hexham, which he still represents. His national poltical identity has since become a European one, again
mostly on the basis of his local government contacts which have made him leader of the Bratish section of the Council
of European Municipa;lities and. a familiar figure in the demi- monde of European local govern-: ment gatherings.
Meanwhile in opposition he also led the Conservativc dele- gation to the Council of Europe and the Western European Union, in which capacity his European credentials were established even before he became Slhadow Defence Spokesman in 1968. He seems to have a natural affinity with the Gaullists, which may be no bad thing if the route to Brus- sels lies through Paris (if it does). Yet he was not so Gaul- list in his own beliefs as to avoid encouraging France to return to Nato to enable Europe to build her own de- fence capability, nuclear and conventional, a development which he believes lies at the heart of the enlargement of the Community.
As a trained lawyer and a former chairman of Cubitts Mr. Rippon is obviously equal to the task at Brussels. He has the ability to master briefs and to
master his civil servants as well. He can be a combative politi- cian. but certainly while he was Shadow Defence Spokesman there was a suggestion that he could be lazy if. the subject did not really interest him.. When Lord Carrington got -the job of Defence Secretary there was some talk at Westminster that Mr. Rippon was disappointed. If that was the case, he had no business to be, since his per- formance -as Shadow Defence Spokesman did not suggest that he was particularly interested in the subject, or energetic enough to promote the kind of detailed preparations for office which the Conservatives should have possessed when they entered the Defence Ministry.
-He is conventionally assessed as a right-winger, largely owing to his membership of the Monday Club-but there again, that could arise less from pure right-wing conviction than frorn tbis weakness for creating polit- ical bases to assist him in his way up the Tory hierarchy. Perhaps 'he will get to the top, but perhaps he gives too great an impression of machine poli- tics to satisf,y everybody in the paxty.
As far as Europe is con- cerned be will clearly prove to be a hard bargainer. endowed with all the necessary brain power if not the vision. ""Prog- ress towards European unity does not. and cannot, ivolve instant federation"". he told the Council of Europe. He believes that an Anglo-French agree- ment is the indispensable foun- dation for any further Euro- pean negotiation which may mean that his appointment should be greeted with more pleasure in Paris than in Brus- sels. "" In taking our essentially political decisicon we must make it clear that we do not regard the Six plius Britain as constitut- ing united Europe "". United Europe, by his lights. should include all Europe including Scandinavia. the Ilberian penin- sula and the special neutrals Austria, Finland and Switzer- land. "" We wilr fail again if all the emphasis is placed on the narrow basis of tariff policies and protracted negotiations in Brussels in advance of the nec- essary political decisions"". he said. He now has the opportun- ity to show what he means.
Charles Douglas-Home";"July 29, 1970";"";57930;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The new Minister for Europe";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT-
-BONN, OCT. 14
The events of the past three days have sharpened the image of the Social Demo- cr-at Party as the party most ready and willing to take a practical initiative towards the reunification of Germany. and of the ruling Christian Democrat Union as the one which is lagging behind.
The visit paid by Herr Brandt, chief burgomnaster of Berlin but more espe- cially chairman of the Social Democrat Party, on Wednesday night to Mr. Abrassimov, the Soviet Ambassador in cast Berlin, has startled German opinion since it is the first time Herr Brandt has crossed the wall since it was built in 1961.
Her r Brandt's visit closely followed the remarkable statement by Herr Fierbert Wehncr. another senior Social Democrat leader. w'ho in an interview published on Tuesday proposed an e' economic community "" between west and east Germany. Plan rejected
On top of all this the Neue Rliciu/ Rutlir Zeiiitng, an cnterprising Essen newspaper runl bv a teamn of young people close to the Social Democrat Party, this morning published an interview with Herr Ulbricht. in which the cast German leader says ""lhe is ready at any time for talks without con- ditions with west Germany, and is ready to send an east German Minister to Bonn to conduct them.
Herr von Hase, chief spokesman for the Federal Government, today rejected out of hand any political discussions with east Germany. Both the Government and the ruling Christian Democrat Union have also reacted unfavourably to the proposals by Herr Weliner for an economic union between the zones.
Herr Ulbricht said that if he did send a Minister to Bonn the envoy would have to be treated in a proper and respectable way. The Bonn Government's claim to be the only legal representative of Germany as a whole was ""quite laughable "". said Herr Ulbricht.
Allies agreed
The cast German leader rejected Herr Wehner's idea of discussions between the zones on the technical level. ""The fate of Gcrmany cannot be settled between tele- phone operators and postmen, but between governments"", he remanrked scathingly.
rhe most interesting event in this whirl- wind series remains Herr Brandt's visit to east Berlin, which, it seems, was carefully prepared in advance. The three allied powers in Berlin-Britain, France, and the United States-were informed and signified their consent.
What Herr Brandt talked about with the ambassador is still a matter for speculation. In a television interview tonight Herr Brandt sidestepped the question, saying that "" a large number of questions interest- ing Germany and the Soviet Union, including Berlin "", were discussed. He said he and the Soviet Ambassador proposed to meet again.
All this, taken together with President Johnson's recent speech easing east-west relations, and the present talk of thinning out troops in Germany, makes the Social Democrats look as if they are more in the stream of things than the Erhard Govern- ment.
More than this, the Social Democrat Party realizes that an active and vociferous policy on the German question will pay
dividenids for die key Bavarian elections on November 20.
People are sick of the old official gramo- phone record about "" reunification in peace and freedom "", and want action. The Social Democrats imply they will give it.
Herr Brandt to visit
Britain
Herr Brandt. chief burgomaster of Berlin and chairman of the Social Dcmocratic Party, is to pay an official visit to Britain as a guest of the Government from October 24 to 29. He will meet Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretarv, on October 25. After speaking at the Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs he will dine with Herr Blankenhorn, the German Ambassador.
On October 26 Herr Brandt will have an audience of the Queen. He will then be the guest of Mr. Wilson at luncheon at 10 Downing Street.
In the evening he will fly to Glasgow for a dinner given by the Lord Provost. and on October 27 he will visit engiieering works and factories. Later he will leave for Edinburgh to attend a dinner given by Mr. William Ross, Secretary of State for Scot land.
DECISION SOON ON
B.A.O.R. CUTS
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
In face of the big gap between what the German Government has now offered (£31,200,000) towards offset costs and the total cost (£94m., to be reduced by British economies to £76,200,000) the British Gov- ernment clearly have to decide on a sizable cut in the British Army of the Rhine.
The next step is for the British Govern- ment to notify Western European Union and Nato that in view of economic difficul- ties they feel obliged to reduce the British contingent, but no such step is being taken immediately.
The size of the cut must first be discussed between senior British Ministers, and Mr. Brown, the Foreign Secretary, does not re- turn from the United States and Canada until Monday.
The Germans have promised that a sub- stantial increase in their contribution may be possible, but the amount will have to be discussed as part of the Anglo-German- United States talks on defence policy in Bonn on Thursday.
No final British decision on the cuts is likely to be taken until Mr. Brown, Mlr. Callaghan and the Prime Minister have discussed the question some time after Thursday.
MR. GROMYKO REPORTS
ON U.N. MEETING
IrRONI OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, Ocr. 14
Mr. Gromyko, the Soviet Foreign Minis- ter, and Herr Ulbricht, chairman of the east German Council of State, met today. It was reported that Mr. Gromyko gave Herr Ulbricht details about the plenary session of the United Nations. Mr. Gromyko inter- rupted his return flight to Moscow in east Berlin yesterday.";"October 15, 1966";"";56763;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Ulbricht ready for Bonn discussions";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
-PARIS, DEC. 15
What is likely to be the last meeting of the Nato Council of Ministers to be held in Paris opened this morning with the traditional surveys of the inter- national situation and east-west rela- tions.
These were dominated by the realiza- tion that the comnmunist threat in Europe has declined appreciably, and that the organization of the alliance must be adjusted to this new situation.
Paradoxically, since France has become a sleeping partner of the alliance, a wide degree of acceptance of the French standpoint on the diminished threat from eastern Europe and the need to switch from deterrence to ddtente is apparent in Nato-although without the anti-American overtones of French policy, and without such relaxa- tion of the vigilance as would defeat the aim of a detente.
In this context, M. Pierre Harmel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, put forward a proposal for a rethinking of the political, military and economic objectives of the alliance, which would, among other things, give new substance to the ""partnership"" with the United States. He said that the opportunity for member countries to. con- tract out in 1969 would provide the oppor- tunity for this rethinking.
Political unity
M. Harmel also emphasized that in the last 20 years the situation in Europe had changed fundamentally, and Nato should take this into account. He suggested a preliminary report should be made to the Ministerial Council in the spring, and the final report at the regular meeting in Decem- ber next year.
One of the objectives wbich inspired the Belgian proposals appears to be that this could be an indirect means of reviving pro- gress towards political unity in Europe, thwarted by the exclusion of Britain in 1963.
M. Couve de Murvilte, the French Foreign Minister, indicated this afternoon that he supported the Belgian proposal, as Mr. George Brown had done this morning. France, he said, would continue to take part in political consultations inside the alliance. He also supported all efforts towards a detente, which might eventually turn into an east-west cooperation. He regretted the effect of the Vietnam war on cast-west relations.
Article of faith
Mr. George Brown, in his maiden speech at the Nato Ministerial Council, emphasized that the purpose of Nato was threefold: defence, deterrence, and detente. One should get away from the block approach in east-west relations. There might be possibilities for the east European countries to cooperate with the Council of Europe and with the Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development (O.E.C.D.). Nato could provide the background of unity to which bilateral east-west contacts might be related.
The Foreign Secretary proclaimed his attachment to Nato. It had been an article of faith with him since its foundation. The late Mr. Bevin's declaration that the alliance meant peace and security to our common civilization for many genera-
tions to come was as true today as in 1949. The United Nations should have greater authority, but until it did, peace in the west depended on Nato. The past year had been difficult, but Nato had shown a determination to survive and make the necessary adjustments.
Mr. Brown added that European defence arrangements detached from Nato would be worth nothing. Regional cooperation in defence must be within the framework of the Atlantic alliance.
Turning to the Common Market, Mr. Brown said Britain's aim was an enlarged group which included Britain and those Efta countries that wished to join. This would give unity and enormously strengthen the western alliance.
Political and defence issues were the! affair of Nato, but this did not mean they could not be touched upon in Mr. Wilson's probing talks next year, for Britain was embarking on more than economic arrangements.
Herr Brandt's plea
It meant ""uniting countries at the very roots, at a level which affects the lives of the people"". Reporting on the tripartite talks with Germany and the United States on offset problems, Mr. Brown said the alliance would have to find a solution by mid-1967.
* Herr Willy Brandt, the west German Foreign Minister, appealed to members of the alliance to give Germany a fair deal. The German people had earned the trust of its Nato allies. He deplored the con- demnations of Germany heard even among friendly nations. "" Remember that half the Germans living today were born after January 1, 1930 "", he said. They could not be saddled with the guilt of Hitler.
Dr. Schroder, the German Defence Mini- ster, as was to be expected, uttered a word of caution, emphasizing the permanence of the Soviet menace. His remarks were echoed by Dr. Luns, of the Netherlands, who said that, "" without United States sup- port, Europe would continue to exist only through Soviet tolerance "".
Mr. Dean Rusk, the American Secretary of State, gave an analysis of the interna- tional situation, with special emphasis on Vietnam. He did not seek, as it was sug- gested he would, additional support from America's Nato allies in the prosecution of the war.
TIME NEEDED FOR
E.E.C. ENTRY
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 15
M. Jean Rey, a member of the commis- sion of the European Economic Com- munity, said here today that negotiations for British entry would take a certain time. It would be difficult for all the seven Gov- ernments concerned to give their final approval to British entry until a number of problems had b-en agreed on.
Addressing the Assembly of Western European Union during a debate on possible British entry to the European com- munities, M. Rey said he would be sur- prised if any British Government gave its approval before knowing what the obliga- tions would ba. As to the Six their Council of Ministers went into consider- able detail when negotiating.";"December 16, 1966";"";56816;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Brown sees Nato role in contacts with east";""
"";"['News']";"The heads of state or of govern- ment of tbe countries of the en- larged Community, meeting for the first time on October 19 and 20 in Paris, at the invitation of the President of the French Republic, solemnly declare:
At the moment wvhen enlarge- ment, decided in accordance with the rules in the treaties and with respect for, what the six original member states have already acliieved, is to become a reality and to give a new dimension to the Community;
At a time when world events are profoundly changing the idter- national situation:
Now that there Is a general desire for detente and cooperation in response to the interest and the wishes of all peoples;
Now that serious monetarv and trade problems require a starcb for lasting solutions that wilU favour growth with stability;
Now that many developing coun- tries see the gap widening between themselves and the industrial nations and claim with justifica- tion an increase in aid and a fairer use of wealth:
Now that the tasks of the Com- munity are growing, and fresh res- ponsibilities are being laid upon it, the time has come for Europe to recognize clearly the unity of its interests, the extent of its capa- cities and the magnitude of its luties; Europe must be able to make its voice heard in world affairs, and to make an original contrbution commensurate with its human, intellectual and material resources. It must affirm Its owYn views in international re- ' ations, as befits its mission to be open to the world and for progress neace and cooperation. To this end:
I The member states reaffirm their determination to base the development of their C6mmulnity E on democracy freedom of opinion, ~the free miovement of people and of ideas and participation by their peoples through their freely elected representatives.
iI The member states are deter- mnined to strengthen the Comi- munity by establishing an economic and monetary union, the guarantee of stability and growth. the foun- dation of their solidarity and the indispensable basis for social pro- gress. and by ending disparities .between the regions;
aii Economic expansion is not an end in itself. Its first aim should be to enable disparities in living conditions to be reduced. It must take place with the par- ticipation of all the social partners. It should result in an improvement in the quality of life as well ac in standards of living. As befits the genius of Europe, particular atten- tion wilU be given to intaugt *le values and to protecting the en- vironment, so that Progress mav .really b put at the service of mankind ;
iv The Community is well aware of the problem presented by cdin- tinuing underdevelopment in the world. It affirms Its determination within the framework of a world- wide policy towards the developing countries, to increase its effort in aid and technical assistance to the least favoured people. It will take particular account of the concerns of those countries towards which, through geography, history and the commitments entered into by the Community, it has specific responsibilities
v The Community reaffirms its determination to encourage the development of international trade. This -determination applies to all countries without exception.
The Community is ready to par. ticipate, as soon as possible, in the open-minded spirit that it has already shown, and accordiilg to the procedures laid down by the IMF (International Monetary Fund] and the Gatt (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade] in negotiations based on the principle of reciprocity. These should make it possible to estab- lish, in the monetary and commer- cial fields, stable and balanced economic relations, in which the interests of- the developing coun-
tries must be taken fully into account.
vi The member states of the Community, in the interests of good neighbourly relations which should exist among all European countries whatever their regime, affirm their determination to pur- sue their policy of detente and of peace with the countries of Eastern Europe, notably on the occasion of the conference on security and cooperation in' Europe, and the establishment on a sound basis of a wider economic and human cooperation;
vii The construction of Europe will allow it, in conformity with Its ultimate political objectives to affirm its personality while remain- ing faithful to its traditional friendships and to the alliances of the member states, and to estab- lish its position in world affairs as a-distinct entity determined to promote a beter international equilibrium, respecting the prin- hiples of the Charter of the United N~ations. The member states of the Community, the driving force of European construction, affirm their intention to transform before the end of the present decade the Whole complex of their relations into a European union.
Economic and
monetary questions
i The heads of state or of gov- ernment reaffirm the determination of the member states of the en- larged European Communities irre- versibly to achieve the economic and monetary union, confirming all the elements of the instruments adopted by the Council and by the representatives of member states or. March 22, 1971, and March 21, 1972.
The necessary decisions should be taken in the course of 1973 so as to allow the transition to the second stage of the economic and monetary union on January 1, 1974, and with a view to its completion not later than Deceniber 31, 1980.
The heads of state or government reaffirmed the principle of paralel progress in the different fields of the economic and monetary union.
2 They declared that fixed but adjustable parities between their currencies constitute an essential basis for the achievement of the union and expressed their deter- mination to set up within the Com- munity mechanisms for defence and mutual support which would enable member states to ensure that they are respected.
They decided to Institute before April 1, 1973, by solemn instru- ment, based on the EEC treaty, a European Monetary Cooperation Fund which will be administered by the Committee of Governors of Central Banks within the context of general guidelines on economic pOlicy laid down by the Council of Ministers. In an initial phase the fund will operate on the following bases:
Concerted action amnong the cen- tral baniks for the purposes of narrowing the margins of fluctiua- tion between their cuhrrencies;
The multilateralization of posi- tions resulting from interventions in COmmunitY currencies and the multilateralization of ' intra.Com- munity settlements;
The use, for this Purpose of a European morqetary unit of account;
The administration of short-term monetary support among the cen- tral banks;
The very short-term financing of the agreement on the narrowibg of margins and short-term monetary support will be regrouped in the fuld under renovated mechanism - to this end, short-term support will be adjusted on the technical plane without modifying its essential characteristics and in particular without modifying the consultation procedures they involve.
The competent bodies of the Community shall submit reports:
Not later than September 30, 1973; on the adjustment of short- term support;
Not later than December 31, 1973; on the conditions for the pro- gressive pooling of reserves.
3 The heads of state or of gov- ernment stressed the need to co- ordinate more closely the economic policies of the Community and for this purpose to introduce more effective Community procedures.
Under existing economic condit- ions they consider that priority should be given to the fight against inflation and to a return to price stability. They instructed their competent ministers to adopt, on the occasion of the enlarged Coun- cil of October 30 and 31, 1972, pre- cise measures in the various fields which lend themselves to effective and realistic short-term action to- wards these objectives and which take account of the respective situ- ations of the countries of the en- larged Community.
4 The heads of state or of gov- ernment express their determina- tion that the member states of the enlarged Community should contri- bute by a common attitude to direc- ting the reform of the international monetary system towards the intro- duction of an equitable and dur- able order.
They consider that this system should be based on the following principles:
Fixed but adjustable parities
The general convertibility of currencies
Effective International regulation of the world supply of liquidities
A reduction in the role of nat- ional currencies as reserve instru- ments
The effective and equitable func- toning of the adjustment process
Equal rights and duties for all participants in the system.
The need to lessen the unstabiliz- ing effects of short-term capital movements.
The taking Into account of the interests of the developing coun- tries.
Such a system would be fully compatible wvith the achievement or the economic and monetary union.
Regional policy
S The heads of state or of gov- ernment agreed that a high pri- ority should be given to the aim of correcting, in the Community, the structural and regional imbalances which might affect the realization of economic and monetary union.
The heads of state or of govern- ment Invite the Commission to prepare vithout delay, a report analysing the regional problems which arise in the enlarged Com- munity and to put forward appro- priate proposals.
From now on they undertake to coordinate their regional policies. Desirous of directing that effort towards finding a Community solution to regional problems, they invite the Community instf- tutions to create a Regional Devel- opment Fund. This will be set up before December 31, 1973, and will be financed, from the beginning of the second phase of economic and monetary union, from the Community's own resources. In- tervention by the fund in coordi- nation with national aids should permit, progressively with the realizati6n of economic and mone- tary union, the correction of the main regional imbalances in the enlarged Community and particu- larly those resulting from the pre- ponderance of agriculture and from industrial change and struc- tural underemployment.
Social policy
6 The heads of state or heads of government emphasized that they attached as much importance to vigorous action in the social field as to the achievement of the eco- nomic and monetary union. They thought it essential to ensure the increasing involvement of labour and management in the economic and social decisions of the Com- munity. They invited the institu- tions. after consulting labour and management, to draw up, between now and January 1, 1974. a t'ro- gramme of action providing for concrete measures and the cor- responding resources particularly In the framework of the Social Fund, based on the suggestions made In the course of the confer-
ence by heads of state and beads of government and, by the Com- mission.
This programme should aim, in pafticular, at carrying out a co- ordinated policy for employment and vocational training, at iniprov- ing working conditions and condi- tions of life, at closely involving workers in the progress of firms, at facilitating on the basis of the situation in the different countries the conclusion of collective agree- ments at European level in appro- priate fields aud at strengthening and coordinating measures of con- sumer protection.
Industrial, scientific and technological policy
7 The heads of state or of gov- ernment consider it necessary to seek to PstaDlish a single industrial base for the Community as a whole.
This involves the elimination of technical barriers to trade as well as the elimination, particularly in the fiscal and legal fields, of barriers which hinder closer rela- tions and mergers between firms, the rapid adoption of a European company statute, the progressive and effective opening up of public sector purchases, the pro- motion on a European scale of competitive firms in the field of high technology, the transforma- tion and conversion of declining Industries, under acceptable social conditions, the formulation of measures to ensure that mergers affecting firms established in the Community are In harmony with the economic and sodal aims of the Community, and the mainte- nance of fair competition as much within the Common Market as in external markets in conformity with the rules laid down by the treaties.
Objectives will need to be de- fined and the development of a common policy in the field of science and technology ensured. This policy will require the co- ordination, within the institutions of the Community, of national policies and joint implementation of projects of interest to the Community.
To this end, a programme of action together with a precise timetable and appropriate mea-
sures should be decided by the. Community's institutions, before January 1, 1974.
Environment policy
8 The heads of state or of government emphasized the Im- portance of a Community environ- mental policy. To this end they Invited the Community institu- tions to establish, before July 31, 1973, a programme of action accompanied by a precdse time- table.
Energy policy
9 The heads of state and heads of government deem it necessary to invite tile Community institu- tlons to formulate as soon as pos- sible an energy policy guarantee- ing certain and lasting supplies under satisfactory economic con- ditious.
External relations
10 The heads of state or of gov- ernment affirm that their efforts to construct their Community attair their full meaning only in so far as member states succeed in acting together to cope with the growving world responsibilities incumbent on Europe.
11 The heads of state or of gov- ernment are convinced that the Community must, without detract- ing from the advantages enjoyed by countries with which it has special relations, respond even more than in the past to the expectations of all the developing countries;
With this in view, it attacl4es essential importance to the policy. of association as confirmed in the Treaty of Accession and to the fulfilment of its commitments to the countries of the Mediterranean
basin wvith which agreements have been or will be concluded, agree- ments which should be the subject of an overall and balanced approach.
In the same perspectlve, in the light of the results of the Unctad [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development] confer- ence and in the context of the development strategy adopted by the United Nations, the institutions of the Community and member states are invited progressively to adopt an overall policy of develop- ment cooperation on a worldwvide scale, comprising, in particular, the following elements:
The promotion in appropriate cases of agreements concerning the primary products of the develop- ing countries with a view to arriv- ing at market stabilization and an increase in their exports:
The improvement of generalized preferences with the aim of achiev- ing a steady increase in imports of manufactures from the developing countries;
In this connexion the Community institutions will study from the be- ginning of 1973 the conditions which will permit the achievement of a substantial growth target.
An increase in the volume of offidcal financial aid.
An improvement in the finandal conditions of this aid, particularly in favour of the least developed countries, bearing in mind the recommendations of the OECD [Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development] deve- lopment assistance committee
These questions wvill be the sub ject of studies and decisions in good time during 1973.
12 With regard to the industrial countries, the Community is deter- mined, in order to ensure the har monious development of world trade:
To contribute, while respecting what has been achieved by the Community, to a progressive liberalization of international trade by measures based on reciprocity and relating to both tariffs and non-tariff barriers
To maintain a constructive dia- logue with the United States, Japan Canada and its other industrialized trade partners in a forthcoming spirit, using the most appropriate methods.
In this context the Community attaches major importance to the multilateral negotiations in the con text of Gatt wvhich it will partic- pate in in accordance 7ith its earlier
To this end, the Community institutions are invited to decide not later than July 1, 1973, on a glfobal approach covering all aspects
The Community hopes that an progreallow these negotiationstob
completed in 1975.e
It confirms its desire for the full participation of the* developing countries in the preparation and
vhich should take dune account of the interests of those countries.
Furthermore, having regard to the agreements concluded with the Efta [European Free Trade Asso- ciation] countries wvhich are not members, the Community declares its readiness to seek with Norway a speedy solution to the trade prob- lems facing that country in its relations with the enlarged Com- munity.
13 In order to promote detente in Europe, the conference reaffirmed its determination to follow a common commercial policy towards the countries of Eastern Europe with effect from January 1, 1973; member states declared their determination to promote a policy of cooperation, founded on reciprocity, with these countries.
This policy of cooperation Is, at the present stage, closely linkc- w%ith the preparation and progress of the conference on security and cooperation in Europe to wvhich the enlarged Community and its mem- ber states are called upon to im:ake a concerted and constructive con- tribution.
14 The heads of state or of government agreed that political
cooperation between 'the menrher states of the Community on foreign policy matters had begun weli and should be still further improved. They agreed that consultations should be intensified at all levels and that the Foreign Ministers should in future meet four times a year instead of twice for this pur- pose. They considered that the aim of their cooperation was to deal with problems of current interest and, where possible, to formulate common medium and long-term positions, keeping in mind, inter alia, the international political implications for and effects of Community policies under construction. On matters which have a direct bearing on Com- munity activities, close contact will be maintained with the institutions of the Community. They agreed that the Foreign Ministers should produce, not later than June 30, 1973, a second report on methods of improving political cooperation in accordance wvith the Luxembour- report.
Reinforcement of institutions
IS The heads of state or govern- ment recognized that the structures of the Community had proved themselves, though they felt that the decision-making procedures and the functioning of the institut- ions should be improved, in order to make them more effective.
The Community institutions and, where appropriate, the representa- tives of the governments of mem- ber states are invited to decide be- fore the end of the first stage in the achievement of the economic and monetary union, on the basis of the report which the Commis- sion, pursuant to the resolution of March 22, 1971, is to submit before May 1, 1973 ; on the measures re- lating to the distribution of com- petences and responsibilities among the Community institutions and member states wvhich are neces- sary to the proper functioning of an economic and monetary union.
They felt it desirable that the date on which meetings of national cabinets were normally held shnuld be the same so that the Council of the Communities could organize Itself with a more regular timetable.
Desiring to strengthen the powers of control of the European Parlia- mentary Assembly, independently of the date on which it will be elec- ted by universal suffrage under Article 138 of the Treaty of Rome, and to make their contribution to- wards improving its working con- ditions, the heads of state or gov- ernment, while confirming the de- cision of April 22, 1970. of the Council of the Communities, in- vited the Council and the Commis- sion to put into effect without de- lay the practical measures designed to achieve this reinforcement and to improve the relations both of the Council and of the Commission with the Assembly.
The Council will, before June 30, 1973, take practical steps to im- prove its decision-making pro- cedures and the cohesion of Com- munity action.
They invited the Community In- stitutions to recognize the right of the economic and social committee in future to advise on its own iit- iative on all questions affecting the Community.
They were agreed in thinking that, for the purpose in particqlar of carrying out the tasks laid down in the different programmes of action, it wvas desirable tolmake the widest possible use of all the dispo- sitions of the treaties, including Article 235 of the EEC treaty.
European union
16 The heads of state 6r govern- ment, having set thems'elves the major objective of transforming, before the end of the present de- cade, and wvith the fullest respect for the treaties already signed, the whole complex of the relations of member states into a European union, request the institutions '6f the Community to draw up a report on this subject before the end of 1975 for submission to a summit conference.";"October 23, 1972";"";58612;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Full text of the communique from the Paris meeting of the Nine";""
"";"['News']";"MR. SELWYN LLOYD, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Wirral, C.). in a statement about the possibility of an agreement between the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and Spain for Germany to have military facili- ties on Spanish territory, said:-
I heard last month of this possibility. I made it clear that we thought that it would be wiser for Germany to seek the required facilities in countries which are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (Cheers.) That remains the view of her Majesty's GovernmenL
MR. GAITSKELL-There is wide- spread concern in all quarters of the House about this matter. (Cheers.) While we wel- come the statement so far as it goes, will the Foreign Secretary as soon as possible make a further and fuller statement ?
is it the Foreign Secretary's opinion that this is essentially a matter which only N.A.T.O. can decide ? If so. how does it come about that without any discussion within N.A.T.O. the German authorities apparently have begun to negotiate this agreement ? Can he assure us that within N.A.T.O. itself the Government will do everything in their power to prevent the agreement coming off ?
DIVERSE STATEMENTS
MR. LLOYD.-So far as a fuller state- ment is concerned, there are 10 questions on this subject down for me for Monday.
One of the difficulties is to know exactly what is the present position. I am doubtful whether there are. in fact, any proposals. let alone an agreement Certainly N.A.T.O. has not considered the matter at all. which it would have to.
MR. GAITSKELL.-If N.A.T.O. has not considered it, should a matter of this kind not first of all go to N.A.T.O. ? Is that not the general understanding, at least ? Is it not implicit in the Paris Agreement that matters of this kind would first have to be approved by the N.A.T.O. Council before Germany acted independently ?
MR. LLOYD.-My view is that the specific proposals should go to N.A.T.O. first, but I do not think there are specific proposals here.
MR. HEALEY.-If these negotiations succeed. is not Germany sabotaging the provisions of the Western European Union Treaty for control of her armaments ? Would the Foreign Secretary say whether The Tines is right in reporting this morning from Bonn that the German Government concealed its contacts with Spain on this issue for two months before acquainting the N.A.T.O. Council, and that Herr Strauss flagrantly flouted the advice of General Norstad in sending a three-man mission to Spain last week ? Is not this kind of conduct calculated to undermine western confidence in Ger- many's loyalty to the alliance ?
MR. LLOYD.-Those are the kind of detailed questions which I shall endea- vour to answer on Monday. At present there are a number of statements, some apparently official and some inspired, coming out from a number of capitals in Europe.
ARMS MANUFACTURE
AGAINST SPIRIT OF
PARIS TREATY
VICE - ADM. HALLETT (Croydon, North-East, C.).-Surely W.E.U. is affected by this even more immediately than N.A.T.0 ? The position of all the signa- tory Powers is the same in one respect-
that any base established on the mainland of Europe must be open to visits from members of the control agency
Has this position been made clear to the Spanish Government, and would it agree to such visits ?
MR. LLOYD.-If I am being asked to interpret the Brussels Treaty, I would say at present that I am disposed to think my hon. and gallant friend has put it right- that bases in Europe should be inspected by the Arms Control Agency. It is a relevant factor to this project if it ever comes to anything.
""FLAGRANT BREACH""
MR. ARTHUR HENDERSON (Rowley Regis and Tipton, Lab.).-Would the Foreign Secretary make it clear that the Government do not share the view ex- pressed in TiKe Times this morning that the Federal Government of Germany, if it takes steps to manufacture rockets and nuclear weapons in Spain, would not be in breach of the Paris Agreement of 1954 ? Surely it would be a flagrant breach if the Federal Government sought to manufac- ture nuclear weapons in Spain.
MR. LLOYD.-I think it certainly would be quite contrary to the spirit of the agreement.
SIR THOMAS MOORE (Ayr, C.).-Am I right in my recollection that no protest was made when the United States which is also a partner in the alliance established bases in Spain, and did so unilaterally ? If so, why the protest now, when the same action has bcen taken by another member of the alliance?2
MR. MANUEL (Central Ayrshire. Lab.) -Blackshirt.
MR. LLOYD.-I still stick to the terms of my answer, that it would be wiser for the Federal Republic to seek these facili- ties in countries which are members of the alliance.
BILBAO PROJECT
MR. ROBERT EDWARDS (Bilston. Lab.).-Is the Foreign Secretary aware that negotiations are well advanced for the building in Bilbao of a German missile establishment, and that in Bilbao this fact is well known; that there are three very large bases in Spain outside the control of N.A.T.O.; and that the Americans are now shifting a base from Morocco into Spain ?
Would he not agree that the whole of the Mediterranean apparently is going to be defended from a Fascist country, although this defence is supposed to be to protect western democracy ? (Prolonged Opposition cheers.)
Would the Foreign Secretary agree that you cannot defend human freedom from a country where human freedom has been blacked out for the last 20 years ? (More cheers.)
MR. LLOYD.-So far as United States bases are concerned, that goes far wide of the statement I made.
Regarding the point about the con- struction of some factory for making mis- siles in Bilbao, I was not aware of it and will inquire into it.
As to the general question of our policy towards Spain and our capacity to influ- ence Spanish policies, I would ask mem- bers of the OpPosition to consider whether their way of doing it is the right way. I should have thought that the experience of 1936 and the effect that had on the internal affairs of Spain would have been a lesson.";"February 26, 1960";"";54705;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain Stands On Advice To Germany";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, Snpr. 16
The Assembly of tl;e Council of Europe, challenged by the pace set by the coal and steel community, began to-day to collect its thoughts on the immediate future. As the answer to what extent it will persist in bringing European political unity within reach lies fundamentally not with itself but with the smaller -community, the debaters could not reach down to the roots of such unity, but dealt rather with ways that would give Britain, and incidentally this larger Assembly, a share in such developments.
Signor De Gasperi, the Italian Prime Minister, spoke first, in the presence of Mr. Eden, M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, and M: Bech, the Luxembourg Foreign Minister. He ex- pressed what is probably a fairly general feeling towards Mr. Eden's speech last night by saying that be had listened to it
with very special satisfaction."" The British proposal could, he thought, breathe new life into the Council. In saying this he was tacitly admitting that the fortunes of the Council and the fottunes of Britain coincide in the new situation.
There was no necessity for Signor De Gasperi to speak primarily for the Council because his country is one of the inner six round which events are now revolving, but be chose to do so. The tone of his speech was that the speed of a convoy is that of the slowest ship; Italy does not desire that the more heavily laden. or smaller ships be left behind.
FORMS OF COLLABORATION
He said that it was difBicult to make hard and fast rules about forms of collaboration between the Council and the inner com- munities, but it was round the European Defence Community that federal or confederal links must be formed. Conversely, without a political authority the defence community could not stand fast in the face of life and death issues: The number of divisions avail- able was not all that mattered; the moral and social factors, the spirit underlying the political structure, were also vital.
He agreed with Mr. Eden that the aim of European union must be to safeguard the X democratic way of life, to show patience and
understanding. Differences must not be sharpened, they must be minimized. Military efforts could not be joined without coordina- tion also in labour and economics, in search of a Customs union, a single currency, and a unified market. There must be a compromise between the juridical spirit of the Latin races and British pragmatism. Having said this, Signor De Gasperi switched from general argu- mnents to a most pointed particular case, and said that Europeanization of the Saar was a test from which the first practical solutions would emerge.
LABOUR AND LIBERAL FEARS
The views of a member of the British Labour Party on the approach now taken by the British Government were given by Mr. Gordon-Walker, who said that it would be a mistake to press the Eden plans for associa- tion between the Council and any new con- tinental instruments to the point of making them a condition of British association. The future of the Council. would depend on the political energy put into it, and there was a danger of this being drained off by the exciting creation of other forms. He had no doubt that links between the United Kingdom and continental forms would be found, for the Schuman plan, the European Defence Com- munity, and the propbsed political authority were far more inter-Goverrmiental in character,
Irather than supra-national, than had first been envisaged.
A major sbift of power, Mr. Gordon:Walker continued, was in progress in Europe. A new ahd powerful Germany was arising and this conditioned the whole significance of what was called- "" Lietle. Europe."" There were some who wished to build a Little Europe in order to exclude Britain from the affairs of the Continent. There were also some who were highly suspicious of American influence and were:irtspired by the hope of building a third independent and neutralist force in the world. In such a motive would lie the end of Europe, which Was still in great danger and could not protect itself alone.
The same fear of a "" Little Federation
standing alone and creating a new division was expressed by Lord Layton, a member of the Liberal Party, and he also referred to Potential Germian domination. Both these British representatives remarked that they were speaking frankly; and they undoubtedly were on ground on which the continental speakers hesitated to speak, but which, because their countries either stand.to gain or to suffer from such a development, must be in their minds;
AMERICAN INFLUENCE
These thoughts do not represent a revival in full of the old adage of Britain keeping the balance of power in Europe, because, as Mr. Gordon-Walker reminded the Assembly, the American influence and the Atlantic com- munity overshadow and encompass all. They show rather that the British parties at Strasbourg in essence agree that there can be no rigid line betwe-n the Council of Europe, including as it does Britain, and the new com- munities. This argument was used by M. Monnet, speaking here last week as chairman of the coal and steel High Authority. He added then that it would be just as much a mistake to mix them up, and he now considers that Mr. Eden's speech yesterday reflected the same approach
Mr. Eden had luncheon with M. Schuman to-day and this evening saw Commonwealth observers to the Council. The communiqlJ
issued last night after his talk with Signor De Gasperi confirmed that Trieste was among the subjects brought up, and the Italian Prime Minister took the opportunity to make his case before Mr. Eden goes to Yugoslavia. It is understood that Britain, the United States, and France lately suggested to Italy and Yugoslavia that a fresh attempt to settle this issue would be timely, but no approach from either side followed.";"September 17, 1952";"";52419;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political Unity In Europe";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
GENEVA, APRIL 13
M. Moch, the leader of the French delegation to the disarmament confer- ence, to-day quoted the Entente Cordiale as an example of the sort of relationship that ought to exist among all nations. He said of General de Gaulle's state visit: ""The sublimity of thought, the community of ideas, the magnificence of the reception, as you know, profoundly moved the British and French peoples, linked for more than half a century in that Entente Cordiale which they would like to see made universal.""
The centre-piece of M. Moch's speech was a general appeal for agreement on the prevention of nuclear war. Peace could not be achieved until fear had been abol- ished. Before anyone proclaimed uncon- trollable moral prohibitions (which is what the Soviet Union has proposed), nuclear aggression should be made physically im- Possible. Moral prohibitions could crown the edifice of disarmament, but not serve as its foundation.
FIRST STAGE
The French delegate warned the con- ference that, if agreement were not reached soon, there would be no hope of keeping nuclear weapons out of the hands of other nations which ""would not be elements of stability and peace."" With perhaps uncon- scious irony, considering the publicity which has attended the French tests, he said: ""Let us leam from tests that have been carried out without outside help the vanity of so-called military secrets, however care- fully they may be guarded. Let us realize that no one can keep Prometheus long enchained.""
M. Moch began by saying that he did not want to indulge in Polemics on the eve of the Easter recess, but merely to state the French position. Later in his speech. he put the western view of the purpose of the disarmament conference, saying: "" The nations of the world do not expect us to achieve all the aims of an idea disarma- ment all at once . . . but they can expect us to outline at any rate the first stage on the road, and not to prolong abstract and sterile debate.""
The only other speaker at to-day's session was Mr. Mezincescu (Rumania), who defended the Soviet proposal for a solemn declaration by the great Powers that they would not be the first to use nuclear weapons. He said that the west mistrusted moral and juridical prohibitions. This, however, would be no more than a solemn declaration of intention by the nuclear Powers. A sincere declaration of this kind would be "" of the highest import- ance for achieving considerable progress towards the re-establishment of confidence.""
MR, ZORIN'S PRINCIPLES
In a Press statement issued afterwards Mr. Eaton (United States) said of Mr. Mezincescu's remarks: ""All that such a pious statement would accomplish would be to deceive the world and expose weaker countries to the onslaught of aggressive Powers.""
The western delegates have taken another of their periodic reviews of the prospects. The two events outside the con- ference most likely to affect their course are the Foreign Ministers' discuissions in Washington, aad the summit meeting.
For the past few days the sessions have been domiated by discussion of Mr. Zorin's five principles, and in private con- versation the Russians express what sounds like genuine puzzlement that the west has
not yct put forward the samc kind of thing
what they describe as a "" definition "" of seneral and complete disarmarritnt.
The west has not Yet abandoned the idea of proposing a rival set of principles, but, if it does so, they will be general, hypothetical statements of the conditions that any disarmament measure must fulfil. One possibility is that something oR these lines will be put to Mr. Khrushchev at the summit.
There is still a wavering hope that the Soviet Union will offer to discuss partial disarmament measures-without strings. The west may have to wait a long time for this, in spite of the optimism expressed in American circles yesterday, and the western delegates are obviously worried at the possibility that public opinion may build up against them at home while they are waiting.
AIM OF TACTICS
That, it is said, is the object of Mr. Zorin's tactics. There are at least four points on which there is some hope that a partial agreement could be reached.
(i) the western proposals on observation and inspection for the prevention of surprise attack-the only part of the western plan that no Soviet block delegate has yet rejected;
(ii) a reduction of conventional forces; (iii) the exclusion of weapons of mass destruction from outer space;
(iv) the elimination of the means of delivering atomic warheads.
All these could be achieved with reason- ably limited measures of control. It is not thought that there is much hope at present of reaching agreement on the transfer of fissile material from military to peaceful uses, as this would require inspectors and controllers at every point in the network of a country's nuclear industry, and the Soviet Union does not seem ready to open its doors as wide as that.
BONN REJECTS ARMS
ALLEGATIONS
REPLY TO MOSCOW
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr
BONN, APRIL 13
In a Note handed yesterday to Mr. Smirnov, the Soviet Ambassador, the Federa4l Government said that its renunoiation of the right to manufac- ture heavy weapons, above all atomic, biological, and chemical weapons, was irrevocable, and exccption would be made onily if N.A.T.O. recognized the military necessity for common defence and if Western European Union agreed.
The Note rejected the allegations in the Soviet Note of December 14 that arma- ment of the Bundeswehr had been accelerated and that the Federal Govern- ment had made use of its membership of W.E.U. and N.A.T.O. to increase its military strength. The Federal Govern- ment had voluntarily subjected itself to a limitation of forces and the armament control of W.E.U
It was far ahead of members of the Warsaw Pact on the road to relaxation of tension. It considered it odd that the Soviet Government should nevertheless accuse it of seeking to give impetus to the armaments race. The Federal Govern- ment was prepared to take part in any disarmament conference.";"April 14, 1960";"";54746;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Disarmament Points On Which East And West Might Agree";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
Twenty-one people, including the captain and six other players of the Manchester United football team and eight British sports journalists, were killed yesterday when a B.E.A. Eliza- bethan airliner bringing the team home from Belgrade crashed just after taking off from Riem Airport, Munich, in a heavy snowstorm. The airliner caught fire after hitting buildings on the edge of the airport.
The following is a list of the dead:- Players and Officials:
R. W. Bvrne (captain); M. Jones (centre-half); W. Whelan (inside right); E. Colman (right half); T. Taylor (centre forward); G. Bent (left- back); D. Pegg (outside left); W. Crickmer (team secretary); W. Satinoff (director); H. Whalley (coach); and P. H. Currie (trainer). Journalists:
F. Swift (News of the World); T. Jackson (Manchester Eveninzg Newvs); A. Ledbrooke (Daily Miror); H. D. Davies (Manchester Guardian); E. Thompson (Daily Mail); H. Rose (Daily Express); G. Follows (Daily Herald); and A. Clarke (Manchester Evening Chronicle). Others:
W. T. Cable (steward); and B. P. Miklos (travel agent).
The following were admitted to hospital: -
Players and officials:-
Matt Busby (manager); A. Scanlon (outside-left); J. Blanchflower (centre- half); D. Edwards (left-half); D. Viollet (inside-left); J. Berry (outside- right); Ray Wood (goalkeeper); K. Morgans (outside-right); and Bobby Charlton (inside-right). Others: -
Captain K. G. Rayment (Chief Officer, B.E.A.); Radio Officer George Rodgers; Mrs. Miklos (wife of travel agent); Mrs. Vera Lukic (wife of Yugoslav military attache, London) and infant daughter; Mrs. Nebojsha Tomasevic, Yugoslav citizen; F. Taylor (News Chronicle).
The following were treated at hospital and allowed to leave:- Players: -
Billy Foulkes (right-back); and H.
Gregg (goalkeeper). Others:-
Captain J. Thain (pilot);
Stewardess Margaret Bellis:
Stewardess Rosemary Cheverton; P. Howard (Daily Mail); and E. Ellyard (Daily Mail).
MANAGER'S CONDITION
A doctor at the hospital in Munich told Reuter by telephone early to-day that Mr. Busby was being given blood transfusions, and, although his life was in danger, it was thought he would sur- vive the night. "" Everything is being done to save his life,"" the doctor said, but pointed out that Mr. Busby's con- dition was ' the most serious of all patients."" He was conscious but could not speak.
The doctor said two other injured passengers were in great danger, but he could not give their names.
The Elizabethan, chartered from B.E.A., had on board 38 passengers, two of them women and one a child, together with a crew of six. It had picked up the Manchester United players at Belgrade, after their European Cup match with Red Star, and had stopped to refuel at Munich.
MIr. A. H. Milward, Chief Executive of B.E.A., said in Munich last night: ""The aircraft came from Belgrade to Munich. It refuelled here and went out to the end of the runway and made two attempts at take-off, but the captain was not satisfied with one of his engines. He returned to the runway and had a con- sultation with the station engineer.
"" On the runway it was decided that the engines were entirely satisfactory. The aircraft then went out to the end of the runway again to take off. We are not certain that the aircraft became air- borne but we do know that it overshot the runway and hit a house 300 yards from the end of the runway with its port wing. It then veered to the right, hit a hut, and burst into flames. We do know that the casualties are: alive 23, dead 21.""
B. Foulkes and H. Gregg left hospital after being treated for minor head injuries; Ray Wood, goalkeeper, suffered bruises and flesh wounds; K. Morgans had concussion and suspected fractures; and Bobby Charlton slight head injuries.
Pictures on page 16.
MESSAGE FROM THE
QUEEN
""DEEPLY SHOCKED""
The Queen, in a message to the Mini- ster of Transport and Civil Aviation and to the Lord Mayor of Manchester, said: ""I am deeply shocked to hear of the accident to the plane carrying members of Manchester United Football Club and newspaper men back from Belgrade. Please convey my sympathy and that of my husband to the relatives of those who have been killed and to the injured.""
PRESIDENT TITO'S
SYMPATHY
As news of the air crash spread throughout Belgrade, frequent telephone. calls of inquiry and sympathy were made to the British Embassy. Later. telegrams began to arrive. some of them from remote village football clubs, with such remarks as: ""We share your deep sorrow."" President Tito sent this message to Mr. Macmillan: "" I am deeply moved by the news of the disaster, which is a heavy blow to British sport and to the English people. Allow me to express my deepest sympathy.""
The Red Star club, whom Manchester United had vanquished yesterday in the European Cup, has announced through its president that it intends to propose that Manchester United shall be declared the honorary European champions for this year.
""BLOW TO JOURNALISM""
Officials of the Manchester branch of the National Union of Journalists stated yesterday: "" The loss of these distin- guished sports writers is a grievous blow to journalism which will be felt keenly throughout the newspaper industry in general and in all walks of life in the north of England.
"" For many years each had his own regular following and will be missed by many thousands of readers as a trusted friend whose judgment they respected. All of them will be missed even more keenly by their fellow- journalists who worked beside them and knew them as personal friends. The sympathy of all newspaper men goes out to their relatives.""
Messages sharing in the mourning of the British sporting Press were received by the Press Association yesterday from the Roman Association of Sporting Journalists and from the Corriere dello Sport, Rome.
A Reuter message from Buenos Aires stated that the council of the Argentine Football Association held a special meeting last night to pay tribute to Manchester United and sent telegrams of condolence to the British Football Association, Manchester United, and the European Union of Football Associa- tions.";"February 7, 1958";"";54069;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Manchester United In Air Crash";""
"['From Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"From Charles Hargrove
±'arls, (Jct 19
The European summit con- ference chalked up a number of concrete decisions today that will take economic and mone- tary union a substantial step forward by the end of next yeat.
The nine heads of government also began to discuss social policy in the enlarged Com- munity in all aspects, with a view to changing the Com- rnunity's image among the pub- lic, and especially among the younger generation. It wants to show that it is not a purely technocratic organization dedi- cated to the defence of its mem- bers' material interests.
The agreement on monetary union concerned the creation of a European monetary fund, upon which President Pompi- dou placed great emphasis in his opening statement this morning. The Nine agreed to set up the fund by the begin- ning of April, 1973, through a solemn act of Government, and not merely by an accord be- tween central bank governors, in order to emphasize the im- portance they attach to the event.
They also decided that a report by central 'bank gov- ernors on the increase in the short-term resources of the fund (now amounting to only 1,400m units of account) should be sub-
mitted to them by September 30.
Finally, the central bank governors are also. called on to make proposals on the pooling of central bank resources. This report is to be handed in by December 31. 1973.
This agreement meets the expressly stated wishes of President Pompidou. It carried the approval of the'West Gaer- mans, who had, hitherto, been in two minds about giving the pro. posed European nmonetary fund more substance :unless it were accompanied by a substati&l degree of coordination of eco- nomic policies and anti-inflationi. ary measures.
This subject was also taken up this afteriioon, a?id the& fin- ance ministers were given ah imperative mandate, to produce at their meeting in Luxembourg on October 30 and 31 a set of proposals to combat inflation.
The Treasury spokesman des. cribed as ""rubbish"" reports that the British Government would announce a return of. sterling to a fixed. parity by the close of the Paris summit.
Herr Brandt, the West German Chancellor, tabled a memorandum on his. Govern- ment's approach to a European social policy. -
The memorandum goes into considerable detail on such matters as the setting up of a coordinated labour market
policy, with social safeguards, the improvement of conditions of work within the Community, the participation of employees in the policy and decision- making process of firms, and the examination at.a European level of the basic conditions for collective bargaining..
However, the memorandum also emphasized the problem's regional -and structural aspects, as well as the creation of effec- tive prdtection for environment and improvement, of the quality -of life.
The summit has, in the words Mr-Eeath, got off to a good -start. All the heads of govern- mient, assembled round the huge 6Oft table in the conference room at the Hotel Majestic, dis- played more boldness and vision than one had been led to expect
As it turned out, all the gov- ernment leaders showed in their opening statements that they were conscious of the need to propose to their peoples some- thing rather more attractive than a: mercantile EuroDe.
The Norwegian referendum result, according to Mr Biesheu- vel, the Dutch Prime Minister, in his reply to President Pompi- dou's speech of welcome, was -in this respect a warning.
""Life is not lived at the summit-"", he -emphasized, ""but at the level of daily cares. -If the impulse from above is not
understood at the base, if we do not succeed in making the. idea of Europe alive for our peoples and inspire younger generations, then we shall head for failure despite our apparent success.""
. President Pompidou agreed with M[r Biesheuvel.; By contrast with the conference at The Hague conference, where on the. first day he refused to commit himself, M Pompidou took the bull by the horns today and pro- posed the creation of a European union within the decade.
* Timidity, he said, would b.
doubly dangerous. It would delay the construction of Eilrro e and allow facts to precede the decision of Governments, so that a purely. mercantile Europe would be created ""which is not and must not be our aim
It was not natural, the French President said. to try to unite men and states whose whole past and interests often diverged. ""But there is no other way for our countries "", he added.
Britain is in a way the star turn of this conference. Its entry, and that of the other two candidate countries, gave Europe, in M Pompidou's words, ""a' new dimension""
After' outlining in detail all the concrete issues on which the summit should take a decision of principle, with spedal empha- sis on regional and industrial
policy, Mr Heath said: ""Our people will expect something more than this of the enlarged Community. They will seek from us some guidance, some evidence of concerted action, some sign that the Community means something for them, for their daily interests as well as their ultimate ideals.
- Our peoples, particularly the young, will not respond simply to economic -and monetary pre- scriptions, however important. WVe have to capture their irnagin. ations.. We must show that the CDommunity exists,. above all, for the people of Europe . . . that the Europe we build is no empty monument, no bureau- cratic blueprint, but a living democratic sOciety .. .We must recapture our European voice.""
The conference will break new ground in regional and social policy. Mr Heath said the heads of government should call for a study to be nmade by mid-1973 with a decision to come into effect by the beginning of 1974, on ""regional unemployment and other consequences of industrial change "".
An effective regional policy, in his view, was the only way to correct the imbalances which trould inevitably arise betwveen different regions as the Comn- mnunity moved towrards monetary union.
Summit reports, pages 6 and 7";"October 20, 1972";"";58610;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"President Pompidou calls for union within the decade";""
"['From DAVID HOTHAM']";"['News']";"From DAVID HOTHAM-
Bonn, July 16
General de Gaulle's visit to Bonn this wveek, though treated with some scepticism by the German and French press, was considered as a definite success by both Governments. The Franco- German treaty, which had been virtually a dead letter since its creation in 1963, is now alive, and a serious new factor to be reckoned with in the capitals of the west.
Is Germany becoming "" Gaullist ""? There is no doubt that the Ameri- cans are worried now by this prospect. Their annoyance with Bonn is symbolized by the sudden cancel- lation of the visit to Germany of Mr. McNamara, the Defence Secretary, which is said to have been ordered personally by President Johnson. The fact that Dr. Kiesinger, the west German Chancellor, post- poned his first visit to the United States (officially on account of the German ""financial crisis"") until after he had met President de Gaulle, did not pass unnoticed in Washing- ton
Army cuts
The Americans feel that the Kiesinger Government is coming in- creasingly under the influence of General de Gaulle. In Bon-n this 'week the General drank a toast to German reunification, and appears to tave convinced both the Chancellor and Herr Brandt. the Foreign Ilinister, that he can one day per- suade the Russians, by some still niysterious process, that Germany should be reunited
Washington is not merely irritated by the German Government's appar- ent decision, without consulting its allies, to rut the strength of the Gernan Army by 60.000 men, instead of increasing it by 48,000 men, as had been foreseen by Nato plan- ning. They fear something more than this: namely that the Germans, under French influence, arc swinging away from the "" Atlantic concept "" to which thev have been faithful for 20 v-ars.
When. in the plenary session of thc Franco-German meeting, General de Gaulle spoke at length about
American hegemony"" in Europe, and the need to counteract it. no one on the German side, according to the oflicial briefings, seems to have made any effective reply.
Influence waning
The influence of Dr. Schrider. the Defence Minister and leader of the ' pro-American party"" in the Gelrman Cabinet. is probably now wNaning. At a reception last week in Bad Godesberg, watched by thousands of television viewers. this old opponent of President de Gaulle was dismissed by the General with the sort of handshake Louis XIV might have rescrved for a courtier in disgracc.
One has the feelig now that the GCcrmans are so mesmerized by the single word ""reunification"", that the Cieneral waved over them like a magician's rod, and by his flattering r eferences to them as ""a great people. with a great history"", that they are ready to stake everything on his advocacy to bring, them nearer to Moscow. It remains to be seen whether or not this proves "" the grand illusion"".
There are no signs yet that even the General can persuade the Rus- sians to end the division of Germany, even at the price of west Ger-nian re- cognition of the Oder-Neisse line, abandonment of the Halistein doc- trine, or even diplomatic relations withi east Berlin. although there is a vague theory in Bonn that "" one
day "" pressure from a nuclear China might force the Russians to do so
On the question of a European security conference, which came up during the talks, the Germans stiUl stand officially by Amnerican partici- pation in such a conference. But the agreement to embark on political and strategic talks with Paris on the problems of the 1970s, one of the most important results of the visit. was inevitably interpreted by the Americans as a German move away from the United States towards France.
Views on Britain
The other main subject of the plenary session was Britain, in which the General weighed in more strongly than ever before with argu- ments to prove that Britain is ' not European"". and to carry the Ger mans with him. Here again, there seems to have been silence from the Germans. Were they bowled over by the General's logic ?
According to French sources, at least one German Minister who was present during this tirade, a Social Democrat, it appears, said afterwards that he fully agreed with the General's views on this subject. The General's constant references to ""our Europe'""-that is, a Europe which belonged to the Six, and from which other countries were excluded -seems also to have gone un- challenged.
There is no reason to suppose that the latest thesis of M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, that European union on a wider basis might antagonize the Russians and prejudice the reunifica- tion of Germany, has found much support here, and in fact Herr Brandt rebutted it in Brussels. But a doubt must remain as to how many Germans in high places are in- fluenced by such arguments.
Integrated army
for Europe
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
B3ONN, JULY 16
An integrated European army would permit American iorces to withdraw gradually from Europe without the defence of the Continent being endangered, Herr Strauss, the west German Finance Minister, said in a radio interview here this morn- ing.
Herr Strauss said that he was opposed to any ""European security system "" which involved the dissolu- tion of Nato and the Warsaw Pact, because such an arrangement would leave the Soviet Union the domi- nating military power in Europe.
Ata American monopoly of nuclear weapons in the western alliance was ' not an ideal solution "". There should be a European nuclear force alongside the American force, but no German Governme,Lt should ever have control over this.
Herr Strauss said he was against any reduction in the strength of the west German armed torces. Cuts in the defence budget could be expressed by better organization with the same degree of strikhig power. he added.
In a newspaper intervtewv today Herr Strauss has also described as ' lies and malicious propaganda"" reports put out by the Gern1zv Defence Ministry that the Bundeswehr was to be cut by 60,000 men, implying that the reports had been spread by Dr. Schri3der, the De- fence Minister.
The two men arc old political enemies, and are reg&rded as the chief rivals for the succession to Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor.";"July 17, 1967";"";56995;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn under spell of de Gaulle";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 15
The broad hint of a possible reduc- tion of Russian armed forces, given by Mr. Khrushchev to the Soviet Commun- ist Party central committee on Friday and made public yesterday. is seen in Paris as a move to impress the western Foreign Ministers who have had a week- end of working meals in preparation for the ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council, which opens at the Paris headquarters tomorrow.
It is the kind of gesture that might help Mr. R. A. Butler, the British Forcign Sec- retary, in persuading his colleagues of the wisdom of maintaining the momentum of cast-wst contacts, a role to which Btitish diplomacy is felt to be suited during the pause in Washinston.
Mr. Butler has been talking about his idea of attending the resumed disarmament negotiations in Geneva if this enabled him to meet Mr. (iromyko. the Soviet Foreign Minister, simply for the purpose of getting to know him. He and his principal advisers conferred today with Mr. Dean Rusk, the American Secretary of State. whose first concern will be to give the alliance reassur- ances for the continuity of United States policies.
FRANCE PASSIVE
Indications from Washington suggest that there is less American reluctance than has been supposed to British soundings in Mos- cow; and though Mr. Butler found no change in French scepticism, M. Couve de Murville. the French Foreign Minister. Withw whom, he talked in the relaxed atmosphere- created recently at the meetings at The Hague of Western European Union, iS said to have seen nothing untoward in a personal encounter with Mr. (Iromyko on. the understanding that nothing was don- to commit the other allies-as if this wer- likely in an era of multilateralism.
These bilateral exchanges were extended to four-power talks tonight by the inclu- sion of Dr. Scbroder, the we,st Gmnana Foreign Minister, and it is in this fortum that the imN1ications of Mr. Kthrushchev's avowed contribution to the spirit of detente will have been most carefully weighed.
Any undue optimismn is qualkifid by the cautious opinion of Dr. Stilcker. the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, that the Moscow test ban treatY has improved the cLimate without having opened a neww era, as was proved by the incidents on the Berlinl Autobahn. In his customary preview of the miniisterial conference, which he saw essentially as an occasion for reflection andi consolidation. he cmphasized that the alliance must not be tempted to relax its, efforts.
C_onsultations held last night by the Am3erican. British, and French Ministers, accornpanied by their advis,ers, we,e devoted almost entirely to the situation inl south-east Asia. for which France is assuming a more authoritative role in the ligrht of General de Gaulle's recent interven- tion in Vietnam.
The exchange of views is said to have inspired no new proposals; but the three Mlinisters were at one in hoping that the present tension between Indonesia and; Malaysia would be reduced without violence. The British and French attitudes wvere more favourable than the American, towards Prince Sihanouk's call for an inter- nationlal conference on Cambodia
WASHtNGTON VISIT
M. Messmer, the French Minister for the Armed Forscs, is to go there next month. with a team of experts to discuss the Cam- bodian request for mnilitary equipmcnt. The vsiew in Paris is that aid may well be granted in western interests, as a mneans of preserving Cambodian neutrality from ten- dencies towards the communist blockc.
Mdr. Rusk is to call on President de Gaulle tomorrow and is thought to have a special m-essage frorn President Johnson bearing, presumably, on the misunderstanding that has arien about a future meeting of the two men. French officials by no means rule out the prospect of a meeting between February and June, but point out that the death of President Kennedy has removed the obligation undertaken by General de Giaulle. as a matter of protocol, to pay him a return visit in Washington. They suggest that Mr. Johnson, in the brief time he spent with him last month, was mistaken in assuming that he would be coming back to Washington.
Time and place have been left to be arranged at mutual convenience through
diplomatic channels, and the French pro- fess some hope that the two Presidents will indeed meet
The three-day session of the Atlanti
Council. wuicih is attended also by defence and finance Ministers. is expected to be unusualy quiet 'the hope is that a really constructive debate. initiaitd by Mr. l3utjer and Mr. Rusk. wiHl be poss.ble on the uresent and future shape of the alliance, free fromn the storm thiat G3eneral de Gaulle has looked like unleashins over his differing conce ioens of Nato strategy-not to say the w oe command structure.
NEW FLEXII3ILUY
Tlhe fact that the chiefs of staff on Friday could get through a two-day agenda in a few hours suggests that the evil day has been Put off; there are those who tbink that the French posItIon is more flexible than might be imnagined from the recent insistence that "" massive retaliation "" is the ody strategy to which France has subscribed or is willing to subscribe.
General de GauUe, in fact. is felt to have enough on his hands in the developing Common Market crisis, which threw its shadow over the wbekend ministerial meet- ing of the Council of Eiurope. Foreign Minsters of the six Comfthon Market countries, inhibited by the situation in Brussels. were mute during the exchanges about European unity and Atlantic partner- ship, but in spite of this the Mitisters ajrmed to an official statement emphasizing that the Council of Europe was the onfly Euro- pean organization providing a forum for the Common Market countries, the mem- bens of the EuroPean Free Trade Associa- tion, and most of the other states of free Europe. They also made an appreciative gesture to President Kennedy's proposal for PartnershiP between Europe and north America on a basis of complete equality.";"December 16, 1963";"";55885;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Khrushchev's hint opens new prospect";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Oct 22
F-or the European Commission, represented principally by Dr Sicco Mansholt, its president, the outcome of the Paris' summit was a mixture of success and failure.
Community sources regarded the main successes as: the emphasis on making the Com- munity more human in its appeal, and on the evolution of. a social policy; the confirmation of progress achieved earlier this year on the first phase of eco- nomic and monetary union; and the ending of doubts that such associated matters as regional, social and environmental policy come within the competence of the Commission and the Council of Ministers.
The chief disappointments were: the lack of specific com- mitments and decisions on pro- gress towards more democratic control and direct elections to the European Parliament; and the postponement of specific .commitments on aid to develop- ing countries.
Mr Gaston Eyskens, the Bel- gian Prime Minister, said for the first time real content had been given to the idea of a political Europe. ""There was agreement to create this political Europe by the end of the decade, just as The Hague summit (of 1969) agreed to create economic and monetary union "", he said.
Mr Pierre Werner, the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, said that the discussions had made it clear that the Community was still in a far from ideal condi- tion.
Sue Masterman writes from The Hague: Mr Biesheuvel, the outgoing Dutch Prime MWinister, has called the summit meeting ""a moderate success "". The long delay before the issue of the communique on Saturday was largely because of the Dutch refusal to agree to a date for the second phase of the European monetary union with- out a promise that the political and other Community institu- tions should be strengthened.
The resulting phrase ih the communiqu6, which states that decisions leading to the follow- ing phase of the monetary uniion should be taken dturing 1973. is acceptable to the Dutch because it does not pin them to a date and leaves room for argument.
The Dutch are generally pleased with what they see as a more "" human"" image for the Community now that more attention is to be paid to so,cial and regional policy on a Euro- pean scale.
Charles Hargrove writes from Paris: ""A good summit"", that is the prevailing French reaction to the Paris meeting. It was not a turning point in European history as President Pompidou had predicted, but sleither was it merely another step forward towards the ""Europe of mer- chants "".
M Pompidou had always in- sisted that he wanted the sum- mit to take straightforward, concrete, practical decisions, especially on economic and monetary union. This, most commentators agree, he succeeded in obtaining. As a counterpart, he made substan- tial concessions to the British on regonal policy, about which he was not unduly keen. He also accepted a more posi- tive definition of relations between the enlarged Com- munity and the United States than wvas implicit in his concept of a ""distinct European per- sonality "".
The question which occurs most frequently in French re- actions to the summit is whether on both the practical side and on the more distant political goals the heads of government set themselves de- cisions will be followed by action.,
M Alain Poher, the President of the Senate, and a lifelong European, declared yesterday: ! Europe did not suffer any setback. That is already some- thing. When one sets firm dates, it drives one to action. My past experience leads me, however, to wait and see if action follows "".
Everyone here admits that the summit proved least satis- factory in the matter of political cooperation. ""This European union which M Pompidou pro- poses for 1980 still appears very nebulous ' Le Mllonde wrote.
The left-ving independent Combat stated that the British had been the most effective par- ticipants in the summit.
Patricia Clough writes from Rome: The outcome of the summit wvas viewed with opti-
mism in Government circles here and considerable scepti- Cism in the press.
In the opinion of Signor Andreotti, the Prime Minister, it was the spirit of. the con- ference, more than anything else, that encouraged optimism.
Senator Giuseppe Medici, .he Foreign Minister, said it was a great adventure for the younger generations. The outcome of the summit would be ""a democratic Europe open to all the countries of the world; a Europe which wvill have its Parliament to exer- cise democratic control over the executive organs; a Europe such as we have thought about, such as our predecessors drbamed of.""
The Turin newspaper La Stampa suspected that the economic community may re- miain for much longer "" an economic giant and a political dwarf "".
Gretel Spitzer *vrites from Bonn: Herr Brandt said today that the most significant result of the European summit was that the enlarged Community con- firmed the will to achieve political union by the end of the decade. This, he said at a press conference, turned the project from a long-term into a medium- term one.
By the Paris meeting, the European Community with its nine members and 250,000,000 people, embarked on a phase of much broader activities than ever before. At the same time it took on itself the responsibility in world politics that in his opinion was due to it.
Herr Brandt emphasized the significance of the stronger con- t-rol functions which the Euro- pean Parliament will have in future. Of other resolutions, he said that they were first steps towards something that could be called a social union which would make millions of the work- ing population aware' of the Community's significance for them.
Dr Rainer Barzel, the Opposi- tion leader, described the Paris results as meagre. In an inter- view with Bild amz Zonntag he said it could only be hoped that the Paris statements would not remain void declamations, and that new impulses for European daily life would become notice- able. Europe had no time to lose, least of all in fighting inflation.";"October 23, 1972";"";58612;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC Commission impressed by emphasis on giving Europe a more human appeal";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OnTR AWNT (flrnuevlcnmNr
WASHINGTON, Nov. 17
Unusual interest is being taken in Wash- ington in the visit of M. Mendes-France, who arrived to-night from Ottawa and is to stay at Blair House until Saturday as the guest of the American Government.
He will see President Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles every effort will be made in these and other discussions to clarify the French position in world affairs which, it is felt, is often imperfectly appreciated in the United States, and in recent months, especially during the European Defence Community crisis, has been regarded with some petulance.
It wiU be good to hear the authoritative voice of France in Washington; it is not perhaps heard often enoukh. The air has been greatly cleared of course by the signing, of the Paris agreements, though after the experience with the E.D.C. treaty doubts may linger in the State Department and other quarters about the abiiity, or even the will, of M. Mendes-France to secure their ratification.
Unjustifiably hard things were said about his actions duhng the dying days of E.D.C. in quarters which should have known that a majority vote for the treaty had never existed in the. French National Assembly, or it would have been put to the test by previous Prime Ministers. American insistence on tbhe enlist- ment, almost at any cost, of a new German army in the defence of westerm Europe gave little heed to traditional French fears of a resurgence of German militarism, though some point is now being given to the contain- ment:of-this danger in the pronouncements by the President and Mr. Dulles.
RAISED EYEBROWS
The American public has not a clear picture of M. Mendes-France, who is probably regarded with mixed admiration and suspicion for the dramatic role he played at Geneva. Dispatches from Paris have tended to portray him as a shrewd negotiator, capable of driving a hard bargain; and there are plenty of raised eyebrows in some quarters at what is known of his attitude towards an understanding with Russia.
However, his rejection yesterday of Moscow's "" unrealistic "" attempt to forestall the Paris agreements was warmly welcomed here; and no doubt the main purpose of M. Mendes-France and his advisers will be to convince the United States, if it needed any convincing, that France stands as friendly as ever in the ranks of westem defence.
The discussions will range over a wide field, in which the problems of Indo-China and North Africa are outstanding; and, as Mr. Dulles has indicated, it also includes the renascent difficulties over the Saar agreements. Amherican aid for French forces in Indo-China, recently discussed,here by M. Guy Le Chambre, is still subject to a firm arrangement, but the occasion is perhaps best described as a "" good will nission.""
CANADIAN STATEMENT
OTrAWA, Nov. 17.-A joint communique issued by the Canadian External Affairs Department soon after M. Mendes-France left Ottawa said that discussions on trade relations between France and Canada would take place at an early date between officials of the two countries. There had been fuU agreement on the importance of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Westem European Union for strengthening western unity. The two sides were looking forward to the early ratification of the recent Paris agreements for rearming west Germany and her admittance to N.A.T.O. -Reuter.
AMERICAN AIM IN
S. VIET NAM
FROM OUR OWN CORESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 17
General Lawton Collins, President Eisen- hower's personal envoy in Indo-China, speak- ing to correspondents to-day in Saigon, appeared to pledge the support of the American Government entirely to the cause
of the present Prime Minister of southem Viet Nam, M. Ngo Dinh Diem.
It may be recalled that for two months there has been no political stability in southern Viet Nam, because of the quarrels and internecine arguments, in which the main protagonists have been M. Ngo Dinh Diem, on the one hand, and General Hinh, Chief of Staff of the Viet Namnese Army, on the other. General Collins said to-day that he "" approved completely "" all the statements of M. Ngo Dinh Diem and his programme, add- ing tnat American aid was given to the ""regular Government-that is, to the Govern- ment of M. Ngo Dinh Diem."" It was not his business to get miixed up in a quarrel betw,reen General Hinh and the Prime Minister, but -"" our aid will only be given tO an army faithful to its Government.""
"" NOT HOPELESS""
General CoUins said the situation was very serious, but not hopeless. If it had been hope- less, the United States Government would never have sent him to Indo-China. On the question of elections in Indo-China, as fore- seen by the Geneva agreements, he said that it was hoped that American aid would con- tribute towards persuading the whole Viet Namese population to vote in favour of the national Government against Communism.
In reply to questions. General CoUins ex- plained that he was studying with the help of the American military mission in. Indo- China, how to aid the Viet Namese Army. It was not their intention to change the present system immediately, or for the moment to displace French instructors. They hoped to do the same with the Viet Namese Army as they had been able to do in Greece and Korea. For the future they would be asking French instructors to work with them, the Americans. in close cooperation.
While General Collins was holding his Press conference this morning the Viet-minh radio was broadcastin a protest about his mission in Indo-China. The broadcast maintained that his aim was to sabotage the Geneva agree- ments by creating in southern Viet Nam mili- tary forces which had been forbidden by the agreements. General Collins and his advisers were "" plotting to create five or six divisions."" Under the cover of defending western interests French interests were being swept out of Indo- China, to be replaced by those of Washington.";"November 18, 1954";"";53092;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Part In World Affairs";""
"['David Watt']";"['News']";"?m 't.
o,,it
,.ML'A '..- . .1
Last week's ministerial and pria mentary meeting of the Western European Union in Rome was, as it was doomed to be, a symbolic success. There is an emerging consensus on both sides of the Atlantic that something ought to be done, to tengthen the ""European pillar"" of the alliance and that reyiYal of the moribund WEU is the most convenient way of ensuring the essential cooperation of France without unacceptable loss of face. t;ot much will actually happen, powever, unless a good deal more agreement exists tan at present -40ut what sort of an edifice the two killars are now meant to support. Clearly the short answer to this question is ""Nato"". But what sort of h Nato are we talking about?
The question cemes out with eaat clarity in Challenge to the Western Alliance C(imes Books, £8.95), published to 'mark Nato's 35th anniversary.
Broadly speaking there are two lines of approach: minimalist and maximalist. The first school of thought, to which many British officials and most military people in all the Nato countries subscribe is that the last thing Nato wants is a ""grand debate"".
There is no real Nato crisis because everybody agrees that the immediate military threat exists. The problems are mainly technical and financial: how to get a better bang for a buck, how to divide the burden of defence between nuclear and conventional elements, how to spread the burden of cost between the US and the European nations.
Many of these ""technical' issues are in fact highly political (which is why even the pragmatist school has come round to the view that WEU may be quite a useful forum for solving them) but the range of the political argument is strictly limited by the fact that the US cannot afford Europe to be overrun and Europe cannot,afford the US to withdraw its nuclear umbrella. In any case the Nato military machinery actually works prety well.
But, it is said, Nato cannot be restricted in this way. Logically, the minimalists may be right but in the real world it is perceptions that matter. According to this anatysis, American perceptions are the most important because that is where the power lies, and to the US Nato is either a moral and cultural crusade or it is nothing,
The US and Europe, according to this view, are standing shoulder to shoulder to defend free government and the rnle of law .in a global confrontation; therefore Europe must display a commitnKnt equal to America's or Americn public opinion will eventually jdraw the conclusion, however foolish and illogical, that Europe is not worth defending.
* The Times book resound; predo- minantly with this general line of reasoning. But it is not, unfortunate- ly, a united one. There is awsharp divergence among the essayists about what conclusions should be drawn if the argument is nghL On one side, which might be called the Henry Kissinger wing, stands the proposition that it is vitat to trt to reconcile European and American
Viw of t4e Soviet Union - and to do so FIord or. 1665ff- American
Th othe positon, pvt- d heme with great jorce, y Jame Schlesinser, the former US Defenoe Secrtwy, and hbtted at .4ore tactfblly by some of , e West Gernnani -contbutor, includin Chancellor Kohl is at the US aM Europe am aord to e ' to disagree on ome important is_ss. Schlesinger puts it this. 11wR
""Whatever Americans may peer, they must be prepared to socept a differential detente ... They :ould be ill-advised - to say the lit.-to insist that Europe impoe pot-cal sanctions upon the Soviet UIMon with damage to thexmodus.'iend existin# in Europe, in order -to disciplne the Soviet Union for misbehaviour elsewhere in the twdd , . 'Americans mus aiso ndertnd that Europeans hav&. a diflfrent assessment of the threat.t They remain satisfied with a IOiie confidence deterrent. Trbis - means that the Americans should. -""op lecturing and hectoring the hurO- peans on this subject. The A=eri- cans have expended a geat el of capital to push an objectire that.will not be achieved.""
This is strong stuff and it goes tl
the heart of the present argument For the obverse of the Schlesinger coin is that if the Europeans:are indeed content with a low,confi- dence deterrent, and are .not prepared, for budgetary and other reasons, to contribute to the costof a higher-confidence one, they mpst accept the logical consequenset. One of these is that they cainot reasonably complain if the US'tikes actions in-the Third World that,they do.not like. ..
Another is that, as Schlesinger remarks, ""Europeans must accept their own ultimate responsibility for the quality of the European deter- rent"" - which: means that if 'they don't like the dangers of A high- confidence (but high-risk. auclear deterrent such as the,. 'e r missile they will have to b..the btuhnt and cost of improving the conventional alternative. ' ;""
Contributors to the book do not exactly shout these rather stark choices from the rooftops. Being mainly responsible members of the Nato establishment, they conduct the argument in a lowu key ana in rhetorical code. Moreover, most of those involved, very natur lly,'wish to avoid the implied dilemimas so.far as they can. If the Europeans -pay a bit more, and if the Americans re a bit more flexible (as there. is 'some prospect), the hope is that most of the political as well as. the technical .problems will recede. Onn' .h0-oitier hand, the nagging doubt persists that there are now small but significtnt and legitimate differenoes of intet'et between the U$ and Europe which will not go awa$ so easily -and if to, then the European poitr- ofrView should be more carefully articulated.
The WEU initiative is sit pet cOnceived mainly as,a kind outmbty net in case this turns out'to be' the case, but my own prediction, in line with Mr Schlesinger's analysis,. is that in time it will sooner.or later have to be turned into asoriihing more serious.";"November 2, 1984";"";61976;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato: strengthen the safety net";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-BONN, JULY 5']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent- BONN. JULY 5
For what was originally billeci here and in Paris as a purely routine meeting between heads of Government, the two- day talks between General de Gaulle and Professor Erbard had their drama- tic moments. As generally expected, European unity held the centre of the discussions. The outcome is unspectac- ular-an agreement to let the German Government put forward proposals designed to reactivate negotiations on European political union. But at one time, on Friday, it looked as though there would be no positive outcome of any kind.
Herr von Hase, the State Secretary in the Information Office, stated that both Governments had agreed to exploit to the fullest extent "" the opportunities offered by the Franco-German treaty "" for European unity. What kind of pro- posals the Federal Government will put forward remains, at this stage, a closely guarded secret. But two points have been emphasized: there is no plan to create any new framework or committees, either on a two-power or on a six-power basis, and there is no question of making a start on a purely Franco-German basis, in the hope that other members of the E.E.C. may be encouraged to follow suit.
MAKING ANOTHER TRY
The German suggestions will first be dis- cussed by the two Foreign Ministers, probably in the autumn; and if an agreed formula can be found it wiiU be raised with the Italian. Belgian. and Dutch Governments. It is generally felt here that none of the three is likely to pronooice on them before the results of the Bntish elections are known. Even then the prospects of progress are not very promis- ing, for there was no sign this weekend that General de Gaulle was prepared to make even a small concession on the score of integration, which might overcome sus- picions of Franco-German hegemony and Persuade the other three partners to make a start towards Political union without Britain--iow that the realization has sunk in that her application for membership of the Common Market will not come up again for the next couple of years at least.
But it is altogether too cynical to describe the talks, as one commentator did, as hav- ing given birth to a mouse-and a dead one at that. There is at least agreement to make another try to get European union going forward again.
In his first private talk with Professor Erhard on Friday morning, General de Gaulle asked him bluntly what conception he had of Franco-German cooperation and of European unity. The French President emphasized that Germany could not always talk about doing something, and in fact do nothing. on the pretext that Britain was out of the running, and her other partners in the E.E.C. did not agree.
General de Gaulle came to Bonn with the strong conviction that political union had to be got out of the rut-and that Ger- many should take the initiative. But he
I realized after his first tite-a-itjt with the Chancellor that there was no budging him from his objection to any project which bore the mark of a purely Franco-German union, oven as a starting point.
The Chancellor also appreciated that he, for his part, must make some concession, and could not afford, both for the sake of Franco-Gerrnan understanding and of unity in his own party, to let the French Presi- dent return to Paris empty-handed. This was the turning point in the talks; and the reason for the unscheduled private meeting yesterday moming when the compromise formula was finally arrived at.
WORRIED LOOK
What shook the Chancellor particularly (and his rather worried look contrasting with Dr. Adenauer's radiant mien was noted by everyone on the first day) were General de Gaulle's strictures about his surrender to the United States bver China and neutralization of Vietnam.
The French President apparently pointed out there was no call for the Federal Gov- ernment to go out of its way in backing the American standpoint over a part of the world where Germany had no interests anyway, thus implicitly condemnning French policy in that area He emphasized, appar- ently with some effect. that Amer,ican toughness with China had as a counter- part American conciliatoriness towards Russia-which could not be altogether in the German interest.
The French President's 60-minute talk witli Dr. Adenauer-20 minutes longer than scheduled-was not without significance, particularly against the background of the pressure which the Bavarian C.S.U. and a group in the C.D.'U. led by the former Chancellor has exerted on Professor Erhard in recent weeks for a closer Franco-German meeting of minds as a basis for political union. In this connexion the annual con- gress of the C.S.U. in Munich next week- end, and Herr Strauss's attitude, assumed added importance.
AID AGREEMEENT
The basic controversy over the shape of p.ditical union had (ended to overshadow less dramatic but quite substactial achieve- ments in the parallel talks between the seven French Ministers and their Gersan. counterparts. In the field of join.t coopera- tion in development aid, no fewer than 12 distinct projects in Latin America and Africa were agreed upon. The need for a combined approach to Italian inflation, and its threat to Common Market stability was also proclaimed, though details will probably be taken up later this month. In the military sphere, increased exchanges between units, and arms purchases by Germany from France were also determined.
In both the fields of Youth and cultural exchanges, the comoetent Ministers could n.ote that initial difficulties had been over- come, and achievements were beginning to be substantial. Cooperation on informa- tion policy is so far-reaching now that a joint film series, Paul and Marianne, designed to bring out the national characteristics of both peoples, is being planned. All that is needed, one wit suggested, in order to make it really interesting was an affair between Paul and an English belle.";"July 6, 1964";"";56056;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"De Gaulle-Erhard Talks End In Compromise";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Political Correspondent
Mr. Bevan last tight managed to smooth out the surl'fce differences that have been troublin s the Parliamentary Labour Party leadership since Mr. Mendelson, the member for Penistone, tabled his motion regretting the supply to western Germanv by the North Atlantic Treaty Organrization of tactical atomic weapons and missiles of nuclear capability.
The outcome of a well-attended joint meeting in private of the foreign affairs and defence groups of the Parliamentary Labour Party, over which Mr. Bevan presided last night, is that the Parlia- mentary Committee are going to draft an official motion on the subject in which the wording will be more to their liking and the statements of fact more easily provable. Meanwhile, Mr. Mendelson's motion is to stay on the Commons order paper.
Mr. Bevan promised that the official motion will be submitted to the full Parliamentary Party before it is tabled and that it will be raised in the Commons in a foreign affairs debate as soon as possible after Parliament reassembles on January 26.
"" PENDING SUMMIT""
Last night the names of 116 Labour members, including some front bench names, were attached to Mr. Mendel- son's motion.
After the joint meeting of the two groups Mr. Bevan made the following statement: ""In view of recent reports that it is intended to supply the west German Government with missiles of nuclear capability, the meeting re- affirmed the policy of the Labour Party as agreed by the Scarborough confer- ence in 1958, namely, '. . . We believe that pending summit talks no steps should be taken towards the ultimate equipment of west German forces with nuclear weapons, since this would make it more difficult both to reach agreement on disengagement and to carry out such an agreement.' ""
The objection within the leadership- it is not made by all members of the Parliamentary Committee - to Mr. Mendelson's motion is that it assumes tactical atomic weapons and missiles of nuclear capability have already been supplied to western Germany. This assertion is challenged particularly by the defence specialists in the party.
DOUBTS SHARED
Criticism has also been made of the wisdom of stating in any motion carry- ing official approval that "" this policy will foreclose debate on some of the most vital issues to be discussed at the delayed summit conference."" There is a feeling that this is not the time for the Labour Party, or anybody else, to go out of their way to prejudice the summit conference or to imply doubts about its success.
According to reports, Mr. Bevan freely accepted that Mr. Mendelson's motion goes very near to official policy, and he seems to have shared back bench doubts that there may well be unwise moves being made to give western Ger- man forces nuclear parity within N.A.T.O.
Mr. Mendelson, supported by Mr. Richard Crossman, argued that the motion as phrased came well within official policy. They firmly held that it applied the policy declared at Scar- borough last year to the particular cir- cumstances at this particular time, and
Mr. Mendelson took the clear line that there must be no parity in nuclear weapons for western Germany. But he accepted the compromise offered by Mr. Bevan.
Mr. George Brown, who leads on defence for the Parliamentary Party, and who is said to have held strong views about the motion, did not intervene in the discussion, and the left wingers and pacifists are also said to have been notably reticent.
MUCH CRITICIZED
For a short time the groups turned their attention to a related subject-the report of the defence committee pre- sented to the Assembly of Western European Union on December 2 by Mr. F. Mulley, the Labour member for Shef- field, Park, in which the creation of a European strategic nuclear force was recommended.
Mr. Mulley, who acted as rapporteutr for the committee, has been exposed to much criticism among his colleagues for his association with this resolution, and his lot has not been made easier by the fact that details of the proposal are little known at Westminster. For a large section of the party there is a fear that the resolution brought forward by Mr. Mulley would involve not merely joint political control of the European nuclear force but also the pooling of nuclear production resources.
As Mr. Mulley and, apparently, Mr. Bellenger, a former Secretary of State for War, see it. there can be no defence policy in Europe except within the N.A.T.O. context and framework. The political problem is considered to be one of control and participation by the nations whose policies within the alliance are determined to such an extent by the strategic deterrent that they ought to be able to participate in the political decisions involved. The basic argument is that in Europe and in N.A.T.O. we cannot afford inde- pendent foreign policies and independent defence policies.
PRELIMINARY STUDY
Those sections of the Labour Party- they are strong in numbers-who recoil from any suggestion that western German forces should have nuclear arms, regard the resolution, so far as they understand it, as highly objection- able and dangerous. Those who make a special study of defence within the party seem to accept it as simple commonsense.
In the end Mr. Bevan suggested that the confusion about the resolution made it necessary for the actual document to be studied before the groups could formn an opinion on what might be involved, and it was agreed to postpone the dis- cussion until after the Christmas recess.
In short, the Parliamentary Labour Party were last night skating, safely and amiably as it happened, on the thin ice that cracked beneath them in 1954-the year in which the leadership only just won the day with their conference reso- lution supporting a German contribution to western collective security. Much of the old uneasiness remains in the higher ranks of the party whenever this issue is raised again, and it seems fair to say that the suspicions directed against Mr. Mendelson's motion have been roused less by the actual wording than by fears of the disruptive forces it might let loose.";"December 16, 1959";"";54645;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Bevan Bridges Gap On Nuclear Arms";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, JuLy 10
President Eisenhower will address the nation by radio and television next Friday, an hour or two before his de- parture for the Geneva conference. The White House states that he will indicate ,some of the problems expected to come under discussion, and will describe his *L hopes for accomplishment ""-and' from all he has said at his Press confer- ences recently the President may well be the most optimistic man at Geneva, certainly in his views of what should be done.
He will also be the least experienced as a negotiator and politician, which is no reason for thinking that deep sincerity and practical good sense will be expendable virtues in exploratory discussions of this nature; students of General Eisenhower's term at the White House will have remarked an intuitive feeling for international affairs which has never been proved wrong in any major issue. His political opponents might argue that events could not have developed more fortuitously for anyone who hopes for the best so persuasively as he does-that it will need more than intuition to read the Russian mind, which is held out as the over- riding purpose of next week's conference.
SOVIET STRENGTH
When it comes to what can and will be done at Geneva there are inescapable shades of difference, certainly of emphasis, between the President and Mr. Dulles-not to men- tion London and Paris-whatever the insistence of the Wfiite House-that the Secretary of State was not speaking of any immediate weakness when he contided to Congress his view that the Soviet system was ' on the point of collapsing."" Only the day before this was divulged, the President was saying, in answer to Mr. Khrushchev's allu- sion to "" reading tea leaves,"" that no one in the Government had ever suggested that the Russians would come to Geneva in weak- ness-and the subsequent indication that General Eisenhower was speaking in essentially mnlitary terms sufficiently reconciled the two statements.
No one who heard Mr. Molotov at San Francisco doubted that he was attempting to strike a strong bargaining position on the eve of negotiations, a normal diplomatic device, though most American appreciations of the reasons for Russia's overtures have pointed to the probable over-extension of her economic system. Nor have the President and Mr. DuUes spoken with quite the same voice about the scope of the conference. There is room, perhaps, for a subtle differ- ence of approach in the view of the former that it will not be without some power of decision, and Mr. Dulles's insistence that it can be no more than a ""conference of definition.""
One has certainly heard no answering echo in Washington of Sir Anthony Eden's description of the British position as being in some respect "" negotiable.""
NO SUBJECTS BARRED
From what is known of the procedural understanding with Mr. Molotov, no sub. jects were barred from discussion; but it wiU be noted that the American delegation includes no expert on the Far East-except Mr. DuUles himself. Washington's tendency to speak with two voices becomes more pro- nounced under a President who by training and instinct would look for a "" West Point solution "" in the whole process of policy making, and would normaUy take a deci- sion only after facts and arguments had been fully marshalled.
He was speaking last week of the respon- sibility of a commander to protect the con- fidences of his subordinates. Indeed, one of the President's favourite expressions when, as frequently happens, he is unin- formed of a given problem is to say that it had not yet been "" argued in front of me."" Some of these apparent contradictions might be better understood if the structure of the WhiteHouse were viewed more as a military headquarters-which helps to explain how the Commander-in-Chief finds so much time for golfing and fishing.
The system has its pitfalls for the unwary as the Prime Minister of Burma, U Nu, found when he spoke the other day of the impression he had gained from his visit to Washington that for the United States Government the seating of Peking repre- sentatives in the United Nations was merely
a question of time. He was sharply reminded that the subject was not discussed at his exchanges. with General Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles, and is now maintaining a discreet silence about the source of such views, which are by no means uncommon tn some quarters.
INTENSIVE EFFORT
An intensive effort will be made during the nexL few days to ensure that the United States speaks with one voice at Geneva, a matter that has its immediate bearing on the consolidation of the whole western position. From the activities going on in the State and the Defence departments it might be assumed that the American brief is far from fully prepared; until recently, after all, Wash- ington policy had been more concerned with reasons for not attending a four-P6wer ,meeting.
Besides conferring with congressional leaders of both parties on Tuesday, General Eisenhower, it is stated, will be holding private meetings each day with Mr. Dulles and other Government3experts; in the words of the Washington Post, he has already begun "" boning up "" for the conference, a perhaps unconsciously indulgent view of these activities. The assumption is that on his return from Geneva he will remain in the capitBl for 10 days or so before transferring his headquarters to the summer White House at Denver, Colorado.
It is deduced from the President's remarks last week and from indications at the work- ing level that the United States is concentra- ting on a new western proposal for a system of controlled disarmament, on lines already adopted for the Western European Union, which would be applicable to both the North Atlantic Treaty nations and the east Euro- pean bloc. The hope is that within such a framework means might be found for Russian agreement to German unification.";"July 11, 1955";"";53269;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"President To Broadcast On Geneva Prospects";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 31
It is not often that a Bundestag debate rises much above the level of party declarations imposed by the institution of the rostrum, but to-day's foreign policy debate penetrated quickly to the Federal Republic's dilemma; that it can- not achieve reunification by its efforts alone, for the decision rests in Moscow.
Few peoples can resent more than the Germans having their limitations thus revealed, and Herr von Brentano and other Government speakers were fre- quently interrupted and heckled. The Foreign Minister, however, continued to explain that his or any other western German Government had litt!e power of initiative in the matter, and that the Ger- man people must realize that their pro- blems could not be regarded in isolation.
LIVING INSTRUMENTS
This was depressing for a nation such as Germany, he admitted, because it could not escape the conclusion that its own possi- bilities were limited. John Donne wrote of this interdependence with more felicity, but Herr von Brentano was brutally frank. There was no opportunity for adventures or experiments; western Germany did not in- tend to risk losing the cooperation and sup- port of the free world. 1 he megalomaniac ideas that had led the German nation to catastrophe under the Third Reich were dead.
The foreign policy of the Federal Republic would continue to be coordinated with those of its allies. This was not only a treaty obligation; no European nation was capable to-day of determining its future alone and unaided. The Federal Republic in particular was dependent on confidence and friendly cooperation with the free world. It must continue to strengthen and develop Western European Union, an aim to be further pursued at the meeting of the Council of Ministers in London next month. The Government view was that N.A.T.O. and W.E.U. must become living political instruments serving a common defence effort and helping to coordinate all political decisions.
Western German foreign policy would remain unchanged, events of the past six months had confirmed in an alarming man- ner the soundness of the common policy of the Federal Republic and its allies. The Government regretted the return to Stalin- ism, but relations between the Soviet Union and Germany could not remain unaffected by these events. Germany would perhaps have to make concessions to achieve unity, but not in the direction of a diminution of freedom and security. There could be no compromise or neutrality.
INDISPENSABLE MODICUM The Minister recalled that the Opposition had recently demanded that a European security system should replace the power blocks. The Government also wanted an effective security system, but any system based merely on paper agreements would be a system of insecurity. Reunification, security, and controlled disarmament were interrelated, and a security system could be seriously discussed only if this were admitted. Meanwhile the Federal Govern- ment would continue to establish with other free nations that indispensable modicum of security which was the prerequisite of any fruitful discussion.
Herr Ollenhauer dismisscd much of this as a justification for past and future in- activity, and certainly the Foreign Minister could offer little hope of future initiative, except that the Federal Republic would do everything possible to convince the Soviet Union and all east European countries of its desire for peace.
The Opposition leader did not agree that recent events had confirmed the correctness of German foreign policy; since Hungary and Suez it was no longer true that security could be safeguarded by military alliances. The Anglo-French intervention had shaken the confidence of other members of N.A.T.O., and he doubted whether the alliance would ever recover.
The Soviet Union had suffered a greater blow. Events in Poland and Hungary had made it obvious that the Warsaw pact had collapsed. Both events were of historical significance, and there would be continual repercussions. His party was convinced that the brutal Soviet intervention in Hungary could not prevent eastern European coun- tries from seeking greater independence.
TRADE WITH RUSSIA
lie was beginning to think that the Gov- ernment's interest in reunification was lessening. It was necessary to maintain close and active relations with the four Powers. There should be a trade treaty with the Soviet Union, and diplomatic relations with Poland and Czechoslovakia. In this way tension in Europe could be relaxed. He reiterated his party's new pro- gramme: conscription would be repealed; his party recognized the commitments to N.A.T.O., but it would seek revisions.
It wanted a security system in which a reunited Germany could take part, guaran- teed both by the Soviet Union and the United States. Why should there not be an effective security system within the United Nations ? The United Nations had its weaknesses, but in November it had proved an effective instrument, and the
danger of a third world war had since abated. Herr Ollenhauer did not refer to its failure in Hungary, or suggest how the Soviet Union would be made to accept its decisions.
Other points from the Foreign Minister's speech were: All the contracting mem- bers of the European common market were convinced that it should be extended to oversea territories, but an acceptable form had to be found. The task would be to Promote the development of these terri- tories in conformity with the principles of the United Nations Charter. The Marshall plan and Colombo p!an provided examples.
The Federal Government insisted that the problem of the Oder-Neisse terri- tories could be solved only by nego- tiation without the use or threat of force, but it must be understood that negotiations should leave no doubt that in international law the frontiers of the Reich of December 31, 1937, were the frontiers of Germany. The Oder-Neisse line could not be accepted as the present or future frontier.
The Government regarded the ""Eisen- hower doctrine "" as a courageous and reso- lute contribution to the preservation of peace, and was resolved to support it.";"February 1, 1957";"";53754;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Loyalty To Ties With West";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"Preference for
a British
system that exists only on paper could
harm the West
Will Nato buy AWACS? A decision is expected at the spring ministerial meeting. If they decide in favour of the Boeing E3A, Nato will purchase the most expensive aircraft in history. AWACS stands for Air- borne Warning and Central System, and is the favourite con- tender to fill the Nato Airborne Early Warning (AEW) require- ment. It is a Boeing 707 with a radar dome on top-a dish in the sky.
There can be no argument as to need. The military directors of all the countries of the alliance agree. At present, there exists no effective warning against low-level missiles or air- craft. An airborne early warning aircraft flying at 30,000 feet can, at any given moment, theoreti- cally provide 360° coverage of all altitudes dowAn to ground level out to an horizon at some 245 miles range. Flying over central Germany, an AEW air- craft can detect every aircraft airborne between Warsaw and Paris.
An airborne early warning aircraft is a watchman, provid- ing warning where none exists, and through ground control, guiding allied aircraft and mis- siles to their targets. The plane would track inceming targets from their points ef origin, make a positive identification and direct allied fighters to any airborne target, at any altitude. Just as important, the system could monitor and control allied aircraft on offensive missions, and then guide their return.
Boeing claim two other advan- tages for a developed AWACS. It has a huge pote2ntial for im- proving. Indentificadon Friend or Foe (IFF), which is, at present, far from satisfactory, and has the capacity to maxi- mize the effectiveness of all types of Nato fighters.
Having decided, in 1970, to begin AEW studies, a Nato Airforces Armaments Group was set up to examine possible candidates, which included Grumman's E2C, Hawker Sid- deley's proposed AEW version of the Nimrod, and the Boeing E3A, AWACS. The result of the competition was that AWACS potentially offered the best operational performance. While the Nato AEW pro- gramme office continued to study requirements and costs Dr Schlesinger, the then united States Secretary for B)efenoe, gave the go-ahead in February
1975 for AWACS for the defenc'e of North Amnerica. The first aircraft will go into service in November this year.
The Nato office is seeking the solution to such problemiis as what capabilities are needed, and thus, the complexity of the system. The cost will depend upon their answers. Does Nato need more than just early warn- ing? What should be- the coverage of the system ? Should it lie capable of fulfilling a role with respect to the forward 20nes in Europe, to the con- tinental defence of the United States, or to maritime sur- veillance ? Or to all at the same time? How many orbits would be needed, and thus how many aircraft? The Nato planner-s are working against the clock to balance coverage against sophistication, and the reserve aircraft and backing needed.
In the meantime the Nato countries are bracing them- selves against the shock. The United Kingdom has said it is ""prepared to pay a reasonable share of the cost of an airborne early warning system "". Were Britain not to do so, and go back on its commitment, there can be little doubt that the whele programme w8uld col- lapse. Is Defence Minister Mr Mason in a paying mood ?
Some estimates as to the cost of AWACS are available. The United States Department of Defence in March last year esti- mated that for the purchase of 36 aircraft, based on Nato specifications (which would be more complex than those neces- sary for the American system) the cost would be between f24m and f27m an aircraft. A total for the programme of
approximately £900m-a sum not far short of the annual de- fence expenditure of Holland.
How could such an expendi- ture be financed ? Several methods are under considera- tion. It might be that a sys- tem similar to the one which paid for NADGE-the Nato high level warning system-will eventually be adopted. A special voluntary fund would be set up along infrastructure lines, with firms from contributing coun- tries participating in production and offset work, according to thie extent of their government's participation. Ownership of the aircraft might be vested in Nato.
The United States appears willing to contribute 25 per cent. This would lead Canada and the European countries to provide $1,350m between them. If this sum were to be dividbed on a percentage basis accord- ing to gross national product among the Nato nations (but leaving, out France, Greece and Iceland) the British share would be about f115m. or 17 per cent of the total cost. Were France to take part, and it is not impossible that she might do so, then costs would be cor- respondingly reduced.
The Labour Government mav be tempted to flirt with an AEW Nimrod. But, were Mr Mason' to ditch AWACS in fav- our of a British svstem-that exists on paper only-the con sequences for the Alliance would be most serious. The Germans would be unlikely to buy British in any event. Thev prefer to bargain AWACS against an American purchase of the Leopard 2 tank. The result of a British refusal to pay its share of AWACS would be to deprive Nato of a sys- tem, the technology of which would give the West not only vitally important warning-time, but the capability of winning the war in the air. Were the British to welsh, more harm would be done to Nato than anything that has happened to the Alliance in the past, save the withdrawal of France from the military organization. Mr Mason must put our money where his mnouth is.
Julian Critchley
The author is the Conserva- tive MP for Alders hot. and chairman of the defence coni- mittee of the Western European Union Assembly.";"February 26, 1976";"";59638;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"We must not welsh on Nato's early warning system";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 16
In view of the uncertainties that still seem to exist, particularly in London, about French policy towards the Euro- pean Question and the problems of the Six and the Seven, it may be useful to recall recent authoritative French state- ments on the subject, beginning with that of General de Gaulle on May 31. Since then, both M. Couve de Murville, the Foreign Minister, and M. Debr6, the Prime Minister, have returned to the subject with slightly varying emphasis in the recent foreign affairs debate in the National Assembly.
fi) General de Gaulle, broadcasting to the nation on May 31: ""What France wants to do is to contribute to the building of western Europe into a political, economic. cultural, and human grouping, organized for action, progress, and defence. Already Federal Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg are cooperating with her directly in several fields. In particular, the Common Market of the Six will on December 31 enter into practical effect. IMPOSING CONFEDERATION
"" Doubtless those taking part do not want this institution to injure the other countries of Europe, and we should be able to count on an arrangement (accommodement) being found between these interests. Doubt- less also it is necessary that the nations which are cooperating should not cease to be themselves and that the road to be followed should be that of organized cooperation of states, pending the advent, perhaps, of an imposing confederation.
(ii) I. Couve de Murville, in the foreign affairs debate in the National Assembly on June 14: ""The basis of our policy is for the moment the Common Market, which is developing and growing stronger."" The realization and the acceleration of the Rome treaty would have effects upon France's neighbours and friends in Europe. "" Failing a European free trade area, with which France would not agree, failing membership of the Common Market itself. practical solutions must be sought with a view to avoiding the disruption of trade and in order to maintain tra0itionai patterns.
PRACTICAL SOLUTION S
""We have always been, and we shall remain, convinced that there is no cause to dramatize the problem because, with reciprocal good will. and progressively, these practical solutions can be found, sub- ject to the condition that they do not contravene the rules of Gatt [General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), that is to say non-discrimination in general."" It was this attitude which prevailed generally at the recent meeting of the 21-nation trade committee in Paris. Apart from creating a large international market, Europe must also organize and unite itself in the monetary, cultural, and Perhaps defence spheres, as well as in the political field. On this last Point, "" what I want to empha- size is that if we wish to be realist and consequently effective, the basis of our policy must be active cooperation of states, that is of govemments. Thus we shall arrive one day at that 'imposing con- federation' of which General de Gaulle had spoken "".
(iii) M. Debra. in the National Assemrbly on June 15: "" We consider that one of the characteristics of the Common Market is the existenct of an extemal tafiff ... what- ever our desire to enter into agreements with other countries, notably with Great Britain, to go even further and. if possible.
to find firm grounds for agreement in order to avoid an economic division in Europe, the existence of a com.non external tariff is one of the conditions of our support for this economic policv."" The problem of a comimon agrictiltural policy within the Common Market was a particular difficulty, which must not be under-estimated.
THE HUGUE MEETING
Not only political cooperation between the Six had to be evolved, but also between thc Scven. M. Couve de Murville's journey to attend the Westcrn European Union meeting in The Hague was a sign of French efforts "" to extend political coopera- tion not only to the Six but equally and in the largest possible measure to the seven member countries of W.E.U.""
There was no question of making a con- tinental block; what was involved was the cretion in Europe 'of a sphere of co-pros- perity, and enlargements of this will find us always favourable, subject to the con- ditions necessary for the French economy ""
On European Political cooperation there were three points: (i) the Government has not yet considered proposals for a Euro- pean assembly to be elected by universal suffrage, but from initial discussions it was clear that Gene.al de Gaulle's ideas remained valid, namely "" the politcal as.m- ciation of states, of nations, of fatherlands loaories] through governmcntal coopera- tion "".
PERM4ANENT SECRETARIAT Not every-thing had been done in this field that could be done. and in particular France's wish for a permanent political secretariat was still unsatisfied. When that step had been taken, when there was a real organization of governmental cooperation in Europe, then they could look at the future again. But for the moment, and apart from these developments, ""it is not clear what the election by universal suf- frage of a political assembly could add "".
(ii) Fusion of the executive bodies of the three European communities (the Common Market, Euratom, and the Coal and Steel Community): The French Cio'- emnment had not yet discussed this ques- tion, but the idea of combining existing organizations into one, that is to say in reality to make a central admninistrative organization out of a united and extended committee of the European Economic Community was a hypothesis which could receive French approval, even though it would require revision of the treaties.
(iii) ""The union of European father- lands is a primary objective of our policy: Franee could enter into this union with Algeria and with her obligations vis-L-vis the states of the community. This union is neither a fusion, nor an integration. It
is a cooperation, and it is by that way that the European fatherlands can establish between themselves that link of a con- federal type to which the President of the Republic has clearly referred.""";"June 17, 1960";"";54800;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Policy Towards An Organized Europe";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"What has Europe to fear from the possible impeachment of President Nixon? Fears of con- domninium, expressed by the French in particular, have been exaggerated, at times grossly so, but there is now reason to be anxious lest the pressures upon the President compel him to make concessions to the Russians at each of the three international conferences con- cessions which would bring about agreement at the expense of his European allies.
Nixon can claim more credit for the successes of the new American diplomacy than his detractors will allow. The Presi- dent may have adopted Dr Kis- singer as a favour to Governor Rockefeller. but he has given the doctor his head. An agree- ment on strategic weapons at Salt 2, movement at Vienna which would permit some re- duction of American forces in Europe, and the signatures of Nixoli and Brezhnev upon the .declaration marking the comple- tion of the security conference at Helsinki in July, could be pre- sented as triumphs in America.
At Salt there appears to be deadlock. Alarmed at the speed with which the Russians have been conducting development firings of MIRVs for four differ. ent missile systems (one of which may be mobile), progress which would permit the Rus- sians to deploy up to seven thousand one or two-megaton MIRVs on heavy land-based mis-
siles from 1975 onwards, com- pared with about two thousand much smaller American war- heads oh her land-based mis- siles, Dr Kissinger is pressing for a substantial reduction in offensive weapons to provide "" equivalence "" between central systems, including limitations upon the "" throw-weight "" of MIRVs.
But in Moscow in March, Dr Kissinger was confronted in- stead with Russian demands for the limitation of the numbers of MIRVs (the same number on both sides but the Russian war- heads would be larger).
Thus agreement seems pos- sible only at the expense of verification, and at the price of permanent American inferiority. T here are other Soviet demands, which pose a direct threat to Europe, which so far the Ameri- cans have resisted. The Russians w^ant to bring about a reduction i.n the number of American nuclear forces in and around Europe, including tactical n3uclear weapons.
They wish to add the French and British nuclear forces to those of the United States in --alculating the number of off en- s-,ve weapons to be retained by Russia, and they wish to pro- hibit the transfer of offensive weaponS or information to third parties. Europe is not repre- sented at Salt, and her interests could be vitally affected.
The result of the mutual force reduction talks at Vienna so far hlas been to mark out the rival positions. The WVestern position is based upon Nato's inferiority in numbers, and seeks a common ceiling for ground force man- power on both sides. It is pro- posed that this goal be reached in two stages.
In the first it would be ANmerican and Russian forces that would be wvithdrawn, and the concept of a common ceiling agreed: in the second, further reductions, including European forces, down tO a common ceiling. The East, however, wishes to keep the existing ratio of forces and has proposed three stages oforeduction.
Everyone would reduce, first by a token number, and subse- quently by equal percentages. It has been reported that Russia is seeking to impose limitations on the right of Western. uropean countries to reorganize their forces in the future, eg, in a European Defence Community.
President Nixon: A good friend to Europe.
The Western approach has many advantages. It is good sense to seek the reduction of American and Russian forces first.
There is a distinct qualitative difference between the situa- tions of the USA and the USSR, and that of Europe. Super-Power reductions will affect only a tiny proportion of their forces; for many of die Europeans their entire territories lie within the area of reductions. The Western negotiating position could crumble under pressure for quick results. It would not be in the European interest were the timetable to be changed, or the Western position on ""asso- ciated measures "" to be diluted.
We may come under similar pressures at Geneva. The Rus- sians are in a hurry to wind up the proceedings by July. To that end the West will be urged to make concessions in "" Basket 3 ""--Ihe free-er movement of peoples and information-so as. to complete the proceedings.
This would be very regret- table, not least because of the concessions already made to the Russians in the course of the 10 principles that are supposed to govern the conduct of rela- tions between the states of Europe, that of the ""inviol- ability of frontiers "".
At the security conference Europe would appear to have two interests. First, to prevent the Russians from winmng the night, through permanent machinery, to be consulted in the affairs of an evolving Com- munity, and secondly, to oblige the Russians to accept free-er movement of peoples and ideas, a concept which so far they bave chosen to interpret quite differ- ently.
If the security conference is an international beauty con- test between open and closed societies, any concessions to the Russians on the third basket would be at Cinderella's ex- pense, and greatly to the advan- tage of the uglier of her two stepsisters.
It may be churlish to suggest -that President Nixon in political extremis would in fact sacrifice the interests of his allies in favour of his own, for, whatever the truth about Watergate, the President has been a good friend of the alliance.
The same is true of Dr, Kissinger, in spite of his tendency to play every instru- ment in the American diplo- matic band. But Euurope has never been more vulnerable. Death and accident have robbed her of her leaders. In the place of men of vision have come the accountants in search of national advantage. They must take care lest Europe lose the game even before it is played.
Julian Critchley
Mr (rttchley is the rapporte-ur of the Western European Union Assembly's defence committee.";"May 21, 1974";"";59094;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"What Europe could lose if Mr Nixon is impeached";""
"['Rodney Cowton Defence Correspondent,']";"['News']";"A SPECIAL REPORT
Rodney Cowton Defence
Correspondent,
But 35 years of peace with freedom in the difficult political circumstances of post-war Europe is no mean achievement; and Nato can be justly proud of its contribution. Besides, the celebrations provide a fitting occasion for the alliance to pay well-deserved tribute to Joseph Luns; and I have enjoyed by way of a bonus an unprecedented flow of good advice across the breakfast table as The Times' special series of articles has unfolded.
As Secretary-General desig- nate, I see myself as a reader rather than a contributor. My message will therefore be short.
The parties to the North Atlantic Treaty expressed in the preamble their determination to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the prin- ciples of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. Their success is a matter of record. We owe it to a partnership between North America and Western Europe which will be just as important in the years to come.
The alliance is by no means the only manifestation of this partnership, but it is fundamen- tal. Nato will have to face new challenges and adapt to new circumstances, as it has in the past. But its two main functions
will remain as they ivere described in the Harnel Report at the end of 1967: first to maintain adequate military strength and political solidarity to deter aggression and other forms of pressure, and to defend the territory of member states if aggression should occur; second, to pursue the search for progress towards a more stable relationship in which the under- lying political issues can be solved.
These functions are not alternatives. If we neglect the first, we shall not succeed in the second; while to succeed in the first alone would be to fall short of the quality of peace we would like our children to enjoy. Meanwhile, the allies have made it clear at the highest level that none of our weapons will ever be used except in response to attack; we do not seek to deny to others the security we want for ourselves; the door to dialogue and negotiation is open and will remain so.
The strength of the alliance will continue to depend on the shared commitment of its member states to these general principles and objectives. My own view is that this shared commitment is still very much there - which is not to say that it will always translate easily
into agreed solutions to problems such as those which have been discussed in these articles. But we have good reason to face the future with confidence.
sets
the scene for the Nato meeting in Washington
As Nato celebrates its thirty- fifth anniversary it shows some of the strains which might be apparent in a family in which a healthy and vigorous 35-year- old son has remained too long dependent on his parents.
In this case, the United States is in the parental role, and the European members of Nato in that of the son. While the family has every intention of remain- ing closely knit and inter-depen- dent, some adjustments are needed.
America is becoming tired of vihat it sees as the undue burden of protecting Europe, and the European nations are beginning to want a more equal relationship, though without necessarily being enthusiastic about accepting the costs and responsibilities that go with it.
This will be clearly reflected in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council which opens in WVashington today.
The council meets with Nato in better heart than might have been feared 18 months ago. If the failure to make progress in disarmament talks has been a great disappointment, at least Germany, Italy and Britain have shown political resolution in carrying through the plan,to deploy cruise and Pershing 11 missiles.
This demonstration of co- hesion is not being enhanced by the wavering of the Dutch; Denmark suffers recurrent problems in going along with some Nato policies; and there are the unremitting tensions
between Greece and Turkey. Nevertheless, the Nato nations form a recognizable, if fractious, family.
What the Foreign Ministers at the North Atlantic Council meeting will be seeking to do is to find ways forward, however limited and tentative, towards a removal of some of the tensions, and towards an adust- ment of the balance of responsi- bility and obligation between the United States and the European members.
This will be reflected in such issues as the French notion for injecting some life into the Western European Union as a vehicle tow enabling it to work more closely with its European allies, in discussions on burden- sharing, and in endeavours to make Nato's military effort less dependent on the scale and technical brilliance of American technology and industry.
Such adjustments will take years to achieve, but it is clear generally, and will be apparent in Washington. that an attempt is now being made at least to start the process.
A thirty-fifth anniversary has of itself no intrinsic importance, but it does offer the spur for a period of contemplation of long-term directions and objec- tives such as is apparent in the articles published below.
The change of Soviet leader- ship twice within the past 18 months and the impending American presidential election perhaps mean that this year contemplation will be easier than clear-cut action.
But the perceived need for improved relations between East and West, and the debate witlhin Nato on this and other fundamental matters may pro- vide a basis for hoping that by the end of the year, with Mr Chernenko presumably well established in office. and the American presidency decided for another four years, there may be scope for easing some of the tensions.
Joseph Luns, Nato Secretary-General from 1971-84, in conversation with Lord Carrington, his successor
A message from Lord Carrington, Nato Secretary-General designate
Institutions are rather fond of anni- versaries. The thing can be over-done and 35 is not tradition- ally one of the great milestones on the road to distinctinn-";"May 29, 1984";"";61843;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"NATO-35 years of peace";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The Govennment are ready to plan a substantial increase in the strength of the British Army of the Rhine if nego- tiations at the meeting of the Nato Council in P;ris next week are satisfac-
tory.
(t has been known for sore time that General Norstad, the Supreme Alied Conmnader in Europe, is dissatisfied with the prcesnt British contribution to the non-nuclear fon.rs in central Eurepe. and the Government have now acceptod that althouSh the original re- quirement for four divisions is for the time being impracrikable, the three weak divisions in Rhine Army are not enough to play a full prt in the Nato strategy,
specially in the present statc of tension.
EFFECT ON DETERRENT
Whm Mr. Watkinson. the Minister of Defelnce. toes to Paris next %eek he will seek from Gene al Norstad and the Nato Council a firm niilitary justification for the extra convemnticnaI forcs which are demanded from Britain. Although he has said that the new emergency defence plan for the defence of Europe neets British thiinking on the subject ""almost 1O0 per cecnt"". Mr. Watkinson still has reservations
boiut the complete validity of the theory of the pause. These reservations, which according to certain American reports have been expressod in somewhat unguarded tcrms by Ministry of Defnce spokesmen. concern the degree to which the ticlear threshold can be raised.
Tlhe official British view is that while strong conventional forces in Europe are clearly necessary if minor aggression is to be contained without recourse to nuclear wearons. overernpha%is on these forces is likcly to reduce the credibility of the deter. reilt by suggesting a reluctance to resort to nuclear defandc. ntere is a fear that the American concept may go too far in this direction. If Mr. Watkinson can be convinced of the validity of General Nor- stad's force requiremc-nl when he gots to Paris next we&ok. the Governtent's objec- tions to stationing more troops in Germany will be largely overcome
.'he other main barrier to big increases in B.A.O.R. in the past has been the effect upon the balance of payments. The Minister of Defence will seek assurances from the Nato Council that the expense of maintaining forces on the Continent will be regarded as a Nato responsibility and
not one for bilateral arrangement between I Britain and Germany. He is likely also to urge a greater degree of effective inter- depedence as a means of reducing the un- r.ecessary expense of research and develop. ment of equipment being carried out by several Nato countries at once.
FALL IN COMMITMENTS
If the negotiations in Paris arc satisfac- tory the British Government will be faced with the immediate probliem of finding troops to send to Germany. The first move will undoubtedly be to bring existing formations up to fuill strength. or as near to full strength as possible. If, however. the increase is to be really effective it will be nececsary to provide new formations or uniits.
It is now fully accepted by the military planners that commitments elsewhere in the
world will inevitably decrease over the next five years. 'The preliminary examinations which are now going on in Preparation for the publication of the 1962 Defence White Paper indicate that there will be consider- able reductions in British garrisens in the Far East and the Middle East and that the Mediterranean area will be largely the responsibility of a home based strategic reserve. The new policy will be designed to meet British responsibilities in the Central and South-East Asia Treaty organizations. with mobilc forcts relying upon air transport and seabbrne task forces and it is now gradually being accepted that the task in Europe cannot be carried out with forces left over from other world-wide commitments.
The chanse will, however, be a gradual one and will not solve the immnediate probIem. It will almost certainlW be neces- sary to bring some forces from overseas if Rhine Army is to be strengthened without borrowing from the strategic reserve. As. the Americans will undoubtedly be interested to know where these troops are to come from it is essential that there should be close consultation between the two SoYvcrnments before the Nato Council meet- ings so that Mr. Watkinson and the American Secretary for Dcfence go to Paris with their ideas on the defence of Europe in harmony.
GLOOMY PICTURE
Whilc the Nato Council are discussing these matters the Assembly of the W.stern European Union will also be meeting il
Paris, and a considcrable part of their deliberations will be devoted to the state of European security. The defence committee of the union have produced a comprehen- sive report after a series of visits to Nato headQuarters and installaiions, in the course of which they wecre briefed on current mili- tary problems by General Norstad and his staff. The draft conclusions and recom- mendations of the committee Present a gloomy picture, and it may not be entirely coincidental that the W.E.U. debate on doeence will take place on Tuesday and Wednesday of next week--the two days immediately before the meeting of the Nato Counlcil.
The main recommendation before the union. arising from a report on Allied forces by Mr. Anthony Kershaw. one of the British representatives on the defence com- mittee, is that member governments of Nato should bring their armed forces up to ""the full strength neessary to avoid automatic recourse to nuclcar weapons, namely to bring their land forces assigned to Nato up to the agreed minimum figure of 30 divisions on the central front"".
Tne chairman of the W.E.U. defence committee, Colonel Fcns of the Nether- lands, will tablc the conclusions of the committaes investigations. These call attention tio the failure of Britain and France to fulfil their Nato commitments, to the glaring weaknesses in interdepen- dcnce. and to the necd to avoid ""nuclear anarchy"" by establishing some form of effective participation by European coun- tries in the political control of nuclear wcapons.
7The adoption of this report and its re- commendations will obviously lend great w,eight to General Norstad's insistence upon the forces necessary to enable him to carnr out his forward ttratez-v";"December 7, 1961";"";55258;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Substantial Increase In Rhine Army Visualized";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
THE HAGUE, OcT. 27
The two-day conference of the Foreign Ministers of Western European Union (Britain and the six Common Market countries) which ended at The Hague yesterday was tn odd mixture of success and failure. For immediate practical purposes it accomplished almost nothsing, but overall, acc^ording to many delegates, it certainly was not tIhe flop that some had feared.
As the first of the series of meetings which are to take stock at three-monthly intervals of the political and economic situation in Europe-and so avoid diver- gences between the policies of Britain and the Six-ithis "" new look "" W.E.U. meating produced almiittedly only a Mouse of an official statement.
This was in spite of the fact that there had been useul political dichussion on Friday on ainost all parts of all the world, and a nuumber of far-ranging exposes yester- day on sucth economic topics as the agri- cultural policies of Britain and the Conmon Market, relations between Britain and the Common Market, cooperation between t'hecountries of the free world in aid and trade with the less developed countries in the light of next year's UnitedB Nations conference on-trade and develop- mnt at Geneva, and the Kennedy round of tarifE outs.
FRENCH RESISTANCE
The ftat is that, although iraportant de- Cieonswere not expected at this conference, a positive expression of the W.E.U. mem- bers' itentions to cooperate in tackling these subjects with success was hoped for, and maso minor agreements on ways of caryng the debate farther-for instance, by establishing working groups inx W.E.U. _nese were alnost etirely blocked by the French delegation led by M. Couve de MurviBle.
In referring, for instance, to the discus- sion of the tariff negotiations on the Kennedy round in the General Agreernent on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) next spring, the official statement spoke only of - special emphasis on their importance for the European economy' and not of the determination of the W..U. members as a whole to make the Kennedy round a real success. By oontrast, the statement did express the hope of the members that al participants would show a "" constructive spilit"" in their approach to the United Nations conference on trade and develop- ment.
The Ministers agreed to hold their next m-eeting in London ""towards the end of January ' but even this decision left a firm date to be fixed through diplomatic channels.
The paucity of agreement was not, how- ever, the whole story. The conference gave Mr. R. A. Butler, the new British Foreign Secretary, the opportunity at the beginning of yesterday's session to reiterate clearly and deliberately Britain's determina- tion to remain closely associated with Europe and an intimate part of Europe even though entry into the Common Market was barred. This surprised and certainly pleased almost all the delegates. Indeed, M. c--O d% MorjillUg les in for aomv
half-reluctant admiration for the self-can- trolled and reserved manner with which throughout he handled the French position of isolation.
There followed an exchange of informa- tion on agriculture. Mr. Butler exlplained that the British system of deficiency pay- ments, built up at a time of scarcity. must now be changed It was generally agreed that British and Common Market agricul- tural Policies must- not be allowed to diverge.
DR. SCHRODER'S APPEAL
Dr. Schroder, the German Foreign Minister, made an earnest Plea that the great new chance offered by the Kennedy round for a substantial liberalization of trade should be seized. He argued pri- marily on political grounds: he pointed to the grave disruptive consequences for all if they failed to break down economic barriers within the Atlantic community. between the European. Econornic Com- munitY and the European Free Trade Association, and between the free indus- trialized countries and the less developed countries.
M. Couve de Murville eventually gave an apparent vague assent to the proposi- tion that the Kennedy round should suc- ceed, but there was no sign in the official statemrent or elsewhere that France would abandon her special demands and excep- tions to President Kennedy's proposed 50 per cent overall cuts in tariffs. Over this. however, the conference has at least given the French clear notice that the Gecrmans. supported by the rest of the Six,-are deter- mined not to. allow their hands to bc tied by French demands.
Mr. Butler- had already made it clear that Britain hoped for the widest and deepest possible cuts in tariffs; and Piofessor Hall- stein, the chairman of the European Economic Community commission, Who had been invited to attend the economic debate, announced that British experts would go to Brussels this week to exchange views with the commission on the Kennedy round.
DELEGATES lFNERESSED
Mr. Butler's evident sincerity in wishing to make the conference a sucbss impressed many delegates. He remarked to one of the members of his staff that he had often wanted to be Foreign Secretary and thought now that he would enjoy the work more than beins Prime Minister. Several of the delegates, for all their sympathy for Mr. Heath, admitted to some relief that Britain had cnanged her representativet because Mr. Heath's presence at this meeting would inevitably have recalled the last tense days of the Brussels breakdown of Britain's negotiations with the Common Market.
The change, it was said, helped to keep this first conference since the breakdown in a low key. The feeling of it was described to your Correspondent by one delegate as that of a family where there had been a quarrel, which had not been made up, but which everyone wanted to forget.
Your Correspondent, after experiencing the vagaries of a number of conferences, finds it Pleasant to record that the Dutch authorities, in their obvious desire to make this new conference between Britain and the Six a success, took great pains over the running arrangements-with complete success.
Comment In city Notem-Pa.ge 16.";"October 28, 1963";"";55843;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Butler Helps To Mend Europe's Family Feud";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, uJNE 6
Strong German support for the development of a fully integrated nuclear force within the Atlantic alliance was given in Paris today by Herr von Hassel, the west German Defence Minister, in opening the defence debate at the Assembly of the Western European Union. Most of his views were as much. at variance with French policy as the conceptions of European construction advanced during the political debate.
He saw in nuclear weapons an excellent instrument for tying Europe more closely to the United States and for convincing Mr. Khrushchev that there was no rift in the Atlantic alliance. The proposed mixed- manned force, he said, had the primary PurPose of increasing political cooperation, to which some advance had been made by the inter-alied force created at the recent Ottawa meeting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Integration would effectively counter dangerous tends at work on both sides of the Atlantic.
Some Americarns were trying to give the impression that the Europeans, above all President de Gaulle, sought to force the United States out of Europe one day. The neo-isolationists in America worked on the taxpayer; and there were those in Europe. rnot only in France, who believed that the UJnited States, perhaps in 1970 or 1972. w ould make an agreement with Russia and abandon Europe. No one would contest that such views were being aired.
NEW GENERATION
Herr von Hassel did not think that the 'trigger"" problem was insoluble. The Principle of unanimity could not last for ever. Germany held the opinion that a mixed-manned force must be launched by more than two nations. This conception put her in a difficult position because of suspicions in western countries that she had eagerly seized on the multilateral formula as a means of laying her hands on nuclear weapons.
"" We have never aspired to have nuclear weapons of our own "", he said, and this was still so. Germany, however, now fur- nished the second largest national con- tingent for the defence and freedom of all Nato nations. and it would be readily under- stood that she made a point of having a share in nuclear planning and responsibility.
He appealed for confidence in a new generation of Germans, now coming into positions of responsibility, who had nothing to do with Hitler and his henchmen and who were sincerely trying to create a demo- cratic state which would be a reliable partner.
VALUE OF TREATY
Taking the position that there was no change in Russian objectives or in the Pressures that could be exerted on the western world, he said the defence of the Atlantic atea, for tolltIoaI and techno- logical reasons, became increasitigly indi- visible. Europe, because of its lack of depth, needed American assistance and could not becomo a third power between east and westb
He felt that the Franco-German treay had been misunderstood in some quarters- far from being a turning Point in German pcdicy. it was the cAmination of a process
of reconciliat1on begun after 1945. It would serve to stimulate cooperation with alll members of W.E.U. and Nato. In military terms. west Germany was the battIe zone and France the liintegand. a situation that called for an especiay close form of cooperation.
SuPporting the forward millitary strategy of Nato, Herr von Hassel contended that the notion of a graduated deterrent must make no distinction between conventional and nuclear armanents, or the aggressor would have possibilities for action at reduced risk. His concl,usion was that a potential aggressor must never be aU4swed to know when, where, under what con- ditions, and to what degree hc must expect the use of nuclear forces.
: APPEAL TO CONGRESS
The debate is addrcssed to two reports from the defence committee introduced by Lord Kennet (Britain), on the Nato nuclear force after the Nassau agreement, and the role of navies in the nuclear age. The first contains far-reaching recommendations calling, among other things, for:-
Full nuclear cooperation between Britain
and France in the interests of W.E.U. members within the larger Atlantic alliance.
Political control by a nuclear council repre-
senting all Nato countries, whlch would entrust the decigion to fire to a restricted executive body.
Acctss by all nations of the nuclear force
to manufacturing techniques.
Another draft urges the United States Congress to show more comprehension of the needs of members of an integrated nuclear force in the matters of information and control.
The second report calls for appropriate steps to enable the navies of Nato powers to exercise a conventional as well as a nuclear role, and to decrease the vulner- ability of capital units. It also seeks to furher the work of the Nato anti-sub- marine warfare research contre at La Spezia.
ECONOMIC WATCH
The assembly's political debate on future relations among the seven member states was concluded by the adoption, by 51 votes to eight, of a recommendation that a con- tact committee of senior officials of Foreign Ministries be created to kecp a permanent watch on economic developments.
The course of action urged on members included a pressing invitation to Britain to maintain her application to join the Com- mon Market in spite of present difficulties, and spoke of the imperative need to avoid an economic struggle between the six Com- mon Market countries and the European Free Trade Association.
Mr. Maurice Macmillan (Britain), an outspoken critic of Ftench policies, fought strongly for an amendment embhasizing that unless this coutse were followed Community solutions and further develop- ment of the Community spirit could be endangered.
I It was carried on a roll call by 26 votes to 19 with 18 abstentions-a reflection of a divided astembly which is unlikely to exert influence on French positions. A proposal to adopt the Franico-German pact as a model for a seven-power treaty for poli,tical and defence cooperation was sent back to committee. This was hardly surptising.";"June 7, 1963";"";55721;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nuclear Force As Bond For Europe And U.S.";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent PARIS, Nov. 26 Though General de Gaulle's staff will neither confirmn nor deny the story, there is every reason to believe a report in a Paris newspaper this evening to the effect that he recently received the Russian Ambassador in Paris, Mr. Vinogradov. Tle meeting, which apparently took place at Colombey-les-Deux-tglises, the General's home in the Haute-Mamne, was said to be at the Ambassador's request. The event is naturally ful of interest, for General de Gaulle, who. as head of the French Government signed the Franco- Soviet treaty in 1944, is known to believe strongly that no chance should be lost of sounding the Russians about their readi- ness to come to a new understanding on east-west relations. The General had a long talk earlier this autumn with M. Mend&s-France, and it was generally assumed that this topic was one of the principal ones that they discussed. DECEMBER SPEECH General de Gaulle is to make an important speech on December 4, and already the prophets are at work, foreseeing that he will caU for a serious approach to Moscow before and not after, as M. Mendes-France would have it-the ratification of the new agreements on Germany. If he does indeed take that line, the effect upon his former followers in Parliament could be such that the ratification prospect would be, if not permanently endan- gered, at least made a good deal more difficult. Mr. Vinogradov recently invited a French parliamentary delegation to come to Moscow, but the President of the National Assembly, M. Le Troquer, refused, explaining that to avoid ambiguity, the visit could not be made before the ratification of the new treaties. The expose des motifs of the Bill authoriz- ing the President of the Republic to ratify the various agreements and protocols on German sovereignty and German rearmament, which were the result of the London and Paris conterences, has now been tabled in the National Assembly. The debate on the Bill is due to take place on December 14, although that date has still to be definitely approved by the Chamber. ARMS PRODUCTION Among other points included in the Bill's introduction, much of which is a straight- forward explanation of the meanings and implications of the new agreements, is an e-xplanation of why the French Government's original suggestions for standardization and common production of arms were not accepted by France's allies. Given the technical diffi- culties of the problem and "" the opposition of all kinds which showed itself,"" it was not surprising that the French propositions were not accepted straight away. However, France's allies agreed that they could be studied at a conference beginning on January 17, 1955, so that the Paris conference thus blazed the trail for the development of the powers of the European organizations."" Furthermore, the Paris agreements, by provid- ing for an annual report to be made to a special Assembly consisting of the delegates of member countries in the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, made "" a beginning in democratic control over the European Union whose importance should not be underestimated."" The various limitations and guarantees con- cerning Germany's entrance into N.A.T.O. are set out, and the Bill affirms that the con- nexion feared by some people between an independent German army and a degree of territorial irredentism cannot now be realized. "" In the eyes of the Government,"" the preamble continues, "" the principal merit of this agreement is, on the one hand, to prove to the eyes of the world the exclusively defen- sive character of the Atlantic European organi- zation, and, on the other, to favour a climate of confidence between France and the Federal Republic of Germany which will facilitate the necessary cooperation."" On the new British links with Europe, the Bill says that this un- precedented commitment is of "" fundamental importance "" as much from the point of view of European security as for the future evolution of Europe. COMMENTS ON SAAR The parliamentary commissions are con- tinuing their work of examining the new treaties before the debate in the National Assembly next month. This morning, the foreign affairs commission of the National Assembly heard a Gaullist rapporteur make his comments upon the Saar agreement. He was not very favourable in what he said, underlining the abbreviated form of the agree- ment, and of the points that it left uncovered. He also emphasized the absence of any British or American guarantees, and the provisional nature of the new statute. On the subject of the second referendum in the Saar (fore- seen under the new agreements after the con- clusion of a peace treaty with Germany) the rapporteur said that this could have no other object than that of a treaty confirming the statute which flowed from the Bonn agree- ments-i.e., the new statute agreed upon be- tween M. Mendes-France and Dr. Adenauer. Nonetheless, the rapporteutr pointed out that to reject the Saar agreement would be to reject all the Paris agreements, and he there- fore recommended approval. Meanwhile, as has happened before when reports begin to come from Bonn of impending Franco-German talks on the Saar, French officials seem to know little about the plan. M. Soutou, the member of M. Mendes France's personal staff who hitherto has dealt with the Saar issue at the official level, will not be back from the United States, whither he accompanied the Prime Minister, until Sunday, although it is understood from German sources that Dr. Blankenhorn, who arrived here last night, intends to meet other officials to-morrow. Whatever the course of the discussions, the French attitude wi'l be what it has been since the Franco-German agreement was signed last month by M. Mendes-France and Dr. Adenauer: that while certain details remain to be filled in, there can be no question of interpreting or adding a protocol to a text whose main lines are for the French immutable.";"November 27, 1954";"";53100;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sounding The Russians";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, Ocr. 4
President Kennedy has had to cancel his engagements because of a head cold. His condition was said not to be serious, and perhaps the best medicine available was the news that the House of Repre- sentatives today approved the Trade Expansion Bill with its provisions for tariff reductions virtually intact. The Bill has already passed through the Senate.
The Bill arms the President with far- reaching powers to eliminate or reduce tariffs, and is the Administration's response to the European Economic Community. Mr. Kennedy regards it as the first bold step towards an Atlantic partnership. It authorizes the President over a five-year period to: -
Reduce tariffs by S0 per cent on broad
categories of products as well as single articles.
Reduce or eliminate, in reciprocal negotia-
tions, all tariffs in categories of manu- factured products of which the United States and the European Economic Community (including Britain) together provide 80 per cent or more in world trade during a representative period.
Remove the duty on any article subject to
a rate of 5 per cent or less ad valorem on July 1, 1962.
Reduce, or remove, the duty and other
restrictions on any tropical, agricultural and forestry product. provided that the European Economic Community makes comparable concessions, and provided the article is not produced in significant quantity in the United States.
NO ALTERNATIVE
Britain is thus reminded that what is called here the Grand Design, the pro- gramme that is to unite western Europe and Britain in an Atlantic partnership, depends entirely upon her entry into the Community. With Britain outside Europe much of the trade Bill will be meaningless, and the United States will have to review its present intimate rela- tions with Britain.
A staff study prepared for the Senate foreign relations committee, the first of a series to be published on problems and' trends in Atlantic partnership, says that American policy admits no alternative to eventual British membership in the E.E.C. and Atlantic partnership in that
context. This is a fair representation of official thinking.
The study is also concerned with future defence arrangements, and it offers the view that an inner executive North Atlantic Treaty Organization council of nuclear powers might have to be established to meet future political requirements. While no firm proposals are offered, the study seems to lean towards a three-power directorate as once proposed by President de Gaulle.
The new political requirements are seen to follow from the weakening of the dominant economic and military power of the Unitel States, the increas- ing political assertion of the members of the European Economic Community and Britain's probable membership of that community.
The study suggests that while Euro- pean countries will have to make a realistic adjustment to the requirements of a credible strategic policy, the United States will have to share more of the responsibility for nuclear deterrents. Some hard choices will have to be made by the Administration and the Congress if an Atlantic partnership is to be established.
NUCLEAR DETERRENT
The study fully recognizes the diffi- culties of nuclear control and tentatively suggests how they can be resolved in the new situation. The position is seen as follows: -
As already stated, American policy admits
no alternative to eventual British mem- bership in the European Economic Community, and Atlantic partnership in that context. It proposes additional national deterrents and believes it must retain firm control of the western nuclear strike force. if only because a feasible alternative, satisfying both military and political requirements, has not yet emerged. Nevertheless, the maintenance of the status quo is doubtful.
The present members of the E.E.C. do not
think it reasonable to expect them, as partners, to assign the ultimate responsi- bility for their security to another part- ner. Because of American legislation nuclear information is shared only with Britain. with which there is a close poli- tical partnership resting on a clear identity of common interests.
With Britain inside the E.E.C. the objective
will have to become one of achieving
a clear identity of European and American interests. The study says that the Nato council could be strengthened along the lines envisaged by the Western European Union. Alternatively, if an Anglo-French entente nucMEaire should ever become possible, an inner council might emerge.
This new Anglo-French entente is seen as a possibility for resolving the nuclear problem. Integrated with the American deterrent, as are the British strike forces, it could make possible the ""dumb-bell"" concept, which already has many strong adherents.
HIGH INTEGRATION
This envisages a European deterrent designed to be compatible with the American force, thus strengthening the basic assumption that the two forces, if used at all, would be used together. Each system would be available for indepen- dent use, but by joining them together for planning purposes in the Nato council, for maintenance purposes with- in a joint infra-structure, and for opera- tional purposes within a joint communi- cations and target system, the degree of integration would be high and the possibility of independent use very low.
The main difficulty seen is the absence of a political and strategic consensus in western Europe. Britain is not yet a member of the E.E.C. and both Britain and France are opposed to a supra- national political union. However, the future must be faced and prepared for. Franco-German collaboration in defence is being discussed, and it is a reasonable assumption that the close identity of France and west German interests would be extended to inolude Britain once she joined the Community.
The study, whioh assumes that west Gernany will abide by its pledge not to manufacture nuclear arms, says that an Anglo-French entente nucliaire will then be a logical development.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 4.-The study says that Britain's nuclear striking force is already approaching obsolescence. "" Its credibility as an instrument of British policy is steadily declining. Its future, if it has one, may be as a contribution to, and an integral part of, a multi- national 'European' force.""-Reuter.";"October 5, 1962";"";55514;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Emphasis On Britain In E.E.C.";""
"";"['News']";"AACHEN. MAY 10
Sir Winston Churchill, who was pre- sented here to-day with the Charlemagne prize for his services to Europe, said in his speech of thanks that in a true unitv of Europe Russia must have her part. The main theme of salvation should be the grand alliance of the European Powers, the British Commonwealth, and the United States. Russia and the east European States should not be excluded, and this could lead to the solution of grave issues such as the reunification of Germany.
Professor Heuss, the President of the Federal Republic, Dr. Adenauer, and other former recipients of the prize were present at the ceremony in the ancient Rathaus. and a crowd of about 3,000 filled the square outside to listen to a relay of the speech. They gave Sir Winston and Lady Churchill a friendly welcome, although there was also some derisive whistling. The demonstration of nationalists, refugees, and expelled persons from east Germany and the former German territories passed without incident.
WARRING TRIBES
The speech encompassed the European struggle for unity and peace from the time of the faU of the Roman Empire. Under Charlemagne, Sir Winston Churchill said. a far-reaching substratum of Europe's popu- lation had refused to accept as normal a world consisting of warring tribes. Just as there was a universal Church, people were dimly aware that there should be some accepted authority to keep order within. and to prevent incursions from without. Thus, the resuscitation of the Roman Empire under Charles the Great was wel- comed in the hope that it heralded a return to peace and prosperity, and to the larger unity which had once existed. Alas, the idea was too good to be true, and unity was preserved for less than 50 years. Since then, wars had rent Europe for 1,100 years.
FRANCE AND GERMANY
Much had happened since he last visited Germany, to attend the Potsdam conference. The Soviet Union first pursued a policy dividing her from her allies, and there followed the historic reconciliation between the Commonwealth and the United States on the one hand, and west Germany on the other, and the formation of N.A.T.O. This treaty, in which Germany was a part- ner, was a solemn affirmation of the unity of Europe. He had long considered that one of the supreme duties and privileges of France after 1945 was to bury all bitter- ness and lead Germnany back by the hand into the European family. The French contribution to European unity was very large, and the German reception of it had been invaluable.
N.A.T.O. was a striking product and expression of a world wearied of war and determined to huild its own organization in such strength and power that there would be peace henceforward. The principle was simple and maijestic: we all joined hanJ; and swore to fight the aggressor. whoever he might be; but a new question had been raised by the recent Russian repudiation of Stalin. If it were sincere, we bad a new Russia to deal with, and if this were so he did not sce why the new Russia
should not join in the spirit of this solemn agreement.
We must realize, Sir Winston Churchill said, how deep and sincere were Russian anxieties about the safety of her home- land from foreign invasion. In a true unity of Europe Russia must have her part, and he was glad to see that Poland was already not unaffected by the recent changes in the Russian outlook. Other changes might follow. Czechoslovakia might recover her freedom. Above all, he added, Germany will be reunited.
Sir Winston Churchill said it would be rash and blameworthy to attempt to solve the problem of European unity, of which German reunification was a vital part, by any violent stroke; the only unity that might come from violence would be a unity of ashes and death. It would be equally fatal for N.A.T.O. to relax and let apathy overtake what had been achieved in the past eight years, but he did not regard N.A.T.O. as the sole effective expression of the moves towards European unity. No one could doubt the usefulness of tbe Western European Union, the Economic Committee. the Coal and Steel Community. and the Council of Europe, but he believed that the main theme of salvation should be the grand alliance of European Powers, linked with the United States, Canada. and other members of the British Commonwealth.
BONN'S UNCHANGED VIEW The spirit of this arrangement should not exclude Russia and the eastern Euro- pean States. "" It may well be that the great issues which perplex us, of which one of the gravest is the reunification of Germany, could then be solved more easily than they can by rival blocks confronting each other with suspicion and hostility,"" he said.
Dr. Adenauer spoke afterwards, but made no reference to the main theme of Sir Winston Churchill'r speech. which was probably more acceptable to some of the demonstrators in the town. These repre- sented groups that would willingly nego- tiate, and even try to make a deal with the Soviet Union, to achieve reunification and the return of the eastern territories. The imaginative conception of Sir Winston Churchill, however, is at present beyond the ken of those now responsible for the Federal Republic's foreign policy. In Bonn there has been no advance from Geneva; reunification and security are still placed before disarmament and a general relaxa- tion of tensions.
"" LUNATIC FRINGE
To-day's speech will almost certainly initiate another public debate. Many decent Germans have begun to criticize the Gov- ernment's unchanging Policy, and the nationalists and ""lunatic fringe"" are be- coming more vocal.
About 600, mostly from Aachen, gathered before the war memorial to remember, as one of their leaders told your Correspon- dent. the soldiers who died for the unity of Europe in the struggle against allied Bolshevism. Afterwards the leaders gathered in an upstairs room of a beer house. which seemed to be the local head- quarters. Your Correspondent was assured that they did not hate the British. because the British were ""Saxons, like Germans.- but "" Churchill's notorious Air Force "" had destroyed the cities of Europe, and he had opened Europe to the Red Army.
Picture on page 9.";"May 11, 1956";"";53528;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir W. Churchill On Aligning Russia With The West";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 18
The Paris treaties cleared the last hurdle in the west German parliament to-day. In less than an hour this morn- ing the Bundesrat (Federal Council) gave its assent where necessary to the Bills incorporating the treaties.
There are four Bills in all, of which only two, the one to restore sovereignty on the basis of the revised Bonn conventions and the Saar agreement, involved a vote. The Federal Council is an upper house in the sense that it is the forum of the Lander Governments in federal legislation and its assent is not necessary to the putting into force of all new legislative measures. The other two Bills concerning the entry of western Germany into N.A.T.O. and into the projected western European Union, and the stationing of allied troops in the Federal Republic after the end of the occupation, were not discussed.
SAAR AGREEMENT
The proceedings this moming were opened with a report from Herr Kaisen, the Presi- dent of the Bremen Senate, in his capacity as rapporteur of the Federal Council's Foreign Affairs committee. He recommended support of the Bill on the ending of the occupation and, "" in spite of serious anxiety and doubts,"" of the Saar agreement as well, in the name of the majority of the committees.
The case for the Opposition was put by Dr. Zinn, the Chief Minister of Hesse. He ex- pressed his dislike for the treaties in a brief speech which varied sharply in tone between an almost dreamily unemphatic style of delivery and sudden punctuations of harsher emphasis. The publication of the Yalta documents, he thought, had shown that the western Powers, as well as the Soviet Union, favoured the division of Germany.
"" We have the oppressive feeling that the aim of Yalta will now be realized."" He proposed making over the Saar agreement to the mediating committee between the two Houses of Parliament.
In the final voting, seven Lander (North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, Baden-Wiirttem- berg, Schleswig-Holstein, Rhineland- Palatinate, Hamburg, and Bremen) with a total of 29 votes, were in favour of the Bill restoring sovereignty, against Lower Saxony and Hesse with nine.
DECLARATORY RESOLUTIONS- The proposal to mnake over the Saar agree- ment to the mediating committee was opposed by five Lander (North Rhine-West- phalia, Baden-WUrttemberg, Schleswig-Hol- stein, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Hamburg) with 21 votes and supported by four (Lower Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse, and Bremen) with 17 votes.
Two declaratory resolutions were passed similar to those which the Bundestag approved after their debate on the second reading of the Paris treaties. One looked forward to early four-Power negotiations on the reunification of Germany. The other referred to the Saar agreement, which was felt not to prejudice the status of the Saar as a part of Germany within the frontiers of
1937. Freedom of expression and freedom of political activity for parties. associations, and the Press were to be established in the Saar and continue after the referendum. The European convention on human rights was to be binding in the Saar, and be applied there.
Dr. Adenauer, the Federal Chancellor, was present at the session of the Federal Council,
roeking not yet fully recovered from his recent illness. But he took part in much warm handshaking when the business vvas concluded, and made his own comment on the morning's work. Germany's decision on the Paris treaties had, he said, laid the ghosts of Yalta and of Potsdam. A Government spokesman described the successful conclu- sion of the parliamentary career of the treaties as a sign of the stability of the policy and of the Government of the Federal Republic.
There remains now only the signing of the Bills by President Heuss, and the ultimate depositing of instruments of ratification of the treaties for the completion of the process of west German ratification.
The Social Democratic Opposition re- sponded this afternoon to the success of the Government in the morning by sending a petition by telegram to the Federal Consti- tutional Court at Karlsruhe for a ruling that the Saar agreement is incompatible with the basic law of the Federal Republic. They also informed the President of their action.
OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE
Such a move requires the support, accord- ing to the basic law, of one-third of the mem- bers of the Bundestag. The Social Demo- crats do not have that number in the House. and have needed to look for assistance out- side the ranks of their own party. Dr. Mommer, their expert on the Saar, has been canvassing for signatures among the Free Democrats and the All-German bloc, both of them parties of the Government coalition.
There are 151 Social Democrats who are voting members of the Bundestag out of a total of 487. The business of collecting signatures has been estimated on their need- ing 12 supporters from other parties to com- plete the total. They have said on occasions they were ""assured "" of them, but there seems to have been a natural reluctance among deputies to be the one who tipped the balance.
The mathematics of the petition sent to- day have, however, been worked out on another basis. There are 22 representatives of Berlin in the House who do not vote on substantive business. Eleven of them are Social Democrats. The party already has the signatures of eight other voting members, four of them Free Democrats, with three from the All-German bloc and one indepen- dent. With this backing, and that of the 11 Berlin Social Democrats, the party has, in fact, one-third of the total of 509, if the criterion is to be members, not voting mem- bers. The validity remains to be tested of the petition itself as well as the subject of the petition.
This evening President Heuss discussed with Dr. Adenauer the effect of this action upon his signing of the four Bills. After the conversation, it was officially stated that no immediate decision by the President was to be expected.";"March 19, 1955";"";53194;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Full Assent To Treaties In West Germany";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"The press and television pay much attention to ""natural disasters "". This is hardly sur- prising, since major calamities such as earthquakes, cyclones, floods, fires, and so on occur regularly. Since the dawn of history, mankind has sought to dominate nature, and particu- larly in the past century vast progress has been made to curb or minimize the effects of the forces of nature both by prevention (dykes, canals, fire control measures, etc) and by early warning (cyclones, earth- quakes, can be predicted and appropriate measures such as evacuation of populations can be taken in time).
Nature has no regard for political frontiers, and in con- sequence, nearly all actions, both for preventing natural disasters as well as for provid- ing for relief, give rise to international action. For exam- ple, action by France and Ger- many to regulate the waters of the Rhine avoids flooding in Holland; the meteorological stations of different nations give early warning of cyclones, 'the victims of earthquakes and floods are the object of relief by many nations; the drought and consequent famine suf- fered by the nations of, the Sahara gave rise to an aid pro- grAnune of international pro- portions, of which the western world, and more particularly Nato member countries, con- tributed the major share.
Yet, in spite of the inter- national character of the pre- ventive and relief measures being self-evident, most nations cling to the concept of bila- teral rather than multilateral action, particularly in the case of disaster relief. Is this a result of the belief that the ""good deeds"" should receive their reward in this life rather than the next? Or is it because of the ingrained attitude of governments wherebv political or economic advantages must accrue to the ""' donor "" country? Or can it be attribut- ed to the simple fact that international mechanisms for the coordination of the infor- mation and of the subsequent assistance are not trusted, little known, or ignored?
Some of the international bodies are well known: Red Cross, various UN agencies, CARE, Oxfam, etc. Others are little known and, more particu- larly, their potential is ignored.
A case in paint is Nato. In signing the North Atlantic Treaty, and in particular its Article 2, the members of the Alliance undertook to assist each other in all fields, not only that of defence. This is in keeping with the doctrine that political solidarity enhances security as much as integrated military forces. Nato has done much in respect of the latter, but one. may well ask what better concrete demonstration of solidarity could be gliven by Nato countries coming to. each other's assistance in cases of m-ajor natural disasters. Fur- thermore, by . coordinating their relief programmes they would make their aid more effective for the beneficiaries, as well as more cost-effective for the donors.
Nato is equipped with an excellent integrated communi- cations system with terminals in each capital and its ""switch- board"" at Nato headquarters. The military headquarters of the major Nato commands are similarly connected with their subordinate commands, and the defence ministries in capi- tals. What better channel could be found for a stricken country to inform its allies of the nature of the disaster, and the quantity and quality of the relief it needs?
Appropriate committees and staffs are permanently in being in Brussels: what better mech- anism could be found by the donor countries for evaluating the nature of the aid required, and for informing one another on the relief tbey can make available ? Transport, medi- cines, food, shelter, water purification and earth-moving equipment, all in varying degrees, may be required aid need sorting out, each donor country contributing its share to the total package and costly duplication of effort 'would be avoided. Strangely enough, this existing mechanism is seldom used by the Nato nations who, in cases of disaster relief prefer other ' ad hoc"" and less cost-effective channels.
Nor wouild participation in such a joint effort diminish the merit which the donors hope will accrue to them when acting unilaterally. On the con- tay, die added demon strationi of solidarity, and the added value of efficient, coordinated assistance will result in greater merit for all concerned.
Nato's role should not be limited to ""consultation"" with a view to avoiding duplication of effort. If Nato nations have been willing to commit them- selves to a joint integrated defence under an ""internation- al "" Nato command in case of crisis or war, it should not be asking too much of them to earmark a small contingent of specialized personnel with its specialized equipment, who could be jointly deployed as a ""Nato Disaster Relief Force"" to provide shelter, food, medi- cal and other humanitarian assistance at the request of an allied government stricken by a major disaster.
In all western countries, such personnel and equipment is already permanently on hand and therefore no etctra costs would be incurred. Rather by acting jointly, 'its deployment would be more cost effective. Furthermore to use the existing mechanism for the coordination of data and to use jointly the readily avail- able men and material for practical action would give added meaning to Nato, which as its charter states is more than a defensive military alliance.
For 27 years the members of the Alliance have taken it for granted tlat their citizens could be called upon to fight, and if necessary die, for each other. Should they net equally assume that their citizens can be called upon to assist each other in case of disasters other than war?
Youth, in particular, would applaud such an initiative, and would willingly contribute to it. Those populations whio are victims of disaster would wel- come the tangible evidence that the Alliance is mindful of their suffering, and is an in- strument for saving them from the consequences of natural disasters as well as from those of war. To this end the govern- ments of the Nato countries would be well advised to take concrete steps in usimg the available machinery of Nato.
Julian Critchley
The author is Conservative MP for Aldershot, and Chairman of the Defence and Ariaments Committee of the Western European Union Assembly.";"January 5, 1976";"";59593;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How Nato could help the world with disaster relief";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-WASHINGTON. MARCH 16
President Johnson decided some time ago that a reorganization of Nato was necessary, and he had tentatively planned to visit London, Paris, Bonn and Rome in April it was learned today.
The visit has now been cancelled because of President de Gaulle's plans to leave the Nato military command, but the idea of reorganization has not been dropped, although it is thought to be impossible at this time.
Reorganization is believed to be necessary because the Soviet Union is no longer regarded as a serious military threat to what President Johnson calls the equilibrium of power.
The first task for the west is seen to be the containment of China, which calls for political and diplomatic unity as well as the deployment of some military resources. Nato allies are not expected to send troops to Vietnam, but instead to demonstrate unity with contributions such as hospital ships and logistical support.
EAST OF SUEZ POLICY
Their main contribution would be to assume a larger responsibility for the defence of western Europe, to permit a thinning out of American forces.
Britain is the one country expected to send troops to Vietnam if and when Indonesia drops confrontation. The White House would be very suspicious of the east of Suez policy if some batta- lions were not transferred to Vietnam.
President Johnson has decided not to take any action until General de Gaulle's visit to Moscow.
The two questions are being pon- dered: Can reorganization go forward in a Nato without France? Will a larger world role for Nato be attractive enough to persuade President de Gaulle to maintain some form of association with the alliance ?
Some of the smaller allies are expected to react against the hard line taken by Britain, and may reluctantly accept an arrangement such as a four-power directorate in order to retain France within the alliance.
But Mr. Johnson apparently is not convinced that the General can be per- suaded. After his visit to Paris the late President Kennedy told him, when he was Vice-President, that it was useless to negotiate with General de Gaulle.
All this must be galling for Mr. John- son, who came to close grips with foreign affairs only last year, and is anxious to make amends for past mistakes.
DECISION MAKING
His ideas are said not yet to be fully developed, but he is convinced that the equilibrium of power can be maintained only if the west remains united. He is said to be prepared to consider any nuni- ber of arrangements to maintain that unity.
He is also prepared to visit western Europe if necessary. The one condition is that there must be some assurance of reasonable success in settling the differ- ences of the alliance.
Mr. Johnson is apparently prepared to offer President de Gaulle and other western European leaders the oppor- tunity to reconsider the entire situation. He appears to be willing to take part in an allied equivalent of Britain's defence review.
It amounts to an offer of allied parti- cipation or consultation in what is known here as the decision-making pro- cess, as well as the expectation of some sharing of the burden of responsibility
There seems to be no clear idea of how far this could be taken.
STUDY OF FRANCE'S
DEMANDS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MARCH 16
The North Atlantic Council, at its weekly meeting today, pursued the examination of General de Gaulle's decision to withdraw French forces from Nato command and l.'; request for the removal from France of Allied head. quarters and bases.
These official discussions are distinct from the continuing consultations of the
14 allies, without France, for the pur- pose of declaring their common allegi- ance to Nato principles.
The council remains seized of the problem, which will be discussed regu- larly in the coming weeks. Meanwhile, it has asked Signor Brosio, the Secretary- General, to direct studies of all aspects of the French decision by the inter- national secretariat and the military authorities.
The French Cabinet met today but found no need to discuss the situation again. M. Yvon Bourges, State Secre- tary for Information, said ways and means of executing the French decisions would be made known in due course. probably soon.
Reports suggest that General de Gaulle counts on having the withdrawals completed by the end of the year.
FRENCH TO BOYCOTT
CHANNEL MEETING
FROM OUR NAVAL CORRESPONDENT
There will be no French representative at today's meeting in London of the Nato Channel Committee which is responsible to the Standing Group in Washington for the Allied Command, Channel. The absence of the French can be seen only as a further instalment in her disengagement from Nato commitments.
The French Navy now seems limited to one liaison officer at Nato's Eastern Atlantic Headquarters at Northwood.
When the committee met last October Admiral Sir Varyl Begg attendee. as Nato Allied Commander-in-Chief, Channel; today he will chair the meeting as Chief of Naval Staff. His Channel Nato post has been taken over by Admiral Sir John Frewen, who combines it with that of Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic.
Mr. Stewarts Hopes on E.E.C., page 10
DR. SCHRODER AT FOREIGN OFFICE
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
After the Western European Union meeting ended yesterday, Mr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, had a separate meeting at the Foreign Office with Dr. Schr8der, the German Foreign Minister.
The main subject discussed was the Nato crisis, although the two Ministers are also believed to have renewed the W.E.U. meeting; policy towards Rhode- sia; and the Anglo-German offset agreement on B.A.O.R. costs.
No early or dramatic moves on Nato are expected, and reports of preparations for a conference of the 14 Nato mem- bers, apart from France, seem from official accounts to be premature. The mood is rather to see first what the French really intend.
Dr. Schroder has recently made it plain that Germany will not be satisfied with a purely consultative role on nuclear matters, and may well have wished to discuss also future coopera- tion in the nuclear field with Mr. Stewart.";"March 17, 1966";"";56582;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Johnson Drops Plan To Visit Europe";""
"['From Alan McGregor,', 'From Frank Johnson,']";"['News']";"From Alan McGregor,
Geneva
'""The American delegation expected these negotiations to be difficult, and they have 9 been."" said Mr Max Kampel-
man. head of the US delegation in the nuclear arms control talks with the Soviet Union, after the concluding plenary session yesterday of the initial round that began on March 12.
""Nevertheless, we had an intensive set of meetings. both formal and informal."" he %'added, reading a prepared
statement, ""and we believe that *the first round scrved a useful a'purpose in helping to bring * about increased understanding
of one another's positions. We look forward to the resumption of our sessions when the second round opens on May 30. A great deal remains to be done.""
Accompanied by the two -other senior members of the 70- strong US delegation, Mr , Kampelman is in Brussels today
briefing the Nato allies before returning to Washington tomor- row to report to President Reagan. He declined to take questions. ""As vou know, there is a confidentiality agreement between the US and Soviet negotiators which reflects the conviction that our role as negotiators is best served if we limit what we say in the public forum.""
Emerging earlier from the US disarmament mission building, venue of the final plenary of two hours 10 minutes. the chief Soviet delegate. Mr Viktor Karpov. stuck scrupulously to that agreement. His lips were sealed, but sealed at least with a broad smile as. pausing for the television cameras. he slowly shook his head before the microphones.
With a significant diminution in the rhetoric from the capitals in the close phase. this first
round seems to have enabled the two sides to appraise the depths of their mutual fears and apprehensions.
While envisaging an eventual balance in strategic and me- dium-range weapons is an cxercise of which they have had. much experience in previous negotiations over the, past two. decades, they are still'far apart on the ""Star Wars"" issue. The Russians apparerqtly ..iemain adamant that' aban'donment by the Americans of the strategic defence initiative project, even before- the research phase has run'its course, is a virtual sine qMa non for agreement on the other categories of weapons.
In 'addition. the outcome of efforts here seems to have become increasingly more, con- tingent on the results of the summit now expected in Sep- tember. Only some accord at that. level. can produce the necessary confidence.
Europe eyes Star War -spin-off
From Frank Johnson,
Bonn I
Italy hails
visit by
Honecker
Rome (Reuter) - Herr Erich Honecker. the East German leader, began talks with Italian political leaders yesterday at the
-start of a visit bailed in Italy as--
likely to pave the way towards better East-West understanding.
Herr. Honecker's two-day trip. which will include an audience with the Pope. is the first by an East German head of state and government to the capital of a Nato and European Crommunity nation.
$ It follbws a 'visit to Eas'
Berlin last July by Signor' rettino C,raxi, Italy's Socialist' p'rime Minister, during' which' ~ccording to Italian political jSialysts' the two countries laid She foundation for a cautious
- Officials in Rome' see the .isit as significant, both for
Italy's 'policy of improving aelation with communist coun- 4ries and for East Berlhn's own *Westpofik initiatives.
~~~Last~~~~t
* Last year Herr Honecker
;,alled off a proposed visit to tWest Germany at shiort notice. Xinder what Western commen-
* Foreign and defcnce minis-. ,ters of the seven countrics of the Western European Union seem to have agreed. with varying dcgrees of enthusiasm, that some kind of US space-based missile defence system is incvitable.
The essential thing was for their countries not to lose out on the benefits of a project so vast that part of it will have to be developed bv European companies. The WEU members .,are France, Italy. Luxembourg, -Britain. The Netherlands, Bet- gium and.Wcst Germany.
Theoretically. Star Wars was not one of the main subjects of the two-day WEU meeting tAVhich ended here yesterday. The official view was that it was ,essentially about carrying on the
The British seem to have shown the most scepticism about Star Wars or, as some of the others might put, the greatest wish somehow, even at this late stage, to prevent it happening in any advanced form. There was a hint of this in the tone which Mr Heseltine adopted at the final press conference yesterday.
It was more guarded than that of. Herr Hans-Dietrich Genscher, West Germany's Foreign Minister, even though Herr Genscher is understood to be more guarded than Chancel- lor Kohl. All in all, the general view in Bonn is that this first attempt by the WEU to deal with an important immediate issue has not resulted in much European Unity.
Italy's guest: Herr Honecker, right, with Signor Craxi
inspects a guard of honour at Rome airport.
tators saw as heavy Soviet pressure. His arrival in Italy reflects something-of a thaw in the East-Wcst climate since then, analysts said.
Signor Craxi rnmet Hcrr Honecker at Ciampino airport and was holding the first of two meetings, with him at his office in. central. Rome
Herr Honecker laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Piazza Venezia and was the luncheon guest of President Pertini. The East German leader was expected to press Signor Craxi to respond to the Soviet freeze on SS20 medium-range missile deploy- ments in Europe.
ctlbrt, which began in Rome last year. to make the 30-year- old organization more import- ant as the voice of the European pillar of Nato.
The communique yesterday confined itself to saying: ""The ministers also examined ques- tions associatcd with research efforts concerning strategic defence. They agreed to con- tinue their collective efforts . .
in order to achieve as far as possible a co-ordinated reaction of their governments to the invitation of the United States to participate in the research.""
At the end of the meeting, Mr Michael Heseltine. the British Defence Secretary. said: ""We are at the very beginning of our dialogue with the US-.-";"April 24, 1985";"";62120;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The East-West divide";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"With the depositing of the instruments of ratification of the London and Paris agreements yesterday the German Federal Republic attained its sovereignty and became a free and equal partner of the west.
The Federal Republic is a member of the newly established Western European Union and becomes a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Because the country is still divided the occasion was celebrated quietly in Germany.
DR. ADENAUER'S
DAY
"" HISTORIC ACT"" IN
BONN
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 5
The Federal Republic formally achieved sovereignty to-day in an atmosphere of strangely muted satisfac- tion, scattered ceremonial, and an absence of celebration. This was intended in no way to detract from the day's events, but to pay deference to the thought that part of Germany would be enjoying no new status.
If the day belonged by right to Dr. Adenauer, the morning's honours were taken by M, Francois-Poncet, the French Ambassador, until noon the French High Commissioner. It fell to him to speak the "" funeral oration "" of the Allied High Commiss!on at the first of the day's ceremonies. He made an occasion of his task.
He first thanked Dr. Conant, then still the American High Commissioner, for having made over to him the chairmanship of the final meeting in what was the American month for carrying out the office. "" I am grateful,"" he said, "" that he has thus shown regard both for my great age and for the fact that, having witnessed the birth of the Allied High Commission and taken part in its activities during its entire eistence of five-and-a-half years, I am present at the burial.....""
MANDATE LAID DOWN
He traced the history of the High Com- mission from September, 1949 when it was set up; Its nature had been that of a tem- porary guardian during the time required for the Federal Republic to become firmly established. Its role had never been that of "" a Cerberus, a rigorous and pitiless con- troller, a master insisting without thought on the teast of his prerogatives."" Its powers had been vast. They had been rarely exer- cised. It could now lay down its mandate
with a conscience completely at peace.""
He read the proclamation revoking the Occupation Statute, abolishing the High Commission and the offices of the Land commissioners; and now, he said, a page had been turned, a new chapter was beginning.
It began at the Palais Schaumburg, the Chancery, at midday with the depositing of the French and Brittsh instruments of ratifi- cation of the revised Bonn conventions granting sovereignty to'the Federal Republic and of the convention containing the terms on which allied forces would remain on German soil. The Americans had already carried out this formality on April 20. The Franco-German Saar ayreement was ex- changed. M. Francois-Poncet announced the release of .21 Germans sentenced by French occupation courts.
HAPPY OUTCOME
Messages of congratulation were passed to the Chancellor from M. Pinay and Mr. Macmillan. Sir Frederick Hover Millar, the British Ambassador. gave Dr. Adenauer a personal message from Sir Anthony Eden welcoming the "" happy outcome.' The Chancellor thanked the former High Com- missioners for their work in Germany and spoke of the ceremony as "" an historic act."" He was then left to preside at a meet- ing of his Cabinet.
He might have gone almost immediately to the Bundestag to inform the deputies of the historic event if the Council of Elders, which arranges the business of the House, could have found a way of allowing him to do so without at the same time giving the Opposition the right to challenge him on the substance of his statement. To avoid a virtual debate the news was conveyed by a letter from the Chancellor to Dr. Gersten- maier, the president of the Bundestag. Dr. Gerstenmaier read it out at the afternoon's session.
Herr von Brentano, the Christian Democratic parliamentary leader, paid a warm tribute to the Chancellor, who was by that time in his place on the Govern- ment benches. Herr Ollenhauer, the Social Democratic leader, made no concession to sentiment in his remarks.
He said that the political freedom con- ferred on western Germany by the Paris
treaties was seriously diminished by military obligations to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and by the transformation into treaty rights of powers formerly held by the Untited States, Britain, and France as occupy- ing Powers. Gernman sovereignty could not be talked of until the country was reunited in freedom.
From the Parliament building, where the procedural muddle and fresh echoes of old controversies had left no room for any sense of occasion, Dr. Adenauer went some few hundred yards to the entrance of his Chan- cery for a short ceremony.
He hoisted the flag of the Federal Re- public. read a proclamation to spectators, and received some words of acclamation from Herr Globke. his State Secretary, and a bouquet of pink roses from a young woman. A squad of frontier police presented arrs, and a military band, or, better perhaps a paramilitary band, played the national anthem. "" We are,"" the ChanceDor said. "" a free and independent State."" There was only one place for the Federal Republic in the world-"" on the side of the free peoples.""
STATESMANSHIP OF
CHANCELLOR
SIR A. EDEN'S MESSAGE
The message to Dr. Adenauer from Sir Anthony Eden, presented to the Chan- cellor in Bonn yesterday by Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar, the British Ambassador, was:-
We welcome Germany on this historic day as sbe takes her place as an equal partner among the western nations. This happy out- come has called for much resolution. I should like to pay a tribute to the patience which you, Mr. Chancellor, have shown, and to the courage and statesmanship with which you have overcome the many difficulties you bave had to face. Much remains to be done before the security of the free world is finally assured, but I know that we shall travel on this road together.";"May 6, 1955";"";53213;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany A Free And Equal Partner Of The West";""
"['From Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"From Roger Berthoud
Brussels, Jan 10
Soon after handing over his responsibilities for the Euro- pean Community's external affairs to Sir Christopher Soames, Dr Ralf Dahrendorf, a member of the European Com- mission, has produced an out- spoken plea for a generous and cooperative spirit in the EEC's foreign relations.
It was just 18 months ago that .the West German'liberal and former professor of sociol- ogy startled Brussels with some heretical thoughts on the EEC's institutions in two pseudony- mous articles published in the newspaper Die Zeit.
Dr Dahrendorf's latest reflec- tions, a personal synthesis of his first two and a half years on the Commission, are contained in a 93-page draft document which has been released to a few people inside and outside the Commission-Sir Christo- pher among them-in the hope of stimulating discussion on this crucial subject. The author is, meanwhile, busy preparing his niew Commission portfolio of education, science and research.
Dr Dahrendorf regards the Community's future relations with non-member states in .West Europe as one of the great tests of its maturity. Any suggestion that the EEC is laying even unintentional claims to a sort of hegemony in Europe must be avoided, he says. Ways must be found to enable the remaining countries of the European Free Trade Association to share in the Community's progress, without producing a state of depend- ence.
The Community would be ill- advised, he believes, to over- look the fact that the other developed democracies of Europe will be directly affected by the Community's decisions without being able to take part in them. The coming round of world trade talks, measures to fight inflation (or lack of them), the development of an environmental policy, even the axle weight of lorries are merely a few examples.
With the development of the Community, Dr Dahrendorf fears future enlargement may require a degree of adaptation by new members beside which Britain's unquestioning accept- ance of the common agricul- tural policy will look trifling. For later applicants among highly developed countries acceptable terms might prove unnegotiable.
""Neurotic ""' is the word Dr Dahrendorf applies to the EECs relations with big indus- trial powers, like, the United States and Japan. The Commu-
IDr Ralf Dahrendorf: a per- sonal synthesis.
nity, he says, has found it curiously difficult to translate its responsibilities into a confi- dent relationship with them.
The fact that each partner had had his identity problems has not helped-the EEC searching for a European per- sonality, America moving down from being the superpower o£ the world to being one of-the superpowers, Japan emerging unsurely from its secure national shell, Canada torn be- tween dreams and reality, Aus- tralia and New Zealand chang- ing from being an annex of Europe to a focal point of an emerging new region.
But it must be made clear, Dr Dahrendorf believes, that if the big industrial powers do not work together actively there will be no economic progress, social stability, political free- dom and secure peace either for them or for their less favoured partners.
It is an illusion of cynics and the ignorant that Europe can fulfil its tasks against these and other large trading nations. There could be no meaningful development aid policy, no chance of economic growth, no military security against, or even without, the United States.
Dr Dahrendorf sees con- siderable difficulties arising from President Nixon's -increas- ing tendency to regard ques- tions of security, trade, cur- rency reform and development aid policy as part of an integral whole.
This will oblige Europe to abandon its present fragmented approach, notably its niore and more damaging separation from questions of defence. Failure to do so will prevent Europe from getting a square deaL
He has little time for many of America's technical objec- tions to the EEC. The Ameri- cans have in fact, he says, been
the greatest beneficiaries of the European Community. Imports of United States' industrial and agricultural goods and Ameri- can investments in the EEC have all increased substantially since 1958, as have those in the EEC's preferential zones.
Buit Dr Dahrendorf shares the Americans' dislike of the common agricultural policy, whose revision, he believes, re- mains one of the Community's great future tasks.
He believes that treaty-type agreements with Australia and New Zealand are desirable, and quotes an Australian minister who said ironically: ""We are Europeans by origin.. We are democratic and developed, too. Do you realry want to punish us for the small geographical fact that we live at the other end of the earth and therefore cannot become EEC members ? "" For relations with Canada, he be- lieves a mixed commission meeting regularly might at present be more suitable.
On relations with developing countries, Dr Dahrendorf's most interesting suggestion is that the EEC is peculiarly wvell placed to help countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Iran; many Latin American countries and possibly Nigeria, which are on the threshold of becoming developed.
The poorest countries must not be neglected, but the so- called ""rich man's club"" must help other countries to join in sharing prosperity, ' and not least by taking far more im- ports from them.
As for this year's East-West conference on security and cooperation in Europe, Dr Dah- rendorf sees it as the possibly decisive test of how political vill be the ""European Union "", planned' by the October Paris summit for 1980..
In some cases there might be a choice between Community solutions and pan-European solutions. In such cases the guiding principle must be: In Dubio pro Conimuntitate, and also in Dubio pro Libertate.
Dr Dahrendorf concludes that the Community can either become an element of hope in international relations, of open- ing new. opportunities for the joint exercise of sovereignty, or it could become an inward- looking disrupter of open trade relations and political detente, with a hypocritical ideology based on unfounded preten- sions. It could even fall into a state of decay. The great round of negotiations' ahead in the International Monetary Fund, in the Geneva Agreement on Tar- iffs and Trade, and at the European security conference, would show which way it was heading.";"January 11, 1973";"";58678;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr Dahrendorf's appeal for a liberal and outward looking European foreign policy";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special . Correspondent
STRASBOURG, OCT. 14
The future of Western European Union was the subject of much heart- searching and some bitterness at the three-day session of the Parliamentary Assembly of W.E.U., which ended here last night. Nearly all the 75 'deputies present from the seven member-coun- tries were agreed that W.E.U. should be made more dynamic and real, but they were divided on how this should be done, and on what the exact role of the organi- zation should be in relation to N.A.T.O;, to the Council of Europe, and to the Six- Power projects, such as Euratom.
The seven Governments were blamed repeatedly for failing to make more use of the W.E.U. council, and thus reducing the assembly, which has no more than advisory powers, to virtual impotence. There were several nostalgic references to the European Defence Community, with its more positive framework.
After Dr. Adenauer's recent remarks about re-launching Europe; and after tbe Mollet-Eden statements, and the British Government's apparent added interest in European inititiutions, it was hoped that this assembly meeting might provide evid- ence of a renewed concern about W.E.U. That hope, on a parliamentary level, was not disappointed;.but the deputies realized that all depended on their Governments.
REPEATED COMPLAINTS
The repeated complaints on Friday that the W.E.U. council had failed to. provide the assembly with adequate information on defence matters were only a symptom of a more general resentment, which expressed itself more in the- lobbies than in the debates. One trouble is that under the W.E.U. treaty,: the ministerial council is responsible to Governments and not to the assembly, which leaves the latter with little to do. The assembly have now asked the council to revise their interpretation of the treaty. A majority of the continental depu- ties wouldlike the council to be responsible to the assembly for decisions, as with the Coal and Steel Community, but they realize that the British Parliament would never accept this divesting of national sovereignty. In the meantime, even if the treaty is not revised, the feeling here has been that there is much that Governments can do to strengthen W.E.U., without poaching on the preserves of N.A.T.O., and without necessarily extending W.E.U.'s present duties, which are confined to control of armaments. There was a strong feeling that the seven Governments should make more use of the council for coordinating their foreign policies; that they should, for instance, have convened the council to dis- cuss Suez at an early stage in the crisis.
Many deputies felt that the W.E.U. Powers should try to present a more unified policy within other organizations, such as N.A.T.O., the Council of Europe. and the United Nations. Herr Erler (Germany, Social Democrat) said that W.E.U. should develop its arms control system as a pattern to be adopted later by the great Powers for world disarmament; W.E.U., he said, was already doing valuable work in trying to remove the ;egal difficulties in the way of arms inspection.
Above all, many Continental deputies expressed the view that if only Britain would join Euratom W.E.U. could extend into the economic field and take the Brussels projects under its wing. This would give the assembly a new purpose, and obviate the plan, unpopular here, for creat- ing yet another European parliament to look after Euratom.
This insistence on W.E.U. has been I strengthened lately by such factors as
German suspicions of United States long- term strategic objectives and French annoy- ance with the United States over Suez. But it is still noticeably modified by the British desire not to prejudice the Atlantic alliance or Commonwealth links. From the Continental point of view W.E.U. would be- almost meaningless if it did not contain Britain, and it is especially valuable as a means of testing British interest in Europe. This explains the way that Britain is allowed to dominate the W.E.U. assembly (as British views on every subject discussed are con- tinually -and eagerly sought.
The Continental deputies here say that this week they have noticed a slight quickening of British interest in* Europe, both among the Conservative and Labour members of Parliament present. The former included Sir James Hutchison, Mr. Godfrey Nicholson, and Mr. Nigel Nicol- son; and the latter Mr. Roy Jerikins and Mr. Frederick Willey.
Generally, however, the British are still considered to be comparatively uncoopera- tive on matters of foreign policy and even defence, as well as economics; and hopes of a closer association were somewhat upset Yesterday when Lord Stonehaven (Con- servative) and Mr. John Edwards (Labour) both made speeches hostile -to British participation in Euratom.
DANGEROUS GAP
Signor Benvenuti (Italy; Christian Demo- crat) had presented. as one of the rap- porteurs of the defence committee, a detailed and skilful report on the needs for closer links between the Western Euro- pean Union control of atomic weapons and the control of fissile materials envisaged by Euratom. He gave a waming that there might be a dangerous gap between the two control systems so long as countries (such as Britain) which had independent sources of supply of fissile material did not submit this material to the control of a European body (ie., Euratom). He then repeated with great eloquence the arguments for British Participation in Euratom.
Lord Stonehaven replied that Britain had already made enormous progress in the atomic field and was spending 30s. a year a head on it. Europe was not Yet making a similar effort. Both he and Mr. Edwards stated bluntly that in asking Britain to join Euratom the other six W.E.U. Powers seem to be expecting something for nothing.
Mr. Edwards urged that they should try to make it easier and not more difficult for Britain to satisfy her legitimate interests; the way in which the common market proposals had been put, he added, had made things easier for Britain than the way in which the Euratom proposals had been put.";"October 15, 1956";"";53662;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Assembly's Plea For Injecting New Life Into W.E.U.";""
"";"['News']";"than any industrial country outside the Community. The EEC's efforts were' directed primarily towards those African and Pacific coun- tries which for past political and economic reasons were more closely linked to it.
The entry of the United Kingdom into the Commun- ity, and the commitments made under the Treaty of Accession mean that such an effort will now also be dir- ected to the developing nations of the Common- wealth. It will therefore be of an unequalled size and scope.. It should be directed in a way that will bring most' benefits to the countries concerned.
In this general perspective, the future European union subscribed to in the Paris communique last October will
have a meaning and a pur- pose. It will not constitute a block of* nations created mainly to play a role between East and West in a nine- teenth-century pattern of power politics.
It should rather give an in- spired leadership to the world in facing tomorrow's prob- lems of conservation of natural resources redistribu- tion of income and popula- tion explosion. To a large extent the success or failure of the European experience will depend upon the contri- bution of each of the Com- munity members. That of Britain is essential, if only because of its long parliamen- tary and democratic tradition, the resourcefulness of its peo- ple and its long experience in world affairs.
Character stadies at the Treaty of Accession signing in Brussels, January, 1972. From left: Mr Rippon, Lord George-Brown; the late M Paul-Henri Spaak, M jean Monnet; Mr Thorpe, Sir Christopher Soames, Mr Sandys (all in foreground); Mr Macmillan,M
The topic is vast and it would be easy to succumb to the temptation of using
this opportunity to: describe the brave new world iin which we would like to live. Enlarging the Community, if properly carried' out, can bring with it many iinprove- ments to the existing state of affairs and offer new op. portunities.- In itself, how- ever, it will not change the face of the world in a day.
In the communique of the heads of state and govern- ment of the nine.- countries who are now members of the Community,. issued in Paris last October, we have a guideline on the objec- tives for 'which they will strive over the next few years; A brief analysis of this text should allow us to see what in my opinion has not been sufficiently empha- sized, and thereby. complete the picture of what should
be achieved in the coming decade.
In the first place it appears clear to me that, on the Whole, the goals we are aiming for would have been the same, whether the Community is one of six, nine or more. British accession has removed a stumbling block; with con- tinuous and vigorous British support we should accelerate the movement towards Eutro- pean unity started 20 years ago.
Had the accession of the United Kingdont and its partner countries been de- ferred once again the Six would have continued, even if 'more slowly,' on the road towards unity. And, by the nature of things, one day or another the United Kingdom would have become a partner in this enterprise..
Thus in my opinion the first effect of British entry is that one of the main obstacles slowing the movement, to, wards unity is removed, so none of the six originar mem. bers of the Community need apply brakes to the Com- munity train, to enable the British to board it.
* Where is this train taking us ? Internally towards economic and monetary union. The lasting .success of such an enterprise carries with it not only the need to strengthen the institutions of the Community, and in particular its Parliament, in order to ensure that common economic policies are effec- tively carried out under the direct control of all the people gf the Community.
It also implies the setting up of a system of intern-
ally fixed parities. This neces- sitates the. devlelopment of a series of common policies: their aim -is to ensure that the necessary channels exist for the redistribution of in- come from more to less deve- *loped areas financed by common resources-whether in the shape of regional and social policies, or through the European Investment Bank. The resources for this will come from Community funds, financed by customs duties and value-added tax receipts. * Externally the Community will increasingly speak with one voice in commercial and monetary matters, and pro- gressively as years go by in all the different aspects of foreign policy.
But is this image of an ever more prosperous Euro- pean society one with which
we can be satisfied ? We must add a new dimension and give it a purpose which can carry with it the whole- hearted support and enthu- siasm of its peoples. Rightly the European Community has been criticized because its image has too often been one of an enterprise devoted to ensuring rapid and continu- ous economic growth, the purpose of which is not clear.
Economic growth for growth's sake is not by itself a desirable end. It can only be accepted to the extent that it makes available addi- tional resources which can be devoted to a worthier pur- pose.
I would like to underline two aims. The first, which concerns the way of life of the European people is the rapid development o? an en-
vironmental policy. Such a policy on a world front would have to touch upon a series of problems ranging from pollution to housing, and the preservation of nat- ural resources. It would also bear on the develop- ment of healthier foods, and more rigorou's standards in this respect for agricultural production. In much of this the United Kingdom has shown a leadership which could well be emnulated by other European countries.
The second aim would be to bring an ever more dyna- mic approach to closing the increasing gap between de- veloped, and developing countries. Over the past years, the-original Six devoted more resources and technical aid to developing countries";"January 3, 1973";"";58671;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"What effect would you like British entry to have on the EEC?-Sicco Mansholt replies";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent-MUNICH, JULY 12']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent-MUNICH, JULY 12
If no political bomb was exploded by Herr Strauss, the leader of the Christian Social Union, on the opening day of the party's congress in Munich, there was equally no touching recon- ciliation scene between Dr. Erhard, the Chancellor, and Herr Strauss on the closing one-save in purely superficial expressions of respect.
The latent policy crisis in the Christian Democratic Union, centring on European political union and Franco-German cooperation, has now been brought out into the open. The next deisive phase will be the meeting of the Christian Democratic Union executive in Bonn on Wednesday.
It was a fighting Chancellor who mounted the rostrum of the packed congress hall today to defend both his policy and his right to determine it. Political observers said that they had never seen Dr. Erhard so trenchant and so uncompromising as when he declared that ""the foreign policy of the Federal Republic is my policy, the policy for which I bear responsibility. I will not and cannot give up this respon- sibility ...
""Soine people say, 'We need Erhard to win the next elections; we must not press him too hard'. They make a grave error. I do not make policy to win elections, but for Germany and for the whole German people.""
NEED FOR PATIENCE
The Government declaration last Octo- ber had found the approval of the whole Christian Democratic Union-Christian Social Union a rtnership. - Those whof wanted another policy must resort to con- stitutional means and table a vote of non- confidence in the Government. "" The Chancellor according to the constitution determines the line of policy-without any ifs or buts "", Dr. Erhard declared.
However, his Plea for common sense, for a wider, outward-looking Europe, for close cooperatioha with the United States within an Atlantic community, for patience and foresight, and his argument that a "" bilateral Europe"" was a contradiction in terms- none of this was what the backwoodsmen of the C.S.U. really wanted to hear. Such appeals to reasonableness had little chance against the hard-hitting, cheer-raising demands of Herr Strauss for immediate action on a Franco-German basis.
""Franco-German friendship has a pur- Dose in itself "", Dr. Erhard said, ""but in regard to European unity and security it cannot be an end in itself. Europe has only a chance of surviving historically when the United States can find in it a partner on an equal basis. For such a policy, friend- ship with France offers a firm base.""
A break-through on political union must be made, but not with the view that ""it could also be a smaller union "". His recent journeyings in Europe had demonstrated clearly that the smaller European nations feared that the creation of a European nucleus on a two-power basis might be the starting-point of ""hegemonic"" trends. ""We do not want this; nor does France:
it would do the European cause a poor service.""
He went on: "" We need discussion. But it must be carried out honestly and not poisoned by innuendoes, insinuations or suspicions. Those who claim that the Federal Government in the recent Franco- German consultations deliberately courted a breach are unworthy partners in a discus- sion.
"" We want a Europe in which no country dominates the other; not a divided Europe but a united one. A Europe with a clear political will. Such a Europe must be closely associated with the United States. Beyond the European idea I also have German interests at heart. How can we go ahead in this respect without full trust in the United States ? It is asserted that the Federal Gov- ernment has no poLicy of its own but that it is a satellite of the United States. I do not feel a satellite of the United States: I feel a German first, a European next, and an ally of the United States.""
In carefullly chosen words Herr Strauss thanked the Chancellor for his "" important contribution to the discussion"". Repudiat- ing the charge of nationalism and the mis- use of slogans 'he said that the C.S.U. never left out of sight the ultimate goal of a federal state of Europe with a sovereign parliament ""We cannot just be content with pious expressions of good will. A concrete basis must be found "", he said amid wild applause.
""We are agreed with you on the prin- ciples and goals of a united Europe, Mr. Chancellor, bat the iron must be struck while it is hot. Franco-German friendship has brought about a spiritual revolution which should not go by default. Without unity between France and Germany there can be no European unity."" There were some aF*cts of French policY vWith-which he disagreed-"" but this obliges us to work out solutions and forge new formulas so that European unity can be put on the right track again
DIECT CHALLENGE
What has been going on in Munich over the past three days has been politics by acclamation. The congress has revealed the C.S.U. behind Herr Strauss as a force to be reckoned with in the future in national politics. Herr Strauss is staging his return to the Cab'net in Bonn-though noL yet making a bid for the chancellorship. The controversy about European union and Franco-German policy. however genuine. has conveniently served his ends.
It is hard here to separate personal am- bitions from political convictions. T:,e conspiracy against Dr. Erhard and Dr. Schroder, his Foreign Minister, led by Herr Strauss and Dr. Adenauer, should not be underestimated. The Federal Governmenxc
does not yet have two foreign policies but its oficial line is being directly challenged.
MUNICH, JUIy 12.-Dr. Erhard in his speech today suggested a summit meeting of the main heads of government of the North Atlantic Treaty countries after the British and American elections as a way of making European problems ""easier to solve "". He also said that before the British elections neither Conservatives nor Labour could be expected to make clear statemnents on Europe.-Reurer.";"July 13, 1964";"";56062;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Erhard In Fighting Mood At Munich Congress";""
"";"['News']";"I then [September 17] drove out to London Airport to meet Mr. Dulles who, on arrival, introduced a most generous passage into his comments to the press. He spoke of the ""brilliant and statesmanlike British initiative."" Our conversation in the car was not so cheerful, as a note which I wrote at the time shows:
""Cabinet at H. of C. at 10.30. Saw W [Sir Winston] for a moment before- hand and showed him text of what M-F bad agreed to. Nothing of note until my departure to meet Dulles. On our drive back D spoke gloomily of outlook, complained that Brussels pact had no supranational features. That this was what had interested U.S. He also pro- fessed to believe that Adenauer was worried about Brussels because it had no supranational features. I retorted that he had not said so to me and that if Europe wanted to build something supranational later no doubt they could, on this basis or another. We certainly would not discourage them. But after the vote in the French Chamber the time was clearly not ripe. I also told him of regret in France that he was not going there on this visit. He said he would probably send Livy Merchant [Mr. Livingston Merchant, Assistant Secre- tary of State for European Affairs, State Department, 1953-56]. 1 said that would be most helpful.""
[The same afternoon Mr. Eden had a formal meeting with Mr. Duilles. at which he reported on his recent tour.]
U.S. Pressures
Mr. Dulles prefaced his remarks by saying that his earlier description of the United Kingdom initiative as brilliant and statesmanlike had not been empty words. But he must emphasize the diffi- culties with which he was faced through the collapse of E.D.C. The idea of a United States of Europe had great appeal in his country and this had been reflected in Congressional resolutions and legislation. The rejection of E.D.C. had come as a great shock and would be used by opponents of foreign aid and by the isolationists. The American Chiefs of Staff were still engaged on their strategic reappraisal and had not yet reached their conclusions. The tendency was reflected by the with- drawal of American land forces from the area of Korea and Japan and unwillingness to build up land power in South-East Asia. The presence of American troops in Germany was an exception and it was doubtful how long that exception could be maintained in face of Congressional pressure.
It was really immaterial whether a N.A.T.O. plus Brussels solution was better or worse than E.D.C. Congress had been ""sold"" on the latter as the means of uniting Europe, which would then be capable of standing on its own feet without American help. In the new conditions, the future for foreign appropriations was highly doubtful and. though he and the President were deter- mined to salvage as much as possible, we must assume that continued Ameri- can participation in Europe, on the pre- sent scale and in the present form, was impossible and that some reduction was
inevitable. He added that the assurances given in the President's dec'aration of April had only secured Congressional approval with the greatest difficulty in the context of E.D.C. We certainly should not rely upon them being repeated for the plan now under consideration. [On April 16 President Eisenhower gave an assurance to the six E.D.C. Governments that the United States would continue to maintain forces in Europe ""while a threat to that area exists.""]
I remarked that this was a grave and worrying statement, because continued American support was crucial. I hoped, therefore, that American opinion could be brought to realize that our present plan for German entry into N.A.T.O. and the Brussels Treaty provided the best means of strengthening the West.
Mr. Dulles acknowledged that he saw
September 281h; I at once despatched invitations to the Governments concerned.
I knew that even if Mr. Dulles threw the full weight of American support behind our plan, the conference would not easily reach - agreement. Mendes France was in search of a majority. He understood that France could not be the odd man out in Europe a second time. Therefore he would want to make sure. This meant that he was likely to come to the conference ask- ing for more, and I thought we should be wise to have something in reserve. This could best take the form of a practical move on our part, to show our friends in Europe that we were in earnest. I accordingly prepared the following note of the position that would confront us at the conference and sent it to the Prime Minister:
get a favourable vote from the French Assembly. We cannot allow our dis- cussions to be conducted on this basis. The task of the conference must be to produce a workable plan designed to meet legitimate French requirements, but not to attempt tortuous gymnastics in order to get a majority for M. Mendes France.
""If we produce a workable plan, the Americans are unlikely to allow it to faii through the lack of the essential American support. If, however, we are to do this it will be necessary for the French to face some unpleasant realities. They will have to accept German sovereignty and German membership of N.A.T.O., and withdraw or drastically reduce their safeguard proposals. If they are to do this, they must be given some striking quid pro quo. The assur- ance most likely to strike French opinion
British paratroops watched by German civilians during a military exercise in 1954.
no better alternative, but repeated that American policy was under reappraisal. that he could not prejudge the outcome and accordingly would not be in a position to make any commitments on behalf of the United States at a confer- ence later this month or indeed, very likely, until after the elections in November. He subsequently qualified this by saying that the United States Government could agree to the restora- tion of German sovereignty and the admission of Germany to N.A.T.O., but could not accept any new commit- ments ajbout the American forces in Genmany. He would of course do his best.
Mr. Dulles finally said that he would attend the conference in London nn
""The problem will be to reconcile: (i) the German desire for rapid res- toration of sovereignty and membership of N.A.T.O.:
(ii) French reluctance to admit either, until elaborate safeguards have been agreed, notably a complicated and probably unworkable system for the control of armament manufacture on the coqtinent; and
(iii) American reluctance or inability to repeat the undertakings they gave in connection with the E.D.C. about main- taining American military strength in Europe.
"" M. Mendes France may press the conference to agree to this or that unnecessary or dangerous proposal, on the grounds that without it he will not
is the continued presence of British troops in France. The undertakings on this subject given in the context of the E.D.C. treaty are set out in an annex.
"" In my opinion, the key to the success of the conference will be a new com- mitment by the United Kingdom to maintain our present forces on the con- tinent, ard not to withdraw them against the wishes of the majority of the enlarged Brussels Treaty powers. This would not give France a veto. but we should no longer be able to withdraw our forces at our sole discretion, and would have to obtain the consent of the majority of the seven expanded Brussels Treaty partners, who should take their decision in the know- ledge of the Supreme Allied Com-
mander. Europe's (SACEUR's), views. It would be necessary to provide for certain exceptions to the general rule: an overseas emergency so acute that there was no time to go through the process of consultation. or balance of payments difficulties which made it financially impossible for us to maintain the strength of our forces on the continent.
Unique Pledge
""I realize that this would be an unprecedented commitment for the United Kingdom, but the hard fact is that it is impossible to organize an effective defence system in Western Europe, which in turn is essential for the security of the United Kingdom, without a major British contribution. This situation will persist for many years tO come. By recognizing this fact and giving the new commitment, we may succeed in bringing in the Germans and the French together, and keeping the AmericanS in Europe. If we do not. the conference may fail and the Atlantic alliance fall to pieces.
""I therefore propose that we should give a new British undertaking at an appropriate stage during the confer- ence. It will be most important mean- time to keep it secret. This undertak- ing would be:
(i) to maintain on the continent the effective strength of the British forces now assigned to SACEUR, i.e. our four divisions and the Tactical Air Force, or whatever SACEUR regards as equivalent fighting capa- city; and
(ii) not to withdraw those forces against the wishes of a majority of the Brussels Treaty powers, who should take their decision in the knowledge of SACEUR's views.
Financial Strain
"" This undertaking would be subject to the understanding that an acute over- seas emergency might oblige us to short-circuit this procedure and that, if the maintenance of our forces on the continent of Europe throws at any time too heavy a strain on the external finances of the United Kingdom, it will be open to the United Kingdom to ask that the financial conditions on which the formations are maintained should be reviewed by the North Atlantic Council.
A.E."" September 27th, 1954.
I attached a message which I had written out in manuscript:
"" I would like to circulate the attached paper to the Cabinet.
""If you agree, I will add that unless any of my colleagues would wish a meet- ing to be held to discuss it I shall act as proposed, at the appropriate moment. J do not expect that moment to be before the middle of the week; it might be later. But I cannot be sure and I would like to have my hands free.
""The last lines, dealing with finance. have been proposed by Treasury at the official level and seem to me well chosen.
Sir Anthony Eden and Lady Eden leave for Paris on October 20, 1954. Earlier that day the Queen had conferred a knighthood on him.
"" We have discussed these ideas in Cabinet before and I hope it will be possible to avoid summoning one. I don't want other parties at the confer- ence to think we have some master solu- tion. They have got to do some work themselves. A.E.""
The Prime Minister, I now think quite rightly, replied that this raised some very grave points which should have formal Cabinet consideration and deci- sion, and suggested that when I came nearer the moment of action we should discuss the timing in relation to the whole decision. This we did.
[On September 29 Mr. Dulles held out to the conferenzce hopes of reviving, in the newv circumstances. the pledge of American support that had been given to the E.D.C. The same day Mr. Eden told the confer- ence of the proposed new British undertaking to maintain four divi- sions and the Tactical Air Force on the Continent of Europe.]
The reaction was immediate. All understood the real meaning of what I had said. Britain would hold her military place in Europe to keep the peace. It was not our numbers that mattered, but our presence. Here, in the context of the 'fifties was the flag for which Foch had asked so many years before. It would fly in Europe now, to keep closed the conflicts of the century, and the cost would not be dear.
Kindly Messages
From this point on, the conference moved rapidly forward. Only M. Mendes France, with his sights set on retaining a majority in the French Assembly, was reluctant to match the concessions of the other delegates with some of his own.
[Tlhere were some difficulties over France's advocacy of a European arms pool, but it was agreed to refer thlis to a working group for considera- tion.]
My colleagues sent me many kindly messages at the conclusion of the con- ference. To these I replied, sending the following in particular to Mr. Dulles:
""Thank you so much for your mes- sage. I cannot tell you how much I have valued your unwavering support during this critical week. I believe, like you, that we have made an historic step for- wards. Without you it would have been quite impossible. Warmest regards.""
Rounding It Off
On October 20th I flew to Paris to take part in the final shaping and signa- ture of the Paris Agreements which gave effect to the decisions of our conference and transformed them into formal instruments. The expanded Brussels Treaty organization was renamed West- tern European Union, and its head- quarters were set up in London. The occupation regime in Germany was brought to an end as soon as the practical arrangements could be made. The German Federal Republic was invited to become a member of N.A.T.O., while Western European Union was accepted by the North Atlantic Council as part of the N.A.T.O. defence system. Finally, W.E.U. pro- vided a framework for agreement on a most vexatious European problem, the Saar.
[The Paris agreements did not take eflect without a final alarm. On Christmas Eve the French Assembly produced a majority of 22 against them. The Bill of ratification was then presented again, as a question of confidence, and duly passed on December 29. but only after a warn- ing that the new British undertaking depended on "" the ratification of the Paris agreemnents by all parties.""
On October 20 thie appointment of Mr. Eden to the Order of the Garter was announced.]
To-morrow.-The Persian oil crisis, and the birth of the Baghdad Pact.
© The Times Publishing Company
Limited (1960). All riglzhs reserved.
The official documents reproduced in these
extracts are Crown Copyright which is legallY vested in the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationerv Offiro";"January 14, 1960";"";54668;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Dulles Puts His Misgivings Aside";""
"['by Dick Wilson']";"['News']";"by Dick Wilson
The entry of Britain into Europe adds even greater complexity to Hongkong's re- lations with the outside world. In view of the huge volume of manufacturing trade at stake, this develop- ment is a potential cause of anxiety . in Hongkong, although its real effects in the long run are still uncer- tain and may prove to be small.
As a dependency of Britain, Hongkong, juridi- cially conducts no inde- pendent bilateral relations, in commerce or any sphere of life, with other. countries. Britain signs for Hongkong at international conferences wh'ere the 'colony's interests are affected-for example in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt).
But Hongkong has had to negotiate with almost all its major textile markets, offer- ing a measure of ""volun- tary"" riestraint on many export lines in order to avoid unilateral restrictions at the. other end. The result is a network of bilateral agreements with the United States, Britain, France,. Ger- many and- so on( mostly now brought within the frame- work of the Gatt long-term agreement on cotton textile arrangements.
Hongkong as a dependency has no separate membership in its own right in the United Nations or in Gatt. Yet it is closely in- volved in Gatt, and has an officer in Geneva who is seconded from the British Foreign Service to represent its interests there. He sits as a member of the United Kingdom delegation, and, whenever he needs to speak, he speaks as a member of that delegation representing the Hongkong Government.
What makes things a little more awkward than before is that the enlarged EEC invariably sits together in Gatt and speaks with one voice through an agreed spokesman. Legally they are nine separate members of Gatt - and so the Hong- kong man sits as before with his British colleagues, sur- rounded now by their Euro- pean colleagues.
For him to speak sep- arately as a member of the British delegation does, how- ever, cast a tiny cloud over the aesthetic symmetry of the EEC cause at Geneva if not over its substance.
The other eight EEC mem- bers are well aware of the
necessity for this, and it was agreed as part of the nego- tiations leading to the Brit- ish entry that it would have to be so, because there is no other way of enabling Hong. kong to be represented at Gatt.
What might be irritating in the future would be any occasion on which Hongkong would find it necessary, to' protect its own interests, to speak in Gatt against the EEC. or against individual members of it.
For a member delegate to do this would place a strain on Community harmony. No doubt Hongkong would do so only as a last resort, prefer- ring to battle in private in Brussels. But there are ser- ious issues, in Gatt be. tween Hongkong and its European trading partners, and Hongkong will be minded to insist on the latter performing their Gatt obligations.
A -further nagging worry for Hongkong is the possibil- ity of an eventual European Union whose single member- ship of Gatt would subsumed Britain's. Where would the! Hongkong representative sit, then ? But this, is far into the. future, and people in Hongkong are not accus- tomed to losing sleep over what happens 10 or 20 years from now.
Strictly speaking Hong. kong cannot invoke Gatt against its own metro- politan power, Britain. But Britain tries not to take advantage of this immunity, treating Hongkong in trade matters as if there were Gatt obligations involved. In the recent negotiations for the Cv voluntary "" restraint of polyester textile export to Britain, for' instance, one of the partici-pants recalls that ""the Hongkong side quoted the Gatt book of rules to
us .
Although Hongkong is.-not a member of Gatt as such, its representative does sit-by the invitation of the other signatories, it is in- sisted, and not as a matter of right-on its working group for textiles. Similarly, although never eligible for membership of the United Nations, Hongkong is accepted 'in' the United Nations Economic Commis- sion for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) as an associ- ate member, along with Brunei.
This arrangement was made before the People's Republic, of China entered
the United Nations, and in view of the official Chinese attitude that Hongkong is Chinese territory temporar- ily under British rule, the entry in March of China into ECAFE's activities could conceivably raise some prob- lems, particularly if the Hongkong Government con- tinues to send represent- atives to ECAFE confer- ences of Chinese as distinct from British ethnic origin.
One of ECAFE's creations is the Asian Development Bank, which dispenses funds from its Manila headquar- ters and has Hongkong as a member. Here again Britain had to accept the legal responsibility for the' repay- ment -of Hongkong loans in the unlikely event of de- fault, because of its status as a dependency.
But ECAFE does not give Hongkong'an entree into the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad), and the colony is at a disadvantage in not being able for this-reason to claim membership-o: the so- called Group of r557.'This is the group of -.xeveloping 'countiies of dAft6 ,sia and, Latin Ameria .li 4c togetlier at the;earIfUetadc conferences in Geneva in 1964 and Delhi iii 1968 to press for better hteatment4in trade and aid at-the hands of the developed nations.
W hen the eventual Unctad proposal for gen- eralized special tariff prefer- ences (GSP) for developing countries was implemented by Japan and several Euro- pean countries (including Britain and EEC) in 1971-72, it was only thfough tough British lobbying that Hong- kong was included as a bene-. ficiary, and even then on a partial basis in most cases.
Such are the penalties of dependent status in the tough world of trade nego- tiation.
Recently. Hongkong has become a little more forward in speaking out to its trade partners directly. When Sir Murray MacLehose, the Gov- ernor, was in Japan recently to help to launch a ship on the Hongkong register, he took the opportunity to chide the Japanese Govern- ment - for discriminating against Hongkong in its GSP scheme for developing coun- tries. This treatment was particularly resented in Hongkong in the light of the large surplus earned by Japan in its trade with Hongkong.";"May 8, 1973";"";58776;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Penalties of dependence in trade negotiations";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
SAARBRtJCKEN, AUG. 18
M. Fernand Dehousse, the chairman of the European commission which is watching the Saar referendum on behalf of Western European Union, has called the chairmen of the six political parties and the two Saar European Unions to a round-table conference to-morrow.
The meeting has been called because of disturbances during and after two meetings, one on Saturday night and the other last night, at which the speakers were Herr Hoffmann, the Chief Minister of the Saar and chairman of the Christian People's Party, and Dr. Peter Zimmer, the Saar Social Democratic leader in the Landtag. Its aims, accord- ing to a statement issued by the commis- sion to-day, will be to find, under M. Dehousse's chairmanship, the best means of guaranteeing respect fordemo- cratic liberties, and especially freedom of speech, during the, campaign for the referendum which takes place on October 23.
TEAR-GAS USED
The statement ends with the comment that this conference is in accordance with the pacific wishes of the "" very great majority "" of the Saar population. It is certainly in harmony with the feeling among responsible politicians and impartial ob- servers that it will be a good thing if the brake can be applied before the train goes off the rails. M. Dehousse had a.meeting this afternoon with Herr Hoffmann, pre- sumably in preparation for the conference to-morrow. The chairmen of the Euro- pean Unions have been called to the con- ference because the two meetings were held under their auspices.
The demonstration last night against Herr lHoffmann as the chief advocate of the Saar European statute took place in the steel town of Neunkirchen. The demonstration had two phases. In the first and more serious a body of young men tried to force an entry into the hall where Herr Hoffmann and Dr. Zimmer addressed a sympathetic audience of about 1,500 people. 'l he attack was repelled by the stewards and the police. but only after truncheons and tear-gas had been used. Several people were injured, and a motor car is reported to have been over- turned. The attack had no repercussions in the hall, except that the fumes of the tear- gas crept in to add to the discomfort of the sweltering audience.
RUNNING THE GAUNTLET
In the second phase the demonstrators gathered in a main street, a steep hill, in the expectation that Herr Hoffmann would pass that way after leaving the hall by a side entrance. The number of demonstrators was small, probably not much more than 200, *but the crowd was large probably about 5,000. The hill, about 500 yards long, was densely packed. Cars coming down- hill-only tramcars ventured the ascetit-had to force a way through the crowd and about halfway down run the gauntlet of the demon- strators for about 50 yards. As each car passed it was plastered with small anti- statute leaflets.
The police helped to clear a passage for the cars and were able to do so without
resistance. After about' an hour they shepherded the crowd downhill in order to allow their patrol wagons to reach a side street. After another 20 minutes the police were withdrawn, and towards midnight everyone decided to go home.
As at Saturday's demonstration at Saar- bruicken after Herr Hoffmann and Dr. Zimmer had spoken there, the demonstrators were all in their late teens or early 20s, although at one stage two older men, one of about 35 and a subordinate of about 30, were clearly issuing orders and directing the chanting of anti-Hofmann slogans.
POLICE TACTICS
Herr .Hoffmann did not pass that way. But Dr. Hubert Ney, the leader of. the Christian Democratic Union, one of the three new anti-statute parties, walked up one side of the street and about 20 minutes later down the other. On his second appearance he was greeted with hand clapping bravoes, and chants of "" Dr. Ney, Dr. Ney,"" in which part of the crowd joined.
According to the two pro-statute parties, which had announced beforehand that they expected trouble, the demonstrators were brought into Neunkirchen, not only from other parts of the Saar, but from Pirmasens and Kaiserslautern in thie Palatinate. This time no clenched fists were raised, but the street was strewn with small leaflets bearing the imprint of the Saar Communist Party.
Police tactics were not to use force unless force was offered, as it was in the attempt to storm the hall. They handled the second phase of the demonstration, with a sort of masterly inactivity, letting the young men shout themselves tired. If the crowd had gone home the whole affair would have been over quickly, but the Saarlanders are German, and Saar crowds have the inexhaustible curiosity of any German crowd. The police are ultimately under the control of Herr Hector, the Minister of the Interior, and rigid use of their power would be turned to the discredit of the Govern- ment and through it of the Christian People's Party and its conduct of the referendum campaign.
SWINGS AND ROUNDABOUTS
There was everything to be said for restraint. But the presence of large crowds at the two demonstrations has been used by the opposition parties as proving widespread anti-Hoffmann and anti-statute feeling. The opposition, being far from scrupulous, con- trives to gain on both the swings and the roundabouts. The Christian People's Party and the Saar Social Democrats have for- bidden their followers to disrupt opposition meetings. This, small still voice of reason and fair play is struggling against propa- ganda which insists that opposition meetings are orderly because the opposition cause has as good as prevailed.
Last night was not without its streaks of humour. There was the interrupter, eventu- ally removed, who felt that he could express himself most clearly without his false teeth, but never made his point clear. There was also a young man who, because the German words Sie (you) and sie (they) sound the same, was taken by Herr Hoffmann for an opponent when he was really a friend. By a curious irony the phrase "" That's the Saar "" is being used on both sides to express their approbation. It was used by a young rowdy when one of his mates showed up with a damaged nose and hand and by a middle- aged woman a minute later when the same men helped to bar the passage of a motor car.";"August 19, 1955";"";53303;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bid To Avert Violence In Saar Campaign";""
"['by David Cross']";"['News']";"I by David Cross
On the surface, Britain's memberhip of the European Economic Community appears to have had little impact in Brussels either on the way the Community operates or on the policy decisions it takes. To the European ""man in the street"" -the Community of the Nine looks very similar, nearly nine months after enlargement, to the old Community of the Six.
* Hopes, albeit over- optimistic, that the added weight of Britain, Ireland and Denmark would quickly give the Comrmunity a new lease of life and speed it more purposefully along the road towards European inte- gration, have so far shown few signs of being fulfilled. In recent months the French Government has demonstrated clearly once again that one EEC member state alone is sufficient to hold back all the policy aspirations of the others.
But below. this veneer of apparent immobility, a more detailed analysis of recent Community events reveals that British presence is already beginning to make itself felt in Brussels. This is particularly the case in the ;agricultural sector.
"" Who would ever have thought a year ago "", a senior British official asked rhetorically a few weeks ago, "" that the Community would even consider a re- view of the common agricul- tural policy so soon after British membership ? ""
The fact that the ministers of agriculture of the Nine are this autumn settling down to see whether the common agricultural policy should be reformed is principally due to pres- sure from the Britislh Gov- ernment, spurred on by mounting criticism of rising home food prices.
The British can also take most credit for bringing a new factor to bear on the farm policy discussions-the interests of the consumer. In the past, as the British are never slow to point out, t.he Community's agricultural policy bas worked princip- ally to the advantage of rich Community producers, while the consumer footed the bill.
Already, during last spring's Farm Price Review, Britain's stolid opposition on behalf of the housewife to any price rises at all was instrumental in keeping in- creases (in Britain, at least) to 2 minimum. In more recent weeks, as food prices bave continued to escalate throughout the Community,
other member states, too, have rallied to. the consumer cause.
As the furore in Britain and West Germany over the Community's butter sale to the Soviet Union demon. strated only too clearly, the balance ox power between the vocal farmer and the now more vocal housewife in the Community has shifted dramatically since the beginning ot the year. It is now unttinkable tnat the European Commission and most member states could agree to a sunilar sale in the tuture.
The enlarged European Parliament can also take some credit for strengthen- ing the voice of the con- sumer in Community affairs. Since the arrival of British Conservative and Liberal MPs, hardly a debate goes by without some European parliamentarian champion- ing the rights of the house- wife.
In other economic sectors, too, British parliamentary pressure in Strasbourg and Luxembourg is already be- ing brought to bear. Repeated calls for more control over the Com- munity's financial expendi- ture to stamp out multi- million pound frauds have been taken to heart in Brussels, where the Com- mission is planning new stricter audit controls.
British influence in other economic sectors has been less pronounced. But under- lying all the discussions, which have taken place either in the Couneil of Ministers or the European Commission this year, there has been much more emphasis on the notion of "".parallelism "" between one economic policy sector and another.
This trend has been par- ticularly noticeable in the many policy documents that- have poured out of the new conunission. They point out, almost without excep- tion, that progress on, say, social policy must be accompanied by similar advances in all the other proposed Community actions -industrial, scientific, monetary policies and so on -towards the goal of Euro- pean union optimistically forecast for 1980.
Britain's contribution to this process has been centred mainly on the new emphasis which has been given to the EEC's attempts to improve the lot of its economically - backward areas.
Although an ambitious plan for the establishment of a viable regional policy is still awaiting decisions from
member goveinment, British lobbying in Brussels has already produced what the Government considers to be a satisfactory blueprint of proposals from the Commis- sion.
The role of Britain in the Community's attempts to set up economic and monetary union per se has been less distinguished. To the annoyance of some partners, principally France, Britain has stolidly refused to return to the Community's joint currency float-the one concrete aspect of the European Monetary Union that has been implemented.
But-this handicap in poli- tical terms has not pre- vented the British from pressing their case for the gradual pooling of the reserves of member states to bolster up the Community's weaker currencies. A Com- mission plan to begin this pooling operation from the beginning of nex-t year has been generally welcomed by the British, and is awaiting a decision by the governments of the Nine later in the year.
Britain's voice in discus- sions on the economic management of the Com- munity has been less evi- dent. This is partly, of course, because all the real decisions in this field are taken nationally. The opportunity for action at Community level is restric- ted almost solely to regular, but widespread note- comparing meetings of finance ministers.
The British role in these discussions has generally been to bemoan inflation along with the rest of its partners, to join in general pledges of good intent, and then to press on with its own measures back at home. Its partners, wit-h the occasional notable exception of the West Germans, have tended to follow suit.
At this early stage in the enlarged Community's life, it is too early to say how far and in which new directions Britain's influence will take things. This may become clearer at the end of the year when member govern- ments have pledged them- selves to agree to a whole package of first-measures to- wards European union. But whatever' the results, they will be influenced by Britain's already-distinctive contribution to the Com- munity of the Nine.
Help with the pictorial prep- aration of this Special Report was given by Institut Belge d' Information; Nick Fog- den, Oxfamn; Photographers Internatinnal";"September 24, 1973";"";58895;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"EEC: Britain's role in future of farm policy";""
"['David Cross']";"['News']";"Although the word ""crisis"" is heard less 11 frequently in Brussels these days, the l European Community remains in the state
of suspended animation it first entered I with, the oil crisis some three-and-a-half years ago. -
Brave words from successive Presidents i of the European Commission including the
present incumbent Mr Roy Jenkins, about I ""breaking out of the citadel'"" are increas- ' ingly seen as expressions of wishfuil think- ing rather than realistic calls -to arms. Even in the Commission's ivory tower, the
aspirations of the once-fervent. band of l! federalists seem to. extend no faither than keeping that controversial cornerstone of
the Community, the Common Agricultural j Policy, as intact as possible from the ' ravages of individual member governments.
Looking back to the heady days of the October, 1972 summit meeting of heads of
government in Paris a few months before j- Britain, Ireland and Denmark jQined the
Community, it now seems hardly conceiv- i able that any sane politician, let alone the i leaders of nine of the richest countries in
the world, could have set 1980 as the date, for political, economic and monetary union. I But after a decade of continuous economic
growth without a cloud on the horizon, a it generation of leaders like Herr Willy Brandt, President Pompidou and AMr Heath, who had personally experienced the tran- sition of Europe from the battlefield to the world's largest trading block could perhaps be forgiven for their optimistic belief that the process of ihtegration would continue unimpeded.
With the benefit of hindsight, it has become clear that the eight-year time- table for the accomplishment of full union was hopelessly unrealistic, even without the intervening energy crisis and subsequent world, recession. The gap between the economies-of the richest and poorest member states was already wide, and while this remained the case attempts to forge a single European curi-ency by aligning exchange rates were doomed to failure.
The energy crisis itself caught the Com-
munity and membei- states completely ! unprepared, and half-hearted attempts to I
build a jOinlt programme to meet the I inevitable shortfall in fuel supplies failedl to get off the ground. The ill-fated Copen-
hagen summit in December 1973, when Heads of government were upstaged by a delegation of visiting Arab oil ministers seeking the support of the Nine in their dispute with Israel, marked the end of the road for the federalist Europe envisaged by the Community's founding fathers.
Coincidentally, that ""ghastly"" summit, RS one of the participants later described it, was also the last occasion wvhen Messrs Heath, Brandt and Pompidou met around the same table to deliberate Community affairs. Mr Heath was already numbed by his losing battle with the miners, Presi- dent Pompidou wvas gravely ill and Herr Brandt flagging under the burden of office.
Six months later they had all been replaced by a new generation of leaders with entirely different, less coherent, views of European integration. The main priority of Mr Wilson and now his successor, Mr Callaghan, has been to reconcile the pro and anti-marketeers in the Labour Party to Britain's membership of the Community, while Herr Helmut Schmidt's main concern has been to obtain value for money for West German taxpayers out of the Community.
The attitude of France under the leadership of President Giscard d'Estaing has been more obscure. But reiterations of French enthusiasm for economic and monetary union have sounded increas- ingly hollow from a President beset by challenges to his authority
Last November's burial of the report on European union drawn up by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime. Minister, was accomplished with hardly a murmur of disapproval even from the author who has made no secret of his personal support for a federalist Europe.
Against this sombre backcloth, it is no wonder that the public, particularly in the three newcomers to the Community have become increasingly sceptical about the benefits of EEC membership.
The disillusion of the public in the six founder member states is less pronounced. After some 20 years of acclimatization, most continental Europeans no longer question the existence of the Community or their country's membership.
Nor presumably would the British, the Danes and the Irish if the Community
wvere seen to be more relevant to everyday problems.
In spite of these shortcomings, howvever, the widely-lheld belief that stagnation will inevitably lead to the collapse of the Com- munity in its present form has been exaggerated. Intangible benefits of membership like the prestige and influence the Community's collective economic and political clout gives small and even powers at the internati5nal level will undoubtedly prove too valuable to lose.
Looking from the inside at the lack of cohesion in the Community, it is often difficult to see how it can be regarded as so important by countries outside. But its growing ability to speak or negotiate as an entity with Eastern Europe, the Third World, or such trouble spots as Southern Africa, necessarily makes it a force to be reckoned with. The Lome trade, aid and cooperation agreement with some 50 de- veloping countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific is an achievement still un- paralleled in relations between rich and poor countries, for example.
Before leaving Brussels to return to political life in Britain, Sir Christopher Soames, then the Commissioner for Exter. nal Affairs, expressed the fear that failure to make more headway on the internal front would gradually erode the community's prestige on the international level. This may yet prove to be the case, but the keenness with which Greece, Portugal and shortly Spain are seeking membership would so far appear to belie this theory.
Under the leadership of Mr Jenkins, the new Commission in Brussels has shown few signs of fulfilling the high hopes it inspired among integrationists before it took office at the beginning of the year. Mr Jenkins, himself, has set his sights on direct elections to the European Parliament next year and further enlarge- ment of the Community as the two most promising catalysts for growth.
But less than six months in Brussels has apparently convinced him that major changes are unlikely in the foreseeable future. Direct elections to the Strasbourg assembly will offer the citizens of Europe a new dimehsion of European involve- ment.
David Cross";"June 3, 1977";"";60020;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A new wind of realism blowing through the EEC";""
"['By David Wood Political Editor']";"['News']";"By Dav id WG-od Political Editor
Mr. Wili\on intends to restate I.dbour's policy on the Common Market in two ,peeches in Bondon tonight and tomorrow. One wvill bc to European poli- ticians. thc other to thc rank and file of his pa;:y in Labour's southern region.
Ihe speeches come at a momilent when Mr. Wilson is challenging parts of thc account of thc cxtent of the Labour Gov. crnment's commitment to entry that has been presented by Mr. (rosnlian. a former C;abinet minister, in this wveck's Neuw .States,,zan. Mi. Crossman's article appears as the leading article, but it bears his initials.
Wr. Wilson and mmciibers of the 'Shadow Cabinet havc becn expecting Mr. Crossir.-an to raise quc'tion, about the Labour Party's position on cntr\.
Ilis aiticle takics the form of an argument that Mr. Wilson and his collcagues should brcak "" the un animous silence of the partv leaders about the price of 1Europe "". becausc this creates the impression "" that Britain in somc
mysterious way is alreadv coin-
niitted to entry and that all that remains to bc donc is to settle the detailed ternis "". He asks Mir. Wilson to give a lead for a great debate on the conditions of entr,.
At a time when opinion in the Parliamentarv Labour Party is swinging against cntry, Mlr. Crossman's campaign is wcll timed to give Mr. Wilson and the Shadow Cabinet sonic tactical probliems of party man- agement.
Sonic of the implications of onc section of Mr. Crossman's argument will bc iiven short shrift by Mr. Wilson.
Mr. Crossman writes: ""A search thir-ough the Cabinet papers of this period (1966-671 confirms tbat 11o collective decision was made either upon support for the Common Market in principle. or upon the modi- fications and assurances required for British entry.""
There N\as no truth in the aile- gation that the Labour Govern- nient nas ever committed to ' support for the Common Market "". ""Thc Government's
Collectivc commitment was limri- ted to approval first' for the making of the appeication and second for the postponement of .a decision until t-he terms were
known.""
It is agreed that the Labour Cabinet never set out the terms that would makc entry accept- able: they decided to apply for membership and negotiate terms.
But Mr. Wilson will reply to Mr. Crossman, if the challenge is prcssed. that all Labour Cabinet ministcrs became bound by the Whitc Paper published on Fcbruary 11. 1970. and by the statcment accompanying it. made in the House by Mr. Wilson. In essence, the Labour Government's position was that Britain wanted to get into the Common Market if the terms wvere right. -
/ 'that W*hite Paper was sub- mnitted to the Cabinet. So was Mr. Wilson's statement. and a:mendrnclts to it are described as having been invited twicc. 1'he statement 'widS read to thc Cabinct 'who approved every wvord.
But if Mlr. Crossman means no more than that the Labour Cabinet never bcrame com- mitted to the principle of entry except on the availability of satisfactory terms, then Mr. Wilson wvould not take issue s%ith him.
David Spanier writes:
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the Forcign Secretary, reaffirmed yes- tcrday Britain's commitment to go ""as far and as fast"" as the rest of the European Communitn along the path of closer political union.
This formula. which wvas used in similar contexis by the Labour Government, has the merit of sounding enthusiastic while in practice leaving the position open, pending progress in Brussels. I; is the present Government's hope to have a direct voice in future poli- tical discussions in the Community as a member.
Sir Alec, who was addressing the general affairs committee of the Assembly of Western European Union (V.E.U.). in London. .said that it was not possiblc to predeter- mminc E herc exactly the path to political unity would lead. because among free people constitutional developmcnts evolved to meet practical situations. ""Some call it pragmatism. some improvization, some common sense "", he added.
Discussing the Six's ambition of a common currency, Sir Alec said:
'People think in terms of bread and security. But as people more and more realize that their bread and future prosperity depend on the Community structure they will want to make sure that the Com- munity executive is subject to effective Parliamentary control.""
Sir Alec said of the negotiations for British entry that while it was too soon to say whether they would succeed the political will to succeed Was therc. All the governments concerned must show political imagination.
"" We must refrain from seeking solutions to the problems of the negotiations in the narrow context ""of a European economy divided as
it is today between the Six and the rest.
""Instead we must go for solu- tions which will promote thc interests of 3U concerned in a Europe united in an enlarged Com- munity.""
Sir Alec acknowledged that there were still hssitations in Britain about Britain's future within the Community, but he com- mented: ""If people feel that our purtners have shown real under- standing of our concern for Comrmonwealth countries likc New Zealand and the sugar growers. and that they have made real efforts to achieve an equitable financial balance for tbe process of transition. people in Britain will accept their new obligations gladly.""
Yaounde, Cameroun. Feb. II.- President Pompidou, who is tour- ing West Africa, told a press con- ference here today that it would be wrong to gloss over the prob- lems the sterling monctary svstem would pose after Britain's entry into thI Common Market.
A British journalist had asked him about iprospects for the sterl- ing area and the franc zone. The President replied: "" The franc zone is a reality with a unified money in which France and the franc guaranic each state's ,balance of payments.""
On the other hand sterling was very strongly out of balance internally, as Great Britain is a debtor with regard to other mem- bers of the sterling area. This would consequently be an ex- tremely important problem to ex- amine and resolve in the frame- work of the European monetary union if Great Britain entered the Community "".
M. Pompidou added: ""The day Great Britain enters the Commu- n,ttv these difficulties will come fully to light and it will be most neces- sary to resolve them in one way .'r another.""--Agence France Presse.";"February 12, 1971";"";58097;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson to restate policy on Common Market in answer to Crossman challenge";""
"";"['News']";"Liberals at their annual assembly at Brighton yesterday overwheinin-gly endorsed the party's commitment to support early negotiations for Britain's entry to the European Economic Comniunity. in spite of opposi- tion from two M.P.s. Mr. Peter Bessell (Bodmin) and Mr. Emlyn Hooson, Q.C. (Montgomery- shire). At the vote only about I5 hands were raised against the resolution.
The delegates, however, sup- ported an amendment listing Important objectives for entry covering foreign and defence policy, price levels and demo- cratic controls.
Mr. Christopher Layton, pro- spective candidate for Swindon, who moved the main resolution on behaLf of the executive, said that if united sociallv, economi- cally and politically. Europe would no longer be the Balkans of the world whose internal divi- sions tempted the great powers outside to fish for trouble and to drag them down.
If Europe could speak with a single, independent political voice it could transform world politics. Instead of the plain speaking of the riff-raff of puny members of the "" great American protectorate'""-that was what the European states were today -a united Europe could be a force which Russia and America would have to heed.
A President of Europe or a Foreign Minister would be some- thing more than a poodle on the White House lawn.
The aim of European union had always had a sharp cutting edge: to solve the German pro- blem by harnessing German energies to European ends. The European idea was still potent in Germany but would not sur- vive much more battering through British dithering and French nationalism.
This was perhaps a watershed in Germnan history. If the Com- munity could be strengthened and Germany's destiny linked indissolubly with western Europe
tae foundations would be laid for the final aot of reconcilia- tion with the east.
But if Europe failed or fal- tered the Germans would have no choice but to turn increas- ingly to a nationalist pursuit of their aims. The consequences could be dire. A heavy respon- sibility lay on the "" Hun-haters "" who, by their hostility to Euro-
Hugh Noyes 8 Leading article 9
pean unity, "" destroy our chil- dren's future for the mere self- indulgence of living in the past"" (applause).
Mr. Layton welcomed an amendment to the resolution listing six objectives in Euro- pean negotiations for which a British Government should press: progressive cuts in agri- cultural prices; economic and monetary union; an indepen- dent foreign and non-nuclear de- fence policy aimed at reconcilia-
tion with eastern Europe; demo- cratic control of community institutions; a company law making international corpora- tions responsible to workers as well as to shareholders: and a common policy to help develop- ing countries.
ivMr. Peter Bessell. M.P. for Bodmin. unsuccessfully moved an amendment stating that ii entry terms were agreed there should be a full disclosure of the consequences for Britain and a referendum.
He said thrat E.E.C. member- ship was irrevocable. and he be- lieved it unique in peacetime for all three major parties to be com- mitted to a virtualy identical course of such significance. A referendum was needed to test the views of the electorate.
Dr. Michael Winstanley, M.P. for Cheadle, said to ap- plause that a Britain isolated as an offshore island had no future. "" Unless we enter some larger organization we can look for- ward to nothing but a gradually
L - -
declining standard of living, in- creasing unemployment and the gradual disintegration of the fab- ric of our life.""
Mr. Howard Fry, prospective candidate for St. Ives, supporting MN1r. Bessell's amendment, said there were at least two good alter- natives to Europe. He did not think there would be anything dramatically horrible about a closer association in a free-trade area with the United States (cries of "" No "").
It would not necessanrly mean changing the British system of government and the responsibili- ties of the Queen and Parliament. It was a big job to change the ideas of the British people, to get them to accept the end of the monarchy and the end of a sovereign British Parliament (renewed cries of "" No "").
"" If we want to convince them of this we have a big job on our hands. Because the decision is so vital and important we must give them the right to express their opinions in a referendun.""
The case for Europe was excit- ing. It was a good option. but not the only one. "" Do not close doors. Do not close the other options. Let not this party go on record as saying that we are not going to trust the will of the people and will not let them have a say"" (cries of ""Rub- bish "").
Miss Nancy Seear. prospective candidate for Wakefield. wraving a copy of The Times. said that the newspaper had described the clause calling for an independent European foreign and non- nuclear defence policy aimed at reconciliation with eastern Eur- ope as an anti-Nato resolution.
In the long run, she said. they all wanted an independent Euro- pean foreign policy but they had to consider the interpretation. Mlany people were waiting to say that the Liberals were back- ing anti-Nato forces. This w'as not the moment to forget that Britain still needed Nato. In order to contradict The Times they should reject the clause.
Mr. Emlyn Hooson. M.P. for Mon tgomeryshire. said that for Years Britain had been the "" aging maiden in the European matrimonial stakes; she has been teetering at the edge of the turf under the illusion that every year is leap year "".
This picture of the spurned supplicant spinster "" is one which ill becomes this country and one with which the mass of its people are heartily fed up. The eternal hope thrat things will be different next vear has positively weakened this country and is demoralizing its people.
""We neglect and ignore opportunities, 'hoping against hope that everything will eventu- ally get right if only we could join Europe. Let us forget and adopt a more manly attitude. At the least we should wait until we are asked.""
Replying to the debate, Mr. Layton said there were ""lots of warts"" on our European neigh- bours but "" we either try to build on the Common Market which is there or we do not go into Europe at all "".
Lord Wade, chairman of the Liberal Party Conumission, chatting between debates with Mrs. Roshan Mc-Carthy, who presided at yesterday morning's session of the assembly. Mrs. McCarthy. who was born in Bombay. is prospective
parliamentary candidates for Lewisham, Nortb.";"September 20, 1969";"";57670;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Liberals stand firm on Europe pledge";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
ROME, FEB. 3
The official statement issued today after Mr. Macmillan's talks with Signor Fanfani and other members of the Italian Government recorded that the two Prime Ministers were at one in deploring the breakdown of the Brussels negotiations for British entry into the Common Market and in resolving that t'. setback should not do lasting damage to the cause of European unity.
They agreed to extend and strengthen in the meantime the close consultation which already existed in the political and economic fields both on a bilateral basis and with other states which shared the common aim of the unity of Europe. The statement said:-
'In the conversations between Mr. Mac-
millan and Signor Fanfani. which took place also with the Deputy President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Signor Piccioni, the Lord Privy Seal, Mr. Heath. and their collaborators. the main aspects of the international political situation and the major prob- lems of common interest to Italy and Great Britain were discussed in the light of the most recent developments. The two Prime Ministers found themselves in close agreement.
CLOSER RELATIONS
'They noted with satisfaction that relations
between Italy and the United Kingdom are close and excellent and that both Governments are determined to maintain this happy state of affairs. . . . One par- ticular aim is to promote ever closer rela- tions between the two countries in the economic, scientific and cultural fields.
'Mr. Macmillan expressed his gratitude for
the strong and friendly support con- sistently given by the Italian Government during the Brussels negotiations. The two Prime Ministers were at one in de- ploring the breakdown of these negotia- tions and in resolving that this setback must not do lasting damage to the cause of European unity. Meanwhile they will extend and strengthen the close consulta- tion which already exists in the political and economic fields. both on a bilateral basis and with other states which share the common aim of European unity.
rThe Prime Ministers reviewed the state
of east-west relations with particular regard to disarmament and recognized the importance for all purposes of arriv- ing at an agreement to end nuclear tests. NATO NUCLEAR FORCE
- As the strength, security and cohesion of
the free world depend now more than ever on the North Atlantic alliance, they affirmed their determination to maintain the existing collaboration with the United States of America and welcomed the opportunity to establish a Nato multi- lateral nuclear force in order to enable the alliance to maintain peace in security.""
Mr. Macmillan and Mr. Heath left this afternoon by air for London after being guests at luncheon of President Segni. Their stay in Rome included a call yesterday at the Vatican, where the Prime Minister had a 30-minute private and informal audience with the Pope.
The practical results of this Italian visit may not be impressive. There was some measure of agreement on using the Western European Union as the forum for continuing the process of dis- cussion between Britain and the five Common Market countries which sup- port British entry into Europe. There is an aim of closer industrial and scientific collabQ,ration with Britain, which is important. Signor Corbellini, the Minister without Portfolio in charge of scientific research. is expected to be going to Britain soon, and there is a valuable field open to British initiative in the Italian plan to build for the newly nationalized electricity board three further powerful nuclear power stations durin-, the next few years.
. OPPORTUNE 'MOMENT
But if the immediate results on the surface seem slight the final impression. given the difficulties of the British posi- tion, is by no means bad.
* Mr. Macmillan, at a press conference this morning, pointed out that although
the visit was arranged some time ago it had taken place at a very important and opportune moment and one of vital importance for the future both of Europe and of the New World. Because the Brussels breakdown was so recent it was perhaps hard, he said. to grasp exactly the implications. Cer- tainly the British were struck by the warmth of the Italian reception.
After describing his concept of a Europe of partnership, cooperation and understanding, he said that he was ""much encouraged by the attitude, the friendliness, the sense of comradeship and the sense of determination to stand by these ideals which we have found here in Rome "".
EQUAL PARTNERSHIP
Mr. Macmillan was clear enougb, with his description of the broad out- l!ines of the Europe which he envisaged, in implying criticisms of French behaviour. The long process of rebuild- ing Europe after the last war, he sald, had been one which could have been undertaken only ""by men of generous approach, wide approach, botb in the old world and the new, and in my view it would be folily as well as ingratitude for Europe now to try to set herself up as a small inward-looking group and forget her duties and her position in the outer world.
"" Also in history there have been times when one nation, sometimes one man, has tried to dominate Europe, but in our view the time for all this is passed. It would have to be a Europe that would be able to play its part in the world in equal and free partnership with other nations, with the United States, the Commonwealth and the rest.""
The Italians' warm show of support raises the point of whether the British visitors were able to respond on the level of policy as fully as their hosts hoped. It was perhaps inevitable at this early stage of the process of recharging European policy in the face of French intransigence that the British were dis- inclined to press as far forward as the more advanced exponents here of politi- cal initiatives to offset the Franco- German alliance would have liked.
TIME FOR PRUDENCE
Signor La Malfa, the Minister for the Budget, speaking today at a private debate on European policy, made an impassioned plea for action on the part of all democratic European forces against Gaullism and the ""'march towards totalitarianism "", insisting that it was no time for prudence, but for combativeness. Having seen his Prime Minister adopt a resolute position he pledged him-zlf to continue his efforts at maintaining Italian firmness.
For the British, nevertheless, the time was undoubtedly one for prudence; Mr. Macmillan this morning showed a dislike for the Franco-German treaty, but there were unmistakable signs of reluctance on the British side to condemn the treaty or to propose actions which might give the French the impression that forces were being marshalled against them.
It seemed curious that the British, having been excluded from the Common Market by the French, appeared more inclined to deal tenderly with them than did the Italians. who are simply faced with a recalcitrant and overbearing fellow-member of the MarkeL";"February 4, 1963";"";55616;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain And Italy To Work For European Unity";""
"['Our Brussels Correspondent']";"['News']";"THE HAGUE, Oct. 11.-General Smuts, the South African Prime Minister, called on Britain to take the lead in forming a United States of Europe when he addressed a joint meeting of the Upper and Lower Houses of the Dutch Parlia- ment to-day.
General Smuts recalled that Mr. Churchill, in pleading for a European federation, had suggested that France should take the lead, and had urged recon- ciliation between France and Germany as a condition. As France had rejected Mr. Churchill's plan, he said, Britain should step in because "" in her set-up of the British Commonwealth she had already created an example and model of inter- national cooperation among free States far in advance of anything existing in the international sphere.""
No one alive to-day could speak with greater authority on a European federation than Mr. Churchill, he said. "" Among all leaders to-day he is the most disinterested whose voice carries farthest and to whom we can justly look for guidance -in this most important matter cf our .-ommon European interests. I believe his vision ts very widely shared even by those an high authority who are, however, restrained by their sense of responsibility from speaking out of their turn or prematurely.""
In private conversation with many repre- sentative Europeans, General Smuts said that he had often heard it asked why Britain her- self did not take the lead in this greatest of Euiropean interests. "" If modesty restrains her,"" he continued, "" could not some of the smaller European States, convinced of her dis- Jnterestedness and wise Leadership, exercise some influence with her ? The state of all small Powers is to-day so precarious as to become unendurable, and sooner or later they may be forced to attach themselves as satellites to some planetary great Power. Could this not be prevented by timely action which will preserve their independence in a European system guaranteeing their freedom and security ?
A REGIONAL GROUP
As an alternative to a federation embracing all Europe, he suggested that, if jealousy among the Great Powers inhibited their taking the lead, a number of smaller States should come together without such sponsorship and form a regional group with its appropriate council. ""The charter of U.N. not only provides, but almost invites, such regional groupings under the over-all set-up."" He gave as examples of such groupings the "" Slav general group,"" the British Commonwealth, and the Pan-American union under the Chapultepec Treaty.
Declaring that small regional groups were better qualified than the world organization to watch particular situations in their own areas, General Smuts said decentralization through such groups might "" prove a powerful weapon in our international arrangements.""
General Smuts continued: ' If none will venture to take the lead towards such a political regional solition, there is a fourth way open on a smaller scale. Let a start be made on the economic plane. Let a European economic council be formed to coordinate and guide the common economic affairs and development of the Continent, or of as much of it as may choose to join the scheme. Such a European economic council has already been recom- mended by a committee of the social and economic commission of U.N.""
Suggesting that the Customs union formed between Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg could be extended to stiitable neighbouring areas, General Smuts said: "" As soon as Ger- many is in control of her own economic affairs her case for membership could be considered by her interested neighbours. Economically [the interests of the smaller States bordering on Germany are so intimately bound up with the recovery of Germany and with its proper direc- tion and guidance* that a wider economic arrangement between her and her neighbours may be a long step towards the recovery and progress of. all of them.""
GREAT RESOURCES
Of the advantages of.a European regional group, he said: "" Hlere you have the most advanced and developed group of the whole human race. Its total resources in man- power, natural resources, industrial equipment, and communications are unrivalled. They are now split up into a large number of small national units, which in peace often mutually frustrate each other, and in war make their own security more doubtful. Together they would form an enormous industrial and economic unit and a market of unrivalled dimensions. Under a union there may be a flowering of European genius such as may outrival the most gloriouIs periods of the European past. The glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome may be puny in comparison with this new outburst of the European spirit. The combined material and cultural advance may lead to standards of life and culture such as the world has never seen. The greatness of Europe lies before and not behind her.""
Mr. Clhurchill, said General Smuts, was a man of infinite courage, and at Zilricih he hIad chosen perhaps the hardest and most difficult way of all to the realization of the idea of European unity. He invited France to take the fead, and as a condition urged reconcilia- Iion between France and Germany, roLnd whom the rest of Europe could then gather. "" This at once raised a chorus of dissent in France, as he had no doubt anticipated. For he must realize better than most the difficulties that stand in the way of suclh a reconciliation to-day."" A reconciliation between France and Germany might change the whole scene in Europe jusit as,in 1940, a union between France and Britain might have changed history.
AN URGENT NEED
But,"" he continued, "" these flights and insights of genius are beyond the range of commoner men, the tempo of wvhose minds is much slower. I fear Europe cannot wait until there is this great change of heart in France and Gcrmany. Her case is much too urgent. The change of heart is perhaps more likely to follow than to precede a European union.""
General Smuts, who stressed The close ties between Holland and South Africa, spoke in Afrikaans-"" which I hope you will follow and at the same time will give you an idea of the form the Dutch language of the seventeenth century has assumed in South Africa in the course of the years."" He said tihat South Africa wanted immigrants from western Europe, and machinery would soon be set up in Holland "" for the selection of the right types of immigrants.""
To-night General Smuts addressed the Dutch Academy of Science at Amsterdamn- Reiler.
Our Brmsscls Correspondent
tlcegra phs: -
t,encrat smuts witl adidfess a joint scssion of both the Belgian Houses of Parliament this afternoon, speaking in Afrikaans, and English.";"October 12, 1946";"";50580;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"European Unity";""
"['David Watt']";"['News']";"David Watt
Last week I described the manoeuvrc of Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska which aims at the withdrawal of 23,000 American troops from Europe next year. I also listed the reasons why it may just be successful, whereas the Mansfield amendments of the late 1960s were not: the desperate squeeze on the US budget, the widespread American irritation with the Europeans over a wide range of issues, and the fact that Stevens has been shrewd enough to present his proposal in the forrrm of a ""freeze"" on 1981 troop levels rather than a reduction of the 1983 ones.
But what should we do now? In the short term the answer is that at this stage there is not a great deal we can do. We should obviously give as much support as possible to the Atlanticists in the Congress who are trying to defeat Stevens. This means stressing the dangers that the wrong signal will be delivered to the Russians and pointing out the inconsistency of withdrawing con- ventional forces from Europe at Precisely the moment when every- one in the Nato defence establish- ment, from the Supreme Com- mander downwards., is trying to shift away from excessive reliance on nuclear weapons.
It also entails banging away endlessly at the distortions con- tained in the crude assumption that the Allies are a lot of parasites. The Pentagon itself, for all its frequent rhetoric to the contrarv, has come to the conclusion for the past two years running that while the US is carrying a bit more than its fair share of the Nato burden and some individual allies are carrying considerablv less, the Allies as a group are taking a roughly fair proportion.
These are notoriouslv muddy waters, but if the Defence Depart- ment with its strong predisposition so squeeze more out of the Nato Partners, cannot do better than that, it ought to be possible for European embassies in Washington to make more of a case than they do.
But there is no use supposing that protestations of this kind are going to make much difference in the time available. The fact is that the Europeans are bound to pay some sort of price for their perfectiv understandable determination in recent months to look after their own interests rather than paying attention to the Americans'. It is naive to suppose, after the gas pipeline controversy and the very bitter US-European row over trade in farm products at the Gatt meeting in Geneva this week, that the American Congress will not be at least attracted by the idea of getting a bit of its own back.
In other words we may possibly lose this one and, given the climate of opinion in Washington. we may lose others. The Americans are not going to abandon the Alliance in any wholesale fashion. Their interests are too heavily committed to denying Europe to Soviet influence for them to consider anything of the kind. But the Stevens affair is a svmptom of a change of emphasis brought about by the appearance of new claims on American resources - the first being the ever more urgent claim of the domestic economy and the second claim of a globai anti- Soviet strategy.
Whatever the outcome of the immediate argument, from now on we must expect the US to take more decisions in the light of these other considerations without necessarily too much consultation with its Allies on the subject.
What is the best way of seeing that the security of Europe is not undermined by these longer term developments? This is a vast subject
on which a vast amount of work is now being done. But two broad lines of thought seem persuasive.
First we should back the notion of greater reliance on conventional forces in Europe. It is now gaining acceptance on both sides of the Atlantic. The Airland Battle concept, recently put out by the United States Armyv with its emphasis on defence in depth and on new conventional technology designed to disrupt the enemy's rear echelons, is almost certainly sound in military concep- tion and entails the very welcome modification of Nato's rather static ""forward"" strategy in favour of something more flexible and dynamic.
It is also politically helpful since it enabies us to balance the introduc- tion of cruise missiles by a large reduction in the number of tactical nuclear warheads now lying around the Continent. Most of all. however, it would ensure that the United States remains deeply implicated in thc conventional defence of Europe in force.
Of course this strategy involves picnty of difficulties. It means persuading the Germans to give up their rigid insistence on forward defence. It may mean adopting something approaching General Rogers's 4 per cent target for defence expenditure at a time of fearful financial trouble. And for the British, it emphatically means giving up romantic dreams of adopting a 'blue-water"" maritime strategy. But these are not insuperable obstacies.
The second line of advance is more dangerous and mrore tenlativc. It is to explore the possibility of closer defence collaboration betwCeIn the main European countries, and particularly between members of the EEC. This idea is bubbling up all over the place and a lot of its manifestations look more than a little fantastic at present. There is. for instance, no prospect that a non- neutral Europe could or would afford the cost of its own defence unaided, whether conventional or nuclear.
We shall rely for the indefinite future on the United States and therefore cabals deliberatelv erected. against the Americans are bound to be self-defeating. Moreover, nothing serious can be done without France and there is not much reason to suppose that France is any more prepared to accept major qualifi- cations to French military sover- eigntv thani it was in 1954 when it torpedoed the EDC (European Defence Community), or in 1966 when it withdrew from the Nato military structure.
Y'et the French themselves having been talking about reviving Western European Union - the old grouping set up to cover German entry into Nato - and thie Americans, if handled properly, can probably be induced to give their blessing to much more European defen'ce cooperation than people suppose. 1lhe first requiremenit from the European standpoint in any case is the evolution of a strategic person- alitv which reconciles and reflects the common interests of the West European states and which in- fluences the posture of the Alliance as a whole. This is not a new idea. It was much talked about in the days of President Kennedy. It was called the ""twin pillar"" concept, though no machinery has ever been con- structed to give it reality. If it could be put together today it might help to stabilize a shaky Alliance as well as providing a possible foundation lor a diffcrent structure far in the t'u tu re.
'Ilie auihor is Director of the Roual Instirule olf Internatiotial Alftars. Chat hamn [-louse.
C 1I1- N-pmpen Utitd, I W";"December 3, 1982";"";61405;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Defence: what we really need is a new look for Nato";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-WASHINGTON, MAY 8']";"['News']";"krom Our Own Correspondent-WASHINGTON, MAY 8
Mr. Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State, left for western Europe today for what promises to be the beginning of new efforts to establish a better and wider .elationship within the Atlantic alliance. Senior officials have given w.arning that the United States has no new and grand diesign to offer, but the Administration Is persuaded that itcan no longer remain quiescent in the face of what Mr. George Ball, the Under-Secretary of State, describes as the selfish aims of many allies.
Mr. Rusk will first go to Brussels, before attending the Ministerial Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion at The Hague on Tuesday. He is a quiet and unexcitable man and a firm believer in unhurried discussion; his talks are therefore unlikely to ruffle the calm of the Dutch capital in spite of Mr. Ball's preliminary remarks.
His objectives are fundamental to the good healltlh of. the alliance, the futrther progress of east-west accommodation and President Johnson's election cam- paign. Taken in that order American concern is as follows:-
LACK OF UNITY
THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE-After more than a year of reluctant inactivity following Britain's exclusion from the European Economic Community, the belief is that the alliance must now move forward again to new goals if it is to survive President de GauDe's nationalist ambitions. The new goals, while not speoific at this time, can be described as being to achieve greater unity.
In a speech at Georgetown University last night Mr. Ball gave a warning against reducing the effectiveness of Nato and tinkering with its structure- He com- mended the proposed multilateral nuclear f'orce and said that the United States could not safely ignore the problem of widening participation in the management of nuclear defence, complicated though it was by the fragmented structure of western Europe.
The United States was ready to share both policy and responsibility for Nato nuclear weapons but there was a connexion between the control of such weapons and political unity. ""If the lack of political unity in Europe complicates the manage- ment of nuclear weapons systems within the Nato alliance, it also limits the develop- ment of Nato as an instrument for effective political consultation.
""Unity of policy should presumably be hammered out through consultation. But consultation-essential though it be-can be fruitful only if all the powers concerned are 'determined to make it so. It can produce little, for example, in the face of rigid philosophical differences such as those we have encountered in attempting to ievelop a common economic policy towards
uba.....
WORLD POLICY
' Finally, if Nato is to fufil its purpose asthe central arrangement for the defence of he free world it must gradually extend its -oncern to the larger questions of free word policy. Here again the limitations thatobtain are not hard to isolate. They do nt derive from any fault in the institu- tionalstructure of Nato but rather from the limitet sense of world responsibility-as distincv from national interest-felt by many ¢. our Nato partners.""
EASI -WEST RELATIONS. - No dramatic, progress is expected. Mutual example rather than formal agreement seems to bffer for the time being the best means of1cautious progress. Nevertheless the Admiaistration remains engaged in the German problem and armns control measures tn central Europe. The Federal Republic is expected to be less suspicious of American efforts and more receptive to proposals that depend upon a realistic appreciatibn of the shape of Germany's fcture frontiers.
THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN.-A se-ior official said the other day in private conversation that the campaign does n'ot much influence foreign policy. and in a way he vas correct. An election is, however.
a vote of cojifidence'on foreign as well as other Administration policies.: failure to realize foreign policy objectives-especially those to which the electorate attach-import- ance-must be 'avoided.
These objectives appear to be concerned with peace and Cuba. The first,'.depending upon the degree of sophistication; encom- Passes east-west talks, Nato- and Germany. The Atlantic alliance has more popular support than might be imagined in western Europe, and all.ed differences can be a matter affecting the popular assessment of the President's ability to conduct foreign affairs.
STOPPING THE DRIFT
These are capsule versions of what at present concern the Administration and the electorate. It would be'naive to suggest that President Johnson does not have both eyes on the election and wrong to assume that the new efforts of the State Depart- ment are dictated by-election requirements.
What the election has done is to galvanize the Administration to cali a halt to drift and to seize the initiative again. Seen from here, very few allies have proved eutirely satisfactory. If France is the main defaulter. west Germany has proved disappointing and Britain with its Cuban trade is seen to be most cantankerous and disloyal.
Indeed the pursuit of isolating Cuba appears to be leading the Admiristeation to promote a new concept, the sharing with Nato members of the responsibility for policy outside the Atlantic area. This could be rewarding, but muoh will. of course, derpend upon the preliminary reconnais- sance of Mr. Rusk in the coming weeks.
NO FRENCH MOVE ON
EUROPEAN UNION
BRUSSELS, May 8.-M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, said here today that France was not encouraged by the attitude of her Com- mon Market partners to make new pro- posals for a European political union.
Replying to questions at a luncheon given in his honour by the Organization of Euro- pean Journalists, he said 'his Government's view was that since the Fouchet' plan for a political union had been rejected by the other five Comnon Market countries it was for them to make new proposals.
It would be pointless to make new pro- posals while the other Common Market Govermnmnts maintained they were not prepared to consider a, political union at present.
Asked whether there was any truth in reports of recent contacts. between the Soviet Union and the Common Market, M. Couve de Murville replied he was not aware of any now initiative. It had always been the Community's attitude that trade agree- ments between member countries and the Soviet Union should be replaced by a single Common Market agreement.
He thought there was "" a reasonable chance"" that the Kennedy round negotia- tions on tariff cuts would be successful. but the ""vague motion"" adopted by the Gatt Ministers in Geneva on Wednesday had in no way changed the situation.-Rcuter.";"May 9, 1964";"";56007;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Wants Allies To Drop ""Selfish"" Aims";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 29
It has been said that the permanence of German geography is its imperman- ence. Since the- first Reich of Charle- magne the frontiers have expanded and contracted many times, but no changes have been as far-reaching as those made in 1945.
In 1933, when Hitler came to.power, the area of Germany was 181,891 square miles and the population was 69,300,000. After the capitulation on May 8, 1945, this terni- tory -was divided into seven parts, and much of the old kingdom of Prussia came under non-German rule. The seven parts are.-
(I) THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC-1954 popu- lation; 49,763,400, of whom 17.2 per cent were persons expelled from former Ger- man tetritories and communities in eastern Europe and 4.8 per cent. were refugees. Area, 94,716 square miles. A political demo- cracy in alliance with the west, it is a Federal State of nine Ldnder. Schleswig- Holstein, Hamburg, Lower Saxony; Brefnen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Rhineland Palatinate, Baden-Wtirttem- berg, and Bavaria.
After the war it was divided into British. American, and French zones, and became a sovereign State on May 5, 1955. It is a member of the Western Europeai Union, N.A.T.O., and the Coal and Steel Com- munity. President, Professor Heuss. Chan- cellor, Dr. Adenauer. It is governed by a coalition led by the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union. New elec- tions next year.
- COMMUNIST STATE.
(2) EAST GERMANY or the GeMEAN DEMO- CRATIC REPUBLUC-1954 Population, 17,800,000. Area, 41,571 square miles. A centralized Communist State with the Oder- Neisse line as its eastern frontier. Com- prises the old provinces of Mecklenberg, Saxony, and Thuringia, and those parts of Brandenburg, Pomerania, and Silesia west of the Oder-Neisse line. Previously the Soviet zone, it was declared a sovereign State by the Soviet Union on March 25, 1954.
It is a member of the Warsaw pact, and can be said to have attained equality among other east European satellite countries. While its industrial production, actual and potential, is inferior to that of the Federal Republic, it is now probably the largest industrial State in eastern Europe after the Soviet Union. President, Herr Pieck. Prime Minister, Herr Grotewohl. The ruling party is the Socialist Unity Party, comprising the Communist Party and the remnants of the Social Democratic Party, which is not allowed a separate electoral list. Party secretary, Herr Ulbricht.
DIVIDED CITY
(3) Wesr BERLIN.-1954 population, 2,192,300, a decrease of more than 550,000 since 1939. Area, 185 square miles. Berlin is controlled by the four Powers represented by military governors. They still confer with each other from time to time, but the city has had two administrations since 1948. West Berlin, comprising the British, Ameri- can, and French sectors; is administered by a Senate and City Council which can apply west German legislation to the city. lt is represented in the Bundeshaus of the Federal Republic by members whose powers are limited.
West Germans regard it as the -tenth Land, but it depends for its survival upon the guarantees of the western Powers, and its four-Power status has never been seriously questioned by Bonn. It is con- nected to the Federal Republic by road and railway which are strictly controlled. It receives more than 1,000m. marks annually from the Federal Republic, and consider- able aid from the United States. Without this assistance it could not survive.
(4) EAsT BERLIN.-1954 population, 1,252,000, a decrease of nearly 350,000 since 1939. Area, 155 square miles. It is in the Soviet- sector and is the capital of
east Germany in that Govenmment. offices and foreign missions are located there- There are very' few Soviet troops to be seen-they are -stationed in east Germany' which surrounds the city-and a pretence is made that it-is -an-integral part of east Germany. But the Soviet Union has not abdicated its auiho'rity in spite of occasional- alarms, and free moVement-betWeen 'west and east Berlin continues> Some people, live in one and work in the otfier, and both,are still connected by the underground' and .ele.vated railways. - It has its own -cityl administration. .
EASTERN TERRITORY
(5) ODER-NEISSE. TERRmrOiES, . t939. popuilation, 8,370,000. Area, 38,660 square miles.- These comprise those - parts. of Branderiburg, Pomerania, and Silesia east of, the Oder-Neisse line and southern east Prussia. 'The ,Potsdam agreement -placed these, territories under Polish adtinisfra- -tion until-the western, frontier of P.oland'is' decided,.but they-.have -since -been treated -as part of- Poland. - -
. Most of; the. German populaeton was expelled and .these with other Gerrmans from eastern 'Europe formed' what was:
perhaps the greatest migration in'human history. Altogether 11,800,000 :Germans reached occupied Germany, and it -is esti- mated that a further 2,700,000 lost their liyes. About one million-Germans are believed-:to be still 'living in the Polish admhinistered territories.
(6) NORTHERN . EASr. PRUSSILA-1939 .population, 1,190,000. Area,-5,361 square ,miles. Under the Potsdam- agreement this Ute itory was placed under Soviet admini- stration but not as part:of the Soviet zone .of 6cupthin. 'The Germian population was expelled and the area has since been treated as part of the Soviet Union.
STATUS OF SAAR
(7) THE SAAR-Population, one-million. Area, 991 square miles. German-speaking, but has important economic ties with France. In October, 1947, parties were elected advocating economic union with France and in 1950 economic conventions were signed in Paris which also recognized the' autonomy n of the Saar- pending -the German peace treaty. . Later the notion was conceived- of the Saar forming the -nucleus of'a European union and in 1954 the Saar statute was signed by France and Germany.
Its purposes were to give the territory-a European status within the framework of W.E.U. and to achieve French, German, and European economic cooperation. It vas rejected by a referendum held in October, 1955. The new Government,. elected, two months later, demanded immediate politi- cal integration with west Germany and economic integration within two or three years. France agreed to constitutional changes dependent upon - negotiations between France and Germany. These are now proceeding.
CONCLUSION.-The Federal Republic claims to speak for all Germany. and re- unification is the first objective of all- west German parties. The Saar is likely to be incorporated within the foreseeable future but there are no immediate prospects- of achieving the unity of west and east Ger- many and east and west Berlin. -";"April 30, 1956";"";53518;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Retrospect Of Impermanent State Frontiers";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
-BONN. MARCH 9
Mr. Wilson returned to London at midday today reasonably satisfied with the outcome of his far-ranging talks with Dr. Erhard, the west Germnan Chan- cellor, and German Ministers. He described the discussions on Germany's unsatisfactory performance under the agreement to offset the cost to Britain of the Rhine Army as "" tough but con- structive "". He did not obtain precise or detailed commitments about how the Federal Government proposed to help meet Britain's payments deficit, nor had he really expected any. But Dr. Erhard gave him a firm undertaking that he vould put all his influence behind a number of specific projects which were discussed.
Mr. John Diamond, the Chief Secre- tary of the Treasury, is to come to Bonn later to examine them in detail with Herr Dahlgriin, the Finance Minister.
More important in the long term per- haps than this qualified success, which has postponed the need for a review of the strength of the Rhine Army-a matter for Nato, the Prime Minister emphasized-was the improved image of himself and the Labour Govern- ment which the Prime Minister left behind. He reaffirmed the British posi- tion on Berlin and on German reunifi- cation.
ACTIVE PARTNER
I'he Chancellor at the Cabinet meeting which followed his final talks with Mr. Wilson this morning expressed his satisfac- tion that Britain had once again become an active partner in all questions involving Germany, and Herr von Hase, the State Secretary in the Press and Information Office, emphasized the general statement of common goals and the comnmon harmony which they had achieved.
For the Federal Government the decision to consult with the other western powers on a new initiative in the German question certainly takes pride of place. Here the Prime Minister was able to put forward one or two suggestions about how this might be handled. The emphasis, however, was on clearing up the matter with France and the United States first before putting it up even informally in talks with the Russians, when Mr. Kosygin pays his visit to London.
What particularly impressed his German opposite ntimbers was Mr. Wilson's repeated emphasis in Berlin and here on the strict conditions to which any discussion of dis- engagement must be subjected.
NO BARGAIN
Contrary to reports current here before and during the talks, there was no question of a kind of bargain between British sup- port for an initiative on Germany and support costs, or any attempt to link these with what the Federal Government had done to help overcome the sterling crisis.
Mr. Wilson said to the press that the reduction of British troops in Germany had not been touched upon because of the constructive way in which discussions on the offset agreement had progressed. But he said that no specific figures for German purchases of arms or equipment had been discussed, contrary to reports current here and in London over the weekend. He was hopeful that the specific projects put up by either side would result in a satisfactory solution.
The previous offset agreement had related principally to purchases of arms
and equipment by Germany. He expected a military mission to come to Bonn soon to look into the possibility of joint pro- jects. In addition, both Governments would see how far existing purchases could be extended outside the military field to include civil items and joint ventures in the framework of development aid.
Some of the joint ventures involved research and development projects for mili- tary aircraft, such as the V.T.O.L. Hawker S;ddeley P1127, which would make it pos- sible to reconcile the enormous costs involved with the relatively small require- ments of the R.A.F. by tailoring specifica- tions to the requirements of the Luftwaffe and other countries.
The Chancellor was reported to be almost as annoyed as the Prime Minister over Germany's poor performance over the foreign exchange problem, and especially the loss to Britain of the B.A.C. One- Eleven contract from Lufthansa, to which he had partly committed himself in London.
MULTILATERAL FORCE
The reference in the final communique to i improved arrangements for the period ending April, 1967"" refers to the possi- bility that the Chief Secretary to the Treasury might suggest a revision of the cur- rent offset agreement which expires on March 31, 1966, to cover a further two years. But there appears to be no question of setting any fixed ceiling as in the 1962 arrangement.
The British standpoint remains that the Federal Government must try to meet the whole of the foreign exchange outlay-but not, Mr. Wilson said, the total stationing costs of the Rhine Army herc.
Quite apart from differences of substance in both governments' stand, it was obvious throughout the talks that, because of the elections and French susceptibilities, negotiations on the creation of a multi- lateral nuclear force could hardly, as Mr. Wilson put it, go forward at ' breakneck speed "". Last year there had been a lot of talk about deadlines, but the British Government had been careful not to mention any. The important thing was to maintain the momentum of discussions in the appropriate forum and the reference to the subject in the final communiqud should have that effect.
E.E.C. AND EFTA
This is understood to mean the ad hoc working party in Paris and not merely bilateral talks at the expert level. But Mr. Wilson is reported to have fully reserved his Government's position on the mixed- manned surface element, which the Germans do not want to see reduced to fewer than 20 vessels. There can be no question of mixed manning of the British Polaris submarines, though the principle might be extended to V-bomber ground crews.
The last important group of questions in- volved European union and the links be- tween the E.E.C. and Efta. The Prime Minister said to the press the problem posed there was that each of their countries belonged to important international group- ings, and there could be no question of their negotiating on their behalf.
"" But I leave Bonn more hopeful than I came about the possibilities of finding a link between them "", he said. Britain's joining the Common Market was not a practical proposition, but should it come, he had impressed upon the Chancellor that her willingness would depend not only on her own interests being preserved but her
vital links with the Commonwealth being maintained as well. Insufficient importance had been attached to these in the Brusszls negotiations two years ago.
The Prime Minister is reported to have told the Chancellor that he had one or two suggestions on practical links which he wanted to put to his Efta partners. They included coordination on tariff policy beyond the basis provided by the Kennedy round negotiations. The suggestion that the Common Market might become a mem- ber of Efta was also touched upon.
He had emphasized to the Chancellor that ""it would be mutually helpful if Britain were in on talks of the six on political union """;"March 10, 1965";"";56266;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Wilson Given Firm Promise By Dr. Erhard On Steps To Offset Rhine Army Costs";""
"['Peter Jay Economics Editor']";"['News']";"JWhen Professor Harry Johnbon speaks, sensible men listen. Wrhen the driving force behind the idea for Britain : of an ""Atlantic alternative"" to the EEC says that he, is pleased by the result of the referendum, and when -he goes on to restate "" in terms of fundamental prin- ciple "" the concept of European econormc integration which Britain-in-Europe should sup. port, then, too, intelligent ears will, be pricked.
Professor Johnson's. enthu- siasm for the referendum result, as expressed to the -Foreign Affairs Club in: London on Monday, rests on his belief that the nature of boi the "" in "" and "" out "" options for Britain have changed since the 1960s. Then he believed, as some other economic liberals still believe, that the essential choice was between a world economic order based on free, multilateral and non-discriminatory exchange and a jungle of regional econo- mic blocks each seeking to pro- mote its own identity and its own narrowly conceived pro- ducer-interests by protectionist, autarkic and bureaucratic policies.
By the mid-seventies the nature of the choice had changed in two ways, according to Professor Johnson. The "" out "" option had "" increasingly appeared to be an isolationist economic policy based on the false- belief that Britain could solve her economic problems by self-interested ad hoc devices directed, in large part, at recti- fying the alleged evils of capitalism defined as remem- bered from the 1930s "".
It is indeed hard adequately to paraphrase his scorn for those who have advocated ,temporary tariff -protection in ""sublime ignoranee of the fact that any argument for a tariff on balance-of-payments grounds is irrelevant to a country with a floating exchange rate -
(no one in Cambridge reads Keynes any more) .. . the fact that no competent trade theorist would advocate a tariff as a means of stimulating ex- port production . . . the fact, as any competent student of international relations would know, that Britain's ability to use the tariff to overcome domestic difficulties is tightly restrained by binding interna- tional treaty commitments under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt) "".
.Secondly, the ""in"" option had changed so that the basic political and economic pur- pose of European economic integration, as conceived in the fifties and sixties, ""has been rendered totally anachronistic "". Therefore, different and less illiberal directions can, indeed already are replacing them. Professor Johnson's argument here will shock many devout "" Europeans "" and may even strike liberally minded anti- marketeers as thinly disguised hostility to everything that gives the EEC practical reality or even concrete aspiration.
Politically, he says ""great- power politics of the traditional European kind has lost its point and its appeal to the generality of Europeans . . . the United States and the Soviet Union have fairly rapidly reached a de facto d6tente, one in which a Euro- pean third member of the party would be as welcome as a third wNkheel on a racing tandem bicycle "".
Economically, Professor Johnson seems to go even further in the direction of throttling the baby wvhile hon- ouring the bath water. ""The initial conception of European integration, too "", he says, "" has become an anachronism "". The concept, he declares, "" is, on closer inspection, allied with the idea of war as the ultimate purpose of the state and of politics-as the creation, control and command of disciplined troops temporarily employed in peaceful economic pursuits"".
No better definition of the economics of self-sufficiency could be given, whether that autarky expresses.itself in agri- cultural protection, centralized industrial policies, preoccupa- tion with the national origins of technological innovation or hostility to foreign or inter- nationally-owned enterprises. But, according to Professor
Johndn,- ihese straiin in t-:
lifeblood-.of thes BwC ibat grown... W.eaker i:th .
graual- pacification' of h~- national politics b'.
""'A*ention- has been gradw- ally focusing and acting"", be argues, "" o the distinction be tween :the .economically useful, and the politically and miltarily iinpressive, varieties of integra- tion and' 'harmonization;"". Moreover,: postwar devehp- ments have ""made the common external tariff and internal free trade of ai customs union itself less powerful "". '. ""
Nevertheless, Professor John. son still thinks that turopean economic integration is a use- ful or-; potentially useful endea- vour, provided that the purposes and the forms are liiberal. To this':end he thinks Britain-in- Europe shtould apply its influ- ence. :
Politically this means, accord- ing to Professor Johnson, reject- ing. ""the Xtwin temptations to indulge, on the one hand, in grandiose [rhetoric masking an empty reality of existence and to snatch 'iirresponsibly, on the other, at ;1small selfish advan- tages inconsistent with the main- tenance of| orderly conditions in
l e
Peter:Jay
Economics Editor
the iriternational economic and security ssystem "". Instead, he sees the EEC countries acting as ""a commiinity of nation states . . .which *can be conceived in a sense: as an 'upper house' of Parliament and can speak with the authority of a reasoned consensus of views "", which will carry rweight because of Europe's ihistoric ""seniority"" in world affairs.
Economnically, Britain's influ- ence would be used against ""attemptsi to construct the new Europe on the basis of a con- tinuation and strengthening of the initial conception "", which is now4 seen to be wrong as well as anachronistic. This means re- jecting ""political union"" and econoimic integration as a hal'- way house towards it, rejecting harmonization ""of the outward appearances of economic activi- ties"" and rejecting ""the econo- mic concept of the customs unionr"". The end of the Bretton Woods order and the spread of floating exchange rates have destroyed any vestigial advant- age that pooled protection of industries in the European re- gion might ever have conferred.
It also means resisting ""any serious European effort to re- store an inflexible fixed- exchange rate system . . . (as) a deliberate and perverse choice to recreate all the monetary obstacles tO and difficulties with European economic integration that -plagued the. -endeavour from roughly the middle 1960s onward "". Britain should further press for "" continuing progress towards ever freer world trading relationships "".
In particular, this wvould entail opposition to interna- tional commodity agreements and other trade-distorting devices which are supposed to help the world's poor and which actually help the govern- ments and the rich in pooIr countries. Professor Johnson also believes that world free trade in agricultural products would be. the best policy for Britain and the EEC.
He may see all of this as a constructive role for Britain in Europe. Maniy others will see it as the only possible course for economic liberals to reconi- mend. But there surelv can be few . believers in ""Europe"" who could regard Professor Johnson's programme as any- thing but the euthanasia of their ideal, since the first step towards European ""union"" is supposed to be economic integration, a process which can confer identity upon the new embryo state only in so far as its emphasizes differentiation between the chosen and the rest. As Sir Frank Lee. at the Treasury used to remark "" globalonia ""- or worldwide economic liberalism-is the opposite of the customs union as a staging post to nationhood.";"June 26, 1975";"";59432;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Professor Johnson does it with a kiss";""
"['Julian Critchley']";"['News']";"We should ask ourselves whether
the major supplier nations are not feeding the fires of hostility in the Middle East
What should be our attitude to the sale of arms? In 1974 Britain sold £475m worth of arms, while this year we expect to see the figure rise to £560m. Our largest customers are Iran, Egypt and the states of the Persian Gulf. Do we believe that what is good for Vickers is good for Britain? Or are we, by the unrestricted sale of arms, fuelling the fires of future conflicts ?
At first sight, the arguments appear to be evenly balanced. Without large export orders to reduce unit costs, the viability of an independent arms indus- try, and the base for advanced research and development. would be at risk. Even were that not the case, we need the money. We need to win back from the Opec countries our share of our money paid to them in inflated oil prices. At a time when the amount of money available to be spent on defence in western countries has to be limited we have to sell arms in order to purchase our own defence economically.
But where do the limits lie ? We do not sell arms to our enemies, while Labour Govern. ments do not sell arms to regimes of which they dis- approve. The rationale of our
present policy is a mixture of exports for the sake of exports, and the pursuit of our interests abroad. Do not these objectives conflict ? Is not the stability of the Middle East an essential western interest ? The Ministry of Defence may wish to sell almost anybody nearly anything, but the Foreign Office must sometimes have its doubts.
Take the Middle East. Since the stdrt of 1974, the value of arms ordered or sent into the area is in the region of 13 billion dollars. American sales to Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia are of the value of Oight and a half billion dollars. The Russians have sent arms worth 4,000m dollars to Egypt and Syria. France is third in the league, Britain fourth.
The significant point is that the major oil producers, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, have embarked on a spending spree. As a result, the Gulf states now equal, if not exceed, the spend- ing of those countries most affected by the Arab/Israeli dis- pute. Iran now ranks ninth in the world defence expenditure tables. In 1966 it ranked thir- tieth. The arms race in the Middle East is a matter both of quantity and quality. Iran
has on order 80 F4s, together with the Phoenix missile sys- tem. It has in service, or on order, 150 Phantoms, 250 FSs and 550 helicopters. Iran ivill have in service 800 Chieftain tanks-more than the British Army of the Rhine. The Shah has the world's largest hover- craft fleet and the very latest frigates. The Saudis and Kuwaitis have in service or on order some extremely modern weapons, including the Ameri- can F5, the French Mirage III and the Russian MiG25. All these systems, including dozens of sophisticated armaments and support systems, have been supplied at special rates to both sides in the Arab/Israeli war.
In addition to the sale of large amounts of conventional
arms, Egypt, Iran and Israel have all recently negotiated for the sale of American and French nuclear power plants. Is there not a link between the availability of nuclear fuel and a conventional arms race, which includes weapons all too easily adapted to nuclear delivery ?
The sale of arms-even of British arms-is not just a simple matter for congratula. tion. The Middle East is ex. periencing a regional, and so far non-nuclear arms race of quite remarkable proportions. Weapons are being blithely shipped into an area full of potential conflict. A fifth round in the Middle East would oblige Europe to choose between her military security and her finan- cial stability. Even if war does
not break out within the Middle East, the strategic implications of the unrestricted sale of arms must spread beyond the bound. aries of the region. Iran is being built into a regional super power in order to fill the vacuum left by the withdrawal of Western forces. We are in- vesting a lot of money in the Shah, who has made enemies. We should ask ourselves whether the major supplier nations are not feeding the fires of hostility in the Middle East, and are not we, together with the French and Ameri- cans, making a future conflict in the region inevitable by our sales to the oil-rich countries of the Gulf ?
The Western Alliance should take steps to moderate the dan- gers of this arms build up. Be- tween 1950 and 1954, Britain, France and the United States were successful in regulating the flow of arms to the Middle East through the Near East Arms Co-ordinating Committee. This policy failed because the Russians decided that it was in their interest to supply modern arms to Egypt and Syria. The Russians still wish to play the revolutionary in the Middle East. Europe has had to accom- modate its policies to Opec. The
United States Is obliged to su!
tain Israel. Are we not thei. embarked, willv nilly, on a course that mig,ht bring about the very circumstances that we wish to avoid?
As a nation, we need to expor- arms and we also need to seet security. Perhaps the way out of the dilemma lies in Europe If we could rationalize tlbt armaments industries o: Europe, with rationalizatiot leading to standardization ant specialization, not only woul' sve save vast sums of monev but we would sell more of our armt to Europe-to our allies-anti to the United State. than wt would sell elsewhere. A Euro pean Arms Procurement Agenc. would be the means whereb3 we could produce our arm- more efficiently and at th, same time control, on a Euro pean basis, the export of arm- to third parties. The solution tc this problem, as to the solutior of many of the problems whicl face us as a nation, lies in thf growing unity of Europe.
Julian Critchle'
I
The author is unservativ(
MP for Aldershot, and chair man of the Defence and Arma ments Committee of thi Western European Union.";"August 19, 1975";"";59478;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Why the boom in arms sales cannot be allowed to carry on unchecked";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MARCH 7
The French Parliament is due later this month to resume the process of deciding whether to ratify the London and Paris agreements on Germany.
The various Bills, consisting of treaties to permit the restoration of sovereignty to wesLern Germany, the admission of Germany into N.A.T.O., and the creation of a Western European Union, of which Ger- many and Italy are to be members, have already been passed by the National Assembly; so has the agreement on the Saar, which the French maintain is an integral part of the wholecomplex of treaties.
Attention is now focused on the Council of the Republic, which in its turn has to consider the treaties. This guide describes the powers and procedures of the council, and examines some of the factors applying to the ratification of the agreements. COMPOSITION OF COUNCIL
rhe Council of the Republic is the Upper House ol the French Parliament, successor to the Third Republic's Senate, and has in practice reverted to the title of Senate, with its members now calling themselves senators. It has 320 members, composed as follows:- Independents, Peasants, and Action
Republicaine et Sociale (i.e., Conser-
vatives) .. .. .. . 83 Rassembiement des Gauches Republi-
cains (Radicals and others) .. 72 Socialists .. .. .. .. 57 Gaullists .. .. .. .. .. 49 M.R.P. (Popular Republicans) .. 27 Communists .. . . .. 16 Oversea Independents .. .. 13 Various .. .. .. .. .. 3
Party discipline and the power of party whips are much less effective than in the National Assembly, so that an appreciation of the Possible action of the senators along party lines would not be of much value. Senators like to think of their assembly as the ""chamber of reflection,"" and in ordinary times they are less open to popular pressure than the deputies. POWERS AND PROCEDURE
The powers of the council have been some- what increased by recent reform of the con- stitution but still remain secondary to those of the National Assembly. So far as ratifica- tion of the London and Paris agreements is concermed. the Bills have already been passed in first reading by the National Assembly and now come to the Senate for a debate which will begin probably on March 22.
The senators can either :
(a) Accept the Bills as they stand-i.e.. authorize the President of the Republic to ratify the different agreements. including that on the Saar. In that case, the President will sign the Bills, and instruments of ratification will be deposited forthwith.
(b) Reject the agreements. In that case. the Bills will go back to the National Assembly for re-examination. If the Assembly, in second reading, agrees with the Senate, the matter is at an end; if it re-adopts the Bills they become a subject for argument between the Lower and Upper Houses for a period of 100 days (the so- called "" shuttle ""), not including parlia- mentary recesses and holidays. If at the end of that time there is still no agreement, the National Assembly's decision is binding.
NEW CLAUSES
(c) Amend the Bills by introducing new and conditional clauses. In that case, pro- cedure is as in (b).
(d) Approve the Bills for ratification, but make their coming into force-e.g., the depositing of the instruments of ratification
-dependent on the fulfilling of certain con- ditions. This procedure would probably not involve a second reading by the National Assembly, for there would be no question of a formal amendment. Such a reservation would not be constitutionally binding on the Government, but practically and politic- ally it would be difficult to set aside.
There can be no question of the Govern- ment's putting the question of confidence"" in the Council of the Republic against an amendment or course of action distasteful to the Government.
FACrORS AFFECTING THE DEBATE
(a) Nature of the Bills: Voting for Ger- man rearmament in any form must always make a French legislator catch his breath, although it is an over-simplification to say that French vacillations over the past four years have been due simply to opposition to German rearmament.
(b) Proxitnity of Elections: In April there will be the cantonal elections (elections to membership of departmental councils), and 58 senators are up for re-election, not count- ing those who may be offering themselves for election for the first time. In June half the membership of the Senate has to be renewed. Election to the Senate is indirect, the 253 members representing the depart- ments of mainland France and certain over- sea territories being chosen by an electoral college composed partly of the councillors- general, or members of the departmental councils. Thus the importance of both the approaching elections on the senatorial debate is likely to be considerable; senators are bound to hesitate before a decision that might prejudice their electoral chances.
ACTIVE CAMPAIGN
(c) Co,ninunist Propaganda: The Com- munists have been active in their campaign, emphasizing that rejection or amendment of the ratification Bill will mean an import- ant victory for the cause of peace."" (L'Humanint. March 4.)
(d) Govern,ment Assurances: The crippling effect of an amendment, involving another debate in the National Assembly, might be avoided if senators could content themselves with Government assurances that the Senate's wishes concerming the Saar and other points would receive particular atten- tion. Senators are understandably wary of this procedure; few, if any, of the recom- mendations put forward by the council in the debate on the European coal and steel community in 1952 have been acted upon. POSSIBLE OBSTACLES
(a) The Frenchl desire to hlave a "" last try
with the Russianzs before irrevocably sanction- ing German rearwiantent. This is General de Gaulle's line of approach, and his followers in the Senate wil presumably reflect his opinion. A possible procedure might be to hold up the entry into force of the new treaties until a certain date, the intervening period to be spent knocking on the Kremlin door.
(b) Thte Saar. The Fren, h like to think of the Saar as being permanently detached from Germany. A lot will turn on the Franco-Saar negotiations (now in progress) for redefining the Franco-Saar economic and customs union in such a way as to let in German trade as well. The Senate committee on industrial production has already voted an amendment to the Bill providing for ratification of the Saar agreement, by whi,h the depositing of ratification instruments is to be held up until the new Franco-Saar economic agreement is concluded. Another factor is likely to be the interpretation now given to the Anglo-American pledges of 1947 and surbsequently.";"March 8, 1955";"";53184;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Stage Set For A Vital Paris Debate";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, MAY 6
The Assembly of Western European Union, the youngest and hitherto the most aimless of the European parliamen- tary bodies, to-day at last came into its own.
At the opening of its third session here this morning it was presented with an impressive report by its defence commit- tee on the state of European security; it heard a reasoned reply by Mr. Ormsby- Gore, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, to the criticisms of British defence policy contained in that report; and it heard M. Spaak, making his last international appearance as a Foreign Minister before becoming secretary- general of N.A.T.O.. argue in favour of a reorganization of European defence.
RESOLUTION OF CENSURE Finally. for the first time in the history of W.E.U.. a resolution of censure was tabled deploring the manner in which the Council of Ministers of W.E.U. agreed to the British troop withdrawals from Ger- many, and proposing that the report on the matter be referred back to tbe council. Even if this censure motion, which is signed by 12 members, were adopted, its practical effect, beyond that of giving free rein to a certain amount of indignation, would seem to be somewbat problematical.
The security report, which was presented by Mr. Fens (Dutch Catholic People's Party), is full of information, hitherto not available, and much of it far from con- soling, about the state of N.A.T.O. forces in Europe. According to the report not only is the ""shield "" upon which N.A.T.O. strategy is based inadequate but the lack of uniformity in equipment and logistics in the international army is such as to put the Supreme Commander at a great strategic and tactical disadvantage.
GLOBAL SCOPE
The report pays a warm tribute to Britain for having maintained throughout the past years a first-class fighting force on the Continent, but its criticisms of the British decision to reduce these forces are outspoken. Mr. Fens, introducing his report this afternoon, spoke of the effect as disastrous, though he found nothing wrong with the procedure adopted by Britain to have the reductions approved.
He thought that Mr. Dulles, ""among whose gifts that of prophecy is absent,"" was altogether wrong in thinking that there would be no chain reaction; and he was similarly doubtful about the British White Paper, the text of which was available to members of the Assembly. Mr. Ormsby- Gore, the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, replied to these criticisms. He argued that the White Paper must not be looked at purely in its N.A.T.O. or W.E.U. context; it had a global scope.
Similarly, if Britain were reducing her forces in Europe, this was only part of an ""overall reshaping and streamlining of our total defence effort."" He continued that the deterrent power consisted of both the shield of conventional forces and of nuclear weapons as well. Britain was con- tributing effective and well trained forces to the shield, and was also contributing nuclear weapons; she was the only Euro- pean nation in a position to build them.
Thus the British contribution to western defence was not simply that of ground forces and air forces but of bombers with
their nuclear weapons. ""No other mem- ber of W.E.U. is contributing to the ulti- mate deterrent as we are."" The Minister of State dwelt on the size of the defence bill which Britain had been paying and the impossibility of accepting ""the intolerable level of defence expenditure.""
FALSE LOGIC
He did not see that other coutrities need follow the British example, for that would be false logic. If one country of the alli- ance for domestic reasons had to econo- mize, such reasons did not necessarily apply to others. Mr. Ormsby-Gore re- butted the idea that British defence re- thinking had been carried out without warn- ing. He recalled that British Ministers in 1955 and again in 1956 had informed their N.A.T.O. allies of the way in which British thought was moving. They could not hold back the results of their study indefinitely.
He reiterated that the British plans did not mean a retreat from Europe. In one particular field, indeed, Britain was coming closer to Europe, for there had been discus- sions within the framework of the standing armaments committee and between Mini- sters about the possibility of closet coopera- tion in rescarch and in the development of new weapons.
PROBLEM BEST MET
In conclusion Mr. Ormsby-Gore described the abandonment of conscrip- tion as being the consequence of the decision that it would not give Britain the kind of forces that she needed. Of the 700,000 men in the present Army 150,000 were engaged in training conscripts or themselves being trained. They had therefore decided on the solution which they believed best met the particular British problem-in other words, a highly trained professional Army.
M. Spaak, who presented to the Assembly the report of the Council of Ministers. pointed out in regard to Russian disarma- ment offers that Russia. while advising the western Powers not to acquire nuclear weapons, had not offered to renounce tactical nuclear weapons herself. No western politician could refrain from accept- ing the need for the most modern weapons for western armies. There should either be effective arnaments or no armaments at all, and it would be an abandonment of responsibility to give the Russians a monopoly in Europe of atomic arms.
BIG AND LITTLE WARS
On the organization of European defence M. Spaak pointed out that conventional armies were extremely expensive. He envisaged two kinds of war, the big war in which nuclear weapons would be used and the little war requiring conventional arms. He thotight that no final decisions should be made on these problems until the completion of the N.A.T.O. studv at present under way, so that the policies of the various Governments might be co- ordinated. Coordination was essential in this field
At the beginning of the session the Assembly elected Sir James Hutchisoh. M.P. (Conservative), to succeed Mr. Maclay, who was president of the Assembly until he became a Minister.
In nis inaugural speech Sir James Hutchison said that he looked upon his election as a recognition of how far Britain, till lately something of an insular nation, had started to walk along the European road. There was no longer any question of British withdrawal into isolation in their island home.";"May 7, 1957";"";53834;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Weaknesses In European Joint Defence";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Ocr. 22
The "" grand finale "" of the week's diplomatic activities was reached this afternoon when the full company of Ministers of the North Atlantic Alliance, with Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancellor, as an observer, met at the Palais de Chaillot to agree on German membership of N.A.T.O. and the strengthening of the organization as envisaged in the final act of the London conference.
This meeting was preceded by a brief session of the four Ministers concerned with the question of German sovereignty. A statement issued afterwards recorded that they met at 3 p.m. and, as was expected, ""approved the protocol and accompanying documents concerning the ending. of the occupation regime in the German Federal Republic."" The protocol allows for the bringing into force of the Bonn conventions with appropriate changes in the text as stipulated in five schedules which form the bulk of the
accompanying documents.""
ALLIED TROOPS' POSITION The Bonn conventions, which were signed in May, 1952, lapsed with the demise of the European Defence Community treaty, to which they were linked. A further document, in the form of a convention, settles the juridical issue of German acquiescence in the stationing of allied troops in Germany in a way that avoids jeopardizing the legal position of the western Powers in Berlin.
7The shadow of the Saar fell across the deliberations of the Council, but did not hinder the business in hand. This had been largely accon¶plished after about two hours' -work, and the Ministers then adjourned for
about half an hour. Mr. Stephanopoulos, the Greek Foreign Minister, presided.
Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancellor, was at once invited to take his place in the Council chamber as an observer, but took no part in the formal work of the meeting. He had, in fact, had his say already on most of the subjects under consideration. as a member of the earlier four-Power and niQe-Power con- ferences. To prevent any misunderstanding, Lord Ismay, the secretary-general of N.A.T.O., pointed out after the meeting that the Chan- cellor's presence was not intended as a prece. dent for German observers to attend future sittings of the Council before the Federal Republic had been accorded full membership. This would come only after the completion of the process of parliamentary ratification of all the new arrangements.
SIX COUNTRIES' APPROVAL The Council first considered and approved tbe papers arising out of the nine-Power and four-Power meetings, the latter ending the occupation of Germany and the former en- larging the Brussels Treaty to include Germany and Italy and to augment its structure and functions. These matters, in the words of the London act and echoed in to-day's contnuniqur. are ""directly and indirectly of concern to all the N.A.T.O. Powers."" The six countries not represented in the nine-Power conference-Greece. Turkey, Iceland, Den- mark, Portugal, and Norway-were given the opportunity to pronounce on the handiwork of their colleagues. This they did, it appears, at some length, but all in a tone of extreme satisfaction.
Western European Union. the newly approved title of. the enlarged Brussels Treaty organization. was generauy admired on its merits, although there was a deternination tc keep this latest child of European diplomacy in its place. which was not thought to be thal of a rival to N.A.T.O. Mr. Stephanopouloc remarked after the meeting that N.A.T.O0 remained the "" centre of gravity "" and that the newcomer must take its place within tht framework of N.A.T.O.-a point that wai reaffirmed in the communiqut4. It is cleat that every effort is being made to prevent the first enthusiasms for W.E.U., some of whicb may well be tactical, from obscuring thc Atlantic aspect of the, western alliance.
Sir Anthony Eden, in a statement curlng tnt Council meeting, mentioned two points Mal
had greatly contnbuted to the outcome of the work-the fundamental unity of the peoples represented at the table and the loyalty of the staffs, who had workea under great pressure. He felt that western Europe was entering an era of greater confidence, and that the present seemed to be a moment of opportunity. The time-table for the signing of the documents. to-morrow was approved, although there was no final indication from the French side that M. Mendes-France, with his preoccupation with the Saar, would have cleared away his inhibitions about signing by 2.45 p.m. to-morrow.
After the Council meeting Sir Anthony Eden had a private talk with Mr. Dulles at the United States Embassy. The Foreign Secretary was entertained at luncbeon to-day by M. Mendes-France at the Hotel Matignon, with M. Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, Mr. Lester Pearson, Canadian Minister for External Affairs, Mr. Macmillan, the Minister of Defence, and Lord Ismay. In the evening there was a dinner at the British Embassy at which M. Mendes-France, Dr. Adenauer, Sir Anthony Eden, Lord Ismay. and members of their delegations were present-an occasion
that attracted attention for its possible bear- ing on the question of agreement on the Saar.
RIGHTS OF INSPECTION
The third point in this afternoon's discus. sions was a resolution to implement the fourth part of the London act, which concerns the revision and widerning of the peace-time powers of the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. He was to become an inspector as well as a general, watching the level and effectiveness of the forces of members of N.A.T.O. stationed on the Continent, and their armament, equipment, logistics, and reserve formations. These forces were to he integrated "" as far as possible consistent with
tnilita e ency."" General Gruenther was muitta7reffici
himself present at this afternoon's meetings.
Throughout all the negotiations on arms control, and behind the elaborate arrange- ments for protecting Europe against any future threat of German aggression, the figure of the Supreme Commander has seemed to several of the statesmen here to be the ultimate safeguard. No modern army can move with- out supplies in great quantities. The Supreme Commander, with his strict administrative control, is in a position to deny the most vital supplies, such as petrol and oil, and any unacceptable military adventures could be msade to wither away as a result of bis actions. The thought has brought comfort to the wary and to the realists.
The full statement of the North Atlantic Council, and a message by our Diplomatic Correspondent are on page 5.
M. MENDES-FRANCE TO
VISIT CANADA
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
OTTAWA, OcrT 22
M. Mendes-France, Prime Minister of France. has accepted an invitation from the Canadian Prime Minister, Mr. St. Laurent to visit Canada, and will arrive on Novem- ber 16, the last day of the Queen Mother's visit here. He will stay until November 17 or I S.
Our Washington Correspondent tele- graphs:- .
It is announced by the White House that M. Mendes-France will be the guest of Presi- dent Eisenhower at luncheon on November 1I. It is understood that he will remain here for at least two days.";"October 23, 1954";"";53070;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Place In N.A.T.O. Approved By Ministers";""
"['Richard Davy']";"['News']";"For the past three months about 600 diplomats from 35 countries of east and west Europe, the United States, the Soviet Union and Canada have been milling around in the new conference centre in Geneva discussing Practically every aspect of their relations from the exchange of folk-dancing groups to the theories of Marx and Hegel. They have not actually got'any- where yet but they seem to be moving, and if they do even- tually arrive at an agreed des- tination they could have more influence on everyday life in Europe than obscure adjust- ments to the balance of nuclear ironmongery, important though these are.
Their deliberations are called the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and they got their mandate from the meet- ing of their foreign ministers in Helsinki in July. They are sup- Posed to be seeking agreements to justify another high-level meeting, probably next summer.
Visiting them as they were breaking up for Christmas last week I found them reasonably optimistic and full of bonhomie as they hardened up their posi- tions before the recess? wished each othler ""Merry Christmas "", and departed to gird themselves for the next round. This starts on January 15 and should lead fairly soon to the real work of trying to draft agreements.
During the preliminary spar- ring three main areas of dis- agreement have emerged. They c6ncern military confidence- building measures, the status of frontiers, and freedom of move- ment and information.
The western countries have proposed that everyone give 60 days warning of military move- ments and manoeuvres. The -Russians have suggested five days' warning of manoeuvres and no information on movements. The gap on this point is there- fore still wide.
The status of frontiers is .supposed to be defined in a set of principles governing rela- tions among the participating states. The Russians are par- ticularly anxious that the fron- tiers of Europe should now be regarded as immutable. The west insists on keeping open the possibility of peaceful change by mutual consent, not only out of respect for the principle of self-determination but also because of the possibility of west European union, and because the West Germans are politically and constitutionally debarred from accepting the division of Germany as final. The Irish and others also have feelings on the subject. The Russians will not have peaceful change explicitly endorsed. The West will not have it explicitly excluded. Presumably, 'therefore, the drafters will fudge the text to permit different interpretations.
The real sticking point of the conference is what is called Basket III, a vast section into which everyone has poured pro- posals for greater humarl con- tact between east and west Europe. lThe Danes, the West Germans and other have tabled proposals for reuniting families, The Canadians want guarantees that requests to join members of one's family will not result in arbitrary deprivation of civil rights.
Switzerland wants to abolish customs dues, quantitative re- strictions and other obstacles which hinder the import, sale and purchase of printed matter. Several countries want to ban the jamming of radio broadcasts. Britain wants linked east-west televsion programmes.
The east Europeans are still a bit dazed by all this. East Euro-
pean diplomats said they would iave their WoSk cut out formulat- ing a response to such a cornu- copia of ideas. As for the west, ""the problem is to decide what is realistic."", said a diplomat. He realized that eastern Europe would not open its gates to un- limited contacts but he insisted that there had to be visible pro- gress if the conference was to succeed.
The Poles and the Bulgarians have tabled some proposals of their own for increasing cultural cooperation, contacts and ex- changes of information but they do not go nearly as far as western proposals. Nor is the difference only a matter of degree. This is where the two systems come into direct con- frontation.
The communists believe they have a right to control what their people read and where they move. They talk about the floods of western pornography and p9li- tical subversion to which they would be exposed if they relin- quished this right. Their basic view of the conference is that it should endorse the division of the continent between two politi- cal systems and erect barriers against mutual interference. They feel that western proposals: are aimed at undermining their systems and de-stabilizing the situation and are therefore con- trary to the purpose of the con- ference. ""After all"", said an east European diplomat, "" you are always saying that we try to subvert you. Now we are pro- posing that neither side tries to subvert the other. Surely you -must agree unless, you really are trying to subvert us.""
Western officials give earnest assurances that they are -not trying to subvert, and that they are trying to underpin security by promoting understanding be- tween peoples, but they are viewed with suspicin. ""We do not entirely doubt the sincerity of your officials "", said one east European, "" but under your system governments do not con- trol everything and there are groups and forces which would exploit every opportunity"".
All east European and Soviet proposals therefore contain clauses or preambles protecting the prnciple of government controls and making agreements subject to the laws and customs of the country. Their spokesment have a nice debating point when they ask why the west should apparently wish to break their laws but western negotiators fear that any such clauses would be used restrictively to negate the purpose of the agreements. Equally, the communists believe that any weakening of such clauses would be us,ed by the west to undermine their control. A greet deaa of suspicion still contributes to widening the objective disagreements.
There the matter rests until January, when the possibilities of compromise will have to be explored in earnest. So far few of the participants would say the time had been wasted. Everyone has learnt a lot, and con.ultation among the nine menrbers of the EEC has been particularly intense and effec- tive. There have been differ- ences of approach-the French are the professiona-l sceptics, the British the pragmnatists, the West Germans the optimists, the Dutch the hardAiners-but on points of principle there has been very solid agreement. if the conference does nothing else it will have helped to forge the political unity of the Nine. But it has adso started a pan- European consultation which has revealed the extent to which east and west are already Interdependent.
Richard Davy";"December 17, 1973";"";58966;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A measure of how close are east and west";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 8
Dr. Adenauer agreed to-day with Mr. Macmillan's proposal that a partial free trade area should be established in asso- ciation with the European common market as soon as possible. It is under- stood that the only qualification was that the cormrmon market treaty should first be ratified by all the six signatories to the Rome agreement.
The Chancellor was probably moti- vated by past bitter experiences. Mr. Macmillan had hoped that agreement could be reached by next spring and that it would become operative in 1959. While there is presumably hope that the rati- fications will not long delay the associa- tion of the two projects, information available to-night indicated that Dr. Adenauer was loth to endanger or con- fuse the last stage of the common market
WARM PERSONAL FEELING The British "" grand design "" was also discussed, and it is understood that general agreement was reached on two of its three parts-that the political activities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization should be expanded, and that the Organization for European Economic Cooperation should be the agency to deal with the common market and the partial free trade area. It seems that no agreement was reached on the third, the idea of a common European Consultative Assembly.
The talks have been pervaded by a warmth of personal feeling. whatever differences may still exist on defence, that has surprised people on both sides. For this the Prime Minister has been as much responsible as the Chancellor. On each public occasion he has dwelt upon the need for unity, but to-night he went farther. It happened that to-day was the twelfth anniversary of the sur- render and collapse of the Third Reich, and in proposing the Chancellor's health Mr. Macmillan spoke of the real sense of friendship experienced during this brief visit, and said that in his heart was the determination to work together for the future. He would take back to Britain with him a very real inspiration to go on with the task as comrades.
Dr. Adenauer said that if anything was needed in these times it was the qualities of the British people. It was encouraging for Germany to have an ally with such qualities, and all the signs showed that this steadfastness, realism, cool-headedness, courage, and decisive- ness was required to find a way to peace. These two days had convinced him that Britons were just as good Euro- peans as his own people, and this development was closely linked with Mr. Macmillan. He considered the visit unique, in that it proved how completely the two countries agreed on the present world political situation and the basis of common policy that was required.
STATEMENT DELAYED
A statement should have been issued this evening, but the conversations con- tinued longer than expected and, while the working sessions have ended, it can be said that they have yet to be con- cluded. Dr. Adenauer dined with Mr. Macmillan at the Embassy residence, and Herr von Brentano joined them there. The west German Foreign
Minister had accompanied the Federal President, Dr. Heuss, on his state visit to Turkey, but was recalled to join in the discussions.
German reunification and disarma- ment were discussed to-day, with the recent Soviet diplomatic moves. The Eden plan was reconsidered, presumably in relation to Mr. Bulganin's letter to the Prime Minister which resurrected it. The nature of the British and west German replies to Mr. Bulganin's latest epistles was, it is understood, also discussed.
It is the pleasant custom in Bonn to take distinguished visitors for a trip up the Rhine. Mr. Macmillan was taken on board the motor vessel Stadt Koln by Dr. Adenauer at noon. Dressed overall, the ship headed up-river in bright sunshine, to the applause of the crowd gathered on the ramparts of the old Customs post.
That this was no pleasure trip, in spite of the fluttering flags aloft and pink carnations below, was obvious from the passengers who accompanied the two statesmen. The British delegation was accompanied by members of the Em- bassy; with Dr. Adenauer and the west German delegation were Professor Erhard, Minister of Economic Affairs, Lieutenant-General Heusinger, wearing what appeared to be a Brigade of Guards tie, and a company of senior officials expert in subjects ranging from the European common market to N.A.T.O.
On board, the two Ministers returned to the subject of defence, but it is understood that conversation over the luncheon table did not go far beyond a further exchange on first principles of nuclear war.
ARMY OPPOSITION
In the Bundestag this morning, Dr. Schroder, the Minister of the Interior, who was deputizing for Dr. Adenauer in a debate, said that the talks so far had made necessary new urgent pre- liminary discussions. This would seem to confirm last night's information that General Norstad's reappraisal, expected in August, and the October meeting of the Western European Union Council of Ministers will not be anticipated.
Certainly there is small chance of any modification of Britain's new concept as set out in the White Paper on Defence. Well canvassed west German proposals, such as the stationing of the strategic reserve here and not in, Britain, have been rejected for the simple reason that 5,000 men would make little difference, and that it must be held ready for tasks other than the defence of Europe. The second phase of the intended troop withdrawals must await the W.E.U. meeting.
Rather surprisingly, much of the west German opposition has come from the Army. It would be unfair to suggest that the Bundeswehr is planning to fight the Second World War again; their preference for highly mobile conven- tional forces is ideally suited for pro- tecting a long land frontier when insuffi- cient forces are available, and this must, of course, be the first responsibility of any west German commander. It does, however, conflict with the British view of future warfare, and it would seem that a decision can be reached only when the new N.A.T.O. doctrine of what con- stitutes aggression is fully understood.
Mr. NmMacila with (from the left) Professor Halistein, State Secretary in the West German Foreign Ministry, Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, Dr. Adenauer, and an interpreter at a
reception In Bonn.";"May 9, 1957";"";53836;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer Agrees To Free Trade Area";""
"['From Our Motoring Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Motoring Correspondent
\ The prolonged period of fog this autumn has placed a great strain on motorists, but this strain can often be alleviated by making proper use of the equipment provided by motor manu- facturers. Many motorists fail to do so, and make their progress more diffi- cult than it need be.
The first step is to ensure that the view forward is as clear as possible. Having to look through a glass windscreen is a handi- cap of modem times; older motorists regret the passing of the hinged windscreen, or part of the screen, which is no longer an economical manufacturing proposition. Since the windscreen is fixed it should be kept as clear as possible, which means that the windscreen wiper should be used freely n misty, quite apart from foggy weather.
That many motorists seem unaware of this was shown on a recent foggy morning when only four out of 20 cars that approached had their windscreen wipers working. The driver of a following car was also groping along with a misty screen, which from time to time he vainly tried to clean from the inside. Of the same cars only three had their headlights or a fog light switched on.
LONGEST WARNING
The presence of an oncoming car is con- veyed to approaching traffic much earlier when its headlights are switched on than when the side lights only are used. In the first case the lights are seen before the shape of the vehicle, while in the second the side lights are often only seen some time after the vehicle can be clearly discerned.
As Mr. R. Crawshay-Williams, of Pen- rhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, points out in a letter on this subject, the difficulties and dangers, especially when passing, of day-time fogs would be greatly lessened if all drivers (instead of the small minority at present) were to switch on their headlights, and he goes so far as to say that they should be undipped because this makes them more easily visible.
Overtaking in the ordinary way is, of course, out of the question in a dense fog, but there are occasions when stationary vehicles have to be passed and it is then that the headlights give the longest possible warning to oncoming traffic. 'The contrary Point of view is taken, somewhat surpris- ingly, by the R.A.C., who have recently issued a notice recommending the use of side lights only in most circumstances. They claim that the use of headlights in fog results in the glare being thrown back at the driver (this is certainly true at night, when in conditions of really bad visibility a good fog lamp and side lights are much to be preferred), but their recommendation of side lights only in day-time fog will not be acceptable to most experienced motorists.
CUT-OFF BEAM
Considering the prevalence of fog, the purchase of a good fog lamp (a sharp cut- off at the top of the beam is essential) is virtually a necessity, and yet a remarkable number of motorists attempt to struggle on without one. Apart from motorists help- ing themselves, there are ways in which the highway authorities could possibly faci- litate movement in fog.
Mrs. Irene Tennant, of Bishop's Stort- ford, asks whether it would not be possible for important right hand turns on main roads to be marked with large cat's eye signs. She gives two examples-the turn from the main Uxbridge-Oxford road on to the Rickmansworth-Watford By-Pass, and the turnig to Hatfield Town on the Great North Road. On a recent journey she found that she was one of several drivers who were unable to find these turns because
the ordinary signposts could not. be seen in the fog, whereas cat's eyes can be picked up when no other sign is visible.
At the first of the turnings she mentions there are directions Painted in white on the road. surface. and Mr. C. Cleall, of Ewell, appeals to local authorities to extend the area~ of white lines on roads under their jaisdiction. At present the use of white lines is intermittent, and at places where they are missing it is often extremely diffl- .cult to make headway.
LOWER LAMPS
White lines hre, of course, less effective than cat's eyes, but they are a great deal better than nothing at all. Mr. Cleall also points out that travel in fog would be made much safer if street lamps (especially the yellow sodium lamps) could be lowered nearer ground level in foggy weather.
The lamps would need to be at the top of the Pole normally, to reduce glare, but could be lowered to a height of, say, lOft., unless they are suspended over the road- way. He admits that this suggestion may not be practicable. On the other hand, it used to be the custom to make some street lamp standards on these lines so that the lamps could be lowered for cleaning.
RENAULT PLANT
EXTENSION
OUTPUT EXPECTED TO DOUBLE THIS YEAR
While the project of a European free trade area languishes in deadlock, the British subsidiary of the French Renault company are spending £250,000 on extensions to their assembly plant at Acton, W., largely because of the success of the Dauphine model.
Last year 2,000 of these cars were assembled at Acton and this year's output is expected to be double that figure. With the introduction of the Gordini Dauphine and eventually the new Floride model, the number of cars to be produced in 1959 will be higher still.
M. J. Chauvel, the French Ambassador, laid the foundation-stone of the new exten- sions yesterday, and he took the oppor- tunity to make some comments on the French attitude to the free trade area.
France realized that nowadays exports, to be competitive, must be based on larger home markets than individual countries could provide. On the political plane, the French people considered that Franco- German cooperation was a necessary basis of building up a European union, which was itself essential. The rules of the Com- mon Market club-a common external tariff, equalization of social services, free movement of labour within the community, equal wages for men and women-involved the delegation to a common council of the right to decide matters which were normally the province of national govern- ments.
The club itself was open to anybody who, caring to join, accepted the rules and paid the fees, but nobody wants countries out- side the association to suffer from the association. Active thinking on these lines gave rise to the free trade area project. M. Chauvel thought that the present hitch had been rather heavily dramatized, for very little would happen on January 1. Nobody in official France doubted that a solution to the problem would be found- France saw it as a hitch, but did not in any way take it for a break.";"December 9, 1958";"";54329;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Alleviating Strain On Drivers In Fog";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"The transfer of Mr Roy Jen- kins to Brussels in January 1977 as the next President of the European Commission- assuming that reports of his acceptance of the nomination are confirmed-will be widely welcomed by his friends and admirers in Europe. At the same time, they will regret that he will be seen to be choosing Brussels only after the failure of his domestic ambitions, thus confirming a popular view of the Commis- sion as a well-paid grazing- ground for played-out politi- cians.
It may be that Mr Jenkins cherishes hopes of returning strengthened to the national political fray after the four years he is expected to spend in Brussels (the President of the Commission is appointed for a two-year renewable term). History, if nothing else, suggests that such hopes are illusory. No previous incum- bent has been wholly success- ful in managing a reentry into national politics. Certainly, none has returned to a career of great eminence or distinc- tion.
Mr Jenkins would at least bring to the Presidency consi- derable political experience, as well as a face and a name surely somewhat better known than those of the competent, but uninspired technocrat, M FrancoieXavier Ortoli, who is the present holder of the office. It is doubtful if one person in a hundred, stopped at random in a London, Bonn or even Paris street, would be able to place M Ortoli or give any very clear account of the body over which he presides.
On paper, at least, the Euro- pean Commission enjoys consi- derable power. Under the Rome treaty, it Is the only EEC institution with the right of initiating policy, and feeds proposals to the Council of Ministers, representing the governments of the Nine. The Council decides whether or not to accept the proposals, and, if it cannot agree, sends them back to the Commission, which then seeks a compro- mise aimed at salvaging as much of the original concept as possible.
That is the textbook descrip- tion of the Commission's poli- cymaking role. For various rea- sons, however, the institutional
balance of the EEC has deve- loped in ways rather different from those envisaged by the founding fathers. The most striking evidence of this is the growing predominance-espe- cially marked in recent years- of the Council of Ministers at the expense of the Commis- sion. Whether Mr Jenkins, or indeed anyone else, would be able to do much to arrest this trend must be doubted.
The mediating role of the Commission has been ham- pered by the fact that since the late 1960s decision by majority vote has, with one or two exceptions, seldom occurred within the Council of Ministers, even on minor issues. Unanimity-and by extension the right of national veto-is generally required. This means that compromise tends to be achieved by direct, inter-government horse-trading, restricting the Commission's room for manoeuvre in defend- ing an overall Community in- terest.
The Rome treaty never stip- ulated precisely how the Coun- cil of Ministers was to exercise its functions, and a network of subsidiary committees report- ing to it has come to play an important part in decision-mak- ing. The key role here is per- formed by Coreper, the corm-
mittee of senior diplomats who head the permanent Brussels based delegations to the EEC of the Nine. Initially seen essentially as a liaison body, it has come to be much more than that.
Coreper meets twice a weelk. It prepares the- ground for meetings of the Council of Ministers, filtering out many Commission proposals before they even reach the Council table. Many decisions, formally endorsed later by the Council, are effectively taken by Coreper. It is the interplay be- tween Coreper and the home governments of the Nine, rather than the more classical dialogue between the Commis- sion and the Council, which determines collective policy-
More recently, the Commis- sion has also had to come to terms with the emergence of the regular summit meetings of heads of government, now more or less institutionalized on a thrice-yearly basis. The summit has assumed an impor- tant role as the delineator of future policy-beyond the pro- visions of the Rome treaty- and as an instrument for jolt- ing moribund Community poli- cies into life, as at Rome last December on the ehergy ques- tion.
The Commitsion is forced
back increasingly on its role as the administrator of the EEC treaties (including those of Euratom and the Coal and Steel' Community). Its most considerable task here is the management of the common agricultural policy-the' only policy wholly financed from Community resources. The Commission also retains an im- portant policing function, and can take individuals, firms or member governments to court for breach of treaty rules.
Traditionally, this latter power has been exercised with caution, and the picture of a British Commission President defending Community free trade against a British govern- nment bent on a siege economy strategy sounds more alarming in theory than it would prob- ably be in practice. Confron- tations of this kind would be more real if the Commission were as genuinely independent as it is supposed to be.
Under Article 157 of the Rome Treaty, Mr Jenkins, like any other commissioner, would be required to undertake neither to ""seek nor take in- struction from any government or any other body "". In fact, commissioners often refer back informally for guidance to home governments and gen-
erally, though not always, ref- lect national views. The shar- ing-but of portfolios among the 13 commissioners-the four big countries nominate two and the. five smaller one each-is keeily contested.
One of the suggestions made in the report on European Union by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, is that the next Presidefit of the Commission, after formal appointment by heads of government at their next meet- mg in July, should have a say in the choice of other commis- sioners. Although the national balance would have to be pre- served, this might at least produce a team whose talents bore some reasonable relation to the tasks assigned.
The appointment not only of commissioners but also of directors-general, who head the broad policy departments into which the Commission is divided, and even of heads of divisions within these depart- ments, is likely to remain highly political for the foresee- able future, with national gov- ernmeits closely involved in the selection of reoruits and the allocation of responsibilities. National loyalties vill not eas- ily be shed.
Michael Hornsby";"April 27, 1976";"";59689;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Jenkins may have the political weight to restore the EEC Commission's fading powers";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"Useful forms of shorthand or polite euphemisms? A glossary of some of the commoner terms that have become part of the language of diplomacy in Brussels and what they
really mean.
ACPs: African, Caribbean and Pacific developing countries granted financial aid and trading concessions by the EEC under the Lome Convention.
Association: status first granted by EEC to Greece, and now enjoyed by other Mediterranean countries, going beyond mere trade agreement but fall- ing short of full Community member- ship.
CAP: Common agricultural policy.
Common customs tariff: common tariff exacted by the Nine on imports from outside the Community.
Communautaire: French term mean- ing roughly "" community-minded "". Certain states, notably France, are generally acknowledged to be much more skilled than others, notably Britain, in dressing up self interest in communautaire disguise.
Community preference: doctrine that EEC countries should give preference on their markets to imports from other member states, particularly in agricul- tural trade. A controversial exception are Britain's imports of Newv Zealand dairy products.
Coreper: abbreviation of French title of the committee of permanent repre- sentatives, the ambassadors who head the national missions of the Nine accredited to the European Communi- ties in Brussels. The committee pre- pares meetings of the Council.
Council: Council of Ministers, the
body which represents the Nine and takes decisions on the proposals sub- mitted by the European Comminssion. Not to be confused with the European Council.
Court of Justice: sits in Luxembourg; its main function is to rule on alleged infringements of the Treaty of Rome.
Derogation: euphemism for permis- sion to break the rules. EEC member states are asked to accept common rules in principle, but allowed many derogationzs in practice. It is the basis of the EEC's survival.
Directive : proposal by the Conzinis- sion, which, if approved by the Council, leaves member governments free to introduce the appropriate legis- lation at the national level.
EMUU: Economic and Monetary Union. Legendary objective involving ulti- mately the adoption of a single Euro- pean currency and establishment of a single central bank and monetary authority, once talked of as a possi- bility by 1980. This target has long been abandoned, but the Commission is attempting to stimulate faster progress towards EMU.
Enlargement: what happened when Britain, Ireland and Denmark joined the Community and will happen again if Greece, Spain and Portugal do the same.
Euratom: the European Atomic Energy Community.
ECSC: the European Coal and Steel Community.
European Commission: the sup- posedly supra-national body which prepares and submits policy proposals to the Council.
European Council: thrice yearlv sum- mit meetings of EEC prime ministers. France is represented by its head of state. Not to be confused with Council of Ministers.
European Parliament: sits in Stras- bourg and Luxembourg. Little morc than consultative body, but may be- come directly elected for the first time next year.
European union: mystical goal vaguely referred to in the preamble to the Treaty of Rome. Taken by some to imply the eventual creation of a united states of Europe and by others to mean not much more than an obliga- tion to cooperate more closely.
Export restitution: euphemism for the large subsidies that have to be paid to EEC exporters to enable them to sell the Community's overpriced food sur- pluses at competitive prices on world markets.
Green currencies: artificial exchange rates designed to shield the EEC's common farm prices, fixed in units of account, from the fluctuations of the national currencies into which these prices are translated. The rates are
sustained by 1nonetary compensatory amounts.
Harmonization: progressive introduc. tion of EEC-wide norms and standards designed to remove non-tariff barriers to trade. Standardizing urge led to misguided attempts to promote such absurdities as Euro-bread, Euro-beer and Euro-ice cream, now abandoned.
Intervention price : the market price at which the EEC buys up farm pro- duce, such as beef and butter, and puts it into storage to prevent prices falling further. Central feature of the CAP, though not as sacrosanct as formerly, and enables the EEC to offer farmers guaranteed prices.
Ltuxembourg compromise: the agi-ee- ment of the Six of January, 1966, vhich effectively gave every EEC member state the right to veto a pro- posal deemed to threaten a vital national interest. Insisted on by France as the price of returniug to Council meetings which it had boy- cotted for much of the previous year. Mandate: terms of the brief given by the Countcil to the Commission for negotiating trade agreements on behalf of the Nine.
MCA: abbreviation of monetaru comn- pensatory amounat, the terms used to describe the taxes and subsidies on farm trade used to maintain the green currencies.
Mountains: stockpiles of surplus beef, butter and so on created by interven- lion.
Nine: present members of the EEC.
Own resources: source of revenue of the EEC budget, consisting of common duties on industrial imports, variable levies on farm imports and the receipts from value added tax levied at a rate of up to I per cent on a common list of goods and services.
Political cooperation: coordination of- foreign policy by the Nine outside the framework of the Treaty of Rome.
President : title enjoyed for six months by each member state in turn. The country holding the presidency chairs meetings of the Council. Not to be confused with the presidency of the Commission currently occupied by Mr Roy Jenkins.
Qualified majority: system of weighted voting used in the Council designed to make it impossible for one big country on its own to block a proposal or for the smaller coun- tries acting together to be outvoted. Seldom used in practice because of indiscriminate resort to Luxembourg compromise.
Regulation-: proposal from the Commission which is approved by the Councit immediately becomes law in all member states.
Reserve : euphemismii for often serious objections wvlhicli a memlber state may have to a given proposal which it nevertheless accepts in principle.
Schloss Gymnich: German chAteau which has given its name to the tvice yearly informal and supposedly secret meetings of EEC foreign ministers first held there.
Six: EEC before Britain, Denmark and Ireland joined.
Transition : five years allowed Britain, Ireland and Denmark after entrv to adapt to the requirements of EEC membership. This period runs out at the end of this year.
Units of account : embryonic Euro- pean currency used as a device for calculating the EEC budget, fixing farm prices and in certain transactions with non-Community countries. 'Tlhe value of the untit of account in national currencies depends on the purpose for which it is being used. Variable levy: euphemism for import controls. Special taxes, whichi can be varied according to market conditions, exacted on imports of farm produce into the Community to prevent them undercutting generally more exi,en- sive Community produce. In some cases the levies are so steep as to amount to an imnnrt h:ln
Michael Harnshv";"December 6, 1977";"";60179;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A to Z of the EEC";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-PARIS, JUNE 2
The European debate was stirring in Paris today. Herr Brandt, the Chief Burgomaster of west Berlin, was received by President de Gaulle, who might find it politic to hedge his bets on the 'German election before going to Bonn to con- fer with Chancellor Erhard. Herr Brandt is reported as saying on his way through Rome that French nationalistic leanings are the main obstacle to Euro- pean political unity, but he was sure these difticulties would be gradually sur- mounted. Meanwhile, it would be out of place to seek to create a third force directed against the Unted States, and he felt room should be found for Britain in any European political talks.
Signor Fanfani, the Italian Foreign Minister, also arrived in Paris this even- ing and will have discussions on Friday with both General de Gaulle and M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister. These will no doubt bear on the French rejection of Italy's initiative for a fresh start towards political con- struction, but nothing seems to have changed the French condition that final agreement on agriculture must first have been reached in Brussels.
Both Herr Brandt and Signor Fanfani are to address the spring assembly of the Western European Union. which today debated moves for political unity-or dis- union, as it was put by Mr. C. L. Patijn (the Netherlands) in submitting an admir- able report on the subject. His analysis of the situation took the novel form of a questionnaire which included some pertinent questions to Britain.
RESERVE CURRENCY
Can Britain restore her balance of pay- ments, modernize her economy and main- tain sterling as a world reserve currency on a national basis, he asked. Can Britain maintain nuclear autonomy east of Suez and give up its position as a nuclear power in the Atlantic ?
Mr. Maudling. Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Ivst Government, gave an emphatic "" yes "" to the first three questions. All this could be done. if necessary on a national basis, though it would clearly be much better for the strength of Britain and, indeed, of western Europe if the British economy were integrated into a single west European economy.
Mr. Mvlaudling felt that the word ""modernize "" is being overplayed in rela- tion to British industries, and he gave several examples-coal, steel, and chemi- cals, agriculture, motor-cars, aero-engines and atomic energy--to refute the impression that they were obsolete. His remarks about currency problems were taken as a tilt at the French position.
WORLD LIQUIDITY
It was not altogether a joy, he said, to have a reserve currency which, by carrying the trade and reserves of a large part of the free world. was at the merev of cross- currents of world trade and payments. When the world grew short of dollars. it was to the British reserves that it turned to obtain dollars through sterling. The present reaction of the United States to pressure on her balance of payments and the tightening of conditions in the Euro- dollar market were once more being re- flected on sterling.
He went on: "" If any other country wishes to become a reserve currency and share some of the burden of the Anglo- Saxons, I am sure we should be very glad."" But to become a reserve currency meant that it must be widely used and held, and a currency that had many debts, because under the gold exchange standard the country's reserves were another country's debts.
At present he did not see another national reserve currency arising, and this again emphasized the importance of making pro- gress with the many studies of world liquidity.
Mr. Maudling reminded the assembly that the Conservative Government had made a long and deliberate attempt to take Britain into the Common Market. It was their be- lief that this was the right solution, and their belief had not changed in any way.
The position held by the present British Government towards some of these Euro- pean problems was given by Lord Walston, Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the Foreign Office, who went over much of the ground covered in the past two days by Mr. Healey at the Paris meeting of allied Defence Ministers.
WIDER WORKING
Lord Walstun said that the Atlantic alliance, in the British view, was the first guarantee of western security, and to sup- pose that it could be maintained on any other basis than interdependence was illusory. This was nowhere more evident than in the field of nuclear defence. That was why the British Government had ad- vanced proposals for an Atlantic nuclear force, which would associate non-nuclear members of Nato more closely with the strategic nuclear armoury. The proposals reflected their fundamental conception of an enduring partnership between Europe and North America, in which a United Europe would play its full part in an in- creasing unity of purpose.
It was British policy, he went on, to develop functional cooperation with Europe on as wide a basis as possible. He corrected any impression that it was their intention to concentrate on bilateral projects, such as those recently arranged with France. Their aim was to promote the wider working unity of Europe, and ensure the widest possible industrial base and market.
Lord Walston spoke in detail of British efforts to bridge the economic divisions of Europe, but tended to oppose a motion before the assembly calling for the creation of a permanent conference of specialists to promote step by step, a better coordination of foreign policies. He doubted the wisdom of attempting to take maior decisions affecting the politicai future of Europe within a restricted group.
The British saw no merit in the ""closed shop or in restrictive practices"" '. Fhey recognized that the economic integration of the Common Market must have its politi- cal counterpart; but decisions about the political future of Europe could only be meaningful if they were taken in a forum where the views of all EuroPean powers supporting the aim of united Europe could be heard.
The assembly, noting that Belgian. Ger- man and Italian proposals for renewed political negotiations were still hanging fire at the risk of sapping the Atlantic alliance, endorsed the motion for a Permanent con- ference. but in deference to those who dis- liked the idea of specialists stipulated that it should be composed of nominated
counsellors"".";"June 3, 1965";"";56338;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Questions For Britain On Joining Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"In yesterday's referendum in the Saar on the statute by which the Saar was to be made a "" European "" territory under an indepen4ent com- missioner, the statute was rejected, its opponents recording over twice as many votes as its. supporters. The final official figures of the votihg were:- :
Against the Statute: 423,434 For the Statute: 201,973
The number of votes cast was 641,132 - 96.7 per ceitt. of the electorate.
RESIGNATION OF
GOVERNMENT
REFERENCE TO "" NEW
ELECTIONS ""
From Our Own Correspondent
SAARBRUCKEN, MONDAY, OCT. 24 Soon after midnight the Government of Herr Hoffmann resigned in view of the crushing defeat of the Saar Euro- peait Statute by over two-thirds of the valid votes cast in yesterday's refer- endum. The announcement added that the Government would continue the bttsiness of administration until a care- taker Government could be formed. It was of the opinion that new elections to the Landtag should be held as soon as possible, and had communicated this view to Western European Union, who had been responsible for the referendum.
The Government statement was made about the time that the three leaders of the anti-Statute, pro-Gerrnan Heimat- bund were addressing journalists from a platform in front of the board in the Landtag building on which the results of the referendum had been dis- played as they were announced during the evening. Dr. Ney, Dr. Schneider, and. Herr Konrad all demanded the resignation of Herr Hoffmann and his Government. They all expressed the view that the rejectiop. of the Statute was not directed against France.
STRONG APPEAL
The defeat of the statute, implying a defeat for Herr Hoffmann, had always had to be reckoned-with in view of the strong inherent appeal of the pro-German policy of the opposition parties to a, Gerinan population; but the possibility of such a landslide was not evident even -in the last few days of the campaign, when it began- to be clear that the position of the Heimatbund was strengthening.
The result poses immediately and acutely the problem of the future of the Saar. The statute made no provision for what was to happen in the event of its defeat. Through- out th,e campaign there have been repeated French assurances that it would revert to the s.,atus quio-the economic and customs union with France and the control by France of the defence of the Saar and of its foreign policy which, had the statute been adopted, would have passed to a high commissioner.
On the domestic side Herr Hoffmann has said that if the statute were defeated there would be no Landtag elections until '1957, when they are due - under the Constitution. Under the statute there would have been elections on December 4. To all this the Heimatbund have replied that if the statute were defeated there must be new negotiations on the future of the Saar and new elections. Yesterday's victory reinforces their demand to an unexpected degree.
AN UNPOPULAR REGIME
The result of the referendum is an overwhelming personal defeat for Herr floffmann. His regime has been unpopular because of its- close association -with the French, first during the occupa- tion and now under the economic and custot's union. The repression of all political parties except the Christian People's Party, the Saar Social Democrats and the Communists had prevented the, full play of German sentiment. The permission given to the 'pro-German parties for the referen- dum was bound to have repercussions going beyond the terms of the referendum itself.
A contributory factor in the unpopularity of the rdgime once the restriction was lifted on the opposition was the retention of Herr Hector as Minister of the Interior. Herr Hector's unpopularity has extended to groups in the Prime Minister's Christian Peop!e's Party and in the Government. The trouble in one form and another has been festering for months.
AN UNTRIED IDEA
Herr Hoffmann was all along faced with the difficulty of popularizing a new and un- tried idea against familiar and comfortable sentiments. If other countries had been making a contribution to this proposed nucleus of Europe-the opposition have ironically suggested the inclusion of Lorraine, Luxembourg, and 'part of Switzerland with the Saar-it would have beenh easier to con- trovert the charge that the Saar was paying for Germany's lost war and that Dr. Adenauer had accepted the statute under French pressure.
Incidentally the opposition saw nothing, inappropriate in suggesting that Dr. Adenauer would be glad if the Saar said ""No"" and so free him from what they called an uncongenial necessity. Not all that Dr. Adenauer could say in explanation of his position before or during the referen- dum quite eradicated this argument.
During the last six weeks the Heimatbund admitted that there would be no immediate return of the Saar to Germany but insisted
that there must be new negotlitions. At the same tine they continued their ¢kploitation of the inevitable Gernan feeling of a Gernan population. AjaInst this back- grouhd it was difficult for Herr Hoffinainn to reduce a question like the Warndt mines to its econ0mip aspect and to put over the idea that a Europeanized Saar would be the begin- ning of a new Europe and not a device to perpetuate the French economic advantage.
Finally there was the emergence of three determined and able men as opposition leaders-Dr. Schneider (Democrat) and Dr. Ney and Dr. Schafer (Christian Democrat). The opposition assumed the initiative from the beginning. M. Pinay might insist'as late as Thursday that the rejection Would not tnean new negotiations, and Dr. Adenauer might indicate agreement. The opposition, relying on the assumption that the French bed been playing power politics without the power, has firmly insisted that "" No "" creates an entirely new situation in their favour.
The expected heavy poll was encouraged by a mellow autumnn sunshine. Many of the voters went to the polling booths-in schools, in town halls, and sometimes in iins-on their way to or from the varlous morning church services. This made for early yoting and made the atmosphere of polling day the antithesis of the sound and fury m and about the political meetings of the past ftw days.
The poling was supervised at each station by a commnittee composed of the burgo- master or a deputy, and representatives of the political parties. The Europeap com- mission had an observer-either Belkiain, Dutch, Luxembourg, Italian, or British-at each polling station. These neutral obsetrvers had the duty'of reporting to the comiission on the conduct of the vote.
Pictures on page 16.";"October 24, 1955";"";53359;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Big Vote Against Saar Statute";""
"['David Spanier']";"['News']";"Britain's first 100 days in the EEC
After almost 100 days of British membership of the European Economic Community, Britain seems to be, if not the odd man out, certainly at odds with the prevailing view on a wide num- ber of issues.
On some issues, such as heavy lorries, the Six had already taken decisions in principle which Britain was bound to oppose; on others, the Government's price freeze in Britain has made it impossible to conform with Community practice, as on steel prices.
The other members have been, in fact, extremely under- standing. But should a country of Britain's size and weight need special understanding ? The impression is gaining ground that the British are a rather obstinate and difficult lot. The row over whether the new monetary fund should be sited in Luxembourg or in Brussels is a prime example.
No matter that Britain is, in logic, right in insisting that the fund should be in Brussels, no matter that most of the other member states privately accept our case; in the event it looks as if Britain is trying to bully the smallest member, and, worse, not getting away with it.
Thlere has been much heart- searching on the British side about how the case wvas hanidled from the diplomatic point of view. The merits of the argu- ment are clear. But were the British too quick off the mark, were they too abrasive? The criticism is made that, given this was such a sensitive issue, the only justification for getting in. volved was to win the argument.
A truer answer perhaps is that many issues had been allowed to slide in the Commu- nity of the Six, as the members told themselves that when the
British came in everything would be- straightened out. Expectations in general were pitched too high, and when it came to a specific issue like the fund no one else cared to stand up and risk saying what they thought.
Far the most serious issue, however, is Britain's remaining out of the ""snake "", the joint float of the Community curren- cies. Some of Britain's warmest friends in the Community find this sin of omission hard to take. They had expected Britain would return to a fixed parity on Janu- ary 1 and, if not then, at least by April 1, the date the fund was due to be launched. Mean- while the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer maintains his position that Britain will rejoin as soon as possible.
Considering all the criticism of the community's monetary policy, it may seem surprising that this should matter so much. The reason is partly synmbolic, in the sense that the joint float is a symbol of a deep and con- tinuing effort by the Community to work together. Britain's staying outside in company with Italy and Ireland is hardly flattering to our economic stand- illg.
More than symbols, the joint float represents a serious step on the way towards economic and monetary union. Since there is little to celebrate on the political side, progress on the economic front has all the greater value. Moreover, the idea is taken seriously.
When the fund was proposed last autumn, it was regarded as little more than window dress- i1g, to give the summit a show of achievement. Since then it has come to be taken at face value. The member states are now talking in substantial
figures for the fund, possibly as high as $1O,OOOm.
In a few months' time, given reasonable success, the member states will be considering a variety of complementary measures, including :erhaps pooling of reserves, in the second stage of monetary unioll. This is a good illustration of how common policies can gain their own momentum in the com- munity. But none of this can go ahead with a country like Britain out of the float.
The Chancellor, of course, made his famous offer to go the whole way, to make a quantum Jump towards monetary union, by a pooling of reserves, with the community underwriting sterling balances. There is good reason for believing this was a genuine offer. Not only was the Prime Minister, with his enthusiasm for the EEC endorsing the scheme, but he had the backing of Herr Brandt, who had pledged the indispen- sable support of the German Government.
In the event, the attempt failed. And somehow or other, the British got the blame. The Treasury meant well but many people think. looking back, that the whole operation was presented without finesse. It should have been framed-wvhy not ?-in much more European terms. As it was, Britain con- trived merely to sound tough.
From a political standpoint, it is now clear that there will not be any significant progress in the EEC until Britain has re- joined the float. There has been an unpleasant little hint, retailed in Le Monde, that if Britain is not honouring her obligations here, she cannot expect France to honour her commitment to a regional fund. Mr George Thomson, putting his finishing
touches to his regional proposals, has pointed out that rhere can be no comparison between the strictly temporary absence of a country from the float and the permanent intc:rest of the com- munity in regional development.
It is said that the French interest in the float is primarily agricultural: that is, unless some kind of order can be imposed on the operation of exchange rates between me nber countries, management of the agriculural policy will become so complex, the whole thing will break down.. As it is, the prices and other information sent out from Brussels every day to the customs posts has been known to run to 30 metres of telex. M Lardinois, the Dutch Commis- sioner responsible for agricul- ture, is desperately trying to simplify the makeshift arrange- ments, made as a result of all the currency changes.
French interest, it seems fair to say, goes deeper than that of farm prices. M Pompidou has always favoured a monetary policy for the community. He sees as well as anyone the need for economic and monetary union to prosper if European union is to mean anything, and Anglo-French relations will no doubt get on course again.
Overall, Brussels gives the impression these days of being on the threshold of achieving great things. Despite the troubles of Britain settling in, there is good news in the pipe- line, as the commitments of the summit-on external trade, regional policy, the developing world-are translated into prac- tice. The next 100 days should bring fresh cheer.
David Spanier
European Editor";"April 6, 1973";"";58751;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Community's odd man out";""
"['From Richard Wigg']";"['News']";"THl
TIMES
1785-1985
From Richard Wigg
in Madrid
Everything of importance in Spain's foreign policy has waited for years on the settling of the question of EEC member- ship. Without a new and permanent relationship with Europe Spain's own identity and place in the world remain uncertain.
Spain's problems all require solutions involving Europe, Scinor Fernando Moran, the Foreign Minister. wrote in a book he published when in opposition in 1980. But he added. with characteristic sub- tlety: ""This is nbt to say that the integration into Europe, and participating in its construction, are going to resolve all Spanish dilemmas.""
In the euphoria provoked in late March by agreement on the framework of EEC entry con- ditions Sehor Moran, whose patient negotiation in Brussels has made entry by next January a near-certainty. observed that Spain had spent seven centuries giving proof of its European identity while expelling the Moors.
The ""dilemmas"" cif Spanish history, rooted in its geography, explain why Madrid's reactions to EEC entry have in recent weeks had so little to do with economics and so much with history and the national psy- chology.
If it cannot solve all of Spain's dilemmas, entry, Sentor Moran argued in A Foreign Policy- for Spain, would do something fundamental: anchor and reinforce the rational, modernizing, democratic elements in a more stable Spanish society.
Something of a signpost to the Socialist government's two- year negotiating effort, that book made three other main points. First, that joining was connected with a certain vision of Spain, not an accountant's sector-by-sector analysis of losses and gains. Second, no real alternative to joining existed; the 1970 agreement which granted tariff concessions to exports to the community while leaving import tariffs substan- tially intact, would not continue if the entry negotiations ended in failure. Third, France was Spain's ""indispensable inter- locutor"" for gaining entry..
In one way a better deal than expected
In an almost forgotten speech in 1957 Franco signalled the end of his regime's futile battle for economic autarky with the words: ""We must now go out and fight in the Common Market."" In 1962 the regime actually sought full integration with the EEC, but despite formal negotiations beginning in July 1977, one month after the country's first free general elections in 40 years, agreement had proved elusive.
The all-but-final entry terms have produced for Spain a better than expected deal in fishing, especially when it is remembered that EEC policy was originally devised, in part, to ward off a future Spanish challenge.
With eight successive re- duction of tariff barriers during the seven-year transitional period after accession, industry stands publicly committed to the deal by the Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations (CEOE). Spanish agriculture, notably lacking the trade-off much sought by Madrid and obliged to accept a transitional period which is three years longer than industry, faces the biggest changes.
The powerful citrus fruit exporters did not succeed in imposing their will on Sefior Moran's negotiators in the short term. But the longer prospects in EEC markets look assured for Spain's competitive, modern and aggressive citrus fr-uit growers.
The low-productivity, high- cost small Spanish farmers, symbolized by the northern coastal belt dairymen, face a much more doubtful future, whatever the palliatives against competition devised for the transition period.
The euphoria in Spain and the welcoming noises from the capitals of the Ten notwith- standing, adoption will be difficult. Popular disenchant- ment will probably start with the introduction of value added tax.
There is little apparent logic in the argument that Spain and Portugal will be among the keenest advocates of greater European union in view of the burdens both bear of a fierce and suspicious nationalism* exacerbated by previous authoritarian regimes.
The danger has been in- creased of a ""two-speed"" Europe. or .one where the important decisions are taken by the powerful few. So has, greatly, the range of regional inequalities.
In spite of the high profile maintained by Sefior Felipe Gonzalez, the Prime Minister, throughout the entry nego- tiations, Sefior Moran, a 59- year-old professional diplomat, novelist and veteran Socialist, seems assured a place in history as ""the man who got Spain into Europe"".
EEC membership also. forms part of the ruling Socialist Party's grand design to win the next elections. As the nego- tiations dragged on, the govern- ment publicly conceded the link between joining the government and remaining in Nato. which is the central element in relations with the Unitec States.
Sefior Gonzalez told parlia- ment last October that he had come round to the view that Spain must stay in Nato's political organization but need not remain in its military structures. With .this he wrung endorsement from the party congress last December but still has to fulfil the promise to obtain approval from the Spanish people by a refer- endum.
The government's initial relations with Washington went surprisingly smoothly, with the Americans preferring to see Sefior Gonzalez and his team as ""young nationalists"".
Sefior GonzAlez ceded a lot of ground to the Reagan Adminis- tration over Central Amerfca, where he identified naturally with Nicaragua. Although Presi- dent Reagan is to visit Spain. this month relations have become tense recently, Senior Gonzalez insisting that nuclear weapons will not be allowed on Spanish soil and resisting joining CoCom, even though Spain belongs to Nato.
The promised referendum is inevitably another strain, seen by Washington as setting a dangerous precedent within Nato and yet requiring extreme restraint by the Americans if they are not to play straight into the hands of the Spanish communists and the anti-Nato left.
Spain's ""special relationship"" with Latin America is supposed to come into better focus by joining the EEC, though many Latin American governtnents have strong reservations about it. France and West Germany already have much stronger economic interests in that continent than Spain. North Africa now is a more important customer for Spanish business- men.
Nowhere perhaps have the constraints of office been more obvious than towards North Africa. Seiior Moran has passed from a detestation of King. Hassan I1 of Morocco to insisting that the present regimes in North Africa must be upheld against the risks of Islamic fundamentalism reach- ing to Spain's southern shores
Spain has tried to be even- handed between Algeria and Morocco, even after King Hassan's union with Colonel Gaddafi of Libya.
The contradicion has been maintained that Ceuta and Melilla, Spain's two colonial enclaves claimed by Morocco in North Africa, are ""different"", while simultaneously demand- ing the ending by Britain of the ""last vestiges of colonialism"" on then other side of the straits of Gibraltar.";"May 2, 1985";"";62127;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Euphoria on the way to Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own CorresDondent
BONN, JuLY 18
Concern tinged with irritati.on is ex- pressed by the Foreign Ministry over suggestions in the British press that Ger- many is one of the chief opponents to Britain's presence at discussions on a European political statute. This, it ;s felt here, is unfair, and does less than juStice to the Federal Republic's con- stant support for Britain's interests with- in the Six, and for her claim to be con- sulted in. negotiations on the statute.
Britain. it is pointed out, has been kept fully informed of the course of the dis- cussions of the Six to date, and has fre- quently expressed satisfaction with this form of consultation:
The Federal Government stands. along with Italy, by the French view that so long as Britain has not assumed the obligations of a member, she cannot claim the right to sit at the conference table and discuss the political statute on a par with the Six. But this does not mean that she will not continue to be consultedi nor that her suggestions and her criticisms will be ignored.
Although the actual form that this con- sultation will take has not been finally worked out, the German idea is that the Six should agree on a basic text, and then invite the British Government to make suggestions upon it.
AMENDING TEXT
There would follow a ministerial con- ference with the possibility of amending the text in accordance with British desires. Once the final version was drafted, it would be signed or initialled by the different heads of Government.
The Federal Government considers this a fair proposition, and ham noted with satisfaction that it is a procedure which Mr. Heath referred to at a press confer- ence in Luxembourg yesterday, when he said: "" I have expressed the view that when Ministers of the Six bave reached general agreement among themselves, and before final agreement is reached, we would wish to dicuss these developments with them.""
The Federal Government is not keen about Signor Cattani's suggestion that the statute should be initialled first and signed later, once Britain has joined the Common Market. It feels the whole process of signature and ratification, which will in- evitably take some time, should be gonc through as soon as the final text has been agreed with Britain.
If any of the Six should bave misgivings about ratifying before Britain joins, they would be free to do so later. Foreign Ministry sources again emphasize that Britain has expressed general agreement with the terms of the draft political statute, and that no serious obstacle should arise when she comes to discuss the final draft with Ministers of tho Six.
M. SPAAK'S TALKS
There is still no certainty that the September conference of heads of Govern- ment on the political statute. to whicb General de Gaulle reluctantly agreed under pressure from Dr. Adenauer. will take place. It depends whether the French President is satisfied of its prospects of success. He does not wish to face another fiasco like the April 17 meeting, and is not unduly keen about European union at this stage, before the consequences of British entry into the EE.C. can be more clearly assessed.
Much depends therefore on the outcome of the talks which M. Soaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, will have with the Chan-
cellor in Bonn later this month. After his passage of arms with Mr. Gaitskell, he now appears readier to go ahead with political union, without waiting for Britain. But bis standpoint bero is regarded as still highly unpredictable.
Dr. Luns, the Dutch Foreign Minister, on the other hand, is in Rome on the same errand. But the Italian Government's attitude is regarded in Bonn as still unclear, following indications that it was inclined to side with the former Belgian and Dutch standpoints.
Although there have been no six-country negotiations on the political statute since April, bilateral discussions have continued on the text, or rather on the two texts-the French and the other Five's-and differ- ences substantially smoothed out. The only really unsettled question is the revision
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
According to reliable information, the French text provides that after the interim Period of three years, the Council of Ministers can decide whether any strengthening of political organs of the Community is necessary. The other Five, however, consider that from the date of revision, the qualiled majority rule should be introduced into decisions step by step; and the European Parliament associated in a more effective way in the work of the council.
During the interim period of three years, the council would take decisions unani- mously. But the unanimity rule could, in certain specific cases, be set aside. An abstention, however, would not be suffi- cient to invalidate any decision. Thus, any country which objected would have to vote ""No"". This provision, it is understood, appears in both the texts.
The other lesser points in dispute were the competence of the council in military and economic matters. The Federal Gov- emnment was especially anxious that nothing should be done to weaken the prerogatives of Nato or of the existing commissions. In addition, there was still disagreement about the powers of the. assembly and the creation of a high court of appeal.
DEFENCE CONSULTATION
The Five have apparently inserted in the preamble of their text a phrase to the effect that consultation in the field of defence was desirable and would lead to a strength- ening of the Atlantic alliance. After the similar reference in the statement issued at the close of the Chancellor's recent talks in Paris, it is felt in Bonn, this should present no major obstacle.
The French Government did not wish the Brussels commission, with its supra- national character, to remain solely com- petent in the economic field. The text of the Five is thus said to include a phrase about safeguarding the existing communi- ties, but at the same time provwides for the Council of Ministers to exchange views on economic, issues, though not to take decisions..
The powers of the European Parliament have apparently been settled by a com- Promise. During the interim period, the assembly would have the right to make interpolations and recommendations, and to debate an annual report of activity sent to it by the council. The council would meet at least quarterly. It would be assisted in the preparation and execution of its deci- sions by a political commission of per- manent officials, amounting in fact to a secretariat, on the lines of the Fouchet committee itself. Three ministerial com- mittees, for foreign affairs, defence. and education, would complete the institution of the new political community.";"July 19, 1962";"";55447;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Bonn Uneasy Over Criticism On Six Political Talks";""
"['Dan van der Vat']";"['News']";"Bonn. April I
The West German Chancellor. Herr Brandt, has begun in the past week to show signs of recovering his fighting spirit, the palpable absence of which over the past eight months has helped to reduce a governnlent with a parliamentary mijority of 46 to impotence. Lean tjmies set in for West German caf- toonists after Herr Brandt s
reat election victory in Novem- ter, 1972. So v4st had his stature become that even the most hostile were reduced to depicting him as a national monument.
Nowadays, with two thirds of his second term still to go, the theme has changed. The colos- sos has been dismantled and replaced by an empty chair.
The Chancellor's Social De- mocratic Party (SPD) felt in the euphoric days at the end of 1972 that it had made the final breakthrough. For the first time it was the largest party in a West German parliament, within striking distance of an absolute majority. However, in the past few weeks, the voters have been defecting in tens of thousands. Local elections in lamburg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein brought losses of 10.8, 5.8 and 7.9 per cent respectively.
Then the French accused the West Germans of wanting to wreck the common agricultural policy and of neutralisni-a double-barrelled charge that Bonn was about to turn from the west to the east in pursuit of the chimera of German re- unification. At the same time the noisy left wing of the SPI) began to recover from the drub- bing it got the previous spring wvhen.Herr Brandt deployed all his then still immense prestige to silence left-wing agitation at a party conference. The ""Reds under the bed"" bogey was added to a growing list of worries.
The long political winter from August to April increased the load. Inflation grew, but less so than elsewhere. There was the oil crisis and the threat of unemployment. The govern- mnent appeared helpless and hopeless.
Abroad. in addition to the pitter aftertaste of the Ostpoli- tik, there was the row with the Americans and the series of body-blows to the European Communty. The hoped for glo- ries of Vest Germany's presi- dency of the Council of Minis- ters have already turned to ashes at the halfway mark.
The voters have shown that their displeasure is directed ex- clusively at the SPD. In all the elections so far this year, the party has lost much ground, but the FDP has made good gains.
The SPD itself has identified three main causes for its losses: in order of importance, the left inflation. and inability to "" se I 'its own successes. There is no public questioning, of course, of Herr Brandt's leadership, nor could there be if the party is to survive the crisis without serious damage.
But these three problems, and all the others listed above, can logically be seen not as diseases but as symptoms of a central weakness-the SPD's crisis of confidence is a crisis of leadership or, without minc- ing words, a crisis of personal- ity, the personality of Herr Brandt himself.
The Chancellor is incapable of exercising authority in the cunning, ruthless and decisive manner of his greatest pre- decessor, Dr Konrad Adenauer, for whom there was no differ- ence between a majority of one and a majority of So. Herr Brandt's style is made up of inspiration and conciliation, a far more exhausting approach than the authoritarianism he abhors. The style is overwhelm- ingly effective when it leads a German Chancellor to fall on his knees at Auschwitz, but less so when the situation requires a controlled burst of table. thumping.
But at the head of a fisspa- rous party' which depends for survival inl government CJ a partner with a clashing ideol- ogy, Herr Brandt does not have
enouglh time, energy or oppor- tunity tn inspire and conciliate.
The lack of leadership in West Germany spills over its borders. The opportunity of taking a lead in the EEC while the'country held the presidency of the Council already appears lost beyond recall. Some observ- ers here put this hesitancy down to West German reluc- tance to call the tune for histor- ical reasons. There would un- doubtedly be unfavourable reaction in France. for example. if Bonn were to make an outright bid for political leader- ship, even though the death of M. Pomnpidou leaves Herr Brandt the undisputed doyen of Community statesmen.
The government's critics say that it has allowed itself to be manoeuvred into a positiOn where it may have to make a choice between Paris and Wasb. ington in the dispute between the United States and the Com- munity which threatens the Atlantic Alliance.
But here at least Hert Brandt has made it clear that he will not allow himself to be trapped into making such a choice. In this area, the very inactivity of which he is so often accused is a positive advantage. On the other hand, Bonn has again failed to seize, or indeed dis- cern,.a chance to act as media. tor.
The same lassitude in Bonn, failing a new burst of energy implies that West Germany will leave the last word on British "" renegotiation "" to France.
West Germany sympathizes. with British wishes to reform the agricultural policy and the Community budget, if only be. cause Bonn is the main contri- butor to both. But West Ger- many is committed to European union, which Britain demonstra- bly is not. This will blunt any enthusiasm which might be found in Bonn for Britain's case.
Last week Herr Brandt issued a 10-point appeal to his party to stop rocking the boat and man the barricades instead. He seemed to be back on form, relaxed and indulging in that un-German activity of telling jokes against himself. Both he and his party seem to have got the message from last month's election setbacks. If onlv Herr Brandt can now match his actions to his words. we could he witnessing the beginnibg bf a spectacular comeback.
If so, it will be good news for West Germany, the Community and the Atlantic Alliance. But there is always the datdger that this attempt at revival will be drowned in excessive verbiage and insufficient action, the twin blights of West German poli- tics.
Scepticism, therefore, re- mains the order of the day for observers until June 9 and the next major local election. in Lower Saxony. Herr Brandt re- vealed last week that he would stake his personal prestige On that campaign by leading it, which he did not do in the earlier polls this year. The people of Lower Saxony, by repute the purest German- speakers of all, should deliver a clear judgment on the future fate of this strange and com- plex politician, whose mnain fault is that he wears his heart on his sleeve.
Dan van der Vat";"April 9, 1974";"";59060;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Herr Brandt's approach may still prove to be right";""
"";"['News']";"Britain's long-standing ambition to join the European Economic Community has taken on fresh hope with the departure of General de Gaulle. On this page, correspondents of The Times writing from the European capitals
examine the new feeling sweeping the Continent, the prospects for early negotiations, what the Six can gain from Britain's admission,
and the price which the Commonwealth must be expected to pay. Here are their answers to two key questions:
Whoever becomes President of the French Republic on June 15, the French Govern- mentt's attitude towards European unity in general and Britain's entry into the Common Market in particular is bound, all observers agree, to undergo a substantial change.
Both M. Pomnpidou, the former Prime Minister, and his rival M. Poher, have vied with one another in professions of Euro- pean faith. They feel instinctively that this reflects what a rnajority of the French electorate were after when, in turning down the referendum of April 27, they enforced the departure of General de Gaulle.
The removal of the General has cleared a psychological obsta- cle to progress towards creating a political Europe and to reopening without delay discussions with Bri- tain and the other applicants.
If M. Pompidou has in more recent public statements given the distinct impression of back-peddling on this issue by raising again the obstacles in- volved, his earlier declarations re- flect the standpoint he is known to have held for a long time.
M. Poher, for his part, has insisted that negotiations must begin as soon as possible. ""it is precisely because I wish to know whether Britain is ready to enter the Common Market that I want them to begin "", he said last week. But though convinced Brit- din was ready to do so, he also added that he wa; aware of the great difficulties involved.
The France that will enter the new negotiations will be weaker
politically, economically, and dip- lomatically and for these reasons will be inclined to stand oa the de- fensive when it comes to arguing specific terms. Her old protec- tionist dermons will be tempted to raise their heads again. West Ger- many and, to a lesser extent, Italy already appear to many French- men quite enough to cope with at present, without compounding the difficulty with the British factor as well.
Germany
The west German government is for the moment so deeply in- volved in its own internal problems-difficulties inside the coalition, the coming election- that it has little time for European questions, and appears very unlikely to take any initiative over British entry, at least until the election is over.
It has, however, repeatedly and publicly spoken in favour of the admission of new members, and there is no reason to doubt that this is a basic commitment.
There is, on the other hand, an increased tendency to look at issues of this sort in the light of specifically German interests-as in the case of Deutsche mark re- valuation-and there is no doubt that British entry will be subjected to the samne treatment. Two ques- tions, for instance, are already be- ing asked: is an ailing British eco- nomy likely to make difficulties for Germany inside an enlarged E.E.C., and is there not a danger of a London-Paris axis directed against Bonn ?
Basically, few people in Ger- many doubt that Britain is an in- tegral part of Europe, and should
have its place in a European union. Feeling for ""Europe"" is stiU strong in Germany, in spite of the difficulties of the last few years, and Herr Strauss, the Bav- arian leader, undoubtedly knew what he was about when he gave such strong support to British entry-and to a European federal system-on his London visit.
The key point, as officials point out, is Germany's need for good relations with France, and the need to take this into account in any decision on Europe. On the other hand, German ani French economic interests are far from identical, and this is certain show up if ever negotiations got under way.
Italy
Italian support for British entry into Europe has always been based on a combination highly attractive to the Italian mind of sentiment as weU as common interests. it is regarded as sufficiently rare in international affairs to be approaching a special relationship and this feeling has become markedly more pronounced in the past six months or so.
The sentimental side is the continuing respect for such well- known equivalents of the Colos- seum as ""the Mother of Parlia- ments "", the British Civil Service, the police and other institutions generaUy regarded here as en- nobled by tradition yet-unlike the Roman ruins-still working.
An intellectual advance guard has begun to cast doubts on this flattering belief. Infrequently to be sure, but in a convinced tone, the idea is being put forward that Britain nowadays is as ungovern-
able as Italy, full of social prob- lems and a political class which would find itself much more at home among the factious Italians than, say, in the Gladstonian tradition.
Most Italians, nevertheless, still prefer to look at Britain as the romantic ideal of representative democracy.
they can afford this luxury. Even if modestly one avoids say- ing that there is relatively speaking still something in it, the essential interests of the two countries in European affairs are now so close that they can afford to carry some sentiment along with them.
Benelux.
The Benelux cuntries, and particularly the Netherlands, have been some of the strongest sup- porters of British entry to the E.E.C. They still favour British en- try, but this does not mean that they will not want to strike the best possible bargain if and when negotiations start.
Economically, they feel that Britain and the other applicant countries will help to give the community the dimensioms it needs if it is to develop big modern industries, create an effec- tive capital market, and have an adequate home market for its products.
Politically the Benelux coun- tries have long looked to Britain as a makeweight in the face of their large continental neigh- bours.
The Dutch point to their links with Britain, and to the fact that she and the Scandinavian coun- tries can contribute stable, demo-
De GauDe, whose oft-repeated ""non"" kept Britain out.
cratic political institutions-some- thing that the big community countries have not always had.
The Netherlands is probably the community country with the fewest reservations about British entry. Dutch industry points out that it is now used to competition in the E.E.C. and reckons that it can take on the British as well.
Opinion in Belgium is less
unanimous. French policies, whatever they are, inevitably have a certain influence in this language-conscious country and in addition there are reservations in some industrial circles. There it is felt that everything is fine and dandy witb just six members in the community, and that there is no need to upset it all by bringing in a new disruptive element.";"June 4, 1969";"";57577;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"1. Who wants Britain in?";""
"['Leonard Beaton']";"['News']";"fLeonard Beaton
ideology, or in paAmn to special interests, domcgtic or foreign. With the leading Conservatives. such an argument is just.not there.
The central Conservative propo- sition is that this Governmnenr has presided over rising prices and taxes and that these are a bad thing. But they have not had a -clear hold on why these things have happened with Mr. Wilson and would not happen with them.
There is inevitably an element of play-acting and exaggeration about effective opposition. But there is also an important job to be done for the health of the nation. Governments in these specialized days are deeply involved with their professional advisers; and that advice is so committed to short- term considerations that it can onlv occasionally take much account of longer term problems.
On defence, for example. the Conservatives have stood by the original Wilson policy rather than accept the primitive notion of total withdrawal into Europe. But they do not really know why the country should keep itself in a position to deploy forces on distant continents.
MIr. Maudl,ing says simply that Mr. Wilson has broken his pledges to allies. This is basically the
same reason that Mr. Rusk gave for sending a generation of Americans to war in an Asian rungle. It is simply not good enough. Why were the pledges given 2 What is their point? There are excellent reasons for them related to the existence of a general world order on which Britain's survival probably de- pends.
With MNr. Wilson's exceptionally naive approach to world problems and an unusually weak Foreign Secretary, a broad attack on Gov- ern.ment security policy could have been mounted. But the basic Tory instinct towards Mr. Stew-art was sympathy. They knew the diffi- culties of it all. They respected him for his careful course through the nminefields of Vietnam, the Mliddle East, and Biafra. So the foreign policy plank is not there. Nor is the pensions plank. not bec-ause of sympathy but for lack of energy.
On a question like immigration it is extraordinary how orthodox Conservative,camoaigners start by saying the party has made itself absolutely clear on this and then repeat the formula in the manner of a parliamentary answer. They never come to life to paint the
picture of the kind of situation they want to see, showilag how it will solve problems Labour is not solvinrg.
On the Common Market and European union, which may yet destroy the party, the unwillingness to come clean is understandable but faintly ludicrous with Mr. Heath as party leader.
Fundamental thought is norm- ally the business of radicals. Tories prefer to run things. But opposi- tions are not running things and have to persuade mnany millions of people that they have a better claim to power than the government. They must articulate the fears and hopes of their section of the elect- orate and look like the people who understand what must be done.
If one looks at the leading Tories --Mr. Maudling, Sir Keith Joseph. !Mr. Macleod, Mr. Hogg, Mr. Powell, Mr. Heath himself-one has a group of men whose intellectual brilliance can rarely have been matched in a political party. Yet what they have basically been offer- ing is the famous old opposition brew of more efficiency, lower taxes and better services. They are not a team and they have not been an opposition.
XlIr. Wilson's unpopularity may well have been his salvation.
Barnet, June 17 Mr. Reginald Maudling com- pleted his campaign with two typical cdnstituency meetings in Ridge and Barnet last night and devoted himself today to putting his organization right for poll- ing. His speeches were very much the man: reasonable. modest, balanced and avoiding personalities. He is one of the people who leaves you feeling how happY a country must be to have such amiable men in high places.
What would the Tory campaign have been if the parliamentary party had decided on Mr. Maud- ling rather than Mr. Heath when Sir Alec Douglas-Home resigned ' Sitting watching him give these speeches in the atmosphere of doom produced by the opinion polls, one felt that it would have been mo-re relaxed and more benign and that if defeat was com- ing it would havc been accepted without bitterness.
It was obviously the instinct for battle that led the Conservatives to pick Edward Heath instead of Reginald Maudling as their cham- pion to unseat Harold Wilson.
What has gone wrong ? Follow-
ing a number of leading Conserva- tives in the campaign, one cannot avoid the feeling that (Enoch PoVell excepted) there is a pro- found continuity in their own minds from the day in 1964 when they relinquished their ministerial offices.
They think like ex-Ministers and talk like ex-Ministers. Most of them entered the Commons in 1950 or 1951 and their political experience was in office. They have never really started to think like an opposition
This is surely the main difference between the Conservatives in oppo- sition in the 1945-51 Period and in the 1964-70 period. In the first. they were utterly defeated and they knew it. With the legacy of the 1930s, they knew they had to dis- credit Labour and reestablish their own claim to peacetime govern ment.
Since the aftermath of the 1966 election, however. the defeat of the Labour Government has appeared inevitable. Thls was not just a deception of the opinion polls. The evidence of by-elections and local elections was unprecedented.
The Conservatives could not pos- sibly have asked themselves in these circumstances how they were going to reconstruct their s=port in the
country and on what erounds mem- bers, of the new generation would develop Conservative loyalties
The resulting failure to develop the kind of far-reaching critique of M1r. Wilson's Government that was developed by the opposition to Attlee or to Eden and Macmillan has shown up stron.gly in the Tory speeches.
Mr. Maudling . Iike Mr. Heath or Mr. Macleod, does well on the questions of honour and integrity in government. He also has a clear win on points in the argument about which management had the firm in the black and which in the red.
But the economic argument is about highly complex issues involving technical language and coucepts which arc badly defined even to professional economists. and statistics which conclusively prove both sides of the argument. Inflation, growth, devaluation. the balance of payments have undoubtedly passed into the informed political vocabulary; but thev can only be reinforcement for a major argument.
What that argument is to be is the whole business of developing an election strategy. It may be that the Government is incompetent, or dishonest. or dedicated to damaging objectives, or possessed by an";"June 18, 1970";"";57895;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Campaign Notebook";""
"['From CHARLES HARGROVE']";"['News']";"From CHARLES HARGROVE
-Paris. July 10
M. Georges Pompidou opened his first press conference as Presi- dent of the Republic exactly a year after he was dismissed as Prime Minister by General de Gaulle. Perhaps this was nothing more than a coincidence, but the press conference marked his real assumption of the responsibility for'the destinies of France much more than did his election to the post last month.
The broad principles of Gaullist policy remain unchanged, but the manner of interpreting them has evolved, it was clear today. There was nothing startlingly novel in his survey of the foreign, domestic. anld economic sceneS lasting nearly two hours; but it was the manner of his saying what he had to say that was new and brought home to the 160 journalists present in the Salle des Fates'of the Elysee that times were indeed vastly changed.
The contrast between the Pompidou and the de Gaulle style was total. This was a real press conference, where journalists jostled with one another to put their questions; and the President often gave himself a brief pause for thought before offering his reply, spontaneously and naturally and not in the de Gaulle style of a lecture learnt by heart before- hand.
Second. M. Pompidou broke away from the de Gaulle tech- nique of calculated suspense and sensation. Clearly the presidential press conference will no longer be the scene of exposition for those startling twists and tuirns of French policy which set press rooms, em- bassies and chancelleries abuzz. Under the Pompidou regime. change will be formulated and ini- tiated elsewhere, perhaps in the Cabinet or even in ParliamenL
Finally, M. Pompidou wound up. not like General de Gaulle with a fiourish on the world position of France, but with a statement on sob&rly material issues-on which he spoke far more eloquently than on foreign affairs.
He said that the results of the presidential election led him to the conclusion that it was desir- able and even essential that all political groups save those that Pursued revolution as an end should conceive their hopes and actions within the framework of the institdtions of the Fifth Re- public. There would be evolutions. even changes of majority in the future. but in no event must they provoke a crisis of the reginme for the sake of the political and national stability of the country.
On the C ommon Market. be reiterated the three principles of French policy: Completing' the existing Community; carrying it the next stage to a complete econ- omic union; and broadening it to include1tnew members only after the Six had decided their future course.
He said: "" Europe is not a con- vent, with a series of vows pro- nounced one after the other. Our first effort must be to bring this (transitional) phase to an end, and go over to the final phase. To this we give priority of effort and time.'"" Europe should become 'a real economic community, a real whole. That was why France had proposed frequent informal meet- ings of heads of state or govern- ment of the Six.
He said of Britain's candida- ture: ""We have not. in spite of recent misadventures, any objec- tion de principe to the membership of Britain or other countries at
some time in the- future. But we thi the Six should first agree on. the conditions-of this membership and the icoinse-Iequences it might have Son the future and nature of the Community.
So far, -one has. frequently shelterod behind w'vat was called the ' veto of France' to conceal difficulties and-realitics. But I am sure that if the Six lool at the .problem squarely, they wilm note that British rsrebership, which could Tiot but mean the menber- -hip of a number of other coun- tries, raises difficult questions and involves profound changes for the Community."" .-
Asked ibout the poibility of discussions on. political coopera- tion with Britain within the frwie- work of Western European. Union, M. Pompidou said that France was not hostile to& meet- ings of W.E.U. provided -they be-' came onae more what they should be under the Treaty of Brussels -which had not been the case latterly.
Cornmenting on the French em- bargo on arts to IsraeL he said the aim of French po2icy in the' Middle East was not to sell arms but to ensure peace. Was there a possibility of the embargo policy being revised ? Only to the extent of a return to the selec- tive emnbargo of October, 1967. which allowed the export of spare parts and defensive equipment- not aircraft-depending in the situation on the spot and the atti- tude of tho interested parties.
But there could be no, durable solution for -Israde through the victory of arms. 'That was why France attached the greatest im- portance to the contacts between the great powers.
M. Pompidou saiud there was no question of cutting down expenditure on thei national deterrent. Within- a defence budget which would have to be pruned, it had absolute priority. As for the Concorde aircraft the French Government's position had not chan,ged. "" It is not doing so badly even though it is very costly."" be remarked.
M. Pompidou had volunteered in his preamble a definitioi of pre- sidential authority which left no doubt that he meant to be master it his own house.
""The-chaice the French people made (in the elections) demon- strated their support for General de Gaulle's conception of the role of the President,"" he said. "" Both supreme head of the executive, and guardian and guarantor of the constitution, he is on both those counts charged. with giving the fundanental impulse, with defin- ing the essential directions, and assuring and contraPing the good operation of public services. Such a conception does not impinge on the rights of Parliament. It leaves a very important and heavy role to the Prime Minister. But it involves the priniacy of the head of state which comes from his national mandate and which it is his duty to uphold."" :
The President really caine into his own when dealing with the economy. Gone are the days when the franc challenges the dollar from atop a pile of gold ind foreign currency. He did not think she could take any initiative in a reform of the international monetary system, but should con- centrate on restoring equilibrium at home "" in order to have a solid basis for her policy of economic development and independence"".
He wanted to make France an industrial country. He wanted to ensure the necessary economic changes in agriculture and trade without creating a new proletariat ""I attach great importance to social policy that will favour the most underprivileged who always suffer most from the transforna- tion of society."" And he wanted to make France a countrv of inter- national dimension ec6nomicallv First in Europe. but also in world markets.";"July 11, 1969";"";57609;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Pompidou";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDEwT
PARIS, DEC. 16
Mr. Dulles, Sir Anthony Eden, and M. Mendes-France met this evening at the Quai d'Orsay and conferred together for more than two hours. They talked, according to British sources, about some of the items on the agenda of to-morrow's meeting of the North Atlantic Council, in the same way that the subjects were discussed at a meeting held earlier in the afternoon of Sir Anthony Eden, Mr. Dulles, and Mr. Lester Pearson, the Cana- dian Minister for External Affairs.
Sir Anthony Eden, accompanied by Mr. Harold Macmillan, the Minister for Defence, and their advisers, arrived here by air soon after luncheon, the aircraft of the Queen's Flight in which they were travelling having to make an instrument landing at Le Bourget because of the fog.
MR. DULLES' LETTER
It has been one of those days of constant diplomatic contacts for which Paris is well known. The Federal Chancellor of Austria, Herr Raab, on his way home from the United States, lunched with M. Mendes-France, who later was the guest at dinner of Mr. Beyen, the Dutch Foreign Minister; Sir Gladwyn Jebb, the British Ambassador, with whom Sir Anthony Eden is staying, entertained Mr. Dulles to dinner.
During this afternoon's three-Power talk, it is understood that Mr. Dulles provided two valuable examples of support for M. Mendes- France in his approach to the Assembly next week. He handed a letter to the Prime Minister promising "" close coordination "" between the agencies supplying American military aid to Europe and the armaments agency which is to be established within the framework of Western European Union. Secondly, in another letter, he revealed that he had asked President Eisenhower to enter into an undertaking about the maintenance of American troops in Europe similar to that which he had made in the case of the European Defence Community, had that been ratified.
The London and Paris agreements ois Germany received an apparent setback to-day
when the National Defence Commitee of the National Assembly rejected the report of the vapporteur and re-elected in his place, by 25 votes with 10 abstentions, another deputy who is known to be hostile to the treaties. This is not as serious as it sounds. for the committee was known to be more or less hostile to the agreements. and its advice was in any case being asked only on the military aspects of the treaties and not on the whole. Nonethe- less, coming after the approval of the treaties by only one vote in the Foreign Affairs com- mittee, this latest development is one more reminder that the treaties, which were widely acclaimed when they were signed, bave lost nearly all vestige of popularity.
SAAR DISPUTE
Though it might be too much to say that the fate of the German agreements in the French Parliament was actually endangered by the still active Saar dispute, official reaction here to Dr. Adenauer's remarks yesterday in the Bundestag about the Saar is notably lacking in enthusiasm. It is pointed out that the Franco-German agreement on the Saar does not need any interpretation, and that therefore there can be no question of holding a four-Power conference on the subject.
Two series of conversations have already taken place between Herr Blankenhom, the director of political affairs in the Federal Govemment, and M. Soutou, of M. Mendes- France's office, about the detailed application of the agreement, and it is possible that there may be other talks ""at a higher level,"" but so far there is no question of a meeting and no approach from the German side.
FRENCH CASE
There is, at least among the more far-seeing people here, a recognition that the German Chancellor has his difficulties with his own Parliament. and that his words yesterday must be construed in the light of those difficulties. At the same time, there should, to avoid mis- understandings, be no mistaking French resolution in this matter.
The agreement signed on October 23 in Paris is, in French eyes, a perfecdy clear creation of a European statute for the Saar which, if approved by a referendum of the Saar people, is to remain unquestioned until
the German peace treaty. The French originally regarded the Saar as reparations, and they are determined not to let this matter drift on as a source of uncertainty and friction.
Any British or American attempt to coerce or cajole the French into yielding on a poinl of principle would be received very badly here, where the undertakings previously given by the United Kingdom and the United States to support the French case on the Saar are regarded as little short of sacred; as the rap- pprteur's report to the Bill as tabled in the French Parliament says, the idea of France's allies going back on their word "" is too dis- courteous to be entertained.""
At a Press conference this evening, Lord Ismay, the Secretary-General of N.A.T.O., described the agenda for to-morrow's meeting. It is to consist of five items, including the usual military progress report, the report on the 1954 programme, and the prospect for 1955, and the report on "" the most effective pattern of mili- tary strength over the next few years ""-which is the paper about atomic and nuclear weapons which has already received so much publicity. The meeting will probably not 'end before Saturday night.
"" ATLANTIC UNITY""
A "" declaration of Atlantic unity,"" signed by 200 citizens of eight of the N.A.T.O. countries, including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, was presented to N-A.T.O. to-day by a delegation representing its sponsors. The declaration pleads for an "" integrated Atlantic community "" extending military requirements "" into the political. economic, and cultural aspects of our lives.""
It calls upon Governments to develop N.A.T.O. as a central agency to coordinate political trade and defenoe policies, to foster economic action, to create an "" Advisory Atlantic Assembly "" representative of the legis- latures of the member nations, and the establishment of an economic advisory council.
Among the British signatories of the docu- ment are Sir Robert Boothby, M.P., Earl Russell, Mr. G. M. Young, Mr. Lionel Curtis,1 and Mr. Arthur Deakin; and the American signatories include Judge Learned Hand, Mr.j James Byrnes, General Marshall, and Mr.I John Macloy. M. Herriot, M. Andre Maurois,I and General Weygand have signed for France.|";"December 17, 1954";"";53117;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"American Promise Of ""Close Coordination"" In Europe";""
"['From Our Motoring Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Motoring Correspondent
Now that Britain is adopting the double white line system and the Minister of Transport has declared that he has not closed his mind to the disc system of parking, it is perhaps permis- sible to hope that another road safety measure used abroad, the scholar patrol, may be developed here.
Scholar patrols were the subject of one of the papers presented to a recent con- ference on traffic education for the young held under the auspices of the Western European Union in western Germany. The British delegation was led by Mr. D. O'Neill, Under Secretary at the Ministry of Transport, and he was accompanied by representatives of the education authorities and the police.
A report on the conference has been prepared by Dr. J. Ewart Smart, the chair- man of the National Safety Education Committee of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, and the section of the report dealing with scholar patrols is discussed in the current issue of Safety News.
GIVEN DIPLOMA
Scholar patrols were first used in the United States in 1921, and they have,been found to be of considerable value there and in westem Germany, where there are now some 16,000 patrols, including 1,600 in Berlin. In Germany the minimum agc for enrolment is 13, and the parents have to give their written approvaL Being a patrol entails starting earlier and going home later than other children in the school. The patrols are trained partly by the police, both in the class room and at road crossings.
Before being entrusted with the care of other children the patrol is tested and given a diploma if successful. The patrols carry out the same function as the adult patrols in Britain. ensuring that children do not cross until it is safe. As in England, they have no authority and are not substitutes for the police, but it is stated that where they have been introduced they have been welcomed by road users, and especially by the parents.
Their presence has caused a decrease in the number of accidents, and in westem Germany this form of school activity is now considered a necessity. There have been experiments with scholar patrols in England. but they have caused controversy and, indeed, outright opposition among teachers. For nearly 10 years after the war scholar patrols were used successfully to protect the children of Whitehall secondary school at Chesham, Buckinghamshire, but the scheme was discontinued on the retire- ment of the headmistress about two years ago.
MARKYATE AGAIN
Although most schools in Britain nowa- days have patrols on duty outside the school premises, there is often scope for more of them at busy intersections in the neigh- bourhood. One of the important aspects of scholar patrols is that they inculcate a sense of responsibili4t and road safety not only in the patrols themselves but in the school children whom they control, and there is much to commend the suggestion put forward in Safety News that the time is ripe for reconsideration of the whole question of forming scholar patrols in Great Britain.
Another aspect of road safety that has received attention lately has been the series of accidents on the newly opened by-pass at Markyate on the A.5 road. This village
was rightly regarded as a death trap be- cause of the heavy volume of traffic, mostly large goods vehicles, which passed through its narrow High Street, and there was con- tinual agitation to complete the projected by-pass.
According to the Roads Campaign Council, in the 20 years before the Mark- yate by-pass was completed the toll of accidents in the High Street was seven people killed and many injured, 37 build- ings rammed by cars or lorries, and nine houses and two shops partially demolished by lornes. The by-pass was expected to put an end to the hazards of Markyate, but in the nine months since it was opened five people have been killed on the new road and there have been nearly 50 accidents in which vehicles have been badly damaged without injury to the passengers.
There have thus been nearly as many deaths in nine months on the new road as there were in 20 years in the village itself. A local councillor attributes the accidents to the by-pass having a sinsle three-lane carriageway, badly sited Keep Left bol- lards, and three cross-road junctions in its length of one mile.
The trouble lies in the fact that most of the traffic will be diverted to the first section of the London to Yorkshire motorway when it is opened in 18 months' time, and it was evidently for this reason that the by-pass was not given dual carriageways with restricted access from side turnings, although there is a subway and a foot bridge for pedestrians.
MOTORING POINTS
An aspect of motor rallies which does not receive the recognition it deserves is the influence they exert on the design of cars. TIis is perhaps because the improve- ments they bring about are often small in themselves, although having a cumulative effect over the years. An example was seen in the recent Monte Carlo Rally, when it was noticeable that many of the cars at the top of the general classification were equipped with a special type of shock absorber, the Koni, which is made in Holland and is held in high esteem by experienced rally competitors. This damper is of the telescopic type, but differs from others in that it can be adjusted when in position to give a different setting for particular conditions.
An interesting development reported from the United States is an experiment in brake design in which the friction material is attached to the drum instead of to the shoes. The great advantage of this reversal of the usual practice is that it makes pos- sible the water cooling of the shoes-and as every motorist who has descended Alpine passes knows, it is heat which is the enemy of brake efficiency and the cause of
fading."" Water-cooled brakes would be of particular value on heavy American cars, and indeed on all fast cars of medium size.
NEW MOTOR CYCLE
One of the advantages claimed for the scooter-the superior weather protection it gives to the rider-has been incorporated in a new motor cycle introduced by the Royal Enfield Company. This Airflow model has a large glass fibre frontal screen enveloping the handlebars as well as the mudguards, and it is said that in spite of the better protection given there is no loss of power and an actual improvement in petrol consumnption. The makers claim to have combined the best of both worlds because the machine has what they des- cribe as the inherent advantages of the conventional motor cycle-ease of hand- ling. stability and perfect road-holding, and a degree ot power which removes tedium from long journeys.";"February 25, 1958";"";54084;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Youthful Patrols Prove Value In Averting Accidents";""
"";"['News']";"A special report to mark the
state visit of President Saragat
President Giuseppe Saragat-representing the aspirations oJ a nation.
Italy's two lea'ding Socialists are in London today. Presi- dent Saragat has brought Signor Nenni with him, and both are ready and eager to establish permanent and institutionalized links between Britain and Italy, and between the Labour Party and the newly reunited Italian Socialist Party. Unfor- tunately, Labour ministers show very little interest in the idea. They have other, domestic preoccupations. They are less inter- ested in European affairs, now that there is no immediate chance of crashing through the French barrier, or circum- venting it. They still do not take Italy seriously enough.
So the chances are that a real opportunity for furthering Britain's European ambitions is going to be missed. The Italians will not, therefore, suddenly become any the less Anglophile-any more than the present British Government's diplomatic ineptitude proves any diminution in British affec- tion for Italy, or any lessening in our support for the European ideal. One of Mr. Wilson's weaknesses is that he is always tempted by the grand gesture, a dramatic jet-borne mission across the world or a stirring speech at Strasbourg. The patient building up of a policy, the brick-by-brick approach, does not interest him and he is encouraged in this foolishness by the pettifogging of the Foreign Office and the penny- pinching of the Treasury.
In spite of this the state visit is a useful occasion for reninding the two countries of how much they have in com- mon. As far as Europe is concerned, Italy and Britain have virtually identical interests. The Italians are certainly more openly and firmly comniitted to the idea of European inte- gration than the British are. Although British opinion is probably moving steadily in the general direction of the acceptance of supranational authorities in economic and military and even political matters, Italy remains well ahead.
This, however, in the present state of Europe, is so much theorizing. In all matters of immediate practical concern, Italy and Britain are in complete agreement. The Italians are as enthusiastic partisans of British membership of the Common Market as are the Dutch and they contributed enthusiastically to the preparation of the various plans for circumventing French hostility which were announced, tried and failed last year. In the latest scheme, involving resuscitating the Western European Union (it led to a particularly bitter dispute between the British and the French) the Italians were unequivocally on Britain's side.
The first reason for Italy to support the British application is that the Italians, as is most appropriate, are loyal to the Treaty of Rome, which states that the European commrunities are open to all democratic European states willing to comply with the rules. A more important reason is economic, the same reason that leads Germany to support our application. Britain is a large and rich market for Italian goods, and although the Kennedy Round Nvill bring down British tariffs appreciably over the next few years, free access for Italian goods to Britain would be a useful addition to the Common Market, and Italian exporters could reasonably hope to see their products make the same inroads on the British market that the.y have done in France and Germany.
The political reason for Italy wanting Britain to join is
probably the most important of all, as it certainly is with the Benelux countries. This is, essentially, that the E.E.C. is an unbalanced institution. Germany dominates economically, and France, until recently, dominated politically. Acting together the pair are irresistible.
So far, this situation has not been really harmful to Italian interests, partly because General de Gaulle's concept of national independence precludes him using the E.E.C. as a weapon for exerting a French hegemony-either France must do it on her own, or not at all. He has no interest in a political community, with France an integrated member, however dominant a role France would play in it. Besides, Italy is not afraid of France, any more than Britain is. However shrill the political opposition between France and other European countries, there is not that ineradicable element of fear that underlies every other country's attitude towards Germany.
Italy does not really fear a Paris-Bonn axis. Indeed if she could be sure that France would always balance Germany, she would hardly even worry about it, and the same goes for the other three members of the E.E.C. Italy fears Germany less than the others do (or than Britain does) but shares the general fear that sooner or later Germany will rediscover her strength, and begin to use it. It is rather galling that, 24 years after the war, Europe has to add France, Britain, Italy and Benelux together to provide an alignment definitely stronger than the truncated, western fragment of the Reich, but it is and will remain the essential political factor in western European politics.
Beyond the ghosts and claustrophobia of western Europe, Italy and Britain have much the same attitude towards the wide world-although, of course, Britain's problems and relationships are much more complicated than Italy's.
Like Britain, Italy is committed both to Nato and to a continuing process of detente with the east The Italians were as outraged as the British at the Russian invasion of Czecho- slovakia-and because the Italian Communist Party seized the occasion for a final and formal declaration of independence towards Moscow, the invasion had an immediate and important impact on Italian domestic politics. When the Italian party had its conference recently, the delegates rose and cheered the Czechoslovak delegation to the echo, to the visible and con- siderable annoyance of the Russians present.
The Italians believe in moderation in all things inter- national (whatever their domestic practices) and when the Nato Council met in Washington earlier this month, the Italians of all the powers were the most inclined to respond favourably to the Warsaw Pact's suggestion for a European security conference. Britain, like France and Germany, was much cooler to the idea.
The Italians do not fear, any more than we do, that America and Russia are preparing to do a deal over the heads of the Europeans, settling the problems of the world (and of Europe) without consulting those most closely concerned. They are, however, firmly determined to keep a sharp eye on everything that is happening around them, however pre- occupied they are with their domestic troubles.";"April 22, 1969";"";57541;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy";""
"['Phillip Howard']";"['News']";"Today Sir Barnett Cocks will put on the lace cuffs and the rest of the grandiose fancy dress that dignify the person of the Clerk of the House and proceed to the House of Lords for the last opening of Parliament before he retires at the end of the year. How- ever, it would be a mistake to presume from his archaic decorations and appurtenances that the Clerk is just another curious English survival, like a Gentleman-at-Arms or a swan-upper.
In spite of the wig and gown, and although he has to be expert at writ- ing Norman French and tying up documents with the green silk tape known as ferret, the Clerk is the ex- ceedingly professional and efficient master engineer who keeps the machi- nery of Parliament turning. And it is not only the British who consider that it turns more smoothly and satisfac- torily than that of any other legisla- ture in the world.
The Clerk has to be, among other things, an expert on Parliamentary procedure of impeccable accuracy, erudition and authority. Whenever the House slips into difficulty, as it has a tendency to do, it turns to its learned Clerk for rescue. Parliament has been lucky that its Clerk for the past 12 years is also equipped with an irreverent sense of humour, extreme gentleness and tact.
Since he was appointed to the Clerk's department 43 years ago, the parliamentary machine has been com- pletely professionalized and modern- ized. The Clerks and their colleagues have played a large and honourable part in this revolution.
When young Barnett Cocks was appointed an assistant Clerk in 1930 at £3 17s 6d a week, he asked the Clerk when he should attend the House. Sir Horace Dawkins replied
majestically that he would be able to read the date of the reopening of Parliament in The Times. The senior Clerks then were grand old Victorian gentlemen with memories of keeping Gladstone and Disraeli oln the Con- stitutional lines. And though they were scholarly and punctilious men, they were gentlemen-amateurs, with country houses to which they retired from the Glorious 12th of August until Parliament sat again in Febru- ary. The Stationery Office still issued sharpened quills for them, and the Houses of Parliament burned 80 tons of coal a week in winter.
Mr Clement Freud complained, quite unreasonably, the other day, that it was impossible to find a lava- tory in the Palace of Westminster. In 1930 it nearly was impossible. There was an official chamber pot available for use in the Clerk's office, a capacious white vessel with the monogram "" VR "" stamped on its bot- tom in House of Corimons green.
Tradition still haunts the Palace of Westminster, in company with the unhappy ghost of Barry, bilked of his fee. The most pervasive and potent ghost is that of the eminent Victorian Clerk, Sir Thomas Erskine May, who is still the nominal authority for all parliamentary rule and practice. This makes him the most remarkable of all ghost-writers, since his great treatise was written a century and a quarter ago. The name on the cover is still Erskine May, but hardly another word of his remains in the text inside. Sir Thomas's name has become a convenient appellation for the contemporary work and corporate memory of the Clerks in botlh Houses of Parliament.
The present Clerk personally made the two latest revisions of Erskine
May and assisted with the three pre- vious revisions. He also used it as the archetype for his more authori- tative handbook on the working of the European parliament. Sir Barnett says: ""It is amusing that this old gentleman, Erskine May, still sways the world. From his grave in a country churchyard he has been ablc to describe with his prophetic eye the procedures of the North Atlantic Assembly, the Council of Europe and
Western European Union meeting in Paris next month.""
In Parliamentary practice, the fic- tion of Erskine May's posthumous authority is polite, because it avoids the invidiousness of MPs having to refer to a living authority greater than their own: that of their erudite but modest Clerk.
Victorian Clerks lived in stately Victorian style. Sir Barnett has a small flat made out of the upper rooms of Erskine May's grand house within the Palace of Westminster. Erskine May's dining room has been turned into the Clerk's office.
The atmosphere of Parliament has changed utterly in a generation. Sir Barnett remembers a young colleague in the 1930s announcing that he had solved the problem of the all-defiling Parliamentary coal dust by wearing detachable cuffs "" It was suddenlv realized that this young man could not be a gentleman. a quality much desired in those days, but never defined. Nowadays we have long ceased to try to assess each other in terms of gentility.""
In 1930, no women worked in the Clerk's office, not even ""a type- writer "". Today, a third of the 99 people who work for the Clerk are women, extending up to the highest administrative grade. Inevitably, there will soon be a first woman Clerk of the House, although slhe will probably still have to masquerade for some purposes under the masculine sobriquet of Erskine May.
Characteristically, Sir Barnett pre- fers to talk about his unsuccessful attempts to modei-nize Parliament rather than the great changes that
have taken place. He once suggested to a select committee that the Clerks should at last be permitted to discard their wigs, gowns and other Victorian trappings. MPs were horrified at the suggestion.
Sir Barnett suggested to another select committee that they should end the delivery by hand of the morning's parliamentary publications to Mem- bers who lived "" on the stones "". Mem- bers who have the good fortune to live on the cobbled streets of London en- compassing Parliament for a radius of about three miles get this service. But his proposal to abolish this curi- ous privilege for a few MPs wvas rejected out of hand.
In Erskine May's old dining room, the learned Clerk of the House stores his precedents and papers and wry sense of humour. He has a file of whimsical definitions: ""A committee is a cul de sac down which ideas are lured and then quietly strangled.""
He says: ""Nothing unusual should happen in Parliament: there should alhays be a precedent for everything. Luckily, alnost everything that could conceivably have happened has hap- pened here before, so we have plenty of precedents.""
It was said of Henry Elsynge, who was Clerk in the early years of the Long Parliament, that ""for his abilities and prudence, more reverence was paid to his stool than to the Speaker's chair."" Sir Barnett Cocks has presided at the election of five Speakers. It is no dis- respect to any of those eminent men that most MPs and most Speakers themselves would agree that the ancient observation about Henry Elsynge applies to Sir Barnett.
Phillip Howard";"October 30, 1973";"";58926;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir Barnett Cocks, the power behind the Speaker's chair";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 12
The National Assembly has voted approvtal, by 294 votes to 265, of a resolu- tion which expresses unqualified support for the Government's North African policy. The vote was taken at 6 o'clock yesterday morning and it is the smallest majority, which M. Mendas-France's Government has ever received on an important issue.
The most significant feature of the voting is that the bulk of the M.R.P. (Popular Republicans) which has hitherto, on these important occasions, abstained, this time voted against. The immediate interest is to know whether this imperils the ratification of the London and Paris agreements on Germany. whi.h the Assembly is to debate next week.
Nearly everything seems to indicate that the Assembly will authorize the ratification of the Hewv agreements, though almost certainly by a smaller majority than M. Mendes-France at one time hoped fort and for which he was entitled to hope, seeig that in early October the Chamber. by 350 votes to 113, approved the general policy inherent in the agreements.
GAULLIST BACKING
In the North African vote yesterday more than half the GauOlists, although the party contains some of the sharpest critics of the Government's North African policy, voted for the Government, and there is reason to think that they will do so again for the German treaties, though here, too, many of them have their reserves and misgivings. It is improb- able that the M.R.P. will vote against the agreements though they may abstain.
It is not easy.to say exactly why the M.R.P., or at least 61 of them, voted against the Government yesterday. It could have had little to do with North African policy as such, for the party has for long officially been in favour of a "" forward "" policy in North Africa, and save for one point of detail the terms of the resolution that they tabled contradicted nothing that the Government is now doing.
Indeed, the debate itself had a certain un- reality, for though there are many deputies who have genuine doubts and fears about what is happening in North Africa most objective observers would agree that in spite of hours of debate they failed to make a case, and that M. Mendes-France, in a speech that was pleasantly free from personal taunts and pro- vocations, provided, a most adequate defence for his policy and actions.
PERSONAL ISSUES
The inescapable explanation for the action of the M.R.P., which is a party that is in economic and social planning to the left of centre, seems to be that, together with about 100 right-wing Deputies (the 98 Communists and their friends must as usual be excluded from any serious political analysis), the majority of them voted against M. Mend&s- France because they dislike him, his friends his methods, and many of his works.
It seems that M. Schuman had been gravely worried by a suggestion of the Prime Minister's that it was in the Government's power to choose the moment for depositing the instruments of ratification of the new German treaties, thus giving them practical effect. This was the argurhent he had used in the foreign affairs committee of the National Assembly when persuading the Gaullists to withdraw their amendment, which would have delayed the entry into force of the treaties.
What M. Schuman thought of this approach seems to have been indicated in a speech he made at a public dinner on Friday night when, disclaiming any personal bias, he said that none the less "" ideas are only valid to the extent that men inspire confidence. . .-. We can be mistaken, but we do not have the right
to deceive, to play on an ambiguity or on misunderstandings."" In the end M. Schuman abstained from voting yesterday, but his influence seems to have done its work none the less.
DIVIDED OPINION
Whatever the justice or injustice of these suspicions, it is clear that as the great debate approaches opinion in Parliament is divided and embittered in a manner which, to find a parallel with the similar personal undertones, might be compared. with the years of the New Deal and the strongly conflicting emotions then aroused by President Roosevelt.
It is not, perhaps, wholly surprising. Apart from the personality of the Prime Minister- he evokes admiration in the same degree as he does disjike-it had always seemed too good to be true, the way in which, only a month after the death of the European Defence Com- munity Treaty, M. Mendes-France (who is accused by his enemies of having contributed in large measure to that death) returned from London with an alternative scheme to which Parliament, and the country, then appeared to give a large measure of approval.
NEW AGRICULTURAL FUND Undaunted by his parliamentary labours and troubles, M. Mendes-France is this week- end visiting Pau and Dax, in the Basses- Pyrenees, and this morning at Pau made a long speech defining Government agricultural policy. He spoke of the importance to farmers of having assured markets for their products, and pointed out that this meant, among other things, that a ""policy oF quality ""should be followed.
He referred to the establishment soon of a new fund which would coordinate the re- organization of different farm products; and, as becomes the famous milk drinker that he is, appealed to dairy farmers to play the lead in a publicity campaign for milk. Many French tend to believe, and are sometimes encouraged by their doctors to do so, that milk is harmful to the liver.
PARIS AGREEMENTS
AS FIRST STEP
EUROPE COUNCIL URGES
RATIFICATION
FROM OURt CORRESPONDENT
STRASBOURG, DEC. 12
When the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe ended its session yesterday it adopted by 82 votes against seven, with 14 abstentions (including those of M. Teitgen and M. de Menthon, M.R.P., France) a resolution which states that:
""The Paris agreements provide the western Powers with the cohesion necessary to seek by negotiation with the U.S.S.R. a peaceful solution to the problems of European security and, in the first instance, of the reunification of Germany and a state treaty with Austria.""
As well as emphasizing the need for the rapid ratification of the agreements and the importance of the new British undertakings towards Europe, the resolution expresses the hope that ""exchanges of view will be held immediately through diplomatic channels so that these negotiations [with the U.S.S.R.] may be undertaken as soon as possible after the ratification of the agreements and without delaying their application.""
Mr. J. S. Maclay's resolution, concerning the practical organization of the Western European Union and the liaison to be estab- lished between it and the Consultative Assembly, was adopted by 66 votes and 38 abstentions.";"December 13, 1954";"";53113;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Assembly Approves French N. African Policy";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Soviet proposals for the treatment of Finland and Rumania were accepted as a basis of discussion yesterday when the Council
of Foreign Ministers continued their examination of peace treaties.,
The British delegation submitted proposals in connexion with both treaties, and the United States for the Rumanian treaty only.
MANY TASKS
AHEAD
FUTURE OF EUROPE'S
WATERWAYS -
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
Atter suSposmg of the Italian treaty for the time being, the Council of Foreign Ministers moved forward to new ground yesterday. Taking some Soviet proposals as the basis of discussion, they began to consider the general principles of peace treaties with Finland and Rumania. Britain had proposals to submit with regard to both treaties; the United States (never at war with Finland, and therefore not so directly involved in the treaty) put forward proposals with regard to the Rumanian treaty.
Of the series of treaties to be pre- pared by the Council with the former satellite countries, the Finnish is per- haps the least controversial and the Rumanian the most. The Finnish Government is regarded by all the Powers as democratic within the mean- ing of the Crimean declaration and, therefore, as the kiQd of Government with which they can conclude a treaty. More- over, the armistice signed with Finland in Moscow last September contained terri- torial clauses which, it was said, prepared the way for a peace treaty. The value of reparations to be paid was also fixed. Apart from such special requirements, the full effect of the earlier Soviet-Finnish peace treaty (signed on March 12, 1940) was restored. Against that background little difficulty need be expected in agree- ing on the principles of the new treaty and in presenting it to the Finnish Govern- ment.
ANGLO-U.S. RESERVATIONS Nor need there be difficulty over the actual drafting of the treaty with Rumania, including the Transylvanian frontier. It is the nature of the present Rumanian Government which so far has caused con- troversy. The British and American Governments have lately declared that it is not democratic and, therefore, not of the kind to be presented with a peace treaty. Just before the conference London and Washington said that they would wel- come an inquiry by the allied control eommission; but Mr. Molotov at his Press conference this week made clear the Soviet view that the regime is fully democratic.
From the wording of last night's an- ricuncement it seems clear that the Council went ahead yesterday with framing the treaty, leaving the political controversy over for later consideration. It is generally hoped, however, that the Ministers will not disperse without making a determined effort to compose their differences of view on this problem, common to Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary.
Aftcr the delays earlier in the week, yes- terday brought firmer hopes that the Coun- cil will gather speed as it goes along. But, even if it does, the Ministers can hardly hope to finish the heavy programme that still lies ahead of them before Thursday or Friday of next week.
When they have dealt with the Balkan treaties, they hope to examine the plan for internationalizing Europe's main water- ways, such as the Rhine, the Danube, and the Elbe. This obviously involves much detailed work, and the Ministers may agree on the broad lines of the scheme, passing it thereafter to their deputies for detailed elaboration. Allied to it is the future regime of the Straits, for which the Soviet Union has proposals.
PROMISE TO PERSIA
The conference is also expected to discuss the withdrawal of British and Soviet troops from Persia in accordance with the promise given when the troops entered to safeguard war-time communi- cations to Russia. Beyond this is the need to find an agreed policy fog Austria, especially with regard to a broadly based Central Government; and it is known that the Ministers do not wish to-leave without discussing the work of the German reparations commission.
it is a heavy programme, with many difficult patches ahead, but the Ministers meet as allies vitally concerned to find the bases of agreement.
The Soviet Press has not discussed the work of the conference in any detail. Izvestia referred to it yesterday when it said: "" Nobody intends to gloss over the fact that the diffi- culties of world organization after the war are great. But they can be overcome by imple- menting the Berlin and Crimean decisions, and not by deviating from them.""
Izvestia then joined with other Soviet Press and wireless services in bitterly attacking the project for what they call "" the western bloc."" These attacks have caused much surprise in London and Paris, and appear to be based on great misapprehension of the true purpose of western cooperation as put fofard by responsible opinion.
Some examples from the Soviet Press may be givenl-
Izvestia says: "" A considerable part of the French Press untiringly continues propaganda in favour of the bloc of western Powers. Some speak of a western complex, others of a western commonwealth, a western European pinseinble; a European Union, a United States of Europe, and so on. Leon Blum suggests the term a Wvestern family, instead of a
western bloc. But no matter what they say, no matter what new words they use for camou- flage, it is clear that essentialy the western bloc ' differs from a ' western family 'no more than a blue devil from a green one,
"" The insistent campaign for a western com- monwealth, launched just at the time of the London conference, undoubtedly conceals a desire not only to undermine trust in the Soviet Union, but also to try for particular ends to sabotage the work of the Foreign Ministers' Council.""
The conversations among the Foreign Ministers give an oppottunity for misunder- standings to be removed.
OFFICIAL STATEMENT
The following announcement was made by the Council of Foreign Ministers last night:-
The Council of Foreign Ministers met twice to-day. The Chinese Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dr. Wang Shih-chieh, presided at the morning meeting. and the United States Secre- tary of State, Mr. James F. Byrnes, at the afternoon meeting.
The Council devoted both meetings to con- sideration of the general principles of peace treaties with Finland and Rumania, taking the Soviet proposals as a basis for discussion. The British delegation also submitted proposals in regard to both treaties, and the United States delegation in regard to the treaty with Rumania.
The next meeting of the Council will be at 11 o'clock to-morrow morning.";"September 21, 1945";"";50253;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"More Peace Treaties Discussed";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 27
Dr. Adenauer, the Federal Chancellor, finished his holiday at Bilier Hohe to- day, leaving Baden Baden by special train soon after midday. He was back in Bonn early this evening.
The Chancellor has a heavy day to-morrow. He is meeting the parliamentary leaders of the parties which form the Government coalition. The foreign affairs committee of the Bundestag is expected to sit at length during the day to discuss the recent Russian moves towards Germany-the statement of January 16 and the decision of the Supreme Soviet formally to end the state of war with Germany. At some stage in its deliberations the Chancellor will make a contribution. There will also be later in the day a meeting of the Federal Cabinet, presumably concerned mainly with the same subject, at which Dr. Adenauer will preside.
By way of immediate preparation, the Chan- cellor conferred during his journey with several of his closest advisers, including Professor Hallstein, the State Secretary at the Foreign Office, Herr Blankenhorn, director of the political department at the Foreign Office, Herr Globke, the State Secretary at the Federal Chancery, and Herr von Eckardt, the director of the Federal Press Office.
ANTI-ARMS CAMPAIGN
Herr von Brentano, the chairman of the Christian Democrat parliamentary party, in a broadcast to-night denounced the extra-parlia- mentary Opposition campaign against rearma- ment. The Social Democrats, in alliance with the trade union movement and with sections of the Evangelical Church, are formally opening this campaign in a public meeting at Frankfurt on Saturday, though on its trade union side it would appear to have begun already.
Herr von Brentano accused the Opposition of planning a destructive attack on the con- stitutional order, with the purpose of enabling a political minority to claim to speak for Germany and impose its will on the majority. The recent Soviet Notes and declarations made it plain,;he said, that the Soviet Government was neglecting no effort to destroy the work of unincation which the Western European Union and the North Atlantic treaty repre- sented. The Soviet Union had for years sabotaged every effort to restore a united and free Germany. Every Soviet declaration would have to be studied with care, Herr von Brentano said, because, as they all knew, it was a condition of a solution of the German question that the Soviet Union should agree to restore to the German nation its ""right to live.""
But they would never reach their goal if they isolated themselves from the western alliance. ""Those who now tell us we should not put the treaties of Paris into effect, because the Soviet Union seems inclined to concede more in the matter of reunification than before, appear to me like a gambler who stakes on one card all he has painfully gained in security, rights, and opportunities."" What was more, experience indicated that the part- ner in this particular game was suspect of deliberate cheating. It was in the power of the Soviet Union to convince Germany and the world. Semi-official declarations and vague promises could only persuade a fool
to give up his correctly perceived goal and chase off on an unpredictable course of error.
Herr von Brentano has been named by Dr. Adenauer as his probable successor at the Federal Foreign Office, once the treaties are ratified and the Chancellor carries out his intention of delegating the conduct of foreign affairs. After the Chancellor's own, his is at present the nearest to an orthodox and authoritative Christian Demnocrat voice on foreign policy. His attitude to-night was, how- ever, decidedly simpler and more rigid than that which influential sections of his party are pressing on the Government.
The primary complaint of these sections is directed not against the Federal Government's foreign policy itself, but rather against the manner in which the policy has lately been presented. Dr. Otto Lenz, who brought some of the complaints into the open yesterday, is a student of public opinion and a specialist in winning elections; he had an important share in the organization of the Christian Democratic electoral success in 1953. He and other Christian Democrat critics-many of them thoroughly orthodox and loyal supporters of Dr. Adenauer-are pressing the Govern- ment first of all to be visibly more active in paying attention to the Soviet approaches, to show more interest, and to give intelligible and carefully thought out answers. They are not satisfied with mere simple rejection.
These Christian Democrats are not seeking any delay in the time-table of ratifying the treaties. On the contrary, they propose that the second reading in the Bundestag, which has been fixed for February 24 and 25, should be followed by the third reading as early as February 26. While, however, they want the argument to be disposed of and the treaties put into force as quickly as possible, they want the Government to undertake a propa- ganda counter-offensive against the Opposition campaign. Above all, they want it to do and say more to rebut the insinuations that never cease to be made of insincerity or half-jiearted- ness in the pursuit of the reunification of Germany.
EXPLORING OFFER
This attitude does not prevent some of them from holding that the Federal Government might, while pressing on with the ratification of the treaties, take steps at an early stage, and certainly before the considerable time has elapsed which would be required for the treaties to take full effect in action, to explore by diplomatic means the seriousness of the Russian offers. This kind of proposal is to be heard more plainly in the smaller parties of the Government Coalition.
Dr. Dehler, the Free Democrat leader, said in a broadcast to-night that his party thought it desirable to make use of "" all ways which offer-the diplomatic relations of the western allies and, parallel with them, direct talks con- ducted by German representatives after the formal lifting of the state of war."" Dr. Dehler insisted that there must be negotiations, which he maintained, could only help and could never do any harm.
The remainder of his broadcast he occupied in a defence of the industrialist, Herr Reusch, and an attack on the trade unions on the issue which caused the large strikes last weekend. In taking up this attitude, publicly, at length, and without qualification, Dr. Dehler was at the same time attacking Dr. Adenauer, who has taken the opposite view in an attempt to damp down the industrial unrest.";"January 28, 1955";"";53151;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer To Consult Coalition Leaders";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 19
The foreign affairs debate in the National Assembly drew towards its close to-night on a more hopeful and forward-looking note than.yesterday. In place of repeated attacks on the Govern- ment's -handling of the Suez affair, most main speakers to-day emphasized the need to look to the future, to press ahead with the task of European integration, to restore confidence with the United States, to maintain France's place in the United Nations, and to develop the Sahara.
M. Robert Schuman devoted the larger part of his powerful speech to the urgent problem of integrating Europe-""6 the first task of our generation ""-and he was echoed by M. Reynaud. M. Reynaud also indirectly accused the British Labour Party
of treason in face of the enemy during the attack on Egypt.
M. Mollet is expected to speak to-morrow and to ask for a vote of confidence, which
vill be taken on Friday after the customary 24-hour interval. The Government stands in little danger of defeat, and is assured of the votes of most of the centre parties. But in the eyes of most observers the Government will have won over few floating voters as a result of the long and not entirely persuasive speech made by M. Pineau, the Foreign Minister, at the end of the day.
FAMILIAR ARGUMENT
In this he sought to justify, along the now familiar lines, the Government's treatment of the Suez affair, including the sudden cease-fire. and expounded the main line of current French foreign policy.
M. Pineau produced a new and perhaps convincing argument against the charges of collusion between France and Israel. He said that France and Britain had for long realized Israel's predicament and had there- fore decided together what action they would take if Israel began a preventive war. This was the sole reason why, when the Israel attack came, France and Britain seemed so prepared for it.
Had the Franco-British troops been able to occupy the whole of the canal zone, said M. Pineau, the canal would by now have been cleared and there would be little of the present oil crisis. (There were laughter and murmurs of dissent throughout much of the Assembly at this). The premature cease-fire had been caused partly by the pressure of American and world opinion and by the Russian threat, but also by the grave division of opinion in Britain and by the violent and continuous attacks against Sir Anthony Eden. M. Pineau said that this division had not been compatible with British tradition, and he comPared it with the moral aid given to the French Govern- ment by the Opposition parties.
CLEARANCE TEST
It was not true that Colonel Nasser's prestige had nsen-the Arabs knew that his armed forces had been destroyed and there had also been a remarkable lack of Arab solidarity at the time of the attack on Egypt.
M. Pineau said much now depended on the United Nations, and the test of its efficacy would be the speed with which it was able to get the canal cleared. He urged Mr. Hammarskjold to put the neces- sary pressure on Colonel Nasser. In the matter of the future of the canal, France remained faithful to the principle of inter- nationalization and to the six points agreed at the United Nations. The Suez affair, he suggested, had also had the good effect of underlining western reliance on the canal. France was now interested in the Israel project of a Pipeline from Eilat to Haifa. M. Pineau said he was in favour of the demilitarization of the Gaza strip.
Turning to Franco-American relations, NI. Pineau said that he agreed with the American desire to avoid dividing the world into two blocks, but this should not be allowed to drive the United States into suPPort for Colonel Nasser. Likewise, he understood that the United States might wish to preserve its liberty of action in certain areas; but it should remember that there was also need for concerted action in certain areas.
M. Pineau praised the German Govern- ment's prudent attitude towards events in eastern Europe and the dangers of encouraging revolt there. France, he said, should do nothing to increase Russia's fear of isolation. It would be a mistake to break off diplomatic, econotnic, or cultural relations with her, for such contacts were the best way of penetration into the Com- munist world with non-Communist ideas.
CITIZENSHIP IDEA
Earlier in the debate M. Schuman had spoken of the need to prevent a repetition of the kind of crisis that had just been experienced. He spoke of the temporary isolation of France and of the manifest powerlessness of the free world in face of the attacks on the liberty of the Hungarian people.
M. Schuman, who was one ,f the founders of the Coal and Steel Community and is one of the greatest advocates of the European idea, devoted most of his speech to this subject. He regretted that hothing had come out of the Paris agree- ments and that Western European Union had given no proof of its vitality. But it was necessary to build Europe, and he thought that one of the things that should be done as a token of this was for the Council of Europe to afford ""Europeant citizenship"" to all Hungarian refugees. This would be an act of homage and a promise to all those enslaved in Communist Europe.
H5e congratulated the Government on its progress over Euratom and the Common Market, and proposed the creation of a permanent Council of European Ministers. and the direct election by universal suffrage of a European Assembly which would control the action of the various European organizations.
RETALIATION CALL
M. Schuman spoke of the need to develop the riches of French Africa with the aid of the rest of Europe, and this point was taken up by M. Paul Reynaud, the former Prime Minister and now a leader of the Independents. M. Reynaud criticized, as many had done before him. the timning and methods of the Government intervention in Egypt. He thought that the international force should remain in Egypt until the problems of the Middle East were settled.
He thought, also, that there should be measures of retaliation for the wrongs done to Europeans living in Egypt. It was diffi- cult for France to do this, for there were few Egyptians or Egyptian interests in France, but he urged the French Govern- ment to persuade its British ally to take action against Egyptian interests in Britain by way of retaliation. I";"December 20, 1956";"";53719;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France's Tasks For Future";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Ocr. 5
Dr. Adenauer and M. Faure in their talks at Luxembourg to-day agreed, as the pro-German Saar parties feared they would, on an attempt to improve the chances of the Saar statute in the plebis- cite later this month.
They took care, in their joint statement at the close of the talks, to stop short of a direct appeal to the Saar electors. The German paladins of fidelity to international engagements, who have been accusing them of plotting jointly to break their own treaty, cannot describe the statement as an inter- vention in Saar politics.
True, it mentions that the Saar agreement is a part of the European policy to which their two countries subscribe, but it is their agreement, and they can hardly be denied the right to mention it. In its substantial part the statement defines French and German intentions for the application of the statute after-the word "" if "" is carefully avoided- the Saar electorate has approved it.
The "" character and affinities "" of the Saar population are to be borne in mind when it comes to details; the political freedoms must continue; and the tripartite negotia- tions to regulate the dual economic relation- ship of the Saar to France and Germany are no longer left in the vague future but are to begin in February. This again assumes that the statute will be approved in the plebiscite.
The French and German statesmen left Luxembourg to-night to return to their capitals. M. Pinay, the French Foreign Minister, before he left made a unilateral declaration which is presumed here to have been negotiated with Dr. Adenauer. Cer- tainly it is to be published here in the official bulletin with the joint statement; thus it is regarded in Bonn as a part of the agreement which was reached.
RENEWED PROMISE
It contains a renewed promise-there is already one such promise in the agreement of last October-that the Saar population will have a chance to approve the statute freely once more before it becomes permanent upon the conclusion of a peace treaty with Germany. Further, it contains a promise that France will not put pressure on the Saarlanders when that time comes by holding up the conclusion of the peace treaty.
These promises may be intended as an additional means of making the statute palatable now; but they can probably also be regarded as part of the price which M. Faure has had to pay for Dr. Adenauer's assent to the joint declaration. Dr. Adenauer and the Federal Government are in fact most anxious that the Saar agreement should not be upset. They have been disturbed in recent weeks at the reported deterioration of its chances. Still, their distress at the thought of the Saar demonstratively asking to be returned to Germany cannot be of the same unqualified kind as a French Government's distress at the same prospect.
Beyond that, Dr. Adenauer can expect nothing but odium in Germany, as well as among the pro-German parties in the Saar, from any effort he may make to persuade the Saarlanders not to throw out the statute. M. Pinay's promises will at least enable him to claim that he has gained something for the Saarlanders in return.
TEXT OF STATEMENT
Following is the text of the statement issued after the conclusion of the Luxem- bourg meeting: -
The Federal ChanceHor and the State Secretary of the Foreign Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister of. the Frehch Republic met in Luxembourg on October 5. laking into consideration recent events, and in view of the approaching inter- national conferences, they engaged in an exchange of views, which showed their opinions to be in agreement. The results of the preparatory work for the Geneva conference were discussed, following the conference of -Foreign Ministers in New York. The discussion showed them to be in fuU agreement.
The two Governments- stated anew their will to continue along the path of Franco- German cooperation in the European frame- work. They expressed anew their conviction that the unification, peace, and welfare of Europe can be assured only by building up European institutions and by a sincere under- standing between Germany and France. They made known their resolve to do evety- thing to contribute to such a policy.
Bearing in mind that the agreement on the statute for the Saar is a component part of sucii a policy, they reached agreement that the details of the statute, which still require to be worked out -in consultation with the Saar population after it has accepted the statute, must guarantee the full main- tenance of the material and spiritual interests, the character and affinities, of the Saar popu- lation. They recognized similarly that after acceptance of the statute political freedoms must continue to remain in force in full as laid down in Article VI of the statute and in the decisions of the Western European Union.
Finaly, they declared themselves ready to begin in February the tripartite negotiations foreseen in Article XII of the agreement of October 23, 1954.
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
Article 12 of the Saar agreement, while it provides that the principles of the economic union of the Saar with France shall be incor- porated in an agreement between the Saar and France, also lays down that there shaU be progressively closer economic relations between the Saar and the Federal Republic. "" The aim will be to create relations simnilar to those existing between France and the Saar,"" though they are not to endanger the currency union with France. Tripartite agreements-to which France, Germany aind the Saar will be partners-are to be con- cluded to apply those principles.
M. Pinay in his statement began by saying that he was answering "" tendentious reports. ' He said that the French Government wished to make it clear that it had never ceased to be aware that the final status of the Saar must have the approval of the Saar population. "" If at the peace conference France supports the continuation of the Saar statute, which in her view is the best solu- tion, France knows that this will be perma- nent only if the statute has worked satis- factorily and has gained the free consent of the Saar population. France intends in no way to exert pressure on the Saar popula- tion by delaying the peace treaty.""
Picture on page 7.";"October 6, 1955";"";53344;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Saar Pledge";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Bevin's talks in London with M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, ended yesterday. As a result of the talks Anglo- French differences on a European assembly, the Italian colonies, and the occupation statute for Germany have been cbnsiderably narrowed, and agreement has been reached on extending to the Middle East and south-east Asia the "" close cooperation which exists "" between the two countries in European affairs.
WEST EUROPEAN
ASSEMBLY
DIFFERENCES REDUCED
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
M. Schuman, the French Foreign Mini- ster, and Mr. Bevin concluded their important conversations at the Foreign Office yesterday afternoon. These had lasted nine-and-a-half hours, spread over two days, were comprehensive in their scope, and are described by both M. Schuman and British official circles as having been extremely cordial and useful. The following official statement was issued at the close:-
"" he visit to London which M. Schuman has made on Mr. Bevin's invitation has enabled the two Ministers to have a detailed exchange of views on all the current inte'hational prob- lems affecting the two Governments. and in particular Germany. European Union, the Atlantic pact, the,Mediterranean, the Middle East, South-East Asia. and the Far East.
"" In view of the very character of these problemsi the solution of which requires the cooperation of other Governments, the purpose of the conversations was not to take decisions, but to exchange views in the spirit of sincere friendship which characterizes the relation between the two countries and derives from their alliance. The conversations gave the two Ministers an opportunity of clearing up a num- ber of important points. In addition, Mr. Bevin and M. Schuman reached agreement on methods of extending to other parts of the world the close cooperation which already exists in European affairs.""
AN INT1IATE SURVEY
The results of the talks will show them- selves, it may be expected, in the applica- tion of policy at future conferences in which Britain and France and other interested countries are engaged.
He and Mr. Bevin, M. Schuman said this evenung, had plotted against no one, but endeavoured to fadlitate the tasks before Britain and France and others. Although decisions could not, they knew, be taken, Mr. Bevin and he had felt the need for an intimate survey tate-a-tete in which they might open their minds more frankly than was possible at formal intemational conferences. He could say that useful progress had been made in the different fields-progress from the point of view of the harmonizing of British and French ideas on current intemational problems. A tour of the world in 48 hours was, he admitted, quick work, but progress had been facilitated by the discovery that they were much more in accord than could have been expected in advance of the meeting.
M. Schuman did not claim that there was accord on all points, but hinted that the dis- agreements were on questions of method and timing rather than principle. He did not attribute too much importance to them. On some questions the French Government was mnore divided than he and Mr. Bevin. His sincere feeling at the end of the conversations was, he said, that he had never attended an International conference at which there was so much cordiality and desire for mutual understanding.
A VEXED QUESTION
The coming meeting of the consultative council of the Brussels Powers, at which the somewhat vexed question of the organization of European unity will come up, was mentioned by M. Schuman as one of the tasks which had, he hoped, been facilitated by his meeting with Mr. Bevin. The Paris committee, he said, would meet again on Tuesday next week, and present a report to the consultative council of the Brussels Powers when it assembled on the 26th. He did not appear to expect an agreed report-the committee would perhaps put up variants-but on the main question of having a European assembly as well as a Ministerial council M. Schuman did not expect any difficulty-subject, of course, he added, to appropriate functions being found for the assembly.
The question of the Italian colonies is one on which Britain and France have not hitherto been in complete agreement. It is apparent that if Italy is to be attracted into the western union organization she has to be given some satisfaction in the matter, and also that, unless there is agreement between Britain, France, and the United States, the General Assembly of the United Nations will probably be unable to come to any decision at all. On this topic M. Schuman said that as a result of his con- versation with Mr. Bevin he believed that a solution would be found more easily than could have been expected previously. He added that Britain and France were at one in desiring to include Italy as quickly and completely as pos- sible in all 'the constructive work of western union. The question was one of method, and, he pointed out, Italy herself had still not made her position precise on all points.
OCCUPATION STATUTE
M. Schuman mentioned the occupation statute for Germany as a problem on which Franco-British differences had been very sen- sibly attentuated. He had no longer any anxiety about it. The British, French, and United States Governments were in process of examin- ing, he added, the technical proposals put up by the Security Council's committee of experts for settling the Berlin question. Their answers would be known in a few days.
The last sentence of the statem'ent issued from the Foreign Office arouses particular interest. There are parts of the world out- side Europe, notably the Middle East and South-east Asia. whe e both Governments have interests. The intention is that the close con- tacts maintained by officials of each Govern- ment with their opposite numbers in European affairs should be extended to these other parts of the world. In South-east Asia, where there are nationalist movements-to which, as M. Schuman said last night, it was desirable to adopt a common btit not a negative attitude- and the threat of a different kind of revolution deriving from the overrunning of China by the Communists, coordination of British and French polky would be particularly valuable.
M. Schuman leaves for Paris by the Golden Arrow this morning. The Prime Minister gave a luncheon in his honour at 10, Downing Street yesterday, and at night there was a reception given by the Franco-B;itish Society at London- derry House.";"January 15, 1949";"";51280;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Schuman's Talks In London Ended";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, JuNB 15
Dr. Adenauer. the west German Chancellor, left here to-day for his engagement at Harvard University; and, as he himself said, no one could have foreseen when he accepted the invitation that it would bring him to the United States at such an "" extraordinarily important moment"" Official Washing- ton is delighted with the vigour of his private assurances to President Eisen- hower and Mr. DuUes; and no note of doubt was left last night by the direct crispness of his answers to questions at an elaborate Press reception.
The answers of course were those which an American audience would most wish to hear. German militarism, he declared, has dis- appeared; there was no thought of achieving German reunification by force and violence; and if the Federal Republic chose reunifica- tion at the price of leaving the western alliance it would soon become a satellite State, which no German wanted-least of all those in the eastern zone.
Germany, he emphasized, would honour her obligations to the West, and neutrality on the Swiss or Austrian model was out of the question. Such a vacuum in the heart of Europe would be a constant danger to everyone. Dr. Adenauer pointed to the strong Communist parties in France and Italy, and stated his conviction that the neutralization of Germany would in a short time permit Russia to extend her power over aU western Europe.
WEST UNITED
The Chancellor believed the atmosphere for successful negotiations had never before been as good as it was now, because the West was united and Russia had pressing internal difficulties. The Russians, therefore, should not be allowed to think that any choice existed; it should be made clear to them that a bargain over neutralization was impossible for Germany and Europe-that if they wanted peace it was in their interests unc'er their obligations as the occupying Power and in confornity with the wish of 90 per cent. of the population freely to release the eastern zone.
He sounded a note of warning in saying that the western Powers were entering on perhaps a long period of negotiations with an opponent for whom the time factor did not exist. The Russian leaders, moreover, had no public opinion to contend with, and for this reason public opinion in the free countries ought to show great discipline.
There should be no impatience, nor any weakening at home of the negotiating posi- tion of their leaders. He also tried to correct a tendency of American policy to regard the Atlantic and Pacific as two separate fronts. The adversary was the same on both fronts and it was ipnportant, in his view, not to release Communist resources in Europe that might be deployed in the Pacific.
Dr. Adenauer did not believe that Russian overtures were being deliberately used for this purpose. The situation in Russia was too critical and overburdened; the agricul- tural crisis was extremely serious. But they should not forget that the aircraft and guns and ammunition which Russia was allowed to withdraw from the Atlantic area might be made available to her allies in the Pacific.
The Chancellor did not think any dramatic progress toward disarmament could be made in the limited time at Geneva; but the United States had the responsibilities of its power, and it was desirable that the President and the Russian leaders should declare their determination to make controlled disarma- ment a reality-not only by talking about it but in negotiations and deeds.
Dwelling on his views of a European security system, Dr. Adenauer said that all
the basic features already existed in the Western European Union. This provided for the limitation and control of armaments -the basic factor in any security system- and there was an obligation to render mutual assistance. This structure, he said, could be taken as a model for all security systems and he again emphasized that the limitation of armaments was the prerequisite for all other conditions.
The Chancellor was naturaly asked whether he would go to Moscow. "" Prob- ably,"" he said, though such a visit, if it were to serve any purpose, must be thoroughly prepared. It is widely assumed in Washington that the visit would not be made before the Geneva meeting, and that the Bonn Government will wish for time to make soundings of the real intentions behind the Russian invitation.
Mr. DulIes indicated to-day that the North Atlantic Council will probably meet in Paris shortly before the Geneva conference to enable the three Great Powers to consult with their allies on the broad strategy of their meeting with Russia. He told the Netherlands Ambassador, Mr. J. H. van Roijen, that this move is under active con- sideration; other officials state that no firm date has been fixed for the meeting, which they regarded as "" advisable "" in view of the current scope of diplomatic activity.
""PRAVDA "" ACCUSES
U.S.
""OBSTACLES"" TO SUCCESS
AT GENEVA
Moscow, June 15.-An article in Pravda to-day said that topics being put forward by leading Americans as sub- jects for the four-Power conference at Geneva made it "" absolutely clear that they would like to do everything to cause the failure of the forthcoming talks.""
The article said: "" This is the aim of those who are coming out in open defiance to use the forthcoming conference for interfering in the internal affairs of the Soviet Union and the countries of the peoples' democracies, to conaemn Communism and so on. Of course nobody putting forward such 'questions
can seriously believe that they would really become the subject of discussion at the inter- national conference. Such talk indisputably shows that some influential circles in the United States do not like the easing of ten- sion in international relations which began as a result of the Soviet Government's efforts and that they would like to prevent a business-like working of the four-Power conference.
""The United States Secretary of State Dulles and some other Government officials, by approaching the forthcoming conference of heads of Government. from the point of view of the notorious policy 'from a position of strength' and by attempting to represent the matter as if the success of the conference allegedly depended first and foremost on the attitude of the U.S.S.R., demonstrate that they are endeavouring not to make a contri- bution to the success of the talks, but to com- plicate the situation prior to the conference and to create obstacles before its working."" -Reuter.";"June 16, 1955";"";53248;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer On Coming Talks With Russians";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT I
SAARBRUCKEN, AUG. 15
Dr' Hubert Ney, leader of the Saar Christian Democratic Union, one of the three new parties which advocate the rejection of the European statute at the plebiscite on October 23, held a meeting last night at St. Wendel, a mining town about 35 miles from here. There was a lot of German Gemutlichkeit about the occasion. The hall is part of a hostelry, and drinking and smoking were per- mitted. Dr. Ney invited interruption, but there was none..
This enabled him to poke a little fun at the meeting which Herr Hoffmann, the Saar Chief Mnister and leader of the pro-statute Chrstian People's Party, addressed here on Saturday, when there were frequent inter- ruptions in the hail and a demonstration in the street afterwards. The Christian People's Party and the Saar Social Democrats, he said, had brought 10 bus-loads of people from Saarlouis to Saarbrucken to htlp to fill their hall. He accused them of hiding behind the two European Union organizations (under the ausices of which Saturday's meeting was beld) and of lacking the courage to have Party meetings.
It could be.that the quiet course of Dr.
Ney's meeting was a tribute to the restraint- of the two pro-statute parties who would be following a probably profitable tactic in leaving to their opponents the odiumtt of dis- turbing public order. There were, however, about 2,000 people in the hail and a crowd outside. Once or twice applause was absent when the crescendo of Dr. Ney's oratory seemed to demand it. But his audience was certainly with him.
APPEAL TO OLD IDEAS
Such acceptance points to the sources from which the three new parties will draw their strength in opposing the statute, though it is stil too soon to gauge how great the trend may be. The European statute is a new idea. The new parties-and the Communists -appeal to old ideas.. The people of the Saar are German. They are 75 per cent. Roman Catholic. A good many of them were Nazis of one kind or another. Not that Dr. Ney harked back to National Socialism; he merely indicated that his party was open to the little ex-Nazi who had not been guilty of any specific crime. Finally, mining and steel are the Saar's two chief industries.
Dr. Ney, a Saarlouis lawyer, aged 62, who left the Christian Peoplc's. Party in 1948, showed a constant awareness of this back- ground and of the emotional association with which it is charged. To the outsider the poster by which the European Uniori's meeting was advertised seems harmless enough, an old idea used acceptably in other contexts. The head of a dead German soldier is shown against a German eagle. The superscription reads: ""They are here again-the nationalists. The 52 million dead of the last war are not here.""
This, Dr. Ney said, had caused indigna- tioin* It was a misuse of the memory of the dead. The Christian Democrats prayed for the dead of St. Wendel, of the Saar, of France, of Germany, and of all the nations of western Europe.
Dr. Ney's references to the Church were closely followed. He denied that the emerg- ence of the Christian Democratic Union had split Christian or clerical opinion in the Saar by drawing people from the Christian People's Party. Was it his fault if part of the clergy put Mammon before the teaching of Christ ? Herr Hoffmann had had the clergy split for years. Political separation from Germany, he argued, was a great danger, because through it ecclesiastical separation could be attempted. In Novem- ber, 1952, the French Ambassador to the Vatican had proposed a Saar diocese. There was great applause for Dr. Ney's affirmation of loyalty to the see of Trier and Speyer, and his declaration that Saar Protestants were equally loyal to their Church adminis- tration in the Rhineland-Palatinate.
"" OCCUPATION COLONEL ""
An equally strong emotional appeal-if to an emotion of a different kind-came in the suggestion that Herr Hoffmann; am miner's son, had by implication insulted the miners of the Saar.
On Saturday night the Prime Minister silenced one of his interrupters by telling him that he should get into an educational institu- tion, where he-would learn "" how to behave outside his own pigsty,"" a thrust which his audience seemed to like. Dr. Ney described the remark as unworthy of a chief minister, a European, and a Minister of Culture. No Saar miner, no Saar street-sweeper, would talk like that. Nobody would react now to an appeal to decency from Herr Hoffmann.
On the serious business of the statute Dr. Ney's thesis is that there has been no change in French foreign policy since it was formu- lated by Richelieu. In 1918 the French demand for annexation could not be recon- ciled with the slogan of national self- determination. The idea that the Saar would drop into the French lap like a ripe fruit after 15 years of League of Nations control had been dispelled by the plebiscite of January 13, 1935.
After the last war French policy, besides neglecting capital investment in the Saar in favour of Lorraine, had been bad in that it had advanced "" the occupation colonel "" to be military governor and then ambassador -the same man in a different coat-but it had done a service in keeping the German idea alive in the Saar, and, if he knew whether he was in Morocco or Paris, he would send a telegram: "" Merci, M. Grandval!""
WITHOUT HYSTERIA
M. Grandval in his new post In North Africa has become the whipping boy of the Opposition in their attack on the statute and on Herr Hoffmann, the overthrow of whose Government ranks high in their aims. Dr. Ney suggested amid applause that the Saar did not need its present apparatus of government, and that a territory of fewer than a million people could eficiently be administered by ""a German senior burgo. master and a few advisers.""
M. Grandval keeps his place in Opposi- tion propaganda through a remark of Dr. Adenauer in the Bundestag debate on the Franco-German. Saar agreement on Fcbru- ary 24-"" Our aim is to remove Herr Grandval and Herr Hoffmann, trusting that the people of the Saar will make proper use of the liberty of which they are assured, because they are German."" To this the Opposition adds in the words of a Democra- tic Party slogan: "" M. Grandval has gone. Herr Hoffmann will be removed yet.""
Dr. Ney's meeting closed with the singing of the third verse of Deutschiand uber Alles -the verse beginning Einigkeit und Recht und Frejheig ("" unity, justice, and free- dom ""); and of the song Deugsch ist die Saar, which the Nazis produced for the 1935 plebiscite campaign. The songs were sung with evident conviction and without hysteria.";"August 16, 1955";"";53300;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Saar Campaign Tactics";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"A debate on the Saar in the west German Bundestag yesterday resolved itself into an all-party demonstration of protest against the agreements signed in Paris last week.
A more reasonable note appeared in most of the criticisms, how- ever, and the Chancellor refrained from mentioning any German unwillingness to join the Council of Europe. He spoke rather of the need for European unity and Franco-German friendship.
Surprise is felt in London and Paris at the strength of the German outcry, in view of the fact that the agreements met the chief objection previously made by Dr. Adenauer.
AN ""APPEAL"" TO
THE WORLD
TALK OF "" POLICE
STATE""
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MARCH 10
A more reasonable note appeared in most of the speeches made in the Bun- destag in to-day's debate on the Saar. The agreements signed in Paris last week were condemned, and speakers appealed to the western allies not to discourage the elements in western Germany interested in assisting in the closer integration of Europe, but Dr. Adenauer, on behalf of the Government, was careful to avoid any reference to German unwillingness to join the Council of Europe. He spoke rather of the danger facing Europe, and western Germany's readiness to join in "" bold thoughts and deeds "" in her rescue.
No resolutions were submitted or adopted in the debate which, in the words of Frau Wessel, the leader of the Centre Party, was intended mainly as an "" appeal to the whole world,"" and was therefore not conducted on strict party lines. Dr. von Brentano, the Christian Democratic leader in the Bundestag, declared, that there must be no thought of staying away from Strasbourg, and Dr. Seelos, of the Bavarian Party, said that the choice was either "" the European idea or Russia."" Dr. Schumacher, the Social Democratic leader, repeated his opposition to western Ger- many's joining the Council of Europe with the Saar, and asked whether the new Europe was to be built with a ""police State ""-meaning the Saar-or with the good will of SOm. Germans.
RELATIONS WITH FRANCE
Dr. Adenauer was heard with close atten- tion by a full House. He said that all the Gov- ernments concerned agreed that the final status of the Saar must be settled in a peace treaty with Germany, and therefore the Federal Republic had the right to speak. The agree- ments signed in Paris were creating conditions in the Saar which could not be altered by the peace treaty, and France, as trustee, and the Saar Government had no right to enter into such agreements. The Federal Republic ardently desired to see freedom and democracy made realities in the Saar, and was convinced that a solution could be reached in the interests of all, including France.
The Chancellor said that in no circumstances should the Saar question be allowed to harm relations between France and Germany, but the new agreements had given rise to doubts that a corresponding desire for good relations existed in France, or that there was readiness
to draw Germany into the reconstruction of Europe as an equal partner. A visible, deci- sive step forward was required to overcome these doubts, and for that reason he had suggested to an American journalist that there should be a "" European union "" between the two countries. The thought was bold and its execution would be difficult, but for that reason the project should be tackled decisively. It was consistent with the idea of the Council of Europe and with the economic integration of the European countries under the Marshall plan.
BRITISH ASSURANCES
Dr. Adenauer hinted that he had not been satisfied that the four conventions announced in Paris constituted the whole of the agree- ment reached; but he had now had official assurances that all four were dependent on the peace treaty. M. Francois-Poncet, the French High Commissioner, had informed him that all the agreements signed were subject to the same proviso, and Sir Brian Robertson, the British High Commissioner, had also written to him ermphasizing that the British Govern- ment held this view and would support it at the negotiation of a treaty. He had also had British assurances that Saar autonomy in legis- lative, administrative, and juridical affairs, as specified in the general coavention. did not mean that the Saar was an independent country.
After arguing tbat France had only trustee rights in the Saat, and that the Saat Govern- ment had no disposal rights over the mnines and railways, the Chancellor turned to political conditions in the Saar, so that Saarlanders might know that they had not been abandoned by the Germans. (This statement was greeted with applause.) The Federal Government demanded that the basic rights of freedom should be restored in the Saar, and he could not imagine that the French people and Government were aware of present circum- stances there. French public opinion might react unfavourably to what he said, but he spoke as a friend who for 25 years had worked for a settlement of Franco-German differences as an indispensable prelimnnary to European recovery.
NO CONSOLATION
Dr. Schumacher spoke after an interval occasioned by the presence of Herr Hedler, which later led to disturbances. The Social Democratic leader said that the Saar problem was not a test of German democracy but of allied democratic intentions towards Germany and whether they would apply the principles they preached. Germans could not be con- soled by mention of a future peace treaty when it was considered that M. Schuman. during his visit to Bonn, had told three members of the Social Democratic Party that France would fight for the achievement of her aims in the Saar. The communications sent to the Govern- ment by the French and British High Commis- sioners did not say whether or when there would be a peace treaty, or whether the Powers would undo the situation now created. The Federal Government should send a Note of protest to the High Commission. to be passed on to the allied Governments, and should also ask the Council of Ministers at Strasbourg to examine the question whether the Saar was fit tojoin the Council of Europe.
He also recommended that western Ger- many should enter into economic negotiations with France on a wider scale than the trade treaty concluded in January.";"March 11, 1950";"";51637;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Objections To Saar Agreements";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"Thirty members of the Liberal Party's policy-making panels will spend 100 busy minutes one day next month "" safeguarding "" the quality of life in Western Europe fr6m 1975 to the year 2000.
In their time mrachine at the National Liberal Club, London, *the years will pass every four minutes, and the members will pretend that they are the environmental committee of the Western European Union.
The simulation, which adds a new dimension to Liberal back- room planning, is being organ. ized by Colin Hutchinson, chair- man of the Conservation Society, one of the party's most recent converts.
The Liberals, from the party's economic, environment, and science and technology panels, will be supplied with a flow of data on population, energy con- sumption, agriculture, sewage, airports, metals, nuclear waste and water, on which to take decisions. Then the sim-ulator tells them the consequences.
Lord Avebury, an enthusiast for the idea, says * "" I don't think we will arrive at any firm policy at the end of '100 minutes, but we may be able to quantify some of our policies particularly our population policy for a free national family planning service.""
Mona lot
The Times's idiosyncratic spell- ing 6f the Mona Lisa as the Monna Lisa on the front page of later editions yesterday morn- ing apparently made some un- prepared readers choke over the
Mjonday morning coffee. It is in fact the correct Italian spelling of their obsolescent word mean- ing 'C mistress "" or "" dame "", pre- sumably related to Madonna.
However since the Italians themselves call the painting in question La Gioconda, and since there is an ancient and com- mendable English practice of spelling foreign words that are accepted into the language in an anglicized way and pronouncing them in an anglicized way, and since nobody is going to start pronouncing Monna with any- thing but a long "" 0 "", some of the readers who telephoned indignantly yesterday take the view that The Times's style book is unnecessarily pedantic.
On the other hand the book is backed with the weigh,ty authority of Sir Desmond Heap, president of the Law Society, who decided in favour of the Monna spelling for the press release of his presidential address at Harrogate last week.
At least one Labour MP will be pleased that the Conservative Party conference is over and that Parliament has resumed. - Tom Pendry, a Labour Whip, will now have his pyjamas back. Pendry left them at his hotel in Black- pool after the Labour Party con- ference. He got Tory MP Michael
Alison, who was staying at the same hotel last week, to recover them.
The pyjamas are pink, but neither this nor the degree of cooperation betwveen the two men has any political signifi- cance, Pendry says.
Second Forts
Chateau Latour, member of the pedantically five, or in practice six premiers crus, top division clarets, yesterday launched a second division wine on the wine-bibbing sea, to be named Les Forts de Latour. The new juice derives its name from an English fortress in the grounds of the vineyard razed to the ground by the French in the 15th century, when the English were being driven out of Gascony.
All concerned in the launch. ing were at pains to deny second division status. Ted Hale, London table wine manager of Hlarveys of Bristol, the British distributors of the wine, said: ""This is not at all the skimmed milk. It is only just not the cream."" David Pollock, .president of Chateau Latour,
said: ""The new wine is made in exactly the same way as the grand vin, and it is all bottled in the chatea'u. One result of this will be that the
management will be able to be even more selective about choos- ing which cuvees to use for the grand vin.""
The inspiration for the new wine was given by the terrible vintage of 1965, in which a vast amount of very good Latour had to be sold at comparatively infinitesimal prices as Pauillac, because it was not worthy of the full glory of the Latour label. The 1966 vintage of the new Latour second wine goes on the market today at a retail price of £4.05 a bottle; the 1967 retails at £3.75. This may not seem to thirsty outsiders a second division price, but true Chaiteau Latour 1966 costs well over £10 a bottle, and if you can find any- one rash enough to sell you a bottle of 1961 Latour, it will cost at least £20.
Corn scoop
Fleet Street had its first harvest festival yesterday at the church of St Bride, garnished for the occasion with fruits of the earth that included meat, milk and beer. It was arranged by the §uild of Agricultural Journa- lists, whose members-are hearty singers of hymns.
The lessons were read by Lord Netherthorpe (an appro- priate passage from Genesis) and Peter Mills, parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, who took a passage from St Matthew, adjuring the faithful to take no thought of the morrow. Strange doctrine, some might perhaps think, from that source on the eve of assent to the European Communities Bill.
Kissing Curzon -
A chapter in the history of the administration of British educa- tion closed yesterday with the official transfer of the Depart- ment of Education and Science from the Mayfair barracks in Curzon Street which it has occu- pied since the end of the war to a new building south of the Thames near Waterloo station,
The Foreign Office is expected
to take over Curzon Street Hlouse, a building whose unimag- native nomenclature is matched by its architecture. Built in 1939, it replaced with a block of flats some 29 Georgian and Victorian houses. Two of the flats were occupied (and continued to be occupied when the Ministry moved in) by minor royalty.
The fortress-like appearance of the building was not acciden- tal; it was fortified during the war as a retreat for the Royal Family and when efforts vere made after the wvar to strip it of its fortifications they were un- successful. The educational civil servants will be glad to, say fare- well to its dismal corridors, and perhaps also to Shepherds Mar- ket opposite with its very dif- ferent reputation.
Tour guides spare no feelings when they are warning tourists of the delights of that masochis- tic orgy the Munich October beer festival. One who made the alcoholic pilgrimage last week tells me the pretty guide on his coach spelled out the dangers in no uncertain terms. ""IWe have *had hundreds of marks stolen; seven arrests made; a party has been thrown out of the hotel. One other thing-we ;Ilost one chap for three days. He; was sent home yesterday-in ae coffin."" This unpretty speech was evidently well-designed to drive the audience to drink. 1
IPHS,";"October 17, 1972";"";58607;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"I From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Nov. 21
The Franco-German agreement on the Saar has been laid before the, Bundesrat (federal council) on the same footing as the other three principal treaties or con- ventions which Dr. Adenauer concluded last month with the western Powers in Paris.
The idea was discussed for a time in Bonn of dealing with it as an executive agreement between Governments, not a formal treaty, but it was dropped. Treaties with foreign States require the approval of Parliament under the basic law before the Federal Presi- dent can ratify them. With the other Paris treaties, the Saar agreement has now to go through this process in full. Some voices will certainly be heard to claim that the treaties. , or some parts of them, involve constitutional changes and therefore need two-thirds majori- ,ties; it is impossible to tell yet how much
success such argumenLts will have against the lGovernment's opposition.
HEAT AND STRAIN
Friday's Cabinet meeting gave a foretaste of the heat and strain which are bound to mark this process at its decisive points. The Saar agreement is not liked. Five Ministers refused to vote for the law approving it; they were the four Free Democrats in the Cabinet and the Christian Democrat Minister for All- German Affairs, Herr Jakob Kaiser, who has an independent turn of mind. The two Mini- sters of the All-German Bloc (B.HE.) Pro- fessor Oberlander and Herr Kraft. voted with the majority, but are said by their party to have done so with a reservation, if that is pos- sible in such a matter. The whole Cabinet then agreed to a commun!qu6 indicating that its members were assuming that the Powers which are to form the Western European Union would be ready to envisage the clari- fications and executive provisions"" which are thought necessary.
The talk of possible improvements in the Saar agreement is by no means new, but this statement suggests that its authors are now relying on the nine western European Powers (eight without Germany) for any improve- ments that are to be secured. Nothing was said about Franco-German negotiations this time. The direct exchanges between Bonn and Paris have not been dropped, Herr Blanken- hom is expected to go to Paris again soon, and in any case France is one of the Western European Powers which will have a voice in the carrying out of the Saar settlement.
Still, it looks as though Dr. Adenauer bad some success in getting the dissident Ministers l round to his own view that their objections can conceivably be met in the drafting of executive provisions under the Saar agreement, without any changes in the text itself. Among those provisions will be the instructions from the Brussels Powers to the High Commissioner for the Saar, whom they are to appoint.
ASSURANCES NEEDED
In the ordinary way the Brussels Powers will not have to do any of these things until the Saar agreement has been ratified and rut into effect. Presumably the dissidents, if they are not to eat their words in public, will want some kind of satisfaction before then, and it would follow logically from the Cabinet's statement that assurances in some form are to be sought from the Brussels Powers by January, when the decisive second' reading of the treaty BiUs is expected. Dr. Adenauer is not thinking of calling a conference for this purpose. He may be thinking of starting informal exchanges wgth them mndividually, but there is no sign here that even that is imminent. Most probably, the form of words upon which the Cabinet agrees was devised to find a way out of a domestic political difficulty for the moment.
He has not solved the coalition's real diffi- culty, but he has saved his time-table from further delays. While the spokesmen of the smaller coalition parties continue to expound the demerits of the Saar agreement. bn the election platforms, of Hesse, Bavaria, anid Berlin, the three weeks which must in any case be allowed to the Bundesrat will be running out; when they are over, the Land elections will he over, too, and the political climate may cool down.
This is the hope of the Christian Demo- crats, who believe-apart from a fairly small group of dissidents, of whom Herr Kaiser is the most important-that the Saar agreement will in the end be accepted, simply because the other Paris treaties stand or faU with it. They do not believe that the smaller parties will carry intransigence about the Saar to the point of breaking up the coalition and demolishing the whole work of the Paris con- ference at the same time. The utterances of Dr. Adenauer's dissident allies in the coalition themselves support this, if they are examined with enough care.
NO GREAT ENTHUSIASM
While they genuinely dislike the Saar agree- ment and think it a mistake, they support the rest of the Paris treaties. In west Germany at large there is no great enthusiasm for the Pans treaties. They lack the imaginative appeal of a grand European design which marked the dead European Defence Com- munity project. The defence contribution itself loses attraction once the principle of German equality is conceded and the burdens and obligations of maintaining armed forces come nearer and loom larger.
Equally, however, there has been no violent wave of national feeling against the Saar agreement. The treaties as a whole close the end of a chapter in the post-war history of Germany, and most west Germans feel that the chapter has gone on too long and it is time to open a new one. The Paris treaties will not go into force on a wave of enthusiasm but their momentum is solid and the tactical difficulties which stand in their way in German politics are likely in the end to be overcome
BoN"", Nov. 20.-A parliamentary source said here to-day that in an ""explanation "" attached to the Bill for ratification of the Saar agreement the west German Govemnment states that since the Saar will not become a European territory under the agreement as envisaged earlier, "" it is completely clear that the Saar continues to belong to Germany within her border oE 1937, with the proviso, of course, of the final settlement of the borders by a peace treaty.""
The Bill, agreement, and "" explanation"" are expected to be published on Monday.- Reuter.";"November 22, 1954";"";53095;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Ratifying Saar Treaty";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The two most important announce- ments likely to be made in the Defence White Paper, which will be published early next month, are that the Army's recruiting ceiling is to be raised and that Fighter Command is not to be reduced. Otherwise Mr. Sandys's White Paper will be considerably quieter than its predecessors, with consolidation rather than change the keynote.
At present the Army is authorized to recruit up to 165.000 officers and other ranks: this is likely to be increased to 180,000. Such an increase has been con- templated for some months, but could hardly be announced until the Govern- ment had a good recruiting year behind them to exploit.
It is necessary because Mr. Sandys's original plan for an Army of 165,000 postulated two things-a return to normal conditions in Cyprus and a further severe reduction in the strength of the British Army of the Rhine.
FINANCIAL IMPROVEMENT The Government clearly believe that the first postulate is still a sound one, but are probably beginning to doubt the second. It was announced in Octo- ber last year that the proposed reduc- tion of the Rhine Army to 45.000 this year had been postponed, and that its strength would remain at 55,000 until the end of 1959.
Britain's case for reducing her forces in Germany had been based on financial grounds. But the improvement in our external finances has made it impossible to justify further reductions, at any rate in 1959, and the consent of the other members of Western European Union would clearly not be forthcoming.
An increase in the size of the Army is therefore necessary if Britain is to carry out her existing commitments with an all-Regular Army from 1963 onwards.
Mr. Sandys has twice tried to cut Fighter Command but each time has met with strong opposition. The proposal a few months ago was to reduce it from 21 squadrons to 12 this year, but this has been overruled. The defence of the British deterrent is said by the Ministry of Defence to cost almost as much as the deterrent itself, so that a reduction in air defence offered the only real hope of keeping down expenditure on deterrence.
BLUE STREAK DECISION
The decision not to reduce Fighter Command has probably been taken as much on political as on military grounds -in other words, on the politicians' estimate of the public's likely reaction to the abolition of the force that saved them in the Battle of Britain.
The decision to continue with fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles, although we have no defence against a rocket attack, will be justified on the grounds that only the manned bomber could deliver a sufficiently accurate attack to destroy our deterrent bases.
The ballistic rocket would not be accurate enough to guarantee the destruction of rocket sites buried in the ground. Defence against manned bombers requires fighters as well as ground-to-air missiles because the latter have severe limitations at low altitudes.
The development of the British Blue Streak intermediate range ballistic mis- sile is to continue. The original decision to develop the Blue Streak, which has a liquid fuel propellant, was taken because a solid fuel rocket, though much more desirable in other ways, could not propel a nuclear'warhead far enough.
This disadvantage has since been over- come by the development by the Ameri- cans of smaller nuclear warheads,
making a solid-fuel I.R.B.M. feasible, and a decision about the future of Blue Streak had to be taken recently in the light of this change.
The main reasons why the Government are sticking to Blue Streak are that a lot of money has already been spent on it, and that if a weapon programme is changed every time there is a tech- nical advance then the weapon is never produced at all.
RISE IN ESTIMATES
A further reason which has not been publicly stated may be that the Americans are now developing a new liquid fuel which it is thought will be superior to existing solid fuels for easy handling and storage.
No decision has been taken yet on the choice of a long-range freighter aircraft for Transport Command except that we shall not buy from America. The choice now lies between the Britannic, which is a Short and Bristol turbo-prop, and a freighter version of the Vickers VC 10 turbo-jet.
The possible transfer of Coastal Com- mand from the R.A.F. to the Royal Navy has been mooted, apparently as a corollary to Mr. Sandys's decision last year that the Navy should become pre- dominantly an anti-submarine force, but if anything comes of it it will not be for some time yet.
The defence estimates will rise this year to about £1,500m., compared with a net estimate last year of £l,420m. The main reason for the increase is that though manpower in the Services has been drastically reduced, little saving in money is yet apparent.
BUYING RECRUITS
To get his all-Regular forces Mr. Sandys is now having to buy his recruits rather than press-gang them, and the cost of the individual soldier has risen steeply. This can best be appreciated by a study of the Service Estimates. After excluding the cost of Gurkha, Commonwealth and Colonial troops, and receipts from German support costs, we arrive at the following:
In September, 1956, there were 780,000 men and women in the forces, and their pay and allowances cost £3318,500.000; in September, 1958, there were 599,500, costing £313m.
Thus, it costs only some £5m. a year less to-day to pay about 180,000 fewer men and women than two years ago. The rise in the average cost per head is shown by these figures: 1956, f408; 1957, £447; 1958. £523.
The 1957 Defence White Paper made it clear that expenditure would not show a decline in any way comparable to the drop in manpower, though ultimately the burden on the economy should be appreciably reduced. Mr. Sandys must be hoping that the ultimate-saving will not be too long in coming.
£50M. SUPPORT FROM
WEST GERMANY
BONN, Jan. 22.-Britain will receive 588m. marks (about f50m.) under a Bill on cash support for allied forces for 1957-58 which was given final approval by the Bundestag to-night. The Bundestag also approved agreements on 1957-58 cash support for the forces of five other allies stationed in west Germany-France. the United States, Belgium, Denmark, and Holland.
Baron Guttenberg (Christian Demo- crat), referring to the strength of British forces in west Germany, said this had not been cut down below the agreed figure of 55,000 men.-Reuter.";"January 23, 1959";"";54366;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Army Strength To Be Raised To 180,000";""
"['By George Clark Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"Opposition front bench strengthened in the Lords
Among 15 new life peers are (top, from left): Mrs Jane Ewart-Biggs, Mr William Molloy, Mr Hugh Thomas, Sir Desmond Plummer and Professor Sir Max Beloff, (below): Mr Anthony Stodart, Mr Geoffrey Tordoff, Mr Edward Bishop, lvMr Elystan Morgan, Mr Hugh Jenkins and Mr John Mackie.
By George Clark
Political Correspondent
Mr Michael Foot, the Leader of the Opposition, issued a state- ment yesterday to explain the appearance of a mid-term hon- ours list, containing 15 new life peers, six of them to sit on the Labour benches in the House of Lords.
Although the list was sent to the Queen for approval by Mrs Margaret Thatcher, the request for new peerages came from Mr Foot as long ago as last November, because he wanted to reinforce the Front Bench team in the Lords.
Yesterday, however, Mr Foot had to reckon on bitter opposi- tion from left wingers in the party who say that since Labour is committed to the abolition Df the House of Lords, no further peerages should be created at the behest of the Labour leader.
Mr Foot explained that his sole purpose in making the recommendations was to enable the party to carry out its un- avoidable obligations
I ""They have all agreed to be full-time, active working peers and to play a full part as spokesmen for the Opposition in the House of Lords,"" Mr Foot said.
"" I recommended their Iappointment because it would
,lave. beerr unfair to' the- few who hav-e been carrying the burden so. far not to have redpo'nded- to requests to sup- plemnent their number.
""This in no way changes my conviction, and that of the Labour Party, that the House of Lords'ought to be abolished. LHowever I glso believe that so
long as it exists and is part of the legislative process, the Labour Party cannot leave our opponents to operate the place to suit themselves without even the surveillance which Labour peers can supply.""
Six former MPs: The life peer- ages announced today include five former Labour MPs, four of whom -had ministerial experi-
ence in junior offices, and one former Conservative MP, also a junior minister. (Our Political Staff writes). Those who will go to strengthen the opposition front bench in the House of Lords are:
Mr Edward Bishop, aged 60, who was Labour MP for Newark from 1964 to 1979, having con- tested unsuccessfully Bristol, West, in 1950, Exeter in 1951 and Gloucestershire, South, in 1955. An aeronautical design draughtsman by profession, he was educated at South Bristol central school, the Marchant Venturers Teshnical College and Bristol University. He joined the Labour Party in 1936, and wias a member of Bristol City Council for twYo periods from 1946 to 1966.
Mr Hugh Jenkins, aged 72, the former left-wing Labour MAP for Putney (1964-79) who is best known as a former assis- tant general secretary of British Actors' Equity and a campaigner against nuclear weapons. He was chairman of the H-Bomb Campaign in 1954 and is a leading member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarni- ament. He took part in the Aldermarston marches from 1956 to 1960.
He was Minister for the Arts from 1974 to 1976,. having formerly been a member of the Arts Council.
'' -r John Mackie, aged '71, chairman of the Forestry Com- T-mission, wvho ji-~a farnmri' He joined the Lab6ur Pa*tv in 1937 and after contesting two Scot- tish seats unsuccessfuly in 1951 and 1955, became MP for Enfield, East, from 1959 to 1974. He was a parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of Agri-culture from 1964 to 1970.
Mi- William' Molloy, aged 62, w4ho was educated at an elemen- tary school and later at Univer- sity College, Swansea.
He served in the Field Com- pany, Royal Engineers, through- oizt the war, and was later on the control commission in Berlin. He was Labour leader
of Fulham Borough Council (1959-62) and MP for Ealing, North, from 1964 to 1979. He has maintained strong links with socialists in Europe and was a member of the European Parliament from 1976 to 1979.
Mr Elystan Morgan, aged 48, who is a barrister and began his political career in Plaid Cymru. For them he contested unsuccessfully Wrexham, in 1959, and Merioneth, in 1960. He joined the Labour Party in 1965 and was MP for Cardigan. shire from 1966 to 1974.
The former Conservative MP, Mr Anthony Stodart, a-ed 64, who was educated at Welling- ton College and started farm- ing at the age of 18. He now farmis at Humbie, East Lothian.
He contested Midlothi a at two elections and eventualIy got to Parliament as MP for Edin- burgh, West (1959-74). He was opposition spokesman on agri- culture and Scottish affairs (1966-69) and a junior minister at the Ministry of Agriculture from 1970 to 1974.
Miss Felicity Lane Fox has a formidable record of service for the disabled and is vice- president of the Royal Associa- tion of Disability and Rehabili- tation. She is herself disabled and has been confined to a wheelchair since the age of 12. She is 62.
Mrs Trixie Gardner, aged 54, is a member of Westminster City and the Greater. London cbuncils as wvell as being Britislh chairman of the European Union of Women. She stood as a Conservative parliamentary candidate in twvo general elec- tions. at Blackburn in 1970 and North Corinwall in 1974, but was defeated.
Mrs Beryl Catherine Platt is a qualified aircraft engineer whlo was recently 'elected vice- chairman of Essex County Council, having been chairman of its education committee.
Aged 48, she is a member of the court of Essex Universiy and the Cambridge University Appointments Board, as well as
being on the Association of Countv Councils and the Inner London Education Authority.
Mr Hugh Thomas, aged 49, is a close supporter of the Government and the Prime Mllinister and chairman of the Centre for Policy Studies, vhich was set up by Mrs Margaret Thatcher and Sir Keith Joseph in 1974.
Last year he won an Arts Council prize for history and vas appointed a consultant director of the Conservative Research Department for inter- national affairs.
Mrs Jane Ewart-Biggs. aged 51, is the widow of the former British Ambassador in Dublin, vno wvas k-illed in a bomb ex- plosion in July, 1976.
In 1977 she wvas made presi- dent of the peace people's movement in Britain. Although she has been a Labour Party supporter for many years her husband's work prevented active participation in party matters. She has been a mer- ber of the Chelsea Labour Party for three years.
Sir Desm.ond Plummer has been chairman of the TIorser?ce Betting Levy Board since 1974 and wvas leader of the Greater London Council betveen 1967 and 1973.
Professor Sir Max Beloff, aged 67, is a distinguished aca- demic and a firm supporter of Mrs Thatcher. He has been a supernumerary fellowv of St Antony's College, Oxford, since 1975. In 1974 he 'ounded tkie University College at Bucking- ham, the private educational establishment, and wvas principal until 1979.
Mr Geoffrey Tordoff, aged 52, has worked in the chemical in- dustry for 30 years and wvas chiairman of the Liberal Party from 1976 to 1979.
Judge Alan Campbell, QC, has been a crown court recorder since 1976, having been called to the Bar in 1939 He is a pro- minent member of the Society of Conservative Lawyers and has written widely on restrictive trade practices. He is aged 63.";"April 14, 1981";"";60902;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Foot justifies case for more peers";""
"";"['News']";"A call to all parties to rally in a drive for national recovery was made by Mr. Churchill in a party political broadcast on Saturday evening. Let me say at once, he said, that it is the duty of every one of us, without distinction of party, to do our utmost to rescue our native land from the dangers, privations, and misfortunes in which she is now plunged, and to increase, to combat inflation, our productive capacity and exporting power by every possible means. As this is Valentine's Day, I had better make it clear that I am not making any proposal for a Coalitioii Government.
There are in our island none of those funda- mental, constitutional cleavages such as rack so many of the other States and nations. The overwhelming mass of the British peonle up- holds our free democratic, Parliamentary insu- tutions and our ancient monarchy under which, across the centuries, they have come into being.
Secondly, Government and OpPosiLion are united in their resistance to the Communist conspiracy and to the hateful doctrines of Communism which have proved fatal in many parts of Europe to human rights as we under- stand and cherish them.
Thirdly, there is general agreement between all parties except the small, but vei .mous. Communist facnon, upon the broad lines of our foreign policy. We are working evcr more closely with the United States, and we a-e all trying our best to create a united Europe in which Great Britain will play her part. I have been very glad to see the Foreign Secretary, Mr. Bevin, moving so steadily along these paths which i urged him to follow nearly two years ago.
PETTY JEALOUSIES
I am sorry, however, that certain elemerts in the Socialist ranks are trying to make the cause of United Europe a monopoly of the Socialist Party. An important conference of supporters of the European cause is bcing held at The Hague next May. This event has been welconed by all parties, other than the Ccm- munists, throughout the countries of vestern Europe. Alone, the British Labour Party has decided to discourage its members from attending.
When I proclaimed this idea at Zurich in September, 1946, 1 earnestly hoped that it might be at once all-party and above party, but through their petty jealousies and internal divisions the Government are being drawn into the grave and anti-social error of trying to
form an exclusive union of the Socialists of Europe.
In this behaviour they are only imitating the Communists whom they so loudly condemn. If Europe is to be united, it can only be through the growing sense of brotherhood among all the States and nations concerned, acting as living entities. In this way alone can the well- being of the vast majority of ordinary simple families and homes be revived and maintained.
The Socialists by themselves will never have the strength to weave Europe together as they and we desire. They will need all the help and good Aill of all the men in all the lands. It is a wanton and reckless act for the British Socialist Party to try to paralyse all other efforts but their own, and if they succeed it. will involve them in the lasting discredit of having, by their narrowness and bitterness, inflicted injury upon the whole free and civilized world.
PARTY STRIFE
We are asking the nations on the Continent, between whom rivers of blood have flowed, to forget the feuds of a thousand years and work for the larger harmonies on which the future depends; and yet we in this island, who have so much in common, are unable to lay aside. even for the sake of a cause on which we are all agreed, party strife and party prejudices. I earnestly trust that the Prime Minister, whose devoton to the cause of European union is well known, will not ignore his own responsibilities in so large a question.
We find this same spirit of Socialist party rancour infecting the whole of our economic and financial affairs, and it is one of the most serious factors which have brought us into our present misfortune and danger here at home. The Government, who themselves at this moment represent only a minority of the elec- tors, make frantic appeals for a renewed effort by the nation as a whole. We shall all do our best; but ought they not themselves to set an example by laying aside for the time being party fads and prejudices which are an obstacle to national unity.
Mr. Churchill observed that while the Government called for an increase in produc- tion, the steel trade, in which there had been no strike for 40 years, and which was now beating all records, had been selected as the next victim for nationalization. The lifehuov to which we were clinging in our distress is to be turned into another millstone to drag us down into the depths, he commented. And all for the sake of the Socialist programme alone. How unworthy of our country in its dire need !
MONEY SQUANDERED
Look now how they have squandered their money. I did my best to help them get the American Loan. While we ourselves are hard put to it to get our daily bread, we have actually given or lent £750m., or nearly as much as the whole of the American Loan, to other countries. Be just before you are generous is an old saying. Charity begins at home is another.
I mnust tell you frankly, said Mr. Churchill. that this island, the heart of a once mighty Empire, and still at the centre of world affairs, will never regain its strength, its vigour, or its health until it allows its native energy and genius, under all proper safeguards. to work naturally and freely again. . . . Our whole life is being handled the wrong wav round. The Socialist planners have miscalculated and mis- managed everything they have touched. By their restrictions they make scarcitv, and when scarcity comes they call for more restrictions to cure it. They keep the British bulldog run- ning around after his own tail till he is dizzy, and then wonder that he cannot keep the wolf from the door.
FIRST STEP TO SURVIVAL The first step to national recovery, and indeed survival, is to have a new Parliament, which can start fair in the light of present cir- cumstances as we now know them, and with no other aim but to help solve our problems on their merits. We need a Parliament which, in- stead of trying to cramp the whole infinitely complex life of this vast artificial community into the prejudiced and partial conceptions and limited outlook of narrow minds, will allow the laws of supply and demand to play their part, subject to whatever safeguards are needed during this time of transition.
We need a Parliament whicb wilt restore the natural and normal incentives to every form of honourable, personal effort and thrift, a Par- liament which, while helping failure and weak- ness to catch up, will not grudge diligence, self. denial, and invention their just rewards; and finally, having established decent basic stan- dards and food prices for our society, will, for the welfare and salvation of all, set the people free. _ _ _
MR. DALTON TO BROADCAST
The twelfth in the series of party political broadcasts will be given next Saturday, February 21, by Mr. Dalton, former Chancel- lor of the Exchequler.";"February 16, 1948";"";50996;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe's Need Of Unity";""
"['By David Thomson']";"['News']";"By David Thomson
Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
The topics on which President de Gaulle chooses to dwell in his public utterances may really be those upper- most in his mind or merely those which he wants everyone to think are next on his agenda. There seems no doubt, how- ever, that in his last press conference, on February 21, he indicated clearly enough the three international issues which he expected would preoccupy French foreign policy this spring.
These were the changes in France's relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which he insisted would be no rupture but only "" necessary adaptations""; her intricate relations with the European Community, revived after France's eight months' boycott; and-lurking ever in the background yet never, one suspects, lost sight of in the President's larger vision of France's "" presence in the world ""-the possi- bility of peacemaking in Vietnam.
Events since the conference suggest that here, indeed, is Gaullism's agenda in foreign affairs for 1966: this, and other "" matters arising "".
He was careful to spell out, more ex- plicitly than ever before, the grounds for his contention that the "" American pro- tectorate "" of Europe created in April, 1949, has become out of date. It was accepted-and was acceptable-when the United States alone had atomic bombs. When the Soviet Union not only had atomic weapons, too, but had bal- listic missiles capable of dropping them direct on to American cities, Europe was robbed of its original absolute certainty that the United States would be willing to use atomic weapons in the defence of Europe.
NATO REVISION OVERDUE With nuclear deadlock established between the Titans, war in Europe became less likely, American protec- tion less necessary. When the United States showed a propensity to become involved in other parts of the world-in Korea, Cuba, or Vietnam-in wars likely to escalate from local to general wars, and possibly from conventional to nuclear wars, the ""protectorate"" became not only unnecessary but dangerous. Once France had herself acquired atomic power, it became also escapable.
So the Nato Treaty is overdue for revision, and France sets the example of disengaging her own forces and bases from American control. The General's recent letters to President Johnson and other signatories of the treaty are the first consequence of this avowed poEcy.
There is probably enough "" Gaullism "" in the outlook and policies of other western nations to respond to this con- tention. Certainly there is enough in France, and even if neither French nor German Gaullists represent total national opinion when they denounce the ""American yoke "", it is popular to demand that Europeans should have a much larger say in the running of the western alliance than was envisaged when it was first negotiated in 1949.
PREPARING FOR MOSCOW
Although it will strengthen the General's hand, when he visits Moscow in June, to be able to pose as the man who is removing the "" American yoke "", there is no reason to regard this as the main reason for his latest demand that the main military headquarters, at Rocquencourt and Fontainebleau, be moved from French soil, or for his decision to withdraw French air and ground forces in Germany from allied command.
He really believes that a sharp distinc- tion can be made between the pledges of mutual help in the treaty and the present system of integrated command, and that ""necessary adaptations"" in- clude dismantling the second but not the first; and he may well fear (hence the acceleration of his demands) that the war in Vietnam is escalating fast enough now to call for drastic disengagement from American policy.
General de Gaulle is in process of repeating, for the whole Nato alliance, the strategy he has previously employed
vis-a-vis his European allies of the Euro- pean Economic Community: forcing a crisis, even a deadlock, with the purpose not of demolishing the alliance itself (from which, in both cases, France bene- fits considerably and solidly) but of loosening its formal structure and preventing political "" integration "".
It is not even a new strategy witbin Nato. Already American nuckar weapons in France have had to be with- drawn or placed under French control, and already French naval forces in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean have been withdrawn from Nato command.
The problem for her allies, in eit.-e case, is both political and tactical: are they willing that France should estAb- lish herself as a privileged member of either alliance, even if the alternative is her complete withdrawal ? And can they stand together, as they are now attempting to in face of French moves, and refuse to treat separately or to mrako bilateral agreements with France?
BONN IS WEAK LINK
In either case the weak link is Bonn. for the need to choose between Fraice and the United States, hitherto success- fully evaded, forces west Germnany into an acute dilemma. Unless de Gaulle can extract from Moscow a concession about German reunification whose allure would prove irresistible to Dr. Erhard-not a highly probable outcme of his visit in June-then Bonn can hardly avoid choosing America.
Such a choice would doubtless be the signal for a Franco-British ?approNhe- rinent, for all the lines are out and no holds barred.
As is usual with Gaullist policy, the closest attention has no doubt been given to the sensitive points of interaction between different sectors of foreign policy. Just as Bonn is the crucial !inrk between the President's policies towards Nato and the E.E.C.. so the war in \ iCEt- nam is the key to his policy for a wdder world.
At his press conference he was at p:iins to emphasize that Vietnam had become a "" world problem ""; that the conditions for peace there are well known, inwvlv- ing ""entente and, to start with, contact between the five world powers"" -. nd that for her own part France bad already, in this sense, ""organized her external relations-you understand a-hat I am trying to say "".
FRANCE AS MIDDLEIMAN What the President did mean was -hat by his global policy evolved since 1958 he has sought to make France the middleman of the five-enjoying full diplomatic contact with Peling and Moscow, as well as with Washington and London, and the confidence of advanced and under-developed nations alike.
In the present world balance he sees France most advantageously in the central manipulative position. with unique knowledge and experience of both peace and war in Vietnam; andl for himself the role of arbiter, comparable with his view of the constitutional role of the President of the Fifth Rept blie internally. Just as France has t}ent pride in her national contribution to the flow of aid to under-developed countries, so she could now take pride in her national contribution to world paciica- tion and stability.
Since the Soviet Union set the pace for Asiatic peace-making at Tashkeet de Gaulle has a stronger incentive than :ver to concert, with Moscow, yet more far- reaching pacification in Vietnan. -.hat issue is likely to stand high on the agenda for his visit to Moscow in June.
Meanwhile, how should the Nato part- ners, or the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union now metting in London react to French demands'
With concerted firmness, one hopes, but also with readiness to find reason..bke- ness in some of the General's argume ats: and remembering that neither he no;- the French nation wants disruption or isoh- tion, although GauUism, as the chilJ of national crisis this past quarter-centurv, thrives in an atmosphere of imnpending danger.";"March 16, 1966";"";56581;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Why de Gaulle is Forcing a Crisis";""
"";"['News']";"While others approach the prospect of closer European union in the apprehensive mood appropriate to a shot-gun wedding, republican Ireland prepares to embrace the Common Market with the ardency of a willing bride.
, party of distinguished continental journalists from France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Italy with some British co!- leagues has just been shown as guests of the ' Irish Council of the European Move- ment ""-which enjoys -the approval of the Government-how ready the 26 counties are to join, econpomically and politically, with their neighbours in Britain and across the Channel. This is a most remarkable volte face for a regime that has entrenched itself for. years behind high tariff wals. The turnabout is so abrupt that it provoked Mr. James Dillon. the Leader of the Opposition. to tell the visitors that if the Irish Prime NMinister, Mr. Lemass, had come out in favour of the new policy 10 years ago ""his own party would have shot him
GRIM ALTERNATIVE
TXhat is fair comment. But this is 1962 and Mr. Lemass, the Prime Minister. is the shrewdest, least starry-eyed and most effec- tively realistic public man, with the excep- tion of the murdered Kevin O'Higgins. to be thrown up, south of the border. since the Treaty. He has never had anY use for nostalgic harkings back or attempts to revive the old buried past and he has taken the challenge of the Common Market as a chance to fling his countrymen neck and crop into the present day.
It is a gamble, but that suits him. espe- cially as the alternative-to keep out of the Common Market if Britain went in-would mean national bankruptcy for the Repub- lic. So it bas been a stimulating experience to hear him and his colleagues and leaders in Irish agriculture and industry puttins their case to their continental guests.
-No regretswere expressed in open session at having left the Commonwealth. Off the record* a few Irishmen remembered the effective part. plaYed-by Free State dele- g,tes at: an linperial-Conference between the wars and wished-that the switch over to a Republic had been less precipitate. so that the voice of Dublin could have been heard this week with those of other repub- lican nationsin -Marlborough House.
This minority and to a large extent elderly view is not shared by Mr. Lemass and his description of Ireland as ""a Euro- peean country historically and geographic- ally and in our view fully qualified tor membership (of the Community"" is accepted by most of his countrymen. Opti- mism bred of the success of industrial expansion is in the Irish air at the moment. But it is not unqualified.
ENORMOUS PROVISO
What would happen if Britain stayed out ? Application by the Republic is not being made conditional as in the cases of Denmark and Norway on British entry. But to go it alone [again to quote the forthright Mr. Dillon] would be ""daft"" and, according to one of the leading industrialists, ""lunacy"". The official line is. that the Government wo-uld wish to pursue its application in the absence of Britain "" provided it was economically pos- sible for us to do so"".
The proviso is. of course. enormous, Three-quarters of Irish exports go to Great Britain and Northern 'Ireland and only a very srmall proportion to the continent.
But greater. scope is looked for in western. Europe.because of the interest that is, increasingly' being' shown by foreign manufacturers-:int Irish possibilities. The O.E.CD. (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and DWelopment) in its recent
report on Ireland stated that ""the progre
achieved over the last three years bas been substantial "" and that ' the structure of the economy appears to be basicaly favourable to growth"".
Ireland is one of the rare countries in western Europe to have a surplus of man- power at the present time. This report also pointed out that "" considerable prob- lems remain "" and these are the subject of much speculation. How many of the weaker concerns will go down, it is asked. if protection is withdrawn from them ? The Irish Congress of Trade Unions is frankly scared, seeing the possibility of dislocation of production, redundancy in many industries and a serious fall in the level of employment The anti-dumping provisions of the Treaty of Rome would not. in the trade union view, be adequate protection.
Mr. Lemass agrees that he has a -particular problem"" over anti-dumping because 'the rules of the Community for checking dumping appear to be likely to operate too slowly to afford reasonable protection in our circumstances"". He has proposed, and hopes to secure agreement for, what he defines as ""a special rhythm of tariff reduction "". However gingerly this were done there might well be casual- ties among the hitherto well cushioned.
The committee that has been sitting on industrial organization has reached dis- couraging conclusions about the cotton, linen and rayon industry. This, the com- mittee remarks, grow up under the cover of strong protection and it declares that "" if the present set-ap is maintained, a consider- able nuumber of the small and medium sized mills would find it extremely difficult to survive in free trade conditions . . . if the industry is to meet European com- petition the action to be taken will need to be both fundamental and extensive"".
FARMERS WARNED
Pressed on such ;Points Mfr. LeTnass main- tains that Irish industrial development has followed classical lines. The state came into existence with a very weak economic structure, exceptional measures were needed and now the point has been reached at which further expansion can only be in export markets.
Questions put about agriculture were no less controversial. Although the numbers engaged on the land has been going down for years, agriculture is still the backbone of Irish pnDsperity. The wealth of Ireland is-in her soil and unless the farmers meet the challenge that is certainly coming to them all other efforts will. it is agreed, faiL
The new mood in Ireland is thus not uncritical. Bnt it is in marked contrast to the mixture of pessimism and sentimentality that loomed so large and for so long. From Cork, where the little Dutch-controlled ship- yard is busy, across to the Shannon, where foreign finns continue to come in, the scene is active and contemporary.
Even when the visitors asked why the Republic had refused to join Nato they were spared a diatribe against the Border, stress being laid instead on how warmly the Irish believe in parliamentary democracy and detest communism. ""We do not wish in the conflict between the free democracies and the communist empires "", said Mr. Lemass, ""to be thought of as neutral.""
One exception was seen to the new rule of welcoming invaders with open arms. Some Germans. it appears, have been making themselves highly unpopular by buying up batbing beaches, cliffs and other beautiful coastal sites and closing them to public access. That they are Germans is neither here nor there. What strikes an observer who knows what has happened in Britain is that the sooner the Republic takes effective measures to safeguard the beauty of its countryside the less will be the losses-some of them irreparable-that are now being suffered.";"September 17, 1962";"";55498;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Republican Ireland Ardent To Embrace The Market";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
VIENNA, DEC. I
MIr. Khrushchev said in Budapest to-day that the Soviet Union was as ready as ever to hold a summit confer- ence at a place and a time acceptable to all parties, and he denied Press reports that Moscow had given up the idea of holding it in the near future. But it was necessary to approach the matter reason- ably and take the wishes of others into account.
The fixing of March 15 as the date of his meeting with General de Gaulle did not mean that the summit meeting could not be held earlier. ""The conference of the heads of Government can also meet before my journey to France, but General de Gtaulle wants to have an exchange of views with me before the conference. His wish
is not unfounded. We understand that, and his wish will be respected.""
PROVOCATIVE QUESTION
Mr. Khrushchev was speaking as leader of the "" fraternal delegation "" fronl the Soviet Coommunist Party at the congress of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. He maintained that the atmosphere of inter- national detente was displeasing to certain circles in the west. Proof of this was the attempt to bring the "" so-called Hungarian question "" before the United Nations again. ""Who needs this provocative question ? ""
Did those who raised it really believe that discussing it in the United Nations could achieve the elimination of the Socialist system in Hungary and the re- imposition of the Horthy system ? "" I am of the opinion that those representatives of the western Powers who are bringing up this question do not themselves believe in the reasonableness of their own proposals.""
On the German question Mr. Khrush- chev said that wishing to maintain the occupation regime in west Berlin meant maintaining the policy of strength."" Dr. Adenauer had no cause whatever to claim to interfere in the affairs of that city.
HISTORIC MERIT
The Soviet Union was ready to try all possible Peaceful means in order to bring about a reasonable settlement of the German problem. They would be glad. together with their allies. to sign a peace treaty with western Germany.
If that were not possible they would be forced to sign a unilateral treaty with eastern Germany. The Soviet Union would stand by the principle of peaceful co- existence; her will to peace was in no way a sign of weakness, as she possessed the necessary means to defend herself against any blow.
Mr. Khrushchev praised the Hungarian Communist leaders for their "" historic merit"" in having brought the country through the crisis of the "" counter- revolution "" of 1956 and having made good the grave errors committed by their predecessors, in particular Mr. Rakosi. The success of the ""counter-revolution"" in creating unrest even for a short time had been ""in no small measure"" attri- butable to these errors.
CONFIDENCE RESTORED
The Hunganan party, by applying con- sistent Leninist methods of leadership, had succeeded. in spite of the difficult situation. in restoring the party's confidence and winning back the support of the masses. The imperialist speculation on the collapse of Socialism in Hungary had come to nothine.
After the twentieth congress of the Soviet Communist Party (at which Mr. Khrushchev delivered his celebrated denun- ciation of Stalin) a number of parties, ""including our own."" had had certain difficulties-"" something like a fever,"" Mr. Khrushchev said. However, the extent to which an organism could resist a disease depended on its strength. The Soviet party had been the first to give the example of bold and sbarp criticism of all weaknesses caused by the personality cult: that had been right
though some said that certain complica-
tions in the social life of the Socialist countries had originated at the twentieth congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. and that the question should not have been posed so sharply. But that was necessary. It was necessarv to clean and free one's 6elf of afl accretions.
STALIN'S FALSE THESIS
The twentieth congress had rightly re- jected Stalin's false thesis that the class struggle grew sharper in proportion to the advance of Socialism; that rejection did not mean denying the inevitability of the class struggle during this phase. The class struggle did not disappear under the dicta- torship of the proletariat; it merely changed its forms. The success of Socialism led inevitably to changes in class relation- ship in its favour. But this development did not proceed in a straight line.
Sometimes the class struggle could be- come sharper and take on acute forms; even that of armed conflict. as in Hungary in 1956. Now the Socialist camp and the individual countries were so strong that they had nothing to fear; attempts to divide the Socialist countries was a form of the
class struggle which their opponcnts might try to exploit.
The principle of "" proletarian inter- nationalism"" (Communist Party unity under Soviet leadership) was therefore sacrosanct to the Communist world move- ment; if the leaders of this or that country became "" conceited,"" that was only grist to the enemy's mill.
M. SPAAK'S PLEA FOR
N.A.T.O. UNITY
IMPORTANCE IN EUROPEAN
DISCUSSIONS
PARIS, DEc. I
M. Spaak, the Secretary-General of N.A.T.O., speaking to the Assembly of Western European Union here to-day, used guarded language but showed considerable reserve about current plans for closer consultation between the six Powers of the European Economic Community and the seven of W.E.U.
The coordination of European and North American policies would be of very great importance for a long time, perhaps perma- nently, and it was therefore vital to do nothing to decrease the extent of consulta- tion inside the Atlantic alliance.
He expressed ""a certain doubt"" about political consultation in Europe, both between the Six and the Seven. for there were countries, such as Scandinavia, Portugal, or Greece. who might be dis- couraged. A formula was required to provide for such consultation. In NA.T.O. Political consultation had made delinite progress up to the middle of this year, but after that matters had mot gone so well.
Important diplomatic decisions had been made without serious discussion within the alliance. Now, however, things were better again, and in particular the methods chosen for associating N.A.T.O. with the summit conference at the end of this month were satisfactory.
IDEA OF EQUALITY
The Soviet threat had become Asian and African and economic, and the western world could no longer be defended in N.A.T.O. territory alone. When the French Government pointed to its world interests. and complained that N.A.T.O. gave it no help there, it was perfectly right; and it was perfectly right when it spoke of the need for a world strategy. But the idea of equality in multilateral discussion must be maintained in N.A.T.O. Otherwise there was a danger that small countries would swing towards neutrality, for that was where they would be driven if the major countries sought to assume political respon- sibility for the alliance.
But there were ways and means of solving this problem within N.A.T.O. by consultation between groups of interested countries.
The Assembly this evening approved the policy report, which in its original form recommended a considerable strengthening of W.EU. as an organ of political consul- tation. Perhaps as a result of M. Spaak's speech these recommendations have been somewhat toned down, so that the future role of W.E.U. does not now appear so ambitious.";"December 2, 1959";"";54633;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soviet Summit Views Given An Airing";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Nixon's 'choice of Dr. Henry Kissinger as his main White House adviser on foreign policy and defence has surprised no one. Dr. Kissinger made his reputation during the last Republic admini- stration and has since becomne a s'tern 'critic of' the Kennedy and Johnson Admnimstration;. That is not to say that he has been a party man: Arneran Vscholars -at his I}ivel have -a- relationship with various V-administrations - in Washington 'which is independent of par'ty,- but has- political over-- tones. It has, 'however, been- well- knowvn that Governor Nelson Rockefeller made extensive use of Dr. Kissinger's advice and opinions.
He will be a very different man from his predecessor, Mr. Wolt Rostow, both in outlook and in style. Dr. Kissinger has a- patient, sceptical and, rather pessimistic mind, formed in scholarship. He has no'obvio,us instinct for polities or even-public relations.: He l'esi- tates to express views on subjects which he does not believe he has thought through. Mr. Rostow? is very different. He is the flamboy ant exponent of. new,' clever and generally superficial ideas: and he proved so good at setting the intel- lectual fashion that eventually he gained imnmense influence over- policy, with well-knownX conse- quences in Vietnam: and E<urope. Dr. Kissinger is unlikely tw-be so -influential beause he will not be so sure of himself. He is, less likaely :to be the source of policy than tileexposer of difficul'ies andl the advocate of. caution. '
XAs va'rious schoqls of opinion; have formed-themselves in the'past 10 to t5 years,. Dr;'K;ssinger'bas remained ""a' lone 'and distinct
figure. -He was working on the probleins which'have constantly preoccupied ' him-nthe Nato a=liance the defence of western Europe, the German problem, above al the vast armoury of tactical nuclear weapons' in Europe-on his own and in his own way. As three great groups have cohered around particular men and policies, he has stood back from each and in each case has become a 'strong and much- resented critic.
The first and most obvious group is the one whose champion and political master was Mr. Robert 'McNamara and whose basis of power has; been the civilians in and around the Pentagon. Most of these men had their intelectual roots in mathematics or econo- -mics: aid they set out to establish the rule of reason in strategic thought through the development of the statistical methods of opera- tional analysis. To them, Dr. Kissinger's views had the basic weakness that; he was uninterested in numbers. His criticism of them was essentially political. He argued that. their pursuit of military flexi- bility-a range of choice when the $ituation came-was inconsistent with theirdesire to have centralized control in American hands. The old i simple massive retaliation
strategy was one which an aflianke could agree to: its successors, lie argued, would fail on their contrat dictions. He was right about thd contradictions but he will now be their heir.
This Pentagon school was in conflict on many issues with the predominant State Department school led by Mr. George Bal, Mr. Rostow and Mr. Robert Bowie, who was Dr. Kissingers director at the Harvard Center for International Studies. This school was dedicated to European union and a subsequent Atlantic partner- ship and was heavily engaged in such enterprises as the Nato multi- lateral force and British member- ship in the E.E.C. Dr. Kissinger became their critic as well. He repeatedly attacked the fundamen- tal premise of State Departnment European policy: that only an equal partnership could be a true partnership. Virtually alone in the American debate. he made three points:-
1. If nationalism is inevitable and good in eastern Europe, why is it regarded as obsolete in western Europe where it was invented?
2. Identity is usually established in opposition to a domninant power and a European identity is thus likely to be established in opposi- tion to the United States.
33. The assumption that a united Europe and the United States would inevitably conduct parallel policies runs counter to bistorical experience.""
His mind has been fixed on an . enduring European - American ',structure while the State Depart- ment instinct was that in time the United States must draw back.
The fact is"". he has written, that we cannot withdraw from Europe.... To threaten to do so is both dangerous and empty. It is dangerous because it indicates that our conunitment is not firm; and it is empty because we can no more withdraw from Europe than from Hawaii.""
Finally, he has not shared the views of -the arms control school of American strategic thought which has looked to a growing and deepening range of agree- nents With the Soviet Union as the basisjfor an enduring peace.- He hes believed in negotiation from strength: but bis emphasis has been very mucn on strength. In one of his fan public comments on Vietnam (in 1966) he said that the United States must avoid a solution which appears, to be defeat because this would damage the whole American position in Asia and also because this would do serious damage to the prospects
for negotiation with the Soviet Union. All his writings, inchiding his enthusiastic corrmments on the handling of the Cuban missile crisis. show a conviction that the Soviet Union can only be dealt with from a position of strength and determunation. As a critic he has been powerful and effective, though some of his subjects (notably the State Department Europeans) have been easy targets. Where will he put his efforts when he reaches the White House ?
On the great question of Viet- nam, be is essentially utncom- mitted. His thought and effort in the past have been overwhelmingly directed towards Europe. Like Mr. Nixon, he will probably be close to the Johnson position: determined to get out but equally determined not to accept a defeat- of the kind the French accepted.
His central interest has been and win undoubtedly continue to be, the future of Europe ana, above alt, of EU.tope's saau pr.- biem, Gennany. He has elabo- rated his own sodition to the pro- blem of Ger-man reunification which (greatly over-sim.niifien) accepts the Oder-Neisse lin'- pro- motes a German confederation with Po political change tor 15 pyears. withdraws Nato. troops
some distance in west Germany, and puts east Germany into a European neutral status on the Austrian model. Whatever may come of such ideas, there is no doubt that he will provide a channel of communication with Bonn which will be important to German-American relations (and could well improve Anglo-German relations as a result). He has never liked the anti-de Gaulle campaign in Washington (on which both the Pentagon and State Department school were united) and will un- doubtedly lend his weight to bringing it to an end.
While his preoccupations havo been European, they have, been continental European. All his writings take France and Germany seriously but- Britain for granted. Suez ""*demonstrated the end of Britaih's capacity for major inde- pendent action"" (and what of Rorneo ?). Nassau ""showed the bollowness of Britain's aspiration to military autonomy"". This shallow repetition of fashionable myths (ones which admnittedly originate in Britain) is out of character,: in looking at France and Germany he bas been ready to daoky'behind the doctrines of the day to a harder reality.
This fault may not -be serious. Mr. Nixon and most of the rest of his team are likely to understand Britain. Tneir difti;ultv is muck more likelv o be with #rance and Germany. Dr. Kissinger wiil in- sist that thty do not expecE too much, that they stop trying to legis- late for Europe, and that they con- centrate instead on the ultimate Atlantic relationships on which everything depends. They could do worse.";"December 5, 1968";"";57426;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The strong European bias of Dr Kissinger";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, APRIL 29
The Bundestag debate on foreign affairs to-day has been unusually long and more than usually general and inconclusive. One member, Dr. von Merkatz, remarked that it was difficult to say anything precise about an imprecise and undecided inter- national situation; but this was after six hours of debate, covering a series of sub- jects all entangled with one another to an extent that encourages only the Opposition.
The Social Democrats had opened with an attack on the Federal Government's negotia- tions with France over the Saar. Herr Mommer, their spokesman, argued that the reasons which caused Dr. Adenauer a few weeks ago to refuse to recognize the regime in the Soviet zone applied equally to any recognition of a separate territorial status for the Saar. He then examined the Naters plan to demonstrate that its effect would be a final separation of the Saar from Germany, that the westem Powers, if the plan were adopted, would be committed to maintain this separa- tion, and that this would be in no way con. ditional on the European Defence Community or the European political community coming into being.
Dr. Adenauer then read the Government statement, a long document which had for some days been the subject of negotiation within the Government and between the coali- tion parties in Parliament, large sections of which are uneasy at the way the Saar negotia- tions appear to he going.
FRENCH POSITION
The Chancelor did not attempt to disarm criticism by detailed assurances of what he would or would not agree to in the Saar. Instead, he told the Bundestag plainly that the matter could not be settled on conventional national lines. "" The Saar problem is insoluble if the two parties intend to solve it only from the point of view of their national interests,"" he said. "" The situation being what it is, no solution can be found this way. We have no means of making France abandon against her will her position in the Saar.
"" For years the Federal Government has made great efforts on every possible occasion to lead the other Governments to recognize the validity of the point of view which we are obliged to adopt in our own national interest. Let me tell you candidly that our experience with these attempts has been that no support can be expected outside Germany for a Saar policy which satisfies only our own national interests, even though right be on our side. Therefore it does not, unfortunately, get us any farther to engage in far-reaching and pro- found studies of the legal position. If we have no chance to enlist the world's support for the realization of our legal position, how- ever well founded it may be, there remaias nothing but to look for another solution.
""France, on the other hand, has just as little chance to make us acknowledge against our will the status which she has secured for herself in the Saar. Thus, if both of us adhere to the national concepts handed down to us from the past the result will be that the present state of affairs in the Saar will be maintained.""
GLOBAL TENSIONS
This would mean that the Saar would re- main open to French influence, and its popu- lation and its domestic politics would remain in a state of unrest. What was wanted was to remove the differences between the two sides, not only "" so that Europe and the Ger- man people may live,"" but also because with- out unity among the peoples of Furope the great global tensions could not he removed or even relaxed
Dr. Adenauer went on -to enumerate the German requirements for a Saar settlement, not long ago three in number, and as lately as yesterday five. To-day there were six of these requirements, but the new one-that the settlement must be truly European, not merely the status quo clothed in a European garment -is not new in fact, but has been inmplicit in all previous German pronouncements on the "" European "" plans for the Saar. In other respects these "" considerations "" are in sub- stance as your correspondent reported them yesterday.
But the Chancellor did not describe them as conditions or prerequisites, as they have been called on previous occasions when his state- ments in internal party meetings were reported indirectly. He called them "" main considera- tions "" which were "" of determining import- ance "" in the talks with France. The distinction matters because on this occasion Dr. Adenauea was making a formal Government statement, in public, before Parliament. In fact he has taken care to keep his hands free for further negotiation with the French.
On one point he was more specific. While he repeated his willingness to be guided by th Naters plan and paid a tribute to the Council of Europe's work for a Saar settlement, he said that the Naters plan required of the Federal Government one decision which it "" was quite unable to make."" This was the proposal designed to give the Saar settlement a definitive character.
PEACE TREATY
He maintained that the final deter- mination of Germany's frontiers must be left to the peace treaty; and this, he said, was an undisputed principle. He added that the Federal Government, having shown a readiness for compromise on the whole question of the Saar, was entitled to expect that France for her part would also make substantial conces- sions. It would be a tragedy if the European community were to break down over the Saar.
Dr. Adenauer concluded his statement by an appeal to the peoples of Europe-and, by implication, to France in particular-not to allow the European project to fail because of nationalism and egotism. "" For us there is only this one road to break with Europe's tragic past."" There was a great danger, he said, in continually delaying the realization of the plans for European integration. "" Certain favour- able constellations do not last indefinitely in history and return only rarely. Let us realize the gravity of this time and let us show our- selves equal to its requirements, lest future generations should condemn us as weak and frivolous.""
This long statement by the Chancellor said little that he had not said before; it was answered on largely familiar lines by Herr Ollenhauer, who did not return to the Saar problem in detail, but attacked the Chancel- lor's European policy as a whole, as a policy that had started from false premises and was bound to fail.
He condemned the Chancellor's one-sided attachment to the narrow concept of a west European union, his habit of equating this six-Power group with European integration, and the inflexible method by which Dr. Adenauer pursued his ends. Herr Ollenhauer reiterated his party's attachment to the western world, and described as "" unbridg- able "" the gulf which divided social democrac from"" the totalitarian system of Bolshevism.
But the national unity of Germany could only be attained if the western occupying Powers and the Soviet Union could come to an agreement.
RUSSIAN CONDUCT
The Federal Government's foreign policy could not serve this necessary purpose. Instead, it had deepened the division of Ger- many which, he agreed, had been caused by Russian conduct. The chance that it would even bring about the German defence contri- bution which Dr. Adenauer sought was slight. Nor was there any prospect that the European political community would be realized within any foreseeable period. By persisting in its particular narrow view ot integration, the Federal Government had precluded itself from taking part in any effort to find an alternative form of security or a different organization of Europe, and in the end-as was now, Herr Ollenhauer maintained, plain to be seen-it had led into a blind alley.";"April 30, 1954";"";52919;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer On Saar Problem";""
"";"['News']";"General de Gaulle was reso- lutely hostile to the political inte- gration of Europe. in so far as this involved any renunciation of France's own powers of decision, or of her national identity. He thus insisted on the application of the unanimity rule for all decisions of the Common Market Council of Ministers, and refused to consider plans for a directly-elected Euro- pean parliament.
The position of M. Pompidou is ambiguous. He has spoken of the need for ""opening "" and ""dialogue "", and has promised to propose a meeting of the heads of state or government of the Six ""to see how one can get all that started again "". But he also speaks of the need for ""a political con- sciousness "", meaning ""that even before having an organization which will be what it can. we begin by realizing as well and as rapidly as possible that, in the end, the interests we have in common are more important than our disagree- ments ... and this intention needs to be on all sides"".
Only the Communists are pre- pared to make outright attacks on the idea of European unity. which they see as a device for keeping France on the American side of the cold war.
M1. Poher is undoubtedly the most "" European "" of the candi- dates in the presidential election.
He says he favours "" the creation of a great market of products, capital and techniques. whose launching will be aided by the creation of a common monetary unit "", as wvell as "" the pooling of national resources for scientific and atomic research "" in a "" Europe of science and techno- logy "".
Finally, "" the economic union should be completed by a plan for political union, which will be car- ried out stage by stage and would respect national vocations"".
Germany
West Germany's leaders have always expressed support for political integration as an ulti- mate goal for Europe, but apart from Herr Strauss, the Bavarian leader, they are now being very cautious about steps towards it in the immediate future. Recent statements by Dr. Kiesinger, the Chancellor. and Herr Brandt, the Foreign Minister, have stressed the need for ""pragmatism"" and for avoiding "" perfectionism,"" in the European political field.
In the Foreign Ministry, it is argued that there is no value in having a "" grand new project "", such as a political community. but that fuller use should be made of existing institutions. in particular Western European Un- ion. West Germany has supported
the principle of closer political consultation in W.E.U., even in the teeth of French opposition. and it is felt that this is the right place to take things farther, first by persuading France to give up its boycott, and then possibly by admitting such countries as Den- mark, Norway and Ireland as new members.
This falls a long way short of Herr Strauss's ideas, but it was suggested to me recently, by one of his political opponents, that Herr Strauss was in fact the most convinced European in the cabinet. This, it was added, was perhaps because he was a Bavar- ian, with no other power base, and because Bavarians were tradi- tionally less attached to a strong German state.
The present mood of caution derives from the experiences, and disillusionments, of the past few years, when the various moves towards political union in the present E.E.C. have foundered on national differences.
In a speech last weekend, Dr. Kiesinger suggested that purely political problems should be re- moved from the competence of the Common Market as such, and entrusted to what he described as a ""nucleus"" of states ready to submit their foreign policies to a federal system. This, he said, would enable neutral states, and others, to take part in a broad economic system, while those in-
terested in political integration could pursue their own objectives.
This dichotomy runs through much official German thinking. It enables them to reconcile two apparently conflicting objectives: their real desire to take part in extended political cooperation in western Europe, and the equally strong desire not to shut out the neutral European states from the economic integration now under way.
Italy
The idea of a federation of Europe cornes easily to the Italian mind. Through invading armies, the Church, the empire, the emigrants, the visitors, they have been kept in close contact with Western Europe in spite of their semi-isolated geography.
The idea is still much alive in spite of the fact that the prospects for political integration in Europe have been so small for so long. There is also the point that Ital- ians are aware of not yet having made a success of statehood.
It is fair to say that the Italians' whole European policy is in- tended to lead, however slowly, towards political integration. In order to prevent any develop- ments liable to impede British entry, Italian policy is corning near to refusing almost any changes in the existing European
structures until the question of the British request and the French veto are settled.
Yet the Italians are aware that a united Europe is not a subject which can now be discussed with immediate action in mind. But it is there in their minds, and most people are satisfied that Britain is showing fewer inhibitions in speaking publicly of inte2ration.
Socialists agree with Christian Democrats on the need for an integrated and autonomous Europe. On the whole, the Soci- alists have a broader approach and it is not yet clear, for in- stance, how Signor Nenni, the Foreign Minister, envisages the limits of his process of enlarge- ment. (He has just agreed wvith President Tito on the need for a united Europe and there is no doubt that the Socialists on the whole have a wider-ranging outlook, if a less specific one. than their Christian Democratic colleagues who look with pride at what they have achieved in west- ern Europe.
Benelux
The Benelux countries consider themselves as the pioneers of European integration with the set- ting up of their own system during and just after the Second World War. They are among the most vocal advocates of closer political
Integration, and as such clashed with General de Gaulle in the 1965- 1966 E.E.C. crisis.
All three countries have ex- pressed themselves in favour of direct elections to the European parliament; and they were the initiators of the idea, since taken up inside Western European Union, of consultations on main matters of foreign policy.
The object of direct elections to the European parliament would be to give that body, which sits in Strasbourg and is at present rather ineffective, a stronger poli- tical base. It would then be able to make fuller use of the powers which it has under the Treaty of Rome to control the comrnission in Brussels.
In the Netherlands, in parti- cular, there are strong political pressures for closer political inte- gration in Europe, though doubts are sometimes expressed about the real enthusiasm which Dr. Luns, the Foreign Minister, has for it. Dutch spokesman make two points: that integration is the only way to reach effective decisions in Europe, by overriding national interests on occasion; and that a small country is better off in an integrated Europe than it is on its own in a looser one.
In Belgium, the official attitude is expressed more generally by pointing out that if Europe is to have an effective voice in the world it must be a single voice.";"June 4, 1969";"";57577;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"2. Who wants political union?";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Corsondent
STRASBOURG, JuLY 6
The Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe has had a red letter day. Speeches from Mr. Macmillan, M. PinaY, the French Foreign Minister, Herr von Brentano (Germany), Mr. Beyen (Netherlands), and Hr. Lan8e (Norway) all contributed to a debate on European policy which took its urgency from the proxirn!ity of the Geneva four- Power conference.
The public galeries were full throughout the day, and the proceedings fulfilled to a great extent the reasons for the Council of Europe's existence, as defined by Mr. Mac- millan: to be a "" parliamentary forum for free and uninhibited discussion to review great questions.""
The Foreign Secretary's speech took the form, first, of an historical review of the Council and its work; next, of his views upon its proper role; then-the most keenly awaited passage-of the approach to the Geneva meeting; and finaly of a suggestion that the membership of the Council might be made less exclusive and include, for example, Yugoslavia.
DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME
In the first part, he devoted himself, with every appearance of enthusiasm, to persuad- ing the Assembly that, in spite of all the difficulties, it had helped to accomplish a great deal. He was amazed, on returning to Strasbourg after an absence of four years, "" not at how little has been done in Europe, but at how much has been achieved.... What impresses me is not our failure but our extraordinary success."" He was not sure that they had not been "" making Europe"" without knowing it, and he remained, in spite of everything, an incurable optimist.
He went on to survey the process of ""making Europe "" in its various forms, which included the signature and ratification of the London and Paris agreements and the establishment of Western European Union-"" the fulfilment of a dream."" W.E.U. had brought into being an armament control agency, an experiment in voluntary limitation of arms which-and here Mr. Macmillan was referring implicitly to the western approach at Geneva-"" may prove a most fruitful development, applicable perhaps in some wider form in the search for security through Europe.""
BASIC QUESTIONS
Turning to economic cooperation, Mr. Macmillan repeated Mr. Butler's oft-given pledge that the British Government were determined to ensure that neighbourty co- operation in that sphere should not cease as convertibili. came closer.
This brought the Foreign Secretary to his definition ot the Council of Europe as a forum. To review the work of experts, relating complicated and technical q.uestions to their underlying political implications, and to debate the great issues of the moment -here was "" the unique and special function of the Assembly."" He thought that the Assembly should regard itself primarily "" as the great convention of private members,"" and suggested that when it was reviewing great questions it held the attention of Europe far more than when it tried to involve itself in complicated details.
Mr. Macmillan next spoke of the pros- pects for Geneva. Those who went to the conference would feel "" the full burden of their immense responsibility."" The Powers should not arrogate to themselves the authority to settle the affairs of Europe or the world; "" the great Powers must act as
trustees and not as principals."" If the most - was to be made of the opportunities, they would need "" to learn a certain flexibility of manoeuvre.""
But it was vital to guard against premature relaxation; and here he -referred to the fable about the wind and the sun trying to per- suade a traveller to abandon his cloak .
"" We have grown accustomed to the icy
wind of the east, but we must be careful not to melt too easily when the climate grows warmer.""
Finally, the Foreign Secretary, basing him- self on what he caUed the principle of European universality, argued that the Council was the only existing forum for European opinion as a whole "" and the only one which has any chance of growing in size and becoming gradually more embracing."" The Council was the only one to which "" other countries now outside our ranks"" mi?it one day come to adhere.
e pointed out that Yugoslavia now had an observer at O.E.E.C.-what about the Council of Europe .? Was it too exclusive; were the regulations governing the eligibility of new members too onerous ? "" If this re-creation of Europ is to be one of the main hopes of the Council for the future, it must not stultify itself by too pedantic a point of view.""
M. Pinay also dwelt upon the prospects for Geneva, and won applause with his remark that the western Powers would not be going there to make bargains about Europe or behind the back of Europe. They would not allow European cohesion to be called into question, for the union of Europe was the best trump in the western hand, It might perhaps come to pass "" that eastern Europe might ally itself with us ""; in that case the task of the Council would be a great one. "" The organization of western Europe is an open union,"" he concluded.
WIDENING THE FIELD
Other speakers dealt with the possibility of opening the Council to a wider field, although in the lobbies there were oertain grumblings at the prospect which, it was felt, would destroy the whole basis upon which the Council is founded. During the debate, a Danish speaker was opposed to admitting countries like Yugoslavia who had not signed the convention on human rights.
Lord Layton (United Kingdom, Liberal) also did not like the look of the suggestion for the same reason; for him, "" freedom is more important than peace and security."" Sir Robert Boothby (United Kingdom, Con- servative)-who found a mordant satisfac- tion in the comments on the Council by The Times in its leading article on Monday -thought that the s'olution to the problem of the eastern European countries might lie in the Council of Europe; "" let us all keep the door open,"" he said.
Herr von Brentano, reaffirmed the Federal Government's adherence to the conclusions of the Messina conference. There was a misunderstanding, he said, if anyone thought that Germany was opposed to common authorities in Europe, for these were neces- sary to a common European market. But let none of the countries not present at Messina feel left out, for that was not the case.
ASSURANCE WELCOMED
This assurance was welcomed by Hr. Lange, who noted with satisfaction that it was not the intention of the six countries represented at Messina to create institutions of an exclusive nature. In contrast with the prevailing mood of satisfaction, even self- congratulation, at the past accomplishments and future prospects of the Council, he felt that it should exercise "" a certain modera- tion "" and not get into matters which were already in the hands of other technical organs of cooperation.
Mr. Herben Morrison (United Kingdom, Labour), speaking on the prospects for Geneva, considered that while the method of government in the Soviet Union was the business of the Soviet people, there were two elements in any German settlement which must be put beyond all possibility of bargaining. The first was Germany's right to reunite, which could be no subject for conditions. The second was the elementary right of a democracy to free elections, free speech, and a free Press. He thought that neutratity for Germany was unreal, and an armed neutrality dangerous. If the Soviet Union had fears on security grounds, then a security pact between east and west was a possibility.";"July 7, 1955";"";53266;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Secretary Calls For ""Flexibility"" At Geneva";""
"['A.R.']";"['News']";"The international aerospace projects which have been established in collaborative form during the past decade have led to the setting up of a variety of companies across frontiers. Some will be used as models in other industries as the web of the European Community spreads.
The establishing of these consortia has not been easy, largely because of the intri- cacies of the laws of each of the countries involved, and there has been constant pres- sure from the British aircraft industry for governments to seek to simplify the rules cov- ering international link-ups.
Panavia Aircraft, which oversees the development of the multirole combat aircraft (MRCA), is a true inter- national European industrial firm. Based in Munich, it was formed on March 26, 1969.
Panavia's component com- panies are the British Air- craft Corporation, with a 421 per cent share of the work, Messerschmitt-Bolkow- Blohm, with 421 per cent, and the Italian Aeritalia, with 15 per cent. The governments of Britain, West Germany and Italy are funding the project in similar propor- tions.
To oversee the activities of Panavia they have estab- lished a joint organization known as NAMMO (Nato MRCA Management Organi- 2ation), with its own execu- tive agency, NAMMA (Nato MRCA Management Agency) in Munich, based in the same building as Panavia Aircraft.
Directors of Panavia are drawn from the aerospace industries of the three par- ticipating nations and there are frequent meetings and consultations at all levels between the partners, entail- ing a great deal of travel between the development
An example of Franc.Germancerma n e 160, a military transport - l
centres of BAC, MBB and Aeritalia.
Similarly, employees on the engine side have to make frequent trips between the factories of Rolls-Royce (which has a 40 per cent share of the work) in Britain, MTU (40 per cent) in West Germany, and Fiat (20 per cent) in Italy. Dowty Fuel Systems and Lucas Aero- space, both of Britain, are collaborating with Micro- tecnica, of Italy, on the re- heat control system.
Three and a half year phase
Under the terms of the agreement to develop the multirole combat aircraft the countries have agreed to carry out periodical reviews of the progress of the programme at which, presumably, one or more of the partners could suggest radical changes if it was not working out satis- factorily. So far the reviews have been passed without any major alterations.
The feasibility study phase ended in May, 1969, and the project definition stage then began, with the British and West German governments announcing, in July, 1970, that the first important deve- lopment stage would cost f250m. This phase is ex- pected to last about three and a half years, with a review in September, 1971, showing that ' the earlier objectives as regards performance, time- scales and costs remain valid "".
Nine development aircraft are being built, four in Bri- tain, three in Germany, and two in Italy, with the first due to be flown in Germany near the end of this year by a Bri- tish test pilot.
To develop the Jaguar
strike-trainer aircraft the British Aircraft Corporation and Avions Marcel Dassault. Breguet Aviation set up an Anglo-French company called SEPECAT. Established in May, 1966, SEPECAT- Societ6 Europeenne de Pro- duction de l'Avion Ecole de Combat et d'Appui Tactique -has a board of directors drawn from both member companies.
The Jaguar project was ini- tiated by a memorandum of understanding signed by the defence ministries of Britain and France in May, 1965, and the two governments have a management committee to look after their interests. De- velopment and production of the three Anglo-French mili- tary helicopters is based on a joint production agreement between Westland, in Britain, and Aerospatiale, in France. So successful has this link-up been that the two companies recently agreed to move to- wards further collaboration and the construction of other types of helicopter.
Discussions are proceeding on whether such cooperation should be overseen by a joint company or by some form of partnership. Decisions are pending on a joint name, management structure and headquarters. Other Euro- pean aerospace industries will be invited to join the consor- tium-whatever form it even- tually takes-the most likely candidate being West Ger- many.
The forward thinking be- hind the proposed collabora- tion has three main aims-to market the three existing helicopters abroad in both civil and military roles, to design and develop new types -in particular, a lightweight runabout-and to bring in other companies.
In the case of the European Alpha Jet subsonic basic and advanced trainer aircraft companies in France* and
West Germany are cooperat- ing in a joint development programme initiated in July, 1969, by their governments. The companies are Avions Marcel Dassault - Breguet Aviation and Dornier, and the plan is to have the aircraft ready for entry into service with the respective armed forces by the middle 1970s.
Although Dassault-Breguet is nominated as the main con- tractor and Dornier as the in- dustrial collaborator, the total work load is being shared equally between the tvwo groups. The project defini- tion phase ended in February, 1971, with the design work for the development phase beginning at once. Four pro. totype machines are being built, the first in France and the second in Germany. Assembly lines are to be set up in both countries and first flight is scheduled for late this year.
Activities on a parity basis
An interesting collabora- tive agreement within the European aerospace indus- try was that announced in May, 1969, between Fokker, of The Netherlands, and VFW, of West Germany, in which the two companies said that they had decided to combine their activities on a parity basis. A new cen- tral company with beadquar- ters in Dilsseldorf was form- ed, with a board of management comprising four directors from each company. The whole group employs almost 20,000 people in 15 factories and companies and has, with Dassault-Breguet an interest in the Belgian company SABCA.
The manufacturing com. panies within this group
VFW-Fokker, In Germany, and Fokker-VFW, in Holl- and, are mainly concerned at present with developing civil airliners, but they had pre- viously collaborated in the Northgroup consortium to produce Siarfighters.
One of the earliest interna- tional aerospace companies inEBurope was that estab- lishedmn 1959 between French and Gernan compa- nies to develop the Transall C160 transport. Transall- the title stands for Transpor- ter Allianz-has its head- quarters in Bremen and the participating companies are
4BB, VFW-Fokker and Aerospatiale. VFW-Fokker has overall responsibility for production management.
Attitudes of the European governnients to the establish. ment of new collaborative associations within aerospace. whatever form they take, are in the main benevolent, and the industries themselves hope that the widening of the European Community may smooth away some of the pro- cedural problems that have helped to retard past efforts to cooperate.
Certainly, in Britain there is no doubt that new accords would have the blessing of the Government. Mr Michael Heseltine, the Minister for Aerospace, made this clear in a recent speech to the West- ern European Union when he urged a closer union between industries on both sides of the Channel.
Collaboration on an ad hoc basis for individual projects was only a superficial and par- tial answer, he said. The record of collaboration in aerospace-elementary as it was-clearly showed that national frontiers need not be barriers to efficient opera- tion. There were obstacles to be faced when running inter- national companies, but these were not insurmountable.
AR]";"February 26, 1973";"";58717;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Patterns for joint companies across frontiers";""
"['By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent', 'From EDWARD MORTIMER']";"['News']";"Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador in Panis, last night called on Mr. Wilson at Chequers and gave the Prime Minister a first-hand report on the French reaction to London's disclosure of the proposals for British entry to Europe made to him by President de Gaulle on February 4.
French anger at Britain's disclosure of these pro- posals is not thought to extend to Mr. Soames and the possibility of his resignation was being ruled out in Paris. M. Debre, the French Foreign Minister, will today meet the ambassadors of the other Com- mon Market countries.
President Nixon arrived in Brussels last night at the start of his European visit. He is due in London tonight.
Stewart will explain in
Commons today
By A. M. RENDEL, Diplomatic Correspondent
The scene of the Anglo-French wrangle over President de Gaulle's proposals on Europe and Nato shifted yesterday from Paris to London, when Mr. Christopher Soames, the British Ambassador to France, flew home to report.
Mr. Soames had a long talk with Sir Denis Greenhill, the Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, and then saw Mr. Michael Stewart at I Carlton Gardens for about 90 minutes. Mr. Stewart will make a state- ment in the House of Commons today. Later, Mr. Soames went to Chequers to report to the Prime Minister before returning to Paris last night.
The visit enabled Mr. Soames to give a first-hand account of the meeting which he had late on
Europe's disarray. as
Nixon arrives 8 Bonn silence on dispute 8 The General's tactics -9 Leading article 9
Saturday with M. Debre, the French Foreigan Minicter, at which M. Debre made clear the French reaction to the account given in London on Friday, of President de Gaulle's proposals to Mr. Soames on February 4.
President de Gaulle suggested on that occasion that the British Government themselves might propose bilateral Anglo-French talks on the future of Europe on the basis that Nato should eventu- ally disappear (although not necessarily, it seems, all forms of alliance between the United States and Europe), and that the Com- mon Market be widened and loosened to become a large free trade area directed by an inner four-power bodv (Britain, France, west Germany, and Italy).
The British reaction to this was to reply on February 12 that the proposals were ""significant and far-reaching "". Britain disagreed with President de Gaulle's views on Nato and wished to maintain its application for entry to the Common Market. It was pre- pared to start bilateral talks but felt bound to inform its European
partners-and Mr. Wilson, in fact, informed Dr. Kiesinger, the Federal Chancelor, during his visit to Bonn, next day.
Clearly, the French Govern- ment objected strongly to this and from this point it was virtually certain that President de Gaulle's move would become publicly known. The British Government, in effect, decided to work with the Germans and the other Common Market members and not to risk bilateral talks behind their backs with the French. This explains also the extreme opposition of the French Government to the agree- ment between Britain and the Five to hold Western European Union meetings on political questions in the absence of France.
All that can be said yet of M. Debre's talk with Mr. Soames on Saturday is that it was remarkably stiff. It is believed to have ended any prospect of an Anglo-French meeting for a considerable time to come. Mr. Soames, who prob- ably felt that he has been sufficiently in the centre of the storm, rigorously avoided com- ment on arrival yesterday, but was said to be "" in good heart and high spirits "". Nor, it is said, is there any truth whatever in the reports that he might resign. This was fully confirmed after his talks yesterday.
French accusations that the British version of the meeting be- tween President de Gaulle and Mr. Soames is a distortion were an- swered by Mr. Stewart at the week- end. During a Labour Party meet- ing at Hornchurch, the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary said: "" There is not a London ver- sion.""
What happened was that Mr. Soames sent a record of his Febru- ary 4 meeting with the general to the Quai d'Orsay on February 6, and on February 8 the British Em- bassy was informed that the Presi- dent had seen it and had found nothing in it to disagree witb.
Our Political Correspondent writes: Mr. Heath, Leader of the Opposition, Sir Alec Douglas- Home and Mr. Geoffrey Rippon, the Shadow Defence Secretary, are to meet this morning to discuss the situation. They will prepare for a full meeting of the Shadow Cabinet in Mr. Heath's room at the Commons tonight.
Debre summons envoys
of EEC partners
From EDWARD MORTIMER.
-Paris, Feb. 23
M. Debre6. the French Foreign Minister, will tomorrow receive the ambassadors of France's five Common Market partners, all together, to try to convince them of French good faith.
The meeting was arranged as long ago as February 13, the day after that on which Mr. Soames informed the French Foreign office that Mr. Wilson was passing on the substance of the British Ambassador's conversation with General de Gaulle to Dr. Kiesinger.
It would seem that it was this decision by Mr. Wilson to disclose the contents of an informal and confidential talk to the other Common Market countries (and. incidentally, to the United States), which has provoked the fury of the French Government towards Britain. Although in public the French have concentrated their attacks on the British leak of the full text of the conversation to the press on Friday afternoon, this leak. in fact. came as a reply to an inaccurate version of the story in Le Figaro that morning, and was preceded by a more accurate one in France-Soir the same day.
Both these versions clearly stemmed fronm leaks by French
official sources and were no doubt designed to defend France against the suspicions aroused among the Five by the British Government's revelations. So grea.t is the French annoyance at these that it is being widely said in Paris that General de Gaulle now considers the Wilson Government beneath talk- ing to, much as he did the Johnson Administration in its later years.
His animosity is evidently directed at Mr. Wilson and his colleagues rather than at Mr. Soames personally. Although the French insist that the British account of Mr. Soames's conver- sation with the General was in- accurate (thus contradicting what they told the British Embassy pri- vately on February 8) they appear to blame the Foreign Office in London rather than Mr. Soames for the alleged mistakes.
They have no doubt guessed- rightly, as it happens-that the real mistake in their eyes (the breach of confidence) was committed by the British Government against Mr. Soames's own advice, Mr. Soames had urged that from the point of view of Anglo-French relations it would be preferable to obtain General de Gaulle's permission be- fore passing on his remarks, but he was overruled.";"February 24, 1969";"";57493;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soames reports to Wilson as French anger grows";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR-SPECIAL CORRESPONpENT
STRASBOURG, AUG. 23
The Consultative Assembly's debate to- day on the role of the Council of Europe in the economic field found one speaker after another anxiously putting the ques- tion how western Europe was to live after June, 1952, when Marshall aid will come to an end. There appeared to be a large measure of agreement that rapid and large steps towards unifying the national economies were needed, and M. Paul Reynaud earnestly appealed to member nations to face the sacrifices that would be required of each for the survival of all.
British Labour, for whom Mr. Dalton spoke, was the most reserved in its approach to the subject, and M. Reynaud addressed some of his remarks particularly to it. The British Conservative Party, as represented by Mr. Eccles, was on the other hand enterprising. Mr. Eccles proposed to reform radically the methods of the O.E.E.C. by setting up a per- manent commission of the Council of Europe before which O.E.E.C. experts would talk as European. not national, officials, and to pro- vide O.E.E.C. with a set of principles on which to base measures for the expinsion of Euro- pean trade. That was to say, the Assembly should fix the frontier between the public and private sectors of the European economies, and so do away with the obstacles to economic cooperation presented by the addiction of some countries to free enterprise and others to Rni:licm
IMPORTANCE OF STERLING| The first conclusion his projected commis- sion would be likely to reach, Mr. Eccles assumed, would be on the necessity of making European currencies convertible with each other, in which case, he urged, the yardstick must be sterling. Only in sterling could Europe buy many of its raw materials and if sterlin- was embarrassingly weak at the moment thal was "" partly due to temporary domestic causes which we shall remove."" Mr. Eccles added that to try to intearate Europe's eco- nomy without Britain and without sterling would be to play right into the hands of the Germans and this was .the guarantee that Britain must come into European union. Secondly if Britain had to choose between the Empire and western Europe she would choose the Empire, but the question did not arise. Salvation lay in combining Etirope and the sterling area.
M. Reynaud said the Assembly had mis- takenly started with the discussion of the poli- tical strttcture of Europe. with the result that they had had very diverse and contradictory phases. Europe could not be created a priori. They must approach the political question from the point of view of the instruments neces- sary to enable Europe to meet its economic needs-raw materials payable in dollars.
There followed a striking analysis of the economic position of Europe, with twice the population of the United States on a terri- tory halT its size. Ettrope had hitherto held several cards-its intelligence and imagination, and the lower costs resuJting from low wages But these were being wiped out by technical advances in the great laboratory of industry possible only to a country which had a single market equivalent to 400m. Europeans.
M. Reynaud spoke of the idle factories, masses of unemployed, and social disturbances sviich Eulrope would have if it could not btiy raw materials when Marshall aid stopped. Who btit Stalin would profit from that ? Time was running out. America threatened to cease its help ii' Europe did not take the road of its own salvation-i.e., make itself competitive with the United States. Every one kncw the solutiots. It was to create a market which, if its purchasing power xwould certainly be much less than lhe American. would be infinitely suparior to that of the individual national markets. Between the two giants there was room for a Europe. but no, for a mosaic of European States. To that end the United States had tried to use a machine, the O.E.E.C., which, as it consisted of men representing the particular interests of their Governments, was not appropriate for the job. What was required was an institution in which a European spirit prevailed.
SURGICAL OPERATION
Mi. Reynaud said he would not pretend tilc diffictilties were not immense. I-low did one Cieate a European market if this or that country proclaimed itself dedicated to austeritv-excel- leni no doubt for the life hereafter--and shit out the goods of other European coUntries and thought only in terms of bilateral agreements ? A certain equalization of those clements of price dependent on budgetary and particulatly social charges was called for. There was also the question of money, and above all a single Etiropcan market involved a redivision of laboLur between the countries of Europe. That would be a most serious surgical operation to make on the economic body of Etirope. it could not be undertaken too rapidly or too brutally. but if we did nothing at all Eur-ope wotild go down in catastrophe and whtat then would be the significance of votes in defence of human rights.
The quesLion was whether the democracies were capable of voluntarily accepting sacrifices necessary for their health. M. Reynatud thiotight they were if their leaders had the couirage to brave unpopularity in the interests of a Et.ro- pean plan. It was trttc no doubt, as Mr. Chttrchill and Mr. Morrison had said, that the Assembly could not do more than makc recom- mendations, but their colleagtues had already told the Assembly how the recomnitledztions would be received if any sacrifices wcre in- volved. In that case the solution was for the Assembly to make its voice heard by lihC people -by the electors. And to ilteir British col- leagues who came in goQd faith to present itle objections of the Britishi working man, the Assembly should say that in fact tbe chloice between the stanus quio and the painful renova- tion of Europe was not open to them. The status quo had reached its end.
Mr. Dalton did not follow M. Revnattd into a diagnosis of Europe's situation. nor did sttch suggestions as he offered give the impression that he shared M. Reynaud's view of the need for radical remedies. He conceded that it was both desirable and possible greatly to increase trade between the coutntr-ies members of the CoLincil, but to that end mcntionied only three points.
MR. DAI-TON'S POINTS
The first of Mr. Dalton's points was that when th per-iod of Marshall aid came to an end teie Coutncil shottld take over tile O.E.E.C. staff of experts. ThiC sucond was that thc countries represented shottld consider t(le possibilitics of encouraging. both in metro- politan and oversea territories. complementary l'orms of production so that thev might be able to supply each other wvith many of the goods which they now had to get from the dollar area. He referred particularly to France stipplving meat to Britain. In the third place he drew attetition to the proposals alreadty made by the Britisht Government to the O.E.E.C. for freedom of trade tinder open general licence for an increasing number of products. I
Most of Mr. Dalton's speech. however, wras devoted to showing statistically that whatever thc Continent might think of thei- metlto(s the Britisht liad done attything btit dratg their feet in the matter of (lomestic or European recovery,";"August 24, 1949";"";51468;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"After Marshall Aid";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"The Palace of Westminster has subsided. This is the latest re- port from the surveyors who carry out daily checks to ascer- tain how the excavation of thou- sands of tons of earth and clay in New Palace Yard is affecting the fabric of buildings at the House of Commons.
The yard is now called ""the disaster area "" and a lot of MPs are wondering whether it was wvise to agree to the building of a car park which would cause so much upheaval. MPs now often reach the Chamber like farm labourers with mud clinging to their shoes.
.The Department of the En- vironment says: ""There has been a slight settlement at the north end of Westminster Hall. It was recorded early last month and it was within the limits which were anticipated and cal- culable in advance, and which the building will withstand with- out damage.""
Some MPs are much con- cerned about the fabric of West- minster Hall. When the bombs fell in 1941 the Home Guard and the fire fighters had the choice of saving either the Chamber of the House of Commons or the ancient Westminster Hall; it was a deliberate decision to concen- trate all efforts to save the hall. Its walls incorporate part of the walls of the original hall built by William Rufus between 1097 and 1099. During repairs just before the last war some tennis balls, believed to be of the time of Henry VII, were found in the hammerbeam roof.
Suffragette set
Jill Craigie, the wife of Michael Foot, MP, has written a ""musi- cal-drama"" about the fighting Pankhursts, Emmeline and her daughter, Christabel. She is delivering the script to her agents today.
Craigie calls it a "" musical- drama "" for the simple reason it is neither a musical nor an opera: ""There are a good many
.1 M WANMMOW _
dramatic scenes, including one of forcible feeding and of Chris- tabel in court on the occasion when she was called 'the modern Portia'. She was an LLB with first-class honours.""
Out of the musical has also come a book-Emmeline Pank-
Jill Craigie.
hurst and her World-which Thames and Hudson will publish next year. Craigie's source material for this was her own ex- tensive collection of suffragette memorabilia, much of it given to her by the feminists themselves.
Doubt in Thomas
A slight air of upset in Cymru/ Wales yesterday over the venue chosen by Peter Thomas, Secre- tary of State for Wales, for his press conference on the publi- cation of the long-awaited Bowen Report on bilingual road- signs.
For this totally Welsh affair he had been expected to answer questions at the Welsh Office in Caerdydd/Cardiff. Instead he was at the Welsh Office branch office in Llundain/London. Moreover Roderic Bowen, QC, chairman of the Committee, wvhich investigated the whole
""_ mwfiv
PHS
question of bilingual signs, was with him.
Roadsigns have been at the centre of an emotional, political, social, cultural, thoroughly Welsh and complicated issue. But reporters in Wales were not able, to question the chairman of the committee or the mini- ster responsible for Welsh affairs.
Welsh comeback
The English are to receive a severe cultural shock. King Ardtur, whom most of them from childhood saw as an upper- class Englishman with a ten- dency to wear plate armour in public, emerges in a new 24-part TV series Arthur of the Britons, as a rather grubby Welshman in skins. His life is devoted to fighting the English. The King iS portrayed by HTV as the figure which archaeology in the 20th century has cautiously revealed him to be, a desperate freedom fighter of the sixth century trying to hold off the English invasions.
There is no Round Table, no Guinevere, no Lancelot. Instead Arthur is taken back almost a thousand years from the legends of the Middle Ages. There are log huts and skins and coracles. T'he problem of ide~ntification is difficult. As Peter Miller, pro- ducer of the series, put it: ""It wvill be rather like the cowvboys g,etting beaten by the Red Indians.""
Shot in the West Country at a cost of £500,000 and starring Oliver Tobias, once the leading man in Hair, it should achieve peak ratings in WalesP where it will no doubt evof;e racial m.emories of the time when they thrashed the English at some- thing other than rugby football.
Digging around
One of the most immediate problems to' confront Gough Whitlam, the Australian Labour Party leader, if, as seems likely, he is victorious in the country's elections this weekend, *vill be the selection of a new High Commissioner to London.
Traditionally this post goes to a senior politician with cabinet experience. Sir Alex- ander Downer, for instance, who has just given up the
London post after eight years here, was previously Australian minister for immigration. But as Labour has been out of office for 23 years the choice of such men is limited in the extreme. Whitlam may bring in a career diplomat to take over the post. Or he might send one of his rivals within the Labour Party. Another alternative would be to send a Liberal.
The name of Sir Reginald Schwarz, currently minister for national development, has al- ready been mentioned. So too, though less seriously, has Whit- lam's prime ministerial rival Bill McMahon wvho is facing a tough nine-cornered fight in his New South Wales constituency of Lowe.
""La sauce HP;"" no longer "" est appetissante et delicieuse avec viandes (chaudes *et froides) poisson, jainbon, fromage et salades "". The only French words many of us recognize can no longer be handed down or round, to our children.
HP Sauce tell me that the French has been replaced by a
promotional panel for their new sweet sauce, and, even when that has gone only half the transla- tion will remain-the bit about ""Ila sauce HP est wz melange de haute qualite de fruits orient. aux, d'4pices et de vinaigre "". Anyway, they do not sell the sauce in France, and doubt that even the EEC will help them start.
Thaw tout
Baron Jean van den Bosch, Bel- gium's ambassador in Britain for the past seven years, gives up his London post today and is re- tiring from his countr's diplo- matic service. He is 62 and has had a peculiarly active career (Peking, wartime London, Paris, Kinshasa, the Middle East).
From his term here he will certainly remember the meet. ings of the Western European Union council at the time of the French veto when the ice between the British and French representatiVes audibly hard- ened. Throughout van den Bosch worked patiently and successfully to bring about an Anglo-French thaw.
A Idndly man with a twinkling eye and a jaunty gesture he has faced some dangerous moments during his diplomatic career. Immediately after Congo's in. dependence from Belgium he was appointed his country's first envoy to Kinshasa. Within weeks President Lumumba had severed relations and the ambas. sador had to make his exit past jeering, stone-throwing mobs- which he did in a cool and dig. nified fashion.
Malcolm Bains, clerk of Kent County Council, not only headed the local government working group on future management of authiorities,- but got the 65,000 best-seller document-the Bains Report-run off by his county,s printing departmentt. Yesterday he illustrated its lesson to local authorities: ""Get Value for Money?,, pointing ou7t that Kent charged thc Government 20p a copy and the Stationery Office has charged the public El.";"November 30, 1972";"";58645;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['PETER STRAFFORD']";"['News']";"IPETER STRAFFORD
Brussels, Feb. 20 The most depressing aspect of the Western European Union crisis is the impression that a dispute of this sort must make on an outside observer, and in particular on President Nixon, who arrives in Brussels on Sunday to begin his European tour. Here, after al, are seven leading European states. all of them signatories of a treaty specifically designed to "" promote unity and encourage the progres- sive integration of Europe "".
Yet, a major diplomatic crisis breaks out because six of them want to get together and discuss their attitudes to t«e Middle East, while the seventh not only refuses to come along itself, but does everything it can to prevent the others from meeting. As one American diplomat commented recently, there is a great difference between watching optimistically from Washington as the Europeans struggle to unite, and being directly involved in one of their brawls.
Yet the incident has not been entirely fruitless. In the first place. it is probably fair to say that any- thing which shows up the sheer negativism of Gaullist policies in western Europe is to the good in the long run.
This the crisis certainly did. Apart from that, there was the fact that the Five, and in par- ticular west Germany, kept to the position which they held at the meeting in Luxembourg-that no country can claim a right of veto on a topic which all the others want to discuss. The Germans held to this in spite of French pressure. They went to the rneeting in London on the Middle East, and they now seem ready to go on attending meetings of the per- manent council in London, regard- less of the French boycott.
There have, of course, been .vaverings in Bonn in the past few days, and it is still not quite clear what the situation is going to be in the future. At present, it seems that the Germans are prepared to attend "" routine "" meetings of the council, as wel as "" exceptional "" ones, but not those which faU into an undefined area in between. They are also not prepared to go to ministerial meetings-lik-e the next one in The Hague in May-unless the French are there too.
There is already a difference of interpretation between London and Bonn over whether last Fri- day's meeting was a regular one or an exceptional one, and there is bound to be a great deal of elaborate juggling of words in the coming months, in true European style, as governments define their positions.
The imnportant question is whether the Luxembourg agree- ment on foreign policy consulta- tions between Britain and the Five is to go ahead. This agreement was always rather general and un- defined because of German reser- vations, but the hope was that the Middle East meeting would be just the first in a series, enabling the six countries to work towards a harmonization of their policies.
Dr. Luns, for instance, the Dutch Foreign Minister, spoke in Luxembourg of the possibility of holding a similar meeting on Biafra. It now looks as though future meetings will depend on a Gerrnan assessment of whether or not the topic proposed is an exceptional one-n other words, whether it meets the treaty requirement of a threat to peace.
The viewv in Bonn is that the Middle East did constitute a threat of this sort, and that it might justify a further meeting of the same sort in the future. The Germans might, however, turn down a meeting on a less obviously explosive subject.
For the time being, Bonn is working on its usual thankless task of trying to reach an agreement which will satisfy everyonethe French. the Britisb. and its four other partners. The most specific French preoccupation is clearly that political consultations within W.E.U. should not be used as a cloak for some sort of British link with the European Economic Com- munity. But then, assurances had been given to Paris on this point before the crisis broke, and the question is whether the Quai d'Orsay is going to stick to its demands for a public acknow- ledgement that the Middle East meeting was illegal, as well as for the dismissal of Mr. Iweins d Eeckhoutte, the Belgian secre- tary-general of the W.E.U.
Paris nowr seems to have toned down its campaign against the misdeeds of Britain and the Five, but one side or the other is going to have to eat a lot of words before there can be anything like a normnalization of the working of W.E.U. The French boycott will presumably last a long time, per- haos indefinitely, and it is very possible that that is the wvay General de Gaulle wants it. The W.E.U., with its membership of Britain and the Six, has always been a particularly irritating organization for him. He has done all he can to minimize its exist- ence, by systematically sending a state secretary rather than the Foreign Minister to its meetings.
Now, One irnagines, he will do all he can to hamstring it in thoe
French absence by the usual method of pressure on the most susceptible countries-Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg. Tne French have always reacted strongly to any prospect that the Five might be hiving off to join Britain in some activity without France. They came down very heavily on Mr. Pierre Harrnel, the Belgian Foreign Minister, last autumn after he had brought out his plan for cooperation in fields outside the Treaty of Rome, and Mr. Harmel had to modify his line considerably.
This time they found themselves face to face with a situation in which the Five were actually embarking on something they had refused to do with France: con- sultations on foreign policy. It was not much. All the Five did was to spend an hour or two in London discussing the Middle East with Mr. Stewart, the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary. It was, however, an open defiance of the French claim to set. the pace for European unification, and that is presumably what rankled.
There-can be no question that Paris played' the incident with a great deal less than its usual skill. Not only was a European meeting on the Midde East unobjection- able on general political grounds. but the juridical basis on which the Quai d'Orsay challenged the holding of it was distinctly shaky, Added to this, the virulence of French criticism made it difficult for the Germans or any others to back out, if they had wanted to. without great loss of face.
The miscalculations were pre- sumably due to M. Michel Debre. the French Foreign Minister, -ho is not known for political modera- tion, but they also revealed the character of raw Gaullism. before it has been refined by a man like M. Couve de Murville. the Prime Minister. At any rate. Paris has changed its tune now and there is no further talk of extending the crisis to the E.E.C.
The French position is that the London meeting was an attempt to
get round"" the French veto on British entry. In a strict sense, this is quite untrue. France's partners know only too well that this is not a possible course of action, and certainly Britain is no nearer to membership of the E.E.C. as a result of the meeting. As a Belgian Government statement put it this week : ""The most formal assurances have been given; con- sultations in W.E.U. will not be devoted to questions providing a disguise for British entry to the Cbommon Market.""";"February 21, 1969";"";57491;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How Europe's disputes look to outsiders";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, JULY 12
Apart from the conversations between British. American, French, and German represefttatives which are going forward in Paris this week in preparation for the Geneva conference, the French Govern- ment, in the persons of M. Faure and M. Pinay, has been preparing its approach, and to-morrow afterrtoon the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister are to give a joint Press conference. It seems clear that though French policy is aligned with that of London and Washington on all major points, such as the objection to a neutralized Germany, there is still room for individual initia- tive, and that M. Faure proposes to make full use of it.
It is perhaps worth recalling the French attitude towards a meeting between heads of Governments. Throughout the months and years during which the fate of the European Defence Community treaty hung in the balance there was a constant tendency here to hope for such a meeting, if only as a deus, ex machinta which might make E.D.C.
and German rearrnament unnecessary-a i tendency which received direct if unwitting I encouragement from Sir Winston Churchill's speech of May. 1953.
After the collapse of E.D.C. and its dis- placement by the London and Paris agree-
ents. M. Mendes-France, then Prime Minister, reintroduced the idea of four- Power talks, to take place only after the ratification of these agreements. In a speech to the United Nations in New York he sug- gested that the conference should be held in May, 1955, and said that the French Gov- ernment would have no objection to an 'teastern European defence association,"" modelled on Western European Union and containing provisions for limitation and control of armaments.
AN ESSENTIAL POINT
M. Mendes-France was no longer in power when ratification of the London and Paris agreements was completed, but in the final debate in the French Council of the Republic in March M. Faure's Government included the earliest possible convening of a four-Power conference among the five essen- tial points of French policy. In May, when the invtation was sent to and accepted by Marshal Bulganin, it was natural that the Faure Government should claim credit for a French initiative, though many French observers were amused or mildly irritated to see how easily British election interests appeared to carry the day, whereas in the past the French had been charged with rocking the boat if they suggested such a thing,
This short history shows that French interest in a four-Power meeting is a long- standing one; indeed, if the French absence from Yalta and Potsdam is taken into account, it dates from the war. Any idea that the French are for this reason more ready to make concessions to the Russians, or to break the unity of the western posi- tion, need not, however, be seriously enter- ta,Red. Everything that M. Faure and M. Pinay have said has reaffirmed their fidelity to the Atlantic alliance. M. Pinay said at San Francisco last month: "" France is not prepared to abandon the security ensured by the North Atlantic alliance.""
BACKWARD AREAS
But, just because of the special French interest in the meeting, M. Faure (who will be the only one of the western heads of Governments to speak Russian) has to show that French initiative is not dead. Some weeks ago, M. Men&ds-France, who is the present Prime Minister's great rival in the Radical Party, was accusing the west in general and the Government in particular of allowing the initiative to pass from their hands. It is M. Faure's reported intention at Geneva to propose a reduction in defence expenditure, the money thus saved to be paid into an international fund for the devdloprhent of backward territories- includung French North Africa. Thus, in addition to other beneits, the econonmic
inconveniences of reducing defence expendi- ture would be offset by transferring expenditure to a productive field.
This plan, about which M. Faure will perhaps say something to-morrow, is believed to have the full support of M. Pinay. As for the rest of the French proposals for Geneva, it seems certain that some such scheme as Sir Anthony Eden appears to have in mind, to judge from his English Speaking Union speech, is also in the French mind: a system of mutual security arrangements between the eastern and western blocs, with German reunification provided for under certain prescribed conditions.
""PARROT POLICY""
French reactions to the suggestions, made in a recent leading article in TIze Times, that Germany might be reunified on the basis of a demilitarized eastern zone, are not prima facie favourable; the history of such arrange- ments, including that of the Rhineland, has not been encouraging. But it is admitted that all would depend on the context; if the Russians made big concessions in return, the idea might prove attractive. As for the notion that an international arms control organiza- tion should establish posts at key points in different territories, the French would con- sider any form of control, however partial, very welcome.
French officials, in approaching the conference, are convinced that only by linking all the problems-German re- unification, security, and disarmament-can any final progress be made. It is what Foch, on the occasion of his Somme offensive in 1916, called "" the parrot policy ""-having in mind a parrot crawling up the ladder of its cage, grasping with its claws first one rung then the next, the whole resulting in progress. There are few itlusions here, at least among informed people, about the re- sults likely to be achieved at Geneva.
EXAMPLE OF AUSTRIA
The great thing will be to set out the various positions with frankness and clarity, and then await the meeting in the autumn of the four Foreign Ministers, who will, or should, get down to details. The example of Austria is uppermost in people's minds here; Russia came to accept a solution which 12 months earlier she had spurned when put forward by the west.
The French delegation to Geneva will con- sist of M. Faure, accompanied by M. Berard, his diplomatic adviser, and M. Duhamel, his principal private secretary; M. Pinay, accom- panied bY three members of his private office, including M. Laloy, who is specially experienced in Russian affairs; M. de Mar- gerie, director of political affairs at the Quai d'Orsay; M. Joxe Ambassador in Moscow; M. Dennery, Ambassador in Berne; M. de Crouy-Cbanel, assistant director of political affairs; and other officials.
DECLARATION BY INDIA - AND EGYPT
PLEA FOR DISARMAMENT CAIRo, July 12.-The Indian and Egyptian Prime Ministers issued a joint statement here to-day saying that they earnestly hoped the forthcoming four- Power conference "" wll result in averting the great dangers which threaten the very existence of the human race."" Mr. Nehru and Colonel Nasser added that they hoped the Geneva meeting would also succeed in laying the foundations of world peace and security. The statement was issued soon after Mr. Nehru left for home by air.
It said the two Prime Ministers reviewed the international situation, including the position in the Middle East as well as other matters of mutual interest "" and there was general agreement in their approach to these problems."" They reiterated their conviction that involvement in military pacts or align- ments with the great Powers ""does not serve the cause of peace, and indeed often has the opposite effect.""
The fears and suspicions which unhappily existed in the world to-day could be removed by creating a sense of security. ""In this connexion general disarmament and banning the production and use of nuclear weapons is of basic importance.""-Rcuter.";"July 13, 1955";"";53271;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French Initiative Expected";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Prospect of Approach to Russia on Berlin
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 10
For a number of rather vague reasons, there is slightly more hope todav that when the Four Foreign Ministers- American, British, French. German- meet here tomorrow they may agree on an approach to Russia over Berlin. President de Gaulle, it is thought, may be a little more open-minded on the question. The bopes are not based on anything solid. Quite the opposite: they ebiefly spring from the evidence that yesterday's talks at the Elysde between President de Gaulle and Dr. Adenaucr were inconclusive.
Dr. Adenauer came to set out the arguments for having negotiations with the Russians; General de Gaulle was against them. Both sides now emphasize that the 41 bours of conversation were not meant to settle the matter one way or another. They were only one stage .n continuing western consultations. But President de Gaulle seems at any rate not to have been as rigid against negotia- tions as he was when he saw Mr. Macmillan at Birch Grove.
ALTERNATIVE RISKS
Perhaps he saw that it would be slightly ludicrous if he were more stubborn than the Germans themselves; or he wished to be courteous to a much older man who had flown to see him when barely recovered from a sharp illness. At all events Dr. Adenauer took away with him a belief that President de Gaulle would think over the whole affair and give his answer, through M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, at the meetings tomorrow and on Tuesday.
The argument which has been going on, and which is likely to be taken up by the Foreign Ministers this week, is over the alternative risks of negotiating or not negotiating. President de Gaulle main- tains that the nuclear weapons on cacb side will deter either of them from push- ing matters to the point of war. Why then should the west go in for negotia- tions over Berlin which would almost certainly require some concessions from them ?
Such concessions, be believes, would weaken the western front. They might be accepted now by the Germans, but resentment could later build up and (as M. Couve de Murville hinted in his Senate speech last week) make Federal Germany swing away from the west.
The German visitors this weekend say that negotiating certainly could bring risks, but refusing to negotiate would
bring more. Others on the western side agree that Mr. Khrushchev cannot be counted on to postpone his east German peace treaty indefinitely. A long delay in opening talks might only lead to a heightening of tension and more uni- lateral acts by the Russians, such as the building of the Berlin wall, the nuclear explosions, and the pressure on Finland. In other words, the French hope of a "".reasonable atmosphere "" for talks would go on fading.
BERLIN CORRIDOR
It is also asked whether the morale of the west Berliners-and the willingness of west Germans to invest in Berlin industry-would remain solid during months of waiting for something to happen. Incidentally, neither Dr. Adenauer nor Dr. Schroder, the west German Foreign Minister, seems to have been much put out by Mr. Khrushchev's speech yesterday. throwing down the idea of an international corridor to Berlin. They take the old view that what hurt are deeds, not words.
On the eve of the four Foreign Mini- sters' meetings the general feeling is that President de Gaulle has a strong case in logic, if not in tactics. The other dele- gations know that he will be very hard to move, but they wish to try again before deciding whether the United States and Britain should approach Russia by themselves. This evening both the British and Americans here were reluctant to consider taking that road. After all, it would be in the General's character to refuse to accept any agreement reached without him. So further persuasion will be tried.
PROBiNG IN MOSCOW
President de Gaulle is unlikely to give up his belief that negotiations are a mistake and will lead nowhere. He bas also been little affected by appeals to the spirit of allied cooperation. But it is hoped that, at the least, he may agree that the American Ambassador, With the British, should go on with their probing operations in Moscow. Beyond that, there is the bolder hope that he will let M. Couve de Murville take his place in a western negotiating team.
The communiquE issued last night after the de Gaulle-Adenauer meetings reflected their general agreement on the main objmtives and the inconclusiveness about methods of achieving those objec- tives. Its actual words are:
""International probkms of common in-
terest to the two countries. and in par- ticular the probiem of Berlin, wse
subject to careful examination. It was established that there was agreement on the aims to be attained and on the need to maintain soJidarity among the allied powers.
""The problems concerning European
union, in the political as well as in the economic field, were also discussed. Thcse discussions led to thc conclusion that there exists a complete unity of view on these problems as a whole.""
Observers have the impression, which could not be confirrned, that Dr. Adenauer was ready to make concessions to French insistence on the implementa- tion of a common agricultural policy. obviously the most difficult of the internal European questions discussed by the two men, though in the limited I time available there can have been no
detailed examination of its complexities.
POLITICAL UNION
Any understanding they may have reached concerning the Fouchet plan for political union of the Common Market countries will have been directed to the difficulties being experienced over its revision by the working committee-a matter to be further discussed by the six Foreign Ministers while they are in Paris.
Lord Home arrived here this morning and dined with Mr. Dean Rusk, the United States Secretary of State, this evening. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgb. Deputy Under-Secretary in the Foreign Office, and Mr. David Bruce, the American Ambassador in London, were also at the dinner. At the airport Lord Home said that the meetings this week -first of the four Ministers. then of the Nato Council-were of special impor- tance, for they concerned ""tbe policy to be followed over Berlin and the crisis provoked by the Russians in that city ': Tomorrow morning Mr. Rusk and Lord Home will meet M. Couve de Murville at the Quai d'Orsay for a talk. Dr. Schroder will join them for luncheon and for the afternoon meeting.
Mr. Rusk, who was aocompanied by Mr. Charles Bohlen, special consultant for Russian affairs, looked forward on his arrival today to a week of intense activity for all wbicih be hoped would be prafitable. He remarked that the Atlantic Alliance was acquiring a new vitalitv and dignity. Among American officials who conferred with Mr. Rusk during the afternoon was General Lucius Clay, the personal emissary of President Kennedy in west Berlin.
Mr. Rusk fs hIs hardest task in Pas. pg Ii.";"December 11, 1961";"";55261;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Signs Of French Ministers' Cooperation";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JULY 15
The political future of Herr Franz- Josef Strauss, the west German Minister of Defence, is the subject of much specu- lation in Bonn. His name has been widely canvassed on the ranks of the Bavarian C.S.U. (Christian Social Union), of which he is the chairman, as successor to Dr. Hans Ehard, as Chief Minister in Munich.
At a meeting of the C.S.U. Land com- mnittee in Tegernsee this weekend Herr Strauss said his decision would depend on whether Dr. Ehard wished to remain in office (he will be 75 in November) after the Bavarian Landtag elections in the autumn. If Dr. Ehard retires and the C.S.U. called on him, then he. Herr Strauss, would have to consider whether to assume responsi- bility in Bavaria. He added that after six years as Defence Minister it was necessary to consider wbether he had not become too "" specialized "".
DOOR WIDE OPEN
Herr Strauss is certainly leaving the door wide open to a possible change-over. Informned observers in Bonn consider that he will certainly wait for the result both of the Bavarian Landtag elections. and of the rewmed investigations of the varlia- mentary comnission into the so-called "" Fibag "" affair, in which he was alleged to have misused his influence. The report of the committee, which cleareo him, was returned to it as inadequate by the Bundes- tag, in a vote where the Free Democrats (partners with the C.D.U. (Christian Demo- crats)/C.S.U. in the Government coalition) surprisingly sided with the socialists.
Although Herr Strauss's personal repu- tation remains intact, the Fibag case, what- ever the commission's final conclusion. may have kssened his chances of ultimately becomiing Chancellor. after Professor E-rhard, the Economics Minister, who is still regarded as the successor to Dr. Adenauer for a transitional period. Herr Strauss, once a strong candidate, has made many enemnies during his six years in Bonn as Defence Minister, even in the C.D.U., especially since his angling with the Free Democrats to unseat Dr. Adenauer after th: Bundestag elections last September.
His transfer to Munich would resolve a serious crisis in the ranks of the Bavarian party if, as is likely, Dr. Ehard retires. One of the strongest candidates to succeed him as Chief Minister is the present ener- getic Finance Minister of Bavaria, Dr. Ebehard, who, however, is a Protestant and has antagonized the conservative Roman Catholic element in the party. Dr. Ebehard was, however, given a.demonstra- tive vote of support at Tegernsee yesterday and reelected deputy chairman of the party by an overwhelming majority.
AVOIDING SPLIT
Herr Strauss, who strongly supported his reappointment, declared that it went with- out saying that an Evangelical should be considered for this party post. But if the Landtag elections do not provide a clear verdict Herr Strauss may well have to go to Munich to avoid a party split.
The feeling in the C.S.U. is that Herr Strauss ""is too good for Munich"" and should stay in Bonn. If he left the Defence Ministry it would mean a serious loss to the Government, and could have reper- cussions on the efficiency and morale of the Bundeswehr, whose standpoint and interests he has always stoutly defended.
Herr Strauss told your Correspondent this weekend that Germany would not have the slightest objection to Britain-with the undorstanding of the United States-uiving atomic assistance to France. "" I feel that closor cooperation betwren Britain and France in this field is desirable, and espew cially the harmonization of their two national deterrents within Nato; but I have not the'slightest intention of pushing this solution myself "", he emphasized.
He added that during his recent visit, to the United States he had told. Mr. McNamara, the Defence Secretary, and senior American experts that it was difficult for the United States to treat France differently from Britain in the nuclear field.
The Americans thought that the whole direction of atomic warfare should be
concentrated in their hands-plans, pre- parations, command and control. In view of their decisive superiority in the atomic field, the claim was legitimate. The Americans also thought that a small. ineffi_ient nuclear force, especially in regard to the means of delivery, was militarily useless and could be danserous There was, however, within this generai nuclear concept, a marked difference in the American approach towards Britain and France. The British had harmonized their nuclear forces with the Americans, so that, in the latter's view, the danger of inde- pendent use of them did not exist de facto. even if it did de jure.
'GLOBAL' MATIER
So far, the Americans had not given the French the nuclear support they bad afforded Britain. But, on the other side, theY had come round to the view that French nuclear production and develop- ment were facts which could not be wisbed away. He said that the fact that the United States had now accepted the existence of the French deterrent made it possible to go on to the next stage, of harmonization.
The German standpoint had always been clear "" The defence of the west is global "" Herr Strauss went on. "" The further spread of atomic weapons on a national basis should be prevented. The French nuclear forces should be harmonized at least as far as targeting and release are concerned. It makes no sense for France to be able to send a Mirage, even with refuelling, as far as Warsaw, or even a little further witb a nuclear weapon. France should become part of the whole nuclear strategy of the west in fact. if not in theory.""
It was a frequently expressed standpoint Herr Strauss added, that the possession of nuclear weapons was inseparable from the status of a great power. ""I do not share this view"". he stated.
ATOMIC SOVEREIGNTY
He had been asked in the United States whether nuclear weapons and national sovereignty were identical; and had given the following reply: "" First, there is a certain undoubted affiliation between the two, which it would be idle to deny; but secondly, I do not think that national sovereignty. in the classical sense of the word. should be maintained. It should be reduced and replaced by tn atomic sovereignty on a higher, integrated and supra-national level. I cannot conceive of a European union whose individual states would have atomic sovereignty "", he went on. ""It is as though Bavaria and Wurt- temberg had independent forces within the Federal Republic.""
The creation of a European nuclear force depended on three successive stages: first, the entry of Britain into the Common Market; secondly, the develop- ment of the Common Market into a politi- cal union, with a distinct higher authority competent to deal with nuclear questions; and, thirdly, the pooling of the British and the French nuclear potentials. t If atoms and sovereignty belong together, then why should countries be prepared to give up the one without the other "", Herr Strauss uked.
TWO ISSUES
There were two separate issues involved here: that Britain should give France nuclear assistance, and that the British and French maintain their independent deter- rents; but this would not mean Euripe becoming a real nuclear partner of the United States.
Herr Strauss said in conclusion the important thing nOw way to carry out the decisions taken at the Athens conference, on information, guatees, and control in the nuclear field. The Americans were determined to pusb these through as quikly as possible. For the next three years, after the expiration of the planning document MC70, the questions of the ralio of con- ventional to nuclear weaposu. of a reiable and efficient system of command and com trol which maintained credibility of the deterrent vithout provoking the other aide, and of the breakdown of the contribution of conventional forces among rumbers of the alliance would have to bo vworked out.";"July 16, 1962";"";55444;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Speculation On Herr Strauss's Political Future";""
"";"['News']";"The following is a guide to the exchanges on Germany between Russia and the western Powers from the Berlin Conference, 1945, to the Geneva Conference, 1955.
I.-POTSDAM AGREEMENT
This left the later long frustrated Council of Ministers to prepare a peace treaty. Among territorial provisions and political and economic principles on which the Allied Control Council was to govern, were:-
1. TERRiToRiAL.-Former German terri- tory east of the Oder-Neisse line would continue to be administered by Poland. The report of the conference states that final delimitation "" should await the peace settle- ment.""
2. POLITICAL PItNcIPLEs.-These in- cluded disarmament, denazification, and the maintenance of democratic freedoms, which last broke down at once over the practical interpretation of the word "" democratic.""
3. ECONOMIC PRINcIPLEs.-Germany to be treated as a single unit, with current production paying for imports. The Russians, however, stripped the more agri- cultural east zone (18 million inhabitants) of all available current production for reparations.
I.-CONFERENCES ENDING IN BLOCKADE
(a) JuNE-JULY, 1946: PARIS CONFERENCB. Mr. Molotov rejected the United States offer of a 25-year quadripartite pact on German disarmament. In December, 1946, Britain and the United States fused their zones. (France joined later.) (West Germany: inhabitants 40 million, plus 10 million refugees.)
(b) MARCH-APRIL, 1947: Moscow CON- FERENcE. Mr. Molotov pressed for a unified State with centralized control (helpful to Communism). The final break with alied wartime cooperation came when the Soviet Government boycotted the Marshall Plan (sutumer of 1947) and set up the Cominform.
(c) NOVEMsER, 1947: LONDON CoNI-Ea- ENCE. Complete deadlock. Cold war recrimination became the east-west lingua franca. The western Powers then prepared to associate west Germany in west European reconstruction and to establish a west German Government. The period of pressure reached its climax in June with the total blockade of Berlin. In September, 1948, armed paramilitary police units began to appear in east Germany. The cold war froze .hard. The blockade, lasting 318 days, was countered triumphantly by the allied air-lift and the economic blockade of east Germany, and meanwhile on April 4, 1949, the Atlantic Treaty came into being. m.-TO THE PALAIS ROSE
(a) A period of uneasy coexistence. Talks between Mr. Malik and Dr. Jessup, the Soviet and United States representatives at the United Nations, ended the blockade, but after an ineffective meeting of the Council of Ministers plans to establish a west German State proceeded. The Federal
Government came into being on September 20, 1949.
In June, 1950 the Korean war started. In September the three westem Foreign Ministers recognized the need for a west German defence contribution.
During a prolonged exchange of Notes the Communists proposed an amalgamation of the east and west German regimes on a parity basis and the western Powers proposed a wider conference on causes of tension. Deputies of the Foreign Ministers met to draw up an agenda at the Palais Rose conference from March to June. 1951. When west German rearmament was delayed, this degenerated into a propaganda contest. Russia pressed her objections to the NA.T.O. alliance and United States bases.
(b) FROM JUNE, 1951, ro aHE BERLrN CONFERENCE (JANUARY"" 1954).
Western consolidation. In September, 1951, Britain, France, and the United States decided to negotiate contractual agreements with the Federal Government to end the occupation, on the understanding that west Germany joined the proposed European Defence Community. The Federal Govern- ment proposed an international commission on all-German elections. This was rejected by Mr. Vyshinsky in the United Nations.
In February, 1952, the N.A.T.O. meeting in Lisbon agreed Germany's contribution to defence. The Soviet Government proposed that Germany should be allowed limited national forces on condition 'that Germany abandoned any aliance.
(c) MAY 26-27, 1952. SIGNATURE OF E.D.C. TREATY AND BONN CoNvENTitoNs (ENDINr THE OCCUPATtON).
Soviet policy visibly vacillated. At first the Soviet Government declared a prohibited zone on the zonal boundary, increased embarrassments for west Berlin, and expanded east German paramilitary forces.. This stiffer policy raised the monthly refugee rate from 15,000 to 25,000 by January, 1953. After a review of, Soviet policy and the death of Stalin the period of repression gave way to the "" new course.""
(d) JUNE 17, 1953: EAST GERMAN RIoTs. These evidently convinced the Russians that the attempt to win Germany then by persuasion was hopeless, but after further temporizing Notes. with elections in west Germany in .view, they offered an end of reparations and large reductions in occupa- tion costs, and proposed that an all-German Government be set up by nomination from the two parts of Germany.
(e) SEPTEMBER 6, 1953: FEDERAL
ELECTIONS.
Dr. Adenauer won a two-thirds majority for his pro-E.D.C. poUicy. It was agreed to make one further attempt to reach a German settlement.
IV.-BERLIN CONFERENCE
This produced (1) THE EDEN PLAN for German unification in five stages: all- German elections; convocation of an Assembly; drafting of a constitution ; forma- tion of an all-German Government; and negotiation of a peace treaty.
Mr. Molotov insisted that all-German elections must be supervised by the east and west Germans. Meanwhile all occupation troops except for small contingents should be withdrawn.
(2) MR. MOLOTOV'S COLLECTIvE SEcutrrY PACT: -A 50-year European pact to include the two Germanys. The parties would not take part in other incompatible alliances (i.e., N.A.T.O.).
V.-ON TO GENEVA
' On March 29 1954, the Federal Govern- ment ratified tie E.D.C. Treaty. Russian propaganda was more and more concen- trated upon France. March 31, 1954: A Soviet Note offered to admit the United States to the proposed Security Pact, and made the surprising suggestion that Russia should join N.A.T.O. (This suggestion was later dropped.) August 30, 1954: France rejected the E.D.C. Treaty and the rebuff to west Germany and the consequent collapse of western policy were then strikingly retrieved by Sir Anthony Eden's round trip to western capitals.
SIGNATURE OF THE PAIus AGREEMENTS, October 23, 1954.
These ended the occupation of west Ger- many; established Western European Union, with west Germany and Italy as new mem- bers, and with the W.E.U. Council control- ling the arms level of its members; made Germany a member also of N.A.T.O.
On the same day the Soviet Government proposed a conference on German unifica- tion (at which should be considered both east and west proposals made at Berlin); the withdrawal of allied forces from Ger- many; and a further conference on Euro- pean security. The western allies suggested among necessary preliminaries conlusion of the Austrian Treaty (which was finally negotiated shortly afterwards).
Russia (May, 1955) annuled her treaties with France and Britain, but on May 10 the western Powers proposed a short conference at the highest level to initiate negotiations on outstanding east-west differences. The Soviet Government on the same day adopted (as their own) much of the western plan for disarmament, but on condition that troops were withdrawn from Germany and United States bases abroad disbanded and they have since accepted the proposal for the confer- ence.
VI.-MAIN PROPOSALS
The western Powers approach the con- ference having proposed free elections as the means of unifying Germany, and are prepared to discuss disarmament, European security, and east-west trade.
The Soviet Government is prepared to discuss both its own and the western pro- posals for German unification: has adopted western disarmament plans,-while attaching formidable conditions: and has proposed a security system in which the United States could take part, but which would apparently entail the disbandment, of N.A.T.O. and of east European military organization.";"July 2, 1955";"";53262;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"10 Years Of Exchanges Over A Divided Germany";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, SEPT. 7
The west German Government urgently appealed to Britain, the United States, France, and Russia, in Notes delivered to-day, to resume their efforts to achieve the reunification of Germany. The Government pointed out the serious- ness of the present situation, but ex- pressed the view that another four-Power conference should be convened only when diplomatic discussions could pro- duce a basis for agreement.
The Notes were for the most part identical. They recalled that the four Powers had agreed at Geneva that "" the regulation of the Ger- man question and the reunification question must be brought about in con- formity with the national interests of the German people, and in the interest of European security,"" and expressed dis- appointment because no progress had been made. The four Powers had always recognized that they were responsible for the restoration of German unity, it was recalled; this did not stop short at the recognition of the principle of reunifica- tion, without finding ways and means of bringing it about.
PREVIOUS EFFORTS
The Notes separately acknowledged the sympathetic attitude of the four Powers, and their previous efforts, and then drew attention to a memorandum attached, giving the west German view. This memorandum was considered necessary be- cause, while the west German Government had had an exchange of views with the three western Powers, and had reached general agreement, it had not had the opportunity to discuss fully the question of reunification with the Soviet Government. T'he memorandum was addressed to the Soviet Government, but copies were sent to the three western Governments because, while reunification could be profitably dis- cussed bilaterally, the legal aspects could be settled only by all four Govemments.
The memorandum is noteworthy for its recognition of the Russians' fears for their own future security, a considerable advance in official thinking here. The official spokes- man said to-day that in essence the memo- randum expressed the readiness of the Federal Government to consider any pro- posal that the Soviet Union cared to make on problems of security, so long as the idea of a single Germany was accepted.
As expected, the memorandum makes no new Proposals, but the spokesman said the intention was to stimulate the Soviet Union to reply with further proposals, and to bring the Russians into the circle of diplo- matic discussion on reunification. Sir Anthony Eden's earlier proposal that a demilitarized zone should be established was included not as a west German offer, but as an example of the kind of thing that should be discussed.
ERRONEOUS BELIEFS
The memorandum is about 8,000 words long. It repeats that responsibility for re- unification remains with the four Powers, and opposes the theses that two Germanys exist, and that they must be allowed to achieve reunification between themselves. It notes earlier Soviet encouragement, but claims that Soviet interest in reunification has since slackened.
The memorandum rejects the Soviet view that the new west German forces would threaten the security of the countries of the eastern block; under the United Nations Charter all States had the right to self-defence; in 1952 the Soviet Gov- ernment itsclf proposed that a reunited Ger- many should have its own national forces; the intended strength of the west German forces was Proportionately far less than that of most States; there was conscrip- tion in the Soviet Union also; and west Germany was the only country to renounce formally the manufacture of certain weapons, thus demonstrating the defensive nature of its military measures.
West Germany was interested in general disarmament, the memorandum affirmed. It
did not believe, however, that disarmament could de discussed in a vacuum, and con- sidered it equally important to remove the causes of tension. This did not mean that a disarmament agreement must wait until reunification was achieved; both questions should be solved together. Soviet fears of west Germany's membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Western European Union were based on erroneous suppositions; both organizations were defensive, and the W.EU. limited arma- ments.
MEMBERSHIP OF N.A.T.O.
The memorandum takes as a typical mis- understanding the Soviet supposition that the western Powers demanded the member- ship of a reunited Germany in N.A.T.O. and the W.E.U. This was never advanced, it is pointed out; the western Powers and the Federal Republic believed that this was a decision that must be left to a free and united Germany. Suitable provisions to meet Soviet security requirements could be made should a reunited Germany decide to join N.A.T.O., the memorandum adds, and it draws attention to the possibility of a demiltarized zone between east and west, as proposed by Sir Anthony Eden.
The requirements of Soviet security had been earnestly studied, and it could not be admitted that they were prejudiced in any way by west German policy. The Federal Republic sponsored a European security system, in which the member States would be obliged to deny every sup- port to an aggressor, and did not ignore other suitable proposals for the creation of a European security system. It opposed, however, the idea of a collective security system incorporating two German States. Such a system would perpetuate an abnormal situation, when the aim should be to bring about a return to normality.
The memorandum deals also with reunification by free election, and self- determination. It maintains that after re- unification no German should be persecuted on account of his political beliefs or party membership, and looks forward to genuine and normal relations between Germany and the Soviet Urnion after reunification.
STRONG IN APPEAL
On first reading, the memorandum can be said to be weak in content-this is especially true after the official spokes- man's clarifications-but strong in appeal. First reactions have been tentative. Herr Ollenhauer, the Social Democratic leader, said to-day that the memorandum marked some progress because, for the first time, the Federal Republic showed willingness to talk with the Soviet Union. He regretted the absence of new proposals, especially on the intemational status of a reunited Germany, but hoped that it would stimu- late the Soviet Union to make proposals of its own.
The Federal Government consulted the three western embassies here before dis- patching its documents. The Note and memorandum amount to a direct invitation to the Soviet Union to assume normal dip- lomatic relations with west Germany. Previously Dr. Adenauer has been reluctant to use the channels established between Bonn and Moscow last year, except for the purpose of releasing prisoners and protect- ing German nationals in the Soviet Union. Even now, some of the terms of the memorandum-the statement that the Soviet suppositions are erroneous, for example-seem unnecessarily assertive.
LUFTWAFFE TO HAVE
2,383 AIRCRAFT
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, SEPr. 7
The federation of the west German air- craft industry announced to-day that arrangements had so far been made for the equipping of the new Luftwaffe with 2,383 aircraft The industry had already received contracts for 1,230 aircraft. Another 471 had been ordered from abroad. The Federal Republic would be receiving 682 aircraft as gifts or under aid agreements. mostly from the United States.";"September 8, 1956";"";53631;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New West German Intiative On Reunification";""
"";"['News']";"On September 30, 1946 I was bidden to lunch by Churchill. The other guests were Duncan Sandys; my father, Leo Amery, the guardian of the Conservative Party's conscience on the Com- monwealth and Robert Boothby. Our purpose was to launch the European Movement.
Churchill saw Europe as a grand alliance against Soviet imperialism and as the means of bringing Germany back into the family of nations.
But could British leadership of. the Commonwealth be. combined with membership of Europe? Here all agreed with my father :that Britain could not join a European Federation with supra-national powers. But we could, certainly, belong to a European league of sovereign states. The Common- wealth itself was just such a league. The two could interlock.
France, Holland and Belgium, still colonial powers, would face similar problems. These could be harmonized. Sterling might even become Europe's reserve cur- rency.
The European Movement was duly launched with Sandys as its architect. Political leaders on the Continent, newly released from prison or returned from exile, gathered eagerly around Churchill. A rally at the Albert Hall, followed by a succession of meetings in the capitals of Europe, led up to the Hague conference (1948). This called for a Council of Europe composed of a Committee of Ministers and a Consultative As- sembly.
The French, Italian and Benelux governments backed the Hague proposal. The Attlee government reluctantly agreed.
Robert Schuman, inspired by Jean Monnet, now came forward with his plan for a Coal and Steel Pool. Bevin rejected it, arguing that it involved a surrender of sovereignty. Churchill supported it, confident that he could secure any necessary amendments when again in power.
But Churchill's main concern was to rearm Germany for the defence of Europe. He called for a European army. His idea - immediately rejected by the Labour Government - was taken up by the French Government, who proposed the European De- fence Community.
The year 1951 saw Churchill back in power. His personal
federation but as a league of Sovereign states. The other Euro- pean states would have welcomed us, but de .Gaulle judged Britain still too strong to be admitted to the ""Club. We, and not France, would have become the leaders. Hence his veto.
In conversation not long after- wards, de Gaulle predicted a decade or two of decline for Britain. He foresaw a Socialist victory to be followed by a Conservative govern- ment ""perhaps under Heath"". By. that time, he reckoned Britain would have been weakened enough to be an acceptable partner. It was indeed Heath who secured our admission to the Community. But by that time we were no longer in a position to dictate our terms.
Tw'o great opportunities had been lost; the third - Macmillan's attempt - had proved to be the pursuit of a mirage. Now we have been full members for a decade. Overall the bargain has been good. More than 40 per cent of our exports go to the Community and nearly 60 per cent if we include associate members - much more than we ever sold to the Common- wealth and Empire. We are certainly in no position to domi- nate the EEC. But nor for that matter are France and Germany. Yet Britain could still make a great contribution to it. We possess an independent nuclear deterrent and highly trained professional forces, we have our own oil resources and we enjoy relative social stability.
Then what is the way ahead? The Community is already a Customs Union and will become a full payments area as soon as we decide to join the European monetary system. But if countries pool their trade and financial interests they need to develop foreign and defence policies to promote and protect them.
Surely the time has come to return to Churchill's original concept of how best to unite Europe against the threat of Soviet imperialism. How best, in short, to make the European Community a valid partner for the United States in what must increasingly become not just a North Atlantic but a global alliance.
Julian Amery was a delegate to the Consultative Assembly on the Council of Europe, 1950-53 and 1956; and Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1972-74. He is Conservative MP for Brighton Pavilion
Antonio Segni and Konrad Adenauer sign the Treaty of Rome 25 years ago; and rignt, Robert Boothby,
Churchill, Leo Amery and his son Julian who met in 1946 to launch the European Movement
prestige was unequalled. Britain, with a united Commonwealth and Empire, still seemed a great power. Our industry was intact, our armed forces the strongest in the west after the American, sterling was an internatiOnal reserve currency second only to the dollar. It was in Churchill's power to create a United Europe and give it such institutions as he chose.
True, the Demo-Christian lead- ers of France, Italy and Germany would have preferred a Catholic ""Charlemagne Europe"" without Britain. But Churchill's prestige and Britain's influence were such that they could not have stood against him.
The crunch came over the European Defence Community. At Strasbourg, Maxwell-Fyfe, in a speech previously cleared with the Cabinet, declared that Britain would play a full and honourable part in a European army. A standing ovation followed. We then dispersed for lunch.
When we met again in the late afternoon my Continental collea- gues deliberately turned their backs on me. At a press confer- ence in Rome the same afternoon, Anthony Eden had repudiated
Ma,xwell-Fyfe and declared that Britain would not join the Euro- pean Army. The whole European Movement felt betrayed. What had happened?
Two of Churchill's most power- ful colleagues, Eden and Butler, had never supported his European crusade. Nor had the Foreign Office and the Treasury. The pro- European Ministers in the Cabinet Maxwell-Fyfe, Macmillan and Sandys, had no departmental base from which to challenge the Foreign Secretary and the Chan. cellor of the Exchequer. Churchill. was ageing and his health precarious. Eden had his way.
Thus the first and best oppor- tunity of fashioning Europe to Britain's heart desire was lost.
There was, to be a second opportunity. In 1955 the French Parliament threw out the Euro- pean Defence Community proposal mainly because Britain was not in it. Eden then proposed the West- ern European Union. This commit- ted Britain to keep an Army on the Continent, indefinitely. Churchill's vision was coming true after all.
Next year Nasser's seizure of the Suez Canal revived the Entente
Cordiale in. practice and in senti- mnent. Shortly. before 'the Suez operation, Guy Motlet told me that once Britain and France had successfully confronted the United States . over the' Middle East we could confidently build a United Europe around.. k Paris-London axis..
Mollet left the leadership at Suez to Britain. But then came' the .ceasefire dictated by Eisenhower and accepted unilaterally by Eden. The French felt betrayed. But Suez was a defeat for the whole of Europe, marking Europe's subor- dination to 'the. Super Powers. Thus we lost the second opportun- tity to build, a United Europe under British leadership.
Those who had all along wanted to see a Federal Europe of the Six without Britain, now went ahead with the negotiations which culmi- nated 25 years ago today in the Treaty of Rome.
The Foreign Office judged the project stillborn,- but nearly five years later and after much hesi- tation Macmillan saw no option but to apply'. to join the European Community.
Macmillan and de Gaulle's con- ception of Europe was much the same. - Both saw it not as a";"March 25, 1982";"";61191;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"On the 25th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, Julian Amery recalls a momentous lunch-time meeting";""
"['Ronald Butt']";"['News']";". .R nad Butt'. ''~ V..
""Once the post-Stuttgart negotiation has been completed"", said Mrs Thatcher in the paper she pve to her fellow heads of European governments at the start of the Fontainebleau meeting, ""it should be possible to take common action to present the Community to their peoples in a more favourable light."" (Her italics.) Mrs Thatcher's text as a whole, however,, leaves no doubt of her understanding that presen- tation without changes of substance in Community affairs would be useless. What is most interesting about her formulation is the positive and intensely pro-European vision of someone who has been persist- ently reviled as anti-European because of her determination that Britain's Community budget prob- lem must be settled as a precondi- tion of progress.
Judged purely in financial terms, the budgetary concession secured by Britain at Fontainebleau. in ex- change for UK agreement to raising the ceiling of VAT-related national contributions to the Community's ""own resources"" from I per cent to 1.4 per cent-is as good as could be got and would not have been obtainable without Mrs Thatcher's stubbornness. But what has been achieved is not simply to be judged by the figures which assure Britain of a 66 per cent refund of the gap between UK VAT-related payments to the Community and receipts from it. Much more important is the likely permanence of the agreement and the prospect it offers of bringing the open-ended agricultural spend- ing under control.
When the agreement has to be renegotiated in three or four years' time (because the cost of enlarging the Community with poorer nations will have once more brought spending up against the ceiling of VAT-related resources) Britain will have the advantage that a higher ceiling will be impossible without British consent. We shall also be in receipt of the agreed rebate through-, out the negotiations until the agreement is reached - and no British government will agree to a settlement worse than the one negotiated at Fontainebleau.
The charge that raising EEC ""own resources"" now removes the incen- tive for rcstraint in agricultural spending misses the main point. For no agreement to control spending could have been possible without an agreemcnt to raise the VAT-contri- butions ceiling. As it is. parliamen- tary agreement to the higher ceiling in the Fontainebleau agreement will depend on arrangements to ensure that the total money necded for Community spending Is fixed annually at the start of the budget procedure, and that net agricultural spending over three years increases less than the rate of growth of the ""own resources"" base. For Com- munity expenditure to be deter- mined by revenue, instead of vice versa. will be a huge advance.
Of course, it is easier to will the ends than to agree on the means, and the political problems for member countries as a result of this assault on their farmers' incomes will be acute. After all, though Mrs Thatcher somewhat disingenuously jusified the inerease in ""own resources"" to the House of Com- mons as though it were almost exclusively due to the cost of the future admission of Spain and Portugal. EEC spending is already beyond the permitted revenue ceiling as a result of farm subsidies. When the ceiling of VAT-contri- butions has to go up from 1.4 per
cent to (say) 1.6 per cent (it would bc; 2 per cent already if the Brussels- Commission had its way) pressure to reduce agricultural spending further will be fiercely resisted.
But as the Government sees it, the key to the future lies in the need the French Wd Germans will them- selves then have to seek to qualify for the same rebate as we have just
obtained, based on th;e VAT/expen- diture gap. and' determined by
a6ifity to pay. Atier all,.the Germans 2'TV will already be paying 32 percent of ee the Community's VAT revenue, and .
the French 27 per cent,compared. sr with the British contribution'of only ,., 7 per cent. as a result of the newi
arrangement. That alone 'should ""' provide them with an incentive 'i1- towards econorhv..
Above ill, within the next two or'Cf three years the Frtnch will ha've ,il7 become substantial net cponttibutors ad% instead of net beneficiaries, while-.nr the Germans, who have so'far put <' up with, being net contnibuiors i because of their high relative,wealth within the Community, will' find
themselves bearing an increasingly,"" intolerable burden as the cost of the ''"" EEC grows with enlargeonent' The`'-; British belief is that the future line-
up of the Community may well.be siIt based on-the Anglo-French-German , t; triangle which is paying for it and-:,-,o which will demand sensible. limits.
on both the money absorbed by the.
small rich countries of Benelux. .nd i"" Dcnmark, and by the under-devel-` !' oped.
The French have already read-tbe >--'
writing on the wall, andin Londo&n.½' there is now a sense of t nea n
identity of interests-with; Paris. In,-s$?j two weeks before Ftntaineble*.ut,,,
there was a very privatiediscussion. t between the two cipitals..s. Pres,- dent Mitterrand prepared the hew '
formnula that was accepted and Sir ,i Geoffrey Howe let it be clearly' 6
known that an alternativc and less 'i favourable idea advanced by somei,no sections of the French government. was unacceptable.
This Anglo-French-German oc- cord is highly signifieant for. the
future of the Community.' In.er .h paper for 'Fontainebleau Mrs Thatcher (who paid the cl6sest
personal attention to its deta'il):did ' more than, set' out her' ideas for '. developing a more genuine Com- mon Market of goods and services, removing obstacles to trade and the travel of citizens, and more techni- cal cooDeration.
Far mo're significant' was the insistence of this'""bad&"" Eur'oan
that the Comunity must progress ' ively ""aim beyond the Cormon Commercial' Policy through political
cooperation towards a common' approach to 'external affairs lh
creasingly, she said. the Communitfy '' is able to ""adopt common posii,ioh's'
on world problems ind to vote'* together in non-ecibnomic inter national' bodies"". Though the U)S would remain central to Europeai
security as well as in world `atie.'
Europe must play ""no less centrl at: role"". .
What. is more. Europe jnusti. ""impress on the tS'that uniJ4tera,l1
American action""' whelh'er""'' or t A' technology transfers .or industrlit ""ffi"".4 protection, will p A1liaici l ciil""e 1 A
tation 'at risk. At for f6reitt vfrs t
and defence, a more coherent and':,,wi persuasive voice should be heard on 4 East-West relations; the ""European- 'k pillar""', of the Alliance- -needs-
strengthening,, not least by. greater. -J coodination. and the..US musi'&'
told that the European contribution-'' is already ""far greater'-thanh' ""is g understood in the United States"".'!
Here are no foolish drearns of a.
blueprint for European union. bq, i- sensible understanding of a genuine Europeanism of a political sor.
Several years ago Mrs Thatcher. said 5,, something similar aboutt defence but '""- the Brussels fundamentalists. m : Britain. who deferentially see the' - 'w Rome Treaty as written on tablets:o'f .s6' -stone, simply jeered and said that"" 1,i she did not understand the natur of. the Community. But it b&orihes' more and more evident that she '
understands better than -they-do i '-tl rcal political potentiaL - % - i
The question is, of course, how r. ; the British people will react to the . presentation of the Community they. distrust developing ..along such political lines. That, however, is a subject for a further article. .";"July 5, 1984";"";61875;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mrs Thatcher's modern Europe";""
"";"['News']";"Defence estimates for 1960-61, higher by £115,700,000 than for the previous year, were announced yesterday in a Government White Paper, Report on Defence. This emphasizes the continu- ing need for conventionally armed forces as a necessary complement to nuclear armaments.
The report makes it clear that during the third year of the five-year plan for defence the Government's broad defence policy has undergone no major change. The task must still be to contribute in the most efficient and effective way pos- sible, with our allies, to the maintenance of world peace.
""Our defence effort must be flexible:' the report says. ""since the threat of war takes many and changing forms, and it must be expected that there will be shifts of emphasis from time to time to meet changing circumstances.""
Britain was making "" an important con- tribution to the preservation of peace by strengthening the nuclear power of the west '; but this was only one component of the deterrent and conventionally armed forces were needed to meet local emer- gencies which could dcvelop into a major conflict.
BUDGET FIGURES
For the first time the report shows how the defence budget is divided. Nearly half the estimate of £l.629.830.000 is spent directly on Service staff and civilians work- ing with the Forces. These costs cover pay, allowances, retired pay. food. cloth- ing. housing, and transpori.
Research and development of the weapons of the future will take 14 percent.
and 28 per cent. will go on the procure- ment of weapons and equipment for use onw.
The balance (9 per cent, in 1960-61) will be miscellaneous expenditure covering such items as storage operational works, and fuel for aircraft and ships. Against this expenditure there are expected receipts of f12m. from the Federal Republic of Germany.
This year's increased estimate, the report says, is in part the result of an extension of the scope of the defence budget to include certain expenditure hitherto borne on Civil account. This accounts for £27m. of the increase. The transfer of functions from the former Ministry of Supply to the War Office has also had some slight net effect on the budget, as has the transfer from the Admiralty to the Ministry of Transport of responsibility for merchant shipbuilding and repair. Had these changes not taken place the estimates would have stood at about £l.590m., compared with fl.502.130.000 last year. In 1960-61. £19.570.000 (£18,480,000 last year) will be provided for defence expenditure by Civil departments, including loan expenditure by the Post Office.
NEW ACCOMMODATION
During the coming year about £19m. is expected to be spent on new accommoda- tion and houses for Service families, com- pared with about £LOm. during each of the past two years. Oversea expenditure on building during the coming year is ex- pected to total LI Di., compared with nearly £6m. in the past year.
The report says there is a greater need than at any previous time for the men and women who service, maintain. and operate the complex equipment of to-day to possess scientific and technical knowledge and skill. Training resources have been improved and in the past five years the proportion of highly skilled tradesmen in the total strength of the Army and R.A.F. has gone
up by half By mid-1962 there will be 4,000 places available in Army apprentice schools, compared with 2,000 in 1948.
The report says that the strength of the all regular Forces wil lie not so much in their numbers as in their ability to act quickly and decisively vherever tbey are needed. ' They have therefore to be armed with weapons and equipment which are highly mobile and second to none in quality.'>
RESEARCH ROCKET
The White Paper says that the first five firings of the research rocket Black Knight have been successful. On land the develop- ment of the new main battle tank * is well sip to schedule."" The White Paper says this promises to be as outstanding in its class as was the Centurion. The new 105 mm. tank gun is about to be issued io units and has already been ordered by the United States and Sweden.
In accordance with the policy of N.A.T.O. interdependence in arms develop- ment and production the Italian 105 mm. pack howitzer has successfully undergone trials for acceptance by the British Army and a production order is being Placed. while members of the Commonwealth have contributed other equipment.
In the air the report states that the V bomber force remains the United King- dorn's main contribution to the strategic nuclear power of the west and improved engines wiU give better take-off perform- ances and will allow the aircraft to fly farther and at greater heights. Arrange- ments for refuelling in flight will increasc their range still more.
BOMBERS OVERSEA
""'The readiness of bombers in this country will be improved and their dis- persal increased, and measures will be taken to make it operationally easier to deploy them oversea,"" the report says.
Supplementing the V bombers is *te Thor missile and arrangements are being made with the United States to provide a ballistic missile waming systejn for Britain. The Lightning supersonic fighter will enter regu- lar squadron service in the next few months.
An order for the first all-British nuclear submarine is expected to be placed in the coming year. it is stated. This follows the laying of the keel last year of the nuclear- propelled submarine. H.M.S. Dreadnought
By the end of 1960 a second squadron of the military version of the Britannia will have come into service and the strategic force will be further strengthened in due course by deliveries of the Britannic to carry exceptionally heavy or bulky freight. Deliveries of the Argosy will fortify the tactical transport force and a contract has been placed for the development of the Rotodyne. Helicopters are to be provided for the quick movement of troops within the tactical are.
CLOSE COOPERATION
The WVhite Paper says it is the Govern- ment's wish to promote a wider measure of cooperation in defence research, devel- opment, and production. This involves working as closely as possible with the Commonwealth and the United States and with N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union.
The White Paper says that in the coming year the armed forces will need about 84.000 male entrants, including those called up for national service, men enter- ing upon regular engagements, and those who enter as boys, apprentices. and juniors. Of this total 32,000 will come from the age groups liable for call-up for national service. Of these 250 will be for the Royal Navy. 24,800 for the Army, and 7.000 for the R.A.F.
ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE STRENGTHS
DIVISION OF DEFENcE Bui)GET UNDER PRINCIPAL HEADINGS -
Expenditure by the Minktry of Labour in thc administration of the National Service Acts and in connwxion with she ex-amination of volntmers for Her Maije 's Forcs is estimated at £900.000 for 1959-60 and £600.ODD for 1960-61.t h xv ner a9 qsi
lelfore deductitg local costs of British Fores in G-rmanly (EtOnm War Olcelx £2tn. Air NMinistry). Ulncludes the cost of development work undrtaen byIndsr
costs of the Royal Ordnanx factories u taken by in ustrv mdr contract, thiz purzhai: of stores for res:arcls anti d-velopmant establishmnz-= and in 196M51 th:
The Report on Defence is Published by the Stationery office (Cmnd. 952. price I ).";"February 17, 1960";"";54697;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Increase Of £115,700,000 In Defence Estimates";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, AUG. 16
The Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe to-day had an earnest and constructive debate on ways to the closer association of the countries of Western Europe. It was varied by a summons from Mr. Norton, of Dublin, for a European crusade against the parti- tion of Ireland. The debate will be con- tinued to-morrow when Mr. Churchill and Mr. Herbert Morrison are to speak.
The discussion was on "" any necessary changes in the political structure of Europe "" to achieve greater unity between the members aknd make European cooperation effective. It showed the Assembly divided roughly among those who wished to commit it to the principle of federation immediately, those, the great majority, who want, or who do not object to, an inquiry by a commission into the kind of political institution Europe may need, and, thirdly, those who are content, as Lord Layton put it, with the evolutionary method and would build step by step on the forms of cooperation already in being. The issue cut across national and party divisions.
ECONOMIC FEDERATION
A French Socialist. M. Andre Philip, and a Danish Conservative, the former Finance Minister, Hr. Kristensen, were agreed that Europc would not get out of its economic troubles without a European Government enjoying powers in some fields over the member States. But the latter was the more cautious of the two. He thought the nations needed to know about each other-their politics and economics, their burning problems -before they could decide whether and for what function they could unite.
Lord Layton gave the opinion that there was much to be said for a bold step towards federation. The prospect of liberty and security within a Continental community would make a dramatic appeal to the ordi- nary men and women who had suffered so much. It could be argued also that without a European political institution deriving its authority from the people with power to take decisions binding on member States and with a Civil Service responsible to European Ministers, Europe could not develop its full Potential strength.
It had to be recognized that such a proposal would encountcr serious resistance. We had a very great asset in the "" common heritage ' of which the statute spoke, but we were also old-established nations with strong national traditions, differing methods of administration and government, and very varied notions of the technical working of democracy. The self- same peoples of Europe had becn fused into a single nation in the United States. buit there they stepped into a well-established form of government and society. It was a very different proposition to remodel fully grown organisms into a common pattern.
L.ord Layton wvas strongly in favour of set- ting up a commission to examine the pos- sibilities and report to the next session of the Assembly. The other and more immediate task of the Assembly shoLtld be, he said, to press on and develop the cooperation already stai-ted. In the first place they should define in an enforceable Bill of Rights the demo- cratic conception which was their common political background and find means-the sug- gested European passport was a possibility- of giving the masses a positive conception of the reality of European citizenshio.
DANGER OF ""BREEZE ""
Much of the planning of O.E.E.C. which might directly affect the prospects and liveli- hood of millions was known to and under- stood only by-a small circle of specialists. If this gap between framers of policy and those who had to carry it out in the fields, factories, and workshops of Eurone was not bridged, there was danger of the paper plans being blown awvav by a political breeze. He hoped thie Assemblv would be able to suggest to the Committee of Ministers ways of simplifying and knitting together this great cooperative effort and so ensuring that it took firm root in the hearts and minds of the people.
Mr. Edelman (Great Britain) warned the Assembly that it was not practical at this stage to suggest to Governments that they submit national economiu. programmes lo the control of an extra-national authority. He was for cooperative planning of a European division of labour by the national Governments.
Mr. Boothby (Great Britain) said some merging or poolin.g of national sovereignty was the only remedy for war, but why, instead of seeking newv machinery. should they not make use of what they already had ? nihey had in the Assembly and in the Committee of Ministers the instruments out of which an organized European union could be forged.
Mr. Boothby said the rise of federations and economies of continental scope to east and west of them had prodticcd a crisis for the cottntrics of western Europe. Not one of the nation States represented at Strasbourg was any longer an effective political or economic unit. He suggested there should be a number of per- manent functional European authorities manned by a European Civil Service working under the direction of the Committee of Ntinisters.
French, Greek, and Dutch rep)resentatives who also spoke agreed on the necessity of a political authority for Europe but offered a variety of opinion on the way and the pace at which it should be achieved.
CHAIRMAN'S REBUKE
ThC speech of Mr. Norton (Ireland) was of a kind to move the Vice-President. M. de Menthon. who was in the chair. to remark that he felt representatives shotild be able to say all they wanted to say without hurting the feelings of colleagues. Mr. Norton spoke of Britain's halvilig cut ofT one-quarter of the natural rnotherland of the ?rish nation and of her functioning thiere as an occupying Power against the wiii of the great majority of the people. lie and his three colleagues in that assembly denied the moral or legal right of Britain to ownershiip or control of one inch of Irish territory. The lIish demanded the simple democratic right to decide the fol-m of govern- ment and institution under which their whiole nation should live, withlout interfcrence from the British.
Having stated that his Government were unable, owing to the Russian veto, to carry their case to the United Nations, Mr. Norton appealed to this assembly of free democratic men and women to support one of the oldest democracies of Europe in its claim to national self-determination. The Irish had suffered violence and persecution at the hands of Britain for hundreds of years. The British should cease these methods and try friendship. Mr. Morrison and Mr. Churchill-neither of them was in the chamber to hear this-recog- nized. said Mr. Norton, that Britain had no rights in Ireland. Liberty * shrieked "" as long as the British forces of occupation were there.
There was no applause when Mr. Norton resnmed his seat.
NO DEBATE ON GERMANY
It is learned that Mr. Churchill and his friends have decided that for the oresent. at least, they will not proceed with their inien- tion to seek a debate on Germany. Thev may do so at a later stage in the session, but at the moment a large number of delegates, taking their lead from the known views of Mr. Bevin and M. Schuman, are against it. Obviously a number of delicate questions have to he settled between the Governments of the western Powers and between them and the German Government still to come into being before the question of western Germany's association with the Council. and the formn of the association can be regarded as ripe for debate and decision. Tbe Committee of Ministers was careful to avoid any discussion of the matter during its meetings here last week.";"August 17, 1949";"";51462;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Unity In Western Europe";""
"['Maurice Delarue']";"['News']";"The fortunes of the proposed European Cultural Foundationt make a sorry tale of confusion and intrigue, thanks largely to the behaviour of the French Government. Towards the end of 1974 the Nine called upon Mr Tindemans, then Belgian Prime Minister, to prepare a report on ""European union"" and he delivered his work a year later. His colleagues pro- ceeded to bury his ideas, but some vestiges of chapter IV. ""A citizen's Europe "", sur- vived, inicluding the proposed formation of a European Cultural Foundation to be financed bv the member states. Community funds and private gifts.
Did not the Treaty of Rome lay the ""foundations for a- steadily closer union between the peoples of Europe"" and did it not (in article 235) con- tain authority for any action aimed at this objective lhich was decided upon unanimous- ly ? Well, almost a quarter of a century later, "" cultural Europe "" is' still only a plan. Mr Tindemans wvrote of the foundation that "" its obl ct vill be to promote...anything vhich could help towards greater understanding among our peoples by placing the em- phasis on human contact"" and "" to enhance Europe's in- fluence abroad "". This proposal was adopted in 1977, at the European summit held in Rome, and a working party was set up to draft the founda- tion's constitution.
French civilization is both original and universal but, in a wvorld in which the lawvs of the jungle and numerical strength prevail, it can survive -only by- making a constant effort of the will. English has far out- stripped French as the inter- national working language and
is gaining ground by the day; tomorrowv, Spaiiish swill have to be reckoned with. In short, France has a battle on its hands if it is to survive cul- turally, and if it succumbs cul-. turally it wvill be eclipsed poli- tically.
The French Goverih-nent is well a-ware of this and allo- cates almost half of the MIinistry of Foreign affairs budget to cultural relations. It has taken great strength from the European Community in this life or death struggle. To be worthy of its name, the Community is duty bound to nurture the tree of its diverse cultures. French culture is a yigorouis branch on this tree, stretching bevond French borders and casting its pollen oh non-Frantioph6ne Europe,
Prench is the -only language, to enjoy official status in three member states. This is a privi- lege inherited from history and the French should feel' no embarrassment about it-n6ne of the other nations resents it. it was consolidated by the role played by France in the early days of the Community, as a riesult of wvhich French nowv enjoys pride of place in the administration of the Ten, although here again English is gaining ground.
Since a cultural institution is by definition highly sensitive to its environment, it is ixntor- tant for Franice that Paris should be the seat of the foun- dation.. This swas a point on which President Giscard"" d'Es- taing was prepared to do bat- tle, and he -won the day at the European summit held in Copenhagen- on April 8, 1978, vith ease apparently.
Paris's own prestige, its cosmopolitan flavour and its standing in international cul- tural life on the strength of
vhich it % already the lhome of Unesco were argumnents in it favour. It wvas announced after the same summit'thatfthe Nine had agreed On tfie "" structural and operational flramework"" of the foundation. The Paris municipal authori- ties offered to accommodate the foundation in a newly reno- vated building, the H6tel de
Coulanges, in the Marais, a' quartier steeped in cultural heritage.
At this stage everything became bogged down. Discus- sion of the final -paragraphs of. the constitution dragged on; no progress has been made since the beginning of 1979. Losing patience; the European MIovement spent -a few days collecting the signatures of about -30- leading, figures (in-.
cluding two Nobel Prize win-. ners and 15 members of the Institut de France)*.and deliv- ered a petition to the authori- ties. It got an evasive acknowv- ledgment in replv' '
At the European Council meeting on December 16, 1980, the outgoing president, follow- ing the practice which has become customary at the end of a term of office, invited comments on tiuncompleted business. When the- European Cultural Foundation came -up, all eyes turned towards the French representative- He said nothing. Next business.
What has happened? No one is prepared to give a straight answer. Officialy, a few para- graphs of the 'constitution remain in dispute. The Danes are sai1 to have a few ' legal reservations. The 'distribution of seats on the board has not been finalized. It is even sug- gested-although scarcely cred- ible-that France, wants th e member states' financial sup- port to be confined to a - single initial endowment whereas the other countries prefer annnal contributions. These matters would pose no insurmountable problems for those who wanted to solve them, but it would seem that the will is no longer there.
Some people suppose that the scheme is being blocked bv a handful of- uncompromisingly anti-EEC civil servants -who have caused -consternation in the Elysee Palace with dire. w arnings of the wvrath of MYTr Debre (who has actually had nothing to: say on the subject) at - the extension of the
Commnunity's p. po.ers. Eowvel er, the' principle of the matter has been settled and it has been 'estaiblisbed If 6r 4khe pa'st t-(
years that thePfAoundatIon w1il be -set up -by inter governmenv tal agreement and not by, any enlargement' ef' the' Cois sion's 'powers. .
Another in-ter-pretatiaon of the delay is that ii?is a';taitical ploy to keep' the' faindain! lin reserve for' whernever ' .,the: really important 'negotrations- get under w'vay! on- the. situation- or the. l,eadquarters- of, the various . Community - institu-: tions. France. wants Strasbourg to be made the. permanent s'ea of the Europeean Parliament Is the inteftli4n to keep the foun- dation as 'a bafgainin g:cobin-
ter? If so, such a manoeute'' would i n tr.:xPnly be -h 4 Teprehensable but also. wholly ill conceived 'nce the iqluoidai
tion woild be a good deal1. more yalual;le if it were esta7b lished in its home than it is t present, merely p'entc ed ',-irn paper. . . - - . . f t
The tliird explinanio' is -alnost tfoo unworthy- to meni
tion, but it -is- aeverth'eless^ }thi,e: one which tallies most Close withli the . chr,onology. .f
events: -since the -Mayor of- Paris has offered, the. ,[oxe1 de:, Coulanges, -wvould not'. accept- arce 'elevate M Chirac to a- pos'i6n of eminence' i'. hey European cultural hierardchy'?-,
To-.. borrow the-- phrase-' applied to various attacks per-. -petrated ix p rsait of O}SWpe- (and sofnetimes ':. less- thA honourable), causes, no one ha-,,s ""claimed resupon'sibIlbtv "" or sabotaging the Eulopeaqg Cultural Febundation, -but' -some-' one -has. -
A- certain amount of selfin-a terested murmuring is, already audible :. if the French.,really;! nc longer 'want this founda
ton, others are prepared to,^ revive the project to tieir own benefit. Florence' Aachen,
Bruges lo even London7'are'': potential candidates; Whether' through ""indecision or . fick-' leness, France could be. miss-'; ing another opportunity. A
Maurice Delarue'
J The proposed. fowzdatio7zn should not be -confused wvit7z. an., e.xisting international. no n-. governmner.tal organization
the same namie' bated int. Amsterda7n.
* Le Monde, December, 16, 1980. j";"February 3, 1981";"";60842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'Cultural Europe'";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
The Assembly of Western European I Union (Britain. France, Germany, Italy, I and the three Benelux countries) ended its four-day conference at Church House, Westmninster, yesterday. Although this first parliamentarY European Assembly in London has disappointed some of those present in not producing a more positive advance towards Europe by the British Govern- ment, the delegates heard yesterday fronm Mr. Watkinson. Minister of Defence, a speech strongly urging the need for "" much greater interdepend- ence and cooperation in every sphere of defence "".
Mr. Watkinson said that the British Government intended to press in every possible way for the much closer integra- tion of defence research, development. and production. ""We are willing "", he added, "" to face the sharing of risk and sovereignty that must be an essential part of the operation "".
GREATER EFFORT
At the end of the afternoon session M. Arthur Conte. the French Socialist presi- dent of the Assembly, in an eloquent closing speech. looked forward before the next meeting of the Assembly to further pro- gress in the eventual building of a United States of Europe. The conference has given European parliamentarians the occasion to urge upon the W.E.U. Governments a number of recommendations for a more active effort toward European union. It has served. therefore, as a useful focus for supporters of the European movement.
M. Conte. at a press conference on Wed- nesday, said, for instance, that the United Kingdom was "" awaited impatiently "" bur public opinion among the Six of the Euro- pean Economic Community (although he was not able to be so positive about the immediate attitude of the French Government).
Yesterday morning the Assembly debated a report from its Defence Com- mittee on the activities of the W.E.U. Armaments Control Agency. The agency controls the levels agreed for the forces of W.E.U. members and the maintenance of restrictions on arms production.
CONTROL PROBLEMS
M. de la Vallde-Poussin (Belgium), presenting the report, said that there were difficulties in the way of the control of industrial production of armaments. Proper control required surprise visits to factories, but it was necessary to protect the industries concerned against leakages through the control agency. A conven- tion for the protection of the industries concerned, published in 1956, had so far after five years been ratified only by Bitain. although Germany was also about to ratify it. M. de la Va}lee-Poussin also accused the W E.U. governments of com- plete indifference over the control of atomic weapons. Mr. Fens (Netherlands), supported by 14 members of the committee, then presented a resolution inviting governments to ratify the convention ol 1956. This was passed in the Assembly by 49 votes to one.
Mr. Goedhart (Netherlands) voiced the feelings of those who consider that the agency is not being effective and should be scrapped. He argued that control of Ger- man arms production was anachronistic. The agency had been set up when suspi- cions between the W.E.U. members were rife, but in practice today none of the mem- bers was producing armaments uo to the levels required to fulfil its share of the Nato defence plan.
When Mr. Watkinson. the Minister of Defence, addressed the morning session yes- terday he said that the prospect of a balance in the nuclear weapons of east and west was a watershed in military strategy. ""The world "". said Mr. Watkinson ""is now too small to isolate any major conflict. To keep the peace outside Europe is just as much a European interest as to secure peace within the European theatre."" Mr. Wat- kinson further argued that although the major part of the British defence effort was pledged to Nato, "" we have an immense task in many other areas of the world.
""I must make it quite plain"". he said, ""that in deciding the disposition of our forces, we intenid to give full weight to this corisideraticn.-'
Mr. Watkinson argued that the balance between nuclear and conventional weapons needed reexamining. On the tactical side, he said, there could be a dane-er of over- dependence on nuclear weapons. If the conventional shield was too thin, an acci- dental or minor incursion might lead to all- out war. But Nato neither could nor should provide such massive conventional forces as to deal with any conventional attack without recourse to nuclear weapons.
The British Government believed, he said, that for conventional forces an im- Provement in fire-power and mobility should be considered just as closely as an increase in the size of the forces. They should exploit the possibilities of the V.T.O.L. and S.T.O.L. aircraft and field forces should have a firm backing of atomic power which meant nuclear weapons of an Armv support nature, highly mobile, but of limited range and yield.
""We would "", said Mr. Watkinson, ""therefore give low priority to further increasing the scope of Nato's nuclear armourv in particular to the provision of M.R.B.Mi.s.""
Mr. Watkinson added: "" We are pre- pared to play our part in any stockoile or pool of Nato weapons if the alliance felt that it increased its unitv and cohesion to have such an arrangement and it did not weaken the deterrent.""
Referring to conscription, Mr. Watkin- son said that two-year conscript service might possibly have met needs in Europe. but it was the most wasteful and inefficient use of manpower in other overseas respon- sibilities. The British Goverrnment had expected an awkward Period of transition, said Mr. WVatkinson, but "" the recruits that we need are now coming along and I am certain "". he said, "" that we shall succed in our task"".
E.E.C. THEME
The resolution, which had, however, provided the main theme of the conference -British membership of the E.E.C.-was passed with amendments on Wednesday by 65 votes to one with two abstentions. This was based upon recommendations from Mr. Mathew, Conservative M.P. for Honi- ton. It recommends that the W.E.U. Coun- cil of Ministers should initiate general dis- cussions between representatives of the seven members of W.E.U. in preparation for the accession of the United Kingdom.
By an amendment supported by Mr. Peter Kirk. Conservative M.P. for Gravesend. who is chairman of the general affairs com- mittee of the Assembly, it was added that British accession should take place ""with- out weakening the political content of the Treaty of Rome"".
T'he political obligations of the treaty are vague, but the preamble speaks of
an ever closer unions"" betw-een the countries of Europe.
The resolution adds that the W.E.U. members should in particular take account of the economic relationships betwen Britain, the countries of the Common- wealth, and the six members of the E.E.C.- the position of British agriculture; prob- lems of financing the development fund of the Treaty of Rome; and the position of the European Free Trade Association.
NOTE OF WARNING
Mr. Maurice Macmillan, Conservative M.P. for Halifax, the Prime Minister's son. in the light of some disappointment with the Prime Minister's speech on Tuesday among representatives in the Assembly. said during the debate: ""I think it would have been wrong to expect more than we got from a British Prime Minister."" He continued amid laughter: "" It is not for me to defend the Prime Minister. but I think the point he took up was clear enough. and that we can go no further at this moment usefully without further consul- tation with the Commonwealth and else- where.'-
It was very easy for intellectual inter- nationalists. he argued. to be willing to pay any price for British entry into Europe, but this extreme attitude might lead to a reaction in Britain and damage the cause by pushing the British in the other direction.";"June 2, 1961";"";55097;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Integration In Defence Urged By Mr. Watkinson";""
"['From Our Special Correspondents']";"['News']";"The four heads of Government will have their final meeting at Geneva to-day. The Foreign Ministers met yesterday to discuss reunification of Germany, European security, and disarmament, but found it impossible to overcome their differences. Later, the heads of Government discussed contacts between east and west, and President Eisenhower and Sir Anthony Eden called for a lowering of the barriers between the peoples. DIFFERENCES OF APPROACH ISSUE FOR HEADS OF GOVERNMENT . From Our Special Correspondents GENEVA, JULY 22 The Foreign Ministers ran into difficulties to-day, but that was just the time-the penultimate day-when this was to be expected. At a short final meet- ing after dinner to-night it was clear that they could make no further progress in drafting the terms on which negotia- tions on German unification and European security could be further discussed after this conference. Equally they made no progress towards agreeing recommendations for future discussions on disarmament. They agreed to refer 'their differences to the heads of Governments who will meet to-morrow in restricted session (with, that is, not more than four advisers each). If the heads of Government reach agreement the Foreign Ministers will be instructed to continue negotiations and these negotiations will probably be fixed for October. It is believed by most officials that agree- ment wiiU in fact be reached to-morrow. Neither side wishes the conference to break down after the useful work which it has so far done in establishing a ditenre, and it is always open to the heads of Governments to agree compromise texts for the directives on further negotiations to their Foreign Ministers, even if nothing more definite can be arranged. United States and French spokesmen at Press conferences after to-night's meeting were remarkably optimistic. A British spokesman confined himself to saying that he hoped agreement would be reached. The Soviet spokesman held no Press conference. All in all, however, the prevailing impression was that both sides wished to extract the last ounce of concession from the other on the directives and that the present deadlock should not be taken tragically. In the discussion on Germany and security the outstanding difference between the western Foreign Ministers and Mr. Molotov, who to-day showed some of his most dogged stone-walling form, is that the western Powers wish German unification to be given priority over European security as a subject or discussion and decision, where the Russians argue that German unification can come about only in the framework of a security agreement and that security there- fore comes first. The western Ministers are ready to consider the two questions simultaneously. A vague compromise formula can be found if necessary. SEARCH FOR FORMULA The Foreign Ministers met all the rnor- ing with a break during which Mr. Molotov left the meeting to consult Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev. They met agamn at three for an hour and then presented an in- terim rtport to the heads of Governments who agreed after a short discussion to instruct the Foreign Ministers to continue their talks later this evening. The heads of Govern- ments then began a discussion on east-west contacts, but, after President Eisenhower and M. Faure had spoken, Sir Anthony Eden suggested that, in view of the fact that the Foreign Ministers' work should be con- tinued, his own speech and that of Marshal Bulsanin might be tabled. This waa agreed and the heads of Governments also agreed to meet to-morrow at I o'clock in restricted session (with, That is, only a few advisers present) to consider the work of the Foreign Ministers. The atmosphere at the meeting this afternoon was said to have been as normal as has been customary throughout the week. In his statement President Eisenhower spoke of the need to lower barriers between the peoples, and to create conditions which would encourage nations to increase trade. M. Faure spoke next and referred to the cultural mission of France and her univer- sality. He put forward proposals for the freer circulation of ideas, men, and goods. After him Sir Anthony Eden would have spoken, but his speech was put on the record to save time. It said that solutions of the present problems before them would, they all agreed, be easier if confidence were trengthened. But confidence must be founded upon greater knowledge and under- standing between all in all walks of life. It vas impossible if artificial barriers remained. Recently there had been an increase in east- West exchanges on technical and cultural subjects and this was a useful start. But there should be more exchanges between professional and scientific gToups, students, and teachers. Books, journals, and films. should alsQ be more and more exchanged. There has been no official indication yet of Russian reactions to President Eisen- hower's offer of an exchange of lists of military establishments and his proposal for mutual aerial reconnaissance. It is under- stood that the matter was not discussed at the session this afternoon, although the Foreign Ministers began to talk about dis- armament to-day. It can be assumed that the western Foreign Ministers made a pre- fiminary attempt to probe Mr. Molotov for Russian views. NUCLEAR WEAPONS There are reports that a senior Russian representative when questioned on President Eisenhower's proposal commented that it did not cover the vital question-abolition of nuclear weapons. Other unofficial Com- munist observers are inclined to consider the proposals with interest. This at least is some measure of the improvement in the international situation. The proposals were originally put forward as part of a general United States disarmament plan in 1952, but at that time they attracted little atten- tion. At that time, however, Stalin was still ruling Russia and it may be added that the danger of nuclear warfare is now regarded by all the leaders here with very much greater seriousness than it was then. The Russian delegation did not hold their usual Press conference this evening at the same timne as the western delegations. Federal German circles here continue to be satisfied with the stand which the western Powers have taken on the essential inter- locking of the questions of reunification and European security. There could be no objec- tion to parallel talks, but there would be every objection to accepting the Russian argument that security must be settled first, and that then only-at some indetermninate date-reunification could be taken up. RUSSIAN AIM The disarmament proposals tabled by Marshal Bulganin are said by the Germans to be clearly directed at the disruption of the Western European Union. Marshal Bulganin's suggestion that the armed forces (other than those of the United States, Soviet Russia, Britain, and France) should be limited to a strength between 150,000 and 200,000 would materially diminish the 12 divisions which the Federal Republic is pledged to provide for western defence. The taking of 500,000 men from the industry and agriculture of western Germany would be a great strain; for the Soviet zone (with its much smaller man-power) it would be un- bearable. Sir Anthony Eden's latest suggestion for a specified area running along either side of the exist dividing line between east and west in which control and inspection might be exercised is being studied by the Chan- cellor and his advisers. It raises questions of sovereignty, and it might seem to bring closer recognition of eastern Germany. It will therefore call for close scrutiny. Dr. Adenauer will review the results of the conference at another meeting with Herr von Brentano, the Foreign Minister, and his closest advisers at Murren on Monday. Herr Blankenhorn, who is head of the team of observers here, will submit a detailed report to the Chancellor. The text of the French memorandum on disarmament is on page 5.";"July 23, 1955";"";53280;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Ministers Fail To Agree On Procedure";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 26
A forward policy for Europe, envisaging the entry of Britain and equal partnership with the United States, was expounded today by the Action Conimittee for European Union. which in these matters represents the opinion of most political parties of many trades unions in the six Common Market countries. It called for, the rap'd conclusion of negotations for BrSr lsh membership of the European community on the same basis as the Six; and the signing of a treaty initiating a political union.
The committee said that "" only through the economic and political uni- fication of Europe, including the United Kingdom. and the establish- ment of a partnership between equals of Europe and the United States can the west be strengthened and the con- ditions created for peace between cast and west "".
GERMAN UNIFICATION
The declaration, issued in the six capitals and at Geneva and Strasbourg, has been drafted by M. Jean Monnet, who might be called the gininence grise of the new Europe, in the light of protracted discussion with nearly all political leaders of the Six. Their endorsement of such positive pro- posals is certainly a measure of the fer- ment at work in Europe. They are given special significance in the German context for having advanced a long-term policy which looks to future relations with Russia and so Provides the Possible setting for German unification. At first sight, the committee's emphasis on European inte- gration seems to run head-on against General de Gaulle's conception of a union of sovereign states governed by the unanimity rule. However, these ideas have discreetly retreated before the wider impli- cations of Britain's entry, and meanwhile the General and his Ministers admit more freely that the so-called Fouchet plan is only a beginning to the future development of political Europe.
Their great objection still is to the inclu- sion of a revision clause which would com-
it t;he treaty signatories to an integrated political system within three Years. The Fouchet commission is in deadlock ane will presumably remain so until the Common Market negotiations are concluded.
ONLY SURE PATH
The Monnet declaration contends that the course it advocates is inevitable and the
nly sure path. Any other course, it says, would involve our separate countries in profitless adventures and preserve that spirit of superiority and domination which not so long ago led Europe to the brink of destruction and could now engulf the world "". The Six had advanced gradually, the statement continues. towards the creation one day of the United States of Europe. w'hich would advance the consoli- dation of the west Concrete problems of economic integration had been tackled and further headway was now possible and necessary. The points at issue were the accession of Britain to the European Com- munity and the conclusion of a treaty initiating political union.
The prospects now open to Europe were the outcome of the decision of European countries not to treat their economic prob- lems as national problems but as common to them alL l.Tey had adopted a new method of collective action. After a period of trial and error, this system had developed into a regular interchange between a Euro- pean body responsible for suggesting solu- tions to common problems and the Govern- rents of member countries which put the national points of view.
NEW APPROACH
This was a completely new approach. ""It does not create a central government, but it does result in Community decisions being taken within the Council of Minis- ters, notably because the proposal of solu-
tions to common difficulties bv the inde- pendent European bodies makes it possible. without risk, to give up the unanimitv rule."" This new method was the real unifying factor. or fyderat:ur, in Europe.
The action committee states that Br;tain's cntry into the European Community cn a basis of equality under conditions la.d down in the Treaty of Rome would rein- force the unity ot Europe, which would then comprise 240 million people. "" It will enable all its members to achieve greater economic growth. The Commonwealth countries, among others, must benefit by th.s expansion."" Britain's participation in the beginnings of a European political union would increase the influence of Europe on world affairs. Separately, neither Britain nor the others could exer- cise such influence. Entry into the Common Market would necessarily bring changes in the attitude of Britain. which would want to contribute to the effectiveness of the Community.
Just as the Six had changed outmoded forms of national economic relations to achieve the Common Market. so the forms of national political relations would have to be changed graduallv before a unified political outlook was achieved. At present. it was still not possible to apply to foreign policy rules and institutions such as were suitable for dealing with material problems of the economy. Any agreement organiz- ing the system of cooperation at the out- set must clearly guarantee the continuity and future of economic integration, the basis of political union.
BOUND BY RULES
""This economic integration cannot be called in question. either row or in the future. Thus when heads of state and Government confer together about ques- tions which are matters for the communi- ties they must necessarily be bound by the rules and procedures adopted under these treaties drawn up by the member states."" It should now be made clear that after the initial Period of cooperation the revision of commitments should provide for the gradual adaptation to the political sphere of the method which had already made possible the economic integration of Europe.
During this period of economic consoli- dation and political shaping, the declaration continues, cooperation with America should gradually be transformed into a Partner- ship between a united Europe and the United States. This partnership must be "" a relationship of two separate but equally powerful entities, each bearing its share of common responsibility in the world. This partnership is natural and inevitable because the peoples of Europe and America share the same civilization based on frce- dom, and conduct their public life in accordance with common democratic principles ""
COMMON RISKS
There was po doubt that tie west was encountering an ever-increasing number of economic problems which neither America nor Europe could solve alone. The appli- cation of a policy of continued economic expansion, the monetarv stabilitvo th-: -st, issues raised by agriculture in an increa- ingly industrial civilization, aid to less- developed countries and relations wii;h those in process of industrialization-alt these problems called for solutions by America and Europe together.
The partnership must not be merelv economic, but should extend rapidly to the military and political spheres. Both continents were faced with common risks, the chief of which derived from the conflict with the east. This could not be solved without a change by both sides in their conception of the future. While the west gave the impression that it could be divided, Russia would not be disposed to come to agreements, in the belief that she could always upset the world balance of power. ""But when America and Europe have made it clear to everyone that the west is changing by its owvn will from witbin but cannot be changed by outside pressure, that it is consolidating its unitv on a long-term basis, then the conditions will be created for a lasting peaceful settle- ment betweeni the east and west.""";"June 27, 1962";"";55428;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Shaping A United States Of Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 7
Mr. Macmillan arrived here to-day for a three-day visit which many Germans seem inclined to regard as of historic significance.
Mr. Macmillan said that the immense progress made towards the unity of Europe was often forgotten when they thought of the difficulties and tragedies that had come from the division of Europe, but one great division remained about which the British people thought a great deal and expressed their respectful sympathy.
DIVIDED GERMANY
With all the progress towards unity, Germany remained divided. Britain knew what this meant in the deep human tragedies that division had brought, and was one with Germany in believing that there could be no true solution of Euro- pean problems until they were finally solved by the reunification of Germany.
Dr. Adenauer recalled Mr. Mac- millan's previous visit as Housing Minister, and said that he had come to-day as an architect, an artist in construction, to work with the Federal Republic on the erection of a structure that would bring peace, happiness, and prosperity.
The first meeting was held this after- noon, when a preliminary review of defence and disarmament was made. The British group included the Prime Minister; the Foreign Secretary; Sir Richard Powell, Permanent Under- Secretary at the Ministry of Defence; Lord Hood; and the Ambassador, Sir Christopher Steel. Dr. Adenauer was supported by Herr Strauss, the Defence Minister, Lieutenant-General Heusinger, Professor Hallstein, State Secretary in the Foreign Ministry, and another senior Foreign Ministry official.
STATE OF TREPIDATION
A spokesman said later that a con- siderable harmony of. views had been reached but, as the session was secret and preliminary, this does not mean that either Mr. Macmillan or Dr. Adenauer departed much from their known posi- tion. That the Chancellor was assisted by Herr Strauss and General Heusinger indicates the degree of opposition to possible changes in N.A.T.O. defence planning, and in particular to the White Paper. General Heusinger in particular is known to oppose strongly the conse- quences of this concept.
Mr. Macmilan has come here with the intention of initiating negotiations for a free trade area agreement in asso- ciation with the European common market. It was learnt to-night that the intention, if the six Messina countries are amenable, is to negotiate before next spring an agreement which should become operative in 1959.
The urgency of the Prime Minister's task was made obvious in a speech delivered to-night at a dinner party given in his honour by Dr. Adenauer. Britain recognized, he said, that she could not stand alone economically or defend her- self alone. He welcomed the signing of the common market agreement, but believed it could only serve the main purposes of European unity if associated with a wider free trade area. It would be a tragedy if a movement intended to unite Europe should introduce a new division.
AVOIDING COMPLICATIONS The subject of associating the common market with a free trade area is to be discussed to-morrow. It is known that Professor Erhard, the west German Economics Minister, fully supports the project; that, indeed, he agreed to west Germany's participation in the common market only as a first step towards a wider free trade area. Dr. Adenauer is more cautious, not that he is in any way opposed but because the common mar-
ket has been agreed upon and he is anxious to avoid further complications.
The British view is that a common market will tend to become a protected area with high tariffs, and as such will inevitably cause friction betweei it and the sterling area, Scandinavia, and the dollar countries. Such friction, it is contended, could have a grave effect upon existing political and military alli- ances in the free world.
To-night Mr. Macmillan said that British opinion had been slow to accept the full implications of the new develop- ments in Europe, but he had been much struck by the change of opinion in recent years. There had been something like a revolution in our thinking, and we were now approaching all these problems, whether of defence or economic cooperation, in a new spirit. We have recognized that we cannot stand alone in either of these two spheres.
The two statesmen and their advisers are to meet again to-morrow, when European affairs such as the common market, the free trade area, and Euratom are to be discussed, but they are to return to defence. The meetings were to-day described as an exchange of views rather than an attempt to reach specific decisions. The Chancellor is anxious to explain the reasons for the high state of trepidation caused here by British defence intentions. but it is difficult to see what he can hope to attain if, as seems clear, British defence policy is not negotiable.
CHIEF DIFFERENCE
It would seem that he is. anticipating the N.A.T.O. reappraisal due in August, and it is believed here that this could precipitate a crisis unless Britain can be persuaded to become more amenable to the views of her allies and those known to be held by General Norstad.
Certainly it is not accepted here that WVestern European Union sanction for the second phase of the troop with- drawals from Germany is only a matter of form; and the Chancellor, who believes that much can be settled over a glass of wine, is determined to point to the realities of geography believed to be still decisive in the age of nuclear war.
The British view is that the chief difference which separates her from most other N.A.T.O. countries is that the defence White Paper offers a new con- cept far in advance of others, and that it is only a matter of time before this is appreciated. Whether it will be appre- ciated will probably not be evident before August. Assurances have also been given that Britain is not tiptoeing out of Europe, and that she will remain equally comnitted if her forces here are reduced to 50.000 men.
This strikes many Germans as con- troversial, especially when they survey their long eastern frontier, and it can be assumed that Dr. Adenauer, at the instance of his military advisers, will press for second thoughts on the troop withdrawals or propose the stationing of the strategic reserve in Germany.
MR. DULLES'S REPLY
It was reported here to-day that in the past financial year only 5,500m. marks, or about £460m., was spent on defence, in spite of the big arms orders placed abroad. More than 1,800m. marks (about £150m.) has been returned to the Budget for other purposes.
It is also reported that Mr. Dulles informed Dr. Adenauer on Saturday that the United States could not accept a reduction in the support costs to be paid this year. The Federal Government offered to pay half of last year's amount. Mr. Dulles is reported to have said that the United States, as the only one of the three Powers with forces stationed here which had not withdrawn forces, could not accept a reduction.";"May 8, 1957";"";53835;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan's Talks On Defence In Bonn";""
"['From Michael Hornsby and David Cross']";"['News']";"-Herr. Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, and Mr Callaghan in LuxemBourg yesterday.
From Micliael Hornsby and David Cross
Luxembourg, April 2
EEC heads of governmTent ended their two-day summit here in general -agreement on the need for greater discipline in the management of their economies. But they failed to make any progress at all on the controversial issue of the size aiid distribution of seats in a directly elected European Parliament.
Wide divergences of vieAv remained on how -to tackle basic economic problenWs facing the Community and an attempt had to be abandoned to pro- duce 'a communiqu6 combining French ideas for monetary reforms with a British - paper emphasizing the need for action to combat unemployment.
Herr Helmut Schmidt, - the West German Chancellor, took issue, with Mr Wilson's thesis that -the Community would have to conduct its economic policies for years ahead on the assumption of a continuing high level of unemployment. He said that instead of' accepting lonlg-
termn ioblessness; the EEC should realize that its basic need was for economic discip- line by member states.
At a press conference tonight,
Herr Schmidt announced his. four-point formula for economic recovery. This called for tighter money and credit policies; reduction of budget deficits
slowing the spiral of cost. and incomes rises; and cutting balance of payments deficits.
'"" But there were a number of countries who were not in a position to endorse these priorities"", Herr Schmidt said.
Asked if because of its eco- nomic strength, West Germany was being thrust into the role of political leader. of the Com- munity, the Chance]lor replied that Bonn did not want this to happen.
In an indirect reference to Britain, he said that clearly West Germany was sounder eco- nomically, thanks to *ork-er participation and good labour relations, than a country split by class warfare mentalities,
* Mr Gaston Thorn, the Luxem- bourg Prime Minister, nd Cur-
rent president of the EEC, told another press conference that there had been alarge measure of agreernent on tlhe importance of observing what he called the "" four disciplines ""- money supply and credit policies, deficit financing,. production costs and wages, and balance of payments. In all these areas strict controls wer.e re- quired.
- A European Coommission paper .proposing the. use of sanctions against members wvho failed io observe commonly agreed econromic and monetary guideliXes, was passed to fin- ance ministers for further study. Only Herr Schmidt was at all enth,usiastic about this proposal, and even he. aciepted that it would be politically difficult, if not impossible, to inplernent.
There was, however, general agreement that without a nar- rowing- of the wvide divergences of economik performance in the Community, purely 'monetary solutions, like the European joint currency float, the snake. were;of .ittle avail. This repre-
.Continued on page 4, -coi 2
Summit appeal to Rhodesia whites
Continued from page 1
sented a defeat for the French who have I always attached theologi,-al importance to the- doctrine of fixed parities.
Expressing his persohal dis- appointment over the failure to make progress on direct elec- tions, Mr Gaston Thorn said that all options on the size and composition of the Parliament remained open. These included the unexpected new French proposal made last night by President Giscard d'EstaCing.
The French plan would simply retain unchanged the present assembly of 198 mem- bers, in which the big countries get 36 seats each and the smaller between 6 and 14, with the difference that its members would be directly elected instead of being nominated by national parlia- ments as they are now. Pre- viously the French had urged a strict proportionalitv between seat distribution and popula- tion strength, and his col- leagues were taken aback by his latest proposal, which would weight representation heavily in favour of the Ismaller countries-
After a hurried sounding of opinion among political parties in Rome, Signor Aldo Moro, the Italian Prime,Minister, told the summit that the French pro- posal was unacceptable because it would virtually eliminate the representation of small Italian parties, like the Liberals and Republicans.
Mr Callaghan was also not keen on the idea, which he said would .entail constituencies of unmanageable size. MPs at home might well ask whether there was any point in* having direct elections at all if the
assembly' was to be retained in its present form. It Would also make it difficult to ensure a reasonable representation for Scotland and Wales.
Heads of government reaffirmed that the aim was still to introduce direct elections by mid-1978, and they hoped that after further dis- cussion by foreign ministers, it would be possible to take a decision on the assembly's size and composition at the next summit in July.
On Rhodesia the summit adopted a Dutch-sponsored declaration affirming "" the right of the Rhodesian people to self-determination and independence "" and deploring "" the. fact that recent events (in Salisbury) have made a peaceful transfer of power to the majority more difficult "".
The nine heads of govern- ment "" vigorously "" supported the policy towards Rhodesia outlined by Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, in the House of Commons on March 22. This called on Mr Smith, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, to hold elections on the basis of majority rule within two years.
The summit also appealed ""solemnly to the Rhodesian minority, which at present is opposing a system of majority rule, to accept a peaceful and rapid transition to such a system "". The leaders said they would continue to apply strictly United Nations Security Coun- cil decisions concerning Rho- desia (a reference to sanctions).
A Dutch request for the in- clusion in the declatation of a commitment by the Nine to make aid available to coun- Atries surrounding Rhodesia, like Mozambique, was omitted from
the final text apparently after opposition from the West' Ger- mans. However, the idea has not been dropped and foreign ministers are expected to look into possible aid at a subse- quent meeting.
Ds,ring a discussion of the Tindemans report on European union heads of government ex- changed views on wvays of strengthening the role of the next President of the European Commission. But Mr Wilson maintained that neither he tor Mr Callaghan had put forward the nariies of any British candi- dates for the job.
Mr Wilson made it clear, however, that Britain would make its nominee known in the near future, "" though perhaps not in my time as Prime Mini- ster "". The name of Mr Roy Jenkins figured prominently in speculation in the Luxem- bourg corridors today, one suggestion being that he might assume the presidency at the end of the year after a . short spell as Foreign Secretary.
Luxembourg, April 2.-EEC leaders admitted after the sum- mit that it had not been a sensa- tional success-but insisted it was not meant to be.
"" We were not looking for something sensational "", said President Giscard -d'Estaing before flying home to Paris: ""We wanted to confirm (the -strength of) Europe and that
is what was done.""
However, he thought that the regular summits-now called ""the European Council"" at his suggestion-were becoming too formal and bureaucratic. "" We must return to the spirit of the European Council, which is a personal meeting of the EEC heads of governmnent.""";"April 3, 1976";"";59670;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson and Herr Schmidt in clash on basic economic policy";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEc. 12
President de Gaulle held a meeting of the inner Cabinet today to prepare for his weekend discussions with Mr. Mac- m*ilfan at the Chateau de Rambouillet. Reference to the visit was also made at the morning Council of Ministers in the context of the Brussels negotiations for Britain's entry into the Common Market.
The Government spokesman later denied that the negotiations were reach- ing a dead end. The French intention, he said, was to persevere with the pro- blem, which would be at the heart of the Rambouillet talks.
Though the meeting loses nothing of its private and informal character, it is being Prepared more assiduously on the French side than either of the Prime Ministers visits in the past two years. Tlhis could mean that General de Gaulle has somrthing more specific in mind; but, as far as any- one knows his thinking, there is nothing TO suggest that he has budged an inch from independent positions that tend to make French relations with the ""Anglo-Saxons"" distant and intangible.
ALGERIAN KNOTS CUT
Events, moreover, seem to conspire, if not to nrove him right, at least to convince him and most French people of the visdom of his policies. Since Mr. Macmillan was at the Chateau de Champs last May. the Generl, virtually singe-handed has cut the Algerian knots, even if the terms of inde- pendence could have been obtained by any Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic had he dared confront the French Army- adrmittedly a big if.
Two months of in-fighting against the ""old parties "", regarded with near-contempt as so many rneddlers, have given the General an apparent Gaullist majority in the new National Assembly beyond the reckoning of al] political observers. Not that General de Gaulle's conduct of foreign
policy was ever deterred by noises of dis- sent from Parliament; his hand is simply that much stronger for their diminishment.
Mr. Mlacmillan, in short, will find the General on the crest of the wave-a maTked reversal of positfons since he was at Rambouillet nearlY two years ago. Now it IS the Prime Minister w,xho has the.-probleths and the long association of the two men, both intensely interested in foreign affairs, should ensure a sympathetic hearing. Before serious business is broached on Saturday, a pheasant shoot will be given in Mr. Macmillan's honour in this once royal hunting domain.
FALSE AFTERGLOW
The false afterglow in which the last talks in May were momentarily suffused was soon seen to have been created by a Fretich desire not to appear as the arch- opponents of Britain's entry into Europe. There is perhaps even greater reluctance to do so now, though the idea dies hard that the General is hostile *at heart to Britain's entry. His reported comments at an Elysee reception that he preferred Europe ""*i six"" but was having Britain foisted an him by the other five is given every credence; and there are other hints of his view that British accession would be contrary to French interests,
Officially, the French hold to the posi- tion that Britain's entry would be welcome on condition that the requirements of the Treaty of Rome are scrupulously observed; but it has become increasingly clear that French negotiators have been making no concessions towards the solution of com- plex problems that have nothing to do with the treaty. Remarks in this vein, made in Paris last week by Mr. Maurice Macrmillan, M.P., the Prime Minister's son, w.ere rePorted straight to the Elyseo, which found them ""unfair""; and it still seems highly unlikely to French observers that France would wish to stand alone as the wrecker of Britain's admission.
lwls is not to say that more subtle methods of obstruction are not at work. For what it is worth, commentator close to official thinkihg have revived the idea that Genesnl de Gaulle would- pre-er to&see Britain, for the time being at least, remain outside Europe at the head of the Com- monwealth-with a western world comn- Posed of the United States, an independ- *ntly arned Europe and the British Com- monwealth. In some respects this view reflects the doubts expressed a year ago by M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister.
QUIESCENT POLICY
No one would presume to predict what the General will do. If he meets the Prime Minister at a time of increased international fluidity, there seems to be nothing fluid about his positiohs. There are those who think that he is coutiting on time to resolve the confusion; on the other hand, he may equally have good reasons to act soon, now that the French house has been put in order, perhaps beyond his fondest hopes.
Apart from his conception of Franco- German union which, as someone said, is hardly sizzling ahead, French foreign policy is quiescent General de Gaulle's ideas for political Europe as a union of sovereign states seem to have been put in cold storage. Nothing has been heard for a long time about his discountenanced proposals for a three-power ""directorate "". including France, within the Atlantic alliance; and pending the development of a French nuclear striking force no one imagines that he will be moved from his objections to a multilateral European deterrent, much less a Nato nuclear force.
The scepticism recently voiced by M. Couve de Murville at the Assettbly of Western European Union about finding a substitute for "" purely national defence systems "" is taken as the authentic French line towards multilateralism.
SKYBOLT DIFFICULTIES
However, the setting of a date on Dr. Adenauer's retirement can hardly fail to influence General de Gaulle; nor can he fail to Ponder how far the ""special rela- tionship"" between Britain and the United States may have been shaken by Mr. Acheson's astringent view of it and diffi- culties over the Skybolt missile.
It might be asking too much for these developments not to be regarded in France without a touch of malice. When he was asked about the "" speial relationship"" at his last press conference, the General paried ""does it exist?"" And his sus- picions on this score have strongly coloured his misgivings about Britain's entering Europe. However unlikely speculation may sound about an Anglo-French ""bargain"" in the nuclear field, it may reasonably be assumed that powerful new influences will be felt at Rambouillet at the weekend.
PERSONAL TALKS
The two leaders will be joined on Sunday by their Foreign Ministers after the minis. terial meeting of the North Atlantic Council at which no major decisions are expected.
Ministers assemblying for tomorrow's opening session were engaged today in per- sonal counsultations that are no less useful than the wider discussions in council. Mr. Rusk spent an hour with General de GaaUle, who is said to have expressed his satis- faction at the handling of the Ouban crisis and was informed of President -Kennedy's decision not to resume Berlin soundings with the Russians until the Cuban affair is completely resolved.
The Secretary of State also conferred with M. Pompidou, the Frentch Prime Minister, and M. Couve de Murville. who also had a private talk with Lord Home before giving a dinner tonight for his American, British, and German colleagues.";"December 13, 1962";"";55573;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Common Market As Topic For Paris Discussions";""
"";"['News']";"MR. WILLIS (Edinburgh, East, Lab.) asked the Minister of Defence whether. in view of his reference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's conven- tional forces in his speech to Western European Union on June 1 these forces would now be fully cquipped with nuclear weapons of limited range.
MR. WATKINSON.-Nato's forces are being armed and equipped to meet the present requirements laid down by Saceur under current Nato strategy with botb nuclear and conventional weapons.
MR. WILLIS.-In the Minister's speech he Practically reduced the term "" conven- honal "" to meaning nothing. This equipping of the conventional forces with nuclear weapons makes the danger of nuclear war much greater,
MR. WATKINSON.-I do not think the hon. member has read my speech....
MR. WILLIS.-I have done, very care- fully.
MR. WATKINSON.-I shall send him a copy, because in it I made quite plain the careful balance which has to be drawn between the conventional and nuclear capabilities of a modern force. We are carrying out exactly Nato policyv as laid down by Nato and Saceur. I do not see what more we can do than that.
CONTRADICTION DENIED
hIR. STRACHEY (Dundee, West, Lab.). -The Minister's speech was almost uni- versally interpreted as being in direct co'- tradiction to President Kennedy's views in his defence message to Congress. where the President said: ""Our objective now is to increase our ability to confine our response to non-nuclear weavons."" Is that not a rather better doctrine?
MR. WATKINSON.-How my speech was interpreted is hardly a matter for me. What I said was not at all out of line with recent statements made by defence spokesmen in the United States.
MR. GEORGE BROWN (Belper, Lab.). -The Minister will not deny that he actually said that an aggressor cannot assume that we shall be prepared to limit the war to suLt his tactical plan. Was the Minister saying we should be prepared to make the war unlimited to suit our plan ? Is not that a flat contradiction not only of President Kennedv but of what Admiral Brown said to the same conference ?
MR. WATKINSON.-No, I do not agree. The position is quite plain, and is set out plainlv in other parts of my speech. In the Government's view it is not in the interests of maintaining the deterrent to war to set out clear rules or statem^nts which show exactly the kind of reaction one would make to any action by an aggressor. We have no intention of doing that.
STRENGTH OF B.A.O.R.
MR. CRONIN (Loughborough, Lab.) asked the Minister of Defence if, in view of the fact that the fire-power and general efficiency of Soviet military units was growing at an equal pace with that of western units, he was satisfied that the level of British forces in the British Army of the Rhine was adequate to meet United Kingdom treaty commitments.
MR. WATKINSON.-The reductions in the strength of B.A.O.R. from four divi- sions to a force of the size represented by seven brigade groups were approved by Western European Union, in the know- ledge of the views of Saceur. We have no proposals at present for any changes in these force levels.
MR. PAGET (Northampton. Lab.).- Is it not clear that in view of the policv now being advocated bv President Kennedy of a capacity to meet conven- tional war with conventional war, the
necessity of our providing our original commitment of four divisions is plain? Is this being reconsidered ?
MR. WATKINSON recalkld the state- ment by Mr. Gilpatnck. the Deputy Defence Secretary. in Washington on June 6, thit the current doctrine was that if Nato forces were about to be overwhelmed by non-nuclear attack by communist block countries. Nato would respond with the use of nuclear arms.
MR. PAGET.-Is it within the arrange- meClt that we shall have rorces which are automatically overwhelmed?!
MR. WATKINSON.-We shall have forces which conform to the pattern and doctrine laid down by Saceur and Nato. That is the present position.
FIRST RESORT
DECISION TO FIT
EVENTS
MR. FOOT (Ebbw Vale, Ind. Lab.) asked the Minister of Defencc if he would give an undertaking that the British Gov- ernment would always oppose the use of nuclear weapons, tactical or otherwisec first, by member states of the western alliance.
MR. WATKINSON.-Decisions about the use of nuclear weapons must be taken in the circumstances of the time.
MR. FOOT.-Would the Minister not agree that since the White Paper of i958 there has been quite a lot of fresh think- ing and discussion on this subject, and since his speech only added to the con- fusion would he not consider issuing a statement of the whole arguments under which the Governmen.t are apparently up- holding the doctrine that we should be prepared to use these weapons first?
MR. WATKINSON.-I do not think my speech will be misread by any pos- sible aggressor, and that was its purpose.
MR. SYDNEY SILVERNIAN (Nelson and Colne, lnd. Lab.).-lf the Minister defends this policy of holding open the threat in some circumstances to use nuclear weapons first, as a deterrent. will he explain ho-w the deterrent works to frighten people from doing things which he does not specify?
MR. WATKINSON.-The simple answer is that it is part of the validity of the deterrent that an aggressor should not be oertain what reaction would meet any aggression.
ADEQUATE FORCES IN
GERMANY
MR. DONNELLY (Pembroke, Lab.) asked to what extent it was no longer Government policy that the British Army of the Rhine should be equipped to hold its own in a limited non-nuclear conflict in Europe.
MR. WATKINSON.-There has been no chanze in the Government's policy that the British Army of the Rhine should be organibed, equipped, trained, and deployed to meet the Naio militarv aIt'ho- rities' defence Plans, which .all for both nuclear and conventional capacity.
MR. DONNELLY.-Notwithstanding that, the Minister's W.E.U. sceech was either misunderstood. or it was a very dangerous speech indeed-or both. We cannot take seriously the Government's commitmentc in Berlin until the Minister makes it oerfectly clear that we have adequate conventional forces in Germany.
MR. WATKINSON.-I think we have adequate conventional forces. Thev have a nuclear capacity as well. which is what Nato asks them to have.
MR. EMRYS HUGHES (South Avr- shire, Ind. Lab.).-There is a considerable opinion in the country that the best thing the Minister can do with the British Armv of the Rhine is to bring it home ana put the soldiers to useful work. If we go in for large sums on conventional weapons it only means spending hundreds of mil- lions which should be spent on education. housing, and the things that people need.
MR. WATKINSON.-That is the hon. gentleman's view. It is certainly not the view of the Government; in my view it
is not that of the country and I hope it is not the view of the Opposition as a whole.
MR. STRACHEY.-The doctrine of the nuclear deterrent the Minister has repeated here today of the use of tactical nuckar weapons as part of that doctrine. loses in credibility anything it may gain in strength.
MR. WATKINSON.-Is the right hon. gentleman. with his long experience of the Army, saying that we should publicly state that tactical nuclear weapons which are part of the Nato organization should never be used ?
""BALANCE ABOUT RIGHT""
MR. MAYHEW (Woolwich. East, Lab.) asked the Minister of Defence whether. in view of his speech to W.E.U. about the priority to be given to improving the effectiveness of the Nato conventional forces, he would increase the proportion of conventional to nuclear artilkry deployed with brigade groups in the British Army of the Rhine.
NMR. WATKINSON.-In B.A.O.R. the nuclear artillery ig held by Corps and Army, and separately from the Brigade Groups, which contain onlv conventional artillern. I am satisfied th:at the overall balance between conventional and nuclear artillery in B.A.O.R. is about right.
MR. MAYHEW.-One of the main obstacles to British formations operating in a conventional role is this shortage of conventional artillery. Does the Minister mean to change the balance from seven conventional and five nuckar artillery regi- ments ? If he does not, what on earth did he mean in the speech he made to W.E.U. ?
MR. WATKINSON.-I said I thought the balance was about right, and I still think so.
MR. PAGET.-Is it not a fact that there is no conventional divisional, corps or army artillery in Germanv ? How can we meet Russian forces which are organized with conventional artillery support unJess we are going to use nuclear artillery ?
MR. WATKINSON.-As to the actual make-up of our forces, I would be only too happy if members who wish to visit Germany would go and look for them- selves. They will find British forces well organized and well equipped, following the correct Nato make-up and ready to do the job they are there to do. I con- sider the balance of our forces and their make-up is just about right.
CUTLASS DRfLL AND
HORNPIPES
SERVICE DISPLAYS IN
MODERN ARRAY
MR. SHINWELL asked the Minister of Defence what measures, other than tnose naw in operation, he proposed to adopt to bring the numbers of the three Services up to the strength required.
MR. WATKINSON.-Recruiting pros- pects in the Royal Navy and the R.A.F. are broadly satisfactory. Recruitment for the Army' is going better than in 1960. and I am confident that this improvement will continue. I am in close touch with the Secretary of State for War about future action.
MR. CALLAGHAN (Cardiff, South- East, Lab.).-At the Royal Tournament there were two exhibitions for the Royal Navv-one concerned with cutlass fight- ing and hornpipe dancing at the time of Nelson. and the other a field-gun exhibi- tion of the time of the Boer War. Will the Minister tell the Navy that if they want recruits they should put on some- thing more up to date?
MR. WATKINSON.-That is a proper point. I think the most effective display was that of the Royal Marine Commando. It is a difficult problem. It is very much my wish that on these Service occasions we should try to show the Services as they are todav. with modern weapons, doing a worthwhile job. I think it is fair to say the balance this year was fairly and easily achieved, in spite of the cutlass drill, which incidentally drew one of the biggest rounds of applause of the evening.
INFANTRY TRAINING
IN PORTUGAL
LABOUR DEMAND CHANGE
OF TERR1TORY
M R. GEORGE BROWN asked the Minister of Defence whether the British troops going to Portugal would be taking part in North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion exercises or exercises arranged between his department and the Govern- ment of PortusaL
MR. WATKINSON.-This exercise was arranged last January with our Portuguese Nato allies, who offered suitable territory in which elements of the Strategic Reserie and Transport Command could be trained in rapid air movement and deployment in realistic conditions. It is planned that it should take place early in July. I under- stand that the token contingents of Portu- guese forces taking part will be drawn from forces assigned to Nato.
MR. BROWN.-Does the Minister mean that since last January he has not reconsidered this in the light of the situa- tion in Angola and the mounting objec- tions to Portugal and her present policy?
There are a number of other territories within the same distance, offering the same kind of terrain, in the land of other Nato allies where our troops could be trained ? Will he not consider counter- manding the decision to send to Poritu- Sal, and opt for somewhere else.
ONLY AREA AVAILABLE
MR. WATKINSON.-We have tried a great number of alternative territories. We have had disappointments this year in one or two.
But let me make it plain this exercise does not imply we agree with Portugal's policy in Africa. Our own approach to Colonial problems is quite different, as the Foreign Secretary recently made plain in Lisbon. We must be clear on this.
It is a mrilitary exercise, and it is a great convenience, for which I am grateful to the Portuguese authorities, to be able to train this large element of the Strategic Reserve in a hot, barren part of the country where the conditions are just right.
I am not doing my duty to the country wf we do not see that the Strategic Reserve. which is the spearhead of all our forces. a fire brigade which might put out a small bush fire, is given a chance to exercise outside this country with the R.A.F. Trans- port Command and under realistic condi- tions. That is why I think we must carry on with this exercise.
It is an exercise for British troops. It is really only done in Portugal because this seems the best place, and the only available area where an exercise of this type can take' place. It has no political connotations whatever.
AFRICAN REACIION
MR. BROWN.-None of us is disputing the need to train forces outside this land. What we are putting to the Minister is .that they do not need to go to Portugal;
it is not whether he is acquiescing in Portugal's policy. He will have seen the wise observation in The Times this morn- ing. It is a question of what other people, particularly in Africa, think he is acquiesc- ing in. Will he not reconsider this ?
MR. WATKINSON.-I shall take notc of what the right hon. member has said. I was careful to say what I did and I hope other countries in Africa will take note of this, and also take note of the fact, as our Nato allies will do, that it is essential for Nato purposes and the peace of the world that our Stragic Reserve is properly trained. There is no alternative rneans of carrying out this exercise in the time scale.
DEBATE REFUSED
MR. GEORGE BROWN, at the end of questions, returned to the Government's refusal 'to countermand the dispatch of the 19th Brigade Group to Portugal. and sought leave to move the adjournment of the House on a definite matter of urgent public importance.
If an immediate decision was taken, he said, there was just time to change the venue proposed for this training, The im-
portance of this (he said) lies not only in the repercussions on public opinion here, which are great, but in the enor- mous repercussions in Africa of Britain identifying itself quite unnecessarily with a policy of Portugal which is execrated throughout the world.
The SPEAKER.-I thought the Minister of Defence said that he would consider what Mr. Brown had been putting to him.
MR. WATKINSON.-I said those words. I also said that this exercise is not due to take place until early in July. It is not possible to alter the venue; it must either be cancelled or not. You correctly interpreted my words.
I think I went on to sly I would con- sider Mr. Brown's points. but that it would be very difficult to make an alteration at this stage, for the reasons I have given.
The SPEAKER.-In these circumstances I cannot accede to the application.
MR. BROWN.-What are the circum- stances which preclude me from moving the adjournment?
The SPEAKER.-I am extremely anxi- ous that on each of these occasions it should not be said that this is a wholly exceptional one on which I must give reasons, because, if so, it is going to happen every time. I would infinitely pre- fer not to argue reasons, because I think it is in the general interest of the House that I should not do so.
CLOSING OF U.S. BASES
MR. BROCKWAY asked the Minister of Defence if he had been informed which American military bases in Britain were to be closed, and when.
MR. WATKINSON.-The Government are in touch with the United States Gov- ernment about this matter. I hope that it will be possible to make an announce- ment shortly.
MR. BROCKWAY.-Can the Minister confirm the statement made by a repre- sentative of the American Department that five of these American bases are to be closed ?
MR. WATKINSON.-I cannot confirm or deny this until we have finished our discussions. I am anxious we should make it plain as soon as we can. but I am not able to do that today.
NO ASSOCIATION WITH
TV CONTRACT
MR. NESS EDWARDS (Caerphilly. Lab.) asked the Postmaster General if he 'we aware that a member of the Inde- pendent Television Authority had his name associated with an application for a recent programme contract; and what action he Proposes to take under Section 1 (7) ot the Television Act, 1954.
MISS PIKE. Assistant Postmaster General, in a written reply, states: We understand that Mr. Edwards has in mind the I.T.A. programme contract for its Welsh stations. We confim categorically that Mr. Alban Davies, whom the Mini- ster appointed to the I.T.A. to make the interests of Wales and Monmouthshire his special care, has no financial or other association with any of the applicant groups for that contract nor has he ever had any such interest. We make this statement with the full knowledge and concurrence of Mr. Alban Davies.
FIREARMS APPEAL TO
BE RENEWED ?
MR. RUPERT SPEIR (Hexham, C.) asked the Home Secretary whether, in view of the ease of obtaining revolvers and other firearms and the increasing use made of them by criminals, he would take steps to arrange an amnesty for the surrender.of firearms by a given date, and to provide heavier penalties for those con- victed of illegal possession thereafter.
MR. BUTLER, in a wntten reply, states: While the information in my pos- session does not ailtogether bear out the premises of the question, I am considering in consultation with the Secretary of State for Scotland. whether any useful purpose would be served by a new appeal to the public to surrender unnecessary or un- authorized firearms.
I am not satisfied that the maximum penalties for the unlawful possession ot firearms call for revision.";"June 15, 1961";"";55108;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Nato Power To Retaliate";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 15
The Atlantic Council meeting of heads of Government opens to-morrow unorning at the Patais de Chaillot. In i short public session President Eisen- hower, M. Bech, the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, who will take the chair, anti M. Gaillard, for France, as Prime Minister of the host country, will address the great gathering of Ministers, diplomatists, and officers of all services.
In view of the high expectations which the conference has raised, it is as well to consider what it can do. The heads of Government are meeting-somewhat bastily-after the launching of the sputniks and the recent shower of letters from Mr. Bulganin.
POSSIBLE PARLEY
Before these were received much of the emphasis in the preparations for the conference were on military consolida- tion, but political policy is now likely to play a bigger role than it would other- wise have done. Should there be a further attempt to parley with the Russians before long-range missiles are stationed in western Europe ? Few believe that the Russians will accept German reunification except on their own terms.
The general conclusion of the N.A.T.O. secretariat is that in denouncing the location of long-range missiles in western Europe the Russians are asking for a situation in which they could destroy western Europe 'with. missiles from the Soviet Union, only a restricted part of which would be in similar danger if the west were denied such weapons on the European main- land.
However, the possibility of talks with the Russians will not be excluded, particularly if disarmament prospects improve.
The conference is likely to accept in principle the American offer of missiles and the decision on which countries shall receive them will be left for bilateral discussions.
EFFECT OF SPUTNIKS
These problems of missiles and of the atomic stockpile which the Americans have proposed for short-range tactical atornic weapons are, however, the inevitable outcome of the decision two years ago to rely on atomic weapons as part of the N.A.T.O. shield. They were bound to be discussed before long. The Germans aind French seem pleased tbat the Americans, contrary to some United States uCwspaper reports, are not press- ing these weapons upon their allies.
The chief effect of the sputniks on the conference is that of a clear demonstra- tion of the benefits of unified planning and concentration on objectives.
This gives added impetus to the British proposal for cooperation in defence research, development, and the production of military equipment in Europe, with a view to the formation of what is described by some as a European production base. The Americans are supporting this with an offer to place orders for new weapons in Europe.
A second important British proposal is for a balanced N.A.T.O. force in Europe, and in particular the adoption in principle in the naval, air defence, and logistics fields of the sharing of difort.
UNIFIED COMMAND
The British proposal says that the forces of individual members should be built up, taking into account the re- quirements of the N.A.T.O. force as a whole as well as the requirements of individual members. If the N.A.T.O. force it to be balanced, its component parts will be rernovable by individual members only at the cost of damaging the force as a whole. The British pro- posal says that a start could be made in naval air defence and logistics in Europe, and the obvious logic of this principle is that all the components in these fields should be under a single command. British spokesmen have to- day denied that any announcement will be made at the conference that Fighter Command will be placed under the Supreme Commander, but it seems clear that more British naval and fighter units in Europe will come under N.A.T.O. command before long.
There is good reason to encourage further integration, particularly as it is known that the Belgian and Dutch Governments have agreed to merge their Air Forces, though they are having great difficulty in putting this into practice.
The next few days may well mark a new stage both in coordinating defence production and in integrating already existing forces. Britain is also support- ing a common nuclear training scheme, which the Supreme Commander has long recommended. Training might also furnish a link with the Baghdad Pact and the South-East Asia Treaty Powers, in particular when the nuclear training facilities in Australia are borne in mind.
POLITICAL PROPOSALS
There are also a number of proposals on political consolidation. The Germans in particular have urged much closer and more frequent discussion in the Atlantic Council, or at any rate between groups of N.A.T.O. members partic- ularly concerned with special problems.
This might take place through groupc of Ambassadors meeting, for instance, in Washington. London, or Paris. They also call for more influential representa- tion by some countries on the North Atlantic council. It is no secret that United States representatives have often beerl unable to state their Government's view without reference back and conse- quent delays. Dr. Adenauer will support much of this German proposal on con-
sultation when he opens the afternoon session to.morrow. He will emphasize the political aspect of the problems facing the alliance and urge that the principal objective of the conference should not be the adoption of militarf measures.
In general the British would like to see N.A.T.O. more interested in extra-
N.A.T.O. questions, but the Americans are chary of any obligation to consult N.A.T.O. on Far Eastern matters.
The Italian proposal for a N.A.T.O. fund for under-developed countries to be raised from Marshall aid funds due for repayment will probably be accepted in substance, though the fund may not be adrninistered through N.A.T.O.
SCIENTIFIC ADVISER
The proposals to appoint a scientific adviser to the alliance and to extend greatly training facilities now chiefly provided by individual countries will be supported.
When President Eisenhower arrived yesterday the temperature was just over freezing at Orly airport and on medical advice he did not remove his hat when the "" Marseillaise "" and the ' Star- Spangled Banner"" were played. When he reached Paris the top of his enormous car was rolled back and he stood up and waved and smiled to the crowds which had gathered along the route in spite of the cold. Parisians were astonished and delighted at this per- formance by a man who, they had been led to believe, was a semi-invalid.
"" Vive Ike ! "" they shouted enthusias- tically at the waving figure; there was no doubt that during this brief drive Mr. Eisenhower did more than any number of speeches and assurances by others could have done to restore his standing in the eyes of the French.
Among the many visits and discus- sions which took place to-day were a conversation between President Eisen- hower and the French Prime Minister and Foreign Minister; a talk between M. Gaillard and Dr. Adenauer; and a luncheon given by Dr. Adenauer for Mr. Macmillan, Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, and Mr. Sandys.
DISREGARDED ASSEMBLIES
Both the Foreign Ministers of the Council of Europe, who met on Friday and again yesterday, and the Foreign Ministers of Western European Union, who met yesterday and again to-day, were concerned with the discontent Expressed by the Assemblies of these bodies at the way in which Governments and Ministers seem to disregard the Assemblies' deliberations. Both sets of Ministers decided or implied that they would pay more attention to them in future.
The 15 Ministers of the Council of Europe also decided to extend the field of consultation with each other when- ever a problem arose which concerned the Council of Europe.
They reaffirmed their desire to see the various European organizations welded into an effective whole, a phrase which includes the notion of merging the Council of Europe with the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. Whether the idea, which is by no means new. will be put into practice depends on the establishment of a European free trade area. The Secretary-General of the Council of Europe is to prepare a report on the coordination of the policy of member-countries for the spring session of the Assembly.";"December 16, 1957";"";54025;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Atlantic Council Meets To-Day";""
"['a Special Report', 'by Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";"a Special Report
The centre of Brussels with the Central railway station and'Sabena Belgian airlines office to the right, dominated by the tower of the Westbury Hotel. Right: shooting of game in Belgium!
is governed by regulations and subject to a licence.
Promotin2 harmonv within threcf
v%nqr2tp
rpoinne
by Roger Berthoud
Belgium is a country ihiotigh vhich many foreigners pass on their wvay to somewler-e else, and where sonic 9,700,000 Beigians !ive? i:1 three increasingly separate regions: Flandei-s in the north, Wallonia in the southi, and Brussels in the middle.
Not all foreigier s pass through: several thous mnd have settled in Brussels, which plavs host in its corn- fortable, bourgeois w""ay to the headquarters of the EEC, Nato, and dozens of multinational companies.
The existence of thI-ee regions gained formal iecog- nition in the consritution ,1
amendments of 1970. it is increasingly becoming a poli- tical realitv. Far from deepening the countrv's divisions, it may wvell help to heal them by reducing the poinits of fr iction and siphoning off emotiolis illt) a welter of separate working"" bodies.
About 55 per cent of the population live in Flanders. speal, Dutchi are mainly Roman Catholic, con- ,Ervative and determiined to exploit to the full their l egion's geographical advan-
tages. Abotit 33 per cent live in Wallonia, speak French, tend towards socialism and .ariti-clericalism, and suffer Iromn the r egion's old pre- dominance in traditional ini- dustries: the higih technology factories are in Flanders, the
Id coalmines in Wallonia.
l he r est, most of whom speak French, live in pros- perous, bilingual Brussels, tne geographical area ivhich is limited by the famous 1962 "" straitjacket "" to 19 coin- niunes.
Two cultural communities, three regions: fronm that sr,rings the appalling com- pkfxitE of the country's poli- tical life and institutions.. 'Iwo of the three main poli- tical parties, the Social Chtis- tianc and the Liberals, are divided into Dutch and Xrench-speaking wings, and the Socialists have moved that way bv appointinig two co-presidents.
Thier-e are thrce smaller b.it important parties fight- ing for the interests of the thiee regionis: the Volks- u -e (Flanders), the Ras-
-blement Wallon (Wal. lonia' and the Front Demno- cratique des Francopliones (B' ussels). Parliament re- mainis national, but under. nc'atl, it there pullulates a
mass of overlapping regional councils.
Under the constitutional r eforms introduced in 1971 thc two communities achiev- ed a large measure of auto- nOlllV ill the cultural field. Wheni MAir Leo Tindemans bc- came Prime Minister in April
1974, he and his minority co-' alition of Social Christians and Liberals (mainly of the conservative continental var- iety) decided to give priority to improving relations be- tveen the communities. They saw as the main instrument for that a speeding-up of the plan for regional devolution, known in Belgium as region- alization.
Thie plecedillg general election of March 10 had produced the first slight set- back since the 1960s for the three regional parties, some times known as the federal- ist, linguistic 01' extr'emist parties, matchied by a modest consolidation of the tradi- tional parties. TIhey had effectively stolen mulchl of the federalists' favourite p)olitical clothing by embrac- ing the cause of greater regional autonomy.
Mr Tindemanis, a Flemish Catholic of verv moderate viewvs, recognizes an oppor- tunity for reconciliation when lie sees one. His
initial attempt to bring all three regional parties into the Government failed. With the Socialists preferring to g~o into the opposition, he wvas denied the nvo-thirds parliamentary majority necessary to introduce the constitutional . rieforms needed for a lasting devolu- Lion of central powers to the regions.
But on June 9, after weeks of patient negotiation, M Francois Perin, the leader of the Rassemblement Wallon, agreed that his party should join the Tindemans' Govern- ment. It *vas a remarkable precedent. The regional par- ties had at a stroke been brought in from the cold. Only one had joined the Government, but all three wvere eligible to enter the mainistr eam of Belgian poli- tical life.
M PNrin, an able academic lawye', wvas soon put to work to draft legislation giving political substanice to the long-debated concept of eco- nomic regionalization. On August 1 ""Perin's law"" was adopted by Parliament, pro- visionally giving the three regions more autonomy in that field.
Thiree regional councils were set up, and met for
the first time on November 26, 1974, at Mechelein, Namur and Brussels. Con- sisting of senators only, with the addition of citv council- lors for Brussels, the coun- cils are purely consultative, but could burgeon into full regional assemblies. Thcir task is to advise the Gover n- ment in about 10 policy fields, among them urh.liu renewal, housing, public health and labour policy.
Collaborating indepen- dently with them are three new ministerial committees for regional affairs. They consist of ministers and secretaries of state involved in the preparation of govern- ment legislation and dleci- sions wvhich have a regional impact. The committees also propose the distribution of budget credits for regional policy expeenditures.
The idea is that the regions shotuld have an in- creasing say in how thev are spent t -?*ethter, fo;-
example, a credit of lIOm for- infrastr ucture should be spent on social housing or on new roads. The pro. portioni of central funds wvhich the regionall commil tCC canl (istri bute Wvi i h reasonable freedom should r ise to between 1S and 18 per cctIt next year.
"" It's like a younlg man whlo com&s home fr-omi his first job and hands over his wages to his family-and gets back a small slice to spend more or less as lie likes "", a minister explained.
The monev is distributcd on the basis of a key related to surface area (favourilng Wallonia), populationi (favouring Brusscis and Flanders) and contribution to direct taxes (favouring Brussels). Flanders gels about 52 per CCiit, Wvallonlia 38 per cent and Brussels 9
per celit.
'Illis has been described at some length becaUse It
IWA& WOW . AL
represents a substantial achievement bv the present Government. It may not en- sure either Mlr Tindemans's survival for long as Prime Mlinister, or a steady im- provement in relations be- tween the communities ; the loig-eniduring hard-core of Fllemish nationalism, beside which intelligent radicals are obliged to campaign within the Volksunie. can be relied on to exploit opportunities to causc trouble.
But it will ensure MvJr 1Tindemans a place in Bel- gian history books. His task as the wvise man "" of the EEC. called on by the Nine io draw up a report nn European union. may or may not add lustr e to that.
ii promotinig ltdriiot]v hoth Wvi, hill the EEC and Belgium. Mr Tindemans has heen at his best as a nego- tiator and as d rare political leadei- whio inspires trust. Hlis wveakness is his dislike of conflict, aid its corollary,
a reluctance to exert auth- ority. That is most apparent in the economic field, and could prove fatal to his sur- vival as Prime Minister.
The Government came to po.wver wvhen thc energy crisis was aggravating infla- tion. Perhaps because the Belgian economy is to anl exceptional extent governed by world trade-Belgium is the world's eighth exporter -Mr Tindemans preferred to concenitrate on1 more purely political problems.
From a position similar to Holland and Germany, infla- tion in Belgium has gradually reached a position between Europe's "" good boys "" and the *veak ones like Italy, Britain and Ireland. Unerm- ployment is up to the .5 to 6 pet- cenit level, and ther e have been major demonstra- tiolls in Liege, Charleroi and Brussels.
The situation is particular- lv serious in Wallonia, an area of dying or old-fashioned
industries reminiscent of parts of Britain. Like many British firms, the Walloons. tend to look to the state to get them out of trouble. About 65 factories have been occupied by workers over the past three years, and all but half a dozen of them were in Wallonia. The ]cvel of frustration among workers in multinational firms-at odds with a distant, faceless master-is high.
But wvith Wallonia contri- buting only about 20 per cent of direct taxa- tion, the Flemish are increasingly reluctant to see their funds used to help strike-prone, disgruntled and seemingly less enterprising Walloons. Without some re- animatioll of Wallonia, Mr Tindemans could find that his relative neglect of economic problems is threatening his achievetnenits in the field of regionalization).";"May 30, 1975";"";59409;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Belgium";""
"['From A Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From a Special Correspondent
The restoration of foreign travel on May 1 has more significance than offer- ing increased scope to holiday-makers. During the recent ban, when the idea of a western European union began to take practical shape, there was something in- congruous about the prospect of nations uniting at a high level while the citizens of each remained segregated behind their respective frontiers. The right of the common man to roam the world "" freely without let or hindrance,"" as our British passport has it, may not be the touch- stone of freedom, but many to-day cherish the hope-a hope expressed with visionary zeal by Thomas Cook more than a cen- tury ago-that the mingling of classes and races, made possible in ever greater degree by modern transport, will be a powerful factor in dispersing the mists of ignorance and suspicion that have bedevilled the re- lations of peoples throughout the cen- turies.
The renewed freedom to travel will be limited by a number of factors. Each adult is allowed foreign currency to the value of £35, children under sixteen £25. Belgium, Luxembourg, and Spain are still excluded from the European countries that may be visited. Switzerland, the most popular choice of British tourists, is the subject of a quota arrangement that will reduce the flow of visitors to some 120,000 during the next six months-about half the number that flocked there last suimmer. Travel to certain countries, such as Sweden, will be restricted by transport lirnitations. The general transport posi- tion has, however, improved markedly during the past year, both at home and abroad.
PARIS TO ISTANBUL
The summer schedule of the British Railways provides increased services on aU the main lines, including those to the east and south coasts which carry the bulk of the traffic bound for the Continent. A cheering sign of general improvement in rail transport is the promise of a substan- tial extension of "" reserved "" train services during the coming months; another is the steady increase in the number of Pullman cars.
On the Continent most of the famous international expresses linking the capitals of Europe are again in operation. The longest run is that of the Simplon-Orient which goes from Paris through Switzer- land and the Simplon Tunnel to Italy, thence to Trieste and across the Balkan peninsula to Istanbul. The Arlberg Express also starts from Paris, travelling almost due east to Vienna and thence to Budapest and Bucharest. The Orient Express links Paris with Czechoslovakia and Poland. Although their running times are slower than before the war, the restora- tion of these international services in less than three years is a hopeful comment on the progress of European recovery. There is also a new express service from Stock- holm to Oslo, Warsaw, and Prague; the train is ferried across the Baltic from Trelleborg in Sweden to Odra in Germany. Another ferry service runs from Stock- holm to Trelleborg, Sassnitz, and Berlin. Nearly aU these routes are equipped with sleeping and dining cars.
Even more important than the recon- struction of European railways has been the improvement in sea transport. Lack of shipping, due to war losses and requisi- tions for numerous post-war purposes, has been a most serious obstacle to the expan- sion of travel. Not only on the Atlantic and Empire routes, but also on the cross- Channel and the Irish service, the scarcity of berths was at times chronic, especially during peak periods. In the past year the position has been eased on certain routes. New ships have come into commission and many of our ocean-going liners have been released from Government control and restored to normal service.
Shipping improvements on the shorter routes have been appreciable. In addi- tion to the North Sea services, such as
Newcastle-Bergen, there are now 13 regui- lar cross-Channel routes to the Continent, including three from Dover (to Calais, Dunkirk, and Ostend), two from Folke- stone (to Calais and Boulogne), two from Harwich (to Antwerp and The Hook), two from Southampton (to Le Havre and St. Malo), and one from Hull (to Rotterdam). The two new motor-vessels Munster and Leinster, that came into service last month between Liverpool and Dublin, will help to ease the problem of sumnmer traffic to Ireland. The Farringford, a new ferry steamer crossing the Solent, will render a similar service to the Isle of Wight, to which many Americans, on arriving at Southampton, are attracted by the origi- nal "" Farringford,' the former home of Lord Tennyson, which to-day serves as a spacious guest-house.
NON-STOP AIR LINKS
The air transport companies have de- veloped no less rapidly than their competi- tors on sea and land. In Europe alone there must be hundreds of scheduled ser- vices. There are 16 daily services from London to Switzerland, 12 to Paris, eight to Brussels, and one or more each day to all the main centres of the Continent. In addition to the regular services some 30 British air charter companies carry many thousands of passengers and tons of freight on non-scheduled flights in the British Isles and to and from the Conti- nent. During the sumrnmer these aerial "" taxis "" are in frequent demand by holi- day-makers. A welcome trend in the de- velopment of air transport is the introduc- tion of non-stop services between distant centres. B.E.A. will start a direct service from London to Oslo this month, and Air France a similar service to Nice in June. Another aspect of this trend is the pro- vision of direct services from Manchester, Glasgow, and other cities to the Continent, eliminating the journey to a London airport
Travel agencies are once again filled with crowds of applicants for continental holidaNs. With Belgium ruled out Switzerland and France will be the chief beneficiaries of British tourist traffic this summer. Holland, Norway, and Italy are also popular choices, and some agencies report lively interest in the reopening of Austria to British visitors. The question heard daily in every travel agency is: "" Where can I go for £35 and for how long ? "" Some typical costs are: 17 days in Lucerne, £31 8s.; 15 days in Paris, £29 17s.; 15 davs in Nice, £35 6s.; 14 days in Voss (Norwayv) £33 17s. 6d. A nine-day yachting cruise through Holand costs 30 guineas. A fort- night's tour of Italy, visiting Pisa, Rome. Florence, Venice, and Milan, costs 64 guineas.
HOLIDAYS FOR £35
These all-in charges include return fares, which are not deducted from the £35 allowance, and ample money isavailableforincidentalday- to-day expenses. In most continental countries the average pension charge in a good class hotel may be reckoned at between 25s. and 30s. a day. A fortnight's stay would there- fore cost £21, leaving £14, or £1 a day, for personal expenses. It goes without saying that £35 would not last long at a hotel de luxe in the south of France, for instance, but that this amount is adequate for a continental holiday is -borne out by the fact that the average ex- penditure by British visitors last year, when the allowance was £75, amounted to about £42 in foreign currency.
Severe rationing of petrol at home, com- hined with improved cross-Channel ferry ser- vices, probably account for the big demand for motoring holidays abroad this summer. Petrol is unrationed in Switzerland, HoDland, and the Scandinavian countries; in both France and Italy the ration for tourists is on a liberal scale. On arrival in France the motorist is given coupons for 20 gallons, after which he may apply for extra coupons as required. At the Italian frontier he may purchase a book of coupons, entitling him to 50 litres (about 10 gallons), for £2, and as many further books as he requires during his holiday. Payment. however, is in travellers' cheques, not in lire. The ItaGan election results, with their apparent promise of more stable conditions in Europe generally, have led to a discernible increase in the demand for continental holidays this summer.";"May 15, 1948";"";51072;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Travel Abroad";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Corresondent
COPENHAGEN, OcT. 11
Mr. ChurchiU spoke to-night on Europe to an audience of 5,000 people in Copen- hagen's largest assembly hall He said: -
All the greatest things are simple, and many can be expressed in a sinigle word: freedom, justice, honour, duty, mercy, hope. We who have come together here to-night, we also can express our purpose in a single word- Europe.
If the people of Europe resolve to come together and work together for mutual advan- tage, to exchange blessings instead of curses, they still have it in their power to sweep away the horrors and miseries which surround them and to allow the streams of freedom, happi- ness, and abundance to begin again their heal- ing flow.
After each of the fearful wars which have ravaged the lives and homes of mankind, the hopes of humanity have centred upon the creation of an instrument of world government, capable at least of maintaining peace and law among men. We accept the sole supremacy of the United Nations organization.
In the constitution agreed at San Francisco direct provision was made for regional organi- zations to be formed. United Europe will formn one major regional entity. There is the United States with its dependencies, there is the wide hope-and still I will not cast aside the hope-that there is (he Soviet Union, there is the British Empire and Commonwealth, and there is Europe, with which Great Britain is profoundly blended. Here are the four main pillars of the world temple of peace. Let us make sure that they will all bear the weight which will be imposed and reposed upon them.
"" HERE I AM AT HOME ""
We hope to reach again a Europe purged of the slavery of ancient days, in which men will be as proud to say, "" I am a European,"" as once they said, Civis Romnanus sum. We hope to see a Europe where men of every country will think as much of being a European as of belonging to their native land, and wherever they go in this wide domain will truly feel "" Here I am at home."" How simple it would be and how crowned with glory, if that should ever arise.
The whole movement of American opinion is favourable to the revival and re-creation of Europe. This is surely not unnatural when we remember how the manhood of the United States of America have twice in a lifetime been forced to recross the Atlantic Ocean and give their lives and shed their blood and pour out their treasure as a result of wars originating from ancient European feuds. One cannot be surprised that they would like to see a peaceful and united Europe taking its place among the foundations of the world organization to which they are devoted.
We do not, of course, pretend that United Europe provides the final and complete solu- tion to all the problems of international relationships. The creation of an authorita- tive, all-powerful world order is the ultimate aim towards which we must strive. Unless some effective world super-Government can be set up and brought quickly into action, the prospects for peace and human progress are dark and doubtful.
Without a united Europe there is no sure prospect of world government. We take our stand on human rights as set forth in the Charter of Human Rights proclaimed by the United Nations organization. Any European country that sincerely accepts and adopts the principles there set forth will be welcome to the European union.
CLEAR PRINCIPLES
Our principles are set forth with clarity: love of freedom; hostility to -totalitarianism of every kind; the humble and conscientious search for truth ; respect for the human person- alitv and for the individual as an individual. The task of our movement is to foster, encour- age, and develop the sense of being Europeans, a pride in Europe and what she has stood for, and of confidence in the greatness of our common mission in the future.
These sentiments can be brought about only by Europeans in different countries learning to know each other better. We are all agreed that our ultimate aim-the unity and freedom of the whole of Europe-can be achieved only by stages. Our first task is to unite the free countries.
We stretch out our hand in gratitude and good will across the ocean to the other half of the free world, whose generous help has been forthcoming to assist our stricken con- tinent on the path of recovery.
Every step that we have made towards closer European unity has encountered the vehement hostility of the Communist party in every country, and the more we have progressed the more bitter has become the Communist cam- paign of vilification. This is certainly no surprise.
The tyranny upon which Communism is founded, the hatred from which it draws its strength, and the poverty on which it thrives would all -of them be directly threatened by the establishment of a united, peaceful, and prosperous Europe.
The tide of Communism in Europe. which only three years ago engulfed Czechoslovakia, has for the moment been halted, and its parlia- mentary strength has been greatly reduced by the good sense of the electors in all our coun- tries. This is due to a large extent to the
economic itegration of the peoples of Europe. which has been so powerfuUliy aided and encouraged by the United States of America.
KREMLIN OLIGARCHY
There is no doubt that Communism as an ideology is losing ground in all countries where free speech is allowed and parliamentary insti- tutions thrive. But behind the sub-human chatter of Communist doctrinaires stands the armed might of the Kremlin oligarchy, which, while frothing words of peace, has since the war maintained larger armed forces, trained and organized more than almost all the countries in the world put together.
For some time now westem Europe has been living under the stress and pressure of the Communist ""rcold war."" But it is in the Far East and not in Europe that the first blow in the hot war has fallen. It may be that the growing unity and solidarity of the nations of the west has influenced the Soviet aggressors.
The free peoples of Europe have certainlY not added to their dangers, however great theY may be, by proclaiming, as they have through the Council of Europe and through the Atlantic Pact. their resolve to fight together. and, if need be, to die together, in defencc of the freedom which is their joint treasure.
They have not added to their danger, nor has what has happened out in Korea made things worse. My feeling is that it has made things better-my feeling is that the manifesta- tion which has been given of the wiliingness of the free world to unite, combine to act, to defend itself, wherever it may be attacked, is a guarantee and assurance which should inspire every man in every country. States are not to be brushed aside because they are -small. We all stand together
Those who are best informed among us will not be those who underrate our dangers. TheY are grave. If they have not broken upon us, it is only because our adversaries are content to let them grow. We should certainly not ward them off or reduce them by showing any failure in unity, conviction, or will-power. It is the exact opposite w'hich is true. Once again the
path of duty is the path alike of safety and honour.
Earlier in the day Mr. and Mrs. Churchill visited the cemetery where members of the Danish Resistance Movement who were executed by the Germans are buried. Mr. Churchill laid a wreath on the monument and stood for a minute in silence. They spent the afternoon at the British Embassy where the British Ambassador, Sir Alec Randall, -gave a reception for members of ths British colony.";"October 12, 1950";"";51820;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Four Pillars Of Peace";""
"['From Our Rome Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Rome Correspondent
Recent discussion of western political and military cooperation has brought foreign policy to the forefront of Italian life. The political isolation of Italy ended barely 15 months ago when the peace treaty came into force which enabled her to resume her place among the nations. As a former defeated enemy, her first steps were necessarily cautious, while a delicate domestic and international situa- tion made her leaders' task more difficult. The April general election, fought mainly on the issue of democracy against totali- tarianism, gave a clear mandate to Signor De Gasperi and enabled Count Sforza, his Foreign Minister, to pass to a more active phase of policy. This culminated last September in an unequivocal'proposal for closer association with the west-a policy endorsed by the Chamber with the proviso that the Government should abstain from any military commitments.
DIVIDED PARTY LEADERS
In normal circumstances the Foreign Minister would have had no doubt as to his next steps, but the domestic situation in particular is anything but normal. It is marked above all by a disquieting lack of unity among the parties on the broad ,issues of foreign policy, and constructive action is throttled by those who boggle when asked to approve steps necessary to fulfil the Government's mandate. Uneasiness within the Cabinet has been somewhat allayed by Signor De Gasperi's assurances, but there are still too many conflicting opinions inside and outside the coalition ranks, and this raises doubts whether there would be sufficient support for his policy if the waverers resigned.
No party of note, except the Com- munists, has a clear-cut foreign pro- gramme. Even the leaders of the Christian- Democrat Party, the backbone of political life here, are divided. On its left wing Signor Gronchi, President of the Cham- ber, preaches prudence in reaching any agreements. Italy, he maintains, is not faced with a choice between east and west but can follow a line of her own. Like others of his faction, Signor Gronchi feels that she is too close to the iron curtain to risk any provoca- tion of the Soviet Union and its satellites. He also fears the repercussions on public opinion of foreign aid in rearmament, and his great concern is apparently to avoid alienating working-class support. On the right wing of the party Signor De Gasperi has to placate the. feelings of those who hold that neutrality must be preserved at all costs.
LURE OF NEUTRALITY
WVhile the Republican Party, to which Count Sforza nominally belongs, is less divided, the right-wing Socialists reject the Brussels pact but favour European federa- tion, although their leader, Signor Saragat, is not altogether happy at the prospect of abandoning neutrality. The idea of neutrality has made headway among his supporters, who believe that it would encourage fusion between the dissident Socialist groups. Signor Saragat, like Signor Gronchi, is afraid of losing his grip upon his following and anxious not to check the budding sympathies of those Socialists disgusted with Signor Nenni's pro-Communist party. Some people believe that he is ready to pass to the opposition if this would attract the left- wing waverers and promote Socialist unity.
Of the minor right-wing groups, the neo-Fascist M.S.T. (Movimento Sociale Italiano) regards European federation as Utopian and would make collaboration with the west part of a bargain in which its countrv's rights, especially in the matter of colonies, would be recognized. Monarchist elements dislike the idea of a western bloc and talk vaguely of Italy act- ing as a bridge between east and west. The Communists and their Socialist allies under Signor Nenni make no secret of their pro-Russian sentiments. but while the latter urge a policy of neutrality, the Communists cannot do so openly because of their ties with the Soviet Union. Both
threaten insurrection if Italy should set her face against Russia.
Neutrality, in fact, may become a major issue. Backed by extremists of both left and right as the only safe policy to-day, its persistent advocacy is a potential danger to the Government since it makes a strong appeal to the untutored minds of the masses who suffered so sorely from the last war. Count Sforza's reply is that neutrality would not avert war but might render it inevitable, and he insists that an ostrich-like policy could only lead to isolation.
European federation is the one issue on which the Government coalition, com- posed of Christian Democrats, right-wing Socialists, Republicans, and Liberals, broadly agrees. To Count Sforza goes most credit for taking the lead in advoca- ting this policy as a means of defending the western way of life. The uncertain fate of the former colonies stirs most deeply all except a minority of the country. The bulk of the people, in spite of all they hear and read about native hostility to a return of Italian rule, inability to finance any large colonial development schemes, and the strategical needs of the western allies, remain unconvinced. They still suffer from what Mussolini once termed Inal d'Africa. Until the true needs of Italy can be reconciled with the interests of the western allies, the colonial question will remain an open sore.
Most disconcerting to Italy's friends is the lack of appreciation shown by respon- sible leaders and writers of obligations to- wards the natives. Until recently this aspect was largely ignored by the Press and by official spokesmen. There is a similar failure to appreciate the strategical needs of the United States and Britain in the Mediterranean and to realize that theirs are also the interests of Italy.
PROCESS OF COAXING
In pursuing the broadest possible foreign policy, the country is swayed chiefly by economic factors. Apart from the United States, which in the view of all but the ex- tremists must continue to play a major role in both domestic and foreign affairs, it is to the South American States, particu- larly Argentina, that eyes turn most hope- fully for future aid. France will ultimately be linked with Italy by a Customs union which should help to make talk of neu- trality appear illogical. Events in Ger- many are followed closely; Italy knows that her ultimate revival depends largely on German rehabilitatioa and therefore supports the admission of Germany to any European union. At the same time the Governrpent leaves nothing undone to promote trade relations with the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, while combat- ing Communist propaganda.
Signor De Gasperi and Count Sforza have hitherto successfully coaxed their countrymen along the chosen interna- tional path and their policy has brought its rewards. New and more delicate de- cisions lie just ahead of them. One is the extent to which the armed forces can be strengtheaned, preferably without the military commitments which some Government supporters regard as absurd in the case of a practically unarmed country. Since Italy cannot defend her- ;self alone, they admit the necessity of at
least militarv guarantees, and in this con- nexion the talks in Washington of General Marras, Chief of Army General Staff, have aroused speculation and uneasiness.
Count Sforza has given assurances that he has not made and will not make any secret pacts, but the fear persists that he and Signor De Gasperi may one day present the country with something re- sembling a fait accomnpli in foreign policy, such as Italian participation in the Brussels or the Atlantic pact, or a com- promise on the colonies. The left-wing Socialists have already predicted that Par- liament will "" be called upon to sanction irrevocable engagements."" Any new ges- tures towards the west would certainly widen the gulf between the Government and the left extremists and might narrow ths support it now receives from moderate groups of both left and centre, including influential left-wing elements in Signor De Gasperi's own party.";"December 21, 1948";"";51260;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Italy's Place In Europe";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"I UNDERSTAND it is proving difficult to find a successor to Sir George Taylor who wishes to retire next year as director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Sir George, who will be 66 next February, has been direc- tor for the past 13 years; and the M,inistry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which somewhat im- probably is responsible for Kew, has known about his impending retirement since last year.
In theory at least there should be no shortage of potential candi- dates. Besides being the premier job for botanists in Britain, it carries a salary of £5,500 (high by botanical standards), a large house, and (usually) a knighthood. Al- though the Ministry says it has not even begun to consider possible candidates, botanist circles have been buzzing for. many months with the names of people who will not be taking the job.
The qualifications for the post- a good knowledge of systematic botany and an inclination towards horticulture-narrow the iield considerably. In botany, as in other sciences. the trend is towards specialization and it is not easy to find someone with a general experience in botany.
More important, however, is the fact that Kew is an administrative posting allowing little time for [research. In one possible candi- date's words: 'It involves the scientific sterilization of a person whose talents might be put to bet- ter use elsewhere.""
WHAT is ihere in Charles Baude- laire that fascinates so many con- temporary politicians ? Apart from M. Pompidou, whom I mentioned on Wednesday, Carlo Schmid, the German Social Democrat Member of Parliament and former president of the Assembly of Western European Union, translated Les Fleurs du Mal under the title t)ie Alumen des Bosen. When Maurice Edelman, Labour M.P. for Coventry West, and also a transla- tor of some of Baudelaire's poems. became chairman of the Socialist group at the W.E.U., he was presented with Die Blumen des Bdsen by Schmid (his predecessor). It was inscribed with a long Latin
Sir George Taylor
dedioation beginning: "" Egregio domino britannicae nationis doctissimo plebis tribuno"".
Aye, aye
EDINBURGH Corporation. as I anticipated, yesterday approved plans to build a £3356,000 opera house of international standing (to which it wil contribute £1.75m.) in the city.
At the town counc meeting the Lord Provost James W. Mackay said: "" I believe that Edinburgh is moving in the diretion of be- coming the cultural capital of Europe. You cannot ask major opera companies and artists of international distinction and fame_ who have the choice of goinis any- wibere. to make do with second best.""
Encouraging words: I only hope the Arts Council and the Govemn- ment will End it possible to supply the balance of the money.
Three left
THE departure of Tito Burns from London Weekend Tel- vision now leaves just three of tho
'big names"" with which the company started still in operation: JimmLy Hill, head of sport. Tom Margerison, up from deputy man- aging director to chief executive; and Cive Irving, who is currently involved in the Frost programmes although his horse-the public affairs department-has been shot froM under him.
But at a lower creative level. LW.T.'s staff has been more stable. The situation is confused by the fact that LW.T.. in com- mon with other independent tele- vision companies, employs many produce-s. directors and other creative workers on a freelance. or short-term contract, basis. Never- theless of a core of about 40 per- manent producers. directors and senior production people who were with LW.T. on "" day one ""- August 2, 1968-only one or two have left to go freelance.
Among those who have stayed are John Bromley, Hill's executive producer; Adrian Metcal, the ex- Olympic runer who edits Sports Arena; Keith Beckett, director of Carry and Chips; Philip Casson, producer of Frost on Sunday; Humphrey Barclay and Maurnce Murphy, producer and director of comedy programmes such as Doctor in the House; and Geoffrey Hughes, a producer from the public affairs department who looks after Frost on Friday.
Still outspoken
WOLE SOYINKA, the Niezian playwright recently released from two years' detention, has giveC an extraordinarily outspoken (but hitherto unreported) interview on Nigerian television, praising Biafas General Ojukwu as ""a dedicated and intelligent man"". Soyinka also said that any Ideas for a solution of the present war would have to take ful and serious recognition of the deep psychological change which had taken place amnong the Biafrans.
If the current accusations against Ojuku were trs, aa:id Soyinka, the secessionist leader wuld take
his place in the galery of bon-ors which already included those who masterminded the 1966 massacres- but he recalled that, when they bad talked, he had been most impressed by Ojuwu's repeated references to the massacres of the Ibos and his incredulity that such things could be allowed to happen.
Explaining his recently coined slogan, To keep Nigeria one, jus- tice must be done"" (the official version is "" To keep Nigerian one is a task that must be done ""), he said that the basic cause of the present troubles was that the principles of justice had been completely trampled over. Nations which could not apply the United Nations char- ter on human rights-"" a work of collective genius ""-should be honest and withdraw from the United Nations, from which all nilitary Governments should in any case be automatically excluded.
Neat wink
FOR three years after bis film with Rod Steiger about Pope John's life. Ernlanno Olmi gave up film- making. ""After a few days of the flm running I found I was not convinced by it. I wanted Mr. Steiger to represent Pope John not as an actor, but an ordinary mam But it was a commercial under- taking, and I could not stop. The film was a Feat stumbrmg block: like a delusion in love""
Now happily in love with his calling again, Olmi :.s here to talk about his latest film, One Fine Day. a fable about a businessman and a fatal car accident, which has been one of the successes of the ondon Film Festival. He is a kindly ginger-haired man with the warm seriousness ansd humour of his films. and greets you wzith hand- shake. smile. and, rather unexpec- tedly, a neat wink.
Olmi speaks rno English, and through an attractivoe dark-haired girl explains that ni Fosto, the Sirst of his films seen here, was aSuto-- biographical: it was about a young
clerk beginning a dead-end jqb in a big industrial concern. Olmi him- self turned to making 16nun docu- mentaries for the firm, at first in his spare time.
In Italy, he is regarded as a specialist film-maker. ""Normally films mystiny reality, they. trans. form it into specracle, show. I have a truth bug, I need truth. I think films can be a fabulous medium between reality and the individual; it is important that each individual commun.cates his own truth.
"" But even each individual mystifies reality, either because he basn't the courage, or for conveni- ence."" Olmni acknowvledges that he gets near it-"" but the way I think it is concenient to tell the truth. I am a man who creates fl1ms to remain a man.'
No bodyguard
WITHN a month of being re- elected as mayor of Jernsalem, Teddy Kollek-as exuberant as ever-ewho has been here on a fleet- ing visit. Like al mayors, I have to work too hard"", he says. ""I start work at 5.30 in the morning- by inspecting the streets. I am always in my office by 6.30."" His style is similar to American mayors -and so was his electoral cam- paign, complete with Teddy badges, Teddy cigars and "" Vote for Toddy"" balloons.
Koilek attributes his success at the polls to maturity on the part of the voters, Jews and Amabs (who turned out in larger than expected numbers). "" This time the elecdto was not so much about swwrage systems 'but about preserving Jeru- salem as a mixed city of Jews, Moslems aDd Christians."" It is to his credit that be does not need a bodyguard -when he walft around the city.
The achievement which gives him most pleasure is his "" share in establishing the Israel Museum, the outstanding cuItural institution in thc coyuntry "". While here, he has been saying thank you to English friends of the Museum who ,recently donated a flac Hemy M^oore sculpture.
PHS";"December 5, 1969";"";57735;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"The Foreign Ministers of Britain, France, the United States, and the Federal Republic reached agreement in Paris yesterday on the few outstanding issues concerning German sovereignty.
To-day the four Ministers will meet again to approve the final texts. There will also be a session of th'e N.A.T.O. Council to consider the questions of German membership and the reinforcement of the Atlantic Pact machinery, as the last step in the week's diplomatic activities.
A nine-Power meeting, under the chairmanship of Sir Anthony Eden, agreed yesterday that the headquarters of the Western Euro-pean Union-the expanded Brussels Treaty Organization, after the admission of west Germany and Italy-shall be in London.
EXTENDING SCOPE
OF TREATY
HEADQUARTERS TO BE
IN LONDON
From Our Special Correspondent
PARIS, Ocr. 21
The work of carrying on the achieve- ITents of the London conference has gone apace here to-day. There have been no sensational developments, but a great deal has been achieved in a businesslilkeatmo- sphere. The question of Germnan sove- reignty has been settled. The nine-Power meeting concluded its work, leaving for to-morrow only the session of the North Atlantic Council and a brief meetinig of the four Ministers concerned with German sovereignty.
The copnmunique issued after the nine- Power meeting, to-night gives an outline of the day's work. The text is as follows:-
The Foreign Ministers of Belgium, Canada,' France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America met in Paris to complete the dis- cussion begun at the recent London conference on security and European integration within the framework of a developing Atlantic com- munity dedicated to peace and freedom. The Ministers were informed of the agreement reached between the Foreign Ministers of France, the German Federal Republic, the United Kingdom, and the United States ot America in regard to ending the occupation regime in the Federal Republic.
WORKING GROUP TO REMAIN
The nine Ministers then considered the reports of the working parties set up in Paris and London to give effect to the principles agreed at the London conference. They reached agreement on the text of four protocols sanctioning and extending the scope of the Brussels Treaty Organization expanded to provide for the participation of Italy and of. the Genrnan Federal Republic, and. on the text of aocompanying documents. They agreed that the London working group, consisting of representatives of Belgium, France, the German Federal Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, should remain in being during the interim period before the formal accession of the German Republic and Italy to the Brussels Treaty Organization.
The Ministers expressed to the Secretaries- General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- zation and of the Brussels Treaty Organization, who were invited to be present at-the meeting, their thanks for the valuable preparatory work done in the two organizations between the London and Paris conferences, and for the facilities placed at their disposal by N.A.T.O. for their meetings in Paris.
LEGAL FORMULA
Agreement on the ending of the occupation regime in Germany was reached at a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany, United Kingdom, and the United States which began at 3 o'clock this afternoon. They dis- cussed the few outstanding issues and solu- tions were agreed. The further meeting of the four to-morrow is merely to approve the word- ing of the new instrument in its final form. Some indication of how taxing a task this is likely to be is provided by the fact that the meeting is arranged for 3 o'clock, just a quarter of an hour before the meeting of the North Atlantic Council.
The main outstanding points after yester- day's meeting of the four ministers was the ,wording of the legal formula by which allied forces would continue to be stationed in Germany. The western Powers, particularly Britain and France, were anxious to avoid a
form of words which might be used to the detriment of their position in Berlin. The right to be there derived from the Potsdamn agreement to which the Soviet Union was a narty, and under which the four occupying Powers established the right to station thei
troops in any part of Germany. A new agree- ment on a contractual basis with the Federal Republic might be interpreted as an abandon- ment of that right.
The deliberations of the nine Powers. which were under the chairmanship of Sir Anthony Eden, opened at 11 o'clock in the Palais de ChaiUlot. They began in a business-like way, with firm bargaining, but in a realistically cordial spirit.
Attitudes were not struck, latitude was not absent. M. Massigli, the French Ambassador in London, and Sir Christopher Steele, th permanent British delegate to the Nort
Atlantic Council, introduced the reports respectively of the working groups which have been sitting in London and in Paris on the enlargement of the Brussels treaty (both in membership, to include west Germany and Itaay, and m structure and functions).
Four protocols in all were approved. One dealt with modifications to the Brussels treaty so as to permit the adherence of west Germany and Italy. A second fixed the maxima of the effective strength of defence contributions by the Brussels treaty Powers to N.A.T.O. -A third covered the lst of arms to be controlled by the arms agency, and the method by which this control would be exerted, and a fourth dealt with the functions and powers of the arms agency.
ARMS PRODUCTION
The headquarters of what will now be the Western European Union is to be in London, The agency for the control of armaments, which was envisaged in the London Act as part of the reinforced Brussels treaty organiza- tion, will be in Paris.
There has been in the past few days the apprehension that M. Mendes-France would raise once again his detailed suggestions for an agency with far-reaching powers of control over the production of armaments, sugges- tions which aroused some wrath during the London conference. He did, in fact, bring the question up this afternoon. The project will be looked into by a seven-Power working group-the so-called London working group -which is expected to begin the task on January 17.
In the London agreement it was agreed that discussions of the French proposal and of any other proposals on the subject should be made over to a working cornmittee of the new Brussels treaty council as soon as that body came into existence. The latest arrange- ment means that the work will begin a little earlier- than expected, although no decisions can be taken on the subject until the extended council is in beine.
ARRIVAL OF MR. MACMILLAN
Mr. Macmillan, the new Minister of Defence, who is to attend the meeting of the North Atlantic Council to-morrow, arrived in Paris this evening. Sir Anthony Eden lunched to-day as the. guest of Sir Christopher Steele. Among his fellow guests were Mr. Dulles, the United States Secretary of State, and Mr. Lester Pearson, the Canadian Minister for External Affairs. At the end of the day's meetings Sir Anthony was planning to have a private conversation with Sir Christopher Steele's American counterpart, Mr. Hughes.
M. Mendes-France entertained at luncheon Dr. Beyen, the Dutch Foreign Minister, Pro- fessor Martino, the Italian Foreign Minister (who arrived in Paris early this morning), Hr. Hansen, the Danish Foreign Minister, Senhor Cunha, the Portuguese Foreign Minister, and Hr. Lange, the Norwegian Foreign Minister. Professor Martino entertained the French Prime Minister to dinner at the Italian
The meeting of the North Atlantic Council to-morrow afternoon, the final step (bar the signing of documents) in the week's diplomatic activities, will consider the questions of German membership and the reinforcement of N.A.T.O. machinery, including the' strengthening of S.A.C.E.U.R.'s powers.";"October 22, 1954";"";53069;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Full Agreement On German Sovereignty";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"Brussels '
In one of their last pieces of business before- the . sacred ritual of the August holiday; EEC foreign ministers fornially opened negotiations with Greece on its application to be- come the tenth' member of the Community. Although the occa- sion passed with remarkably little fanfare, it launched the Community on a new process of enlargement, the far-reaching implications of which have not even begun to engage the serious consideration of its existing nine members. -
Within days -of the opening of the Greek negotiations, the new. Portuguese government. of Dr Mario ' Soares an- nounced its intention to apply soon for membership ot the EEC. Brussels expects the 'application to be ' lodged early in the new year, thereby presenting the newly appointed European Commission, under the presidency of Mr Roy Jen- kins, with its- first important challenge. 'Spain is unlikely to be far behind its smaller Iberian neighbour in applying for entry.
Farther down the road, Turkey, Cyprus and Malta must all be considered prospective candidates for membership. All three are currently linked to the EEC by association agree- ments which provide for their stage-by-stage integration into- the Community's customs union. The pres-unption has always been that this process would lead eventually to full member- ship of the Community. In the case of Cyprus and Malta, customs union could be realized by the mid-1980s and in the case of Turkey by the early 1990s.
Under Article 237 of the Rome treaty, any European state may apply for member- ship of Xe Community. Many European countries-Austria, say, or any of the Scandinavian states-would be politically and economically better qualified for membership than the candi- dates mentioned above. None, however, has shown any desire to Join, and the list of prospec- tive entrants mwust realistically be confined to the Mediter- ranean region. Even with this limitation, the EEC could find itself involved in an almost con- tinuous series of enlargement negotiations over the next 10 to 15 years.
As so often, only the French seems to have a c-lear ida' of what they want For them all considerations pale beside the opportunity to testore to the
By the turn of the decade Greece may be a member,
Portugal may have just joined or be on the verge of joining, and negotiations on Spanish - entry may be well advanced
Community its Mediterranean dimension after the unbalancing irruption of the Anglo-Saxon 'northerners with their insular habits and transatlantic sympa- thies. Spain in particular, with its 35,000,000 inhabitants, would powerfully reinforce French cultural and political influence in the EEC.
This does not mean that France would not fight strengly in any negotiations to protect, ay, the interests of its southern farmers against Spanish' or Por- tuguese competition. Paris, however, has a clear view of its overall interest. The same cannot be said of London; Bonn'
or even Rome.' Britain, like most of its EEC partners, seems to think that each new appli- cant for entry can be dealt with on its me ,its, and that the terms offered-G,reece need in no way prejudice negotiations with, for example, Spain or Portugal.
This is surely mistaken. There might seem, for example, to be an overwhelming case for a special pre-membership period of economic adjustment for a country like Portugal, which has only two-thirds of Greece's per capita gross national pro- duct But the fact that the Mine have already rejected just such an arrangement for Greece is bound to set a pr'ecedent, no matter how much common sense arguments might seem to favour a case-by-case approach.
Similarly, by conferring a seal of political approval on the still shaky democracies of Greece and Portugal-though in the case of the latter so far only as a partner in an im- proved free trade-agreement- the EEC has largely predeter- mined the terms of reference for judging the acceptability of Spain when the time comes, even though countries like Britain and Holland might well want more concrete evidence
of virtue from Madrid than from. Athens or Lisbon.
In general terms, it can be said that Spain will become a credible. political candidate only when it has a parliament elected by universal suffrgge, freely competing political parties, freedom of association, non-government sponsored trade unions and no political prisoners. Conceivably, these conditions could -be ffiet in the course of next year, although there is bound to be argument among the. Nine about how strictly they should be applied.
Should for example, a free rein for the still banned Spanish Communist Party be a political sine qua non for entry ? The strong Italian Communist Party would certainly say so. and this view will carry weight all the more in Rome because Italy stands to lose most financially and commercially from Spanish membership. France, and pos- sibly Germany, which sees strategic imtpor.tance in bringing Spain into the EEC and Nato, might take a more flexible line.
Economically, because of its stronger industrial base, Spain is much better qualified for EEC membership than Portugal. But the political obstacles will take longer to remove. A con- ceivable scenario, then, is that by . the turn of the decade Greece will be a member of the BEC, Portugal will either have just joined or be on the verge of joining, and negotiations on Spanish entry will be well advanced. This has far-reach- ing implications for the internal structure of the EEC.
A hugely increased flow of re- sources from the EEC's social, regional and agricultural funds, both to the new entrants and to the existing members. will be required to arrest an otherwise inexorable drift towards a "".two- tier"" Community where a core
of r.icher countries would be allowed to forge ahead of their partners towards economic and monetary union. Such resources would depend on the improb- able willingness jof the Germans to foot a major part of the -bill.
The ""-two-tier "" concept, which was fathered by Herr Willy Brandt and resurrected this year in the Tindemads re port- on European union, was devised to meet the economic problems of 'the Nine. 'These can only be intensified by the 'addition of new members, all of whom would be natural ""second-tier"" candidates. The increased competition for avail.
able funds would also make' more'likely their relegation to the second league of the poorer members of the existing Com- munity, like Britain, Ireland and Italy.
Some imp9rtant institutional reforms-touched on in the Tindemans report but still not discusied by the Nine-would seem equally unavoidable if the EEC's community character is not to be entirely diluted. Un- less majority voting, in parti- cular, is made normal proce- d.'ure in the Council of Minis- ters, the -decision-making pro- cess, which does not run smoothly in a community of Nine, could be paralyzed in a body of 12 or 14 members, any one of whom could -resort to the veto on matters of ""national interest "".
Without these changes, an enlarged EEC is likely to de- velop into an altogether looser entity, perhaps a glorified free trade area, with the decisions that matter increasingly being taken by two or three big powers. Superficially, such a development might seem attrac- tive to a country like Britain, which by virtue of its size alone could hope for a place at the' top table. In practice however, Britain could find its real influence over community affairs declining in relation to that of Germany and France.
Speaking in Hamburg early this year, when still Foreign Secretary, Mr Callaghan de- scribed the EEC as having suc- cessfully ""come through the trauma of enlargement"". He was, of course, referring to the Community's expansion from six members to nine. When foreign ministers reassemble in Brussels for the autumn term they are likely to find to the contrary that the traumas of enlargement are only just beginning.
Michael Hornsby";"August 12, 1976";"";59780;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mediterranean storms could be heading for the EEC";""
"['Neil Marten']";"['News']";""" Europe will only fulfil its destiny if it espouses federal- ism."" Thus wrote M Tinde- mans, the Belgian Prime Minister, when submitting his report on European Union at the end of December, 1975. It was his personal view, at.the end of a year-long study of the development of the EEC. If he is right-end all the logic points that way-then the EEC will become one state (on the lines of the United States) and Britain will be a mere province. 1his is the destiny of the EEC as he and others see it. But is It how the British people see it ?
""It would be a very grave error to assume that the British referendum was a referendum in favour of a federal Europe."" Thus spoke Sir Peter Kirk, MP, leader of rhe Conservative dele- gation, at the Strasbourg Assemblv on July 9, 1975. He was absolutely right. A week later, in Parliament, Mr Hattersley, the Foreign Office Minister dealing with the EEC, not onlv agreed with Sir Peter hut confirmed that "" the Government is against a federal Europe "".
The electorate has not approved federalism and the Government is specifically against it. It was therefore wise of Mr Callaghan and others to call for widespread consultation and a sustained debate on the proposal to hold direct elections to a European Parliament. A directly-elected European Par-
liament is clearly the fimst major step down the 'road to a federal state. Once we start down that road there migh.t be no turning back. That is what the sustained debate should be abottr.
There are many fascinating debating points in the pro- posal; the size of constituencies, the system of the election, the dual mandate of MPs and so on. We must not allow these points to submerge the maain debate which is about federalism or not.
The Foreign Office argues that we have been conimitted to direct elections since Janu- ary 1973, when we joined the EEC. If this was so, it is most curious that nIo mention was made of it in the Government's leaflet delivered to every house- hold during the referendum. Was it of no importance ?
When, in December 1974, the heads of government expressed themselves in favour of direct elections, the British Govern- ment "" made it absolutely clear that they could not take up a position on the proposal"" until after the referendum (Cmnd 6003). So, clearly, at that stage, they were not committed. If they were not committed in December 1974, it cannot be argued that they were com- mitted in January 1973.
A close study of Article 138 of the Treaty of Rome confirms that there is no commitment to accept any proposals for direct elections. Any member country can veto them and they are,
anyhow, subject to approval by nationail parliamests.
Why should a directly-elected Parliament lead to a federal state ? Answer-because it will legislate. The December 1974 summit meeting agreed that it should legislate and M Tnde- mans has proposed an increase in its legislative powers.
Even if it onl'y starts in a small way, no directly-elected Parliament will be content to remain like that for long; it is bound to want to increase the area of its legislative functions. Today, of course, the assembly does not legislate; this is done by the Council of Ministers and the Commission.
Assuming the Europarliament makes laws for the EEC as a whole, then the British Par-lia- ment will be placed (vis-a-vis the Europarliament) in the same subordinate position as a county council is to the Houses of Parliament, ie, Westminster legislates and the county council administers the law. The county council cannot amend, reject or repeal the law. The British Parliament could not amend, reject or repeal laws made by the Europarliament.
It may not happen over the whole field of legislation. As in all federal states (such as the United States and Canada) the provinces (in this case Britain) are left with the less important areas of legislation. This is the logic of European federalism. This is what the Germans want. This is the des-
tiny of the. EEC. Indeed, the commission goes even further and, again quite logically, wants not only rule by a Europarlia- ment but a Eurogovernment, too. This is the road down which direct elections will take us. But the British electorate has never assented to this.
Writing as a Conservative- and socialists can use the s-ame argument in reverse-I want to see Conservative policies in this country; so do all Conser- vatives. One of my completely justified fears is that, sooner or later, the Europarliament coulid have a left-wing majority with perhaps a strong comnmu- nist influence from Italy and France. At the last elections, 21 per cent voted communist in France and 27 per cent in Italy. A communist is a communist is a communist. Only those who are distressingly naive believe that Western comnunists are now respectable democrats.
The legislation which would flow from such a left-wing dominated Europar'liament would clearly be left-wing. A British Government wishing to implement Conservative policies would be quite unable to reject, amend or repeal the laws from its superior federal Parliament. Today, at least, we have the veto which, of course, would not be available against a majority decision in the Euro- parliament. Socialists must have the same fears about a right- wing dominated Europarlia- ment.
Such a situation is bound to arise and will lead to matimum' coiiflicts, rivalry, friction and arguments between the British and Euro parliaments. It is doubtful if the EEC, still in such a brittle state, would be able to weather the great poli- tical tensions involved. The result would be a breakdown of the unity so far achieved.
This is precisely the argument used by the Conservative Oppo- sition in the recent debate on devolution. If we are not pre- pared to devolve full legislative power downwards to the Scots why should we devolve full legislative power upwards to continental Europeans ?
* Those who argue that a directly elected Europarliament is needed to democratize the EEC will, of course, accept all these risks for they are in- herent in the proposals. But are the proposals so demo- cratic ?
The Founding Fathers of the United. States realized that no system of elections can survive unless it is fair and is seen to be fair, with MPs having roughly the same number of constituents. The proposals for the Europarliament so far are grossly unfair. For example, Luxembourg, with a population of 300,000, gets six MPs while Scotland, with a population of over five million, is likely to get only seven.
MPs in the Urited Kingdom Parliament represent about 60,000 electors. A British MP
at the Europarliament will represent about 600,000 elec- tors. Oxfordshire and Glouces- tershire are together repre- sented by 10 MPs in the United Kingdom Parliament but together, would have only one MP in the Europarliament. He would be a busy man from Henley to Cheltenham.
If the proposals are to go ahead, two things are essential. First, the powers of the Euro- parliament must be clearly defined before a decision is taken to proceed and, second, any treaty amendments must state specifically that these powers cannot be extended without the consent of the national parliaments.
In this debate, we must not be carried away by high-sound- ing and romantic phrases. We must get down to specific detail and be absolutely clear what we are doing and where it is all taking us. The debate must answer the question whether we, as a nation, want to become part of a federal Eurostate or not.
Do we want that sort of union or do we want a working partnership which evolves in unity but rejects a federal union ? That is the funda- mental question. It was not decided by the referendum. We are approaching the hour of decision.
Neil Marten
The au-thor is Conservave MP for Banbury.
tD Times Newspapers Ltd, 1976";"February 19, 1976";"";59632;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Is Britain content to be a province of Europe?";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"LORD HOOD, a Deputy Under-Secretary of State at -the Foreign Office, is to retire from the Foreign Service in March. I iearn. He will be 59 in October-the retiring age is 60. ""Some people reach the age of 60 before others "", he remarKs with his disarming modesty. In fact he wants to let younger people have a go.
Sammy Hood, as he is known, is also the permanent British repre- sentative to the Western European Union. and spent yesterday morn- ing at the controversial London meeting. His encyclopaedic know- ledge of W.E.U. and Nato will be missed in Whitehall. He is also strong on the European scene generally, and on Washington, where he was Minister from 1957 to '62. _
Despite-or perhaps because of- his comnbination of a faintly aristo- cratic manner and keen intellect, he got on particularly well with both Ernie Bevin and George Brown when they were Foreign Secretary. The son of a distingunshed Rear-Admiral who was killed at Jutland. he is an immensely taU and willowy b'cholor, very much your screen ambassador, though, curiously enough, he has nlever actually been an ambassador.
He has no plans for the future, but as the 6th Viscount he is a member of the House of Lords. There he may perhaps become as eloquent a speaker on European affairs as his erstwhile colleague Lord Gladwyn- were that possible; and there he will find three forMer Permanent Under- Secretaries at the Foreign Office- Lords Strang, Inchyra and Caccia- and a former Ambassador in Wash- ington, Lord Sherfield.
For onoe, one feels, the bereditary principle has triumpbed.
Healey's PPS ungags himself
MR. IVOR RICHARD, Labour M.P. for Barons Court, is to resign shortly as Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Denis Healey, the Defence Secretary.
Richard's iesignation bodes no disagreement over Healey's recent spate of comment on westerm European defence; in fact, I under- stand that he feels he can be more useful to the Government as a back- bench spokesman on defence- during the Commons debate on this week's Defence White Paper, in particular-than as a silent P.P S. As a P.P.S., hc is not exoected to speak on defence in the House.
Richard, a 36-year-old barrister, is very much a right wing hawk: pro- deterrent, pro-Nato, pro-East of Suez presence; or, in short, he is His Master's Voice. He believes. too, with Healey, in the need to develop a ""European identity"" within Nato.
'Supreme accolade)
He regards the Soviet press's angr reaction to Healey's Munich state- ment earlier this month as the "" supreme accolade "". "" I think that if you have a British Defence Minis- ter saying things about the western powers in Nato which make the Russians angry, then given the touchi- ness of the Russians in the present situation, he is probably saying the right things.""
Richard explains his resignation thus: I've learnt a lot on defence in my three years as Denis Healey's P.P.S., but I've been effectively gagged on the subject I'm most interested in. particularly as I'm not allowed to speak in the Commons. I'd like to make a few speeches, and write a few articles "". His successor as Healey's P.P.S. is to be Mr. Alan Lee Williams, Labour M.P. for Hornchurch.
The Eichmann tp -off
1T WAS a high official of the west German Govermment who enabled the Israel secret service to kidnap Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires in 1960 and to fly him to Israel for trial and execution. This unexpected twist to a gruesome tale emerges in the Hebrew edition of The Aveniers. by Dr. Michael Bar Zohar, a former spokesman of Israel's Defence Minis- try. In the book, which deals witb the postwar hunt for Nazi criminals, he says that Eichimann's precise address was supplied to the Israel secret ser- vice by Dr. Fritz Bauer, Chief Pro- secutor of the Hesse district.
The author says the German secret service had elicited the infor- mation during the interrogation of two agents of a Nazi escape organi- zation who supplied data about escape networks. secret funds. and the hiding places of war criminals. Dr. Bauer. a Jew, sent a full report on the interrogation to Mr. Isser Harcl, chief of the Israel secret ser- vice.
Dr. Bar Zohar adds that hc with- held the details from the English edition of The Avengers in order to shield Dr. Bauer. He felt free to reveal them now, als Dr. Baucir died last year.
Swallow's Eisenstein
THE B.B.C. is Making one-and Possibly twvo-film,, about Sereci Eisenstein, the great Russian film director. Norman Swallow, execu- tive produccr of the Onniuibus scries, has jus,t returned from toscow, where be filmed Eisenstein's snow- covered grave-Eisenstein died after
a heart attack in February. 1948. wben only 50-and marked sequences from Eisenstein's films which he plans to us:.
Swallow will fly back to Russia in May to filmi scenes in Riga-where Eisenstein was born, the son of the city architect-then Leningrad. Odessa and Moscow. Eisenstein would have been only 70 if he were alive today, and most of his con- temporaries are still living, which has been a great help to Swallow.
As associate producer Swallow has been lucky to secure Grigori Alexandrov, who worked with
Sergei Eistnstein as a young m2n
Eisenstein between 1923 and 1933 on Battleship Potemtlkin and October. and accompanied him on his abor- tive trip to Hollywood, and also to Mexico. Alexandrov is 66 and
knows more about Eisenstein than anyone "", says Swallow. He has also interviewed the French director Rene Clair, who knew Eisenstein.
Film about abortion
Swallow is filming in colour, and hopes to use Eisenstein's only work in colour--a short sequence from Ivan the ierrible. He has lookvd at some 30 minutes of film material about Eisenstein-including news- rcels. shots of Eisenstein lecturing to students, and with the composer Prokofiev; and hopes to include an extract from a little-known film about abortion called Wotnenl Happy-Wonie,i Unhappy, which Eiserstein worked on in Zurich in 1929.
The B.B.C. has had the help of the film and television division of Moscow's Novosti agency, and Swallow expects to finish editing in July. with transmission on B.B.C. I in the autumnL
When Sir Roy was wrong
4""1 CANNOT see any permanent settlement in Rhodesia without the leaders of all sections, including the Rev. Sitho'e and Joshua Nkoemo. becomng involved'"", says Sir Roy Welensky, adding quickly: ""That must not imply that I accept that they talk on behalf of the African people.""
Sir Roy feels that, if incarcerated for many more years, tiev will lose the little influence they stiil have. ""T,he chief; do not speak for all the Africans. but they undeniably speak for -more peopile than the nationalist leaders do "". he states roundly.
Sir Roy. former Prime Minister of the Central African Federation, is disconcertingly inclined to talk still about Northern Rhodesia and Nyasa. land.
In NyasaJand. now Malawi, he ad- mits his origiral fears have proved groundless: in 1%0, he warned Harold Macmillan that if the danger- ous black nationalist Hastings Banda were released from detention. ""bloodshed will eoisue in Nyasa- land for wiiich the British Govern- ment will have to take the responsi- bility "".
Not typical
"" Dr. Banda has certainly adapted himself "". Sir Roy concedes, "" but the trouble: is, he is not a typical African. He is too westernized, after living in America and Engnd for too long. He has handled his country extremely well-but the 64UO dollar question is what happens .fier he goes.
""Everything we reap in Rhodesia today can be traced to the brcak-uap of Federation "". he goes on. '' We may have been making only halting progress towards a multi-racial state. hut that ti-nd has been reversed now. Bmw then multi-racialism doffn-t exiit anywhcre in Africa-
Sie Roy. who is 62, has just spcnt a week at the Middlesex Hospital having a chewk-up and doe not seem concerned at the results. He return to Salisbury tomorrow.
PHS
Left to right: Grigori Alexandrov, Nornan Swallow and canWa.
man Yuri Spilny, by Eisensteio's xra,c.";"February 19, 1969";"";57489;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"";"['News']";"""Dress for the occasion.""
-Die Welt, Hamburg, October 18.
The Queen, in her greetings to Pro- fessor Heuss at the State banquet given last night at Buckingham Palace in honour of the German President said: It gives me great pleasure, Mr. President, to welcome you to-day personally and as representative tf the Federal Republic of Germany.
We have watched with admiration the manner in which the Federal Republic has dealt with many acute Problems of recent years. No one can fail to be impressed by the success which has been achieved. It is well known that much of that success is due, Mr. President, to your own influence and personality.
The Federal Republic has been fortunate to have had in you, as its President, a statesman with such strong links with the great liberal traditions of the past. The respect in which you are held both in Germany and abroad has been a guarantee of the stability of the Federal Republic since its earliest days.
AMITY AND PEACE
The part which my country played in the unification of the three western zones of Germany after the war and in the forma- tion of the Federal Republic is a measure of our concern for the future of Germany. We understand and support the desire of the German people to see unity restored to their country as a whole.
The tragic events of the past half-century in the relations between our two countries are a part of history. We must now look to the future and through our alliance and our association with each other and with other countries of the west we must forge anew the bonds of amity and peace.
Our common duty to Europe, and our mutual interests, demand no less than this. My country has shown, as has yours, that it is ready to strengthen this association.
No one can make history stand still. Events and situations change with startling speed.
FAMILY CONNEXIONS
There were occasions in the past when our two countries were closely allied. In- deed, the connexions between Lqy family and the old states of Germany go back many generations Elizabeth, the sister cf Charles I, married the Elector Palatine and became the grandmother of my ancestor, King George 1. One hundred and twenty years ago Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and both my husband and I are direct descen- dants of that union.
As you have said yourself, nothing can ever erase from the record certain deeds and events perpetrated in Europe within our memory. But their most important significance to-day is as a warning and an example to the whole world of what can happen when democracy breaks down.
it is in that spirit that we are working together to rebuild true friendship between our two countries. It is my fervent hope that this visit will prove to be another important step to that end.
Mr. President, I raise my glass to your health and to the future well-being of the people of Germany.
PRESIDENT HEUSS ON LONGING FOR UNITY
TRIBUTE TO BRMlISH AID
IN REBUILDING
President Reuss, in reply, said: Your Majesty, You have given your words of greeting to me a personal warmth which both moves and touches me. In thanking you for your words of appreciation, I as the representative of so many others should like to feel that your remarks were also intended for all the women and men in my country who after the end of the tragsic and disastrous war applied themselves to the task of securing a future for the German people.
All their endeavours would have been in vain if above the passions which always accompany struggles involving political and military power there had not arisen the realihation that after a war peace must also be won-though by different means.
Your Majesty has just mentioned the important part played by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in that development. a part played not only by your Govern- ment but also, in spite of many bitter experiences, by large sections of your People.
NO ARBITRARY POWER
In this connexion, may I recall the material assistance on which our people could rely for making a fresh start. Furthernore, I would mention the support and advice extended to us during the growth of our new state, of a new order of national life firmly based on a free and responsible civic spirit and not on brutality and arbitrary power.
Just 10 years ago, in cooperation with the western Powers, we began in the so- called ""Parliamentary Council"" to estab- lish that new basis of legality. Fate decreed that I should be one of those who had a fair share in that task.
We were optimistic that we should be able to "" reshape "" Germany's public, social, and economic life, an optimism whicb seems justified in view of the steady energy with which the diligence and skill of our people at work have since overcome much-though not all-of the accumulated distress.
That optimism, however, was constantly, and still is, overshadowed. For, while being responsible both to a common national past and a common national future, we were at that time condemned to accom- Plish work which could only be fragmen- tary.
PROBLEM FOR EUROPE
The millions of Germans in the Soviet occupied zone, formerly suppliers of food and a source of intellectual and industrial capacity, were, and still are to-day, violently torn out of the rhythm of our historical development These millions will be as grateful to you as I am, your Majesty, that you have remembered them and appreciated the longing of the German people for unity.
This longing is no mere German senti- mentality, as some people, perhaps even in this country, may say with a shrug of their shoulders, but a crucial political pro- blem for Europe. It has always been regarded as such by every British Govern- ment since 1945. The continual flight of thousands upon thousands of people forms a depressing daily commentary on bistory.
No one in GermanY will ever forget that 10 years ago a great many British pilots
helped to save the blockaded metropolis of Berlin from outright starvation.
BONDS OF TREATY
Our two countries are to-day closely linked by bonds of treaty in a community -the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Western European Union-more closely than has ever been known in the past. Our peoples have confirmed this Political decision, for they have again become aware of those values-clearly recognized in former centuries-which are common to both nations and which were fruitful for both peoples in the free give and take, then so happily a matter of course.
Your Majesty has spoken of the happy influence of the manifold family connexions between the British royal bouse and German dynasties I almost feel tempted to elaborate on this theme a little fu.rther, but I am not here. after all, in the capacity of a Professor of history.
But if You do me the honour, your Maiesty, of visiting Germany with your royal consort, the Duke of Edinburgh, then not only Coburg and Hanover, not only Heidelberg, where the castle's so-called "" English wing"" still recalls the homage rendered by the Elector Palatine to his young wife, will Provide a delightful oppor- tunity for historical reminiscences; I shall also be able to show you in my own native district Teck Castle. the seat of the ancestors of your gracious grandmother, Queen Mary-you. too, have Swabian blood in your veins-kindly deign to accept, your Majesty, this aside as a gesture of homage.
I raise mY glass and drink to the health of your Majesty, to the health of the Duke of Edinburgh, and to the happiness and prosperity of the British people.
List of guests on2 page 12.";"October 21, 1958";"";54287;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Queen's Call For New Ties With Germany";""
"['By Miriam Camps']";"['News']";"By Miriam Camps
Author of Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963, and Research FeUoow at the Royal Institute of International AfEairs. The Common Market Mbiisters
meet in Brussels today.
The current crisis within the European Community of the Six is, in its essential aspects, the second half of the orisis that began when General de Gaulle called a hal-t to the negotiations with Britain in January, 1963. Now, as then, the crisis is about the kind of European union that should be built. In 1963 British mem- bership seemed to threaten French leadership on the Continent. Moreover, the United Kingdom was, in General de Gaulle's eyes, a Trojan Horse which, once inside, would ensure that the Com- munity maintained an unhealthily close relationship with the United States.
Today the crisis within the Comrnu- nity is deeper because the challenge to French dominance and to the Gaullist conception of Europe comes not from an outsider who can be denied entry but from the Community process itself. If the Community continues to develop along the lines laid down in the Treaty of Rome, as the Five and the Commis- sion have shown they want it to deve- lop, participation in the Community will inevitably fetter French freedom of action and also rule out the possibility of French hegemony.
It is not, therefore, surprising that the essence of the Community process is now under attack from General de Gaulle. On the contrary, what is rather surprising is that a system which was in clear contradiction to the Gaullist concept of the nature of relations among states escaped serious attack for so long.
OUTDATED PICTURE
Whether or not the British eventuallv join the Community, the outcome of the debate on the other side of the Channel is of far more importance to this coun- try than seems to be generallv recog- nized. And. if membership in the Com- munity is still a British objecti 'e. it nmay be of crucial importance.
Does Britain want to become a part of Europe and, if so, of what kind of Europe ? The answer to the tirst part of the question is much more clearly "" yes "" than it was at the time of the Briti%h negotiations to join the Community. General de Gaulle could stop the nego- tiations, but he could not stop the con- viction growing that his picture of ""island Britain "" was curiously out- dated. It is uncertainty and confusion of thought on the second part of the ques- tion that may lead. once agaim, to oppor- tunities in Europe being missed.
Today some of the statements made by the leaders of the Labour Party sug- gest that their ideal Europe is a large, loose association of states, the larger and looser the better. Because there is a sup- erficial similarity between this concept and General de Gaulle's cincept of a Europe des Etats stretching from the Atlantic to the Urals, there is likely to be some feeling that it makes little difference whether the Five now make further concessions to General de Gauille and perhaps even some feeling that General de Gaulle is right when he argues that some further watering-down of the already dilute supranationalism in the Community is in the British (and Spanish) in,terest.
FRENCH-LED ALLIANCE
It should be plain enough by now that there is no place for Britain in General de Gaulle's dream of a French- led continental alliance. It should also be obvious that it is not in Britain's long-term interest for the hopes of the "" Europeans "" to turn to disillusion and for the Gaullist emphasis on the nation- state as the only reality in international life to become the prevailing ethos on the Continent.
It is perhaps less plain why British interests would be better served by becoming a part of the kind of economic-political Community to- wards which the Six have seemed to be evolving than they would be by becom- ing a part of a broader, looser arrange- ment with far fewer commitments to comnmon policies and common action.
In some ways it is odd that there should still be uncertainty on this point for the reasons for ""joining Europe,. any kind of Europe, that carry the most weight assume participation in a Europe that bas a bigb degree of coherence, with common conditions of competi- tion internally and the unity to
act collectively externally for pur- poses such as tariff negotiation.
For example, there seems to be very little real disagreement today that the economic arguments for joining a larger group do not rest simply on the adv'antages of participating in a wider area of free trade but rather on the complex of benefits that comes from participation in a larger economic unit t;han the European nation-state today provides. "" Europe-size "" com- panies need European tax systems, Euro- pean capital markets. European mone- tary arrangements, European develop- ment plans, not simply an absence of tariffs and quotas.
EFFECIVE ROLE
Similarly in the political field the central argument for "" join- ing Europe "" is and always has been that in a world of super-powers the United Kingdom would be able to play a more effective role in the world as part of a European group than it could do either by continuing as at present and gradually but steadily cutting down its commitments, and influence, to match its resources, or by becoming a very junior partner in some Anglo- American arrangement. But only a Europe that can organize itself efficiently and can agree to act as a unit for certain purposes can use its power effectively and responsibly.
It is reasonably clear that at some point, probably after the French elec- tion in December, the Six Governments will meet to see whether there is an acceptable compromise to be found be- tween the French position and that of the Five on the fundamental questions now at issue between them.
Perhaps General de Gaulle will in the end moderate his demands, but the signs today are that he is only prepared to see France participate in the Community if he is satisfied that it can no longer operate as a Community pursuing a com- mon interest which, by definition. can- not at all times be identical with the par- ticular interest of any one member state.
In this case the Five will be faced with the hard choice between making very far-reaching concessions to the French, concessions which will inevitably have wide ramifications in the political and defence fields, or of accepting continued French non-participation for an indefi- nite period.
FREEDOM OF ACrION
On the assumption that the British interest lies in becoming a part of a European Community, not simply a loose alliance, there would be much to be gained and nothing to be lost by making this plain before the Five face this choice. For if the British interest in beconming a member of the Com- munity could be made clear and unequi- vocal, and not as it appears to be today a party matter, the chances of the Five standing firm in defence of the prin- ciples of the Treaty and of the "" Com- munity method"" that has been pain- fully evolved over the past seven years would be immeasurably strengthened.
Perhaps if the "" British alternative"" seemed real, the French would find it prudent to compromise with the Five, and the Community could then continue on something like its previous pattern. Perhaps not, for General de Gaulle may have decided that unless the Five accept French policies and objectives he wants to regain complete freedom of action.
In the early 1950s, through vision on their part and default ott the part of variotts British Govermments, the French became the leaders in a Western Europe that was tired of nationalism and search- ing for a new relationship among states. Today, General de Gaulle, to the consternation of his most thoughtful countrymen, is throwing away that leadership.
By one of the queerer twists of fate, Harold Wilson is perhaps the only man who can reverse the tide that is now flowing towards nationalism and give encouragement to those who want to preserve and develop a European sys- tem that draws its strength from the belief that the member countries have common interests that transcend their national interests.
How the Six face their problems, page 18.";"October 25, 1965";"";56461;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain's Opportunity in Europe";""
"['Diana Geddes']";"['News']";"Diana (Geddes
- In the run-up to the Geneva talks, European
I governments are considering their own
ptsiti6ns.
reports from Paris -
As American spokesmen flew' breathlessly around Europe earlier this month to spread the good news of the Shultz-Gromyko meeting, they- were met in-France with, chilly anxiety. Roland-Durnias, the foreign minister, spoke only of the ""interest- ing perpective"" opened up' by the talks. -
The French are not' particularly interested in arrns'control. Mitter- rand's ministe'rs pay lip service'to it but what is most important for them is a stable balance of forces between the two superpowers. In ihe forthcoming talks, however, the French are vitally interested in the space weapons issue.
Only- a few months ago, the French were seriously worried about the possibility of the construction of a shield against strategic missiles. Such a development would under- mine the very foundation of the French doctrine of -total, nuclear deterrence. More recently they have begun to distinguish between. the public rhetoric and reality. They now consider a missile-proof shield to be technically impossible, and have been reassured by senior American officials, who emphasize the importance of nuclear deterrence as the basis of western defence.
Ministers 'are however' irnitated by what the regard as the irresponsi- bility of President Reagan's state- ments on SDI - the. Strateic Defence Initiative, better known as Star Wars - designed for consumption by the Arnerican public. .They feel that claims that a. shield, could be developed which 'could. render nuclear weapons obsplete are not only deliberately designed to deceive but also make it more difficult to convince the public of the need to maintain an expensive nuclear force.
-France no longer believes it to be realistic or even necessarily desir- able to aim for a' complete demilitarization of space.r lt never- theless realizes that the development of SDI would -make the French defence position ""'more compli- cated"", -as one of Mitterrand's advisers put it. It has also just launched a £50 million study -to examine ways - to increase the penetration capability of its strategic niuclear weapons. All at -present are single-warhead ballistic mnissiles, though the new Infexible nucle-ar submarine, due to launched in April, will be' equipped with the new M4 mnissiles with six warheads. -France has no plans at present to develop a cruise missile. - -
On the renewed- Russian -call - for the inclusion - of the French and British nuclear forces in the resumed arms talks, the French. are, adamant: French -weapons will not-be included in negotiations at which France. is not represented. In theory,. France does not rule out an eventual participation in negotiations involv- ing all nuclear powers, but insists an three preconditions:
Mitterrand, never an all-out supporter of the WE;U
as a defence forum. Now the defence minister,
Charles Hernu (right), shares his.doubts
* A drastic reduction. of nuclear forces by the two super powers.
* -A correction of the imbalance between East. and West in conven- tional and chemical weapons.
* Thaf no new systerm (such as SDI) which would destabiiiz'e- the present system of deterrence .. be introduced.
For the. m6ment, France seems to have been reassured by the Ameri- cans' firm refusal to conterriplate.the introduction, of French and' British ,rms in the talks.
. Sorme observers fqel that France has drawn closer to: Natg under President Mitterrand. They point.to his firni stand on the. deployvnent of US cruise and Pershing missiles in Europe; the. creation .of the highly mobile Force. d'action rapide (FAR) to enable the French. to come more swiftly to the aid of their allies in Europe; the reactiyation of the Franco-German Military :co-oper- ation pact; and the . f*equent statements by French m'inisters stressing the critical importance of the US nuclear guarantee to French, as well as .to European, security.
*There. is ,no. question of France returning.. to Nato's. .integrated *military command, however. There are. also some doubts as. to the, true significance of France's apparent greater cormmitment to .the alliance. Mitterrand had nothing to lose and everything to gain by supportingthe
deployment of US missiles in Europe, but outside France. The FAR, which will be based in France, has been developed in part at the expense of the French First:Army in Germany, and it is not yet clear how the French would, or indeed could, use it - in -a major European contingency.
Observers point out that the French army does not even have the means to transport rapidly more than about- two of the five divisions (47,000 men) which constitute the FAR, land consider it to be too lightly armoured to delay a major Soviet breakthrough for more than a few hours. As for the new Franco- German co-operation, it appears principally to be window-dressing, with an agreement to construct a -combat- helicopter together as its 'only concrete result to date.
Furthermore, --France's defence spending.has been well belQw the Nato'target of 3 per cent real growth per year. In 1983, the government announced a five-year defence programme for the years 1984-88 which envisaged an increase in spending of 2,per, cgnt a year in. real terms. But for the past three years it has. hovered around zero growth. ,Expenditure on nuclear weapons has nevertheless continued to rise. This hnas meant big cuts on the conven- tional side,' to the increasing concern of many of the armed forces chiefs, as, well as to. the. dismay of Nato
commanders, who would like td-see.- the conventional forces expanded. France's defence spending this year will represent 3.8 per cent of GDP, compared witht5 pe, cent in Britain._
At one point last year France appeared to be the driving force behind attempts to resuscitate the Western European Union and turn it into an Important European defence forum. Recently, however, much less interest has been ex- pressed in the WEU. 'Mitterrand's aides now say that the president himself always considered the Union marginal, and that it was really only the defence minister, Charles Hernu, and former foreign minister Claude Cheysson, who were pushing it. Now they too have apparently become convinced of its limitations. They feel the YVEU could be useful as a place for airing views, but not for taking politico- strategic decisions.
France seems to be somewhat schizophrenic on the need for a European defence ""pillar"", saying on the one hand that a strong and united European position is import- ant to counterbalance US domi- nation of the alliance, and on the other insisting that it does not want to do anything to make the Americans think Europe is trying to 'distance itself from the US. As Hemu said recently: ""There are already quite enough isolationist tendencies in the US and neutralist tendencies in Europe: France has no desire to do anything to reinforce those tendencies which could lead to decoupling."" In fact, France has been much less worried about the dangers of ""decoupling"" since the deployment of the US missiles in Europe.
The degree of political consensus and of public support in France for the doctrine of total nuclear deterrence is unique in the western world. France has no real pacifist movement to speak of, partly because it has no provocative foreign troops or missiles based on its soil, but mainly because the vast majority of the French genuinely believe that nuclear weapons have been responsible for 40 years of peace and that France's own nuclear force de frappe is not only essential for its.own security but enhances the French position on the world scene.
From time to time, the credibility of the French nuclear deterrent is questioned, usually on the ground that no French president would ever risk national suicide bv actually using, it. But no one really listens. Civil defence against a nuclear attack is virtually non-existent, but there is no campaign to do anything about that. There is a remarkable public faith in the. official position that the mere threat of the devastation which could be wreaked by the force de frappe is such that a potential aggressor would be de- terred from the outset.
Tomorrow: West Germany";"January 28, 1985";"";62047;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Aux armes, but not in space";""
"";"['News']";"The sudden revival of a political enthusiasm for Europe has surprised our continental friends as much as it promises to enliven affairs at West- minster. This is the main impression of recent visits to several European capitals. The Foreign Secretary's emphasis on the Government's determination to cooperate more closely with Europe; Mr. George Brown's remarkable excursion to Geneva to smooth down some of the most out- spoken of our Efta partners; and the significant rallying call of Sir Alec Douglas-Home and Mr. Edward Heath for Britain to help in shaping the destiny of Europe -all have produced unexpected reactions on the Continent. Some of our friends hardly know what to make of it; our enemies fear the worst. The British visitor to Paris, Brussels, Bonn and Luxembourg is at present running a gauntlet of questions. some suspicions and even. let it be said, incredulity.
It is worth trying to analyse what it al amounts to. Things have not stood still since President de Gaulle brought the last negotiations to an abrupt halt just over two years ago. The idea that all that is now necessary for Britain to join Europe is to sign the Treaty of Rome, like any other trade agreement, once the French veto is removed, is still surprisingly widespread in London. It is the first myth that vanishes in crossing the Channel. Attitudes to Britain have changed considerably in recent months and are still shifting. They need under- standing. In addition, the Six themselves are now so far down the road towards full economic integration that any new attempt to graft Britain on to this grow- ing community will need special treat- ment in any future negotiations. Much more thinking is being done in Brussels about the sort of special treatment that will be needed than, to judge from recent political speeches-with the major excep- tion of Mr. Heath's recent Cyril Foster Memorial lecture in Oxford-is yet being attempted in London. Both issues-what Europe thinks of us and how Britain could now be joined to Europe-are still being glossed over here. A visit to the Continent helvs to redress the balance.
"" HUNDRED DAYS""
What, one is asked, explains this renewed yearning to join Europe ? Some continental reasoning gives a cold political twist to the answer. For 12 months Europe has watched both major political parties locked in an electoral struggle, before the election and since. without seeing either put any significant emphasis on the need for European unity and Britain's part in it. As an election issue Europe was. in Sir Alec Douglas-Home's unhappy phrase, ""a dead duck "". The election was then fol- lowed by the ""first hundred days"" in which the new Government not only did everything conceivable to annoy France and other members of the Six, but antagonized our fellow partners in Efta to a degree that threatened the whole organization.
The Concord affair, the surcharge, the unbelievable handling of the first meet- ings with Efta (when British Ministers were kept up until the early hours of the morning before the real purpose of the Efta organization seemed to be brought home to them) and the Labour Govern- ment's general lack of interest in Euro- pean affairs were watched with growing dismay on the Continent. Now appa- rently all is sweetness and light again. The Concord is on: the Channel Tunnel project is to be pursued: the import surcharge is to be brought down before it has had any chance to work: the Gov- ernment wants to get closer to Europe and the Opposition chooses this time to launch itself into a major pro-European campaign.
LESSONS IN DIPLOMACY
It has all apparently been a little too sudden for the Continent. The suspicion that Britain becomes conscious of Europe only when in economic difficul- ties has again raised its head. This is natural. There are other explanations too. The Labour Party has obviously had to learn some quick lcssons. in diplomacy if nothing else. The Foreign Secretary has, therefore. said some smoothing words in Brussels. He wants
growing cooperation with the Common Market. He would like to see the rough edges removed from the relations between the Common Market and Efta and the tariff barriers lowered between them. He is also keen to use Westerii European Union as a forum where Britain and the Six can thrash out their differences. He even wishes to be included in the forthcoming talks amrnrg the Six on political unity in Europe. These views have helped to heal some of the ugly scars left from the first ""hundred days "". as did Mr. George Brown's visit to Efta last week.
They have also, unfortunatelvy re- vealed to many people on the Continent that Britain still finds it difficult to dis- tinguish between the ultirnate aims of the Comrnon Market and Efta and that the extent of the disagreement about political unity within the Six itself (and the dangers Britain runs in getting em- broiled in domestic squabbles) is not fully understood in London. But, if an v- thing, it has been the breaking of Con- servative silence that has prompted most of the Continent's questions. To a few it has appeared as little more than ai attempt to take the initiative from the Labour Government and to make several quick political tricks. This is not a widespread view. In fact, in many quarters the Conservative Party has becn urged to take such a strong European stand to offset the damage wrought in recent months. But the fact that such suspicions can be harboured, even on a minor scale. reflects the depths to which Anglo - Continental relations have deteriorated. It is. therefore, a major factor to be reckoned with and under- stood in preparing the ground for closer collaboration with Europe.
TARIFF GAP
Nothing seems to have caused morc dismay among Britain's friends in Europe than Mr. Stewart's well- intentioned statement that Britain wishes to bring the Common Market and Efta closer together and his view that Britain should join the talks on political union among the Six's Foreign Ministers at the end of next month. The first is an admirable economic objective for, unless something concrete is done, a big tariff gap will have opened up between the Six and the Seven by 1968. But the underlying assumption that bridging this gap will somehow bring Britain politically closer to Europe is. as it is seen in Brussels. a complete mis- understanding of the difference between the two bodies. They are different animals: one economic and static (the Seven); the other political and develop- ing (the Six). The Common Market is a customs union designed to lead to economic integration and hence, by necessity, to political unity. By its very nature it is bound to move farther and farther away from Efta, whatever is done about tariffs. unless at the appro- priate stage (the French veto allowiing it) Britain makes a positive effort to prevent it.
ISSUES NOT KNOWN
The snag about getting too closely involved with the talks on political union is that the issues are not yet known. So far there has been no concrete proposal to prepare the way for a political treaty unifying the Governments of Europe in a coherent whole, and complementing the Treaties of Paris and Rome on which the present, and successful, economic venture is founded. There is even a major split between those members want- ing a federal solution to Europe and those, like de Gautle, who strongly back a loosely linked union of states, and a further division of views (between the commission and individual Govern- ments) on the future political role of the commission itself. Britain may have constructive vievws about aU these issues. But it might be dangerous to air them without conmmitment. It might also be dangerous to assume, it is underlined on the Continent, that involvement in poli- tical unity talks may be a possible way into the European comnmunity, without participating in the necessary economic integration. In Brussels this is seen as the Labour Government's most likely error of judgment.
Future negotiations Wi,lh tile Coiimwn Market will be discussed toimiorrow.";"March 4, 1965";"";56261;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How Neighbours See Us";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
The Channel Tunnel controversy has agitated the nation at intervals over the past 90 years. So venerable and incon- clusive a debate has left a lot of tinder lying about, and there are several sparks in the air. One comes from New York, where, as was reported in The Times yesterday, a company has been formed with the object of promoting the con- struction of a tunnel and financing it from private, including dollar, sources. The company's agents have been in London and Paris during the past few weeks negotiating the formation of parallel companies there and sounding out the two Governments. The Universal Suez Canal Company also, once it has settled its score with Colonel Nasser. may be expected to look round for other outlets for its capital and organization, and it is thought to have already cast interested glances at the Channel.
FRENCH DESIGN
The first design for this historic pro- ject is generally credited to the French engineer Mathiu, who interested Napoleon in the idea after the Treaty of Amiens. His scheme, which was visionary, included an artificial island in the middle of the straits, where post horses could come up for a breather. The first plan to be securely based on geological study of the bed of the Channel was conceived by another Frenchman, Thome de Gamond. It was put up to Napoleon III almost exactly 100 years ago and was later shown in greater detail at the Paris Exhibition of 1867.
In the heyday of Victorian capitalism and civil engineering the idea was eagerly taken up. Companies were formed on both sides of the Channel and experi- mental borings were begun. The Societe Concessionaire du Chemin de Fer Sous- Marin entre la France et l'Angleterre, which started work at Sangatte, near Cap Gris-Nez, still exists with, it is believed, a valid concession. In England, first the Channel Tunnel Company and then the South Eastern Railway secured limited powers by Acts of Parliament. Experimental workings were begun at Shakespeare Cliff and a gallery was driven for some 2,000 yards under the bed of the sea. It is now full of water.
In 1886 the various rights and assets were merged in the Channel Tunnel Company which, like its French counter- part, is still in being. Meanwhile at the diplomatic level a convention between the British and French Governments had been drafted and awaited parlia- mentary ratification.
OBJECTIONS RAISED
About 1880 objections to the whole idea began to be raised in influential quarters. A submarine tunnel, it was said, would constitute a threat to the security and traditions of the island. In picturesque language Sir Garnet Wolseley, who was at that time Adjutant- General, condemned it as "" a measure intended to annihilate all the advantages we have hitherto enjoyed from the exist- ence of the 'silver streak.' ""
In vain was it pointed out that Palmer- ston had opposed the Suez Canal as endangering the Indian Empire and that the great Duke of Wellington had criti- cized the construction of a railway from Portsmouth to London as facilitating the movement of French troops on the capi- tal, and that both these opinions had proved unduly alarmist. Sir Garnet Wolseley had touched a deep instinct in his countrymen. Petitions calling for a suspension of operations began to pour in, signed, as an exasperated Frenchman recorded, by ""lords, earls, baronets, admirals, generals, bishops, a crowd of slergymen, poets, philosophers, Herbert Spencer in person, the poet and thinker Robert Browning, the learned Professor Huxley, &c."" A joint select committee of both Houses of Parliament was appointed to examine the question and in 1883 came out against a tunnel. With- out the sanction of Parliament no further progress could be made.
Numerous attempts have been made since then to have that decision reversed and some have only narrowly failed. But with the Committee of Imperial Defence in opposition no Government was going to be let in for the scheme if they could help it. The last time the question came to the fore was in 1929 when Baldwin charged a committee of the Economic Advisory Council with an examination of the economic implications of the tunnel.
The committee reported the following year that "" the construction of a Channel
tunnel . . . would be of economic ad- vantage to the country."" Their con- clusion, however, was hesitant, and it was noted that whereas they found little positive enthusiasm for a tunnel in industrial or cornmercial circles, some agricultural and shipping interests were definitely hostile. This gave the Gov- ernment a pretext for tuming the idea down, to which they added the tradi- tional objections reiterated by the Committee of Imperial Defence. Never- theless, a motion in favour of the tunnel was defeated in the Commons by only seven votes.
A number of factors lead advocates of the tunnel to believe that circum- stances are now more favourable. First, there have been hints of a change of attitude in the British Government. In February, 1955, Mr. Macmillan, then Minister of Defence, when asked in the House to what extent strategical objections still weighed, replied: "" Scarcely at all."" And this week Lord Mancroft, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Defence, described the tunnel as a "" realistic aim "" and said it was something they would have to look at again. If this means that strategical objections are no longer held to be valid, the chief stumbling block of 80 years is removed.
GROWTH IN TRAFFIC
Promoters also point to the pro- gressive increase since the war of passen- ger traffic between Great Britain and the Continent; the growth of sentiment in favour of closer European union towards which a Channel tunnel would make a strong psychological contribu- tion even if its more practical effects were not great; and, above all, the prospect of British participation in a European free trade area. The larger volume of trade between Britain and the Continent which that policy is ex- pected to bring about strengthens the argument for a land link; while the view has been expressed (it came recently from the Society of Motor Manufac- turers and Traders) that if British manu- facturers are to compete on level terms with their Continental rivals they must not be at too great a disadvantage in the transportation of their products, and for this condition a tunnel is indispensable.
The proposals which have been brought over from New York are for the formation of socites d'etudes on both sides of the Channel which would carry out full geological, technical, eco- nomic, and traffic studies; £75,000 is immediately available for this purpose, but it is recognized that it is useless to proceed without assurances of benevolence from the British and French Governments. The French Gov- ernment is known to favour the idea in principle, but the attitude of the British Government is still uncertain. Should it be favourable and should the tech- nical studies confirm the belief that a tunnel is feasible at a cost that would make it a sound investment, capital would be raised (£100m. is the present rough estimate) in British, French, and other foreign markets, much of it, the assumption is, in dollars.
STILL IN EMBRYO
In 1930, which was the last time the possibilities were fully explored, it was found that a pilot tunnel would have to be built at a cost of £5,600,000 before the practicability of constructing the traffic tunnels (which were then planned as two railway tracks) could be placed beyond doubt. There was the risk of encounter- ing faults or fissures in the lower chalk stratum which might vastly increase the cost of tunnelling. There is now the prospect that this element of doubt could be removed during the preliminary studies by means of new techniques of geological surveying which have been developed chiefly for oil prospecting.
The scheme is still in embryo. Even if it progresses, there are many hot debates ahead. Should there be a road as well as rails, would the traffic justify the heavy cost of ventilating a road tunnel ? What degree and form of Government participation and Govern- ment control should be adopted ? But before effective decisions are taken on any of these questions it will be neces- sary to lay Wolseley's ghost. The patriotic insularity to which he appealed in his condemnation of a tunnel may be more in the heart than in the head. That does not make it self-effacing.";"April 6, 1957";"";53809;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Back To The Channel Tunnel";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, Nov. 5
Herr von Brentano said to-day that Germany, together with other member- States of the European Economic Com- munity, would do everything to settle the question of economic relations with Britain to their mutual satisfaction. The Foreign Minister. who was opening the Bundestag foreign affairs debate, had some handsome things to say about Britain, and he commended Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's disarmament proposals as a good foundation for further negotia- tion.
He said that no efforts would be spared to enable those countries which did not see their way to joining the European community to establish links with it by way of special arrangements and treaties of association. The community should always act as a unit in such efforts, and it was hoped that its latest move had opened the door to new negotiations.
In this connexion he was thinking parti- cularly of trade and political relations with Britain. The Federal Government had the greatest interest in seeing the establishment of close and friendly relations between Britain and the community.
FOUNDATIONS OF SECURITY The Minister said: "" Britain is a strong and reliable partner in the community of free nations. We have not forgotten the meritorious contribution of the British Government tcwards working out a solu- tion which five years ago enabled the Federal Republic to join N.A:T.o. and established Western European Union. We regard the treaty obligations Britain has undertaken in favour of the Federal Republic and for Berlin as one of the foundations on which our security is based.""
The Government's statement of policy included a review of recent events. as well as some indication o-f future intentions. On the whole these amounted to a mixture pretty much the same as before. Events since the Soviet threat to Borlin were seen as overwhelming evidence, not only for the need of allied unity but also as evidence of the success of determined adherence to past policies. Basic prolblems remained unchanged, he said. and there could be no compromise on basic principles.
The Federal Government welcomed the decision to hold a summit conference. but thought that solid and careful preparation was indispensable. It believed that dis- armament should be the chief item on the agenda.
In particular. it considered Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's proposal to be a good foundation. It also hoped that the Soviet Prime Minister's proposal would be carefully examined. The outline of a control system was contained in the W.E.U. treaty; it should be followed up, and use might per- haps be made of existing organs.
The Federal Government was prepared to suibmit to any kind of control which was accepted for themselves by others. It would never refuse to take part in agree- ments and treaties guaranteeing the independence and security of other States, provided they also assured the security of the German people.
BERLIN POSITION
Future negotiations on Berlin would have to proceed from the existing legal position. The starting-point of negotiations would-at any rate from the legal, though not from the political. viewp;;int-,herc- fore be the same as it had been at the beginning of the Geneva conference. The Soviet proposals remained unacceptable, and the allied proposals made to clarify the status of the city pending German reuni- fication involved concec.siions which in' subbstance went to the limit cof what was possible.
Reunification.--Herr von Brentano defended the Government's efforts to achieve this. and recalled that Mr. Gromyko had said at Geneva that it was an unnecessary waste of time to discuss reunification. During the forthcoming negotiakions the Federal Government would uphold its views, but it knew that there was no isolated solution for the German problem. Initial steps along the road to disarmament would help. and he drew attention to the western peace plan.
N.A.T.O.--The common responsibility did not allow Gcrmany to ptursue its own goals along roads incompatible with the
aims of the alliance. This did not prevent the German people from pursuing their legitimate ends. because there could not be an isolated German policy. If what the German people were seeking was not sup- ported by the alliance, they would never get it. If Germanv le't the alliance, its allies wo:id readiust their relations with the Soviet Union without Germany, and perhaps even against Germany.
Disengagement.-Plans for this were possible only without and against Ger- many's allies. The structure of N.A.T.O. would be threatened. the continued presence of American troops in Europe would be put in doubt, and the military security of Germany and Berlin would depend on the guarantee of their eastern neighbours.
ODER-NEISSE LINE
Diplomatic relations with eastern European countries.---This question was being carefully examined, but the condi- tions required for the assumption of diplomatic relations did not at present exist.
Oder-Neisse territories.-The views of the Government had not changed. But the Government would never pursue its rightful claim bv means of force. Only an all-Gierman Government would be com- petent to make arrangements of this sort, and a settlement could be arrived at only in a freely negotiated peace treaty. It was hoped that a joint solution would be possible.
European Cooperation.-Herr von Brentano underlined the political character of the Common Market and other Euro- pean treaties. The whole world, including the Soviet Union, must recognize that behind thece was a new and revolutionarv concept. The European community had become a reality, and nothing must be allowed to happen that would shake or cast dottbt on it.
The leaders of the two chief Opposition parties both complained that they were not being told enough. Dr. Adenauer's current unpublished correspondence with Mr. Khrushchev and General de Gaulle came in for heavy attack.
SECRET DIPLOMACY
Herr Ollenhauer, the Social Democratic leader. led off by accusing Herr von Bren- tano of having said little about Germany's part in the conferences that lay ahead. He expressed some sympathy for the Foreign Minister. He said that foreign policy was now being essentially conducted in the form of private correspondence, and the Foreign Minister knew no more about it than anyone else. Dr. Adenauer was conducting a new kind of "" secret diplomacy,"" and was guilty of contempt of Parliament in sending the Foreign Minister into the debate as a mere rapporteur.
Herr Ollenhauer exoressed scepticism about the Government's assurances that relations between the allics were in good shape. He could not acceDt Herr von Brentano's attempts to "" prettify very serious matters."" Dr. Adenauer had ne;w clearly ranged himself on the side cf General de Gaulle. against the United States, on the date for a su:mmit conferenze. and a whole series of statements by him were outstanding which were still a burdlen on Anglo-German rolations.
Who, Herr Ollenhauer asked, could believe in agreement under these circum- stanecs ? He challenged the Chancellor to make a fuller statement on his relations with his allies, and to refute. if her could, the suggestion that he envisaged Franco- German domination of Europe.
CHANGE OF POLICY?
Dr. Mends, the Free Democratic leader, expressed the same anxiety lest new policies were being initiated behind the Bundestag's back. In the Chancellor's speech at Baden- Baden a week ago last Sunday. Dr. Mende said, he had again spoken ot "" sacrifices "" by Germany. He had written a secret letter to General de Gaulle soon after the latter had repeated his recognition of the Oder- Neisse line. Why had the Chancellor not come and told them plainly whether or not he was considering a change of policy on the eastern territories ?
The proper way to handle the m:atte7. Dr. Mende said. would be to open diplo- matic relations with Poland. This would not imply recognition of the Oder-Neisscr line. On the contrary. it would be th.
normal, open way of dealing between Sta:e,. and wotild give the Federal Governmnent the right means to discuss the ouLestion.";"November 6, 1959";"";54611;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Foreign Minister's Gestures To Britain";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"BRITAUN'S profitable Jewish weekly newspaper, the Jewish Chronicle, is setting up a trust to guard its future independence and editorial integrity-or, in the words of Mr. David Kessler. the chairman and managing director, "" to give notice once and for all to prospective take- over bidders that the Jewish Chronicle is not for sale and that the paper is determined to pre- serve its independence "".
Mr. Kessler, who with his brother and sister owns 80 per cent of the newspaper company's share capital, says in a statement in to- day's Chronicle that they should have regarded it as a betrayal of the trust placed in their hands had they at any time ""succumbed to the blandishments of those who would have welcomed the oppor- tunity to acquire the ownership of the paper in order to serve personal or sectarian interests or both.""
He tells me: ""Several people have ferreted and sniffed around from time to time-I suppose I can recolect at least three offers. There is an inevitable fragmentation of the shareholding in a family busi- ness, and in order to guard against the dangers inherent in this, we thought it time to get cracking.""
Under the new arrangement- vw hich took ei_tt years to establish
-the directors of the 128-year-old nespaper cannot without the agreement of the trustees sell it. appoint or remove the editor or managing director. make an agree- ment with a third party to influ- ence its policy, or cease publica- tion except on the grounds of un- avoidable. persistent and substan- tial losses.
Lord Goodman {inevitably) is first chairnman of the trustees. Hc is joined by three independent trustees-MIr. L. H. L. Cohen. a former president of the Jewish Welfare Board; NIr. Chatm I Raphael. cx-Treasu.y man, novel- I ist and now a don at Sussex; and I Professor Judab Se -1, c ' London's School of Oriental and African Studies-and by three nominees ol the Jewish Chronicle board-Mr. Kessler, Viscount F :niel. and Mr. Elis Birk. The trust will keep a
built-in majority of independent members.
Mr. Kessler says that the share- holders have voluntarily curtailed their freedom of action in what they consider to be the higher in- terests of the newspaper and of the country's Jewish comrmunity- "" which it seeks to serve and whose organ it claims to be"".
Swinging mini
JUSTLY proud of its new with-it (yes, thats included too) image is the fourth edition of The Little Oxford Dictionarv published yes- terday. Lexicographic respect- ability is awarded, like a Beatle's M.BE., to such trendy friends as the fuzz, pill (tire pill), prmissive (as in Society), a fix, dropout arnd hippy- a person (appearing to be) giVeD tO the use of hallucinojenic drugs""*.
But there is no stopping Time's swing-winged chariot wien it comes to popular jargon, 2and we shall have to wait for the fifth ediLion for unisex, topless. skin- head, body-stocking, sout (the sing- log, not the Labour, kind), happening and trip in their most up-to-date senses.
The dictionary gallantly faces up to the proliferating newspeak of technological advance. The a5tro- nauts and cosmonauts are here with their capules, modules. retro- rockets and splashdowns. Hover- craft, container ships, launderettes and transistors make humbler first appearances.
But there are still gapo. We have polystyrene but neither polyester, polyurethane nor acrylics; multi- lateral but not split level nor town- scape; videotape and playback but not audiovisual. Amid the language of wvar, strike and overkill are missing. Good riddance.
Since the irst edition in 1930, The Little Dictionayr's policy has
always been Lo admit new words 'whose place and dignity in the language were less assured"" than those admitted into its weighteir companions. I hope without much optimiism Tat the vogue words whicb will not achieve pemianence will include such misbegotten mon- sters as parking meter, wage-freeze, charisma, starch-reduced, broiler house, and escalate.
THE clash of champions, secular atu sareed. on the question of coloured irnmigration should enliven Sunday evening's tele- vision. In a 45-minute debate re- corded by London Weekend Tele- vision Enoch Powell takes issue wit!i Dr. Trevor Huddleston, cam- paigner against South African apartheid and present Bishop of Stepney.
White out
Bruc McKenzie
THE hat white face wDll probably leave the Kenya Cabinet in the new year. I bear that Bruce IcKeaie. Minister of Agriculure and Animal
Husbandry for six years, plans to step down when a new Government is formed after the General Elec- tion.
Big and bluff. with abundant moustache and sideboards, 50-year- old McKenzie was once an u r- country farmer and looks it. But he is an astute politician, at the heart of the Kenya power game, and has often been Kenyatta's envoy on nissions abroad.
Howevcr, bis present responsibi- lities are beginning to wear down even the man who, during the war. became at 24 the youngest oolonel in the South African Air Forcer winning the D.S.O. and D.F.C. He left South Africa in 1946 to farm in Kenya.
In those years his steadfast, not yet fashionable support for African nationalism did not endear him to other white settlers. They cut him in Nairobi and generally made life un- pleasant for his wife and children; but it would have taken more than this to intimidate MIcKenrae.
YC amazement
YOUNG CONSERVATIVES who remember their movemient as it was even two years ago are amazed at t impact they have made in Brighton with their efforts to demo- cratize the Tory Party. Their mani- festo, Set the Party Free, looks like selling half its first print order of 2.000 before conference week ends
The Y.C. leader3hip now hope, for good mecasure, tbat thjeir rcsa- lution-calling for a national executive committee report on ways in whtii the Conservative Party outside Parliament oould be made more democratic-might pass vwitbout either debate or vote at the pTivate business meeting of ghe Central Council of the Nat- ional Union on Saturday morning.
Usually the Central Council's
mectins is a purely formnal atEair but ths vear, as a result of the Y.C. campaign. there arc two reso- lutions to be considered-their own. and one from the Wordiing cons6tuenCy. Lengthy debate could impinFc upon Edward Heath's television time-already threatened by the B.B.C. strike- so the Y.C.s think that their ie6o- lution miigbt be accepted from the platform, and tCis course is urged in Damocratory, their daily con- ference bullfin
But some Tory democrab are uneasily aware that what was originaly intended to be the thin end of )he wede niight casily prove to be a comfortable sbelf on wicb the Tory establidsment could accommodate the inae un- til comforiabty after te seneral election.
Brimelow style
SIR THOMA BRIMB W, Deputy Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, who is taking over from Lord Chalfont as the British representative on the permanent council of Western European Union, is a diplomat of a very different cut.
An imperturbable Yorkshiremnan who is 54 in a fortnight he re- tains his native accent--but evi- dently not in Russian, in which his prowess is legendary. He is said to be the only man in the service wilo. if bis car broke down in the middle of the steppes, would be able to get it repaired. There is a story that, at a dinner party in Moscow, where he was for several years, the woman next to him asked: ""Tell me, my dear Mr. Brimeloff, where did you learn to speak such good English ? ""
. He has an immense capacity for work and can often be found in his office on Saturday or Sunday. He does a lot of his own typing and actually seems to enjoy it
IN a L4dgate Circus record shop someone has filed, under the head- ing "" Underground "", an L.P. of Alice in Wonderland.
PHS";"October 10, 1969";"";57687;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['by Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"by Michael Hornsby
On February 9. the EEC's foreign ministers, meeting in Brussels, tuanimously decided to open iegotiations w-i,th Greece on its appli. cation to become the tenith member of the Community. in so doing, they brushed aside the, more cautious appraisal of the European Commissiong which had ,recommended a pre-mem- bership,period of econ.omic adjustment for Greece, and with. something like insou- ciance, launched the Commvnity on a far-reach. ing process of Mediter. ranean expansion; Negotia- *tions with Greece were for- mlai1y opened in July.
An implied commitment to eventual .Greek member. shi.p had existed ever since 1961 when Greece became the first country to sign a Treaty *of Association with the EEC. The treaty, which came into force in the fol- 'Owing year, provides for Greece's stage-by-stage inite. g,ration into the EEC's cus- toms union over a period nf 2,2 years, Although the operation of the treaty was frozen .during the Junta years from 1967 to 1974, free movement of lebour has,existed between Greece and the Community since 'November, 1974, and two thirds of the EEC's indus- tri*1 exports are admitted duty free aaready.
After the overthrow of the Colonels in 1974,. the -new Karamanlis Govern- ment lost no time in widely advertising early EEC mem- bership as a fundamenital political objective. This re- flected Greece's desire for a new western anchorage to
?eplace the . traditional American connexion which, because of Was5hington's active support for the Junta, was no longer accep- table to Greek domestic olpinion.
The response was gratify- ing. EEC states vied- with each other in the fulsome- ness of their welcomes for the new Greek regime, and in June 1975 Athens confidently lodged a formal application to join the CommunIity. k
* The initiatile,then passed to the European Commis- sion in Brussels, which is obliged under the Treaty of Rome to submit to the Counlcil of Mioisters its opinion on- all. hew appli- cations for membership. The drafting of the opinion proved a painful exerciseE The Commission suffered the rare embarrassment of public disagreement among its 13 members, with the two French and two It-alah commissioners dis- senting from the final judg- ment, which advised against the opening of negotiations for Greece's immediate entry aind recommended in- stead a period of pre-mem- bership with special finan- cial assistance.
The Commission's case rested on three main argu- ments. The first of these, and undoubtedly the most important, wa's that the EEC's own institutions and decision-making mac'hinery needed teinforcemenjt before further enlargement. The Commission also raised doubts about the ability of the Greek economy to accept the obligations of full memzbership-even with the customary five-year tran-
sition period-because of its fairly weak.industrio base and' large and backward agricultural sector. Finally, Brusse]s dwelt at- some length' on the need for' a solution to the Greek- Turkish quarrel over Cyprus, although it did not go so far as to say that such a solution should be a -precon. dition of Greek member. ship.
There was an immediate, loud and resentful,.response to the Commission's propc. sal's in Athens. Vigorotfs Greek lobbying of EEC capitals followed and a few weeks later, the EEC fo.reign ministers overruled the Commission. Indeed the merits of the Commissionxs proposals were scarcely even discussed so asnxious 'were the Nine to reassure Mr Ktaramanlis of their commitment to early Greek membership. More thatl helf a year later the implications of accepting Greece still have to be seriously dis. cussed by the Community's existing memnbets.
When the EEC agreed to open negotiations with Greece, it was not unreason- able to. suppose that the negotiations couild be com. pleted before other poten- tial candidates submitted *applications of their own. But now Portuguese and Spanish applications look likely within the next 18 months. This faces the Community with the choice of wbhether to press on with tlhe'Greek negotiations and deal with each new candi- date as it comes alzt%g, or whetlier to wait uihtil all three new applications can be negotiated together, as in the case of Britain, the
Republic of Ieland and
eJrntark. This necessarily woultd delay Greek ettry and miight be relented ihb Athens.
..Behind the facade of mnaninous approval -for Greek memibership, dif- ferences of approach among the Ndne-which are bikely to becomze more iarked as the negotittions proceed- can already be discerned. The Coinmission's fears about the effects of further enlargeme$t on the EEC's institutional structure and community character are certaitly ihared by some of the mn-aler of the eaisthig member states, notably the R-epifblc of Ireland, Bel- gium, Holland and Luxem- bourg. The Irish have so far been the most active in articulating these still poi- vate reservations.
Dr Garret Fitzgerald, the Irish Foreigii MiAiister, has mnade. clear his view that certain institutional reforms must precede the addition ,of new membtrs. In a coifl. munity of 10, 11 or 12 StAtes, he feels, a system wh-ich requires that deci- sions be taken unanimously, thereby alib 6ing individtial countries to resort t6 the veto on matters of inational interest, would quickly lead to paralysis. This; in turn, coulrd acelerate the EEC's transformation into an out- and-out intee-government agency, with more and more of the decisions that matter being taken byr the big powers outside the com- munity framework.
Many of the questions raised by Mr Leo Tinde- mans, the Prime Minister of Belgium in his teport on European union, are of rel-
dvanc6 io the Greek appli. cation and enlargement in ierera'l. One of his recom- miendations is -that majority rrong' should be accepted as normal procedure. in the Council of Ministers. The Dutcli and the, Luxem- bourgers would certainly agree, and the more opti- mistic pro-Europeanists in Brussels hope that the Greek application could. serve to start a thorough review of the Commnunity's decision-makhing machinery.
None of the EEC's four big members, West Ger- miany, Britai, France anid ItaliyS have so far shown any sign that theY see any logi- cal connexion between enlargement and institu- tional reform. Moreover, to the extent that such reform imples the 4trengthen&ng of Community institutions at the expense of national gov. ernments it would be resisted-certainly by F'-ance and Britain, and probab1y. also by West Ger- many and Itaby. There is, however, little evidence that the EEC's ""big four"" have as yet thought much at all about the implications of -the course on which they have embarked.
France favours the rein. forcement of the EEC's Mediterranoan flank for a mixture of political and cil
turall reasons,. and is pre. pared to pay the necessary economic .price. For the French the Greek negotia. tions are essentibAly a kind of dry-run for what they see as the much more important Spanish and Portuguese applications, which Paris has been openly encolurag- ing. France's partners appear to think they can
tackle enlarjement on * piece-meal basis, and would deny tihat their response to the Greeks ne'ed hin any way influence their' attitudes to other applikants,
I Both Britain and West Germany'proba,bly see some strategic value in bringiing Greece into the EEC andl thereby encouraging it tc remain in Nato.' Enlarge- ment will, however, increase demands on the Community's social, -regiona and agricultural funds, pas ticularly if Greece is fol- lowed by Spain and Portu- gal. Unless West Germany is prepared tu foot a major part of the bill it is unlikely that these de'mands can be met, in whichl case even, tne modest progress towardo economic, and tnIonetarj union achieve'd by. the Nine could begin td look Utopian, and a "" two-tier "" Europe inevitable.
On the face of it, Italy"" miglht be expected to share French enthusiasm for the restoration of the Comrnunity's Mediterrahean dimension. But although Greek. entry jcould provide Italy with som'e advantages as a transit area and opera. tional base for conmpanies trading between Greece and the EEC heartland, it' other- wise spells 1,nothing but trouble, financially and com. niercially. Italy's impov- erished Mezzogiorno will face increased competition for the EEC's social and regional development funds, and its southern fruit and wine growers will lose their protection against Greek agricultural L produce. Moreover, these .will be only a foretaste of the troubles Italy will face when Sp'ain applies to join.";"September 27, 1976";"";59819;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Expansion in Mediterranean a far-reaching process";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"Even thc English Folk Dance and Song Society are not im- mune to that contemporary idea, the spin-off. The hit of their fiftieth Folk Festival, held otn Friday and Saturday at the Royal Albert Hall in Londoin, was a dance adaptation of the television serial Upstairs, Downi- stairs. It was a production number with a cast of 100, divided by costume and cJecorum into servants and
lasters, who did a formation dance of an intricacy and in- scrtitability to rival Busby Perkeley.
F Despite the society's name, many of the dances were dis- iinctly un-English. London Folk did a Kentucky square dance, while the Orlyk- IJkranian folk Dance Ensemble, a group from Manchester, per- formed swaggering Slavic dances in bright head scarves and breeches.
Tony O'Sullivan, who used to run a school of Irish danc- ing in Reading, danced adapta- tions of traditional Irish dances with two, of his ex-pupils, fey girls with pre-Raphaelite hair
who wore short black cloaks. His solo number was a kind of stiff-backed tap dance.
The programme was rounded out by several Morris groups. Most seemed to fecl that the traditional bright handker- chiefs, swords and jingling bells were not enough, and had gone to some length to zap things up. The Cotswold Morris Dancers featured a panto unicorn and a man dressed as a policeman wearing a panto horse, who chased the dancers to the sound of recorded laughter.
The Monkseaton Morris Men lhad more of a vaudeville quality. One of their members wore drag, while another sported a top hat with a huge daisy. The traditional sword movements of the dance were aimed at slicing the daisy from the hat.
The Abingdon Morris Dancers suffered a member wearing a white smock to go round hitting them on the bottom with. a kind of balloon. The only singing group, Muckram Wakes, were a mixed sex barber shop quar-
PHS
tet who sang a song called Give me Thtose Good Old Days of 150 Years Ago.
The audience, who ranged from tots to grandparents, filled the large hall, and sometimes drowned the orchestra with sympathetic humming, foot tap- ping and clapping. Many of them sported the locked sword badge of the society.
Most of the audience were delighted with the evening. A woman fronm Leamington, whose P11-enth annual visit it was, said she missed rhe Belgian flag wavers, a feature of earlier years, but had found the Upstairs, Downstairs dance absolutely tops.
But the foreigners, who had come to glean a little native tra- dition were perplexed. A French woman said it seemed a bit false and dead and an Israeli found it too modern. A Danish boy was really disap- pointed: ""I thought folk meant long hair and guitars.""
Overheated
Manila has been chosen as the venue for the world chass-cham- pionship match between Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov, it was reported yesterday. The decision of the International Chess Federation will please Fischer and surprise fe'w, but it will anger the Russians, who have been strongly in favour of
Milan. In the last week the Soviet press has been running a campaign against Manila.
The Russians' enthusiasm for Milan has overcome their con- cern for accuracy. In Komsonzol- skaya Pravda, Victor Henkin wrote: ""The Italian city with its balmy Mediterranean climate meets even the most exacting requirements."" Nobody familiar with Milan's over-heated sum- mers and dank, foggy winters would agree.
Henkin cites Tigran Petrosian, thie former world champion, as a witness to the tnsuitability of Manila. After a visit there last autumn, Petrosian described the city as "".virtual purgatory "". He explained: "" Heat is hardly the word. It's an utter steam bath.""
Worse, the weather during his stay offered both an earthquake and a typhoon. Yet he was hardly being fair, because sum- mer temperatures in Milan can exceed those in Manila, which dften enjoys a cool ocean breeze.
Henkin alleges that Fischer favours Manila because of his personal ties with the Philip. pines-he won his first chess laurels there at the age of 14. A more potent reason is the $5m prize money on offer there, as against $440,000 in Milan.
"" There is no need "", he sniffs, ""to stress the American grand- master's love for extra- honor- aria."" Henkin wonders wvhether
the federation will "" be guided by the noble principles of put- ting climatic conditions first, or by the venal morals of pro- fessional athletics"". The Rus- sians clearly do it for love.
Dying
it was a pity; that P. G. Wode- house was never able to live the life of an English country gentleman-the kind of life he wrote about so entertainingly and which he much envied. His house in Long Island, New York, where I visited him just before his ninetieth birthday in 1971, was of a distinctively American style. One of the most touching things he told me on that visit was how he and his wife Ethel subscribed to Country Life, and would
Today's plaintive sign was plhotographled at Entebbe zoo, Uganda, in 1963, by Bernard Parry of Leyburtn, Yorkshire.
wistfully gaze at the pictures of thie splendid houses.
Yet Wodehouse-wvho died at the weekend-told me on that visit that he had no serious regrets about his life: "" I've lived the kind of life I wanted to live"", he said. ""After I'd given up football and cricket I just wanted to live in a quiet place where I could write,, and read in the evenings.""
I suppose that anyone who reaches 90 must have come to terms wNith the idea of death. Wodehouse had, though he did not look forwvard to it.
""It's depressing in a way "", he told me, when I asked him what it felt like to be 90. ""You know it must be very near the end, although I feel fit enough. . . . No, there can't be much more left. Even Bernard Shaw only lived to 94.""
Not all Conservative woomen are as abreast of events as MVargaret Thatcher. A delegate to thte con- ference of the British section of the European Union of Women, commenting on Harold WVilson's visit to Russia, said there should be it common defence policy of the EEC so that ""vWe could go as the Nine and sag how-do-you- do to Stalin"".
Old Poles
Members of the Polish Gover n ment in exile showed this wveek- end that they have the same talent as the Georgians, or as humorous wvriters, for surviving to a good age. Members of the Polish underground army, women parachutists and Polish dignitaries-all slender, tall and white-haired-met at the Polish Hearth Club in Kensington to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Yalta conference. Sir Victor Raikes, the only English- man present, repeated some of his 1945 Commons speech de- nouncing Yalta and said, ""I would not to this day alter one vord of that speech.""
Aniong those attending were Marshal Pilsudski's daughter, a doctor in a Kent hospital, and Princc Lubomnirsky, once im- prisoned in a Soviet concentra- tiQn, camp. President Josef' Ostrowski, tvho is in his mid-
eiglhties, lhas designated the 82-year-old Count Edwvard Raczynski, former Polish ambas- sador to Britain, to succeed him when he dies. "" It's rather funny "", said the count, ""be- cause l'tn really just as old as he is.:
Floating
If the Royal Institute of Britishi Architects and lain Boyd Whvte have their wvay, eight scarlet balloons will lanig orer east London on Julv 27. They will be tethered to the grounid aloug a line from Blackheath to the Isle of Dogs and each will mark an historical site. Among the sites are All Saints'. Blackheatl, the Naval College anid St Anne's on the north side of the Isle of Dogs.
Whyte, an art historian who lives in Nottinghani, came up with the balloon scheme at RIBA's Art into Landscape exhi- bition last October. Beneath each of the balloons will be an information booth, providing details of theo monuments and buildings marked. They will also be given details of the Heritage Year Co'nference- being organized by RIBA and the Civic Trust in Loindon on July 28. But sponsors are still iieeded.";"February 17, 1975";"";59322;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"Lest February, EEC foreign ministers, brushing aside the reservations expressed by the European Commission, decided to open, negotiatons with Greece oil its applicatlan to loit the Community, promising tmmediate full membership qualified only by the subse- quent transitional =ange- ments customary for new adherents. The Comimissloi's concept of a pre-membership phase-7vith special financial assistance-was set aside.
At the time, this decision was held by many to have been prompted more by the hostile reaction in Athens to the Commiission's proposals- wvhich were seen as putting Greece on some kind of proba- tion-rather than by any real disagreement wvith Brussels over the seriousness of the probIems posed by Greek mem- bership. Some such suspicions persist here, and Athens is determined that the Nine shall not wriggle out of their com- mitmrent.
If it were up to Mr Constan- tine Karamanlis's Government to set the timetable, Greece could expect to be a member of the EEC by January 1, 1979 at the latest, and probably ear- lier. The Greeks have been told that negotiation of the terms of entry can begin infor- mally before the EEC's sum- mer recess in August. They do not see why the negotiations should continue for more than 18 months and they expect subsequent ratification of the accession treaty by the national parliaments of Greece and the Nine to take about a year.
This however, is a worst-case hypothesis. Mr John Pezma- zoglu, a senior figure in the Democratic Centre Union, the main opposition party, wvho heads the Greek delegation to the joint Greece-EEC parlia- mnentary commission, sees no reason wvhy negotiations should take much longer than six months. He believes that Greece should be in the Community by January 1, 1978, in time to take part in the first direct elections to the European Parliament.
Mr I(aramanlis: cheerfully steering a course towardg European union.
This view Is shared by some but not all senior government officials. They are unanimous, however, in their conviction that the vast majority of Greeks-more than 80 per cent, according to Mr Papali- gouras, the Minister of Plan. ning and Coordination-sup- port membership of the EEC. They argue, accordingly, that a referendum on the issue, although providea for in the constitution, would be super- fluous.
This claim rests essentially on the results of the 1974 elec- tions, in which Mr Karaman- lis's right-wing New Democrat- ic Party and Mr George Mav- ros's centrists, who are broadly social democrat in inspiration, cornered 'between them more than 75 per cent of the pop- ular vote and more than 90 per cent of the 300 seats in Parliament. Both parties strongly chanpioned EEC membership in their electoral campaigns.
The only important opposi- tion to the EEC comes from
the Pan-Helenic Socialist Movement, led by Mr Andreas Papandreou, and the Moscow- Oriented Communist Party of the Exterior. Together, they garnered no more than 20 seats in the 1974 elections. The Communist Party of the Inte- rior, which is close to the French and Italian com- munists, has only two seats and appears to have no clear views about the EEC. The One- Seat United Left, led by Mr Elias Iliou, is in favour of membership.
The extent to which this parliamentary picture reflects public opinion about the EEC is, of course, another matter. Certainly, the 54 per cent pop- ular vote for the Government in 1974 was very much a per- sonal vote for Mr Karamanlis, who successfully convinced the electorate that he was the only realistic guarantor against a return of the co]Ionel's tanks.
Some decline in support since then seems a reasonable supposition, probably in favour of the left, the next general
elections, hovever, are not mandatory until November, 1978.
Most observers agree that latent liostitilty to EEC mem- bership exists among some sec- tions of the farming and small business communities which could be exploited. That said, even Mr Papandreou does not dispute that a referendum, if it were conducted now, wvould almost certainly produce a sig- nificant majority in favour of Greece's accession to the Com- munity-though he would be inclined to attribute that lar- gely to government influence over the media.
So far the case for and against membership has been argued here in broad political terms. The detailed rebuttal by the Government of the eco- nomic arguments used by the Brussels Commission to sup- port the case for a pre-mem- bership phase has been directed at European rather then domestic ears. Similarly, Mr Papanderou's warnings about the danger of exposure
within the EEC to ithe exploi- tive power of West German and American-dominated *rmonopoly capital"" reflect a concern wvith the broader ideo- logical implications.
Mr Karamanlis believes, first of all, that membership is the natural and logical conse- quence of the treatv of associa- tion signed tvith the EEC in 1961 (and frozen during the seven-year rule of the colo- nels). Under this treatv, duties on some two-thirds of indus- trial imports from the EEC have alreaIy -been eliminated, and those on the remaining third have been reduced by 44 per cent. So Greece is already well down the road towards customs union with the Com- munity.
Even more important, how- ever, is the Governmenes con- viction that EEC membership will be an important stabiliz- ing factor in Greece, discourag- ing resort to extremist political nostrums of right or left. Greece, Government officials argue, ought also to be attrac- tive to the EEC as an ""outpost of European ideals"" in the eastern Mediterranean, enjoy. ing important links with the Arab world. ""We think Greece could become a bridge between the EEC and the Middle East and eastern Europe "", Mr Papaligouras says.
Behind much official think- ing in Athens lies a deep con- cern about the prospects for post-Tito Yugoslavia. While the Govermnent has been seeking a more intimate relationship with the EEC, it has also been busy mending fences with Bel- grade. Earlier this year Greece played host at a Balkan eco- nomic conference in Athens attended bv Yugoslavia, Romania, Turkev and Bulgaria. President Tito was himself in Athens for further discussions last week, and apparently hopes to strengthen Yugosla- via's regional security by a dis- creet rapprochement with Greece.
According to informed sources here, President Tito supports the Greek application to join the EEC, and has also indicated that he would not wish to see Greece entirely abandon Nato. Athens has
already 'withdrawn from Nato's integrated militr command because of the failure of the alliance to prevent the Turldsh invasion of Cyprus, but is drag- ging out negotiations over the precise political links it wishes to retain.
For Mr Papandreou, the EEC offers no reliable guaran- tee against a relapse into tota. litarianism. The main danger, lie believes, lies in the Govern- menes alleged tolerance of large numbers of Junta col- laborators in senior positions in the state apparatus, and especially in the police and the army. Externally, he contends that Greece's interests would be best served by a neutralist, non-aligned role. He seems to think that Greece could work out a satisfactory free trade- relationship with the EEC, meeting its capital investment requirements bv borrowing on the international money mar- kets.
Even allowing that there might be a hypothetical case for EEC membership, Mr Papandreou argues that the Government has bartered away the chance to get the best pos- sible deal by appearing to say in advance that it will accept any terms the EEC offers. There is some force in this ciiticism. Certainly, Mr Kara- manlis and his senior officials are keeping very quiet about the ""derogations ""-to use a favourite Brussels term-they will be looking for during the five-year transitional period following entry.
Some Athens observers con- sider that the Government has very much underestimated or chosen deliberately to min- imize the social impact on Greece's backward agricultural sector of EEC membership, as well as the difficulties likely to ariso with Italy owing to in- creased Greek wine, fruit and vegetable production. Neverthe- less, it is easy to exaggerate the problems, and the belief here that the main concern in Brussels is the ability of the BEC's institutions to support further enlargement is prob- ably soundly based.
Michael Horusby";"May 18, 1976";"";59707;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Greece keeps up the pressure on the EEC";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"I rom Miclael Hornsby
Luxebourg. March 31
Npart from its curiosity in- tetest as the. last; occasion on 'vn ieh"",Qlr Wilson 'will parade his skills as Prime Minister on the international stage, the EEC summit, opening in Lux- eniboiurg tomorrow is unlikely to leave much mark on Euro- pean historv. In contrast to previous i summits, few if any klecisions of moment on the problhems facing the Com. nilurity are in prospect.
XVithin the framew ork of an mriformal agenda broadly cover- inlg the economic and mone- :; crcis. direct elections to the i:E;ronean Parliament and the Tindemans report on Euro- pean union. the heads of ..overnment appear determined !o ride individual hobby horses ro the limit and leave as little time as possible for other dis- cUssion.
President Giscard d'Estaing has served notice that he attaches top priority to the monetary crisis and will be looking for support for a reform and extension of the Community's ill-starred ioint currency afloat. the ""snake "". He apparently hopes that the existing system can be adjusted to accommodate not only the return of the franc, but even of the pound and the lira.
Few of the other big members of the EEC share France's theological attachment to the political symbolism of the snake, which is seen in Paris as the embrvo of eco- nomic and monetary union. Even the Germans, and cer- tainly the Dutch, probablv now feel that there is little point in shoring up currencies in the snake at artificiallv high levels while economic performance varies so widely within the Communitv.
This has ahvavs been the British view. and Mr XVilsou and Mr Callaghan, the Foreign Secretarv, will rather wvant to focus the attention of their col- leagues on tackling unemoloy. ment. Mr Callaghan has made this something of a personal crusade in recent months, but has so far given little concrete indication of how he thinks .he Communitv could do more to help.
The British, though opposed
to the French on monetary issues, may well seek to make comamon cause with President Giscard d'Estaing in an effort to play down the urgency of a final decision at this summit on direct elections. Neitner London nor Paris seems ready to make an irrevocable comn- mnitment on all details at this stage.
On the whole, supporters of direct elections are now in- clined to feel that Gaullist and Communist pressure on Presi- dent Giscard d'Estaing is a more serious threat to the 1978 target date for their introduc- tion than British prevari- cations, which are seen as being of a more procedural nature. The combination of French and British doubts is regarded as a formidable ob- stacle.
Against tlhis. Mr Gaston Thorn, the Luxembourg Prime Minister and current EEC president, is an impassioned advocate of direct elections. He believes that some progress must be made this week if the heads of government are to retain any credibility. At last December's summit in Rome, the leaders of the Nine under- took to approve a draft con- vention on direct elections at their next meeting.
Mr Thorn can certainly expect the support of Herr Helmut Schmidt, the West Ger- man ChanceUor, as well as of the smaller states such as Bel- gium, Holland, and Ireland. The main concern of the latter is that they should be reason- ably represented in a directly elected assembly. This will not be the case if French insist- ence on a strict proportionality betveen seats and population prevails.
Once conceived as the set piece of the Luxembourg sum- mit, the report on European union by Mr Leo Tindemans, the Belgian Prime Minister, now seems in danger of getting short shrift. No decisions as such are called for from the heads of government, but the intention had been to hold an exhaustive discussion on the Tindemans proposals, with the aim of identifying those most likely to bear fruit.
Some of the recommenda- tions in the report, especially concerning the need for great-
er coordination of monetary policies, could overlap with the discussions on the snake ini- tiated by President Giscard d'Estaing. For example, a French plan for a partial pool. ing of central bank reserves is also endorsed by Mr Tinde. mans.
There will be little support, however, for the Tindemans concept of a two-speed approach to economic and monetary union whereby the richer EEC members would be allowed to press ahead at a faster pace than their partners. Mr Tindemans's claims to have been misrepresented on this issue have generally failed to carry conviction.
The other aspect of the Tin. demans report which seems most likely to provoke reaction is the suggestion for endowing the president of the European Commission with greater politt- ical weight and independence, with some influence over the choice of his team. This is a reform that Herr Schmidt has strongly championed in the past.
This discussion could also provide an opportunity for Mr Callaghan's colleagues to sound him out-as Mr Wilson's most likely successory-on possible British nominees for the Commission presidency. The current president, Mr Frangois- Xavier Ortoli, a Frenchman, retires at the end of the year, and the job is generally regarded as Britain's for the asking.
Among the most widely can- vassed candidates are: Sir Christopher Soames, the EEC commissioner for external affairs, Mr George Thomson, the commissioner for the regions, Mr Roy Jenkins, Mrs Shirley Williams, Sir Michael Palliser, the head of the Foreign Office, and even Mr Wilson himself. Ir Edward Heath, who would be a popular choice in Brussels, is on record as saying that he is not in- terested.
Roger Berthoud writts: If Mr Wilson is planning any dramatic demarche to mark his fifth and last appearance at an EEC summit meeting, he has kept it as secret as his resignation plans.
He leaves London today for Luxembourg with his likely
successor, Mr Callaghan. The Foreign Secretary is not allow- ing the element of uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the Labour Party's third ballot next Monday to keep him in London.
ln Whitehall, as elsewhere, this meeting of the European Council is expected to be a lacklustre affair. Some officials think it will be none the worse for that One of the objects of malking these sununits regular was to reduce the pressure for speotacular results and un- realistic undertakings.
At the previous meeting, in Rome last December, Britain was in the doghouse over Mr Callaghan's demand for a separ- ate seat at the Paris energy and raw materials conference. This week, the only potential source of opprobrium is the Government's desire for a square deal from a revised com- mon fisheries policy.
The European Commission's recent proposals are seen as a useful step, but a 12-mile exclu- sive coastal belt within a 200- mile EEC ""pond"" is con- sidered inadequate to safeguard the position of the British trawler industry.
British doubts about the practicability of holding direct elections to the European Parliament in April, 1978, the target date, are now generally accepted as genuine.
Mr Wilson and Mr Callaghan are unlikely to have any strong objection to President Giscard d'Estaing's request that eco- nomic and monetary problems should head the agenda. There is no detailed knowledge in London of French thinking on a reform of the currency snake.
But officials find it hard to envisage any manner of ser- pent, however new and flexible its skin, which could be capable of accommodating the German mark at one end and the pound and lira at the other.
On the question of whom Britain will nominate to succeed M Ortoli as president of the European Commission, Mr Wilson is likely to assure his colleagues that Britain will have a good candidate in due time. Sentiment in the Labour Party makes it now virtually certain that this will not be Sir Christopher Soames, who is a former Conservative minister.";"April 1, 1976";"";59668;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson makes his farewell appearance at EEC summit which is likely to mark time";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent-
-PARIS. JUNE I
France has promised to look at the proposal by Mr. McNamara, the United States Defence Secretary, to set up a select committee of four or five members to extend nuclear planning and consult- ation within the Atlantic alliance. Vari- ations of the proposal have been heard in the past, but this may be taken as a new move by the United States to break the persistent deadlock over political control of nuclear weapons.
Mr. McNamara, without going into great detail, indicated that the committee should be composed of the Defence Ministers of the three western nuclear powers, and west Germany, and possibly Italy to speak for the smaller states. He wished to see them mieet promptly and frequently.
The absence of immediate French dis- sent may be taken for progress, though there is nothing to suggest that General de Gaulle in the long run would accept any arrangement that implied subordin- ation to the American nuclear veto. The mnove is seen in American quarters as some advance to the General's request in 1958 for a French place in a three-power directorate in Nato, though it is often forgotten that he was equally asking for a share in consultations affecting regions outside the treaty area.
MOVE TO "" SMOKE OUT""
It may be unfortunate that Americans are describing the nuclear plan as a political attempt to "" smoke out"" General de Gaulle. Several of the allied Defence Ministers, at their Paris meet- ing, have come appreciably closer to his strategical conceptions. The suspicion is that if they come too near, the General will be found to have moved to new ground.
The Ministers, in an unusually buoyant mood, ended their discussions this evening by directing the permanent Atlantic Coun- cil, with the aid of the military authorities. to continue its studies of force levels and strategy which, while deterring any aggres- sion, should ensure the most rational and economic use of available resources.
The official statement reaffirmed their determination to maintain the defensive capability of the alliance, and renewed their endorsement of the strategic concept of a ""forward defence posture"". They also agreed to pursue the proposal for extended consultation among interested allied cour.- tries in the planning of nuclear forces, ir.- cluding strategic forces.
VALUE FOR MONEY
The prospect is that the Ministers will rcsume their exchanges in December witl
a lot of dead wood out of the way. Their statement satisfies the insistence of Mr. Healey. the British Defence Minister, on getting better value for money at the existing level of forces. and also accepts Mr. McNamara's initiative as a working proposition.
The close harmony between the two men seems to have succeeded in bringing a lot of theoretical. if not ritualistic, ideas down to earth. and the nuclear views of the United States, Britain, France and Germany are said to have moved closer.
British observers may tend to overrate the qualified acceptance by France to join a Nato study of nuclear planning. M. Messmer, French Minister of the Armed Forces, already seems worried about the possible interpretation of his acquiescence. though France may have something to gain from such an exercise for the development ot her own nuclear weapons. Tlhz impres- sion emerges, at any rate, that General de Gaulle does not want to create a crisis in the alliance before the December election. In the British view. it is a mistake to drama- tize his gestures of independence.
The McNamara proposal is not intended as a move towards a nuclear directorate, or it would not have been accepted so readily, judging from past experience, by all the others. The essential task of the committee of Ministers, if appointed, will be to survey the whole ground and draw a few maps, so as to give the ministerial meeting next December a better idea of what roads to follow.
A.N.F. PLAN CHANGE
Mr. Healey. contrary to some expecta- tions, has said nothing about the British plan for an Atlantic Nuclear Force, or about the strength of the British Rhine Army except by leaving an inference that some allied Governments are bearing a disproportionate burden.
One of his main Points, which went a long way to meeting the German position, was that the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Saceurl should be given a greater role in the command of strategic nuclear weapons. This change of mind means that the A.N.F., if created, would not come under a separate commander. as was first foreseen. and Mlinisters seemed well pleased with this shift in British policy.
MIr. Healey is highly imPressed by the confidence of non-nuclear powers, especi- ally the Germans, in the supreme com- mander on the Continent, in whom they possibly Place more trust than in national governments outside Europe.
Some impact was also made bv Mr. Healey's conviction that war in Europe, either conventional or nuclear, would be unlikely to last long, which in his view makes nonsense of thresholds, trip-wires and plate-glass windows. His persuasion w6as that the alliance, by a show of its
external forces, has already deterred the Russians sufficiently to make general war unlikely.
The need now was to improve the mobility and equipment of existing con- ventional forces along the frontiers to ensure that unpremeditated, ambiguous attacks would not spread to the nuclear field. He doubted whether French insist- ence on an immediate nuclear response con- templated risking a holocaust over a frontier incident.
It may bc that the main outcome of the Paris discussions is that the civilians, per- haps for the first time, have asserted politi- cal control over the military by putting aside more extravagant military conceptions of force goals. Not that there is any criticism ot Saceur for saying what he needs to dis- charge the mission defined in I 954-rather, the nature of the mission has changed.
In all this there is an underlying belief that there will be no war in Europe. It is not yet clear to what extent members share the British hope that planning will now tend to get down to economic and polidcal realities and, leaving the big goals for the future, be content for the next few years to work on the basis of Nato's annual review.
EXTERNAL FORCES
One main point of disagreement seems to have been overcome by a recognition that Planning should take account of Nato's external forces, and take a more realistic view of the real nature of the Russian threat. On this reckoning, Mr. Healey feels that no more conventional or nuclear forces are now needed by the alliance.
Signor Brosio, the secretary-general found the discussions Positive and useful; though opinions had differed, there had been no conflict over the strategic problem. He did not think that the American move for a select committee was intended to supplant the old project for a multilateral nuclear force.
Mr. McNamara said tonight that stocks of American nuclear warheads in western Europe had been greatly increased since January and more would be delivered in the next few months. He strongly denied that the United States had any thought of a denuclearization of western Europe. He had pressed at the meeting of Defence Ministers for the adoption by Nato of a forward strategy, supported by all the forces necessary to maintain European integrity.
LISTLESS W.E.U. DEBATE
European security was the subject today of a listless debate in the assembly of the Western European Union, which urged that allied strategy, in the Nato framework. be "" immediately adapted to the changed political and militarY situation "".
Lord Grantchester (Liberal) proposed the creation in Nato of a European Defence Council for the purpose of establishing a military partnership between Europe and the United States; and Mr. Dick Taverne (Labour), speaking of British difficulties in maintaining the Rhine Army, called for the creation of an integrated Atlantic force of both conventional and nuclear elements.
Eight members of the British delegation dominated a debate on defence outside the Nato area. on which Mr. Peter Emery (Conservative) was the rapporteur. There was some passing reference to Vietnam and the Dominican Republic. but the burden of arguments was for a more equitable sharing by members of the cost of military commitments overseas. A resolution to this effect was unanimously adopted.";"June 2, 1965";"";56337;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Moves On Nato Nuclear Planning";""
"['From Henry Stanhope Diplomatic Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Henry Stsnhope
Diplomatic Correspondent
Sir Geoffrey Howe, the Foreign Secretary, yesterday came out in favour of more cooperation in defence between the EEC partners. The foun- dations, in terms of common projects and organizations, were already in place, he told the London Diplomatic Associ- ation.
""Providing it does not under- mine the transatlantic links on which our security ultimately depends, any initiative which can usefully promote greater collaboration on security issues among European nations will certainly have British support, he said.
Sir Geoffrey was speaking after Dr Henry Kissinger called for the Europeanization of Nato in a Time magazine article last week, and in advance of two important ministerial meetings within the framework of the Western European Union this year. European defence will be near the top of the agenda.
Turning yesterday to the ""grand negotiations"" over the European Community's budget crisis, Sir Geoffre9v said that they weve still on course. Their success was of vital importance to the 230 million people within the EEC but this had to be reached by a careful ""block-by- block"" approach and the out- come had to be one with which all member states were in agreement.
Referring to the negotiations with China over the future of Hongkong, he said there was no doubt progress had been made. ""It has a firm basis because the two sides share a common objective, the continued stability and prosperity of Hongkong.
The Government was keep- ing in close touch with public opinion in the colony. The objective remained an agree- ment acceptable to Parliament, Peking and the people in Hongkong.
The Foreign Secretary also touched on negotiations between Britain and Argentina. The Government welcomed the restoration of democracy in Buenos Aires.
He later had a working dinner withMr Uffa Ellemann- Jensen, the Danish Foreign Minister, at which the EEC summit in Brussels on Monday week was expected to be discussed.
Run-up to EEC's crucial summit
* 0
Farm ministers avoid decisions
From Ian Murryv. Brnvtolc
EEC farm ministers yester- day ran away again from taking any decisions to reform the common agricultural policy which is bankrupting the Community.
After a two-day Brussels meeting, during which every country apparently dug even deeper into its entrenched position, the ministers agreed to come back again on Sunday for another try to break the deadlock. That meeting is already scheduled to last through Tuesday and M Michel Rocud, the French minister, chairing the council, warned his colleagues to be prepared for some sleepless nights.
He will be drawing up a ""non-paper"" to put to the council setting out the position, or ""non-position"", as it now is. He brought yesterday's meet- ing to an early close to go back to Paris for a meeting called by President Mitterrrand to pre- pare the way for the Brussels European summit on March 19 and 20.
There are many and complex problems to solve, but they all boil down to money. M Rocard said it would be impossible to find a solution to them all unless the Community was prepared to spend more this year then the £10,000m set aside for funding the common agricultural policy. Mr Michael Jopling, the British
miunister, suggested It was more then his job was worth to agree to any increase over that amount.
Mr Jopling had given M Rocard a scheme for holding agricultural spending inside that figure. There was little or nothing new in it, because it restated the British case that the only way to control farm spending was to cut guaranteed prices.
""We have got to live within the budget,"" Mr Jopling said. Optimistically, he added: ""There is a growing under- standing that this Is the crunch.""
But solutions to the two oustanding agticultural prob- lems remain as elusive as ever. The only answers so far which are winning any support are costly and threaten to make the common agricultural policy even more expensive than now.
The worst problem Is what to do to limit milk production, which uses two out of every five pounds the EEC spends on agriculture. Every million tonnes of milk produced over the 88 million used costs the Community around £160m. Production this year is ex- pected to top 105 million tonnes, yet ministers are fiercely resisting proposals to cut it back to even 97.2 million tonnes.
The most complex problem
involves getting rid of the 'green'"" currency rates, which give West German, Dutch and British farmers a price advan- tage over their colleagues in other countries. West Germany has put forward a scheme to do this which is sttracting growing support, but it would cost the Community up to an estimated £400m a year more.
M Rocard appears to favour the more expensive solutions, which is why he reruses to _ccept the £11,O0Om ceiling on spending this year. It is here that his tussle with President Mitterand for power inside the French Socialist Party can have a telling effect.
M Rocard cannot relish the prospect of agreeing cuts which would hurt French farmers and, he made clear yesterday, he will push decisions forward to the summit if need be. Presi- dent Mitterand, however, will not be prepared to take unpopular decisions especialy if he believes M Rocard should take them.
There can be no doubt, however, that the success or failure of the summit depends on the outcome of the agricul- ture negotiations and these are now dragging out dangerously.
M Rocard has suggested that this week's meeeting could be extended if need be to find a solution, but he withdrew that idea after a long session on Mondav.
Mitterrand men in conclave
From Disna Geddes, Paris
A meeting otf all French ministers concerned with Euro- pean affairs, presided over by President Mitterrand, was held at the Elysce Place last night to Jiscuss the implications of Monday's Franco-British summit for the tough negotia- tins that have to take place before the European summit on March 19 and 20.
Ministers and other govern- ment officials continue to maintain silence on the out- come of the talks between M Mitterrand and Mrs Margaret Thatcher. British officials here have also been kept in the dark.
British sources emphasized, however, that although the summit was viewed as critical, it was not seen as a make-or- break meeting. They said there were still other occasions over the next two weeks when things could be sorted out, notably at
the meeting of European foreign ministers on March 12 and 13.
Considerable progress has been made during and since the last meeting of European ministers in Paris just over a fortnight ago, the sources said. On Britain's budget rebate, for example, France seemed finally to have accepted the notion that any solution must be ""durable"", though how durable remained unclear.
The French appear to be proposing that a solution should last for as long as the decision to increase the Community's ""own resources"" lasts. If that were made to last 10 years, for example, then Britain would automatically get a rebate over that period, according to a previously-set formula, without the need to re-negotiate it each year, as at present.
France has suggested that Britain make a net payment of 1,250m ECUs, but, according to yesterday's French press, most other EEC countries now feel that that should be cut to l,OOOm ECUs.
British officials also feel that real progress has been made on the issue of budget discipline. They welcome the French proposal that the annual dis- cussion on the Budget should begin with a decision on how much revenue the Community should call up for that year and that expenditure should then be tailored to suit that amount,
British sources feel that the prospects for success at the European summit in Brussels are brighter now than at any time since the Athens summit in December.";"March 7, 1984";"";61775;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Howe seeks closer EEC links on defence";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 17
The Atlantic conference entered a new stage to-day. Yesterday had been a nominally closed session, which, as set speech after set speech by the Prime Ministers was disclosed, became in fact a massive public demonstration of the Atlantic community's desire for real negotiation, if possible, with the Russians, but also of their determination to make the alliance more compact, efficient, and strong.
To-day the Foreign Ministers con- sidered the views and proposals which had been put forward on Monday-on disarmament, German reunification, the Middle East, political consultation in N.A.T.O., the Bulganin letters, African questions, relations between N.A.T.O. and other free world States with respect to economic matters, and relations between N.A.T.O. and other defence organizations such as the Baghdad and S.E.A.T.O. pacts.
The Foreign Ministers were to con- sider, collate, and edit the views given on Monday, and the results of their dis- cussion were submitted to the Prime Ministers in restricted session-with, that is, the delegations restricted to six members each-this afternoon.
DRAFTING COMMIlTEE
At the end of the afternoon session a drafting committee was appointed, com- posed of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, the Foreign Secretary, M. Pineau, M. Larock, and Mr. Sidney Smith, the Foreign Ministers of France, Belgium, and Canada respec- tively. To-morrow morning the Foreign Ministers and Defence Ministers of all the delegations will meet at 9.30 to con- sider the other proposals on military and scientific questions, which have not yet been discussed. The drafting committee will meet at 3 p.m. and the Prime Ministers will hold a further plenary session after that.
By comparison with the flood of documents issued yesterday, there was little or no information after the meet- ings to-day. This led many frustrated observers to comment that this summit conference was being reduced to the business merely of commuinique draft- ing. There is some truth in this, but it should not I e forgotten that the con- ference was intended to set a line for a number of years ahead over, for instance, cooperation of military pro- duction and a balanced N.A.T.O. force, and its success or failure will be apparent only when it can be seen what action flows from the policies now being considered. The communique itself may, however, make clear how much is to be expected, and its final wording can only be decided at the highest level.
UNIFYING GERMANY
Meanwhile there seems to be general agreement that the conference should not lead on-at least directly-to any new offer of a summit conference with the Russians, but that Soviet intentions should be fully tested. There is agree- ment between the Germans, the British, and apparently the other N.A.T.O. members that the Germans through their Ambassador in Moscow should probe the Soviet position on German reunification.
It may also be decided that Britain, France, and the United States should at the same time take up with the Poles Mr. Rapacki's recent proposal for a nuclear free zone comprising Poland, east and west Germany, and Czecho- slovakia, and that Britain, France, the United States and Canada-the western Powers represented on the United Nations disarmament sub-committee- should equally take up with the Soviet Government the possibility of a further disarmament conference.
SEPARATE ANSWERS
In the light of the diplomatic sound- ings the Atlantic Council will then discuss these questions to establish a common attitude for the alliance. Naturally over German reunification west German views will be given special consideration, but Britain, France, and the United States remain, with the full agreement of the Federal Government, responsible for negotiating a German settlement with the Soviet Government.
The Bulganin letters will be answered individually by the Governments to which they were addressed after a common attitude has been worked out in the Atlantic Council. M. Spaak, the Secretary-General of N.A.T.O., said to-night that there would be an indirect reference to the Bulganin letters in the commnunique.
It had been expected on Monday that Mr. Menderes, the Prime Minister of Turkey, would explicitly call for a guarantee of the 1947 Arab-Israel fron- tiers, but instead he called merely for
President Eisenhower this morning paid a visit to Supreme Allied Head- quarters, near Versailles, of which he was the first commander from 1950 to 1952. He was greeted by the present Supreme Commander, General Norstad and by other senior allied officers. The President admitted that he was making the visit because he was afflicted by a malady that spared neither young or old -nostalgia. He said he still felt more at ease in a military cap than in a civilian hat.
Before going to Supreme Head- quarters Mr. Eisenhower received Dr. Adenauer. In the course of this con- versation, the Chancellor thanked the President warmly for what ha had said about Germany in his main statement to the conference yesterday. This was a reference to President Eisenhower's ""solemn reiteration "" of United States determination that Germany shall be
peacefully united in freedom.""
The President also gave a warning on the status of Berlin, where, he said, the ""clear rights of the western Powers must be maintained."" Any sign of western weakness "" at this forward position "" could, the President declared, "" be mis- interpreted with grievous consequences.""
M. COTY'S BANQUET
This evening M. Coty, the President of the French Republic. entertained all the heads of Governments and ministers to a State banquet at the Elysde Palace.
President Eisenhower sat on M. Coty's right. Because in France menus and witie lists are at least as important as wordy statements, the following account of what the Ministers ate and drank is of some interest:-
Consomme aux pailles d'or Supreme de soles cardinal Faisan r6ti chatelaine
Foie gras des Landes aux raisins Salade tourangelle
Parfait glace Chanzy Petits fours
Riesling (Grande Rdserve 1953) Chateau Haut-Brion 1937
La Tache (Domaine Roman6e-Conti)
1953
Veuve Clicquot dry 1949 (in magnums).
measures to stabilize the situation. The Ministers have considered what courses of action were possible to preserve peace in that area and to work out a common N.A.T.O. approach.
The relationship of N.A.T.O. with other international organizations is believed to concern in particular the Western European Union. The relations with the Association of American States will at some point also be considered. The President of Peru has appealed for the participation of Latin-American States in the defence of the free world. On Africa the need to achieve a com- mon attitude towards North Africa in particular is obvious, but major differ- ences of view persist.
NO DISAGREEMENT
M. Spaak told a Press conference to-night that the Foreign Ministers this morning and then the heads of Govern- ments this afternoon had discussed all the eight subjects on their agenda. He said there was no disagreement on these subjects, but many different points of view had been put forward.
Disarmament had been discussed in great detail to-day, M. Spaak said. All the Governments were agreed in regret- ting the Soviet boycott of the United Nations talks and there was a long dis- cussion on what to do in face of this imnpasse. He told a questioner that there was a general desire among the dele- gations not to close the door on further east-west talks on disarmament. In reply to a further question, he said that many delegations appeared to agree with a French proposal that a new initia- tive should be made, preferably by Russia's four partners on the disarmna- ment sub-committee.
There had been a long discussion on the relations between N.A.T.O. and other military alliances, during which many controversial opinions bad been stated. The discussion was not yet ended. Mr. Zorlu, the Turkish Foreign Minister, had spoken at length about the Middle East, and this had been followed by an exchange of views.
PRIOR CONSULTATION
In! answer to questions, M. Spaak said that neither Cyprus nor the question of Israel frontiers had been mentioned at this discussion. M. Pineau spoke about relations between N.A.T.O. and Africa but did not, according to M. Spaak, talk about Algeria. M. Spaak told a further questioner that the possible admission of Spain to N.A.T.O. had not been mentioned to-day. The lvlinisters had examined the N.A.T.O. Secretariat's proposals for new methods of prior poli- tical consultation, and had reached general agreement on their recom- mendation.";"December 18, 1957";"";54027;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"""Real"" Negotiation With Russia";""
"";"['News']";"The ""British Government's priorities for action in the European Community in the months ahead-which Lord Carrington says the Labour Party in its own interest ought to endorse as well- are dis- cu-ssed by the Foreign Secretary in this interview'with David Spanier
Britain' seems to be rather un- popular in the European Community. Why is this ?
Our aim in the Community is not to be popular; it is to be respected. It is for others to judge if we are achieving this. I' am not aWare.that Britain is pxzpopular, certainly not more than anyone, else. We have wv-orked ihard to protect vital national interests, but we have also. taken pains to emphasize Britain's whole-hearted commit- ment to the ICommunity, and our. determination to play, a full part in its development.
I am encouraged by the pos- itive response in Europe to my speech 'in Hamburg' on this theme last November. As the Plime Minister put it in a recent French radio inter- view :-there is no such thing as a separate Community in- terest; the Community interest is .compounded of national in- .eiests of the: 10 member states.
Are you concerned on the other side about the British public's apparent hostility to the Community?
Yes; in a democratic society the Government must carry broad support for its policies; if wNe do not, something needs to *be done. 'We are making considerable 'efforts; British ministers -have -been emphasiz- ing in. . recent speeches the benefits we.get.from member- ship of the Community. It is not. a propaganda campaign
rather an effort to explain the facts- and reasons why we think our policies are right.
Also, there is 'a need to showv that we. have constructive ideas on, the .development of the Community in a way which brings maximum advantage to ordinary' people-in Britain and' elsewhere. I note that you say. ""apparent hostility"". The 1975 .refereidum showed that although some detailed aspects of thie Community bureaucracy meay irritate people, the majority know. where their real interests lie when it comes to majo,r decisions affecting their future' prosperity and security..' Wiat do you think about the Labour Party's policy of taking Britain out of the Commun'ity ?
:' am . saddened ly it. It sgems, t,o. me unqorthy of .the
party -which when in Govern- ment applied for membership, recommended a positive vote in the 1975 referendum, and then worked to consolidate our position as a fully established member of the Community. Many leading members of the party are clearly unhappy about the decision to turn its back on Europe, and indeed the outside world. They are also unhappy because it under- mines our efforts to convince our European partners of -the strength and sincerity of our commitment.
Labour's real interests lie in wholehearted support for our efforts to secure ithe important reforms which we need on res- tructuring the budget' and in agricultural policy, for exam- pie, which will benefit all irrespective of political persua- sion.
What would you lihk to see happen in the Community this year ?
Some crucially important tasks lie ahead which will shape the whole future of the Community. Progress is essen- tial during. he year on restruc- turing and on agriculture; on enlargement negotiations; and on strengthening cooperation in foreign policy. The member states are agreed albout the priority which these tasks must be given. There are also impor- tant items of outstanding busi- ness; such as conclusion of common fishery policy negotia- tions, -which is an urgent task.
Is there anything. in your view that can be done to speed the decision-making process ?
The Community has been looking at its decision-making procedures. The Three Wise Men's . report recommended some sensible changes which were endorsed- by the Euro- pean Council and- should secure modest- improvements in the Community decision- making process. But many im- portant Community decisions involve reconciling vital and sometimes conflicting national interests; - and satisfactory compromises are achieved only by patience, flexibility an-
hard work, whioh require time. No magic procedural devices can conjure up instant solu- tions. ns ..
When you look' at other international organizations you wvill see that Europe has, by comparison, developed very effective decision-making pro- cesses:' When speed is' impor- tant, for instance on the Italian earthquake, or Polish food aid, tlie'Community can make decisions and take action remarkably quickly.
Are you in favour of reviving the idea of majority voting?
It is not a question of revi- val. The principle of majority voting is built into the treaties. But for major issues affecting important national interests it is. sensible that decisions should' Se taken by consensus.
Do you foresee the Community developing towards a more fed- eral type of organization ?
I am not enthusiastic about the blueprint approach to Europe, with dialec.tic argu- ments about federalism and confederalism (-whatever these terms mean). -The ability to adapt and evolve is one of the Community's major assets; and I am confident that it wvill remain so. Changes must take place by evolution, in response to changing circumstances and in accordance with the wishes of all our citizens; they cannot be imposed by planners dreaming up concepts based on Utopian. ideals of what they think.. Europe ought to.- look Ilikc:* , ,..
lWhat about the German Foreign' Minister's latest sug- gestions of a European Union? Are you satisfied with the way political cooperation is devel- oping'?
Broadly, yes. But there' is scope for improvement. I have made some suggestions, as in my Hamburg speech. Now' the foreign 'ministers have in- structed officials to produce a report on the subject. Naturally, I welcome the em- phasis in Herr Genscher's recent speech in Stuttgart on the need to develop a common European foreign policy as one means of promoting closer cooperation among the Ten. I would like to hear more about his ideas.
Speaking of foreign policy, does the so-called European initiative on the Middle East have any real significance ?
In all my talks with Arab leaders, ir cluding most recently' in North Africa, it 'has beeh made~ cleart to me that they tho.ught the European efforts on' the Middle East were extremely significant. All of the parties concerned in the Middle East-whether they approve of the European ideas or not-clearly take themn seriously.
You cannot expect rapid progress in a problem as com- plicated and long-standing as that of the Middle Eaist, but the current situation there is per- haps more fluid now than it has been for some time, and that is why Mr Van Der Klaauw's talks in the Middle East will be particularly significant. We have done some serious work on the problems involved and are determined to make a serious contribution -at the right miment.
But can you. realistically pur- sue ara policy which is apparently in conflict with the United States ?
There is no -'conflict "" be- tween Europe and the United States over the Middle East. Our approaches are not neces- sarily identical, but 'they are both directed to the same end, which is to secure lasting peace and justice in that region. We consult the. United States fully and take account of their views, and the United States is well aware of Euro- pean views. We may not always agree, but we are always in close consultation, and we are both. working towards the same end. The European action works at various levels. We can try to boil things down to get the most realistic approach. Europe has a role 'in influenc- ing the'United States too.
Finally, is there any scope for including defence policy in the Commiunity ?
I doubt if there is any scope for formal Commun.ity deci- sions. All the member states except one' belong to Nato,
which Is where the main thrust- of Western European defence policy should be concentrated. Of course, questions concern- ing the security of Europe are discussed in. political coopera' tion and form part of the pro- cess of building a common European foreign policy. Defence and security policies can never be' rigidly compart- tnen.tal.ized..:-.-. ..*. ,."" ,";"February 3, 1981";"";60842;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain wants respect not popularity";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 13
After a speech by M. Couve de Murville, the French Foreign Minister, in the National Assembly today, nearly all members except the Gaullists left in a body. They were protesting against the refusal of M. Pompidou, the Prime Minister, to let them vote in the debate, on Europe and the Atlantic alliance.
M. Simnonnet, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission, went to the tribune to ask how the Assembly could express its views clearly without a vote, especially on issues of foreign policy. He then read a manifesto, signed by 293 deputies. set- ting forth opposing views on European union which, it proclaimed, must be a
'democratic community of peoples "" rather than a series of conferences betwveen Governments in the ""diploma- tic style of yesterday "". Amid gasps of dismay, he was followed out of the Chamber, apart from a few individuals, by deputies of all parties except the U.N.R. (Union for the New Republic) which was left to hold the fort.
SESSION SUSPENDED
Before the session was suspended, the Prime Minister rose to deplore the incident: he said it would be regrettable if the idea gained ground that a debate had no validity or interest wvithout a vote. M. Couve de Murville, noting that the manifesto had been written before he spoke, protested that the Government was being condemned without a hearing. The proceedings remained confused, and finally the Assembly adjourned until tomorrow.
The French attitude towards Britain's entry into Europe, as defined by M. Couve de Murville, was dis- tinctly more receptive (if he answered few of the real questions) as might have been expected from the change of heart attributed to General de Gaulle since his last talks with Mr. Macmillan. The Minister gave a full- dress review of the current situation, in opening the debate. His main line was that the political construction of Europe had been thrown into the melting pot by Britain's application to join the Com- mon Market. What was the point, he asked, of dwelling on past disputes among the Six when Britain was at their door? Even before the door was opened, the implications of her candi- dacy had changed the problem from top to bottom. It was no longer a question *f deciding the terms of a treaty of poli- tical union but of knowing which states would eventually belong to it. He added:-
""Everything depends on whether Britain
joins or not, and in her train a number of others-on whether we are going lo have a Europe of nine or 10. or a Europe of six.""
QUESTION BADLY PUT
Some Europeans were saying, in effect, that if Britain came in. Europe would be neither integrated nor supra- national, and they would then have no objections to the formulas of General de Gaulle. The Minister took no offence at such a contradiction, any more than he did at seeing some "" take the curious position of refusing General de Gaulle what they freely accord to our English friends "".
In such terms, he said, the question was badly put. It was not the treaty on which they might finally agree that would command the future. Europe would be only what their members made it, and what they did with time. There had to be the impetus of necessity and a persevering political will. Given these elements, the future would be shaped, he said, bv the character and number of associated countries.
The Common Market was, by defini- tion, a European or regional system which, limited to the Six, represented 23.5 per cent of world trade. If Britain, Denmark, and Norway joined, it would represent 34 per cent of world trade. Could one still talk of a regional system ?
FORGED IN TWO WARS
The Minister defined the French posi- tion in these terms: -
""When London announced on July 31,
1961, that it wished to enter negotiations for the eventual adhesion of Britain to the Common Market, the consequences of that decision were not fully apparent. It was easy to foresee. however, that they would bc far reaching. On the other hand, the Treaty of Rome was formal; any European state had in some measure a vocation to become, on demand, a member of the European Economic Community. The ties unitilg Britain and France, forged in two wars and several generations, made it inconceiv- able for the French Government to take a negative position.
""As for conditions of admission, Britain
sought consideration of her situation as regards her agriculture, the Common- wealth, and her associates of the little free trade area. We. for our part, ask Britain to accept the Treaty of Rome without claiming a special regime, even
if conditions and delays for reasonable adaptation were in no way excluded. For us and our partners, Britain must truly enter the Common Market as an integral member and not be juxtaposed to it. The two positions were naturally far apart, but perhaps not irreconcilable, if we asked only the normal and the British intended sincerely to become Euro- pe-ans.`
M. Couve de Murville, tracing the course of negotiations, noted that they had begun in earnest only last month; by high summer, perhaps-by the autumn, no doubt-they would be sure of the outcome. The crucial question was clearly the Commonwealth and the future of the vast commercial system it . represented. He went on: -
'It is for Britain to take her decisions, for
it is primarily on her that thc final issue depends. We French can only welcome her with friendship if she chooses the path-for Britain, difficult and courageous-that leads to Europe.""
ITALIANS' ROLE
In this event, he said. an enlarged Europe would have a quite different face, but it would still be Europe, of which the reality would still rest, as before, on the Franco-German recon- ciliation. and close cooperation between the two countries; a Europe in which Italy would play a specific role as one of the principal partners: and. finally, a Europe to which Britain would bring her areat resources, her vast political experi- ence, and the determination of her people. He added: -
Whatever happens. France intends to pursue the task of European construc- tion. A Europe politically united seems indispensable both to enable its members to play their roles together, and to create in the world an equilibrium now lacking. This united Europe will certainly be more modest, but also more cohesive, if it remains limited to the Six; it will be looser, but perhaps more impressive, if Britain and the other nations find their places.
It will have to define and practise a com- mon fore~ign policy. and must have a defence policy. Little by little, within the Atlantic alliance, it will become an equal partner of the United States. Ultimately. it may represent on the European conti- nent, in face of the Soviet Union, a stable element of equilibrium, and so foreshadow a pacific settlement, from the Atlantic to the Urals, which one day must be reached.""
As for the Berlin soundings, French nuclear policy, and the Atlantic alliance. M. Couve de Murville added nothing essential to the positions expounded bv General de Gaulle last month.
BOTHERSOME BENELUX
He was more precise in the Senate last night in replying to specific questions from members who, remarking that France had never been so isolated, accused the Government of trying to prevent Britain's entry and at the same time to get rid of the bothersome Benelux countries. He argued that the political construction of Europe must be an evolving process.
'-Evolving towards what ? "" asked a senator. ""Je n'en sais rien "", answered the Minister. It would, he said, be a bold man who could predict what Europe would be in 20 years.
General de Gaulle. chatting with political leaders at the Elysee last night, said he thought that Mr. Macmillan's attitude had "" progressed appreciablv y. and it was now "" necessary "". in his view, "" to admit Britain to the Com- mon Market "". He added that progress towards political union should not be halted by a quarrel of months. The new Europe would take shape more slowly than had been thought, but little by little the process would go on.";"June 14, 1962";"";55417;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"French M.P.s Walk Out Of Debate On Europe";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, MAY 9
Mr. Macmillan, accompanied by Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, flew back to London to-day, leaving behind a warm inipres- sion regarded by Dr. Adenauer as a promise of closer relations between the two countries. If the applause at the end of this morning's Press conference is any guide, it would seem that the Prime Minister has also been successful outside Government adid official circles.
The relationship established between the two statesmen is the obvious achieve- ment of the visit, and some meat is pro- vided in the official statement by the agreement on the free trade area, as reported in this correspondence yesterday.
EARLY RATIFICATION
The statement stays that the two Ministers agreed that the interests of Europe would best be served by the early ratification of the Rome treaties, and that ""it was necessary to establish as soon as possible a free trade a*ea as a complement to the common market. They therefore resolved to do all in their power to ensure that the negotiations to this end are carried forward with a view to their successful con- clusion at the appropriate time.""
Good progress was also made towards the realization of the British ""grand de- sign."" The statement says that it was also agreed that the structure of European institutions should be simplified and clari- fled by joint efforts in view of the multi- plicity of existing and projected European organizations and parliamentary bodies. While study of this problem should con- tinue with other interested Governments, the most appropriate moment to make some forward steps would be after the ratifica- tion of the Rome treaties.
It can be seen that much depends on the ratification of these treaties. In view of the fate of the European Defence Com- munity project it was considered wise to await these ratifications before moving for- ward to a wider association, and obviously the same caution has been applied to the proposal that the common market and free trade area should be the responsibility of the Organization of European Economic Cooperation as the economic agency of the grand design.
OPERATIVE IN 1959
It is intended, however, that the work- ing parties at O.E.E.C. shall continue with their studies of the common market and free trade area, and it was learnt to-day that neither side expects that the desired timetable will prove over-optimistic. That is, agreement is expected to be reached by next spring, as the Prime Minister hoped, and it should become operative in 1959.
For the rest, the statement says that the visit provided the opportunity for thorough discussions of international problems of common concern; that they were conducted in an atmosphere of great frankness and cordiality; and that the two heads of Government were in full agreement on the chief aims of their policies. The Prime Minister's visit had further strengthened the friendly relations existing between the Federal Republic and Britain, and had con- firmed the conviction that close cooperation based on mutual trust served to maintain world peace and contributed to the well- being of the free world.
The two Governments agreed that the most important goal of their foreign policy was to maintain and consolidate peace, and considered that the efforts of the United Nations to bring about disarmament under an effective system of control covering all types of weapons must continue to be promoted energetically. Existing defence organizations which had proved effective and threatened no one must be strengthened as long as the Soviet block was unwilling to enter into the necessary comprehensive agreements.
REMAINING DIFFERENCES
The British Government reaffirmed that German reunification remained one of their main political aims. They were convinced that there could be no genuine security in Europe while Germany remained divided, and would continue to contribute to the utmost to the achievement of this goal.
The paragraph on defence for the most part repeats the corresponding passages in the statement issued last week after the Atlantic Council meeting here; but it also announces that Herr Strauss, the German Defence Minister, is to visit London soon at the invitation of the British Government
to discuss defence questions of mutual interest
Little more was expected, and at his Press conference here this morning the Prime Minister indicated that differences still re- mained. The talks had not led to a change in the British plan to reduce its forces in Germany; the appropriate place to discuss this, he said, was Westem European Union. It had not been agreed that the withdrawals would be delayed until the all-regular, mobile, highly trained new British force was available. There would be no sudden change; the process would be gradual, be- cause Britain did not intend to leave a gap.
The effectiveness of the force would remain at a high level, the new force would have great fire-power. and would perhaps represent almost equal strength for the alliance. The Prime Minister was asked whether Dr. Adenauer was content with these coming changes.
PROMISE NOT ASKED FOR He replied that the Chancellor had accepted the British proposal with under- standing, and with full realization of the strong and continued part played by Britain. He had also agreed that these changes reflected no change in the strength of purpose behind British policy. Mr. Macmillan said in reply to another ques- tion that he would not ask for a promise from the Chancellor not to oppose British withdrawals at the W.E.U. meeting. He was certain that, as a result of tactical dis- cussions, British plans would be better understood, and that there would be no misunderstanding or suspicion of the British purpose.
These exchanges made it clear that the White Paver had withstood the Chancellor's anxieties, and there is no evidence that these have been allayed in regard to the balance of conventional and nuclear forces, or the conditions under which the latter could be used. It is apparently still too early for Dr. Adenauer to accept the British assumption that their existence, together with the known will to use them, wiiU be sufficient to deter a Soviet offensive.
An invitation to Herr Strauss to visit Britain again was extended before the visit. but his early arrival as a consequence of these meetings will enable the discussions to be continued on a detailed and tactical level. The Defence Minister is known to have already accepted the need for a re- appraisal along the lines of the White Paper, and his visit will be of some signifi- cance.
FREE TRADE AREA
Mr. Macmillan confirmed that agricul- tural produce would be excluded from the free trade area. Britain could not impinge on imperial preferences, she had to con- sider her own farm industry, and it was believed that most of these difficulties would affect other members. This did not mean that special arrangements could not be made within the area, but it would be easier to make progress if an industrial agreement was made first.
The Prime Minister also indicated that he had discussed with Dr. Adenauer the Eden plan for German reunification, with special assurances for the Soviet Union rather than the disarmament proposal that often went under the same name. He indi- cated that the Plan was regarded as still worthy of consideration.
It was unfortunate that reports were pub- lished here to-day of references made by President Eisenhower yesterday to Sir Anthony Eden's proposals for a thinned out zone and military inspection. The Federal Government is suspicious of any plan that suggests limitation of sovereignty, and the confusion of Eden plans often leads to the rejection of all of them. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd said, however, that the Eden and Gaitskell plans had been discussed in some detail, and the British proposal was that the only sound basis for negotiation was the plan that gave assurances to the Soviet Union.
BY FREE ELECTIONS
He believed that with reunification by free elections, and the right of a free and united Germany to decide its own internal and extemal policies2 it would be reason- able to devise certain security measures. There would then be certain guarantees when reunification comes.
The Prime Minister, the Foreign Secre- tary, and their parties were seen off at the station by Dr. Adenauer shortly before noon, when they left for Monchen-Glad- bach, the joint headquarters of the British Army of the Rhine and the N.A.T.O. Northern Army Group. Mr. MacmiUan inspected a guard of honour, lunched at the officers' club, and had conversations with the commanders before returning to London.";"May 10, 1957";"";53837;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Withdrawals Will Leave No Gap";""
"";"['News']";"The Commonwealth and the Common Market
Will the United
Kingdom's relation-
ship with the
Commonwealth suffer when Britain enters
the Common Market?
Historian Arnold Toynbee concludes that both the EEC and the Common- wealth are assets which the world
cannot afford to lose.
In a speoial number of The Round Table publishod today (COUP, 75p) the implications for the CoMMonw6alth of Britain's entry into the EEC a-re dis- cussed by a team of disting- uishcd authorities. from Com- monwealth couintries and the Six, as wem as from Britain. -This symposium of econonic, political, and cultural studies brings ou.t the fact that Britain'6 entry intio I;EC is a matter of, world-wide concern.
Britain is, indeed, disting- uished, among the countries of the present-day world, by the number and the variety of ber i.niternational connexions, and, above all, by the extent of their geographical range. This is pa,,tly due to Britain's present role in the life of the world, but it is also partly a legacy from the past. During the bhalf-cen- tury 1815-65 Britain was not only a super-power; she was the super-power. She was the hub of an embryonic world- order. Her "" Black Country "" was "" the workshop of the world""; the City of London financed the worIld's business; thhc British Navy commanded and policed the world's seas. Britain's extraordinary monop- oly of financial and naval power was bound to be ephem- eral.
The century ending in 1914 saw the climax of Britain's overseas expansion. But, as Pro- fessor Max Beloff points out in his artiole on The European Coiurse of British History, the whole of rhis phase of British history has been short by com- parison with Britain's perma- nent connexion with continental Europe. After Joan of Arc had cured the English of their ambi- tion to conquer a continenXta Empire, Henry VII shrewvdll turned England's face seaward John Cabot's voyages inau gurated Britain's overseas era But Britain's association witi the Continent is as old as Brit ain's own history; and thiS multiple association-ethnic
tary-4as not beegn severed, and could not have been, by England's renunoiation, in the modem age, of attempts to. make coGtinental military con- quests. Britain has always been part of Eutope.
England's prudent response to a disillusioning experience did not deter continental powers from trying to conquer Europe; and, on each occasion, Britain could not safeguard her own political independence without intervening militarily on the side of the would-be conquer- or's continental victims. Till 1914, Britain, by herself, was strong enough to tip the mili. tary balance.
Europe has therefore re- mained politically disunited ever since the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in the fifth century AD. Europe's post- Roman political history has been dramatically different from China's; for Chinr has been a political unity for mosi of the time since 221 BC. But, since the latest attempt at the unificavion of Europe and the world by conquest was frus- trated in 1945. European history has taken a new tuTn that has no precedent. For the first time, the major states of continental Westen Europe have entered into a voluntary assceziation, starting at the economic level but recognizing that, under modern conditions, effective economic unification requires some measure of political unification too.
For Britain to try to thwart the voluntary union of her con- tinental neighbours would have been both morally and militar- ily unthinkable. But a union of continental European countries by consent faces Britain with the question that would have arisen for her if the Continent had been united by conquest. Is it possible for Britain, even -though she has the Common-
weakth at her back, to stay , ottside a continental European
union? When continental Euro-
pean countries have united voluntarily, can Britain afford to hold aloof from this volun- tary comrpunity ?
But the Commonwealth? This is a community of countries, once united under British rule, that are now linked with Britain, and with each other, voluntarily. The Common- wealth, like EEC, is a new departure in the field of inter- national relations. Here, too, brutal power-politics have been replaced by a more human rela- tionship. A "" family feeling"" is the spirit of the Comimnonwealth, and this new kind of relation bet.ween countries has become doubly precious since the.adop- tion into the Commonwealth of peoples, formerly under British rule, that are non-European in race and in their ancestral cul- ture.
The "" family relationship "" of the members of the Common- wealth is, of course, imperfect. Nevertheless, the Common-
wealth does make two oon,tnibu- tions, that the EiEC cannot make. to the unification of mankind. The Conmmonwealth is woiId-wide, nKot merely re- Vional, and it links together peoples of different races and oultures. At a time when the overcoming of hnankind's disun- ity is a necessary condition for his survival, the Cornmonwealth and EEC are two assets that the world cannot afford tv lose.
For Britain herself, however, these are assets of different kinds. The Commonwealth's value for her is primarily ethi- cal, while the EiEC's value for Britain is primarily economic. The Commonwealth-being, as it is, the successor of the former British political empire-is not, and could not have been, an adequate field for the economic operaitions beyond her own shores without which Britain cannot live. Draw a map of Britain's economic empire-that is her overseas trade and capital investments-in the mid-nine- teenith century. This map will differ radically from the map of the British political empire at the same date.
Britain was admitting the de- cline of her economic empire when, in 1932, she at last agreed to try to make this coincide with her political empire and Com- monwealth. Till then, Britain had insisted that her range of economic activity must be im- partially world-wide, without preference for her political associates and subjects. Today, the map of the Commonwealth does not oorrespond to the map of either Britain's or the other members' economic associa- tions. Canada's chief trading partner is the United States: Australia's is coming to be Japan; and the East African members of the Commonwealth have been ahead of Britain in associating themselves econom ically with EEC.
Several contributors point ou that, on the economic plane Britain's entry into EEC wil
confirm, nrt diveA, ouwct world-vide e*xic rxT3- ments that seen sinevitzble in any case. But Britain, the COWn- monwealtih and E-urope have no economic future if rnanbind does not achieve at least the minimum degree of poitical unification that is now needed for ensuring mankind's survival.
Both the Cominonnwealth and EEC can help the world to attain this indispensable polit- ical objective. These two novel forms of association between states are not incompatible with each other econorxncally, and. politically, both are indispen6a- ble for the member states and for all the world's other coun- tries.
The view that Britain-in- Europe and Britain-in-the-Com- moneweafth need not, and will not, be incompatible with each other is expressed by many of The Round Table's contributors, from Europe and the Com- monwealth alike, If the gulf between races widens, the value of the Conmnonwealth's ""wobbly bridge"" across it will be appreciated increasingly, and the effort to preserve it will not be relaxed. The EIC may have a gulf of a differen't kind to cross-the gulf between an asso- ciation of governrments and a federal union of peoples. In The Round Table. Mr Crossman forecasts that, in the EEC. Britain will take a Gaullist stance on this issue, and in his article-A Personal History-he shows some personal concern for the preservation of Britain's distinctive national identity and institutions. But he expects to see the E.EC turn into the ,.super-state"" he deplores. This is, he says, a development that is demanded by the logic of history: and his expectation is convincing in the light of the history of other political unions and in view of the intimacy of the relations between politics tand economics in the present
age.
Oc Arnold ToynbeC";"October 12, 1971";"";58296;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Key to the European super state";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"IIn the final stage of the debate in the French Assembly on the London recommendations for western Germany M. Bidault yesterday answered criticisms and appealed for an acceptance of the plan.
ANSWERS TO
CRICS
- MONETARY REFORM
COMMITMENT
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, JUNE 16
The National Assembly was late to- night drawing near to the vote on the London recommendations for the future of western Germany, after a debate which has lasted for three days. Three.orders of the day were before it; one dr~wn up by Communists, denouncing the recomn- mendations, another by the Gaullists, calling for fresh negotiations, and a third prepared by representatives& of the Government parties a4d by M. Paul Reynaud, a former Prime Minister. This third text, which the Governrnent has accepted, gives qualified approval to the recommendations, on the understanding that they represent only the points on which the allies are agreed and that consequently on the other points nego- tiations Temain open.
The Government are invited to take part in applying the recommendations, on condition that they reaffirm the French positiorl over the internationalization of the Ruhr mines -and basic industries, and take such measures as will ensure eventually internationalization of management; that they secure precise agree- ment on the guarantees for the maintenance of peace and the condition of occupation of the key regions of western Germany; and that they continue to seek a final four-Power agreement on Germany and continue to work for the economic and political organization of Europe.
This motion is a modified form of the one already adopted, by a narrow majority, by the Foreign Affairs Cornmittee of the Assembly.. It certainly seems to imply, as M. Bidault did through his speech to the Assembly earlier to- day, that further negotiations on Germany, although they will not involve a reopening of the previous ones, could be and should be possible.
A STRONG CONTRAST
M. Bidault replied to the many criticisms that have been made during the last few days, and appealed to his listeners, in a firm and confident voice that contrasted strongly with his first speech at the beginning of the debate, to accept the re- commendations. It was, he said, in the sequel to the negotiations and not in their rupture that the reserves whi'h had been -expressed in the Assembly could tbe most useful. The Assembly would be wrong to under-estimate the gravity of a gesture wbich would consist in rejecting an agreement capable of ameliora- tion. "" The route which has been proposed to France,"" said M. Bidault, ""is that of indispensable cooperation."" I
The Foreign Minister had his most diffi- cult time when he came to his definidon of what the London recommendations repre- sented. Previously in the debate he had been asked whether or not the French Government was committed, and had been charged with facing the Assembly with a fait accompli. This evening his explanation seemed to evade the direct question. The recommendations, he said, had been made on the understanding that they would be submitted to the six Govern. ments for approval, and in the case of France to Parliament as well. They had now become, for the other five Governments who had ap- proved them, agreements; but the application of these agreements would entail "" comple- mentary arrangements and interpretations ""; and he pledged the Government to an effort for getting the views expressed during the debate accepted. On those points where the London texts were silent (this was a reference to further
arrangements for the Ruhr) the question re- mained open.
M. Pleven then asked M. Bidault if, assum. ing the Assembly rejected the recommenda- tions, France was already committed to the plan for monetary reform in the western zones of Germany. M. Bidault answered that the Government, after trying several times to secure modifications in the plan, was com- mitted to it. He'refused, he said, to condemn the French zone to "" asphyxia."" A murmur of surprise and disquiet ran through the Chamber at this answer, for it is held by many here that monetary reforms in the western zones will be the first irrevocable step towards the creation of two Germanys.
The only point that M. Bidault had to offer to-day concerned reparations. This, he said, had been discussed for the last few weeks through diplomatic channels with the other western occupation Powers, who had now agreed on a procedure which would put an end to the present stalemate in reparations deliveries. The Inter-Allied' Reparations 4gency would soon be able to distribute new reparations, in the shape of dismantled German factories, to its members. The French Gov- ernment was continuing to press for repara- tions in the shape of machine tools.
THE RUHR INDUSTRIES
For the rest, the: Foreign Minister's speech covered much of the same ground as that which underlay hiS earlier speech. The Gov- ernment, be said, would continue to urge the extension of international control to manage- ments of the Ruhr industries, although M. Bidault, -evidently mindful of British and Amnerican objections, did not disguise the fact that the obstacles to be overcome would be great. The French Government would remain opposed to the restitution of German mines and steel works to their former owners.
The highlight of the debate, when it was resumed late in the evening after a Communist attempt to. sidetrack it in favour of a dis- cussion on the Clermont-Ferrand riots, was a speech by M. Reynaud. In the space of half an hour he embraced a great deal of realism and common sense which had hitherto been somewhat lacking from this debate. It was no good, he said, comparing-as many speakers in these debates-the present situation with that of France in 1919. The world had entered on a new era, the atonmic era. An armed conffict between the Soviet Union and the United States would not break out because of Germany but because of the speed of American rearmament.
Speaking of the reconstruction of Europe, M. Reynaud said that France had always up- held theses which had no chance of being accepted by her allies. If in western Germany there was no State, in eastern Germany there was one-"" and that tells us what our policy must be."" Western Germany was viable if it was integrated in a European union, the If to-day France did not take the head of lack of which would be the death of Europe. the movement which necessity demanded, then to-morrow Germany would. The present de- bate had not been useless, and the "" feeble majority "" which the Government would get -would be of help to it. To say "" no"" to-day would be to break with the allies. ""Let us take all precautions,"" ooncluded M. Reynaud, ""-but do not let us take a negative attitude.""
NO NEW VIEWS I
The speakers that -followed defended the dif- ferent orders of the day according to their party and their beliefs, There were no new views de- veloped, but it was clear from the speeches of the Socialist and the Radical spokesmen, both speaking for the Government order of the day, that they had more or less ceased to think about what had been done in favour of what could be done. Thus the Socialist speaker declared that it was by pursuing negotiations that supplementary advantages could be obtained; and for the Radical it was a question less of approving a policy than of allowing a policy to exist.
All of this, as well as the wording of the Government-approved order of the day, bears out the belief, which has been apparent since this debate began, that the London recom- mendations, as they stand, never had much chance of being accepted by the Assembly, and that the Government's only means of getting them through was to hold out at least the hope of better things to come.";"June 17, 1948";"";51100;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"M. Bidault Defends The London Plan";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent-WASHINGTON, FEB. 13']";"['News']";"From Our Own COrrespondent-WASHINGTON, FEB. 13
The meeting between Sir Alec Douglas-Home and President Johnson ended today in an atmosphere of good will and much mutual congratulation. Clearly the two men had established an amiable relationship, and useful agree- ment was reached in a number of areas.
On the British side considerable satis- faction was expressed over the cornplete unity of views on south-east Asian ques- tions. The joint statement referred to the reemphasis of British support for American policy in South Vietnam and said that the President had reaffirmed the support of the United States for the peaceful national independence of Malaysia.
There was gratification, also, over the expression of appreciation for the speed and efficiency with which British forces irnposed some form of order in East Afca and Cyprus.
CYPRUS UNITY
Cyprus claimed a good deal of time in the discussions, and while the initia- tive still remains with President Maka- rios it was invaluable to have the two heads of Government and their Foreign Ministers jointly dealing with develop- ments as they were reported. This temporary joint headquarters, as it were, will continue to function until the British party leaves tomorrow.
The invaluable cooperation estab- lished by officials in the past on questions such as east-west relations, the search for accommodations and disarmament measures achieved further fruition, by all accounts. President Johnson agreed that the proposal for measures against surprise attack should be actively pursued, with other proposals such as the destruction of obsolescent bombers. It was further agreed that efforts should be made to negotiate a full nuclear test ban treaty, which would also ban underground tests.
If this report of almost entire unani- mity and brotherly love should arouse some scepticism, it is clear that the two countries remain far apart on what are the burning issues for the United States Administration, such as trade with Cuba and long-term credits for the Soviet Union.
The British side said that the Prime Minister gave a full explanation of British policy but assured the President that there was no question of arms, aid, or loans for Cuba. It was suggested that long-term credits for Cuban pur- chases from Britain were mostly un- likely because of the commercial risks involved.
FAT AND LEAN
Sir Alec apparently remained staunch in his belief that a fat communist is more agreeable and less belligerent than a thin one, and that long-term credits would not, in effect, subsidize the Soviet defence effort. The point was made that in a time of economic austerity the Soviet Union would cut the butter ration and not the orders for guns, but that the expansion of the civil economy could encourage the Russian demand for butter and other consumer goods.
If it is too early to measure the Ameri- can appreciation of these points, it is clear that the Administration is not anxious to emphasize differences. The recent excitement over British trade with Cuba has been deflated for the time being, although this may not last. The assumption must be that the American view remains unchanged but that Presi- dent Johnson is too experienced in poli- tical matters to push the disagreements too far.
On the other hand, Americans express satisfaction over the British understand- ing for their predicament in Panama, and were encouraged by British interest in the social and economic development of Latin America and the belief that Europe can make a valuable contribu- tion. This has been discussed within Western European Union at The Hague and in London. and reports on possible western European aid contributions are now being studied.
The talks were far ranging and many items could have been given only a cursory glance. However, Mr. Butler and Mr. Rusk, with Mr. Robert
McNamara, the Defence Secretary, this morning dealt effectively with disarma- ment proposals, and afterwards fully discOssed the Kennedy-Johnson round of trade negotiations with the assistance of Mr. Christian Herter, the present American chief trade ntgotiator.
MALAYSIA POSITION
Sir Alec is to dine tonight at the White House and expects a further exchange with President Johnson. It is not only that he now feels confident in his relationship with the President, but that the anxieties he had about the American approach to Malaysia have been allayed. He now feels assured that American support for Malaysia is in no way dimihished by the concern to save President Sukarno of Indonesia from himself and Ihdonesia from communism.
The agreement on south-east Asia probably goes much further than the joint statement suggests. Should Indo- nesia break the cease-fire in Borneo, the remaining American aid will almost certainly be cut off. If the * confronta- tion"" is resumed, a new situation will come into being and, as Mr. Robert Kennedy, the United States Attorney- General, informed Dr. Sukarno, the United States would side with Britain and its other allies. On the other hand. Britain now appears to take the idea of Maphilindo more seriously.
At a press conference tonight the Prime Minister said that the fact that American trade with Cuba stil exceeded British trade with Cuba had been men- tioned during his talks. He said he had not discussed the exodus of British scien- tists to the United States; Britain had traditionally exported much of her talent. but he hoped that "" enough able scientists will stay with us'.
EXPORTS TO CUBA
Points which he made during the press conference were: -
RUSSIA AND CUB.A-There was a chance that Britain would land in the next few months some substantial Soviet con- tracts, some of which might involve the extension of credit up to 15 years. The Russians had shown interest, for example. in chemical plants. Britain's policy was to treat such orders in the same way, rogardless of the political creed of the country concerned.
This policy be also applied to Cuba, but he pointed out that in 1959 British trade with Cuba had been worth LI 5n. Jn 1963 its value was £1,900,000. There might noW be a tendency for trade with Cuba to rise again, but the comnparison with five years ago was very marked. He believed the British position was understood in Wash- ington, though he could not say it was much liked. However, he fully understood the Administration's concern with the com- munist regime, which atteinpted to sub- vert other countries.
SUMMIT MEETINGS.-He could not speak about the prospects for a summit conference until the results of the Geneva disarmament conference were more clear. particularly in the area of measures against surprise attack. The matter of a summit conference had not been discussed with Mr. Johnson.
SOUTH-EAST ASIA.-He declinc.3 to interpret General de Gaulle's neutralization policy for south-east Asia, but reaffirmed British support for the American policy in South Vietnam. One could not generalize about that part of the wotld. Some coun- tries must be defended, such as Malaysia; there were others for whom neutrality mnight be more appropriate.
Britain had alwaYs believed that Com- munist China should be in the United Nations. W;hat would happen on that score this year depended substantially upon the United States.
BRITAIN'S DETERRENT.-Jt was very important for Britain to retain an independent nuclear deterrent. He hoped that the United States would feel that whenever large matters in the world were discussed Britain should be at the coafer- ence table. He felt it was es5ential.
The deterrent should not be given up until the pattern of armaments in the world over the next 20 or 25 years was more clear. France and China were going to get nuclear weapons and Britain's relinquishing them would have no effect on either.
Nor w-as conscription necessary in Britain. It had been clear recently that Britain had ""sufficient and very efficient"" forces. He hoped, however. to get more recruits for the Artny.
Text of ioint statement, pase 8.";"February 14, 1964";"";55935;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Prime Minister Holds To His Cuba Policy";""
"['European Parliament']";"['News']";"bopeez1 Parliament
Ib g~omlg
' ORTOLI President of the
Cn.mnlssdon, reporting W * mb idies of the community
74 edithe Commission's pro- e work for 1975, said the
bn ad no intention of r,o&y pidure of Europe y refused to be undthy eis x tb e lost six months
bdbeoe a li-tte less ,.little less lettbargic. The 1of eoonomic interde-pen-
r ecognKsized ad the thering of cowsulktakon mngements was a precursor of the harmonization of national eco- Uoik polides.
Tbe a'reim of a regional fund, the establishment of Community km nVmchinery and tie develop- Meit of the sodied fund had put vDC fleeh on the bones of the
_.In't!r's econosrnc and social
-and given some form to be idea of soldidrity to which
tre mnoe than lvd service had
bee paidur ain il the p oliica
vauope now t bd a policy of the newt in the tCird and tohe rnds. It was a pol. cy with dAr dmn,mbitions aband versadile butents. The Pais summit naeope provided evidence of a diu desire to fitit against the weahxsses of Europe's institution il tucture and fill the pililical vacuumn created by a lack of auth- osXty. This was a direct cause of
r new o vigour the Coundcl of Ministers seemed to have acquired. Dayloeigt war beginning to show at the end of the tunnel.
Ambitions abandoned
tut (he said) it ls vital for Europe to aim for success of a difcerent kind if it is to achieve the unity and independence it is seek- hng. On the real issues Europe stumbles and slips downhill. We are losing our independence; we are lowerng oar sights; our insti- tutionvs are failing in important ereas.
Europe's problem wNas independ- ence, control of its owrn destiny and it had been losing ground On this front.for the past 15 months. Europe had not taken her rightful place in the forums where ded- 9ions-on world peace and eco- nomic development-were taken.
More serious, they had aban. coned their ambitions. Over the yeasr they had lost sight of the Ideal which inspired the Treaty of Rome, the pooling of sovereignty -to shoulder more effectively res- ponsibilities at home and abroad. We have (he said) lost oui daring. We cease to look around in a bold manner.
The Commission proposed to fix common targels-global targets and targets fcr each type of energy-and they must set up the necessary organization to attain them. They must develop resources by all available means. The Com- mission would propose a Com- mun;ity mechanism to provide in- centives, support and guarantees to ensure an adequate return on Investment under reasonable eco- nomic conditions.
They must ensure that economic policies did not hinder clange but rather prepared for an encouraged change. Economic recovery must be based on investment, not on a massive increase on overall demand. In tlhe medium and long- term structural change would call for steady transfers of resources from consumption to investment. To further these objectives, the Commission would ie proposing various types of action.
They must have a better idea of where they were going and in order to provide a scientific basis for forecasts and proposals to ensure a more reliable picture of the economic future, the Commis- sion would shortly recommend the setting up of a medium-term research institute.
At European level they must commit themselves to basing their relations with the rest of the world on a policy of economic and indus- trial cooperation, defining commit- ments in a broader context, leaving the traditional trade agreement and pure mercantilism behind.
If this policy were to be pursued Europe must have the financial backing made necessary bv the scale and duration of the economic risks involved. For this reason the Ccmmission was considering the possibility of creating a European export bank of some kind. It hoped to put proposals to the Council of Ministers bv June.
They must pool Communitv sources to add speed and balance
to the investment drive. The Com- mission was examining the possibi- lity of expanding borrowving capac- ity, either by making greater use of existing instruments or by creating new instruments of a similar kind. It was also considering the best way of using the funds raised. vhether they should be invested in energy or used to restructure the Commundty's industrial base. The purpose of these measures was to soften the crisis and promote a return to full eniployment by encouraging healthy growth.
There was a need for honesty. The dangers inherent in the present situation and the remedies proposed must be inade clear to the public. There was a need for justice which meant more protec- tion for the needy, that people must be given help to adapt, that incomes must be distributed more equitably.
There was a need for involve- ment. The Commission attached great importance to the reopening of the debate on participation at Commuinity level. With this in mind, they would be sending the Council of Ministers this spring revised proposals on the statute of the European company, incor- porating most of the amendments called for by Parliainent. They hoped to give vigorous encourage- ment to work on the harmonization of company law.
The Cbmmission had begtui drafting a green paper outlining current trends in industrial rela- tions in the member states.
Another main objective was to establish a new relationship with the third world. Europe must even more than other industrial areas remain in a position to import energy and rawv materials in order to sustain its expansion. It there- fore needed to export more and could not look on with indifference as the greater part of the world's population struggled to achieve decent living conditions. They miust, wherever possible, work for cooperation based on long-term ecoonomic links.
The Commission intenided to play a full part in the revival of interest in building Europe. British membership was of fundamental Community interest and in their opinion also of British interest. Without Britain the Community wvould be incomplete.
The next objective was to resume progress towards economic and monetary union. Inflation, the energy crisis and the monetary crisis had left them without a pro- granme and without a doctrine. The Commission proposed in 1975 to select limited but sigrificant areas for measures which would carry conviction and to establish what should be done, and how, to attain the ultimate objective.
Assessment
The Commission had decided to make an assessment of results achieved by past strategy, to eval- uate a,nd report on the' present prosspects for the union and to spell out the actions and instruments which would help in attaining the objectives. The policy review had begun and wide ranging consul- tations would be conducted.
Coordination would have to be reinforced. Europe needed more common instruments, intended first of all to meet immediate requirements but as thev deve- loped they would help to bring economies closer togedler. Those already in existence, and those thev wished to establish, wouild initiallv Itave limited resources but after the experimental period, if they proved their usefulness and the political will of tile member states was strong enough, they must be given resources and tasks commensurate with the scale of the European economy.
The study of a European unit of account wvould be included in the review. Ile was convinced it wvas a step they must take and he hoped the research would show it was feasible.
The final objective wvas to pre. pare the way for European unlioII. They must restore vision of the future of a kind that could win popular enthusiasm, thev needed a new sense of Purpose and a new outlook.
The first European Parliament elected by universal suffrage would meet in 1978. The time would soon come when they would have to tell the people what they were votillg for. Ior this reason the debate with the people of the Community on the Community's future must get under way. Work on the Com- mission's report on European union-which it considered to be one of its major tasks this year- was well in hand and would meet the June deadline.";"February 19, 1975";"";59324;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Plan for European export bank to go to ministers by June";""
"['From Richard Davy']";"['News']";"The first of two articles describing European cooperation hopes
From Richard Davy
Helsinki, July 1
On Tuesday 35 foreign mini- sters from East and West Europe, the Soviet Union, the United States and Canada gather in Helsinki to launch the conference on security and co- operation in Europe.
.They- have all accepted a remarkable document ham- mered out in more than six months of preliminary consulta- tions. On the face of it this document is merely an agenda setting out the procedure for the conference and the topics to be discussed. In substance it.is a hard-fought compromise in which almost every sentence represents a concession by one side or the other.
In fact, the document lays out a framework for a wholly new relationship between East and West Europe. Whether any real content can be built into the framework is a fair ques- tion, but the agreement to dis- cuss the matter in detail is still a very big achievement.
When the preliminary con- sultations opened in Helsinki on November 22 last year the Russians wanted to do little more than prepare a short and early summit conference at which the participants wvould endorse a set of principles con- firming the status quo in Europe and opening the way to more trade and some tidily orgareized cultural exchanges. By the time the consultations ended on June 8 this year they had been sucked into compli- cated negotiations on a far wider range of issues.
They and all the participants are now committed to a three- stage conference involving de- tailed discussions of how to expand contacts between East and West Europe.
At the first stage, which starts on Tuesday, the foreign ministers will make set speeches, adopt the agenda, and tell the committees to get to wvork. In the second stage the committees and sub-committees will slog it out for an undefined period in Geneva; The third stage will be another meeting in Helsinki to ratify the results.
The West has established the vital point that there will be no .commitment to move on to the third stage until real results have :been achieved in the second
stage. President Nixon has given a bit of ground by letting Mr Brezhnev, the Soviet party leader, insert a statement in their joint communiqu6 after their talks in America urging all possible speed, but the West Europeans are determined not to be hurried as they think the second stage is the only one that really matters.
The Russians do not like the second stage. As Pravda put it, Western proposals for freer con- tacts are an attempt at "" disarm- ing the socialist countries of their ideology in the face of an offensive by the ideology of the bourgeoisie. Such a demand spells gross interference in the internal affairs of the socialist countries "".
They fought long and hard to banish or curtail the second stage and gave in only when they saw that the French were adamant and the West as a whole united. They can be expected to make every effort to regain lost ground but the agenda will make this difficult.
There are four sections in the agenda:
I Questions relating to security in Europe
This sets out a list of prin- ciples which "" each participating state is to respect and apply in its relations with all other participating states, irrespective of their political, economic or social systems "".
The principles are: sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty ; refrain- ing from the threat or use of force ; inviolability of frontiers territorial integrity of states
peaceful settlement of disputes; non-intervention in internal affairs; respect for human rights and fundamental free- doms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; equal rights and self- determination of peoples; co- operation among states; fulfil- ment in good faith of obligations under international law.
The negotiators struggled long and hard over the phrase "" irres- pective of their political, econo- mic or social systems "". The Soviet Union said it was com- pletely unnecessary. In its view the principles relate primarily to relations between East and West. The Romanians, on the other hand, wanted to strengthen the point that the Soviet Union should not invade its neighbours.
They suggested: ""Irrespective of membership of military and political groupings.""
The West. too, wanted to erect a fence against the so-called Brezhnev doctrine which iusti- fied the invasion of Czecho- slovakia on the ground that a threat to socialism was the legi- timate concern of all the socialist countries. The Soviet negotia tors offered as a compromise "" irrespective of the differences between their political, economic or social systems "". But this still put too much emiphasis on East- West relations.
Eventually they gave way, though not as much as the Romanians wanted, and the final formula clearly does raise a verbal barrier against a repeat of the invasion of Czecho- slovakia. However, the Soviet UJnion clearlv believes that it now has sufficient control in Eastern Europe to obviate the need for such a crude type of intervention.
The list of principles also gave a lot of trouble. The Russian negotiators wanted to establish the inviolability of European frontiers in a way that suggested they were immutable.
The Western countries wanted to keep open the right of self- determination and the possibility of peaceful change, mainly in deference to West Germany but also w.%ith an eye to a possible European union. They regard the inviolability of frontiers as pri- marily a consequence of the non-use of force. whereas the Russians wanted it established as a principle on its own.
The West gave way to the extent of listing it below the non-use of force. In return it gained not only the reinforce- ment of sovereignty in the pre- amble but also an endorsement of self-determination, freedom of thought, conscience and reli- gion, the last of which was pressed for by the Vaticani.
The Soviet negotiators were reluctant to accept the right of self-determination in a Euro- pean context. They said it was appropriate only in colonial situations, and there were only two of these in Europe (pre- sumably, in their eyes, Ireland and Gibraltar, though they did not specify). The West Euro- peans said it was a universal and continuing right. They eventually won the point, so the principle is now clearly applied to Europe.
The Russians also opposed a Swiss idea on setting up arbi- tration machinery, but no one else was horribly keen either, so this point emerged as a promise to ""study proposals "".
Any reference to the military aspects of security was rejected at the outset by the Soviet nego- tiators, who said that this was a matter for the Vienna talks, but after long struggles the agenda now states that "" efforts aimed at disarmament comple- ment political detente and are essential elements in a process in which all participating states have a vital interest "".
More specifically it instructs the committees to submit ' appropriate proposals on con- fidence-building measures such as the prior notification of major military manoeuvres on a basis to be specified by the conference, and the exchange of observers by invitation at military manoeuvres under mutually acceptable con- ditions "".
Against strong Soviet oppo- sition it also includes a some- what watered down instruction to ""study the question of prior notification of major military movements "".
This section therefore does more than merely cement the status quo. It applies the prin- ciples of the United Nations specifically to Europe and in some cases reinforces them. It gives some extra paper protec- tion to sovereign nations and some extra backing to human rights.
2 Cooperation in the fields of economics, of science and tech- nology and of the environment.
This is a reasonably straight- fonvard area in which both sides can expect benefits. How- ever, there could be snags over communist demands for ending alleged discrimination by West- ern countries. If the Western countries removed quota re- strictions. for instance, it would give state-run economies an advantage since they have many other means of controlling Western imports.
Another potential difficulty is that communist countries are reluctant to provide sufficient information to potential West- ern partners. Improvements in this field are specifically men- tioned in the agenda.
A concluding article will appear tomorrowv.";"July 2, 1973";"";58823;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Helsinki nations make blueprint for the future";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"WILL Mr. Duncan Sandys be the next President of the Western European Union Assembly ? The assembly, in which M.P.s from the Six and Britain sit in Paris, will choose a successor to the Italian liberal Vittorio Badini-Confa- lonieri on June 16-the day after round two of the French Presiden- tial vote. Mr. Sandys, w hose poli- tical future at home under Ted Heath is less than glittering, is reckoned to set considerable store on the Presidency (although it only lasts two years). His Jekyll and
Duncan Sandys
Hyde nature-the impeccable European assorting oddly with the right-wing hardliner on Home Office issues-does not endear him to his more liberal colleagues, but his stature as a European probably more than compensates for this, coupled with his considerable
presence .
But Mr. Sandys' chances, should he emerge conclusively as the Tory/ Christian Democrat choice. have not been improved bv events last week over at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, when the majority of the British Conservatives greatly riled the Socialists by not voting for Sam Silkin, who was standing for
the Secretary-Generalship against the Austrian conservative, Lujo Toncic. The Socialists are expected to retaliate by not voting for Sandys.
Silkin in fact leads the British W.E.U. delegation. which is the same as the Strasbourg one. but he is not likely to stick his neck out again as a candidate for some time. The name of a respected Dutchman. Mr. Van der Stoel. has been bandied around as a possible Socialist choice. but the latest mutterings in the coulisses suggest that a more likely candidate is a Belgian. M. Georges Housiaux.
Housiaux is a lawyer and a sort of Poher of the W.E.U.: another monsieur four le monde. a compro- niser. The Socialists can make out a fair case on oyclical grounds that it is time for a Socialist President. But after the bitterness left by the Strasbourg election the matter is not likely to be settled in the tradition- ally gentlemanly, out-of-court way.
Shub's father
ANATOLE SHUB, the Washington Post correspondent who has just been expelled from Moscow, has a per- sonal and not just a professional, interest in the destiny of Soviet Russia.
His father, David Shub, was closely involved in Russian revolutionary movements at the beginning of the century, and is well known for his biography of Lenin, with whom he was personally acquainted. Born into a Jewish family in Vilna (now capital of the Soviet Republic of Lithuania) in 1887, he was a revolu- tionary from the age of 15, became a Menshevik. and remains, his son says, a social democrat to this day. ""He voted for Kennedy-it's the same tendency really.""
David Shub was arrested and sent to Siberia in 1907 to do forced mili- tary service near Irkutsk, but escaped the next year and came to England. "" He bit London in October or November"", Anatole says, "" and it was very rainy, so
he decided to go to the United States instead. Otherwise he might have becoTne a British citizen."" In America he kept up contacts writh leading Russian revolutionaries before and after 1917-including 'Trotsky and Bukharin. ""Many social democrats used to troop through our living room every Sunday for dinner,"" explained Anatole, who is now 41, ""so I grew up in this atmosphere "".
Anatole Shub first came to Russia in 1963, and returned in 1967 as a specialist in Soviet affairs for the Washington Post ""When I came here first, I went back with enormous enthusiasm and considerable ihope '"" be said as he made his final rushed arrangements to leave Moscow (he was given only 48 hours' notice). *Now a reluctant conclusion I have come to is that I -have been watching Russia turning the clock back.""
BARRISTERS, solicitors and judges do not usually consort in large droves, but they will be flocking together to the North lawn of Liii- coin's Inn next Wednesday at the cocktail hour in a joillt eflort to raise funds for the benevolent associations of both branches of the profession. Among those present at the garden party (tickets: one guinea) will be tMe Lord Chancellor, Lord Gardiner: the chairman of the Bar Senate. Lord Jdustice Widgery; the Master of the Rolls, Lord Denning: and the Presi- dent of the Lav Societv, Mr. H. E. Sargant.
It is beitg organized by the Hol- born Law Society, to which mnany solicitors practising nzear the Law Courts belong, and whicih has done a good deal to promote a more mature relationship between barristers and solicitors.
Jews' problem
JEWS in Britain arc likely to have their own marriage bureau, follow- ing an inquiry initiated by the Jew- ish Marriage Education Council.
Only one problem now remains, re- ports tod-'s Jewish Chronicle- money. Some £5,000 annually for three years is needed.
One of the main reasons for estab- lishing the bureau, the council's chairman, the Rev. Raymond Apple, tells me, is the rise in intermarriage. "" One Jew in four is marrying a non- Jewish partner "", he says. "" This is a steep increase."" At the same time, something like 50 per cent of the children of mixed marriages are not being brought up as Jews. Conse- quently non-Jews would not be wel- come at the bureau. ""We're trying to encourage the marriage of Jews with Jews.""
Loneliness is also an ever-increas- ing problem, he says. The council has often been asked to start a bureau in the past, but has refused on the basis that its work is in education and guidance. But the number of inquir- ies increased and it was finally deci- ded that a bureau could be of great service to Jewish communities.
The NSO's friends
MY note on the fears about the axeing of B.B.C. provincial orchestras caught the eye of Mr. Charles Morris, a Government Whip who is M.P. for Openshav. He tells me that Northern Labour M.P.s have already been active in trying to ensure the survival of the B.B.C. Northern Orchestra, which was known as the Northern Wire- less Orchestra up to 1925.
The M.Ps have appealed to Miss Jennie Lee, Minister responsible for the Arts, who promised to discuss the situation with Mr. John Stone- house. the Postmaster-General. ""It would be a tragedy, a great loss to the culture of community life in the north if the Northern Orchestra were to go "", said Mr. Morris. '""For its sheer professional excellence it is worth preserving, but there are other reasons too: its connexions uith local colleges; its conductor
attachment scheme. by means of which we hear ten or 12 young British conductors every year; and its personal encouragement to many fine young soloists.""
Pop discords
SOME subtle discords interspersed yesterday's harmonious proceedings at the Alusic Publishers' Association luncheon, during which this year's Ivor Novello awards for British popular music were made. One speaker, for instance, infelicitously expressed gratitude for the sponsor- ship of "" old-fashioned steam radio "", a description lightly reproved by Mr. Douglas Muggeridge. Con- troller of Radios I and 2, who was there to hand out the statuettes of Euterpe and engraved certificates of honour which constitute the awards.
The M.P.A.'s guest of honour, Mtantovani. went further. He pre- sented himself as ""a link between the good old days and now"". In the good old days, he said, sheet music was scored so that it could be played by any combination of instruments: "" today you're lucky if a publisher even has a top line to let you see"" (applause).
"" Arranger-conductors are the stars of today"". said Mantovani, adding for good measure that "" some of them drive me personally round the bend "". His own continued success he attri- buted to the Beatles and other pop groups: ""They all sound more or less the same, have a driving beat and are so loud that anything I play must come as a bit of fresh air.""
John Lennon and Paul McCartney won statuettes and certificates, but Mantovani and the light musicians had their revenge: the statuette for the light music compo- sition of the year. judged by the Light Music Societv. was given to Peter Hope for his composition, Ring of Kerry Suite-of which, as com- pere Brian MTatthew admitted, the award organisers had never heard.
PHS";"May 23, 1969";"";57567;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['By David Thomson']";"['News']";"By David Thomson
President de Gaulle finds himself in a position of self-made but not self- chosen isolation. It is the penalty of so resolute a quest for independence. Whether among his Common Market partners, within the wider Atlantic alliance, or as regards the Moscow test ban talks, he is the conspicuous odd man out. In home affairs, too, his legislation has been strenuously opposed by the parties and the Senate, his economic measures defied by organizations of pro- ducers, workers, and consumers alike.
His press conference on July 29 re- vealed some desire to shift from this unwelcome posture. He stiLI wants inde- pendence, but without incurring the costs and risks of isolation. To attain this is the major dilemma of Gaullism in pre- sent conditions.
NEW EXPERIENCE
The overriding new factor is that after more than five years of active rule the problems that confront him are mostly of his own making. Until now the clamant issues of the Fifth Republic, governmental authority, control of the Army, national defence, Algeria, decolo- nization, social and economic reforms, could all be attributed to former weak- nesses. General de Gaulle was the saviour of France from others' misdeeds.
Now he must rescue France from the consequences of his own rule. For the General this is a new experience. As a student of how human will may domi- nate destiny, he can be expected to be not unaware of this ultimate predica- ment of the great man in history.
The President's two dramatic deci- sions of last January, to exclude Britain from the Common Market and to sign the treaty of cooperation with the Federal Republic of Germany, were in tune with all that Gaullism traditionaUy represents in international affairs. They made sense as a momentous and deliberate choice-to exclude ""Anglo- Saxon "" influences from the inner struc- ture of the European Economic Com- munity, and to establish in Europe joint Franco-German leadership.
They were not, however, mutually compatible, since German interests still lay in securing the admission of Britain to the Common Market and in close cooperation with the ""Anglo-Saxons"" as the only ultimately effective counter- weight to Soviet power in Europe.
ECONOMIC IRONIES
After some six months of internal deadlock, during which France has remained a minority of one within the Six, she has had to concede the arrange- ment whereby a British representative can attend the quarterly ministerial meetings of the E.E.C. within the frame- work of Western European Union. During that time, while French agri- culture has suffered from a glut of production, British exports to western Europe have, irontically enough, increased by nearly 121. per cent as com- Pared with the first six months of last year. Econonic processes have seldom conformed as closely as diplomatic to the General's expeotations.
In the meantime, too, the price liable to be exacted for the President's highly nationalistic gestures has been paid in oyher coin. His decision to withdraw the French Atlantic naval squadron from the Nato command without consulting Germany (as was now required by tne treaty) alienated allies on both sides of the Atlantic; his rejec- tion of mixed-manned nuclear forces, like his earlier refusals of the Polaris Proposals, led to omission of France from President Kennedy's European itinerary; his insistence on an indepen- dent French nuclear force de frappe meant his exclusion from the Moscow test-ban talks.
NEED FOR DIPLOMACY
When he announces that he will, before the year's end. invite representa- tives of othe. nuclear powers to a disarmament curnference, he is merely bidding to recover the initiative thus lost by his own separatist policies.
The assiduously nurtured "" special relationship "" between France and Ger- mnany does not chime, in current condi- tions. with separatist self-assertion and with rejection of collaboration on all other fronts. To induce others to say ""Yes"" contrary to their inclinatious it may sotnetimes be necessary to say "" Yes "" contrary to one's own. Diplo- matic situations cannot always be approached in soldierly fashion, as battles to be won whatever the cost.
There is, too, significant interplay between external and internal affairs.
The past sevet nnonths have grealY weakened the political rapport between Government and administration and the.people. The personal tiff between the President and the second highest dignitary of the Republic, M. Gaston Monnerville, who is president of the Senate. symbolizes this weakness. It dates in its present acute form from their total disagreement about the pro- cedure for constitutional revision adopted last January, when M. Monner- ville's view was, undoubtedly, con.itu- tionaUy more correct.
The President's manipulation of the constitution, however, enables him to reduce the whole Senate. not only its president, to insignificance: as witness the fourth passage of the strike Bill through the obedient Gaullist Assembly, though it was thrice rejected by over- whelming majorities in the Senate. Such schisnis at the highest levels of the Republic destroy that image of spon- taneous solidarity behind the President which is commonly projected abroad.
Nor does it improve matters at home. To check "" wildcat "" and "" rolling "" strikes is undoubtedly an aim popular with the public at large, for they have suffered much. But with political parties reduced to impotence direct action has become increasingly common, and indeed respectable, among militant interest groups of all kinds, whether coal miners or landowning farmers. Others are learning fast that direct action pays, and major industrial pressures are bought off by quicker con- cessions. This process is a poor and unsophisticated substitute for regular consultation and negotiation.
INTEREST GROUPS
The Gaullists have learnt that there are limits to the effectiveness of riot police and troops employed against strikers and demonstrators. It is unwise, as the President admitted in his plea for greater cooperation between workers, employers, technicians and administra- tion. to alienate both technocrats and trade unionists at the same time.
There is a parallel with the Armv. To settle the Algerian issue the Army had first to be won over, then defied, then subdued: now it has to be relied upon for national defence and promised a nuclear force of its own, yet recon- ciled to close collaboration with its traditional enemy, Germany. To win its solid support the function of defending western Europe against communism has to be added to that of purely national self-defence.
In similar ways the President, in his periodic "" dialogues "" with the nation, contrives to enlist the loyalty of each citizen even aga,inst his separate interests as producer, worker, or consumer. The technique worked well as regards the great heroic issues of insurrection or war. They work on the wrong wave- lengths for matters as prosaic as the salaries of civil servants or the whole- sale price of apricots. As these are likely to be increasingly the stuff of French domestic politics, the technique must be either adapted or abandoned: and in spite of his triumphal tours the President somewhat lacks an authentic common touch.
PARTIES DISORGANIZED In a normal parliamentary regime the moment of truth that comes after five years in office rests on the account- ability of a Government for the ourrent situation, and that accountability is enforced by the parliamentary oppos- tion. In the Fifth Republic, where ministerial responsibility is replaced by an ramalgam. of hero-cult, bureau- cratic authority and a spirit of self- assertive nationalism, there is only diffused political discontent and groutp pressure. Trade unions and other occupational associations have a more active-and more activist-political role to play than the parties, ithough organized political opposition from the parties could quickly form in an elec- tion. In country and in Senate the party cadres have survived, but they lack effective leverage in the National Assembly.
So t,he hour, even now, belongs to Gaullism. The mixture served well to sweep away the legacy of 1the Fouirth Republic. A different mixture must be devised to deal with die iegapy of the Fifth. The way to encourage a spirit of greater cooperation at home mit be to evince it abroad, in sucih ways as responding to President Kennedy's latest offers.";"August 22, 1963";"";55786;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gaullism's Point of Reappraisal";""
"['From Frederick Bonnart', 'From Richard Bassett,', 'From Ian Murray', 'Frederick Bonnart']";"['News']";"From Frederick Bonnart
-Brussels'"" -
Austria took a long-awaited if controversial step towards improving her defences when a contract was signed yesterday with the Swedish group, SAAB, for 24 Draken interceptors. The jets, the first to be delivered in 1987, will be expected to police Austrian air-space for 10 years.
The decision to purchase the aircraft announced earlier this year, has, provoked protests from pacifist and opposition groups. Nine thousand people demonstrated at the weekend in Styria, where the jets will be based.
The decision has also angered Swedish military experts in the Austrian defence ministry, who
are believed to have favoured the purchase of British Light- nings. Although the model is as old as the Draken, the British plane is considered better-
Although the jets will cost only about £90 million, there is considerable opposition in Austria to money being spent on defence. This body would appear to have influenced the Government to -purchase jets from a neutral country. Aus- tria's - eastern neighbours- warned her last year that they. would view with misgiving the purchase of 5jets from a -Nato. country and pressure from this quarter would also appear to be behind the Swedish choice.
Soviet conventional forces will be able with hope of success to launch a full-scale surprise attack on Nato within 15 years, it is claimed in a secret report, agreed by the top military commanders of all members of the Alliance to be considered by Nato defence ministers in Brussels today.
The report is a commissioned assessment of the threats to Western security over the next 20 years, and the measures needed to counter them.
According to a senior Nato military source yesterday: ""The Soviet Union has initiated measures which could, probably will, lead within a time-span of 15 years to the capability which they think is nesessary to .challenge the conventional military strength of Nato without necessarily taking the risk of escalation"".
Such an attack, he said, could
follow I''An ambiguous or1vely,' very short warning"", making-it impossible for .the Alliance to mobilize its forces in time; ; -
General Cornelius de Jager, 'chairman of the. Military Committee, told a press confer- ence that the gap between.-Nato and the Warsaw Pact forces was continuing to increase, rnainly because modernization of equipment was raising the number . of weapons systems with Soviet forward forces.
The report is, to become. known in Nato jargon as. the Conceptual Military .'Frame- work (CMF) and is. to provide Nato and national military planners -with guideliries into the next century., Modern technology is seen as central in keeping Nato ahead of-- the Warsaw pact. The report will help defence ministers to plan procurement of costly defence systems within a tight budget.
Divided WEU puts off Star Wars discussion
Paris (AFP) - The Western European Union decision to abstain from officially discus- sing the controversial US Star Wars programme at its session here has created a stormy debate on the sidelines of the assembly.
The WEU defence committee voted before the session opened on Monday to postpone until the December session any discussion of a,report by Mr Harry van den Bergh, a Dutch Labour MP, on the US Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI).
The contents of the report are not yet known and no official explanation has been offered for the postponement.
MPs from the seven WEU member countries were ex- pected this week to try to co- ordinate their response to the US project.
Observers here saw the decision as evidence of the continuing serious differences
which prevented WEU defence and foreign ministers from drafting a joint response to SDI at a meeting in Bonn last month.
Mr van den Bergh,-who said he felt the Europeans should give priority to a common technological research pro- gramme before any partici- pation in SDI, denounced the Commission's refusal 'as ""total- ly iicomprehensible"".
He also asserted that it deprived of credibility recent .VEU pledges to ""reactivate"" the assembly, which is the sole European organization with jurisdiction over defence mat- ters.
The WEU, which comprises Belgium, Britain, France, Italy', Luxembourg, The Netherlands and West Germany, has been. largely dormant for the past three decades, and there is now a move within the body to reactivate it.
Austria buys Saab jets
From Richard Bassett,
Vienna
C-arrington's balancing act
.;!liMan of influence: but no power
:From Ian 1urray
aniid
I Frederick Bonnart.:
iSzussels-
'Lr Ciartmigton, as he'fraeely ad nits,sisA,inanwithout power.: As.Secretary-GQeneral of Nato, Ile claims, only to have influ- ence But it -is a very powerful influence.-
For those who work there his presence pervades and brigh- tens the drab corridors of the Brussels headquarters.: Ten months after taking office, the honeymoon period continues and it is difficult to find anyone with a bad word to say about him.-
His arrival last June was like a breath of fresh air. Morale within Nato itself was not high, partly due to the way his predecessor worked. Dr Joseph Luns operated almost in isolation from the rest of the secretariat, relying mainly on his private office. There was no playback between the crew and the captain, and the crew seemed not entirely sure of where the ship was going.
From the moment he arrived, Lord Carrington set about bringing everyone into what was going oin. Memos began moving back and forth, up and down the command structure.' He would start ah inquiry and send back his thanks - or criticisms - when the answer came. A sense of teamwork and personal involvement began to creep in. Voluntary overtime became more and more fre- quent.
The short final communique which will be agreed by this week's meeting of Nato defence
.Lord Carrington: Breath of fresh air at Nato HQ
ministers here will prove by its concise style that a new hand is at the helm.
The subjects under nego- tiation within the Alliance are being , moved on towards a solution. Vital if routine mat- ters, such as ammunition supplies, hardening of aircraft shelters, training of reserves
and co-operation in armaments production-are no longer being kicked around in endless arguments. They have taken on a new sense of urgency.
With cruise and Pershing missiles being deployed when he arrived, one main contro- versy within the Alliance was out of the way, but the next -
""Star W ars"" - was just. beginning. This is where he showed that he was far more than a public relations agent but, as one Nato ambassador said, ""a highly political ani- mal"".
His speeches are strategi- cally placed and carefully timed to have definite effects. He goes
to great lengths to research his audience so that he knows just how to pitch what he has to say. The underlying message is always the same: -the east and west pillars of. the Atlantic together must support the Alliance.
He says this repeatedly and courageously at the risk of being identified -by Europeans as an American lap-dog. He supports Star Wars research and points out that offensive and defensive weapons cannot be considered in isolation.
He is now concentrating his speeches on hammering home the warning that ""Moscow gives every sign of wanting to play the Strategic Defence Initiative for all it may be worth as a way of splitting the Aliance"". The United States must act ""with the firm and visible support of its European allies"", he insists.
He is very frank with Washington about European requirements, but he also firmly believes that ""'Europe vants to get its act together"".
Mr David Absigire, the US Nato. Ambassador, summed him up recently as ""a man around whom you can build excitement and expectation"". That fits with the Secretary- General's ewn view of his role as that of a catalyst.
The chemicals he is working with, however, are varied and volatile. It takes 2a Lord Carrington's powers of influ- ence to control their inter-reac- tion.";"May 22, 1985";"";62144;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Warsaw Pact could win on land 'within 15 years'";""
"['By David Thomson']";"['News']";"By David Thomson
The Master, Sidney Sussex CoDege, Cambridge
The efforts of President de Gaulle to loosen the structure of the Cornmon Market without destroying it show less a change of heart than a shift of tactics. His own ascendancy in France and the fortunes of the Common Market are inextricably connected.
In January, 1959, when General de Gaulle became President, the Common Market too began to operate. During the next three years, while he wrestled with the Algerian impasse, its arrangements got under way. As moves for an Algerian settlement neared fruition in the winter of 1961 it became evident, through the Fouchet Commission and the President's speeches, that he would oppose turning economic union into the political union that M. Jean Monnet and his federalist disciples had envisaged.
During these past 18 months Gaullist policies have been overshadowed by Commnon Market issues almost as much as they had formerly been dominated by Algerian. President de Gaulle's purposeful wooing of Chancellor Adenauer reached its climax in the Franco-German treaty of last January, a week after he had broken off the Brussels negotiations for Britain's entry and had rejected President Kennedy's Polaris offer. Deterioration in Franco- German relations, temporarily masked by Dr. Adenauer's personality, reaches its climax now in the clash between French and German economic interests.
POLITICAL DECISIONS
Ostensibly the clash is between the interests of French farmers in feeding Europe and the interest of Germans in getting cheaper food overseas even at the cost of subsidizing German farmers. But the Common Market has evolved far enough for the whole economy of each country to be deeply affected by any collapse now; and as seen by General de Gaulle. at least, the clash is about nothing less than the whole future of Europe and of its role in the world.
It is a Gaullist axiom that economic decisions are really political decisions. In May last year General de Gaulle said:-
""No important action can be taken without
at the same time taking a political decision. We take political decisions when we draw up a common tariff policy; when we draw up plans for collieries; when we agree on reciprocal social benefits; when each of thie six states agrees to the entry of workers from the other five; when the necessary decrees, laws and credits are voted by the Parliaments concerned. We took a political decision when we agreed that the Common Market should be extended to include agriculture.""
Internally, Gaullist rule has been accused of trying to make too many matters out of politics-of establishing government by officials and technocrats. Externally, it does the opposite of dipolitisation, and less than a year ago the General was declaring it as his aim ""to lift European union out of the realm of ideology and technocracy into that of reality, which is to say of politics"".
INEFFECTUAL PARTIES
Meanwhile domestic economic developments have not allowed the President and his Ministers to overlook their immediate political repercussions, especially in agriculture. The alpha- betically labelled occupational groups, to which Frenchmen (and even women) turn increasingly for promotion of their social and economic interests now that the old political parties are largely in- effectual, expand yearly in number and in activity. The Jeunes Agriculteurs of M. Michel Debatisse are a force to be reckoned with politically, though they break away from the old deceptive slogans of both right and left. Their views are apt to be backed by the weight of the Federation Nationale des Syndi- cats d'Exploitants Agricoles (F.N.S.E.A.), which combines farmers of all political hues into a powerful occupational pres- sure group. Militant unrest in the countryside, evident througbout the year, would erupt into big-scale troubles if France's large surpluses of food could no longer be sold abroad. On the other band, the industrial patronat has not been doing badly out of the Common Market, and it is no less formidably organized to exert pressure.
It may be true that time-honoured party shibboleths are as obsolescent in the new technological society as are traditional modes of production, and that both should now be discarded. Bul
the decline of parliamentary govern- ment has left executive authority in naked confrontation with pressure groups prone to take ""direct action"". Experience has already taught them that this pays better now than more cir- cuitous constitutional agitation. When M. Debatisse firmly told M. Pierre Masse's planning commission the other day that his organization held that any incomes policy must be geared to ade- quate agricultural prices, nobody doubted the political force of such repre- sentations.
DIPLOMATIC ISOLATION
The President is sensitive to such pres- sures, if only because the honeymoon period of relief after the ending of the Algerian war has now given way to greater internal tensions. Before Evian he was completely indispensable. For a year or so after Evian, wile a break- down of the settlement was still possible, he remained indispensable. There is now, however, more readiness to look critically at the balance-sheet of the regime. The difference between high prestige and indispensability is one not of degree but of kind.
Many present difficulties are patently of his own making, or at least the con- sequences of his own policies-such as the abortiveness of the Franco-German alliance, and the diplomatic isolation of France. It becomes embarrassingly defeatist for even his most ardent disciples to claim that the upholding of national greatness depends entirely on a man now turned 73. As fresh troubles gather, the miracle-man bzgins to look more like a spellbinder, and a clever conjurer never goes on repeating his tricks to the same public.
The impending crisis is, then, a double crisis for France. It is a convergence of the ultimate problem of how to recon- cile the vital farmning and food needs of the western European nations with the critical phase of the Gaullist regime within France. The domestic short- comings of Gaullist Governments offer a clue to France's foreign policies in the months ahead. M. Giscard d'Estaing's measures of last September, designed to stabilize prices, have been only partly successful. The slight inflation since then has been much the same in France as in Germany or Britain. He has left himself only two further things to do. should inflation accelerate: to increase the dose of his September prescriptions, or to slow down economic expansion in order to retard inflation. Neither remedy would be popular.
STUDENT RIOTS
The regime's record in social reforms is patchy: its failure to implement the urgent educational reforms it envisaged five years ago led to the recent student riots and university strikes. and a pale French version of the Robbins Com- mittee has just been set up. Bad housing remains a severe headache. if no longer a malady. Even national pride in nuclear "" independence "" brings modified rap- ture when it is noted how embryonic is the force de frappe. The Gaullist party itself, the U.N.R., has still found little real cohesion or independence motiva- tion. The General has no overt successor and he will not hear of a vice-president.
Around the Fifth Republic, as it enters its sixth year and faces a programme of further international crises. there lingers a strange air of improvisation and mystification. President de Gaulle shows no desire to consolidate present arrange- ments, either abroad or at home. He is engaged in loosening up the Common Market and the Atlantic alliance, neither of which was of his making. He finds in them too much ""togetherness"" for his tastes and for what he holds to be the permanent interests of France as a sovereign power.
He wants to establish France's inde- pendent "" presence in the world "". even in the Far East, and not merely in Europe. He seeks to prise his wav into the nuclear club and assert the status needed for summitry. Abroad, as at home, he is anxious to keep the situa- tion indeterminate and fluid, for this makes it susceptible to his own special talents for soldiering on, pragmati- cally and secretively. His method, no less than his aim, is the very con- trary of the concerted planning of a Monnet. If his method is gentler this January than last, tnat is because he remains the subtlest and most intelligent national leader in Europe.";"December 31, 1963";"";55896;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Double Crisis Facing Gen. de Gaulle";""
"";"['News']";"GENEVA, JULY 18
President Eisenhower, in his declara- tion which opened the first meeting of the heads of government in Geneva to-day, said: -
We cannot expect here, in the few hours of a few days, to solve all the problems of all the world that need to be solved. Indeed, the four of us meeting here have no author- ity from others that could justify us even in attempting that. The roots of many of these problems are buried deep in wars, conflicts, and history. They are made even more diffi- cult by the differences in governmental ideologies and ambitions. Manifestly it is out of the question in the short time avail- able to heads of government meeting here to trace out the causes and origins of these problems and to devise agreements that could with complete fairmess to all eliminate them.
Nevertheless, we can, perhaps, create a new spirit that will make possible future solutions of problems which are within our responsibilities. And equally important we can try to take here and now at Geneva the first steps on a new road to a just and durable peace.
DIVIDED GERMANY
The new approach we of this conference should seek cannot be found merely by talk- ing in terms of abstractions and generalities. It is necessary that we talk frankly about the concrete problems which create tension between us and about the way to begin in solving them. As a preface, may I indicate some of the issues I think we should discuss ?
First is the problem of unifying Germany and forming an all-German Government based on free elections, Ten years have passed since the German armistice-and Germany is still divided. That division does a grievotus wrong to a people which is entitled, like any other, to pursue together a common destiny. While that division con- tinues, it creates a basic source of instability in Europe. Our talks of peace have little meaning if.at the same time we perpetuate conditions cndangering the peace. Towards Germany. the four of us bear special responsibilities.
SECURITY INTERESTS
In the interest of enduring peace, our solution should take account of the legiti- mate security interests of all concerned. That is why we insist a united Germany is entitled at its choice to exercise its inherent right of collective self-defence.
By the same token, we are ready to take account of legitimate security interests of the Soviet Union. The Paris agreements contain many provisions which serve this purpose. But we are quite ready to con- sider further reciprocal safeguards which are reasonable and practical and compatible with the security of all concerned.
On a broader plane, there is the problem of respecting the right of peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and of restoring sovereign rights and self-government to those who have been deprived of them. The American people feel strongly that certain peoples of eastern Europe. many with a long and proud record of national existence, have not yet been given the benefit of this pledge of our United Nations wartime declaration, reinforced by other wartime agreements.
There is the problem of communication and human contacts as among our peoples. We frankly fear the consequences of a situation where whole peoples are isolated from the outside world.
The American people want to be friends w ith the Soviet peoples. There are no natural differences between our peoples or our nations. There are no territorial conflicts or commercial rivalries. Historically, our two countries have alwavs been at peace. But friendly understanding between peoples does not readily develop when there are artificial barriers such as now interfere with communication.
It is time that all curtains, whether of guns or laws or regulations, should begin
to come down. But this can only .be done in an atmosphere of mutual respect and confidence.
There is the problem of international Communism. For 38 years now its activities have disturbed relations between other nations and the Soviet Union. Its activities are not confined to efforts to persuade. It seeks throughout the world to subvert lawful Governments and to subject nations to an alien domination. We cannot ignore the distrust created by the support of such activi- ties. In tny nation and elsewhere it adds to distrust and therefore to international tension.
Finally, there is the overriding problem of armament. This is at once a result and a cause of existing tension and distrust. Con-, trary to a basic purpose of the United Nations Charter, armaments now divert much of men's effort from creative to non- productive uses. We would all like to end that. But apparently none dares to do so because of fear of attack.
Surprise attack has a capacity for de- struction far beyond anything which man has yet known. So each of us deems it vital that there should be means to deter such attack.
Perhaps, therefore, we should consider whether the problem of limitation of arma- ment may not best be approached by seek- ing-as a first step-dependable ways to supervise and inspect military establish- ments, so that there can be no frightful sur- prises, whether by sudden attack. or by secret violation of agreed restrictions.
In this field nothing is more important than that we explore together the challenging and central problem of effective mutual in- spection. Such a system is the foundation for real disarmament.
As we think of this problem of arma- ment, we need to remember that the present burden of costly armaments not only deprives our own people of higher livirg standards, but it also denies the peoples of under- developed areas of resources which would improve their lot.
These areas contain much of the world's population and many nations now emerging for the first time into political independence. They are grappling with the urgent problem of economic growth. Normally they would receive assistance, particularly for capital development, from the more developed nations of the world. However, that normal process is gravely retarded by the fact that the more developed industrial countries are dedicating so much of their productive effort to armament.
ARMAMENT REDUCTION
Armament reduction would and should ensure that part of the savings would flow into the less developed areas of the world to assist their economic development.
In addition, we must press forward in developing the use of atomic energy for constructive purposes. We regret that the Soviet Union has never accepted our pro- posal of December, 1953, that nations possessing stockpiles of fissionable material should join to contribute to a ""world bank "" so as, in steadily increasing mensure, to substitute cooperation in human welfare for competition in means of human destruction.
M. FA URE
GUARANTEE TO
RUSSIA
WESTERN ASSURANCE
The French Prime Minister, M. Faure, proposed in his opening statement that a united Germany should not have armed forces superior to those envisaged for western Germany as a member of the Western European Union.
M. Faure also suggested that western Germany should give to the Soviet Union, as It has done to signatories of the Paris agreements, an assurance that it will not use force to obtain reunification of Germany
or modification of present frontiers. He pro- posed that an international organization be created to control funds set free by reduc- tion of armaments which should be diverted to economic aid for underdeveloped countries. This proposal, if endorsed by the four delegations, could be presented to the United Nations.
M. Faure said that the two main objectives in the present international situation were: (1) to end the cold war and (2) to create peace and friendly relations among nations. "" These two issues are complementary and cannot be separated,"" he said.
On the German question, M. Faure said, ""Frankly, I think that as long as this problem is not solved-and even if there is some solution of other issues-there will be no real harmony in international life. If we, the four, have really the will to reunite. Germany the question of how to do it will not be a bar.""
* The French Prime Minister strongly opposed any neutralization of Germany, and listed six reasons:-
(1) In international law there can be no discrimnination against a sovereign country; (2) neutralization of Germany because of its responsibility for the last war would mean putting such responsibility on the German people and not the Nazi State; (3) no similar neutralization measures have been applied to other belligerents; (4) neutralization would risk provoking in Germany a desire for revenge; (5) technical measures for con- trolling neutralization would be impossible to implement "" materially and morally ""; (6) hitherto, neutrality had been experienced only by small States and only those that wish it. It was impossible for a nation with a population and geographical position like that of Germany.
ATLANTIC PACT SYSTEM
"" I for my part,"" he said, "" believe that a reunified Germany should live in the western European and Atlantic pact system. This idea seems to me the best both in law and in fact."" The question of security, therefore, should be examined from the point of view of the Soviet Union, as clearly the western Powers could see no objections to a reunified Germany allied to the west. lt was inevitable that the general potential of Germany as a country would increase. It was a question of finding out how to lessen or eliminate the alleged risk which would result. M. Faure said that at present he could dnly formulate the following suggestions:-
"" (I) This increase in potential might not entail an increase of purely military poten- tial. It would be enough for us to agree on maintaining the limitations foreseen by the Western European Union.. In other words, all Germany, after reunification, would not have forces superior to those which the two-thirds of Germany would have as a member of the Western European Union.
"" (2) The western Powers should seek to ensure the defensive character of the agree- ments by all appropriate means. I suggest, in this spirit, that they offer to the Soviet Union those undertakings in the Paris agree- ments which deprive any Government guilty of using force of the guarantee (of assistance) and mditary aid provided in the North Atlantic Treaty. In addition, the Paris agree- ments have noted the declaration of the Government of -the Federal Republic (of Germany) that it will not use force to obtain reunification or modification of the German frontiers. This undertaking should also be given to the Soviet Union.
'(3) 1 propose that we should foresee the inclusion of a unified Germany in a general security system. This could be extended to all the European States which would agree to join. Thus it would add new defensive provisions on those already existing.""
SIR A. EDEN
PROSPERITY OR DESTRUCTION
CHOICE OF HUMAN RACE
Sir Anthony Eden said:-
This conference is unique in history because the conditions in which we meet are unmatched in human experience. We all know what unparalleled resources the scientific and technical discoveries of our age have placed within our reach. We have
only to'stretch out our hands and the human race can enter an age of prosperity such as has never been known. It is equally clear how utterly destructive must be the condi- tions of any conflict in which the great Powers are engaged.
There was a time when the aggressor in war might hope to win an advantage and to realize political gain for his country by military action. The more overwhelming the military power the more tempting was the prize and the less might the aggressor expect to have to pay. We can each one of us think of examples of this in history. Nothing of the kind is possible now. No war can bring the victor spoils; it can only bring him and his victim utter annihilation. Neutrals would suffer equally with the combatants.
These are stern facts out of which we can perhaps win enduring peace at last. The deterrent against warlike action holds up a warning hand. But the deterrent cannot of itself solve international problems or remove the differences that exist between us.
It is in an attempt to make progress with these problems and differences that we are met here to-day. And at this conference we have to deal with them mainly in the context of Europe.
What is the chief among them ? There' can surely be no doubt of the answer. The unity of Germany. So long as Germany is divided Europe will be divided. Until the unity of Germany is restored there can be neither confidence nor security in this Conti- nent. Within the limits of our western zone we have done all we can to unify Germans as an economic unit and have given them a federal Government. We have brought the occupation to an end.
Quite -apart from the larger issues of German reunification, it would mark a real advance if, pending our negotiations for German unity, the Soviet Government felt able to relax the' physical restrictions which now aggravate the division of Germany and prevent contact between Germans in the east and west.
WIDER ISSUES
Now I must turn to the wider issues of German unification. What is the reason why the Berlin conference failed a year ago ? We must examine this as dispassionately as we can in order to see what progress we can now make from the apparently fixed posi- tions which the great Powers on both sides then felt obliged to take. At the Berlin conference the west proposed the unification of Germany with free elections and the free right of Germany to choose her own foreign policy.
Under the so-called Eden plan,' Germany could have chosen either association with the west or association with the east or neutrality. But the Soviet Government was unable to accept that plan. Yet we all know in our hearts that Germany must be united and that a great country cannot be perma- nently prevented from freely deciding its own foreign policy.
The reason why the Berlin conference failed was because one of the Powers there believed that a united Germany, rearmed and exercising its choice to join the N.A.T.O. alliance, would constitute an increased threat to its safety and security. I am not now going to argue whether these fears were justified. In these last 10 years there have been plenty of occasions for suspicions and alarms.
These have found expression in heavy armament programmes. To try to'deal with these issues in their wider aspect we have all agreed to work through the disarmament commission of the United Nations. We wel- come the substantial progress which has recently been made there and the important measure of common thinking which has now emerged between the various proposals of the western Powers and those recently set before us by the Soviet Government. All these discussions will go on, but, as we know, the immediate need is to make a practical start.
CONTROL OF ARMAMENTS The urgent problem is how to begin the process of reducing tensions and removing suspicion and fear. There is also the practical question of how we can devise and operate together an effective control of armaments and of armed forces.
To reunify Germany will not of itself increase or reduce any threat which may be thought to exist to European security. Every- thing will depend on the conditions under which reunification takes place. I wish
therefore now to suggest that we should consider a number of interrelated proposals which. are intended to do two things.
First, they are calculated to meet the apprehension of increased danger which some at Berlin felt might follow the accept- ance of our p lan. Secondly, they are intended to make a practical experiment in the operative control of armaments. This if locally successful in Europe, might, as it were, extend outwards from the centre to the periphery.
If we can once establish a sense of security over the Continent of Europe-if we -can create an effective system to reduce tensions here-can we not hope that this first success will be the preliminary for wider and more far-reaching understanding ? We have therefore had in mind certain ideas which we think could be helpful to this end.
As I have said, our purpose is to ensure tbat the unification of Germany and her freedom to associate with countries of her choice shall not involve any threat to any- body. There are no doubt many ways of doing this.
To illustrate what I have in mind let me give some examples. These will consist partly of actions and partly of assurances. Let us take the latter first. We would be prepared to be parties to a security pact of which those round this table and a united Germany mtight be members.
By its terms each country could declare itself ready to go to the assistance of the victim of aggression, whoever it might be. There are many forms which such a pact might take. We would be ready to examine them and to set out our views about them. We would propose to inscribe any such agreement under the authority of the United Nations. It would also be our intention that if any member country should break the peace that country would forfeit thereby any rights which it enjoys at present under existing agreements.
Secondly, we would be ready to discuss and try to reach agreement as to the total of forces and armaments on each side in Germany and the countries neighbouring Germany. To do this it would be necessary to join in a system of reciprocal control to supervise the arrangement effectively. All those represented here would we hope be partners in this, together with a united Germany. It would be understood that any proposals in this field would not exclude or delay the work of the United Nations disarmament commission, to which we attach great importance.
DEMILITARIZED AREA
Is there some further reassurance we can give each other ? No doubt there are many suggestions or ideas which may emerge as our talks proceed. There is one which I tertainly think should be considered. We should be ready to examine the possibility of a demilitarized area between east and west. It is true that these ideas are limited. in the first instance to the area of Europe, but I am sure that they could help us here in practice, and perhaps as an example.
[ will sum them up. There is the suggestion of a mutual security pact. There is the prospect of an agreement about the total of forces and armaments of the two groups both in Germany and in the countries neigh- bouring Germany. This would be subjecr to reciprocal supervision. There is the concept of a demilitarized area.
* If we could start work on these lines we should have a chance of providing a con- structive and encouraging plan to ensure peace for Europe. These ideas would give real security: and it is for the lack of that security that Germany is kept divided to-day. I suggest that they should be further examined. 1 have given only the summary of them here.
There are other aspects of our work together which I could have mentioned. For instance we would warmly welcome any pro- posals which would result in a greater freedom of movement and exchange of con- tacts between our peoples.
But it seems to me that it will be by our success in achieving some practical results about the future of Germany and European security that this conference will be judged.
We want to agree on two things: the urgent need for the unification of Germany and the broad outline of the means by which it can be achieved.
I do not pretend that our ideas are any- thing in the nature of a complete plan, but they are the outline sketch which once agreed upon could surely be filled in. If we can
draw up something like this before we leave Geneva at the end of this conference, the peoples of the world will not be disappointed.
MARSHAL BULGANIN
SYSTEM OF SECURITY
SUPERSEDING N.A.T.O. AND
WARSAW PACT
Marshal Bulganin said: -
The conference . . . is taking place at a time when a certain relaxation of tension in international relations is in evidence and when more favourable conditions have appeared for the settlement of outstanding international issues.
There are urgent issues dividing us, how- ever. These issues have not been settled yet. and that is the reason why the inter- national situation in spite of a certain im- provement still remains tense on the whole. It is a fact that the so-called cold war: is still on.... We were glad to hear Presi- dent Eisenhower's statement....
In the opinion of the Soviet Government the purpose of this conference is not to indulge in recriminations but to find ways and means to ease international tension and create an- atmosphere of confidence in rela- tions between nations. The Soviet Govern- ment, for its part, is prepared to contribute together with the Governments of the United States, Britain, and France to the achievement of that noble purpose.
The foreign policy of the Soviet Union is clear. We have always been in favour of peace among the peoples and of peaceful co-existence between all nations irrespecLtve of their internal systems, irrespective of whether the State concerned is a monarchv or a republic, wheLher it is capitalist or socia- list, because the social and economic system existing in any country is the internal affair of its people. Recognition of this indisput- able fact would be of great significance for the successful settlement of the outstanding international problems.
So far as the Soviet Union is concerned, it now as in the past favours broad inter- national cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy, the importance of which was stressed by President Eisenhower in his well known statement. . . . The Soviet Government has made a decision to contribute to the international pool of atomic materials of the international atomic energy agencv an appropriate amount of fissionable materials as soon as an agree- ment on setting up this agency has been reached.
LEVEL OF ARMED FORCES
It would be a fact of great importance if this conference were to come out in favour of an international agreement embodying our common consent to establish the level of the armed forces of the United States, the U.S.S.R., and China at one to one and a half million men for each and of Britain and France at 500,000 men and to limit the levels of the armed forces for all other States to 150,000 to 200,000 men.
I would like to stress once again that! the Soviet Government has accepted the tpro- posal made by the three Powers in regard to conventional armaments. Now we are entitled to expect that these Powers will take a step which will ensure agreement on the prohibition of atomic weapons; that will put the whole problem of disarmament on firm ground.
In his statement M. Faure made a sugges- tion concerning the need to reduce militarv appropriations and set forth his reasons for that. We are of opinion that the considera- tions are of interest and worthy of careful examination. Furthermore, in the opinion of the Soviet Government the four Powers would make a good beginning if they agreed even now to demobilize the military con- tingents which they are withdrawing from the territory of Austria in connexion with the conclusion of the Austrian State treaty, and correspondingly reduced the strength of their armed forces. The Soviet Government has decided to carry out such a measure, and invites the Governments of the United States, France, and Britain to follow suit....
The Soviet Government is convinced that the best way to ensure peace and prevent new aggression in Europe is to establish a system of a collective security with the parti- cipation in it of all European nations and of the Ui-nited States. 'The adoption of appropriate decisions to that end would
invigorate the whole climate in Europe and wold bring about normal living conditions for the peoples of that continent. Military groupings of some European nations directed against others should be displaced by a system of. security based on the joint efforts of all tlhe nations of Europe-a system the principles of which have been set forth in the well known proposals of the Soviet Government.
MILITARY COMMITMENTS
The difficulties standing in the way of the setting up of such a system have to be reckoned with and, in particular, the fact that the Powers engaged in the present talks are bound by military commitments in regard to other nations. The Soviet Government is therefore of the opinion that, in order to help reach agreement, the process of estab- lishing a collective security system in Europe could be divided into two stages.
During the first stage the States concerned in the treaty would not be relieved of the obligations assumed by them under existing treaties and agreements, but they would be bound to refrain from the use of armed force and to settle by peaceful means all the dis- putes that may arise between them.
It could be agreed that pending the con- clusion of an agreement on the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, and on the withdrawal of foreien troops from the territories of European countries, the States concerned in the treaty undertake not to take any further steps to increase their armed forces stationed on foreign territories under treaties and arrange- ments concluded by them previously.
THE SECOND STAGE
During the second stage the States con- cerned would assume in full the treaty commitments related to the setting up of the collective security system in Europe, with the simultaneous complete termination of the North Atlantic Treaty, the Paris agree- ments. 'and the Warsaw treaty. while the groupings of States created on the basis of these arrangements would be abolished and displaced by an all-European system of collective security.
In his statement the Prime Mlinister, Sir Anthony Eden. spoke of the necessity of an understanding between countries on the question of Euroean security. This is very important. This is precisely what the Soviet Union is striving for.
The Soviet Government is of opinion that our eventual objective should be to have no foreign troops remaining on the territories of European States. The withdrawal of foreign troops from the territories of European States and the re-establishment in this respect of the situation which existed before the Second World War would in itself constitute a factor of great importance in consolidating peace, would radically tmprove the situation in Europe, and would remove one of the essential, if not the most essential, sources of the present distrust in relations between nations.
The significance of this step becomes even more evident if viewed in relation to the reduction of armaments and the prohibi- tion of atomic weaptons The withdrawaaL of foreign troops from the countries of Europe would greatly facilitate agreement both on the reduction of conventional arma- ments of the nations of Europe-and not only of Europe-and on the prohibition of the use of the nuclear weapons.
The Sovict Government believes that in endeavouring to ameliorate relations between countries the four-Power conference should pay due attention to the problem of strengthening economic tics between them and, in particular. to the development of trade. The present state of affairs when artificial restrictions of various kinds have been tntroduced in a number of countries, as a result of which the economic and trade ties between many countries developed over many years have been broken, is one of the serious obstacles in the way to the relaxation of international tension.
Such restrictions that are usually intro- duced when the economy of a State is sub- ordinated to the interests of military pre- parations cannot be justified in any way if one is governed by the desire for a settle- ment of the outstanding international problems and for the termination of the ""cold war. We point this out not for the reason the economy of the Soviet Union cannot do without the restoration of normal economic and trade relations with we countries which were broken througn nu
f 2111? nf nt,rc x-..^";"July 19, 1955";"";53276;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Opening Speeches At Geneva";""
"";"['News']";"Madam President, France is the country where the press and people in politics are most critical of what you have been. doing in the European Parlia- ment, much more than in Italy or West Germany for instance. Are they not getting at M Valry Giscard d'Estaing's European policy through you? Is your policy merely the same as his?
It is a fact that I led the European list which claimed to represent the policies of the President of the Republic. This does not mean that -my views on everythirig are aligned with his. As President of the European Parliament, moreover, I am not paurticularly anxious to itave a* clearly defined line of my own, but am more concerned tO rep- resent the majority view of our assembly, as it emerges.
Do you mean by this that it is not possible to guide the majority and that it has to be followed?
It is impossible to guide it, or at least to support it, particu- larly in its image. It has to demonstrate that it is working effectively and responding, in part at least, to the hopes placed in it. This is the under- lying purpose of the programnme wvhich we have planned for the next three months.
Which topics will be covered ?
Subjects which we consider priority issues, beginning with employment, then energy, on which we feel there should have- been a-.commnon policy at an earlier stage, then agricultural policy and finally the problem of hunger in the world, a sub- ject which we have already de- bated and on which our com- niittee on development. and cooperation does a lot of work. Regarding employment, is it not likely that an assembly such as yours, with a conservative majo- rity, has made difficulties for itself by choosing this issue on which it cannot give full satis- faction to. such as the trade unions and the parties of the left ?
Whatever the predominant tendency of the Assembly-and that is a Miatter which could be discussed at length-detailed consideration of working hours and work organization could yield many ideas of potential usefulness to governments.
It is not easy to imagine this Assembly coming out massively in favour of the 35 hour week.
Are things that simple ? For instance, I find that not enough consideration has been given to the arrangerpent of working hours and part-time work-and here I do not refer exclusively to women. There are plenty of interesting proposals to put for- ward and changes to be obtained.
You do not care to hear the Parliament described as ""con- servative"". Are you afraid that its conservative image will rub off on you because you have been its president ?
First of all, I aim to be the President of the whole assem- bly. Moreover, I hope to see the emergence of majorities wvhich a-re not rigidly determined by political affiliations. In fact I have noticed on several occa- sions that a given political. group does not automatically react to a given issue in the wvay one might have predicted. Another.point to bear in mind is that, in Europe, government coalitions vary from country to country. -
Does national discipline replace party- discipline in voting when it comes to the defence of in- dividual countries' interests ?
This does happen, but I find that in general, even though they may defend electoral in- terests, as members of. all assemblies do,. most members of the European Parliament do try to cast aside national policies, even when this is not easy. I also find that, within, the political groups, efforts are made to make concessions across national frontiers in order to establish - common positions. Some genuinely Euro. pean work is going on inside the political groups. themselves.
What do, you think of the Italian Radicals?- -
They are as much members 'of this Parliament as the others. From now on the new rules afford them scope to express themselves with all the preroga- tives enjoyed by members -of a political group, whvile at the same time preventing them from obstructing proceedings. They contribute interesting ideas.
Is it true that you sometimes take liberties when applying the rules of procedure of the Assembly ?
I do my best to applv them 'strictly, but who -could be con- - sistent at all times in applying rules which are no longer suited to the new Assemkbly, when hundreds if not thousands of amendments have' been tabled to a text which consists of only a few articles ? Here we have to deal with obstruc- tive manoeuvring designed to undermine the spirit of the rules.
Do any difficulties arise out of the fact that the parties in the Assembly do not correspond exactly to the representation of the national parties ?
This depend's on a variety of factors. For instance, the Brit- ish have only - two political groups in the Parliament, one of which is the very large Con- servative group. This is both
-n advantage and a disadvan- tage. On the one hand, they can agree upon joint positions which count, but on the other hand t-hey have no influence ouitside their two groups.
Talking about Britain, what do you think of. the new wave of women prime ministers ? We now find 'this phenomenon in Portugal and even in South America, where it makes a pleasant change rom the mili. tary regimes. Is this merely a
The next 20 years are unlikely to see-any sudden. developmelnt in Euro- pean integration. In this interview with Jacqueline Grapin. Mme Simone Veil, President of the European Parliamenrt, suggests that greater unity will be achieved throug'ha resp6nse to issues as they
arise rather than through the establishment of institutions
persqnai aspect, I very much regret the repercussions of these criticisms un the Parlia- ments image, especiallv whetf they are unjustified. In the event the Parliament wvas not in any way seeking to extend its powers to defence. It had already debated the same issue and it was merely returning to it and discussing the same very specific aspect. it -was oniy when Parliament was sitting that some emotions were aroused, wvhereas during the meeting of the bureau no one had thought that there was any- thing extraordinary about it.
Would you be in favour of giving elected members of the European Parliament seats at the Western European Union, which is the European body with competence for defence matters? The present national representatives there are appointed and do not have much authority.
I do not think so. Having been elected to the EuroDean Parliament, which in principle has no competence in tiher,e matters, they would be in an' ambiguous position.
Should they be elected directlv to the Western European Union?
This is another matter which is outside my competence.
When you look forward to Europe in the year 2000, what do you hope to see and wvhat do you realistically expect?
It is difficult for me to answer your question, because I have found that wvhenever one tries to make forecasts 20 years ahead, one gets them wrong. First you have to make various assumptions. Hf there is a grave international crisis, some sort of worldwide conflict, it seems to me that Europe will inevit- ably close ranks in order to face up to it, but then it will hardlv have much time to concern itself with institutions.
There wvould be ""summits "", councils of ministers, etc ?
Yes. Otherwise, assuming that there will be no such conflagra- tion and that wve continue to have a tense situation as I be- lieve will be the case, with many economic problems, energy difficulties and slower growth than a few years ago, Europe will very gradually talke shape. I do not believe that the next 20 years will see any sudden development in the direction of , integration, unless some excep- tional personality emerges to inspire a new European mood.
I believe that those who find' that European unification is not proceeding fast enough fail to take account of historical per- spective. Set against two millennia of history, 20 years is a very short period. Much can happen during that time, but
the institutions can scarcely. evolve any more quickly.
Given the enormous range of potential challenges from such sources as the United States,"" Japan, the Soviet Union and the Third World, not to dwell un- duly on, the Islamic problem, can Europe move towards greater unityv ?
normal phenomenon to do with the advancement of women or is it due to the powerlessness of men in difficult circumstances ?
I do not think that it lias anythiing to do with the power- lessness of men. We have already had Mrs Indirai Gandhi and Mrs Golda Meir, but they were exceptional cases and they each came to powver at special moments in history. Mrs That- cher was the first woman to become a prime minister in the course of a normal political career. Her predecessor as the leader of the Conservatives, Mr Heath, lost the support of the majority of his parry' and she was elected leader and came into power in the same vway as any other political leader. What could be said is that this helped to unfreeze some mentalities, Other countries will now be less reluctant to put wromen into power, given this example. How. ever, three countries out of the entire world do not amount to veiy much and, apart from the European Parliament where there is a higher proportion of women than in national parlia- ments, women's involvement in political life around the world is still on a very -low level.
Mrs Thatcher has taken up a very hard position on European affairs and the budgetary and agricultural issues in particular, not only on the substance of the cases but also in the style which she has adopted. In her place would you have taken a similar course ?
I believe that, in general, women have a different style in politics from that observed in their other areas of respon. sibility. They are more direct. Mrs Thatcher simply said what she thought, without ihedging it about, and this is what shocked people. This style whic-h escheavs diplomacy and care in the use of words is a rather feminine thing.
Do you believe that this method produces the desired results more or less quickly ? Is it economical of resources or does it create blockages which then have to be sorted out ?
I believe that compromise is a part of life and that every possible avenue for compromise should be ex,plored in the first place. In discussions with your counterparts, you cannot expect to get everything you are' ask- ing for. But pitching your de- mands at a very high level from the outset is perhaps one way of getting more. At all events, if we are to get on in the Conimunity, there has to be a certain amount of. give and take.
Although it seems clear that it is going to be necessary to re- discuss the wvorkings of the agricultural common mnarket, is it not difficult to ask,a-country such as France to make major
concessions on the benefits' which it has acquired when nothing is offered in return? Do you not think that it would be easier, to solve this problem, as you say, in a spirit of give and takc, and why. -not by throwing British North Sea oil into the scales and creating an as yet non-existent energy com- mon market ?
This is precisely wvhat has been suggested by various of Britain's partners as a develop- meait of the Dublin discussions. In practice, the wider the field of negotiation, the easier it is to establish a compromise and therefire to reach agreement. Can the Parliament make pro- posals for compromise linking -various -issues, such as'agricul- ture and energy ?
To a certain extent this is what it has already done with its budgetary proposals, which called for a reduction in the agricultural surpluses combined with an increase in other funds. The aim wvas to reduce the con- centration on agricultural policy and' to wviden European policy to other spheres, the budget being seen as the medium for doing this.
The way things have turned out, has, not the European Parlia- ment effectively 'been pleading the cause of Britain ?
On certain issues, the con- cerns of the Parliament coincide with those of -Britain. It is anxious to reduce the surpluses. However, it has never been its intention jto call' the Common Agricultural Policy into ques- tion. This is only a small part of the' problems with wvhich the British are concerned. Moreover the vote on the budget was won by a very large majority and the council of ministers of agriculture, wvhile regretting' that the issue came 'up on the buudget vote', has admitted 'that the 'problem neededVto be aired. Do you believe that the'rejec- tion of. the budget, for the first time in the history of the European Parliament, created a major institutional, crisis?
There is no institutional crisis, at all. The contingency of the rejection of the budget is dealt with specifically by Article 203 'of the Treaty of Rome, uwhich also lays down the procedure to be followed in such an eventuality. The Parliament' has accortdingly merely used its prerogative to express . its disagreement with the budget proposals forwarded to it. so that new proposals could 'be submitted to it. Let us not . forget that, only last year, the conditions; under Which the budget was passed gave rise to a- legal imbroglio which' was not easy- to: dis- entangle.
Is- it- possible at.-this stage to assess the work of the new. Par.
liamenit after its first six months ?
It is a little early. The newv Parliament has had to make a great effort to organize its own affairs. The teething problems were foreseeable; indeed they -were to be expected. Apart from those arising out of the unsuitable rules, I should men- tion those associated with the special features of our Assem- bly, wvhose wvorking conditions are complicated by the need to operate in so many languages and the presence of representa- tives of nine countries whose parliamentary practice and ttaditions vary widely. More- over, wve had to organize tlhe committee work in advance of the -plenary session so that sub- stantial reports were available on any given subject.
Finally, it was no easy matter to adapt the administrative machinery to the requirements of 410 members instead of the 198 of the previous parliament, bearing in mind, for instance, that all the documentation has to be produced in six languages. This has required an enormous effort, not least from the Par- liament's civil servants. In the early stagbs we experienced difficulties in limiting the agenda, believing that wve coul& tackle all the problems con- fronting Europe by devoting some attention to each. Nowv, however, there is evidence -of a willingness to approach each issue in turn and to include in the agenda only those for which proper preparation has been made with a view to a debate.
In the given context, was it not imprudent to kick off in Sep- tember with a topic concerned with defence ?
It has not been said often enough that there was nothing extraordinary, about that agenda. There had already.been a report on the harmonization of industrial policies on arma- ments procurement. The rappor- teur had asked wihat had become of it. What could be snore normal ? I cannot imagine any grounds on which this re- quest-could -have been refused; since this issue 'had been de-
bated on numerous occasions. by the former Assembly.
Technically speaking, that is beyond question but, politi- cally, 'it is perhaps less clear- cut, since there was such virulent criticisn.. As President of the European Parliament and a leading figure in French politics, are you not afraid that tlk job is putting you in the- position 'of attracting the crossfire ' of disagreement between the RPR and the llDF in the French majority, since the'European Poicies of 'these two-parties -are very different?
This is certainly tue to some- 7-extent But. when one takes- a
decision,-one .must accept -the consequences. Ap>rt from. e
i Dnpe ancl -nenleve rsaE iL will become more unified. But
I think. that this will happen-, through its response to issues and problems as they arise rather than through the estab- lishment of institutions. It is' the role of our Assembly tor initiate such Commanity policies.
Do you have more faith in a
Europe built on joint projeci's: than in a political Europe ?
In a sense, yes. It is difficult to predict areas in vwhich deve- lopments -will occur, but it is equally difficult to believe that energy wtrill not be one of them. Quite, but one could scarcely say that Europe has displayed- any great capacity for coopera tion in energy since 1973.
This is true, but such coopera- tion is desirable and should become a reality by dint of- necessity. Culture, on the other- hand, is a sector in which there w%ill be European initiatives, but in which specifically national
characteristics will continue to-, predominate. On the industrial' side, I imagine that we could see many projects of the airbus
t3pep in such areas as remote- data-processing -and space. As for the institutions, everything will depend on whether or not a forceful personality emerges to exert decisive influence on their development.
And the Parliament itself ?
The development of -the Euro- pean. Parliament itself is
difficult to visualize because I_ do not think that.it can evolve, autonomously. The political powers collectively represent a balance and -the Parliament exists in relation to that balance.
Are you not concerned by the fact that Euirope is on the side- lines of the maajor international events of the day ?
This is not the case in certain areas. For instance, Europe has made its voice heard in con- nexion with South-east Asia and the Cambodian tragedy- Europe has done most to arouse humanitarian feelings over this issue. There is certainly one im- portant area of international re- lations in which-Europe is not playing its part. This is the military side, hut this is the position that it has chosen, pre- f erring a policy of disarmament' by the big tho to a policy of engaging in the arms race itself. -You have -not said whether you
see Europe in the year 2000 as. having disarmed, armed itself more heavily or remaining in today's halfway situation.
I wvould hope that Europe will. be no more heavily armed' than. it is at present- and thet the two great powers will have made progress along the road to -disannament. Is that clear enough?
That seems like wishful think-. ing. , .
Yes. My -wishes for t.his year.";"January 8, 1980";"";60518;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Reflecting the majority is best policy";""
"['From Our Defence Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Defence Correspondent
The most important thing in war will alvays be the art of defeating your opponen't in combat. Clausewitz on the importance of sound tactics wears an old-fashioned look. The nuclear philo- sophers have taken the military argu- ment into new ditnensions and the classical principles of war have been dis- carded or left lying around for soldiers to play with. It has been said, in a phrase of more breadth than depth, that the nuclear weapon is here to stay. It is probably true that no unilateral re- nunciation nor elaborate treaty on nuclear tests can retrace or obliterate the steps of science. No great war can ever again be fought without the danger that one country or another will use this knowledge sooner than admit defeat.
There is, therefore, room for the intellectual analysis of deterrence along- side the patient search for some way out of the danger of nuclear war by acci- dent Both go on under an uneasy balance of power which, as long as it suffers no violent shift, at least goes some way to remove from the reckoning de- liberate attack with nuclear weapons. Under this flimsy umbrella lie the more immediate dangers, especially for Britain. The new five-year defence plan has outlined the shape of strategy and although there is no way of knowing what effect it may have upon the enemy there is little doubt that it has terrified a number of friends. Clinging to a political illusion, the Government have contrived a strategic plan to fit the pattern of recruiting. It is doubtful whether it can, be fully effective. It is, however, the only one. we have, and the armed forces must now look to its effect upon their training and tactical doctrines.
NEW LOOK AT TACTICS
It is planned to build a defence structure of four principal elements. Of these two are virtually the responsibility of single services-the British Army of the Rhine, which, with a Tactical Air Force, is charged with the British contribution to the defence of the European mainland, and the strategic nuclear bombers of the Royal Air Force. It is in the other two elements that tactical doctrine stands most in need of examination-the central strategic reserve and the joint service task forces which are to support Britain's interests outside Europe. The questions which must now be asked are whether the traditional organization, tactics and training are any longer rele- vant and whether the time has come to have not one defence force, as the Mini- ster of Defence has suggested, but two.
British military organization, even taking account of the trend towards inte- gration, is based upon the concept of an all-purpose force and its tactics on a basic set of doctrines which are adapted to specific operations. The set-piece battle, the opposed amphibious landing and the intricate technique of land/air warfare still dominate military tactics. The only recent change has been brought about by the impact of nuclear weapons, a development which is valid in the European theatre, but takes no account of the wide range of threats which face the west elsewhere. In the United States rapidly confirming its rank as the mili- tary leader of the western alliance in other spheres than the purely nuclear, the facts have been faced. It has been recognized for some time that all-out nuclear attack is the least likely form of warfare. With the development of the Berlin crisis arose the danger that the Russians might be tempted to test the will of the west with some adventure in Europe. This gap in the defences drew more American troops to Germany, while Great Britain, although not react- ing with notable enthusiasm, at least halted the decline of the Army of the Rhine.
GUERRILLA WARFARE
President Kennedy seems convinced, and his conviction carries much weight, that the most likely form of warfare in the next 10 years is indirect aggression, or sub-limited war, involving the use of guerrillas. The United States Army has set up in Washington an office of Special Warfare, whose director will report straight to the Chief of Staff. There are plans to start or expand four special warfare schools in the United States, the Panama Canal zone, Ger- many, and the Pacific. Four ""para- military support forces "", trained in anti-guerrilla tactics for specific areas, are being formed. One, the South-East Asia force, is already operating in the area of Laos and South Vietnam. More than $20m. will be spent in 1962 on
research and development in special warfare-guerrilla, anti-guerrilla and psychological warfare-and t;his is expected to grow to more than $30m. in 1963. The writings of Mao Tse-tung and Ernesto Guevara, two of the leading apostles of the guerrilla creed, are becoming as essential to the education of the Arnerican soldier as Liddell Hart and the tank experts were to the German General Staff between the wars. The service journals, newspapers, and centres of military study in the United States have embarked with enthusiasm upon the study of special warfare. This has been echoed by a thin cry from the Assembly of the Western European Union. Their report on the state of European security in November said: -
"" Guerrilla units will become essen- tial elements of the allied forces in any military concept.""
ECONOMIC PRESSURE
Apart from a few rudimentary psychological warfare units, the single battalion of the Special Air Service in the regular order of battle, and the com- mandos of the Royal Marines, little attention is given to this in the British forces, in spite of the depth of experi- ence on which they could calL In Palestine, Kenya, Cyprus, and Malaya British troops have fought long cam- paigns against terrorists and guerrillas. Techniques were practised and per- fected at schools like the Far East Land Forces Training Centre where conven- tional infantry battalions were taught to reorganize and retrain for the tactics of special warfare in the jungle. For the first time for many years no British troops are engaged in organized opera- tions and there is a danger that these techniques might fall into disuse.
One of the results of heavy economic pressure on defence policy is that specialization becomes unpopular. In a small defence force the tendency is to train for all seasons and all purposes. The clearest example of this is in the central strategic reserve, which is largely earmarked for the British Army of the Rhine and has just completed a series of exercises against a setting of armoured movement and tactical nuclear weapons. Yet it was a battalion of this force which was ordered recently to stand by for internal security operations in British Guiana. Fighting units of the Army, except some tank regiments, are moved in rotation through Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East every two or three years. Thjs involves constant changes of training and tactical doctrine. It is arguable that this system is wasteful and disruptive.
SPECIALIZED TRAINING
While it is clearly impracticable to follow the American pattern exactly it should be possible to specialize to the extent of having two separate elements in the defence forces. The Continental force would serve alternately in Europe and England; the other in England and the other garrisons and task forces over- seas. The British defence budget could not support a large network of special warfare schools; nor would it be pos- sible, even if it were desirable, to keep units and formations specially trained and ready for a task in one specific area; but the idea of flexibility, like the word itself, can be overworked.
There is much to be said for treating the two aspects of non-nuclear war as se > wrate, although closely related. In Europe the threat is of "" limited"" warfare under the shadow of nuclear exchange; elsewhere it is of subversion, guerrilla warfare and what Afr. Khrush- chev provocatively calls wars of libera- tion. The tactics for the European force are well practised and constantly revised in the British Army of the Rhine, although there is danger in their close reliance upon the tactical nuclear weapon. For the rest, training must keep pace with events. The traditional con- cepts of imperial policing and duties in aid of the civil power will not be valid for much longer. Psychological warfare and counter-insurgency techniques cannot be the concern of a few hastily trained officers grafted on to head- quarters and fighting formations. Special warfare should be part of the training from the beginning, of the soldiers and units who may be called on to engage in it-not just of a few elite units.
A Joint Service Staff is being set up in the Ministry of Defence to coordinate the training, tactical doctrine, and operations of the three services and there is a chance that they may look at these problems in a fresh light. It would be a strange irony if Britain had to learn tactics, as well as strategy, from its allies.";"May 8, 1962";"";55385;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"One Defence Force-or Two?";""
"['By Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi']";"['News']";"By Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi,
Clhairman of the Pan-European Union
The German invasion of Poland started the Second World War 23 years ago. Since no diplomatic relations have yet been established between Germany and Poland, the Second World War has not yet come to an end. It has merely been transformed, since 1950, into a Cold War.
The time has come to consider whether it is not possible to end this war now by a peace conference-a confer- ence which would bring together repre- sentatives of the two hostile camps wag- ing the Cold War, Nato and the signa- tories of the Warsaw Pact Organization. Vienna might be the right place to meet, not only because Austria is neutral and lies between the two blocks but also because of its traditional ties with Czechs. Poles, Hungarians and Rumanians.
One hundred and fifty years ago the first Vienna Congress succeeded in liquidating the series of revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, thus opening a period of peace which lasted almost 40 years. The second Vienna Congress would attempt to end the Second World War and reestablish peace in Europe. This congress would have to deal primarily with the German question and its focus, Berlin.
JURIDICAL QUESTION
The German question can be solved only if its core is shifted from a power problem into a juridical question. It is a matter of who, in international law, is successor to the German Reich. Both the East and the West, victorious at the close of the Second World War, hoped to acquire this most valuable of all booties. As they could not agree to dividing up the booty, the question was postponed.
The Third Reich was liquidated in 1945. When the conflict between the Soviet Union and the western powers broke out the planned condominium proved impracticable. Germany was divided into zones of occupation along the lines of colonial administration. Only in 1949, four years after the fall of the Third Reich, did two states emerge in western and eastern Ger- many; the western powers grouped their three zones of occupation into the Federal Republic, whereas the Soviet Union created the German Democratic Republic out of their occupied zone.
Since then the Federal Republic and their associates have insisted upon the legal concept that they are the only legitimate successors of the German Reich; while the Soviet Union and its associates, with the G.D.R., have repre- sented the legal viewpoint that there are two German states with equal rights which share the inheritance of the (German Reich.
There is yet a third legal concept which is put forward by some eminent international lawyers: that, in 1945, the Third Reich disappeared without leav- ing any legal successor-as. in 1453, the Byzantine Empire and, in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire disappeared. According to this concept, the two states founded by the victorious powers in 1949 on German territory are now unfettered institutions. Since these two young German states have never been at war, any peace treaty with one or with both would be meaningless.
OBJECTIVE BASIS
The question of which of the three concepts is best founded in international law cannot be settled by the parties in- volved but only by the International Court of Justice at The Hague, at the demand of the United Nations Security Council. The first step towards a peace- ful settlement of the German question must, therefore, consist in obtaining a decision by the Court of The Hague on the controversial question of whether the German Reich has one successor, two, or none. This decision would then be an objective legal basis for a peaceful settlement of the German question.
It is of historical interest that in 1871, when the German Reich was founded, the legal question arose of whether the newly founded Reich was the legal suc- cessor of the Holy Roman Empire. Bismarck's advisers in international law replied that it was not
The fate of Berlin is part of the German problem. Here, too, with mutual good will, a practical solution could be found: by converting Berlin into the sovereign headquarters of the United Nations. The international status of this new world capital would resemble that of the Vatican City in Rome. Berlin could conclude a customs union with the Federal Republic. The sinister wall would fall, and the flourish- ing city of Berlin would become a
cornerstone of friendship between West and East.
This idea is not Utopian. It was first suggested by an American, General Spaatz. In Germany it has been sup- ported by a number of journalists. It was Mr. Khrushchev himself who de- manded the transfer of the United Nations headquarters from America to a neutral country; later he accepted the idea of Berlin as a world capital. France and Great Britain would certainly not object.
SECOND WAY
Should it be impossible to settle the German question by a peace agreement, there is still a second way to overcome the Cold War: by the conclusion of a truce between Nato and the Warsaw PacL The world should remember that in history it has often been possible to end wars by year-long truces instead of peace agreements. Truce agreements of this kind have often proved more durable than peace agreements, because they bind the signatories for a specific number of years, whereas a peace agree- ment might be broken any time by a declaration of war. A West-East truce might be renewed as often as necessary, until the conditions existed for the con- clusion of a full peace treaty.
It is, however, essential that the climate of relations between East and West should be fundamentally altered. Only then wiU it be possible to come to an agreement over questions of detail. As long as the discussions between East and West are accompanied by threats, no promising negotiations can be under- taken. The second Vienna Congress should try to solve by compromise all questions separating Nato and the Warsaw Pact now ripe for settlement; and to postpone all questions that can- not yet be settled.
If possible a peace treaty should recog- nize-after an agreement on the German question-the status quo. If a peace settlement could not be reached, the status quo should at least be recognized de facto by all states involved, thus per- mitting the establishment of diplomatic relations between all European states. This policy alone could lead to disarma- ment; for every attempt towards dis- armament is futile as long as the Cold War is not stopped, because now every state must seek to assure its security by armaments.
If the peace conference succeeds in stopping the Cold War armaments would become useless and nothing but a waste of national income. The armament race would therefore end with the Cold War. The congress, therefore. ought to discuss how to end the atomic threat and at the same time to reduce the national armies and their conventional arma- ments.
DEMILITARIZED BELT
Obviously one of the basic aims of the congress would be to remove the Iron Curtain. It might be replaced by a narrow demilitarized belt on both sides of the line separating the two blocks, and this zone might include Berlin.
The congress would have to deal with promoting economic and cultural rela- tions between Nato and the Warsaw Pact. In order to strengthen them, joint institutions should be set up, preferably in Vienna. In this city a permanent committee of representatives of both groups should supervise and interpret the decisions taken by the congress and assure a friendly cooperation between its two partners.
From the Vienna Congress would be born a greater Europe, including North America and Northern Asia, both settled and civilized by Europeans. This greater Europe would stretch from the eastern to the western shores of the Pacific, from San Francisco to Vladivostok. A new picture of Europe would emerge: the European continent at its centre, with a mighty wing in the east stretching over Russia to Siberia and a mighty wing in the west embracing the United States and Canada. This Tvision of a greater Europe at present split up into two hostile camps should inspire the Vienna Congress.
The first statesman who expressed this grand vision was Sir Winston ChurchilL i remember the day when at Aix-la- Chapelle in 1956 he was honoured with the Charlemnagne Prize for his leader- ship towards a united Europe. During this ceremony he expressed the hope of one day seeing the Soviet Union join Nato. Meanwhile the Soviet Union has created the Warsaw Pact and cannot simply join Nato as it once joined the League of Nations. It can, however, lead its satellites towards peaceful coexistence and cooperation, so as to assure the reunification of Europe by a new Vienna Congress.";"January 14, 1963";"";55598;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Need for a Second Vienna Congress";""
"['From Our Washington Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Washington Correspondent
The first stage of the election campaign is over and the President and Mr. Dewey are both home again after a strenuous cross-country tour, resting before they start on another long trip. Public interest in their movements and their speeches has been smaller during the last week, the news from Paris overshadowing everything else. Day after day, for instance, the New York Times has been giving more than 80 per cent. of its front page to international affairs and relegating the elections to a relatively insignificant position. Some of this apathy can be attributed to the general belief, still not accepted by Mr. Truman. that there is no doubt about the result, some to the lack of real enthusiasm for either candidate-Mr Roosevelt managed to fire the popular imagination in 1944 even though the war was then in a critical stage-but even more it is a recognition that the decisions made in Europe over the next month will have a greater effect on the individual American than anything he can do with his vote.
WORLD. AFFAIRS
Mr, Dewey, aware of the universal anxiety over foreign affairs, has made as much capital out of his own part in them as possible. Ever since he was beaten in 1944, he has sedulously cultivated the idea that he has kept in as close touch with world affairs as any President or Secretary of State. While he has been travelling round the country his staff have taken care to ex- plain the arrangements made to allow him to remain in contact, while on his train, with Mr. John Foster Dulles in Paris and, finally, Mr. Dulles himself flew back to meet him on his return to Albany.
Although Mr. Truman had, no doubt, equally adequate arrangements for discus- sion by telephone and teletype with Mr. Marshall, even before Mr. Marshall's actual visit this week-end, no publicity was given to them and the impression had grown up that the President, by leaving Washington at a critical moment, was neglecting his public duty in the attempt to be re-elected. The publication of the menu of a breakfast he ate in Texas with Mr. Garner led the New York Herald-Tribr4ne to remark that he "" was eating the white dove of peace
instead of pursuing it amid the intricacies of the world contest."" When Mr. Truman belatedly summoned Mr. Marshall last week to Washington it was too late, and the move was accepted as a clumsy attempt to recover ground already lost. In this minor public relations skirmish Mr. Dewey scored heavily by paintiig a portrait of himself as a serious and responsible statesman opposed by a frivolous man unaware of the duties of his office.
COMMITMENT TO E.R.P.
With an excellent sense of timing Mr. Dewey also chose last week for his first important speech on foreign policy, in which he laid down nine points "" shaped to bring peace with justice to the world."" The first ("" We will give our unstinting support to the United Nations ""), fifth ("" We must have air, land, and sea forces that are capable of protecting us ""), sixth ("" Military strength alone is not enotigh. Depression and mass unemployment (will) never return to blight our land""), seventh ("" Close and cordial cooperation with our neighbours in the American con- tinent ""), eighth ("" Our foreign policy will tell the people of every land the story of this America ""), and ninth (' We shall enlist the spiritual resources of mankind in a great moral awakening"") have no new significance. They are either policies of the last Government to which there is little opposition or current platitudes of political oratory. The fourth ("" We shall bring an end to the tragic neglect of our ancient friend and ally China "") is the only important aspect of foreign policy on which there is a fundamental disagree- ment, in theory at least, between the two parties. Whether a Republican Govern- ment will have much more success in helping China is extremely doubtful.
Mr. Dewey's second point, however was a statement that the European Recovery Programme ""is a part, a very essential part, of our foreign policy.... As developed and enacted it is a pro- gramme to which I invite our people to! give their whole-hearted support."" Many of his party in Congress will be disturbed by such a firm commitment and the vigour with which he made it. The third point -"" We shall use it (the E-uropean Recovery Programme) as the means for pushing, prodding, and encouraging the nations of western Europe toward the ] goal of European unity""-is the formal
adoption as policy of a sentiment which has been gathering strength over the last year.
Beginning as the distant hope of a few idealists, who believed that the example of the 13 States in 1787 could be followed with as little difficulty by 16 countries in 1948, the idea of a Federal Union of Western Europe is now in danger of becoming the battle-cry of a new isolationism. Mr. Dewey explained, probably uncorlsciously, the reason for the isolationists' interest in such a union when he said that ""the United States and Communist Russia confront each other across a devastated and divided Europe. What is needed is a third, great, peaceful Power . . .,"" in other words, a buffer State between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Neither those who genuinely believe that western European union is the answer to Europe's troubles nor those who see it as a convenient screen behind which the western hemisphere can retreat are suffi- ciently aware of the difficulties. Mr. Dewey, for instance, brushed them aside with the remark that ' the differences in language and background are no barriers to unity."" Two days before Sir Stafford Cripps, from a greater knowledge of European problems, had said: "" Do not forget that these countries have no common language, no common monetary or financial system, and widely different economic systems,"" adding on the same day that Mr. Dewey spoke the reminder that "" methods of government cannot become the subject-matter of international commerce. Ideas can and must flow freely around the world, but systems of government must develop in their own niative soil and according to the nativc genius of the people.""
I TIME AND PLACE
Mr. Dewey's statement on foreign policy, though it has been unduly praised in some quarters, is certainly the most direct and unequivocal to come from a Republican candidate for many years. It appears more important, perhaps, than it really is in contrast to tie total lack of any similar statement from Mr. Truman. The President has continued his old- fashioned campaign in a series of some- what disorganized speeches, discussing at each stop what he believes to be the special interest of the area. Mr. Truman has, it might be said, shown a sense of placing, and Mr. Dewey a sense of timing. This difference can be explained by the inability, owing to shortage of funds, of the Democratic National Committee to buy time on the radio netvorks to give the President's speeches a national audience. He is therefore driven to speak- ing to his immediate audience on topics. however local. which will hold their atten- tion. Mr. Dewey, with almost unlimited money at his disposal, can speak to the whole nation on any subject, regardless of its appropriateness to the particular city he happens to be in. Salt Lake City was, perhaps, not the ideal place for an important speech on foreign policy, but September 30 was the ideal day.
ANTICIPATING TROUBLES
""The business of statesmanship,"" Mr. Dewey said, ""is to anticipate and solve international problems before they become crises, and to solve crises before they become wars."" It is the feeling that the present Government has failed in this elementary duty which has persuaded many, who remain dubious of the ability of any Republican President to discipline the party's leaders in the House of Repre- sentatives, to vote for Mr. Dewey. The New York Times has announced its support of the Republican candidate saying that ""good ideas pop at random from the White House"" but that ""there is missing a sense of steady continuity of purpose, of a durable standard of judg- ment, of a well-considered strategy of action."" It believes, on the other hand, that Mr. Dcwev, whom it opposed in 1944, now shows a firmer grasp of foreign policy and that "" he could be expected to carry out a bipartisan foreign policy with firmness and efficiency and without the confusion of those sudden turns and quick rieversals which have characterized the course of the present Administration."" In 1944 the Democrats were able to plead that it would be dangerous to change horses in mid-stream and that Mr. Roose- velt should be allowed to finish the job he had started so well. In 1948. if war were to start to-morrow, such a plea would not be accepted, and the cmergency would seem an additional reason for this Govern- ment to be superseded by one in whose efficiency the American people would have more confidence.";"October 11, 1948";"";51199;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"U.S. Republican Policy";""
"";"['News']";",Russia has accepted a United States proposal that the two countries should open discussions on differences between them, Moscow radio announced this morning. The disclosure was made in an exchange of statements between Mr. Molotov and General Bedell Smith.
The American proposal for the talks was made in a Note handed to Mr. Molotov by General Bedell Smith on May 4, and it was on May 9 that Mr. Molotov indicated to him his Government's agreement to begin the discussions.
AN AMERICAN
PROPOSAL
MR. MOLOTOV AGREES
According to a Moscow radio broadcast this morning, Mr. Molotov, in a statement to General Bedell Smith, the American Ambassador, on Sunday, said: -
The Soviet Government has acquainted itself with the statement of the United States Ambassador dated May 4 concerning the present state of Soviet-American relations. The Soviet Government adopts a positive attitude towards the wishes of the United States Government, expressed in that statement, to improve these relations, and is in agreement with the proposal to begin, in this connexion, a discussion and settlement of the differences existing between us.
At the same time (Mr. Molotov added) the Soviet Government considers it necessary. to state that it cannot agree with the United States Government that the cause of the present unsatisfactory state of Soviet-American rela- tions and the strain in the international situa- tion is the policy of the U.S.S.R. in eastern Europe and the increase in the influence of the Soviet Union. As for the relations of the U.S.S.R. with neighbouring and other countries in Europe, the Soviet Government can, with satisfaction, put on record that actually these relations have considerably improved since the war. .
AGAINST AGGRESSION
As is known, this has found expression in the conclusion between the U.S.S.R. and these countries of treaties of friendship and mutual assistance, which are directed exclusively against a repetition of aggression on the part of Germany and her possible allies and which, contrary to the statement of the United States Ambassador in Moscow, General Bedell Smith, contain no secret protocols. The countries indicated, through which German aggression passed, are interested in the con- clusion of these treaties.
It is known that the United States of America is also pursuing a policy to strengthen its relations with neighbouring countries-for instance, Canada, Mexico, and also other countries of America-which is fully under- standable. It is equally understandable that the Soviet Union is also pursuing a policy of strengthening its relations with neighbouring and other countries of Europe. The Soviet Union will continue in the future to pursue a policy of strengthening friendly relations with these countries of Europe.
The statement of the United States Govern- ment says that certain foreign political measures of the United States in other countries, which cause dissatisfaction on the part of the U.S.S.R., are the result of the influence of the Soviet Union in the internal affairs of these countries. The Soviet Government cannot agree with an explanation of this kind.
M r. Molotov said that in the countries of eastern Europe serious democratic changes had occurred since the war which were a measure of defence against the threat of a new war and which, in view of this, had created favourable conditions for friendly relations between these countries and the U.S.S.R.
It would be totally incorrect to ascribe the democratic changes which have taken place there to the interference of the Soviet Union in the internal affairs of these countries.... No one has the right to dispute that the bring- ing about of democratic changes is the internal afair of every State. However, from the state- ment of the United States G3overnment it is clear that it holds a different view, and on its part permits interference in the internal affairs of other States, which cannot fail to evoke serious objections on the part of the Soviet Government. The events in Greece arc not the only example of such interference in the internal affairs of other States.
U.S. POLICY IN EUROPE
The Government of .the United States explains the present unsatisfactory state of Soviet-American relations as being due to the stand of the Soviet Government on the so- called programme for European rehabilitation. Yet it is perfectly clear that were the question of the economic rehabilitation of the European countries not put in the way it is in this pro. gramme, but put on the basis of the normal conditions of international economic coopera- tion within the 'iramework of the United Nations organization . . . there would be no cause for a negative attitude on the part of the
U.S.S.R. towards the programme for European rehabilitation....
At the same time, the Soviet Government considers it necessary to state that the present unsatisfactory state of Soviet-American rela- tions and the tense character of the inter- national situation is a result of the policy of the IGovernment of the United States of America during the recent period.
The creation of such a tense situation is encouraged primarily by the steps taken by the Government of the United States towards the still greater development of the network of military, naval, and aircraft bases in all parts of the globe, and including territories neigh- bouring on the U.S.S.R.; what is more, the Press and a number of official representatives of the United States of America declare out- right that the creation of these bases aims at encircling the U.S.S.R. Such measures cannot be explained by interests of self-defence.
Nor can it be passed over that the present atmosphere in international relations encour- ages all kinds of military threats apainst the UJ.S.S.R., and emanates from definite circles closely connected with the Government of the United States of America.
Contrary to this, the Soviet Goverwnent is pursuing a consistent peace policy towards the United States of America and other States, is creating no military bases in other countries, and is not permitting herself to make any threats against anyone at all.
WESTERN ALLIANCE
Further, of late a military alliance of western countries has been formed, including Britain, France. Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg, while all the treaties of mutual assistance be- tween the Soviet Union and the eastern Euro- pean countries, and also with Britain and France, aim at preventing new aggression on the part of Germnany and are not directed against any allied States. The military alliance Wvhich has been formed of five western Powers, as is seen from the treaty, not only has Ger- many in mind but to an equal degree can be directed against all States which were allies in the second world war.
In addition, it cannot be passed over that the creation of the military alliance indicated became possible only thanks to the sponsor- ship of the Government of the United States of America. It is clear that the military alliance of the five western States cannot be regarded as a treaty of self-defence.
The unfriendly character of the policy of the United States Government towards the U.S.S.R. is felt also in the sphere of Soviet- American trade.
According to the trade agreement concluded between our two States, the Government of the United States engages, in respect of the export of goods from the United States of America to the Soviet Union, not to use kss favourable regulations or formalities than those which are used in respect of any third country.
However, in the policy now being pursued by the Government of the United States of Amenca, this obligation of.the United States of Amerca is ignored, in direct contradiction to the Soviet-American trade agreement....
The Government of the United States of America now declares that the United States entertains no hostile or aggressive intentions towards the Soviet Union, and expresses the hope that it will be possible to find a way of establishing good and rational relations between our two countries, together with a radical mitigation of the tense state of inter- national relations, and expresses readiness to encourage such a stabilization of conditions in the world which would correspond also to the interests of the security of the Soviet people
POLICY OF PEACE
The Soviet Government can only welcome this statement of the United States Govern- ment, for, as is known, it has always pursued a policy of peace and cooperation towards the United States of America, which always met with the unanimous approval and support of the peoples of the U.S.S.R. The U.S.S.R. Government declares that it intends also in the future to pursue this policy with complete consistency.
The Soviet Government also ex7presses the hope that it will be possible to find means of removing existing differences and establishing between our countries good relations, corre- sponding both to the interests of our peoples and to the strengthening of universal peace.
General Bedell'Smith promised to bring Mr. Molotov's statement to the notice of the United States Government.
General Bedell Smith began his Note by referring to his conversation with Generalissimo Stalin and Mr. Molotov in 1946. He declared that the European Union of Nations and the United States of America, "" alarmed at the tendencies of Soviet policy. had united for mutual defence, and the United States was fully determined to play its part in these joint measures aimed at rehabilita- tion and self-defence."".-Reurer.";"May 11, 1948";"";51068;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soviet To Open Discussions With U.S.";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, MAY 9
Germany was formally inducted this morming as the fifteenth member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. At the ceremony at the Palais de Chaillot each of the Ministers representing the -ther 14 countries made a short speech of welcome to the new member, and many of them paid personal tribute to Dr. Adenauar. The point cornmon to. niiarly all these speeches was that the entry of Germany into N.A.T.O. in- creased rather than diminished the chances of peace. As M. BECH, the Foreign Minister of Luxembourg, put it: ""A new path, which recently seemed impossible to achieve, is. being opened with the ratification of the Paris agree- metits.... Undter the powerful shield of N.A.T.O., new prospects of releasing international tensidn are opening.""
NEW PROSPECTS OPENED The Grcek Foreign Minister, MR. :$lEPHANOPOULOS, who pteslded. began by saying that all countries of the world, not just the members of N.A.T.O., should rejoice at Germany's taking her place in N.A.T.O., because the unity of western Europe, as con- firmed by the Paris agreemernts, was destined within the framework of N.A.T.O, to open up fresh prospects for cooperation and
Hle hoped that, thanks to western firmness and to "" the constant strdngthening of our position,"" those who had hitherto shown a deaf ear to the people's wishes might hear the message of to-day's meeting. He hoped also that, now that the security of western Europe had been strengthened, they might in future be able to concentrate "" the major part of our efforts "" on developing European and Atlantic cooperation in the political, economic, social, and cultural fields, as pro- vided under Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty.
IHR. HANSEN the Danish Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, was confident that the nEw relationship between Germany and the nieinbers of N.A.T.O. would strengthen German democracy. and that "" the Federal Republic will continue to be represepted here by advocates of the same ideas of free- dom and peace that will always be ours.""
FRENCH 'UNDERSTANDING'
The Turkish representative paid tribute to the ""statesmanship and wisdom"" of Dr. Adenauer, as well as to "" the understanding which France displayed at every stage of the negotiations."" MR. PEARSON, the Canadian Secretary for External Affairs, pointed to the new phase developing in both European unity and the Atlantic community.
France and Germany, not because they forget but because they remember the past, have come together in a Western European Union which includes also Great Britain, whose vision across the seas has not pre- vented the acceptance of a new and indispensable European role.""
M, PINAY, for France, described the ceremony as "" an historic event of the deepest significance."" In welcoming the (Germans they were recognizing "" the magni- ficent work "" accomplished by the German Govetnment, under the wise guidance of Dr. Adenauer, in restoring to Germany the basic values of democratic civilization. "" If Federal Germany can now be received as a partner by the other free nations, it is because her attachment to these human values is as great as theirs; because, like them, sbe considers that recourse to force must be abandoned as an instrument of national policy; like them and with them, she intends to follow a strictly defensive policy; like them and with them, she- is resolved, being assured of security, to devote herself to peaceful pursuits.""
SIR A. EDEN'S PART
MR. DUJLLES spoke very briefly about what he called ""a demonstration of the capacity of the Atlantic peoples to submerge ancient differences in order the better to secure the values of western civilization.""
For the United Kingdom, MR. MACMILLAN recalled the words of his predecessor, Sir Anthony Eden, about N.A.T.O.'s being an "" intimate but not an exclusive organization."" He suggested that many of them would have wished Sir Anthony Eden to have been there to-day to witness personally the culmination of a policy to which he had made so great a contribution. Mr. Macmillan likened the workings of N;A.T.O. to those of a club in which the members acted by common con- sent, tolerance, and the virtue of modera- tion. "" If we invite others to join us,"" hc said, looking directly at Dr. Adenauer, "" it is because we are convinced that they too will abide by these principles.""
"" In any organization, based, as ours is, on trust and good sense,"" Mr. Macmillan continued, "" it is the heart as much as the hand which must guide the controls."" All members of N.A.T.O. had strength in their hands, but unless they had strong hearts as well, all good intentions and plans for cooperation might fade away. They might count it a privilege that the first representa- tive of the Federal Republic at N.A.T.O. should be "" a man of rare courage and understanding."" He added: "" Hereby we proclaim our faith in the German people, as they proclaim theirs in the aims and ideals of N.A.T.O.""
GERMAN INTERESTS
In reply, DR. ADENAUER, speaking in German, said he was filled "" with deep emotion "" at this historic event. The objec- tives of N.A.T.O., and in particular its purely defensive tasks, were, because of world-wide political tension, "" in full har- mony with the natural interests of the German nation, which after a dreadful ex- perience gained in two world wars is longing as ardently as any other nation in the world for security and peace."" The German people had paid harshly for the horrors committed in their name by blind and evil leadership. "" These sufferings have transformed and purified the German nation. To-day, every- where in Germany, peace and freedom are felt to be the greatest treasures, as was true in the best periods of her history.""
The Chancellor saw in the accession of Germany to N.A.T.O. and in the applica- tion of the new treaties, the "" expression of the need to overcome narrow-minded nationalism, which in past centuries was the root of our disaster."" He believed that some of the most imnportant parts of the N.A.T.O. treaty were the preamble and Article 2, in which the nations were called upon to co- operate in the economic and cultural spheres. The Federal Government would cooperate in these fields to the best of its ability. It
would also strive, together with the other membet States, for peace and freedom.
"" I know,"" he added, "" that this is the way the German nation as a whole is feeling and thinking, as are those 18 million of our brethren who are still being denied the right of free speech and of deciding freely on their destiny.""
Speaking later at a luncheon of the Foreign Press Association, Dr. Adenauer denied strongly any idea that Germany was being ""shifty "" as between east and West. Before laving Bonn, he said? he had received the leaders of his coalition, all of whom, including the Liberals, had assured him that they remained supporters of inte- gration in the free world. German public opinion knew very well how to distinguish between the situation of Austria and Ger- many, and the recent elections in Lower Saxony had shown this.
The Chancellor cited the example of the youth festivals, ordered by the authorities in the Soviet zone, in which only 8 to 10 per cent. of the people had participated. A mistaken policy by Germany would be fatal to the balance of world forces, he said, and concluded: * We shall carry out the obligation which we have assumed to-day with extreme care.""
CEREMONY OF THE FLAG
In a brief ceremony this morning the German military representatives made their official entry to Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe. Led by General Speidel, and wearing civilian clothes. they were received by General Gruenther, the Supreme Commander. The flags of the 14 N.A.T.O. nations were flying as usual in front of the headquarters; at an order, a British military policeman hoisted the red, black, and yellow flag to the top of a fifteenth flagstaff, while the band of the 4th Hussars (who happened to be in France for the Joan of Arc commemorations at Orleans yesterday) played the German national anthem and the "" Marseillaise."" Then General Gruenther, followed by Major- General Lehr, representing the French Minister of Defence, shook General Speidel by the hand. There were no speeches, but after the ceremony General Gruenther and his staff gave a vini d'hion,zeur for the German representatives.
The Germans did not remain at headquar- ters after this morning's proceedings, but within a short time a certain number of officers will be joining the international staff, and a national military delegation, the equivalent to the delegations that all other countries maintain, will be installed, pro- bably under the leadership of General Speidel. The international staff at N.A.T.O. will also recruit some Germans.";"May 10, 1955";"";53216;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany As 15th N.A.T.O. Member";""
"";"['News']";"Firmness is needed in dealing with the Soviet Union and the regeneration of the European Community which has lost the ideals for which 'it was founided. Paolo Garimberti talks to SIGNOR EMILIO COLOMBO, the Italian Foreign Minister
East-West relations are at their lowest level since the invasion of Czechoslovakia,. 13 years ago. Minister, are we once again going through a period of cold war?
It is always difficult to define tny period in our history by employing the same expressions that we used to define earlier periods. I do not think that, in the presentAtate of affairs, we can speak once more of cold war. I would rather say that we are in an unstable international situation, and for this reason, it is a very dangerous one.
How can we get out of this dangerous situation?
Undoubtedly the only way, which we must try to make use of, is by continuing to talk. We have to replace this period of instability with a dialogue that will stabilize East-West re- lations. And that calls for moderation and a sense of responsibility on everyone's *part. In this period it has been clear to everyone that detente
was something that the Soviet Union interpreted onesidedly. Whereas the West, in Moscow's view, ought to do nothing, but respect its agreements, the Soviet Union was free to take direct action to change existing balances of power.
But the Russians have always said, right from the time of the first Brezhnev-Nixon meeting in 1972, that detente does not mean the ""end of ideological competition"". There is nothing surprising, therefore, about the Soviet Union's policy of expan- sion; if anything, it is the way the West sees it that has changed. Why?
Because two things have changed since then. First of all, as far as ideological competition is concerned, we have seen external military support given to individual countries. Un- doubtedly, the most obvious case is Afghanistan. But this is not the only one, if we remember the direct or indirect intervention, through the longa manus of the Cubans, in Africa.
A___
or the constant threats to Poland, I do not think that this boils down purely and simply to ideological, competition.
And second, the West, which is indeed experiencing a phase of detente, has been less concerned than in the past to guarantee a balance of forces, above all military force, as well as a balance of influence in the world.
With regard to the balance of forces, do you consider the proposal of the Soviet Presi- dent, Mr Leonid Brezhnev, acceptable, for a moratorium on the installation of theatre nuclear forces in Europe?
The moratorium that Mr Brezhnev proposes today is very different from what was pro- posed 10 months ago by Chancellor Schmidt. The Soviet proposal aims at the ratification of a condition of substantial inequality which, quite apart from the East-West relationship taken overall, particularly af- fects Europe. Now, Mr Brezh- nev's proposals have something to commend them, since they express an aspiration and desire :to discuss, and to negotiate. But in themselves they are not acceptable. It is important that the bases for tlhis discussion should be reasonable and fair.
Minister, you were the first
European statesman to have a meeting with President Reagan and Secretary of State Haig. After which, you had a number of talks with all your European colleagues. Do you agree with the analysis that the new American Administration has made of the international situation? Is there a common European line?
Yes, we share the same views, and consider that the firmness shown by the United States is a good thing. Obviously, it is the kind of firmness that we value, with good reason, because it is in favour of dialogue; but it is a dialogue that begins from positions of absolute equilib- rium.
Italy has a special terrorism problem. Do you also share General Haig's view when he says that the Soviet Union is the ""godmother"" of world terrorism?
I think that the American analysis goes beyond the phenomenon of terrorism as we understand it in Italy, and also in Europe. It embraces phenom- ena of various types, especially the revolutionary movements within individual countries, which are supported by external intervention. It is a very much more extensive interpretation of the concept of terrorism.
It is certainly difficult, as things are today, to translate concretely - that is, into diplomatic action - the need and desire for dialogue that you have mentioned several times. But, from the practical view- point, what can we do today ?
We can, for a start, send the Soviet Union clear signals to make it understand that detente would be irreversibly compro- mised if there were any other action aimed at changing the present balance, or we were asked to accept as a fait accompli situations such as Afghanistan, without seeking political solutions. I think that this attitude would be import- ant. Moreover, I believe that the West must restore the status quo, where equilibrium has been upset.
This gives us the problem of how, and where, the West must concentrate its action. Recently there have been arguments over the suggestion, which then lapsed, for a limited summit in Martinique. There was a report by four institutes of inter- national relations that put forward various proposals for dealing with crises, and empha- sized that the so-called ""princi- pal nations"", which excludes Italy, have a special role. What is your opinion about this ?
The report contains a number of assessments and views on Western policy with which we can broadly agree. Then it looks at ways of drawing up a common policy but, in my view, comes to the wrong conclusion. There are already European and, in the broader sense, Western institutional consulta- tive bodies that function per- fectly well.
Under our own presidency the summit meeting of the seven most highly industrialized countries was changed from a purely economic meeting to one that was also political. If, therefore, we are looking for a Western consultative body that can include also a large Asiatic power such as Japan, the meeting of the seven is the proper one.
We do not at all believe in the usefulness of summit meetings of the Guadeloupe kind. Experi- ence tells us that they do more harm than good, and it is better not to repeat them. Italy has shown it wants to take on its own responsibilities within the Western alliance, but certainly would not wish to undertake duties, or apvlv decisions. in
the framing of which it had had no part.
But a country's foreign policy is the projection of its domestic policy. And, to the outside world, Italy projects an image of continuous government crises, and perennial economic weak- ness. How can it have any pretensions to authority in foreign policy ?
'When speaking with the leaders in other countries I found myself following two lines of reasoning that are apparently contradictory. From the point of view of its international orien- tation Italy is certainly the most stable postwar country. It has taken its decisions, and stood by them. Indeed, within the country, some political forces even had opposed these decisions, and then declared their support for them.
There is, however, the other side of the picture. I always have to make it clear that this constancy and continuity will be maintained despite the fact of having to suffer the instability and uncertainty of internal policy, the weaknesses of our economic policy and the almost
total unawareness of certain. social and political forces within our country that there is a direct relationship between strength and cohesion in domestic policy, and efficiency and prestige in foreign policy.
In the recent past, one of the causes of disagreement between, the European partners has often been the European Community. What, Minister, is your diagnosis of the state of health of the EEC ?
We realize thatwe have already achieved a great deal, and not without difficulty. WVe are not, however, satisfied. Not only, and not so much, because a number of substantial Italian interests sometimes do not appear to be taken into account in the deveiopment of Community pol- icy. But, above all, because we believe that Europe has lost its drive, has lost the ideals for which it was brought into being, and has today become a fount of fragile compromises, slow to be reached, and not always fair to all.
We can always ask this or that country for sacrifices, ir this or that sector, if we remain true to the final objective, which is European union and, by impli- cation, a common responsibility towards the other leading powers in world policy, and a commit- ment to the harmonious develop-. ment of all member countries and components of the Community.";"April 7, 1981";"";60896;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dialogue must replace world's dangerous instability";""
"['By David Wood Political Editor']";"['News']";"By David Wood I Political Editnr
Within two hours of the Par- liamentary Labour Party's de- cision yesterday not to send representatives to the European Parliament for at least a year, the Government announced the names of 12 Conservative back- benchers in the Commons. and six Conservative peers who will serve in the Parliament at Stras- bourg.
Four hours later Mr Thorpe, the Liberal leader, reacted strongly to the Labour decision. Mr Heath had written yesterday offering the Liberals two seats in Strasbourg. After a meeting of his party at the Commons last night Mr Thorpe replied, in effect, with a request for an offer of more than two places..
Mr Russell Johnston (Inver- ness) is certain to be nominated, and Lord Gladwyn, the former diplomat and now deputy leader of the Liberals in the-Lords, will also serve. Mr Thorpe and his men, however, are declaring their willingness to fill some of the seats left empty by Labour.
But the Labour decision adopting a recommendation from Mr Wilson and the Shadow Cabinet, means that 16 of the 36 seats allotted to Britain in Stras- bourg will be empty when the Westminster delegation takes its place for the first time at the inaugural session of the Euro- pean Parliament of the Nine on January 16.
The Government has dis- missed the argument that it is obligatory under the Treaty of Rome to fill all the 36 allotted seats. London's own interpreta- tion and advice from the Euro- pean Parliament itself was that the nomination of the Westmin- ster delegation was the business of the three parties represented in Lords and Commons.
If Mr Wilson and the Labour Party did not want their share of 16 seats, that was a matter for them. The seats are there when Labour changes its mind.
Nevertheless, there wiil be a procedural opportunity for anti- Europeanists in both Houses to challenge the Government's de- cision to send only a half. delega- tion. Although it was not obliged to do so, the Government last night tabled a Commons motion giving the names of the Conser- vative nominees and the Liberal.
A. similar motion will go down in the Lords today.
It is extremely unlikely that the Shadow Cabinet will risk making itself look foolish by trying to amend the Govern- ment motion. But some of its anti-Europeanist backbenchers will have no such constraint.
Partisan capital, or a least partisan sport, could -be made out of the Government motion by proceduralists, even to the extent of deleting names and substituting others. There would be a clear tactical advan- tage to the Opposition if the
Government, with a;: Commons majority' that will. already be reduced occasionally from 26- votes to 15, could be.'forced to fill all the 36 vacant seats.
In practice, however, back- bench amendments to Govern- ment :motions stand a chance of being' selected by the Speaker only if they are supported heavily with'signatures. If'the Speaker does not. acceptl. and call an amendment, the motion will not be debated or votedo .n.
There is an open secret at Westminster that throws- an ironic light upon :Labour's stance. -Apart from .an over- subscription of offers'""to s'erve by Conservatives in Iboth Houses, it is known that some Labour backbenchers in l the Commons let the 'Government know indirectly that they *iould be willing to be drafted. i
One or two Labour peers were more open: they"" an- nounced their readiness to serve quite' baldly to anybody ` who approached them.
For reasons of tact. andl tac- tics, no final decision has yet been taken bv the Government on whether the Conservativ'e group shall sit permanently as.a separate party group inX the European Parliament. Warm approaches have been made by the Christian Democratic group and the Liberal group. l' V :
To begin with, though.leaving the door slightly ajar, Mr Peter
Continued on page 7, col, 1
Problems for Tory whips in sending MPs to Europe
Continued from page 1
KCirk and his team will form a separate group, and my impres- sion is that they are determined to continue in independence.
The advantages of forming a separate group are not negli- gible.
It means the Westminster Conservatives will have rooms allotted to them, and logistic support from a secretariat paid for by the Parliament. It means special speaking rights and a stronger claim to committee chairmanships.
It also means that Mr Kirk will be able to move his 18 votes around'flexibly, instead of being tied by the discipline of group decisions taken by the Christian Democrats, the Liberals, or the Gaullists.
Moreover, the Government and Mr Kirk know that an in- dependent Conservative group is immediately going to attract into its ranks two or three Danish Conservatives. Other like- minded men may also feel even- tually a pull to the dentre as the Westminster Conservatives carry out Mr Heath's instructions to give the European Parliament a
shake up "".
Delegates to ' the European Parliament will have -to spend about 120 days of each parlia- mentary session in Stras'bourg, Luxembourg; or Brussels. Their travelling expenses are paid by the Parliament, auid they receive about E20 a day subsistence allowance. They draw no extra salary.
Government business man- agers do not delude themselves that the absence of 12 back- henchers from the Commons will not complicate the task of ""keeping a House"" to provide aga;n-t.all contingencies. A olaif to limit the risks of an Opnosi- tinn ambush has already been %wn'-lcpd out
T1'ere will be a degree of co- ord;nat;on between arranging Government business in the Com- monC and the Strasbourg calen- dar. Mr Kirk. the six peers, and a grouiti of the MPs will spend virtually half the session in Eurone. but the rest will be withdrawn at need if Govern- ment business managers feel thev are living too dangerously.
All in all, a tight whipping system can survive fairly com- fortablv on a maiority of 15 votes, but it means that by-elec- tinnc cannot be risked need- le-clv
'Tlips-0lP snec;ficatimll thlAt Mr- TJ-.T~h laid down fol the CnnqePrvrt;'- team has not been
R-l wa.t,d men under 45; andl flie-e is a niiestion stirring whetll- ha0 nvoufl not have been ,.:ce tn stick to that. because 'of the advantaRes of mresenting a vrnithflil Brit;sh image in thie European chamber (and on European television) within a
Parliament Where grey heads are over-represented.
But age could not be the only test. Party consultation showed that the different geographic regions exuected to be repre- sented. There had to be men who could speak for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Linguists were at a premium- and the men chosen had to fit specialist tasks-law, economics, transport, regional develop- ment, science and technology.
The following is the team chosen:-
Mr Kirk (Saffron Walden), 44, leader of the delegation.
Sir Tufton Beamish (Lewes), 55. chairman of the Conservative Group for Europe and delegate to the Council of Europe.
Mr Douglas Dodds-Parker (Chel- tenham), 63, chairman backbench foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee, delegate to Council of Europe and Western European Union.
Mr John Peel (Leicester, SE), 60, president of the North Atlantic Assembly, political 'committee of WEU.
Sir Derek Walker-Smith, QC (Hert- fordshire, E). 62, former chairman of the 1922 committee.
Mr John Hill (Norfolk. S), 60, Council of Europe and WEU, vice- chairman, Conservative Group for Europe.
Mr James Scott-Hopkins (Derby. shire. W), 5L, Council of Europe and. WEU.
Sir Brandon Rhys Williams (Ken- sington, S), 45, European League for Economic Cooperation, Council of Europe.
Mr John . Brewis (Galloway), 52, barrister, chairman, select com- mittee on Scottish affairs.
Mr Rafton Pounder (Belfast, S), 39, Council of Europe and WEU.
Mr Tom Normanton (Cheadle), 55, industrialist and linepist, Conserv. ative Group for Europe.
Mr lames Hill (Southamrton. Test), 48. Conservative Group for Europe. Lord Bessborough (59). Council, Atlantic Treaty Organization and former chairman European Atlan- tic Group.
Lord Brecon (1i7). former Minister of State for Welsh Affairs.
Baroness Elles. chairman, British section Euronean Union of Women, executive, Conservative Group for Europe.
Lord St Oswvald (56), vice-chairman Central and Eastern European Commission, European Movement, former junior Minister, Agricul- ture.
Lord Reay (35), chief. of Clan \Mackay.
Lord Mansfield (42), barrister, and a Perthshire man.
All the peers named are con- firmed Europeanists. Of the Commnons dozen, Sir' Derek Walker-Smith was one of the leaders of the Conservative group who onoosed entry con- sistently. and Mr Pounrier defied the Government whip se-era' t:mes in divisions on the entry Bill.
In botli Houses. there were three volunteers for each seat to be filled and it was noticed that several volunteers in the Com. mons were not deterred by the thought that they have to defend marginal seats.";"December 14, 1972";"";58657;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Labour decides against taking up seats in European Parliament and Mr Heath announces his team";""
"['by Dr. Kurt Waldheim']";"['News']";"I by Dr. Kurt Waldheim,
Federal Minister for Foreign Afairs
The people of Austria look for- ward to the visit of the Queen with great pleasure as another expression of the excellent and friendly relations between Austria and the United Kingdom. There exist no political problems between our two coun- tries and our cooperation within the European-Free Trade Associa- tion leads to a constant intensifi- cation of mutual trade relations. ,Both our countries strive-each in its own way-for closer relations with the Common Market and to overcome the present rift in west- ern Europe.
As to Austria's current inter- national situation, it appears necessary to recall that the foreign policy of the small republic created in 1918 was at first over- shadowed by doubts about the country's political and economic viability. The increasingly diffi- cult struggle against Nazism in the thirties proved to be an additional hampering factor, while 1938 saw the end of Austria's independence. After the Second World War 10 years elapsed before the state treaty restored to Austria its com- plete freedom of action in foreign affairs.
All these events not only left Austria with little scope for foreign policy but also contribu- ted to. the dangers of political iso- lation. Since 1955 one of the prin- cipal tasks of our foreign policy has therefore been to reestablish Austria as a member of the inter- national community. The first prerequisite was to define our posi- tion in the world.
A country thesize of Austria can determine its international status in one of two ways. It can join a system of political and military alliance or follow a policy of neutrality. In October, 1955, the Austrian Parliament decided on a free vote that the nation should adhere to permanent neutrality. Looking at Austria's situation in the world today it appears to be beyond any doubt that this deci- sion was the right one.
During the intervening years Austria succeeded in attaining economic prosperity and in re- establishing confidence and belief
in its own future. As to our posi- tion abroad we seem to enjoy an esteem more than commensurate with the size of our country. To achieve this result our prime con- cern consisted in demonstrating to thp world the credibility of our neutrality.and the role.which we can play as a stabilizing factor in this highly sensitive part of .Europe., The interest which our neighbours and the great powers attach to the maintenance of this neutrality represents for us an additional element of security. Only a country without major internal political problems and with a sound economic basis can exert this stabilizing influence. It is therefore an important duty of the Austrian -Government to maintain these preconditions.
The task of achieving and increasing economic prosperity, however, surpasses our own national possibilities. A country which derives roughly 25 per cent of its gross national product from foreign trade requires the under- standing and the support of its main trading partners to reacb this goal. With nearly 50 per cent of our trade being concentrated in the Common Market area, Austria has tried, since 1961, to arrive at a satisfactory solution for its economic relatiotls with'the Euro- pean Economic Community. Austria has, however, little influ- ence on the general progress in questions of European integra- tion. We must appaTently recog- nize that an extension of the Com- mon Market does not seem pos- sible for the time being. Neither the admission of new members nor an enlargement of the mar- ket through special arrangements with states such as Austria, who do not aspire to full membership, appear to lie in the near future. The reason is probably to be sought in the fact that the present situation in Europe is not yet ripe for a major solution.
In order to overcome this stag- nation a number of proposals have recently been put forward. T-heir main emphasis yaries be- tween political collaboration and commercial progress. Austria, as a neutral country. is evidently in-
terested only in those proposals which aim at a reduction of trade obstacles or at increased technical cooperation We believe that com- mercial arrangements of this kind would be a useful first step in the direction of a gradual removal of trade barriers in Europe. We do not underestimate the difficulties facing us along this road. Recent attempts to reach closer collabora- tion in areas not covered by the Rome treaties within the Western European Union were not en- couraging and we can unfortun- ately not claim to stand on the verge of a new phase of closer European cooperation. None the- less I would like to express the hope that before too long E.E.C.
Dr. Waldlheim.
countries will be able to agree on a common policy on commercial agreements and put forward. con- crete proposals.
Austria finds herself at the bor- derline between the two ideologi- cal spheres of influence of our days. It is not surprising. there- fore, that the Austrian Govern- ment consistently advocates a policy of detente between east and west regardless of the politi- cal systems of the various states concerned. Obviously a country in our geopolitical location can best develop in an atmosphere of iriternational relaxation. The success of such a policy of detente depends. however. on the good
will of all those involved and cannot-considering the vast differences between them-be achieved from one day to another. By the events of the recent past this policy has sustained a regret- table setback. Nevertheless. I am convinced that it would be a mis- take to relinquish this path. In our opinion the policy of detente must, on the contrary. be con- tinued all the more firmlv because there appears to be no alternative other than the practices and dan- gers of the cold war, which surely nobody wants to revive.
In line with this general policv Austria keenly observes and sceks to promote disarmament. We attach greatest importance to the non-proliferation treaty and after most conscientious scrutiny of ts contents we concluded that it re- presents an imlportant step along the way towards further disarma- ment moves. Austria actively par- ticipated in the final shaping of this treaty under the auspices of the United Nations and was among the first countries to sign it on July 1. 1968. Ratification by the Austrian Parliament took place in March, 1969.
Austria is a full and active mem- ber of the United Nations, an aspect which distinguishes our policy from that of Switzerland. Neutral countries-without a colo- nial past can at times be of great use to the international commu- nity. Austria's services have. among other things, been enlisted by the United Nations for its peace-keeping operations in the Congo and in Cyprus as well as for the supply of observers on the Suez Canal. We shall con- tinue to respond to such calls from the community of nations' and are always prepared to help. We know the limits of our possibility toexer- cise such mediatory functions and we accept such missions only if our services are desired by all par- ties concerned.
Our international status as weil as our constant and active support of the United Nations and its goals have contributed to the fact that our capital city is becoming an international meeting place of an ever-growing attraction. Vienna fulfils, as few other cities do. all the conditions required. The estab- lishment of several important international organizations in Vienna, above all of the Interna- tional Atomic Energy Organiza- tion and the United Nations Industrial Development Organiza- tion. as well as the holding of five world-wide United Nations con- ferences in 1968 testify to the suc- cess of our eftorts in this respect.
Austrian foreign policy will continue to be based on the State Treaty of 1955 and the status of permanent neutrality. ft seems needless to emphasize that we do not follow an ideological neutra- litv and firmly adhere to the sys- tem of western democracy. None the less we are convinced that peace can be preserved only by gradually improving relations be- tween' countries with different political and economic systems.
We feel that our country, small in size and population. is not a quanrili; ndtlkeab/e in inter- national politics. Austria has to fulfil a specific function which consists in the relaxation of ten- sions in central Europe. To do this we need to maintain and fur- ther the confidence in our policy of strict neutrality. In exerting a stabilizing influence on our region, Austria's foreign policy not only serves its own countr- but also the interest of the inter- n.tional community at large.
Vienna's Opera Ball, nowt, reestablished as on4 of the highlights of t1e year.";"May 3, 1969";"";57550;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Neutrality pays off";""
"['From Ian Murray,', 'From Peter Nichols,', 'From Roger Boyes,']";"['News']";"r- - ntIaul''ij y
Milan -:
vakia were accepting sacrifices in the spirit of the two saints, who ""with their farsightedness has shown how to construct ideological bridges .where the world today widened the gap"".
Cardinal Martini oointed out t6 the leaders of the Twelve that it is with this spirit of openness and confidence that the Church in Milan welcomed them and followed their work with ""inter- est and great hope"". Every move towards unity and solida- rity, even if it were juridical and political, stimuiated the sym- pathy and backing of Chris- tians. The Milan' surmmit, he said, could provide, a decisive step towards this uhity.
* Cardinal Hunme has post- poned a visit to Czechoslovakia next week after Foreign Office intervention failed to gain a visa from Prague (the Press Association reports).
The._ EEC summit was last niight firting coyly.with radical new pxposals- to-streamline the Comiunitys-' cumbersome deciaion-niakiig procedures and' to,buid a unified foreign a,ffairs policy
The leaders <irived deter- mined to make progress after a Sr- ydv- in~ whkcli officidis and
ministers have been arguing *over, different plans meant to
relaunch the Community. The -ourest Tnote was struck by different countries jostling for the honour of having thought up the strategy-to be approved.
-The ""Draft Treaty on. Euro- peani Union?', drawn up by * France and West Germany- and distributed to other member states only on Thursday even- ingv.zprovoked some bad feeling. --The copy for the Danish Prime
pMinister,-Mr Poul Schluter, was delivered after his office had closed and when he was already on the way to the airport for the t meeting.
;;'-Fhe document was viewed tWith smug amusement by
-Britain: ""We think imitation is the highest form of flattery,"" Mrs- Thatcher's personal
--spokesman said. The -paper, he- said, bore ""an astonishing ^.similarity"" to the one tabled by,
Bnrtain ~a fortnight earlier, ,.although h..t was not quite so
positive. -
The Paris-Bonn paper, how- ever, was welcomed by most countries as a contribution towards an agreement on 2"" improving the consultation
procedures for foreign policy. Like the earlier British paper it g calls for automatic consultation
on foreign issues before individ-
ual- coiuntrs . out their own policy. Like 'the British paper it calls for a- permanent ^'secretariat - althoug4-on miuch. grander lines, with a high-rank- ing:secretary-general -
But the paper dcesv.nbt go as far as'the' Britishtrne in two -important ;w,ay's.: it would not require 'all 'Commuzr,in'ity. :rnem-' bers to vote the, same way at the U.nited 'Natio,nKs,.A'n,d'it placesv much less empliasis-on the.need. for co-operation on security matters. Both of these changes make the ideas more acceptable to neutral Ireland and thus open the way for an agreement.,
But the foreign .policy dis- cussion was only a part: of the general discussion' in insti- tutional change. Apart' from: its title the Franco-German paper did not refer at all to ""European Union"" and President Mitter- rand's spokesman was quick to ,emphasize that France:.was-not seeking to set up'a ,new rival European treaty.
Mrs 'Thatcher told the sum- mit that she' was. determined they take decisions, not least on the vital issue of how to take decisions: She pressed the four- point British plan for allowing more majority voting and forcing any country using the veto to give a detailed expla- nation of its reasons to the Foreign Affairs Council.
She also argued that majority voting should be introduced for issues where the summit mee- ting itself had reached agree- ment on necessary policies. She wanted to see the leaders of Europe draw up an annual list of priority decisions to be taken,
xyiih rninisters.4forced to vote.
through: the measures needed to' implems.t.the programme.
: This was the way in which- the. fet the.Communitf £'.jhould. go about -the work over the next- s,,ix: years,; :.of:. ijn up its
ing a techno1ogiM VEurQ<pe- capable :o'f nchiailegg Japan 'ahd-the6United:States-
:Tne, Prime .Minister, refuse,d' to .a,ce'pt 'thaft''here' ivas- an'y -need: to change the treaties in .orde~r to move the Community into a new future. Her argument
was that.there was quite enough' scope in the existing treaties for progress provided every country was prepared to make them
.work. .. -. . ..
Mrs Thatcher also argued against the need for 'a sjpecial intergovernmental conference to agree changes.
In her view this work -could be dbne perfectly aidequately byb the next summit in Luxemi-` bourg in December, which could sign the-.necessary agree- ments for £hange once they had been worked out by officials.
This British-pragmatism went too,far for the Benelux countries and Italy, who. want to see some concessions to the ,idaels' for federalismr in the final agree- mrients.
The -Benelux countries, how- ever, put forward a j'oint paper on decision-making and on opening up the6 the 'internal market which showed great similarities to the British ideas. A Dutch official claimed this meant an agreement was now within sight. Letters,. page 9
..Cardinal widens religious horizon
From Peter Nichols,
Rome
i Cardinal Martini, the Archi- -,bishop of Milan, has issued a
strong .reminder. to the Euro- pean summit participants that . many people living outside the ;`Community in Eastern Europe.
<'have in -common with us the same traditions and the same *b' hopes"".
He spoke, no doubt con- t. 5sxiously, as the Vatican pre- 1fr pared new steps in its own
policy towards Europe. Next -wveek the Pope will issue an
'encyclical on Europe to mark 'formally. the II 00th anniversary '.of the d-eath of St Methodius.
The saint is regarded, with his ""' brother, Saiit Cyril, as the . principal[apostle to the Slavs,
and the -Pope, the first Slav to i head. the Roman Catholic ,,_Church, has already made the g tWo brothers co-patrons of OEurope'.with St Benedict, who E-sums up more the experience of
Western Christianity.
The Pope'sfconcept of Europe is that both East and West are part of a whole because both are based on common Christian roots. He will no doubt expound on this in his encycli- cal and the idea will be carried personally to Velerad in Cze- choslovakia, where St Metho- dius died, by Cardinal Casaroli, the Pope's secretary of state, who is going there on July 7 to commemorate the anniversary.
The Pope had hoped. to visit Czechoslovakia himself but the communist authorities would not allow it.
Th& Arch6ishop of Milan) in his statement on the Eur'opean summit, refers to a letter' sent recently to European Catholic bishops by Cardinal Tomasek, the Czechoslovak primate who said the bishops of Czechoslo-
Signor Craxi welcoming Mrs Thatcher in Milan for special talks on-the Brussels football
I riot before the European summit opened yesterday.
tComecon to pursue
firmer EEC links
From Roger Boyes,
Warsaw
I 't'he leaders of Comecon yesterday expresseed their support for establishing official links with the European Community but: insisted that the West .would have to abandon the use of economic sanctions against the Soviet-led trading block.
The declaration, in a joint communique and expanded upon by Come'con's executive secretary, Mr Vyacheslav Sychev,: came as West Euro- pean leaders met at the Community summit in Milan. A. Western economic expert in. Warsaw said it was ""an olive branch offered for the most pragniatic of reasons: the need for new credits, for * better trading terms and-for improved access to scientific research"".
The EEC leaders are due to discuss the Comecon initiative which was first.put forward in a letter on June 14. Reports in the communist press have
indicated that - Comecon is reckoning with a favouurable response.
Comecon would like most- favoured nation trading status with the EEC for all its members, equal consideration of new credits and credit guarantees, and technological co-operation.
The communiqu&, issued after a three-day summit, declared that C-omecon wanted ""the development ofr mutually 'favourable and discrimination-. free trade, economic and. scientific and technological relations betwee'n the socialist countries . .,. The Comecon session reaffirming the pro- posal of starting relations; between. Comecon and. . tho EEC"".
The statement was prefaced by a long attack on imperialism and its economic wiles.
Leading. article, page 9
Craxi given details of
riot payouts
Milan - The families of the 38 people killed in the Brussels football riot are to. be. paid £5,000 each from the £250,000 fund set up by Britain after the tragedy (Ian Murray writes).
Mrs Margaret Thatcher told Signor Bettino Craxi. the Italian Prime Minister, about the paymenits when they met in Milan yesterday before the- start of the EEC summit. She expressed Britain's grief and concern over the disaster.
The remaining £60,000 is to be given to the n:eediest families, Mrs Thatcher told Signor Craxi.
* DIANO MARINA, Italy: Police said yesterday that Mr .Michael Stirling& a British- bus driver, who claimed irate Italians. vandalized- his bus following the, Brussels football riot, had been charged with causing the damage himself (AP reports).";"June 29, 1985";"";62177;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Community summit in Milan";""
"['P H S']";"['News']";"IT IS not every day that a rural Labour party is addressed by a formner Pretender to a central European throne. It is a remarkable achievement of Petersfield Labour Party to have securred Dr. Otto von Habsburg, ex-claimant to the defunct throne of Austria as the son of the last Emperor, Charles, to address them in Petersfield next Tuesday. As acting president of the Pan-European Union, he will also be addressing the Union's British Cornmittee on Monday.
Dr. von Habsburg. 54. is a mcr-
sonaj rnend of the Austrian-tira chairman of Petersfield Labour Party, Mr. Robert Flach; they met seme 10 years ago through Prince George von Fiirstenberg, a former school friend of Mr. Fach at Theresianum School in Vienna.
Mr. Flach, who is a barrister, says Dr. von Habsburg is "" mniddle of the road"" politically. "" He is not right wing, and he is careful not to identify himself with any political party. He is a man who normnally charges a considerable fee to give lectures. He is speaking for us free on 'Europe' because the European idea is the political idea which is closest to his heart. He has been active in the Pan-European move- ment ever since I can remember.""
HEARD in Mortimer Street, London, W.l, centre of London's gown trade:
""How's business ? ""
Terrible, but it could be worse."" ""Yes, fortunately I'm not in mantles.""
"" I hear that in the Rownz trade it is so bad they are sacking the sons in-law.""
The complete Vivien Leigh
ONE of Vivien Leigh's oldest friends, the author and critic Alan Dent. is to write her biography. "" We first met exactly 25 years ago when she was rehearsing for The Doctor's Dilemma at the Haymarket in 1942 "". he recalls.
"" All the time since I've been as fascinated by her beauty, wit and darting mind as any self-respecting critic can be.""
Mr. Dent, 62, last saw Miss Leigh shortly before her death in the sum- mer. He worked closely with her second husband Sir Laurence Olivier as text editor on his Shakes- peare films. He has also wvritten the biography of another actress, Mrs. Patrick Campbell.
It will be a ""complete life-both public and private"". Mr. Dent pro- mises. Both mother and daughter are blessing the project. He expects to deliver the manuscript to Hamish Hamilton at the end of next year.
Sub-fluvial tube out
TN an effort to solve the problem of providing Pimlico with a tube station-which, as I explained recently, everyone wants, but no one wants to pay for-one leading West- minster resident came up with a suggestion of beautiful simplicity. Why not, he asked London Trans- port. build your Vauxhall tube station, which forms part of the Victoria Line-Brixton extension any- way, under the River Thames-with exits on both the Vauxhall and Pim- lico banks?
Ingcnious, indeed, replied London Transport. but not feasible. We would have to cancel existing con- tracts and negotiate new ones (expen- sive); we would need fresh parlia- mentary powers (time consuming): the building would take longer, and the opening of the line to Brixton would be delayed; but, above all. the cost of building a station under the river would be more than the combined cost of separate stations at Vauxhall and Pimlico. No passport to Pimlico that way.
Rabin coming
ISRABL'S Army Chief of Staff, General Itshak Rabin, is coming to London to speak at a dinner on November 25 commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Jewish Legion. The Legion- officially the 38th, 39ih and 40th
General Rabin.
Battalions, Royal Fusiliers-was composed of volunteers who were Jewish aliens in this country in 1917, later joined by British Jews from other units, and fought against the Turks in Palestine under AUenby.
During his four-day visit General Rabin will also give a lecture to the Institute of Strategic Studies; and at the Jewish Legion dinner he will be presented with a specially struck commemorative medal.
Beckett by Beckett
ALL being well. Samuel Beckett will himself produce the first play staged at the Samuel Beckett Memorial Theatre. soon to be built as part of a new block at St. Peter's
College, Oxford. The play will be one of his own, and the opening sea- son, in 1970, will be devoted to a complete cycle of his plays in order of writing. (The playwright has made these arrangements in a series of five short four-line notes in black Biro to his close friend, Mr. Francis Warner, the English don at St. Peter's who has pioneered the con- cept of the theatre.
Dr. Otto won Habsburg.
The theatre will be open to any company of actors, inside or outside the university. ""We will follow Mr. Beckett's plays with some of Yeats's unproduced work"", says Mr. Warner. But his main aim is to provide a place where under- graduates wAill be encouraged to write and produce their own plays. Student reaction is generally enthusiastic, though a few preserva- tionists are unhappy about the plans to pull down Oxford's oldest Miletho- dist chapel to make way for the new buildings.
' The theatre will cost some £40,000 "", said Mr. Phillip Hodson, MIr. Warner's principal assistant and a future producer at the theatre. ""We need to raise a lot of money. Friends of Beckett 'have been asked to contribute part of the sum and, among them, John Lenmon and Richard Burton have shown parti- cular interest""
Lord Longford's story
BECAUSE he has voluntarily retired from today's Lords' d?bate on religious education in schools, Lord Longford, the Leader of the House (who speaks for the Government on education) will not be able to tell one of his favourite stories about ""compulsory"" relig- ious services.
Though many mnay have forgotten nt. Lard Longford was First Lord of the Admiralty from May to October. 1951,* and one of his duties was to attend a ceremonial parade at Dartmouth College. After the parade and inspection, just before the religious service- was about to begin. the officer in charge shouted: ""Roman Catholics. fall out! '""
What puzzled Lord Longford. himself a Roman Catholic. was that at this point al] the coloured cadets Left the ranks and disappeared. Only then did he realize that ' Roman Catholics"" in the Services is short- hand for all the religions of the world whose adherents prefer not to take part in the Church of England service.
Lord Longford has dropped out because Lady Phillips. Baroness in WVaiting, also a Roman Catholic. is to speak for the Government. His place will be taken by Lord Gardiner. the Lord Chancellor. who is a Quaker and served in the Friends Ambulanoe Unit from 1943 to 1945. Among the large number of intend- ing speakers Lord Francis-Williams will put the views of the Humanists.
Perhaps he will put in a plea for the cry to be amended to ""Roman Catholics and Humanists. fall out I ""
STORY wiith an apocryphal ring: at a recent state function, to the great consternation of Gencral de Gaulle s staff, the champagne was found to be tepid. The General, when iniformned, rematined undismayed. "" Put it ', he urged. "" next to Couve. It w-ill be perfectly all right within two minrutes.'
Six books
in five months
FOR many, to have written six books would be a satisfying lifetime's achievement. It is the feat of Brigadier Peter Young. head of the Military History Department at Sandhursi, to have six coming out within five months-including four In a single month. They will br.ng his tally to 16. "" I didn't write the.n all at the same time "". he says of the current harvest "" One I has e been writing more or less since 1935. But you might say they all came to the boil at the same moment.""
His present run began with Civil IVar: Richiard Atkins and Joh/
Gwyn (July 3), followed last month by The British Army 1642-1970 (""I don't believe it started in 1660 ""). Tr, Battle of Edge Hill, Tue Israeli Camn- paign, 1967, Decisive Battles of thf Second WVorld War, and C/large. which he wrote with Col. Lawford. are all due this month.
Impressive Waterloo
"" I wouldn't like anyone to think I was writing with a pen in both hands. Although I have my hands full at Sandhurst, I was fortunate to have been ill around Christmas. which gave me a bit of time to write; and I did have holidays between July and mid-September.""
Brigadier Young, who is 52 and a World War if Commando Comman- der who was for three years one of Glubb Pasha's C.O.s in the Arab Legion, says he was pleased someone asked him to write about the Battle of Edge Hill. ""'It has been in my head for years. A very interesting battle indeed.-
He says he finds the beginning of a battle more interesting than its later development "" It's like boxing or wrestling. You are trying to get the first grip on a chap."" The battle that most impresses him: Waterloo.
PHS";"November 15, 1967";"";57099;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"Little by little the B.B.C. and the Indian Government have been put- ting out 'feelers to explore ways of resolving the dispute which Louis Malle's 'film documentaries about India brought to the sur- face and eveptually led to the clos- ing of the' B.B.C.'s New Delhi office last Adfgust.
Inder Guiral, India's Minister of State' for Information and Broad- casting who has been attending a
nesco conference in Paris, sli-pped ifto London at the weekend for a private visit He called on Anthony Royle, Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Oiffice, to discuss the matter, and also met privately at an informal lunch on Sunday a* very unofficial envoy from the B.BTC.
Gujral himself is not prepared to telaborate on the situation. ' Reports that a solution may be in thee offing are without founda- tion "". he said yesterday beire re- turninng to Paris. The Indian Gov- ernment. he added, was the
"" greved ' party. It wvas up to the B.B.C. to make concessions, not India.
Any end to the dispute seems to depend on finding a formula that somehow saves India's face. How- ever, Gujran's visit is a substantial straw in the wrind (particularly as he is cose to Mrs. Indira Gandhi). A meeting betWeen the Indian High Commissioner hr.Apa Pant, and the B.B.C.'s director- *general. Charles Curran. is nowv considered. possible.
The irony of tbe-prestnt situa- ton is that Ronald Robson, tho B.B.C.'s correspondent who wta
-forced to leave Delhi. ,vas widely regarded as a friend of Tndia. His return would be welcome ini many' quarters. - ;
Drift away:? ;
The upward drift of renDtals in Lon- don's West End threatens one of the capital's most unusual art gal- leries. and may. bring to an end a> famotis experiment of the 1930s.: The gallery is the A.1A. in Lyle Street, just off Leicester Square. where it has had its premises since 1947. Expiry of 'the lcase means that the gallery is welcome to stay only if it Can afford rentals of about £5,000 a year, in place' of £500.
The experiment was backed by Ben Nicholson. Augustus John. Henry Moore and Eric Gill. In Gill's words at the time, ""all art is propaganda"", and so in the year of Hitler's rise, 1933, Artists Inter- national was formed. Its aim was the unity of artists against the spread of "".philistine barbarism "". The magnificent phrase recalls the ideals as well as the terrors of the time.
Converted into Artists Interna- tiorial Association, it held such ex- hibitions as "" Against Fascism and War"". With splendid self-absorp- tion, it recalls regretfully that ""it failed in its major objective of pre- venting war"",, but it did hold out against the ""trendiness"" of com- mercial art galleries, by trying to encourage newcomers. as well as pursuing its idea of the brotherhood of artists.
Since the war, the gallery has financed itself from biring out piC- tures. membership fees, and a small
Two of the backers:, Henry Moore and Augustus John.
income from picture sales. In the Associatiog's. own words, "" the A.I.A. must have a future, if pos- sible a better future in a situation more suited to its invaluable work "". In the words of Professor Mi4ha Black. ""its -existence for 37 years demorstrates its continuing vitality "". Rent increases may demonstrate otherwise.
Duncan Sandys tells me that my note repor,ng the rumour among European parliamnz,arians that ie ivas likely to become president of the Western European Union' wvas complete newvs to him.
Saitdys has not, in fact. been approached, and knew nothinig of the approval wvith wivich Inention of his namne itn this connexion wras
.__ _ _m::
being greeted. It followvs that I was wrong in describin8g lte presfdency as Sandys' new antbition. He 4ihs so far given no thought to what his reactioz wvotild be if he wvere offered the post.
Career girl
At 17, Jenny A-gutter's career is flowering; she plays the innocent schoolgirl in David Greene's I Start Counting, and has big Toles, in The Railway Children, about which Brvan Forbes is said to be ecstatic. ana Nicholas Roeg's Walkabout, which may be entered for Cannes next year. Yet she is curiously untoucbed by all the fuss. and after yesterday's' press reception for- her ifter the showing-of I Start Contli- ing she caught a tub_ and then train back to her paTents'""home in Crovdon;
Jenny has been actin.u in films. since she was an eleven-year-ol'd schoolgirl at the E-hrihurst. ballet school in Camberley. * She recalls how.exited shewas to go there- "" I thought of it as a famous. well fairlv famous, szhool ' which Hayley Mills had gone to.
""I had a choice between Elm- hurst and Farnboroueh Hill Convent. Its funny to think that if I'd gone to Farnborough Hill. I'd probablv have played hockey. taken my "" A "" levels. and per- haps become your secretary.""
(Wake up. Farnborough Hill Con- vent.)
Her first ambition had been to be a prima ballerina. ""I was the right height. the right shape, nmy legs were long. The only thing wrong was my arms ""-which she obligingly dangles awkwardly-- ""When I dance, mv hands look like a bunch of bananas, so I'm told "". Her first role was as an Arab girl in a British potboiler, East of Sudan; ""they primarily wanted someone who was light because she was going to be car- ried around for most of the film "".
She has since done films for Disney and Andrzej Wadja, The Railway Children on television. and Gertrude LaArence's daughter in Star! In between times, she returned- to Elmhurst. and ""dancing, prep and the threat of '0 '.levels. They kept vou busy "".
She is not yet used to seeing her-. self -on the screen; ""'but if you seem the rushes, you gradually get used to the idea that it's you. I guess what's frightening is that you can't do anthing to change it once ifs -done. It's all beyond you"". That aside, she is splen- didly unafraid. ""Anvthing might happen, or nothing. Thafs why it's so exciting.""
Isis crisis
Isis, the Oxford University maga- zine, has just lost its second editor within a month. Martin Meteyard, .wbo is in his fiffal year reading English at Balliol, has resigned al- though he will stay on to supervise the publication of the magazines next issue.-
Metcyard was appointed - joint editor for the Michaelmas term with lames Farrant, the ma'gazine's former business manager. Farrant, however, dropped out almost im- -mediately, and now Meteyard, a4 prominent left-winger. has left for ideological reasons. *' He wanted to make the magazine the centre of Oxford activism ""' says business' manager Tim Ciiigdon, "" and his first issue conlained a personal manifesto by him. But he was I think disappointed when people didn't react.""
Congdoni also feels that Mete- yard was over-optirnistic in his sales forecast-"" hc talked about 2,500 copies per issue but even in the halcyon days of the 1950s sales
only averaged 1.250 '. In Septem- ber. when the Haymarket Press ap,reed to subsidize thc magazine by £500 a term, the price of the magazine was raised from Is. to 2s. and it became a fortnightly instead of weekly.
Patrick Worsnip, a former editor, has agreed to stand in for Mete- yard until the end of term, and after Christmas lan Bradley of New Coilege is duc to take over.
Repellant
The staff of the Countryside Commission have learnt with horror that they face being moved from their Cambridge Gate premises near Regent's Park. into the country.
Indica ions are that the Govern- ment will take over Labour's com- mitment to disperse a number of public bod:es away from London -but most Countryside Commis- sion employees find the idea of actually going to live and work in the country curiously repellant.
Of the SO stafi at Cambridge Gatz, one estimate suggests that at least 60 wvould leave the Com- mission rather than leave London. Officials argue, moreover. that it would be exceedinglv difficult to recruit skilled staff. such as bright young planners, if the move took place. And, they add, almost all the national bodies concerned with the cointryside have headquarters in London.
The onlv man whvo might be ex- pected to favour a move is the Coim- miss.on's chairman. John Cripps: he is editor of the Countryman and lives at Filkins, in wvest Oxfordshirc. Any location west of Carfax would. no oaubt, meet xvith his personal approval.
Falakn,uma Palace. which the Nizainl of Hyderabad proposes to convert into aa hotel, has only four bedroomis. Thev are, howeverl. nl ere thian de lixeC, The sixth Nizani furnishiMd the Palace in a stale un- rivalled in india aiid each bedroonz has aOi elaiborate bathroom at- tached. At lea.st twvo of thie baths ar e fitted wvith perfunied spray showers supplied by Royal Douzlho/.
PHS";"November 3, 1970";"";58013;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['From Ian Murray, Brussels', 'By Philip Webster Political Reporter', 'From Richard Wigg, Madrid', 'By Ian Murray']";"['News']";"From Ian Murray, Brussels
The rush is now on to complete negotiations with Spain and Portugal so that they can join the Community, as promised, in 1986. The Dublin summit succeeded in putting together at last a Community position to put to the two colintries on all major issues and what is being billed as the last major negotiat- ing session is now due in Brussels at the Foreigr' Minis- ters Council on December 17- 18.
1Between then and now Commission officials will be locked in intense preparations, with experts from Spain and Portugal. The outstanding is- sues are principally concerned with industrial matters, especia1ly on steel production and tariff levels for imports into Spain.
They will also sound out reactions from the two on the newly-agreed positions on wine, slishing rights and fruit and vegetable production, before the i'ull-scale negotiations at the council meeting.
The offer falls well below the
minimum expectations of Spain on all these essential sectors, but with time running out both countries are now in a ""take-it- or-leave-it"" situation. It will be difficult, if not impossible, for Spain and Portugal to succeed at this stage in changing the details of the agreed common position of the Ten, particularly as this has been achieved only with enormous difficulty.
What EEC members have been prepared to offer the would-be members is a tran- sition period of seven years, during which the present members of the club would have increasing access to mar- kets of the new members for their products, while keeping a strict control on products coming the other way.
On fishing rights Spain, which has the largest fishing tleet in Europe, is offered virnually nothing for eight years, and then only limited access until the turn of the century.
Even if these terms can be accepted, the question of how much money the two countries
should contribute to the EEC budget is still to be negotiated and they will probably be. seeking the same kind of special treatment which Britain has won.
All this needs to be worked out in record time if the target date is to be met, and it is here that the political will and commitment of the community to bring the two new democ- racies into the EEC fold will be tested.
Rumbling in the background will be the new Greek demand for more money, raised so forcibly at the summit by Mr Papandreou. He still says that he will block enlargement if he is not satisfied with what is on offer by the next summit in March.
Despite the difficulties the betting at the moment is that the negotiations will succeed. But the entry terms are likely to be so tight that it seems certain both countries will start renego- tiating from the very day they join.
Leading article, page 17
yesterday to consider the strategy it will pursuc after it receives the EEC's full negotiat- ing package in Brussels on December 17.
""All the world knows that when negotiations are ripe it is much better to conclude them than let such an opportunity slip away and maybe dis- appear,"" Senior Gonzalez said.
There are two reasons for seeking a quick settlement of entry terms at Christmas or in the New Year. It is thought in Madrid that if negotiations drag on until the next EEC summit in March, ratification of Spanish and Portuguese entry would reach the parliaments of the ten only by next summer, and 1986 is election year in several countries.
At home, Seiior Gonzalez wants to avoid pressure from influential sectors of Spain's economy. Spokesmen for the Basque fishing interests and the Valencia citrus fruit growers yesterday accused the Govern- ment of not defending their interests energetically enouph.
What the Ten have decided
By Ian Murray
Thle European summit in Dublin agreed a wide-ranginig final statement covering the tollowinig subjects:
* Economic and social situ- ation: Support for a consistent economic policy framework for improvilig supply and demand coniditions. The Council of Ministers is to review man- power policy to reorientate training towards sectors of labour shortage and will encou- rage job mobility.and ""foster enterprise"", especially among the young.
The Council is also urged to complete the internal market by removing trade barriers and to harmonize standards. It is also to accelerate measures to give a greater role to the ECU (European Currency Unit) and to develop the European mone- lary system.
0 Institutional reform and European union: The ad hoc committee on institutional affairs, set up in Fontainebleau in June is to report to the Brussels summit in March. The topic will be the main subject for-the June summit next year.
There is also to be a report to the March summit of the committtee on ""a people's Europe"", which has been studying ways to make the Community more relevant to its citizens.
* Environment: The Council of Ministers is urged to reach agreement on reducing lead in
petrol and on vehicle emissions at their Brussels nmeeting today. A substantive discussion on environmental issues is planned for March.
v Budget discipline: A metlhod to ensure co-operation between the European Parliament, the Commission and Council in controllinig Community spen'd- ing was approved. The Parlia- ment and Commission are to examine ways to define this co- -operation. A parliamentary delegation is then to meet the Council each year before it fixes Community spending-for the next year.
3 Famine in Africa: The summit emphasized the urgency of taking concerted inter- national action and agreed that the total to-be provided by the Community and member states up to the next harvest should be 1.2 million tonnes. The Com- mission will monitor contri- butions by member states to see how much extra will be needed from Community stocks to reach the total.
* Middle East: The summit agreed a three-page statement covering the Arab-Israeli con- flict, Lebanon and the Iran-Iraq war. There was a renewed call for negotiations for a settlement in all three areas, with a welcome for the United Nations involvement in Lebanon. The Ten repeated their belief that the PLO must be involved in peace negotiations.
* East-West relations. A two- page statement on relations between the two superpowers concentrated on the importance of achieving effective arms control and disarmament agree- ments on both sides, as well as on conventional and chemical weapons. There was a welcome for the New Year meeting between Mr George Shultz and Mr Andrei Gromyko, with the hope this leads to negotiations on strategic- nuclear weapons and weapons in space.
- Central America: The summit noted with satisfaction. the start of a new dialogue between Europe and Central America with the conference in Costa Rica last September, and reaffirmed its belief there can be no solution by armed force to tiie area's problems.
* Terrorism: In a short state- ment the summit recognized last September's agreement on closer co-operation to fight terrorism and the abuse of diplomatic immunity. It noted ""with satisfaction"" that these principles were now being applied.
D Enlargement: The summit reiterated its ""firm political commitment to the accession of Spain and Portugal to the Community on January. , 1986.""
A central method was ap- proved for reorganization of the common wine market, which agriculture ministers are in- structed to implement as soon as possible.
Thatcher
chides
Papandreou
By Philip Webster Political Reporter
It would be ""utterly disgrace- ful"" il'Grecce blocked the entrv to the European Community of Spain and Portugal in its attempt to win more cash from the EEC for the poorer Mediter- ranean regions, Mrs Margaret Thatcher said yesterday.
Reporting to the Commons on the Dublin summit, she declined to see any similarity between her own etforts in recent years to win a better budget deal for Britain and that of Mr Andreas Papandreou, the Greek Prime Minister, whose demands at Dublin threaten the target dale of January 1986 for Community enlargement. '
Mrs Thatcher told Mr Roy Jenkins. former leader of the SDI"", who had described Mr Papendreou as 'her most apt pupil in unilateral intransi- gence"" that Greece was a substantial taker-out from the Community, while Britain was still a substantial net contribu- tor.
Madrid eager to speed admission
From Richard Wigg, Madrid
Spain wants, after the Dublin summit, to expedite its EEC entry negotiations and keep the January 1 1986 accession date.
But it reacted cautiously yesterday to Dublin's clearing the way to the final negotiating rounds. Madrid is worried about the Greek threat of a veto which might upset the timetable and by the risk that the angry reaction of the southern French wine growers might weaken French nerve before Spanish entry.
Greece is putting up ""absol- utely no opposition"" to the EEC's enlargement negotiations goinig ahead, Senor Gonzalalez, the Spanish Prime Minister, said last night, disclosing that he had just received a letter from Mr Andreas Papandreou, his Greek colleague.
Sefior Gonzalez's interpret- ation was that Athens, while agreeing that the negotiations should be pursued, intended before their conclusion to get satisfaction over the Mediter- ranean aid programmes.
The Spanish Cabinet met";"December 6, 1984";"";62005;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"After the Dublin summit";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"Basil Rao, the Indian lawyer and businessman credited by the Rus- sell report as the man behind the Mrian Lea kidnap plan in Uganda, has slipped quietly into Britain. Rao is ostensibly attending to busi- ness and family affairs (he sent his wife and twin children here on visitors' permits when the Lea af'fair broke last May); but he has thought also of meeting Lea whomn he regards still as a frnend.
Rao. who was the leading wit- ness in Mr. Justice Russell's in- quiry into the disappearance of the British diplomat, was a voucher and travel broker. and knew Dr. Obote, the Ugandan President, Akena-Adobo, the police chief, and oth:r leading ligures. I-le is skil- fully evasive when questioned about the Lea affair (which few observers feel has been fully ex- plored). A British newspaper offered him a large sum for his story, but he has not ac=cpted it.
Whatever he may have to add about the affair and its ramifica- tions. Rao seems likely to await the satisfactory winding up of his considerable business interests in Uganda; he reckons to have f20,000 of his funds frozen tbere. He is also concerned about the fate of his two associates and primary witnesses. Shafique Ahmed
and P. V. Gosai. Both are still in Uganda.
Rao was served with a deporta- tion order by the Ugandan Gov- emmnent in August, but that was withdrawn, he says, and he was simply asked to leave. Rao went to India from Uganda; was re- fused a visa to enter this country by the British High Commission in India; swopped his passport for a new one: and came here via Rome.
He arrived at Dover last week and was admitted as a visitor for a month after a routine 20-minute examination. He is confident that he can return to Uganda when he wxishes, and plans to go on there when his permit expires. He utterly disclaims any thought of staying on here illegally as being below his .'ignity.
Rao, a slight, dapper figure, says he would like to meet Lea again. He is clearly fond of Lea; he says Lea visited his home several times and he had given the diplomat a gift of a painting.
Asked whether he would give evidence to the senior counsellor who is conducting the Foreign Office review of Lea's appeal against the request for his resigna- tion, he shakes his head doubt- fully and shrugs a smile. He has not been asked. The Foreign Office, for its part, is ready to consider any further representa- tions.
Shifting Sandys
Anmong the parliamentarians of Europe the word goes round that Duncan Sandys. who deserves the name of an elder statesman of Europeanism. has a new amb:tion which, if granted, would serve as the crown of his long political career. He covets the presidencv of Western European Union, which becomes vacant next scrina.
His chances appear to be good. for he is likely to be the favoured candidate of an alliance of Con-- servatives and Christian Democrats. and his European standing should ensure that the Socialist block will make no attempt to split the vote. I understand that the first moves to nominate Sandys are now being made in the backrooms of Euro- pean legislatures.
WNestminster politicians would re- gard Sandy.s as a happy choice. T-he president of W.E.UJ. occutpies
the chair for a period of three years, which means that Sandys could be in a strategically influen- tial position during the time that Britain is moving into the Common Market and settling down-to its new future.
With Sandys at W.E.U. and Christopher Soames as ambassador in Paris Churchillian echoes would be strong. Not that Sandys is un- critical about Sir Winston's Euro- peanism when he returned to power in 1951. He has been known to say that Churhill saw European unity as a romantic thine, rather than as the hard, practical thing it really is.
Silent exiles
Richard Killmer. the' American director of the Emergency Minis- try Concerning Draft Ag!e Emi- grants in Canada, arrives here this week for talks with the British Council of Churches and Christian Action about the establishment of a British equivalent.
His ministry-which was set up by tht U.S. National Council of 'Churches-acts as a clearing house for information and a resources centre in the United States and Canada for draft resisters and de- serters (who are now reckoned to number up to 80.000 in Canada).
Killmer is to meet Hugh Wilcox. of the British Council. and Colin Hodges, director of Christian Action. Wilcox regards the talks as
merely exploratory. Hodges says that if the Council is not prepared to ""take it on "". Christian Action will consider it seriously.
""Obviously it's better if an oficial churcb body takes it on; in both Canada and the United States it is being done by the coun- cils of churches "", says Hodges.
But at the same time it has been a 'low profile' project which they haven't greatly publicized.""
The initiative behind Kilimer's visit lies with Harry Pincus, an American draft resister who is president of the Union of Ameri- can Exiles in Britain. Pincus be- lieves that the plight of American draft resisters and deserters here bas been passed over because they are by their nature a "" silent prob- lem "". He wants to change the terminology by which they are discussed; he regards them as mili- tary and civilian refugees from American militarism who thus qualify for political asylum.
Switch doff
Many peers feel that the time has come to shorten the astonishingly slow ritual which is traditionally followed when new peers are ad- mitted. It involves the new peer with two sponsors. accompanied by the Garter King of Arms and Black Rod. in a straight-faced comedy of parading round the House. rising and sitting three times. and three times exchanging courteous hat- doffings with the Lord Chancellor.
No one, in any case, understands the symbolism of the procedure for certain. Everyone agrees that the new peers's patent and writ must be properly presented and read by the Reading Clerk' but there is a wide- spread fee&ing that the time-con- suming circumambulation and the b-owing and doffing could be done without.
Lord Shackleton. leader of' the Opposition peers, says that changes would probably have been made before this. had Parliament not re- jected the Bill to reform the House of Lords in 1969. ""Once it was rejected aU other associated ideas for modernizing our procedure had to be put aside.""
The present ceremonials can in- volve a degree of discomfort. Last week the Opposition and Liberal front b-nches and four other ben- ches had to be kept clear so that the
newcomer could ' be conducted to the bench of his degree ""-which happened to be ibat farthest from the Lord Chancel or on the Opposi- tion side. Mleanvbhile Liberal and L-abour peers daiting for question time to begin we-e crammed close- ly together on the remaining ben- ches. On Wednesday. when both Lord Burntwood and Lord Green- wood took their jlaces, the wait for normal business asted 23 minutes.
Menuhin award
T1his week Y!hudi MAlenuhin adds another award to his already impressive array of international decorations-the Nehru Award for Peace and Intemational Under- standing. Menuhin is the first non- politico to receive this award (pre- decessors include Martin Luther King and U Thont) although be puts it more motestly: ""I think I'm the first viclinist of Jewish origin to be so ho3oured.""
Menuhin's li&-s with India go back to 1951 when he was the only musician Df international stature to take up Nehru's invita- tion to play in india. Although the Indians offer!d him a modest fee, Menuhin gav: his services free and the proceeds 'rom his concerts. amounting to about S36,000, were given to famine relief Another concert tour in IS54 raised S38.000 for the same caus:.
Nehru and Mf4nuhin developed a strong friendslip which lasted until Nehru's deah and which has been continued by his daughter Indira Gandhi. It was as a result of this friendshib that Menuhin started bringing Indian music and musicians (such a) the sitarist Ravi Shankar and the dancer Shanta Rao) to the West
The Bell Teleph*ne Company in A mnerica has been' charged with sex discrimrtination---apinst nmen. Bell does fzou want tc hire male tele- phone operators lecause, they say. ""men don't sit as w'ell as worren
It seems that telrphone operating is not the only fitId in the United States which is i need of libera- tion - men are disc-i ninated against, it is officially rep2rted, in nutrsing, secretarial work, baby sitting and clothes buying.
PHS";"November 2, 1970";"";58012;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['From Our Special Correspondents']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondents
GENEVA, JULY 17
At Geneva all is now ready for the conference-the. first meeting between *the heads of the western and Soviet Governments since the Potsdam meet- ing at the end of the war. No one, perhaps, has felt the contrast between the war and the present time more keenly than President Eisenhower him- self, who 11 years ago came to Europe, as he himself said simply and movingly on his arrival, "" with an Army, a Navy, and an Air Force,"" but now comes ""with something far more powerful: the good will of America."" Marshal Bulganin, too, spoke as sincerely, no doubt, of ""the striving for peace"" as being ""the greatest striving of all peoples in whose memories the untold calamities of the last war are still fresh.""
To-day has been a day of final meetings between the western leaders, and there have been long discussions upon the opening speeches which President Eisenhowver. Sir Anthony Eden, and M. Faure are to make to-morrow. In the morning Sir Anthony Eden and Mr. Macmillan, accolnpanied by Sir Norman Brook, the Secretary of the Cabinet, and Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, the per- manent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, went to President Eisenhower's villa at Genthod. There they took part in a meeting, which lasted over two hours, with the President, Mr. Dulles, M. Faure, and M. Pinay, and with their American and French advisers. The meeting was followed by a luncheon given by the President.
EXCHANGE OF VISITS
In the afternoon Sir Anthony Eden, and later M. Faure, again called on the Presi- dent. Mr. Maciuan also met Mr. Dulles. Meanwhile Mr. Molotov had called separately upon Mr. Dulles, M. Pinay, and Mr. Macmiflan, and this evening it was announced that M. Faure had invited Marshal Bulganin to dinner.
On Tuesday, Sir Anthony Eden has invited Marshal Bulganin to dine with him. To-morrow the Russians have been invited to dine with President Eisenhower. All the speeches at to-morrow's opening meeting will be published as soon as made. President Eisenhower, being the only head of State, will take the chair and speak hrst. M. Faure w.:ill speak next, and Marshal Bulganin fourth,
GERMAN UNITY
SUGGESTED LINES OF
WESTERN POLICY
It seems likely that Sir Anthony Eden, whose experts were charged with the elabora- tion of the western security plan, will have the major part to play. There have been many suggestions of what the western Powers can offer in order to induce the Russians to evacuate east Germany and permit German unification, which is recog- nized as the essential condition for any durable European settlement. Any proposal is likely to be made in the form of a sugges- tion of what might be agreed, not as an offer-and will certainly be made in general ternis.
Recently the idea of a thinning out and rearrangement of troops and certain weapons on either side of a demilitarized zone has been mentioned with increasing frequency. Both the extent of any zone and the degree of rearrangement would clearly be negotiable, and it is not inconceivable that the Russians, in their desire for a detenre and a substantial saving on arma- ments, might accept such a plan which would be put forward only as a package proposal, on condition that Germany was to be unified in freedom and to remain a member of N.A.T.O.
GUARANTEES OF ZONE
Such a proposal would be made simply and with the intention that it would be supported by guarantees of the zone by the Powers taking part, but it would not entail the more complicated suggestion for an extension of the Western European Union arms control system from west to east. No doubt Russia would be reassured if fighters', bombers', and guided missiles' ranges were to be withdrawn westwards,although Russian troops would have to be withdrawn them- selves east of east Germany and Poland. The plan could be supported by an assur- ance from west Germany to the Russians that the status quo would not then be altered by forme.
The scenes at Cointrin airport this week- end were not spectacular in themselves, but when set in their context could not fail to be impressive, and even moving. As each head of Government arrived, he was greeted by M. Max Petitpierre, President of the Swiss Confederation, and the wife of each was handed red roses by Mme. Petitpierre.
Switzerland has two national anthems. ne first, "" Rufst du, mein Vaterland,"" is
played to the same tune as "" God Save the Queen."" For yesterday's occasion, there- fore, the second of he national anthems-a romantic folksong. ""Trittst im Morgenrot daher,"" with a very lilting melody- was chosen. After the Swiss band bad played the appropriate national anthem M. Petitpierre led his guests to inspect a guard of honour of 400 Swiss troops. The irispection was followed by short speeches.
With the recent Hongkong sabotage inci- dent no doubt in mind, elaborate security precautions had been taken round the air- port.
SIR A. EDEN'S WELCOME
In reply to a speech of welcome from the Swiss President, Sir Anthony Eden said that it was aPprOpriate that they should be meet- ing in Switzerland: "" Because you have learned how to unite people of different creeds and races, to promote each other's peace and prosperity, and to show an examp I to the whole world.
"" eneva for more than 200 years has been working for the cause of peace. For myself I may add that it is nearly 30 years since I first came to your famous city. Everything that has happened since has not been uni- formly good, but nonetheless I approach this conference with the same spirit of determnina- tion that we will do, each one of us round the conference table, everything we can to promote its success.
"" A year ago we worked here together, and we made progress. This year I believe we can do the same. At least you may be sure that our delegation will not be slow to seize the opportunity to promote the cause of peace, with which Geneva wiUl be ever associated and with which, I pray, this con- ference will be linked in history.""
FRENCH DELEGATES'
ARRIVAL
CONFIDENCE AND HOPE
M. Faure said that on the eve of this exceptional event "" he and his colleagues were full of "" confidence, good will, and hope.""
President Eisenhower paid tribute to "" this wonderful nation of Switzerland "" and said: "" Some 11 years ago I came to Europe with an Army, a Navy, and an Air Force, with a single purpose: to destroy Nazism. I came. with the formations of war and all of the circumstances of war surrounded that journey at that time. This time I come armed with something far more powerful: the good will of America-the great hopes of America-the aspirations of .America for peace. That is why I have come here, in this beautiful country of yours, to meet with my colleagues from other coun- tries to see whether it is not best to find some road that will lead all mankind into a more tranquil, better, fuller way of life.""
SOVIET INTENTIONS
When Marshal Bulganin and the other Russian Ministers arrived this morning, there moved across the runway to greet them not only the Swiss President and his party but about 150 Russian officials. Marshal Bulganin was the first to step from the air- craft, followed by Mr. Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov.
Marshal Bulganin, in his speech at the airport, said: "" The conference due to open here to-morrow attracts the attention of all mankind. This is understandable. The striving for peace is the greatest striving of all peoples in whose memories the untold calamities of the last war are still fresh. That is why the forthcoming conference is looked at with great hopes. The nations throughout the world ardently desire this conference to bring about a relaxation of international tension.""
Marshal Bulganin added that he had no doubt that if all those taking part in the conference displayed good wiUl and sincerely sought to attain this lofty aim, the Geneva conference would successfully complete its work, and hundreds of millions of men and women throughout the world would draw a sigh of relief. The Soviet Union con- sidered it its duty to make the utmost use of the favourable conditions now existing.
President Eisenhower, Mr. Dulles, and other members of the delegation attended divine service in the American church this morning. The text of the sermon was taken from Isaiah chapter 2, verse 4: "" And he shall judge between the nations, and shall reprove many peoples; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.""
PRAYERS FOR SUCCESS
Prayers for the success of the Geneva con- ference were offered yesterday in churches throughout the country.
The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Fisher, and the Metropolitan Pitirim of Minsk and Byelorussia both referred to the Geneva meeting during the final service of the visit of Russian church leaders to Britain, in Westminster Abbey yesterday.";"July 18, 1955";"";53275;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Heads Of Government Meet To-Day";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"If you know 102?214 things, you are Comprehensively educated. That is the number of entries in the Micropaedia, the l0-volume ready reference section of the new edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica celebrated at a din- ner at Claridge's on Monday night.
The dinner was certainly one of the best-informed I have attended, since it was in honour of 58 of the British contributors to the work, all notable experts 'in their fields. Yet, unsurpris-
ingly for an undertaking of this size, the American publishers, in their publicity rmaterial, laid stress on the quantity rather than the guality of the know- ledge the encyclopaedia contains. Numeracy rather than literacy is needed to digest it all.
Apart* from the 10-volume Micropaedia, there is a 19- volume Macropaedia, containing ""4,207 treatises by more than 4,000 scholars and authorities, 2,093 on general subjects, 2,114 on biographical and .geogra- phical subjects "". Finally, there is a one-volume Propaedia which ""charts the whole of human knowledge by means of
a ten-part circle of learning sub-. divided into more than 15,000 major and minor subjects. More than 45,000 references . . . "" In fact the Propaedia is an elabor- ate index, arranged topically rather than alphabetically.
Mortimer Adler, project man, ager for the new work, fed me mdre statistics with my dinner (four-course). The 360 editors had handled the 43 million words at a rate of 400,000 a week, at peak production. The_ cost was £14. nillion, .excluding. printing.
From the press release I
gleahed further that this is the- 15th edition of the encyclo- paedia, that it runs to.-33,141 pages, with 18,425 photographs, 1,174 maps, 3,582 drawings and 160 'colour insert plates. Over 2.5 million man-hours were in- volved, 250 tons of metal used to set the type and 6,000 tons of paper in the first printing.
All very indigestible. And
Asa Briggs, the editor of the work, clearly affected by the glut of statistics, piled it on by revealing in his after-dinner speech that he had travelled 46,000 miles since January 15 in connexion with it.
Adler explained that the pur- pose qf the reorganization was to turn what was, he thought, already a great encyclopaedia into a more useful tool for learning. It was no accident, therefore, that on Adler's left was seated Walter Perry, vice- chancellor of the Open Univer- sity. (I was on Adler's right.)
Perry has a team of assessors looking at the work to advise him whether he should buy 280 sets to equip all the study centres used by Open University students. It would be a great boost -for the encyclopaedia in Britain if the Open University did give it this recognition- indeed that figure of 280 might be the most important of all the statistics in relations to its British sales.
Perry, a Scot, was busy multi- plying £249-the cost of the cheapest bound set-by 280, and worrying aloud about .the .ex- pense. ""I can get it for you wholesale "", Adler said.
Politesse
If something gets stated often enough in the press it becomes as good as true. Thus it-is lidw widely accepted by commenta- tors that James Callaghan, the Foreign Secretary, was fearfully rude to his European colleagues -at Luxembourg at the beginning of the month, when he stated the British case for renegotiation of our Community membership.
The other foreign ministers, the legend goes, were gravely affronted at his boorishness, since they are used to treating each other with the greatest deli- cacy. In Britain, people's reac- tion to Callaghan's alleged beha- viour varies according to their view on Europe. Those who want us out are glad he was rude, while those who want us in are pained most terribly.
In fact, he was not rude at all. If you ask people in what his ill manners consisted, they say, first, that he used the terms "" you "" and "" us"" in referring to his partners, which showed a lack.of team spirit. Worse still, he read out bits of the Labour manifesto to them-not a thing to be done in polite society.
The first objection is a mat- ter of semantics and the second is simply not true.. Callaghan did not read parts of the Labour manifesto to the meeting. True. it was included in the text of his speech, but the Foreign Office spokesman-told us plainly afterwards that he did not read it. He took it as read, referring the ministers to the text which they had before them. Few bothered to correct this detail in their reports.
But what mainly irrks me about the legend is that it implies that Common Market Foreign Mini- sters are usually polite to each other. Nobody who has fol- lowed Community affairs eVen at a distance can really believe this. 'What about all'those set- tos between the French and the rest in the' 1960s, where words ,wrere not at all minced ?
One of my happiest memories of my days reporting diplomacy is of a visit the amazing. George
. . . . _~~~e
Brown made to the Western European Union in The Hague, to present an earlier British application for Community membership. There was some high and not at all polite skul- duggery as Brown, aided by WVilly Brandt of Germany and Josef Luns of Holland, pulled a fast one over the French by formally tabling the application against their will. (The French laughed last by vetoing it.)
There is a case for Britain re- negotiating Community member- sfiip and there is a case against it. Neither case is helped by peevish and erroneous insinua- tions against Callaghan's man- ners and breeding.
The Fashion Editor has been invited to an exlhibition of soft luggage at the Badminton House Trials.
Bogey
Humphrey Bogart went on! display for the first time at Madame Tussaud's yesterday. He replaces George Best in the Heroes' Hall. Best fell out of favour with Tussaud's at about the time he fell-out of favour with Manchester United.
The waxen Bogey, dolled up in a white tuxedo, appears as -Rick of Casablanca. A record- ing system pipes his famous line: "" Here's looking at you, kid."" And a pianola plays As Time Goes By. One or two middle-aged tears will be shed at Tussaud's this week.
Bogart shares the hall with Steve McOueen, Cassius - Clay, Raquel Welch, Tom Jones, David Frost (will he be next to go ?), ZMarilyn Monroe, Rudolf Nureyev and the first men on the moon.
The consensus among visitors yesterday was -that the wax Bogart was not quite right. A woman from Manitoba nailed the flaw: "" It's his closed mouth. It should be 'open and showinig teeth. He spoke through his teeth. He had them capped and
it bugged him."" A mid'dle-iged couple from New Zealand said Bogart was definitely too tall. Said the husband: ""He was about Sft 6in and this fellow is bigger.
Jean Fraser, chief sculptor at Tussaud's, said it had taken her three months and several visits to the pictures, to com. plete her Bogart. At the moment she is working on Solzhenitsyn for Tussaud's Amstetdam wazx works.
Feet
My report on Friday about the plight of pedestrians in London has had many readers footing-it to their nearest .postbox or tele- .phone kiosk to add their com- plaints.
Roger Graef, X freelance tele. vision producer who has just finished a documentary about planning in. cities, was particu- larly incensed that, having risked life and limb to reach
Trafalgar Square, he asked a policeman whether there was no safe way to the square except by subway, and was told that indeed there was none. ""What about the disabled, or people on crutches ?"", he asked. ""They have to hop quickly "", said the laughing policeman.
Miss A. G. Oliver reports that you now have to climb up or down five staircases to reach the Piccadilly Line at South Ken- sington station. The lift has been taken away. and no escalator is provided.
Sir Neil Pritchard says that the pedestrian route from Waterloo to the Strand and Trafalgar Square is interrupted six times by flights of stairs -two up and four down-with a total of some 100 steps even though Waterloo concourse and the Strand pavement are at the same level.
L. Jobnstone says that he wishes my item could be seen as something more than an ephemeral diversion. Whit is needed, he says, is a pedestrian lobby to match the AA and the RAC, and a pedestrian. column in The Times to vie with the motoring column.
Michael Peck says that the new London Bridge treats pedestrians like caged animals. barricaded on both sides so that .ightseers have to walk to the foot of the bridge before they can cross.
L. J. Whitehead recalls that at the time of the GLC elections there was talk of appointing a Pedestrians Commissioner. What happened to this official. he wonders: did he die on a zebra crossing ?
W. F. Ardley of Ashtead, Surrey, writes:
B3reak4ges are hard to stop
When bulls are in the china
shop, But damages are greater yet With Heffers in the Cabinr..
l a PHs";"April 24, 1974";"";59072;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['P.H.S.']";"['News']";"Tory with a finger on space
Arabs buy Eric Sykes show -
Greenwood's intriguing new chair
THOSE who see Sir Eric Errington going about his routine parlia- mentary chores would never suspect that he is now the M.P. who knows most about space research-a remarkable feat for a 67-year- old. As chairman of the Estimates Sub-Committee, which produced yesterday's report blasting the Government for their failure, to co- ordinate the space programme, he is fully aware that he is likely to become the centre of a parliamentary row.
A big, cheerful Tory barrister with extensive interests in property and finance companies, he was president of the National Federation of Property Owners for three years, and is a determined champion in the Commons of landlords' rights, whenever rents and private hous- ing are being debated. His interest in space research came almost by accident.
Before he became a member or the Defence Committee of Western European Union, about six years ago. he knew little of the subject. "" As a boy, I had read Jules Verne, but I was not scientifically inclined"". he says. But in this commnittee he came to know the defence aspects of space research, and realized that the civi- lian uses deserved equal attention. He was promptly made vice-president of another committee set up to consider the civilian application of rocketry. Thus, when a chairman was wanted for an estimates sub-committee on space, he was the obvious choice
Synchronous orbits
He now talks enthusiastically about telemetry, synchronous orbits. electric propulsion of satellites and strap-on rockets; or even about the valuable "" spin off "" there would be for the electronics industry from an effective British space programtne. His biggest disappointmnent was that when he went to Cape Kennedy expecting to see the blast-off of an American moon probe, the weather turned bad, and he had to be content with a view of all the apparatus which would have been brought into play-"" including 301 registers in- stalled so that the performance of each piece of apparatus -engaged in the operation could be watched by the controllers.
There will now be about 630 ""registers "" in the Commons. e-xamining the merits of the far- reaching proposals which his com- mittee puts forward for reorganizing Britain's space effort.
Arabs love
Hattie and Eric
ALL is not lost in the quest for better Anglo-Arab relations. I am happy to report a significant step forward in the cultural sphere: an Arabic version of the Eric Sykes comedy series has just been prepared by B.B.C. Television Enterprises for the Middle East market.
The programme is being dubbed into Arabic by a Lebanese television concern and will be offered to Algeria, Egypt, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Although the B.B.C. have produced Arabic versions of Oliver Twist, Jane Eyre and Maigret, this is their first attempt at a comedy series.
""Eric and I are going to see our- selves in Arabic for the first time tomorrow "", says Hattie Jacques, the roly-poly quintessence of British good humour. "" I'm told that the Arabs have shown an interest in the show because of their respect for sizable women. Insulted ? It's a wonderful compliment"" The B.B.C. tells me the show was well received in its English version by an Arab audience at the 1962 Alexandria film festival.
The programme ran from 1960-65, an exceptionally long life for a comedy series. The first programme to be dubbed: Sykes and the Bath.
Why Miss Corri came back
ADRIENNE CORRI has been away from the London stage for six years because her husband. actor Daniel Massey, wanted her to be a housewife. Now she's back, opening in D. H. Lawrence's The Fight for Barbara at the Mermaid tonight, because Mr. Massey is playing Noel Coward in Star. a film biography of Gertrude Lawrence. and has another 20 weeks away from England.
She has been acting since she was 13, the first member of the family to do so since the eighteenth cen-
Adrienne Corri.
tury. ""I took it up because I had neither the knowledge nor the ability for anything else "", she says. She was so small that her first parts were little boys (for whom more parts have been written).
With an Italian father and a half- Scottish and half-Italian mother. she found the family name of Riccobonu ""too much of a mouthful for the stage "", and chose Corri instead. after another Italian ancestor. "" She was a singer in a trio and sang 'rather too loudly', as one notice put it.""
Renoir was super
Her first major part was in that memorable Jean Renoir film The River, from Rumer Godden's novel. "" I didn't know anything about cinema acting "", she recalls. "" Renoir was super. He gave me a sense of perspective. I remember he told me that I'd spoilt a scene by moving my eyes twice instead of once. I had no idea that such a smaU thing could mean so much. On stage you'd have to wave an arm or something.""
She hasn't a favourite part, "" but I've always liked disasters. Paul Slickey (John Osborne's first and
Sir Eric Errington.
only musical) was one. I knew what was going to happen and had a kind of fighting feeling. There was a real contact with the audiences. You almost had to haul me off the stage.""
Greenwood's new chair
POLITICAL crystal gazers with a taste for speculating on the future of Mr. Anthony Greenwood, Minister of Housing and Local Government, have just been presented with a fas- cinating piece of information to slot into their calculations.
It is no great secret that Mr. Gireen- wood is not as popular with the Labour Party's rank and file as he was some years ago, and there is the intriguing if slight possibility that he might be voted off the party s national executive committee this year.
However Mr. Greenwood has. I learn, just been elected chairman of what could be an important party committee, a Transport House study group on the Commonwealth. With what seems an inevitable clash at the party conference over the Common Market, this additional role may, in a roundabout way, help him when delegates cast their votes.
The study group is the first to be set up by the party's overseas section. giving the chosen subject an added political flavour which will not escape the party's anti-Common Market- eers. It should not be seen in terms of an "" anti "" triumph over the "" pro- Market men "". It was thought that the future of the Commonwealth was eminently suitable for study at this particular time.
Ginsberg family recital
RIMBAUD'S father was an army officer. Swinburne's was an admiral. Rilke's started life as an army officer. Baudelaire's step-father was a ge'neraL Allen Ginsberg's father is a poet.
On Tuesday, August 22, at the Institute of Contemporary Arts. Ginsberg pare et fils join forces for what proniises to be a quite remark- able family poetry recitaL
Louis Ginsberg, 71 and a former high school teacher, is visiting Europe for the first time. Following hi his son's footsteps, he has written two volumes of verse. and now teaches poetry at Rutzers University, New Jersey.
The Ginsbergs have only given this recital own a few occasions. Its aim. they say, is ""to extend the domain of amiability to cover myriad genera- tions "".
Trends in doghouses
THE Wall Street Joutrnal, ever svwift to catch significant consumer trends. has come up with some findings about dog houses which probe deep into the modern canine soul. The burthen of its message is that dogs simply do not appreciate their owners' bizarre attempts to lap them in luxury.
Take Eugene E. Wallace, Jr., of Dallas, a banker, who had an air- conditioned house built for his boxer. The ingrate hound spurned it.
A department store in Allentown. Pennsylvania, which once stocked a Sl 19, solid cherry, Persian-lamb- lined split level doghouse, found the market sluggish, and is now reduced to selling austere, one-storey affairs for a mere S50.
Bearish though it may be. the market is however far from dead. The Canine Behaviour Institute at Beverly Hills recommends a fairly low roof to give a dog a feeling of security. while a New York whole- saler of dog furnishings thinks in- door houses are the thing. ""Its hard to romanticize a ready-made outdoor doghouse "". he says. "" You find the glamour and sex-appeal in the indoor models."" Among these are the ""pet-hideaway"". with roof of quilted vinyl with foam rubber padding, with three jewels sparkling over the doorway; the "" pet cubby ': a corduroy igloo with foam rubber padding; and a Sheik of Araby affair with striped:canvas sides, tassels. and a pompom on top.
As for New York's Dogs of Dis- stinction. they will do you a tent of Italian silk for $70-or even one in chinchilla for $500, with a chin- chilla bed thrown in for a further $750 if so desired.
The article ends with a douche of cold water from Dr. John White- head. director of New York's Henrv Bergh Mlemorial Hospital for animals. *'Dogs would be just as comfortable in a pine box "". he says.
P.H.S.";"August 9, 1967";"";57015;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"['From Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"From Michael Hornsby
Brussels, Nov 23
The proposal to set up a new Europein Monetarv Svstem (EMS), which will dominate the summit meeting of EEC heads of government in Brus- sels on December 4 and 5, has confronted Britain with its most difficult decision since joining the Community five years ago. In some respects, it bears comparison with the choice that Britain faced in the 1950s when the EEC was being set up.
The dilemma has been shar. pened by the growing likeli- hood that the rest of the EEC, including even Ireland and Italy, the other two countries with the most serious reserva- tions about the scheme as pro- posed, will go ahead without Britain if they have to. A delay of several months in setting up the EMS is not ruled out, because of technical difficul. ties, but that would afford Bri. tain only a temporary breath- ing space.
One view is that Britain should take the plunge now and accept the economic risks of participation in an admit- tedly imperfect scheme. The argument here is that reform will be more easily accom. plished from within than with- out, and that if the EMS proves durable Britain may have little option but to join at a later date on terms dictated by the founding members and hence even less favourable than those which could be obtained now.
Those who take the contrary view rely heavily on the economic case against British participation, arguing that the EMS may well collapse anyway under the weight on its own internal contradictions, and that it cannot be viable over the long-term, or deliver the benefits expected of it, if a main EEC currency, like ster- ling, remains outside.
In these circumstances, so this argument runs, the longer
Britain stands aloof, the higher the price it will be able to exact for its eventual participa. tion, both as regards changes in the monetary system 'itself, so as to make it more com- patible with British economic requirements ,and as regards otber reforms dear to the British heart, such as reducing agricul- tural spending and re-distribut- ing the EEC budgetary butden more fairly.
Exclusion from the EMS wvould, of course, make no for. mal difference to Britain's posi- tion in the EEC. Britain would still be a member of the Council of. Ministers and retain the right of veto. No important decision on the future develop- ment of the Community's eco- nomic and monetary policies as a whole could be taken solely within the circle of EMS mem- bers, without British agreement.
That said, a situation in which Britain was the only country not participating in the scheme would be bound to in- crease Britain's sense of isola- tion, making it an ever more disgruntled and embittered member of the Community. The day-to-day management of the *EMS would at the very least develop habits of consultation and coordination among the participants from which Britain alone would be excluded.
Outside this cosy circle, Britain's incipient persecution mania, and suspicion of Conti- nental conspiracies, could only grow. Britain would also be able to do little to prevent the EMS members from proceeding to still closer forms of monetary integration among themselves -a possibility foreshadowed in the report on European Union by Mr Leo Tindemans, the former Belgian Prime Minister.
This has'led Mr Roy Jenkins, the President of the European Commission-'. to w;arn of the ""real danger of the evolution of a two-speed Europe, or per- haps even' of a.-three-speed Europe when the Community* is enlarged "". That, he believes,
could destroy the very concept of a Community, and makes it all the more vital to get an EMS which is ""of benefit to all and takes account of the circumstances of all "".
Certainly, in the context of the expansion of the EEC from 10 to 12 members, there must be a danger that an EMS wvithout Britain could lead to a more general tendency for new policies to be adopted only by those member states which find them convenient. This in turn could open the door to a Community in which the most powerful members increasingly pay no more than lip service to the original ideal of equality.
These broader political con- cerns lie behind the search now going on for a ""half-way house"" solution, whereby Bri- tain would, in effect, agree to manage its economic policies as if it were in the EMS without actually being locked into the exchange rate regime. This would keep open the option of full EMS membership later, per- haps after a general election, when the anti-Market views of the Labour Party's left wing could be ignored, if not with impunity, then at least with less risk.
This strategy would at least have the merit from the point of view of relations with Britain's Community partners, of not slamming the door from the outset on a new European venture, There is little evidence that by staying out completely Britain would be in a stronger position to fight for a better deal on agriculture and budge. shares. The truth is that the other eight want the British in. but are not yet convinced that their company is worth paying a very high price for.
For a variety of economic and political reasons, the Conti- nental European countries have always been attracted bv the idea of economic and monetary union, and their interest has survived the failure of the first
serious venture dow n that road in the early 1970s. Indeed, the eurrent attempt is being launched in economic conditions which, on the face of it, look even less propitious than they did 10 years ago when national inflation rates were much closer together.
Among the reasons wivhy the idea has returned to favour are the disenchantment with float- ing exchange rates as a means of bringing about painless adjustment between national economies, and the growing support for the view that low growth and investment are closely related to exchange rate uncertainty. It is also argued that the creation of a new "" pole "" for the wvorld monetary system would help to stabilize the dollar and the yen.
The EMS scheme now being discussed, wvhich is based on the Franco-German blueprint adopted for study at the Bremen summit in July, is, of course, still a far cry-from full monetary union, but it wvould be an important step in that direction. The plan aims to link all EEC currencies closely together, to pool part of EEC member states' reserves, and to create a new European reserve asset.
It is argued that the zone of currency stability thus created would stimulate trade within it,' thereby helping to tring about a more efficient industrial structure, and- also enable EEC countries to deal more effec- tively with inflation, unemploy- ment and balance of payment problems because they would no longer be constantly worry- ing about exchange rates.
Against this is the arg,ument that if member states' ability to adjust exchange rates were limited, balance of payments disequilibria 'wvould have to be corrected by deflation in the deficit country and/or inflation in the surplus country, with the dangef of an overall increase in both inflation and unemploy- ment.
Britain is worried that the scheme too closely resembles the existing ""snake"" mechanism which links the German mark with the strong Benelux curren- cies and the Danish krone. The monetary discipline required to stay in such a system, it is feared, would be deflationary and hinder growth. This prob- lem could be eased by devalu- ing sterling before entry, hut that is not liked either in Lon- don.
For Herr Schmidt, the West German Chancellor, who has been wvorried by the erosion of German competitiveness as the mark moves upwards, the com- mercial arguments in favour of the EAIS probably carry most -weight They matter also to Pre- sident Giscard d'Estaing. France and Germany do 50-per cent of their trade with other members of the Community, compared with only 38 per cent in Britain's case.
But political arguments are just as important. For Presi- dent Giscard it is a matter of prestige that France should keep abreast of Germany in the leadershio of Europe, and this apparently justifies an economic gamble at least as great for France as it -would be for Britain. The smaller EEC states, for their pa, have alayvs seen monetar.y coopera- tion as the cement of paliticzd integration.
Even for Britain political arguments may in the end count as much as economic ones. In or out of the EMS, Britain is in fact lik-ely to pursue much the sarne kind of eccnomic policies. But the abhorrence in a large seztion of the Labour Party fcr anything that smacks even faintly of a move towards a federated European super-state is an important constraint on Mr James Callaghan, the Prime Minister.
This is the first of four articles discussing aspects of Britaines role in Ew-ope.";"November 24, 1978";"";60467;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britain and the EEC";""
"['From Charles Hargrove and David Spanier']";"['News']";"Leaders of the-European Economic Community reached a compromise agreement at their meeting in Paris last night on the vexed question of Britain's contribution to the Community budget. Earlier Britain and France clashed
sharply on the question, which constitutes an important part of Labour's efforts to renegotiate EEC membership terms. The summit also reached full agreement on energy policy, regional. development fund, and action against inflation
-formula eases EEC budget contribution
From Charles Hargrove and David Snanimr
Paris, Dec 10
"" The summit is dead. Long live the European Council "", President Giscard d'Estaing told the press shortly before mid- -night tonight at the close of the last marathon session of the meeting of the Nine heads of government in Paris.
He, and Britain for that mat- ter, have reason to be satisfied with its results, enshrined in a 14-page communique which records agreement on all the main points discussed during the past two days, and in par- ticular the two toughest prob. lems on the agenda, Britain's contribution to the Community budget. and energy.
Mr Wilson had restated the British position, the President said, and had emphasized that Britain was not seeking to renegotiate either the Treaty of Rome or the Treaty of Acces- sion. but to obtain a formula on tbe envision of her budgetary ce,tiribution should this prove unfairly large at the end of the transitional period.
The formula worked out is a carefully worded compromise between the French standpoint that the system of the Com- munity's own resources was a fundamental elemenf which could not be altered, and' the the British demand. It is based on the Italian proposal that a ""'corrective mechanism"" be wvorked out by the Council of Ministers and the Commission to avoid the development of "" unacceptable situations"" for a member country.
Asked whether. he thought that, with this compromise, Britain would stay in the Com- munity, M Giscard d'Estaing replied: ""The decision is one first for the British Govern- ment and next for the British people. But we tried to reach
Mr Wilson: renegotiation pro- gress 'was not easy'
an equitable solution on the basis of respect for the Treaty of Rome to prevent an unacceptable situation arising.""
Mr Wilson spoke late tonight of "" the ver,y serious and in- formed, a-nd on the whole agree- able, discussions we had."" Hle referred ,particularly to the exchanges among the heads of government on the world economic situation, the oil and petrodollars problem, and the dangers of a recession in the advanced countries.
""On the question of renego- tiation, we have undoubtedly made progress "", lie said. It had not been easy. "" But there was a considerable atmosphere of goodwill about what we were trying to get "".
Mr Wilson emphasized that there was still "" a very long way to go "" Although progress had been made on the budget ques- tion, that was only one out of seven requirements made by the Labour Government. On several of these, progress. had already
President Giscard 'long live Eulropean Council'
been made, but Mr Wilson stressed: ""The issue is still very much in doubt"".
The key passage of the com- munique dealing with Britain's budgetary contribution reads: They [the heads of government] confirm that the system of "" own resources "" represents one of the fundamental elements of the eco- nomic integration of the Com- munity.
They invite the institutions of the Community (the Council and the Commission) to set up as soon as possible a correcting mechanism of a general application which, in the framework of the system of "" own resources "" and in harmony with its normal functioning, based on objective criteria and taking into consideration in particular the suggestions made to this effect by the British Government, could pre- vent during the period of conver- gence of the economies of the member states, the possible de- velopment of situations unaccept- able for a member state and in- compatible with the smooth work- ing of the CQmmunity.
On the key issue of energy, M Giscard d'Estaing said all European countries favoured a
meeting with the oil producers. But such a meeting should be prepared and he would discuss the matter with President Ford in Martinique, later this week in the name of the Community.
He saw an approach to the idea of a conference between oil consumers and producers in the la-test American stand on this quest-ion.
"" The choice of cooperation with the oil producers is a fundamental one and is finding increasing support in the world.""
The President expected the institution of frequent and per- sonal meetings of the Nine heads of government to add an invaluable element to the life of the community. They had met only three times in the last three years, while bilateral sum- mits had taken place much more frequently.
Asked if he felt the crisis of the European Community had been overcome, he replied: "" Was there a crisis ? Europe is a living organism, developing in a very difficult world. It needs willpower and patience to make it progress. Our partners and ourselves at this summit showed- both.""
Earlier, the' President ran through all the items in the communique on which the con- ference had agreed, starting with institutional questions: the three annual meetings of the renamed ""European Coun- cil ""; the eventual abandonment of the unanimity rule for Coun- cil decisions; the proposals to be worked out by the European Assembly for direct elections in 1978 (with British and Danish reservations) ; the drafting of a European passport union by 1976; and the definition of the nature of European union by a team of wise men presided over by Mr Tindexnans, the Belgian
Continued on. page 6, col 3
Mr Wilson wins comoromise at the smmmit
Continued from page 1
Prime Minister, by the end of 197S .,
EHe alsa'stressed that econo- mic and monetary union had been reaffirmed as an objective of the Community; that agree- ment had been reached on the need for convergence of rnem- ber c6untries' economic policies to p-event general recession, and that the conference had noted with satisfaction the Ger- man Government's intention to reflate public and private in- vestment.
The regional. fund had been settled and would go into opera- tion next January, experimen- tally for three years.
Finally,, on. unemployment, the conference had decided on the need for close cooperation of member governments with employers and labour. The labour ministers of the Nine would soon be meeting repre- sentati,es of unions and profese sional organizations to discuss' steps to deal with unemploy-
ment in their respective coun- tries. The resources of the Euro- pean Social Fund would, if necessary, be increased.
Until the end of this after- noon session Britain was casting itself in the role of the country hard to please. British sources continued to speak in terms of eight against one, with France 'firmly isolated in its opposition
to an acceptable formula for revision of Britain's budget contribution.
Some delegations were at a loss to explain what lay behind the British presentation of this morning's discussion, wEhen the' French President stated flatly that it was impossible for France to accept any formula linking Britain's contribution in 1980 to the gross domestic pro- duct. Mr Wilson was quoted as saying at this point: "" If that Mr President, is the definitive view, of the Community, then we see no hope whatsoever of successful negotiations.""
There was in fact general recognition that Britain's
budgetary contribution might give rise to a problem, but the French delegation and some others continued 4o insist that this was still a hypothetical question which would be dealt with when it arose.
Mr Wilson this miorning repeated the seven points of Britain's renegotiation position contained in his Saturday speech to Labour mayors.
Herr Schmidt thought it allayed a lot of fears. The dramatic question of past weeks -would Britain stay in or get out?-seemed to be a thing of the past, he said.
Both Mr Wilson and Mr Cal. laghan, the Foreign Secretary, had been calm and cooperative in the discussions, according to German sources. The German aim of a strengthening of the Community's institutions had been largely achieved.
Britain proved much more forthcoming yesterday than its stand in recent weeks had led its partners to expect, on the
issues both of majority voting and of direct elections to the European Parliament.
On the first, Britain was satisfied by the reaffirmation of the validity of the Luxembourg compromise of 1966 which safe- guards a member country's vital interests.
On the second, Britain did not want to stand in the way of agreement by its partners to make direct elections operative by 1980, merely recording its position that it could not be committed on this point until renegotiation was completed.
The agreement of heads of government on European re- gional aid, first decided in principle two years ago at the previous Paris summit, is a sub. stantial step forward.
It will benefit not only Italy, which will receive the lion's share of 40 per cent of the total of £5oom, and Ireland (6 per cent) but also Britain, which will obtain 28 per cent.
No progress without political
will, page 21";"December 11, 1974";"";59267;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson wins compromise agreement after clash with French";""
"['by Michael Hornsby']";"['News']";"by Michael Hornsby
For centuries down to the Second World War Belgium, almost as a matter of geo- graphy, inevitably has been the cockpit of the inter- necine struggles of the nations of Western Europe. The Belgians. Flemings and Walloons have spent the better part of their history as the outpost of other .peo- ple's empires-Roman, Frank, Burgundian, Habs- burg, Spanish, French and Dutch. In its past 145 years as an independent state Belgium's neutrality has been twice violated by its great neighbour, Germany.
Located at the meeting- point of two great cultures and heavily dependent for their prosperity on external trade, the Belgians came to recognize sooner than most that their security would best be guaranteed in a Europe of interdependent nations. Since the Second World War they have been in the forefront of moves towards greater European political and economic integration and now find themselves at the centre of e web of international treaties and commitments.
Even before the end of the war the governments-in- exile of Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg signed an economic treaty in London that gave birth to Benelux (though the difficulties of postvar reconstruction were to delay its fulfilment until 1948 and to restrict its full operation for several years thereafter). These difficul- ties served a useful purpose hy helping to clear the ground for the later inauguration of the Euro- pean Economic Community, of which the Benelux Cus- toms Union was a fore-
runnpr
Ably represented bv M Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgium played an active part im- mediately after the wvar in the drafting of the United Nations charter and in secur- ing the signatures to it of 47 nations. M Spaak was ap pointed the first president of the United Nations General Assembly. In 1948 came the signing of the Treaty of Brussels, of which lvM Spaak, by now Prime Minister, was a passionate advocate. This linked the Benelux countries with Britain and France in a 50- year agreement providing for mutual aid in military, economic and social matters.
The Brussels Tr,eaty, how- ever, was soon eclipsed by the formation in 1949 of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which saw an expansiortist world com- munist movement rather than a renascent Germany as the main threat. Through agreements signed in Paris in 1954, the Brussels Treatv was revised and extended to include West Germany and Italy, therebv establishing the Western European Union and allowing West Germany to become a mem- ber of Nato. Membership of the Atlantic Alliance has re- mained one of the corner- stones of Belgium's foreign policy since then.
This was demonstrated Dy the alacrity with which Bel- gium offered asylum when President de Gaulle ordered Nato out of France in the late 1960s. Since 1967 Bel- gium ihas played host not only to Nato's political head- quarters, housed on the out- skirts of Brussels in build- ings whose makeshift air still betrays the speed with which they were constructed, but also to the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), which is located at the for- mer Belgian military and air force training centre at Casteau. near Mons.
Belgium has been actnve in the foundation of all the main European organizations of the postwar era: the Council of Europe, on-e of whose first steps was to set up the College of Europe in Bruges, the Organization for Econamit Cooperation ' and Development, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the EEC and Euratom.
Since 1968 the head nuarters of the EEC, Furatom and the ECSC have been housed together in the star-shaped building known as the Berlayinont in the rue de la Loi in Brussels. It seems only a matter of time before they are joined by the European Parliament (now oscillating between Strasbourg and Luxem- boura).
It was not surprising that at the end of 1974 the heads of government of the Nine should have turned to Mr l1eo Tindemans, the present Prime Minister of Belgium, for the report on the future development of European E'nion which was made public earlier this year. Its main recommendations - faster progress towards eco- nomic and monetary union and common foreign and eventually defence policies -have long been Belgian objectives.
Beyond those objectives lies a federal Europe, a "" Europe des regions "" rather than a "" Europe des patries "", which is by no means yet the accepted goal of all of Belgium's partners. It is, however, undoubtedly
Palmerston was alarmed by the enthusiasm among many Belgians for France. Having threatened war early in 1831 when the Belgian crown had been offered to the Duc de Nemours, the second son of Louise-Philippe of France, he was subsequently instru- mental in persuading the Belgian Parliament to elect Leopold Saxe-Coburg, a British citizen and uncle of the future Queen Victoria, as king. He then bullied and cajoled the other powers into endorsing a guarantee of perpetual neutrality for the new kingdom.
The Belgians were not par- ticularly eager for this guarantee of neutrality, which had been imposed on them by the wishes of the
great powers and especially by the supposed needs of British foreign policy-Pak- merstones desire to keep France out of the Low Coun- tries. Nevertheless, it served them well and enabled a country which had been the battlefield of many armies to enjoy immunity from wars for more than 80 years.
This era ended in 1914 with the German invasion and occupation. After the First World War Belgium was released from the more artificial aspects of the neutrality imposed by the treaties of 1831 and 1839, which had effectively pre- cluded the exercise of an indevendent foreign policy.
(This had been partly re- sponsible for the incidental curiosity whereby Belgium acquired its African posses-| sions as the result of a pri- vate business venture of King Leopold 11.)
Belgium's security 5till depended essentially on three countriesBritain, France and Germany-and it sought to bolster it by a network of pacts. Among the earliest and most enthusias- tic signatories of the League of Nations, Belgium conclu- ded the Locarno Pact in 1925 under which the frontiers of France and Beleium with Germanv were
guaranted in treaties signed not only by these countries but also bv Italv and Britain. The pact was viola- ted when Hitler reoccupied the Rhineland in March 1936.
In 1928 Belgium was one of the 65 signatories of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which condemned recourse to war to settle differences, while admitting the right of a nation to use force in its legitimate defence. At the same time the Belgians were seeking preferential customs arrangements with Holland, Luxembourg and the Scan- dinavian countries, but these efforts were much hampered by the intense economic nationalism of the depression vearc
closer to the pan-European idealism of the founding fathers of the EEC than the loose free trade area domi- nated by two or three large powvers which often seems to. be the aim of policy-makers in Paris, London and Bonn. That being so, Belgiam and its Benelux partners -have an important role in keeping a-live the original promise of the European idea.
Belgium's emergence as an independent state dates only from 1831. At the end of the Napoleonic wars, whose last great battle was fought on Belgian soil, the great powers decided at the Congress of Vienina in 1815 to unite Holland and Bel- gium under the crown of the House of Orange largely, it would appear, to satisfy Castlereagh's conceptions of Britain's strategic needs. Economically the union was satisfactory, the maritime trade and colonial posses- sions of the north comple- menting the agriculture and industry of the south.
But from the outset dif- ferences of language, religion and temperament made it impossible for the two races to live together politically. By 1830 Roman Catholics and liberals in Belgium were making common cause against what was seen as alien rule, and in the same year the citizens of Brussels rose in revolt. At a confer- ence of the great powers in London in 1831, which was dominated by Palmerston, Belgium was recognized as an independent state (though the Dutch King, William I, took another eight years to accept defeat).
In Mav 1940 Germany invaded Belgium for the second time in less than 30 years after being refused permission to send troops' across Belgian soil for an; assault on France. Apparentlv hoping to emu- late his father, King Albert, *who in the First World War had never been dislodged by the Germans from a few square miles on the left bank of the river Yser, Leo- pold IIl refused to go into exile with his Government. After 18 days of resistance, he was forced to surrender and with his family was made a prisoner of war.
The Kinges war role, for wvhich ;some historians think he has been judged over harshly, was at the centre ot the constitutional crisis which led to his abdication in 1951 in favour of his son, Baudouin.";"March 30, 1976";"";59666;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Cockpit of war now centre of treaties";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 14
The Bundestag debate on the first read- ing of the foiur Bills to approve the Paris agreements opens to-morrow and is expected to finish on Thursday. In German parliamentary practice a first reading is not a decisive or irrevocable stage of the law-making process. The second and third readings are not expected to be taken before the end of January, and some groups in the Bundestag will take care to keep their final decision open until then.
The positions of the two main parties, the Christian Democrats and the Social Demo- crats, are irreconcilably defined. In the present phase of an almost interminable dispute, the place of national reunification in the order of precedence of German foreign policy-and therefore the best timing for the next round of east-west talks-wdl probably be the sub- ject of their heaviest engagement.
The Social Democrats will criticize the Saar agreement, but are unlikely to choose it as the main ground for attack; to them, the imme- diacy of reunification is the central issue. Dr. Adenauer's view is that the completion of western unity by way of the treaties is a neces- sary first step on the road to an east-west settlement and the eventual reunification of Germany. No discussions between the two sides have ever yet brought these standpoints closer.
COALITION DISSIDENTS
In the ranks of the Government coalition there is no such deep division on the general issues of foreign policy, but there are distinct shades of opinion. Several groups, of which the majority of the Free Democratic Party is the largest, have strong objections to the Saar agreement. Few of these dissidents would wish to press their objections to an open breach with the Government on the first read- ing; it remains to be seen whether they can reserve their position with dignity and without an open quarrel.
The report from Paris of the expose des motifs with which the French Government has presented the Saar agreement to Parliament is not the direct concern of the Bundestag, but it makes more difficult the position of these dissidents within the coalition. Indeed, it makes the presentation of the Government case in the Bundestag in the next two days more difficult than it might have been. No doubt the French Government could say much the same of the Begriundung-supporting argument-with which the Federal German Government sent the Saar agreement to its Parliament last month.
This supporting argument is not a part of the Bill in German theory or practice. It is merely a commentary, by means of which the Government explains and recommends a Bill to Parliament. Just as a British court when it interprets an Act of Parliament is not swayed by external evidence about the intention which the parliamentary draftsmen may have had, but considers the text alone, so to a German court the official supporting argument is an irrelevant factor, even in a purely domestic matter; it throws light on the state of mind of the Government which prepared it, but it is not law.
NOT A TRIFLE
Even less could it be adduced in interpreta- tion of the Saar agreement. which is an inter- national instrument. When the ratifications have been deposited, an official commentator said in Bonn to-day, the Saar agreement is withdrawn from national interpretation. Its application is entrusted to the commissioner appointed by the Council of Ministers of the Western European Union and working under its supervision. His concern, and the concern of the Council of Ministers, will be with the text of the agreement alone.
This is not to dismiss as a trifle the fact that the French and Federal Governments have put conflicting interpretations on the Saar agreement so early in its life. Some of the points of conflict are illusory, it is true. Thus, the Federal Government regards the new statute of the Saar as provisional until the conclusion of a treaty of peace; the French Government thinks it "" final "" in the sense that-until the peace treaty-it cannot he called in question. Here is a single fact looked at from two sides, and presented in two sharply different ways from motives which are in part domestic and practical.
On other points the Franco-German differ- ence is real. Thus, neither the Federal Gov- ernment nor the Bundestag is likely to accept what the French expose des motifs is reported to say about the limits on political liberty in the Saar, or about the impossibility of extending the territory's economic ties with Germany. The French views on these matters will certainly make Dr. Adenauer's task in the Bundestag harder than it might have been.
Still, it is no novelty that the partners to the Saar agreement should not be at one about
the results wbich they hope to get from it ini practice. Certainly there wviU be difficulties between them, which they will have to try to work out in negotiation. 'The western Euro- pean authority, when it takes over its limited responsibility for the Saar, will be taking on a task prone to difficulties and disputes, and the commissioner whom it appoints will no doubt have his trials.
These, however, need not affect the problem of getting the Saar -agreement ratified and putting it into legal effect unless the two parties desire it to do so. At present there is no evidence that they do; their conflicting arguments are designed to persuade their two Parliaments.
ITALIAN COMMUNISTS'
DELAYING MOVE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEc. 14
The first Communist speaker id the debate on ratification of the Paris agreements in the Chamber of Deputies confirmed, when the debate was resumed this morning, that the Italian Communist Party's plan of campaign to delay the coming into effezt of the agree- ments is to propose an amendment to the ratification Bill. The amendment will propose that there should be a delay of six months before the Bill is brought into force or, alter- natively, before the instruments of ratification are deposited by the Government.
Government supporters contend that the amendment is probably designed to secure more time for Russian diplomacy to make new efforts to dissuade wavering parlia- mentarians in western Europe from giving their support to ratification of the agreements.
BELGIAN INITIAL APPROVAL
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BRUSSELS, DEC. 14
The foreign affairs committee of the Chamber of, Representatives to-day unani- mously approved the draft Bill to ratify the Paris agreements. The Bill is expected to be approved by the Chamber early in the New Year.
PROTESTS IN PRAGUE
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
VIENNA, DEC. 14
A demonstration was staged this afternoon in Prague in protest against the Paris agree- ments. President Zapotocky, the entire Czechoslovak Government, and the diplomatic representatives of the countries of the eastern t,loc attended. The speakers included the Prime Minister, Mr. Siroky, and all the mem- bers of the Czechoslovak delegation to the recent Moscow conference. Western explana- tions that the rearmament of western Germany was in the interest of peace were dismissed by Mr. Siroky as "" the same sort of lie as the Munich agreement of 1938.""
NEW CHIEF MINISTER OF
BAVARIA
A SOCIALIST SUCCESS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 14
With the election to-day of Dr. Hogner (Social Democrat) as Chief Minister of Bavaria in succession to Dr. Ehard (Christian Social Union) no doubt now remains that the last Land elections of the year have led to a substantial increase in Social Democratic influence in the affairs of the Ldnder. The Christian Democrats have the bitter experience of losing ground in the Land Governments after gaining it in the elections.
Their loss of power in Bavaria was wholly avoidable. Dr. Ehard was a successful Chief Minister, and he brought his party back from the polls as the strongest party in the new Landtag. He was, however, under pressure from two quarters to break up his coalition with the Social Democrats in favour of a nar- rower right wing coalition. The;pressure came partly from Bonn, and partly from the group in his own party in Bavaria which desired to make a stricter Catholic policy in educationl the central issue of government. By the time his alliance with the Bavarian Party proved impracticable, he found himself confronted with a broad coalition of all the other four parties against him.
In Hesse the Christian Democrats have failed by a narrow margin to expel the Social Democrats from office in favour of a coalition of right and centre. The competition for the aUliance of the Refugee Party, whose small group holds the balance in the new House, has gone against them and in favour of the Social Democrats. Dr. Zinn is now in a position to form a new Government with 51 seats out of 96 in the Landtag.";"December 15, 1954";"";53115;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Debate In Bonn To-Day On Paris Agreements";""
"";"['News']";"GENEVA, Jult 23.-The following is the text of the directive by the heads of Government to their Foreign Ministers: -
The heads of Government of France, the United Kingdom, the U.S.S.R., and the United States, guided by the desire to con- tribute to the relaxation of international ten- sion and to the consolidation of confidence between States, instruct their Foreign Ministers to continue the consideration of the following questions with regard to which an exchange of views has taken place at the Geneva conference, and lo propose effective means for their solution, taking account of the close link between the reunification of Germany and the problem of European security and the fact thdt the successful settle- ment of each of these problems would serve the interests of consolidating peace:
1.-EUROPEAN SECURITY AND
GERMANY.
For the purpose of establishing European security with due regard to the legitimate interests of all nations and their inherent right to individual and collective self- defence, the Ministers are instructed to consider various proposals to this end, including the following:-
A security pact for Europe or for a part of Europe including provision for the assumption by member nations of an obligation not to resort to force and to deny assistance to an aggressor;
Limitation, control, and inspection in regard to armed forces and armaments;
Establishment between east and west of a zone in which the disposition of armed forces will be subject to mutual agree- ment;
And to consider other possible pro- posals pertaining to the solution of this problem.
COMMON RESPONSIBILITY The heads of Government, recognizing their common responsibility for the settle- ment of the German question and the reunification of Germany, have agreed that the settlement of the German question and the reunification of Germany by means of free elections shall be carried out in con- formity with the national interests of the German people and the interests of Euro- pean security. -The Foreign Ministers will make whatever arrangements they may con- sider-desirable for the participation of, or for consultation with, other interested parties.
2.-DISAR1LAMENT.
The four head,s of Government,
Desirous of removing the threat of war and lessening the burden of armaments,
Convinced of the necessity, for secure peace, and for the welfare of mankind, of achieving a system for the control and
duction of all armaments and armed orces under effective safeguards,
Recognizing that achievements in this field would release vast material resources to be devoted to the peaceful economic development of nations, for raising their well-being, as well as for assistance to under-developed countries,
AGREE:-
(1) For these purposes to work together to develop an acceptable system for dis- armament through the sub-committee of the United Nations Disarmament Commission;
MANDATE FROM U.N.
(2) To instruct their representatives in the sub-committee in the discharge of their mandate from the United Nations to take account in their work of the views and pro- posals advanced by the heads of Govern- ment at this conference;
(3) To propose that the next meeting of the sub-committee be held on August 29, 1955, at New York;
(4) To instruct the Foreign Ministers to take note of the proceedings in the Dis- armament Commission, to take account of the views and proposals advanced by the heads of G3overnment at this conference, and to consider whether the four Governments can take any further useful initiative in the field of disarmament.
3.-DE,VELOPMENT OF CONTACTS
BETWEEN EAST AND WEST.
The Foreign Ministers should, by means of experts, study measures-including those possible in organs and agenzies of the United Nations-whizh could
(a) Bring about a progressive elimina- tion of barriers which interfere with free communications and peaceful trade between peoples, and
(b) Bring about such free contacts and exchanges as are to the mutual advantage of the countries and peoples concerned.
4.-The Foreign Ministers of the four Powers wiU meet at Geneva during October to initiate their consideration of these questions and to determine the organization of their 'work.
""'A NEW SPIRIT OF
CONCILIATION ""
,SIR A. EDEN'S VIEW
Sir Anthony Eden, in his speech to the final plenary session of the Geneva conference to-night said:-
We have now concluded the conference of the heads of Government which has been so much discussed and so earnestly advocated, notably by Sir Winston Churchill more than two years ago.
This conference set itself a limited task. This it has more than accomplished. Ten years ago the war in Europe was brought to an end. Now at last we have made a start to the work which we might have hoped could have begun in 1945.
BETTER CHANCE
What we have now agreed makes it pos- sible to get to grips with the twin problems of the unity of Germany and the security of Europe. No one expects that it will be easy to settle every detail of these complicated issues. But there is now a better chance than we have known at any time since the war to get to work on practical proposals to solve the differences which have divided Europe for all these years.
At this conference we did not set out to make a detailed plan in these fdw days. For all that, it will be found that in our directives to the Foreign Secretaries we have included the essentials of a comprehensive settlement. The world will have observed the tone and temper in which, our work has been con- ducted, Those ot us who have been engaged in the actual negotiations have been aware that a new spirit of conciliation has been present at our meeting.
PERSONAL CONTACTS
But in addition to this formal work we have had many opportunities for personal contacts which I know we have all found invaluable. I am quite certain that the ex- changes which have taken place outside the conference room have given us all a far better understanding of each other's points of view and of the problems each has to face. If we can continue our work together in the spirit of this meeting what is hopeful promise to:day should become solid per- formance as events unfold.
M. FAURE ON NEEDS
FOR FUTURE
MAINTAINING SPIRIT OF
CONFERENCE
M. Faure, in his closing speech at the con- ference, said:-
Our meeting is drawing to a close. But for all that, we must not separate. I mean by this that if the four of us are no longer present in one room we must remain morally united with one and the same will. I con- sider that over and above the agreements which we have reached between us on certain subiects, texts, and directives, the very fact of our meeting, the spirit which has governed our debates, and the mutual understanding which- resulted from it, will leave a profound mark on international relations and will have a happy influence on their evolution.
We have shown here a common resolve. It is now our responsibility to find the means. The first step has been taken along this path,
but there are still obstacles to overcome. We have not sought to hide them, for it is through truth that all progress is achieved.
If it is true that life to-day is charac- terized by tension and force, may this tension and strength be that of understanding and friendship, and n,o longer of hostility and mistrust. To the peoples who look to us, and not only to those for whom we have responsibility, we must be able to propose the progressive substitution of constructive and beneficial tasks of peace for the security measures which are stiil necessary.
BASIS FOR WIDER
COOPERATION
MARSHAL BULGANLN'S
SURVEY
Marshal Bulganin, in his closing statement to the conference, said: -
There is no doubt that the present meet- ing in Geneva of the heads of Governments of France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union has a positive mean- ing for the easing of tension in the relations between the Governments and for the inevit- able increase in confidence between them. Above all, this was facilitated by the personal contact in Geneva between the leaders of the four Powers. We got to know each other better here, and exchanged opinions on a series of important inter- national problems. In spite of the fact that on some questions our points of view did not coincide, on the whole the meeting proceeded in an honest atmosphere and was marked by efforts of its participants to achieve mutual understanding.
REDUCING TENSION
The Geneva conference attracted the atten- tion of the nations of the whole world and further strengthened their desire for the lessening of international tension and for the shortening of the cold war. We hope that all of this will play its positive role and will facilitate the achievement of a worthy goal- the securing of a solid and lasting peace.
The Soviet delegation came to the Geneva meeting with the good intentions of facili- tating the organization of practical work for the solution above aU of these basic international problems-such as, for examnple, the organization of European col- lective security and disarmament, In present conditions these questions have a decisive meanng for this task of strengthening world peace.
The most important issue of the Geneva conference was the problem of European security. The Soviet delegation considers that, in the interests of strengthening peace, a system of collective sectirity should be created in Europe, based on the participation of aU European Governments and the United States of America. Our new proposals on this question, put to the Geneva conference, are based on the consideration that in present circumstances-when opposing groupings of nations have been created in Europe-it is necessary above aU to put the relations between the nations included in these group- ings on the path of normal peaceful coopera- tion and of the peaceful solution of disputes between them.
SECURITY SYSTEM
In this first stage of ihe creation of an all-European security system, the Soviet proposals do not envisage the liquidation of the North Atlantic block, the Western European Union, or the Warsaw Treaty organization. With the passage of time, in the second stage, when successes in the lessening of tension in Europe wiUl have been achieved and confidence between Govern- ments will have been established, the above- named groupings may be dissolved and replaced by a collective security system in Europe. I I .-9
Together with this, the Soviet delegation proposed that, before the creation of a Euro- pean collective security system, there should be agreement on the conclusion of a pact between the Governments participating in these groupings in Europe to reject force and to use only peaceful means to settle their disputes.
The exchange of opinions on this problem of European security showed that all of the participants of the conference wished to find an agreed solution for this important pro- blem. We hope that in the course of future consideration of this problem even greater success wiU be achieved.
DISARMAMENT PLAN
On tho question of disarmament, the Soviet Government tabled even before the Geneva conference-on May 10-concrete proposals f6r the reduction of armaments, the outlawing of atomic weapons, and the removal of the threat of war. At the Geneva conference we proposed to define the already achieved agreement on aspects con- cerning which our positions are either fully at one or have come significantly closer together. This concerns first of al the fix- ing of the level of armaments of the Govern- ments, prohibition of atomic weapons, and the necessary establishment of a system of effective international controls.
The discussion of the question of dis- armament showed that all of the participants in the conference wished to find an agreed solution of this very important problem, which has decisive significance for the security of the nations. In this connexion it is necessary to point out that in the course of the discussions on disarmament the par- ticipants of the conference made proposals which indubitably will be studied in the course of further negotiations on this problem and will serve to achieve the necessary agreement between them. The Soviet Government states that in the further consideration of this disarmament problem it will make the utmost efforts to find a solution to the problem, answering the yearning of the nations.
GERMAN PROBLEM
There was an exchange of opinions be- tweet, us on the German problem. Various approaches to this problem were expressed. The United States, British, and French dele- gations, speaking of the reunion of Germany, based their arguments on the assumption that west Germany, which is to be remili- tarized in accordance with the Paris agree- ments-and later a reunited Germany-must enter into the blocs of the North Atlantic pact and the Western European Union. The Soviet Government, therefore, which is con- sequentially seeking the creation of German national unity, has drawn attention even before the ratification of the Paris agree- ments tQ the fact that the coming into force of these agreements would create difficulties for talks on the German problem and make pointless any discussion on the reunification of Germany.
The Soviet Government believes that it is necessary to take the facts into consideration War in Europe ended. 10 years ago. Since that time two Germanies have appeared- the German Democratic Republic and the German Federal Republic-each with its own economic and social structure. Besides this, in accordance with the Paris agree- ments, the German Federal Republic entered up%on the path of remilitarization and was included in the military grouping of the western Powers.
UNREALISTIC APPROACH
So far as the German Democratic Repub- lic is concemed, in view of the conclusion ef the Paris pacts, it has taken the decision to participate in the Warsaw treaty organiza- tion. It is clear that, in such conditions we cannot argue the question of the mechanical union of the two parts of Germany-the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic-because this would be an unrealistic approach to the problem. The Soviet Union was, and remains, a warm s,ppc,rter of the reunion of Germany as a peace-loving, democratic State. We are deeply convinced that the German problem must not be discussed without the partici- pation of the representatives of the German Democratic and the German Federal Republics.
In the situation which has developed in Europe the only *eal approach to the reunion
of GeFmany appears to be by w-y of a coordinated effort of the four Powers and the German people which is directed towards a relaxation of tension in Europe and the establishment of confidence between the States. Just this goal would be served best by the creation of a European collective security system with' the participation of both parts of Germany on a basis of equality until reunion is achieved. As this would lead to the strengthening of peace in Europe and create an obstacle to the growth of German militarism the obstacles at present in the path of a German reunion could be done away with. On the other hand, for the reunion of Germany from the point of view of her internal conditions, the rapproche- ment between her two parts is of the utmost importance.
THE FAR EAST
The Soviet delegation regrets that further attention was not given to the problems of Asia and the Far East at our conference. Among others such questions as the restora- tion of the legal rights of the Chinese People's Republic in the United 4Nations organization, the regulation of the situation in the Formosa region on the basis of the recognition of the indisputable rights of the Chinese people, the execution of the Geneva agreements on Indo-China, and other prob- lems will not tolerate postponement. We can never escape these problems; they must be solved in the interests of peace and security in Asia and the Far East, in the interests of world peace.
The Geneva conference opened the road for the further treatment and solution of the matured intemational problems. We also made an important decision about the necessity for widening contacts between East and W,est and about the development and strengtnening of economic and cultural ties between our States. With these decisions we have laid the basis for a wider cooperation between our countries. The Soviet Govern- ment, on its part, is ready by all means to facilitate such cooperation. It expects that other participants in this conference will travel along this road which serves the interests of our peoples and the interests of world peace.
A NEW STAGE
We all recognize the importance of the decisions made here. They are the begin- ning of a new stage in the relations between our countries. They will facilitate the strengthening of confidence between us, between our peoples. These decisions will have a positive meaning also for other countries and for the strengthening of world peace.
The warmest yeaming of aU nations is the yearning for peace. The Soviet Government will make the requisite efforts to translate into action our decisions, which are directed towards the relaxation of international ten- sion and the strengthening of world peace. This requires the patient and loyal examina- tion of those problems which we must still discuss and resolve. But if this same spirit of cooperation is shown by all of us, as it has been shown at the Geneva conference, this will be a reliable pledge that the noble goal of the maintenance of peace will be achieved and the peoples will be able to look calmly towards the morrow.
DECISIVE STAGE TO
COME
GEN. EISENHOWER'S
SUMMING-UP
President Eisenhower, who spoke after Sir Anthony Eden and Marshal Bulganin, prefaced his formal state- ment by saying:-
I welcome and warmly reciprocate the spirit of friendliness and good intent that have characterized the content of the two preceding speeches. But I do hope that my silence resrecting certain of the statements by the immediately preceding speaker (Marshal Bulganin) will not by any means be interpreted as acquiescence on my part, far from it.
But it has seemed to me that in the closing minutes of this conference there is no neces- sity for me to announce to this conference and to the world the United States position on the important questions we have dis- cussed. These I hope and believe have already been made clear; therefore it does not seem particularly fitting once more to recite them in detail. I shall content myself with some reflections on our work of the past week and an expression of some hopes lor the future.
PROSPECTS BRIGHTER
In his formal statement, the President said: -
This has been an historic meeting. It has been on the whole a good week. But only history will tell the true worth and real values of our session together. The folPow-through from this beginning by our respective Governments will be decisive in the measure of this conference.
We have talked over plainly a number of the most difficult and perplexing ques- tions affecting our several peoples and indeed the peoples of the entire world. We did not come here to reach final solutions. We came to see if we might together find the path that would lead to solutions and would brighten the prospects of world peace. In this final hour of our assembly, it is my judgment that the prospects of a lasting peace with justice, well-being, and broader freedom, are brighter ! The dangers of the oveiwhelming tragedy of modern war are less.
MINISTERS' TASK
The work of our Foreign Ministers as they strive to implement our directives will be of great importance, perhaps of even more than what we have done here. Theirs is the task, reflecting the substantive policies of their Governments, to reach agreement on courses of action which we here could discuss only in broad terms. I know we all wish them well. I trust we will al support the necessary adjustments which they may find our Governments must make if we are to resolve our differences in these matters.
If our peoples, in the months and years ahead, broaden their knowledge and their understanding of each other, as we, during this week, have broadened our knowledge of each other, further agreement between our Governments may be facilitated. May this occur in a spirit of justice. May it result in improved well-being, greater freedom, and less of fear or suffering or distress for man- kind. May it be marked by more of good will among men. These days will then indeed be ever remembered.
LASTING FAITH
I came to Geneva because I believe man- kind longs for freedom from war and rumours of war. I came here because of my lasting faith in the decent instincts and good sense of the people who populate this world of ours. I shall return home to-night with these convictions unshaken, and with the prayer that the hope of mankind will one day be realized.-Reuter.";"July 25, 1955";"";53281;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Foreign Ministers' Tasks Outlined";""
"[""By Sir Con O'Neill""]";"['News']";"By Sir Con O'Neill
A year ago, reviewing in this column Britain's prospects in Europe after the May events in France, I wrote: ""After last December, one conclusion was obvious. So long as General de Gaulle remains in control of France, Britain will be kept out."" I added: ""Strong French national interests for keeping us out will survive when de Gaulle is gone. We must hope there may also be, to balance them, strong national inter- ests for helping us in,"" General de Gaulle's abdication makes possible what was impossible before. It does not make it certain.
In the period of frustration since the second veto 18 months ago, the British Government, and British ""Europeans"" outside it, looked for alternative ways of moving forward. The Government did make some modest but useful progress, in Western European Union and elsewhere. The will of the Five to get us in was on the whole not merely kept alive, but streniflhened. Some Brit- ish "" Europeans "" aimed higher and hoped, since the way to economic union in the Common Market was blocked. to make progress towards political union instead.
Now the old road may open again. But voices are still heard urging, in new circumstances, the more rather than the less ambitious course. Political union is urged as the better road, and even (which seems to me highly unlikely) the easier one. If an obstacle has been removed. I see no point in pursuing paths-long and difficult ones-traced only to circumvent it. The better is often the enemy of the good. What we have to come to terms with is still the Common Market.
POLMLTCAL OBJECTIVES
A trze European political union, with new institutions and new suprana- tional obligations. seems to me at present unattainable and unnecessary; nor do I believe that at present either governments or public opinion in Europe want it. This means neither that such a union may not be the right ultimate objective, nor that present Lircumstances offer no hope of genuine and useful political advance, as Europe unites.
It is reasonable to hope that the process of uniting Europe may now, before too long, begin to move forward again. What then are sensible political objectives to pursue tn this process? To begin with, everything in the process is highly political. As Professor Hallstein once said of the Common Market: ""We are in politics, not business."" Agreemenits among the Six, whether on tariffs and quotas for newsprint or on the price and quality of onions, have always been highly political in their purpose and their consequences. The recent Anglo-Italian Declaration on Europe-an important text wvhich hap- pened to be signed in London on the day de Gaulle resigned-put it suc- cinctly: ""The economic and political integration of Europe are both essen- tial. As experience has shown, neither can go forward without the other.""
The same declaration pointed the way to some practical political objectives. ""Evurope must be firmly based on democratic institutions, and the European communities should be sustained by an elected parliament, as provided for in the Treaty of Rome."" Ae the communities and the commis- sion begin to bite deeper into the
processes of national life. and above aU as they handle larger and larger sums of money, this democratic reform will become increasingly necessary.
The declaration also covered de- fence. "" Within the Atlantic alliance .
the development of a European identity is a positive step in the process which is intended to lead to the creation of a united Europe."" This, for all its impor- tance, is a relatively easy step to take. Not so with Herr Strauss's concept of uniting the British and French nuclear deterrents to form an autonomous nuclear force under the control of a European president. This may be a desirable objective; but,, as Herr Strauss's formulation admits it is as remote as the existence of a European president.
Then there is foreign policy. Here a modest objective is perfectly reason- able, though not a nmaximum one. It could be decades before European governments have reached the point where they will be ready to bind themselves to agree and execute a common foreign policy. But already there is plenty of scope, and could be plentiful rewards. for more intensive consultation about, and harmonization of, foreign policy. To quote the Anglo- Italian declaration once again;
Europe must increasingly develop a common foreign policy so that she can act with growing effectiveness in inter- national affairs.""
None of these objectives is exces- sively arnbitious, but they are all impor- tant and achievable. Whatever their ultimate aspirations may be, govern- ments should set themselves objectives which are within their reach. A limited approach can go farther in the end. That is the logic, and the method, of the European communities themselves. The objective of M. Monnet and his fellow-founders of European unity was that political union should grow grad- ually and naturally out of economic integration.
It has been fashionable, in the last few years. to claim that this approach has failed. I do not yet believe it. French policy under General de Gaulle frustrated our entry; but it also frus- trated almost every aim of the commu- nities. except of course in the area of the over-developed agricultural policy. A new French government may take a different line on British entry; it will almost certainly be more cooperative over the multifarious daily tasks in Brussels. In spite of immense difficul- ties in several fields, which are going to be exceedingly hard to overcome, the communities could now resume their slow advance towards economic union. That is a process from which it would be dangerous for Britain to remain excluded.
FRENCH POLICY
The British Government's application for membership "" remains on the table""; over 20 months ago the com- mission recommended that negotiations should begin; but then French dissent made it impossible for the community to reply to our application. In the new circumstances Britain will be hoping for a reply at last; and the sooner the better.
We must wait, of course. for a new French president to be elected, and a new French government installed. We must wait a little longer to discover whether the new French government has a new policy, and if so, what it is. If it proves to offer hope of negotiations
for British entry, I do not see why we need wait for anything else-4or in- stance the German elections at the end of September. All German parties are on the record in favour of British entry. Actual negotiations may well not start until later; but there will be an immense amount of preparatory work to do, policies to review, consultations to be- gin, procedures to establish. At least 10 governments are directlv involved (the community six. Britain, Denmark, Norway. the Irish Republic); others are closely concernedl Clearing the decks for action will need time and energy; the process should begin at once-if and when a green light shows from France.
LONG PROCESS
What kind of negotiations should we expect, if they begin at all'? Alas, there is no magic formula fo let us in; no brief "" agreement to agree"" can do the trick. The ""conditions of admission"" referred to in Article 237 of the Treaty of Rome will have to be worked out and
be the subject of an agreement be- tween the member states and the applicant state "". That is bound at best to be a long and tough process; how long and tough will depend on Britisl requirements and attitudes, and on those of the Six; above all, on the strength of the joint will of all con- cerned to succeed. If that joint will were strong enough, much could be done a lot more quickly; and the dotting and crossing of some of the i's and t's could perhaps be left for a later stage.
It is not the French position alone which might delay or prevent the open- ing of negotiations. The communities are in a mess. Many decisions that should have been taken have been deferred; superhuman efforts will be required from the Six if they are to terminate--as they should-their "" transitional phase "" by the end of this year. The common agricultural policy in particular now has its chickens coming home to roost in dark, enor- mous, expensive flocks. So there will be many who favour British entry-not least among the commission-who will say: "" For heaven's sake, not now. Our hands are far too full already. You've waited a long time; do wait a bit longer, and give us a chance to sort out our appalling mess by ourselves first""
Waiting for this could mean waiting for years; so I hope this view will not prevail. To me it seems a pessimistic, un-European view. Europeans tempted to entertain it should reflect that the old theorem-only the enlargement of the communities can ensure their revival- may now be literally true. To quote the Anglo-Italian declaration once again: "" If the communities are to develop they must be enlargedc"" An opportunity may soon arise to take the most decisive step since 1957 in the road to European unity. If it does, let it be seized. Unless it is, it could vanish again in technical swamps and mists.
The difficulties of admitting new members, compounded by the commu- nities' own current difficulties, will be great. Imagination and good will vwill be required as well as technical ingenuity; a new approach, new departures, may be needed to turn all the corners. For some-including ourselves-the cost might in the end prove too high. But the prize is great; and only negotiations can prove things either way.
Winston Churchill's report on Israel will be published tomorrow.";"June 4, 1969";"";57577;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Coming to terms with the Common Market";""
"['By Pierre Uri']";"['News']";"By Pierre Uri
The action committee for the United States of Europe meets at Lancaster House in London tomorrow, and on the following day the Council of the W.E. U. also assembles here. In this article the author, a distinguished French economist and one of the architects of the European Community, gives his views on what action the British Government should take
to get into Europe.
If I were the British Government and wanted to join Europe I would not have requested a convocation of the council of the Western European Union: this international organization, which makes its decisions by unanimous vote, is just the kind of institution which alone cannot make a community work.
I would not have publicized a conver- sation between a chief of state and an ambassador, as this is just the type of power politics, or, if you like, poker politics which runs counter to the new style-an attempt to solve individual countries' problems as commnon prob- lems-on which Europe must be founded.
But Her Majesty's Government ought to clarify the economic background, and take such firm stands on political issues as to make it uncomfortable for anyone to oppose this move.
On the economic front there is no point denying the difficulties which Bri- tain is still facing: recurrent balance of payments deficits, rising prices, deficient savings and too slow progress in pro- ductivity. But an entry into the Common Market will not occur overnight. The time to negotiate and ratify an agree- ment, plus a transitional period which may be put at some five years, make the present facts largely irrelevant. And the Continent should hear more forcibly about the far-reaching reforms which are being shaped and should produce a profound effect long before 1975.
AN ANALYSIS
May I offer some suggestions on the more and less obvious points.
The drag on the balance of payments exerted by the commitments east of Suez is around $1,000m. The courageous decision for a gradual withdrawal should be entirely carried out by 1973. To this should be added the possible benefit on the energy balance of the natural gas discoveries in the North Sea.
The drastic reeorganization of indus- try under the impetus of I.R.C. should make it more than a match for less powerful groups on the Continent. Would the objection that it is presently uncompetitive be reversed, to the effect that it is becoming all too competitive?
The attempt to redress the declining role of manufacturing in total produc- tion, and hence the rate of overall growth through ingenious fiscal devices, begins to make itself felt.
The necessity to do away with ama- teur management recruited on the basis of the humanities and social connexions leads to a stress on the professional businessman who is aware of the new techniques.
Even the desirability of a low wage economy based on low food prices is being questioned. as it makes the incean tive to invest all the weaker.
Such being the facts of tomorrow, it can be agreed that a British entry would modify the community. But in what sense ? Listing the problems which the E.E.C. now faces, the agenda calls for an enlarged and gradually pooled capi- tal market, an effort at enhanced techno- logy, and a better integration of eco- nomic policies as a way to monetary union. And it makes little sense to build a capital market without London. a tech-
nology without British science and research or a European currency with- out the pound.
It is however agreed that Britain would be followed by others. Hence the counter proposal of the French President that a looser organization be set up to replace the tight Common Market. It should be the British Gov- ernment's firm view that, on the contrary, the larger the group the greater the need for strong common institutions, whose purpose it is to devise consistent policies and to bring about agreement. A diffi- culty arises only if one insists on unani- mity, and the British Government does not. They recognize the innovation in- troduced by the community system wherein majority voting occurs only on proposals made by the commission, vested with a common responsibility and with its concurrence.
POLICY THRESHOLD
Thus, no special position is demanded by Britain. Europe can only be built on the basis of equality and non dis- crimination. The United Kingdom has a nuclear force, although it does not contemplate perpetuating it. The deci- sion as to whether Europe as such should have one should be left to Europe in its future course of unifica- tion. It should be stated that the British force, if required, would be merged without reservation into a European one. Likewise, any special relationships with the United States, if this still makes any sense, would be tra.nsferred to the community.
The confused discussion, initiated by the French grievance against other European countries' lack of will to make themselves independent of America, should be vigorously clarified. Could any country want to be dependent ? Of course, the real purpose of a united Europe is independence, but a genuine, not a verbal one. As soon as military tensions or monetary troubles develop, it is easy to see what is left of false pretences. A united Europe would not have to be haUlmarked by opposition to the United States, but by making itself an autonomous centre of decision, pre- pared to agree or to disagree with the United States, to pursue joint action whenever possible, and anyway to exercise a decisive influence not only on Washington but on world affairs.
This analysis leads to the recogni- tion that. whatever the appearances, no European country carries on a real foreign policy, if this means not play- ing a role for the sake of it, but exercising a positive action. The sub- stance of a political community is first and foremost the creation of a European foreign policy. The difficulties are obvious. Foreign policy, which is the right of war and peace, is the essence of national governments. And it is hard to imagine transitional steps similar to those which are being applied to the economic field; there is a threshold beyond which the nation state dis- appears to become the member state of a union.
The difficulty is usuaUy dramatized by reference to the issues which are closest to the hearts of nations and on
which they are not prepared to abide by the advice of others: borderlines or relationships with formerly dominated territories are a case in point. For- tunately such problems are an inherit- ance from the past and should gradually die out: thus an automatic transitional period would be provided for without having to be firmly fixed in terms of years. On such issues, governments would have the right to demand that no decision be taken without their consent. However, if for lack of unanimity they would move on their own, they should be clearly warned that they cannot count on support from the others.
In any other cases, it should be imme- diately recognized that no single Euro- pean country holds a special position, and that no veto should stop decisions in common which are the only way to influence world affairs. Agreement can be reached if the aim of diplomacy is not to make headlines for a country but rather to contribute effectively to world order and peace.
This analysis shows that political union does not flow automatically from economic integration. This does not mean that it can be pursued indepen- dently. The notion of a political com- munity responsible for foreign policy and defence, but also for technology and money, has been propounded as a way of bypassing the French veto, since such matters do not fall under the provisions of the Rome treaty. This would raise more difficulties than it would solve. Technology and money are so intimately linked with the economy, as well as with defence and politics, that a separation is hard to conceive. It would be all the more unmanageable if an economic and a political community had different nemberships, with Great Britain and France respectively in and out of thenL An unworkable scheme is no threat. The manoeuvre would not exercise pressure unless it were credible. And when the chips are down there is no chance that any government would be prepared to follow suit.
CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE A positive declaration by the British Government on the internal reforms undertaken, on the contribution Britain could make, on the meaning of political union and of an independent Europe, is the way of mobilizing the Five as well as public opinion in France. Changes in the position of De Gaulle are not with- out precedent. But the best that can be done is to draw the carpet from under the French position, rather than devise a political manoeuvre which would try to solve the less difficult problem, iLe. agree- ment on an enlarged Common Market, through solving a more difficult one, i.e. agreement of a majority of countries to political union without France.
True enough, a country which has heavily borrowed from others weakens its hand. If the others were prepared to go ahead without it, they would use their new bargaining power all the more to discard the French veto against an enlargement of the Common MarkeL The crux of the matter is that though the French Government no longer has the trumps, the others have not yet got the guts.";"March 10, 1969";"";57505;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Frenchman's plan for Britain and Europe";""
"['by Michael Palmer']";"['News']";"I Dr Henry Kissinger (left) the American Secretary of State, in conversation with Mr Joseph Luns, Secretary General of Nato, before the start of
a meeting of foreign ministers from the alliance held in Brussels last December.
I by Michael Palmer
If East-West relations have reached a point where it is possible to hold both the European Security Confer- ence at Helsinki and Geneva, and force reduction negotia- tions at Vienna, why is it necessary for West Euro- peans to make greater and better organized attempts to defend themselves against, presumably, the other Euro- pean states with whom they are negotiating security and disarmament arrangements ?
This question might be logical, but its logic is super- ficial. Although, fortunately, detente is developing fast in many areas, it coexists un- easily with some continuing political and military ten- sions. These tensions, especi- ally viewed in the context of possible major American troop withdrawals, are the major reasons, quite apart from rationalizing Western European defence, and ex- tracting the best value from diminishing defence budgets, why greater emphasis needs to be placed in the immediate future on European defence cooperation.
Western European Union (WEU) and the Eurogroup have both attempted to achieve a -greater degree of European defence coopera- tion within the framework of the Atlantic Alliance, the Eurogroup with much greater success. But some com- mentators have suggested that the only satisfactory framework for European de- fence, in the long term, would be the European Communi- ties.
So .ar, despite occasional hints dropped by British, French and German leaders, no formal steps have been. taken by the Nine towards the integration of their con- ventional; let alone nuclear, forces aid policies. (This article does not attempt to discuss the effects of the European Security Confer- ence on possible attempts to develop nuclear cooperation in Western Europe since the main inhibitions on such at- tempts would result from the Non-Proliferation Treaty.) Lord Gladwyn has been in- structed by the Political Com-
Inittee of the European Par- liament to explore the impli- cations of a European foreign policy on defence. His forth- coming report is awaited with interest.
How might the European Security Conference affect the prospects for European defence cooperation ? In practice the Geneva and Helsinki talks are more con- cerned with the principles governing relations between European states and East- West links in trade and tech- nology rather than with mili- tary security as such.
Althougb certain general aspects of military security, such as advance notice of manoeuvres, are being dis- cussed at Geneva and Hel- sinki the detailed negotiation of force and arms levels in Europe is being carried out within the Mutual and Bal- anced Force Reduction talks (MBFR) at Vienna.
It has been suggested that as a result of the security con- ference, an all-European com- mission might be established. Within Nato, fears have been expressed over the years that* such an East-West institution, whose creation has tradition- ally been supported by the Warsaw Pact countries, could result in the dismantling of Nato and the establishment of a new European security sys- tem from which the United States and Canada would be excluded and which would be dominated by the Soviet Union.
In the light of possible American troop withdrawals some western diplomats con- sider that even if the Soviet Union might not achieve hegemony through such an in- stitution, Russia would be- come recognized as the major European power and the role of the United* States in Europe could seem increas- ingly marginal.
In practice both the United States and Canada are taking part in. the security confer- ence and it is unlikely, with the safeguards of the present talks, that they could be ex- cluded from any permanent institution. In any case it now seems as if the institutional follow-up to the Geneva and Helsinki talks will be carried through by informal means
such as meetings of ambassa. dors rather than by elaborate new institutions.
None the less, it is possible that the Warsaw Pact coun- tries might continue to urge the creation of a collective European security agreement, which has been closely asso- ciated with the security con- ference idea in Eastern Eur- ope. This fascinating notion remains, however, ambiguous and undefined. The questions could be asked: would Europe be more secure under East-West collective security guarantees than it is today under the block system ?
In this collective security system what guarantees would be given and by whom? What actions would constitute a breach of collec- tive security ? How far would such a system permit indi- vidual countries to make changes in their political sys- tems or prevent them from doing so-? Within this system could countries shift their national allegiances ?
These questions remain un- answered. No new collective security system will justify the dismantilng.of the alli- ances if the two sides do not trust each other; if they do trust each otherit should not be too hard to devise one.
Military superiority adds to tensions*
The problem fo- Western Europe is not to move in one step from the present block system to a new East-West security system. It is how to Dffset the Warsaw Pact mili- tary superiority, which accen- tuates East-West tensions, by coordinating and rationaliz. ing the Western European lefence effort (although the overall East-West balance looks much healthier if eco- nomic,. technological. - and commercial capabilities are considered relevant, the strength of the West being Its economy).
To do this in the atmos- phere generated by the secu- rity conference and MBFR night be more difficult now than in the past, but with a little determination it should not be impossible. The Western Europeans may go
ahead through the further develqpment of the efforts they have so far made in the Eurogroup, which seems the most likely course in the immediate future. Or they may establish, in the long term, some form of European defence community with terms of reference defined in a new treaty-organically linked to the European insti- tutions, controlled by a poli- tical union or community and responsible to the Euro- pean Parliament. Whatever they do, they have a strong interest in emphasizing to the Eastern European countries that Western European inte- gration and all-European co- operation are only com- patible so long as it is accep- ted that for western coun- tries the first of these two activities has priority-and this in the defence and poli- tical sectors as much as in the economic.
If the Eastern Europeans try to use all-European co- operation at the security con- ference or in its follow-up to block integration by the Nine- -or to substitute pan- European cooperation, the limits of what is possible in detente will be seen to be narrow and the prospects for East-West cooperation will, consequently. be strictly limited.
The Nine must have the courage to show the countries of Eastern Europe that East- West cooperation can only develop if it is clear to them that pan-European projects will not be allowed to inhibit integration in all fields chosen by the Nine.
It is sometimes argued by proponents of Western Euro- pean defence cooperation that the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies might be persuaded that European defence cooperation is palat- able because it could "" Euro- peanize "" European defence and thus make it less Ameri- can. But if American forces are cut, European defence will inevitably become less American.
In any case the political interest of the Russians is to see less western defence in any form-American or European. Rather than de- pending on doubtful logic of
this kind it would surely be better for Western Europe simply to insist that until a new era dawns in which it is possible to replace the pre- sent bipolar military struc- ture in Europe by a new Euro. pean security system without the alliances, either side should be free to make re- adjustments to their military and security structures and maintain the essential balance on which peace in Europe is based.
One of the most useful results of recent East-West negotiations, particularly the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (Salt), has been the increased information avail- able to each side concerning the motives and possible re- actions of the other, particu- larly in crisis situations. It might be useful to develop further the mutual percep- tions of East and West in security matters, particularly in order to explain the rationale of moves by the Eurogroup or the Nine to achieve greater cooperation or integration in conven- tional defence. This would reassure the Warsaw Pact countries that moves of this kind are necessary to ensure the maintenance of security in Europe, in the context of both Soviet con- ventional superiority and of a possible weakening of the United States military com- mitment to Western Europe.
A spectacular and practical way of doing this would be to arrange a joint meeting between the Nato and War- saw Pact ministerial coun- cils. Such a meeting would have to be well prepared to be successful, but it should be an improvement on the diplomatic ping-pong of Nato and Warsaw Pact communi- ques.
If such a meeting were successful it could be fol- lowed by others, and between ministerial meetings contacts could be maintained by occa- sional meetings of Nato and Warsaw Pact officials. Finallv, the possibility of East-West parliamentary con- tacts should not be ignored.
Mr Palmer is author of the Chatham House: PEP book The Prospects for a Euro- Dean Securitv rnnnF r...-";"February 19, 1974";"";59018;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Détente does not detract from need for cooperation";""
"['By Our Colonial Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Colonial Correspondent
Copper, it has been often said, is both the blessing and the curse of Northern Rhodesia. It was the discovery and work. ing of copper in recent years that grafted on to a sprawling and underpopulated agricultural country a thriving industrial community almost overnight. As a result revenue has increased forty-fold: and that increase has been put to work for the benefit of its 1,800,000 Africans in a remarkable way.
Where 25 years ago annual revenue averaged some £500,000, to-day the same sum is spent annually on African educa- tion alone, while. a £36m. development plan, aimed principally at services for the African, is being constantly revised with a view to increasing it. The purpose of this article is not so much to discuss the important question of Northern Rhode- sian economic development but rather to
review the social and political con- sequences of the growth of what is considered Britain's youngest colony. These are matters which have a particular relevance to the discussions on Central African Federation which wiU be taking place in London during the ensuing weeks.
By no means all of Northern Rhodesia, which spreads over some 280,000 square miles, has felt the direct impact of these changes. In the south-west, for instance, lies the paramount chiefdom of Barotse- land, a protectorate within a protectorate. Here, among the periodically inundated fens of the upper Zambezi, the Lozi cattle- men and their former subjects by conquest preserve a way of life that seems to come straight from the pages of Rider Haggard. Canopied roval barges are still paddled by plumed indunas, and at festival time the hills resound to the beat of giant drums and the dust rises beneath the feet of the masked makishi dancers. Some of these tribesmen find their way as far north as ""the line o' rail"" and obtain employ- ment.
Social change has made itself felt most notably in the copperbelt itself, particu- larly in that industrial quadrilateral which consists of the four towns of Chingola, Mufulira, Luanshya, and Kitwe. To a lesser degree it is felt all down the railway belt which extends southward from there, like the tail of a kite, through Broken IHill, with its zinc mines and railway yards. Lusaka, the artificial and carefully planned capital, the European farm lands, to Livingstone and the Southemn Rhodesian border.
IMMIGRANT FIGURES
The development of the copper mines, which may be said to have begun seri- ously in the 1930s, attracted Europeans and Africans from other areas to work in Northern Rhodesia. Last year, out of 228,000 Africans employed in the country, 40,000 were in the mines. Included in this figure are many migrant labourers from Nyasaland and elsewhere. The European population, too, increased enormously from 13,000 in 1931 to 37,000 last year. Over half of it lives in the copperbelt. It has altered radically in composition. In- stead of being farmers, migrants are mostly skilled or semi-skilled workers. Furthermore, the proportion of South Africans over United Kingdom immi- grants has risen. Altogether 16,000 South Africans have entered the country since 1945. By now they probably constitute over half the European population.
Wages for Europeans are high. Average earnings were given in 1950 as just under £1,100 a year. But it is obvious that many, in one way or another, are now drawing double this sum. African boss boys can earn £15 a month and underground workers, on an average, get £4, plus food and lodging. The mining companies have made full use of the present high prices of copper to provide housing, medical, and recreational facilities for both European and African workers on a truly lavish scale. The atmosphere of these newly formed mining communi- ties, living in rows of white houses shimmering in the Rhodesian haze, is that
of a mid-West boom-town. Life is vital, charged with risks, and overhung by the strain of a population that works mostly underground. A chance word is as likely to lead to a firm friendship as to what is euphemistically known in the courts as a ""copperbelt push.""
The existence of a triangular relation- ship between management, European, and African trade unions is a potential source of danger. The latter are the best organized native trade unions in British colonial Africa and they enjoy official recognition bv both Government and management. The African Mine Workers Union has a book membership of 23,000, subscription being collected, by agree- ment. through stoppages in wages. The president, Mr. Katilungu, has been both a schoolmaster and an underground miner.
The European unions are powerful, well organized, and devoted to the protection of the European skilled workers' interests. It is no coincidence that Mr. Welensky, a former engine driver and prominent trade unionist, is the most powerful political leader in Northern Rhodesia. That such a man should occupy the position of leader of the European unofficials marks the dif- ference between this country and Southern Rhodesia or Kenya. Mr. Welensky is a believer in partnership between races; but he is more liberal than the average run of European trade unionist.
The history of the building up of the Afri- can Mine Workers Union is interesting. Shortly after the war, the British Labour Government sent out Mr. W. A. Comrie to advise on the formation and organization of African trade unions, a few of which existed in embryo. nhe European Mine Workers Union at the same time tried to coopt Afri- cans into its own ranks. This policy would have had advantages from the point of view of the European miner in that it would have strengthened his bargaining position vis-a-vis the management, while at the same time main- taming his control over the African. Prin- cipally owing to African susPiCions, this mnovement collapsed and the officially spon- sored policy of forming independent African unions succeeded.
The African unions have been suc- cessful in obtaining concessions from the man- agement, but they have not been equaUy suc- cessful in obtaining them from the European unions. In fact a rigid industrial colour bar exists on the copperbelt, which appears to be harder to break than in Southern Rhodesia. During the wvar a so-called "" stand-still "" clause was introduced, originally with the object of protecting men away on service, by which it was agreed that jobs done by Euro- peans at the time would be reserved for Europeans. When after the war the mines were expanding this had the effect of prevent- ing Africans from taking advantage of ex- panding skilled or semi-skilled employment.
A BURNING GRIEVANCE
Thus, if the operating of a certain type of machinery had been reserved for Europeans under the stand-still agreement, such machines, even when introduced into a newly opened mine, could not be operated by Afri- cans. In 1948 the Dalgleish report was pub- lished recommending that various semi-skilled jobs be thrown open to them, but this report has never been implemented, a fact which is a burning cause of grievance. Meanwhile, the African union much prejudiced its own position by agreeing with the European union on the principle of "" equal pay for equal work."" This, with the Northern Rhodesian Bantu at his present state of de- velopment, would act as the equivalent of a colour bar. Quite recentlv, the draft declara- tion on partnership put out by the Northern Rhodesian Government contains pledges of more technical training for the African. This, of course, would set him on the path ulti- mately of competing on equal terms, as people of Alrican race have proved they can do in other places.
In industrial relations, then, much remains to be solved. But in the political and consti- tutional sphere the future is by no means clear. Although Northern Rhodesia is a Protectorate the views of the unofficial mem- bers of Executive Council, when expressed unanimously, prevail over those of the offi- cials. This was the position established by the informal arrangement made by Mr. Creech Jones as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1948. The nomination of an unofficial to represent African, interests on Executive Council safeguards native affairs, and legisla- tion remains subject to the Governor's reserve powers. It is an arrangement which can only work under the system known as "" government by agreement,"" and such it has been with Mr. Welensky as leader of the unofficials. But that pJosition might not last for ever. Some rising star might, for instance, form an opposition party,relying on the South African vote, win a maority at the elections, and pursue a different policy. The case is hypothetical, but not timposstble.
Northern Rhodesia is agitated at the moment by the question whether it would do better on its own or in a closer union as part of a larger federation. This will once again be sub jutdce when the conference opens at Lancaster House on Wednesday. The argument in favour of federation from the Northern Rhodesian angle lies in whether so unbalanced an economy can prove viable as an independent unit. Europeans in Northern Rhodesia are apt on the whole to see security in federation: the ever accruing opposition of the Africanc is due to a belief that thev would he worse off in an association where Southern Rhodesia would' play a dominating role. Whether that opposition is well founded. or well informed, or whether indeed it is whollv spontaneous, in view of the part played by one or two Europeans in organizing it, may be doubted. But it is certainly a fact, which has its roots far back, and has to be given its due weight.";"April 21, 1952";"";52291;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"North Rhodesian Mines";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"At the Consultative Assembly at Strasbourg yesterday Mr. Churchill and Mr. de Valera supported a proposal by Mr. Herbert Morrison that a cornmittee should make a full and objective inquiry into the subject of European political union. Many representatives, however, favoured the immediate setting up of an international authority to make decisions for national Governments.
GERMANY'S PLACE WITH THF. WEST
MR. CHURCHILL ON
ASSEMBLY'S AIM
From Our Special Correspondent
STRASBOURG, AUG. 17
The end of the general debate on the political union of Europe in the Consulta- tive Assembly here to-day found Mr. Herbert Morrison, Mr. Churchill, and Mr. de Valera all supporting a British Labour Party proposal to make a full and objective inquiry into the subject.
Mr. Morrison made clear that he was not dissatisfied with the progress made towards unity through functional inter- governmental organs, but added that his mind was not closed to a European autho- rity entitled to take decisions directly for the member States, if the facts and reali- ties, when he had them, appeared to justify it. Mr. Churchill said he was not com- mitted to a federal or any other' solution. The possibility should be explored by a committee, to which his only counsel would be Napoleon's, that constitutions should be short and obscure.
DANGER OF DELAY
Mr. Churchill. as some other speakers had done, spoke briefly of Germany. without whose help and strength, he said, united Europe could not live. He thought the results of the elec- tions there in general encouraging, but he was advised that it was physically impossible for representatives of Germany to take seats during the piesent session of the Assembly. He was reluctant to think that it might be a ;ear before they could join. After all, one of the plessing reasons for founding the Council of Europe had becn to provide effective means of asso- ciating Germany with the western democracies, and in stich malters it was sometimes perilous to lose time. He asked accordingly that the pre4ent of the Assembly should take up wtlih the chairman of the Committee of NMinisters the question of a special session of the Assembly in two or three months' time, at which they would either receive the Gernma:ns or debatc the question of their admission Given an assurance that that could be done. he would be prepared to forgo his claim to a debate on Germany at this session and leave the matter to the Committee of Minisiers.
Europe, through the efforts of the Council. should become one of the great continental units of the world, and a pillar of its peace and security. Mr. Churchill said he would like to see its countries represented collec- tively rather than as individual States in the United Nations, and ablc to setvle a great mass of their own problems instead of bring- ing them to the world organ.
They would not be in any way a rival of the United Nations, but a subordinate and essen- tial element in its ultimate structure.
DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Mr. Churchill envisaged no difficulty arising between the Committee of Ministers and the Assembly if their respective functions were clearly recognized. The Assembly as a deli- berative organ must have full freedom of dis- cussion on all questions except defence, and its own parliamentary officers, and he asked thc Committee of Ministers to make the necessary changes in the statute without delay. But the Assembly could not claim to make deci
sions requiring executive aulthority. They might by their good sense btiild up an increasing strength and reputation, but they must not on their present electoral basis attempt to challenge the powers belonging to duilv constituted national Parliaments founded on universal suffrage. That would be detrimental to their long-term interests. They should, however. dc their utmost to secure that the national Parliaments should examine and let the Assembly know their views upon any recom- mendations that the Assembly might make.
Once a Bill of HIiman Rights was agreed, on the lines of but in shorter form than the United Nations declaration. Mr. Churchill said he hoped a European court would be set up before which cases of violation in any of their 12 nations cotuld be brought to judgment. The coLirt admittedly vwould depend for enforcement on the individual decisions of the 12 States, but he had no doubt that public opinion would press for their acting in accord- ance with freely given decisions. IHe gave his support to a proposri. which seems to be popular in ;he Assembly, that some seats bc set aside for the peoples of Europe who wet-e now political prisoners of the Kremlin-as a symbol. he said. of - our intention that the
Assembly shall one day represent all Europe West of the Curzon line.""
The Frenchman, M. Bidault, dealt wvith tho question of Germany in a more reserved wvay. German political leaders, even during elections, he said, should not forget to ask themselves the question: through whom had Europe and they themselves had to suffer so much ? He added that the question of the Saar-for which France claims admission to the Council of Europe-must be considered not later than that of the admission of Germany.
Mr. de Valera, whose speech included only an incidental reference to the Irish question, said that in the circumstances of the Continent, where it seemed to have most support, the idea of immediate political union was perhaps not unrealistic. But, in the circumstances of the island peoples of Great Britain and of Ireland a preference for ad )oc agreements on specific matters did not show lack of imagination. He was sure that by the latter metbod the island peoples would advance most quickly towards European union. but the Continent. he con- sidered, might not be able to wait for them.
Mr. Morrison conceded the need for greater unity in Europe. to solve major economic problems which the countries could only solve together and to achieve security against totali- tananism. hut the note of urgency struck bv so many other representatives was absent fromr his speech. He laid stress on the diversity of the European countries: progress towards unity of action must be based on the consent of their free peoples and democratic Parliaments. The substantial steps already taken in the limitation of national freedom of action-Mr. Morrison pointed to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation and to the Brussels Treaty-were accepted only because there was convincing evidence of practical advantage through collective action in the particular fields. Mr. Morrison invited those representatives who thought the Government's approach too cautious to present their alternative proposals to the electorate and stand by the verdict.
The Assembly, Mr. Morrison said, must strike the right note between the collective well-being of Europe and the separate interests ot member States. Full regard must be paid to the latter, including Britain's ties with the Commonwealth and the responsibility she shared with France, Belgium, and Holland for the welfare of oversca peoples. The approach to unity of action hitherto had been functional as distinct from federalist. but he would not say that the functional was necessarily the solu- tion for all time, and that some collective European autilority might not in due course develop, with special powers to decide certain matters. But in all that wvas done they must base themselves on facts and realities. and for that reason he had put his name to a motion by British Lahour representatives inviting the Assembly to agree to a full and objective studv of proposals for closer political union in Europe. They needed the facts. and he for one vas prepare-d to reserve judgment until they had them.
POLITICAL AUTHORITY
Mr. Macmillan, the British Conservative representative, who followed, said in effect what mnany other speakers had said-namely, that it was because of the deficiencies of func- tional cooperation, particularly in the economic field. thit the Assembly was there. His approach was much the same as Mr. Boothby's, thougth less concrete. He wanted to use and develop thc Council's statute to bring about a political atithoritv. They should extend the rights of the Assembly. Mr. Macmillan said, and sce also that the Committee of Ministers grew in stature and authority. They should ask the committee to ptit before their Govcm. ments and Parliaments whatever proposals came omU of the Assembly. They ought to create a position in which the Committee of Ministers, as a corporate Ettropean body. had the right to demand cxplanations of constitu- tional Governments. and to develop a public opinion wlhichi would make it impossible for a par ticular Government to stand against the gencral wish. Tllesc vere the opportunities of to-day.
Mr. McKay, the British Labour M.P., put lthe case for a Ettropean federation and, in one of the last speeches of a long day of oratory. the Irich qtuestion from the point of view of the six counties was explained to the Assembly by Sir Ronald Ross. The day's debate showed those representatives who believed that for these desperate times Europe must swallow the heroic remedy of an international authority to makc decisions for national Governments to he in the majority, but they were all at sixes and sevens on questions of form. method, and pace, and none of them indicated what specific functions of sovcreignty they wvould xvish their own countrics to surrender. Many. perhaps, found common ground in the evolution ary methods suggested to-day by Mr. 1erijc WN'ol. the fonner Norwegian Minister of J.usi6ce. He sairl that if the Coticil, within the framework of its present suttrute. got ahichd with pr:ic- tical wvork in the economic, social, and cutltural fields, experience and the pressure of events Nvould shoxv what constititional devclopments were necessary and provide an irres,stible impulse to bring them about.";"August 18, 1949";"";51463;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Political Union Of Europe";""
"['by Michel Godet and Olivier Ruyssen']";"['News']";"by Michel Godet and; Olivier Ruyssen
The Old World, wvhose stature has been reduced by two world wars to that of a political dwarf, is living up to its name (wvitness the decline in birth rate). As for European union, it looks more like a constantly thwvarted aspiration than a rea- litv.
The defence communitv was stillborn, the monetary union has yet to come into being, the common energy policy is con-- spicuous bv its absence and even such progress as has been achieved is tenuous. Green Europe is static at the moment, the steel industry is going through a crisis and the date of the first direct elec- tions to the European Parlia- ment is receding.
In these conditions it is 'not surprising that great credence is attached to prophecies of Europe's decline, such as that clearly expressed by H. d'Herouville in his book L'Economnie Mondiale:
""The retrogressive trend in the European Community is going to continue. It puts one in mind of the shrinking peau de chagrin. Europeans should overcome their differences in order to defend wvhat remains of their former grandeur for as long as possible in a chang- ing. expanding wvorld which is growing increasinglv accus- tomed to doing without them. The central region of the wvorld is no longer and wvill never again be Etxope, but the Pacific. Indeed a number of modern maps nowv relegate our Old World to some remote cor- ner.""
However, one can argue the opposite thesis, that Europe has once again become the vorld's centre of gravitv and the established clearing-house for the trade of most other regions. This wvas recognized and given prominence during the early 1970s, but lost its status among the fashionable ideas of the da'r wvith the quad- rupling of oil prices.
The decline of the United States in r elation to the ever- increasing economic wveight of Europe and Japan (the United States share in the total gnp of the seven foremost industrial countries in the OECD fell from 64.4 per cent to 45.1 per cent between 19S5 and 1975) was generally interpreted as auguring a newv international economic order different fromr. that envisaged today. A look at the past is necessary to under- stand the importance and sig- nificance of this European revival.
The gtrowth in international trade is a good indicator of the health of the wvorld economy. During the period of rapid growvth in productioni from 1948 to 1974 international trade increased more quickly thani wvorld production (sorre- times three timcs as fast); the opposite occurred during periods of crisis suchi as 1922. 37 and more recentlv in 1975 when trade fell by 4 per cent and production by 2 per cent in volume.
A second feature of rhe period from 1948 ro 1974 was the build-up in the share of vorld trade taken by Western Europe. Whenever there is a
war or a crisis, Western Europe is the first to be affected. From 1913 to 193s Western Europe's share in international trade declined steadily, from 55.3 per cent in 1913 to 49.9 per cent in 192b and 40.2 per cent in 1938.
During the same period th# wvorld economic growth rate slowed or lost all momentuni, while trade fell back (-0.5 per cent a. year on average between 1929 and 1937). The san,.e happened in 1975. wvhen trade fell in volume terms for the first time in 25 years and so did Western E;irope's share.
Over recent decades, then. every period in which Europe has suffered a relative declinr has seen a slackening in world production and contraction of trade, whereas the period dur ing which Europe's relative weight increased coincided with unprecedented growth in trade and in the world economy (the golden age o1 the 1960s).
The sceptical reader wvill rightly observe that one must not confuse cause and effecL and it is of course possible to put forward two interpre. tations of this interesting coin- cidence.
First, Europe, being more trade-oriented than other regions of .he world (the ratio of exports to gross domestic product is 7 per cent in thb United States, 12 per cent' in Japan and 25 per cent in the EEC), is also more vulnerable to international crises. It is therefore only when the over- all world economy is in a good state of health that Europe fares well: in other words if Europe is doin- well it is because everything is going well elsewhere.
Second, although there is an element of truth in this first interpretation (which is pretty pessimistic, since it does not exclude the possibility of Europe languishing in the midst of an expanding world economy), it should not be given too much credence at the expense of the converse relationship in wvhich the Euro- pean barometer determines the climate in the other regions of the world. When it is set fair and Europe's relative wveight increases, it acts as a locomo- tive for the wvorld economy, which in turn developsi in other words when things are going well in Europe all is well elsewhere.
Whenever a lasting or fleet- ing crisis arises iil Europe rais- ing the spectre of decline, all regions of the world are affected, in other words when things are not right in Europe, nothing goes right elsewhere. It is because Europe is the foremost r-ading power in the world that it plays such an important role.
The Nine, whose imports and exports account for a third of world commerce, may properly be described as the crossroad of international trade. Although the EEC share of world exports has fallen appre- ciably since thM crisis (from 37.1 per cent hi 1972 to 32.8 per cent ir 1976, comparable to the level prevailing during the 1960s), this does not in fact reflect a retrograde de- velopment,
The share taken by the six original members has actually
This analysis does not include the socialist countries in Asia (China, North Korea and so on) which account for less than 1 per cent of international trade. The figures in narenthesis represent each region's share.of world exports in 1976. Note the polarization of international trade around the EEC on the one hand and the United States on the other and the linchpin role of the EEC which is the main export outlet and/or the main source of imports for many of the other regions.
risen by some 4 per cent since 1960,. whereas Britain's has fallen by a similar proportion over the same period.
Indeed the creation of the Six led not only to a spectac- ular rise in intra-Community trade (which increased sixfold between 1958 and 1970 and now accounts for 52 per cent of EEC trade, against 33 per cent 20 years ago), but also to faster development in trade with the rest of the wvorld.
The EEC became increas- ingly imoortant to other coun- tries as both a customer and a supplier, so that by 1973 it accounted for 21 per cent anid 19 per cent respectively of other countries' exports and imports, compared wvitlh 17 per cenit on both counts in 1955.
Far from becoming a protec- tionist citadel, the EEC, by making Europe the focal point of international commerce, has given a strong boost to world trade.
In fact the pattern of world trade is broadly polarized be- tween the EEC and the United States. The EEC's sphere of influence includes Efta, the other European countries, Australia and Newv Zealand, Africa, the ?aliddle East, and the Eastern block, for all of which it is both the largest importer and the largest exporter.
The IJnited States has Canada and Latin America ig its sphere of influence. which may also be said to include Japan and the Far East, for wvhichl the United States is the biggest customer and a major supplier.
A closer examnination of the components of world trade show s that the Community takes the greatest share (44 per cent) of exports of manu- factures (and even 55 per cent in the case of chemicals, mak- ing it by far the leading exporter). This is of course its primary area of trading activ-
ity, since manufactures account for four-fifths of the member countries' exports and more than half of their imports.
Hence the vital importance of the crisis plans for steel, shipbuilding and synthetic fibres launched by the EEC. The Europe-wide improve. ments hoped for in the manu- facturing sector can only hope to bring about an international recovery in these particular in- dustries, wvhich are among those most affected by the international crisis.
Finally, Europe's dependence on the rest of the world for its supplies of energy products and other raw materials should not be allowed to obscure another fact: as the linchpin of international trade, Europe plays a vital role in the econo- mies of other regions of the wvorld, wvhereas the converse is not true.
It is therdfore no exaggera- tion to speak in terms of Europe's commercial domi- nation of the rest of the world, vhich has no option but to sell to it and buy from it. Was this not the message of the speech made by Mr Teng Hsiao Ping on the occasion of M Barre's visit to Peking, in wvhiclh he referred to ""the increasingly. important role played by West. ern Europe in the interna- tional arena ""? No doubt he would wvish to see Europe acquire a political stature com- mensurate wvith its economic power.
Mlichel Godet is head of Sema-Prospective and author of Crise'de la prevision, essor de la prospective published by Presses Universitaires de France. Olivier Ruyssen is senior engineer at Sema-Pros- pective and co-author with Michel Godet of Les Ecliaiiges internationaux (Presses Uni- versitaires de France, Collec- tion Que sais-7e ?).";"April 6, 1978";"";60269;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Old World is alive and well";""
"['Helmut Schmidt']";"['News']";"West Germany provides
a natural focus for observers
of the international
power game. To some, Bonn
appears to be the source
of all that is most constructive in the European Community's
foreign policy; to others
its hard-headed approach to
global economics serves
only to antagonize the Third
World. in this exclusive statement the Federal
Chancellor (above right) outlines his own attitudes to defending his country's interests, helping its poorer
partners and living witlh
the neighbours,-Britain in
particular.
British interest in Federal Germany's political affairs seems to be stronger than ever. Perhaps the rappearance of a leading British woman politician at -the recent election congress of our opposition party contributed to this, even though her speech regrettably concentrated, one. sidedly, on supporting that party, which is closely related to her own, in the elec- tion campaign.
The economic and political stability of the Federal Republic has -oerforce recently given us more responsibility in foreign affairs-more ait least than we have been accustomed to in,the past. We recognize the resulting increased respoin- sibilities, and we shall carry them out in accordance with the basic principles of our foreign policy, the prime target of which is ensuring peace in the world.
The Federal Republic is a part of the Atlantic Alliance, like the West European states allied with it, and is committed to strengthening the alliance as such, as well as its capacity for self-defence, and indeed to increasing the latter. Federal Germany knows that it is capable of polit- ical negotiation only in conjunction with its allies. Cooperation and friendship with the United States and Canada is of vital importance for Western Europe and for our country in particular.'
Our Armed Forces, the. Bundeswehr, make an important contribution to the support of peace in Europe. They pro- duce this contribution in the expectation that all European members of ,the alliance will provide their share of the mutual defence ,ffort. I am not unawaie in this conlnexion that certain Nato allies are unow in difficulties which result rather less from ithe activities of the East than from economic and social problems.
The Federal Government values Athe British contribution to common defence. I am particularly aware of the British Army of the Rhine. Nato is still the most successful peace pact of this cen- tury. It provides external protection for its members, and is the basis otn which defente policv can be carried forward. The recent Nato ministerial meeting in
Oslo once again confirmed this view.
The Federal Republic of Germany is always committed to improving and strengthening detente and East-West rela- tions in those areas where it is at present possible. The Federal Government's policy towards the Warsaw Pact states is aimed at ensuring the process of d6tente by increasing cooperation between East and West and at bridging over the divi- sion of Europe which has existed since the end of the Second World War, despite all political and social differences, on a practical basis. Berlin will remain an important practical test case in this coII- nexion.
After the conclusion of fundamental treamies between the Federal Republic on the one hand and the Soviet Union and Poland on the other in 1970, as well .as the general rela'tions treaty with the German Democratic Republic in 1972 which fulfilled the conditions for ,the realization of the four-power ggreement on Berlin, followed by the treaty con- cluded with Czechoslovakia in 1973, further 'agreements with Poland became possible in spring this year.
These pacts produced solutions satis- factory to both sides of questions which had been left open from the ,time of the Second World War. The visit of the Polish par,ty leader, Mr Edward Gierek, to Federal Germany- this month demon- strates 'that Poles and West Germans are engaged in wiping out the traces of the Second World War in mutual understand- ing.
This policy of detente and reconcilia- tion must be pursued with determination, ,despite irreconcilable ideological differ- ences. All this 'talk about the end of d6tente or of its allegedly unilateral use- ful1ness for the communist states I regard as dangerous. Detente policyi soberly and relevantly pursued tn consciousness of its indispensable preconditions and realiz- able limits, remains necessary. -
We shall put it into practice as far as possible, in the context of the final -act of the Europealn Security Conference, in our, dealings with other countries, and
above all' by means of solid agreements and undertakings which produce measur- able advantages for the individual citizen.
The mnain goal of our policy-helping with our partners and allies to. defuse conflicts-applies to all regions of the world.
Like the detente policy between East and West, a settlement between north and south also serves the cause of world peace. My country is fully prepared to. contribute to a more just division of future prosperity between -north and south, even with sacrifices oni our part.
We are also prepared as an industrial nation to open our markets more than before to semi-finished and 'finished goods from the developing countries. We do not question the right of developing countries to dispose of their own raw materials under their owvn sovereignty. On the other hand, the developing couIn- tries must understand that we can only assist if our own capacity to produce remains intact.
The developi.ng countries must also accept the consequences of their own responsibility: for the growth and econo- mic' development of the world. After the extraordinarily profound. recession in the wsorld economy, they should also see it as their responsibility to assist in making the world economic structure as a whole ' workable. Thousands of million s of people depend on this for their phvsi- cal fate and for. their chance to realize their personal freedom.
The Federal Government emphasized its readiness to help in improving the market' economy system at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Deve- lopment in. Nairobi last month. The Government questioned the relevance and practicality of specific' instruments and methods, but never queried the common task of assisting in bringing about the conditions for better living standards for people in the developing countries.
The Federal Republic is also prepared to make further sacrifices for Europe and the support and development of the
European Community, provided that these lead to substantial progress towAards integration.
Nowadays people talk of -a European crisis, of a blind alley in which the Euro- pean Community finds itself. I cannot share this viewv. We must of course be realistic. The creation of a politically united Europe uill not be possible in the immediate future. In the past few years of economic boom, the expectations of a -rapid economic and social equalization among member states and a realization of European union were raised too high. The differentiated effects of the world recession have made this clear.
But we should not also allow ourselves -to fall into the error of underestimatiun our power and strength. We have in the course of the development of Europe overcome many difficulties and achieved. -many successes.
We have learnt from all this that excessive zeal is no more appropriate than apathy. The causes of our present problems are to be found in the main in the pronounced disparities which have arisen wvithin the social and economic development of the member states of the European Community. To overcome these, we need patience and determina- tion. Those, as we know, are specially British characteristics.
Today therefore we ought to devote ourselves wilh all our might to the main- tenance and practicable development of the present stage of integration, and to be stubbornly resolved to approach the goal of economic and monetary union step by step. The individual -will and strength of the various member states are decisive in this regard, together with discipline in economic dealings among all concerned in economic affairs in the nine countries.
At present, no possibilities for compre- hensive and self-perpetuating steps towards integration are discernible in the econonuc sphere. In the instittitional sphere, however, the picture is different.
The German Federal Government is
ready to accept any procedure for direct election to the European Parliarret ""t
which the, eight other member states can agree, regardless of its own preferenc-s for the proposal put forward by the Strasbourg Parliament itself.
I am specifically aware that the fututre division of seats in the European Parlia- ment is of special importance to Brit:in, for regional considerations. On the other hand, I am sure that you are at one witlh us in attaching enormous importance to these elections and to the Parliament they wNill produce. If there is to be a stable future. for our common undertaking, the European Communitv, we musf find a tolerable compromise soon.
Anglo-German relations are close and friendly. Frequent corxtacts at all levels, and esplecially between heads of govern- ment, have become a matter of cour-se, and enable us to arrive at continuing agreement on all problems concerning our two cbuntries. -
The improvement in the British balance of payments, the relative success in the fight against inflation and the responsible and cooperative attitude of the TUC are facts of which I have taken note with pleasure.
In Mr James_Callaghan, your country has a Prime Minister who is aware of our common duty to develop Europe for the good of us all, but who will also do every- thing to see to it that your just interests are recognized and preserved in and by the Community. T look forward with plea- sure and expectation to his forthcolning visit to the Federal Republic, the first in his capacity as Prime Minister. -
The last time a Federal Chancellor wrote in The Times was on the occasion of Britain's entry into the European Com- munitv. What Herr Willy Brandt -said then remains valid: "" January 1, 1973, the day of your entry, was an historic day for Europe and tihe world.""
Helmut Schmidt
This article was translated by The Times in consultation with the Federal Govern- mnent.";"June 16, 1976";"";59731;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"West Germany";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondent
GENEVA, Ocr. 28
The western an"" aoutet plans bor European security were published at to-day's session of the Geneva con- ference. This does not mean that serious negotiation for a compromise between the two plans will now begin, but rather that the Ministers have, it might be said, performed the operation so often seen at other conferences of raising the battlements from which they will assail one another, assuming that the discussion on European security and German unification is continued.
The western proposals do, indeed, give Russia, and certain other unspeci- fied east European States, a guarantee against aggression by a future united Germany. This guarantee is to come into operation only if Germany is united and decides to become a member of N.A.T.O. It is thus designed purely to allay Communist anxieties on that score, and so facilitate German reunification. If it is in fact the fear of future German aggression that keeps the Soviet Gov- ernment from permitting unification, it may be said that the western and Com- munist positions have to-day come closer. But Mr. Molotov gave no con- firmation of this.
UNIFICATION PLAN SOVIET EMPHASIS ON
COOPERATION
He did say, however, that he would later table proposals for unification through cooperation between the east and west Germans themselves. That has throughout been the Communist theme. So far it has meant anything but free elections for Germany.
As was expected, therefore, a discussion on Item I threatens merely to become a propaganda exercise. This does not mean that the result of the conference will neces- sarily be wholly disappointing. There is still Item 3 (east-west contacts) on which all seem to agree that some progress can be made.
Mr. Macmillan, who was in the chair to-day, spoke first and then read out the western proposals for European security and German unification.
The proposals begin with a preamble which renews the proposals for German unifi- cation, through free elections, made by Sir Anthony Eden at the Berlin conference in January, 1954. It acknowledges the apparent fear of Russia that a united Germany would threaten east European security, and affirms that N.A.T.O. and Western European Union are strictly defensive organizations which add to the security not only of their own members but of all Europe. Nevertheless, to remove any possible grounds for Soviet refusal to reunify Germany promptly, the western Powers propose a security treaty, to be concluded simultaneously with an agreement to reunify Germany under the Eden plan. The treaty would provide for action against aggression, and for limitation and control of forces and armaments. It would be carried out by stages, and would enter into force only in conjunction with the reunification of Germany.
PRUNING OF FORCES TWO RADAR WARNING
SYSTEMS
The main document, a "" treaty of assur- ance on the reunification of Gertmany,"" provides for a thinning out of forces on each side of the eastern frontier of the future united Germany. There would also be an exchange of information on the forces in the zone, and "" agreement on progressive procedures of mutual inspection,"" to verify the information given and to give warning against surprise attack. Provision is also made for a special warning system, whereby the Soviet representatives would have a radar network in the western part of the zone, and the N.A.T.O. members a similar system in the eastern part.
Article 8 is the hard core of the treaty. ln case of attack by any party to the treaty who is also a member of N.A.T.O. (in case of attack, for instance, by a united Germany which had joined N.A.T.O.) against any party who was not a member of N.A.T.O. (i.e. Russia, or such of her satellites as be- come parties to the treafy) "" all the parties would then take appropriate action to meet that common danger.""
The document then reproduces the Eden plan for "" German unification in freedom,"" put forward at the Berlin conference in January, 1954, which provides for stages in the setting up of a united German Govern- ment and the conclusion of a peace treaty. The new draft is almost the same as that put forward last year, with the important exception that it allows the Germans a larger share in the first sta2e of preparing fo,r and supervising, free elections.
DIFFERENT WORDING
The document which Mr. Mototov put forward to-day is almost identical with the proposals presented by the Soviet delega- tion in July. It gives ""basic principles "" for a general European treaty on collective security in Europe. The preamble states that
the establishment of a system of collective security in Europe would facilitate the earliest possible settlement of the German problem, through the unification of Ger- many on a peaceful and democratic hasis.""
The July document spoke of "" the early settlement of the German problem ""-not of ' the earliest possible settlement ""-and
the change may be significant. It might be due to the Soviet desire to keep pace with the westcrn Powers by emphasizirng. for the record, that in the Soviet view unification is an urgent problem. More probably, how- ever, it is an indirect restatement of the Russian theme that Germany can be united only under a general European security system-after the disbanding of N.A.T.O.
For the rest, Mr. Molotov has merely re- peated the former Soviet document. The system proposed will be open to all European countries and the United States; east and west Germany may be parties pend- ing the formation of a united German State. The conclusion of the treaty shall not affect the competence of Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France to deal with the German problem, which "" shall be settled in accordance with decisions pre- viously taken by the four Powers.""
FREE ELECTIONS
MR. MACMILLAN'S PLEA
FOR ACTION
The meeting to-day was wholly taken up with the tabling of the western and Soviet proposals, and there was one set speech from each of the four Ministers. Mr. Mac- millan urged the conference to agree to hold German elections as soon as possible, so that representatives could be appointed who could really speak for the German people.
Hle elaborated, in a conversational style, the points contained in the preamble to the western document which he had tabled. He said he was glad to hear Mr. Molotov say that it was up to the Germans themselves to organize their own reunification. and added: "" We agree. We are certainly making progress. But how are they to do this ? Only by free elections.""
BRIDGING THE GULF
It was absolutely unnatural that such a great and powerful people should not be living under the same Government. He was glad, however, that Mr. Molotov had raised the question of guarantees against German militarism, as he had every right to do. But if this was the only thing that stood between the Germans and their yearning for unity, ""why, 1 believe we have devised just the plan to bridge this gulf. Here again we are making progress.""
Mr. Macmillan was sorry the Soviet Government had not yet produced any firm proposals for teunification, though he was glad Mr. Molotov did not reject the idea of proceeding by stages. "" More progress ! he remarked.
The western Powers would be glad to discuss with Mr. Molotov plans for widening the membership of the proposed security pact. But they could not admit that, in order to give security to Russia, they must abandon their own by dissolving N.A.T.O.
INCREASING TENSION SOVIET CHARGE AGAINST
WESTERN SCHEME
Mr. Molotov developed the Soviet counter- argument with characteristic cogency and obstinacy. The Russian plan, he said, offered a real and lasting guarantce against the revival of German militarism. Military groupings in blocks were the prelude to war, and it was because these blocks were fraught with such grave consequences that the Soviet plan proposed to liquidate them.
He claimed that between 1948 and 1953, American military expenditure had risen from 33 per cent, to 69 per cent. of the total budget, British expenditure from 24 to 38 per cent., and French expenditure from 24 to 33 per cent. The signing of the Paris agreement had led Russia, too, to think about strengthening her forces, and she was now, he claimed, spending about 20 per cent. of her budget on defence.
The last part of Mr. Molotov's speech was devoted to heavy criticism of the new westem documents. He did say that his delegation would examine the proposals attentively, but he condemned them on several grounds. The plan would increase tension between the European States; it would perpet4ate the existing military groupings; and it would not only open the way to a revival of German militarism but would take the whole of united Germany into N.A.T.O.
FULL U.S. SUPPORT
Mr. Dulles affirmed the full support of the United States Government for the proposals which Mr. Macmillan had put forward. Taking up Mr. Molotov on his condemna- tion of military blocks, he asked why nations should not join together to help one another. The increase in military expenditure in the west between 1948 and 1954 was due to events in Czechoslovakia. the blockade of Berlin, and the attack on Korea.
Speaking of the western security proposals, Mr. Dulles said they contained "" under- takings of the utmost gravity which, for the United States, would constitute an extremely serious and far-reaching commitment.""
The Foreign Ministers meet again to- morrow moming to continue discussion of the two security plans, and possibly to dis- cuss the proposals which Mr. Molotov is to put forward for German unification. On Monday they will discuss the agenda on Item 3 (east-west contacts) and then pass the matter to their subordinates.
Mr. Sharett, the Israel Prime Minister, is to see Mr. Dulles again to-morrow; his inter- view with Mr. Molotov has now been arranged for Monday.
Summaries of the western and Soviet proposals are on page 5.";"October 29, 1955";"";53364;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rival Proposals At Geneva";""
"";"['News']";"Sir Anthony Eden said last night that the British Government were available to render any service that would help to produce a compromise solution between Israel and her Arab neighbours.
Speaking in London at the Lord Mayor's banquet, the Prime Minister said that if an acceptable arrangement could be made about these nations' boundaries, Britain would be prepared to give a formal guarantee to both sides. He believed that the United States and perhaps other Powers would do the same.
Referring to Russia's attitude on the future of Germany, he said that it was indefensible to hold that free elections could not take place because the Communist system must be preserved.
SOVIET ATTITUDE
ON GERMANY
"" ADDING TO DANGERS
IN EUROPE""
Sir Anthony Eden said: Since my famous predecessor spoke to you a year ago, we have seen the free nations of the West happily welded together. The Federal Republic of Germany has joined' N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union.
It is sad that the first Supreme Com- mander of the North Atlantic Forces, President Eisenhower, should at this moment be laid aside by illness. It is indeed an unhappy conjunction of events that at this time two of the world's wisest and bravest statesmen, the Presi- dent of the United States and the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Gertnany, should be absent from our coutisels through illness. We look for- ward eagerly to their full recovery....
THREE COMMENTS
It has been the hope of us aU that at Geneva the welcoming smiles of summer would be interpreted into solid agreements. That is what our Foreign Secretary has been working hard to do. The news last night was ftot good.
I have, therefore, only three comments to make on the present state of discussions at Geneva.
First, to attempt to keep Germany divided for a further indefinite period, 10 years after the war is ended, adds to the dangers in Europe and is no contribution to peace.
Secondly, Germany, like any other country, must be free to make her own decision as to her political future by the free voice of her people. In other words she is entitled to free elections. It is indefensible to hold that free elections cannot take place because the Communist system must be preserved.
Tbirdly, the western nations and Soviet Russia cannot but recall the experience of past years. Mutual undertakings should therefore be given and taken against any act of aggression in Europe. This is the most effective assurance we have been able to devise. If it can be improved upon, let other suggestions be made...
AVERTING ARMS
RACE
SOME K1ND OF BALANCE
Here I have to discuss a grave situation with you. Between Israel and Egypt lies an area of dangerous tension. During the past seven years we have been trying to bring about some kind of settlement in that part of the world, and to prevent competition in armaments there. We have not been entirely unsuccessful.
The level of arms has been kept relatively low. This applies especially to the more modern weapons. There has been some kind of a balance, though naturally each side proclaims it is less favoured than the other.
But now into this delicate situation the Soviet Government have decided to inject a new element of danger and to deliver weapons of war-tanks, aeroplanes, even submarines-to one side only.
It is fantastic to pretend that this deliber- ate act of policy was an innocent commercial transaction. Of course it is no such thing. It is a move to gain popularity at the expense of the restraint shown by the west. By this means it is intended to make it easier for Communism to p-netrate the Arab world.
Its consequences should be clear for all to see., Many proud States, some of which have not long enjoyed independence and national identity, will be threatened with submergence in the Communist empire if they fall victims to these tactics. For our part we find it impossible to reconcile this Soviet action with protestations that they wish to end the cold war in the new spirit of Geneva.
The authors of these actions must have known well enough in advance what the effect of the sudden arrival of these large quantities of arms must be. It has brought a sharp increase of tension with very danger- ous possibilities, particularly between Egypt and Israel. Yet when nations face cach other in hostility it is not much use blaming them for getting arms wherever they can. It is not the recipients, it is the suppliers who must be held mainly responsiblc.
IMMEDIATE TASK
The immediate task is to prevent the out- break of war. General Burns, the United Nations Chief of Staff in Palestine, has been tireless in his efforts to keep the forces of the two sides apart. He and his staff have shown patience and courage in this hazard- ous work and we are most grateful to them.
General Burns is urging both sides to withdraw their forces from the El Auja demilitarized zone. We are giving him full diplomtaic support for his present proposal in the capitals concemned. Let there be r.o mistake. Were any country to reject counsels of moderation it would forfeit the sympathy of this, and I believe every other, peace-loving nation. Once lost that sym- pathy might be hard to regain.
I have never known a situation where it was clearer that neither party has anything to hope- for in the long term from any mili- tary conflict. It is in the interests of both to put the demilitarized zone between them. ...
But beneath the volcanic crust of these smouldering dangers lies a deeper peril still. The hostility between Israel and her Arab neighbours is unreconciled. Here, time has proved no healer. There is no progress to record since the armistice agreements six years ago.
If it were not for these harsh and enduring sentiments, the countries of the Middle East could give all their efforts to their economic and social plans. They could then all con- centrate on building up happy and pros- perous societies in their lands.
ROOT CAUSE
As I have said, we have tried for a long time past to find common ground for some kind of settlement. I think that the time has now come when the acute dangers of the situation force us to try again. We must somehow attempt to deal with the root cause of the trouble.
Our country has a special responsibility in all this. for we have a long tradition of friendship with the Middle East. I believe that it should be possible for us to find com- mon ground between the two positions.
There is, after all, one interest the parties ought to share. Neither Israel nor her ArSb neighbours want to see their differences turned to the advantage of anyone else. From that starting point, can we not all look once again at the proposals which the United
States Government and we ourselves have advocated.
Our one desire is to help to find a means of living which will enable the peoples con- c erned to dwell side by side in peace. lf, for instance, there could be accepted an arrangement between them about their boundaries, we, and I believe the United States, and perhaps other powers also would be prepared to give a formal guaran tee tO both sides. This might bring real confidence and security at last. Our countries would also offer substantial help-flnancial and other-over the tragic probem of the refugees.
BASIS FOR RIVAL
CLAIMS
COMPROMISE NEEDED
Can we not now move even a little further than this ? The position to-day is that the Arabs take their stand on the 1947 and other United Nations resolutions. They have said that they will be wiling to discuss terms with Israel on that basis. The Israelis, on the other hand, found themselves on the Armistke Agreement of 1949 and on the present territories which they occupy.
Between these two positions there is of course a wide gap, but is it so wide that no
The Prime Minister speaking at the Lord Mayor's banquet at Gulldhall last night. On his right are the Lord Mayor of London, Alderman C. L. Ackroyd, and the retiring Lord
Mayor, Sir Seymour Howard. On his left is the Lady Mayoress.
negotiation is possible to bridge it ? It is not right that United Nations resolutions should be ignored. But equally, can it be maintained that the United Nations resolu- tions on Palestine can now be put into operation as they stand ?
The stark truth is that if these nations want to win a peace which is in both their interests they must make some compromise between these two positions. I am con- vinced that it is possible to work this out, and if we could do so it would bring relief and bappiness to millions. The sooner the better. If we fail to do so, none can tell what the consequence may be.
I want to say to-nfght, my Lord Mayor, that her Majesty's Government and I per- sonally are available to render any service in this cause. If there is anything we can do, we will gladly do it for the sake of peace. (Applause.)
Sir Anthony Eden was responding to the toast of "" Her Majesty's Ministers,"" pro- posed by the Lord Mayor. The toast of ""The late Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen ""-a traditional toast-was pro- posed by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Guests at banquet, page 12 ; Lord Mayor's show, page 7.";"November 10, 1955";"";53374;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"British Offer To Help In Arab-Israel Dispute";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, SEPT. 27
The Franco-British conversations be-
tween the Prime Ministers and Foreign. Mtnisters of the two countries ended here this afternoon, and the statement which was published soon after shows that, apart from a detailed examination of the next moves in the Suez crisis, the whose range of Franco-British relations has been under scrutiny, with the pur- pose of strengthening Franco-British solidarity in every respect. In the words of tbe -statement. ""This result was fully achieved.""
The two Governments have reaffirmned the ""identity of aim and community of irterest of the British and French peoples,"" and have -also agreed to pursue she pol;icy of strengthening military, poli- tical, and econormic cooperation between the nations of western Europe. Further ministerial meetings between the two Governments will be arranged as necessary.
MEMORABLE DAY
It is clear from this that the Franco- British alliance, which in recent weeks has assumed a deeper significance, has been given still more impetus and mean- ing. The announcement of the state visit next April of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh comes as.a clinax to a day which is likely to be a memor- able one for Franco-British relations.
The following is the text of t-he state- ment:-
The ~British Prime Minister, Sir Anthony
Eden. and the Foreign Secretary. Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, arrived in Paris on Wed- nesday, September 26. to confer with the Prdsidegtidu Canseil. M. Guy Mallet, and Minister for Foreign Affairs, -M. Christian Pineau. This meeting was arranged after the visit of M. Guy Mollet to the Prime Minister at Chequers on Mardi
II last.
The primary purpose of this meeting, the
inmportance of which has been greatly increased by the latest international developments, was to strengthen Franco- British solidarity in every respect. This result was fully achieved.
In Particular. the Ministers defined their
common position in the United Nations as a result of the recent British decision to place the question of the Suez Canal before the Security Council. They were fully agreed on the line to be followed by them in the forthcoming debate.
SETTLING DIFFERENCES
The Ministers expressed their determination
to continue. in respect of any further developments, the close cooperation
'hidc has characterized the policy of the two Governments since the beginning of the Suez Canal crisis.
The Ministers then reviewed the course of
the relationship between France and the United Kingdom in recent years, and reaffirmed the identity of aim and com- munity of interests of the British and French peoples. To this end they agreed on further studies designed to eliminate such minor points as may be outstanding between the two countries.
Finally. they recalled the action taken by
both countries since the war to strengthen political, military, and economic coopera- tion between the nations of western Europe. They agreed to pursue this policy and to study, in the European organizations to which they belong or by other means, the new forms which it might take.
They expressed their determination to
ensure that constructive results should flow from these initiatives.
Further ministerial meetings between the
two countries will be arranged as may be necessary.
TACTICS IN U.N. DEBATE
G reat satisfaction was being expressed here to-night, both in French and British circles, at the outcome of the meeting. The Ministers did good preparatory work on the coordination of tactics and policy for the forthcoming debate on Suez in the Security Council. That policy rests upon the same objective-an objective wbich is itself sup- ported by the Americans-to obtain the support of the greatest possible number for the principle of international control of the canal.
In particular, a draft resolution for sub- mission by the French and British delega- tions, has been prepared, though its final
form will depend upon further consultations' with friendly govemments. Sir Anthony Eden confirmed this evening, after the meeting, that the two Governments had decided to maintain their military pre- cautions in the eastern Mediterranean. According to French official quarters, these precautionary measures will be maintained for so long as tension persists in the area.
There was also discussion about the future arrangements for the Suez Canal Users' Association, wbich holds its first meeting, under the chairmanship of Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, in London on Monday. Here again agreement was complete. French officials, commenting on the fact that France has onlt joined the association with express reserves, emphasize that Britain, like
France, has the same motives for using the association to attain the desired objective. It was also pointed out Were this evering that, when it comes to the question of how transit dues for the canal shall be paid, the Users' Association should provide a useful means of finding out exactly how dues are being paid by the differet coun- tries at the moment, a point that is by no means clea.
BAGHDAD PACT
The passage in the statement which refers to the elimination of minor points between the two Governments is believed to have been a French initiative. M. Pineau, in partcular, has for some time felt that there is a lack of coordination and undestanding between the two cwmtries in various parts of the wnrtd. often concemina not so much' policy as local interests or personalities. It will be the purpose of the "" further studies "" to list and examine these possible points of friction.
Algeria, and the attitude sbown towards France's struggle there, is one such possible point, and so is thc whole Middle Eastern area. the Baghdad pact, which the French have never liked, was mentioned during the discussions. but its future was left open. If in the near future the pact pays a dividend, such as the solidarity of its members with the Franco-British cause in the course of the Security Council's debate, then France might even join it.
T7he last part of the discussions, which exceeded the time limit foreseen, dwelt upon questions of European cooperation, Various ,other members of the French Governmnent, who had had luncheon with the British and French Ministers at the Hotel Matignon, were associated with this last stage of the talks. The French were apparently very struck and pleased by what they felt to be a most marked wish on the British side to meet French expectations here.
ARMAMENTS CONTROL
The obvious instance of the -new forms"" of a European cooperation, to which the statement refers. is the present discussions, within the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, about how to associate the countries who are not taking part in the six-Power European Customs union with that Customs union These discussions began in Paris earlier this week, 'nd will continue at the official level unIl the end of the year. Another form of greater cooperation which appears to be in British minds is to encourage and hasten the effective opera- tion of the Western European Union. and its provisions for European armaments controL This subiect, with the current talk of atomic weapons for the German armed forces, is particularly topicaL
This -European"" passage of the state- ment was drafted, it seems, at British initiative, but the British visitors were natur- ally aware of French hopes and expecta-
ions on this point. What seems to be in view is not full British participation in the various European organizations which exist or are in the making-such as the European Coal and Steel Community or Euratom- but a new and less suspicious attitude on the part of Britain, leading to closer links and association with the various European bodies, and with the cause of European cooperation in general.
The final phrase of the statement, about the possibility of further ministerial con- sultations between the two countries, was suggested by Sir Anthony Eden, and M. Mollet immediately agreed.
The Franco-British talks had been resumed this morning, at the Ho1tel Matignon, and lasted throughout the morn- ing, the luncheon at which M. Mollet entertained his guests, and a good part of the afternoon.
COMMON POLICY
Sir Anthony Eden and the Foreign Secretary, with Lady Eden, and staff from the Foreign Office and 10, Downing Street left Le Bourget at 6.30 P.m., and at the airport the Prime Minister made a state- ment in French.
He was deeply grateful, Sir Anthony Eden said, for the friendly and warm welcome that had greeted the British visitors. Franco-British friendship had once more been strengthened, and had never been so sound. Soon it would be strengthened anew on the occasion of the visit of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
""We have during these two days had some very useful talks, in the course of which we have established a common Franco-British policy on many points. In particular, we have agreed upon a common action in the United Nations during the forthcoming debates. We are resolved to continue this close collaboration which has characterized the policy of the two coun- tries since the beginning of the Suez crisis.
"" This crisis, or rather te roup de force of Nasser, has not only endangered the economic interests of many nations, but has constituted an attack on the traditional respect of treaties, and gnawed at the very basis of international confidence. This was a lesson before the war, and is also one to-day. It is our duty to work togetber, French and Englisb, to find a just solution to the present difficulties.""
Sir Anthony Eden and Lady Eden and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd arrived at London Air- port from Paris at 8.2 p.m. yesterday.";"September 28, 1956";"";53648;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anglo-French Unity Strengthened";""
"['By Andrew Shonfield']";"['News']";"'By Andrew Shonfield
By his manoeuvre' in Western Euro- pean Union, Mr. Stewart has succeeded in inflicting a small dent in the armour Plate which France has. erected around the Six to protect them from contacts with Britain. Given continuing persis- tience and diplomatic skill on the British side, and, perhaps more important, the continuance of the current trigger-happy style of French diplomacy on the Euro- pean front, it is just possible that the dent may ultimately be converted into a modest aperture.
That is what is wanted-a regular and visible point of contact for Britain and its allies in continental western Europe, which will express the special relation- ship now existing between them.
There is, however. a danger that in the excitement of defying the French. who will surely make a point of squeez- ing the maximum drama out of every minor d'efiance, we may overlook just how modest the achievement really is. Even if we succeed in establishing the principle of regular exchanges with the five Common Market countries on sotne topics not covered by the Treaty of Rome, we shall still be no nearer to over- coming the French veto on British mem- bership of the European Community. It is hard to believe that British politics will not be affected by a sense of let- down as the years go by and this country continues to be consistently frustrated in a major objective of its foreign policy.
THREE POINTS
Specifically the need will be felt, if Britain is to remain steady in its resolve to 'become a member of the European Community, for some form of exchange with its future partners about the wide range of topics of national policy that impinge upon the Treaty of Rome. The latest initiative in the Western European Union relates only to topics outside the Rome treaty.
What is wanted is some device which will provide an opportunity for Britain. and for other countries inside the Com- mon Market who are so disposed, to take certain political decisions as if Britain were already a member of an enlarged European community.
A year ago I put a proposal designed to secure this end to members of the Government. However, at that stage Mr. George Brown's optimism about being able to bounce the Germans into some decisive action on Britain's behalf still dominated British policy. It was thought that a scheme as unambitious as the one that I was suggesting might be a diversion - indeed, might encourage any less than enthusiastic allies of Britain inside the Common Market to think that the British were willing to settle for some lesser alternative to full membership.
By now none of these inhibitions can be held, to apply. Everything that has happened in the past 12 months has rein- forced the doubt that many people felt about the Brown approach to the stor,m- ing of Europe. He now wants to do it again, by hustling a dozen nations into the rapid establishment of a political community which has consistently eluded six of them. Mr. Brown still has to learn that there are some objec- tives of politics, abroad as well as at home, which do not lend themselves to assault tactics. The Common Market is one of them.
The problem of managing our rela- tions with the European Common Mar- ket. is clearly ode for the long hauL So here is the proposal. The minimum aims of our interimn policy towards Europe should be to ensure:- -
(a) that all British leyislative proposals
henceforth will be examined publicly on the basis of the assumption that Britain. will be a member of the E.E.C. by the mnid-l970s;
(b) that a parallel process of debating any
new comrnmunity initiative in the light of Britain's future membership of the E.E.C. is conducted by those members of the Six which are supporters of the British application for membership;
(c) that there is an identifiable institution
where Britain is involved in the day to day affairs of the Comunnity-and is seen to be so.
The problem is how to do (c) without an overt act of political collaboration between Britain and the E.E.C. countries, which would appear to rival the authority of the E.E.C. itself. My suggestion is that we should bring an academic resource into play instead of a political one.
Britain should propose to the goVern- ments of the Five that they should join together to establish an independent European institute whose task would be to study and make recommendations on all questions coming before the Parlia- ments of Britain and the other countries, which would affect or be affected by the establishment of an enlarged E.E.C. The institute would take on a certain atiount of contract work from governments in connexion with their new legislation and administrative measures.
A report might be requested from the institute before legislative proposals were presented to national parliaments -indeed it would be the aim to estab- lish a parliamentary convention that comments from the institute would automatically be sought on all legislative proposals whose content might be affected by the enlargement of the Com- munity. On some subjects a joint ad hoc study group, containing members of the institute's staff and civil servants or parliamentarians from the various countries, might be set up to help the investigation.
EXPERT COMMITrfES
The institute would not be part of the apparatus of government. Its head should be a European personality of some academic standing, known for his independence. Nevertheless, because the institute would be an automatic point of reference for all topics connected with changes in the Community which are of interest to Britain and the Five, it would be the natural forum for con- sultation between government officials and their expert academic advisers in these countries.
The analogy that might be drawn is with those -E.E.C. ""Committees of Experts"" appointed periodically to -explore some problem and advise the European Commission before policies are formulated. Their role was described by M. Emile NoeL the execu- tive secretary of the European Com- mission, as follows: ""These experts do not formally commit their governments, but, as they are informed of the interests and opinions of the latter, they perform a useful function in guiding the Com- mission in its search for solutions that
are technically accutato and generally acceptable to the six governments."" That is precisely what is wanted in this instance. f.
I would hope that some of the experts who would take part in the institutes deliberations, as well as some of the members of the institute's staff, would be French. There is reason to suppose that some French academics who act in an advisory role to the European Com- munity, and also sometimes to their own gove-rnment, would want to be associated with this work.
The location of the institute might be either Brussels or London. Whereas the former offers some obvious attractions, the location in London would serve to express an important aspect of the whole operation-Britain's continuing com- mitrnent to the Community and the involvement of members of the Com- munity in a joint venture on British soil. There should be a ceremonious occasion at least once a year when the institute would report on its current work to representatives of the govermnents sup- porting it
GERMAN DIFFICULTY
In addition to the contract work of the institute in reporting on short-term questions connected with new legisla- tion or administrative measures, it would set itself to explore longer term prob- lems of concern to an enlarged Com- munity. It might, for example, try to formulate the outlines of a common economic policy towards the Soviet block or the appropriate Community policies for a world-wide system of inter- national monetary management in the 1970s. Here Britain would participate as if it were already a member of the Com- munity-an assumption which would naturally be made in relation to prob- lems which are likely to become actual only in the 1970s.
Through its work on such long-term questions, the institute would gradually establish its intellectual authority in new fields of European integration. It would apply itself particularly to those areas of policy where the process of integra- tion is currently blocked by political dis- agreements among the members.
Would the German Government accept this proposal ? Possibly not, to begin with. But the other four countries surely would-unless all that they have said and done in the past year is a point- less piece of histrionic by-play-and the advantage of this scheme is that it can start up and do a lot of useful work with- out depending on absolute unanimity arnong the Five. It is not a question of Germany or nothing.
The problem for Britain, as we can now see, is to make a start quickly on some joint operation which will some- how evade the French veto. Once the European Institute is established and working, the odds are surely that power- ful political groups in Germany, both inside and outside the coalition Government, will press hard for German participation. German official policy, after all, is to ease the process leading to British membership of the E.E.C., and the prime purpose of the Institute is to ensure that during the period of waiting government decisions in Britain and the Community countries do not move the two groups farther aparL";"April 1, 1969";"";57524;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A plan, to avoid the French veto in Europe";""
"['From Our Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Corresoondent
Geneva, Jan 31
""Our European patriotism does not exclude or override the other patriotisms we weel within ourselves "", Sir Christopher Soames said today, in an address to the Swiss Winston Churchill Foundation, meeting at Berne University. To be European was to share in the inheritance of each of the European peoples not to lose the heritage of one's own.
Sir Christopher, a vice- president of the European Com- mission, said the European idea had been crucial in the ""astonishing improvement "", since 1945 in the economic well- being of the European peoples.
Following is a partial text of his speech:
None of us in Europe can take for granted the success of our aspirations to European unitv and for a peaceful and progressive world. The possibility of dis- appointment, the threat of tragedy is always with us, in the slhifting balance of forces in the world around us, and indeed within our- selves.
However impressive may be the European edifice we have built upon the hope which Sir Winston uttered 30 years ago, its successful development is entirely dependent upon the imagination, the under- standing, and thc will of those millions of people who are the citizens of Europe.
Nationalism has been one of the great motive forces in European history, and its spirit is very much alive today in Europe. And al- though many terrible crimes and follies have been committed in its name, it is and will remain a fundamental element in the sense of identity of our peoples.
Indeed, there are many who object to Sir Winston's idea of a European patriotism because they believe that it can arise only out of the ashes of the old-established and valued national patriotisms- that it can be experienced only by those who reject the ties that bind them to their native land.
I cannot accept such a view. That natural patriotism which the par- ticular land of our birth and up- bringing inspires within us, is not incompatible with a wider Euro- pean loyalty.
It is, of course, true that a large part of the historic achievements of the European continent stems from the differentiation of its
peoples among distinct cultures, languages and societies. It was this that Sir Winston recognized when he said in his Zurich speech that "" there can be no revival of Europp without a spiritually great -France, and a spiritually great Germany "".
But this does not mean that the Europeans should not seek to reconcile their divisions-divisions which have borne so much bitter fruit as well as so much good. Not does it exclude the development of a common European patriotism which enlarges and embraces, but does not crush or supplant, the particular patriotisms of the nations of wlhich she is composed.
This European patriotism is worth having for its own sake. But let us not forget that Churchill and the other founders of the new Europe also saw it as a means to further ends beyond ,tself.
Tn the immediate aftermath of war these ends werc regarded as primarily political. In Churchill's phrase they were ""1 Peace, safety, and freedom "". The founding fathers of the Community, recog- nizing the economic foundations and prerequisites of peace, added a furtlher dimension-the pursuit of prosperity and of a better stan- dard of life for all.
Now, after 30 years, where does Europe stand in relation to these two great themes of peace and prosperity ?
The foundation of that pros- perity has been the movement of Europe towards a single, unified and outward-looking market. With- out that movement towards economic integration, the great advance which has been achieved in the productivity of European industry and agriculture could not have been achieved.
Without it there could not have been the same opportunities to rationalize production and distri- bution. There would have been less specialization, and Europe could not have reaped the advan- tages of the economics of scale. The confidence necessary for large- scale investment would have been lacking. There could not have been the same spur to technological infiovation, or the same incentives which the reinforcement of compe- tition within the market has given to greater efficiency. In short, if the wider European market bad not been created, there would have been fewer jobs, fewer opportuni- ties. and a lower standard of living for us all.
Over the past 30 years, the Euro- pean idea has been at the heart of the movement towards a single European mar,ket and all the. bene- fits it has brought, because it has provided the essential political framework within which economic integratiTii cpuo tak placg,
The European governments have been deeply committed to a United Europe, and the knowledge that this was so has given Europe's businessmen and trade unionists, planners and managers, the con- fidence necessary for expansion, innovation and risk-taking.
Similarly, if we are to overcome the difficulties and dangers of the immediate future without a col- lapse of the world economy like that which took place in the 1930s, we must cleave to the ideal of unity as a counterweight to the fears and resentments, the mutual suspicions and the protectionism which are the ugly offspring of difficult times.
What then of sovereignty ? Let us be clear about one, thing. Sovereignty is a very different concept from patriotism or national identity. Patriotism is a state of feelip'g. Sovereignty is a political doctrine. Sovereignty is not an attribute of a nation. Rather, it is something which a particular political theory-one among many-has attributed to the state.
What the national interests of each of our. countries require nowadays is a- philosophy' of practical internationalism fotnded in a frank recognition of the realities of the modern world. And the attempt to oppose this philosophy by revihing a false and therefore dangerous concept of exclusive national sovereignty- false because it is obsolete-can result only in grave disservice to the national interests .. which it purports to serve.
But just as these twin purposes of peace and prosperity cannot be achieved by any European nation acting alone, so they cannot be achieved by Europe in isolation.
We in Europe must therefore do everything in our power to defend and develop the international trading and monetary system.
In particular our guiding prin- ciple of cooperation rather than confrontation must be applied in the multilateral trade negotiations that will begin in earnest here in. Switzerland in a few weeks' time. It must apply in the consultations among oil consumers, and be- tween oil consumers and oil pro- ducers. It must apply in the devel- opment of the world's monetary system to cope with the strains put on it by our present massive deficits and surpluses. And it must apply in our approach to the deeper and wider conflicts that threaten the peace of the world.
If these be Europe's interest in the wider world, what qf her duties ? We. are not building Euro- pean unity merely to become safer and richer. We are doing it so that
154ope O S? vlfil her rospQnOtilsli-
ties and give expression to the abundant energies and idealism of her people.
I now sum up the propositions which are before you. We cannot take for granted the achievements of the past 30 years. None of' us can "" opt out "" of the resoluticn of the grave problems which still confront mankind. In particular, here in Europe we are bound to persevere in our efforts to over- come our divisions and to develop that larger European patriotism which Churchill had in mind when he said that he looked forward "" to the day when once more men will be glad to say ' Civis Romanus sum
Meanwhile, in our struggle to build the unity of Europe, we need not fear that the, identity and distinction of any of the European nations or cultures is incompatible with the achieve- ment of a* united Europe. The instinct of patriotism which we feel towards our native land is made of such stuff that it can coexist with a similar instinct of European citizenship. On the other hand, a united Europe cannot be envisaged withQut the creation of common institutions at the Euro- pean level. But this does not mean either the loss of national identity and patriotism, or the destruction of democratic institutions.
Our striving for European unity is a development which is neces- sitated by the realities of life in the modern world, both inside arid outside the -European Community. And it represents the triumph of a concept of government and of the state, as the servant rather than the master of free. men, which is morally superior to that concepfion which is embodied' in the classical doctrine of exclusive sovereignty.
Nor need we fear that European unity must be achieved at the expense of the world order. Rather the lnstitutionis of inter- national economic cooperation and the principles which underline-the European union are interdepen- dent and complementary. A united Europe will be a pillar of world order, a divided Europe must be a yawning crevasse beneath It.
And so when we echo today Churchill's 30-year-old cry "" Let Europe arise "", we do not mean -any more than he meant-to say ""Let the nations fall, let the globe dissolve "". Rather, we may look with justified pride upon our handiwork. We may survey the distance we have already travelled with a sure hope that we shlall accomplish the immense tasks that still lie before us.. We may. say with Justice that Europe has .already arisen: let her now fulfil her OcAtiny,";"February 1, 1975";"";59309;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Soames view of Europeans' twin patriotisms";""
"['From Our Political Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Political Correspondent
Today the election campaign will have been running for a full week and the time has come for all the party princi- pals to assess the balance of the play.
There is no doubt that Mr. Wilson sees more reason for satisfaction than Mr. Heath. He started with a lead in all the opinion polls that was bound to damp down electoral excitement be- cause the result seemed so sure, and he could therefore afford to pace himself easily through the three weeks without making violent offensive sallies.
Mr. Wilson had made eight parish-pump speeches in the regions by last night, but had made no public appearance at Trans- port House news conferences. He is hold- ing Ihimself in reserve and may come on stage next week. He has noted that MIr. Heath gained a little ground over the week- end out of the Cowley trial, but apart from that has satisfied himself that Central Office has not yet managed to find a cause for any damaging offensive.
Nevertheless, there was significance in the Government's hints yesterday that they were taking more interest in the chances of exploring entry into Europe after the clection, now that France was not hostile. It almost seemed that Mr. Heath had scored a sIcecss with his emphasis on Europeanism, or at any rate that Mr. Wil- son wanted to cut some of the ground from under him.
The hints were timed to coincidc with thc meeting in London of the Foreign Ministers of Western European Union, with MIr. Stewart, the Foreign Secretary, attend- ing to give some tentative encouragement to the blossoming of European unity.
LESSON OF 1959
For Mr. Wilson, the one danger seems to be that the level of Labour's lead in the opinion polls could easily induce a feeling of complacency in his committed supporters. His tactics in the next week or so mill be to banish assumptions that all is over bar the counting of votes and try to make sure of the high percentage of poll that will capitalize in Labour's present advaintage.
Both Mr. Wilson and MIr. Heath have noted, without being deluded by it. that the entlhusiasm in the constituencies among party workers sharply contrasts with the open boredom of professional political observers in London, who are deeply im- bued with the logic of opinion poll read- ings. Mr. Gaitskell's experience in 1959 taught all party leaders how misleading con- stituency fervour can prove to be. Nobody can yet be sure that there will be a high turn-out of voters on March 31, and the level of turn-out may be crucial in many marginal seats.
CAREFUL PRECISION
-OR ATTACK?
For Mr. Heath and his colleagues the problem is still to find an issue or two that will throw the Government on to the defensive. Each day Mr. Heath presses an attack along a new line at his news con- ference, but it cannot be said that, apart from the Cowley incident, he has made any deeP inroads.
He has now reached the point where he must ask himself whether his political temperament does not lead him to be over- responsible and even over-rational in the thick of a crude partisan battle.
Would he, for instance, prosper more if he took a leaf from the Liberal book and launched a personal attack on Mr. Wilson, instead of expounding the new Conserva- tive policies with such careful precision? It is a point to note that MIr. Ludovic Kennedy's quotations from Mr. Wilson's speeches on nationalization were apparently taken from the Conservative Campaign GCide.
In a desperate fight, wvhat Mir. Heath needs most of all in the next fortnight is a touch of political luck, of which thc Cowvley incident was a promising example until it began to peter out. Short of that,
he has no choice but to attack along the broadest front, hoping that he will find a weak sector.
As Labour leaders assesm the campaign, nothing has so far happened to dissipate their initial advantages. They can stiU benefit from the fact that they are the Gov- ernment in sitn, who can publish the fair- price review in mid-campaign. After a mere 17 months in office they can meet every Conservative policy thrust with a reminder that Conservatives were in government for 13 Years.
They can stir up disquiet about elector- ally unfamiliar Conservative proposals for increasing food prices and remodelling the welfare state. They can parade the bogy that Conservative economic policy would mean deflation and unemployment.
It has certainly become a conviction of Labour leaders, after only a week on the hustings, that they stand to benefit from any mobility of votes on March 31, Mr. Wilson and his men are quite sure that not only will the Liberals on the move break syigtly in Labour's favour, but that there is already a perceptible swing to Labour from the Conservative side. This, it is held, was the really important electoral message in the North Hull by-election, and the message is now claimed to be general.
WHOLE EXERCISE A WASTE OF TIME
Mr. Callaghan1 Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, went a httle farther into the cost- ing Of the Conservative manifesto propo- sals at his news conference yesterday, and it is sad to have to say that aU he got for his pains was a reproach from one senior political reporter that the whole exercise was boring. For a moment Poor Mr. Callaghan forgot his image and said, sharply if fairly, that those who found him boring were not obliged to come and listen.
This trivial clash, at least, was not boring. It was excitingly interesting, because it seemed to prornise that all the parties to the news conference contract will have mutually decided before March 31 that the confer- ences are politically worthless.
There seems to be no reason why Mir. Callaghan and Mr. Heath should waste time tellng political rePOrters what they already know from 1,001 speeches in the past; and no reason why political reporters should form an artificial audience so that the tele- vision men can pretend they are dealing with a significant political event.
PENSION ARITHMETIC
As Mr. Callaghan reckoned it, Conserva- tives had gone wrong in their figures because they had omitted two major items from the calculation.
Conservatives said everyone was going to have a good private pension on top of the state basic pension. That meant the state would have obligations to make large con- tributions as an employer.
Secondly, Conservatives had overlooked the loss of Exchequer revenue arising out of the employers' superannuation schemes, because it had to be assumed that contribu- tions for pension purposes would be allowed for tax relief. The ChanceUor, bridling at any thought of loose accountancy in politics, said the Conservatives had entirely failed to cost these items.
On an extremely obligins note, he let il be known that he would be delighted to help Mr. Heath in the calculation by dis- cussing it with him. He was also ready to discuss it with Mr. Macleod and then go on television with him to give the chapter and verse.
Mr. Crossman, Minister of Housing and Local Government, joined Mr. Callaghan to reply to one of Mr. Hoa's attacks upon him. He went on to attack the new Con- servative proposals for social security.
Under the private Pensions scheme pro- posed by Conservatives, he estimated that 40 per ccnt of the pensioners would be driven back to the National Assistance Board. There would be means testing of about seven million Pensioners.
Mr. Crossman spoke with horror of any means test, but then agreed that Miss Her-
bison, Minister of Pensions, made an an- nouncement in the Commons just before dissolution in which she accepted that Labour would apply a limited means test.
Mr. Crossman was also against differen- tial rent schemes for council houses but all for rent rebate schemes where council house tenants allowed themselves to be means tested to get lower rents.
Across Smith Square at Conservative Central Office, Mr. Heath made a brief and inconclusive comment on the farm price review. did his best to keep alive the Cowley trial, and then went over familiar ground with a summary of Conservative policy for dealing with crime and the rc- organization of the police to wage war against it.
Before he ended, Mr. Heath was moving fronm the problem of juvenile delinquency to a statement that Conservatives, not least the Young Conservatives, were against votes at 18.
THE ANTI-AMERICA
CAMP
Once again across the square to Liberal headquarters, where Lord Byers, the cam- paign manager, had produced four leaders of the Liberal women's movement, and a colourful group they made as the tele- vision lights played upon them.
Catching up on Mr. Heath's overtures to General de Gaulle, Lord Byers said that one of the more worrying developments of the campaign ""is the way the Conservative leader has placed himself squarely on the side of de Gaulle in his desire to demonstrate that he is a good European."" Tory leaders seemed to be getting daily more and more anti-American. ""'Heath has ranged him- self in the same camp as the most disrup- tive, anti-American force there is in Europc today.""
Lord Byers also noted what he called a major change of tactics at Conservative headquarters. Mr. Heath was now wooing the Liberal voter and talking about his friends the Liberals.
The Liberal candidate for Bexley, Mr. Richard Lloyd, had challenged Mr. Heath to debate the differences existing between Liberals and Conservatives. A copy of Mr. Lloyd's letter, as is Lord Byers's extremely efficient managerial way, was distributed.";"March 17, 1966";"";56582;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Wilson keeps a wary eye on the main danger to Labour-complacency";""
"['By Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"The Moscow conference of east European countries -ended yesterday with the issue of a joint declaration denouncing the western agreements on Germany as calculated to ""increase the threat of a disastrous atomic war.""
Summarizing resolutions passed by the conference, Mr. Siroky, the Czechoslovak Prime Minister, said that in the event of ratifi- cation of the agreements Russia and her associates would undertake "" urgent joint measures "" to safeguard their security.
DENUNCIATION ON
GERMANY
""THEREAT OF ATOMIC
WAR""
By Our Special Correspondent
After four days' discussions, marked by frequent denunciations of the west, the Moscow conference, called by the Soviet Union and attended by all her seven European satellites, ended yesterday after- noon. A long joint declaration issued after the meeting provides in essence for what western observers interpret as a reinforce- ment of the Communist armies and the formation of a unified command, no doubt intended to strengthen Russia's control and consolidate her power in eastern Europe.
The statement was broadcast over Moscow radio and extracts were given in many foreign languages. It formed the main theme of all Communist broadcast- ing stations last night.
Mr. Malenkov, the Prime Minister, Mr. Khrushchev, first Secretary of the Communist Party, and other Soviet leaders were present, it was stated, at the ceremony of signing the declaration, to which the foreign Press, although excluded from the deliberations, were admitted. Mr. Molotov signed for Russia. He was followed by the leaders of the delegations from Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, east Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania.
UNITY EMPHASIZED
According to Moscow radio, the conference was held and the resolutions passed in ""a spirit of complete unity.""
In a closing address to the conference, Mr. Siroky, the Czechoslovak Prime Minister, who, as stated by Prague radio, had earlier delivered a speech calling for "" drastic joint measures*"" by the Communist countries, declared that all participants in the conference head ,,firmly resolved all outstanding, ques-
Summarizing the resolutions passed, he said that in the event of ratification of the Paris agreements the Soviet Union and her associates would undertake "" urgent joint measures"" in the field of armed forces and the high command. They would also take other measures indispensable for their defence.
Mr. Chank Wen-tien, who was present as an observer, pledged the support of the Peking Government to the declaration of the European Communist countries. If the western agreements were ratified, he-said, the people of the peace-loving countries would be obliged to undertake new measures.
It is significant that Moscow reports of the conference have given much prominence, next to Mr. Molotov's address, to the speeches of the Czechoslovak and Polish delegates, repre- sentatives of two countries which suffered most at the hands of Germany during the war, and where anti-German feeling is strongest. In these two countries even some of the opposition elements may now be induced to look to Russia as the only State which opposes German rearmament.
DECISIONS REVIEWED
The conference declaration, as given by Moscow radio, said: -
The reprcsentatives of the U.S.S.R., Poland, Czechosiovakia, the German Democratic Republic, HAungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Albania, with the participation of an observer fram the Chinese People's Republic, met at a conference in Moscow in order to reviewv the situation which had arisen in Europe in con- nexion with the decisions of the London and Paris conferences of certain western States.
Quite rqcently attempts were undertaken to carry out the restoration of German militarism by remilitarizing western Germany under the banner of the notorious ""E.D.C."" These attempts have failed, as they met with natural resistance on the part of Europeon peoples, and
rimarily on the part of the French people. !Iow the restoration of German militarism is being attempted under another banner, whereby everything is done so as to speed up the ratification of the Paris agreements with this aim.
In such a situation the Governments of the countries participating in the present confer- ence consider it necessary to draw the atten- tion of all European States to the fact that the realization of the Paris agreements will bring about a serious deterioration in the situation in Europe. The realization of these agreements will not only create new and still greater obstacles on the road to settling the German problem, on the road to restoring the unity of Germany as a peaceloving and demo- cratic State, but they will oppose one part of Germany to its other part, transforming western Germany into a dangerous hotbed of a new war in Europe.
FREEDOM FOR MILITARISTS
Instead of furthering the peaceful settlement of the German problem, these agreements give a free rein to the militarists and revenge seekers tn western Germany and increase the threat to the security of the peoples of Europe. The Paris agreements are in direct contradic- tion to those possibilities for a further easing of tension in international relations which were recently revealed.
The Paris agreements envisage the creation of a 500,000-strong west German army. The number of these west German armed forces is five times the number of the army permitted some time ago for the whole of Germany, according to the Versailles peace treaty, even though it is known that the 100,000-strong German Reichswehr, created then, was the basis for the creation of a multi-million Hitlerite army. Even now German militarists do not hide that they reckon on a further ex- pansion of the west German army, first to 12, then to 30. and then to 60 divisions.
The creation of an army in westera Ger- many will in fact mean its superiority over the armies of the other members of the Western European Union, unavoidably leading to the result that the armed forces at the disposal of the western German militarists will occupy a dominant position in western Europe.
Contrary to international agreements on the liquidation of the German war potential, war industry is being openly restored in. western Germany. The Ruhr coal industry is being switched over even to a greater extent to the production of armaments. One must not torget that the Ruhr itself on more than one occasion constituted the -main arsenal where arms were forged for the aggressive wars of the German militarists.
The Paris agreements also open the way for carrying out atomic research work which would make possible the production of atomic and hydrogen weapons in west Germany as well as the supply of atomic weapons by other countries.
ATOMIC WEAPONS
The west German army receives the possibility of having atomic weapons among its armaments. That means atomic weapons would fall into the hands of those who quite recently were creating the bloody Hitlerite new order, spreading death and destruction in Europe and aiming at annihilation of whole nations. It was they who destroyed millions of peaceful citizens in death camps-Poles, Russians, Jews, Ukrainians, Byelo-Russians, Frenchmen, Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Belgians. Norwegians, and others.
Implementation of these agreements will greatly increase the threat of a destructive
atomic war, with its hard consequences for the peoples, especill y those people residing in the most thickly populated areas of Europe.
The declaration emphasized that the nations participating "" will not permit themselves to be caught unawares by the development of events."" It added that, providing that plans to remilitarize west Germany are dropped, it would be pos- sible to hold free, all-German elections next year, leading to the formation ""of an all- German Govemment of a united, democratic and peace-loving Germany.""
""Any action taken by the Communist States n the event of ratification would be in con- formity with the inalienable rights of States in self-defence and with the Charter of the United Nations, as well as previously contracted agreements aimed against the revival of Ger- man militarism.""
The conference participants still believed that the creation of a collective security system throughout Europe was the road to "" a dur- able and lasting peace."" With this aim, they remained prepared to cooperate with other interested European States.
AMERICAN PARTICIPATION
Genuine security for Europe can be reached only if a system of collective security is set uD based on the panicipation of all European States, irrespective of their social and political systems (the declaration added). The partici- pation of the German people as an equal in the solution of this all-European task should be secured.
In such a system of collective security the United States could also take part, along with other States bearing responsibility for the settlement of the German problem, which is of decisive importance for securing peace in Europe.
In order to be effective, this system should provide that aggression against one or several States in Europe should be viewed as aggres- sion against all members of the all-European system of collective security, and each of its members will afford assistance to the State subjected to aggression with all means at its disposal, including the use of armed force for the purpose of maintaining peace and secunity in Europe.
The creaton of such a system would greatly facilitate the solution of the German prob- 1em; and by ruling out the transformation of west Germany into a militarist State it would create favourable conditions for the restora- tion of German unity
In case the Paris agreements are ratified, the States taking part in the present conference declare their decision to implement joint measures concerning the organization of their armed forces and their command, as weUl as other measures necessary to strengthen their defensive capacity, m order to protect the peaceful work of the peoples ensure the in- tegrity of their territories, ana ensure defence against a possible aggression.
Never before were the forces of peace and Socialism so powerful and so firm as now. All attempts at aggression, to unleash war and disrupt the peaceful life of our peoples, will meet with a shattering rebuff
Our peoples wish to live in peace and have friendly relations with all other peoples, and precisely for that reason, while defending by every means peace and general security, they will do all that is necessary in order to ensure their further peaceful development and the security of their States.-Reater.
UNIICATION ISSUE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, DEC. 2
Herr Ollenhauer, leader of the Social Demo- cratic Party, arrived in Berlin to-day to take part in the election campaign. At a Press conference he commented on the statement by Herr Grotewohl, the east German Prime Minister, in Moscow on Tuesday that an east German army was the answer to the rearma- ment of western Germany.. Herr Ollenhauer thought this the most definite remark on the subject which had so far come from the east. He also pointed out that the latest Soviet Note made it clear that the entry of the Federal Republic into NA.T.O. would remove any chance of German unity for some time to";"December 3, 1954";"";53105;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Moscow Declaration On Security Plans";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"M. Faure, the French Prime Minister, disposed of suggestions that his Cabinet is divided on the London and Paris agreements, when the crucial debate opened yesterday in the Council of the Republic.
The session, apart from the Prime Minister's brief intervention, was mainly taken up by the reports of committees.
CABINET UNITED
7 ON TREATIES
PRIME MINISTER'S
PLEDGE
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, MARCH 23
The debate in the Cotincil of the Republic on the London and Paris agreements opened this afternoon, when the first development was the withdrawal by a right-wing senator of the "" previous questioi "" which he had tabled, inviting the Prime Minister to declare, in his own name and that of his Ministers, his assumption of responsibility for the treaties.
M. Faure made a short but vigorous speech in the name of the whole Govern- ,ment, and undertook to speak again later. With the "" previous question "" out of the way, the rapporteurs of the different committees proceeded to present their reports, a process which, because the argu- ments are already known, tends to be somewhat tedious.
The Council of the Republic, the Chamber of Reflection,"" has certainly never been so much the centre of attention as it was this afternoon. Large numbers of police surrounded the Palais de Luxem- bourg, where the gardens were bathed in warm spring sunshine; and small crowds gathered to stare, though there was in fact little to see. Inside, the difference in atmo- sphere, even on so important an occasion between this stately palace and the National Assembly was immediately apparent.
Instead of red plush benches, the senators occupy individual armchairs; the president's desk and speakers' tribune form a massive structure of walnut and gold, of discreet design. The proceedings are surveyed by, among others, St. Louis, Colbert, and Turgot who gaze down with stony eyes from their plinths and niches. The ushers and servants are the soul of courtesy, and there is a strong impression that a rude word, still more a brawl, would be unthinkable here. A charming touch of temps perdu is added by a curious contraption, somewhat similar to the little wire railways which in old-fashioned haberdashery shops delivered the customers' change, for transporting the sheets giving a running account of the debate from the place where they are run off up to the Press gallery.
FOUR AMENDMENTS "" ARMS POOL "" RAISED
When the debate opened, four amend- ments to the treaties had been tabled-in addition, that is, to the "" previous questibn."" One, by M. Armengaud, in the name of the industrial production committee, stipulates that the instruments of ratification should not be deposited until after a European agency has been established for production, standardization, and distribution of arma- ments-in other words, a European arms pool; another amendment, affecting the agreements between France and the Saar, has been largely overtaken by events, because a broad agreement was reached in the past few days; the other two amendments, which stand in the names of two Radical senators, would put off ratification until August 1, 1955, by which time an agreement with the Russians would have been "" effectively sought "" by the western allies, gnd an agree- ment in principle reached for the European arms pool.
Of these four, it is the Armengaud amend- ment that will probably present the greatest danger to the smooth passage of the treaties. Forecasting the behaviour of French sena- tors is even rasher than trying to guess wha! the deputies will do, but there is good reason to think that most of the 49 Gaullists, a few of the 57 Socialists, and about 15 of the 72 Radicals and others are, for one reason or another, prepared to vote for an amendment which would mean sending the treaties back to the National Assembly for a second read- ing. Together with the 16 Communists, this might mean about 80 hostile votes; out of a chamber of 320 this is hardly formidable.
PROFOUND CONVICTION
Much will depend on how M. Faure and M. Pinay. acq uit themselves. Judging by M. Faure's brief contribution to-day, he is ready to burn with a hard, gem-like flame. He was, he said, prepared to take his rebpon- sibilities, "" not lightheartedly but with pro- found conviction "" * and what he, cr any other member of the Government, would be saying in the course of the debate would commit the entire Government. It would be abnormal for the head of the Government to speak in the name of a divided Govermnent. ""So long as I am Prime Minister,"" he added, "" ministerial solidarity will not he broken on any subject or in atny place."" Thus M. Faure disposed, at least for the moment, of the difference which, certainly at one time, had divided his Cabinet on the London and Paris aereements.
The report of the foreign affairs committee, presented by M. Michel Debre (Gaullist), could be taken as a fair summary of French doubts, hesitations-and final conviction- about the necessity to rearm Germany. "" Doubts and criticisms spring up within me,"" writes M. Debrd. "" No way seems to be sure, no solution seems to be the ideal."" None the less, he concludes that the sovereignty of western Germany, her entry into the Atlantic alliance, and the organiza- tion of a Western European Union are measures demanded by the present state of the world.
M. Debr6 amplified his report in a long speech this afternoon. He glanced back- wards over the past 10 years and traced
the road which had led from the uncon- ditional surrender of Germany to the admission of a rearmed Germany into the Atlantic treaty. Ihe substitution of the present agreements for the European Defence Community treaty (of which M. Debre was a ferocious opponent) had removed the juridical, military, and national difficulties. Why, then, did anxiety persist ? Because they were wondering whether the rearm- ament of Germany might not become the cause of unforeseeable events. It was therefore time to talk of a detente.
This detenre he defined as the acceptance of the division of the world, a balanced coexistence or military equilibrium. The price they had to pay for it was the return of the G2rman soldier.
M. Debre went on to speak of the guaran- te-s contained in the agreerrents. Although their principle was acceptable, the greatest uncertainty still existed about their applica- tion. The best guarantee could be found in Atlantic solidarity; but the Atlantic pact itself needed to be redefined. Britain and America must consent to act with France in all fields in Europe; in Africa, and in Asia. ""The Atlantic army must not be a new Maginot line, excellent in its technical con- struction but ultimately useless,"" he said.
ASSURANCES SOUGHT "" INTERVAL "" MEASURES
The doubts of the foreign affairs com- mittee had been allayed by what M. Pinay and M. Faure had told them about the impossibility of France's seeking inter- national negotiations if the Paris agreements were not passed, M. Debrd said. The com- mittee had, in fact, rejected all amendments and delays, but desired assurances from the Government about the measures to be taken in the interval between ratification of the treaties and the depositing of the instruments of ratification. M. Debr6 was warmly applauded on all sides when he sat down, the Communists excepted.
He was succeeded by M. Pinton, rapporteur for the Saar agreement. He could not, he said, deny "" serious anxieties "" about the Saar agreement, but could they do better ? On the political score, the new statute did not seem to be definitive, becau se its application was foreseen only up to the date of the signature of the German peace treaty. Moreover, the parties in the Saar which were hostile to the statute were to be given full freedom. They must not deceive themselves. It must be recognized that they had accepted that the Saar people should pronounce freely upon the statute which would be submitted to it. If the Saarlanders chose to join with Germany, M. Pinton suggested, what a temptation would be offered to Russia ! For Russia had never entered any commitment about the Saar, and what trust was to be put in the belief that France's allies would support her cause ?
It was the attitude of the Saar population that would play a predominant role, he said, adding: "" We would like to persuade our- selves that, educated by her misfortunes, Germzany has changed; but certain argu- ments of a Bismarckian flavour cause us to doubt.""
M. Armengaud, for the industrial produc- tion committee,, declared that the funda- mental problem for the commrittee was the degree to which the treaties would permit the best employment of labour and capital. All the good intentions contained in them would be vain, he said, without the European armaments pool. The Government had asked them to vote a motion rather than table an amendment, but his experience had been that when Parliament voted a motion it was always without result. At the time of the creation of the Coal and Steel Com- munity precise undertakings had been given by the Government about the canalization of the Moselle and the deconcentration of the Ruhr, but none of these undertakings had been kept.
'THE ATLANTIC CLUB' RULES OF MEMBERSHIP
M. Pinay here protested from the Govern- ment bench that it was not his habit to go back on his promises. Atl that had happened was that his Government had been overthrown. He bad already raised again the question ol the Moselle with Dr. Adenauer, and hoped rapidly to reach an agreement. An amendment suspending the application of the treaty would, he protested, make conversations with their allies exceed- ingly difficult.
In a remarkable peroration M. Armengaud then said he was not suggesting that there was any alternative to an Atlantic policy, but such a policy should not result in economic degradation for France. ""The Atlantic club ? "" he asked, and went on: "" All right I But on condition that the old members do not cheat as they have done in favouring Germany before France."" To "" Rule Britannia "" and "" Deutschland erwache ! "" they should reply, "" France, awake I ""
ASSEMBLY MOVE
Another attempt was made by opponents of the Saar agreement to raise the question in the National Assembly this afternoon. M. de Chambrun, a pro-Communist "" Pro. gressive "" deputy, presented an interpellation backed by the 50 signatures required for urgent discussion. His initiative was sup- ported by M. Vendroux (Gaullist)? but was strongly opposed by the Prime Minister, who accused the opponents of the Paris agree- ments of trying to modify by a debate in the Assembly the terms of the discussion which had just begun in the Council of the Republic. The Assembly decided, by 315 votes to 278. to postpone M. de Chambrun's interpellation until March 30, when another interpellation by M. Vendroux on the same subject is due for discussion.";"March 24, 1955";"";53198;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"France Nears Decisive Vote On Ratification";""
"['PHS']";"['News']";"DEREK ROBINSON, Barbara Castle's new senior economics adviser at the Department of Employment and Productivity, has pulled off a promotion to make Fulton gasp: from clerical officer (at. less than £500 a year) to assistant secretary status (nearer £4,500). In between Robinson has been a student at Ruskin and then at Lincoln College; a don at Balliol and the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics; statistician to Oxford's Franks Commission; and backroomn adviser to the Prices and Incomes Board.
At the P.I.B., Robinson, who is basically a labour econornist, did astonishingly detailed surveys and analysis of wages, and Aubrey Jones's remarks in the Board's latest annual report about deferred pay rises for workers derive from about two and a half years' study by Robinson (largely as an O.E.C.D. consultant, in fact). In the spring Robinson finished a book for the O.E.C.D. on this-Negotiated Capital Savings Schemes for Workers-and sent Jones a draft. He has also written influential papers on low-paid workers and the "" timing "" of ware increases.
He joins Mrs. Castle's new depart- ment as head of a research unit on prices, incomes and productivity on a year's leave from Oxford. He was actually at Berkeley-on "" sabbatical leave "" this time-when Mrs. Castlo was building up the department. and flew from California for an interview.
Now 36. Robinson is a miner's son from Barnsley, and remains very conscious of his working class back- ground. He is a dedicated Socialist and trade unionist (he was very active in the Civil Service Clerical Associa- tion as a young clerk. and nowadays is a Transport and General Workers member).
On the cheap
He and his wife Jean-who is energetic in consumer and hospital affairs-met and married ""on the cheap "" at Ruskin. and have a young adopted son.
Robinson is sturdy and agreeably extrovert with noticeably long hair swept straight back. In California, he was sitting on the platform at an annual conference of the Teamsters' Union when some dozen delegates approached the chairman, and asked '-What's the hippie doing up here ? "" It was explained that he was English.
Gordonstoun
misunderstood ?
AFTER two terms as headmaster of Gordonstoun, Mr. John Kempe is still irritated by its public image. It is not so snartan a place as is widely believed, he claims. Mention cold baths. and he talks about the school's magrnificent art and pot- tery, its emphasis on science, or its pioneer work with business studies as a school subject. Moreover. al- though it is the sort of school that the Public Schools Commission would appreciate. admitting pupils of a very wide range of ability, 140 of its 400 students are in the sixth formn, and notch between 30 to 40 university places a year.
Mr. Kempe. who was previously headmaster of Corby Grammar School, shares Kurt Hahn's belief that a healthy outdoor life does not preclude the achievement of good academic results.
Nevertheless. he will be intro- ducing some changes at the school. Over the summer holidays, he will be rewriting the prospectus and re- uxoving some of its more Germanic
;vertones. which foster the soartan .mpression which he so dislikes.
Another strong antidote is in pros- pect. "" Girls are in our mind "", Mr. Kempe admits. ""but our mind is not made up. Personally, I believe that educating the sexes apart is unnatural "": a sentiment not only commendably progressive in that context but surely of irrefutable logic.
CAN anyone sugcest a more come- hither synio v,n for chaniber mnusic ? There seems to be a collvicitigx body of opinion that the youtng at least- anid possiblv other potential entlhu- siasts-.shi awray fromn (a Jiamte withitl sutch archaic and esoteric overtones.
Sir Robert Mt yer, whose experi- ence of leading the voutng towards appreciation and zuinderstanding of seriouss music spans 40 years, stronsly believes that the term is a deterrent. (It dates hack to atz era before the public concert, and was used to di.- tin guishn music played in a room fruJn that played in churches and theatres.)
One frivolous suggestion so Jar: 'nini-MUNxic. There inust be sou- thinl g better.
Obvious choices overlooked
THERE is absolutely nothing wrong with the appointment of Mr. Sam Silkin as ieader of the British Dele- gation to the Council of Europe (which has some 18 members and was founded in 1949) and to the West European Union (the political asiembly of the Six. p!us Britain)-- exicept that he has been promoted over the heads of the two most obvious candidates.
In the past, the job has gone more or less automatically to the Minister of State at the Foreian Office. but when Mr. Maurice Foley succeeded Mtr William Rodgers there, it was decided to abandon this custom. The Prime Mlinister, with whom the appointment ultimately rests, mnight have been exp,ected to plump for Mr. Bob Edwards, the delegation's dzputy leader who is also chairman of the defence committee of the W.E.U. assembly.
Alternatively Mr. Maurice Edel- man. with Churchill. Dalton and Morrison a member of the founding delegation to the Council o' Europe, was a fairly obvious candidate: he is chairman of the Socialist group of the W.E.U. assembly.
That's politics
But Nir. Edwards is a grass-roots trades unionist (hc is general secretarv of the Chemical Workers' Union), fought against Franco in Spain. and has written a hostile study of the C.l.A.: an unfashionable mixture. Mr. Edelman. a polymath who is a formidable linguist, has not endeared himself to Mr. W,lson by his articles in the Daily Express.
But leaving such coosiderations aside, neither is likely to have very strong feelings about Mr. Silkin's appointm--nt: Silkin. whose brother ii the Chief Whip, has been chair- man of the Council of Europes leg.l
comniittee, and is a staunch Euro- pean.
While the Government has been busy shuffling off the delegation's leadership from a junior minister to a backbencher, I gatber there is to be a further diminution of our repre- sentation in this potentially vital field: Sir Alec Douglas-Home, freshly burdened by Mr. Heath with the newv Scottish committee on devolution, feels obliged to drop out of the delegation to both the Council of Europe and W.E.U. His voice, perhaps the most respected British sound in those quarters, will be much missed.
A Lyttelton on fascism
ADRIAN LvTTELTON, Fellow of All Souls, is installed in a villa 15 miles from Florence poised to begin a monumental history of the rise of fascism in Italy. for which he has been doing research for the past four years. ""He has been a bit delayed by the disorder in the Florence library after the floodg'. says his father. Lcrd Chandos. ' It's not primarily that the things he wanted had been destroyed, but thitt in the general disorder they can't always find what you want at once.""
Lyttelton, who is 31, is married to Dr. MIargaret Hobson. archaeolo- gist daughter of the dramatic critic 1Harold Hobson. They have twov small children and have been spend- ing six months or more of cach year in Italy. "" I shall be glad when il's finished and I can see a little more of them'"", says Lord Chandos.
His son's next work is a commuis- sion from Oxford University Press: he is to write the Italian section of tiheir Oxford History of Modcrn Europe. But Lord Chandos. wlio is 75. has been preening his own literary feathers: October brings the publication by Bodley Head of Froim Peace to War: A Study in Contrasts. which looks through his own and his family's eyes at the period 1857-191 &
DEMONSTRA TING against the Vietnamii wvar is 1iol so simple ill sof1ie A ustralian cilies as in Loindonz: the otrJer day Sydney police removed their idenrificatioln numbers-their onily official neiais of ilnktideiicatioa -before goinrg ilnto actionl.
Greville finds a home
I AM happy to report that the monument to the nineteenth-century diarist Charles Greville. w3hich Sir Anthonv Wagner, Garter King of Arms, was shocked to find not long ago lying in a marbler's vard at Wendens Ambo. in Essex. has been given a home by Mr. Richard Buckle. As Mr. Buckle explains
with great clarity. he is a distant. descendant of Greville.
""Charles Greville was the cidest son of another Charles Greville and l ady Charlotte Bentinck (daughter of the Prime Minister. the Duke of Portland), and the latter was one ol the Duke of Wellington's closest friends "", he relates. "" Greville never married, but his second b)rother Algernon (wrongly believed by many to be the Iron Duke's SonL and actually his secretary fnr mnati
years) married Charlotte Co.x , grand- daughiter of the l'ounder of Drun.- inond's Bank and descend S front Nell Gwynn.
Not as incongruous
""Algernon's cider daughter Tnarried the Duke of Richmord. and his younger daughter, Augusta, married G. hl. W. Peacocke (later Sandford) a supporter of Disraeli's. Augusta was miv great-grandmother and I went to her ninetieth birthday party in Hertford Street (where the Hilton Hotel now is) when I was four.""
The monument will stand :n Mr. Buckle's Wiltshire garden-"" which is not as incongruous as it snunds, sittce Charles Grevillc's grancfatlier was Fuike Greville of Wilbibry. a beautiful Wiltshire house, and now the home of Lady St. Just""
Pheus I
13BC joins Intertel
INTERTEL. the consortiurn of Australian. Canadian. Americ;.n and British television comoanie; wvhich specializes in producing docimen- taries for internationai consum tion. has a new partn-r-the B.B.C.. which ihis wcek takes over from Rcdiffu- sion.
The B.B.C.. probably through its Features Group headed b. Aubrey Singer. is expected to contribute t%o docurrnLtaries a year, but nvat on British themn2s (intertel policy pre- cudes a member company ploducing fiims about its own countrye
hnlcr:el hos.t to widrn its field. says Mlr. Taibot Duckmanton. it, chairman and general manager af the Australian Broadcasting Comm;ssion by usin_ satellites to 'ink B itaini North Amernca and AJstaflij f., pro2rammLs investi'at7n' r zorn.noi, problems--urbanization. for insance.
Since it Aas set u) in 14*U It ,1 '
produzed 70) docum ;n;aric;. "" Our potential audienmce is between 2o5- 300 million "". says Mr. Duchmanton
P1Ss";"July 31, 1968";"";57317;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Times Diary";""
"";"['News']";"After the British vote in the Commons, do you think that the European parliamentary elections will inevitably be postponed to the spring of
1q7q I)
nomically stronger countries, at both Community and world level. In this context it is, necessary to develop the in- struments and financial resources of the Community,. and to seek commol solutions to structural problems. Such, action can be best undertaken in the perspective of economic monetary union, which remains an indispensable aim that, albeit slowly, the Community must achieve.
Then, with a view to reduc- ing the imbalance and in-
equality that exists between the' various regions in the Com-
munity, and as an aid to bring-, ing together the economies of member countries, there must
be a thorough examination and' review of the so-called sectoral policies, starting with the Com-
mon Agricultural Policy-espe-- cially where certain products, such as those of the Mediter- raneani regions, are concerned.
Finally, extension of the. Community to include Greece, Portugal and Spain represents one of the important items for. the, Community's early atten- tion. We must strive to over- come the difficulties in a way.
that eliminates the risk of', weakening the existing Com- . munity structures, and makes. - the entry of the new countries a dynamic factor in the unification of Europe.
The way in which problems
connected with the new mem-' bership are handled wild be a test of the political will of member countries to consoli- date the process of European
integration. In this coinnexion. it must be remembered that the new candidates for mem- bership are entirelv ready, politically, to commit them- selves without reservation to the process of unifyinig Europe.
Many hopes are centred on the direct elections to the European Parliament, which represent a political prospect that is already having a sur- prisingly far-reaching effect on public opinion-especially among young people. You can see changes and developments taking place that would never have been possible within a purely national context.
It is unfortunate that these hopes have not been taken ade- quately into account, and that the original date-May/June 197S-has not been adhered to. However, I do not think the
procedural arrangements that have to be made by all the countries involved need take longer than mid-1978 to fina- lize.
I hope it will not be necess- a-ry to wait until the spring of 1979, unless purely internal political factors arise in the individual countries concerned and bring about, quite inde- pendently of the question of the elections themselves, a postponement to such a distant date.
What yould be the conse- quences of such a delay, as far as the construction of a united Europe is concerned ?
There would be the danger that such a delay would only reinforce existing doubts, which in turn would make Europe's progress more uncer- tain. At a time when outsiders such as Spain, Greece and Por- tugal feel the call of European democracy as something both irresistible and uplifting, we who are already members of the Community are still unable to see clearly wshere our in- terests lie, and are still unable to take that step forward Which we now need to, and which is no more than our very democratic existence demands.
Furthermore, at a time when the entire process of European reconstruction has rather ground to a halt, postponing the elections only postpones the time when we shall be able to reflect, and have the momentum to press forward afresh. It makes it easier to accept further indecision and postponements, so characteris- tic of the way European union is progressing.
But we must not lose heart. There must be greater commit- ment to the cause of the elec- tions to make up for time already lost. Now that the political forces-and I refer
especially to those who profess to believe in Europe-are com- mitted to the test of the poll, they have the opportunity, whether in government or in opposition, to show themselves able to put forward policies and assume responsibilities that will entitle them to receive the approval of the European electorate.
After the direct elections, -what is the role of the European Parliament in relation to the development of the Com- munity ?
The European Parliament has a function going far beyond that of a purely con- sultative body. It has its own powers where the budget is concerned, and is extremely active in legislative matters. It is increasingly actively in- volved with the Council of Ministers and the Commission. Among other things, in addi- tion to Community matters, it also considers and discusses the major international ques- tions with which the Nine are jointly concerned politically.
The elections do not involve any extension of these duties: but it is plain to everyone how much more vigour and auth- ority popular suffrage will give to the proceedings of the Euro- pean Parliament.
After the elections do you foresee any extension of the institutional responsibilities of Parliament ?
The new Parliament can and must press, above all, for the full application of the treaties, which envisage so much more than has so far been intro- duced. At institutional level the concern of the new Euro- pean Parliament should be not so much to claim wider powers for itself, but to achieve a pro- per status for the institutions of the Community, and thereby
Emilio Colombo, who is 57, has been President of the European Parliament for nine months, and has been a member of it since October 1976. During a political career spanning 30 years, his many ministerial posts in finance and economics (he was variously minister of agriculture, of foreign trade, of industry, of the treasury and of the budget) have involved Signor Colombo directly in European affairs from the negotiations culminating in the sign- ing of the Treaty of Rome, to the widening of the Community to include Britain, Denmark and Ireland. As Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972, he signed the treaty on Italy's behalf, by which the three new members were admitted to the Community.
In this interview with Paolo Garimberti, Signor Colombo talks about European elections in relation to the state of the Community.
to close the present obvious gap between the great respon- sibilities of a vast Community such as this, and the in- adequate powers and authority of the institutions by w hich it is to be run.
We must therefore see that these Community institutions grow and evolve in their tota- lity, in accordance with the principles of a modern demo- cratic structure, with the gra- dual elimination of bureaucra- cy and a distribution of powers more in line with what is to be expected of modern states. In a word, an Executive Commis- sion and a European Council more directly responsible to Parliament, and with the legis- lative function more concen- trated in parliament.
Could there be two sets of parallel political functions
with the possible risk of con- flict that would entail between the President of Parliament and the President of the Commission ?
In all our countries there is traditionally a clear division between the power of the legis- lature and that of the exec- utive: certainly where the Community is concerned we have no desire to change that-quite the reverse.
We wrant full, constructive democratic discussion between the various parties. After the elections the President of the European Parliament, in his dealings with other institu- tions, wvill be responsible for representing a political force in its owvn right, with its own roots, and-as such-a force that is obviously of far more consequence.
How do you judge the state of Europe today? The last Euro- pean Council, which was heav- ily criticized in so many quarters-so much so that the head of the Luxembourg Government, Prime Minister Thorn, said that it rose to the level of a good Council of Ministers on only a few occa- sions-seems to have focused attention once more on the dif- ferences between the economic strategies of the individual member states, and the institu- tional backwardness of the EEC.
The tests which the Community is facing are not easy. The economic crisis has struck us all, causing a serious general threat to employment, and various other repercus- sions in different countries, all of which would tend to accen- tuate the existing differences, if nothing was done.
Moreover, all of our socie- ties, without exception, are faced to varying extents with problems of another kind-ter- rorism, the rediscovery of regional or ethnic values; and the difficulty with which youth is faced today of taking its proper place in society, a diffi- -culty that is not only economic but also moral and psychologi- cal.
This list of troubles is not intended as an excuse for the not always very satisfactory progress of the European con- struction, because in effect European policy is stagnant and reluctant to face important matters, particularly those that could help to overcome present difficulties.
Prime Minister Thorn's observations contain construc- tive criticisms. Might I also, however, be permitted a ques- tion? Is such dissatisfaction with the way things are pro- ceeding in the Community meant to be taken as healthy
criticism-hard, Inflexible even, but designed to stim- ulate-or is it introducing, im- perceptibly, a sceptical frame of mind that is the prelude to a devaluation of all that this Europe that is being built so laboriously may represent ?
In your mind, therefore, is the European process both irrepla- ceable and irreversible ?
The Community exists and already has its own solidarity. That is something we need to keep telling ourselves, even at times when we are dissatisfied. The structures of production have become more integrated than they may seem. The irre- versibility to which you refer is sowmething that exists, not much in treaties bur as phys- ical fact.
As we all know, the cost of turning back would be disas- trous, a price no government or other political power could reasorably pay. And so we have to make the common political will more operative, as it was in better times. Par- liament stands watch to this very end, for the time beLing doing the best it can: and direct elections are a funda- mental requisite for tLis task.
lVhat do you consider the tnost pressing problems today ?
Apart from the question of I direct elections, which are an
essential step towards political union, I think that the econo- mic difficulties emphasize a number of urgent aims. In the first place, it is essential that further progress should be made in cordinating the economic policies of member states.
The stabilization policies of countries in deficit are not suf- ficient to ensure a reasonable and acceptable rate of econo- mic growth, if they are not accomDanied by expanionist policies on the part of the eco-";"January 3, 1978";"";60200;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Le Monde LA Stampa The Times Die Welt Europa";""
"['From Our Special Correspondents']";"['News']";"From Our Special Correspondents
GENEVA, JULY 20
The Geneva conference ran into heavy weather this morning, but made some ground later. The Foreign Mini- sters evidently made no progress towards German unification, but the heads of Government agreed this afternoon that directives for further study on unifica- tion and European security should now be drafted by the Foreign Ministers.
I.t has throughout been assumed that negotiations on these questions would be continued after the conference, but this afternoon's meeting seemed to take a definite step towards setting up the necessary machinery.
BASIS FOR STUDY
The work of drafting should not be difficult, for it was agreed that four points put forward by Sir Anthony Eden should be treated as a basis for study by the Foreign Ministers to-morrow. These points, which incorporate previous Communist and non- Communist proposals, are: -
(i) A study of the unification of Ger- many having regard to the security of all concerned.
(ii) A study of a security pact for Europe or part of Europe.
(iii) A study of the limitation and inspection of forces and arnaments in Germany and countries neighbouring Germany.
(iv) A study of the possibility of creat- ing a demilitarized area.
The object of the Foreign Ministers should be to produce an agreed draft for submission to the heads of Government.
At the end of the afternoon meeting, interest seemed to turn away from the sub- jects so far discussed towards disarmament. It was learnt that Mr. Stassen President Eisenhower's special representative on dis- armament, who arrived earlier to-day had joined the delegates, on President tisen- hower's invitation, for an informal discussion ,continued after the meeting.
FAVOURABLE GROUND
Disarmament follows the subjects of Ger- many and European security on the agenda of the heads of Government. In addition to Mr. Stassen and Mr. Nelson RockefeDler, whose duties under the President include a responsi- bility for the peaceful uses of atomic energy General Gruenther, the Supreme Allied Commander, and Admiral Radford, chair- man of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, also arrived in Geneva to-day. Thus it seems that the discussions are moving away from political questions to disarmament and the more military aspects of security, which may mean that the conference is reaching more favourable ground.
The President to-day gave a luncheon to his friend Marshal Zhukov, at which Mr. Bohlen, the United States Ambassador in Moscow, was present. T his may well have been largely a.social affair, to continue the tone of friendly interchange which has marked the present conference.
SOVIET PACT PLAN MODIFICATION OF 1954
PROPOSALS
When 'he heads of Government met this afternoon, Marshal Bulganin reiterated the Russian proposal for a security pact in which both the east German rdgime and the Federal Republic would take part. He cir- culated a paper, which was later released by the Russian delegation, giving the basic prin- cilples of a general European collective secur- ity pact. This is based largely upon the proposals for a security pact put forward by Mr. Molotov in Berlin in 1954, but it contains several modifications.
The draft treaty says in the preamble that its aim is to facilitate an early settlement of the German problems. It includes the United States. It contains references to economic and cultural contacts between the Communist and non-Communist worlds and it contains the concept of two-stage development put forward by the Russians (suggesting that the first stage might last two to three years). This means that for a time the two parts of Germany might take part in regional military organizations. It also proposes that States which take part in the treaty should undertake not to increase their armed forces in the territories of other European States. In other words, it would freeze United States and other western forces at present stationed irn western Europe under the N.A.T.O. treaty. There .is a further proposal that the Chinese Com- munists should be invited to send observers to take part in organizations set up under the treaty. This repeats a proposal for Chinese observers made when the original Molotov proposals were put forward in 1954.
QUESTION OF TIMING
M. Faure declared that until Germany had been reunited there would be tension in Europe, and pointed out that a two-stage plan mnight involve the perpetuation of a divided Germany.
Sir Anthony Eden said the problem of security had two separate aspects: that of treaty provisions, including membership of any pact; and that of timing. The British plan had been for a five-Power pact, which, like the Russian draft, would provide for mutual assistance in case of attack. If the five Powers agreed on such a pact there would be little or no risk to European security, and the security of smaller nations would be automatically assured. A pact embracing all the nations would hardly be feasible, in view of the wide diversity of interests, but he would consider a com- promise between a five-Power and a 26-Power pact.
On the matter of timing, he agreed with M. Faure that it would not be possible to organize a security pact while Germany was divided. Britain would join any pact which would reassure Russia on the consequences of German reunification, but it should be possible to consider working for a pact and for German reunification simultaneously.
Marshal Bulganin replied that he did not think that all 26 Powers need join his pact at once; they could do so successively over a period of time. He did not wish to dis- cuss German reunification again now, as that had been done yesterday.
President Eisenhower said the discussions deserved most careful study. After talking to every member of the Russian delegation, he was profoundly convinced that they all
desired peace as sincerely as he did. The problem now was to find a bridge between the differing viewpoints. This could hardly be done in detail in the time available at the conference. Moreover, in discussing Germany and the security pact they would have to take into account the interest of nations not at present represented.
The time had now come, he added, to ask the Foreign Ministers to work out the machinery for calling a conference to con- sider in detail the problem of German reunification and security. The present con- ference should not be allowed to end without the delegates having shown the world that they were honestly working for peace.
Marshal Bulganin said he agreed with these points, but evidently proposed that European security should not be made dependent on progress on German rearma- ment. President Eisenhower, speaking impromptu, held that any advance which could be made should not be made dependent on anything. This later caused some confusion. Many German observers were anxiously inquiring afterwards if there had been any change in the western attitude. They were anxious lest the German problem should be shelved while European security was discussed. In view of this, a British spokesman later pointed out that "" Marshal Bulganin's statement represented a Soviet view not necessarily endorsed or accepted by any other delegations."" It was also explained that President Eisenhower's words did not represent any change in the American position.
MINISTERS MEET
NO PROGRESS MADE ON
GERMAN UNITY
This morning Sir Anthony Eden went to breakfast at President Eisenhower's villa. The discussion was said merely to concern questions outside the scope of the conference, but it is widely assumed to have concerned Indo-China. According to American sources, Sir Anthony Eden urged that last year's Geneva agreement on the holding of elections in South Viet Nam must be main- tained, even though the disorders in Saigon make the prospect that free elections can be l:eld in normal conditions more than ever remote.
There were also meetings between Mr. Macmillan, Mr. Dulles, and M. Pinay, and a separate meeting between their senior officials. The three western Foreign Ministers then met Mr. Molotov for a further formal meeting to take up again the question of German unification, as they had been requested to do by the heads of Government yesterday. Later, a brief communiqud stated that they had discussed "" the inter-related problems of German reunification and European security."" They agreed to recommend that the heads of Government should discuss the second item on their agenda-European security-in the afternoon.
The brevity of this announcement indicates clearly enough that no progress was made on German reunification.
At present the two sides have before them two proposals for a pact-Sir Anthony Eden's suggestion of a five-Power pact between Britain, France, the United States, Russia, and Germany, and the Soviet plan for an all-European pact between some 25 States. The advantage of the British sugges- tion as stated is that it is simpler and there- fore quicker to negotiate, and it might be expanded to include some other States and thus become in practice a compromise between the original British and Soviet proposals. It has also the advantage, which is at least equally important, that a five- Power pact would not imply any acceptance of the present regimes in the satellite States, and to this the United States Government is known to be strongly opposed.
AMERICAN CAUTION
Indeed, the United States refusal to take any step which might be construed as acceptance of the satellite regimes may account for the dropping by the Britisb Government of the plan for an extension of the Western European Union system to eastern Europe, a plan suggested by Sir Anthony Eden in his recent speech to the English-speaking Union.
To-night Marshal Bulganin gave a dinner to M. Faure and leading members of the French delegation. The discussion after dinner was said to have concerned German unification and security and the relation of these two problems.
The ending of the conference, which is now expected on Friday, or more probably Saturday, was also discussed. There is some anxiety on both sides that it should be ended in such a way that public opinion does not feel that the conference has failed. In view of the fact that no major decisions were expected, it cannot be said to have failed, but both sides would no doubt wish to throw responsibility for the lack of progress to- wards German unification on the other.";"July 21, 1955";"";53278;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir A. Eden's 4 Points For Study To-Day";""
"";"['News']";"The Treaty establishing the. European Economic Community was signed in Rome on March 25;,1957, by the representatives of France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgitimi and Luxembourg. It came into effect on January 1, 1958.
The creation of the EEC was notan isolated event, but rather the Culminatioi of the efforts of statesmen to ensure- that Western Europe would never be torn apart by war again. The first basically European econo- mic body to be set up after the war was the Organization for European Economic Coopera- tion (OEEC). It was established in' 1948, mainly to distribute Ma~rshall Aid funds and help the European economies back onto their feet.
It was superseded in Septem- ber, 1961 by the Organization for:.Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which aimed to promote economic growth, full employment and rising standards of living. Mean. while, in 1948, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg had grouped together to boost their economies by foi-ming the customs union known as Benelux.
The Council of Europe be- came, in 1949, the first Euro- pean political body, with a com- mittee of ministers and a con- sultative assembly. In the same year the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Nato) was estab- lished, embracing most of western Europe-except the neutrals and,- initially, West Germany-and including the United States and Canada. Nato hid been preceded by the sign- ing of the Brussels' treaty on March 17, 1948 by France, Britain and the Benelux coun- tries. This was an agreement for mutual self-defence and also for economic, social and cultural cooperation, and, with the entry of Italy and West Germany, be- came Wcst European Union (WEU) in 1954.
The danger of tensions. be- tween France and Germany had, howvever, still not been removed. It was the political as ivell as economic. advantages of velding together the ""com- manding heights"" of the eco- nomies of the tvo old rivals wvhich led to adoption of Robert Schuman's plan for a European Coal and Steel Com- nmunity (ECSC3. The Treaty of Paris setting it up was signed by the governments of France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries in April 1951.
The preamble states their resolve to ""substitute for his- toric rivalries a fusion of their essential interests, and to estab- lish, by creating an economic community, the foundation of a broader and deeper commu- nity among peoples long divided by bloody conflicts, and to lay the bases of institutions capable of giving direction to their future common destiny . . ."" Britain had declined to join: its government was not pre- pared to hand over the control of steelworks and coal mines to a supranational high authority. But. in December 1954 Britain signed an association agreement providing for full consultation between thle two parties.
Anxieties about West German rearmament remained acute in the early 1950s. Plans for a European Defence Community were finally rejected by the French parliament in August 1954. Undeterred in their bid for greater unity, the foreign ministers of the Six met in Messina and decided to re- launch the European idea in the economic field. The treaties establisliing the European Eco- nomic 'Community and the European Atomic Community (Euratoni) were the result. Treaty of Rome (EEC)
The essence of the Treaty of Rome is summed up in Articles 2 and 3 (below). The means of achieving these aims are spelt out, often in broad terms, in the remaining 245 articles. The decisions subsequently taken on how to implement them form the EEC's secondary legislation. Article I
By this Treaty, the High Contract- ing Parties establish among them- selves a EUROPEAN, ECONOMIC COMMUNITY. Article 2
The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and progressively approxi- mating the economic policies of Member States, to promote throughout the Community a har- monious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the States belonging to it. Article 3
For the purposes set out in Article 2. the activities of the Community shall include, as provided in this Treatv and in accordance with the timetable set out therein:
(a) the climination. as between M5ember States, of customs duties and'of quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect;
(b) the establishment of a common customs tariff and of a commop commercial policy towards third countries;
(c) the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to. f-reedom of movement for persons,
services and capital
(d)' the adoption of a common policy in the sphere of agriculture; (e) the adoption of a common policy in the sphere of transport; (f) the institution of a system en- suring that competition in the common market is not distorted; (g) the application of procedures by which the economic policies of .Member States can be coordinated and disequilibria in their balances of payments remedied -
(h) the approximation of the laws or Member States to the extent required for the proper function- ing of the common market.
(i) ' the creation of a European SocAal Fund in order to 'improve employment opportunities for workers and to contribute to the raising of their standard of living; (j) the establishment of a Euro- peah Investment Bank to facilitate the economic expansion of the Community by opening up fresh resources;
(k) the association of the overseas countries and 'territories in order *to increase trade and to promote jointly economic and social -devFelopment.,
~~~~~~~~~~O_
The cornerstone of the EEC was the establishment .of 'the ""common market"" or ~customs union, in Which there were to be no tariffs or quantitative restrictions on trade between members, and, a common tariff on imports from outside. Articles 3-37 set out the tar- gets, the means and the. time- table for achieving this.- The aim was substantially accom- plished by' the Six in 1968.'
The Common Agricultural Policy (Articles 38-471 rests on thre.e principles: free trade in farm products, with common prices; joint financing of' mar- ket support costs, the subsidiz- ing of exports and the cost of modernization;* and a common policy for trade with third coun- tries. Among its listed aims are greater productivity a fair liv- ing for farmers, sta;le markets and reasonable prices for con- sumers.
More progress has been made over the freedom of movement for workers than for profes- sional people and *services (Articles 48-73). Much remains to be done in implementing the recommendations of Articles 14- 84 for a common transport policy.
By contrast, Articles 84 to 94, dealing with distortions of com- petition, monopolies, dumping, and the effect of aids granted by governments to industry (state aids) have proved both effective and, consequently, controversial. This is the' area where the European Commis- sion has most "" teeth "".
The ensuing 42 Articles cover rte harmonization of taxatiots (still embryonic) ; the approxi- mation of legislation, largely to promote the free flow of goods by removing non-tariff barriers; economic policy, including mea- sures to be taken in balance of payments crises; the European Investment Bank; and the asso- ciation of overseas countries with the EEC.
Articles 137 to 144 cover the EEC's institutions: principally the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers, the Euro- pean Commission, and the Court of Justice. The remaining Articles (199 to 248) cover the budget and miscellaneous "" general and final provisions "" The Treatv of Paris (ECSC)
The aims, set out in the first part of the treaty, are: econo- mic expansion, growth of employment, rising living standards, and the rational dis- tribution of production. The treaty provides for the abolition of duties and quotas on trade in coal and steel between member states ; of discrimination by pro- ducers in prices, delivery terms or transport rates; and of restrictive practices leading to the sharing or exploitation of markets.
It provides for Community action in such fields as invest- ment, production, wages, move- ment of labour, transport clharges and commercial rela- tions with non-member states.
The Treaty of Paris set up four institutions: the High Authority (as the executive body), a Common Assembly exercising supervisory powers, a Council of Ministers to link the Authority and the govern- ments of member states, and a Court of Justice to ensure ob- servance of the rules. The ECSC was thus veryv much a forerunner of the EEC, and its institutions were merged with those of the EEC and Euratom in the Fusion Treaty of 1967. The functions of the High Authority are now exercised by the European Commission.
The ECSC is financed by a levy consisting of an agreed percentage (well below 1 per cent) of production value, depending on the product. With these ftnds and others raised on the market, the Com- mission makes loans for invest- ment programmes, grants for research projects, retraining or resettlement of redundant work- ers, and loans for housing and to encourage new industries to set up in declining coal and steel areas.
The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
The treaty setting up Eur- atom was signed on the same day as the Treaty of Rome. The Six thereby accepted as a primary objective the creation of conditions for the swift estab- lishment of a powerful nuclear industry. Among its aims were: to promote and coordinate nuclear research, and to promote the Community's own programme of research and training; to ensure the dis- semination of technical information; to facilitate capital investment; to establish uniform safety standards; to ensure that all Community users receive regular supplies of ores and'huclear fuels and that these are not diverted to other uses.
Euratom remains"" the Cinderella of the three com- munities, but the aftermath of the energy crisis could give a much needed boost to its activities, including the work of its own research centres administered by the Commis- sion.
The Treaty of Accession
The accession treaty was signed on January 22, 1972, in Brussels, and brought the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland into the EEC. on January 1, 1973. With its additional proto- 'cols, declarations and exchanges of letters, it lays down the terms for membership for the
new entrants, and the schedule for full observance of EEC rules after a transitional period. Perhaps the most, important Article is the second, 'which' states: ""From the - date of
accession, the provisions of the' original Treaties and the Acts adopted by: the institutions of the Communities shall be bind-
ing 'on the 'new' member- stat'es and shall apply in those states under the:-conditions laid doiwn in those' treaties 'and in ,this act.""";"May 19, 1975";"";59399;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Aims and antecedents";""
"['By Jean Monnet']";"['News']";"By Jean Moimet
The time has come for Europe to choose. Dr. Adenauer has been invited to Moscow. New perspectives are opening up before the nations of the Continent; but their smallness, their divisions and their lack of cormon pur-. pose unfit them to seize the opportunities and skirt the dangers that will certainly arise. It is in this situation that the six countries belonginig to the European Coal and Steel Comnutnity must, later this year, take a vital decision on their future policy. They must choose either to take furtber effective steps towards building a United States of Europe, by delegating powers in specific fields to common institutions, or to continue along the road of the past which has diready brought failure to them and has not prevented wars.
Thbe Foreign Ministers of the Coal and Steel Community countries, meeting recently in Messina, agreed that further progress towards European unity should be the subject of studies to be completed by October 1. The studies will, on the one hand, cover problems of unification in the particular sectors of transport, gas, and electricity, and the development of atoruic energy for peaceful purposes; and, on the other hand, the establishment of a general common market through a customs union and the "" harmonizing"" of social policies.
IMPORTANT ADVANCE
The Ministers have set the terms of reference for a new stage in the construc- tion of a united Europe. That is an important advance. But they have post- poned the moment of decision. The Benelux proposals on which they based their agreement stressed in every field the need to delegate authority to a common executive with powers to act in the interests of all the member coun- tries as a whole. The communiquw issued nowhere commits the Govern- ments on this central issue.
If the Governments decide when the Ministers meet again after October 1 to maintain the old national prerogatives and national approaches which in the past have led to their present weakness, then we shall hear talk of cooperation. If, on the other hand, the Governments decide to change conditions in Europe, then we shall learn that they have agreed to delegate to common institutions the powers they are unable to exercise separately to the fuU advantage of their people.
Many persons believe that in view of Europe's greater prosperity to-day co- operation between the nations is enough. I believe this shows a pro- found misunderstanding of the situation. Our countries have overcome the imme- diate consequences of the war. But our own rate of progress should not blind us to the fact that the rate of progress in the United States and in Russia is still far greater. The reason that the Americans and Russians are going ahead faster is not that they are mnore inventive or hard-working than the Europeans; it is that, in spite of the differences of their rdeimes, they are both developing their economies on a continental scale. By contrast, the resources and the markets of the Euro- pean countries are separate from one another and small.
The most striking illustration is pro- vided by atomic energy. We know enough about it already to know that the power of any nation to play its part in the future will depend on what it does now to develop atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Every country on the continent of Europe outside Russia is lagging behind in this field. By pool- ing their efforts, scientists, technicians, and industrial resources, these nations can make up lost ground. Otherwise they are likely to fall farther behind and increase the already dangerous weakness and instability of Europe.
ONLY SOLUTION
Experience has shown that unity is not to be obtained by the inter-governmental methods which to-day go under the name of cooperation. When governments cooperate in international organizations, they reserve the right to act as it suits them, to enter into agreements but to stop observing them when difficulties arise. In inter-governmental organiza- tions the unanimity rule gives a veto power to each State and leads to in- action. If decisions have to be taken by a majority vote there is always the risk of a coalition carrying the day at the expense of another partner. The only solution is the delegation by the member
States of power to a common authority. This is a lesson I first leurned many years ago at the League of Nations.
Now, my most recent experiences as President of the High Authority'-have shown me how wide a range of con- troversial decisions must be taken to give gradual effect to such an apparently simple aim as the creation of a common market. It is not just a matter of doing away with Customs duties or quotas: discrimination in transport rates must be removed; so must double pricing; so must cartel agreements; rules which apply equally to all members of the com- munity must be enforced; and the social problems created by reintroducing com- petition after years of protection must be overcome. Only an authority endowed with strong powers for a long enough period to give the effect of permanence could ever carry out such a programme.
The fields chosen for study by the Foreign Ministers raise widely different problemts to which the ptocedures ela- borated for coal and steel cannot be rigidly applied. 'In transport, whert the aim is to draw up plans for a European network of canals, roads, and electrified railway lines, to standardize equipment and coordinate civil aviation policies, the main requirement is an investment fund. Gas and electricity involve principally the coordination of general power policies with coal policy, stress being laid on the extension of European grids. For atomic energy again there is a great problem of investment and developmerit, coupled with the need to pool technical and scientific resources.
The creation of a general common market resembles more closely the work carried out in the Coal and Steel Com- munity, but the problems it raises in mutually adjusting national economic, financial, and social policies are infinitely greater. These differences are so great that we cannot be dogmatic in our approach to the technical solutions thev require.
Yet, in .-every case, there must be common institutions, including a common executive if effective action is to be taken. The Ministers them- selves imply this need for atomic energy when they specify that a common fund for investment and research should be set up. A common fund can onlv be administered by a common authority. ManifestIy, one cannot go on multiplying authorities. What is needed is an adaptation of the system existing in the Coal and Steel Community to cover the wider activities. It would be essential, of course, for the authority, which has received its powers by delegation from national parliaments, to continue to be subject to the demo- cratic checks of an Assembly and a Court of Justice as in the Coal and Steel Community. A Council of Ministers would, as in the Coal and Steel Com- munity, coordinate policies which remain a national prerogative, with federal European action.
GERMANY'S POSITION
The aim for people who want to take European unity farther must, in the coming months, be to persuade the Governments and public opinion that such a common authority is essential for any practical achievement.
I realize that the rejection of a Euro- pean Defence Treaty was the first of a chain of events which have focused the opposition to plans of European integra- tion. The changes which integration calls for are fundamental. It is not surprising they meet with opposition from some of those whose interests and powers may be involved and with hesitancy among other people who see the risks more clearly than the oppor- tunity. Many even fear that the pursuit of united Europe may stand in the way of other desirable aims such as the reuni- fication of Germany and the.relaxation of tension between East and West.
In my opinion, the reverse is true. The people of eastern and western Germany must be reunited. But the only way to avoid disintegration and national rivalries and suspicions in Europe, entailing the irretrievable decline of the European nations together, is fot the reuniting of the Germans to take place within the framework of the European striving toward unity. Peaceful co- existence on a permanent basis between east and west will become possible only if the nations of Europe, by overcoming their divisions, acquire in unity a strength of purpose and a vitality which, separately, they now lack.
Many Frenchmen fear that a European union without Britain would
Continued on page 10
EUROPE MUST CHOOSE-
continued from page 9
be dominated by Germany. Again, I believe that the contrary is true. The only way to break out of the vicious circle of domination by one country or another in Europe is through unity with federal institutions administering com- mon rules which apply equally to all.
Many have to be persuaded that these judgments are true. An appeal on the necessary scale has never been made to European opinion which, I am con- vinced, remains basically attracted by the aims of European unity but must be mobilized in its favour. If the govern- ments are to be persuaded to make the choice they have postponed and to set up common institutions to which they delegate powers, it will be necessary for the many powerful political parties, con- sumer groups, and trade unions which increasingly favour European unity to organize in order to press their beliefs and explain them to the public and to the governments themselves. At this stage, the direction in which the govern- ments move is more important than the size of the step they take.
BRMTISH. ATITUDE
The actions in Europe which must give effect to the Messina resolutions are of great importance to Britain's future, just as Britain's attitude will deeply affect the future prospects of the Euro- pean unity we seek. The agreement on association signed last Christmas be- tween Britain and the Coal and Steel Community was a first step toward giving this vital relation an institutional form. It was most encouraging that in the ratification debate in the House both Government and Labour front-bench speakers stressed the agreement was a model for the link between Britain and any future European community and that the agreement itself set up a developing relationship which will grow.
If the countries of Europe integrate and Britain associates herself more and more closely with the United States of Europe they form, then it is my firm conviction no other development will have contributed more to the prosperity of men and peace among nations in the second half of the twentieth century.";"June 16, 1955";"";53248;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe Must Choose";""
"['by Hugh Stephenson']";"['News']";"by Hugh Stephenson
It looks as if the issue of British membership of the Common Market (and ;the wider questicn of the EEC's enlargement from a com- munity of six to one of 10) is about to enter a period of suspended animation. On the British side, the Wbitehall briefs are all written, the negotiating team chosen. On the EEC side the final preparations on negotiating position and method are being made.
The negotiations should certainly now have their formal; start in July. Thereafter, it is difficult to see how anything of substance can be done before the British elections. On the EEC side the six will legitimately want to see with which British government they are to settle. On the British side. there is no evident eagerness on the part of the Gov- ernment to push things too fast in front of the eiection. There is. in fact, an impression that the leader- ship of both political parties are happy at the prospect of several months' benign neglect in this ques- tion.
The official view (and here it is very much the Foreign Ottice that is holding the high ground) is that the whole can again be rapidly brought to the boil atter the British elections, and settled in negotiations that last a year, or 18 months at the outside. It is based on the following analysis. First, Ueneral de Ciaulle in his person was the major obstacle to British entry and the enlargement of the Community. His departure has left the road clear, so that (when the political stage has been set) negotiations can take up where they were left off in 1902. Secondly, since there are reasonable solutions in sight for all the identified prob- lems of British entry, there is no reason why the negotiations sbouid not be short, sharp and successful, with detailed tidying up left for the inevitable transition period before full membership.
STATIC ANALYSIS
'This analysis is deceptive 1tecause it is static. By concentrating so exclusively on the departure of General de Gaulle it ignores other political forces that are already being generated. By forecasting a short negotiating period (when most Europeans cannot see now the whole package with the United Kingdom and the three other applicants can be worked out in a day less than two years from the start of serious negotiations) it ignores the probabil- ity that these new forces will have altered the basic political frame- work of the negotiations, certainly before Britain becomes a full member of the Community and possibly even before the negotia- tions are completed.
The strategy based on this static analysis ignores. above all, two criti- cal developments. The first is the rapid deterioration of relations be- tween the E.E.C. and the United States on the commercial and mone- tary front. The second is the emer- gence in Europe within the last few months of a significant school which thinks that the time is ripe for a major drive towards a united European state.
The deterioration in relations be- tween the United States and the Community has had insufficient attention in this country. It would not be an exaggeration to say that we stand on the brink of the first major oubreak of trade war since the beggar-my-neighbour catastro- phes of the inter-war period. Only at the highest and most formal level does the Nixon administration con- tinue to assert that it is prepared to pay an economic price for support- ing European political unity. A United States anibassador to the, E.E.C. has said in public that the wide enthusiasm for the Community in America has largely evaporated and been replaced by irritation, frustration and a brooding sense of
apprehension as to what the future will hold. This is a general Ameri- can judgment.
The apprehension comes from the way in which the E.E.C. is moving towards the creation of a protective trading block, with its special arrangement around the Mediterra- nean, extending possibly to other couitries like Japan, where an E.E.C. delegation held preliminary discus- sions in February. This gives power- ful ammunition to the strong pro- tectionist lobbies within the Unrited States in their unrelenting fight to reverse the postwar. trend. towards freer world trade.
In an attempt to appease political pressures the Nixon administration has worked to establish "" voluntary limitations"" and ""gentlemen's agreements"" to hold down imports of politically sensitive products. With the refusal of the Japanese to be tied in this way, it loolts increas- ingly likely that quota restrictions will be introduced on inports of textiles and shoes. The precedent could spread to other industrial goods and sour United States-Euro- Pean relations.
FORMAL REBUITAL
M. Jean-Francois Deniau, the E.E.C. commissioner responsible for external relations, went over to the attack during his visit to Washing- ton in March. The Community in fact published a formal rebuttal of the American case. American ex- ports to the E.E.C have grown faster than those to any other parn of the world, it said: E.E.C. tariff leve!s are generally lower than those in the United States; other barriers to trade are as serious in the United States as in Europe; the United States subsidizes its farmers as much as the E.E.C. and. in any case, the E.E.C. countries have conI
tinued to take a steady share of American agricultural exports. At the conclusion of M. Deniau's visit it was said that both sides had a better understanding of each others positio.a. In fact the sharp under- lying antagonism remains.
The second development is the renewed drive towards European supranationalism in influential E.E.C. quarters. There is a powerful conviction, above all within the Brussels Commission itself, that pre- sent circumstances are favourable for a new political initiative to lay the foundations of a federal Euro- pean state. This is coupl6d with the conviction that, if the present tide is not taken, the vision that inspired the Treaty of Rome will be lost forever.
The key in this movement is the relationship between the Commis- sion and the French. Observers of the Community have always noted that progress in shaping E.E.C. insti- tutions has essentially depended on a tacit understanding betWeen Brussels and Paris and there is suddenly a readiness to consider a central role for the Commission itself to a degree that the E.E.C. has not seen since the earliest days.
The majority within the Commis- sion are determined to seize the opportunity presented by the fail- ures of 1969, when the French and German exchange rates were changed and the Common Agricul- tural Policy effectively suspended. They wish to set the Community on the path towards the creation of federal institutions. This determina- tion informs the detailed studies prepared on the forthcoming nego- tiations. It informs, in particular, the drive towards monetary integra- tion and the increased coordination of national economic policies. For the Commission and others have fully taken the point that uithout this the E.E.C. can never develop further than the stage of an indus- trial free-trade area, with special arrangements for agriculture and political consultation.
In France, the extreme post-Gaul- lists, led politically by M. Michel
Debre, with thtir insistence on in anti-federal Europe des patries. are in eclipse. In contrast it was M. Giscard dlEstaing, admittedly while he was in the: political wilderness, who reportedly said that General de Gatlle would be the last President of France and that the next would be the President of- a Federal Europe.
It is against this dual European and Atlantic background that the impending negotiations will take place. lThe' prospect 'explains the grbwing assertions that the develop- ment of the Community cannot be allowed to stand still while the negotiations are under way.- lt ex- plains the renewed French assertion that there can be no question of political consultation -for the appli- cant countries until they 'are full members;, except 1in the side-forun of the Western European Union. It explains the Commission's insistence that -Britain. and the other applicauts cannot formally influence Commu- nity policy until they are full mem- bers. It explains Chancellor Brandt's concern to create some sort of super-commission where, together, Europeans and Americans could deal with mutual problerns.
An uncomfortable conclusion begins to emerge from this analysis. It is that progress on the lines presently laid down for the negotia- *tions may not get far. The problem
is not directly agriculture. It would always be possible to work out some way of oftsetting the drain on the British balance ot payments, so long as this was temporary and assumed a radical reform of agri- cultural price levels within the E.hiC. There is no direct problem with freeing capital movements (for there is no reason to suppose that Britain could not accept any regime that was acceptable to France or Italy). nor Commonwealth sugar, nor New Zealand butter-for there arc solu- tions to all these problems, given the political will on both sides.
The problem is that, during the course of prolonged negotiations, it will becomne clear th?t tor the Com- munity the extreme goal of rapid advance toward a federal state, dif- ficult enough for the existing six, would be much harder for a wider and more diverse community of 10. This problem would be most acute, technical as it may sound, in the field of monetary policy and the fixing of exchange rates.
TARIFF REDUCTIONS
The question for those that look ahead is the likely reaction in Europe and within the Nixon ad- ministration to these two factors- the desire for a federal Europe and the fear of a transatlantic trade war.
A logical answer is that the Coom- munity should propose to the United States a new round of tariff reduc- tions. Such a proposal for a second "" Kennedy Round "" in the early 1970s would meet the Nixon admin- istration's requirement for a new trade policy to wrest the initiative from the protectionist lobby. Euro- peanr federalists might find it a reasonable price to pay to ease their goal.
The aim would be the reduction of all industrial tariffs to zero. This would solve the trading problem of those industrial countries in Europe-Sweden, Switzerland-that did not want full. political member- ship of the EEC. It would, of course, have to go beyond the qucs- tion of tariffs that solely concerned the original Kennedy Round. It would havt to take in the so-called non-tariff barriers to trade. Most importantly it would have to take
in trade in agricultural products.
There is evidence that people in Brussels are alrbady beginning to toy with ideas of this sort. There is little evidence that Whitehall has begun to think how these develop- ments would affect the British nego- tiating position.";"April 29, 1970";"";57856;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Suspended animation in Common Market talks";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, FEB. 3
The Prime Minister met the Press to-day and took the opportunity of say- ing that personally he was not "" entirely convinced "" by the.offer of a new treaty of friendship witht Britain contained in Marshal Bulganin's further message to President Eisenhower.
The text of this second letter was made public by the State Department last night within a few hours of its delivery- while Sir Anthony Eden was addressing Congress-and such prompt publication, without waiting for the President's reply, is taken as an indication that in thte American view thte Kremlin's renewed arguments offer little, if any, scope for negotiation.
MARSHAL'S vWHEREABOUTS
If there were any doubts about last week's approach, which was timned to coincide with Sir Anthony Eden's out- ward voyage, thte intention of this second meSsage was surely to steal the thunder of the Washington talks; its effect may -well be tO make the mnind rebel against a surfeit of words that is becomning indigestible. It is being in- oreasingly remarked that, while these Notes continue to arrive from the Kremhin, no-one knows w-here Marshal Bulgatnin is; it wa5 noted during the conference that he was not in Moscow.
To the extent that Yesterday's letter sought to meet the President's objections to the pro- posed bilateral arrangements by offering also to sign treaties with Britain and France, the Prirne Minister felt free to comment on it. Hle said that it would be inappropriate for him to speak in broad terms of a document addressed to the American Government, and he had no doubt that he would agree with General Eisenhower's answer when it came. Hle described the proposal for a new Anglo- Soviet pact as interesting and a little remarkable.
Hle recalled that there had been such a pact before. ""1I signed it myself with Mr. Molotov-perhaps he will remember that. tt was a pact for 20 years, and both I and Mvr. Bevin later suggested that it might be extended to 50 years. And then what happened ? The treaty doesn't exist any longer. And why ? Because the Soviets denounced it. For what reason ? Because we and the other countries of western Europe had concluded what we call the Western European Union, in which I am proud to have taken a part myself, for the association of the free countries of the
IN GRACIOUS TERMS
His only passing comment, therefore, was that he was not entirely convinced of the value of a new agreement so soon after a treaty which they had signed with Russia had been torn up by her. ""I think myself that great international instruments should he treated with rather more respect."" For the rest, he would prefer to make any further comment to Parliament when there had been time to study the matter.
Generally it maY oe noted that the Bulganin letter, again couched in gracious terms, urges the President to reconsider his objections to a treaty of friendship and seeks to counter some of his chief arguments. Such a treaty, it contends, would be in no way incompatible with United Nations obligations-the United States had in fact entered into many bilateral arrangements. Moreover, the United Nations Charter could not be sufficiently effective if the two greatest Powers in the world did not harmonize their relations.
When it came to the "" deeds, not words "" of which the President had written, t!he pro- posed treaty would itself be a concrete act of the utmost importance; and the lettet points to a number of Russian "" deeds,"" such as the Austrian treaty, the reduction in her military effectives by 640,000 men, and a cut in this year's military budget of 9,600m. roubles.
If the United States obiected to biiateral arrangements, Russia was ready to conclude similar treaties with other States, including Britain and France-and her proposal for a pact between the N.A.T.O. countries and parties to the Warsaw Treaty was still open. Marshal Bulganin held that ihe rnveting of heads of Government at Geneva had achieved positive results though he called attention to subsequent ';belDigerent "" state- ments in America, including Mr. Dullea'.i ""brink of war "" disclosures, which cou:d hardly be said to conform to the ""4spirit of Geneva.""
"" OPEN SKIES "" PROPOSAL
The letter again rejects the President's "" open skies "" proposal, and dwells again at some length on the German problem, with the implication that, though this is essentially a matter for the Germans themselves, the conclusion of a treaty between Russia and the United States would establish the necessary prerequisites for unification. Commenting on the extension of contacts between the two countries, Marshal Bulganin declares that in his belief they would succeed by a joint effort in ""liquidating the so-called Iron Curtain and in creating conditions for a wide development of personal contacts between the citizens of our countries."" He looked for the President's further ideas and comments.
The Prime Minister is understood to look to an opportunity for serious talks on some
of these matters when Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev come to London. A con- stant theme of his private and public utter- ances has been that the western allies need have nothing to fear from discussions with Communist Governments which might always make sparks that could "" light a candle,"" and he is perfectly happy with the United States Government's attitude towards the visit.
What a week it has been ! Large injections of Russian nostrums have had little enough impact on the picture of Anglo-American solidarity that emerges from the conference; and an important aspect of the visit is the personal impression that Sir Anthony Eden has left with the American public. His relaxed, self-contained manner, his earnest- ness, and his ready humour have been widely remarked, and there can be no question that as Prime Minister his stature has much increased in the United States, where he was already beld in high esteem.
After his measured statements in Con- gress he gave a homely television talk late last night which was carried across the nation, and his emphasis on the Anglo- American relationship was probably the most effective appeal he could have made to an unsophisticated audience. It certainly cannot be uttered too often, though so much has been written in the American Press in
the past few days about points of difference i between the two Governments that this might have been an occasion for the Prime Minister to explain some of them.
BAGHDAD PACT
Apart from one or two reminders from the Arab States that they expect to be consulted, the conference seems to bave left none of the wounded susceptibilities among allies so often associated with such exchanges.
France is apparently well pleased at being so completely identified with plans for the Middle East, and American assurances of solid support for the Baghdad pact already seem to be putting new heart into the ""northern tier "" countries.
Before leaving for Ottawa the Prime Minister gave a luncheon for the Common- wealth Ambassadors and fully informed thern of the White House discussions.
To-day's Press conference made journal- istic history. It was held under White House rules at the National Press Club and, unlike the President's conferences, was broadcast
olive"" by radio and television. It was thus possible for the B.B.C. to broadcast direct to London, from where reports on the con. ference were arriving before it broke up-an altogether novel experience.
DELICATE EVASIONS
This could have been the occasion for a monograph on the differing styles and inflexions of the President and Prime Minister in taking a Press conference; Sir Anthony Eden, as a practised parlia- mentarian, may have been the more finished and less revealing of the two-especially when it came to turning hostile questions from Arab or Jew and evading such delicate matters as American oil royalties in Arabia.
The Prime Minister said that the Washing- ton talks had exceeded his expectations and had in no respect fallen short of them. It is no secret that he ascribes this to the vigorous personal lead given by President Eisenhower, with whom he spent some six hours during the three days-and Sir Anthony Eden presumably has formed his own opinion of the President's intentions about a second term.
Hle set great store on the Washington declaration; the west, he said, had suffered a good deal from some "" rather fantastic propaganda,"" and to some extent had been put on the defensive. It was time they explained what they meant by a free way of life. and what prospects their political traditions and faith held out to all peoples. Russian statements about colonialism were "" pretty fantastic "" when they remembered what was going on in the British Common- wealth. with its steady movement, both in Asia and in Africa, towards self-govern- ment. Nothing remotely of the same kind was taking place behind the Iron Curtain.
DETERRENT EFFECT
A number of questions were put to the Prime Minister about the Middle East, and this gave him an opportunity of enlarging on the decisions reached at the White House; and the evident hope is that the determina- tion of the three Powers to take action against aggression will bave its deterrent in- fluence on the area. There were really two problems, he said-one the immediate frontier problem, in which an increase of United Nations observers would reduce the risk of incidents; and the other, a much larger issue, the "" general discouragement"" to any aggressive military action.
The Prime Minister gave a timely explana- tion of the British position towards relaxation of the China trade embargo. He pointed out that under existing arrange- ments Malaya, for instance, was allowed to send rubber to Russia but not to China. What the British Government had suggested was a step-by-step relaxation to bring the position of China eventually on a par with their attitude to the Soviet countries.
On leaving for Canada, the Prime Minister declared that Anglo-American relations "" have never been in better shape."" He received a farewell message from the President just before boarding an aircraft of the Royal Canadian Air Force, and was seen off by Mr. Dulles.";"February 4, 1956";"";53446;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir A. Eden's Comments On New Soviet Message";""
"['By Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"By Our Special Correspondent
Issues of foreign policy rarely in Britain come near to dominating an electoral campaign; when they do, it is because the methods and the detailed conduct of foreign affairs are in dispute Tather than because the contending parties intend to pursue different purposes. If, as seems still on balapice unlikely, foreign policy emerges as the major issue of the campaign of 1951, it will be against the will of the parties themselves-against the emphasis of party manifestos; against the patient hammering by countless plat- form speakers at the cost' of living, housing, social security, and the meat ration; and against the severely domestic preoccupations of most voters. The recent unhappy trend of events in the Middle East might have been expected to reduce the enthusiasm of Government speakers for the subject; more surprising is the reluctance of many Opposition speakers to tread what a plain analysis would suggest to be the Government's most vulnerable ground. Mr. Eden's broadcast on Friday-attacking the "" mischievous "" pretence that 'to use force is always contrary to the rule of law""-was one of the notable exceptions.
The temptation to Conservative speakers to venture seems to have been greatly diminished by the retort of "" war- monger! ""-which has been up to the preseat the most striking, if the least savoury, initiative in the campaign. Crude though it may seem at first glance, this weapon does not lend itself ill to rhetorical treatment in experienced ha'nds; and when Mr. Morrison (to take one of many examples) disingenuously withdraws the imputation-"" I do not accuse the average Conservative of being a warmonger.... It would not be fair and would not be true ""-it is then that it takes on a truly formidable shape: "" For Brutus is an honourable man. So are they all, all honourable men.""
PERSIA AND EGYPT
As it has happened, however, the failure in Persia and the breakdown of relations with Egypt, to mention no other disturb- ing manifestations of the weakness of British foreign relations, have rapped in- sistently on the door during the electoral campaign. It is the competence of either side to handle affairs that is in question, rather than the aims of foreign policy themselves. Even in the "" warmonger "" charge, the serious imputation is not that Conservatives want war but that they are not to be trusted with firearms.
Both parties support rearmament, though not with equal unanimity; Mr. Aneurin Bevan's schism raises a suspicion that rearmament under Labour direction might not be wholehearted. Both support the international rule of law as a supreme interest of Britain and of the Common- wealth, while at the same time desiring to protect and further other British and Com- monwealth interests. Each wishes to stand with the United States in defence and in foreign policy against a threat to the peace which each recognizes as proceeding from Communist hostility.
Neither party, however, desires enmity with the Soviet Union, and each would welcome any initiative that held out a reasonable chance of relaxing the tension in world affairs. Both favour closer eco- nomic and military cooperation in western Europe, but there has been no recent sug- gestion that either would enter a European union. In set intentions the voter will find little to.guide his choice-no more, per- haps, than a shade of emphasis or a sug- gestive phrase. He has to look deeper, to the habits of mind, the emotional back- grounds, and the traditional associations of the parties and their leading men. These relatively intangible characteristics can be decisive in action.
EUROPEAN UNITY
TIhus, though the attitude of the Labour Government towards European unifica- tion has been consciously encouraging and friendly, it has not been accepted in Europe without mistrust. The GoverT- ment worked hard to make the Organiza- tion for European Economic Cooperation a success, and their interest in European recovery has been real. They did not seek to oppose (or to enter) the Schuman plan. In the background, however, an undertone of party suspicion and resentment of Continental designs made itself persist- ently heard, and some Labour speakers revealed a personal feeling that 'the Schuman plan was a capitalist conspiracy of some kind. Labour representatives at Strasbourg seemed to feel uncomfortable and ill at ease.
The. Conservative view of economic unification in Europe has never been less clearly defined than now, but towards European defence the attitude of a Government led by Mr. Churchill is easier to forecast Britain Strong and| Free gives an indication: the European defence force must include contingents ""from all the countries to be defended,"". and clearly ""all the countries"" includes Germany. To Mr. Churchill Russian hostility called for a recasting of defence policy in the western world as early as the Fulton speech, delivered in March, 1946.
_ _ - - - - -
A recasting of western policy towards Germany was a demonstrable conse- quence.
I This respect for the facts of power is in the Conservative tradition. The Labour manifesto reiterates the pacific purposes of rearmament tirelessly; the Conservative pamphlet, Britain Strong and Free, puts its emphasis on the need to be strong-not in any illusion that British material strength can match that of either the United States or the Soviet Union, but in order that the British voice should be strongly heard.
Mr. Churchill believes that a Britain led by himself and materialy strong could speak frankly to both of the two-greater Powers and command their attention; that British policy could in those circumstances exert an influence on American policy, and that Anglo-American friendship would be the stronger for it. To Russia he would still offer the ""parley"" of which he has repeatedly spoken since his Edinburgh speech in the last General Election; but in his mnind, strength is the prerequisite of a parley.
The difference of approach is marked in Far Eastern policy. Conservative criti- cisms of the Government's action in recognizing the Communist Government of China may seem at first sight to come strangely from a party whose StroDg suit is the recognition and handling of hard facts. Clearly enough, Communist power is established in China. It is, however, hostile, and there is no British power in the region capable of influencing or restraining it by independent action; in such a case, Mr. Churchill would be un- likely to place faith in the possibility of exerting influence by persuasion and "" understanding."" Since the United States bears the main brunt of restraining Chinese Communist power, he would be disposed to support American action closely and not to take separate initiatives for which he could not see a commanding reason.
This need not mean that Mr. Churchill accepts American policy in the Far East in all respects as it stands. Concediig that Britain was obliged to support the United Nations action in Korea, he still sees Korea as a strategically irrelevant promontory: "" It is not a place,"" he said on July 30, "" from which things can spread in a physical way against the main interests of the United Nations."" He would, rather, impress upon Americans that their interests (and those of the free world in general) are urgently and vitally at stake in the Middle East.
TWO APPROACHES
It is, indeed, on Middle Eastern affairs that the characteristic Labour and Conservative attitudes are most sharply opposed. Mr. Morri- son observed in a broadcast on Wednesday that Persia and Egypt i' test our understanding of the causes of our troubles. . . . People are demanding to live their own Bives in their own way. . . Labour understands this new world."" The words were curiously ill-chosen for the moment at which they were used. They do, however, express the deep-seated feeling that underlies all Labour foreign policy, the feeling that to any problem a solution exists capable of reconciling all interests by har- monious agreement, if only it can be found.
The Labour Government dealt with Indian national aspirations by dismantling the Indian Empire. The case was one in which Labour could see its duty clear, the decision ,was large and simple-the largest decision that Labour has made in oversea affairs-and its rightness would not now be generally questioned. It did, however, have radical effects upon the fabnc of power in the Middle East. Taken together with the abolition of the Palestine mandate, it created a problem in power politics which a statesman of average qualities in the Conservative tradition would readily perceive. Mr. Churchill perceived it instantaneously and has repeatedly expounded it: to him, the problem of the Middle East is a problem of replacing the impaired structure of British power by a new structure in which Britain and the United States, together with others if pos- sible, will have to share the burden.
Labour statesmanship has never seemed to grasp the character of the power vacuum that has been created in the Middle East or the dangerous consequences that follow. Whether by economic, strategic, or political means, little has in fact been done to stem the disintegra- tion of order in the Middle East, and the fruits of a fundamental indecision are being reaped to-day. The course of the Persian dispute underlines the fundamental Labour aversion from power politics, together with the unfortunate failure to find any alternative.
It is not possible to say how a Conserva- tive Government would have dealt with the Persians or to affirm with certainty that it would have succeeded where Labour has failed, though there is a reasonable certainty that Conservative handling would bave been different.
The great majority of Labour apologists have confined their defence of policy in Persia to one aspect only: that it would have been wrong to use force. This is less a reasoned defence than the expression of a widcly rooted Iemotion. It raises searching questions on
the means by which a world Power can make its foreign policy effective in a disturbed and imperfect world once the sanction of force is renounced. Labour statesmanship has found no answer to these questions. In the Persian dispute it has demonstrated at some cost that a Government resolved not to use force ought not to pursue policies that depend on forcible backing. When Labour spokesmen accuse the Conservatives of belligerence or when Con- servative spokesmen accuse Labour of being half-hearted in defence of the interests of the Commonwealth and the western world, the charges are not true in their primary mean- ing. They do, however, express a real and far-reaching divergence of attitudes; this divergence concerns the place of power in international affairs. Its effect on the conduct of diplomatic business is capable of being decisive.";"October 22, 1951";"";52138;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Issues Of Foreign Policy";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 27
Few Germans had expected Friday's vote in the French Assembly, or anything resembling it. This is not to say that the effective entry into force of the Paris treaties and the raising of the new Federal German army were universally accepted as inevitable; other things might go wrong; but a second rejection in the French Parliament was beyond the imagination of most men.
Left politically breathless by the news on Friday moming, the leading men of all parties have been waiting in tension for the vote of confidence to-night. None of them has ven- tured to say anything which might lead them to be accused afterwards of having prejudiced the outcome. The Federal Government has ahared this silence, admitting only that its anxiety iS deep; even on the severely worded British statement of Friday it would comment only that the statement showed how grave the situation was.
The favourable vote to-night on the admission of the Federal Republic into N.A.T.O. has been received, however, with relief, and with satisfaction that-as it was said unofficially-"" the French political instinct has prevailed.""
Herr Mellies, deputy chairman of the Social Democratic Party, commented that the National Assembly had given its approval by a "" narrow and relative "" majority only, and that even this result was reached "" under British and American pressure."" It was, he said, a bad start for German membership of N.A.T.O., which from this inauspicious beginning could hardly work out well, all the more since it was being so vigorously con- tested in Germany, too.
Herr Mellies indicated that the Social Democrats would maintain their opposition to the German defence contribution unchanged, and would continue to press nstead for a policy which gave precedence to the reunification of Germany in peace and freedom.
FRENCH DISTRUST
Whatever the final outcome, the French Parliament has shown its dislike and distrust of German rearmament, in any form, once more. Its vote against the admission of Ger- many to the Brussels treaty, even if it is now reversed, has ensured that the German defence contribution will be approached in a mood of disillusionment.
Still, there is no disposition in Bonn to argue, as M. Mendes-France argued in the Assembly the other day, that a narrow majority for the treaties would be worse than none at all. Too much is at stake for the present Federal Government, for the Christian Democratic Union, and for Dr. Adenauer himself. Not only their foreign policy, but the position of all of them in G!erman internal politics, as well as the direction of domestic political developments in the immediate future, have come to depend utterly on the realization of Dr. Adenauer's central project. A majority of one for the treaties would be welcomed to-night with relief.
Especially bitter for Dr. Adenauer and the Christian Democrats must have been the fact that they have to thank primarily the Popular Republicans for the initial defeat of their policy on Friday. Their links with the Popular Republicans, as the Roman Catholic and European party in France, have been close almost since these two new political groupings were formed at the end of the war. It was with foreign ministers of this party that the treaties of 1952 were drawn up, and the great European schemes which were defeated in the autumn were associated with their names. Not four months ago the Christian Democrats in Bonn were blaming that defeat upon the opponents of the Popular Republicans, M. Mend&s-France among them. Now the Popular Republicans bave reversed the role, and it will be hard for the Christian Demo- crats to forgive them for doing this, as it appears here, out of domestic political enmity for the present French Prime Minister.
BRITISH WARNING
Although the warning uttered by the Foreign Office in London on Friday was aimed at Paris, it has found an attentive audience in Germany, as had to be expected; and it has not been universally welcomed. Made when it was, the British statement that "" the issue is not whether the German Federal Republic will rearm. but how"" could reasonably be taken as no more than a warning prediction of the probable course of events.
M~lany German newspapers have taken it in another way, as a statement of a British inten- tion-which the United States is assumed to share-to proceed with a plan to rearm Ger- many against French opposition if necessary.
AMERICAN HOPES
AND FEARS
WHITEHALL STATEMENT
BACKED
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, DEC. 27
President Eisenhower has indicated that he may fly back to Washington if the worst fears about the French vote on German rearmament are confirmed, and his personal aircraft was standing by to- day at Augusta; Georgia, where he has spent a good part of Christmas on the telephone with Mr. Dulles.
He was to have remained there over the New Year, preparing his Messages to Con- gress and playing a little golf; but he and his Government view the French crisis with such
alarm that, according to one report, another adverse vote in the National Assembly might induce him to fly to London this week to confer with the Prime Minister.
The President's first reaction on Friday was to state that he regarded the setback as being of the ' utmost seriousness "" to the free world. He also expressed the hope of the American Government that it would not represent the "" final French decision,"" and amid the intense diplomatic activity of the weekend the| American attitude has swayed between deep pessimism and a guarded belief, based on the latest dispatches from Paris, that M. Mendes- France may yet save the day. Much self- restraint has been exercised to avoid any impression of prejudging the issue or of brSinging overt pressure on the French Assembly, though there is no concealing the dismay of American opinion at a turn of events which, in the general view, threatens one of the major requisites of western defence.
There are those in the State Department and elsewhere who, still looking back to the collapse of the European defence treaty, viewed the prospects for ultimate French acceptance of a new German army with far more uneasiness than emerged from recent utterances of Mr. Dulles, who only last week returned from Paris with perhaps the most optimistic picture of western European defence that has ever been drawn.
WITH OR WITHOUT
The first reaction is that the United States and Britain will proceed with plans for rearm- ing Germany with or without France-a return to the idea of "" peripheral defence "" under discussion during the E.D.C. crisis-though i. is feared that such a prospect might exert little immediate influence on French deputies, who are as aware as anyone of the difficulties of creating new lines of communication with- out the French Atlantic ports.
The crisis broke at the height of the Christmas holiday, and has provided its under- tone of anxiety; but Mr. Dulles had an hour's telephone conversation with Sir Roger Makins, the British Ambassador, and made it known that the United States fully supported the formal statement from Whitehall. Britain; it is stated, was urged to take the lead in this way as one of the Brussels Treaty Powers and because her commitment to France is greater than America's; the United States was com- pletely associated with the British view that the unitv of the western allies was at stake.
The State Department said to-day that Mr. Dulles was keeping in close touch with the American Embassy in Paris. During the holiday he had made a series of telephone calls to Augusta-and sometimes the President left the golf course to take them. Mr. Suydam, the official spokesman, knew nothing of any move for General Eisenhower to meet Sir Winston Churchill.
THE QUESTION NOW
It was stated that the issue of German rearmament was not at stake-the question now was whether this would be done within limitations provided by international accords or without effective control; and another of his concerns was with the effect of the French vote on Dr. Adenauer's position in Bonn.
Without at this stage wishing to take a ""tough "" attitude, there is an occasional allusion to economic pressure; and Mr. Joseph Dodge, the President's new foreign aid adviser, who is at Augusta with him, is stated to have formulated an alternative programme to meet the new situation.
The New York Times. which persisted in the view that M. Mendes-France could have saved the E.D.C. treaty by staking his Government on the outcome, comments to-day on the action of the "" most confused and irrespon- sible parliamentary body in the democratic world,"" and states that in the event of rejec- tion the west could no longer afford to stake its fate on the vagaries of a few votes in an Assembly paralysed by ""feuds, intrigues, and frivolities.""
ITALIAN CRITICS OF FRENCH CATHOLICS
""DUTY OF THE M.R.P.""
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
ROME, DEC. 27
The concern in Italy-which is general. except among the known opponents of Western European Union-about the attitude of the French Assembly at last Friday's discussions on the Paris agree- ments, takes the form in several Italian Roman Catholic party newspapers of severe admonitions to their French Catholic party friends in the M.R.P.
Under such headings as ""The duty of the M.R.P.,"" more than one Italian newspaper makes such forthright statements as that "" The position of French Catholics united in the M.R.P. appears more than ever absurd. The M.R.P.'s idealistic fidelity to Europeanism cannot explain and cannot justify "" the attitude adopted in Friday's voting in the French Assembly.
NOT INDIFFERENT
The Rome newspaper 11 Messaggero points out that, "" if, for obvious reasons of delicacy, and above all because of the very different attitude shown by the Italian Chamber of Deputies in its vote on Thursday,"" responsible Italian Government circles have refrained from criticizing the Christmas Eve actions of the French Assembly, this should not be taken as implying indifference in Rome. Italian political and diplomatic circles, it declares ""consider as entirely appropriate the severe admonitions "" administered to the French from London, and share the views produced in London, Washington, Bonn, and else- where by the French Assembly's vote on| Christmas Eve.";"December 28, 1954";"";53124;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Anxiety In Bonn Over Voting In French Assembly";""
"";"['News']";"JANUARY
2 President Remon of Panama was assas-
sinated; Sefnor Ramon Guizado assumed office but was arrested for complicity and sentenced in April to 10 years imprisonment. Later - in January Seflor Espinosa was appointed President.
S The eighty-fourth Congress opened in
Washington with the Democratic opposition in control.
The Secretary-General of the United
Nations (Mr. Hammarskjold) arrived in Peking for discussions on the release of United Nations Command per- sonnel (see August 1).
6 The N.U.R. called off the railway strike
due to begin on the 9th (see May 28).
11 India's first newsprint mill started produc-
tion.
13 The People's National Party won a
majority of seats in the Jamaican elections.
25 Plans for modernizing and re-equipping
British railways, costing £L1,200m., were announced. In November orders were placed for 141 main line diesel locomotives and 30 power units.
Russian radio announced the end of the
state of war with Germany.
27 The Bank of England rate was increased
from 3 per cent. to 312 per cent. (see February 24).
31 Princess Margaret left by air for a tour
of the West Indies. She retrned on March 3.
Conference of Commonwealth Prime
Ministers opened in London.
FEBRUARY
2 England retained the Ashes in Australia
(see Sports Section).
Government plans for road development
to cost £147m. during next four years announced.
5 The French Government of M. Mendes-
France was defeated on North African policy (see February 23).
7 Westminster Pier sank in the Thames.
3 Mr. Malenkov resigned as chairman of the
Soviet Council of Ministers and was replaced by Marshal Bulganin.
9 The first underground railway in Rome,
discussed since 1881, worked on since 1938, was officially opened.
10 A free vote in the House of Commons
decided by 245 to 214 against a suspen- sion of the death penalty for five years. 12 The report of the inquiry into the two
Comet I disasters in the Mediterranean found the cause was structural failure of the pressure cabin brought about by metal fatigue.
The evacuation of the Tachen Islands by
Chinese nationalists, with the assistance of the United States Seventh Fleet, was completed.
15 Plans for building 12 nuclear power
stations in Britain were announced. Sites for two at Bradwell (Essex) and Berkeley (Gloucestershire) were decided upon in October.
16 The National Coal Board was re-
organized.
17 It was announced that Britain was to
manufacture hydrogen bombs.
The total defence estimate for 1955-56
was announced as £1,537,200,00.
Pollowing attempts by M. Pinay and M.
Pflimlin, M. Pinay formed a new French Government but failed to secure the approval of the National Assembly.
23 M. Edgar Faure became Prime Minister
of France (see November 29).
24 The Bank rate was increased to 412 per
cent; restrictions on hire purchase announced.
Dr. Albert Schweitzer was appointed an
honorary member of the Order of Merit.
The Turco-Iraqi pact was signed at
Baghdad. Accessions by Britain (April), Pakistan (September), Persia (November).
25 Widespread floods in New South Wales
caused damage estimated at over LA15m. Later, flooding was reported in Queensland.
26 The Malta Labour Party gained 23 of 40
seats in the general election.
27 Japanese Democrats displaced the
Liberals as the largest party in the Diet as a result of the general election.
28 Russia appointed three Deputy Premiers
and four new Vice-Premiers.
MARCH
I The Central African Federal Parliament
decided to proceed with the Kariba hydro-electric project on the Zambesi at an estimated cost of £54m.
It was announced that Dr. Pontecorvo
the naturalized British atomic scientist who disappeared in 1950, had been working for Russia. He was deprived of British nationality in May.
2 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia
abdicated in favour of his father.
Egypt and Syria signed an agreement for
the creation of an Arab defence alliance.
10 President Eisenhower reaffirmed the
intention of the U.S. to maintain forces in Europe after the ratification of the Paris agreements.
Price guarantees and production grants
to farmers were increased by £28m.
12 Attempted assassination of the
Indian Prime Minister, Mr. Nehru.
13 King Tribhuvana of Nepal died and was
succeeded by his son Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah.
16 The Parliamentary Labour Party decided
by a majority of 29 to withdraw the party whip from Mr. Bevan; it was restored on April 28.
The United States State Department
published the Yalta (1945) conference documents.
17 The Cunard Steamship Company placed
an order for a new 22,000-ton liner for the Canadian service.
20 Signor Gigli sang his last public concert
in England.
21 The Umon Castle Line placed an order
for a new 29,000-ton liner for the South African mail service.
24 Russia completed the transfer of the
Manchurian naval base of Port Arthur to China.
25 A strike of maintenance engineers and
electricians began at 8 a.m., causing a stoppage of national newspapers until April 21.
31 London County Council elections left
Labour in control.
A new trade and payments agreement
between Argentina and Britain was signed.
APRIL
1 The Lufthansa civil air line resumed
passenger services.
2. The Labour Front in Singapore won the
Legislative Assembly elections.
4 A new Anglo-Iraqi treaty was signed at
Baghdad.
5 Sir Winston Churchill resigned from the
office of Prime Minister and was succeeded on the following day by Sir Anthony Eden.
6 General Zahedi, the Persian Prime
Minister, resigned and was succeeded by Mr. Hussein Ala.
A treaty of friendship between Egypt and
India was signed in Cairo.
7 Ministerial changes included: Mr. H.
Macmillan as Foreign Secretary (vice Sir Anthony Eden) and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, Minister of Defence (vice Mr. Macmillan).
18 The Afro-Asian conference opened at
Bandung.
Mr. Imre Nagy, the. Hungarian Prime
Minister, was dismissed by the National Assembly. He was succeeded by Mr. Andras Hegedus.
19 Mr. Butler's fourth Budget reduced the
standard rate of income tax bv 6d. with reductions of 3d. off reduced rates. The Budget surplus for 1954-55 was over £400m.
21 Thze Tines and other national papers
resumed publication after a stoppage which had lasted for 26 days.
Sir Anthony Eden was elected leader of
the Conservative Party.
22 London evening newspapers raised their
prices to 2d. (see September 19).
25 Lady Megan Lloyd George joined the
Labour Party.
27 The formation of a ciNil air service in
east Germany was aanounced.
29 Signor Gronchi was elected Italian Presi-
dent. He assumed office on May 1.1. 30 The House of the People passed a Bill
which later became law, to nationalizc the Imperial Bank or India.
MAY
2 The ambassadors of U.S.A., Britain,
France and Russia began talks in Vienina on a treaty for Austria (se_- July 27).
Women were iucluded it, a jury for the
first time in Greece.
3 An agreement covering Franco-Saar
economic cooperation was signed in Paris.
4 Purchase tax was removed from non-
woollen cloth and domestic textiles as help for the Lancashire cotton industry. 5 Ratification of the London and Paris
agreements was completed. Germany attained her sovereignty within the structure of Western European Union. The Organization of the Western
European Union was formally brought into being.
9 Germany was formally inducted as the
i5th member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
12 For the first time since they started
flights in 1946 the British European Airways Corporation reported a net profit. During the first six months of the current year a net profit of £2,460,000 was recorded.
The last overhead railway in New York,
the Third Avenue "" El "" stopped running.
14 The English Channel was crossed by a
two-seater sailplane for the first time. 16 The first German aircraft to bring
passengers to London since 1939 re- opened the Lufthansa's European service.
17 Herr von Herwarth, the first German
ambassador to Britain since 1939, arrived in Britain.
23 Princess Margaret handed new colours
to the Suffolk Regiment in Germany.
25 The summit of Kangchenjunga (less five
vertical feet) was reached by a British expedition.
26 The Conservative Party increased its
majority at the General Election. This was the first time a Government in- creased its majority at a General Elec- tion since 1865.
28 A strike of engine drivers and firemen
began; state of emergency proclaimed on 31st; strike called off on June 14.
JUNE
2 Marshal Tito, the President of Yugo-
slavia, and Marshal Bulganin signed a declaration of friendship and coopera- tion.
3 The final texts of the Franco-Tunisian
home rule agreements were signed in Paris.
7 Mr. Nehru, the Indian Prime Minister,
arrived in Moscow for talks with Soviet leaders (see November 18).
8 Lord Samuel retired from the leadership
of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords and was succeeded by Lord Rea. 9 The ceremony of Trooping the Colour was
cancelled because of the railway strike. 11 The most disastrous accident in the
history of motor racing occurred at Le Mans when 77 persons were killed. 15 Agreements signed between the United
States and Great Britain for coopera- tion on atomic energy.
16 The submarine Sidon sank in Portland
Harbour with the loss of 13 lives.
A revolt against the Per6n regime broke
out in Buenos Aires (see August 15).
17 First "" no passport "" excursions to France
for 16 years.
22 The Queen launched the Canadian
Pacific liner Empress of Canada on the Clyde.
Signor Scelba's Italian Government
resigned and was succeeded in July by a Ministry under Signor Segni.
After paying £17.5m. as interest and
interim income for the year 1954 the National Coal Board reported a deficit of £3.8m., which increased the board's accumulated deficit to £17.4m.
24 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh
arrived in Oslo on a state visit.
A strike in the printing industry caused
the stoppage of Sydney newspapers until July 18.
Mr. Aneurin Bevan was re-elected to the
Opposition "" Shadow Cabinet.""
27 Lord Woolton resigned as chairman of
the Conservative Party Organization and was succeeded by Mr. Oliver Poole. 29 The British Transport Commission
reported a deficit of £11,900,000 for the year 1954.
JULY
4 Dock workers at London, Liverpool,
Birkenhead, Manchester and Hull returned to work after a strike which had lasted for six weeks.
8 The sloop Wanderer III (Mr. and Mrs.
Hiscock) arrived in home waters after a 33,000 mile journey round the world.
9 International scientists called for a
renunciation of war because of possible effects of the hydrogen bomb.
16 Cardinal Mindszenty, Primateof Hungary,
imprisoned since 1949, was released on account of age and health.
17 The town of Arco (Idaho) was lighted by
atomic-produced electricity for an hour.
18 The Lord Mayor of London (Sir Seymour
Howard) arrived in Moscow for a week's visit.
18-23 A meeting of Heads of Govemrnents
of France, the United Kingdom, Russia and the United States took place at Geneva. This was the first meeting between Heads of Governments since the Potsdam Conference of 1945. The conference concluded with a directive to the Foreign Ministers for future negotiations on the subjects of Euro- pean security and Germany, disarma- ment and ,east-west contacts (see October 27).
26 Minimum hire purchase deposits were
raised on certain articles including motor cars and radio and television sets. 27 The Austrian State Treaty, signed in
Vienna on May 15, came into force.
The Federation of Malaya's first general
election resulted in an overwhelming victory for the alliance of Malay, Chinese, and Indian organizations.
AUGUST
1 China released 11 United States airmen,
who had been imprisoned in China as spies.
7 The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr.
Mohammed Ali, resigned and was succeeded by Chaudhri Mohammed Ali, later known as Mr. Mohamad Ali. 8 International conference on peaceful uses
of atomic energy was opened in Geneva. 13 Russia announced her intention to
reduce armed forces by 640,000 men. It was announced in December that the men would be demobilized by Decem- ber 15.
The Army training centre at Aborfield
was raided by men of the Irish Republican Army.
15 Plot to kill General P6ron was announced
(see September 16).
16 The Sudanese Parliament approved a
resolution "" that arrangements for self-determination be put into force ""; on December 3, the Anglo-Egyptian 1953 agreement was amended to pro- vide for a plebiscite to determine the future status. On December 19 the Chamber of Deputies decided unani- mously on a declaration of independ- ence.
The first group of Russian citizens to
tour abroad since the war left for Poland.
23 A Canberra twin-jet aircraft flew from
London to New York and back in one day at an average speed of 481.935 m.p.h.
24 The report of British European Airways
for 1954-55 showed a net profit-the first in eight years of fuU operation- of £63,039.
Russian and Chinese scientists, among
others, toured Harwell atomic research establishment.
29 A conference began in London on
political and defence questions which affect the Eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus. The conference was suspended on September 7.
A Canberra aircraft set up a world
altitude record of 65,876ft.
31 The release on parole of 22 Japanese war
criminals was announced.
SEPTEMBER
2 The net surplus of the British Overseas
Airways Corporation for 1954-55 was announced as £261,687, against £1,065,397 in the previous year. The reduced profit was largely due to the withdrawal of the Comet aircraft.
6 Mr. Shukri el Kuwatli became President
of Syria.
8 Dr. Adenauer, the west German Chancel-
lor, arrived in Moscow for talks with Marshal Bulganin. He returned on the 14th. German prisoners to be returned; diplomatic relations to be resumed.
10 Japan became the 35th member of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
British commandos arrived in Cyprus for
security duties. On November 26 a state of emergency was proclaimed.
16 A revolt against the Perdn rdgime in
Argentina was followed by the escape of Per6n to a Paraguayan gunboat. On September 23, General Eduardo Lonardi was sworn in as provisional President. Peron flew to Paraguay on October 2. On November 13, President Lonardi was overthrown and replaced by General Pedro Aramburu. The Universal Copyright convention
came into force, bringing the United States into agreement with European countries.
19 A round-table conference on the future
of Malta opened in London. The dele- gates visited Malta and in December the conference recommended that Malta should send three Members of Parlia- ment to Westminster. On December 23, a Bill for a referendum on the,'issue was passed.
Some London daily newspapers increased
their prices from 112d. to 2d. Sunday papers increased their prices by 12d. on October 23.
A Russo-Finnish pact providing for an
extension of the friendship treaty was signed. Russia agreed to return the Finnish military and naval base of Porkkala.
20 A Russo-east German pact was signed.
n2 The independent television service began.
24 President Eisenhower had a heart attack.
He, returned to Washington from hospital at Denver on November I1, and later left for a period of con- valescence at Gettysburg.
25 Field - Marshal Sir John Harding was
appointed Governor and Commander - in-Chief of Cyprus.
26 Ex-Admiral Raeder, imprisoned as a war
criminal since 1946, was released.
Britain and America were linked by
submarine telephone cable for the first time.
27 The Central Electricity Authority and the
Area Boards announced a net surplus of £8,294,478.
The first parade of Austrian troops for
17 years took place in Vienna.
The cotton futures markets re-opened
at Alexandria and Liverpool.
30 The Sultan of Morocco (Moulay Arafa)
withdrew to Tangier. The former Sultan (Sidi Mohammed ben Yussef), who was deposed and exiled in 1953, was reinstated de jure sovereign near Paris. On November 16 he returned to Morocco.
OCTOBER
2 The City of London became a smokeless
zone.
6 Floods in the Punab caused the deaths
of over 1,000 persons.
The first of the German prisoners of war
from Russia arrived in West Germany. 8 Sir Anthony Eden announced plans for
the reduction of the armed forces by raising the age at which men are called up.
11 Mr. Gaitskell was re-elected Treasurer of
the Labour Party with an increased mnajority.
12 British and Russian warships exchanged
courtesy visits.
13 Australia announced tariff increases
varying from 5 to 60 per cent on a number of imports.
17 The Kabaka of Buganda arrived at
Kampala after over two years' exile.
18 The report of the Gas Council announced
a net surplus of £2,472,553 for the sixth year of nationalization.
20 Syria and Egypt signed a mutual defence
treaty.
The Mayor of Moscow arrived in London
on a four-day visit.
21 The national memorial statue to King
George VI was unveiled in Carlton Gardens.
23 A referendum on the Saar European
Statute gave sweeping victory to the pro-German parties. An interim Government was formed on the 29th. Following the elections on December 18 a Coalition ministry was formed.
A referendum in South Vietnam deposed
the Emperor Bao Dai. He was replaced as head of thz State by M. Ngo Dinh Diem. South Vietnam was proclaimed a Republic on the 26th.
25 The President of Portugal and Mme.
Craveiro Lopes arrived in London on a State visit.
Austria celebrated the end of the four-
Power occupation which had lasted since 1945.
26 Supplementary Budget introduced; pur-
chase tax increases; ""D "" scheme for clothing, &c., abolished and tax levied at flat rates; profits tax increased; abolition of the Exchequer housing subsidy except for slum clearance and on new houses yet to be built.
The Austrian lower House passed a law
establishing perpetual neutrality.
27 A four-Power conference of Foreign
Ministers met at Geneva. It ended on N9vember 16 without agreement on the three topics: Germnany, disarma- ment, and east-west contacts.
Argentina devalued the Peso (18 to the
dollar, 50.28 to the pound).
Saudi Arabia and Egypt signed a mutual
defence Treaty.
29 Egypt signed a contract for the con-
struction of a high dam at Aswan; on December 18 it was announced that Britain and the United States had offered financial assistance.
30 The first party of the United States
expedition to the Antarctic, taking part in the Intemational Geophysical Year, left Boston. The Royal Society's advance party. left Southampton on November 22; the Russian advance party left Kaliningrad on November 29. 31 Pnncess Margaret issued a personal state-
ment on her decision not to marry Group Captain Townsend.
A treaty of friendship between Russia
and the Kingdom of Yemen was signed in Cairo.
NOVEMBER
3 President Caf6 Filho of Brazil handed
over power for health reasons to acting President Carlos Luz, who was deposed on November 11 and replaced by Senhor Nereu Ramos. On the 22nd, Filho attempted to return to power and was deposed.
4 A new constitution was promulgated by
the Emperor of Ethiopia.
5 The Queen unveiled a memorial on Tower
HilU to merchant seamen who died in the first world war.
President Bayar, believed to be the first
head of the Turkish State to visit Jerusalem since Selim I entered in 1517, flew from Amman with King Hussein.
The Vienna State Opera House, destroyed
during the war, re-opened.
8 Lord Jowitt announced his retirement
from the leadership of the Labour Party in the House of Lords. He will be succeeded by Lord Alexander of Hillsborough.
12 The West German army officially came
into existence.
14 The advance party of the Common-
wealth Trans-Antarctic expedition left London.
15 The inaugural meeting of the new
Japanese Liberal Democratic Party was held.
British atomic scientists left for a visit to
Russia.
16 A development plan for Cyprus to cost
£38m. was announced.
On Lake Mead, Nevada, Mr. Donald
Campbell broke his world water-speed record at an average speed of 216.2 m.p.h.
In the Court of Appeal Prince Ernest
Augustus, the head of the House of Hanover, was declared a British subject.
The Swedish plebiscite on the rule of the
road resulted in the retention of the keep-left order.
18 Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev
arrived in Delhi on a good-will visit to India. On December 1 they began a tour of Burma, where an economic agreement was announced on the 7th. Returning to India they visited Kashmir and later left for Afghanistan, arriving back in Moscow on the 21st.
20 The Bank of Canada increased its rate to
212 per cent. This followed increases in August and October.
21 The General Assembly voted in favour of
a review of the Charter of the United nations.
The Daily Dispatch (Manchester) merged
with the News Chronicle.
The inaugural meeting of the Permanent
Council of the Baghdad Pact opened at Baghdad.
22 The execution of six officials of the
Soviet Republic of Georgia was announced.
Mr. Hatoyama became Prime Minister
of Japan for the third time.
23 Russia announced the detonation of
a powerful hydrogen bomb.
The first Hamlet to be played on a
Russian stage by a British company since Tsarist times opened at the Moscow Art Theatre.
25 The Norfolk Chronicle, established in
1761, ceased as a separate publication. 28 King Feisal opened Iraq's first Govem-
ment-owned oil refinery.
Rumania decided to cut military service
by one year.
29 Following discussions on electoral re-
form the French Government (M. Faure) was defeated in the Assembly. On the 30th M.Faure decided to dissolve the Assembly; for his action M. Faure was expelled from the Radical Party.
30 The Argentine Provisional Govemment
dissolved the Peronist Party and decreed the return of La Prensa to its lawful owner.
DECEMBER
1 The three western Powers protested to
Russia against interference with the freedom of allied circulation in Berlin. 2 The world's largest oil tanker-47,750
tons (dwt.)-was launched for Greek owners at Barrow in Furness.
The American Federation of Labour and
the Congress of Industrial Organiza- tions merged into a single federation nearly 16 million strong.
4 The new Comet III jet airliner on its first
oversea proving flight reached Sydney from London in 24hr. 23min. (flying time). The aircraft returned to London on the 28th, completing a round-the- world flight of 30,000 miles in 66hr. 43min. flying time.
7 Mr. Clement Attlee resigned from the
leadership of the Parliamentary Labour Party, and was created 'in earL On the 14th Mr. Gaitskell was elected leader (157 votes), Mr. Bevan (70 votes), Mr. Morrison (40 votes). Mr. Morrison resigned as deputy-leader.
Morocco's first representative Govern-
ment came into being.
13 The French electoral campaign opened;
polling on January 2.
10 As a result of the Austtalian general
election the Government secured an increased majority.
12 Pravda announced the completion of an
830-mile pipeline passing through the Urals and crossing six riyers.
13 After banning the general manufacture
of heroin from January next the Govermment decided to withdraw the ban for one year.
14 The Cunard liner Carinthia (22,000 tons)
was launcbed on the Clyde by Princess Margaret.
The N.U.R. rejected the proposal for the
recruitment of Italian labour.
15 Sixteen new members were admitted to
the United Nations, Japan and Outer Mongolia being excluded.
Bell Rock lighthouse was unlit as a
result of a helicopter crash.
18 London Transport road service fares
increased.
21 Government changes announced in-
cluded: Lord Privy Seal: Mr. R. A. Butler; Chancellor of the Exchequer: Mr. H. Macmillan (vice MIr. Butler); Foreign Secretary: Mr. Selwyn Lloyd (vice Mr. Macmillan)-; MIin. of De- fence: Sir W. Monckton (vice Mr. Selwyn Lloyd); Min. of Labour: Mr. 1. Macdeod (vice Sir W. Monckton); Air: Mr. N. Bircb (vice Lord De L'isle and Dudley); Health: Mr. R. H. Turton (vice Mfr. Mlacleod); Fuel and Power: Mr. Aubrey Jones (vice Mr. G. Lloyd).
Lord Woolton resigned and created an
Earl; Capt. Crookshank. former Lord Privy Seal, Mr. Peake (former M. of Pensions), Lord De L'lsle and Dudley resigned and created Viscouns; Mr. H. Hopkinson (former M. of State) was created a Baron.
Changes in organization of Territorial
Army announced.
29 Talks between Mfalayan Communists and
Government representatives ended in failure.
30 British Oversea Airways took deliver
Of the firt two Bristol Britannia Mark 100 turbo-pro.p airliners, the largest Of their typ m the world.";"January 2, 1956";"";53417;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Year In Retrospect";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"Dr. Adenauer, almost on the eve of to-morrow's general election in-west Germany, has produced a plan for European security to include the Soviet Union and its satellites.
This is seen in Bonn! as a shrewd blow at the appeal of the Opposition's foreign policy. The Opposition has.seized on Mr. Dulles's comments on the election and denounced them as "" intervention.""
SHREWD APPEAL
TO WAVERERS
ATTENTION DIVERTED
FROM MR. DULLES
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, SEPT. 4J
Two surprises, one constructive and the other somewhat disruptive, have been sprung ori the electorate almost on the eve of the polling. The first is contained in.a statement by Dr. Adenaaer, proposing a bold system of security for Europe which would include Russia arid the eastern bloc. The other is Mr. Dulles's open support of Dr. Adenauer.
It is felt even in coalition circles that the American Secretary of State would have been wiser not to have intervened in the German elections in this way.
,POTHER RELEGATED
The pother which Mr. Dulles's state- ment might have. created has, however, been relegated to second place by the Chancellor's plan for a system of Euro- pean security. With four-Power negotia- tions uppermost in the minds of the electorate, the proposal is likely to cap- ture the imagination of waverers who may have doubted the Government's desire to come to an understanding with Russia.
The Chancellor's proposals are:-
(i) That with a view to satisfying the security needs which the Soviet Union may feel, the regional alliance of the European Defence Community should, after it has been linked with the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- zation, be brought into treaty relationship with the regional alliances of the eastern bloc within the framework of a superstructure to be developed under the United Nations. The appropriate pattern of such a system, including its military aspect, sbould be arrived at in negotiations.
(ii) That, as economic interdependence and political security go hand in hand, the resources set free by a general control of armaments should be applied to the inter- national exchange of goods and to raising the standard of living in all countries. In par- ticular a far-reaching exchange of goods between the common European market and the economic sphere of the Soviet Union could be brought about.
NO THREAT TO RUSSIA
Earlier in his statement the Chancellor recalls the discussion which has gone on since spring on the possibility of a comprehensive security system which would include Russia, and refers to the suggestions of President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill. The Chancellor says he shares the view that a general security pact and general armaments control "" are within the realm of the possible.""
The Chancellor rebuts the Kremlin argu- ment that the European Defence Community and its tie with N.A.T.O. constitute a threat to Russian security. On the contrary, the com- munity would guarantee Russian security, as the national contingenti-slermany would have only 12 divisions-and the armaments of the member states would be circumscribed and internationally controlled. If, however, Russia really feared that she was threatened, the west, with due regard to its own security, would be ready to satisfy that of Russia.
Mr. Dulles's statement has been seized on with avidity by the Social Democrats and a poster was promptly produced depicting
Eisenhower's electoral help for Adenauer,"" With underneath: "" Germany's answer- Ollenhauer! "" Protests have been sent to Dr. Conant, the American High Commis- sioner. The party's Press service asks: "" Is the Federal Republic an American con- stituency ?"" and Herr Max Brauer, the burgomaster of Hamburg, advises electors not to allow themselves to. be treated as if they ""still belonged to the colonial peoples.""
NO MORE ""INVADERS""
The Chancellor has handled the ePisode with composure. At Essen to-night he teased the Social Democrats for exPloiting it in a way which might prejudice Germany's relations with a friendly country; and, in defence of Mr. Dulles, quoted passages frorm Mr. Malenkov's speech and from Pravda calling for the over- throw of the Federal Government. In the cir- cumstances, he added, the electors would not
be in much doubt how to VOte.|
he trickl of Communist ""invaders "" finally dried up to-day. All the police forces at the disposal of. the Federal and Lander authorities are being mobilized and will stand by to deal with any attempts to interfere with the voting on Sunday. They will be reinforced by members of the youth, sporting, and gym- nastic organizations. The authorities say they are masters of the situation and will be able to deal with trouble-makers.
COALITION APPEAL
Some 15 parties and groups are seeking the votes of an electorate of rather more than 33 millions. The main parties are:-
CHRISTIAN DEMOCRAtIC UNION AND CHRISTIAN SOCIAL UNION.-This is the core of the four-year-old Government coalition and unites Christians of both de- nominations. Dr. Adenauer, its leader, 'is a Roman Catholic: its deputy leader, Dr. Ehlers, is an Evangelical. The party has superseded the old Catholic Centre. In home affairs ni stands for social reform and a free economy, directed to bridging economic disparities be- tween classes. Under Dr. Adenauer's leader- ship it has been the champion of European union. At the last election the C.D.U. and C.S.U. returned 139 members.
SOLCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY.-The movement which Bebel, Liebknecht, and Lassalle helped to shape grows less and less Marxist. The Social Detnocracy of to-day is very much the diluted Socialism of the
British Labour Party. Apart from the SOcialization of basic industries, free enter- prise, with a modicum of State control and direction, is envisaged. in foreign policy the party rejects "" little Europe,"" and in particular desires to see Britain and Scandinavia firmly cornmitted to a united Europe. The supreme goal, however, is the reunification of Ger- many, for the sake of which Herr Ollenhauer is prepared to see an all-German Government start with the "" mortgage,"" as it is called, of binding itself not to ally itself with either east or wvest. The party equally rejects neutralization, In Place of the European armyy it proposed national armed forcet. At the last election the party returned 13.1 members.
INDUSTRIALISTS' BACKING
PREE DEMOCRATIC -PARTY,-The second largest member of the Adenauer coali- tion it a blending of the traditional Liberals represented by Herr Blticher and Dr. Reiahold Maier and of resurgent nationalists repre- sented by Dr. Middelhauve. It enjoys the backing of industrialists who fear the rising power of the trade unions, and the Liberal element has suffered something of an eclipse.
THE GERMAN PARTY. the third member of the coalition, stands to the right of the Free Democratic Party, propagates its own brand of Conservatism, and at the last election returned 17 umembers.
THE ALL-GERMAN BLOC, formerly the refugee party, without ceasing to uphold the olaims of the millions of refugees, now seeks the suffrages of the dissatisfied of all classes. This is its first appearance in the federal field. Politically it is well to the right.
The ALL-GERMAN PEOPLE'S PARTY, another newcomer to federal politics, was founded by Dr, Heinemann, who resigned from the Adenauer Government because of disagreement over defence policy. His association with the League of Germans, formed by Dr. Wirth, a former Reich Chan- cellor to promote an understanding with Russia, surprised some of his followers. The essential appeal is to pacifist sentiment and to women. Observers agree that its poll may be fairly large because of the dislike of re- armament and the attractions of "" neutralism.""
On recent form the prospects of the COM?._ JNIST PARTY continue to sink. At the' last election it returned 15 members. The GERMAN RExcIt PARTY, which brought Dr: Naumann into the open, was formerly the German Right Party, with five members, and has succeeded to the heritage of the Socialist Reich Party, of Herr Remer and Dr. Doris.
MINOR GROUPS
Apart from these, gre the BAVARIAN PARTY. which is regional but not unimportant; the CENrTE, which is contesting only North Rhine- Westphahia; two small regional groups 'n Schleswig-Holstein; the NATIONAL RALLY, a rightist movement, and one or two other insignificant fragments. At the last election the Bavarian Party returned 17 members and the Centre two.
The voting system is a mixture of direct election by simple majority and proportional representation. An ingenious feature is the attempt it makes to prevent the return of splinter parties. Tb qualify for representa- tion, a party must rettrn one member directly or secure five per cent. of the federal vote. If one member is returned directly the party's vote counts, even if -it be only one per cent.
That is the reason for the strenuous efforts which Herr Reimann, the Communist leader, and Dr. Heinemann are makinq in their con- stituencies. The Centre is similaily situated. Its single candidate is Dr. Brockmann. If he wins, the votes cast for the Centre every- where will be taken into account.
The system makes the forecasting of the outcome unusually difficult.
DEFENCE COMMISSIONER
TAKEN ILL
BOCHOLT (RuHR), Sept. 4.-The west German Defence Commissioner, Herr Theodor Blank, had a heart attack during an election rally here to-night after speaking for two minutes. Herr Blank, who is a candidate for the Christian Democratic Union, was driven to his home at Dortmund after treatrment. Doctors attending him said that there was no immediate cause for worry, but they had ordered complete rest.
As west German Defence Commissioner, Herr Blank is responsible to Dr. Adenauer for all advance defence planning.-Reuter.
MOSCOW'S ATTACK
UNITY PROSPECT ENDED IF
DR. ADENAUER WINS
Moscow radio said-yesterday: "" It is not fortuitous that Adenauer should precisely' now strain all his energies to consolidate by hook or by crook the Position of his Government, to gather votes at the forthcoming elections, then to apply himself to forcing through the Paris and Bonn agreements, thereby justify- ing the expectations Of United States aggressive circles...."" Should Dr. Adenauer be success- ful and start to implement the Paris and Bonn agreements "" it will no longer be possible to consider western Germany as a peace-'oving state. She will become a weapon in the aggres- sive plans of the North Atlantic bloc; She will finally enter the road of preparing a new war in Europe. From the moment that the Bonn and Paris agreements come into force it will become impossible to revive the unity of Germany.""-Reiter.'
BRITISH INTEREST
BY OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
'A Foreign Office spokesman said last night that a copy of Dr. Adenauer's statement had not yet been received, but that when it arrived it would be studied with interest.
It will be recalled that in July Lord Salisbury commented on Dr. Adenaucr's earlier suggestion' that a security system, based on tne European Defence Community, might be evolved for the whole of Europe. Lord Salisbury said in the House of Lords that the British Government werd giving -much thought to the plan, which. might be discussed at the proposed four-Power talks.";"September 5, 1953";"";52719;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Dr. Adenauer's Pre-Election Surprise";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, FEB. 6
M. Mendts-France, whose Govern- mn2nt was defeated on a vote of confi- dence by 319 votes to 273 in the smail hours of yesterday, was the last Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic who, it, order to take office, had to win the approval of an absolute majority of the Chamber (314 votes or more); under the recett changes in the Constitution a Slimple majority only is now required, which means in effect that M. Coty's powers and responsibilities are some- vhat increased, for the first man that he pickzs and who aCCeptS the cbarge is likely to be confirmed by the Chamber
forthwith.
This does not imply, however, that the way out of this crisis is going to be easy. M. Mendes-France's tenure of office has left behind It a legacy of strong feelings among the parties and withinat e parties themselves, and, as has so often been true in the past, the sppoSitiO that combined together to reverse the Government has little in comnon now that that obiective has been achieved.
N. AFRICANi POLICY
-Dne of the striking features of the North African debate was that the M.R.P., who contributed with all their might and main io* binn down the Governmient, are advo- cates of a policy in North Africa exactly similar, in its broad lines, to that which the late Goverrnment was trying to carry out. Why then did the Govemment have to fall and what lessons and portents may be drawn fromn the events ?
Ithe Government fell ostensibly because to the regular opposition of right-wing inde- pendents, M.R.P., and Communists, were added 20 of the Prime Minister's own Radical Party, inspired by M. Ren6 Mayer, and 25 Social Republicans (Gauilists), who also voted against the Government or abstained. Though some of these acted as they did because of their dislike or distrust of the Governent's olicy in Algeria and Tunisia, the North Xfrican question was much more the occasion than the cause of the Government's defeat,
M. Rene Mayer himself made this plain. when in his speech on Thursday he criticized the direction of the Government's policy as a whole, and told the Prime Minister that it should have been possible to find a middle way "" between immnobility and adventure."" The vote was in fact the result not so much of pressure from the North African lobby as of accumulated anger. dislike, and distrust on the part of M. Mind&s-France's enemies.
Some of those enemies, in the seven months that the Government has held office, have been unscrupulous in the methods and welkpons they have etnployed. But this is not true of all, or even most of them, and the serious criticisms that have been made of M. Mendes-France must be given a fair hearing.
UNFINISHED PROBLEMS
That he had energy, courage, and resource- fulness these critics will admit, but they point to the undeniable fact that none of the problems that he tackled with such vigotir-whether the Indo-China armistice an alternative fortn of German rearmament, or a new policy in Tunisia-is yet finished and that the last state may be worse than the first. This mav be disastrously true, the same critics would say, in the case of Ger- many upon which the effect of the death of the European Defence Community (to which M. Mendes-France helped so largely, it is claimed, to contribute) may leave a lasting and most unhappy mark. In short, he mis- took (so his enemies maintain) movement for action and then-what proved easily the most irritating thing of all-defended himself by taunting his predecessors for having stood still.
On the other side, M. Mendes-France's supporters can claim with considerable justice that apart from dispersing such fog clouds as Indo-China or German rearmament, which for years had been obscuring the French political scene, he introduced by his very methods a breath of fresh air into the stuffy atmosphere.
His uhdoubted popularity in the country (though it is almost certainly less than it was a few months ago) was due to his success in rnaking people feel that here was someone differeht from the old roundabout of poli- ticians and parties which they had come to igttore or even despise: and his ceaseless efforts to make the French people believe that their Government is their business was Sodnething without precedent in oast-war, or even in pre-war, France. As for the very points Upon which he fell-North Africa and in particular the Tunisian internal economy negotiations-he was merely seek- in2 to put into effect a policy announced by hit predecessors in office more than two years ago.
PASSIONS AND ANIMOSITIES
It is clearly far too soon to attempt an 9bjective assessment of these two viewpoints. What perhaps can be said is that M. Mendes- France made-and sometimes it seemed as thbugh he enjoyed making-enemies very easily. The passions and animosities to which his tenure of office gave rise will take a long titne to die away, and to that extent his successor will not have an easy task.
A good example of this intensity of feeling can be found in the violent and unprece- dented scene which broke out in the National Assembly after the announcement of the fiuil vote just befote 5 a.m. yesterday. At this mothent, according to long tradition. the defeated Primte Minister should rise and, followed by his Cabinet, leave the Chamber. M. Mendes Pratlce, however, amid general futiptise motinted the rostrum to read a final statement. It was not his intention, he said. to cotnplain against the sovereign decision of the Assembly; it was his ardent wish that the solution of the Tunisian problem would niot be hindered or delayed. "" So vital an inttrest to our future in Africa should not be dependent on the fate of a Government.""
So far, M. Mendes-France had been heard in silence. Bdt when he went on to speak of the accumulated tasks with which his GoVernment had been faced, and asked,
"" How shall the nation forget the bopes which we have revived; how can it lose its taste for the truth, now that it has learned its sharp but salutary savour ?"" His words raised a storm of protest from the M.R,P. and right-wing benches. Several minutes' wrangling ensued on points of order, the prestdent, M. Schneiter, vainly aPpealing for a show of courtesy} and M. Mendes-France only adding fresh tuel to thc flames by an- nouncing that his statement was "" Intended to facillitate the task of the next Govern-
PAINFUL ANTi-CLIMAX
This scene was destined to end an a note of painful anti-climax. The Assembly, M. Mendes.France announced, would be caled together on Monday to vote provisional funds for February. ""Fullstop,"" an M.R.P. deputy chanted. ""It is I and not you who will put the fullstop,"" M. Mendes- France retorted, and a roar of anrer greeted his rerhark. }ht-wlng and M.R.P. depu- ties began shouting and banging the tops of their desks, in which they were qufckly joined by the Communists; and the protests oG the eovernment symp1athisers oi;ly added to the uptoar. M. Mentds-France, very pale, waited for some motnents for a chance to make himself heard, and then, throwing up his hands in despair, descended the rostrumrn and left the Chamber.
Reports frofn Tunisia say that, contrary to what had been expected, the fall of the Mendes-France Government has been greeted calmly there. People are presumably waiting to see what line the new French Government will take, and in particular if it will take up the internal autonomy negotiations at the point which they had reached.
RISK OF TERRORISM
The Neo-Destour is reported to be resolved to go back on the concessions that it has made during the negotiations if the new French Government goes back on its previous undertakings. Should this happen, a very unpleasant and dangerous situation would be almost bbund to develop, with the risl
that terrorism right break obt once more in Tunisia. Yet it is not easy to see how the new Government, which will presumably include right-wing and M.R.P., can evolve a North African policy, for the M.R.P; are as far removed in their thinking on this score from the die-hards as was M. Mendes-France himself.
On a European policy, it seems safe to say hat the new Government, whatever its com- position, will not atteFnpt to undo *hat has already been done, but will press on with the ratification of the London and Paris agree- m-lents. Seeing that it is likely to contain mxore "" Europeans ""-in the sense of sup- porters of~ the defunct E.D.C.-than the previous Government, it might at some stage attempt tO enlarge, in the supra-national dlirection, upon the existing foundations; though tne presence of the UnitedKRingdorn within the Westemn European Union would inevitably make this process more difficult.
A more urgent problem is getting the London and Paris agreements through the Council of the Republic without amnend- ments or, if they are amended, finding an absolute majority in the Chamber which wvould be necessary to override the amilend- ments. The debate in the Council had been expected for about the middle of this month and the most immediate effect of the Govern- n.tent's fall will probably be to delay this
Dellay at this stage is apt to be dangerous, for the cantonal elections, as a result of which half the membership of the Council of the Republic is renewed, are due to take place in April, and the nearer that time cornes the more reluctant the senators grow to take what might be held against them as an
uanpopular decision.'I
""PMARALLEL NEGOTIATIONS ""
It used to be assumed that M. Mendes- France, with his skill and reputation, was the only man capable of getting the ratifica- tion procedure approved in both Houses of Parliament. He certainiy did fight very hard in the Chamber, and his gIreatest asset may well have been the belief that he, who invented the idea of "" parallel negotiations,"" was the man most willing and likely to succeed in negotiating with the Russians (it was significant, for example, that M. Herriot, who has many times declared his opposition to German rearmament and spoken in favour of a mneeding with the Russians, exhorted his party to support M. Mendes- France in yesterday's vote).
The question now is whether another Prime Minister could produce the same effect. A "" European "" would presumably get some of the votes of the other "" Euro- peans"" which were Jacking to M. Mendes- rrance, but would on the other hand lose the nationalists' support.
An added complication is that M. Pinay, who has to-night agreed to see whether he can form a Government, is among the several possible candidates for office who did not vote for ratification of the London and Paris agreements in the Chamber. He might now fihd it hatd to present the same agreements for ratification to the Council of the Republic.
That is why, if M. Pinay, decides not to accept the Presidents charge the names of M. Faure, Forefgn Minister in the outgoing Government M. Rene Mayer, and M. Mfirnlin (one of the few M.R.P. to vote for the agreements) are being mentioned to-night as possible choices for M. Coty.";"February 7, 1955";"";53159;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Paradoxes Of French Cabinet's Defeat";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"A statement issued at the end of the visit to Paris of Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden reaffirmed the British Government's intention of asso- ciating themselves closely with the Schuman plan for coal and steel and the Pleven plan for a European army.
The British Ministers gave a pledge to maintain armed forces on the continent of Europe.
Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden yesterday visited Supreme Read- quarters, Allied Powers in Europe, where they were received by General Eisenhower.
CLOSE LINKS
by General Eisenhower to address his staff. Mr. Churchill, who spoke for about eight mninutes to 250 officers, was introduced by General E;senhower as "" one of the greatest men, not only of this generation, but of any other generation."" He was given an ovation.
The Prime Minister said how extremely happy he was to be at Supreme Headquarters and to see for himself how this great organiza- tion had grown. He paid a tribute to General Eisenhower as "" the one man who could have built up this organization."" He said that the allied Powers were not against the Russian people, but they were against tyranny and aggression in any form, and in whatever form it was cloaked. There was an attempt by the free world to maintain peace and to do away with tyranny and aggression. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was, he said, "" engaged in a boly, just crusade, and the vic- tory we look to is a victory for peace."" He continued: "" My heart is with you;* the British people is with you; and, with all the other
JOINT STATEMENT
ISSUED
From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 18
Mr. ChurchiIl and Mr. Eden, after mother crowded day of conferences, visits, and talks, had a final meeting to-day with M, Pleven, the Prime Minister, at a dinner given at the Embassy this evening by Sir Oliver Harvey before they left by train from the Gare du Nord at 9.40. .They had luncheon with General Eisenhower at Supreme Headquarters and during the
General Eisenhower greeting Mr. Churchill at the headquarters of the allied Powers, near
Paris, yestrday.
afternoon Mr. Churchill saw Mr, Harri-' man at the Embassy, Mr. Eden received Salah ed-Din Pasha, the Egyptian Foreign Minister, and later had a talk with Sir Mohammad Zafrullah Khan, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.
The exchanges of view which Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden had with M. Pleven and M. Schuman and other French Ministers and officials were the subject of the following official statement:-
Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden have had a number of talks .with M. Pleven, M. Schuman, and other French Ministers in the last two days. The talks have shown agreement between the two Governments or all problems of the present international situation, notably the Far East, the Middle East, and Europe. The conversations have been guided on both sides by the conviction that, in order to meet the dangers that face Europe, all steps leading to greater unity in Europe should be welcomed and encouraged.
INTENTION REAFFIRMED
The British Ministers took the occasion to express their pleasure at the approval by the French Assembly of the Schuman plan. They hoped that the plan would soon come into effect, and reaffirmed the intention of his Majesty's Government to enter into close rela- tions with the High Authority as soon as it was constituted. His Majesty's Government proposed to set up a permanent delegation at the seat of the Authority for this purpose.
The British Ministers declared that his Majesty's Government would resolve to main- tain armed forces on the continent of Europe to fulfil their obligations in the common cause. His Majesty's Government would welcome the conclusion of an agreement between those countries participating in the Paris conference. Both Governments are convinced that such an agreement offers the right method of integrat- ing a democratic Germany in a purely defensive organization for European security. This would be a major step towards the struc- ture of a united Europe. lt would strengthen the defence of the North Atlantic area.
His Majesty's Government will associate themselves as closely as possible with the European defence community in all stages of its political and military developments. United Kingdom forces under the direction of the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe will be linked with those of the European defence community for training supply, and operations by land, sea, and air. They will stand together in true comradeship.
Finally the two Governments declare once again that the only objective of the Atlantic communit to which they are indissolubly bound is to maintain and organize peace.
No authoritative commentary was given on this announcement. French Press com- ment claims that there has been a promise of more active British support for efforts tending towards European unity, particu- larly in the political sphere.
GREAT CORDIALITY
The talks are said to have been marked by the greatest cordiality, and one of their main objects may well have been to establish con- tact at the highest level between the new Britisb Government and the French Government, and to keep the latter informed of British inten- tions at the forthcoming talks between Mr. Churchill and President Truman in Washing. ton rather than to reach any decisions of imme- diate appication on the wide range of subjeets discussed, of which efforts tending towards European unity were but a part.
Mr. Churchill, who did not leave the dinner given in his honour by M. Pleven until nearly midnight last night, spent the morning at the Embassy reading State papers, while Mr. Eden continued his discussions with M. Schumlan at the Quai d'Orsay. Mr. Eden was accom- panied by Sir Oliver Harvey, the British Ambassaaor. and Sir Roger Makins, deputy Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office.
M. Schuman was assisted by M. Maurice Schumann, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, M. Parodi, Secretary-General of the Quai d'Orsay, and M. Massil, the French Ambassador in London. Te meeting broke up early, as Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden were due to be received by General Eisenhower at midday.
On his way to Supreme Headquarters Mr. Churchill stopped at Saint-Cloud cemetery to lay a wreath on the tomb of General Georges, who was a personal friend. Fog delayed his drive, and it was not till J2.20 that he was greeted by General Eisenhower and his thre Chiefs of Staff, General Gruenther, Vice- Admiral Lemonnier, and Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Saunders. Mr. Eden arrived a few minutes later and, after Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden had been introduced to the heads of departments, they accompanied General Eisenhower to his office for a short conversa- tion before luncheon.
Sir Oliver Harvey, the British Ambassador, who accompanied Mr. Churchill, joined him and Mr. Eden for the luncheon with Genetal Eisenhower and General Gruenther. Sir Hugh Saunders and Vice-Admiral Lemonnier, with the other staff officers, entertained Sir Norman Brook, the Secretary to the Cabinet, Sir Roger Makins, and the other British officers and officials. Mr. Eden left for Paris at about thrc o'clock, whilo Mr. Churchill was invited
signatories of the Atlantic Treaty, they will do their duty in giving you their fullest support."" When he thanked General Eisenhower for this opportunity to address a staff meetinc, he was greeted by another ovation, by which he was much moved. He left at about 3.30 to return to the Embassy and take a much needed rest, for his visit to France has been an exhausting one.
Meanwhi!e Mr. Eden had resumed his talks with M. Schuman at the Quai d'Orsay. The talks in the afternoon were principaly con- cerned with the Middle East. Mr. Eden re- turned to the British Embassy at 5 p.m. to meet the Egyptian Foreign Minister, who was accompanied by Amr Pasha, the recently re- called Egyptian Ambassador in London, Their conversation lasted more than an hour. No statement was issued. It was followed by the visit to Mr. Eden of Sir Mohammad Zafrullah Khan Mr. Churchil later received Mr. Harriman for a conversation on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This was his last business before dinner and departure.
Though it is too soon to gauge accurately, the results of the visit,, a semi-official com- mentary to-night states that in French diplo- matic circles there is keen satisfaction with what has been achieved in the conversations that M. Pleven and M. Schuman have had with Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden. Marked progress was shown, it is stated, over the earlier British attitude. It is pointed out that British sympathy for the European army plan was first showfi in the announcement issued after the three-Power talks in Washington in September.
Great Britain, it is declared is now identi- fying herself in increasingly definUte terms with the efforts to achieve economic and rnilitary unification of Europe. The statement under- lines that there is no reversal of British policy, but a gradual evolution. The difference is a difference not of nature but of degree. Britain does not count herself a party to European union, but she is not content merely to remain outside; on the contrary she gives it her full moral, material, and political support.
The talks in Paris, so far from dealing a death blow to the plan for a European army, as some French Press commentators affirmed, have given a new impulse to it. The six-Power negotiations, which are to be resumed on December 27, should logically be helped on by these talks.
PARIs, Dec. 18.-Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden left the Gare du Nord by the night ferry train for London.-Associated Press.
SCHUMAN PLAN IN
BUNDESTAG
MAJORITY FORESHADOWED I
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr I
BONN, DEc. 18
The foreign affairs committee of the Bundestag decided to-day after a two-day sitting to recommend ratification of the Schuman plan. Professor Hallstein, State Secretary in the Foreign Ministry, who headed the German delegation in the negotiations on the plan in Paris, took part in the discussion.
The 12 members of the coalition parties voted for ratification, and strongly supported the treaty as a first step to European coopera- tion. They pointed out that in all the agencies to be set up under the plan the Federal Republic would have equal voting rights with France. The seven -representatives of the Social Democratic Party voted against ratifica- tion. They rejected the plan in its present form on the ground that it did not conform to the economic interests of Germany and that it weakened her position in regard to the Saar. The provision that the plan should run for 50 years was especially unacceptable to them. The two representatives of the Federal Union -a new alliance of the Bavarian Party and the Centre-agreed to ratification only with the proviso that before a vote was taken in the Bundestag the allies should have notified the Govemment of the waiving of the existing restrictions on German industry.
To-day's decision of the foreign affairs com- mittee is regarded as foreshadowing a Govern- ment majority when the Bill cornes up for second and third readings in the Bundestag next month. Herr. Fritz Berg, the president of the Federation of German Industry, said here to-day that the question now was, not one of misgivings which might be aroused by the plan in its present form, or of articles in a treaty; it was . a question of Germany's acknowledging unreservedly the unity of Europe, and with it the freedom of the west.";"December 19, 1951";"";52188;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Churchill's Assurances To The French";""
"['FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT
GENEVA, Nov. 16
The following are the main passages in the closing speeches at the final sitting of the foreign Ministers' conference this afternoon:-
MR.w DV7LLES
""We must all feel the seriousness of this moment, as our conference draws to an end "" said Mk. DtfLLvs. "" The indispensable premlse of our security proposal was the reunifitation of Gernmany, without which we feel there can be no solid peace in Europe. The Soviet Union made no effort whatsoever to meet this paint, or to comply with that portion of- our directive which called for the rcunification of Germany by free elections. The Soviet delegatlor refused to discuss the provisions of our reunification proposal, and it never submitted a reunification proposal of its own.
ALLEGED OBSTACLES
I lt pointed to alleged obstacles to German reunification, such as the existence of N.A.T.O. and the Western European Union, but it never said that it would permit the reunification of Germany, even if these alleged obstacles were done away with. Rather, it took the position that it would not permit the so-called German Democratic Republic, the regime which the Soviet Gov- ernment has installed in east Germany, to be subjected to the test of frec elections.
"" The Soviet refusal even to contemplate frCe elections in east Germany has a signi- ficance which goes far beyond the confines of Germany. It high-lights, as no words could, the situation throughout eastern Europe. If the so-called German Democratic Republic cannot stand ilie test of the people's choice. no more can the regimes imposed on the dther peoples of eastern Europe. . This tdpic was not on our agenda, because the Soviet Government had refused to accept it there. But we were all conscious of the fact that Soviet preoccupation with its problems in eastern Europe weighed heavily upon it at this conference.
A CLOSE LINK
Last July Mr. Bulganin agreed that there was a close link between German reunifica- tion and European security; that the four Powers have a responsibility for the reunifi- cation of Germany; and that Germany should be reunified by free elections. The Governnient and people of the United States will find it hard to understand why, in the light of this, Mr. Bulganin sent to this Foreign Ministers' conference a delegation which was apparently under orders not to discuss seriously the matter of German reunification.
""Conditions in eastern Europe may be such that the Soviet Union feels that it cannot now agree to free elections in any area it controls, because that would have a con- tagious effect. But we think it unfortunate that this was not foreseen by the Soviet Government before it agreed, at the bighest level and under the most solemn circum- stances, that Germany shoold be reunified by free elections.""
PLAIN SPEAKING
On the subject of east-west contacts, Mr. Dulles said no agreements had been reached, but he thought the efforts would not die. ""This conference has had its merits,"" he continued. "" We have talked plainly. We have, in the main, discussed seriously and without vituperation. Our talks have not been wholly barren. The Governmnent and the people of the United States want to develop better relations with the Soviet natioh. Our hope for the future derives from our belief that the Soviet Government will, sooner or later, come to see that the advantage to it in better rela- tibns with the west is far greater than the local and passlng advantages which it could gain at the price of forfeiting the good rela- tionship which, at the summit conference, the Soviet rulers seemed to want.""
UIR. MACMILLAN
THE GENEVA SPIRIT
APPEAL FOR A RENEWAL
OF HOPES
Referring to the conference in July of the heads of Government, ME. MACMILLAN asked why had that meeting sent a thrill of hope and expectation round the wdrld ?
What struck the imagination of the world,"" he continued, "" was the fact of the friendly meeting between the heads of the two great groups into which the world is divided. These men carrying their immense butrdebs met and talked and joked together like ordinary mortals. It was not from some new and profound political decision or for- mula that the Geneva spirit was born. It was frotn the ordinary human contacts of the leaders of vast organizations of man- kind.. ..""
FACTOR 'FOR CONCERN
What I fear we must recognize as the immediate result of our meetitng during the last three weeks is that, instead of taking another step forward, at the best we are locked again in a stalemate; at the worst, we have taken a step backward. I am- not so much concerned that we bave failed to agree on all the questions which we were instructed to discuss. What worries me is that the Soviet delegation do not seem to mind our failure.""
On European security and German unifi- cation, Mr. Macmillan said the Ministers had actually succeeded in doint what they were, bidden to do. They discussed both subjects under a single heading. "" On the security part of -the problem,"" he added. "" we stemed even to be making progress. We were like two men trying to do a jigsaw puzzle together. We were looking for the pieces to try to fit them into the right place. Ihdeed_many of the details of our proposals were simillar; the zone, the system of inspec- tion and conirol, the limitation of arma- ments within the zone, the interchange of radar facilities, and all the rest. It is true that the Soviet delegation demanded the dissolution of N.A.T.O. But this in their
second paper they were preprared to post- pone. N.A.T.O. was to be provisional. Well, we all know the traditional lasting qualitY of what is provisional. Moreover, in Paragraph 6 of their last paper, circulated yesterday, the Soviet delegation accept the principle of ' the inalienable right of States to individual or collective self-defence.' i'.A.T.O. is.an organization for collective self-defence.
POLITICAL DIVISION
In the light of all this, I felt, and still feel, that there would be no difficulty in writing a security treaty which would satisfy east and west, if the freedom and unity of Germany could be secured. But when Mr. Molotov returned from Moscow. the real division between us emerged with brutal frankness. This division is political. not military or strategic. But here, alas, there is a great gulf fixed. We thought the meet- ing last July had done something to narrow it, but now again it seems wide and deep.
The real problem is our radically differ- ent approach to German reunification. We believe that individuals and nations should be free. The Soviet Government, however, continues to believe in its right, nay its duty, to impose when they can political and econo- mic systems on other nations....""
""bhe little passages that I have had with Mr. Molotov on the subject of free eletions and the varying merits of the single list and the open candidature system have been illuminating. Once more it is clear that we are back in that strange nightmare where men use the same words to mean different things-peaceloving, democratic, freedom -all these splendid words, which we have inherited through the long history *of civilized Europe, have clear and inspiring meanings to us, with deep undertones. They appear to have a wholly diflerent significance to the Soviet Government. And so that contact, that meeting of minds and almost of hearts, which seem to have taken place four months ago, is-for the moment- broken. We stand looking at each other, across the great divide.
NOT DISCOURAGED
""Yet I do not feel altogether discouraged. I feel that there are many new forces operat- ing in the Communist world and in the satellite countries which they control. There is an old saying, whi,ch Mr. Molotov may know: ' He admires the sea, who stays at the edge of the forest.' I cannot help think- ing that last summer's Geneva idyll was not a vague or sham affair. There was a genuine longing on both sides of the iron curtain to break down the wretched thing; to let the free current of thought and human con- tacts, which have so long been cut off between us, start again. But when it comes to the point, the Soviet Govemment has not set out to sea. They have stayed on the edge of the forest.
""I feel that the Russian delegation and the Russian Govemment really do want pacification and security. . . . Yet if they wish a general system of European security, to grant that right (of freedom) to Germany is one of the consequences they must accept.""
Turning to the free movement of ideas and persons, Mr. Macmillan cited a saying which we had heard recentl: "" The terrible thing is that the Russian Government fears our friendship more than our enmity."" Yet, he added, this isolation cannot last for ever. Western books cannot always be excluded as subversive or westem newspapers always be banned as corrupting. Information can- not, year after year, be classed as espionage or travel restricted to the hand-picked groups. After all, this is medievalism-or a parody of medievalism.""
DISARMAMENT NEEDS
On disarmament, Mr. Macmillan declared that the exchange of views had been usefuil; but it would be-wrong to suggest that agree- ment was at hand. Two things were neces- sary: confidence and controls.
Finally, Mr. Macmillan said, there must be a new spirit. "" A vague bonhomie, or a few phrases are not enough. These are words or gestures, outward things. The Geneva spirit. if it is anything, is an inward spirit. Its light is not bright to-day. It burns low. But it burns. It has not been extinguished. Like those street lamps, which I remember so well as a child, it needs but one sincere touch of the lamplighter to set it once more aflame.""
MR. MOLOTOV
EUROPEAN SECURITY
6ERMAN QUESTION SEEN
AS SUBORDINATE
""The principal question we facedi"" said MR. MOLOTOV, ""was European security and, in this connexion, the Ger- man question. And this is understand- able.
There is no problem at present more important than that of strengthening peace anrong nations and preventing the threat of another war. It is particularly true of Europe, where, in the past, two world wars were unleashed.... For the nations of Europe, the problem of European security naturally comes at the top. The German question, as related to this problem, is subordinate. If Eurotean security is assured, then the security of the German people will be assured and, in additionj the most favourable conditions for the settlement of the German problem as a whole, including German unity . . .""
MILITARY GROUPINGS
It is impossible at present to settle the German question; and at the same time dis- regard the fact that there exist two German States, with two different social structtiies. 'One should not disregard reality;. . . -
- "" We stand for the restoration of German unity on the basis of free all-German elec- tions. We cannot assist the plans for remilitarization of any part of Germnany, and moreover of the whole of Germany, and. its incorporation into the military groupings directed against the Soviet Unionatid other peace-loving nations.""
On disarmament, Mr. Molotov.said: ""`The Soviet Union proceeds from the assumption that even in existing circumstances there is a possibility of making. substantial progress in this field, including the elimination of the threat of a surprise atomic attack.""";"November 17, 1955";"";53380;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Unity As Crux Of Geneva Conference";""
"";"['News']";"- :.'. MOSCOW, Nov. 21
'.The text of the replies made yesterday by Mr. MoiotQv,. the Soviet Foreign Minister, to questions by a Pravda repre- sentative concermigthe Russian proposal for a'Europeansecurity conference is as
Q)ESTION.-HOW Vdo you appraise the for*ign reactionto the Soviet. Note of Novem- ber 13, proposing an all-European conference on,Othe' ? problem of collective security in
ANSWER.-It is known that a number of European. countries have already expressed their positive attitude towards the suggestion to convoke a European conference on the ques- tion of. collective security in Europe, a suggestion made by the Soviet Govemment together with the Govermments of' Poland and Czechoslovakia. Other European coun- tries have as yet. not expressed their opinion on the suggestion.
As to ttie attitude of the United States, GBreat Britain, and France- They have not yet replied to the Soviet Note. But, so far as one can gather from the statements made by official persons, the Governments of these countries do not approve of the suggestion. The 'impression is growing that they are not only getting ready to oppose the suggestion but, moreover, are attempttng to prevent the convocation of a general European conference by every possible means.
""PERSISTENT PRESSURE""
In order to achieve these aims they bring persistent pressure to bear on other European COuntries, on their Parliaments, on political parties, and on individual public figures.
From the published reactions it appears that the-sense of the proposition to convene ati all-European conference is understood by wide circles in Europe, and not in Europe only. The aim of our proposition is to prevent certain European countries opposing oters on issues of maintaining and strengthening peace in Europe. .
Such an all-European conference, where every State would be able to express its opinion and make suggestions on the problem of col- lective security in. Europe, cannot harm any peaceful State, but rather can and should help towards the strengthening of peace and the relaxation of international tension. On the other hand, the. refusal to participate in an AlU-European conference cannot but harm the cause of European peace.
:'Instead of'helping the convening of an' all- European conference on the problems of collective security,' the Governments of the United States, Britain, and Frarice, by hook or by crook, want to prevent the calling of such a conference and to rush through the ratification of the Paris agreements as quickly as possible. In this way they intend to speed up the remilitarization of western Germany and drag her into such military groups as Western European Union and the North Atlantic bloc.
GERMAN REARMAMENT
They allege that the plan for setting up a west German army of half a million men and the incorporation of a remilitarized western Germany. into military groupings can be of help to peace in Europe. Is it surprising that no one wants to believe this ? The over- whelming majority of people already see that this is not the road leading to the mainten- ance and strengthening of. peace, but on the contrary a road that leads to the preparation of a new war in Europe.
Therefore, if it comes to the point of rati- fication and implementation of the Paris agreements on the remilitarization of western Germany and. her incorporation into 'these military groupings of the western Powers, a new situation will arise in Europe which will only aggravate the threat of a new war. In such circumstances the peace-loving European States. will have, to give thought to new measures to guarantee their security.
The en'tire responsibility for the intensifica- tion of the arms race and for the increased burden of military expenditure on the shoulders of the peoples of Europe will rest on'those who to-day refuse to organize col- lective'security in, Europe and. instead, impose
on the peoples of western Europe the restora- tion of German miltarism, with its plans for revenge and for a new war.
As to the Soviet Union, it considers it necessary to give a warning that the Paris agreements serve only the preparation of a new war in Europe. The only course in line with the cause of peace is the organization of a collective security system in Europe.
T HE MAIN TASK
QuEsTION: Does the Soviet Government consider it possible to reach an agreement with other Powers on the German problem ?
ANSWER: Yes, they consider it possible. This. possibility certainly exists, if all, the interested Powers were to agree that the prin cipal and urgent task is the restoration of German unity, and not the remilitarization of one or another part of Germany. Obviously, a united Germany must not be a militarist State, Germany must unite as a peace-loving and democratic country. In such an even- iuality Germnany would join the family ol European nations enjoying equal rights, and would take her important place in the organi- ±ation of collective security, in Europe.
That is how the matter rests to-day: Will western Germany be transformed into a mili- tarist State, as is ordained by the Paris agreements, or will the development of western Germany as well as of the whole of Germany follow along the other, the peace- loving road ?
The remilitarization of western Germany will block the road towards national reunifica- tion of the country. On the other hand, the renunciation of remilitarization of western Germany wiU open the road towards an agree- ment on the reunification of Germany. In such a case, it would be possible to reach agreement on the carrying out of all-German elections-free, with secret ballot,'and with guarantees of democratic rights for the popu- lation of the whole country.
WITHDRAWAL OF FORCES
At the same time, the Soviet Govemment stil considers that the immediate withdrawal of the occupation forces from the territory of eastem and western Germany, which it has proposed, would greatly help the rapproche- ment of both parts of Getmany and the settlement of the problem of restoring Germany's unitv.
QussTioN.-How do you assess the state- ment that ratification of the Paris agreements will not prevent future negotiations of the western Powersawith the Soviet Union on the unresolved European problems ?
ANSwER. - Such statements represent attempts to confuse public opinion. It is impossible not to see that the ratification of the Paris agreements will seriously aggravate the situation in Europe and undermine the possibilities of solving Europn problems, and above all the German problem.
Remilitarization of wester Germany makes unification of 'Germany on peaceful and denrocratic foundations impossible. Negotia- tions on the unification of Germany may serve some purpose on condition that the United States, Great Britain, and France repudiate their policy of remilitarizing westem Germany and her incorporation into military groupings, and instead return to the path which leads to peaceful development of Germany as fore- seen in the existing international agreements.
It is obvious that statements that ratification of the Paris agreements will not prevent further negotiations of the western Powers with the Soviet Union on the unresolved European problems have no value at all.
TIME FACTOR
QuEsTioN.-How do you assess opinions, expressed in the Press of western countries that the proposal of the Soviet Union on the con- vening of an all-European conference on November 29 does not leave sufficient time for preparations ?
ANSWER.-The Soviet Government have proposed November 29 as the date of an all- European conference in view of the fact that discussions on the ratification of the Paris agreements are to begin in December. At the same time it should be borne in mind that a plan for an all-European collective security treaty had already been proposed by the Soviet Government at the Berlin conference. That plan was publisbed nine months ago. The proposal to call an all-European conference to deal with the question of European secarity was made, as is known, by the Soviet Govem. ment four months ago, on July 23.
In their latest Note, the Soviet Government merely suggested a more precise date for the calling of that conference. Of course, it would be possible to agree also upon another date for the conference if the discussion of the ratification of the Paris agreement were postponed.-Reurer.
E. GERMAN ARMED
FORCES
REPORTS OF POSSIBLE
INCREASE
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN. Nov. 21
The Neue Zeitung, newspaper of the United States High Commission in west Berlin, stated to-day that the Soviet bloc nations would hold an economic and military conference at Karlsbad in abou 10 days time at which the question of increasing the east German armed forces would be discussed.
It quoted persons connected with the general staff of the east German barracks police force -the official name of these military units- as saying that 2,500m. marks are to be set aside for the equipment and training of new formations to be created next year. A major point for discussion at Karlsbad would be whether cast Germany should be allowed a genuine tactical air force and to what it should be limited. Neuc Zekung said.
Confirmation of this report cannot be obtained from any eastern or official western source, and its credibility has to be judged against the general background of the existing east German armed forces and the likelihood that the Soviet Union and its east European neighbours are genuinely prepared to go ahead after ratification of the London and Paris agreement with the establishment of a sizable east German Wehrmacbt equipped with modern weapons to play its part in the Soviet military bloc. Berlin is a place where one is least likely to believe this. There are enough semi-official and private contacts between eastern and western diplomatists here to be reasonably sure that the Russians. the Poles, the Czechs, and the Hungarians place no greater trust in their east German friends than in the west Germans.
The east German barrack police forces may well number more than 100,000 men, but their equipment is known to be antiquated. A genuine Soviet desire to turn them into an effective striking force must inevitably show up first in the delivery of modem tanks. artil- len, and aircraft; and this evidence has so far been lacking. 'Reliable reports that the air police for example, are using even a single jet fighter are singularly lacng, and so is confirmnation that the ground forces have any armour or guns made since the war.
SWEDEN'S POLICY OF
NEUTRALITY
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENr
OSLO. Nov. 21
Dr. Unddn, the Swedish Foreign Minister, said in Oslo yesterday that Sweden's foreign policy was built on the same basis as before the Fit World War, because international policy was still, in spite of the United Nations. based on the balance of power. Now and then voices were heard in Sweden advocating a change of foreign policy in favour of group alliances, he said, but it was more satisfying to be neutral than to show that they looked on certain countries as latent or permanent enemnies. Swedish military commanders were of the same opinion, the Minister added.";"November 22, 1954";"";53095;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"New Russian Warning On European Security";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Dr. Adenauer, in his talks with M. Schuman at Bonn on the future of the Saar mines, put forward a suggestion that they should be placed under the control of an international authority similar to that of the Ruhr.
CLAIM FOR A
HEARING
PARIS, JAN. 16
In spite of the unexpectedly strong line taken by the Germans over the Saar, French observers are not dissatisfied with the welcome accorded by Bonn to M. Schuman. The French did not expect the Saar settlement to be to the liking of Germans in general, and they were well aware that the issue was being made by Dr. Schumacher a weapon against Dr. Adenauer, who could hardly be expected to respond publicly otherwise than he did. The French do not, however, think that the mass of Germans feel quite as strongly as the declarations of their politicians would suggest; and, in spite of some foreign reports to the contra9y, they are convinced thai for the time being the Saar- landers are well content with their present status and the prospects it has to offer.
As for the equitable basis of their case the French feel no qualms at all. They recall that the principle of an autonomous Saarland in economic union with France was accepted by Mr. sevin and Mr. Marshall at the Moscow conference in April, 1947; and quotations from speeches by Mr. Bevin and Mr. Marshall at the time show exactly how far they com- mitted themselves in support of the French point of view. Nor was this support purely gratuitous. The French in return made con- siderable concessions over the Ruhr. The French do not expect that the United King- dom or the United States wilt wish to go back
M. SCHUMAN'S
FIRMNESS
From Our Own Correspondent
BONN, JAN. 16
Dr. Adenauer, the Chancellor, to-day explained in some detail, but also with an understandable reticence, the point of view which he advanced in his long discussion with M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, in Bonn yesterday. He reaffirmed the juridical rights of Germany in the Saar, and urged that, if any change were to be made in the control of the mines- which, he said, were unquestionably the property of the federal Republic-then it should be on the lines of the International Ruhr Authority.
The Chancellor said that a settlement was ""quite possible between France, Germany, and the Saar within the framework of a European union."" The claim of the fedetal Government to be associated with the new negotiations is one which M. Schuman is believed to have combated on the ground that the negotiations concerned only France and the Saar and were within the competence of the present relationship. The Chancellor blamed the Saar Government for having taken the initiative, and criticized Herr Hoffmann, the Prime Minister, for his attitude. This initiative had caused "" a certain disturbance in the situation."" The question was not yet ripe for a settlement, and would not be until Franco- Gcrman relations were more normal and the European idea was stronger.
LIKE ODER-NEISSE LINE
Referring to the negotiations due to take place in Paris between the French and Saar Governments, the Chancellor said that some kind of treaty was being prepared. There was talk of a request by the Saar Government for greater autonomy and of the leasing of the mines to France for 50 years. If the request for wide autonomy meant greater freedom viS-a-vis the French Milifary Government, then it was understandable. If, however, the de- mand meant the separation of the Saar from Germany, then the same opposition must be raised as against the arbitrary action of the Soviet Union in regard to the Oder-Neisse line. Jointly with the other allies, France in 1945 had agreed that the question of the frontiers of Germany should be reserved till the treaty of peace. The French Government would contradict itself if it took another view now.
The mines, the Chancellor said, were the only asset of the Saar, giving employment in one way or another to 35 per cent. of the workers. To lease the mines to France for 50 years would be to rob the Saar virtually of the right of independent activity. As evidence of the de- pendence of the Saar on Germany the Chan- cellor said that in 1948 the mines had a produc- tion of 10m. tons of coal of which 3,900,000 went to the Saar, 1,600,000 to France. and 4.500,000 to Germany. On the question of legal right, the Chancellor traced the develop- ment of the Saar territory. and claimed that under Article 134 of the Basic Law the title to the mines rested with the federal Govern- ment. "" I think,"" he added, "" that the three western Powers, who accepted the Basic Lawv wiU have to define their attitude in this matter."" He regarded it as impossible that the mines should be disposed of without the federal Government, which was the lawful owner, being heard.
GERMAN SECURITY
The Chancellor was asked about his suggestion, which he has raised more than once, that the western Powers, having dis- armed Germany. would give a guarantee of the security of the republic. The suggestion was discussed again with M. Schuman yester- day, and M. Schuman expressed recognition and understanding of the Chancellor's wish. To-day the Chancellor said that the armed strength of the Russians and their love of peace were unknown, as was the armed strength of the western allies. One had not the impression that the tension between east and west was lessening. "" If,"" he said, "" we receive this assurance of security, which M. Schuman has already given, also from the United States and Britain, then we shall have more than we have now.""
The Ruhr statute might be extended not only to the Saar but also to the iron ore mines of Lorraine. The essential matter was that these questions should be regarded from the ELiropean point of view. If there were good will on both sides, and if there were the con- viction that the interests of Europe were above the interests of the individual nations, he was confident that the question of the Saar would not afflict Franco-German relations.
At the Viktorshohe this afternoon Professor 1Hleuss. the President, received the heads of 12 foreign missions accredited to the Allied High Commission. Welcoming them, he said the isolation between Germany and the world which had existed so l.ng was gradually coming to an end. As soon as possible the republic would establish trade and consular missions abroad, and hoped thereby not only to serve mutual commercial and political interests but also to prepare the way for its final incor- poration in the community of democratic nations.
LIITLE SURPRISE IN
PARIS
RUHR CONCESSIONS
RECALLED
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
on their word as the result of the German Government's displeasure.
As for the Saarlanders, they have had fair opportunities to express their views; and their Constitution will give them a fresh opportunity at the next election in October, 1952.
The Saar has been linked economically with northern Lorraine ever since 1870-a fact often forgotten. The only interruption was for the period of five years after the 1935 plebiscite which gave the Saar back to Hitler's Reich, and on that subject the French recall that in order to cushion the Saar against the economic losses which the termination of the Customs union with France was bound to create, Hitler imposed on the rest of Germany the Saaropfer-or sacrifice for the Saar-a kind of economic subsidy for the benefit of the reincorporated territory. His first act after his victory of 1940 was to re-establish a Saar- Lorraine administrative and economic union.
UNWORKABLE SOLUTION
The idea has been mooted in Germany that the Saar might become an additional west German lung while remaining in Customs union with France. This solution seems to the French utterly unworkable, except on terms which would virtually establish the present status under a different name. The French have passed with the Saar fiscal, juridical and cultural agreements. It seems to them necessary to supersede the present de facto relation on other matters by contractual relations freely negotiated, which would be similar to the agreements just mentioned. They would concern economic matters generally, and the ownership and management of the mines and railways. To crown the edifice there will be needed a diplomtitic convention which will put an end to the High Commis- sioner's office with the remaining restrictions on Saarland autonomy which that entails, and substitute the relation of two sovereign States. At the end the Saar would be in the same relation to France as Luxembourg is to Belgium.
What sounded most jarringly in French ears was a remark attributed to Dr. Adenauer that the Saar issue might make it more difficult for the German Govern- ment to win acceptance of the German adherence to the Council of Europe. They had not thought of Germany bargaining on such a matter. They like to think that remarks made by Dr. Adenauer this evening, in which he declared that the creation of Europe was more important for all Europeans-Ger- mans, Frenchmen, British, Italians, and citizens of Benelux alike-than the Saar problem alone, give a truer picture of the guiding motives of German policy.
VISIT TO BERLIN
LEARNING FROM
EXPERIENCE
I FROM OUR ONVN CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, JAN. 16
M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minis- tar, completed his German informatory tour with a visit-to Berlin to-day. The occasion had little of the high political interest of his visit to Bonn, but it was welcomed by Berliners as conveying French recognition of the contribution of the western sectors to the successful with- standing of the blockade and of French interest, not always as demonstratively expressed as that of the Americans and British, in the efforts of the three sectors to re-establish themselves economically.
. During the day M. Schuman had talks with various Berlin politicians, including the senior burgomaster, Herr Reuter, and the chairman of the City Assembly, Dr. Suhr. The out- standing Franco-German problem here, the future of the Borsig works, which have been spared from dismantling, was kept discreetly in the background, and the rumoured demon- strations by the non-Communist trade unionists did not take place. Both M. Schuman and his German hosts laid emphasis in their public utterances on their wish to promote Franco- German understanding.
BETTER PROSPECTS
On this theme M. Schuman expressed the view that the prospects of understanding between the two nations were better to-day than 25 years ago bccause both were more interested tn mutual rapprocheement now. No one, said M. Schuman, at a municipal recep- tion, wished to contribute to a repetition of the suffering caused by the differences of recent years. "" We all wish to learn from experi- ence and to ensure by close cooperation that there is no repetition of the destruction that I have seen in Berlin.""
M. Schuman found time among official engagements to see something of the city which he knew as a student. During an hour's tour of the four sectors he visited Unter den Linden and the surrounding streets where the new east German governmental quarter is gradually taking shape, and walked from the Schloss- bruicker past the old arsenal and the Opera House as far as the Humboldt University. He also saw the ruins of the French Embassy and af Hitler's Chancery. In the afternoon he went into the Soviet sector again .n v sit the Soviet army war memorial in Treptow.
WEST GERMAN RATIONING
TO END
SUGAR AN EXCEPTION
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENr
BONN, JAN. 16
It is officially announced that the rationing of all foodstuffs except sugar will end in western Germany on March 1. In Berlin, however, it will continue.
The official statement adds that the ending of rationing does not mean that all other controls will go. These will remain, to ensure fair distribution of supplies of domestic pro- ducts and imported goods. Fixed prices are maintained, and the special allowances for the mining population are also retained.
Rationing in western Germany has been a fiction for some time, and its abolition merely acknowledges an existing situation. It is explained that it has been made possible by the favourable building up of food supplies.";"January 17, 1950";"";51591;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"German Views On Future Of Saar Mines";""
"['by Lord Sherfield']";"['News']";": by Lord Sherfield,
Ambassador to the United States, 1953-56. ,
General Eisenhower was essen- tially a liberal-minded person with simple and straightforward politi- cal ideas. He formed them early, expressed them clearly and frankly on paper, and clung tenaciously to them. The extracts published from letters to his friends ""Swede"" Hazlett and Al Gruen- ther are perhaps the best illustra- tions of his simple and direct approach to current problems. Yet his outlook, if uncomplicated, was ;not naive, but full of sound com- maon kense.
His views on international affairs were formed as Supreme Commander in the Mediter- ranean, in western Europe, and in Nato. In 1944 and 1945 he was carrying out the policy of Presid- ent Roosevelt in relation to the Soviet Union, but there is little to show that he dis- agreed with it. Indeed, published documents indicate that he did not. His decisions and actions in this period, when he was given a pretty free hand by the President, have been much criti- cized, particularly his decisions not to capture Prague and Berlin. But whatever his real opinion, as an upright and honourable man he felt it his duty in any case to adhere to the understanding he had reached with the Soviet com- manders, and it was his wont to trust people's word until it was proved they were untrustworthy.
After 1947 he became a strong believer in building up the western alliance. He was a convinced and vocal supporter of European inte- gration, and he advocated from
an early period Britain's inclusion in a united Europe. In February, 1953, he wrote to General Gruen- ther that his interest in Europe had been "" continuous, intense and sympathetic, and inspired by the realization that America's en- lightened self-interest demanded the closest cooperation in that region
General Eisenhower's interest in international and strategic ques- tions was much stronger than his interest in domestic politics. It is often assumed that Mr. Foster Dulles was the architect and the executant of American foreign policy while he was Secretary of State, and certainly his strong per- sonality and powerful intellect ex- ercized a great influence. But he never took an important step or made a formal statement without consulting the President, who exercised control and approved instructions to his Secretary of .State while he was abroad. I
believed this to be the case while I was dealing with Mr. Dulles from 1953 to 1956, and the pub- lished evidence tends in the same direction.
In my experience, Mr. Dulles was particularly careful to main- tain the American political doctrine that responsibility for- all major decisions in the field of foreign relations belongs exclu- sively to the President. General Eisenhower records that Mr. Dulles would not deliver an im- portant speech or statement until after he had read, edited and approved it. and he guarded con- stantly against the possibility that
any misunderstanding could arise between them. "" For more than six years "", savs Eisenhower. i"" Dulles made a constant prac- tice ... of cabling me a summary of the day's events. At the end of his life, those cables, along with other memoranda which we exchanged - sometimes almost hour by hour-made a stack 4ft. high.""
Of his opening speech at the Geneva summit meeting in 1955. in which General Eisenhower put forward his ""open skies"" proposal, he said: "" My talk had been prepared in close collabora- tion with Foster and his staff, but I had laboured long in the effort to make it express mv deepest convictions."" Of the Hungarian crisis in October. 1956. he wrote: ""That evening Secretary Dulles delivered a speech which I had, as usual, pre- viously reviewed carefully."" Later, Mr. Adlai Stevenson wax to allege that the President was unaware of what Mr. Dulles was doing.
I have no doubt that General Eisenhower took direct and per- sonal responsibility for all import- ant decisions on foreign policy during his two terms, and that to him ultimately belongs the credit or the blame for its success or failure.,
rhe two Eisenhower admini- strations were marked by greater activity in the foreign than in the domestic fields. There was the ~problem of European unity caused bv the collapse of the European Defence Community. There were
the troubles in the Middle East- the British withdrawal from Egypt. the events leading up to the Suez affair, the revolt in Iraq followed bv the coordinated Anklo-Ameri- can intervention in Jordan and the Lebanon in 1958. There were the successive events in the Far East and South-east Asia-the end of the Korean War, the French collapse in Indo-China and the Geneva conference, the affair of the Offshore Islands, and the con- frontation with China in 1955 and again in 1958. It was an imnortant period for the practice of sum- mitry. These were major issues, but there were lesser ones as well -the Austrian treaty, the settle- ment in Trieste, the United States intervention in Guatemala. This was also a time for several import- ant American initiatives in the foreign field-Atoms for Peace, Open Skies. the Formosa doctrine. the St. Lawrence Seaway, the ex- tension of the Nato-type security agreements to the Far East and the Middle East.
Towards the end of his second term came the Berlin crisis of 1958-59, which effectively termin- ated after Khrushchev's visit to the United States in September. [he improved atmosphere after this visit led to agreement on the Summit Conference of 1960, but thereafter the situation deterior- ated from the American point of view. The U2 incident ruined the Summit and made the Russians belligerent and obstructive for the rest of the President's term. The United Nations Assembly of 1959 was stormy, with Mr. Khrushchev
admiration for British institutions, for the British approach to politi- cal problems, and for their hand- ling of international situations. During his service as Supreme Allied Commander he became intimately acquainted with the British political leaders, particu- larly Sir Winston Churchill, Sir Anthony Eden, and Mr. Mac- milan, but though his instincts
moved him towards a close work- ing partnership with Britain, he seldom allowed his personal admiration for the country and friendship with its leaders to sway his judgment of events. This emerges quite clearly from the many published letters and memo- randa, 'and notably from his tele- grams and letters to Sir Anthony Eden and to Sir Winston Churchil
during the Suez affair. Quite early in his presidency he is writing to Sir Anthony that Britain and the United States needed to avoid any charge of forming a bilateral comi bination in an attempt to dominate international councils, and at the Bermuda conference he tells Sir Winston that we could in many cases look like arbitrary im- perialists if we tried to gang up publicly in supporting the prin- ciples in which we both believed.
The tone of his correspondence during and after the Suez affair was measured and firm, but always friendly, and even when he felt aggrieved was more of sor- row than of anger. But there is no doubt he was deeply incensed and personally wounded by the failure of the British Government to take him into their confidence over the Suez expedition, and that this was due as much to his feeling that the British had fallen below their nor- mal standard of international con- duct as to the fact that he had not been brought into consultation. For example, he wrote to Sir Win- ston on November 27: "" To me, it seemed the action of the British Government was not only a viola- tion of the basic principles by which this great combination of nations (the British Common- wealth and ourselves) can be held together, but that even by the doc- trine of expediency, the invasion could not be judged as soundly conceived and skilfully executed."" He added: ""So I hope this one may be washed off the slate as
soon as possible ... I shall never be happy until our old-time dose- ness has been restored.""
His admiration and affection for Sir Winston Churchill was profound and frequently ex- pressed, but he felt most in tune with Mr. Macmillan, and the Anglo-American relationship was probably at its closest when Mr. Macmillan was Prime Minister.
The merits of American foreign policy during General Eisen- hower's presidency are still a matter of controversy. But the record is an honourable one. On the whole his judgment, particu- larly on politico-strategic ques- tions, was good.
'Perhaps his most criticized decision was the handling of the U2 affair in 1960. But his deter- mination not to dissimulate and to' accept publicly full responsi- bility was characteristic of the forthrightness of the man. More- over, in considering his decision to continue the U2 flights before the Paris conference, it should be remembered that be placed a low value on summit talks and a high value on the contribution which the flights made to American security.
On Suez, he made his positiou absolutely clear throughout in letters to Sir Anthony Eden: and in view of the imminence of the 'merican election it is doubtful whether he could have taken any other position, even if he had wanted to or if the British Govern- ment had consulted him.
There has -been a tendency ~recently to judge General Eisen- b4ower's performance in the presi- dency rather harshly. But when 'all the documents come to be pub- lished, I believe that, particularly on. the international side, he will be revealed as a much better and mrnore effective President than he is now often assumed to have been.
and Dr. Castro creating serious problems for the United States.
On all the many issues which arose in these eight years-minor as well as major-the extent of Anglo - American agreement varied to a marked degree. On Europe and the establishment of Western European Union there was complete accord. On south- east Asia there were many fluctua- tions: the low point was the quarrel at the Geneva conference in 1954 between Sir Anthony Eden and Mr. Dulles; the high point was the American return to Geneva and the Geneva Agree- ment of July, leading in September to the conclusion of the South- East Asia Collective Defence Treaty, ivhich set up Seato.
In the Middle East there were, all through this period, constant Anglo,American meetings at many levels to work out a com- mon policy. Although these meet- ings usually led to an agreement in principle, in practice the collabo- ration nearly always fell apart for one reason or another, until the final break came at Suez. But this was temporary, and the policies were quickly realigned in March, 1957, after Mr. Macmillan became Prime Minister, at the Bermuda conference-"" by far the most suc- cessful conference"", Eisenhower said, "" that I had attended since the close of World War Two "".
He was not enthusiastic about summit meetings with the Rus- sians. He was persuaded into the Geneva conference of 1955, ratber against his better judgment, by the British Government, who wanted an announcement before the elec- tion in the spring of that year. He was extraordinarily reluctant to go to the summit a second time. He would have liked to prevent Mr. Khrushchev going to the United States in 1959 if he could have done, and almost the only occa-
sion on which he differed sharply from Mr. Macmillan was over the desirability. of having a summit meeting in 1960 without precondi- tions and safeguards.
There is no doubt that General Eisenhower had a profound
The President and Mr. Harold Mac- millan strolling in the gromds of Chequers.";"March 31, 1969";"";57523;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Firm friend of Britain";""
"['Roger Berthoud']";"['News']";":; Are theieany lessons for Britain in the electoral systems of the other EEC countries?
Pr essure for a reform: of
rhitain's electoral system' seems to have made a real impact *ecently2~.'-everal factors tiave contributed'to this. There was the result of .t! October, 1974, general. election, giving -the Liberals 18.3 per cent of the Votes and only 2.1 per cent of the. seats, a. ludicrous discre- pancy. There was the June 6 referendum, giving voters t6eir ..first experience of a poll in which no vote was ""wasted"", as some Votes are in dead safe constituencies.- More signifi- cant, perhaps, in the long term, is the prospect, of direct elections as early, as 1978 to the EEC's own parliament, -the European Assembly, whose members are at present nominated from the ranks of national parliaments.
The aim, laid down in the Treaty of Rote, is that. such direct elections should uld- mately be carried out on th4 basis of a "" uniform procedure "". proposed .y the Strasbourg- assembly itself. This will be an fmportanit element in progress towards European union, but is unlikely to be resolved by 1978, the target year unexpectedly set by the 1974 EEC summit in Paris for the first direct elec- tions.
Pending uniformity, there- fore, each member state will -have to decide by what method
its own allocation of members should be elected. If the draft convention debated by the Strasbourg assembly in June proves acceptable, Britain will
have 67, Germany 71, .France 65, Italy 66, Holland' 27, Bel. .gium 23, Denmark 17,. Ireland 13 and Luxembourg 6.
It seems inconceivable-that the British' members-Aviiibe elected on the same "" first past the post"" ' principle., as the House of C'omtions. This would in no way reflect the diversity of feeling in the large -constitu- encies pr regions whichb are bound to be involved. It will be necessary to establish, fair criteria, a process that will inevitably highlight the short- c.omings of, the. present system.
In this - as' in other spheres, the way iritain'& EEC partners regulate their affairs- wlil be of practical as well as academic interest. Those'who see West. miuster as .the'truest fount of democracy vwill - discover-if they.. have not already-that Brita'i'n is alone with France in not having any form: of propor- tional representation, ..as the :following brief analysis shows. For many of the details, I am indebted to Enid Lakeman's Nine Democracies: Electoral Systemns`in the countries of the EEC (recently published by the Arthur McDougall 'Fund, Lon- don, at 30p).
United Kingdom
The country is divided into 635 single-member constituencies. Any 10 electors in a. constitu. ency may nominate as a candi. dato any other elector aged 21 or more. The voter marks an X against the candidate he favours on the ballot paper, and the candidate with the most Xs wins. Normally there is only one candidate from each party, so a preference for, say, a pro or anti-EEC socialist cannot be registered. A large proportion of the votes-all those not help.
_ ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ing the 'winhers-have no effect orW the results. T,he *result, . therefore, . does not faithfully miirror the strength of support for the parties from the, electorate.
-Regional voting tendencies are exaggerated: .co Durham is represented solely by Labour
MPs, Surrey solely by Conset.' vatives, although the- latter. polled only just over half'the totes there at the last'election. The .discrepancy between .votes. and seats is shown clearly by the results of the 'three main parties last October:
soats'ln prop. to Votes % s""ekts % votes Lab 11,468.136 39.3 319 50.2 250 Con 10,464,675 35.8 277 43.8 227 Lib 5.346.800 18.3 13 2.1 116
France
The National Assembly is elected by 473 constituencies in metropolitan Fran'ce and 17 overseas. Instead of marking a ballot paper, the elector is given -7.separate paper for each candi- date, and puts the favoured one in an envelope before dropping. !.t in the ballot box.
* A candidate having more than 50 per cent of the votes cast, and votes'equal to. at least a .quarter of the constituency's electorate, is declared elected. Only 55 candidates achieved this in 1973. Otherwise a second ballot is held the following week, restricted at pr-esent to candidates whose votes in the first round equalled 10 per cent or more of the electorate. -The second ballot is final; '
As with Britain's single- member system, the resulting seats do not bear any mathe. matical relationship to the vote. Thus in the 1973 election the Communists got 21.4 per cent of the vote in the first ballot, 20.6 in the second, but only 14.9 per
cent of the seats. -The -U.R :(Gaullists), by contrast, r-eaped 37.8 per cent of'the;seats,: with 24. per cent of votes in the- first ballot and 31.4 per cent-in tlie 'second. '-,-
West Germany
Tlie electorai. system is .a com- promise. between that of the 'old Weimar republic, in.which -there was no. voting for-indivi- dual candidates,;and the British system- The country is divided into 248 single-mnember consti- tuencies, and also into''-10 Lunder, tbe.. total representa- tion of a Land being propor- tional to its electorate.
;The elector has two 'votes: one for a .candidate in his constituency, a second for one of the parties contesting the election in his Land. The first votes are counted just as in a British election. The second votes are totted up on a Land and national basis, and deter- mine the total number of seats won by each party.
From this total is subtracted the number' of constituency seats,'gained by the party. The remaining seats are filled from candidates on the party' list in the Land. This includes those contesting constituency seats, so a prominent party man high on the list will be guaranteed a seat in the Bundestag.
.No party can be represented proportionately unless it gains at least S per cent of the second votes, or unless three or more of its candidates are directly elected by first votes. The system has kept out small parties, but has given the .smallest of the three main parties, the Free Democratic Party, a disproportionate amount of influence in coali. tion governments, with at times
little more than S per cent of the vote. 'Italy'
The Italian Chamber of Deputies contains'63( members from 32 constitu:ncj6es return- ing from five to'36- members. Cari-Jidates are: nominated solely by the parties, which present lists of their candidates in the party's order of'prefer.
ence. This list is reproduced on. the ballot paper, along with a
p'ar'ty symbol (eg hammer and' sickle for the Communists) and blank spaces for writing in names. The voter marks the symbol of his chosen party, and can also record his prefer- ence for up to four of the list candidates, but few voters take advantage of this right.
The total valid votes for the party lists are divided by the number of seats (plus two) in the constituency, and- each partv gets one seat for each resulting "" quota "" polled. Votes left over are pooled to fill additional seats from, the country as a whole.
Candidates are elected to fill the seats in the order of their number of personal votes, those voters not using their personal votes being deemed to have voted for the first' three or four candidates on the party list.
Belgium
Belgium's Chamber of Deputies has 212 members from 30 constituencies, coinciding with the administrative districts and returning from two to 32 mem. bers each. Voting is, unusually, compulsory.
As with Italy, party lists are printed on the ballot paper. The voter either indicates sup. port for the order of candidates on the list, or marks a space
beside the name of one candi- date. All votes count towards. a party's total, in proportion to which the seats are awarded. Again there is a quota of votes requited for each seat. The first candidate on the party list has first claim to add list votes to .his personal votes, and so on down the'list Those witli more personal votes lower down can and do displace those higher on the list.
Luxembourg
There is a single chamber with 59 members. The country is divided into four constituencies, electing between six and 24 members each. Party lists in- clude as many candidates as available seats. The voter may endorse the party list, or give either one or two votes to individual candidates, not necessarily from the same party. The parties are allotted seats in proportion to their total of list and personal votes, seats being awarded to candidates with the highest personal votes. Many of these, however, be. come ministers and have to give up their seats, to be replaced by those with less support. So the result is less perfect than the method.
Denmark
The Danish parliament has 179 members, including two each from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. There are 17 con- stituencies cdvering Greater Copenhagen, the Islands and Jutland, subdivided for nomina- tion purposes into as many electoral districts as there are members to elect.
The voter places a cross by either the name of one party or of one candidate on the party list. In each constituency
the seats are shared amang the parties and independents in. proportion to.. their total of list and personal votes. In addi- tion there are 40 supplementary seats used to make the final result as proportional as pos- sible. To share these 40 seats, a party must have won a mini. mum of one seat in the con- stituencies, or 2 per cent of all votes polled,, or as many votes as the average per constituency seat in that zone. Candidates obtain seats on the basis of their personal votes and the party's votes in their district.
Holland
The 150 members of the lower house are elected for all prac. tical purposes from the whole country as, a single. constitu- ency. There are, however, 18 voting districts, in which any 25 electors may produce a list of candidates. Paarty lists can be the same in eich district, or those locally prominent can appear on one list only.. The voter selects one of the lists and marks one of the candidates on it. Each party is allotted seats in accord- ance with its national total of votes, the votes then being divided by the number of scats to give a ""quota"" required for election. Any individual candi- date who has reached this quota is elected. Surplus votes are transferred .to-other candi- dates in the same order as' on the party list.
The simplicity of the pro- cedure for nominating candi- dates, coupled with the absence of any numerical hurdle for parties to be represented, usually results in some two dozen ""parties"" fighting gen- eral elections, and at least a dozen gaining sea;s. The result is a highly ""demncratic"" but fragmented parliament and un-
wieldy three or four-party cogdi- tion governments.
Ireland
The Irish system differs fro'm most Continental ones in- not involving party lists.' Instead it features the single transferable vote, considered by many efrc- toral reformers to give ihe voter more choice and influence than any other system.'
The Dail lias 144 members elected in 42 constituencies, each with from three to five seats. A candidate may ' nomi- nate himself or be noinnated by any one elector.. Most are selected by. the parties, 'but there are traditionally a. nut- ber of independents. - .
The elector votes 'by indicating his order-of prefer- ence for as many of the candi- dates as he desires. If his vote cannot help to elect his first choice (because the candidate already has the requisite ""quotal"" of votes, or so few as to have no hope of election), it is transferred to his second choice, and so - on until -it reaches a candidate it can help. In practice, most votes elect the first preference, and only a few reach the third or fourth.
-The single transferable vote has the rare merit of enabling the voter to discriminate between candidates of the-same party who take a different line on major' policy issues, like EEC membersl4ip.
The Irish system also avoids the main drawback of the Con- tinental approach: that the existence of party lists puts tou much power into the hands-of the party machine and frus- trates the electorate from eliminating those whose policies or personalities it dislikes.
Roger Berthoud";"July 7, 1975";"";59441;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How our European partners choose their parliaments";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"An appeal for a fighting fund of £1,000,000 was launched by Lord Woolton, chairman of the Conservative Party, at the resumed conference of the party at Brighton yesterday. They were not, he said, a rich or a class party, and he asked for a wide response from all sections of society.
The topics discussed yesterday ranged from Imperial policy to Ministerial patronage, and included a discussion on the contributions by Parliamentary candidates to constituency organizations.
A NATIONAL
PARTY
CLAIM TO REPRESENT
ALL CLASSES
From Our Special Correspondent
BRIGHTON, Ocr. 3
Debates at the Conservative Party con- ference to-day ranged from Imperial policy to the grievances of housewives and the growth of political patronage.
Delegates gave their backing to an appeal by Lord Woolton that the party should raise a fighting fund of £1,000,000 in readiness for the next general election. A motion was passed urging that an attempt should be made to reduce even further the subscriptions to constituency funds of Conservative Parliamentary candidates.
One feature of the conference is the high proportion of young people taking part, and another is the social variety of modern Conservatism. Yesterday there were several speeches by trade unionist manual workers, and speakers to-day included a Putney housewife and coster- monger's daughter-who greatly bright- ened the proceedings-and several others who expressed the point of view of the manual wage-earner and hiss wife. An insistent note is the claim of Conservatism to represent all sections of the nation, irrespective of class.
EMPIRE TRADE
The Imperial policy motion called on Con- servatives to reaffirm themselves as the great Imperial party, and urged the declaration of a policy for furthering the Empire's economic and political inity. The conference also accepted as an addendum an amendment ex- pressing the hope that the United Kingdom and other Empire Governments taking part in the Geneva trade conference will not enter into tariff agreements with foreign countries which hamper their freedom of action or weaken the Imperial preference system.
The mover, Mr. AUBREY JONES, talked about the "" frightening dependence of the world on America "" as being the root cause of the crisis, and said that our recovery depended mainly on a refutation of the economic policies which America asked us to pursue.
On the same point Mr. AMERY, in a speech which aroused the conference, said that Con- servatives would stipport any steps by the Government that promoted Imperia: trade and development, but he found it difficult to recon- cile certain moves in this direction with the Government's trade policy at the-Geneva con- fcrence. Such an agile circus rider as Mr. Bevin, he added, could not straddle two horses going in opposite directions.
RESISTING AMERICA
CAPTAIN RUSSELL, who submitted the addendum, said that.it would encourage the Dominions still further to resist the demands of the United States for the abolition of Im- perial preference. LORD WINTERTON, speaking as one who once served Joseph Chamberlain as Parliamentary Private Secretary, thought that the right of the States of the Common- weal h to have the closest intcgration of strategic and economic policy was inalienable, and that this aim could be well reconciled with Mr. Churchill's conception of a western European union and with close cooperation with the United States.
Nlr. OLIVER STANLEY, formerly Secretary for the Colonies, welcomed Mr. Bevin's con- version to an Imperial outlook but said it was well to welcome the spirit of it rather than to examine too closely the meaning of the words used. But he expressed resentment at the Socialist jeer at the Conservative record of Imperial policy, and said that Mr. Bevin's motto seemed to be "" Before me the vacuum."" While disagreeing with criticisms levelled at the United States, Mr. Stanley expressed the view that the American economic policy at Geneva was founded on an optimism about the world's war-shattered trade that had no foundation in fact.
SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCE
There was a flurry about another proposed addendum to the motion which referred to the need for Tooting out the "" ever increasing subversive foreign influence within our own country and the Dominions oversea."" The conference insisted on having a motion on this subject, but it accepted the advice of Mr. QUINTIN HOGG and others not to adopt this one on the understanding that a more con- sidered motion would be submitted to-morrow.
In his appeal for a centrat fund of £1,000,000 LORD WOOLTON said that faith was no good without works, and that without money no political machine could win elections. The Conservative Party, however, was neither rich nor a rich man's party, and he appealed for a broad democratic response. He startled delegates by telling them that at present the party is over-spending by five times its income. Even so, he estimated that the Socialists, with their assured income from trade union political levies, were spending twice as much, and he declared that unless Conservatives raised a lot of money they would not have a fair chance in the next general election.
- 250 CANDIDATES
The conference adopted a resolution sugges- ting that constituency associations should be asked to accept sonic responsibility for con- tributing to central funds. In the debate on the contributions of Parliamentary candidates to constituency expenses, the sponsors of the motion nrgted that the reduced maximum con- tribution by a candidate of a subscription of £100 a year and half his election expenses was too muchl.
Mr. J. P. L. TohTAS. M.P., a vice-chairman of the party, welcomedthe idea of an inquiry into the possibility of l lowering still further the maximuni contribution of candidates and M.P.s. He said that half of the 250 candi- dates adopted had not been asked to subscribe up to the permitted amounts, and many were paying only a nominal annual subscription to constituency finds. The candidates in- cluded manual workers and their sons and daughters and two applicants this week were mniners.
FARMERS' NEEDS
in a debate on agricLultural policy, in which LORD QE LA WARR spoke for the first time at a Conservative conference, it was insisted by a succession of speakers that farmers must have more labour. more tools and spare parts. and more feedinigstulffs if agriculture was to reach its new production target. Lord De La Warr thought the target a moderate one if farmers were given the means to do the job. He gave the warning that the country is in very near sight of hunger. A call for the production
soon by the Conservative Party of a "" charter for British farmers "" found strong support.
The conference carried with enthusiasm a motion bv MR. BOYD-CARPENTER, M.P., which expressed disquiet at the "" vast growth of political patronage deliberately created by the present Government,"" and at many of the appointments made to highly paid positions in nationalized industries, and went on to record the party's determination "" to remove this menace to the purity of our public life."" MR. Boyd-Carpenter estimated that in the newly nationalized industries there are 248 big appointments with four-figure salaries in the sole gift of Ministers. Without going so far as direct corruption, the mere existence of great gifts of patronage must necessarily affect the mental background of men engaged in public life.
A report of the conference is on page 8
""PAY AS WELL AS
CHEER ""
LORD WOOLTON'S APPEAL
FOR WIDE RESPONSE
Lord Woolton, chairman of the Con- servative Party organization, making his appeal for a £1,000,000 fighting fund, said it was just a year since he took over the active work of the chairman of the party. During that tirne he had used such in- fluence as he possessed to increase the strength of the constituency associations, for they were the operative units in fight- ing elections. Working together, they had secured a great increase in the member- ship of the party and in the financial resources of the majority of the constituencies.
He had now turned his attention to securing the financial stability of the centre, and it badly needed it. He was certain the target could be achieved.
"" I want £1,000,000 for the party funds,"" he said. "" I believe that the result of the next general election depends on my getting it. We have the candidates, we have the skeleton of an efficient political organization, we have the workers, and we have the leaders; but we haven't the rnoney, and without money no political machine can win elections.
NOT A CLASS PARTY
It is a new thing for the Conservative Party to make a public appeal for money. Every one thinks of it as a rich party, as our opponents always try to make out that we are a rich man's party. Neither is true. We are not a class party. I want the support of every section of society, a broad democratic response from people who are prepared accord- ing to their means to pay for their political beliefs.""
Explaining the purposes for which he wanted the money, he said that during the war he learnt that one could do a lot with enthusiasm and a lot with faith, but just as faith was no good without works, enthusiasm was not enough without money to give it the means to work.
"" I also learnt that one cannot feed people without money. I know now that we cannot regain our liberty without money. I want money, then, to prepare for the great fight for liberty which is ahead-the next general election. We are over-spending ourselves five times, and that cannot go on.
"" Even so, I estimate that the Socialists are spending more than twice as much as we do. Conservatives must make up their minds to do this. Unless we raise the money I ask for now we shall not have a fair chance to win the next election.
WHAT IS IT WORTH?
""How much is it worth to you,"" Lord WVoolton asked amid great cheering, "" to get rid of this Government that is muddling our affairs, running us into national bankruptcy, and bringing our industrial life to a standstill ? Isn't it worth paying to get rid of the most incompetent Govertiment in our history ?""
Whenever Conservative leaders spoke enormous crowds cheered their speeches. The time had come to pay as well as to cheer. They were up against a Socialist Party which had an immense majority in Parliament, that had an assured income many times bigger than their own, derived from the levy of the vast trade union membership.
The Socialist fighting organization was ready made. It was a first class political machine, and in spite of thc party truce they kept it in fighting trim all through the war. Conservatives let their machine run down; their agents and organizers were busy on national work more important than party politics. Now they had to rebuild their political organization throughout the country. They had financed the Young Conservative move- ment. with a magnificent response: 751 branches had been opened since the last annual conference.
EAGER FOR THE FIGHT
Already they had 250 candidates adopted in England and Wales, apart from sitting mem- bers. and a list to draw on of young men and women capable and worthy to go in the font fighting line of the party. Finally they had embarked on a propaganda campaign to mnake sure that the Conservatives' point of View got to the public.
"" There."" said Lord Woolton. ""you have the story of what I regard as the ' skeleton ' of our political organization. It represents some few months' work of a large number of men and women devoted to this cause. They have persuaded me to open this fund, and they asked me to call it Woolton's fighting fund, for we are eager for a fight. The return of the Conservative Party is the only hope of retaining our liberty. We must pay for that liberty, and if you pay we will win."" (Loud cheers.)
A resolution declaring that constituency associations should be asked to accept some responsibility for contributing towards the central fund of the party was moved bv Mr. J. HOWARD (Bedford), and seconding it Mr. R. G. BELDAM (Farnham) handed to Lord Woolton an IOU for £1,000 and undertook that his constituency would redeem it.
Lord Woolton asks that donations to his fighting fund should be sent -to him at the Conservative Central Office. Abbey House, 2-8, Victoria Street, Westminster.";"October 4, 1947";"";50883;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Conservatives To Raise £1,000,000";""
"['From Our Parliamentary Staff']";"['News']";"Fr,om Oui Parliamentarv Staff
Although the Government has signed the convention paving the way. for direct elections to the European Parliament in 1978, the Labour Party conference at Black- pool yesterday heavily rejected the principle of direct elections'
It aid so on the recommendation ^f the party's National Executive
litee, whose document on s,e subject was approved In a card vote by 4,016,000 votes to 2,264,000, i majority of 1,752,000. A resolution opposing direct elec- tions was carried on a show of hands; another, urging the party to,. prepare urgently for the elec- tions, wa-s rejected.
MW{r Ian Mikardo, the NEC spokesman, was pessimistic about Labour's *chances if direct elec- tions were held on a-separate day, and not in conjunction with local or. national elections. He hoped he would be proved wrong, but he considered there would be "" a massacre. of the Labour candi- dates "" in such circumstances.
. Noth the Prime Minister and Air. Crosland.- the Foreign Secre- tarty, .- listened to the debate.
'Mc-Tom Bradley, chairman of the.. Labour Party, ;.opened 'the debate': whien he formally moved for dis- cussion the national executive committee document recommend- ing, the: conference to reject the principle of direct elections for EU'rbe and urging the Govern- nwent to bear in mind the decision ofth6' conference when discussing the'question with its EEC partners.. Ak 1Oeorge Halstead (Manchester, Biacklefl m~ov'ed the successful resolution opposing the introduc- tion of European direct elections,
which,'-it stated,, were intended as' a step. towards the merging of Brwticn in a new super-state, in wrhichw the possibility of carrying out the Labour Party's basic pro- gram mes would -be increasingly remote. i
,K,evin IHunt (Middleton 'and
Prest%icp), seconding, said thaty"" if a p,rliament of' more than 600-- r*emberd was needed to give ade- quate., and effective democratic represehtation in Britain, hoNv could a parliament two thirds of that -size suddenly solve the lack o,o' democracy in the EEC ?
.ie challenged the Prime Minister to :produce any government litera- ture Issued at the time of the r,feren4um containing any refer-. ence' to a commitment to direct elections, "" Does anyone seriously tlhink that the British public would haVe :voted out of existencelthe.. right to decide their own affairs'- *n tleir: own Parliament through ,'-'eir own MPs? "" he 'asked.
Ur. Frederick Potts (Brent South) .1insuccessfully moved a meotion
tr""ing. the party to prepare ' ntrgently for direct elections in. 1978,' and urging the NEC to par-- ticipate fully in the activities,of: the Confederation' of Socialist Parties' of the European Com-r munity- in drawring up a common programme to figTit the elections.,
'.' Now we are in it we- should- take our full part in it "", he said. It was ridiculous to oppose'entry into the parliament. By doing so tisey. cut themselves out and would have nobody there -to help in de- cidingt'the priorities.
Air John Cartwright- (MP for Woolwich, East, . and Royal"" Arsenal, Co-operative Society dele- gate), ;Seconding, said -he had in tile past spoken against- entry to the EEC but the' Co-operative movement found it'incredible'that
the Labour Party, with its long bistory of belief in parliamentary democracy, should decided to come out against the principle of democratic election. The NEC did not say what the alternative was. Was it a silly anti-EEC gesture.
Mr F. A. Baker (National Union of General and Municipal Workers) said that there was an urgent- need to change the organs. of the Community. Direct elections would not remove the problems of which the NEC complained but they would improve the situation by making parliament more power- ful. To reject elections in prin- ciple was to reject democratiza- bon..
Mr John Powell (prospective can- didate, Cardigan) said it was a fallacy to suggest that direct Euro- pean elections would lead to European union within A genera- tion. It was not addiinistratively or procedurally impossible to hold direct elections in 1978. If Rho- desia was expected to switch from minority to majority rule in two years it was certalni th'ere could be an elected Parliament or assem- bly in Brussels withih that time.
""I caU on' this conference to live up to its democratic socialism, to accept the fact that we are now a member of the EEC and take a full part in it, or otherwise we shall only have ourselves to blame if the EEC 'is dominated by others.""
Mrs Gwyneth Dunwoody (MP for Crewe and a member of the Euro- pean Parliament) said "" What is being perpetuated upon us when we talk about democratic elections is the con trick of all time.""
Constituencies would be created, 10 times the size of British parlia- mentary ones. "" What you are doing is creating, a parliament of politicians, not people's represen. tatives."" (Cheers.)
The EEC.. was going to give -a great deal of money to publicize direct elections, but it was doing -uothing. about the problems-o-0
3,500,000. unenipl6yed; many of' them young people.' ""We. are setting up machinery which will look democratic but wilt not bring people in this country anywhere near controlling what happens in Brussels.""
Lord Allen (general secretary, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers) said he hoped .there would be no further argu-
ments challenging people's right to- decide what was best for them. The NEC document on direct elections was *"" lacking in political couage, vision and leadershipi -lacking because in my view trere is a failure to give a lead to this conference on the way the issue should be tackled "".
Having agreed to goS° into Europe, Britain could not be'half wvay in and half way out. One of the penalties Britain. was paying for dithering over Europe was the common agricultural policy. .. I believe we should stop dithering and give a' decisive lead to the-conference and the public."" Mr Alan Whitehead (Southampton, ltchen; prospective candidate for New Forest). said direct elections ,were an attempt to paper over- the cracks in the Community's econo- mic structure. The European Par- liament was a sham; the EEC equivalent of a high school debat- ing society was not democracy. If the European Parliament was given teeth tliings would not be better, because they would have started .on the road to federalism.
Mr Julian Priestley (prospective candidate, Plymouth, Sutton) who said he worked for the European Parliament, pointed out that the EEC commission was accountable only to that parliament. It could dismiss the commission; it adopted the budget and closed tie account; it was the pne institu- tion consulted on almost every Commttnity proposal.
Weere they content, be asked, with a situation that allowed the delegates to that parliament to be at the disposal of the chief whip of the party In consultation with the chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party ? The present dis- tribution of seats was unfavourable to the United Kingdom. Right- wing movements in the EEC had probably started organizing for the elections. "" Let us create the socialist counter-voice and create a socialist community.""
Mr John Power (Oxford), a shop steward, said "" As an ordinary working man with a family, Europe has been a disaster for me and for the people I repre- sent. We have not got democratic control over our :own parliament, let alone the one in Brussels., If our MP got to Brussels we would never-see him. We should be out."" Mir Ian MDoirdo, for the national executive, recalled that it. had asked the Government not to com- mit the country to direct elec- tions until the conference, the parliament of the movement, had considered the issue. It was a matter of deep regret that the Government had taken no notice.
As for the argument that 'the matter had been settled in the referendum, there weren delivered to every household three pamph- lets: onc for entry, one against and one from the Government, whichl was about as impartial as a bribed- Italian football referee.- (Laughvter.) ' :
No one was in a positon to esi- mate what would bave been tbe .effect on the referendum if, at pthyt tme, everybody had comer clean about direct elections and had not carefully hidden that ex- plosive detonator under a bushel.
He was surprised to hear it assumed by tome that all 81 MPs returned front Britatn would be good, progressive socialists. A party committee had considered the impact of. such elections on the Labour Pars. It. was felt that a Europeane. election held on a day by itself would produce a very low poll; and very low polls were always bad for Labour.
In a European election the crucial factor -of differential abstentions would weigh heavily i favour of Tory candidates be- cause there was a much chigherb- oroportion of Tcry voters than Labour voters who were keen about Europe. That was the con- sidered, view of experts who had looked at the matter -for the executive. ,
""'On any realistic assessment of e problems, the result of a direct European Parliament election on a day by itself wil be a massacre of tile Labour candidates and-a substantial additon from Britain tO the already considerable built- in anti-sociaist majority in the European Parliamlent.""
As a result of direct elections -more' and more. of 'the decisions
that affected' '' ritain's welfare would ' be taken not' in Britain but in Brussels. EEC ' law was- immediately and automatically the law of Great Britain.
Some members of the party wanted to devolve and decentralize much, of the process of decision- making away from Westminster to Edinburgh and Cardiff. At the same time they wanted to cen- tralize aU the decision-making away fromn Westminster to -Brus- sels. That was worse than riding tio horses at 'the same time: it was riding the same horse in oppo-: site directions at the same time. (Laughter.)
Another effect of direct elec- tions would be to move 'Europe on. from being an economic com- munity to becoming a single, en- trenched, capitalist superstructure. "" That is something which none -of us voted for in the referen- dum campaign.""
- He told delegates that a few montlhs ago Mr Ronald Hayward, general secretary of the Labour Party, 'went on a fact-finding study to Brugsels. He talked to "" the top brass."" in the European Com- munity and asked them: ""Will direct elections lead to a federal state and' monetary union'?"" Their answer was: "" Yes "".
Mr Mikardo evoked loud applause when he quoted from a speech made at-Portsmouth some years- ago by the Prime Minister. In it Mr Callaghan hat' said: ""There will be an elected par. liament for the whole of the EEC. Then there, wil be a situation in which there will be no use British electors going to their MPs and complaining about unemployment or rising prices. They will say: 'Take it up with the European Parliament.' They will have no more control over it than' the Hampshire County Council.""
Mr Mikardo commented that the speech 'was just as valid now as when. it was delivered. ""In that passage he has expressed, with that ,relevance and pungency which are so characteristic of him, the whole- of the issue that is affecting us today. l. am very happyto r. reson it."" e:,
After. the conference had yoted against direct European elections, Xle R. Parsons (AUEW) asked for the suspension of standing orders to allow Mr. Callaghan to. state what the Governments, position would now be.'
Mr Tom Bradley, the chairman, said' there was a clear distinction' between the party conference and the Government, but his remark brought protests from' the hall.
Mr Bradley went on: "" We have always tried to spell this out. I am not denying the importance of one against the other."" He. ruled the suggestion out of order.
EEC socialists deplore vote
After the"" debate Herr WVilhelm Droischer, president of the Con- federation of Socialist Parties of the EEC, said: "" European socialists deplore the decision of tht delegates against direct elec- tions to the European Parliament. We maintain that the economic and poUtical problems of Europe can only be solved by common action.
"" Only a parliament directly elected by the people 'can secure, democratic control -of political decisibns of the Colmunity. . . . European socialists welcome the unchanged' position of the British Government on direct elections.""";"September 30, 1976";"";59822;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Direct European elections are rejected after Mr Mikardo forecasts a Labour massacre";""
"";"['News']";"Questions on Britain's attitude to entry Into the Common Market were put by a representative of Die Welt to Mr. George Thomson, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with special responsibility for European and Nato matters. Questions and answers follow below:-
From various statements by her
Majesty's ministers, it seems Britain is determined to apply for E.E.C. membership at the earliest possible moment. Could you, Mr. Thomson, confirm this impression ?
This is correct. But before doing so we wish to be reasonably certain we can obtain the right terms and that negotiations for our admission will this time be successful.
According to newspaper reports
Mr. Gordon Walker indicated in Strasbourg recently that Britain will become a member of the E.E.C. before the end of the term of the present Parliament. Do the British Government share this hope ?
Yes. But the timing does not depend on the British Government alone.
Why do the Government not simply
ask for new talks about entry ? What conditions must in the Government's view be fulfilled to justify reopening negotiations with the E.E.C. ?
We consider that, before formally seeking negotiations with the com- munity, we must establish to our satisfaction that conditions exist which are favourable to our entry: it must be clear that all the existing members of the community would welcome our accession, and would be ready to discuss reasonable terms for our admission.
What are the British Government
doing to help to create the climate for new negotiations ?
In the first place, we have repeatedly declared our political willingness to join the community on satisfactory terms. Secondly, the Government are losing no opportunity of discussing the question with the other govern- ments involved.
It has been suggested H.M. Govern-
ment should clarify their own policy for the outside world by a Declaration of Intent. Are there special reasons why such a declaration is not forthcoming ?
Our policy was clearly stated in the Queen's Speech at the opening of the present Session of Parliament on 21 April, when we said that we were ready and willing to join the E.E.C. provided that essential British and Commonwealth interests were safe- guarded. This surely is a declaration of intent, and it has been frequently reaffirmed since that time by the Prime Minister and other members of the Government.
Some people believe a new appli-
cation should not be placed in Brussels before the end of the transitional period within the existing community. Could you elaborate on this ?
We would not ourselves regard the completion of the transitional period in the community as a necessary precondition for any application on our part. But, as I have said, the timing of any negotiations is not entirely in our hands: it would obviously be wrong to try to open negotiations before our prospective partners in the community were also ready.
There was a time when a Labour
Government was not in favour of supranational institutions in an enlarged community; is this still official policy and if there was a shift of opinion within the Government, what brought it about ? If H.M. Government still think they could not approve of giving up parts of sovereignty, do they favour a Europe of Fatherlands in the sense General de Gaulle wants it to be built up or are there any other political goals the British Government want to achieve ?
It Is not easy to say here and now what would be the institutions of the en- larged community. The future charac- ter of the E.E.C. is a question on which the existing members of the commun- ity are not entirely agreed, and we would not wish to take sides in those differences of opinion. But so far as Britain is concerned, the Prime Minis- ter has stated his belief that in foreign affairs and defence policy Britain is not yet ready to consider joining a supra- national organization. Our goal in Europe is a wider European Com- munity, including not only the mem- bers of E.E.C. and Efta but as many other European countries as may wish to join: we hope that the countries of eastern Europe would eventually also be disposed to join such a community.
Some Efta countries are very keen
on getting full E.E C member- ship as soon as possible even before Britain is able to join. On what line do H.M. Govern- ment think in this respect?
We believe that. all the Efta countries that so desire should have an opportunity to join or to associate with the E.E.C. All the Efta govern- ments undertook at the meeting of the Council of Ministers in Bergen (May 28) to keep each other closely informed of their consultations with the Community; we have done this, and I have no doubt that our Efta friends will equally continue to keep us informed of their plans.
What is your impression about the
attitude of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany to Britain's entry ?
We are quite clear that it is very favourable. We are grateful to the Federal Government for their con- tinued support.
Do you share the view widely held
in Europe that the weakness of the pound is a bigger obstacle to British entry than General de Gaulle's veto ?
Certainly not. The pound has in any case strengthened considerably since the economic measures taken on July 20, and I am sure that it will continue to gain in strength.
Most critics are now converted
Mr. Heath
In a similar Interview Mr. Heath, Leader of the Opposition, gave the Conservative Party's views. Here are the Die Welt questions and his answers-
The Conservative Party, Mr. Heath,
is clearly in favour of British E.E.C. membership. Are there in your opinion any chances for a successful reapplication for British entry into the Common Market during General de Gaulle's lifetime ? If so, what is it that makes you think so ? To some people it seemed for a time as if the veto imposed by General de Gaulle had at last been lifted. France, it was argued, although once hostile, now had several motives for wanting Britain in the Community. Did you hold such views, if ever, even after M. Pompidou's and M. Couve de Murville's visit to London?
The British Conservative Party has already made a clear declaration of intent that it would take the first favourable opportunity of becoming a member of the European Economic Community. It did so in its policy statement Putting Britain Right Ahead which was endorsed at the Conserva- tive Party conference at Brighton in October last year. On this we fought the 1966 General Election.
I believe that the British Labour Government should now make a similar declaration. After this it would be possible to discuss realistic- ally with the community the possi- bilities of membership and the timing of any subsequent negotiations.
After my meeting with General de Gaulle in Paris last November he issued a statement which ran:-
"" There are a certain number of indications that conditions which have hitherto constituted an obstacle in the coming together of Britain and Conti- nental Europe are lessening.
""The problem seems slowly to be maturing in a positive sense. This evolution, if it clarifies, will be regarded sympathetically by France."" I believe that after the British Govern- ment had issued such a declaration of intent it would be possible to examine these conditions further in
order to see whether a joint solution within the community is possible.
After your talk with General de
Gaulle last year you gave the impression of sympathizing with his political views on Europe. Would a Conservative Govern- ment support the aim of the present French Government to build up a Europe of Father- lands rather than a political Union ?
I set out my views on the political development of Europe in my state- ment to the Western European Union in London on 10th April 1962. This deals in considerable detail with the sort of Europe we would like to see, based on an enlarged community associating with all those countries with which the member states had formerly been connected.
I do not believe it is possible to put forward a blueprint for the future political development of Europe, but I have no doubt that as the countries work ever more closely together and the Economic Community consoli- dates itself, political institutions will develop alongside it.
Do you share the belief widely held
on the Continent that the next favourable moment for reapplica- tion would be after the Kennedy Round ?
In my judgment, the community has so much work on hand in imple- menting the arrangements necessary before the end of the transitional period that it is unlikely to want to begin a major negotiation before 1st July 1968. If it is prepared to do so before then, so much the better.
Within the Conservative Party there
was a strong body of opinion in 1962 that did not favour British entry into the Common Market for political reasons. Has there been a shift of opinion? Of what kind and why ?
The great majority of the Conservative Party is now in favour of British
eritry into the Common Market. Some who were previously doubtful have now become convinced that this policy is right both for Britain and for Europe.
It has been said poor negotiating
on the side of the Six and insuffi- cient attention at the political level contributed as much as the subse- quent French veto to the failure of the 1962 negotiations you conducted in Brussels. Do you subscribe to this view ?
I do not agree that either of these reasons accounted for the break up of the negotiations in Brussels which was brought about by the decision of the French Government.
Do you think the present British
Government have taken aU the necessary steps to prepare for re- opening of negotiations ? What could a Conservative Government under your premiership do to this end ?
No. As I have already said the British Government must make its position absolutely clear. It should then begin to change its domestic policies, particularly in respect of agriculture, in order to enable Britain to be better prepared for entry into the community. That is what we Conservatives would do.
In the light of your experience what
should be done on the side of the Six as well as on the British side to avoid a new failure ?
The members of the community should now state bluntly and frankly their own position regarding British membership.
Do you think there are issues with-
in an enlarged community on which British and German inter- ests seem closer than British and French?
In my experience of negotiating with the community the members find that
their individual interests lead them to work with different members over different issues. There is no permanent pattern of working inside the com- munity.
Do you agree with the belief in some
continental quarters that Britain, as a member of the E.E.C., could counteract the forces of disinte- gration in the Atlantic Alliance and prevent the community from running into the sands? If so, how could this be done?
I do not believe for one moment that the community is going to run into the sands. I would certainly expect an enlarged community to remain a strong member of the Atlantic Alliance.
Britain always appeared to be an
opponent of supranationality.
Would you, Mr Heath, as the politician in charge of the 1962 negotiations and as prospective leader of a Conservative Govern- ment, clarify the position of the Conservative Party in this respect ?
When I opened negotiations with the community in Paris in 1961 the Con- servative Government accepted the Treaty of Rome and the supra- nationality it contains. That remains the position of the Conservative Party. Assuming Britain is unsuccessful in a
new attempt to enter the E.E.C. or does not try again because of the prospect of failure, what would be the alternative policy of a Conservative Government under your leadership ?
We would continue to develop our trade in every possible direction, parti- cularly of course vithin Efta and the Commonwealth preferential area, the two great trading groups of which we are members. But we should also have to force ourselves into the other markets of the world by our own endeavours.";"October 28, 1966";"";56774;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Thomson says timing not Britain's alone";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"The French Government's proposals for the organization of European defence have been welcomed in Washington as lessening the distance between the American and French positions on the question of German rearmament.
The military committee of the North Atlantic Treaty organization has discussed at length the powers of the proposed supreme commander.
PARIS INITIATIVE
WELCOMED
PLAN TO BE STUDIED
Fromn Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, OCT. 25
Mr. Acheson, the Secretary of State, made a short statement at the begin- nling of his Press conference this morning, welcoming "" the initiative taken by the French Government in proposing a method for organizing the armed forces in Europe, including those of western Germany, to deter and, if necessary, to resist aggression."" lie said that this represented a further approach towards the objective of bringing the Common interests of the free nations of Europe more closely together, and "" this proposal, which contains many far- reaching concepts, deserves and requires further study, which the United States Government will undertake to give it."" Mr. Acheson declined to comment further, on the ground that he had had no chance yet to consider the details of the proposal or to study M. Pleven's speech.
This new French move has to a certain extent made the meeting of the Atlantic Pact military comriittee somewhat unreal. The Chiefs of Staff of II nations are try- ing to finish a jigsaw puzzle with one of th-- biggest pieces missing. Considerable pr6gress was nevertheless made yesterday on those subjects which they could con- sider. Late in the evening an interim state- 4tent was issued which said no more than that ""agreement was reached on several important matters to be submiitted to the defence comimittee."" The committee then adjourned until 2 o'clock to-morrow after- noon, to allow representatives to consult their Governments. A final statement is expected some time to-morrow evening.
EVIDENCE OF SPIRIT
Unofficially it was said that the meeting 'Was very satisfactory and that nothing likely to produce disagreement came up. Some of the smaller countries offered to commnit larger forces than had been asked for, and this unusual occurrence-though not amounting to a great deal in terms of man-power-is taken as evidence of the spirit in which the North Atlantic Powers are approaching this problem.
There was a lengthy discussion of the powers of the supreme commander and of such questions as to whom he should report, and of the position of the existing standing group when the force is in being1. If it is to continue to have the position of executive of the military committee, and therefore becorme a kind of chiefs of staff committee for the North Atlantic Treaty organization, smaller countries - and some not so small, such as Canada and Italy-will want some representation on it, and probably will not be prepared to leave everything permanently in the hands of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.
Some arrangement on the lines of the Security Council-with the great Powersl enjoying permanent membership and the1 other Powers enjoying membership in turn-might well be the solution. But nio decision was reached yesterday, and the nationality of the supreme com- mander was not discussed. It is expected that this commnittee will recommend that a supreme commander be appointed, and that the Defence Ministers agree on his nationality. The United States will undoubtedly be asked to provide him, the choice being left to the President.
BIRTH OF ""SHAPE""
According to some reports the name for the unborn child has already been chosen- "" Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe."" This will give the reminiscent title of ' Shape "" to this so far shapeless organiza- tion. BuLt that is an unimportant detail in comparison with many of the other decisions which,. it is hoped, the defence committee will be able to approve on Saturday.
Though Mr. Acheson took the first oppor- ttnity to welcome the French "" initiative,"" it must not be taken that the United States wel- comes all the details of the proposal. During the course of his long statement on the Prague declaration Mr. Acheson said that "" the west can find no reassurance of peace in Soviet actions, whether these be the rearming of east Germany, the maintenance of so many mobilized divisions, or the hostile Soviet pro- paganda with which the world is constantly bludgeoned. These are the reasons why pro- posals are made to-day which would permit the Germans to join their own defensive efforts w ith the common efforts being made to strengthen the defence of the west, while pre- venting the rebirth of a German national army."" That position differs from the French over means rather than ends, and it is the reduction of the distance between the French and American positions which has given pleasure in Washington.
Considerable misgivings, however, are likely asout the idea of appointing a European Mini- ster of Defence, and, although Mr. Acheson said that the new proposal obviously runs parallel to the Schuman plan and makes that plan more important than ever, since this sub- ject touches the United States more closely than the Schuman plan it will probably be examined rather more closely.
It is .already apparent that some who so lightheartedly berated the British for their refusal to put their coal and steel under the economic "" higher authority "" are beginning to see some of the difficulties now that a military "" higher authority"" is proposed which would affect American policy more directly.
CANADA TO EQUIP DUTCH
DIVISION
THE HAGUE, Oct. 25.-Canada will arm and equip one Dutch Army division, the Nether- lands Foreign Ministry announced to-night. Trhe equipment will be furnished within the framework of the mutual defence assistance programne.-A ssociated Press.
OTTAWA, Oct. 25.-It was announced to-dav that the Canadian Cabinet has approved the immediate shipment to the Netherlands of armament and equipment for an infantry divi- sion.-Associated Press.
DANISH CABINET RESIGNS
Cor.IHAcGEN. Ocr 26.-Hl. Hcd1:ofC s ninolrity Labour Government. which has been in otfice since 1947. reiigned to-day. a monti
after the general election. It is cxpcted [hat X Liberal and Conscrvative coalition will bc foirmed.-Excha,ige Telegrapht.
SOLUTION OF FRENCH
DILEMMA
LONDON VIEW OF SPEECH
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT
The French Government's proposal
for a closely integrated European defence force in which Germany could play a parl were being studied in London yesterday, The present stage calls rather for consulta- tions than comment, which as yet could hardly be constructive.
The French Government has been faced with a most difficult situation. On the one hand the American suggestion that the Germans shouid be enabled to provide a contingent for western defence presages inevitably in French eyes the ultimate creation of a German national army. No French Government can be expected tc agree to that, at least without the most com- prehensive safeguards. On the other hand. France had been presented with the chance oi an Anglo-Saxon force of considerable size stationed in Europe in peace-time beside their French comrades-something which at least two generations of French men and women would have ardently desired. This was not a situation to be missed, and the Frencb proposals are regarded as a determined attempt by the Government to meet the fears of the French public and provide a basis for con- sultation with the rest of the Nortb Atlantic community.
The French desire for the closest integra tion in the suggested defence force is shown by the proposal that it should take place al
the lowest possible level."" It has often beer assumed that integration would take place above divisional level, i.e., that each division would be composed of units from one nation only, but that the higher formations would have international staffs. The present French suggestion means that brigades from different nations might form part of the same division. and it is even suggested that battalions of different nationalities might form part of the same brigade. Language and other difficulties would obviously arise, but the proposal demonstrates the French desire to avoid any possibility that a German national army might emerge from such a force. Further discussion of this question of integration is clearly neces- sary, but French and American ideas may not be so radically different as may at first appear.
It seems from the visit which M. van Ceeland. the Belgian Foreign Minister, paid to Mr. Bevin yesterday that little time has been ost in opening at least informal discussions. rfhe visit was arranged while the Foreign Ministers were in New York in September, but MVr. Bevin afterwards invited M. van Zeeland Lo luncheon with the French, Dutch, and Belgian Ambassadors in London. Mr. Shinwell, the Minister of Defence, Mr. Gaitskell, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Mr. Gordon Walker, _ Minister for Commonwealth Relations, were among those present.
FRENCH ASSEMBLY'S
APPROVAL
M. PLEVEN'S ASSURANCES
FROM OUR OWNN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, OCT. 25
M. Pleven, the French Prime Minister, replying to his critics to-night in the Assembly after a two-day debate on German rearmament, said that the Assembly and the Government were agreed in opposing any resurrection of a national German army in any form. Before any German units could play a part in European defence the Schuman plan must be accepted, the Minister of European Defence must be appointed, and the assembly to which he would be respon- sible must be chosen.
Doubts had been expressed, he added, about the practicability of the new French plan, but nothing in it would hinder or delay the rearma- ment of the Atlantic Pact nations. It did not raise the same objections from the British point of view as the Schuman coal and steel plan. It required no greater loss of sovereignty than had already been agreed upon by the Atlantic Pact signatories. Finally, in reply to the question what the Government would do if the scheme for a European army were brushed aside at Washington, M. Pleven gave a solemn undertaking that in that event France would refuse to sanction the rearmament of Germany.
AN ACADEMIC FLAVOUR
Underlying many of the speeches yesterday was the impression that the pressure of events had already given the whole issue a somewhat academic flavour. Even the Prime Minister's statement, which expressed the sentiments of a great majority of the deputies, was met with an obvious degree of sceptimism in the House and in the lobbies.
This scepticism is even more apparent out- side Parliament. The boldness of the Govern- ment plan for a European army has met with little enthusiasm in a country increasingly be- wildered by the multiplicity of schemes for European union and western defence. Even the satisfaction of outright Government sup- porters is tempered by some doubts.
While praising the Government for reviving once more in a practical form the idea and ideals of European unity, most Press com- ment in Paris describes the Prime Minister's statement as somewhat confused and bearing the marks of inadequate deliberation. The reason for theconfusion-apart from the neces- sity for a rapid decision before the Washington conference-seems to lie in the fact that, in the words of one paper, every group in Par- liament found something attractive in the scheme. It is therefore skilful from an internal political point of view, but the critics have grave doubts as to its value on the international plane.
PARIS. Oct. 26.-The French National Assembly at 3 a.m. to-day approved. by 348 votes to 224. the Government's plan for limit- ing the rearming of Germany to her partici- pation in a European army controlled by a European Defence Minister. The motion stated: "" The Assembly, approving the declarations of the Government. especially approved the Government's will not to permit the creation of a new German army or general staff.""-Reuter.";"October 26, 1950";"";51832;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Germany And European Defence";""
"";"['News']";"A Soviet Note to the western Powers, broadcast from Moscow last night, says that the restoration of German militarism envisaged in the Paris agreements and the intensification of the aggressiveness of the North Atlantic ""bloc "" will cause the Soviet Union "" and other peace-loving countries"" to increase their armaments, and must lead to growing intensification of the armaments race.
Ratification of the Paris agreements, it sa'ys, will make four-Power talks on the unification of Germany void of substance and will create new obstacles to reaching agreement on the reduction of armaments.
MEASURES BY SOVIET BLOC
COUNTERING "" FORCES
OF AGGRESSION ""
* Moscow radio announced last night that similar Notes had been delivered to Britain, France, and the United States, warning them of the consequences of ratification of the Paris agreements.
The Note to France said:
The Soviet Government notes with regret that the Government of France did not deem it possible to take part, together with other European States, in the conference for discuss- ing the Question of collective security in Europe. The French Government, as can be seen from its Note, has not accepted either the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning a conference of the Foreign Ministers of France; the United States, and Britain and the Soviet Union for considering the question of German unification and the all-German free elections or the convocation of an all-European conference for creating a system of collective security in Europe.
The Government of France not only de- clined to participate in the all-European con- ference and to discuss the collective security in Europe proposals put forward by the Soviet Government, but in its turn did not put forward any proposals for safeguarding collective security in Europe. It is also known that the French Government, together with the other participants of the North Atlantic bloc, acted in such a way. as to hinder the participation in such a conference of other European States. Thereby the French Govern- ment took up a position which testifies that it does not aim at reaching agreement with other European States for strengthening peace in Europe and hinders the creation of an effective system of European security.
"" PAPER GUARANTEES""
Instead of the creation of an effective system of coUective security in Europe the French Govemment is aiming in every way to bring about the ratification of the Paris agreements on the remilitarization of western Germany and its inclusion in the aggressive North Atlantic bloc and other military groups of certain west European States directed against the peace-loving States of Europe. Stich a policy will lead to the transformation of westem Germany into a militarist State, with all the dangerous consequences of this, to say nothing of the fact that the remilitarization of western Germany will make impossible her reunification with the peace-loving German Democratic Republic into a single State.
As in the Soviet zone, so in France, and also in other European States, the restoration of militarism in western Europe cannot but evoke great anxiety for the further chances of peace in Europe.
The Govemment of France cannot be unaware of the fact, too, that the so-called limitations of German militarism and the paper guarantees of which the Paris agreements speak, for obvious reasons do not enjoy the confidence of the European peoples. The restoration of militarism in westem Germanv envisaged in the Paris agreements and the creation of a west Germany army cannot either be fitted in with the plans for general reduc- tion of the armaments now being examined bv the United Nations. The ratification of the Paris agreements will lead to the intensifi- cation of the armaments race and will create new obstacles against reaching agreement on the reduction of armaments.
PACT UNDERMINED
The Govemment of the U.S.S.R. considers it essential to declare anew that such a posi- tion of the French Government, which contri- butes to the restoration of German militarism, is in clear contradiction with the Franco- Soviet agreement of 1944 directed at the pre- vention of new German aggression, and in its very essence undermines the meaning of this agreement. Yet this agreement has for France and her security an importance no less than what it has for the Soviet Union. This position of the French Government is also incompatible with other international agreements to which France has been a party, such as the Potsdam agreement aimed at the restoration of German unity on a peace-loving and democratic basis and at eliminating the possibility of the remilitarization of this or that part of Germany.
The Soviet Government agrees with the view that to ensure the success of a conference on current European problems, including that of Germany, it is necessary to assist in the creation of favourable conditions for the achievement of agreement between the interested States. The conference of European countries on safe- guarding peace and security in Europe held in Moscow from November 29 to December 2 bears out the fact that the Soviet Union and the other participant States have tried to arrive at such an agreement in the interests of strengthening peace in Europe.
On the other hand the refusal of the Gov- ernment of France to take part both in the all-European conference and in conference of the four Powers on the German question does not at all bear out that it has this type of aspirations.
TRICKS BEING USED
The attempts to present the matter in the way that the ratification of the Paris agreements will not impede the settlement of the German question by way of negotiations among the interested Powers not only do not correspond to the real situation, but can only lead to the misleading of public opinion.
Trhese are the tricks which are being used in France and in other countries to lull the vigilance of the peoples. In reality the rati- fication of the Paris agreements, envisaging the transformation of west Germany into a militarist State and its integration into military groups directed against other European States will make the four-Power talks on the unifica- tion of Germany void of substance, and will exclude the possibility of achieving agreement on this question.
The ratification of the Paris agreements is necessary to those who are striving, not for the lessening of tension in international rela- tions but, on the contrary, for the further intensification of this tension. In the situation which has arisen, when a direct threat of the revival Of miltarism in west Germany has
emerged, the weakening of the vigilance of the peoples with regard to the danger of a new war in Europe is particularly inadmissible.
In reply to the implementation of the remilitarization of western Germany and to the new intensification of the aggressiveness in the policy of France and of the countries of the North Atlantic bloc connected with her, the Soviet Union and other peace-loving countries will carry out all the necessary measures to step up their armaments and to safeguard their security.
The Soviet Union and other peace-loving countries are compelled to take without delay every necessary step to oppose the growing armed forces of the aggressive States, which threaten thc preservation of peace, with a strength not less powerful and with their readiness to defend and protect peace.
The aggressive plans of France and other States of the North Atlantic bloc add to the growing intensification of the armaments race. Thus they take upon themselves the whole responsibility for the consequences of their present policy, which is incompatible with the nterests of peace and is leading to a consider- able intensification of the danger of a new war in Europe.
CHINESE. SUPPORT
The position of the Soviet Union with regard to the signing of the Paris agreements and the situation which has now arisen in Europe is expressed in the joint declaration of the Governments of the U.S.S.R., the Polish People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hun- garian People's Republic, the Rumanian People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the People's Republic of Albania, adopted on December 2 at the Moscow conference of European countries on the safeguarding of peace and security in Europe.
The Government of the Chinese People's Republic wbich, as is known, took part in the work of the Moscow conference. has announced its full agreement with and support of the declaration of the Moscow conference. The text of the above-mentioned declaration has been dispatched, together with the Note of the Soviet Government, to the French Government.
Austria.-As regards the Austrian question, the position of the U.S.S.R. on this question has been expressed in the proposals submitted to the Berlin conference of the four Powers, and after that also in the Notes of the Soviet Government.on this subject. The ratification of the Paris agreements could not, of course, assist in achieving the so much desired agree- ment on the Austrian question between the States concerned and Austria.-Reuter.
PLAYING ON FRENCH AND GERMAN FEARS
DETERMINATION TO KEEP
ARMS LEAD
FROM OUR DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENT The terms of the Soviet Note have been foreshadowed in several recent declara- tions from Moscow. For several weeks it has been taken for granted that, if western Germany were brought into the western defence system, Russia would organize her own defence pact in eastern Europe. Formal warning of this intention is now given. All the many bilateral pacts in eastern Europe are apparently to be drawn together into one.
That, by itself, might not make much prac- tical difference, but Russia also announces, in stronger terms than before, her intention to increase her own and her allies' armaments. This is to be done ostensibly to balance the arms of the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion. Here an unreal and bizarre note comes into the argument, because the N.A.T.O. Powers are convinced, on the basis of all the evidence reaching them, that their own arma- ments are heavily outweighed by the Russian even now.
In her Note Russia announces, in effect, that she and her allies will strive to keep their lead in armaments. This part of the Note under- lines statements by Soviet spokesmen in the past few days. While welcoming the United Nations decision to explore the possibilities of disarmament once again, they have said that the effort would be useless if western Germany were rearmed.
LAST ATTEMPT
The Note is undoubtedly an expression of policy and intention, and has to be read seri- ously as such. But it is also a last attempl to prevent the ratification of the Paris agree- ments by playing on fears and doubts, especially in France and Germany. M. Mendes-France's inquiry whether progress cari be made over the Austrian treaty is given a blunt answer, and Germans are told no less bluntly that the Paris agreements would make German ratification impossible. Every sentence is drawn up as a last-minute warning.
The western Governments have been fuUy prepared for a Note of this kind. When declaring that the ratification of the Paris agreements must come before any talks, they had weighed all likely Soviet reactions, includ- ing those set out in the Note. There may be an increase of international tension for a time. But the western Governments remain convinced that peace is served by stability. and that-so long as the four Powers cannot agree on all-German elections that could create a unified Germany-the only means of establishing stability in Europe is by bringing Federal Germany into the Western European Union.
MR. BOHLEN'S RETURN
TO MOSCOW
Mr Bohlen, the American Ambassador to Russia, who is on his way back to Moscow, spent an hour at London Airport yesterday. He said that the statement made earlier this week by Mr. Dulles that he had been instructed to hold more informal talks with the Kremlin, did not indicate any change of policy in Washington. ""My trip home was a purely routine one, and the suggestion was made that discussions with Russian leaders on an informal basis might be advantageous."" he added. "" I was not present *vhen Mr. Dulles enlarged on this at his Press conference, and I have received no specific instructions on this point.""";"December 10, 1954";"";53111;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Renewed Moscow Warning To The West";""
"['FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, JAN. 16
The talks between M. Merides-France and Dr. Adenauer at Baden-Baden on Friday lasted some hours longer than had been planned; it was after midnight when the meeting broke up and the two states- meth together held a brief but cheerful Press conference. This method of doing international business puts a heavy strain on the leading men. On this occasion, however, the extension of the talks into the night was a good sign; it meant, according to all the indications, that they were succeeding in dispatching a large volume of business.
M. Mendes-France did not justify the mis- givings which had been entertained on the German side, that he might insist on German commitment to support the French plan for ah armaments pool, perhaps by drawing atten- tion to his parliamentary diffculties in getting the Paris treaties ratified, or perhaps by show- ing reluctance to engage in detailed definitions of the Saar settlement. The discussion of the armaments community developed as one between two economists, M. Mendes-France and the Federal Minister of Economics, Pro- fessor Erhard, and on this plane-the need to standardize, to make an economic distribu- tion of work, to consult about the allocation of aid, and to exchange programmes-there was much on which the two could agree.
PRODUCTION OF ARMS
M. Mendes-France appears not to have pressed the matter much beyond this economic exchange of views and to have readily left the detailed discussions to the seven-Power talks which open in Paris to-morrow. The communique', with its explicit rejection of "" autarky "" in defence production, does offer i reassurance to French opinion that the Ger- mans do not in fact intend to produce on their own territory all the requisites for their armed forces; but such a practical assurance Ealls far short of a formal international .ontrol.
The general passage at. the opening of the .omrnunique states, in effect, the agreement Df the two heads of Government to complete the ratification of the Paris treaties before
any new talks are held with the Soviet Union -but their agreement, too, that once the treaties are in force such talks will be desirable,
The long discussions oat the Saar appeal to have gone wIl, undisturbed by- the manj other topics, khd the agreemeiits prOvisonally reached were more extensive and-more detailed than the communigui reveals. Consultation will be needed with the other Powers. of. the Western European Union, and iwith the Saam Government itself, before the detLiled applil cation of the agreements can be formaUy regarded as settled, but on most of them accord between the French and Germa"" Governments is nearly aU the battle.
SEEKING GUARANTEES
Dr. Adenauer has not obtained concessioni of a kind that will fnake the Saar agreemeni acceptable to all the critics in the Governmrent coalition at Bonn, but it was not to be expected that he would. It is a gain for hir
that the two Governments should have agreed to ask for international supe'rvision of the plebiscite; this gives the settlement a more convincing appearance of political justice. The decision that the two Governments shall act jointly in seeking British and American guarantees of the statute, as it tends to assure the sodidity and permanence of the Saar settle. nent, can fairly be regarded asa point gained for M. Mendes-Prance. Good proiiress was m-,lade in defining the functions which are fc be vested in the Saar commissioner, though the communiqul is vague on the point.
So far as can be seen, the economic part of the Saar settlement now presents most oi the unresolved difficulties;.th general state- ments on economic matters in the agreemenl still need to be translated into speciSc arrangements, and here the material interests of France and Germany, -though they are not beyond reconciliation, clearly conflict
All in all, Dr. Adenauer-was not overstating the encouraging result of the day's work whep he said at the close of the Baden-Baden.talks that relations between France and the Federal Republic had been shown to be "" better, stronger, and warmer "" than at any .of the series of conferences of the past few months. The Federal Government's relations with the Government of M. Mendes-France are good; indeed, the main fear likely to be entertained in Bonn on this front in the next few months is that M. Mendes-France might not remain tt the head of the French Government.
TERMS OF MOSCOW BROADCAST
ON GERMANY
Extracts from the Russian declaration on Germany, the text of which was broad- cast on Saturday night by Moscow radio, are as follows:-
Lately the Governments of the United States, Britain, France, as well as the German Federal Republic have been doing everything ;n order to achieve the ratification of the Paris agreements. At the same time they do not wish to take into account the negative consequences which would result from this ratification for all the peoples of Europe and for the cause of universal peace.
The Government of the Soviet Union deems it necessary again to draw attention to the fact that the Paris agreements providing for the remilitarization of western Germany lead to a grave complication of the whole situation in Europe. This is the opinion, not only of the Government of the US.S.R. but also of the Governments of Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, as well as of 'he Chinese People's Republic and some other States.
The Paris agreements can bring nothing good to Germany and the German people. On the contrary, being directed towards the restoration of militarism in western Germany, these agreements wiUl finally involve the German Federal Republic in adventurous plans of preparation of a new war, which always were and will be alien to the interests of the peoples, including the interests of the German people. The Paris agreements run counter to the interests of the German people especially because they will consolidate for many years the splitting of Germany and will become an obstacle to the peaceful restoration of the unity of Germany. It is perfectly evident that the unification of the peace-loving German Democratic Republic with a mili- tarized German Federal Republic involved in military groupings is impossible. The ratifica- tion of the Pans agreements is incompatible with the restoration of Germany as a united peace-loving State.
MISLEADING THE PUBLIC
Lately, in the German Federal Republic, as wel as in Britain, France, and some other countries, the assertion is being spread that allegedly the ratification of the Paris agree- ments would not impede, and would even facilitate, the holding of negotiations on the German question and on other unsolved inter- national problems. The Soviet Government has already pointed out that such assertions have no foundation and that they are only capable of misleading public opinion. This is being done in order to push through, at any price, the ratification of the Paris agree- ments in the Parliaments of some States. This is being done by those circles of the western Powers which consider the rebirth of German militarism to be their main task, and which sacrifice, for the sake of this, the national reunion of Germany.
In the event of the ratification of the Paris agreements, the Bundestag will assume a grave responsibility for the continuation of the divi- sion of Germany, as well as for the position of inferior rights in which the population of the German Federal Republic will be for many years.
HOLDING OF ELECTIONS
At present unused possibilities still exist for achieving agreement on the question of the unification of Germany with due considera- tion of the lawful interests of the German people, and for the holding to this end of all- German free elections in 1955. Such possibi- lities exist if the main obstacle which now stands in the path of the reunion of Germany -the plans for the remilitarization of westem Germany and her being involved in military groupings-is removed. In the course of these elections the democratic rights of German citizens must be ensured. The elec- toral law for these elections, drafted with due
account being taken of the electoral laws of the German Democratic Republic and of the German Federal Republic, must guarantee to all electors the freedom to express their will, and to every democratic party and organiza- tion the freedom of election propaganda throughout Germany, as well as the freedom of nomination of candidates and publicatilon of electoral lists. For the purpose of facili- tating agreement on the holding of the afore- mentioned elections the Soviet Govetnment deems it possible, in the event of the consent to this of the Governments of the German Dernocratic Republic and the German Federal Republic, to come to an agreement on estab- lishing appropriate international supervision of the holding of all-German elections. In this connexion, no part of Germany must be bound by any terms of separate agreements for its participation in milttary groupings.
A PEACE TREATY
The Soviet Government considers that the question of the future rdgime of a united 5ermany must be decided by the German people themselves. The holding of free all- German elections and the restoration of the unity of Germany would create the necessary preliminary 6onditions also for the conclusion of a peace treaty with Gerrnany, which would finally consolidate the independence sovereignty, and equality of rights of a united Germany. The peace treaty would also grant to a united Germany the right to bave her own national armed forces, necessary to ensure the security of Germnany and of her frontiers. T'he German people must make their choice of the path they are to follow in the future.
One path leads to the restoration of unity of Germany and the establishment of normal relations with all States of Europe. This path excludes the participation of this or that part of Germany in military groupings directed against other States, and be best of all ensured by the participation of Germany in a system of collective security in Europe. The other path, towards which she is being dragged by the Paris agreements, is the path of consoh- dating the division of Germany, the restora- tion of militarism in western Germany leading to her being involved in plans for the prepara- tion of a new war.
THREE CONCLUSIONS
[After retailing the dangers to Germany of the "" military path "" and the advantaRes of following a ' path of development,' the declaration goes on to say that the Soviet Government draws the following conclu- sions: ]
(1) The most important and urgent matter for the settlement of the German problem is the solving of the problem of the restoration of. the unity of Germany. In order to solve this problem it is essential to hold negotiations between the U.S.A., Britain, France, and the U.S.S.R. on the question of the restoration of the unity of Germany on the basis of holding all-German elections. Such negotiations would lose any meaning and would become impos- sible if the Paris agreements are ratified.
(2) The U.S.S.R. is in good relations with the German Democratic Republic. The Soviet Government is already ready to normalize the relations between the U.S.S.R. and the German Federal Republic. Under present conditions, the normalization of relations between the U.S.S.R. and the German Federal Republic could at the same time contribute to better mutual understanding and to' the search for more successful ways to the solu- tion of the task of the restoration of the unity of Germany.
(3) If the Paris agreements are ratified, a new situation would be created in which the U.S.S.R. would take care not only of a further strengthening of its friendly relations with the German Democratic Reppblic but also of facilitating the strengthening of peace and security in Europe by the joint efforts of the peace-loving European States.-Associated Press.";"January 17, 1955";"";53141;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Franco-German Accord On Approach To Russia";""
"['by Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"by Charles Hargrove
If one weere to put' an aver- age Englishman on. a psy- chiatrist's couch, tell him to close his eyes, and unlburdeni himself on the .subject of France, the chances-ale that he wvould me!ntit)n wine, food, gay P1aris, loose wolmien, reckless drivers, bad plumbing, old - fashioned homes, General d(e Gaulle and studenit barricades. Tle
.3uld not thinik of mentioni- im supei martkets, skvscra- PuPrs, mororways. dynamic u!sinessmen, advanced -teci- nologv and mnclear research.
wThe image of France ws.hich still prevails actross thJe Channiiel 'is not a modern oAe. Old impressions and Peieudices die hard. Even INeilchmell do not altogether grasp hown much their coun- tly is changing and has changed, and thev still cling tp the notion of a France which is more traditional, nmore familiar, less challeng- ilig than the one whichi is
iiaking shape about them.
'I'he basic conservatism of Mlench societv and ways, eA)ecially in the provinces, hIlps to foster the illusion th-dt thinigs are not really all thlat different fi-on what they always were-that the famiily withi its iniilUniuer-able relatives, for instantce, is still a close knit clan ; and that at mid-dav all life stops to allow Fr encllmen to pay homage to sl mnaieste le djieuner. Mlost Frenichimen 'fI1l reioice that Franlce is the countrv of the good thinigs of life and men take ti-moe to eniov them-unlike the Americans alwav-s in breathless pursuit of bigger and better things.
""Dear old France: good cuisine, the Folies Bergeres, gay Paris, haute couture anid gobd ports, cognac, chant- pagne, bordeaux and bur- gundy. It's all over. France has begun and substantially carried out ait industrial rev- olution. Touiay, by her indus- try and her agriculture, in many braitches and many fields shie is competitive from the standpoinit of price, and even fromtt that of techniques -not always, but often.
' -""On top of it all, our industrialists, iitstead of sleeping at their desks behind the pr-otection of frontiers, don't hesitate to jump into planes, and one sees them everywhere, even id America. ... Oh; but gentlemen, this won't do at all. What is this France which is spoiling the game -and is doing what the United States, Britain, Japan, Ger- m-anty and otltem-s have ahtvays done. . . ... That was how, picturesquely, Presi- dent Pompidou described at his last press conference the change which had come over his country.
The President was concen- trating on the economic transformation of the coun- try upon which he has set his heart, and to which he bends all his determina- tion-which is great-and his energies, to make FIranice, he said one day, enter foot first into the twenity-fii-st century, as a moderni, industrial nation.
[he process is well under wvay, in spite of the inev- itable bottlenecks, backlogs. stresses and strains. It really began with the last ivar, the collapse of France in 1940. the occupation, a psychologi- cal watershed, just as the First World- War' .had been for Britain and the British Empire. It shook many Frenchmen out of a land of lethargy. The hopes born of the resistance provoked a great urge for renewal and renovation. But the country was weak.
New conception of Europe
Yet the foundations of economic recovery were laid with the Monnet economic plan. An attempt at political renewal was made with the constitution of the Fourth Republic. And old-fashioned nationialism gave way to a new conceptioni of Etfrope in w hich reconciliation with Germaniy played a key part.
But old resentments and prejudices die hard. The European army collapsed from fears of a' rebirth of German militarism. The energies and substance of the country w'ere wasted in colonial wars, first in Indo- China, then in Algeria :'gov- ernment instability did the rest.
Only in 1958, when France gave herself political institu- tions that eilsured stability was there a return of confi- dence by the French in them- selves and in their country. In 1962 wbhen the Algerian war ended, the stage was set for the real transformation -of French life and of the French economy, to which membership of the European Economic Community pro- vided the key.
Whatever reservations one may have about the, Fifth Republic-its, authoritarian character, its conservative technocratic image, its fail- ure to make Parliament credible, to establish a dia- logue with the opposition, and to provide a really effec- tive channel of commiunica- tion between the Govern- ment and the governed (with the result that people resort to violence to nmake themselves heard)-it cannot be 'denied that it has given France 14 years of a
stability which neitber the latter half of the Third Re- public nor the Fourth Re- public could achieve.
- Eleven governments in 12 years between 1946 and 1958: five in 14 years, be- tween 1958. and now-an Englislh average. Whatever the imperfections of a system basically tailormade to fit a unique personality, it has survivedi his passing d6s- pite his predictions of catas- trophe; and has enabled those five governments to get on-with the job;.
A, few statistics show- that they did. In. the past -decade, the economic growth rate of France, which has averaged 5.8 per cent a yeai-, is only exceeded by that of Japan among the more highly in- dustrialized countries. The niational income has trebled: the income ppr head has soared from $900 to $2,260.
What is even more strik- ing is that France, in this interval, has become a great exporting nation. For the first time .this year, she moved ahead of Britain in her share of world trade. In the last four yeats, M. Gis- card d'Estaing, the Finance Minister, :. announced re- cenitly, exports had increased by' 70 per cent. He. went on to point out that the most re¢markable aspect of' this expansion was that it had been greater to those COUnI- tries where competition was strongest.
There were, Wi Pompidou pointed out- recently, 74km of motorways in .1961: there are now over 1,500. France ranked fourth in housing 10 years ago among leading in- dustrial countries: now she is on a par with the Soviet Union. Educational' facilities had been provided for a school population which had doubled in 10 years, and the number of university stu- dents is the higlkest in any European counitry. Two fam- ilies out of. three have a car, whereas 10 years ago only onie in three owned one; two in three have a washing machine, a television set and a refrigerator.
The signs of this economic expansion and improvement in living standards are every- where to see' on the face of France, along with the scars of pollution and destruction of the natural environment, to which the Government
and public opinion are now. awakening, though the meas- ures taken are still far too timid.
The indiscriminate build- ing, the spread of industry into the countryside, the huge housing complexes on the outskirts of provincial centres,_ the new towns oare all signs that France, which was still one-third rural at the end of the last war, is
becoming urbanized fast. Only 13 per cent of the population-lives on the land now, and by 1985 the figure will have dropped by half.
Some rural aieas have already become~ depopulated, as young people leave the land in increasing numbers. One Frenchman in six lives in Paris or in its surround- ings. But the growth of re- *gional centres likle Lyons, Marseilles,'Toulouse is spec- tacular, while smaller towns like Caen, Grenoble. and Dijon have nearly doubled their population1in a quarter of a century.I
The provinces are no longer s'tagnant, econom- ically and culturally, bled white by Paris and the big industrial areas, and' the cleavage between the north and the north-east of' the country, where industry is concentrated, and the south and, west, which wer e pre- dominantly rural; is disap- pearing as new industries un- dermine' the fornier suprem- acy of coal and steel.
The e6onomic leap forward and, the rise in the standard of living-which in spite of inflation is shared by the whole& working population- has influenced French habits and outlook. Television brings to the remotest farm- house of Auv'ergne and Brit- tany the atmosphere of the big cities and of the outside world. The tremendous de- velopnient of advertising cre- ates new needs and desires.
Church in state of turmoil
There is, in the formerly staid provinces now, a taste for change, for colour, for comfort. Parisian fashions are copied by country girls. Modern bars, discotheques, supermarkets, avant garde theatre have made inroads into the traditional pattern of provincial life; People own cai-s and travel long dis- tances to visit friends and relatives. At weekends and during the . holiday season the whole of France seems to take to the road. The old patriarchal family system is breaking down. Family ties are loosening, young people are becoming more emanci- pated, if still square on the whole by English standards.
The church, once the mainstay of the French establishment, is in a state of soul searching and tur- moil, with a militant advance guard that wants to atone for the past by adopting resolutely progressive ideas. The bulk of the faithful is sharply divided between those who approve and those who condemn. . In Brittany for instance, where the clergy still have great influ-
ence, parish priests have gone left, and threaten the Gaullist loyalties of the prov- ince.
The employers also show signs of change. The former stereotype of the average French employer as a divine right autocrat in his own firm, -brooking no interfer- ence from outside, and op- posed to his working people putting their nose into his business, is gradually dis- appearing.
All these changes, eco- nomic, political, psychologi- cal and spiritual, have inev- itably produced stresses and strains. One does not tranis- form such an old and indivi- dualistic country as France without upheaval. The work- ers' and student i-iots in 1968 took place both because things were changing too fast and because they were not changing fast enough, and especially because the French institutional franiie work was cracking under the strain.
Since 1968 there have been periodical outbursts of violence by discontented sec- tions of the French popula- tion-the farmers, the truck drivers, the small shopkee- pers-who felt that the bene- fits of progress were passing them by and that there was no other wvay to make them- selves heard by the Govern- ment.
But on the whole French- men are reasonably satisfied with themselves, their life and their country and its place in the world-as sat- isfied as a nation of grum- blers can ever be. Barring economic catastrophe, a repetition of May, 1968, is out of the question. Although always ready to point a finger at everything that goes wrong, they would privately admit that France was a pretty good counti-y in which to live. As they travel abroad in ever increasing numbers, they know what they are talking about.
They were dazzled by the personality of General de Gaulle, and the prestige which 'he gave France in world affairs while he was in power. But , they are now content to cultivate their own garden and make it bloom, as M Pompidou calls upon them to do: and to cooperate with their neigh- bours in the EEC in ensur- ing peace and prosperity and a reasonable voice for Europe in world affairs pro- vided it does not cost too much. Whether this can sat- isfy the old nationalistic and r omantic streak which still lurks at the bottom of every Frenchman's heart is a ques- tion. It can if European union really does happen by 1980, and France plays a respectable role in it.
"" The signs of economic expansion and improvement in living standards are everywhere to see on the face of France, along with the scars of pollution and destruction of the natural environment."" A lonely figure in a concrete land. scape: I'Atlantique buildings, La Defense office development, in west Paris.";"November 6, 1972";"";58624;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"As M Pompidou was saying the other day: 'Dear old France...it's all over'";""
"['from our special correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom.
Big changes in
opinion
from our special correspondent
IF BRITAIN WERE TO MAKE another application for membership of the Common Market the domestic opposition would be much weaker and less organized than it was three years ago. In the country at large there have been some very substantial shifts of opinion. In the Commons the Conservatives and the Liberals support membership so that resistance would come only from the fringes of the parties. Most significant of all, the main body of the Labour Party, including the leadership, now sees the problem in a very different light.
In October, 1962, Mr. Gaitskell, then leader of the Labour Party, delivered his celebrated speech to the Brighton con- ference. He demanded safeguards for the Commonwealth, Efta, and British agri- culture, and insisted that Britain must remain free to plan her own economy and determine her own foreign policy.
Mr. Gaitskell's five conditions have not been formally dropped by the present leadership but they have been consider- ably muted. In all public statements by party leaders the emphasis is now on willingness to join, subject only to reason- able safeguards, particularly for New Zealand and British agriculture.
The main reason for the change is the failure of the Government's economic policy. Labour took office dreaming of rapid economic growth that would permit a vigorous social policy at home and a certain degree of independence abroad. Membership of the Common Market seemed not only unnecessary but a threat to the freedom of the trade unions, to socialist planning and public ownership, to the cohesion of the Commonwealth, to British agriculture, and to the alliance with the United States.
Sovereignty can be defended
Growth has now been put aside in favour of stern deflation. Pressure on the pound has raised the question whether Britain can continue to support a reserve currency on her own. The Commonwealth has not lived up to expectations either as an inter-racial political community or a permanent trading base. The difficulties with Eldo and the Concord have shown up the limi- tations of mere technical cooperation with Europe. The flight of scientists to the United States has emphasized the financial weakness of Britain's scientific effort. And British farmers have mostly dropped their opposition to the Common Market after seeing the level of the European price agreements. Above all, the whole idea of national economic in- dependence is now coming to be seen as obsolete, particularly by the younger and better educated members who came into the Commons in 1964.
None of this means that the British Government is ready to sign the Treaty of Rome as it stands. If the Labour Party and many British people are now being converted to the European idea it is partly because the idea itself is no longer what it seemed in 1963. General de Gaulle has shown that the Eurocrats in Brussels are not supreme, and that national sovereignty can be defended within the community. The prospect of a complete loss of identity in a federal Europe now seems increasingly remote.
Nor does the Common Market seem likely to become as closed to the outside world as was once expected. French and German activity in east Europe has reassured those who feared that it would prolong the cold war and the division of Europe. West Germany has also shown tha; membership is no bar to trade with former British colonies and with Efta countries. The opening to the left in Italy, the possibility of a Social Demo- cratic government in west Germany,
public ownership and excellent social services in many countries have all helped to avert fears that British socialism would be threatened in a predominantly right- wing Europe.
Tory opposition has also weakened. Most of it came from the farmers' lobby, from men with strong feelings about British sovereignty, and above all from those to whom the Commonwealth repre- sented a great wartime alliance, a con- tinuation of the Empire, and a symbol of Britain's former power. These men, like some Labour opponents of the Com- mon Market, have been growing older and more disillusioned, and some have left the House of Commons.
For members of all parties the United States remains a confusing factor in the European equation. President Eisen- hower preserved the wartime alliance; President Kennedy created a sort of in- tellectual alliance; now there is a more pragmatic political alliance that has grown closer partly because of Britain's financial diffi- culties and her exclusion from Europe. Few people see it as a real obstacle to membership of Europe except in so far as it worries General de Gaulle. Some would like it to be an alternative, and some would reject it altogether, but most would feel it must be reconciled with membership of Europe. If there has been a shift in recent years it is merely towards a feeling that only a more united Europe including Britain can balance America's economic power and influence her foreign policy.
Public attitudes towards Europe are always difficult to assess because so much depends on how the questions are framed, but some conclusions are pos- sible. In August, 1962, National Opinion Polls found that just over half its sample was against joining the Common Market. By January, 1963, just before the breakdown in Brussels, 44 per cent were for membership and 44 per cent against. Early in 1966 a survey by Opinion Research Centre found 66 per cent in favour of joining and 20 per cent against.
The shift was regarded as very signifi- cant. But the poll, which was published in New Society on June 16 and 23 of this year, was accompanied by some probing questions. They showed that the main reasons for wanting to join Europe were economic-the belief that Britain needed the stimulus and the wider markets to help her overcome her difficulties.
Many people expressed distrust of European countries. While Australia was trusted "" completely ""by 67 per cent. Sweden by 38 per cent, and the United States by' 38 per cent, Germany and France were completely trusted by only 9 per cent. Only a quarter of those ques- tioned wanted Europe (with Britain) to become a single big power. Half saw the future of Europe as a free trade asso- ciation of independent countries.
These results are probably fairly accurate. British opinion, especially among the young, has certainly shifted strongly in favour of joining Europe, but whether its vision of Europe's future is the same as that of the west Germans and the other Europeans remains rather doubtful.
Professor Ludwig Erhard, Federal German Chan-
cellor.
FUTURE RELATIONS BETWEEN BRITAIN and the other members of the European Free Trade Association on one side and the European Economic Community on the other are still among the central economic and political questions facing the western world. British Ministers discussed them again only last week. The answer may not be clear yet, but until it is given the gap between the two groups in Europe
will not lessen.
In this special report The Times and Die Welt of Hamburg-a newspaper which has long advocated unity in Europe-have together examined some of the obstacles standing in the way of Britain's entry into the Common Market and some of the probable results if she does enter. British and German contributors discuss the main problems such as Efta, the Common- wealth, agriculture, industry and the pound sterling. Uniformity of view has not been sought. Britain's approach to the Common Market touches upon so many interests and arouses such deep political emotions that
Britons and Germans naturally see the question in different lights.
Seen from space the gap between Britain and the Continent seems small indeed. The photograph was transmitted automatically from the American weather satellite Nimbus I and received by the
Lannion station of the French Meteorological Service.
Mr. George Brown, Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs.
Dr. Gerhard Schroeder, Federal German Foreign
Minister.
Mr. Michael Stewart, Minister for Economic
Affairs.
Herr Kurt Schmuecker, Federal German Econo-
mics Minister.
ProfessorWalter Halistein, president of the E.E.C.
Commission.
Welcome is waiting
after doubts and disappointments
by Ernst-Ulrich Fromm
of Die Welt
IN THE EARLY POSTWAR YEARS Britain had the chance to join Europe. When France invited Britain's cooperation she was saying what every European this side of the iron curtain was thinking. If Britain had accepted she could have had the leadership of non-communist Europe, for the continent was ravaged by war and the people demoral- ized.
Then, after the founding of the Fifth Republic, France-or rather, General de Gaulle-claimed the leadership. But although close cooperation with France is essential for Europe, and especiaHy for members of the Common Market, the fact that the General's claim was based on the assertion of national sov- ereignty made a common policy more difficult.
In an age of increasing interdepend- ence, when the European countries, in- cluding Britain, threaten to sink to the status of provinces in international poli- tics if they remain dependent on them- selves alone, disputes over leadership can only hinder economic and political cooperation. The same goes for Machia- vellian ideas about one country provid- ing a counterweight against another- Britain against west Germany, for in- stance. In Paris thoughts like these have already been expressed as a reason for admitting Britain to the Common Mar- ket. They can only stand in the way of economically-integrated cooperation with Britain in Europe.
In spite of the many doubts and dis- appointments which London has caused the Six and Efta, political and economic circles in Continental Europe still believe that the European Community must be extended to include Britain and the other countries of Efta. This is not only for economic reasons, but also because of the crisis in Nato, the chang- ing assessment of Soviet policies in the light of an assumed relaxation of tension. and Europe's fatal technological back- wardness in comparison with the United States and the Soviet Union.
The point of no return
After General de Gaulle's veto on Britain's entry to the Community in January, 1963, the Six (as well as the Efta countries) had to put up with the fact that in future not only physical dis- tance would separate Britain from the Continent. The Six have, however, based their economic practice, and to a varying extent their theoretical planning on the assumption that Britain will join. Above all, in spite of many crises, they have kept the E.E.C. alive and with their agreement of July 24 this year on the common agricultural market in the com- munity they have reached a point of no return from economic integration. Thus the condition is fulfilled that if Britain is to-and wants to-join, the E.E.C. must be a functioning body.
For this reason the E.E.C. Com- nmission in Brussels also continues work quietly and resolutely on proposals which it can submit if there is any question of new negotiations with London.
The West German Foreign Minister, Dr. Schroeder, has also submitted corres- ponding proposals to the other five mem- ber countries. They set out to examine systematically how the conditions of the Common Market can be reconciled with the British requirements, above all in
agricultural policy and in her relations with the Commonwealth countries.
In practice not only has German in- dusiry successfully worked towards direct business relations with British firms and cooperation in third markets, but the big continental seaports have also prepared for an increase in international trade that will depend on British co- operation and help in gaining access to overseas markets. This applies not only in Hamburg and Rotterdam, but also in Nantes, Bordeaux and Marseilles, where they refuse to let the political maxims still prevalent in Paris prevent them looking outwards-to Britain in the first instance, but also to countries such as Spain. The same goes for industry throughout the community. With Bri- tain, and through Britain to America, is their motto.
Germany's faith
All the European parliarnentarians except the Gaullists are clearly waiting for the entry of their British colleagues. The question of the control of E.E.C. policy by the European parliament is far from being adequately answered. British parliamentary experience in this issue is increasingly regarded as desirable and necessary, so that the European alliance, in spite of its peculiarities, can develop according to the rules of parliamentary democracy, and provide a convincing answer to the organizations of the totalitarian block such as Comecon.
Finally, the crisis in the Atlantic Alliance, brought about by de Gaulle, has made the politicians, the military leaders and also-a point not to be underestimated-the people of the other continental European Nato countries look at their partner on the other side of the Channel more closely than at any time since the formation of the alliance. Britain has certainly reinforced Germany's traditional scepticism by her approach to the question of nuclear sharing and her threats to reduce the Rhine Army if her exchange costs are not nmet. But against this stands German faith in British policy towards allies, and in British obligations, under the terms of the Western European Union, to defend Europe against attack.
Except in France, the view has spread, above all in west Germany, since that dark day in January, 1963, that a Britain linked with the United States is not incompatible with a Britain integrated in the European economy and striving to cooperate politically with continental Europe. Certainly the many Europeans working for partnership with Britain hope and expect that London will stick to the European rules laiddown in the Treaty in Rome, but this does not pre- clude the possibility of altering one or other of the rules. They feel that this hope has been strengthened by the inclu- sion of several "" Europeans "" in impor- tant positions in Mr. Harold Wilson's government.";"October 28, 1966";"";56774;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Britian On Her Way To Europe";""
"";"['News']";"MOSCOW, Nov. 14
The Russian Note conveying an invita- tion to attend a conference on collective security, in Moscow or Paris on November 29, was- delivered yesterday to the diplo- matic representatives of 23 European countries, with copies to the United States and the Peking Government The version of the Note sent to the French Embassy said:
The Soviet Government considers it neces- sary to declare to the Government of France as follows: On October 23 of this year in Paris agreements concerning west Germany were signed. The signing of these agreements
was preceded by the conference of nine Powers in London, participants of which agreed upon certain measures on the German question.
The Paris agreements provided-in violation of international agreements about Germany- for the restoration of militarism in western Germany, the creation of west German armed forces, and the inclusion of west Germany in a military grouping of States against other European States.
HITLER'S GENERALS
In west Germany an army is being created which in the near future would consist of 520,000 men, and which will have large avia- tion and tank units, as well as a military head- quarters of its own. Even now the German militarists do not conceal that they consider the number of west German armed forces projected by the London and Paris agreements as only the base for the building of a more numerous armed force. A west German army is being created under the leadership of those German generals who headed the Hitler army in the years of the Second World War and were co-participants in the Fascist creation and cultivation of Hitler's "" new order'"" in European countries.
The London and Paris agreements give the West German nirlitarists and revanchists the opportunity for an unlimited production of arms. The armed forces of Westem Germany will also have the opportunity of claiming atomic armaments which increase the threat of atomic destructive war in Europe.
These agreements involve a rc-militarized Germany in a new military bloc which is being created now in the guise of the so-called Western European Alliance lUnioni as well as the North Atlantic bloc. whose aggressive character the Soviet Government has already pointed out more than once. All this bears witness to the fact that with regard to West Germany a course is being followed which is incompatible both with the problem of strengthening the position in Europe and the problem of restoring Germany's national
AIM OF UNIFICATION
The realization of the London and Paris agreements would mean that the unification of Germany by means of free, all-German elections would fall victim to present plans for restoring German militarism-that bitter enemy of the European people, including the German people.
Seeking to facilitate the solution of the question of the restoration of German unity, the Soviet Government proposed considera- tion of the question of immediate withdrawal of occupation forces from the territory of west and east Germany. At the same time a proposal was put forward to fix the numbers and armament of all kinds of German police, both in eastern and western Germany. The Soviet Government considers, as before, that the adoption of these measures would pro- mote the easing of international tension in Europe.
The London and Paris agreements are incompatible with the Franco-Soviet treaty of alliance and mutual assistance of 1944 and with the Anglo-Soviet treaty of 1942 on cooperation and mutual assistance after the war, which provides for the undertaking of mutual measures to prevent the possibility of new aggression on the part of Germany. The Soviet Government has already drawn the attention of the States which were responsible for the regulation of the German problem to the serious danger which is connected with the revival of militarism in western Germany and with the involvement of western Germany in military groupings.
ROAD TO WAR
The formation of military groupings of several States opposed to one another in Europe will inevitably lead, as the experience of history has shown, to the sharpening of relations between them, and finaly to war. This was the case before the First World War, when two opposing military coalitions were created. It was also the case before the Second World War, when, under the aegis of Hitler's Germany, an. aggressive military grouping was created in opposition to other States which in the course of the war had to unite their forces to rebuff Hitlerite aggression.
In order to avoid a situation where Europe periodically becomes an arena of bloodshed and destructive war, bringing to the peoples of the European States many millions of human victims and vast material destruction, the necessity arises to set up such a system of security in Europe, the participants of which would be all the European States, irrespective of their social and state structure.
Setting up such a system of all-European col- lective security would provide a permanent basis for the peaceful cooperation of all Euro- pean States and' would guarantee their national security by the acceptance of obliga- tions to settle differences arising among them by peaceful means and, in the event of there arising a threat to peace or the violation of peace, to undertake united action, including military action, against the aggressor.
MAIN OBSTACLE
The setting up in Europe of an effective system of collective security based on the joint efforts of all European States would ease the possibility of settling the German problem. In this event the main obstacle to the restora- tion of German unity existing at the present time, finding its reflection in plans for the transformation of western Germany into a military State, and in the drawing of it into an aggressive military group, would be removed.
To effect an easing of the possibility of reaching appropriate agreement between interested States, the Soviet Union. at. the beginning of this year, during the Berlin con- ference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs o1 the U.S.S.R., the United States, Britain, and France, made a proposal regarding the main principle of an "" all-European treaty on col- lective security in Europe.""
The proposal for setting up in Europe a system of collective security met a positive response on the part of a number of European States. It also met support in the broad public circles, both of those European States whose Governments did not express their attitude towards the idea of collective security in Europe, as well as of those States whose Gov- ernments refuse to support the proposal made.
As is known, until now an appropriate agree- ment between' the interested States on this
DR. ADENAUER'S COMMENT
FROM OUIR OWN CORRBSPONDENT
BONN, Nov. 14
Dr. Adenauer was informed of the Soviet Note in Hesse, where he was carrying out a series of engagements in support of his party in the Land election campaign, and his com. ments at a party meeting at Darmstadt give a good indication of the attitude the Govern. ment will take up.
Dr. Adenauer said that he would welcome ""at a suitable time"" a conference which would create a real system of collective security for Europe, for this would be a great alleviation to the whole world and it would lead logically to the reunification of Germany. But it would have to be well prepared. It must not fail, for that would leave things worse than they were now.
He did not think, therefore, that such a conference could be held as early as Novem- ber 29. The Soviet proposal would not simply be turned down. Dr. Adenauer regarded it as a direct success for western policy at the London and Paris conferences that the Soviet Government should now declare itself to have no objection to the North Atlantic Treaty, or to the participation of the United States in a European security system.
Herr Ollenhauer, the Social Democrat leader, too, said in an election speech in Bavaria that it would be impossible for the west "" simply "" to reject the Soviet proposal. The difficulty in which the Soviet invitation put the western Powers could have been avoided if they had taken the initiative earlier and had themselves proposed what States should be invited to take part.
Dr. Dehler, the Free Democrat leader, said yesterday that whether the conrference were held before or after the Paris agreements had been ratified, al the rembers of the western European union must go to it in a body, united.
DENUNCIATION OF WEST
BY H]ERR ULBRICHT
FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT
BERLIN, Nov. 14
Herr Ulbricht, the first deputy Prime Minister, who has often been the mouthpiece of Soviet policy in east Germany, said to-day: "" Everybody can well imagine that every step taken towards the execution of the Paris agreements must necessarily produce counter measures on the part of the peace-loving and democratic States."" As the western Powers had openly supported the aggressive forces of German militarism, and gravely contravened the Potsdamn agreement, tbey had ""forfeited all nights to their presence in western Germany.""
FRENCH SCEPTICISM
MxOM OUR OWN CORESPONDEtNTr
PARIS, Nov. 14
The latest Soviet proposals wiH certainly find supporters well outside the Commnunist ranks in France, but on the whole it seems that French opinion, and certainly Govern- ment opinion, will decide that ratification of the new agreements on Germany should precede any negotiation with the Russians. That, at least, was the view specifically expressed during the-past week at the extra- ordinary congress of the Socialist Party. A spokesman for the M.R.P., which does nor approve of the London agreemnents as they stand, bas described the Russian initiative as no more than a manoeuvre.
EMPHASIS IN ROME ON
NEW INCENTiVE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPoND-rr
ROME, Nov. 14
The first reaction in authoritative quarters is that, before there can be any such con- ference as that proposed by the Russians, the Paris agreements must be ratified. The Russian initiative is seen as further proof ef the value of the results achieved at the London and Paris conferences, and a fresh incentive to ensure that these results shall not be thrown away by failure to secure their ratification.
important problem has not been achieved. Meanwhile the interests of ensuring the security of the European peoples demand that development in Europe should not proceed on the disastrours road of the re-establislhment of German militarism and the formation in Europe of military blocs of States opposing one another, but on the road to the creation of a system of all-European security based on the consideration of the legal interests of all European Sfates. both large and small.
Plans for the restoring bt German militarism and of drawing a re-militarized westem Ger- many into the military groups prepared by the London and Paris conferences cannot but I aggravate the position in Europe. The imple- mentation of these plans will inevitably cause the aggravation of relations between the Euro- psan States, intensification of the armaments race, and a considerable increase of the burden of military expenditures for the European people.
In this regard it would be perfectly natural if the peace-loving European peoples would be comelled to take new measures for en- suring thieir security. In order to prevent this aggravation of the situation in Europe, which would increase the danger of war, al measures must be undertaken which would contribute towards the establishment of a system of collective security in Europe and at the same time lessen tension in international relations.
POSITION OF CHINA
Similar Notes have been sent by the Govern ment of the U.S.S.R. to aU European States with whom the U.S.S.R. has diplomatic rela- tions. The Soviet Union considers that an invitation to European States with whom the U.S.S.R. does not bave diplomatic relations could be sent by the Governments of France, Britain, or the United States, which have diplomatic relations with those countries.
Proceeding from this, the Soviet Govern- ment considers the necessity has arisen to call without further delay a conference of al
European States which wish to take part in it, as well as the United States of America, on the question of the creation of a system of collective security in Europe. Recognizing the special responsibility for. supporting inter- national peace and security resting on those States which are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council the Soviet Government considers it desirable that the Chinese People's Republic should send its observer to this conference.
Every State taking part in the above- mentioned conference would of course, have an opportunity to put forward proposals which it considered necessary in connexion with the questions under discussion.
DANGER IN DELAY
The Soviet Government proposes. that such a conference should be convened on Novem- ber 29 this year in Moscow or Paris. Delay in calling such a conference would be inex- pedient, since already in December examina- tion of the question of the ratification of the Paris agreements wiD begin in certain Euro- pean countries. Such ratification would to a considerable extent complicate the position in Europe and would undermine the possibilities for solving unsettled European problems, and above all the German problem.
The proposal to cal an all-Europe confer- ence on November 29 in Moscow or Paris on the question of creating a system of collective security in Europe is shared also by the Government of the Polish People's Republic and the Government of the Czechoslovak Republic, with whom the Soviet Governmnent has had appropriate consultation. The Soviet Government would be obliged to the Govern- ment of France for information about its parti- cipation in the above-mentioned all-European conference.
The European countries to which the Note was sent were France, Britain, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, east Germany Holland, Greece, Denmark, Ice- land, Italy Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Rumania, 11rkey, Finland, Czechoslovakia
Switzerland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia.-'
Reuter. _ _ _ _ _ _
CONFEENCE "" AT SUiTABLE
TIME """;"November 15, 1954";"";53089;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Russian Warning On German Rearmament";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Wilson yesterday replied point by point to President de Gaulle's objections to negotiating on the British application to accede to the Treaty of Rome. Seizing. the opportunity of a long-standing engagement to speak at a Press Gallery luncheon at the Commons, he began the Government cam- paign to defeat the French in the internal argument that is expected to rage within the Six during the coming months.
The Prime Minister's 16 points were: -
(1) It was said that it was contra-
dictory to propose the opening without delay of negotiations with the Six while declaring our willingness to accept all the pro- visions and regulations govern- ing the Community. if we accept those clauses in advance, what is there to negotiate about?
ANSWVER.-I quote the Treaty of Rome. Article 237 provides that' ""any European State may apply to become a member of the Commu- nity. It shall address its applica- tion to the council, which, after obtaining the opinion of the commis sion, shall give a unanimous decision thereon. The conditions of admis- sion and the adjustments to this treaty necessitated by it shall be the subject of an agreement between the member states and the application state.""
This speaks for itself, since any agreement has to be- negotiated.
(2) It was said that the report of
the Brussels Commission showed that the Common Mar. ket was incompatible with the economy of Britain in a number of respects.
ANSWER.-Did Lhe commission recommend, or did they not recom- mend, that ""negotiations should be opened in the most 4ppropriate fqrm with the states which have applied for membership "" ?
(3) It was said as proof of this in-
compatibility, that Britain's chronic balance of payments deficit proved the permanent disequilibrium of her economy. ANSWER.-What was France's balance of payments disequilibrium in the two years after she signed the Treaty of Rome? Without going into the unprofitable question of what our balance of payments wouid have been this year but for the NMiddle East, have the French Government not seen that the international staffs of the l.M.F. and O.E.C.D. strongly support the view that the decisions we have taken offer a firm prospect of transforming our balance of pay- ments within 12 months?
(4) It was said that the British
economy was incompatible, be- cause of its "" sources of supply, credit practices, and conditions of work "".
ANSWER.-On sources of supply and channels of trade, we have stated that we accept the Treaty of Rome. And the present members of the Community, acting under that treaty, have themselves accepted the Yaounde Convention, which ensures that developing countries with whom France and others had long-standing trading-and indeed political-con- nexions, should be able to trade freely with the Community. We have made it clear that we should expect to follow this precedent.
(5) This brings me to the refer-
ences to our credit practices.
ANSW`ER.-I am not clear what the reference here is. But if the French President is referring to the working of the City of London and considers, perhaps, that our arrange- ments for financing industry on the free market of the City of London are not in accordance with the doc- trines of the Treaty of Rome, I feel it right to point out that it is the French credit system, not ours, which controls the allocation of specially favourable credit, industry by indus- try, in accordance with the priorities laid down bv the Commissariat du Plan.
(6) In the same sentence there
was a reference to our "" condi- tions du travail "".
ANsweR.-If the French President was referring to recent stnkes in Britain, let me say I deplore these as profoundly as General de Gaulle no doubt deplores strikes in his own country. But, to put this into pers- pective, let me also point out that in 1966 Britain lost, through indus- trial disputes, for every 1,000 per- sons employed, 180 man-days-too many-against 240 in France Figures to be published tomorrow show that for the five years. 1962- 66, our figure was 230 against a French figure of 322.
For both of us the figures are too high. We must both of us do better.
(7) It was said that the Common
Market was incompatible with the way in which we fed our- selves, with our agriculture "" subsidized to the hilt ""-those were the words.
ANSWER.-Let us show at least an elementary knowledge of the facts. Both agricultures-ours and that of the Community-are substantially supported and look for their extra returns both to the taxpayer and the consumer. But in the Community the support is more from enhanced prices to the consumer than from the taxpayer.
In my statement to the House on May 2, I made it clear, as I had done before, that we had to recognize that the Community's agricultural policy was an integral part of the Com- munity and that we must come to terms with it. And we recognized. too. that it would involve far-reach- ing changes in the structure of British agriculture.
The points we had in mind to discuss with the Six were spelt out in the Foreign Secretary's statement to the Western European Union, Command Paper 3345, of which for greater accuracy a copy was given to the French Government.
(8) It was said that we could
never really accept the ""crush- ing "" levies laid down under the Comnion Market's financical regulation for agriculture.
ANSWvER.-Again, I quote what I said in the House in announcing our application-and the same thought was repeated in Command Paper No. 3345. These financial arrangements "" would, if applied to Britain as they now stand, involve an inequitable sharing of the financial cost and im- pose on our balance of payments an additional blurden which we should not in fairness be asked to carry "".
But the point that the automatic accepLance of a mathematical for- mula of calculating contributions could involve inequitable burdens was strongly pressed, not by us. but by Germany in May, 1966, and a solution was found. Is the French Government really saying that no solution could be found for Britain. particularly as Britain's accession would certainly lead to an increase in France's net income from the fund ? (9) It was said that the Common
Market was incompatible with British restrictions on capital movements abroad as compared with the freedom of such move- ments among the Six.
ANSWER.-Again, we have made clear that we fully accept the obliga- tions of Community membership in this field, subject only to a transi- tio.'ial period during which we would by stages bring our policies into line with those of the Community.
But I would add that freedom of direct capital movement within the enlarged Community is essential to secure our aim of a European-wide industrial and technological base. and to give reality to the co.lcept ior which we, and others, are pressing of the European Company.
If we are to build up, as we must, the industrial independence of Europe, the first call on the capital arising in EurolFe from the thrift of Europe's citizens must be for that purpose and for the needs of the underdeveloped world, and not diverted for gain to Manhattan, for the purpose of fertilizing American technological development at a time when we need that capital in Europe to close the gap.
(10) It was said that the Common
Market was incompatible with the state of sterling, as devalua- tion has again demonstrated.
ANSWER.-Did not France de- value? And is it not a fact that M. Couve de Murville's carefully worded statement at Luxembourg earlier this month was widely interpreted in Europe, and further afield, as a call for devaluation of the pound ?
(11) Critical reference was also
made to the international loans required by Britain before, and concurrently with, devaluation. ANSWER.-International financial facilities were freely offered by the l.M.F., including France, as a means of ensuring international stability in financial and trading arrangements. We have made clear that the finan-
cial facilities provided on and since November 18 are a means of seeing the devaluation operation through with a minimum of disturbance to the world and ensuring that there is sufficient backing while the eflects of devaluation are working them- selves throueh the economy.
Perhaps I should have added that there have been some disturbances since November 18. In France you have a free press. There were a lot of rumours in that press, mostly highly inaccurate, and we well under- stand the reluctance of the French to stop the publication of these mis- lcading and somewhat unsettling rumours.
(12) It was said that membership
of the Common Market was in- compatible with the state of sterling because of its character as an international currency and the encumbrance of the vast sterling balances. (All this is a translation of the words used on Monday.)
ANSWER.-IS the <ioneral prepared to respond to the Chancellor of the Exchequer's offer to discuss on a European basis all aspects of the international position of sterling, in- cluding the possibility of a European currency ?
As to the "" encumbrance of the vast sterling balances "", Britain had no sterling balance problem before the war. It was originally created during the war. It was part of the enduring cost which Britain incurred in the fight to make Europe free. It was in fact part of the price we had to pay for th. se historic days to which General de Gaulle has fre- quently, and indeed movingly, re- ferred-the days when Free France and Britain fought together.
(13) We were told that any attempt
to impose British entry would cad to the break up of a Com- niunity whose rules would not bear such a ""monumental ex- ception"".
ANSWER.-It is not Britain wvhose policy on such basic questions as foreign affairs, defence, and inter- national monetary policy is the ' monumental exception "" to the general European consensus on these questions. Nor is it Britain which is now rejecting the article of the-Treaty of Rome which provides that ""any European state may apply to become a member of the Community "".
(14) To start negotiations now for
British entry, so it wao said, ""would be for the gixto con- sent in advance to all the arti- fices, delays and mhakebelieve which would tend to conceal the destruction of an edifice built with so much effort and amid such hopes "".
ANSWER.-This is base6d on a static conception of Europe when, unless all of us in Europe move quickly, we; as Europe, will fall behind. It is a laboured analogy of a European:train slowed up by adding more coaches. What it fails to see is that a Europeani train, for which Britain and other countries would provide additional motive force, could be much more power- ful; ahd would also continue to move along the track which will
lead to our conmnon objective of a united Europe.
I have tried to make clear to all our friends in Europe. including our friends in Paris, that those who rely on a static concept in a rapidly mov- ing world are themselves moving backwards. We want to join. with all those'in Europe who are forward- Itooking, 'in a determined move forward.
(15) We were told (hat a negotia-
tion wiith Britain would not be the way to ensure that Europe *was not ""dependent on a foreign economic, monetary and political system"" and that -Europe should be a ""counter- weight to the immense power of the United States-"".
ANSWER.-What mattcrs herc is not words but 'action Such action as the creation of the European tech- nology for which I called in my Guildhall speech. But while Britain is prepared to take an initiative in this field in advance of negotiations, that initiative will become a rcality in terms of European industrial inde- pendence, only if we in Europe are ready to take all the steps necessary to create a single European industrial market.
(16) Our attention was drawn to
the coincidence between the American deficit in their balance of payments and the total of American investments in western Europe; and that France ""wishes this abuse to be ended"".
ANSWER.-We are not going to colve our problems in Europe bv attacks on one another's balance of payments or on the balance of pay- ments of the United States. Beggar- my-neighbour policies are not the answer. And if we were to embark on then-any of us-we should find that not all the cards are held on this side of the Atlantic.
What we have to do is to build up a vigorous and independent European industry.
Computers? Britain has opted for independence and we are now in an aggressive posture to enter the Euro- pean market. Other countries in Europe have sold out to the Ameri- cans.
Aero-engines ?-B;,tain. together with our European partners. can lead the field. But only if Vose parthers, particularly France. wiil take the same independent line. This meeans no agreement with Pratt and Whitney but with Rolls-Rovw. End of com- mercial. (Laughter.)-
Atomic energy ?-We in Europe. again, can lead the world. but not if our partners insist on'tving them- selves to American know-how which we in Europe, if we work together. can do without Time and time again we have run into trouble in Europe because French atomic-energy insists on drawing on American know-how when we have the know-how to beat the world.
Nuclear fuel?-Using the know- how of Britain, as well as that of our European partners, could make Europe both competitivt and inde- pendent.
Foreign reactions, page 10.";"November 30, 1967";"";57112;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Wilson puts 16 points in reply to President de Gaulle";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent']";"['News']";"Mr. Churchill, speaking at Zurich University yesterday, called for the recreation of the European famnily by the building of a kind of United States of Europe.
In emphasizing the urgency of saving Europe from her present plight, Mr. Churchill added that the first step must be a partnership between France and Germany.
WVELCOME AT
ZURICH
MEDIEVAL COSTUMES
From Our Special Correspondent
ZORICH, SEPT. 19
In the grcat hall of Zutrich University to-day MNIr. Churchill flung forth a stirring call to the nations of Europe to recreate the European family, provide the structure of the United States of Europe, and set up a European council-and above all to begin now. The appeal was made in the lirst place to the students of the univerErty and through them to the academic youth of the world.
INlr. Churchill had expressed a wish to address them in this way because he believed that on them would devolve the great task of rebuilding a world devastated by war and sundered by hatreds. To them as the heritors of the future he appealed to take their part in this work of peace as the onlyv way the world could be saved from destruction.
The opportunity was given him by the presentation of an illuminated address as a token of veneration and gratitude of both the Univei-sity Senate and the students. It also expressed admiration for the British people, to wvhosc steadfastness in the war the Swiss owed their ownl freedom, and it acknowledged the indebtedness of science and learning which could thrive only in perfect freedom and on initernational soil.
GLITTERING BANNERS
Grouped rotund Mir. Churchill were the studenit corporations in their medieval cos- tumes of scarlet, purple, yellow, and green, jack-booted and carrying rapiers, their brilliant banners glittering. Before him sat the professors and heads of faculties, with brows knitted in deep and critical attention. Outside in the grass court and seated among the stone flags groups of students, men and girls, cltistered round the loud-speakers listening to every word, and all in profound silence. Only at the close was there any applause. When he ended on the note "" Let Europe arise,"" they rose to their feet with one spontaneous burst of applause.
Earlicr in the morning Mr. Churchill had motored from the Dolder, where he is staying, down the hillside through the steep streets and among the hanging gardens of the ZUrich suburb to attend a ceremonial reception at the city hall. All the way down flowers were showered upon hlim in bunches and sprays. The climax of the welcome came when he addressed the citizens of ZUirich from the guild- house of the "" Yellow Hammer "" in a homely discourse of thanks and appreciation. The largest mass of people yet seen in Zlirich had gathered in the Munsterhof. With the theme of tihe United States of Europe still in his mind he drew a moral from the success of the Swiss people in the achievement of unity based on tolerance that overcame the differences of race, language, and customs between the various cantons. a standing example to Europe and the world.
MR. CHURCHILL'S
SPEECH
TRAGEDY OF EUROPE
MIr. Churchill said:-
Nir. I'resident, ladies and gentlemen,-I am honoured to-day by being received in your ancient university and by the address wlhich has been given to me and which I greatly value.
I wish to speak to you to-day about the tragedy of Europe, this noble Continent, com- pi-sing on the whole the fairest and the most cttltivated regions of the earth, enjoying a temperate and equable climate, the home of all the great parent races of the western wvorld. the foundation of Christian faith and Christian
eillics.
It is the origin of most of the ctulture, arts, philosophy. and science both of ancient and modern times. If Europe were once united in the shiaring of its common inhieritance there would be no limit to the happiness, the pro- sperity, and the glory w'hich its 300,000,000 or 400,000,000 people would enjoy.
Yet it is from Europe that have sprung that series of frightful nationalistic (,uarrels, originated by the Teutonic nations in their rise to power, which we have seen in this twentieth century and even in our own lifetime wreck the peace and mar the prospects of all mankind.
And what is this plight to which Europe has been reduced ? Some of the smaller States have indeed made a good recovery, but over wide areas are a vast quivering mass of tor- menited, hunigry, careworn, and bewildered human beings, who wait at the ruins of their cities and their homes and scan thie dark horizons for the approach of some new form of tyranny or terror.
BABEL OF VOICES
Among tihe victoi-s there is a babel of voices. among the vanquished the sullen silence of despair. That is all that Europeans, grouiped in so many ancient staites and nations, and that is all that the Germanic raees have got by tearing eacih other to pieces and sprea(ling havoc far and wide. Indeed, but for the fact that the great republic across the Atlantic Ocean at length realized that the ruin or en- slavement of Europe would involve her own fate as well, and strctched out hands of sticcotir and guidance; but for that, t:ie Dark Ages would have retuirned in their cruelty and squalor. They may still return.
Yet all the while there is a remedy whichi, if it were generally and spolilaneously adopted by the great majority of people in niany lands, would as if by a miracle transform the whiole scene and would in a few years make all Europe, or the greater part of it, as free and as happy as Switzerland is to-day.
What is this sovereign remedy ? It is to recreate the European fabric, or as much of it as we can, and to provide it with a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety, and in freedom. We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living. The process is simple. Afl that is needed is the resolve of hundreds of millions of men and women to do right instead of wrong and to gain as their reward blessing instead of cursing.
Mtuch work has been done upon this task by the exertions of the pan-European' union which owes so much to and which commanded the services of the famous French patriot and statesman Aristide Briand. There is also that immense body which was brought into being
amidst high hopes after the first world war- the League of Nations. The league did not fail because of its principles or conceptions. It failed because those principles were deserted by those States which had brought it into being, because the Governments of those States feared to face the facts and act while timc remained. This disaster must not be repeated. There is therefore much know- ledge and material with which to build, and also bitter, dearly bought experience to spur.
I was very glad to read in the newvspapers a few days' ago that my friend President Truman had expressed his interest and sym- pathy with this great design.
There is no reason why a regional organiza- tion of Europe should in any way conflict with the world organization of the UIited Nations. On the contrary, I believe that the larger synthesis can only survive if it is founded upon broad natural groupings. There is already a natural grouping in the western hemisphere. We British have our own com- monwealth of nations. These do not weaken, on the contrary they strengthen, the world organization. They are in fact its main support.
And why should there not be a European grotup, which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism and common citizenship to the dis- tracted peoples of this mighty continent ? And why shouil(i it not take its rightful place with other great groupings and help to shape the honotirable destiny of man ?
""VAIN PASSION""
In order that this may be accomplished there must be an act of faith in w.hich the millions of families, speaking many languages, must con- sciously take part.
We all know that the two world wars through which we have passed arose out of the vain passion of the newly united Germany to play a dominating part in the world. in this last struggle crimes and massacres have been committed for which there is no parallel since the invasion of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, no equal at any time in human history. The guilty must be punished. Germany must be deprived of the power to rearm and make another aggressive war.
But when all this has been done, as it will be done, as it is being done, then there must'be an end to retribution. There must be wihat Mr. Gladstone, many vears ago, called the "" blessed act of oblivion."" We must all turn otir backs tipon the horrors of the past and we must look to the future. We cannot afford to drag forward across the years that are to come, hatredsand revenges which have sprung from the injuries of the past. If Europe is to be saved from infinite misery and indeed from final doom, there must be this act of faith in the European family, this act of oblivion against all crimes and follies of the past.
Can these peoples of Europe rise to the heights of the soul and of the instinct and spirit of man ? If they could, the wrongs and injuries which have been inflicted would have been washed away on all sides bv the miseries which have been endured. Is there any need for further floods of agony ? Is the only lesson of history to be that mankind is unteachable ? Let there be justice, mercy, and freedom. The peoples have only to will it and all will achieve their hearts' desire.
I am now going to say something that will astonish you. The first step in the recreation of the European family must be a partnership between France and Germany. In this way only can France recover the moral and cultural leadership of Europe. There can be no revival of Ettrope without a spiritually great France and a spiritually great Germany.
The structure of the United States of Europe will be such as to make the material strength of a single State less important. Small nations will count as much as large ones and gain their honiour by a contribution to the common cause. The ancient states and princi- paNties of Germany, freely joined for mutual convenience in a federal system, might take their individtial places among the United States of Europe,
FOUR FREEDOMS
j shall not try to make a detailed programme. There are hundreds of millions of people who want to be happy and free, prosperous and safe, who wish to enjoy the four freedoms of which the great President Roosevelt spoke, and live in accordance with the principles embodied in the Atlantic Charter.
If this is their wish, if it is the wish of Euro- peans from many lands, they have only to say so and means can certainly be found and the machinery erected to carry that wish to full fruition.
Btit I must give you warning. Time may lbe short. At present there is a breathing space. The cannons have ceased firing. The fighting has stopped, but the dangers have not stopped. If we arc to form a United States of EuLope, or whatever name it may take, we must begin now.
In these present days we dwell strangely and precariously under the shield, and I will even say protection, of the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb is still only in the hands of a State and nation which we know will never use it except in the catise of right and freedom, but it may well be that in a few years this awful agency of destruction will be widesprcad and that the catastrdplhe following fronm its use by several warring nations will noC only bring to an end all that we call civilizationi but may possibly disintegrate the globe itself.
I must now sum tip the propositions which arc hefore you.
Our constant aim must be to btiild and fortify the strength of the United Nations organization. Under and within that world concept we must recreate the European family in a regional structure called-it may be-thc United State.s of Europe, and the first practical step will be to form a Council of Europe.
If at first all the States of Europe are not willing or able to join a union we must never- theless proceed to assemble and combine those who will and those who can.
The salvation of the common people of every race and of cvery larnd from war and servitude must be established on solid founda- tions, and must be crcated by the readiness of all men and women to (lie rather than to submit to tyranny.
In all this urgent work France and Germany must take the lead together. Great Britain the British Commonwealth of Nations, mighty America, and, I trust, Soviet Russia-for then, indeed, all would be wvell-must be the friends and sponsors of the new Europe and must champion its right to live.
Therefore I say to you: "" Let Europe arise."" -Reuter.";"September 20, 1946";"";50561;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Recreating The European Family";""
"['From Our Diplomatic Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Mr. Averell Harriman, during a brief visit to London yesterday, had talks with the Prime Minister, Mr. Eden, and other Ministers on the development of western defence through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. There was also some discussion of the Anglo- Persian oil dispute.
General Eisenhower left Paris yesterday by air for Washington, where he is to confer with President Truman on questions relating to the defence of the west.
NEW DIPLOMATIC
DISCUSSIONS
PRELUDE TO U.N.
ASSEMBLY
From Our Diplomatic Correspondent
A short visit by Mr. Harriman to London yesterday and a call by the French Ambassador, M. Massigli, on Mr. Eden initiated important diplomatic con- versations which will be continued when Foreign Ministers meet in Paris next week for the General Assembly of the United Nations. Mr. Eden goes to Paris te-morrow and expects to stay for a week or 10 days.
Mr. Harriman is now director of the United States Mutual Security Admini- stration, which has responsibility for dis- tributing the equivalent of £2,500m. authorized by Congress for military and economic aid to allied and other countries. Iiis brief visit to London-he arrived from Washington in the morning and went on to Paris in the evening-was mainly in connexion with his work as chairman of the temporary committee of 12 of the North Atlantic Council, and its executive bureau of three, in which M. Jean Monnet, of France, and the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer are his colleagues.
The committee has been given the task of producing a joint arms programme which will be adequate to make Europe safe against military aggression as soon as possible and at the same time take account ot the economic and financial difficulties which the rearmament effort has created for European partners, including the United Kingdom. The committee's report, which Mr. Harriman hopes will be ready before the next meeting of the North Atlantic Council, will doubtless help the Mutual Security Administration to decide in what forms and in what directions American aid can most usefully be applied to achieve the joint programme.
GUEST OF MR. CHURCHILL After seeing Mr. Eden, Mr. Harriman, with Mr. Gifford, the American Ambassador, was the guest of the Prime Minister at luncheon. Mr. Eden, Mr. Butler, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Lord Leathers, the Sccretary of State for the Coordination of Transport, Fuel, and Power, were also present. After luncheon Mr. Harriman had further talks wiLh Mr. Butler at the Prime Minister's house.
There was, it is learned, some conversa- tion on the oil dispute between this country and Persia. Mr. Harriman explaining to the British ministers the background of his efforts to bring about a settlement. The whole emphasis in the talks was, however, on the development of western defences through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Mr. Harriman said afterwards that he found the British Ministers "" all in full sup- port of our work in Paris and the development as soon as possible of a strong combined defence in the North Atlantic."" He expected to be in Paris about a month to finish his work in the temporary committee, and he might be back in London again at the end of ihat time for more discussionrs.
The French Ambassador left London last night to be in Paris during Mr. Eden's stay. The ambassador's call on the Foreign Secre- tary earlier in the day was, it is believed, to indicate questions which M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, wishes to discuss with Mr. Eden. The one uppermost in M. Schuman's mind is, it may be supposed, that of closer Anglo-French cooperation to pro- mote European union.
EUROPEAN ARMY
Mr. Morrison, when Foreign Secretary, gave his support to the proposed European army as a solution of the Franco-German problem which was necessary also for western defence. M. Schuman, as he said in a speech the other day, has come to the conclusion that the exist- ence of a European army is not conceivable without a supra-national political authority to decide how it is to be used. He will wish to know the extent to which France can rely on the support and cooperation of the new British Government to bring such an authority into being.
Relations with Germany will probably be in the forefront of Mr. Eden's discussions with both M. Schuman and the Secretary of State, Mr. Acheson. It was the western Powers' intention that their separate but related negotiations with the Federal Gov- ernment should come to fruition about the same time, before the next meeting of the North Atlantic Council (which was to have been held on November 24, but which may be postponed until mid-December). On the one hand, agreement would have been reached wnith the Federal Government on a treaty transforming Germany's status from that of an occupied to a sovereign Power. On the other, sufficient agreement would have been reached on a European army to permit the council to sanction a specific German contri- bution, within the European army, to the N.A.T.O. defence force.
RUSSIA AND GERMANY
It is probable, however, that the Soviet union has something still to say before west Germany is integrated into the western defence system. The Russian opportunity will come in the debate on the resolution in which the western Powers, at the Bonn Government's re- quest, are to invite the General Assembly to set up a commission to establish whether con- ditions in both the Federal Republic and the Russian zone would permit free elections to be held.
That the Soviet Government would actually permit free elections in its zone and the reuni- fication of Germany on a democratic basis may, at this stage at any rate, be doubted. But it may well think that a conciliatory attitude to the resolution in the Assembly would in- crease the confusion of Ger.nan sentiment between unity and security with the west, to the point of bringing about at least a delay in the fulfilment of the western Powers' po icy. The three western Foreign Ministers will doubtless discuss in advance the possible Soviet moves and thus avoid being taken by surprise.
The session of the General Assembly will bring together Ministers of many countries interested in the outcome of the British dispute with Egypt. There will be opportunities for Mr. Eden to talk with representatives of the Arab States, which so far have avoided identifying themselves rigidly with the Egyptian Government's challenge to the western Powers. The United States, France, and Turkey are directly involved in the dispute, by virtue of their championship of the Middle East Command; and in the meantime the British Government have their support for measures directly related to the protection of the Suez Canal zone and freedom of shipping in the canal. None of these steps has yet induced the Egyptian Government to call off its obstruction, and there may be need now for a clear understanding between the four Powers on positive objectives for the future of the canal zone and the appropriate measures.
These would be based on the assumptions implicit in the Middle East Command-that
GEN. EISENHOWER'S
VISIT TO U.S.
SPECULATION IN FRANCE
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 2
General Eisenhower left by air to-day for Washington, where, in the words of the official announcement issued from his headquarters this morning, he is to confer with President Truman and senior officials of the Administration about questions relating to the N.A.T.O. and western defence. The General will go first to Fort Knox to see his son, a major in the Army, and will spend two days in the capital before returning to Paris on November 7.
This "" flying visit "" has aroused much specu- lation in the French Press, which interprets its unexpectedness as an indication that all is not well with the French rearmament effort. Sharp disagreement is said to have arisen in the execu- tive bureau of the N.A.T.O. Council's tem- porary committee, now meeting in Paris, between Mr. Harriman and M. Monnet on the scope and extent of the French financial effort for rearmament next year.
This is linked with American comment on the growing malaise which the conflicting claims of defence and of other economic activity are reported to have created in Government circles.
CHANGE IN MILITARY
PLANS PROPOSED
TIME FACTOR IN N.A.T.O.
PREPARATIONS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, Nov. 2
The announcement of General Eisen- hower's journey to Washington produced a flood of rumours in this city, which prides itself on its cynical ability to discern the face of the strumpet domestic politics behind the innocent mask of even the most reasonable presidential action.
Sorne of Senator Taft's supporters, in the hope presumably of disconcerting the Eisen- hower Republicans, asserted this morning that Mr. Truman had recalled the general to offer him the Democratic nomination next year, and brought up as corroborative evidence a mysterious hand-written letter which is sup- r osed to have gone from the White House to
aris some weeks ago by special messenger.
The only explanation of the visit which nobody enjoys considering is the obvious one -that the supreme commander of the allied forces in Europe is coming home for consulta- tions about the job which he is actually doing. That would be too dull, but dull or not it seems to be true. His trip has a closer con- nexion with Mr. Harriman's recent visit than with Senator Taft's announcement that he wants very much to be President.
DRASTIC REVISION
It is understood here that the temporary committee of the North Atlantic Council has come to the conclusion that the present plans for building up European defences should be changed rather drastically. N.A.T.O. mfilitary planning has always differed from national military planning in its freedom from the kind of scrutiny which plans and budgets get in Britain from the Treasury, and in the United States from the Btreau of the Budget.
The temporary committee is now doing the job, which should have been done long ago, of making the military plans fit the available resources. What it seems to have decided is that one full-grown tiger is worth a whole litter of cubs.
A force of X divisions properly trained and equipped this year, they argue, is probably a greater deterrent to Soviet aggression and to European inflation than one of 2X, 5X, or even loX, which is planned to be ready for the supposed period of greatest danger-1954- but which at present is under strength and half- equipped. This is the possible change which General Eisenhower is coming to discuss.
MR. ACHESON CALLS ON
M. SCHUMAN
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 2
Mr. Acheson, the Secretary of State, paid what is described as a courtesy visit to M. Schuman, the Foreign Minister, this morning. He was accompanied by Mr. Bruce, American Ambassador in Paris. The visit lasted about 20 minutes. M. Schuman is leaving Paris this evening to speak in a by-election at St. Malo. He will return on Sunday, and will meet Mr. Eden that evening for a general conversation on foreign policy. Mr. Eden, Mr. Acheson. and M. Schuman are to meet for a review of the situation either on Monday or more pro- bably on Tuesday.
Four Russian aircraft arrived here to-day, bringing Mr. Malik, Mr. Pavlov, Soviet Ambassador to .France, and other members of the Russian delegation to the United Nations Assembly.
Egypt cannot in the foreseeable fuiure effec- tively guard the canal alone, and that an efficient military base in the canal zone is indispensable to the command. It may be hoped That the weight of opinion in Paris in favour of international guardianship of the Suez Canal will induce the Egyptian Foreign Minister, who is expected to attend the Assembly, to adopt a more conciliatory atii- tude. The proposals which Egypt so sum- marily rejected would, as many Egyptians realize, release her from the bonds of the unpopular Anglo-Egyptian treaty. The key to a settlement will perhaps be found to lie in a formula which would gratify Egyptian senti- ment on the related question of the unity of the Nile Valley.
Mr. Eden was received in audience by the King at Buckingham Palace last night. It is
Mr. Harriman being greeteJ by Mr. Eden at the Foreign Office yesterday. In the centre is Mr. Gifford, the American Ambassador.
announced that the United Kingdom delega- tion to the General Assembly will include Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, Minister of State, Sir Gladwyn Jebb, permanent British representative in the United Nations, Lord Tweedsmuir, and Mr. J. E. Coulson, deputy to Sir Gladwyn Jebb.";"November 3, 1951";"";52149;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Western Defence Talks In London";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"Mr. Acheson, the United States Secretary of State, is due to arrive in Paris this afternoon by air from Washingtonq for his conference with the British and French Foreign Ministers.
Before leaving Washington Mr. Acheson received a courtesy call from Mr. Vyshinsky, the Russian Foreign Minister. -
BRITAIN'S PART
IN EUROPE
U.S. EXPECTATIONS
From Our Own Correspondent
WASHINGTON, Nov. 7
Mr. Acheson, the Secretary of State, left Washington to-day for Paris. His departure was delayed for several hours by mechanical trouble in the aircraft in which he was to have travelled, and another machine was substituted. This afternoon, at the State Department, Mr. Acheson received a courtesy call from Mr. Vyshinsky.
The Secretary of State will be accompanied by a small staff headed by Mr. George Perkins, Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs. Included in the staff are Colonel Henry Byroads, director of the department for German affairs, and Mr. Paul Nitze, economic member of the Department's staff for planning policy. None of the experts on the Far East is going, and the composi- tion of the party is being taken as mean- ing that-as the Neew York Herald Tribuntre says--"" the Secretary wants the big three talks to focus almost exclusively on European Union.""
Since Mr. Hoffman spoke to the council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation last Monday there has been more than a normal amount of.muddled thinking and fuzzy definition on this subject. Mr. Hoff- man was fairly specific in his own description of economic integration."" saying that its substance would be "" the formation of a single market within which quantitative restrictions on movement of goods, monetary barriers to the flow of payments, and eventually ""-but only eventually-"" all tariffs are permanently swept away."" However, few people read the speech but many read the hcadlines-and even the New York Times headed its account:
' Hoffrnan demands action by Europe on economic union."" Integration might well be cxpected to entail more than Mr. Hoffman's definition in which only the removal of all tariff barriers goes beyond the general practice of Europe before 1939. It might at least be expected to include the planning of investmeni in Euiropean industry as a whole, which would not mean too much union and would take 10 or 15 years to produce results. Curiouslv enough, however-and this may explain wh'y comment has out-distanced Mr. Hoffman-
Webster's Dictionaryv the standard one in use here, defines integrate as "" unify,"" which Cniambers's does not.
MODERATE U.S. REQUEST
In any case any number of synonyms have been used for economic integration, among them trade merger, union, and unification- the last of these being less common than it might have been if the armed services had not quite recently made it sound somewhat ridicLIlous. But in the position of the armed services there may be a lesson. It was stated at the time of its passage that the unification Act was not a merger of the armed services. Yet it was an attempt at economic integration to the extent that the Secretary of Defence now presents a combined budget. And it was really on the budget that inter-service quarrels began.
One l^sson from this and from American experience in its State laws may well he that political and militarv union is po.siblc without economic union. but not economic union without political and military. There are after all plenty of examplcs of a central government withott a central bank, but none of a central bank without a central government. But it was nothing so definite for which Mr. Hoffman asked-in spite of what some people seem to think: he asked for instance for "" a substan- tial measure of coordination of national, fiscal and monetary policies,"" which is not a very terrifying request. In fact the speech, by the time it had been read, criticized, and amended by every department and individual interested, had had most of the specific points eliminated. with the result that when delivered it was so general that it could be-and was-taken as being all-tnclusive. Sir Stafford Cripps's speech the next day then became "" rejection "" of what Mr. Hoffman asked, and t,e Herald Tribitne can report that "" the Admih}stration may send through Mr. Acheson a virtual ultimatum that unless some concrete evidence of progress toward unity is presented before Jantiary it will not ask Congress for a third Marshail plan appropriation.""
DISAPPOINTG SPEECH
All this represents the muddle in the public mind though probably not in the Administra- tion's. That is not to say that Sir Stafford Cripps's speech was not a deep disappointment. The special relationship of Britain with the Commonwealth and the sterling area is now understood here-even more after the Septem- ber tripartite meetings-and was recognized bv Mr. Hoffman when he spoke of "" other arrangcments "" which would only involve
smaller groups of countries."" Therefore it is not understood why Sir Stafford's speech was so negative. Or why he said he thought it was unnecessary to say that Britain could not integrate its economy into that of Europe in any manner that would prejudice the full dis- charge of other responsibilities, since Mr. Hloffman had not asked Britain to do so. And his offer to "" examine sympathetically "" and
be ready to help "" gives little hope of Britain reasserting leadership in Europe. The flatness of the speech obscured the fact that the only positive proposal for lowering barriers had been his.
This afternoon, at a Press conference, Mr. lioffman was asked what he had thought of the str-eeh. and said that he was satisfied with it and had read it before it was delivered. He thought it had been misunderstood, as the United States had always accepted the fact tha! Britain had other obligations.
The most important outcome of the Septem- ber talks was that for the first time the United States showed understanding of the import- ance of the Commonwealth and the sterling area as a factor for stability, and recognized the special position of Britain. T-hat recogni- tion did not, however, mean that in the opinion of the United States Britain could now retire from the Continent. It neant accept- ance of the fact that certain things were possible for other Eutronean countries that were not possible for Britain. but not British uwithdrawal, or even British reftisal to clo things wNhich do not interfere with sterling area relationships. Nothing has changed since then -except that an atomic explosion has occurred in Russia which has at least made action more urgent.
Since September 12. when the statement wvas issued at the end or the tripartite conference. the United States has been doing all it can to carry out those things which it undertook to do. A few days later an agreement to allow 5175m. of E.C.A. money to he spent for wheat in Canada was announced. Soon after the pro- portion of synthetic rubber required in Ameri- can manufacture was 'reduced. The oil problem is bein- discuissed-with the proba- b lity that an arrangement w%ill be reached wherebv Britain can saw dolla-s on oil even if it cannot earn more. Real efforts are being mn-ide to remove anomalies of Customs pro- cedure. More important in the lon- run, a campaign is well tinder way to increa-, oversea investment and American imports. Mr. Ache- son himself devoted most of the speech at the convention of the Congress of lndustrial
HIGH COMMISSIONERS'
HOPES
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
FRANKFURT, Nov. 7
Mr. McClov. the American High Commis- sioner, said here to-night that the agenda on Germany that the Foreign Ministers are to con- sider in Paris this week would be comprehen- sive, and although decisions might not he reached on all the issues in the short time avail- able he hoped that a good basis would be found for the development of policy this winter.
The Germans. he said, had not submitted specific proposals on any subjects, and only general comments had passed between the Government and the High Commission. Pro- posals on dismantling had been expected, but no time limit was specified and he did not think it necessary for the Germans to make such proposals before the Paris meeting. Oral representations had been made by them on shipbuilding and several other points, and the High Commissioners would be able to prime the Foreign Ministers fully on German views to-day.
Mr. McCloy leaves for Paris tb-morrow, and hopes that Mr. Acheson will have time to come back with him to Frankfurt for a few days.
AN ANGLO-FRENCH-ITALIAN
MEETING
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, Nov. 7
Mr. Alexander, British Minister of Defence, who arrived here yesterday, had a talk to-day with Ni. Pleven, Minister of Defence in the new French Cabinet, and later they were joined hy Signor Pacciardi, Italian 'Minister of Defence.
The fol!owing comrimuitiqde was issued from London last night by the Foreign Office: ' As a result of the decision taken in Washing- ton on October 5, 1949. by the defence com- mittic of the North Atlantic Pact, thee Ministers of Defence of France, Italy, and the United Kingdom met in Paris on November 7. The purpose of the meeting was to put in train the organization of the Southern European- Western Mediterranean regional group. The conversations, which developed in a satis- factory manner, will continue to-morrow.
Organizations to explaining President Truman's Point 4 and there is seldom a day passes without at least one State Department official making a speech on this subject.
On tariffs-probably the thorniest problem in American politics-the Administration has shown courage which even a year ago would have seemed impossible. Mr. Hoffman immediately started a campaign for encoura- inm imports and is now considering setting up a joint merchandising council to help the sale of European goods. And on Wednesday Mr. Acheson made an important speech to the National Foreign Trade Council in New York in which he said that he could not see "" any- thing favourable "" about the famous American ' favourable trade balance "" or "" any balance in it."" "" The United States,"".he said, "" has a sericus balance of payments problem "" and suggested that it should be met by allowing "" oth*:r countries to pay for the greatly in- creased portion of our exports to them."" "" For some curious reason,"" he said, "" this solution, which seems like a very sensible onc, has not been very acceptable up to date.""
To sum up, there is disappointment with the apparent British assumption that the Septem- ber meetings meant United States approval to retire from leadership of Europe and there is greater urgency-given by the news of the Russiani atomic explosion-to the need for strengthening Europe, which cannot be done without Britain. If this sounds like interfer- ence, it probably is. Miss Anne O'Hare McCormick reported on Saturday in the New York Times after a tour of the Middle West that "" a retreat into isolationism is practically impossible for the United States, and the people know it. The sense of security and self- sufficiency is gone from this land. Gone with it. however, is the sense that what other nations do does not matter to us."" She decided that
isolationism in this country has given way to a disposition to interference which Europe may like even less thati our former indifference.""
DISMANTLING AND
SECURITY
THE GERMAN ALTERNATIVE
FRONM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN. Nov. 7
The expectations which the Federal Government entertain from the Paris dis- cussions of the three Foreign Ministers are more clearly defined to-day. There is reason to suppose that what is hoped for is a final stopping of dismantling and the provision of security to France and Great Britain, in the first place, by other means.
The proposal for the setting up of a military security committee which Dr. Adenauer, the Chancellor, made in his communication to the High Commission last week was not precisely worded, and seems to have come as a sur- prise to allied circles. The task of ensuring against futtire rearmament rests with the Military Security Board, on which sit repre- sentatives of thc three western Powers and vhich is equipped with the widest powers of supervision of scientific research and investi- gation into industrial expansion and capacity. The committee which the Federal Government has in mind would have a German member. so that mY this wvay Germany would be directiv associated with and jointly responsible for security.
There is no mistaking the earnestness with which the Chancellor is seeking to dispel foreign fears of the possibilities of German rearmament. For that reason-but not for that alone-his Government is willing to accept full membership of the Ruhr Authority, and in that way to signify its determination that the Ruhr shall not again become the arsenal of aggression. If the first efforts arc directed to resolving French doubts and misgivings, the causes lie in history and not from relic- ance to recognize the part which Great Britain has to play in the shaping of the new Europe. Indeed, there is a fear that British policy, torn between the claims of Europe and those of the Commonwealth and Empire. may turn more to the Seven Seas and less to the continental mainland.
The Federal Government, in fact. is prepared to go far in agreeing to practical meastires to satisfy the demands of Gcrmany's neighbours fo- security. None of its members regards as othei than specious Professor Ulrich Noack's plan for demilitarization and neutralization. rhe author's association with Quisling and his share in the Nazi subjugation of Norway have been publicly recalled. and are held to be sufli- cient to discount Professor Noack's present campaign.";"November 8, 1949";"";51533;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Acheson's Task In Paris";""
"['From Our Own Correspondent']";"['News']";"From Our Own Correspondent
PARIS, DEC. 2
M. Mendes-France appeared before the foreign affairs commission of the National Assembly this morning and gave an account of his recent visit to Canada and the United States.
On the Paris and London agreements con- cerning Germany he is reported to have said that the United States was ready to give its guarantee to the agreement on the statute of the Saar, and would accept coordinatine machinery for the proposed armaments control agency and for the distribution of American defence aid to the Brussels treaty countries. The Prime Minister reiterated his idea of a regional European system for the supervision and limitation of armaments, which he con- sidered to be an essential condition of a real international dSfen,e.
fhe chairman of the commission, M. Daniel Mayer, has suggested that the debate in the Assembly on the ratification of the agree- mnents should be postponed from December 14 until 20 or 21 December. This is ostensibly because the foreign affairs commission and other parliamentary bodies involved will not have time to finish their work.
DATE FOR DEBATE
It is M. Mendes-France's earnest wish that the debate should begin as planned on December 14. for the N.A.T.O. Powers have already agreed to hold their ministerial meet- ing in Paris at a later date than is really convenient, because of the debate due to be held in the Chamber between December 14 and 17. Nevertheless, he is believed to have agreed that, if the commissions have really not finished their work, the debate could begin on December 20, but oa the understanding that it should be finished by Christmas.
Two factors continue to dominate the prospects for the ratification debate. The first is the speech due to be made on Saturday by General de Gaulle. If he insists that there must be one last attempt to seek agreement with the Russians before ratification is com- pleted, his opinion could have important effects ia Parliament, particularly among some 75 deputies wbo, before the General withdrew his patronage, used to compose the Gaullist Party. There had been a growing behef that if these deputies, or some of them, should default from the approval in principle which they originally gave to the new agree- ment, the M.R.P. would, though disapproving M. Mendes-France and most of his works, step in to fill the breach and thus save the day for the new treaties.
M. SCHUMAN'S VIEWS
Speaking last night in Paris, M. Robert Schuman, while insisting upon the grave con- sequences that would follow if the treaties are not ratified by Parliament, pointed out that his party neither could nor would relieve the other parties of their responsibility, above all because those parties had themselves created the present situation (a reference to the demise of the European Defence Community treaty). The M.R.P., he added, would decide what to do when the moment arrived, and would then be able to appreciate the risks and the chances involved.
The other factor is the Saar agreement. Yesterday the Quai d'Orsay took the unusual step of issuing a sharply worded official com- ment upon the preamble to the Bill tabled recently in the Bundesrat at Bonn, which pur- ports to interpret and comment upon the agreement signed in Paris in October between Dr. Adenauer and M. Mendes-France. This comment was made almost obligatory by the indignation which had begun to manifest itself in many circles, including the foreign affairs commission itself, after the exact terms of the Bonn preamble had become known in Paris.
DISPUTED STATUS
In particular, the implication that the new statute of the Saar is not to confer upon it the status of a European territory and that the Saar will continue to be a part oD Germany within the 1937 frontiers, has offended every- body, for it is not even in keeping with the actual terms of the agreement. The most com- petent observers here consider that this cloud of the Saar, which for so long has hung over the Franco-German horizon, is still capable of spoiling the better climate that had seemed to be gaining ground after the signature of the various agreements here in October.
GERMAN ARGUMEINT ON SAAR AGREEMENT
FRONTIERS OF 1937
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEc. 2
Dr. Adenauer spent much of to-day in consultation with the Chief Ministers of the Lander about the Bills giving parlia- mentary approval to the Paris treaties.
The Bundesrat (Federal Council) has until to-morrow week to complete its study of these Bills. Its foreign policy committee met to-day and heard an exposition of the treaties from the Chancellor. Dr. Hans Ehard, the Bavarian Chief Minister and the committee's permanent chairman, is busy with preparations to form a new Government at Munich after the elec- tions, and did not attend; neither did Dr. Zinn, the Chief Minister of Hesse, for the same reason.
Dr. Adenauer had sepirate consultations with the Christian Democrat Chief Ministers, apart from Dr. Ehard, presumably to concert the attitude which their governments are to take in the Bundesrat to expedite the ratifica- tion of the treaties. Only one of these allies, Herr Altmaier, the Chief Minister of Rhine- land Palatinate, seems to be giving him any great difficulty. Herr Altmaier saw the Chancellor separately and gave him a memorandum of the objections of his Land to the Saar agreement. Rhineland Palatinate has a common frontier with the Saar. It is strongly Christian Democrat, but its special feelings about its neighbouring territory have so far outweighed its customary party loyalty.
PROVISIONAL CHARACTER
Dr. Adenauer is believed to have insisted in these consultations on the provisional character of the Saar settlement and to have defended the supporting argument which is annexed to the Bill. This is the argument that has been under criticism in Paris. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the passage of the Bill through the Federal Parliament. Still, though such an argument is designed for domestic consumption in the first place, the parties to the Saar agreement might find themselves at some time in the future standing in their relations with each other upon the ground which they are now taking up in their Parliaments.
The German argument annexed to the Bill on the Saar agreement starts out from the principle which the three westem Powers enunciated after their conference at New York in 1950, and which they stated again in the "" final act "" of the London conference two mdnths ago: "" they consider the Government of the Federal Republic as the only German Government freely and legitimately consti- tuted and therefore entitled to speak for1 Germany as the representative of the German people in international affairs.""
In spite of the present territorial limitation of its authority, says the argument, the Federal Republic "" feels itself identical "" with the German Reich in the frontiers of December 31, 1937. It is caDed upon to represent and preserve all-German interests. In pursuance of this duty it has taken every opportunity to emphasize the provisional character, "" exist- ing only de facto,"" of the present situation in the Saar, and has explicitly reserved its rights whenever it has felt that measures of the French Government or of the local authorities 'failed to take account of this provisional character, or that they injured basic rights and freedoms.
The Federal Government declares that it has always striven to improve the existing state of affairs in the Saar, and, further, has
followed the principle that Franco-German relations would benefit if conditions could be created there which took account of the interests of both States, and of the Saar popu- lation. This led it to seek a settlement of the Saar question ""on the European level,"" through the Van Naters plan. But the idea of a European settlement for the Saar was indis- solubly bound up with the European Defence Community and with the plan for a European political community. When France rejected E.D.C., the European settlement for the Saar fell to the ground
Other ways had, therefore, to be sought. They could only lead to a compromise-"" a kind of provisional modus viiendi until a final settlement of this all-German question through a peace treaty between Germany and her former opponents in war."" At least, the argument points out, the Federal Government has secured the agreement of the three Powers that this should be done through a freely negotiated peaceful settlement, not a dictated peace.
The agreement which Pr. Adenauer and M. Mendes-France reached in October sets out principles which are at the same time the substance of the new statute. But, argues the Federal Government, it does not decide in detail every matter requiring decision, so that "" it requires amplification and regulations for carrying out the principles in practice."" At no point does it contain any recognition of the situation created by France up to the present. When the Van Naters plan fell to the ground certain provisions which gave that plan its definitive and European character were discarded.
NOT BINDING
Thus the present agreement does not, as the Van Naters plan would have done, bind the two Governments to support its continuance at the peace settlement. It does not make the Saar a European territory. It is therefore clear, the Federal Government maintains, that the Saar continues to be a part of Germany within the frontiers of 1937-though, natur- ally, subject to the final determination of frontiers at the peace settlement. The statute is a "" European statute "" only in the sense that its provisions are "" set ill the framework of the Western European Union,"" the Council of Ministers of which appoints the commis- sioner and supervises his activities. This arrangement was necessary, the argument points out, in order to transfer the protection of the interests of the Saar-hitherto exercised by France alone-to an organ in the control and supervision of which France and the Federal Republic will be equally represented.
DUTlES OF FRONTIER
FORCE
PROTEST TO BONN
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 2
The French High Commission in Germany has expressed to the Federal Government its ""astonishment"" at the opinions stated to the Press by General Matzky, the commander of the Federal Frontier Force, at the end of the manoeuvres which the force carried out last week along the Danube in Bavaria.
These manoeuvres were based on an assump- tion that the line of the Danube was a frontier being crossed by a "" red "" invading force, and that the task of the Federal Frontier Force was to hold up the invader until the military forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Powers could arrive to engage him.
General Matzky in his Press interview drew the conclusion that the Federal Frontier Force needed 60,000 instead of 20,000 men, as well as a heavier armament than is now permitted; he mentioned anti-tank, anti-aircraft, and high trajectory weapons (presumably mortars). The request for mortars was made once before by Dr. Lehr, Minister of the Interior in Dr. Adenauer's last Govemment, but did not meet with the agreement of the Allied H4igb Commission.
"" BLACK REICHSWEHR""
In the French view it is no part of the duties of the Federal Frontier Force to repel invasions at all. That is the responsibility of the North Atlantic Treaty Powers. The force needs neither the numbers nor the armaments appropriate to such a task; it exists merely to watch the frontiers and to guard against infiltration, not invasion. When the Paris agreements are ratified, the Federal Republic will become one of the North Atlantic rreaty Powers itself, and will make its contribution within that framework to the defence of west Germany against any threat of invasion.
Pressure for the building up of forces out- side that framework might easily be interpreted in France as aimed at the creation of a "" black Reichswehr."" French opinion would receive it unfavourably, and in this French view it would not facilitate the ratification of the Paris agreements.
The French protest took exception only to General Matzky's reported statements, and not to last week's manoeuvres themselves, though it seems clear that the manoeuvres gave the Federal Frontier Force a role which the French Government considers inappropriate. Controlled by the Federal Minister of the Interior, the Frontier Force is officially regarded by the Allied High Commission as a civilian body, not a military force. Offici- ally, too, its permitted strength is 10,000. but the Allied High Commission has raised no objection in practice to its increase to the present strength of about 17,500.
W. GERMAN CAPITAL
DEVELOPMENTS
PARTNERSHIP WITH U.S.
CHEMICAL FIRMS
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
BONN, DEC. 2
Farbwerke Hoechst, one of the suc- cessors of I.G. Farben, the former German dye trust, has entered into part- nership with American chemical firms to establish a company in Brazil for the manufacture of chemical products.
The group proposes to set up a factory near Sao Paulo for potassium chloride elec- trolysis and for the manufacture of textile processing materials, solvents, and D.D.T. One of the American partners is R. W. Grace and Company. The new company will have a capital equivalent to about 25m. marks, and. it is announced, will also have a credit from the Export-Import Bank in Washington.
Federal Government support for three other export undertakings planned by German heavy industrial firms was discussed to-day by the Bundestag committee on economic policy. The committee approved a Government proposal to release 100m. marks from European Recovery Programme counterpart funds for three big projects. The first of these, a joint project of Krupps and the engineering firm Demag is to receive a credit of 50m. marks from these funds. Another consortium led by Krupps is to get 22m. marks, and 28m. marks is earmarked for a consortium led by the Bochumer Verein.
SOCIALISTS' OBJECTION
Details were not announced, but it seems probable that the credit of 50m. marks refers to the joint Krupps-Demag project for a steel works in India. The establishment of a company for this purpose, with its seat at Duisburg, was announced in January. The credit proposals, which have still to receive final approval from the Bundestag. were passed by the committee against the opposi- tion of the Social Democrats, who said to-day that they objected to a restricted circle of big firms being "" favoured "" in this way. The Social Democrats would have preferred some, at least, of these credits to go to smaller firms which are less well placed for raising long- term capital in the market.";"December 3, 1954";"";53105;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sharp French Comment On Saar ""Interpretations""";""
"['Laurent Leblond', 'Serge-Allain Rozenblum']";"['News']";"The range of personalities elected to the Elurope.an Parliament ensures that the institution, whatever its political
S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-aiy These
limitations, is not lacking in vitality. These two
articles review the style of the assembly and some of the characters who sit in it
At the new European Parlia- ment, some members have already made their mark-out- standing linguists, chairmen of multinationals, or dedicated human rights campaigners.
The British Conservatives in- clude some of the most accom- plished members.
Mr David Curry, aged 35, won a Kennedy Scholarship in 1966 to study in the United States, where he attended Dr Henry Kissinger's lectures at Harvard. He speaks perfect French and is married to a French woman. He is a journa- list and has been in charge of European affairs on the Finan- cial Times since 1975.
He makes no bones about the reasons for his presence in Strasbourg. "" After Brussels and Paris, I would be limiting my horizons if I went back to live in London, where they are still debating the issues of 20 years ago, such as the distribu- tion of wealth "", he said. ""But the root of the problem lies elsewhere: the United King- dom has lost its position in the world, so we need new ideas."" This is whv, he confided, "" several of my political friends elected to the Euro- pean Parliament infuriate me because they are exporting intrinsically British ideas "".
Another journalist (there are 53 in Strasbourg) is Lord Nich- olas Bethell, aged 41, who has written for The Titnes, worked for the BBC, and published a biography of Wladyslaw Gomulka. Educated at Harrow, he reads Arabic and speaks Russian. He has been in the European Parliament since 1975 and has specialized in European consumer affairs and human rights in the Soviet block, where he is no longer allowed to travel.
The most gifted linguist of the 410 is probably Mr Robert Battersby, aged 55. He gra- duated in Russian and modern Greek at Cambridge and stu- died at the Sorbonne. He also speaks Italian, Spanish and German, and has some know- ledge of Arabic, Chinese and several Central European lan- guages. Before becoming a principal administrator in the European Commission in Brus- sels, Mr Battersby acquired sound business experience as sales manager of the building company Contractors Ltd.
Mr Battersby's contemporary Sir David Nicholson is chair- man of Rothmans Internation- al, and wvas chairman of British Airways from 1971 to 1975. Nor is he the only senior exec- utive of a multinational among Mrs Thatcher's friends in Strasbourg. Mr Peter Beazley, aged 57, is one of ICI's man- agers in Europe. He speaks four foreign languages and knows West Germany particu- larly wel-l, having lived there for seven years.
Mr Madron Seligman is marketing director of the 60- company APV Group, but this perhaps tells us less about the man than his Harrow education, his membership of the Royal Institute of Foreign Affairs and the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and his hobbies: music, garden- ing and cricket
Miss Norvela Forster, a wvalking enthusiast and squash player, has no reason to be intimidated by these men. She is chairman of her own mar ketiDg consuitancy and art officer of the British Associa- tion of Women Company Directors.
Of the Tory Lords, one of the most striking personalities at the European Parliament is Baroness Diana Elles, a barris- ter educated not only in Eng- land but also at the Sacred Heart in Florence and the Cours Dupanloup in Paris. She was a wartime WRAF officer. The Baroness sat in the E-uro- pean Parliament before the elections and was a member of the British delegation to the United Nations, after which she wrote a report for. the United Natipns on the rights of aliens,
She had the idea of .forming the Europe4n Commnunity Yout.h Orchestra, wvhich Mr Edward Heath:-conducted.
Another member of. the nobi- lity is the young Marquess of Douro, a director of an Ameri- can investment company who is also a farmer and a member of the National Farmers' Union. Lord- O'Iagan is roughly the same age (34) and went to Eton, which did not prevent--hint from turning up in jeans to the pre-election- Parliament. where he sat as an independent and was wont tO adopt an anti-establishment stance. He now sports a suit of impeccable cut, which could have something to do with his marriage to Princess Tamara Imeretinsky.
The former counsellor at the British Embassy in Paris, Mr John de Courcy Ling, summa- rized the views of the. That- cherites in Strasbourg- ""The future of Europe is in the centre and depends on under- standing between M Giscard d'Estaing's party and the Bri- tish Conservatives"". He was not afraid to add that ""the
two countries are lucky enough to have th'e support of the German economy "" as though West Germany had no political weight. Last but not least of these blue-blooded Bri- tish members, Lord Harmar- Nicholls, aged 67, has served in. the Indian Army and was at one stage opposed to Britain's entry into the Community.
Unlike this old soldier of the British Empire, two members are so commnitted to the Euro- pean cause that one acquired dual nationality and the other changed his nationality in order to gain a seat in the European Parliament. The first of these is the son of the last Emperor of Austria, Archduke. Otto de Habsburg who, although retaining his Austrian nationality, acquired West Ger- man citizenship in order to gain election on the Bavarian
Social Christian list. The other is Mr Jiri Pelikan, a Czech political refugee since the -Soviet invasion of his country in 1968, who was stripped: of. his nationality and took Italian citizenship in order to stand as a Socialist.
"" am so completely Euro- pean that this did not repre- sent the slightest problem to me "", the Archduke explained. "" Moreover, I have spoken to Jiri Pelikan and our approaches are parallel, since we want to show by our pre- sence that East Europe, where there are no human rights, is not forgotten.""
For the Archduke, Europe means above all a c ommon cul- ture founded on the individual rights established by Chris- tianity, ali of which is a. far cry from the European cam- paign.
The Archduke devoted part of his European electoral cam- paign in Bavaria to the adop- tion of French as the lingua franca of Europe, and he now chairs a European Parliansent study aild action grdoiu ^n the French language which ias set tip this autumn. Thus an Aus- tro-German citizen finds him- self at the head of a transila- tional committee made up of Italians (including Signorina Susanna Agnelli, sister of the head of Fiat), Belgians (in- cluding Mme Antoinette Spaak of the Front des Franco- phones), and French members of all political creeds, notably the Academician M Maurice Druon, the former Minister for Cultural Affairs.
In- his political group, the European People's Party, the Archduke sits alongside the former President of the Bun- destag and the European Chris- tian Democratic Group, Herr Kai-Uwe von Hassel, the insti- gator of the European Parlia- ment debate on arms. Some of Herr von Hassel's French col- leagues were bitterly critical of him for having att6npted to widen the powers of the Par- liament, especially in view of his position at the head of the Western European Union, whose province this was.
Among, the other leading international figures, several are members of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Herr Oskar Vetter, president -of the powerful confederation of Ger- man trade unions (EGB), represents the West Germnan labour movement. Frau Luise Herklo(tz is one of Herr Willy Brandt's supporters concerned with cultural affairs, leading a European committee on -the pro- tection of the architectural and
cultuwal heritage of the old Continent.
Of t.he French, several members of the Union pour le Democratie F1rancaise (UDF), such as M Jean Lecanuet and M Pierre Pflhrndln, have always been convinced Europeans and, moreover, played an important role under the Fourth Repub- lic in the launching of the Community. Few of them,(how- ever, have experience of Asia, with the limited exception of M Edgar Faure, a former pros- ecutor at Nuremburg and one of the initiators of Firance's recognition of China in 1964. Other exceptions can be found among the Socialist members, such aQ Dr Gerard Jacuet, vice- president of the European
Movement, and M Maurice Faure, one o-f the negotiators of the Treaty of Roene.
The French personality with perliaps the most international outlook appeared on one of the Ktwo lists of people who cam- paigned on the most nationalis- tic lines: Mme Louise Weiss, aged 86, former editor of Europe Nouvelle, confidante of M Aristide Biriand and M Jean Monnet, founder of the Insti- tut des Sciences de la Paix.
Mr jiri Pelikan came to Stras- bourg, as he said, to ."" ar,ry on the struggle for freedom after the dfe£at of August, 1978 "". On his arrival in the capital of Alsace, he held a press con- ference to arouse public opinion. He began by suggest-
ing the formation of a commit- tee on human rights in the European Parliament. (The Council of Europe already has one.) As a practical measure, he got as many members as would agree to sign a petition for the release of 10 Czechoslo- vak Charter 77 campaigners who had been arrested.
An old friend of Mr Pelikan -the two men have known each other for 30 years-is another who could not be accused of apathy. This is Signor Marco Paniiella, who ;had actually invited Mr Pelikan to stand as a candidate for the Radical party but, as he acknowledges, ""I fully understand that he could have been unicomfortable about soine of our policies"".
Indeed the Italian Radicals have been making a name for them- selves with their campaign in Italy in favour of'divorce, abor- tion, conscientious obiec.tion and homosexual rights. Signor Pannella had a'brush with the Sofia authorities in 1968 wvhen demonstrating against the entry by Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia.
The other Radical members are no laggards when it comes to militancy. Signora Emma Bonino, aged 31, was arrested in June, 1975 and spent several days in prison before being released on bail. The Italian authorities still accuse her (she has not yet been tried) of being an accessory to abortions by running a pregnancy termina-
and
Serge-Allain Rozenblum
tibn 'advrice- Uin'eau. She has since -von' a seat: ini the Italian Parliament and is a convinced feminist. However, she intends to extend her horizons beyond this cause and become a spokes- man of m['orities.
The other Radical member is rnore of an intellectual, but no conformist. The ' ""enfant ten ible of communisn
Signora Maria-Antonierra Macciocchi gained her seat after the recent resignation ot Signor Leonardo Sciascia, th- Sicilian wvriter who -decided to restrict himself to rthe single mandate of being an Italian Member of Parliament so that he could take a close hand m the proceedings of the commis- sion of inquiry into the assas- sination of the Christian Demo- crat leader, Signor Aldo Moro.
Before being elected as Mem- ber of Parliament for Naples in 1968, Signora Macciocchi had been a long-serving militant in the. Italian Communist party, which she joined in 1942. But she claims that she has never been a Stalimist. Admittedly,.she was rather unsettling in her pro- claimed sympathy for the 1968 student movement Moreover. the interest in the Chinese experiment which she .showed in her.book De la Chine, pub- lished in 1971, marked the beginning of her estrangement from tie Italian Comraunist party.
Relations -continued to deter- iorate thereafter, because of her hostility to the for;nula of the ""historic compromise 'i betwveen Communists and Christian Democrats. In the end her attendance at the far-left rally -held in Septembexr, 197Th in Bologna-the citadel of Italian communism-led to her exclu- sion from the Communist Parts.
These Italian nilitants are not on strange territory in Snrasbourg, however. Signor Pannella has been the Paris correspondent of ll Giorno. Signora Macciocchi has lived in France for much of the timne since 1962;. a former Paris correspondent of the Communist daily L'Unita, she now lectures in sociology -at Vincennes University and recently, at the Sorbonne, she presented a political science thesis on her collected worlks.
Indeed, the Radical party consciously seeks to be interna- tionalist in its causes, in its action and also in its choice of leadership. Significantly, its president is a Frenchman, M Jean Fabre, aged 32, who in 1977 was sentenced, in his absence, by the armed forces standing tribunal to four months' imprisonment for sending back his national ser- vice papers. He was sent- to
Fresnes prison late in Octo- ber, and party members were refused leave by the French authorities to visit him on the eve of their conference. Even- tually he was freed on November 28 and exempted fromn military service.
As for Signor Mario Capanna, the Italian extreme left-wing mnember, he has already drawvn attention to himself with a speech in which he addressed the assembly fDr several minutes-in Latin.
Having made a close scru- tiny of the Parliament's rules of procedure, the Italian Radi- cals tabled several thousand aijiendinents. As passionate supporters of international action against famine Signori Pannella, Bonino and Maccioc- chi began their campaign by announcing tragic news: 60 million people, including 17 million children, could be dying of starvation each year. They then put forward totally new proposals for the forma- tion of international brigades to combat hunger, working in all countries affected, and the foundation of an organization "" of the Amnesty International type ,-
Using less spectacular methods, the Methodist preacher Mr Winston Griffiths, is another -who works fnr ti""? great international causes. A lIAbour mrember onrn ai -JLI.i Africa 35 years ago, he has always taken the keenest in- terest in international affairs, especially the development of the Third World. He and the Irish MP Mr Richie Ryan are the only MEPs to belong to Amnesty International. How- ever, Mr Ryan's backg-ound is rather more conventional: a member of Fine Gael (the party at present in opposition), he has held office as the Irish Minister of Finance, has been a director of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and a governor of the European Investment Bank, and he was Amnesty Interna- tonal's special envoy to the Middle East in 1969 and 1970.
This handful of dedicated human rights campaigners shows the better face of Eurrope, allovwing it to give many countries ravaged by dic- tatorships and torture a demonstration, albeit imper- fect, of how freedom works. Moreover, it is there that Europe's strength lies rather than in the wrangling over the extension of the European Par- liamenfts powers.
Laurent Leblond";"January 8, 1980";"";60518;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europa";""
"['Nicholas Wapshott']";"['News']";"PeterShoe -
:- --- - : .. Peter Shore .
What sodft:of Prime Mtinister.r'would Mr i Peter Shore make'? It 'is 'not' an idle I specuilation. for the Labour-s jooesman on foreign affairs is among. those ready-to stand for the' Labour leadetship.'.vhen Mr Callaghan retires. And of di .front run- ners, Mr Shore is the quietest'and perhaps the.mfost likely to succeed. -
Within the party he is seen as' a man wiifi sol-id left-wing beliefs but for whom the successful application of policies is ain essential part of: their formulation. He is a principled and practical. man, an unexcitable, almost pondgrous person whose political impetus depends upon finding, the most direct way of achievi3fg socialist aims. Both' Mrs Shirley Williams and Mr Michael Foot, it is said, privately nanie hiin -as the man they' would prefer to become the next Labour leader.
He is both too shrewd and too coy to make his intentions clear.'A question to him about the leadership provokes a suitably unpushy answer: ""The present leader, Mr Callaghan, enjoys great confi- dence and support in -the country. He alone will decide when he should lay down his responsibilities. I shall consult my friends and take soundings when that time comes."" But Mr Shore's ambition does include the leadership.
His appeal in any leadership election will depend to a great extent-on his having remained aloof from the left/right battles which have preoccupied the Labour Party this year. His ideological stance is neitler the social democratic, crypto-monetarism of Mr Denis Healey nor the alternative socialist strategy of Mfr Tony Benn.
Mr Shore proposes a clear direction for the Labour Party to follow. It goes beyond the domestic arguments from the left, about the feasibility of Anthony Crosliand's socialism through economic grcwth, and rejects monetarism out of hand. He believes that the world reces- sion could be cured by the concerted application of ' socialist and Keynesian techniques' and, until the rest of the world can be persuaded to follow suit, he suggests that Britain should start off on this solution alone, protected by the strength of its oil reserves.
""During the 30 years after 1945, life and work for millions of British people was transformed 'h he explained. ""We have a far more egalitarian society. Our prosperity has greatly increased. We have been better housed, clothed and fed- than ever before. We are a more tolerant and humane society. The status of women has notably improved. Most important, human relationships have greatly changed; they are more relaxed, less governed at the work place and outside by deference, status and fear.
""Yet, many Labour Party people are equally convinced that nothing worthwhile has been achieved ; that we are still the heinless victims of market forces; that we have to start virtuallv from scratch to build a democratic socialist society.
"" There is. of course, much more to be done in Britain. But the mass of the public, including Labour suDporters, are aware of the great and beneficial chances of the post-war years. Thev have, how- ever, a clear and correct view that we have not done nearly as well as many other similar countries, and that change has brought with it new problems and uncertainties.""
The British economic malaise has been agagraiated- by two main forces, Mr Shore told a Fabian meeting in Cardiff in February 1978. ""Those who can most directly influerice investment in industry and those wsho can create that atmosphere of' confidence so imwortant to. investment are increasingly defeatist and' gloomy- and therefore reluctant to invest.'
""Those, the trade unions, who have I gained a power equal to that ojf industrial management have yet to win a new role and to assume those new responsibilities in industry and society' which their own strength demands. And until they do, their old' role, sifnple collective bargaining on behalf -of their members for the maximum share in profits, will become increasingly sterile.""
Mr Shore is certain, however, that Britain and the world need not be sub- jected to the present slump. ""I do not accept that -the present British slump nor the world recession are inevitable-any more'than was the protracted slump of the inter-war years. Getting out of our present difficulties will not be painless, Concerted action with other leading industrial nations is by far the best solution and I believe that a great chance was missed at the recent Venice Summit. - -
""'But- there is much that we can do ourselves,- Mrs Thatcher has shown during the- past'year just how much government is- capable of damaging the economy. Equally. government is capable of assisting economic, expansion if it has the will to do so. The needs of rnankind-the majority of the 4.000 million people with-'whom we share this planet-have scarcely- been touched. ' '
"" The world will have to husband its finite resources, but with so many wants to be'satisfied, it would be ludicrous to assert that there is no longer the need for economic expansion; for- the output of our machinery and our labour.
"" We - want a successful ard expanding economy. I have no doubt that, in achieving this, we shall need to extend public ownership, particularly in manu- facturing industry, to obtain the necessary expansion and innovation in our industry and to counter the long standing weakness on - the supply side of our economy..
C We want to eliminate poverty as it affects individuals, families and run-down areas of our country. This will reouire a sustained'high level of social expenditure; effective regional and inner city policy, and strong supporting tax measures."".
It was his belief in Keynesian and socialist solutions to the slump that caused Mr Shore to argue persistently in the last Labour Cabinet, against the deflatio'nary-monetarism of Mr Healey. It was during those long Cabinet meetings,
putting forward arguments dga-inst the need for the deflationary policies which followed froim the International Monetary Fuhd loan in September 1976, that Mr Shore so impressed his colleagues. Those who disagreed were forced-to rethink their views and explain their logic thoroughly. Mr Benn, who was in favour of a more conventional socialist approach, was not given. suhoh a- hearing.
Mr Shore -believes that, had his policy been followed, British output would have benefited. ""I thought that the EMF approach was outdated. Thev had not taken into account their own role and how they should play it in a world which h~ad univer.sal balance of payments problems. caused by the rise in the price of oil, whlich affected every developed country.
y' And I do' not ihinik sufficient attention was paid to our own rapidly growing oil
Contender for the Labour leadership most likely to succeed ?
strength. The argument that at any time the country was going to run out of liquid assets was ludicrous. I was anxious to keep us awvay from the IMF. There might have needed to be selective import controls for a while to protect the balance of trade and our industries.""
Trained as a political economist at King's, Cambridge, he was appointed Sec- retary of State for Economic Affairs by
Sir Harold Wilson in 1967. And, although i he presided over the end of the DEA, his econonlic wisdom has been well used since
by the Labaur leadership, particularly as I OnpOsition spokesman on Europe, from 1971-74, and as -Secretary of State for Trade, between 1974-76.
He has a thorough contempt for I monetarism. "" It alwrays seems to me to be I almost irrelevant. I don't think that.it was until about 1976, when monetarism became fashionable, that anyone seriously consid- ered monetary policy as being in any way crucial and relevant to economic success.
'I wasn't easily persuaded that it was of immense and overwhelming importance when the fashion struck in 1976. Money always seems to me a most round-about way of achieving things. And that your measure of success should be vour control of the money sunply is unbelievable.""
The essential inRredient to Mr Shore's vlan to persist with Keynesianism in the face of monetarist fashion is the wealth of oil under the North Sea. "" Oil is almost the same as currency. There is no question that vou can sell it. There is no question that it is there. And so instead of looking at vour gold and dollar reserves in the YIAW fund, you have literally tens of i thousands of millions in oil.""
Using this oil strength as a guarantee, a programme of economic regeneration could take place, founded unon a sound counter-inflation policy. ""Trade union involvement in the economv is a real factor. It is not a creation of the Labour Party. The unions have a considerable influence over national economic policy. To involve them in that policy has been considered imoortant bv every government since the creation of the Neddies in 1962.
"" I think that trade unions have come of age. In those days they were demanding a position in taking decisions. But I think i that union sense of what is Dossible by I government has been rather dramatically. I painted bv events in the past 18 months,
and the last three or four years..
""The unions do not want a prices and incomes policy, but thev are aware that the options are not all that numerous. To make a success of counter-inflation policy and economic policy, a Labour government ! has alsn to think what the unions are able
to do. They are democratic and it is their I members who in the end decide how far
they can go.""
|Married to this trade union cooperation would be a system of industrial democracy. ""The main thing is that the board members should be elected, rather than whether they should be trade union- ists or not."" And union refnrm? ""If it wasn't being stuffed down their throats, I many of the union leaders would be quite I sympathetic to it.""
As for the EEC. cc I ceitainly do not rile I out withdrawal. The decision to join the
Common Market was the biggest single error of national policy in the post-wvar period. I strongly opposed Biitain's mem- bership before we went in, and I cam- paigned in the 1975 referendum -for our withdrawal. i-is clear to most people now that Britain's problems in the Common Market are not transitional, but that they are deep-seated and entrenched both in the terms of the Treaty of Accession and in the rules of the Common Market itself.
""The underlvang question for:Britain is whether we wish to be an independent, self-governing democracy and whether we have the will and steady purpose, in spite of the difficulties that will arise, to insist upol it. I believe that we have.
"" The first thing we have to do is to reclaim the powers of the people,. the sovereign powers of Parliament that were so disgracefully surrendered toD the
I.
Brussels institution. That is the key d- cision from which all else will follow. If the EEC accepts that its own future lies with alliance and agreement between its nation. states, well and good.
""If it insists upon its original course of achieving a European union, we shall not go with them; for the shape of. Britain cannot be made to fit the mould set by our continental neighbours.""
It is just such rhetoric, delivered -in sub-Churchillian. tones, his hair floppin- over his still youthful face, that his suip- -porters consider to be an asset in plat- form speaking and on television. For Mr Shore is a socialist who is not afrhaid to boast that he is British. In gove&P ment he ivas always worried in case de- cisions should be considered ""unfair "" by the British public.
And his speeches ,are scattered with sentences such. as this: `;It will not be easy to 'succeed and we will certainly need --to draw heavily on those other and equally marlked qualities of the British people-: their capacity for self-discipline, their commitment to fairness and fair play, their strong resolve to remaain a free and self-governing nation.""
But there is also a feelLing among Shdre I men that he does not do himself and his
poiicies justice by ignoring the need tcr I curry popularity. HTe keeps to the wide
issues and rarely stoops to the in-fighting, which is so commonplace in the Labour Party. He is incapable of blowing his owni trumpet and has a strong sense of loyalty: which prevents him from making known' and exploiting his differences with thIe Ieconomic policies of the last Labour
Cabinet.
He also finds it difficult to take the easy option if it Mseans keeping quiet about his own convictions. He opposed the sending of athletes to the Aloscow Olympics and isupported all but the military aspects of 1 President Carter's sanctions against the I Iranian revolution. Nor does he follow the
popular lin-e on the three constitutional !issues to be debated again at the Labour
Party conference this week.
l He believes reselection should be dis-
retionary, not manldatory. HIe thinks that th lamentary Laur Party should elect- its own leader ""just as I think it I right for Labour councils to choose their- own leaders"". And he sees nothing wrong with tre way the manifesto is drawn up..
I really cannot think of any disagree- ment until this last election, and even that had been influenced by the battered psy- chologv caused by the loss of the election."" I He knows better than almost anyone
else howv the manifesto is drawn up be- cause he was prominent in the forming of party policy and -compiling rhe manifestn since 1959 when he was appointed head' of the Jabour research department. It was there that he became close to Sir Harold Wilson-an association, which at first was heloful to his career and which later. nick-named ""Wilson's poodle "", counted ag;4inst him.
!By asking to be made Labour spokes- man on foreign affairs where Mr Calla- ghan wvas elected leader, Mr Shore has' rounded his experience and, although h:e ,h- 'held none of the msior governmental'
offices, he offers a wide experience of -qnvr-nment which is rivalled only by. IMr Tealey.
His strengths are his youth-he is S6G:- his intelligence, his grasp of economics and his piractical idealism' which car. ! anpear inspirational when in full filighto
His 'family home is in Putney, where hle livec with his wife 'Elizabeth, a doctor of medicine and the senior p)rincinal Tmedical officer at the Department of Health, ald; their chaildren. -
A clue to their a-Dparent -wilaingness to take on the. bruising and buffeting which' goes with the Iabour leadeirslin is fonnd 'in their recreations listed in Who's WhIw they share the exhilaration of swvimmiag' 1! in rough,seas. .
Nicholas Wapshot
(c9 Times- Ne%vSp4ecrs Ltd, 1980 . ..
. A ~~~~~A";"September 29, 1980";"";60736;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"A Times Profile";""
"";"['News']";"The three co-patrons of the British Council of the European Movement, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Heath, and Mr. Thorpe, joined last night in speeches at a European dinner at Guildhall in deploying their reasons, political and economic, why they feel Britain must play a full part in the achieve- ment of European unity.
There seemed to be common agreement that negotiations on British entry must begin soon- Mr. Thorpe nominated specifically 1970. It was emphasized that there must be a long process of education of the British public to accept the changes that would flow from membership of the Community.
Lord Harlech, chairman of the council, said it was "" inconceivable "" that leading figures in all three main political parties should come to the conclusion that Britain's destiny and interest lay in Europe "" without the most profound thought and the most searching examination of all the alternatives "".
Lord Harlech: Youth exchange pla
Mr. Heath: Full information needed.
M!r. Wilson: Arguments even stronger.
Mr. Thorpe: Tide is nrsiDe again.
Lord Harlech, who as Sir David Ormsby-Gore was Britain's Ambassador to Wash- ington from 1961 to 1965, said: ""I happen to believe that we who are gathered here tonight are supporting the most important political cause of this genera- tion.""
Britons often spoke of the in- dustrial revolution as of a nine- teenth-century historical fact now behind, but ""we are living through a technological and scientific phase of that revolution which dwarfs the changes of the last century and shows no sign of slackening.
"" But it is becoming increas- ingly clear that developments in our political and social struc- tures have failed to keep pace with the radical changes in man's environment.
"" It seems to me, therefore, to be highly probable that one of the reasons for the restless and
impatient mood of many of our youth is that they sense this im- balance. They find the extremes of competitive nationalism which characterized the first four decades of this century to be repellent.""
As chairman, he thought it right to plan a youth leadership exchange programme.
' We believe that there is no better way to achieve a closer understanding between peoples, and to promote a distinctive European consciousness, than through such a programme.""
It was for that reason he had welcomed a joint British-Italian declaration earlier this year which emphasized fuU participa- tion of the younger generation as an essential condition for a United Europe.
To help forward this work, a target of £500,000 was set, later raised to £750,000. Cheques and covenants worth £457,000 had already been received, with fur- ther commitments or promises of support totalling £203,000.
Frau Aenne Brauksiepe, Minister for Families and Youth in the Bonn Government, said in a message on work being done by Federal Germany that in 1968 more that 20,000 young people from Britain and Federal Germany had taken part in events sponsored by the federal youth plan.
Anglo-Gernan youth ex- changes had "" provided a model for bilateral work in this sphere of cooperation in Europe "".
Other messages were sent by France. Norway, the Nether- lands, Belgium, Italy, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland.
'Our resolve will not
weaken'
The Prime Minister empha- sized that the po'icy of the Government. underlined by the presence of the leaders and many members of all three main politi- cal parties, ""remains and has remained firmly based on the application we made, with massive parliamentary approval, for full membership of the Euro- pean Communities.
"" Our determination to join the Communities did not weaken in the face of discouragement and delay in opening negotia-
'Youth find nationalism repellent'
tions on our application. It cer- tainly will not weaken now.""
Whatever the frustrations and disappointments, that determina- tion had been strengthened by the stpport the Govermment policy had found in the rest of Europe. Not because of events in Europe only, but because, as the continuing crisis in the M1iddle East brought home, Europe needed to speak with a more united voice in the affairs of the wider world.
For leaders of British industry, not the least important motive for seeking entry would be the strength they sought, and the strength they could give, by the creation of a great and powerful European technology always potentially there, but incapable of full realization without the economic integration for which Britain had called.
""Most here tonight will be firm in their support for the great institutions of the western alli- ance, and for continuing friend- ship with the Government and people of the United States "", he said.
"" But equally there will be few. if any. particularly among the in- dustrialists, w-ho will feel that there is a real future for Europe or for Britain if we allow Ameri- can business and American in- dustry so to dominate the stra- tegic growth industries of our in- dividual countries that they and not we are able to determine the pace and direction of Europe's industrial advance.""
Mr. Wilson recalled that at Guildhall in 1967, facing the impending assertion of the veto on Britain's application, he said that time was not on Europe's side, including Britain. i. part of Europe, and he had given warn- ing that the technological gap was widening enormously year by year.
In the nearly two years since then ""all we have to report is perhaps a wider recognition of that truth. and wider .-ecognition in the Six. as they have sought to create their own machinery for technological cooperation, that for them this cannot be a reality without a wider market. Beyond that, all we can record is another two years lost, two years not easily or quickly to be regained.
""To succeed in our applica- tion, to Join the Community, wil
of itself have one major political consequence. As Europe's eco- nom-ic strength grows its political strength will grow, and this will underline the need for Europe to speak with a more united voice in the councils of the world.""
It was widely acknowledged, Mr. Wilson said. that if Britain's application succeeded that would not of itself involve the accept- ance of political obligations beyond those laid down in the Treaty of Rome. Britain had made clear her wholehearted acoeptance of the political pro- visions of the treaty, and this had been reasserted recently in clear terms by the Anglo-Italian declaration signed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary. Mr. Stewart, and the Italian Foreign Minister. Signor Nenni. three months ago.
""The immediate task of this generation is to work, as we are pledgred to work, for that degree of politioal unity which is within our immediate grasp. That is our task in the months and years that lie ahead of us.""
' 3rd failure might be
shipwreck'
Mr. Heath, leader of the Opposition, said the ideal of those at the dinner was to ensure for Europe a place in the affairs of the world that individual countries alone could not achieve. In this the countries of western Europe, whether within the E.E.C. or outside it, had suffered a series of setbacks which had frustrated their purpose.
"" But we who share this ideal know that this is not a get-rich- quick objective to be slickly seized or just as easily cast away. For the ideal to become reality we must patiently work to over- come each obstacle, never losing sight of our long-term aims. It is in the best tradition of British foreign policy never to forget long-term British interests.""
It was natural that at this time
there should once again be a growing public debate about these possibilities for European unity and their meaning for the future of Britain.
Britain's credentials as a poten- tial partner of the six niember countries of the European com- munity were unchallengeable. Britain accepted the Community as the basis for that wider Euro- pean unity which it sought.
"" But after two unsuccessful efforts to enter the Community it is natural that people should want to look again at the whole argument from the beginning. They wish to satisfy themselves of the real prospects for a suc- cessful outcome. A third failure might indeed prove to be a ship- wreck.
""That is why I have been at such pains to emphasize the need for patient and quiet diploma- tic preparation.""
Mr. Heath said that in Britain ""we need to recognize and meet more effectively than hitherto the real worries which exist in the minds of many of our fellow citizens about the future of Britain in Europe. It is to these worries that we must address ourselves, not to the niceties of constitution-making.
Near the surface is the eco- nomic worry, the fear that British membership of the Euro- pean Economic Community would place upon our cost of living and upon our balance of payments a burden which would, quite simply, prove intolerable. To be fair. it is an anxiety which is well recognized and to some degree shared amiong the Six.
"" The calculations from which these apprehensions stem are of course to a certain extent hypo- thetical. I am sure that it is right to suppose that when enter- ing the E.E.C. Britain wil have to accept- the common agricul- tural policy. But the level of obligation which the agricultural policy will lay upon Britain will depend on the wav in which the policy is being opera- ted not now, but at the time of British entry.
' We all know that changes in this method of operation are soon to be discussed among the Six. The calculation will equally depend on the success of the British negotiators in achieving transitional arrangements: here again it is impossible to be pre-
cise before negotiatiol have be-, gun. But every citizertis entitled to have the fullest irobnration available on these uid other implications of meml*rship of the Community.""
Mr. Heath said his rlain con- cern was with the defemrive state of mind revealed on Xoth sides of the Channel. Europe and the world were full of opportunities for Britain: but if theyassumed from the start that they wete going to get the worst bf every encounter. the oppoxtunitiis would certainly pass them by.
They must also recognize thal there still existed a fear that; Britain's national identity would be dissolved. or at least weakened, by closer ties with Europe.
"" In the Community there is a fear that the unity whioh has so far been achieved is so fragile and precarious that it prohibits change or adaptation to meet the need of new member countries.
"" But surely, as the creation of the Community is completed to- wards the end of this year. it must recognize that it is in a position to make its own con- tribution to the common solu- tion of what with new members would become common prob- lems.
""I believe that we must meet these worries, not by arguing about institutions, but by look- ing together at our fundamental purpose, the unity of Europe, to which all can contribute. We must concentrate on the actual tasks which have to be done and on the indisputable fact that they are better done together.""
'Long winter of our
exclusion'
Mr. Thorpe emphasized that in joining the European Eco- nomic Community ""Britain will not as some suggest, be turning her back on the wider world. On the contrary, the strength, both political and economic, which will come to her through her participation in the community
will enable Britain and her European partners to play their part in world affairs.""
If the democracies of western Europe remained disunited "" the only gainers would be the petty nationalists who grudge all in- terest in and concern with the problems of a world beyond their narrow view, or stil worse those totalitarians of left and right
The significance of the s'.stem of weighted majority voting in the Council of Ministers and the grant of large powers of initia- tive and administration to the commission in Brussels was that E.E.C. members recognized a superior claim to that of ntational self-interest As the powers of the Community grew the need to strengthen demo- cratic control through the devel- opment of the European Parlia- ment became more and more important-eventually, direct elections would have to take place.
""The pace of these changes cannot be predicted "", Mr. Thorpe said. "" It will depend on events and pressures both among the Six and among the candidate members.
"" What is clear is that the time of stagnation is over and that the European tide is rising again. The Six are seeking to settle their own internal differ- ences. It may well be that the new French and the next German governments, which will represent very different in- terests in the agricultural debate, Will strike a bargain before the coming into force of the final stage of the Treaty of Rome on New Year's day. Part of that bargain may be-a condition indeed of any real progress within the Community must be-an agreement on the trenewal of negotiations with 'Great Britain.""
\ Mr. Thorpe went on: "" We hIust be ready for that. And yhen I say ""we' I do not only nean our skilled professional regotxators and our professional wliticians, skilled or unskilled. I nean also, and still more, the geat mass of public opinion in dti country.""
'oliticians must avoid the mi4ake of trying to do good by steAth, which in a democracy "" erds up by doing badly under the fllare of adverse publicity"", he sGid.
""S Ye politicians must not say oqe thing to our prospective partnes on the Continent and anothr to the British people. We Brtish politicians must re- membe. it was not primarily the last Pr6ident of France but our own inirmity of purpose and confusicr of mind that have kept us 'ut of the Community so long.'
Initiati,es taken by Britain in the Wetern European Union during "",he long winter of our exclusion"" were of value not only as evidence of Britain's deermination but also because they showed that Britain recog- nized that the Community could nlot rest only on the foundations of tle Treaty of Rome.
""&eGovernment showedi then. and must continue to show, that in foreign policy and defere we have to move to- wards a common policy. In short,we have to show to our own e ctorate and to our future partnes that we are not trving to create a sort of suner Euro- pean free Trade Association he said.
Leadiig artiele, page 9.";"July 30, 1969";"";57625;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"'I happen to believe that we are supporting the most important political cause of this generation'";""
"['From Our Special Correspondent', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT', 'FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT']";"['News']";"The nature of the political control to be exercised over a European army was decided in outline at Strasbourg last night by the Foreign Ministers of the six Continental countries concerned.
A vote in the French National Assembly yesterday suggests that ratification of the Schuman plan treaty has been virtually accepted, although the Government is expected to meet other difficulties before the final approval.
PROPOSED COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS
FRAMEWORK OF COMMAND
From Our Snecial CorresDondent
STRASBOURG, DEC. 12
The Foreign Ministers of the six con- tinental countries intending to establish a European army, having met all day and far into the night, established the outlines of the political control to be exercised over this army. Further work on financial and defence points will be done by experts, but according to M. Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, it is hoped to have agreement by February, when the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization meets in Lisbon.
The Ministers ended their meeting at 1.30 this morning (Wednesday). and decided to meet again in Paris on Decem- ber 27, possibly for two or three davs. They hope then to settle further details on politi- cal control. Agreement in principle on most of the points at issue has been reached.
The form of control, so far as it can now be seen, is a committee or council of Ministers, responsible during a provisional period to an Assembly comparable with that to be set up for the coal and steel community. The Ministers will, in principle, be the Foreign Ministers of the countries taking pari, but, as M. Van Zeeland, the BeJgian Foreign Minister. has indicated, they may also be the Finance or Defence Ministers as occasion demands. They may even be Ministers for European affairs. Later, each will be known as a federal minister responsible to a federal parliament.
A VAGUE POINT
Under the Ministers, though this point is still vague, will be a commissioner or com- missionLrs in the different countries. The dividing line between the Ministers and the commissioners, M. Schuman said in giving these details at a Press conference last night, has not yet been established. Nor has the rule of voting-whether the committee is to be bound by majority decisions or only by unanimous decisions-yet been decided, and the problem requires more study on the advice of the Finan.e and Defence Ministers in each country.
The single European army, M. Schuman said. was a new conception in history. It would be a single organ obeying a single will, hence the need for a supra-national authority. Much of the money allocated by each country would be spent in that country. just as the material I required would be made there. Yet a step had
been taken towards the federal idea.
From a question put to M. Schuman it seems that no definite link between the new authority and the Council of Europe has yet been envi- saged. It was, he said, for the Council to decide on this, an answer which raises the pos- sibility that the controlling assembly will derive from that at Strasbourg.
In any event, in spite of M. Schuman's emphasis on a supra-national responsibility, it seems that the Ministers will at first have some responsibility to their own parliaments, as en- visaged by M. Van Zeeland.
M. SPAAK RESIGNS
The searching dilemma whether full-blooded action towards federation should be taken by a few countries in western Europe or whether the next sieps should be indecisive cnough to embrace all western European countries split the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe on the last day of this session. M. Spaak, the president, resigned the chair because of the frustration he felt in watching the Assembly declining, as he saw it, to measure up to historical opportunity.
M. Spaak's resignation came after a meet- ing which ended at 2.45 yesterday morning with a muddle over voting procedure. But the factor which decided him was not this; it was the conviction that the Assembly had failed to point the way to the Foreign Ministers. M. Spaak's views brought him into conflict with the British Labour Party representatives, who defended, with defiance and persuasiveness, the British policy. After M. Spaak ,hid written a letter of resignation the Lab&ir jelegttes addressed a letter. signed by .Mr. Gordon. Walker, to M. Spaak.
In his letter M. Spaak said that after Monday's proceedings he could not in all conscience approve the "" timid "" policy of the Assembly, and was resigning to regain full freedom of action and to take his siand
in the fight for Europe."" A motion in the Assembly asking him to reconsider h:s deci- sion was passed unanimously, with two British Labour delegates abstaining-Mr. Gordon-Walker and Mr. Jones.
The letter from the Labour delegation said that M. Spaak's presence in the chair would be missed. It continued: We all feel we could not find a better chairman. We feel, however. that only you can decide the way in which you can best plav your part in the cause of unity. We look forward to con- tinuing our very happy association of the past.""
FRENCH PROPOSALS
M. Spank joined in thc debate on an issue which once more rested on the burning prob- lem of how to give western Europe an execu- tive army. The chapter on exectttive agencies in the new draft statute was being discussed and two Frenchmen. M. de Menthon and M. Teitgen, had introduced a motion that instead of unspecified delegates under the Committee of Ministers becoming Ceccuto-s. a team of high commissioners with more uital powets, though still responsible to the Ministers, should be appointed.
When M. Spaak finished speaking he was the only delegate in three weeks to be applauded both in the public galleries and in the Chamber. The Assembly, he said, was dying from sheer wisdom, and he recalled the scene in Shaw's Si. Joan when the young man who was to be Joan's companion in her battles said in effect: "" Let us follow the mad: we see where the wise men have led us."" They needed a little madness now instead of so much wisdom he said. Mr. Gordon Walker had said nothing more definite than to recommend further agreements within the Council of Europe, but inter-governmental agreements could be reached without the Assembly at all.
Four Ministers had come to the Assembly and asked for assistance but had received no worthwhile reply, M. Spaak said. Even the intervention of the general affairs committee had been worthless. A historical moment had gone uselessly by. The amendment was at least a positive effort and the representatives should vote for it. The hopes of European union were almost exhausted in the Council of Europe and those who believed in it had now to go to public opinion outside its walls.
So many references to Joan of Arc followed in other speeches that Signor Jacini, in the chair, remarked that it was as well she was not present to add to the argument. Mr. Brown, a Labour delegate, felt, like others, the emotion of the occasion as he denied that Britain's representatives came only to tell the Assembly what Britain could not do. They had tried to indicate the road they could travel along.
"" appeal to you. Stop this continual badgering."" Mr. Brown said. ""Give our position the consideration it deserves. Give us the chance to go ahead too."" The attempt must be made to find the basis from which every one could move. Britain would not be bludgeoned into taking a road she ihought was wrong.
When the vote was taken the amendment. with ihe British delegates present voting against or abstaining, was passed by 37 vote, to 34, with six abstentions. A two-thirds majority was not required as it wvs an amend- ment, and the draft statute as a whole was then
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
PARIS, DEC. 11
The French National Assembly to-day rejecteo by 376 votes to 240 the motion to adjourn the debate on the Biil t.- ratify the Schuman plan treaty, and by this vote virtually guaranteed ratification, although the Government will meet other hazards before that end is reached. Of the 240 supporters of the adjournment, 103 are Communists.
M. Pleven, the Prime Minister. had made ihe issue one of confidence, and, in the event, he secured one of his best victories, althougb as some speakers explained this did not mean unreserved support of all the Government's policies.
The vote was taken immediately after NM. Pleven had finished speaking, and the sitting was suspended for dinner. The result was announced when the sitting was resumed, and the Assembly at once started to debate the second clause of the Bill, which contains the investment guarantees which the Government is asked to undertake as a concomitant to ratification.
ASSURANCES REPEATED
In his speech winding up the debate, M. Pleven said that to refer the treaty back to committee was, in effect, to ask that negotiations be reopened. This was to put off the plan to the Greek calends. Some of the guarantees .sought by M. Andrd, the proposer of the motion, were identical with those mentioned in the Bill before the House; and on these M. Pleven reiterated the assurances previously given. Others, such as the proposal that the treaty should Impose a pari passu development of the coal and steel industries in the signatory countries, represented the negation of the ' philosophy "" of the Schuman plan and amounted to a revival of cartels.
M. Pleven said that the averagc price of German coal sold in Germany was 3.250 francs a ton, and the export price 4,750 francs, excluding transport costs. As soon as the treaty came into force German dual pricing would cease, and within two and a half years differential transport costs would also cnd. Imported coal would then cost 500 to 600 francs a ton less. He was convinced that in cases of coal scarcity the Schuman plan authority would see to it that the tonniage available was fairly shared among members of the pool.
UNEQUIVOCAL SUPPORT
The debate also brought out the increasing attention which deputies pav to the Council of Europe's d-bates. When M. Reynaud, just back from Strasbourg. described M. Spaak's resignation, a hush fell on the crowded Chamber, and M. Naegelen, an AlsaEian. brought the Socialist Partv's assurance thai it would vote against the adjournment, not because it unequivocally supported the Government, but because it was whole- heartedly behind the policv to which France was committed, which France had had the merit of onrmnating, and for which France must retain the honour.
An adjournment meant the defeat of the trmty, said M. Naegelen. The risks which the treaty invo'ved were worth running, and after the expanation which was given in com- mittee his party was satisfied. even on the wages question. As he Awalked from the rostrum to his seat. M. Peven warmiy shook M. Naegelen's hand, for his party's support seemed to promise the Government's success.
M. Reynaud, in deft strokes, sketched the alternative to ratification. Was the Chamber, he asked, deaf to the mounting impatience of consumers, taxpayers, and allies ? Thev could not ignore the effect of the p:en on the struggle between east and west; with which side would Germany throw in her lot ? Those who had been present at the joint session in Strasbourg of members of the Consultative Assembly and members of the United States Congress had felt the cold breath of American dissatisfaction. Everyone knew that ihe Pentagon's Pyrenean strategy had been changed by the faith of one man. Geteral Eisenhower. in the future consolidation of Europe. Those who thoughtbf voting for the adjournment should reflect on the conse- quenxes of disappointing these hopes.
UNITY AS CONDITION
FOR U.S. AID
SENATOR'S SUGGESTION
FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
WASHINGTON, DEc. II
Senator Theodore Green (Democrat, Rhode Island), who is a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and who was chairman of the Senate delega- tion to the Council of Europe, to-day dis- cussed that mission with the Press.
He said he hoped the executive branch of the United States Government ' will not forget that the Mutual Security Act of 1951 provides that foreign aid funds are to be used to pro- mote ' the economic and political federation of Europe.' "" lie added that if any European country now receiving aid "" is unwilling to take steps to promote European economic and golitical federation, the United States cannot bexpected to continue to give it further aid. It may well be argued that the executive can- not continue such aid under this legislative statement of purpose.""
In reply to questions, Senator Green said the United States Government should - care- fully consider whether Britain has not placed herself in that category so far as this appro- priations Bill is concerned."" He addcd he was not convinced that Britain would adhere to her present p3sition. but if she did persist in this policy "" we otight to consider seriously whether aid can be given under this Bill or should be given under any other Bill.""
Senator Green said that other senators wvho had gone with him to Strasbourg agreed with him on this point. The eligibility of the Scl;az- dinavian nations for foreign aid funds should also be reconsidered, he said, if thcy oppoted European federation. Senator Green added that he was confident there would be a change in the British position.
passed conclusively. Thus the Committee of Ministers is to be asked to appoint high com- missioners to wield powers laid down in conventions or treaties between mnembers of the Council, and binding only on the members taking part.
The Assembly agreed to recommend to the Ministers that a permanent subordinate group of Ministers for European affairs should be appointed, and asked the Ministers to encour- age the countries so minded to form a political authority for a European army.
Tne delegates aiarmett tnat a con,erence should be held with Commonwealth countries to consider ways of drawing the sterling area and the European Payments Union closer together. Then they revolted against more conferences. When asked to support the idea that a major European conference be held for the purpose of an "" organizational spring- cleaning,"" they threw the motion out.
VIRTUAL APPROVAL OF
SCHUMAN PLAN
M. PLEVEN'S SUCCESS";"December 12, 1951";"";52182;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Control Of European Army";""
"";"['News']";"Sir Anthony Eden spoke, in his party political broadcast on Saturday, of his work to make a "" supreme effort to see whether we can make progress with the main differences between east and west."" He had felt that one of the reasons for a general election soon was that "" those who represent us at the international talks must know they have a national mandate to do so.""
Sir Anthony Eden said:-
The decision to hold this general election was not lightly taken. I gave much thought to it. The fact that this was the fourth year of Parliament and that overyone knew that a general election could not be long delayed, were strong arguments. But another influ- enced me even more. Opportunities are opening before us, and if we use them inteUi- gendy th'e whole shape of world events at betterand abroad may be altered for the
It is always difficult to stand back from the time we live in, and to understand the real forces which are at work. But that is just what I want you to do with me to-night. l want to show you what I believe can be our future.
We are moving into a new age; a scien- tific revolution as decisive as the industrial revolution many years ago. New techniques, new skills, new trade are being built into our industrial life. Many of you work at these new industries, and certainly their development will soon touch us all. The more we succeed in marrying science to industry, the better we will be placed to compete with other countries. Our lives depend on this. If we are no longer the world's only workshop, we must still-be the l homne of the world's finest scientific and
technical talent.
GREAT HOPE
Meanwhile, our. scientists have made remarkable progress in producing electricity from nuclear energy. Nuclear power prormses new strength to industry and we have announced far-reaching plans for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. These are now going forward and they offer gTeat hope to us all.
I have spoken first of the new industries because it is on them that our future depends. It is these industries which must help us to pay our way in the world, and carry through our plans for social tdvance. '
*We have made so much progress that we believe we can double our standard of living in 25 years, if we go about it in the right way. And we have already begun. ' More people have got jobs, and well paid' jobs, than ever before. Production is up. So are earnings, so are exports.
OPPORTUNrTIES FOR
FULLER LIVES
NEED. OF INCENTIVES
'This is what we mean by an expanding economy. I am sure it is the only way to provide conditions for a fuller life for every- one. It can never be done by restrictibns and controls. There must be incentives and opportunity. That is why we have made a start in reducing taxes, and mean to go stiU further. We have already done quite a lot. Take the £10 a week man for example.- If he was married with one child, under Socialism he paid nearly £35 a year tax. Now he will pay £6 5s. 9d. If he has two children, he now pays nothing at all.
Perhaps the most encouraging sign at home to-day is that people are able to save again for their future and for their children's future. Small savings this year were six times larger than last year. People must have been better off; otherwise they would not have been able to save more. And if there wasn't confidence, they wouldn't want to., The more these savings grow, the more we shall be able to invest both at home and' in the Commonwealth and Empire overseas. And that creates more employment here.
HOME-GROWN 'FOOD
And now a word about agriculture. Our output of home-grown food has, 1 am glad to say, been continuing to increase. Thanks to the splendid efforts of our farmers and farm workers, the effects of the exceptionally bad weather of the past season will soon, I hope, be more than made good. We want to see a still higher output of home-grown food. We have worked out new ways of carrying out the principles of the Agriculture Act of 1947 to fit the new conditions of freedom which we have restored-freedom both for the producer and for the consumers. By guaranteed prices and production grants and in many other ways we shall go on enabling our farmers to earn a fair livelihood and pay good wages to our farm workers.
But we want more than that. We want a flourishing and prosperous countryside. That is why, during our three years of office, we have gone ahead much faster with those improvements which are so much needed in rural areas. It is good that last year twice as many houses were built in rural areas as compared with three years ago. Twice. as much was spent on water supply schemes Last year a record number of farms and houses were connected up to electricity. In the years of expansion which we see ahead we are determined that those who earn their livelihood in our countryside. whose efforts are helping the nation so much, shall have a full share in our growing prosperity.
DESIGN FOR FUTURE
Because we are confident that the nation's wealth is going to grow, we can now go ahead with our design for the future. Here are some of the details of our plans to improve the nation's health strengthen the social services, and provide better education for our children.
First, the children. I have put the schools and colleges high in our programme. In five years we shall provide a million new school places. We shall reduce the size of classes, especially in the primary schools. We shall keep the famous grammnar schools. Side bY side with them modern and technical schools will grow in importance. Every year there will be a wider choice of skilled jobs for these boys and girls.
Now about the students. They are so important, not only for themselves but for what they can do for our industries. We are offiering larger grants to them and to the uni- versities and traiing colleges. At the same time we are reducing the burden for the parents.
HOUSING PLANS ""ALL-OUT ATTACK ON
SLUMS ""
Then housing. We have fulfilled our promise. We said we would build 300,000 houses a year. We have built more than that, a million in three and a half years-an amazing record. We now want to resume an all-out attack on the slums and we pledge ourselves to bring 200,000 people a year out of the slums into new homes. That is another target and we are going to reach it.
We are not going .o drop the rate of building either. There will be houses to let and houses to sell. We will also help owner- occupiers with schemes for smaller cash deposits.
In health no one can deny that we are better fed and we are all glad to be rid of rationing, and we are going to start building new hopsitals for the first time since the war. Then there is the health and safety of the people at work. We are going to bring in new measures to improve the working condi- tions of those employed in transport, farm-
ing, offices and shops.
We can achieve all this and more providing we continue to follow economic policies which are modern and progressive.
STRONG COMPETITORS
But there is one warning I must give you. If we do not go forward as a united nation into this new age, if we cling to out-dated methods, if we hamper our efforts by repeated industrial disputes we shall soon fall behind in the race. 6ur competitors are hard-working and ambitious. They have grasped the opportunities of to-day, and they are out to get all the trade they can.
And there is another risk we run. We have always to bc watchful that some change of economic wcather does not do us serious harm. We had an example of this a few
months ago. We were importing heavil
in part for our industry and expandmng needs. But the cost was getting a bit too high. We could not afford a loss on our gold and doDar reserves, and so during February we were obliged to take immediate steps to put this.right. They were not popular steps. They could not be. The Chancellor, with the full support of his colleagues, authorized an increase in Bank rate to 44 per cent. and reduced facitities for hire-purchase. Dis- agreeabler medicine. At least we had the courage to prescribe it and take it. It has worked. Last month the reserves began to rise again. We are not through these parti- cular difficulties yet. But we acted at once and in time. Just what the Socialists did not do in 1951.
And now what is the Socialist pro- gramme ? More and more nationalization. In their lists are such things as steel, machine tools and chemicals, and bits of engineering. AU these industries are producing record out- put and employment. Does anybody really believe that nationalization will do them any good? Surely by now we are all agreed that we want no more of it.
WATCHFUL PROTECTOR
So when you come to decide our country's future in a few weeks' time, think over these things. Who do you want to lead you ? We offer you a united party which has proved itself a watchful protector of our interests and which is taking this country forward to a higher pitch of prosperity than it has ever known before.
And then there is another thing we must not forget in these days when the State does so much. I mean the liberty of the indi- vidual. We have already abolished seven out of 10 of tbe wartime powers and regu- lations. We shall continue this process. We shallU see that justice is done by the State in its dealingsswith individuals.
But, of- course, aU the progress we are making at home depends on our efforts for peace. Peace does not-simply mean that the fighting has stopped. Already things are better than they were. For the first time since 1939 there is no war being fought anY- where in the world. That is something to be thankful for.
But we have-to go further than that. For- tunately, there is a growing understanding everywhere of what war between great Powers must mean. We have got to use this to reduce the risk of war while we go on to build up -real confidence between the nations.
BOMB AS DETERRENT
That is why we speak'. of the hydrogen bomb as a deterrent. Both parties are agreed that we should make the- hydrogen bomb, just as the' Socialist Government made: the atomic bomb. To draw-back now would be to abandon our own- defence and leave it to others. No great nation can do that.
On the other hand, the more we can reduce international tension, the less are-the chances that any bomb will ever be used, and the greates the chances of real disarmament. -hat is precisely the policy we have been working -at these last three years; First a deterrent to pre-ent aggression; then- dis- armament to'make it impossible.
Now let -us look at some of the gains we have made on the positive side of our work for peace. Though the international scene is still anxious, it is not as immediately dangerous or as embittered as it was three and a half years ago. 'The first thing we tried to do was to -stop the exchange of violent abuse- which had become a normal practice at all international conferences. We 'have made some' progress in that anyway, and in some other things, too.
, In the Korean war an armistice bas been negotiated with infinite difficulty. In Indo- China the bitter conflict which might so 'easily bave become a world war was brought
to an end' after some hard negotiation at Geneva. In the Middle East some new agree- ments have-replaced old controversies. As a result, we have been able to bring home some of our troops- Our agreement with Persia has allowed-the oil to:1 ow again and trade to prosper with it- Already this has meant millions in orders, n,illons in contracts for Britain. .-
, PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONS
- In Eurdpe, Trieste has been settled and our troops released from an unhappy garri- - son -duty. The treaty which would give Austria- freedom- looks as though it will at last be signed. All this is heartening. Most important of all, the unity of'western Europe has taken active shape. At long last the treaties I negotiated in London and Paris during the autumn have been ratified by all. France and Germany are together in a close and intimate organization where they can forget the bitterness of past conflicts. What a boon this could be to the world. I want to see this new partnership of nations which we call Western European Union grow always closer. It is linked with N.A.T.0., to , which we all belong, together with Canada
and the United States. We have here a righty group of nations which can protect the peace.
As a result of this work the west is stronger and more united. I have always believed that when this happened thtere would be oppor- tunities for useful negotiations with Soviet 'Russia. And so it is proving. Sometimes people talk as though we had never -met in the last three years. Of course ,we have, and often, at Berlin, Geneva, and elsewhere.
DESIRE FOR PEACE
LABOUR DIVISIONS ON
METHODS
Now I want to make a supreme effort to see whether we can make progress with the main differences between east and- west. Plans are afoot to make a mneeting possible. We hope that the discussions will begin with- in a month or two. We are anxious to meet at any level-the heads of Governments or Foreign Secretaries. I expect they will both be needed. The Foreign Secretary and I feel that we have a leading part to play in this business. We ask you to give us your authority and support. Can anyone, looking at our record over the last three years, believe that my colleagues and I would ever work for anything but peace ?
I shall throw no word of abuse at our Socialist opponents on this issue. of course they want peace as much as we do, but they are divided, hopelessly divided, about the right way to get it. So divided that their party decided not to vote on the vital plans for Europe which we call the London and Paris agreements. If they had at-tempted it they would have been chopped into three sections, one for, one against, and one- not voting-and so the Socialist Party as such has expressed no opinion at all. These plans have now been approved by all the western nations.
One of the reasons why I felt we must have a general election soon was that those who represent us at the international talks must know they have a national mandate to do so. But how can you give a mandate to a divided party ?
You know that-we are united.. You know. what we have done. I have shown you our design for the future. You can see the opportunities at home and abroad. With your support we can share them together.
TO-DAY'S SPEAKERS
Labour Party broadcast by Mr. James
Griffiths, 9.15.
The Prime Minister at Old Market Square,
Nottingham, I; Memorial Hall, West Bridgford, 2; Market Place, Newark,
3.15; and at Town Hall, Leeds, 8.45.
Mr. Heathcoat Amory at North Fambridge,
Essex; Nunton, Essex; Woodham Morti- mer, Essex (evening).
Mr. A. R. W. Low at Littleborough, Lancs,
7.30.
Mr. ResginalednMaudling at High Wycombe,
Bucks (eveing).
Mr. Anthony Nutting at Pudsey and Brig.
house and Spenborough, Yorkshire (evening).
Mr. Herbert Morrison at open-air meeting,
Haverhill, Bury St. Fdmunds, 5.30; Athenaeum, Bury St. Edmunds. 7.15; Girls' Grammar School. Thetford, 9.
Mr. Hugh Gaitskell at Queens Square, Attle-
borough. 6; Assembly Hall, Acle. 8. Town Hall, Great Yarmouth, 9.10.
Mr. Bevan at Kilbirnie, Ayrshire (evening). Mr. Leonard F. Behrens at Saffron Walden. M. Deryck Abel at Beaconsfield, 8.";"May 9, 1955";"";53215;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Sir A. Eden Asks For Mandate At East-West Talks";""
"";"['News']";"Th-e arts'
1 Where was Sir Thomas
More's "" Utopia"" first ,printed ?
2 Which Flemish artist be-
came court painter to the English Royal Family?
3 Hamnlct stabbed Polonius
for eavesdropping behind the arras. What was the arras, and how did it get its name ?
4 Orlando di Lasso, one of
the creators of Renaissance polyphonic music, was Bel- gian despite his Italianized name. Where was he born, and what do you know of his career ?
5 Peter-Paul Rubens is inter-
nationally known as a pain- ter. But he had a second public career and travelled 'often on non-artistic assign- ments. Can you say what it was ?
6 lVho was Adolphe Sax and
why has his name deve- loped into a houschold word ?
7 Since Belgium has existed
as a separate state much of its French'speaking talent has beea attracted to Paris. Outstanding Belgian musi- cians, actors, writers arc often assumed to be French. Can you name any, living at the present day or earlier ?
8 Maurice 'Maeterlinck, Nobel
prizewinner, came of Flem- ish stock as his surname in- dicates. Did he write in French or Flemish? What were his best known and most translated works?
9 Can you name any out-
standing Flemish painters of this century?
10 Two outstanding painters of
the Surrealist movement were Belgian. Can you name them ?
11 David Oistrakh has said:
"" Musicians of the world recognize - as the home of one of the leading inter- national competitions, the
which has set many talented young artists on the road to world fame"". Can you supply the missing words ?
12 Do you know the name of
the Belgian cineaste who made the famous documen. tary Visit to Picasso ?
13 Two Belgians helped found
the modern movement in architecture, and applied design, associated with Art Nouveau. What were their names?
14 The Theatre. de la Monnaie
in Brussels has been a centre of modern dance- since when ?
15 The French Academy re-
cently voted to continue ex- cluding women, where the Belgian Royal Academy has included them since it was created 50 yea.rs ago. Can you, name any women mem- bers, past or present ? (Membership is not limited to Belgian nationals.)
16 Wlhat English author des-
cribes a boat trip through Belgian canals and rivers from Antwerp into France ?
The church, social and political life
1 ""I have often been told I
look like Winston Churchill and speak English likte Charles Boyer, but I wish it were the other way round."" Which contempo- rary Belgian leader said this ?
2 M Spaak, Socialist Party
leader for many years, and several times Premier and Foreign Minister of Bel- gium, has also held distin- guished international office. Can you name anY of them ?
3 Have King Baudouin and
Queen Fabiola made a state visit to Britain ?
4 The Belgian Constitution
was regarded as a model of enlightenment when the new state was officially initiated in 1831. Some nineteenth- century poivers considered it dangerously liberal. Can you cite any of its main articles ?
5 Queen Victoria's ""dearest
uncle"" to whom she wrote frequently for many years, left England to live in Bel-
in Munich to Albert, Duke of Bavaria.
5 He was a diplomat at the
court of the Spanish Habs- burg Archdukes Isabella and Albert, who riled Bel- gium from Brussels. Among his delicate missions was the reconciliation of Eng- land with Spain.
6 He was a musician from
Dinant in the Meuse valley. He invented the saxophone in 1846.
7 C6sar Franck studied first
in his native town, Li6ge, before moving to Paris (1822-1890). More recently, one could mention Charles Spaak, cinema script-writer noted for the ""Kermesse 'H6roiqtte"" made in France
by Belgian-born Jacques Feyder ; Fernand Gravey, actor; Georges Simenon, detective story writer; Fran,oise Mallet-Jones, who won the Femina Prize in 1958; Feliciien Marceau, who won the Goncourt Prize in 1969 - Arthur Grumiaux, violinist; Cath- erine Spaak, film actress; Annie Cordy, music hall entertainer and film act- ress; Jacques Brel, singer, actor and film director.
8 Pelleas and Melisande; The
Blue Bird; The Life of the Bees; The Life of the Ants; The Wealth of the Humble; Wisdom and Destiny. He wrote in French.
gium though he had no Bel- gian blood. Who was he ?
6 Can you name the small
Flemish town that pioneered "" home "" treatment for men- tal patients earlier than the fifteenth century, aDowing them to live with foster families and generally prac- tisiug a humane and toler- ant attitude that is now acclaimed as a model of enlightenment?
7 Four creeds are financially
supported by the Belgian Govermment. Can you say which they are?
8 Wlly was the last of the
four included ?
9 The Cardinal-Archbishop of
Brussels-Malines, Cardinal Joseph Suenens, has emerged as one of the church's lead- ers since the second Vatican Council. What chief reform does he advocate ?
10 "" Anhverp is a pistol aimed
at England's heart."" Who said this ?
II Jansenism, accused in the
seventeenth century of being a Roman Catholic heresy, was founded in Belgium-by what bishop and where ?
12 In 1814 John Quincy Adams
signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending which war ?
13 The Royal Nuvy's exploit at
Zeebrugge in 1918 helped to end the First World WVar. In what way did it help the war effort ?
14 Do you know any details of
a similar feat of bravery in neighbouring Ostend ?
15 ""That day he overcame the
Nervii "", Mark Antony quo- ted in Iiis funeral oration over Julius Caesar. The Nervii were a Belgian tribe. Do you know where the battle is believed to have taken place ?
16 Belgium has many memor-
ials to men of other nations who have died on her soil. Can you name the chief British memorial to those who fell in the First World War ?
17 Napoleon I took golden
bees as his emblem when he became Emperor. They fea-. ture on his coronation robes.
Answers
The arts
I On the presses of Louvain
University in 1516, under the title of ""Libellus Vere Aureus "".
2 Anthony Van Dyck of Ant-
werp, 1599-1641.
3 Rich embroidered tapestry
used as a xvall cover for draughtv halls. It first won an international reputation as early as the fourteenth century. when the produc- tion centre, Arras, wvas a Flemish town.
4 At Mons in 1532 as Roland
de Lassus. At the age of 21 he was appointed choir- master of the church of St John Lateran in Rome and later became Kapelimeister
Do you kn ow why he chose them ?
18 IThat Ardennes nobleman
became the, first Christian ruler of medieval Jerusa- lem?
19 Another Belgian Crusader'
was consecrated first Latin Emperor of Constantinople in 1204. Who was he ?
20 The following are the Flem-
ish names- of well-known Belgian towns; what are the French-language versions ? Luik, Bergen, leper, Meche- len, Kortrijk, Brugge, Leu- ven, Doornijk.
21 General Mobutu renamed
several Zairean (Congolese) cities; do you know the present-day equivalents of Leopoldville, Elisabethville, Stanleyville ?
22 Belgium provided the Allies
with about 80 per cent of their information on Ger- man air defences in Europe during the Second World War. Who made this state- ment ? '
23 In 1946 the Belgian Build-
ing Trades Federation offered to send 50 of their workers to spend six months in England rebuilding which bombarded towvn ?
24 In London on September 5,
1944, ministers-in-exile Spaak of Belgium, Van Kieffens of The Nether- lands and Bech of Luxem- bourg signed a pact to-
gether-leading to what new organization ?
25 Britain and Belgium are co.
signatories of several post- Second World War treaties. Can *you name any of them ?
26 Can you quote Julius
Caesar's tribute to the Bel- gians ?
27 The Belgae, who formed
the rearguard of the Celts, appeared in Western Europe about 1200 BC. Some of them continued to England where they founded a town in the south which still flourishes. Do you know its name ?
28 The same tribes had a king,
Cunobeline. Belgians c:aim he gave his name to one of Shakespeare's plays. Which one'?
29 Belgium has an inter-
national reputation for low driving standards. Do you know any reason why this should be likely?
3U ""Nuts."" This Americaii
slang is famous in the, Bas- togne area of southern Bel- gium. Why?
Industry
I With some royal help, an
Englishman from Hasling- ton in Lancashire, deve- loped ironworks, blast furn- aces and roUing mills near Liege soon after the Napo-
leonjc wars. Who was he and who was the king ?
2 On what public occasion did
George Stephenson visit Belgium ?
3 Sabena is the name of the
internationally known state- controLled Eelgian airline. Do you knoW how the name is made up ?
4 Can you name any big in-
ternational firms which have established themselves ' in Belgium ?
5 Leo A. Baekeland (1863-
1944) of Ghent University settled in the United States and there' invented what household commodity ?
6 True or false? Belgians
built a great part of the trans-Siberian, railway, Baron Empain, Belgian in- dustrialist, b)jilt the Paris metropolitan underground network. Belgians built and fully equipped the town of Heliopolis near Cairo.
7 Can. you name any of the
small group of families who have traditionally been con- nected with Belgium's big industries and holding com- panes .
8 What percentage of Belg-
ium's active population still works on the land ?
9 In the decade 1959-69, how
many foreign firms set up plant in Belgium: 200, 400, 2,00, 4,000 ?
Two faces of Belgium: what are these buildings ?
9 Constant Permeke, who died
in Antwerp in 1952. He painted mainly rather som- bre stylized figures, but also landscapes of the Eng' lish countryside where he convalesced from wounds during the First World War. Rik Wouters, who died in 1916. Mainly noted for solid-looking bronzes; but his canvases have been des- cribed as a peculiarly Bel- gian coda to the Impress- ionist movement.
James Ensor, son of an English father and a Flem- ish mother, lived in Ostend and considered himself Flemish. His "" Christ's entry into Brussels' is genarlly considered his mnlsterniopr
10 Rend Magritte and Paul
Delvaux.
11 Brussels. The Queen Elisa-
beth Competition. This was founded by the third Queen of the Belgians, who was a good violinist and a keen musician. She died in 1965 at the age of 89. 12 Paul Haesaerts.
13 Baron Van Horta, 1861-
1947. Henri Van De Velde, 1863-1957.
14 Since Frenchman Maurice
Bijart founded the Ballets du XX siecle in 1960.
15 Suzanne Lilar, president;
Marie Gevers, Flemish French-language writer, vice-president ; Colette; Anna de Noailles; Princess Bibesco.
16 Robert Louis Stevenson in
An Inlanid Voyage.
The church, social and political life
I M Paul-Henri Spaak. born
in Brussels in 1899, wvho as Foreign Minister of the Belgian government-in-exile spent four years in London during the Second World War.
2 He was first president of
the United Nations General Assembly; first chairman of the Consultative Assem- bly of the Council of Europe; one of the authors of the Rome Treaty institu- ing the European Economic Community; Secretary- General of Nato after Lord Ismay.
3 Yes, in 1963, when King
Baudouin wvas appointed honorary Air Chief Marshal of the Royal Air Force.
4 It guaranteed all citizens
equality in the eyes of the law; freedom from arbi- trary arrt-st or imprison- ment; the right to be tried in public; the independence of the judiciary: freedom of the press ; freedom of association ; freedom to choose any or no religious cult; freedom to choo.se one's educational institu- tion and one's language; the inviolability of the donmicile; the secrecy of correspondence; the obli- gation to pay only agreed taxes. In addition, no act or decision made by the King wvas legal unless it was countersigned by at least one government minister.
5 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-
Gotha. first King of the Belgians, German-born but a naturalized British citizen. He continued to live in England after his wvifc, Princess Charlotte, heiress to the British throne, died in 1817, until 1831 when he founded the present Belgian royal house.
6 Geel, 24 miles from Ant-
werp. Legend says that a six-th-century Irish princess named Dymphna found refuge there from her father until he discovered and killed her. She had believed he was lightheaded and not responsible for his actions. Pilgrimages to her tomb in Geel led to its becoming- a centre for the mentally sick. 7 Roman Catholicism, Evan-
gelical Protestantism, Juda- ism, and Anglicanisnm.
8 Because Leopold I was an
Anglican, though his child- ren were all brought up in the Roman Catholic faith.
9 He asks for bishops to be
allowed more share in Rome's decision-making, and for then in turn to con- sult the laitv.
His views on "" collegiality"" include a plea that the Pope should be elected by bishops representing the faithful of the entire world, and not as at present by cardinals norm- inated by the Pope. 10 Victor Hugo.
11 By Bishop Jansen of Yprcs. 12 The 1812-1814 war betveen
Britain and the United States.
13 On the moonless night of St
George's Day of that year the Royal Navy blocked the sea channel to the German U-boat base.
14 The Royal Navy's ship Vin-
dictive, loaded with cement, was sunk at Ostend port entrance, immobilizing the submarine base there.
15 The reputed site is at Pres-
les, between Charleroi and Namur.
16 The Menin Gate at Ypres,
wlhich commemorates the 250,000 soldiers of the Brit- ish Commonwealth.
17 He wished to copy the Mer-
ovingian king Clovis who also had golden bees as his emblem. Clovis was born in Tongres and chose Tournai (both Belgian towns) as his early capital.
18 Godfrev of Bouillon. one of
the leaders of the first Cru- sade. who took the city in 1099 but refused the title of king.
19 Baldwin of Flanders and
Ha i nau t.
20 Liege. Mons, Ypres, Mal-
ines, Courtrai, Bruges, Lou- vain, Tournai.
21 Kinshasa; Lumumbashi;
Kisangani.
22 Winston Churchill, in his
History of the Second World War. Vol. IV, page 249. published in 1951 in London and New York.
23 Dover (the offer was
accepted).
24 A customs agreement which
originated the Economic Union of the three coun- tries, now known as Bene- lux.
25 The North Atlantic Treaty
of 1949 (Nato). The Treaty of London, 1949 (Council of Europe). The Treaty of Brussels. 1948, which wvas extended in 1954 to set up West European Union.
26 "" Of all the people of Gaul.
the Belgians are the bravest.'
27 Winchester, which the
Romans called "" Venta Belgarum "". 28 Cymbeline
29 Only in 1969 did the Gov-
errnent impose driving tcsts. They are now obli- gatory-but only for new drivers.
30 It was General Anthony
McAuliffe's answer to Ger- man demands that he should surrender during the Battle of the Bulge. His troops were cut off and sur- rounded on December 22, 1944. in the last German thrust.
Industry
I John Cockerill-Nvhose name
lives on in the prcsent-day Cockerill-Ougree firm. Wil- liam of Orange, whom the Congress of Vienna powers appointed to govern Hol- land and Belgium as a united kingdom.
2 When the first European
continental railway was in- augurated in 1835. In Steph- enson's presence his new- fangled steam engine made a triumphant run from Brus- sels to Malines.
3 It stands for Soci6td Anon-
yme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aerienne.
4 Ford, General Motors, Mon-
santo Chemicals, Esso, Union Carbide, Bayer Phar- maceuticals, Watneys Ale, Leyland Motors. 5 Bakelitc.
6 All trte..
7 The Solvays, Boe1s, Jans-
sens. Lamberts, de Laun- oits.
8 Five per cent. 9 4,089.
Picture answers
Tower of the seventeenth-cen- tury belfry at Mons; the Ber- laimont building, headquarters of the EEC Commission in Brussels.
Quiz compiled by Margot Lyon";"May 31, 1972";"";58492;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"How well do you know Belgium?";""
"";"['News']";"rurssa. .ue, i. .-ne rlul text of the.- c6nimunique&, -issued after the VECG sunmmit meeting here yesterday, reads:
1. The Heads of goverstment of nine states of the Community, the ministers of foreign affairs and the President of the Commission, meet- ing in Paris at the invitation of ihe French President, examined the various problems confronting Europe. They took note of the reports drawn up by the ministers of foreign affairs and recorded the agreement reached by these ministers on various points raised in the reports.
2. Recognizing the need for an overall approach to the internal problems involved in achieving European unity and the external problems facing Europe, the heads of government consider it essential to ensure progress :and overal
consistency in the activities of the Communities and in the work on political cooperation.
3. The heads of government have therefore decided to meet, accom- panied by the ministers of foreign affairs, three times a year and, whenever necessary, in the Coun- cil of the Communities and in the context of political cooperation. The administrative secretariat will be provided for in an appropriate manner with due regard for exist- ing practices and procedures.
Jn order to ensure consistency in Community activities and con- tinuity of work, the ministers of foreign affairs, meeting in the Council of the Community, will act as initiators and coordinators. They may hold political coopera- tion meetings at. the same time.
These arrangements do not in any way affect the rules and pro- cedures laid down in the treaties or the provisions on political co- operation in the Luxembourg and Copenhagen reports. At the vari- ous meetings referred to in the preceding paragraphs the Com- mission will exercise the powers vested in it and play the part assigned to it by the above texts. 4. With a view to progress towards European unity, the heads of government reaffirm their determination gradually to adopt common positions and co- ordinate their diplomatic action in all areas of international affairs ivhich affect the interests of the European Community. The President In office will be the spokesman for the Nine and will set out their views in international diplomacy. He will ensure that the necessary concertation alvays takes place in good time.
In view of the increasing role of political cooperation in the con- struction of Europe, the European Assembly must be more closely associated with the work of the Presidency, for example through replies to questions on political cooperation put to him by its members.
5. The Heads of government consider it necessary to increase the solidarity of the Nine both by improving Community procedures and by developing new common policies in areas to be decided on and granting the necessary powers to the institutions.
6. In order to improve functioning ot the Council of the Community, they consider that it is necessary to renounce the practice which consists of making agreement on all questions conditional. on the unanimous consent of the member states, whatever their respective positions may be regarding the conclusions reached in Luxem- bourg on January 28, 196G.
7.: Greater latitude will be given to the permanent representatives so that only the most important political problems need be dis- cussed in the Council. To this end, each member state will take the measures it Considers necessary to strengthen the role of, the permanent representatives and involve them In preparing the national positions on European affairs.
8. Moreover they agree on the advantage of making use of the provisions of the Treaty of Rome whereby the powers of imple- mentation and management aris- ing out of Community rules may be conferred on the Commission.. 9. Cooperation between the Nine in areas outside the scope of the treaty will be continued where it has. already begun. It should be extended to otber areas by bring- Ing together the representatives of the governments, meeting within the Council whenever possible.
10. A workiig party will be set up to study the possibility of establishing a passport union and, in anticipation of this, the intro- duction of a uniform passport.
If possible, this draft should be submitted to the goverunments of the member states before Decem- ber 31, 1976. It will, in particu- lar, provide for stage-by-stage harmonization of legislation affect- ing aliens and for the abolition of passport control within the Com- munity.
11. Another working party will be Instructed to study the condi- tions and the timing under wvhichi the citizens of the nine member states could be given special rights as members of the Community.
12. The heads of government note that the election of the European Assembly by universal suffrage, one of the objectives laid down in the treaty, should be achieved as soon as possible. In this connexion, they await with interest the proposals of the European Assembly, on which they wish the Council to act in 1976. On this assumption, elections by direct universal suffrage could take place at any time In or after 1978.
Since the European Assembly Is composed of representatives of the peoples of the states united within the Community, each people must be represented In an appropriate manner.
The European Assembly will be associated witb the achievement of European unity. The heads of government will not fail to take into consideration the points of view which, In October, 1972. they asked it to express on this subject.
The competence of the European Assembly will be extended. in par- ticular by granting It certain powers In the Communities' legis- lative process.
Statement bp the United Kingdom Delegation
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom explained that Her Majesty's Government did not wish to prevent the governnents of the other eignt member states from making progress with the election of the European Assem- bly by universal suffrage.
Her Majesty's Government could not themselves take up a position on the proposal before the pro- cess of renegotiation had been completed and the results of renegotiation submitted to the British people.
Statement bV the Danish Dele- gation
The Danish delegation Is unable at this stage to commit itself to introducing elections by universal suffrage by 1978.
13. The heads of government note that the process of transform- ing the whole complex of rela- tions between the men*er states, in accordance -with the decision taken in Paris in October 1972, has already started. They are deter- mined to make further progress In this direction.
In this connexion, they con- sider that the time has come for the Nine to agree as soon as pos- sible on an overall concept of European union. Consequently, in acozrdance with the requests made by the Paris meeting of heads of state and of government in October 1972, they confirm the importance which they attach to the reports to be made by the Community institutions.
They request the European Assembly, the Commission and the Court of Justice to bring the sub- mission of their reports forward to before the end of June 1975. They agreed to invite Mr Tinde- mans, the Prime Minister of the kingdom of Belgium, to submit a comprehensive report to the heads of government before the end of 1975, on the basis of the reports received from the institutions and of consultations twhich he is to have with the governments and with a wide range of public opinion in the Community.
Economic anq monetary union
14. The heads of government. having -noted that internal and international difficulties have pre- vented in 1973 and 1974 the accomplishment of expected pro- gress on the road to EMU, affirm that in this field their will has not weakened and that their objective has not changed since the Paris conference.
Convergence of economic policies 15. The heads of government discussed the economic situation in the world and in the Community. 16. They noted that the increase in energy prices is leading to infla- tionary tendencies and balance of payments deficits and intensify- Ing the threat of general reces- sion. The resulting alterations in the terms of trade are forcing the member states to redirect their Production structures.
17. The heads of government reaffirm that the aim of their economiic policy continues to be to combat inflation and maintain employment. The cooperation of both sides of industry will be essential if this policy is to succeed. They emphasize that, in the present circumstances, high priority must be given to economic revival in conditions of stability, i.e., action aimed both at prevent- ing a general economic recession and restoring stability. This must not involve any recourse to pro. tectionist measures which, by setting up a chain reaction, could jeopardize economic revival.
Member states wvhich have a balance of payments surplus must Implement an economic policy of stimulating domestic demand and maintaining a high level of emp:oy. ment, without creating new inrla- tionary conditions. Such an atti- tude would make it easier for countries which have considerable balance of payments deficits to follow a policy which will ensure a satisfactory level of employment, stabilization of costs and an improvement in their external trade balance without resorting to protectionist measures.
Mr Vilson arriving back at No 10 yesterday after the EEC summit talks in Paris.
18. In the context of the effort to be made by countries having a sur- plus, the heads of government greet the economic policy measures already adopted by the Nether- lands Government as a step in the right direction. They also note with satisfaction the short-term economic programme which the government of the Federal Repub- lic of Germany intends to follow particularly as regards stimulating public and private investment, and the fact that the Belgian Govern- ment intends to follow suit.
They all express satisfaction at the efforts made by the countries having a balance of payments deficit to maintain their competi- tive position so as to achieve a more satisfactory balance of pay- ments and to improve the level of employment.
19. While acknowledging the special situation of each of the member states of the Community- which makes a uniform policy inappropriate-the heads of govern- ment stress that it is absolutely necessary to agree on the policies to be adopted. This convergence will be meaningful only if it works towards Community solidarity and is based on effective permanent consultation machinery. The mini- sters for economic affairs and finance will be responsible, within the framework of Community procedures, for implementing these guidelines.
20. It is obvious that all these poli- cies will be really effective only in so far as the world's major industrialized countries succeed in arresting incipient recessionary tendencies. In this connexion, they note with satisfaction the account given by the Chancellor of the
Federal Republic of Germany. of his talks with the President of the United States.
They desire that, at his forth- coming meeting with President Ford, the President of the French Republic should, on behalf of the Community, stress the importance of convergence between the econo- mic policies of all industrialized countries along the lines indicated above.
They also wish the Community and its member states to do the same during the forthcoming inter- national consultations and in the appropriate international bodies.
21. The Community will continue to contribute to the harmonious expansion of world trade, especi- ally in relation to developing countries, and in order to do so wdll take a constructive part in the GATT trade negotiations which It hopes to see actively continued in the near future. Regional Policy
22. The heads of government decided that the European regional development fund, designed to correct the principal regional imbalances in the Community resulting notably from agricultural predominance, industrial change and structural under-employment, will be put into operation by the Institutions of the Community with effect from 1 January 1975.
23. The fund will be endowed with 300 mua in 1975, with 500 mua for each of the years 1976 and 1977, i.e. 1300 mua.
24. This total sum of 1300 mua will be financed up to a level of 150 mua by credits not presently utilized from EAGGF (guidance section) .
The resources of the fund will be divided along the lines envis- aged by the Commission:
Belgium: 1.5%; Denmark: 1.3%; France: 15%; Ireland: 6%; Italy: 40% ; Luxembourg: 0.1%; Netherlands: 1.7% ; Fed- eral Republic of Germany: 6.4%; United Kingdom: 28%.
Ireland will in addition be given another 6 mua which will come from a reduction in the shares of the other member states with the exception of Italy.
Employment problems:
25. The effort needed to com- bat inflation and the risks of reces- sion and unemployment as des- scribed above must accord with the imperatives of a progressive and equitable social policy if it is to receive support and cooperation from both sides of industry, both at national and Community level.
In this respect, the heads of government emphasize that the economic and social committee can Play an important role in associa- ting both sides of industry in the definition of the Community's economic and social aims.
Above all, vigorous and coordin- ated action must be taken at Community level to deal with the problem of employment. This vill require the member states, in conjunction with the organizations concerned, to coordinate their employment policies in an appro- priate manner and to set priority targets.
26. When the time is ripe, the Council of the Community will consider, in the light of experience and with due regard to the prob- lem of the regions and categories of workers most affected by employment difficulties, whether and to what extent it will be necessary to increase the resources of the social fund.
27.1 Being convinced that In this period of economic difficulty speCial emphasis should be placed onI social measures, the heads of government reaffirm the impprt- ance !which they attach to inple- mentation of the measures listed in the social action programme approved by the Council in its resolution of 21 January 1974.
28. The heads of govenment m`Oe It their objective to harmonize the degree of social security afforded by the various member states, while maintaining progress but without .requiring that the sosial systems obtaining ir, all memhe
states should be Identical. 'lo Energy
29. The heads of government dis- cussed the energy problem and, in this connexion, the related major financial problems created for the community and for the wider world.
30. They further noted that the ministers of energy of the Com- munity countries are due to meet on 17 December.
31. The heads of government, aware of the paramount impor- tance which the energy problem has in world economy, have dis- cussed the possibilities 'for cooperation between oil exporting and oil importing countries, -on which subject they heard a report from the Federal Chancellor...
32. The heads of governm'ent attach very great importance to the forthcoming meeting between the -President of the United States and the President of the French Republic.
33. The heads of government, referring to the Council resolution of 17 September 1974, have invited the Community institutions ""to work out and to implement a com- mon energy policy in the shortest possible time.
Britain's members7tip of the Community
34. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom indicated the basis on which Her Majesty's Government approached the negotiations regarding Britain-s continued membership of the Com- munity and set out the particular Issues to which the Government attached the highest importance.
35. The heads of government recall the statement made during the accession negotiations by the Com- munity to the effect that "" if un- acceptable situations were to anise, the very life of the Community would make it imperative for the institutions to find equitable sglu- tions "". .
36 They confirm that the system of "" own resources "" represebnts one of the fundamental elements of the economic integration of the Community.
37. They invite the institutlon$, of the Community (the Council and the Commission) to set up as soon as possible a correcting mechanflsm of a general application which, in the framework of the system of "" own resources "" and in harmony with its normal functioning, based on objective criteria and taking into consideration in particular the suggestions made to this effect, by the British Government, could prevent during the period of con- vergence of tihe economies of the member states, the possible development of situations un- acceptable for a member state and incompatible with the smooth working of the Community.- Reuter.";"December 12, 1974";"";59268;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Text of communiqué issued after EEC summit conference in Paris";""
"";"['News']";"E UROPE today Is engaged in a
struggle to establish its identity. The outstanding event so far has been the battle by Britain to join the Common Market, which ended in a vic- t6o'yfor General de Gaulle. But the campaign, so to speak, continues, and it is not yet clear what kind of Europe wiU finally emerge.
Indeed, it would be rash to make prophecies even about the immediate future. A year ago, writing in this review, Britain's accession to the Euro-
pean Economic Community seemed all. but accomplished. A new chapter in history was about to be opened. The page turned, but the writing was entirely different from what was expected- though General de Gaulle's brutal inter- vention at his press conference of January .14 this year had always been feared possible.
Next year the European scene may again present a totally different aspect
from that which might reasonably be expected, seen from the vantage point of today. But a survey of the forces at work in Europe now should at least suggest how the land may lie in the future.
It may be as well, first of all, to try to see what caused the original up- heaval. Beyond the salient fact of the French Presidenfs veto, there is much disagreement as to what went wrong. Nearly every observer has his own version, and historians may long continue to rake the ashes.
In the present writer's view the key fact w-as the consolidation by General de Gaulle of his own position in the French elections, of last autumn. If it is assumed, as it must be, that the Gen- eral never really wanted to see Britain in the Common Market, the result of this election is crucial. Before that date, French tactics were to get the best pos- sible terms for France from the nego- tiations, to be indeed as tough as pos- sible regardless of causing delays but not deliberately to halt the proceedings. There was a growing feeling among French delegates at the Brussels con- ference that Britain would join the Community and it made the soundest economic sense not only to get as much as they could from Britain, by way of entrance fee to Europe, but to tie Britain down in specific undertakings regarding future developiments in the
any rate standing shonider to shoulder with the United States and Russia. France would be the natural leader of this Europe, deriving her economic strength from the Common Market, which would be subordinated into a kind of technical planning organization, andI her political authority from the Franco-German alliance. Military power would depend on the sucessf
creation, still a long way off, of the French nuclear strike force. Thus the United States' presence in Europe would disappear. The longer term objectives would be to achieve a rapprochement with Russia and end the strife caused by a divided Germany-in birief a Europe "" from the Atlantic to the Urals "".
This is of course a highly condensed and over-simplified account of Gaullist aims. But, given the broad outline, it needs no elaboration here. All that needs to be said is that, whether it is the right or
wrong destiny for Europe, it has no obvious support from the xest of the continent. A completely contrary con-. ception is held by other European governements, and that is what all the argument is about.
The other members of the Common Market, and Britain and the members of Efta, broadly speaking, stand for a unified Europe as an equal.partner of the United States. within an Atlantic Alliance. The United States would be co-equal with the new Europe, which, from Marshall Aid onwards, it has done so much to foster, and which President Kennedy envisaged -in his ""Grand Design "".
Professor Hallstein summed up.this view in Strasbourg2 recently, when he addressed the-. annual joint meet- in;g of the European Parliament of the Six and .the. assembly -of the -17-nation Council- of Europe. ""As things are "", he. declared ""there is no way other than Atlantic. partner- ship . by -which we can . share in vorld politics, and it is on this that our fate,.the fate of Europe, depends."" An undeniable interdependence. already existed,. he said, in.the free, world* and in the Atl:antic area, not only at political and militaryibut also.at economic levels. Partnership would solve the "" spurious problem of a third force and the prob- lem of (French) hegemony "". The pur- pose of such aii Atlantic partnership would be to set up a regional system of peaceful relations. There was - no question of an Atliantic Community along the lines of the present European Communities, a threat seen and much feared by France. Instead, the two partners would be equal and would co- ordinate their efforts while competing with each other in the pursuit of their aims.; ""bThey -will increase their strength through (economic) rivalry"".
A definitive answer to all the problems of European integration cannot be given yet, because what is happening is that Europe is trying to find its identity. It can only emerge pragmnatically, as did the Common Market itself. And before- any effective kind of Atlantic partner- ship is possible, Europe must achieve a greater- degree of- unity. Within this approach to unity various ideas are.can- vassed and various views put forward. But while- the role of the Common Mar- ket-is a-matter for debate, it is generally accepted- as the cornerstone, the fixed point; on -which Europe will be built.
Although, however, it cannot be pre- dicted which -view -will-.finally emerge, there a¢e several reasons for supposing that General de Gaulle's conception will not, as it. stands,- prevail.:- First of all,
Former agricultural workers erecting a press in a heavy engineering plant I opened at Bari, Italy, by the Breda statc-controlled- group-symbolic of -+ , the cfforts to bring industry to Italy's backward south.
Community, so as to obviate the risk of her independent action later on. Their main concern, naturally enough, was to secure new markets for French agri- culture.
After the French election, General de. Gaulle was freed from any qualms about acting alone and precipitating a domestic crisis. There is nothing in the Treaty of Rome to prevent a member state from exercising a veto if it so desires. It may be b-ad formn, it may, and certainly did, shatter the spirit of mutual cooperation which made the Common Market so remarkable a crea- tion, but, juridically speaking, a veto wuas quite permissible. Economic con- siderations have never weighed very strongly with the General. The un- doubted gains for France-in having the established leadership of the Com- munity, in securing outlets for agricul- tural surpluses, ifi lining up under largely French-made rules a new market of 50
Common Market headquarters in Brussels, Ave. de La Joyeuse Entree.
million consumers-were of no conse- quence in cornparison with his political objectives.
A further point can be made here regarding the French election. The European movement works in a highly practical way. It draws its inspiration from M. Jean Monnet and his Action Committee for the United States of Europe, and it runs, such is his genius, through all political parties (Communists excepted) and both Catholic and Free trade unions. His supporters on all sides of political life uphold the same fundamental aim of building a united Europe. Whichever party is in power, the commnittee's ideas and drive flow straight to the top, unobtrusively but effectively giving practical application to the building of Europe. But when General de Gaulle succeeded in estab- lishing his personal rule, and in effect eliminating party politics in France, the influence of the European movement in France was neutralized. The ""good Europeans"" among the French- Monnet- himself, lM. Schuman, the author of the Schuman declaration and others-were powerless. It was not feasible to bring influence, or reason, to bear.
But if the French election was the turning point, a second fact must be borne in mind. And this is that Britain did not succeed in completing the nego- tiations by that time last year, that
is after one year of ihe Brussels con- ference.
Had Mr. Heath, Britain's chief nego- tiator, been able to negotiate ternms of entry before then, the story could have been very different. Considering. the enormous obstacles facing the British team, the complete transformation-no less-of the British attitude to the world -and considering their limited room for manoeuvre-the claims of the Comnmon- wealth, of Efta, of domestic pressure groups, and the sniping of hostile opin- ion-it may be considered astonishing that the did so much so quickly. Yet they might have moved faster.
One problem was seriously under- estimated, and that was British agricul- ture. Naturally conservative and sus- picious of change, farmers are much alike the world over. The British Ministry of Agriculture gave an appear- ance of rebuctance to oommit itself, to move into tihe heart of negotiations and
to make its own position clear. The great row that sprang up in October last year took the British by surprise: seeking terms which were totaly unacceptable to the Community-an extension of the transition period'for introducing E.E.C. regulations, special terms for horticul- ture and so on-they left a vacuum, a mistrust of their intentions, which the French were quick to seize on and ex- ploit. It took a whole year before the agricultural experts were won over to the necessity of going even half way towards the E.E.C. But by then-though there is no doubt that an agreement could have been reached-it was too late.
TOO SLOW?
However, whether or not it is judged that Brit'ain was too slow, it is generally aecepted that the negotiations. could have been completed successfuly had they' been' allowed to continue: The Commnonwealth hurdle was over, and the Coinmonweaith Priime Ministers, without giving their blessing, had accepted the logic of British member- ship. The agricultural problem was about to be solved. Only Efta, to whose members Britain had given, very solid and solemn pledges, remained. 'hfs problem, since no one saw then nor sees yet how to handle it, certainly remained. The verdict on the negotiations of Pro- fessor Hallstein, president of the Brussels Commission,- was that it'was not possible to say of the negotiations at the moment when they were inter- rupted that they had in practice failed and it was equally impossible to say they had already. to all intents and pur- poses succeeded. The British side would have had to make a number of consider- able concessions, but "" there was a reasonable chance of reaching agree- ment "".
Two basic points emerge from the above. One, the chances are that Britain could negotiate entry to the Common Market. Two, she will not be able to do so while General de Gaulle is in power,. and of his present cast of mind. The General -is almost 73 and it must be taken for granted will auto- matically. hold a second term of office as President, which would take him through most of this decade. He might change his mind-after all he spok'e of Britain coming into Europe "" one day"" -but there is no valid reason for sup- posing a change at the moment.
General de Gaulle has a strong it highly individual conception of Europe. He wishes it. to become a."" third force "", mediating between or balancing or at
.=ost. o Europe i solidly against him, and so is the United States. Secondly he is an old man and. cannot remain at the political helim for ever. If he s-hould in the course .of time retire there is no knowing bow France will develop. Many Frencbnien are strongly anti-Gaullist and the European movement is only biding its time for action. Thirdly, it hardly looks as if General de Gaulle can count on the support of dhe German Government as he expected, since the Franeo-German treaty-,he pivot of his political ambitions-has been but a shadow of what was intended.. The probable accession of Professor Erhard to the office of Chancellor will greatly reinforce the pro-European, pro-Nato elemen¢s in Germany, and is likely. to signal a ncw course in German tforeign policy. Professor Erhard is a champion of European ideals, and has long been recognized as such. It will be surprising if ihe does not take a far more indepen- dent line with the General than has Dr. Adenauer. irnally, perhaps of the greatest consequence, the whole climate of east-west relations may be thanging after the sinature of the test ban treaty. An casing of tension betwvee-n he United States and the Soviet Union would have an inmediate effect on European affairs.
U.K. ATTITUDE
Any review of the European scene must, of course, take into account the British attitude. This raises a question mark as puzzling as any. Under Mr. Macmillan's leadership British policy towards the EE.C. has been absolutely
-ear. Full membership of the Common Market is the objective, and Mr. Heath has taken every opportunity in affirming this policy. But, having suffered a major reverse in Brussels, and beset by domes- tic difficulties threateening the future of the whole party, there'is'no real know- ing how Conservative thinking will develop on the European'issues. Will the party have the strength and confidence needed to'.pursue "" joining 'Europe"" as bravely as it has in the past?
If the Labour Party is returned to power, on the other hand, it is rtot at all:cetain- that its leaders will be par-' ticularly enthusiastic about', Europe. Indeed-there-is more :reason to suppose that Mr. Wilson, while supporting the -overall aim of Atlantic solidarity, will be chary of committing Britain to Com- mon Market policies in the way that full membership would require. The way
Three years ago Ferrandina was just a hungry south Italian village. Then Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (E.N.L), the Italian state oil company, found methane gas in the valley. Now Ferrandina is at the beginming of a boom.
in which he comes to terms with the Common Market must, necessarily, await events.
Since the Brussels breakdown Government policy has been con- centrated on developing the lin!ks with the E.E.C. and its member countries as effeetively as possible. This has been achieved in three ways. First, after a good deal of argument and objeotions raised by the French, it.was agreed by the Six to hold quarterly meetings with Britain, in the forum of Western European Union. This arrangement will enable both poli- tical and economic matters to be dis- cussed, and allow both sides to keep their policies from diverging too far apart. Moreover, the very fact of hold- ing regular meetings at all will help, to keep the European idea alive in Britain. Secondly, the periodic meet-
ings of the bilateral economic com- mittees have becn revived. An Anglo- Benelux committee has been formed, so that matters of mutual interest can now be discussed with the Benelux coun. tries from time to time, as well as with Germany and Italy in the other econo- mic committees. The Anglo-French committee, however, has fallen into disuse.
Finally the British nission in Brus- sels has been considerably strengthened. Its task is to keep in touch with the Common Market daily, making known British views on any subject under review and reporting back to Whitehall the latest developments in Brmssels. In this way Britain is in as close touch with the Common Market as her exclusion from actual membership will allow. And there, for the time being, the matter rests. V";"October 21, 1963";"";55837;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Europe's Struggle to Settle its Identity and Destiny";""
"['Charles Hargrove']";"['News']";"Or: .
I
It is comforting in an age of superpowers and nuclear weaponry that size is not the only criterion of influence; and that a statesman's standing in world counsels is not measured entirely in terms of the number of square kilometres of his national base.
It is truer now than it- was barely fifty years ago, when, asM Gaston Thorn, the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, once reminded his country's diminu- tive Parliament of 59 members (which has the intimacy of the assembly room of a learned society) it was "" in the humiliat- ing situation where the Luxem- bourg representatives did not succeed in being received even by officials of the Foreign Ministries of neighbouring countries when they came to discuss with them problems which involved its very existence.""
M Thorn, who is expected to become President of the UN General Assembly next autumn, and will chair the Council of Ministers of the EuropeaitfCom. munity for the second time from January 1976, is a states- man of international stature working from a home base the size of Dorset. Which explains why, on an average of three days a week, he is abroad. But abroad in Luxembourg is literally next door-which does not prevent some of his fellow countrymen from resenting what they regard as his pre- occupation with world prob- lems and his lack of interest for domestic ones. It is a deli- cate point, and he tries so *far as he can, when he is at home, not to offend their suscepti- bilities by "" cutting "" debates in Parliament. In fact, when I went to see him, he apolo- getically broke off our con- versation to dash over ' to Parliament to answer un- scheduled questions of dist- inctly local interest. . . '
'If next door is abroad, the local politics of Luxembourg is also Europe. For having over- looked this truism in the past, Luxembourg found that ques- tions involving its, very exist- ence were decided iWithout its being consulted. As recently as 30 years ago, its independence, painfully secured in 1867, was threatened. ""I draw, from it the lesson,"" M Thorn empha- sized, ""that a little country, more than another, needs to participate (in international dis-' cussions) in a loyal and effec- tive manner; and can, less than another, disown its obligations 'and withdraw from its responsibilities.""
In Luxembourg, a senior diplomat once told me,, politi- cians are by the very force of things, immediately propelled on to the international scene, where in a larger country, they can easily confine' themselves to national affairs. ""'I want to be objective and therefore modest "", M Thorn told- me the other day. ""We glory: 'in the fact that we are more inter- nationally and European minded than others. ' But it is easier for us than, for them. A small country like ours is, in any case, conditioned by, the policies 'of its bigger neighbours, and 'we' endured them through the cen- turies without having any say in them. Today, in the Com- munity, we have a share in them. We are all equal-some are more equal 'than'. others, and we have a little more influence 'on European events than we ever 'had before. Therefore it is for reasons of national interest that we 'are international. After' being in- vaded by the French, the Aus- trians, the Germans, we learnt that, for Luxembourg to save itself, its' neighbours had to live in peace with one another. It is the Community framework-that gives 'us this guarantee. 'Ard being an exporting country without a domestic market, it is the Community that gave us this domestic market."" '
.M Thorn is .a typical product of this international vocation of Luxembourg. He 'was' born- there only 46 years ago (he is so used to"" being the youngest of European statesmen that he 'was quite surprised a few weeks ago-when M Chirac the French Prime Minister, came on an official visit-to be faced with a competitor who was only 42) but brought up in France, where his father was an engineer on the railways. The"" family returned to the Grand
)uchy. at the outbreak of war. The father, a confirmed Liber,al,
was arrested for resisting the' ""Germanization "" imposed by. Hitler on a country he regarded as historically an intrinsic part of the German empire. The son was hauled off to Germany in. 1943 to do a spell of "" cor-
rective "" training, for having organized a demonstration by the boys of his. school against compulsory anti-aircraft drill. After the. war, he studied at Montpellier,' Lausanne and Paris,' read law, and became President of the World Student Conference.
Politics, he once expliined, is in: the 'blood with ,his family,' ;which has lived in Luxembourg' for five centuries. At the .beginning of this one, a Thorn.
was president of the Liberal Party his nephew later became president of the. Christian Democratic Party, and still later a cousin was president of the Social Democratic Party. He sometimes regrets, perhaps a trifle disingenuously, not being an ordinary MP which he says, corresponds better to his lawyer's temperament than ministerial office.
The fact remains that, after becoming a Member of Parlia- mnent at 31, Minister for Foreign Affairs at 41, and Prime Minister at 45, M Thorn is now the veteran at the Council of Ministers of the European Com- munity. During the six months of his first Presidency in 1971, he worked indefatigably to reconcile conflicting interests and smooth the ruffled pride of his country's bigger and more powerful neighbours.
Those were the days of the fierce controversy over the location of the European poli- tical secretariat.; ""We are honest and worthy brokers"", he sold me then. ""Europe needs them and they are becoming rare on the market. With few exceptions we have no -direct interests to defend. Our interest is to avert conflicts between our big neighbours. We have helped France and Germany to under- stand one another. In the Europe of the Ten there is no- one who will be better able to understand the standpoints of the others without any precon- ceived ideas.""
I asked him the secret that had made a country with a population the size of Bradford, produce four, statesmen of un- disputed international 'stature
Maurice Schumann (who was born in Luxembourg), Josef- Besh; Pierre Werner, and him. self. ""You are very kind "", he replied with a twinkle in the eye. ""I think 'some natural en- vironments suit some plants better than others; and this old Lotharingia (of which Luxem- bourg is. the only survival), at the crossroads of Germanic and Latin civilizations, which has seen many invaders, is a little more sensitized, more open, and more "" influenced by interna- tional contacts than those who lived beneath the Pyrenees, or -if you will forgive me-on an island. We were involved in the trading of 'peoples and. influ- ences. You dominated them; it's something else. For us its the law of survival. And the fact of having had always to rub shoulders and talk with greater neighbours on whom one de- pended gave us perhaps-again through necessity-an under- 'standing for' the position of the ones and the others. If you do not need. to do it, if you have not got it' in your chromosomes from father to son, then you see things with a British, an Hispanic 'detachment:""
As I listened to him speaking French with great fluency, pre- cision and elegance (which is not the case with many of his fellow countrymen who do not feel entirely at ease in the lan- guage), I found myself under the charm of this small, youth-
ful,. squa.re-shouldered, close-"" knit man, bursting with energy, with sharp eyes and an agile mind, who waved his hands and. occasionally rapped the table between us'to drive home a key point. His intellectual brio and brilliance, his completely French mastery of word and phrase, keen sense of humour, and gift for mimicry, sometimes make him impatient of his slower-witted fellow country- men. But Gaston Thorn is parti- cularly careful 'not to lay him- self open to the charge of being overbearing or superior. He certainly 'likes to shine.. He is an exceUent debater, and he cou d draw rings around his pre- decessor and leader of the Opposition, Pierre Werner, who is not at his best in Parliament. But. he refrains, not because it would' be bad for his public image, but out. of respect for Werner.
His manner is direct, frank,
open, democratic-and down to earth. This is partly because of the Luxembourg environ- ment. In a capital city of just under 80,000, everyone who matters is on speaking terms vith everyone else. There is a great in-feeling and no one is lett out in the cold. Poliucal antagonisms can never degener- ate, as they do elsewhere. because people are compelled to live with one another; and power cannot corrupt because its trappings are modest and its manifestations familiar. The whole of Luxembourg, for that matter, is a striking example of a successfully integrated industrial society.- There are no extremes of . wealth- and poverty, and the standard' of living is the highest in Europe. All this makes for pragmatism, tolerance, and an absence of class feeling. M Thorn himself. though the heir of a long Liberal line, is a practising Catholic. Yet his party is, nominally at least, anti-clericaL This has not prevented it, alternatively with the Social Democrats, from belonging to a coalition dominated by the Christian Democrats for 15 years.
Another illustration of his tolerance and simplicity-and of his awareness of the press- is the fact that his wife, Liliane, a professional journalist. can be seen during official visits receiv- ing a foreign guest with her husband at one moment and the next putting questions to him as a journalist at a press confer. ence. They live in rural surroundings in a comfortable, unpretentious house on the Northern fringe of Luxembourg, with a particularly lovely garden in which he likes to potter when he has time. It is a real home, filled with their books, pictures, and souvenirs they have brought back from their travels all over the world. Gaston Thorn likes good food and good talk and good friends. He always arranges to meet fellow statesmen with whom he gets on well, like Walter Scheel, Leo Tindemans, or William Rogers, at the house when they visit Luxembourg. He also likes to keep himself fit and maintain a youthful image, which explains his personal appeal to younger voters. At weekends, he plays a little tennis or golf, or goes for a run in the near-by woods, dressed in his track suit, or takes hfs son, Alain, who is 13, to watch a football match.
M Thorn's rise to power, ailmost exactly a year ago, was quite a revolution in unrevo- lutionary Luxembdurg. For the first time in 75 years (with a gap of one year in the Twen- ties) the domination of the Christian Social Party was broken. But this spelled not only a change of parties. It meant a new, younger generation of politicians. Until then, Luxem- bourg politics, had been rather staid and provincial. But M Thorn is tyDical of the modern, pragmatic politician-a mixture of German, French, and Ameri- can styles, as the editor of a leading Luxembourg newspaper explained. He is the first fully to have appreciated the import. ance of the press and shown a real mastery of media. His use of televi$ion, for instance, is as skilled as M Giscard d'Estaing's with whose aims and outlook he has a good deal in common. He. certainly shares the French President's conviction of. the need to adapt liberal society to a rapidly changing world, if it iS to survive.
M Besh, a father.figure of. Luxembourg politics, had been Foreign Minister for 39 years in the old fashioned French Radical Socialist tradition; M Wer'ner, Prime Minister for 15 years. They could not be inno- vators, or perceive the neces- sary transformations of Luxem- bourg societyt ""Without being a demagogue, or making a sacri- fice to fashion "", he remarked to
me, ' I feel that an essential aspect of Liberalissm is the need, each day, to questioin what has been achieved-not to demolish It, but in order to ask oneself whether what one did yester- day is still valid today. One should carry out reforms not because they are the minimum one should do, without having something else one does* not v.ant imposed on one; but for their own sake. Liberals should be, today, at the spearhead of progress; as they were in the nineteerith century.""
M Thorn's idealism is very pragmatic. Hc believes the Community can no longer post. pone trying to teach a defini- tion of what it means by European union. He had some sympathy with Mr Callaghan, he remarked, when he asked what it meant exactly: "" Any politician worthy of the name must know where he wants to get to"", he added. ""Married life is difficult if a couple never discuss their conception of marriage."" The climate of the Council of Ministers was very disenchanted now, by com- parison with 15 years back. Concessions were more difficult because one did not know what they were getting at. The Nine, on the basis of what they have achieved, should decide what they can do and where they. want to go.
They should decide whether they want a federation or a confederation, but without set- ting a date for it, as the Paris summit had done. One could not plan nowadays in the economic, political or military fields for 20 years hence.
"" The Community has emerged from the oil crisis relatively well "", he stressed. ""But it remains a giant with feet of clay. There is too much inter-Governmental cooperation. I say this because we want to make Europe something worth- while, not to embatiass our British friends or get them to abandon some of their national authenticity. If we go on like this we shall produce something in the twentieth century which is hardly anything more than the German confederation of the nineteenth.
""If we want to go beyond-a customns or economic union, we must not believe that what is in the Rome Treatv is enough. We must go beyond political cooperation. It wvas wrong to believe that a certain economic integration would automatically lead to something more,"" he added.
He certainly thinks the nettle of relations between the Com- nhunity and the United States ought to be grasped. The United States certainly turned out to be very reticent towards Euro- pean unity. They thought Europe was being created against the Atlantic Alliance. "" We must "", he said, "" Break out of the dilemma that one is regarded as a bad European if one is for the Alliance; and as an unreliable member of the Alliance if. one is for European unity. If wve do not stay together, we shall go to our ruin. If the choice were between Europe and the United States, I wbuld choose Europe. But there is no need for the choice. It is in the interest of the United States that Europe be strong, and of Europe that the United States be strong. The Nine want a more autonomous Europe. But why not envisage it inside the Alliance, and define the tasks of the Alliance and those of Europe.""
To conclude. I asked him how he felt about the prospect of becoming President of the UN General Assembly. "" My first reaction was: let this chalice be taken away. But I look upon it as a challenge. As a member of a small country and a small party, I feel there is the need for a conciliator. The United Nations is now in a dangerous period wlheii the majority of members wants to impose itself and exclude others. So a small country which has no clientele of its own, no aspiration to powver politics, and stands bv international rules of behaviour. hais a chance to remind others of the need to observe them "", he said. M Thorn has been nick- named "" Gaston the African "", and, described as "" the most African of Europeans "". If he says this it is not through any hostility towards the developing world, but in order to substitute discussion and cooperation for confrontation; as in the last session of the UN General Assembly.
To end on a lighter note. The Luxembourgei is by. !teinpera- ment sceptical. He does .'not believe all he hears and reads. When he is told that his Prime Minister is a great man on the iiternational stage, he is flat- tered but wonders what it all adds up to for Luxembourg. The Socialist ""Tageblatt"" of Esch carries a little satirical piece each day. A recent one said: ""M Thorn will become President of the UN General Assembly.:It is, we are told; a very important job. By the way, dear reader, dLo you remember
the name ot the current Presi- dent of the .UN ? "", the article concluded.
Charles Hargrove
Times Newspapers Ltd, 1975
__~~";"July 7, 1975";"";59441;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Gaston Thorn";""
"";"['News']";"At the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' conference yesterday. Clockwise round the table (from bottom right) are: Sir Milton Margai, Sierra Leone; Sir Alexander Bustamante, Jamaica; Sir Roy Welensky, Rhodesia; Sir Norman Brook, Cabinet Secretary; Mr. Macmillan; Dr. Williams, Trinidad and Tobago; Archbishop Makarlos, Cyprus; Tun Abdul Razak, Malaya; Mr. Fernando, Ceylon; Mr. Nehru, India; Mr. Menzies, Australia; Mr. Diefenbaker, Canada; Mr. Holyoake, New Zealand; President Ayub Khan, Pakistan; Mr. Goka, Ghana.
When the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' conference continued yester- day in London, Mr. Diefenbaker, of Canada, said that ¢the present con- ference was preliminary. It would have to be followed by bilateral discussions after the next round of talks in Brussels, and then, if the Prime Ministers wished it, he assumed that there should be a further full conference. He suggested that more concessions could be gained from the Six in negotiations for Britain's entry into the Common Market.
Canada was represented, he said, in order to give her opinion whether the terms so far negotiated at Brussels provided the neces- sary safeguards for Commonwealth interests. The present conference was preliminary.
Although there had been a measure of tentative agreernent at Brussels. there was a vast field sti11 to be covered. The present terms did not provide any real assurance that Canadian interests would not be damaged in the long term. Britain should try to secure a more precise formulation, referring to cereals and temperate food- stuffs, of price and production policy.
CLOSE RELATIONS
He emphasized the importance Canada attached to close trade relations with Britain. Could Canada be confident that the quality advantage of her wheat would be enough to maintain sales here. over the Common Market import levy, he asked. In the expanding European demand for aluminium, would a place be left for Canadian supplies ? Could her wood pro- ducts compete with those of Scandinavia, after losing their right of free entry and facing a Common Market tariff? Would exports of canned and frozen fruits survive ?
Mr. Diefenbaker said that Britain had been bargaining persistently at Brussels. but he expected that more concessions could be gained when the ""Six"" learnt of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers views, and when the United States Trade Expansion Act was passed. Britain must continue to press for amneliorating action, he said. He pointed out that the ""Six"" had made no provision yet for Canadian alumbinium, lead, zinc, and newsprint.
As regards an alternative plan for Com- monwealth trade, Mr. Diefenbaker was somewhat guarded. His view is that the conference is at present studying only the possible effects of British entry to the Com- mon Market, in the light of evident British determination to join. So long as this determination persists, there would be no point in outlining altematives.
Later, if it was so desired. Mr. Diefenbaker indicated that he was pre- pared to outline a programme which Canada believed could contribute to the solution of Commonwealth problems. But such proposals would be made only when it seemed that British entry to the Common Market was unlikely.
Some observers have the impression that Mr. Diefenbaker might well be persuaded to discuss his ideas later in the week if he finds other Commonwealth Prime Ministers encouraging.
In his speech, which lasted about an hour, Mr. Diefenbaker quoted two speeches of Mr. Maudling, of 1959 and 1960, when he was President of the Board
of Trade, which discussed the risks of British membership of the E.E.C. Mr. Diefenbaker commented on the changes in British thinking since then, and seemed to suggest that the British Goverunent owed the conference an explanation for such a fundamental change in its thinking.
On the political side he said that Britain would continue to make herself felt in the world, whether inside or outside the Com- mon Market. As to a stronger Europe developing out of closer unity, he said that it must be considered whether its effect would be that North America would feel less obliged to share in European defence.
Mr. Diefenbaker questioned whether Britain. in a federation or confederation in Europe, might not become like a province of Canada or a state of the United States.
PRESIDENT AYUB KHAN
""VITAL INTERESTS
NOT GUARDED ""
President Ayub Khan, of Pakistan, who spoke at the morning session, referred to Mr. Heath "" and his able team of advisers"" at Brussels and said:-
""We are deeply conscious of, and grate- ful for, their earnest endeavours to secure the best possible terms, but we are con- strained to observe that the proposals of August 3, 1962, do not safeguard our vital interests and are inadequate.""
The western world must decide whether to make a viable place for the developing countries, or whether it intended to turn itself nto "" a powerful international cartel. denying access to our manufactures to their markets, and forcing us to remain primary producers to feed their factories, dictating terms of trade, and compelling us to pay several times more for their finished goods ':
This would amount to "" reestablishing imperialism of the worst kind "", which would never be tolerated by the people of underdeveloped countries.
There was talk of negotiating bilateral trade agreements between them and the European Economic Community by 1966. he said, adding: "" We simply cannot afford to wait for so long.""
The President outlined the substance of the proposals affecting Pakistan negotiated by the United Kingdom with the E.E.C. He said the enlarged community had offered to negotiate a comprehensive trade agreement with Pakistan, by the end of 1966 at the
Mr. Nehru. of India, while expressing appreciation for Mr. Heath's efforts on the Commonwealth's behalf. said the ultimate picture that emerged was hardly satisfactory.
In some general remarks he referred to the world situation. on which Mr. Mac- raillan had dwelt on Monday. All were con- cerned, he said. with the east-west conflict and every step taken now must be judged from this point of view-"" Does it reduce tension between east and west: does it decrease the threat of war ? "" He added: ""We fear that the effect of the present proposals and the United Kingdom's entry into the European Community might be the reverse and add to the tensions between east and west.""
Some east European countries bad claimed that the Common Market would lead to an extension of the Nato alliance. ""That may not be wholly correct, but it may well result in increase of tension between cast and west"", he said. ""The chances of disarmament would grow les... :
NEW RELATIONSHIP
Referring to the present proposals on entry to the E.E.C., Mr. Nehru spoke of the need for a new and more healthy relationship between developed and developing countries. He recalled that declarations had been made in Gatt aimed at the relaxation of tariff barriers and the expansion of exports from developing countries. Even some members of the ""Six"", in agreements with India in 1959. had agreed to practical measures for increasing exports.
This had been the general trend and approach to world developments, he said. How far did it fit in with the present proposals? ""I do not see that they fit in "", he went on. ""The present proposals are vague and the approach so far made is not satisfactory: comprehensive trade agreements are a good idea but in the quest of what has been described as a balance of bargaining positions the prospects of our being able to negotiate a really worthwhile agreement with the enlarged community seem to us to have been seriously prejudiced.""
In the middle of the third five-year plan, the existence of trade links was important. ""We are thinking of our fourth and fifth fve-year plans. . . . We are naturally worried by the adverse effects on our plans.""
SURVIVAL FEAR
Britain's accession to the E.E.C. meant some diminution of her sovereignty. This need not be feared if it led to a world order, but it did rnake a difference to the Commonwealth. It affected not only trade but access for human beings. ""I do not see how the Commonwealth will survive unless a radical change is made in the present proposals "", Mr. Nehru said.
India's trade had been developed in the light of Commonwealth economic rela- tions which enabled India to expand the export of her products to the British market and increase imports from Britain. Mr. Nehru was surprised to hear these econo,mic relations described as charac- teristic of a period which was passing away. Only lately had duty-free imports into Britain and preferential arrange- ments over the Commonwealth as a whole helped India to bui}d up a sizable trade in manufactures.
"" How can these agreements be abandoned without adequate substitutes being found for them, perhaps over a wider field ?"", he asked. ""It is the old con- cept the colonial ooncept or something like that, which seems to form the basis of the present proposals. not wholly but to a large extent.""
The solution for India and other develop- ing oountries of economic difficulties lay in
extending duty-free treatment to as wide a list of items as possible and the lowering of tariffs on the rest. He summed up his views in four points: Any agreement made must help in the wider world context; it was essential to develop industrially unde- veloped countries; all countries must be developed: none must be confined to pro- ducing agricultural raw materials or fresh tensions would be created; India's five-year plan would be upset by the present arrang ments
*-Isanimagine "", he remarked, ""that it maybe good for the United Kingdom to enter the Common Market. I am no judge of that but it is not clear to me how any good can come if it causes harm to the Comrnonwealth.""
MR. MENZIES
THE PRICE TO BE
PAID
Mr. Menzies, the Australian Prime Minister, said it appeared that Britain had decided that the economic losses would be outweighed by the economic gains if she entered the community. It was to be hoped that this judgment was correct, but it seemed as though part of the final price and, perhaps, the final price was to be paid by the Commonwealth.
What was the price to be paid ? he asked. In spite of the strenuous efforts of Mr. Heath and his associates, they did not yet know the answer. What, therefore, was Australia being asked to do-sign a blank cheque ? No government could do that and survive. Go back home and report progress ? This would add to the damaging uncertainty which would affect investment confidence and values in Australia. Arrange for a further conference, perhaps sec- tionally, when negotiations were more advanced ? To this question, it appears Mr. Menzies did not suggest an answer.
Australia, throughout the negotiations. had behaved constructively and had not just demanded continuance of the status quo, he said. Nevertheless, she had a lively interest and a compelling duty to modify the price that would have to be paid and to see to it that as little injury as possible was done to her own developmnent and production.
MR. HOLYOAKE I
'TENDENCY TOWARDS |
VAGUENESS' I
Mr. Holyoake. the New Zealand Prime Miister, made it clear that New Zealand was not satsfied that the Brussels negotia- tions had so far produced adectuate safe- guards for the essential trading interests of the Commonwealth. What had most concerned New Zealand about the nego- tiations was "" the tendency towards vague- ness and generalization "". New Zealand sought safeguards which were "" as detailed and specific as possible and related to individual commodities"".
New Zealand's whole economy rests on the products of two animals, the sheep and the cow ""' he said. ""There are few natural resources other than our climate and our grass "". That was why safesuards were. in their view, imperatve.
If at the end of the negotiations they could say that the preservation of her vital interests had been assured. New Zealand would support Britain's entry into the Com- mon Market; but in present circumstances she must reserve her position on the econo- mic side.
"" The promise of long-term benefit is unlikely to be given its proper value by a man faced with the certainty of short-term disaster "". he said.
New Zealand fully shared the British Government's wish to keep Britain strong and agreed that the inclusion of Britain would give added stability to a Westemn European Union. He had faith that the Commonwealth would survive even the "".radically new state of affairs"" to which Britain's membership of a European politi- cal community would inevitably tive rise.
MR. GOKA
"" ADVERSE EFFECTS
ON GHANA ""
Mr. Goka, leader of Ghana's delegation in President Nkrumah's absence, said that Ghana was not opposed to Britain's entry into the European Economic Community. "" We are convinced, however, that on the information available to us, Britain's entry will have adverse effects on us.""
He recalled a speech by President Nkrumah last year stating that Ghana was ""decidedly and strongly opposed"" to any arrangement which used the unification of western Europe as a cloak for the per- petuation of colonial privileges in Africa.
Mr. Goka added that Ghana still thought that the Rome treaty would, through the device of associate membership, present the complete political and economic emancipation of the African continent. He put three questions to the British Government: -
1. Have they accepted in principle the
retention of the system of association, and how do they reconcile this with Ghana's declared objection to association ?
2. Do they accept in principle that they
will have to impose reverse preferences against the exports of African countries which reject association ?
3. Have the British Government accepted
that they will introduce discrimination in trade with African Commonwealth countries "" accordingly as they do or do not accept associate status "" ?
SENATOR FERNANDO
TAXES COULD UPSET
I TEA BENEFIT
Senator Fernando. Minister of Justice, Ceylon, also called for adequate safeguards for Ceylon's exports. Her economy had been orientated largely to supplying the nleeds of Commonwealth countries, he said. Any shrinking of export markets would do
severe damage"" to their economv and undermine their hopes of achieving sus- tained srowth.
He expressed Ceylon's satisfaction at the decision taken during the negotiations to remove the common external tariff on tea in the event of Britain's entry. This would safeguard tea exports to Britain, and would provide opportunities of sales to the Com. mon Market. But this advantage could be neutralized by increases in internal taxes already imposed by certain members of the Common Market.
latest, the objects of which will be to "" develop mutual trade, for the purpose of maintaining and, as much as possible, increasing the level"" of Pakistan's foreign currency receipts and. in general, of facili- tating the implementation of her development plans.
"" We welcome this offer and appreciate the terms in which it has been formulated, but it remains to be seen in what manner and to what extent these objectives will be attained in practice "", he said.
With regard to the impact of these pro- posals on Pakistan's trade, ""as far as we can make out, our primary products and raw materials and some tropical products, wiU continue to enter duty free and will not be adversely affected. One must, how- ever, add that there is not much scope for expanding exports of these commodities. and that, for a long time. the terms of world trade have been against primary pro- ducers.
MAIN ANXIETY
""Our main anxiety is with regard to exports of industrial goods - The most disturbing feature was ""'the fact that we may be deprived of our traditional out- let to the United Kingdom for the new industries which are being set up at so much cffort and cost during the current five-year plan period.""
He suggested that if the United King8 dom decided to join the Common Market. negotiations regarding the proposed com- prehensive trade agreement should be initiated as soon as possible after her entry.
""Secondly, in view of the short time that is likely to elapse between the United Kingdom's entry and finalization of the trade agreement, there is no justification for immediate application of the common extrnal tariff to our exports to the United Kingdom.""
One of the important objects of the trade agreement should be to rectify ""the growing imbalance in Pakistan's trade with the enlarged community "". Quota restric- tions should be abolished, the common. external tariff should be reduced to a level which would permit "" a reasonable outlet for the manufactured goods of Pakistan and other developing countries "", and nil tariffs should be allowed for ""a number of industrial items which are important for our economy, but constitute an infinitesi- mal part of the production of the enlarged community "".
If these ""and other reasonable sugges- tions "" were not entertained, "" our economic situation is such that we could not tolerate, even for a short period, any significant reduction in our earnings of foreign exchange"", he said. 'We will be obliged either to curtail our imports from our traditional sources of supply, or to alter radically our pattern of trade and look for other outlets for our exports.""
MR. NEHRU
U.K. ENTRY MIGHT ADD TO TENSIONS";"September 12, 1962";"";55494;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Meeting Continued";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. George Brown, the Foreign Secretary, in his speech at the meeting of the Council of the Western European Union at The Hague yesterday, said:-
We in Britain are conscious that this is a decisive moment in our history. The issue will shape our future for generations to come.
The same is true for Europe as a whole. The present opportunity may not easily come again. Unless Europe is united and strengthened she will not be able to meet the challenge of the world today. We must all of us meet it, or Europe will drift further and further into the margin of events.
The European Communities are developing on an economic base. But we in Britain, no less than the present members of the Communities, do not see the issues only in economic terms. The balance of economic advantage for us is a fine one. Some of the most decisive considerations for us have been political.
But political power, and the ability to assert a European influence on events, must grow out of economic strength. That is why we have laid particular emphasis in our approach to this question on the technological aspects.
Nuclear Development for peaceful uses
An integrated market and continu- ing progress towards economic union, the removal of national barriers which at present obstruct European industry from reaching its full poten- tial, and the consequent development of technological enterprises on a truly continental scale-these are urgent requiremnents.
We are none of us big enough as individual countries to provide all the resources for development and research for which the sophisticated products of our times call with mounting insistence.
Britain's entry into the Communi- ties would do much to redress the balance. In particular, our contribu- tion in nuclear development for peaceful uses, in computers and in aircraft, should greatly strengthen the Community.
There is some scope for progress through bilateral cooperation. But the field here is limited. In the com- mercial field there is no alternative for Europe to the development of a larger commercial market in which Europe-wide industries and com- panies can freely operate without tariff or other barriers. This alone will allow effective technological devedopment.
Britain's entry would bring the Communities within sight of attaining a market of 300 million people. If we do not unite, then the 1970s will find western Europe producing the conventional equipment of the 1'960s and being forced to look outside
Europe for the advanced equipment of the 1970s. But if we can achieve this unity, we can be confident that Europe will maintain a commanding position in the increasingly competi- tive markets of the world, with all that that implies for the welfare and
Mr. George Brown at Heathrow Airport, London, yesterday, before he left to attend the Ministerial meeting of the Western European Urlion at The Hague.
standard of living of our own peoples and for our contribution to world development.
But, we are aiming at something far more than material prosperity. We see this leading to a greater poli- tical purpose for western Europe. And if that purpose is to be realized, Britain must share it. We want, as soon as we can, to develop really effective political unity with our fellow west Europeans.
Step towards east-west reconciliation
The advantages for all of us of this unity will reach far wider than west- ern Europe itself. We see this as a major step towards a reconciliation and a revival in that larger Europe which has remained too long divided between east and west. We see this unity as enabling us all to bring a powerful influence to bear in other fields-in the western alliance and in the world as a whole. We see it too as enabling us all to contribute more cffectively to the needs of the devel- oping world. We see it, in short, as power for peace.
The need becomes more urgent with every year that passes. Europe has made a remarkable recovery since the war, but we must now look
to greater unity for the additional strength which will enable Europe to play its full part in the future.
Similarly, the economic problems of the developing world grow heavier every day. The requirement here, no less than in the political field, is for the common approach which a united Europe could provide.
Fears have been expressed that there would be some radical altera- tions in the nature of your Communi- ties if we and other European coun- tries were now to enter them. There will of course be changes. But they will be changes of dimension-a larger Community, a more powerful and more influential Europe. None of us should have anything to fear here-for this whole concept of size is the essential element of that unity we aspire to.
The fundamentals of the Commu- nities will remain unaffected, for we shall be accepting precisely the same treaty aims and obligations in letter and spirit as yourselves. We aim to create with you a unity, which will be all the greater because it will be built on the rich diversity of achieve- ments and characteristics of European peoples.
We seek to reduce the area of negotiations to the minimum. Much useful preliminary work was in fact done in the series of discussions which the Prime Minister and I had with your Governments earlier this year.
We want to keep the negotiations as short as possible so that we can start work with you in the Commu- nities at an early date.
Transitional period needed
I now turn from the reasons for our application to the issues to be dealt with in the course of negotiations.
I begin with the treaties. They, and particularly the treaty establishing the European Economic Community, are the pillars of the Community struo. ture. We accept all three treaties, sub- ject only to the adjustments which are required to provide for the acces- sion of a new member, for example, our participation and voting in the Communities' institutions, and our contribUtion to its financial expenditure.
We recognize that the Community is a dynamic organization which has already evolved and will continue to evolve. We believe that Europe can emerge as a community expressing its own point of view and exercising influence in world affairs, not only in the commercial and economic but also in the political and defence fields. As a member we shall accept what- ever responsibilities the evolving Com- munity may decide to assume and we shall join as eagerly as other members in creating new opportunities for the expression of European unity.
The questions to be settled be- fore our entry are few. All of us, you no less than we, will need a
consideration to this problem and we would propose, if it proves necessarv, to take action to deal with it our- selves, after consulting you as pro- vided for in Article 70 (2) of thc treaty.
So far as tariffs are concerned we shall be prepared to accept the Common External Tariff as it will stand after the Kennedy Round reductions have been made. We shall. of course, also need to discuss how our tariff structure will be adjusted to that of the Community within the period of adjustment to which I have referred earlier.
A limited number of other points which will need to be considered include our accession to the agree- ments associating Greece and Turkey with the Community, and certain matters affecting the harmonization of laws in the agricultural and food field: we think that most of these could be settled after we join the Community.
In all other fields we accept the obligations of the treaty establish- ing the European Economic Com- munity and the regulations, directives and other decisions taken under it. subject only to a transitional period and, of course, to developments in the Community in the meantime.
I recognize that the member states of the Community on their side may wish to propose other questions for consideration during our negotia- tions. We shall be perfectly ready to discuss these questions. I would only add this. 1 have set out fully and frankly the issues which we believe will require attention in negotiations to provide for our entry into the European Communities. Our list is not a formidable one. More than ever we hold to our view that it presents no questions to which an answer cannot reasonably be found in our common interest I hope that, when the Community comes to respond, it will be as full and frank as I have been and will mention in full any additional points which you think should occupy the negotiations ahead.
Hopes for speedy negotiations
It only remains for me to say that the British Government and those whho will be responsible for the con- duct of our negotiations with the Community will spare no effort to bring them to a successful and speedy conclusion. We are confident that you will do no less. The wider interests of Europe must prevail. Europe as a whole can gain, or lose, from our endeavours. And Europe, already, is all of us.
This application is therefore not just a matter of economics and politics. The history and culture of our continent is the birthright of us all.
The opportunity is now before us to take a decisive step towards- this greater unity. I have pldlged the full determination of my country to suc- ceed in this task. History, I am sure will judge us all harshly if we fail in this endeavour.
I hope that the statement which I have made to you this afternoon will help the Community in its con- sideration of our application and enable negotiations to open as soon as the opinion of the Commission has been given in September.
transitional period or periods to permit mutual adaptation to the cir- cumstances of an enlarged Com- munity. I propose, following your example at the outset of the Com- munity's life, that the first year of the transitional period should be a standstill period.
It could give other members of the European Free Trade Associa- tion seeking membership of, or asso- ciation with, the Community time to conclude their negotiations. If, in the event, any of these Efta coun- tries, or the Irish Republic, were, by the end of that 12-month period, in sight of, or at least well advanced towards agreement, I am confident that we could agree together on the obvious consequences for the tariff treatment we extend to them.
In the case of Euratom we seek nothing more than this 12-month initial period. In the case of the European Coal and Steel Comtnun- ity we seek only a limited period of transition.
But some of the changes which we shall be caUed on to make, parti- cularly in the field of agriculture, wiU be very considerable and an adequate period of adaptation wiU be needed. What the period should be will be a matter for discussion with you.
Agricultural prices review
First, there is the question of an annual review. When the Com- munity and Britain negoda'ted in 1962, the Community readily agreed that it would be in the common interest that existing procedures should be developed to ensure that
the Commission and the Council of Ministers were each year fully and accurately informed of the agricul- tural situation and prospects in the Community before taking decisions on the levels of common prices; and that these procedures should provide for taking effectively into account the views of the. agricultural industry throughout the Community. A pro- cedure for an annual agricultural review held in conjunction with the producer organizations could contri- bute materially to the smooth run- ning and effectiveness of the common agricultural policy.
Secondly there is milk. Here our aim is that the Community arrange- ments should ensure that we have adequate supplies of liquid milk to meet demand for consumption throughout the year. I am sure you will recognize that, in conformity with the aims of the treaty. we mu:t be able to offer our consumers a con- tinued assurance of supplies. We believe that this can be done without upsetting present Community arrangements.
For pig meat and eggs, we should wish to see support arrangements to ensure adequate market stability in the enlarged Community.
As regards the financing of the commnon agricultural policy I think it is recognized that the existing financial arrangements would put an inequitable burden on the United Kingdom. But those for the period after 1969 will necessarily be affected by our entry into the Community. We shall look forward to taking part as a fuU member of the Community in the negotiation of the agricultural finance arrangements for the period after the end of 1969, including the
question of the aid which, in com- mon with the members of the Com- munity, we give to farmers in areas where there are special difficulties, for example in our case the hill farmers.
There are two main questions which arise in relation both to Com- monwealth interests and to agri- culture; sugar and New Zealand.
We have an agreement with Com- monwealth sugar producers which runs until the end of 1974. Your own transitional arrangements are due to expire six months later. The commitment we have under the Com- monwealth sugar agreement is a contract which we must fulfil. We believe that the sugar exported to Britain under the Commonwealth sugar agreement can be accommo- dated within a reasonable produc- tion quota under existing Community arrangements, and without departure from the precedents which you have set for yourselves.
We have also to look to the longer-term interests of the develop- ing countries and territories many of whose economies are overwhelm- ingly dependent on their exports of sugar and we believe that it is in the Community's longer-term interest that we should do so.
Special case of New Zealand
Turning to New Zealand: in 1962, and again when the Prime Minister and I visited the capitals of the Community countries this year, we found general recognition that her case was of an altogether special kind, and should be treated by the Community as such. New
Zealand's economy largely depends on her trade in butter, cheese, and lamb. Because of the size of the British market for dairy produce, we believe that provisions for exports of butter and cheese from New Zea- land would in no way be inconsistent with substantial benefits accruing to other members of a wider Com- munitv; and we shall need to discuss such provisions with you.
In the case of cheese it may be found that in practice there will be little or no problem. But we could turn out to be wrong about this. So we shall ask you to agree to a review procedure to enable action to be taken if it is necessary. For butter, more precise provision will have to be made. I am confident that in discussions together we can find a constructive and realistic solution.
I now turn to the remaining ques- tions relating to the Commonwealth.
During the 1961-63 negotiations it was provisionally agreed that, with one or two exceptions, association under Part IV of the Treaty of Rome would be appropriate for our depen- dent territories. We trust that you would stiU agree that for these terri- tories this is the best arrangement We should discuss together the posi- tion of any dependent territories for which association is not appropriate.
It was also provisionally agreed that association under what was later negotiated as the Yaounde Convention should be open to inde- pendent Commonwealth countries in Africa and the Caribbean. The Com- munity subsequently repeated this offer in the declaration of intent issued by the Council of Ministers of the Community in Julv, 1963. 1 trust that we can quickly confirm that the alternatives contemplated in this declaration will be open to independent Commonwealth coun- tries in Africa and in the Caribbean.
The Yaounde Convention is due to expire in May, 1969. It would scarcely be practicable for the Coinmonwealth countries in question to negotiate accession to the present Yaound6 Convention. I therefore suggest that these countries should be allowed to continue their present trading arrangements with Britain until new arrangements come into force after the expiry of the Yaounde Convention in the negotiation of which it should be open to them to take part.
Agreement was also reached in principle that there should be certain trading arrangements for developing indepnrden-t Commonwealth coun- tries for whom association was not thought appropriate. We hope it will be possible to revive that agreement.
Capital movements obligations
Another aspect of Community development to whicb we referred in our preliminary talks with your Governments was capital move- ments. We fully accept the obliga- tions of membership of the Com- munity in this field subject to a transitional period during which we would by stages bring our policies into line with yours.
During our preliminary talks we referred to the problem of the possible leak of portfolio investment from the Uni::d Kingdom into third countries, particularly into North America. We bave given furthsr";"July 5, 1967";"";56985;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Brown States Britain's Determination To Succeed In Talks";""
"";"['News']";"Mr4 Churchill was given one of the biggest receptions of.. his election tour when he spoke at Edinburgh last night. He was cheered all the way from his hotel to the Usher Hall, where the meeting was held.
As he left the Central Hall, where he addressed an overflow meeting, Mr. Churchill's car was held up by the throng in the street, who pressed round it so closely that the two police cars in front and behind were able to move only at a walk- ing pace. Trams were held up and traffic lights were switched off as police on foot pushed a way through the crowd.
In his speech at the Usher Hall, Mr. ChurchiU said that Mr. Attlee's two Chan- cellors of the Exchequer vied with one another in profuse expenditure and severe taxation. In their four and a half years they had spent nearly £17,000m. They had raised our taxation until it was the highest in the world and it stood to-day even higher than in the worst years of the war.
Sir Stafford Cripps had even boasted that while they borrowed £1,OOOm. from America with one hand they gave away to foreign countries or oversea £1,500m. with the other.
With the immense aid given us by the United States and our Dominions, and the unparalleled sacrifices exacted from the taxpayers here, there was no reason why we should not have got back by now to solvency, security, and independence, said Mr. Churchill.
WILD EXTRAVAGANCE
This has been denied us not only by the incompetence and maladministration of the Socialist Government and their wild extrava- gance but even more by the spirit of class hatred which they have spread throughout the land and by the costly and wasteful nationaliza- tion of a fifth part of our industries.
We now approach the crisis to which every spendthrift comes when he has used up every- thing he can lay his hands on and everything he can beg or borrow, and must face the hard reckoning of facts. Our spendthrift Govern- ment hoped to take advantage of the brief lull before the consequences of extravagance and devaluation come down upon us with their full, inexorable force The vote-catching elec- tion cry "" Fair shares for all "" should not deceive keen.-minded men and women; it is meaningless unless it is also stated who is to be the judge of what is fair.
The Socialist appeal is to envy and hatred. These can be no foundation for civilized' or prosperous society. What the average Socialist really meant when he spoke of "" fair shares for all "" was equal shares for all-equal shares for those who toiled and those who shirked- equal shares for those who saved and those who squandered.
NO REWARDS FOR SKILL
No reward is offered to the skilled crafts- man, no mcentive to the industrious and ex- perienced piece-worker, no extra payment for overtime that is not taken back from him in P.A.Y.E. No reward for enterprise, ingenuity, thrift, and good housekeeping. Even in Soviet Russia such ideas are not applied. If carried into force they would bring the whole com- munity dowu to dead level with the weakest, tho idlest, and theiimost wasteful.-
But that is what they mean. It would bring rain to any but the most prinmitive society. Yet these are the ideas which are put forward, not only by the wilder members of the Socialist Party, but by the Chancellor of the Bxchequer himself. Sir Stafford Cripps has a briliant intelleet bult it is ~o recas. poied tt'.t
bis public life has been disfigured by lmentable and spasmodic utterances to which he falls a victim in moods of excitement or moments of strairL
I can quite understand the stresses through which he is passing now, when his clear mind sees so,plainly the harm he has wrought his country, and when career and ambition prompt him to try to outbid Mr. Aneurin Bevan.
VICTORUIN CALM
Outside this island a vast and formidable world has come into being, dwarfing our calm and Victorian days. It laps us about on every side and we no longer have controlling power or even, it seems to me, a sufficient influence upon what happens.
When the war stopped the United States, Great Britain, and Russia were what was called "" The Big Three."" But with the decision taken by the British electorate in one day of voting in 1945, w e lost for the tune being our place and rank in world affairs which we had gained and held throughout the terrible days of struggle.
We became a nation absorbed in its own class and party warfare. All the countries of the free and avilized world were conscious of a sense of loss. Then we fell into our economic difficulties, which would in any case have been severe, and very soon, instead of being one of the world leaders, our famous island became one of the world's problems. I recognize fully that Mr. Bevin, steadfastly sustained by Mr. Attlee, has folowed in main essentials the right course in foreign policy. The execution of that policy has been marred by many pitiful blutders.
Mr. Bevin has managed to make British foreign policy equally dislked by France and Germany, by Jew and Arab, and by Com- munist and by anti-Comnunist forces. He has done this through some great and many minor errors. Still, he has not failed to uphold the main principles on which our life and safety depend. He has followed with steadfastness the line I marked out at Fulton of fraternal association with the United States and the closest unification of our military arrange- ments.
INSTRUMENT FOR PEACE
In the Atlantic Pact we have a great instru- ment making for world peace. In the Brussels I;reaty and the building of Westem European Union he has, albeit somewhat sheepishly, given effect to the theme of United Europe. But for his personal feelings it might all have been a great deal easier. Nevertheless, he has come along more or less quietly, and Western Union has taken its place with the British Empire and the English-speaking fraternity in that vast amalgamation of free democracy upon whose unity and strength world peace depends.
These supreme objectives have not been lost. We have given our Conservative support to the main principles of the Government's foreign policy, while we have deplored the astonishing errors which have hampered its application. In the end it is the larger issues that wiU count. While we are also busy with our internal party controversies we must not forget the gravity of our position or indeed that of the whole world. Soviet Russia-the immensely powerful band of men gathered together in the Krem lin-has ranged itself against the Western democracies.
They have added to their dominion the satel- lte States of Europe, the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Rumania, an Empire in itself, Tito of Yugo- slavia has broken away. Greece has been rescued by the United States carrying on the task which we began. At the other side of the world, the 500m. of China have fallen into the Communist sphere But Comnuunism is novel and China is old. I do not regard China as having finally accepted Soviet servitude.
Still, when you looj at the picture as a whole, you soe two worlds ranged against one another more profoundly and on a larger scale than history has ever seen before. The Soviet Com- munist world has by far the greatest military force, but the United States have the atom bomb, and now we are told that they have a thousandfold more terrible manifestation of this awful power.
When,all is said #nd done, it is my belief that the superiority n the atom bomb. if not indeed almost the monopoly of this frightful
weapon in Ameri6an- hands, is the surest gpar- antee of world peace to-night. But for that we should not be talkingiabout all these burn- ing domestic questions that fill our minds, our mouths, and our newspapers to-day. It is my earnest hope that we may find our way to some more exalted and august foundation for our safety than this grimn and sombre balancing power of the bomb. We must not, however, cast away our only shield of safety unless we can find something better and surer, and more likely to last.
When I say "" we,"" I must not let you forget that "" we "" meatis the United States, and that it is their power which protects not only Britain but Europe. I really do -not know why it is that when we were so far advanced into this new mysterious region of atomic war we should have fallen so completely behind in these last four years.
When we are spending such enormous sums upon our Army, Navy, and Air. Porce, it is very odd that we should not have ibeen able to make the atomic bomb for ourselves by now. It -seems to me one of the mositextraordinary administrative lapses that have ever taken place. It is like the unwisdom of selling a hundred of our very few jet aircraft to Argen- tina for a cokiple of million pounds or so.
It would be incredible if it had not happened. But I must not be drawn from the larger theme. I look back to 1945 when I was last in relation with Mr. Stalin and his colleagues. I read to the House of Commons a year ago one of the telegrams I sent him then and I am glad to repeat these words because they express what is in my heart to-day.
TELEGRAM TO STALIN
Mr. Churchill then read what he had written in April, 1945:-"" There is not much comfort in looking into a future where you and the countries you dominate, plus the Communist Parties in many other States, are all drawn up on one side, and those who rally to the English-speaking nations and their associates, or dominions, are on the other. It is quite obvious that their quarrel would tear the world to pieces and that all of us leading men on either side who had anything to do with that would be shamed before history.
""Even embarking on a long period of suspicions, of abuse and counter-abuse, and of opposing policies, would be a disaster ham- pering the great developments of world pros- perity for the masses which are attainable only through our trinity.""
Continuing, Mr. Churchill said: "" That was written nearly five years ago. Alas, it was only too true. All came to pass with horrible exactitude, but I do not blame Mr. Bevin for that. All the talk at the 1945 General Election about Left speaking to Left has been proved to be foolish, but on the main issue he has done his best. I have not, of course, access to the secret information of the Government, nor am I fully informed about the attitude of the United States; still, I cannot help coming back to this idea of another talk with Soviet Russia upon the highest level.
"" The idea appeals to me of a supreme effort to bridge the gulf between the two worlds, so that each can live their life, if not in friendship, at least without the hatreds and manoeuvres of the cold war. I am grateful to you for marking my words in these matters, because I have not always been proved wrong. It is not easy to see how things could be worsened by a parley at the summit if such a thing were possible. But that I cannot tell. At least i feel that Christian men and women should not close the door upon any hope of ninding a new foundation for the life of the self-tormented human race.
""What prizes lie before, all the peoples if they are worthy of them, peace, food, happiness, leisure, wealth for the masses never known or dreamed of, the glorious advance into a period of rest and safety for all the hundreds of millions of homes where little children play by the fire and girls grow up in all their beauty, and young men strive and win in the free enterprse of life. Let us not shut out the hope that the burden of fear and want may be hfted for a glorious era from the bruised and weary shoulders of manlind.""
SCOTLAND'S FUTURE
Turning to Scottish affairs, Mr; Churchill said: An attempt to establish a Socialist State in Great Britain would affect the relations of England and Scotland in a direct and serious manner. The principle of centralization of ,Government in Whitehall and Westminster was emphasized in a manner DOI Ilitberto experi- enced or contemplated in the Act of Union. The supervision, interference, and control in the ordmary details of Scottish lfe and busi- ness by the Parliament at Westminster had not hitherto been foreseen and it raised new issues between the two nations.
If England became an absolute Socialist State, owning all the means of production, dis- tribution, and exchange, ruled only by politi- cians and their officials in the Lbndon offices he personally could not feel that Scotland would be bound to accept such a dispensation.
I do not wonder (he said) that the question of Scottish Home Rule and all this movement of Scottish nationalism has gained in strength with the growth of Sociahst authority and ambitions in England. I would never adopt the view that Scotland should be forced into the serfdom of Socialism as the result of a vote in the House of Commons.
* It is an alteration so fundamental in our way of life that it would require a searching review of our historical relations. But here I speak to the Scottish Nationalists in words, as diplomatic language puts it, of great truth and respect, and I say this position has not yet been reached. If we act together with our united strength it may never arise.
I STATE AUTOCRACY
I do not believe that the British nation or the English peoples wiU accept a Socialist State. There is a deep fund of common sense in the English race, and they have all sorts of ways, as has been shown in the past, of resistig and limiting the imposition of State auto- cracy. It would be a great mistake for Scots- men to suppose that Mr. Attlee's policy can be effectively imposed upon us at the present time. In this election we aU have the oppor- tunity of inflicting a shattering defeat upon this menace to our individual liberties and to the well understood and hitherto widely admired British way of life.
We have every hope that the Socialist schemes for netting us up and tying us down will be torn in pieces by the votes of the British people. It may, indeed, be a turning point in our island story.
Scotsmen would make a wrong decision if they tried to separate their fortunes from ours at a moment when together we may lift them all to a higher plane of freedom and security.
It would indeed be foolish to cast splitting votes or support splitting candidates, the result of which might be to lbring that evil Whitehall tyranny and centralization, when iby one broad heave of the British national shoulders the whole gimcrack structure of Socialist jargon and malice may be cast in splinters to the ground. We of the Conservative and Unionist Party hold firmly to the principles of union and freedom, and we hold equally to those two principles.
RESTRICTIVE TYRANNY
We have every reason to believe that we shall win, and that the strength of the Socialist forces will be so broken that they will not -be able to impose their restrictive tyranny upon us. Let Scotsmen, therefore, take one step at a time, and not take extreme decisions carrying with them grievous misfortunes, both to England and to Scotland, before no other choice is open.
The Socialist centralization menace has, however, advanced so far as to entitle Scot- land to further guarantees of national security and internal independence. These can be pro- vided effectively by new additional representa- tion at the centre and at the sumnmit which if the Conservatives and Unionists are returned to power, will be accorded to Scotland by a Unionist Cabinet.
Besides strengthening the establishment of Under-Secretaries of State, we shall advise the creation of a new office of Minister of State for Scotland. He would be a Minister of Cabinet rank and would -be deputy to the Secretary of State. Such an appointtnent would enable a senior member of the Cabinet to be constantly in Scotland. Because of the large changes in economic and financial affairs which have come about in recent years, we shall appoint a Royal Commission to review the whole situation between England and Scot- land, and we shall take good care that this does not become an instrument of delay upon practical action.";"February 15, 1950";"";51616;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Supreme Effort For Peace";""
"";"['News']";"The Pilgrims' dinner to Mr. J. J. McCloy, United States High Commis- sioner for Germany, at the Savoy Hotel last night was attended by more than 400 people. The chairman of the Pilgrims, SIR CAMPBELL STuART, presided and in proposing the health of the guest of honour was supported by FLD-MARsHAL LORD MONTGOMERY. The speeches were broadcast in the B.B.C. Homre Service.
The CHAIRMAN read a telegram from Mr. John W. Davis, the president of the American Pilgrims, and after welcoming the many distinguished guests Sir Campbell Stuart went on to emphasize the importance of Mr. McCloy's task.
He said: There is no more responsible, no more exacting office in the world, nor one more fraught with hazards and pitfalls, than that by virtue of which a man must interpret, and in part determine, the attitude of the victor towards the vanquished. It calls foi wisdom, as well as for intelligence; it calls for sympathy, as well as for tact; it calls for toughness, as well as for resilience. We are, moreover, living in an age of such moral confusion that only through strict adherence to those great guiding principles on which the civilization of the West has beea built can vwe hope to repair the ravages of two wars. It is encouraging to reflect that Mr. McCloy comes from the country that gave birth to one of the most profound political docu- ments the world has known, the Declaration of Independence.
AMERICA'S FORTUNE
But Amnerica is fortunate that she has had the time through the years to train citizens equipped in every way to assume responsible roles like those undertaken by Mr. McCloy. He was educated at a small New England college in the first instance, a college, Amherst Col- lege, which has made a great contribution to the public life of his country.
Apart from his eminence as a banker, he has been a leading member of what perhaps I might call, my Lord Chancellor, the profession of training, the profession of the law, the profes- sion which teaches you application, the profes- sion which teaches you to think, the pro- fession which teaches you to speak, and the profession which teaches you to be judicial. He has always interested himself in military history, which must be useful to him to-day in Germany, a land which he has known well through service in two world wars. I cannot sum up his task better than by quoting from his own w, rds: "" The time is short and the huandsare few, but the stakes remain extremely
FIELD-MAWRsHAL LORD MONTGOMERY, In Supporting the toast, said he would begin by expressing his fellow feeling towards Mr. McCloy in the difficult task which he had shouldered
With his fellow High Commissioners he has to encourage the Germans in self-government. He has to bring the Germans back into the European community without letting them dominate it. He has to resist Communist pene- tration into western Germany. He has to preserve the living flesh of the Gerrnan nation, which regards the frontier of the Elbe between east and west Germany as something that cannot last.
He has to give German youth its chance in the world: a chance to find out for itself what other nations think and how they live. He has to take down the shutters which Hitler had put round Germany, and which the allies bad to keep up for a short time against their own will. Now the shutters are being taken down- or at any rate those which face towards the west. The future can be bright for Germany, if she can develop an understanding for her neighbours. And if that happens, one of the greatest problems of the world to-day will have been solved.
WINNING THE PEACE
Mr. McCloy is one of three high commis- sioners who are working on this immense task. It is on more than personal grounds, however, that we are so pleased to see Mr. McCloy here to-night. We see in him one who is carry- ing on.the great and noble work in Anglo- American cooperation which was such a key- note of the war years. For us he is, as it were, a symbol of the determination of the American peoples that the work so well begun by President Roosevelt shall be carried through to its conclusion; the determination that having done so much in winning the'war, they will continue their efforts in the even more difficult task of winning the peace.
At the end of world war 11 the United States finds herself in a position in some respects similar to ours during the nineteenth century. She is the strongest military Power in the world. She has the greatest productive capacity the world has ever known. The moral surely is that the United States must perform in the twentieth century the functions which Britain performed in the nineteenth century. She must play a dominant part in the pre- servation of peace and she must make herself responsible for bringing about an expanding universe economically. We have handed the torch to her.
I was recently very much struck to learn that it was only for a brief period that Britain's exports ever exceeded her imports. Except in a few early years, Britain's oversea investments were built up out of income from former lending and even during the very period in which that was happenng she invariably bought more from abroad than she sold. The basis of international trade under Britain's leadership was her acceptance of a large import surplus-in other words, Britain's willngness to buy from the rest of the world whatever others had for sale.
Admittedly, America to-day has a wide command of raw materials within her own boundaries and a vast productive capacity. She could-if she had not turned her back on a policy of isolation-dispense with imported goods almost entirely without any great hard- ship (except, of course, to her export indus- tries). But this very self-sufficiency makes it all the more imperative, if America is to play that constructive part in world economy which is implicit in her assumption of world leader- ship, that she should not artificially obstruct the entry of those goods which the rest of us can still offer on attractive terms.
HISTORIC BRIEFING MR. JOHN J. MCCLOY said:-
The Pilgrims' dinner in London has-always connoted for me a formidable occasion: a dis- tinguished company, fine toasts, and brilliant responses. Your warm hospitality and the presence of so many familiar faces have dis- pelled some of my awe and made me feel really at home. To you, Sir Campbell, as the repre- sentative of the Pilgrims of Great Britain, I am deeply grateful for the courtesy of this invita- tion and for your most gracious introduction.
I am also greatly favoured by the support which Lord Montgomery has given to Sir Campbell Stuart's toast. I recall vividly when last the Field-Marshal and I met in London. It was in the St. Paul's School, early in 1944. The occasion was the historic briefing on how and when the great attack was to take place across the Channel. Fate has given to me part of the task of reconstructing the enemy country which the Field-Marshal did so much to conquer. In the last six months, I am bound to say, there have been moments when I have wondered whether I had cause to thank hirn.
I am happy and honoured to see my col- league, General Sir Brian Robertson. It vould indeed take me too long adequately to mark my appreciation of his statesmanship, his capacity, and his character. I know his successor, Sir Ivonc Kirkpatrick, is deeply wise and experienced in German affairs, but I do wish to express my profound regret. that we are to lose in Germany General Robertson's fine companionship and invaluable judgment.
I know we Lre all glad that the American Ambassador is back in London. It is com- forting to know that I can receive on this side
of the water the wise counsel I have been so accustomed to seek from him on the other.
Our friendships bere symbolize the links between our two countries. Those links have been greatly strengthened by the war and the events since its end. Those events have also demonstrated otir vital concern in Europe. Together with our European neighbours we have embarked through the Marshall plan and the Atlantic Pact on a joint programme to provide for the common defence and promote the general economic welfare. In the occupa- tion of Germany we are engaged in still another part of this joint task. To-night I want to give you my thoughts on this Giernrn problem and its solution.
WIDENING THE GAP
Any discussion of Germany must -deal with the split between the east and west. When the fighting ended we had hoped that the four a es could work together in healing the deep wounds of tyranny and war. Instead, each year the Kremnlin has sought to widen the gap between east and west. In Germany the con- test has taken dramatic form. The Soviets have constantly frustrated the determined efforts of the western allies to preserve four- Power unity. The Soviet rulers have manoeuvred onyl to subjugate Germany into vassalage.
In this drive the Soviets are again usmg in Germany the very methods the Nazis used such a short time ago-marching youth, mam- moth meetings, appeals to militarism and the national front, violent abuse of opponents and constant purges. In spite of their solemn p0edge to outlaw German militarism they are training a German army under the guise of a police force.
The Soviet campaign aims first of all at Berlin. The course of that campaign has been tortuous. First, they sacked the city, then they wooed it, next they sought to starve it. Now talking of freedom, they threaten, with the help of their puppet regime, to force Berlin into submission by a new application of totalitarian methods. The Soviet pressure to absorb Berlin and force us out is strong proof of the chal- lenge of western ideals. As an outpost behind the Iron Curtain, Berlin is a constant reminder to the satellite peoples of the possibility of a different way of lfe-a reminder which no amount of propaganda can erase, a reminder which the Soviets recognize is a standing threat to their coercive system.
TWO MAIN ROADS
The Communists will not succeed in taking over the city of Berlin. The free men and women of the city will not permit it, and we will not permit it. The British, the French, and the Americans are fully determined and fully united. We shall stay, in Berlin. Counteracting Soviet pressure is vital, but it does not solve the German problem. Now, what is our common policy in Germany ? All of us want to prevent Germany from again becoming a menace. In seeking to attain this goal we have been following two main roads -first, to prohibit institutions and activities dangerous to peace; second, to encourage a truly democratic society.
On the first point, in the interest of security, our fixed policy has been to impose and main- tain effective controls against the revival of a German war machine. This we intend to do until the evidence convinces us that pro- gressive forces have strongly established them- selves in the political and economic life of Germany. In order to foster the growth of dtemocratic practices and attitudes, the Ger- man people and their elected governments have been granted substantial powers and responsi- bihties. But 'even so, we have retained important security controls, and in the event of a real threat, we can resume all or part of the authority we have relinquished.
There is no gainsaying the fact that Ger- many still gives evidence of the need for restrictions and controls. Wisely administered, and kept simple and clear, these various forms of control can serve as important safeguards of the peace. But restraints alone are not enough. Our greater hope must lie in con- structive efforts to strengthen the progressive forces in German life. We do not aim to remake Germany in our own image, but we do seek to encourage Germans of good will to build a vigorous democratic State.
In its history Germany has produced many creative figures. But for too long the world has suffered from the destructive side of the Ger- man character. In justice to herself and the world, Germany must display to this and coming generations the peaceful, creative side of her genius. This is the great challenge. Only the Germans can meet it, but we can do much to help them.
In short, our German programme seeks to achieve security by restricting the power to make war and by encouraging the growth of democracy. This twofold programme is wise and necessary. Nevertheless, in my judgment, it is only half the remedy. The other half must be a united Europe of which Germany must be a part.
NEED FOR UNITY
The need for a united Europe is made more urgent by the threat from the East, but it would still be pressing even without that threat. The fact is, we cannot solve the German pro- blem without fitting it into the larger context of a united Europe. Only within that context do I see the opportunity to direct the economic, political, and spiritual forces of Germany into healthy and peaceful channels.
Time does not permit me to develop in detail the reasons which lead me to this conclusion. But I do wish to suggest some of the main considerations. First, let us look for a moment at the economic facts. These are critical: with only half the area of pre-war Germany, the Federal Republic has 70 per cent. of all Germany's pre-war population, including over 9m. refugees from the East. I hope we shall be successful' in our efforts to unite Germany, but even with unity, Germany, to support her population, must rely on industrial output more heavily than she did before the war.
Without the solution of this and other basic economic problems, democratic forces will not be able permanently to retain power and exer- cise influence in Germany. It is essential then to build a German economy strong enough to support her larger population. Yet this may require an economy strong enough to be a potential threat to the security of her neigh- bours. The dilemma must ibe solved. This, I am convinced, can b>e accomplished only by assimilating,Germanv into a broader European community. Only thus can Germany and Europe produce the goods and services neces- sary for a prosperous and secure future.
These economic factors lead directly to the political. To ensure the freer flow of trade and the ,development of European markets will require effective politcal machinery. 'More- over, centuries of European confict demon- strate the need for an age'ncy adequate to restrain nationalistic forces. To be specific, after two world wars Germany's neighbours to-day fear the rebuilding of a strong German economy unless some overall rule of law pro- tects them against its use for ruthless aggression.
SPIRITUAL FACTOR
There is a third aspect of the problem which may jbe the most important: the psychological or spiritual factor. Man seeks loyalties and ideals to which he can dedicate himself and which will give meaning to his daily life. In an earlier day national States provided suffi- cient scope for this need. To-day this is no longer true. Certainly in Germany many young men and women feel that their lives are blocked by a dead end. The cause is not only the physical or economic condition of their country. The difficulty is rather that no goal or concept seems to inspire hope or to evoke dedication: Without such a hope, without a wider horizon, they may again become victims of the demagogue. But with such a hope they may create a free society.
In short, the crucial need is for a genuine European community. The demands of security, of economic and of spiritual health all call for the same solution. Events press us to this solution, and by "" events "" I do not mean merely the east-west split, but the deeper moral, political, and economic forces that surge in Europe to-day.
Many factors call for prompt action. To-day the west has the opportunity to unite for its own defence. To-morrow may be too late. To-day Germany is still in a formative stage and, I believe, wants to join in a united Europe. To-morrow the situation in Germany and in other European countries may have taken a turn which will make action more difficult.
To-day the idea of a European community has a strong hold on the minds of the common people throughout the continent. To-morrow, if steps have not been taken to make this idea a reality, those hopes may be dashed and support for the programme may be dissipated. To-day the United States is firmly committed to help Europe and has shown in many ways its-hope for the development of a European
Continued in next column
TREMENDOUS OBSTACLES
At the same time every thoughtful person must recognize the tremendous obstacles in the path of European unity. No friend of Britain, aware of her problems, would dare urge any step which might prejudice Britain's existence or impair her position as a leader of nations. The United States, too, will have to do its share. So it is with full appreciation of the difficulties involved that I say no per- manent solution of the German problem seems possible without an effective European union.
Experience between the two wars and since teaches us that palliatives will not do: And there is good reason to believe the problem can be solved. The courage and energy so magnificently displayed in the war can be enlisted in the creative task of building a strong European community. The European tradition is a heritage which the world cannot afford to lose. That heritage can best be preserved by making Europe a vital outlct for the energies of its young tnen and women.
This concept of a new western Europe is our best hope for peace. It is a threat to no one. Its very existence will reduce the danger of armed conflicts; its rightful power will check the ruthless plans of ambitious men; and its democratic nature will preclude any aggressive action on its own part.
Three hundred years ago a member of Bradford's Company wrote back to England after the first harsh winter, in Plymouth Colony. He was able to weigh these hbardships against the spiritual goal of the Pilgrims. He wrote:-
"" It is not witb us as with other men whom small things can discourage. or small dis- contentments cause to wish themselves at home again.""
We too must measure our difficulties in the light of our own purposes. If we catry in our hearts this spirit of the Pilgrims, we mnay also count as small the obstacles to our.own high goals.
The CHAIRMAN said how -glad they were to have with them General Sir Brian Robertson, United Kingdom High Commissioner for Ger- many. They wished to express their pride at the way he had performed his duties, and they wished him success ifn the new position of responsibility to which he was being'called.
- SIR BRIAN ROBERTSON; replying, said he was delighted to be associated-with the tributc to Mr. McCloy.
community. To-morrow that interest may decline from its present high level unless it is matched by the interest of others.
Finally, in the last 10 years; in war and peace, the leaders and peoples of Europe have been learning to work together on many joint projects. These skills and attitudes can form the firm base for the next step toward a real community.";"April 5, 1950";"";51658;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. McCloy On Soviet Aims";""
"";"['News']";"The full text of the White Paper on the Renegotiatidn of the Termzs of Entry into the European Economic Community is as follows:
Statement by the Secretary of State for Foreign. and Common- wealth Affairs in the Council of Ministers of the European Com- munities in Luxembourg on 1 April 1974
1. Mr Chairman, with your per- mission I should like to make a statement about the policy of my Government towards the Commu- nity. It will come as no surprise to you that the Labour Government opposes membership of the Commu- nity on the terms that were nego- tiated at the time of our entry in January 1973. We de not consider that they provided for a fair balance of advantages in the Com- munity and we are of the opinion that the terms should have been specifically put to the British People for their approval-or ot""!r- wise. We wish to put these errors
.ght and if we succeed there will then be a firm basis for continuing British . membership of a strengthened Community.
2. We seek to raise with you a number of important questions on which my Government consider a successful renegotiation to be necessary. We shaU negotiate in good faith and if we are successful in, achieving the right terms we shall put them to our people for approval. But if we fall, we shall submit to the British people the reason why we find the terms unacceptable and consult them on the advisability of negotiating the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the Community. I am confi- dent that no one In the Community would wish to argue that it would be in the interests of the Commu- nity to seek to retain my country as a member against its will. But I stress that I do not hope for a negotiation about withdrawal. I would prefer successful renegotia- tion from which the right terms for continued membership will emerge. To some extent that will depend upon us-but it will also depend upon the attitude of the other partners in the negotiations.
Food taxes: fresh crippling burden
3. For our part, we have made clear-in the Labour Party Mani- festo far the recent election-that "" Britain is a European nation, and a Labour Britain would always seek a wider cooperation between the European peoples."" I would now like to quote a passage of funda- melntal importance to my Govern- ment from our Manifesto. In our view the terms of entry negotiated by the previous Government Involved, as we have said, ""the imposition of food taxes on top of rising world prices, crippling fresh burdens on our balance of pay- ments, and a draconian curtailment of the power of the British Parlia- ment to settle questions affecting vital British interests."" This is why we are immediately seeking a fundamental renegotiation of the terms of entry, for which we have spelled out our objectives in the following terms-
"" The Labour Party opposes British membership of the Euro- pean Communities on the terms negotiated by the Conservative Government.
We have said that we are ready to renegotiate.
In preparing to renegotiate the entry terms, our main objectives are these-
Major changes in the Common
Agricultural Policy, so that it ceases to be a threat to world trade in food products, and so that low-cost producers outside Europe can continue to have access to the British food market. New and fairer methods of finan-
cing the COMMUiNITY BUDGET. Neither the taxes that form the so-caled ' own resources ' of the Communities, nor the pur- poses, mainly agricultural sup- port, on which the funds are mainly to be spent, are accept- able to us. We would be ready to contribute to Community finances only such sums as were fair in relation to what is paid and what is received by other mem- ber countries.
As stated earlier; we would reject
any kind of international agree- ment which compelled us to accept increased unemployment for the sake of maintaining a fixed parity, as is required by cur- rent proposals for a European ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION. We believe that the monetary problems of the Euro- pean countries can be resolved only in a world-wide framework.
Safeguards for
Commonwealth
The retention by PARLIAMENT
of those powers over the British economy needed to pursue effec- tive regional, industrial and fiscal policies. Equally we need an agreement on capital movements which protects our balance of payments and full employment polides. The economic interests of the COMMONWEALTH and the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES must be better safeguarded. This involves securing continued access to the British market and, more generally, tile adoption by an enlarged Community of trade and aid policies designed to bene- fit not just ' associated overseas territories ' in Africa, but de- veloping countries throughout the world.
No harmonization of. VALUE
ADDED TAX wbich would re- quire us to tax necessities.
If renegotiations are successful, it
is the policy of the Labour Party that, in view of the unique im- portance of the decision, the people should have the right to
decide the issue through a General Election or a Consulta- tive Referendum. If these two tests are passed. a successful re- negotiation and the expressed approval of the majority of the British people, then we shall be ready to play our full part in developing a new and wider Europe.
If renegotiations do not succeed, we
shall not regard the Treaty obli- gations as binding upon us. We shall then put to the British people the reasons why we find the new terms unacceptable, and consult them on the advisability of negotiating our withdrawal from the Communities.
An incoming Labour Government will immediately set in train the procedures designed to achieve an early result and whilst the nego- tiations proceed and until the British people have voted, we shall stop further processes of integra- tion, particularly as they affect food taxes. The Government will be free to take decisions, subject to the authority of Parliament, in cases where decisions of the Com- mon Market prejudge the negotia- tions. Thus, the right to decide the final issue of British entry into the Market will be restored to the British people.""
4. My Government now propose that we should consider together how these objectives can be met. In view of the great importance of the issue of membership of the Communitv. mv Government is now engaged in a root and branch re- view of the effect of Community policies and will place before you in due course in detail the pro- posals which we would wish to see the Community adopt in order to remedy the situation. In particular, we are examining with great care the working of the Common Agri- cultural Policy; the estimates for future contributions to and receipts from the Community budget; the Community's trade and aid policies towards the Commonwealth and developing countries and how far In practice the existing rules, as they are Interpreted, interfere with the powers over the British economy, which we need to pursue effective regional, industrial and fiscal polices. As soon as this re- view is completed, we shall be ready to put forward proposals for the changes which will in our view be necessary if Britain is to remain a member of the Community and thus, as the Manifesto put it, "" to play our full part in developing a new and wider Europe "".
S. Why do my Government, and indeed the British people, question whether all is well in the Com. munity as it is and why are we planning to seek changes 7
6. First, we were deeply concerned by the resolutions of March 1971 and 1972 which were confirmed at the Summit Meeting of October 1972; They seemed to lay down a rigid programme under wvhich Eco- nomic and Monetary Union, in- cluding permanently fixed parities, would be achieved by 1980. This seemed to us to be dangerously over-ambitious: over-ambitious because the chances of achieving by 1980 the requisite degree of con- vergence of the rates of growth of productivity and wages rates, of Investment and savings, seemed to us to be very small: dangerous because of the impossibility for any country, particularly a country with a relatively low growth rate, to manage its own economy efficiently and provide for full employment if it accepted permanently fixed parities without such convergence having been achieved. I under- stand that much new thinking is going on in the Community on the subject of Economnic and Monetary Union and that the proposals now being considered for a second stage in it do not provide for automatic movement towards permanently fixed parities. You will find our objections very much lessened if we can all agree that there can be no question of trying to force the pace, of compelling member coun- tries to accept permanently fixed parities if this means accepting massive unemployment or before their economies are ready.
7. Then we are concerned at another phrase from the Paris Summit Communiqu&-at the Inten- tion there stated of transforming the whole complex of the relations of member states into a European Union by 1980. What does this mean ? Is it to .be taken literaUy ? It seems to us to imply a change which is quite unrealistic and not desired by our peoples, cer- tainly not by. the British people. I understand that work on clarify- ing this issue is about to begin wvithin the Community. I shall watch carefully tO see if this clari. ficationi will help to relieve our anxieties.
8. Then there is the Common Agricultural Policy. The position of the United Kingdom is different from that of the other Members of the Community in an important
sense. We import a very much. larger proportioa of our food and if we have to Pay a high price for these imports, this can impose a heavy burden on our balance of payments. This is much more of a problem for us than for other Members. We are of course aware that the Community's prices are at present lower than they were relative to other Community prices and that many of them are now below world prices. But how long will this last ? We are unable to agree to perpetuate policies that would allow the butter mountains and the cheap butter sales to Russia to recur. Are you sure that there will be no future mountain of beef in store ? Have the interests of the consumer been sufficiently safeguarded ? Could overseas producers have better access to Community markets ? Is financial control sufficiently strict? It is our view that more needs to be done to keep down the cost of the CAP which accounts for 80 per cent of the Community budget. At present the system does not take sufficient account of the
differing interests and circum- stances of member. countries. It confers privileges on some and imposes unfair burdens on others. That is why we shall certainly be proposing major changes.
9. Then there is the question of the trade of Commonwealth and developing countries. which is linked with the Common Agricul- tural Policy because of the need to offer a fair deal to the Community's consumers as well as to the Suppliers overseas. We are not satis- fied that the arranzements made in the entry negotiations are as good as they should have been, for the one or for the other. We have in ,mind not only sugar and New Zea- land butter, but the position of those Commonwealth countries for whom the option of Association is not open. Apart from changes in the field of the Common Agricul- tural Policy, no doubt the general position could be imraroved if the Community's generalized prefer- ence scheme undergoes serious improvement both in the industrial and agricultural sectors; if the Community when it comes to draw tlp its detailed mandate for the multilateral trade negotiations takes a liberal attitude, especially about agricultural trade; and if the Protocol 22 negotiations result in really generous terms for access to our markets of developing coun- tries' agricultural products, which is on the whole what they want to sell, as well as for their industrial products. There is also the field of aid in which in our view the Com- munity should look wider than those countries eligible for associ- ation. We are examining this whole field most carefully in the context of renegotiation in order to see what should be done.
Effective action on regions
10. I turn next to the question whether existing rules interfere with the podwers over the British economy which we need to pursue effective regional, industrial, fiscal and counter-inflationary policies. We want to be sure tbat, in cases where jobs are in danger or where there is a need to sustain and develop valuable industrial capa- city, we can give aid quickly and effectively. To give another example, co-ordination of regional aids can usefully prevent over- bidding for Internationally avail- able funds. But there is a major difference between those regional problems which are mainlX agricul- tural and those which are mainly Industrial. We want to make sure, in particular, that, against this background, we ca ncontinue to give our own assisted areas the help which they need.
11. Finally, I come to the Com- muunity budget. Here fundamental changes are required. Britain's income per head and her rate of growth is lower than in many of your countries. I take it you would agree that the out-turn of the Com- munity budget should not in all justice result in massive subsidies across the exchanges from my country to yours. This is not acceptable.
12. We are not asking for charity. We seek a fair deal. In 1973 only Paying 81 per cent of the Com-
iunity budget in accordance wvith the transitional' key, we were already the second largest net con- tributors. At the end of our normal transitional period we shall be paying over 19 per cent, well over the 6I per cent which is our likely share of GNP at that time. If the full ""own resources"" system were to be applied to us 'with- no changes in 1980, we should find ourselves paying still more, perhaps several percentage points more, of the Community budget- in even sharper contrast with the relatively low share of GNP we can then expect to have. I am sure you Will agree that something must be done about that. Britain cannot accept a permanent drain across the exchanges of several hundred mnillion pounds sterling a year.
13. You will wish to know how wo -ould propose that this renego- tiation should proceed. I can assure the Coundl that we do not Wish to disrupt the work of the Communitv more than is necessary during the period of renegotiation.
14. I shall come back to the Council at an early date with detailed proposals on the Common Agricultural Polcy, the treatment of the Commonvealth and of developing countries. the Com- munity budget and other areas of difficulty in the economic field. I hope you will agree then to have a general discussion ; and to agree how certain of our requests for changes in the Community's arrangements should be handled.
Changes in
policy sought
15. Our initial approach will be to seek changes In the Community's policies and decisions which will meet our needs. We must see how we go and where we get. But we shall have to reserve the right to propose changes in the Treaties if it should turn out that essential Interests cannot be met without them. I must also reserve the right to propose changes in the Treaties, if we find that in practice the existing rules, as they are inter- preted, interfere with the powers over the British economy which we need to pursue effective regionil, industrial and fiscal policies.
16. I have spoken so far today about bread and butter issues for. these are very important to al our people. But we are also deeply concerned about the politics of the Community; about the broad, direction which It is going.to take both in Its internal development and in its relations with other countries or groups of countries.
17. The image of the Community In the United Kingdom is not good. My country wishes to remain a member of -an effective Atlantic Alliance; and there is therefore concerrf about the degree of dis. agreement between- the Community and the United States. . Surely this is not inevitable. If the British people thought it was, it would adversely Influence their attitude towards the development of the Community.
18. We shall not always be able to agree with the United States but the Community in devising its pro- cedures and. Its common positions must always try to -work with America whenever it can. Con- versely America must try and work with us. Only if the' Nine work harmoniously with- the United States on both economic issues in the framework of the Community and on political issues in the frame-. work of political cooperation, shall we surmount the 'difficulties to which President Nixon and Dr Kis- singer have recently drawn atten- tion.
19. We should'also like to work with You to produce a stable, healthy and cooperative, relation- ship with all those countries or grotips of countries with whom Europe's life is intimately con- netted, for example with Japan, Canada and other Industrialized countries; with the Commonwealth and the Community's Associates; with the Arab countries; and with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
20. We are ready to intensify political consultation and coopera- tion. But before we can do so we need to agree on our broad aims. I should certainly like to see if we can do this together. The informal meeting to which our President has so kIndly invited us later this month will provide ail excellent oppor. tunity.
21. So to conclude we shall work for an early and successful result to what we in Britain have come to call renegotiation. Meanwhile we shall participate in the work of the Community and act in accordance with Community procedures, sub- ject only to not proceeding with further processes of integration if these seem likely to prejudge the outcome of the negotiatfons. Our aim will be to get an agreement which can be regarded as providing a fair balance of advantage for each of our countries. If this can be achieved successfully, renegotiation will not damage the 'Community but will strengthen it..
European Communities No 8 (1974), Renegotiation of the Terms of Efttry into the European Economic Community. Cmnd 5593. Station- ery Office, 9p.";"April 2, 1974";"";59054;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr Callaghan tells EEC ministers that the Community's image in Britain is not good";""
"['CELIA JOHNSON']";"['News']";"Divorce, not death, is resp nsible
for the majority of stepparent families in Britain today. Women are no longer obliged to stay shackled to an unhappy marriage for reasons of economy and status. As the divorce rate increases (from 23,400 in 1960 to approximately 40,000 in 1966)* so the number of poten- tial stepparent families rises.
Stepparents are not all cruel and step- children very rarely spend all their time in the kitchen like Cinderella. How- ever, the complex relationship of ohild and stepparent is fraught with obstacles, and much warmth, tolerance and under- standing is needed to overcome them. Mobility is becoming an accepted way of life in our society and the stepparent can no longer rely on an army of local friends and relations to provide moral and practical support.
Any stepparent (or prospective step-
parent) who has ever wondered how to break down the natural emotional bar- rier and establish a relationship based on mutual trust and love will want to read The Successful Stepparent by Helen Thomson (W. H. Allen. 35s.), published today.
This book is a thoroughly realistic study of the problems faced by step- parents and children. It sets out to look at human feelings and behaviour. There is no attempt to minimize the difficulties, no exhortations to superhuman quali- ties. Probable tensions and strains are recognized and discussed. The book is studded with case histories illustrating these and other problems, together with an appraisal of the likely repercussions produced by good or bad handling of the situations.
* Figures provided by the National Federation of Clubs for the Divorced and Separated.
Women welders e Well why not?
In a Norwegian shipyard women have been doing the job for almost a year now. The men say the atmosphere is smoother in the yard and the women say the job is better paid than more typically feminine ones.
It began as an experiment by Bergens Mekaniske Verksted. The women have now established themselves as a regular part of the work force in a field which was formerly exclusively for men.
The doubts of the male workers have gone and cooperation and working rela- tions are as good as ever. The female welders work side by side with their male colleagues on the berth and in the workshops. Some of the stronger ex- pressions occasionally heard among the workers tend to disappear in the presence of female colleagues.
Three women were taken on for initial training nearly a year ago. One of them, a girl studying for a civil engineering degree, needed the practical experience. The two others, both married, were 35 and 50 years of age. Later more women were trained. The youngest started at 18.
The company has regarded the experi-
ment as a means of developing a poten- tial reserve work force. No experience in welding is required as training is given in the yard. The women are classed as "" semi-skilled workers "". Aparl from not handling heavy objects they work on equal terms with the men and share the "" dirty "" jobs.
The experiment is also socially im- portant since Norway has the longest lifespan in the world-78 years is average for women and there is a prob- lem of bringing women in the 40-plus group back from home activities to jobs.
This year the reform of equal pay for equal work will be completed. Women have mostly been engaged in low-wage jobs or their pay has been below that for men in, the same jobs. As welders, however, their wages are relatively high. Those who work at Bergens Mekaniske Verksted earn the equiva- lent of fl5 tof20.
The working hours are from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., with every other Saturday off. There is a 10-minute break at 9 o'clock and half an hour at noon.
After watching the experiment's suc- cess other companies have followed suit.
When a Viennese soap factory was taken over recently by a British firm, a set of moulds befitting the city's musical image came to light: busts of Beethoven, Schiubert and Wagner. Now the great composers, carved out of ivory soap, can bring culture to the bathrooms of Britain. Those who would not dare to unwrap the cellophane shroud and get into the bath with Beethoven may like to know that soap musicians do not die, theyjustfadeaway. Soapsprice3s.9d. each from main department stores or post free from M. and R. Norton Limited, Adriant Works, 9 Park Hill, London, S.W.4.
DRAWING BY WENDY JONES
Says Sandie Shaw: ""The main
thing is I've won for Britain."" The Grand Prix Eurovision 1967, which she was awarded in Vienna on Saturday night, was Britain's first victory in the song contest.
One of Sandie's main interests is designing clothes; the pink dress she wore on Saturday night was made from one of her own ideas. But she doesn't really like dressing up and is happiest wearing casual clothes. For the Euro- vision contest she kept to her rule of never wearing shoes when she sings.
Sandie's rise to fame came quickly when she began her career three years ago. Since then she has travelled widely. Her parents go everywhere with her, helping her to deal with her huge fan mail and with hundreds of other details that crop up.
Her mother said on Saturday night: ""Sandie worked so terribly hard to win. It wasn't just personal. she wanted to do it for Britain ""
Sandie Shaw's already busy life will now become busier than ever. But she is unlikely to change and wil continue to like simple things. She never uses make- up or coloured nail varnish and keeps to an easy-care hair style that she can just comb through herself.
Sandie arrived in Vienna on Wed- nesday evening, and was greeted at the airport by an enthusiastic crowd. She liked "" Puppet on a String "", the song she sang for Britain. ""I think it was the most original of the whole bunch, and the fact that it was already a hit gave me lots of confidence.""
The idea of holding an annual inter- national song contest on television was conceived in the mid-1950s at a meeting of representatives from the member countries of the European Broadcasting Union. The first contest, held in Lugano in 1956, resulted in Switzerland's only win to date.
The organization of the contest is very expensive. Each country competing shares the cost, but the financial burden is heaviest for the country acting as '""host"", as Austria was. It is because of the enormous cost that Denmark has not entered this year, though its song won in 1963. Usually the winning country acts as host the following year.
The main objects of the contest are to encourage the output of good origi- nal songs, and to create rivalry between composers through international com- parison of their works. In some coun- tr,ies the best composers do not submit their works for the contest, and very rarely do top singers participate. Loss
Sandie Shaw arriving at Heathrow
Airport last night
of prestige should they enter and be unsuccessful is the explanation given by representatives of the music publishing and recording businesses.
Where composers are concerned, France is one of the countries where the best have often entered their works in the contest. Out of the II contests which preceded Saturday night's France itself 'has won three, and other French- speaking countries another three.
Another reason for this high number of French victories is simply that French popular songs have tremendous international appeal. Songs not from the French-speaking countries which have won the contest have come from Holland (two wins), Austria, Denmark, and Italy.
The British song was considered to have the essential international appeal. Another point in our favour was the choice of Sandie Shaw to sing for us. She is by far the best known of all the singers participating.
Liliane Lijn is a beautiful 28-year-old American who has been living in London for two mnonths. The fruits of her stay are on view this week at the Indica Gallery, 6 Mason's Yard, Duke Street, St. James's, S. W.1. Liliane Lijnstudied as a painter in New York and Paris, where size lived for six years. She made her first perspex-light panel in 1961 and never returned to painting.
In the basement at the Indica Gallery, one enters a world of strange, pure beauty. In the centre, three circular forms rotate, balancing glass balls on thzeir moving surfaces. Hanging on the
walls are panels with a series of liglhts fitted into the frames. which blink on and off in nearly 30 computations, creating seemingly endless variations. Thle total effect is of delicate, elegant charm.
"" Movement puts time in nzy work "", says Miss Lijn. ""It has moments which may not ever repeat. Thle elemeni of timne is even more interesting if, in the time, the work moves not in a circle, recurrent, but outward. I think this is possible by using materials with a comparatively long life-span. So even after I have finished a piece of work it goes on making itself, reacting to exterior impulses. Thtis becomes real movemnent.""
The aftermath of the Torrey Canyon
has hit the Cornish Bird Hospital rather as the Battle of the Marne must have affected the hospitals of France. "" There has never been anything so awful "", says Dorothy Yglesias. "" We clean them and feed them but we can't save all their lives."" Great boxes of shining mackerel lie next to cartons of stained little corpses.
The hospital is up on Raginnis Hill above Mousehole. It was started in 1928 by two sisters. Dorothy and Phyllis Yglesias (the name is of Spanish origin), as a private. accidental venture of mercy.
After the war the R.S.P.C.A. lent some support to the sisters. and in 1959 they gave their hospital to the society. They still live next door, and come in to feed and cherish the birds. Dorothy told their story in her book The Cry of a Bird (William Kimber, London, 1962).
The Wardens at the hospital now are Cecily Thomas, a local girl from Mousehole who has worked with the birds since 1961, and Mrs. Olga Johansen, from Liverpool, who joined her six months later. Hospital describes only one part of their job-a nursing
home for chronic invalid birds is their regular work.
Permanent residents number about 150. These include jackdaws, gulls with damaged wings, and oyster-catchers with rheumatics. Then come patients under treatment and convalescing before release-about 50. The sea-birds eat enormous quantities of fresh fish. For the others, there is an appetizing mixed diet of proprietary bird food, minced Lassie. and flaked maize.
Not so many birds are coming in now -at the peak, they were brought in 500 a day. They are washed with solvent, then put under an infra-red lamp to dry. Warmth is important. The bird is suffering from the shock of handling and washing. Water has never before reached its skin, due to the protective natural oils in the feathers. It takes time before these oils, removed in the wash- ing, are replaced: until they are the bird cannot be released.
The hospital has been experimenting with many kinds of oil remover, per- haps at personal risk. "" The fumes from one were dreadful-we all had head- aches, and we've since been told it rots the kidneys."" The best so far has been a brand of mascara remover. "" It didn't
harm the birds at alL It's just pure vegetable oil, but very expensive."" They have kept records of the relative effec- tiveness of all the preparations they have tried. When this emergency is over, they will evaluate them in a report to R.S.P.C.A. headquarters.
To clear space at the Mousehole hospital, treated birds are dispersed to other parts of the country until com- pletely fit. One of the problems with birds now being brought in is that they are often very weak, not having eaten for days. A woman who came in from Nanjizel near Land's End with some guillemots, reported seeing a gull unable to move, just a head in a solid lump of oil.
On the walls of Mousehole harbour, wheeling gulls cast great shadows. The black derrick at the end of the pier makes a criss-cross calvary. There is not a speck of oil to be seen and visitors at the ""Lobster Pot"" are eating crab salads. But in the parties of gulls scaveng- ing on the beach, there are two or three constantly worrying their feathers.
"" They've oil on their tails "", says the waitress as she brings the fruit and cream. "" Theyll get it into their stomachs next and theyll die.""
""The trouble with the original suffragettes "", says Mrs. Lena Townsend, "" is that as well as emancipating them- selves, they emancipated their maids.""
Mrs. Townsend has every excuse this week for neglecting the housework which universal suffrage forced upon her. So have Mrs. Leila Campbell and Miss Glenys Bevan, fellow Hampstead resi- dents. For they are all candidates in Thursday's Greater London Council elections, each representing a different party in the Camden area.
The immense amount of work in- volved in local government makes the enthusiasm and capabilities of these three women remarkable. Only Miss Bevan, the 29-year-old Liberal candi- date, has a full-time job-as a legal adviser on marine insurance. A quali- fied barrister, her deep-rooted interest in social justice attracts her politically to the Liberal Party. (She is chairman of Hampstead Young Liberals.)
Although she herself can only devote part of her time to voluntary work. Miss Bevan believes that full-time Mini- sters for London and an effective regional parliament are ultimately needed. Welsh-born herself, she favours a national policy for decentralization to solve the long-term problems of traffic, housing, and educational congestion.
These three factors, in Camden as elsewhere. are the dominant issues in Thursday's elections, but Mrs. Leila Campbell. the Labour candidate and a present G.L.C. member. insists that "" the
great difficulty is to make people under- ttand what the elections are about "".
Mrs. Campbell works for the G.L.C., Camden Council and the Inner London Education Authority. Before her marriage she was variously an art teacher, a dress designer and a catering expert; now voluntary rather than pro- fessional work occupies much of her time. Directly concerned with educa- tional development. she is a passionate believer in the comprehensive system. ""I'm cer,tain it will work "". she says firmly.
The Conservative candidate, Mrs. Lena Townsend, also has a formidable list of activities including work for Camden Council, membership of the European Union of Women and the governorship of several schools and col- leges. But with her soft grey hair and gentle smile, Mrs. Townsend is far from being an aggressive champion of female rights.
Brought up in Cairo with a cosmopoli- tan outlook, she has a command of four European languages and an instinctive warmth towards foreigners.
Her work for the borough council has convinced her that digesting an im- migrant population can cause grave social and housing problems, but she is against any self-consciously imposed integration.
A hair-raising ""recipe for forget. fulness "" used by eighteenth-century wives to forestall family crises is among the fascinating antique books and letters to be sold at Sotheby's tomorrow.
No fainting miss about to take off with a fit of the vapours could surely have swooned when this remedy was brought out ! A strong constitution was needed even to mix stuff like this:
"" Take Rue, red mint, Oyl Olive, and very strong Vinegar, and let your Nos- trills be held over the Smoak of it. Also Burn your own Hair and mingle it with a Little Vinegar anid Pitch, and apply it to your Nostrills, for it Wonderfully Stirs and Quickens the person deceased with forgetfuliness. Also, the Lights of a Hogg held to your head, shaven, is Very Good.""
The recipes include "" How to Get an Earwig out of Your Head "", ""How to FPasten Teeth "", and one to appeal to do-it-yourself whisky enthusiasts, called ""The Best Way to Make Usqubagh"" -Gaelic for whisky.
The recipes, horrific or handy, are from a book said to have been owned by Margaret, second Duchess of Port- land. They come from a collection sold by the Earl of Powys.
TOMORROW: The high cost of being a woman. A special Women's Page team report.
-Fair Comment ?
There is very little that one can do now without being taxed for it. The Chan- cellor will push and pull us as he pleases tomorrow, but I bet (taxed) he has not considered mny plan. What about words ? Especially spoken ones ? No monetary control of any kind exists here; this is unique and dangerous. Such a gap must, of course, be closed. I have thought of a very good name for it too: the Subjunctive (Definitely) Tax. This has the right ring because it sounds harmless but will catch everyone-from the pedants who use the subjunctive un- necessarily to those who only know the word "" definitely "".
One would have allowances, of course, so many words a day, suitably divided up into verbs and nouns and so on, with adjectives and adverbs on a mounting scale so that each one used (after allow- ances) would attract more tax.
I think you would be fitted up, like Pay T.V., with a slot machine on the lines of a portable traffic meter, and you would Pay As You Speak. Your listeners (and auditors) would soon know if you were cheating and evading tax and this would add a pleasurable interest to all speeches, whether after dinner, sermons, political, or just chat.
There would be a list of words and phrases that would attract a swingeing tax, and I suggest swingeing as one of them. Other lucrative ones to the tax collector that I would like to see on the list would include escalation, virtually (except when meaning virtually), pragmatic (except when meaning prag- matic), crunch (except when applied to horses eating apples), viable, fabulous, great, and all that gear up to and includ- ing gear.
All trade words will bear a standard, rather severe, rate and by the meaning of the Act, psychologists, scientists, pop singers, trade union officials, economists, and actors will count as traders and so pay heavily for their in-talk. As they mostly talk without stopping and with little encouragement, we shall be spared a lot of boring gab.
You will, of course, be able to talk to yourself tax-free; you will also be able to invent new words and they will be untaxed. The fact that you may not be understood doesn't matter at all. Let's have total incomprehension rather than platitudes.
Just think of the silence ! When people want to economize they will have to shut up: those people who simply can't help talking will have to live abroad. I know well those who will be forever nipping off to Le Tou- quet for the weekend and a anod nattir
CELIA JOHNSON";"April 10, 1967";"";56911;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Monday Merry-Go-Round";""
"";"['News']";"Thle Governnenit's White Paper on the renegotiation of British membership of the Euro- pean Community issued Onl Thursday, is summarized below. The improvements sought were contained in the Labour Party's manifesto for the General Elec- tion in February last year. Food and Agriculture
Objective Tshe February Manii- festo undertook to secure: major changes in the common agricultural policy so that it ceases to be a threat to world trade in food pro- ducts, and so that low cost pro- ducers outside Europe can con. tinue to have access to the British food market.
Outcome: To secure the supplv of food at fair prices. Common Agri- ctltiuial Policy (CAP) price levels have been held down in real terms progress has been made to- twards relating them more closely to the needs of efficient producers, and towaids securing a better bal- ance between supplv and demand.
Greater flexibility to meet special circumstances and an improved marketing system for beef have been secured. Thlere has been an increased willingness to adjust the price structure to the varving needs of different parts of the Com- munitv. and in the use of direct subsidies to producers in place of higlher end prices.
Progress has been made in dis- couraging the creation of surplus stocks, and further measures to discourage surplus production of milk products and cereals will be considered in the stocktaking of the CAP which is being tinder- taken. The interests of consuniers hal-c been given prioritv both in the disposal of surplitses and in overcoming scarcities. Consumer subsidies have been given by the Community for pensioners' beef and have been increased for but- ter. British consumer s have also henefited from import subsidies on a wvide range of foodstuffs.
Financial control of Communitv expenditure is being strengthened.
Access to the Communitv has been secured for sugar fronm tile Commonwealth developilng coun- tries on favourable terms and for an indefinite perio(d. Progress has also been made on improving the atrrangements for continued access for Newv Zealand dairy products after 1977. Improvements in access for other foodstuffs have been secured in a number of gen- eral trade negotiations. Further improvements in access, for ex- ample for hard wheat and lamb. will be pursued in current trade negotiations.
The stocktakitig of the CAP vhich is currentiv in hand will provide the opportunity to secure fur ther impr-ovements.
As a result of changes in the world food situation and the pro. gress achieved in renegotiation the Government believe that the CAP can be operated flexibly in the enlarged Communitv and in a way which meets the tieeds of coni- stmers and prodticers. Further im- provements in the CAI' are fore- shadowed and it should be possible to contain the net cost within reasonable limits. On balance food prices in the United Kingdom have recently been no higher than they would have been had we remained outside the Community. The future relationship between world prices cnd tommur.ty prices is uncer- tain ; but they are likelv to be much closer than in the past, and the Community, as a major food producer, offers greater stability of price levels and also greater security of supply in times of shortage.
The Comtnunity Btdget
Objective: The February Manifesto stated that one objective of the re- negotiation would be new and fairer methods of financing the Community butdget. It said: "" Neither the taxes that form the so-called ' osn resources ' of the Communities, nor the pur- poses, mainIV agricultural support, on whichi the funds are mainly to be spent, are acceptable to us. We vould be ready to contribute to Community finances only such sums as were fair in relation to what is pdid and received by other countries.""
Outcome: At the meeting of Com- munity Heads of Government in Dublin on March 10-11, the Gov- ernment secured agreement on a budget correcting mechanism which will provide a refund to the United Kingdom if in any year our contribution to the Commun- ity budget goes significantly be- yond what is fair in relation to our share of Community GNP. Much has already been achieved, and further progress can be expec-
ted, in containing Community expenditure on agrictltural sup- port and in the development of expenditure policies more bene- ficial to the United Kingdom.
Economic and Mo.netary Union Objective : The February Mani- [esto said: "" We wvould reject any kind of international agreement hviiich conipelled us to accept increased unemployment for the sake of maintaining a fixed parity, as is required by current proposals for a European Economic and Nlonetary Union. We believe that the monetarv problems of the European cotintlies can be resolved onlv in a worldwide framework."" Outcomne: Events hlave showvn thiat the programme for movemcnt to- wards full EMU by 1930, w%lhich xvas laid down in 1972 at the Commuiiitv Heads of Government meetilig in Paris, wvas over-ambi- tious and unattainable. In practice other members of the Communitv accept this. Closer cooperatioi hetween Community countries in thle economic and monetarv fields is valuable and presents no threat to employment in the UK.
Itegional, Industrial and Fiscal Policies
Objective : The Government's objective was to ensure the "" re- tention bv Parliament of those powers over the British economy needed to puirstie effective re- gional, industrial and fiscal policies "".
Outcome: (a) Regional policy. New principles for the cooirdina- tion of regional aids within the Community will allow the UK to contintue to pursue affective rtegional policies adjusted to the particular needs of individual areas of the countrv. The Conimtnica- tion setting out these principles acknowvledges that national govern- ments are the best judges of what is required in their own countries, and that changes in national aid systemcs will not be regarded as incompatible with the common market when thev are jtistified by problems of unenmployment, migra- tion or other valid requirements, stibject to the condition that a member state's actions do inot damage the interests of other meml)er states.
(b) Industrial policy. The Govern- ment are satisfied that their poli- cies for aid to industry generall, their nationalization proposals, and the establishment of the National Enterprise Board and of planning agreements will not be hampered by Treaty obligations.
Controlling the private sector
(c) Steel. In the particular case of steel, it has been established that neither the Commission nor the UK now has powers to control private sector investment. The Government consider that this situation is unsatisfactory, but the necessary studv of means to secure control of private sector invest- ment cannot be completed within the renegotiation timetable. They have informed the other member countries that if the UK remains a member of the Community, they will pursue this question in order to satisfy their practical need for control in this field.
(d) Fiscal policy. The Government are satisfied that membership of the Commtinity does not limit their powers to pursue effective fiscal policies.
te) The Government are satisfied that subject to the question of steel, which cannot be resolved yet, their renegotiation require- ments have been met. Capital Movements
Objective: The Manifesto said: "" We need an agreement on capital movements which protects our balance of payments and full employment policies.""
Outcome: Experience, Including the experience of otber member states, confirms that in practice the Government can act to con- trol capital movements when necessary. This has already been done, under the terms of the Treaties, without any special agreement.
Commonwealth and Developing Countries
Objective : The Manifesto said: "" The economic interests of the Commonwealth and the developing countries must be better safe- guarded. This Involves securing continued access to the British market and, more generally, the adoption by an enlarged Com- munity of trade and aid policies designed to benefit not just 'associated overseas territories' in Africa, but developing countries throughout the world.'
Outconmc: Substanitial changes have been secured in Community policies on a number of fronts:
(a) Continued access on fair terms has been secured for sugar from the developing countries of the Caribbean and elsewvhere and im- provements have been obtained in the arranigemenlts for dairy pro- (ducts from New Zealand.
(b) Reduictions in Communility tariffs have been secured on a range of items of particular inter- est to Commol;nwealth cotntries, in tbe Gatt Article XXIV: 6 nego- tiations followvinig the enlargement of the Community agreement has also been secured on some im- pozrtant reduictions in Community tariffs on1 foodstu ffs imported from the Mediterranean count-ies with Nvbicii the Coimmuniity is negotiat- ing agreements. Ibe detailed man- date for the multiltelal trade negotiations agreed by the Com- muniity in February 1975 provides for the negotiation of further re- ductions in agricultural tariffs as well as for %%ide ranging negotia- tions on agricultural products in gener-al, for substantial reductions in industr-ial tariffs; and for par- ticular- attention to be paid to the needs of thie developing count nics.
(c) In relation to the developing countries a itiajor step forward was taken with the conicltision of the Lonid Convention between the enlar ge(d Contmunitv and for ty-six developing counltries including twenty- two Cominonwealtli coUnI- tries in Africa, the Caribbean at(t the Pacific. Under the Convention the developing (oountries are guar- antee(d free entry into the Com- munity for their industrial exports, almost completely free etttrv for their agriculittral exports, and also substantial aid.
(d) In additiotm major improve- nients, which will benefit the trade of other developing counstries, par- ticular lv the Commonwealtlh coun- tries of Asia, have been secured in the Commtunity's Scliene of Generalized Preferences for 1975. Thie Contmitnity has agreeul to continue to improve this Sclteme in ftttttre years with the tteeds of the poorest developing comntries -notablv those of the Indian stib- continenit-particuilarlv in mind. A start has also been made in end- ing discrimination against IHong- kong utnder the Scheme. Following the Comnmunitv's commitment under the Treaty of Accession to extend and strettgtlten its trade relations with the independent de- veloping Commonwealth countries of Asia, commerciai cooperation agreements are being negotiated vith Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka after the signatttre of a similar agreement with India which came into effect in April 1974.
(e) A start has been tnade In securing a more balanced distribu- tion of Contmunity aid ; in particu- lar the principle has been accep- ted of providing financial and tech- nical aid for developing countries withotit special relationships wvith the Community.
Value Added Tax
Objective: The Manifesto said that there should be no harmoni- zation of VAT which would re- quire us to tax necessities.
Outcome: The Government have established that they can resist any proposals for suclt harmoniza- tion wllich are unacceptable.
Other Aspects of Community Development
The Community's European Social Fund, set up to improve employment opportunities and to help raise the standard of living of the Community, brought a benefit to the United Kingdom in 1973 and 1974 of over £2Dm annually, largely for industrial retraining to secure continued employment for workers who had to change their jobs or wished to take advantage of new employ- ment opportunities.
Investment Bank
loans to Britain
The European Investment Bank, set up to facilitate econo- mic expansion, made loans to United Kingdom enter-prises of £113m in the years 1973-74. The Regional Development Fund. which it was agreed to set up at the end of 1974, should bring the United Kingdom up to £60m net from its operation over the three years 1975-77 for which it has initially been established. Removal of trade barriers
One of the objectives of the Community as set out in the EEC Treaty is to remove artificial barriers to trade and industry within its boundaries so as to
maximize the advantages for em- ployment and living standards of a single market of 2S0 million people. The Community is one of our largest and fastest growing markets. Access to this large market should lead to increased specialization, standardization, in- vestment in new capacity and longer production runs. The lack of these are important factors in explaining our relatively poor economic performance compared with that of other advanced indutstrial countries.
The removal of barriers to trade relates not only to tariffs but also to the legal, fiscal and other barriers which can impede the f-ee flow of goods within the Comnmunitv, the free movement of firms and of industrial invest- ment. and the free movement of workers, including the self- employed.
Freedom to act is limited
It is inevitablv a slow and laborious process; but two exam- ples mav be quoted of areas in which work is going on and in which United Kingdom influence has been brotigit to bear: har- monization of industrial and food standards, and the freedom of citizens of member states to exer- cise their employment or profes- sion anywhere in the Community. Energy
Energy policy is of special interest to the United Kingdom. Of all the Commtinity members, wve alonc, through the North Sea reserves, are in sight of self-suf- ficiency in oil; we have main- tained a strong coal industry and we have natural gas. We have been pioneers in the developnment of nLclear power. No other member state can matclh these resources and e::perience. But the Com- munity's industrial strength de- pends upon its stipplies of energy.
Thie Communitv as a whole is the greatest single importing area for oil. It was hard hit by the rapid rise in oil costs since 1973, and it has a major role to play in meeting the crisis, both in coopera- tion w-ith thle other main con- sumers within the International Energy Agency and in the pro- posed dialogue between con- sumers and producers. Within the Commtinity, member states can coordinate their positions for wider international discussions. The Commtinity has started to estab- lish a common energy policy. The Government welcome this work, provided that it is conducted in a realistic fashion. They will never allow it to develop in ways which could threaten our ownership or control over our own natural resources-North Sea oil and gas, for example-and the Commission have made it quite clear that this is no part of their purpose.
Sovereignty and membership of the Community
No country nowadays has un- qualified freedom of action. There are restraints even on the super- powers. For other countries their freedom of action is even more limited by political, military and economic realities outside their control.
Countries are increasingly com- ing together in interdependent groupings in order to defend and advance their interests. Since 1945 we have found it necessary to combine with others to organize our trade relations, our defence, our monetary interests and econ- oniic policies.
We belong, for example, to the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- tion, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the International Monetary Fund and the Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development, as well as the United Nations itself. Before we joined the Community, we played a lead- ing part in the European. Free Trade Association.
The Community has certain distinctive features which make it unique among international group- ings. The Community is more than a free trade area and a customs union.
It is clear that the power of political decision in the Community rests with the member states. The system is flexible enough to permit significant changes of approach by the Community to meet changing circumstances. Renegotiation has shown clearly the way in which the direction of Community policy can be altered to take account of the essential requirements of a member state.
Future development of. the Community
At the October, 1972, Summlt
Conference the previous Conserv- ative Government endorsed the target date of 1980 for the achieve- ment of "" the major objectives of transforming . . . the whole complex of the relations of mem- ber states into a European union "". But the Government have estab- lished that there is no agreement in the Community on what Euro- pean union means beyond a gen- eral aspiration to closer coopera- tion.
They welcome the new and more realistic approach adopted by Heads of Government in De- cember, 1974, wvhen M Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium, was invited to prepare a report on the subject by the end of 1975. This should enable member gov- ernments to define w-hat their purpose is. The Government's view, wvhich Is shared by a num- ber of other member states, is that closer cooperation is desir- able and must be pursued in a pragmatic way, but that there is no wide support elsewhere in the Community for moves towards a centralized federal state.
The Heads of Government of the Community countries, at their meeting in December, 1974, ex- pressed themselves in favour of the introduiction of direct elections ,o the European Assembly by uni- versal suffrage. It was, hoNvever, made absolutely clear by the United Kingdom that "" her Majesty's Government could not themselves take up a position on the proposal before the process of renegotiation had been com- pleted, and the results of renegotiation submitted to the British people "".
If British membership is con- firmed, any scheme for direct elections to the European Assem- bly would require an Act of Parliament. Any revision of the powvers of the assembly would also require the specific approval of the United Kingdom Parlia- ment.
The Government do not accept any commitment to any sort of federal structure in Europe. No member government has asked us for any such commitment in the course of renegotiation. All mem- ber states agree that future insti- tutional developments must conl- form to political decisions of the governments and parliaments of member states. The consent of the United Kingdom Parliament would be sought before any insti- tutional development of major importance.
The role of Parliament
. . . Membership of the Com- munity raises for us the problem of reconciling a system of directly applicable law made by the Com- munity vith our constitutional principle that Parliament is the sovereign legislator and can make or unmake any law whatsoever. That principle remains unaltered by our membership of the Com- munity: Parliament retains its ultimate right to legislate on any matter. . . .
The problem therefore has to be considered from two aspects: first, the general issue of whether the ultimate sovereignty of Parliament has been weakened, and secondly, whether Parliament can play an effective role in the making of any particular new Community law. On the general issue, Parliament by the European Communities Ahct, 1972, authorized the application in this country of directly applicable Community law and to that extent has delegated its powers, Parlia- ment has however the undoubted power to repeal that Act, on which our ability to fulfil our Treaty obligations still depends. Thus our memnbership of the Community in the future depends on the con- tinuing assent of Parliament.
Following the recommendations of select committees of both Houses of Parliament, and on the initiative of the Government, scrutiny committees were set up with the status of select commit- tees in both Houses in April and May, 1974, The scrutiny commit- tees have the task of examining all Commission proposals for Council legislation and other docu- ments published by the Commis- sion for submission to the Council and of reporting in particular on those which should be debated in Parliament because of the political or legal issues which they raise.
The Government have under- taken to supply the committees u with the informatbon which they tees ind bthoufind time Apri deates
which they recommend.. They have further undertaken to en-
sure, consistently with the national interest, that final deci- sions fare nottaken in the Council oi' Ministers on proposais recom-
mended for debate in Parliament until the debate has taken place.
The Government intend to con- tinue to develop these arrange- ments so as to make them more effective and to enable Parliament to express its views on draft Com- munity legislation in the most appropriate way. The House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure has been asked to con- sider the dispatch of business re- lating to European secondary legislation, which brings additional pressure to an alreadv crowded Parliamentary timetable. The Government propose to improve the arrangements in the. light of the Procedure Committee's report, which is expected shortly. lVider considerations
The issue of Community mem- ship is of fundamental importance for Britain's place and role in the world . . . A cohesive Europe is an essential pillar of the Atlantic partnership, and a more coopera- tive relationship has now been established between the Nine and the United States. There is now a more liberal Community attitude towards the forthcoming multi- lateral trade negotiations.
Better balanced policies of trade and aid are being developed towards the developing world as a whole, so that the countries of Asia benefit as well as the African countries. This will help to avoid confrontation between the devel- oped and developing countries, particularly on commodity matters and raw materials. Commonwealth Governments have made clear their view that they wish Britain to remain in the Community.
The member states of the Com- munity have closely related and interdependent economies, and what any of them decides In the field of economic policy can affect other member states. . .. The United Kingdom Is more depen- dent on International trade than
most countries, and the Govern- ment have been able to ensure that positions taken by the Communitv, which are of great Importance for our trading and financial interests, reflect United Kingdom views.
In the Government's view the consequences of Britain's with- drawal from the Community would be adverse-and would result In uncertainty. This uncertainty could be protracted and would it- self be damaging.
There could be a significant effect on confidence, affecting both investment in the United Kingdom and our ability to fin- ance our balance of payments deficit. There would be a risk of a deterioration, for a time at least, both in the level of em- ployment and in the rate of inflation.
The United Kingdom would have to engage in the negotiation of a new trading relationship with the Community and with the rest of the world- this would be bound to be difficult. If it were not possible to secure special trad- ing arrangements with the Com. munity, British exports would face a high Community tariff on such products as chemicals, com. mercial vehicles and textiles. Even if an acceptable free trade arrangement could be negotiated, this would be accompanied by conditions which would be likely to limit the Government's free- dom to give assistance to British industry.
The United Kingdom would no longer participate in the Com- munity's institutions, or in the political cooperation machinery. The Community and its member states would still be our closest neighbour and our largest market, and Community policies would remain of direct concern to us. But there would be the difficult- ies of pursuing British interests
and of applving British influence, from outside rather than inside the Community.
Our withdrawal would limit the potential benefits of interdepend- ence. It would be a serious set- back to the development of closer and more cooperative relations wvithin the Community, and between the Communitv and the wider world. It would threaten the political stability of Western Europe.
The Government have alwavs believed that, provided the terms of membership were right and fair, it is in the interests of Britain and of Europe that we should be a member of the Community. The wider considerations set out in this Chapter confirm the Government's judgment that continued member- ship of the Community is in Britain's interest on the basis of the renegotiated terms.
Through membership of the Community we are better able to advance and protect our national interests-this is the essence of sovereignty. We are only at the start of our relationship with the Community: we can now begin to play a full part in its construc- tion and development. The Com. munity has shown that it is a flexible organization, which is ready to adapt to the changing circumstances of the world and to respond to the differing needs of member states. The decision
If our membership of the Com- munity is confirmed, the Govern- ment will be ready to play a full part in developing a new and wider Europe. The decision is now for the British people. The Govern- ment will accept their verdict.
Membership of the European Community: Report on Renego. tiation (Cmnd 6003, Stationery Office, 38p).";"March 29, 1975";"";59356;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"White Paper sets out the case for staying in and the dangers risked if Britain withdraws";""
"";"['News']";"The
EDEN Memoirs
-IV
Sir Anthony Eden tells the story of his speedy tour in 1954 after the French Assembly had thrown out the European Army plan. In Rome he receives news of an ""unhappily timed"" In- tervention by Mr. Dulles, still harping on the need for a supranational
scheme.
L
THE treaty creating the European
Defence Community was signed at tIhe end of May, 1952. But it had never been ratified by France, and in the following two years French opinion turned increasingly against it. At thze same time had been signed the Bonn Conventions, giving sovereignty to the German Federal Republic.
During the summer of 1954, it became obvious that a decision on E.D.C. could not be postponed much longer. The plan, for all its merits, was becoming something of an entangling impediment. While it existed no German military contribution was possible, because the Bonn Conventions for restoring Ger- man sovereignty were tied to it.
In these conditions, the Prime Minister and I agreed with the Americans that we must take preliminary steps to free the Bonn Conventions from dependence on the fate of E.D.C. Dr. Adenauer's position in Germanywas being weakened by the continued failure of his policy to show results. The fact that it was not his fault made no difference. We considered that the Federal Republic must be free to form the alliances of her choice, and to do so her sovereignty must be restored to her. The Russians would continue to do what they could to tempt Germany away from the West and we must not furnish pretexts for them.
Poor Prospects
At the end of July, the French Ambas- sador in London, M. Massigli, informed me that Mendes France [Prime Minister of France, June, 1954-February, 19551 wasconvinced that therewas no majority in the Assembly for E.D.C. as it stood. Therefore he proposed to discuss with the other ED.C. powers certain amend- ments to the treaty. These were to be introduced into the text after its ratifica- tion by France. If the other five coun- tries would accept his suggested changes, he would then invite the Assembly to ratify the treaty, on the understanding that they would be incorporated after- wards.
Early in August, my wife and I left for a brief holiday in southern Austria,
where we bad taken an old castle near the W6rthesee from some English friends. While we relaxed and bathed international difficulties continued to mount.
I was not surprised when. on the even- ing of August 18th. a messenger from France arrived, breasting the battle- ments with a letter from Mendes France. In this he told me of his intention to meet his fellow E.D.C. representatives in Brussels on the following day. He did not underestimate the difficulties which faced him, or the exasperation caused by previous French delays. He added that the first reactions to his pro- posals from the countries concerned gave him no grounds for optimism, although he would do all he could. Whatever the outcome of the Brussels Conference, he thought it important that France and the United Kingdom should reach early agreement on questions affecting the cohesion of Europe. He told me that Sir Winston Churchill had accepted his suggestion that he should fly straight from Brussels to England for a meeting, and had invited him to Chartwell. I telegraphed to the Prime Minister:
"" If agreement is not reached at Brussels, Chartwell meeting may assume more formidable proportions and take longer. I have asked the Foreign Office to keep me posted of Brussels progress, and if required I can always fly back by R.A.F. plane from here. Meanwhile I will await events.""
France Isolated
The Brussels talks ended in failure, as they were almost bound to do. I decided to fly home.
On August 23rd, I sent the following account of the Chartwell meeting in 2 personal message to Mr. Dulles:
"" At our meeting with Mendes France to-day, the Prime Minister and I impressed upon him with all the force at our command the grave dangers which France and the whole Western world would incur if the French Assembly refused to ratify the E.D.C. treaty. The Brussels Conference had shown that France was isolated from her European partners and she would be altogether isolated if the French Chamber continued to refuse a decision on the German defence contribution. We urged Mendes France strongly to put all his authoritv behind the E.D.C. treaty, with the Spaak interpretations.
From European Defence Community to Western European Union: Stages in the September journey.
I as much the best solution for France.
[M. Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, had, at the Brussels confer- ence, tred to find a middle road between France and her five partners.] He said that he would put the issue to the vote next week, but he was quite definite that it would be rejected, and that his Cabinet would not agree to make the vote a question of confidence. He agreed, however. that the attempt must be made, although the strength of his advocacy is uncertain,
Debt to Adenauer
"" We urged Mendes France to make it clear to the Assembly that, if they rejected E.D.C.. some other solution of the German problem must be found, with or witbout France, without delay. He did not dissent, and was ready to consider German entry into N.A.T.O., with or without some smaller grouping within N.A.T.O. He said he was ready as a first step to give Germany her political sovereignty without any delay and to announce this in the debate. A simple solution to the problem of German rearmament must then be found within two months.
""We warned him of the difficulties of finding and bringing into force any such solution which Germany and everyone else concerned could accept in so short a time. We concluded on the note that he must try to persuade France to accept the E.D.C. as much the best way out, but that if this were impossible the Germans must receive their politi- cal equality immediately and be included within some acceptable defence framework, preferably N.A.T.O., shortly thereafter. We impressed upon him, in particular, that we intended to work in close agreement with the United States Government. and that we had a debt of honour to Adenauer and those Euro- pean countries who had ratified E.D.C.
Bitter Debate
""Mendes France argued strongly against a meeting of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Benelux. Though we did not tell Mendes France so, we also see difficul- ties about such a meeting and think that the other countries concerned must be expected to do so. In any event, nothing of the kind can take place until after the French vote next week. VWe are giving urgent thought to some alter- native procedure which would meet your objective, and I will telegraph to you again very soon.""
A week later, after two days of bitter and emotional debate in which M. Mendes France was more referee than advocate, the French Assembly passed the crucial motion to "" move to other business "" by 319 votes to 264, with forty-three abstentions. E.D.C. was dead.
So long as there had been the faintest hope that it could be saved, I had not been willing to hold any formal dis- cussion of possible alternatives, for to do so would have strengthened the hand of the opponents of E.D.C. in France. I had also been against exercising pressure upon France, for I was con- vinced that this would drive hesitant moderates to join the opponents of Ger- man rearmament in any form. On the day before the vote, the United States Government suggested that we should hold an eight-power conference exclud- ing France. One of the objects of this meeting was to emphasize French isola- tion. I thought this a bad plan, for, whether we considered French action right or wrong, we needed France, and I saw no cause to stand her like a naughty girl in the corner. The idea was dropped.
No Easy Way
All the same, the problem was urgent. and we should have to move fast if Western European unity was to be saved. Some months earlier I had asked my skilled advisers at the Foreign Office to work on this problem, and at the end of August I considered their findings. There was no easy way through. One alternative was a diluted E.D.C., within the framework of N.A.T.O., to which the United Kingdom would belong. The French could be expected to like this, but there was not much in it for other E.D.C. powers. The dilution would make the mixture rather thin for them. I preferred- to bring Germany into N.A.T.O.. under the various safeguards which bad been devised for her entry into E.D.C. This solution would be likely to run into trouble in France, although Mendes France had optimistic- ally told us at Chartwell that the French Assembly would find it hard to take a second entirely negative decision. We
would have to devise safeguards which were effective but not blatant, otherwise we should lose German opinion. The Germans could not be offered less now than in 1951, when E.D.C. was first con- ceived. Despite tihese complications, I thought that the entry of Germany into N.A.T.O. must be faced. My colleagues authorized me to discuss this with the German Chancellor and with the Americans.
Dr. Adenauer's response to our approaches further increased my respect for his qualities of statesmanship. He believed in the unity of Europe, and the defeat of E.D.C. destroyed a plan which he had made his own. He had waited long for it, but when Sir* Frederick Hoyer Mi]lar, our High Commissioner in Germany, went to see him on Septem- ber 2nd to get a reaction to our ideas, the Chancellor's attitude was reasonable and sympathetic. He agreed with us that German mnembership of N.A.T.O. was better than a diluted E.D.C. He was ready to accept safeguards, as long as these did not discriminate against
Sir Ashley Clarke, British
Ambassador in Rome.
Germany. The German Government, he told us, would be prepared volun- tarily to undertake to limit its armed forces. I thought that this offer would help to make a N.A.T.O. solution more acceptable to the French.
Satisfied that Bonn would contribute something, I now had to consider how to steer events towards the N.A.T.O. solution. I decided to plan for a nine- power conference in London, to which we would invite the six E.D.C. powers, the United States and Canada. I pro- posed to assemble this within the next two weeks, and that it should reach agreement on the problem of bringing Germany into Western defence. We would then lay its decisions before a full meeting of the N.A.T.O. Council later in the autumn.
"" A Full Quiver""
First replies from the Governments invited were favourable, although Mr. DuUes expressed doubts as to whether the necessary diplomatic preparations for such a conference could be com- pleted in time to give it a chance of success. He was anxious, he said, to avoid any repetition of the disharmony of the Brussels meeting in August. I was aware of this risk, but I strongly believed that the dangers of delay outweighed it.
I went for the week-end of September 5th to our Wiltshire cottage, and while there an idea came to me that it might do some good if I made a tour of the six European capitals before our con- ference. At least this would show willing, and we might get rid of some vexing problems that way. But even if I made this journey, I had not enough to propose on behalf of Her Majesty's Government to make sure of success. A diplomatic traveller must have a full quiver. I wanted some new ingredient. In the bath on Sunday morning, it suddenly occurred to me that I might use the Brussels Treaty to do the job. At the Foreign Office a few days before, there had happened to be some discus- sion of the treaty in another context, and I expect that this put the idea into my head.
The Brussels Treaty, signed in 1946, had been directed principally against a revival of German aggression. If we could bring Germany and Italy into it, L and make the whole arrangement mutual, we should have a new political framework for Europe, without dis- crimination. The Brussels Treaty could be transformed into a mutual defence pact. of the Locarno type. which would cover all Western Europe.
There would be other advantages. The supranational features of E.D.C. would go, and the United Kingdom could then be a full member, sharing from within instead of buttressing from without. The Brussels Treaty lasted longer than N.A.T.O., for fifty years as against twenty. In its new form, it could provide a focus for those in aU countries, including Western Germany, who cherished the vision of a united Europe. FinaUy, I had been troubled by the con- viction that if Germany came into N.A.T.O. we should be asked to increase our military contribution on the con- tinent. This would not be popular at home, but it would be more acceptable if it were made within the context of a revived Western Union.
(Before leaving for his journey Mr. Eden received assurance of Dr. A denauer's agreement with his general purpose. Hle also learned that the French Government was considering the possibility of extending the Brussels Treaty as an alternative to Germany's admission to N.A.T.O.
Mr. Eden's first stop was Brussels, where talks were held on September 11 with the Foreign Ministers of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.] Before going to bed, I telegraphed to London:
"" I found all three Benelux Ministers fully aware of the realities of the inter- national situation and, in particular, of the dangers of Germany slipping over to the Russians, and of America retreat- ing to the peripheral defence of 'fortress America,' on which I had spoken to them. They are anxious that I should do my best to bring these dangers home to Paris, where they were, in their opinion, discounted.
Benelux Wisdom
"" I think to-day's talks provided a very hopeful basis for our further and more difficult meetings. There is unanimity between us and the Benelux countries in our assessment of the situation and in our plans for dealing with it."",
Not for the first time I had found excellent encouragement from our Bene- lux allies. These countries are firm and understanding friends, wisely led and ably represented.
From Brussels I flew to Bonn, where the Chancellor was my host at luncheon. I told himn that the Benelux powers were anxious to find some constructive way out of the present difficulties. They had been disturbed and hurt by the experi- ence of the Brussels Conference in August. The Chancellor agreed that those events had been unfortunate, and we discussed the present French temper. Dr. Adenauer shared my fears that the French might not realize the dangers inherent in the "" agonizing reappraisal "" of American policy, of which Mr. Dulles bad warned us several months before. Maybe they thought that the Americans were bluffing; if so, they might be wrong.
A British military policeman watches travellers passing the German controls at Helmstedt, on the border between the British and Soviet
zones.
We agreed that if I was able to make the French understand the risks they were running, and if we could produce some thoughts which would assist M. Mendes France, then I might succeed in Paris.
Risk of Disaster
I used this opening to put forward my proposal about the Brussels Treaty. The Chancellor was deeply interested, par- ticularly in its possibilities for creating a focus for European policies. He told me that it was still true that the youth
verge of the most delicate phase of my negotiations and I had kept the Americans fully informed at each stage of my journey. My chances of success in Paris would depend largely upon preserving the pattern of unanimity which had been built up during my talks in Brussels, Bonn and Rome. Dulles made it clear in his message to me that he was critical of the plan for expanding the Brussels Treaty, and that he would regard any solution which did not provide for the creation of a supranational institution as ""make- shift.""
of Germany believed in the European idea. They must be given justification for that faith, or they might turn to
""bad thoughts."" I replied that this was one of the motives which had led me to put forward this idea. The Chan- cellor said that an important feature of the Brussels Treaty was Britain's partici- pation. He attached the greatest im- portance to this. In fact, as things were. he did not want to be left alone with France. We then adjourned for an hour so that Dr. Adenauer could consider my proposal.
When we resumed our talks, the Chancellor began with a long and criti- cal summary of German historical events from 1848 to 1939. He used this to explain, without excusing, the German failure to build up a firm and demo- cratic structure. It was, he said, the task of the Federal Government to do so. Fortunately, Nazi ideas had, for all practical purposes, disappeared. Ger- many was, however, placed geographic- ally between the East and the West and the division of the country encouraged honest as well as dishonest Germans to look east. The European idea, wviich had a great appeal to German youth, remained the only certain way to con- firm German association with the West and to strengthen German democracy. Our, joint European problems should be considered against this background, since the consequences for Europe as well as for Germany would be disas- trous if Germany fell within the Soviet orbit. either directly or gradually via neutralization.
Right Solution
The Chancellor said he would not waste any words on the meeting with Mendes France or the French decision. It was no use now trying to revive E.D.C., or something like it, although such a community might be possible later on. The entry of Germany into N.A.T.O. was the right solution. In so far as this meant a German national army he was prepared to accept self- imposed limitations and would also be prepared to put this army into an inte- grated army, if this became possible later. The German goal remained some European organization, and Germany was as anxious as France that the United Kingdom should be associated with it. Referring to safeguards, the Chancellor said that one of his main reasons for preferring the N.A.T.O. solution at this stage was that S.H.A.P.E. [Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe] could ensure that all the N.A.T.O. countries did as much as they should, but that no one did more. He attached the greatest import- ance to maintaining the United King- dom's undertaking of automatic assist- ance to the E.D.C. and vice versa, which was not part of the N.A.T.O. treaty. Finally, he said that he now thought that our purposes could best be realized through my plan for German entry into N.A.T.O. on the one hand, and the expansion of the Brussels Treaty to include Germany and Italy on the other.
[On September 13 Mr. Eden flew to Rome after ""a most satisfactory visit"" to Bonn. Signor Piccioni, the Italian Foreign Minister, welcomed Mr. Eden's journey and th2e ideas he brought with him. On September 15, however. the day began with "" a shock from Washington,"" as Mr. Eden recorded in his diary.]
""Pleasant swim in the pool with Ashley [Sir Ashley Clarke, British Ambassador at Rome] at 7.30 and dis- cussion of the present situation over breakfast in the sunshine. The Italians have helped us greatly, but Trieste troubles me. We must get that settled.
Unhappily Timed
"" Just before starting for the airport. secretary from the U.S. Embassy arrived with message from Dulles, asking for immediate reply. He proposes to fly today (U.S. time) to Bonn and on Friday morning to London. Can I receive him Friday ? His reasons for visiting Bonn seem to be singularly unconvincing. There is also a long rigmarole of criticism of Brussels Treaty because it is not supranational. I was inclined to try to dissuade him from visiting Bonn with- out Paris, but Ashley and Frank [Sir Frank Roberts, Deputy Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office] were against this, so I contented myself with short reply that I would be glad to see him in London. and a reply to his criticism.""
I thought that Dulles' intervention was unhappily timed. I was on the
"" Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar, our High Commissioner in Ger- many, went to see Dr. Adenauer on September 2nd to get a
reaction to our ideas.""
11 view of this, I was apprehensive of the consequences of Dulles' sudden visit to Adenauer, which had been decided on without prior consultation with London or with me. My conver- sations up to this point had confirmed my opinion that this was not the moment to try for another supranational solu- tion. Any attempt to persuade the E.D.C. powers to bold out for it would only result in continued failure to agree, with consequent dangers to Western unity.
No Time to Argue
There was no time to argue all this, as I was leaving for the airport. I was still uncertain as to the real purpose of the Secretary of State's journey, and it was evident from our Ambassador's report that Bonn was also perplexed. On the other hand, it was some comfort that Mr. Dulles appeared to accept a meeting in London as I had been urging. I replied:
' I received your message just as I was on the point of leaving Rome. I shall be glad to see you in London on what- ever day would suit you. The dates September 27th and 28th which you suggest for the preliminary nine-power conference should, I think, prove pos- sible.
""We too had hoped that E.D.C. would be passed. But every countrv now agrees that as things are, there is no present possibility of reviving the supranational idea. We must encourage other forms of European unity.""
[Mr. Eden arrived in Paris in the afternoon of September 15. Two meetings with M. Mend2s France the same day proved inconclusive.]
Paris Hesitates
My discussions with M. Mend&s France had been involved and long. He agreed that the Brussels Treaty would be a good point of departure. but he was worried about the safeguards and con- trols which could be devised to allav French fears of German rearmament. I told him that it was clear that these safe- guards could not now be so tight as those which had resulted from E.D.C., and that they would have to give the appearance of being non-discriminatory. I thought that they should be organized through a strengthening of the N.A.T.O. machinery. The other powers agreed. Mendes France did not. He wanted the safeguards to be made part and parcel of the Brusselc Treaty by the addition of military clauses. The ques- tion of German entry into N.A.T.O., he said, should onlv be considered after these safeguards had been established.
This seemed to me to be all wrong. I told Mendes France that Germanv would not be likely to consider entering the Brussels Treaty or giving voluntary safeguards if she were only to be admitted to N.A.T.O. after a proba- tionary period. This was a fence which we must jump. The treaty could not simply be a cage for the Germans. The French proposal would mean that there would be two organizations with con- flicting tasks, the Brussels Pact to con- trol and limit armaments and their use, N.A.T.O. to organize the maximum effort for the defence of Europe. I said that if safeguards had to be worked out and accepted, as a precondition to the discussion of German entry into N.A.T.O., all hope of bringing Germany into the Western European system would have to be abandoned. With this our argument ended.
Second Thoughts
On the following morning I addressed a meeting of the permanent N.A.T.O. Council. Somewhat unexpectedly, the French Prime Minister arrived to take the chair. My notes for the day continued:
"" MF asked to speak to me in the Palais de ChailSot alone afterwards. We sat on a sofa by the window and he told me that he had spent a nearly sleep- less night and that he had concluded that the arguments I had put to him about German entry into N.A.T.O. were decisive. He accepted them and the fact that Germany must come in. But then I must help him. We must make the utmost that we could of the Brussels Treaty. We must put as many as possible of the assurances into it and so forth. otherwise he would have no chance of getting his majority. He was quite ready to take on an even chance or worse, but not to go into action when his chance was zero. I told him that he knew that I would help all I could, but that all I had told him last night was true. Unhappily the 'Chamber' had never been told it. He admnitted this and we agreed to meet after luncheon.
""This is the first break in the clouds and I was cheered accordingly.""
[Mr. Eden returned to London in the evening of Septemnber 16. Although the principle of admitting Germany to N.A.T.O. had been accepted, it was not directly men- tioned in the joint statement with which the Paris talks concluded. The question of controls also remained to be solved.]
I returned to London well content with our progress so far. At least the way was now open for the nine-power conference in London at the end of September, with a fair chance of success provided that the American attitude could be softened. I reported in these terms to my colleagues immediately after my return, and they fully approved the outline of the settlement which was now taking shape.";"January 14, 1960";"";54668;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Rescue When European Army Scheme IS Wrecked";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Macmillan was given a standing ovation as he entered the Conservative Party Cortference at Llandudno on Saturday, and another, with applause lasting almost two minutes, after his three-quarters-of-an-hour speech.
Mr. Macmillan began by reminding the delegates that it was the fifth time he had addressed them as leader of the party. One outstanding thing in their debates had been what role Britain could and should play in the changing conditions of the modern world. How did we face the problems of a rapidly changing society ?
""Tthese two subjects are closely related, for how we live our lives at home depends on how we stand in the world outside. Momentous dibdsions like these inevitably arouse doubts and misgivings and differ- ences of opinion inside as well as between political parties.
"" The historic debate you had on Thurs- day naturally reflected something of this. Of course, when a party is in opposition it can allow itself to be lured by the pursuit of power without any inhibiting sense of responsibility. To this end its leaders can -if they wish-sit on the fence without fear, if not without reproach.
FENCE-S1rTING AND
PERCH-HOPPING
""The alternative to sitting on the fence seems to be to hop from perch to perch waiting to see how things develop and where and how the maximum of party advantage can be extracted.
""A party in office cannot afford such luxuries. It must face the facts of the world and shape its polioies to meet them. You have made it clear this week that that is what you expect us to do and that is what we are doing.
""The European Economic Community is one of the facts of the modern world. It is there and its very existence must cause profound changes. This is just as true whether we go in or whether we stay out.
'We in the Cabinet have given long and anxious thought to> every aspect of this problem. It has been our duty to weigh up tho balance between all the dangers and all the opportunities of alternative courses of action.
""To have gone full speed ahead and hustled into Europe without counting the cost-as the Liberals would have had us do-would have been wrong. It would equally be wrong to draa our feet and adopt the dilatory. hesitant advice of Mr. Gaitskell.
NO STANDING STILL
""He says, in effect, that a few more years will not matter. But time does not stand still. Europe is not standing still. The Six are developing their arrangements, both economic and political. To wait indefinitely would be to forfeit the chance [ of influencing events
"" The European Community is not a static but a growing and dynamic body. In many respects its policies and future have still to be worked out. If we wait indefinitely it will be too late. Now is the opportunity and we must seize it.
'That is why we decided in July last year to open negotiations for our entry into the European system. We asked Par- liament by formal motion to approve our action. What did the Socialists do ? They would not actually disapprove what we were doing. That might subject their pliant leader to pressure from one side. They would not approve, for that would make him the victim of Dressure from another side.
A DITTY
""So what did they do ? They solemnly aSked Parliament, not to approve or dis- approve, but to 'take note' of our deci- sion. Perhaps some of the older ones among you will remnember that popular song: 'She didn't say ""Yes"" she didn't say ""No "". She didn't say "",stay "", he didn't say ""go "". She wanted to climb, but dreaded to fall, she bided her time and elung to the wal '.
' Still, we got the approval of Parlia- ment and accordingly negotiations actually began in October last year. Much pro- gress has been made since then. The nego- tiations are now being resumed to deal with the many points still outstanding.
""We intend to continue our efforts to secure satisfactory arrangements for the interests of the Commonwealth, for ofur own agriculture and our Efta partners."" Clearly the party is solidly behind them. ""I cannot tell you today what will be the final outcome. All I can say is this: it is our sincere hope-which you so overwhelmingly share-that these negotiations may be successful.""
""MR. KHRUSHCHEV
IS AGAINST ""
Turning to Mr. Gaitskell's Brighton speedh, the. Prime Minister said that in spite of carefully chosen phrases inserted here and there he could not help wondering whether success wvould be as xratifying to Mr'. Gaitskell as failure. "" As you know, Mr. Khrushchev is against the whole thing.
"" Inside western Europe a comrplete transformation has taken place since 1945, both politioally and economically. At that time Europe, devastated by the most destructive war in history and by the break- down of the internal regime in almost every country, appeared almost finished as a force in the world.
""Buit western Europe has achieved a remarkable recovery. It is on its way to forming an economic and-in one form or another-a political unity which could in terms of population. skill and resources. rival the United States or the Soviet Union.
"" It is 15 years since Sir Winston Crurchill. in two remarkable soceches. one at Zurich and the other at Fulton. with characteristic vision saw the possibilities of a now Europe arisinc from the ashes of the old. Thus was born the Council of Europe, from which stemmed the Organization for European Economic Co-operation, the European Pavments Union, Western European Union and many other constructive developments.
""Thanks to the statesmanship of Ernest Bevin, the Labour Government and most of the Labour Party overcame their reluctance to these ideas and indeed played a considerable part in ?urthering them. That has remained firm British policy ever since, with the broad assent of the British people outside the ranks of the communists, crypto-comm-unists, and fellow-travellers.
"" With the development of the European idea there has come a resurgence and new vigotir in all aspects of European life, in sport, in the arts, in science, and in industry.""
FROM THE TWILIGHT
""There is something here of that release of the spirit which lifted Europe oUt of the medieval twilight into the brilliance of the Renaissance and the modern world.
E Europe is once more on the move. We in Britain cannot stand aside from adl this. Although in the latter part of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century we have sometimes tried to ignore the Continent, we have never in reality been able to insulate ourselves from what happens only 20 miles away.""
No one who looked honestly at the history of the first half of this century could belp feeling that the prospects of peace might have been better if we had played in peace as large a part in the affairs of Europe as we-and our Commonwealth partners-had done in war. For this hesi- tation we had all Paid a heavy price.
""In considering what are the interests not only of this country but of our Com- monwealth partners, let us never forget that for all of us far the greatest interest is the preservation of world peace and freedom. Therefore, we must welcome the determnina- tion of our neighbours in Europe to seek to bury for good their age-old conf9icts.
"" A new bond of common purpose bas united our old ally France with our former enemy Germany. This in itself has greatly strengthened the prospect for peace.
"" Britain and France have long forgot- ten the centuries of conflict which divided us: we have stood together so often in adversity that the old nvalry has been re- placed for a lasting friendship and a deep consciousness of common purpose.
ANCIENT ALLIES
""We have a great opportunity to renew and strengthen these bonds with France and to link them with a closer relationship with Germany. There is also our long- standing friendship with Italy-now happily restored-and with our ancient allies in the Low Countries and Scandinavia.
"" If we can build on these foundations a united Europe, then together we can face the future with confidence and strength. Already the European Economic Commu- nity is beginning to pursue common economic policies towards the oubside world: soon it may begin to do the same in foreign affairs.
""It will do that whether we ioin it or whether we do not. But it is of the greatest importance to all of us in Britain and the Commonwealth that the policies which it pursues should take full account of the wider needs of the rest of the world. In isolation from the European scene we can- not expect to have any steady influence on the formulation of policy.
"" In the long run the isolation of Britain from the centres of European power would be damaging for us all as well as for Europe itself. Inside the Community, British influence would be important and could be decisive. There has been a wide and Per- haps natural concern about what is calJed the question of sovereignty. and this has been, of course, reflected in your coniference.
POOLING OF FREEDOM
""Going in must involve some pooling of national freedom of action. Nobody denies that. Of course, within the sphere covered by the Treaty of Rome, which is essentially an economic treaty, we agree to the rules of the club.
""That is true of all the clubs to which we belong: to Gatt on the economic side, and, far more formidable and far-reaching Nato on the defence side.
"" Remember, that under the terns of the Nato Treaty we are Pledged to go to the aid of any one of 15 other countries if they are attacked. In ternms of the totality of modem war this is indeed a tremendous pledge. It may not involve our formal sovereignty but it involves our physical sur- vival.
"" It is true that the governments of the Six are anxious to move forward from an economic to some form of political union and we want to play our part in devising these new arrangements. But so far there is no agreement as to the form they should take.
""PRATTLE"" BY MR.
GAITSKELL
""Mr. Gaitskell now prattles about our being reduced to the status of Texas or California. What nonsense ! In any case, if he really believes that. surely he should be against the whole thing, root and branch, not just wondering whether we are getting the most profitable terms. Certainly if I believed that I would not touch it on any terms.
""The approach of the six existing mem- bers of the Community is gradual and prag- matic-as our own has been on constitu- tional development. In any case, any agree- ments reached in this field must be by unanimous consent. There can be no ques- tion..,therefore, of Britain being outvoted into some arrangement which we found incompatible with our needs and respon- sibilities and traditions.
""That is the position today. But if we delay indefinitely, as Mr. Gaitskell seems to want us to do, we might eventually be con- fronted with a different and much less formative situation. By then a European structure might have taken more definite shape and we would have had no part in shaping it.""
SCOPE FOR INDUSTRY
The Treaty of Rome had its political implications. But while close cooperation was involved there was no question of our being asked or expectod to accePt any system of federal character involving the sovereignty, in the true sense of the word, of the Crown, Government and people of these islands
"" While the political development of Europe lies in the future, the economic con- sequences can already be plainly seen. What do they mean to us at home and to the Commonwealth ?
"" If we go in we shall have wider econo- mic opportunities. We shall be part of, and have free access to, a home market of 250 million people instead of only 50 million-five times the size.
"" This will transform our industrial situa- tion. It will make possible specialization and mass production and the introduction of new techniques like automation which can be developed only on the basis of a large home market. Tho whole trend in modern industry is towards a larger, unified market.
"" In fact, modern technology is making these large economic units essential for the newest industries. It is in developing these that Britain's future lies. British industry will have to concentrate more and more on the complicated, sophisticated, specialized goods. Not iust the things which are relatively simple to make but the difficult things which need great preci- sion and high skill.
"" If we can obtain proper terms and go into Europe to seize these new opportuni- ties I am convinced that it must be in the best interests of the Commonwealth as well as. ourselves. . Both as buyers of their goods and suppliers of the capital they need for their development, our valuo to the Commonwealth depends on our economic strength and prosperity.
STEP TO FREEING WORLD TRADE
""But beyond that Britain's entry into the community would almost certainly be only the first step in a fundamental re- shaping of the framework of world trade.
The possibilities of moving at last towards, worldwide agreement on foodstuffs and raw materials should be greatly improved.
""We believe. that our entry into the community would decisively strengthen the outward-looking forces already at work in Europe. The community, in cooperation with the United States, would then be able to carry further the processes of freeing world trade.
President Kennedy's bold and sweeping proposals for further tariff negotiations in the framework of Gatt have now been passed through Congress. We can there- fore expect the opening of these negotiations to follow quickly upon our entry into the community.
"" Both the United States Government and the Six have made it clear that they are willing to consider constructively the nego- tiation of world-wide agreements on trade in agricultural products.
""Such agreements could be of decisive inmportance in themselves. At the same time, economic growth coming from reduced trade barriers should also facilitate the development of the proposals now being canvassed which would promote the dis- posal of tood surpluses through aid pro- grammes to developing countries.
STIMULUS TO IDEAS
""All these are complicated problems. Yet even the prospect of our joining the com- munity has proved a powerful stimnulus to new ideas. The Commonwealth is not, and does not, expect to be an economic unit. Nor is it any longer the close-knit military and politcl alliance between couatea A
similarorigins and all owing theirallegiance to the Crown which we knew so well during the two world wars.
""The Commonwealth today is remark- able for its diversity and wide spread. Indeed, its very diversity is its greatest strength.
""This unique and free association, em- bracing every creed and race, stretching over the five continents and comprising a quarter of the world's population, is at once an influence and an example of the possibilities of cooperation throughout the world. Its value to peace is incalculable, but it is conmplementary, and not alterna- tive, to the consoRidaution of Europe.""
EFFICIENT FARMING
""How to all these changes affect us here at home ? Well, one thing is clear. In or out of Europe we shall have to live in a world of increasing competition. We have never been afraid of that in the past and we need not be afraid of it in the future either in industry or in agriculture.
"" Our farming is efficient and well placed to face the challenge and opportunities of this enlarged European home market. Of course there will have to be changes in the methods of sustaining a healthy agriculture.
"" But in or out of Europe in the years ahead changes are inescapable. Broadly sPeaking, if we enter Europe we shall move towards a managed market rather than a system financed largely by the Exchequer.
""I am confident that these new condi- tions can provide a firm base for the future development of our great agricultural industry.
""I WAS A PLANNER
30 YEARS AGO ""
""If there is one thing more than anything else that has struck me about Your debates it is the way you recognize that inside or outside Europe this country has got to be prepared for change. It is a job for us all over the next decade-Government, employers, trade unions and the general public-it is our job to see that change is brought about not only with efficiency but with humanity as well.
"" We are all more or less planners today. I was a planner 30 Years ago when it was not quite so fashionable. The real trouble about planning is not the concept but the execution.
"" In a totalitarian state planning is simple but necessarily effective. In a free democracy it certainly can only be effective if it is backed by the general assent of the people.
"" In the last year the Government have taken two important forward steps in planning-' Nicky', the National Incomes Commission, to ensure that rates of reward are both fair and in step with what we produce: and 'Neddy', the National Economic Development Council. to help us to provide more and to produce more efficiently by keeping our plans in line with resources and removing obstacles to growth.
""Of course, everything cannot grow at the same time or at the same rate. A growing economy means a changing economy in which some industries will be expanding and others contracting in the light of changing demand both at home and abroad.
LESSONS OF HISTORY
Efficient industries require a network of roads and railways to serve them. That is why we are concentating so much money and effort into our railway modernization and road building Plans: hundreds of mil- lions of pounds over the next few years on the railways; more than 30 times as much on new roads as when we returned to power. and this road programme is steadily growing.
"" Our essential strength today lies in our ability to stay in the front rank of scientific and technical inventions.
"" Do not let us be over-modest. After all we already have many outstanding
achievements to our credit-our nuclear power stations, our new type of automatic machinery, and electronic devices, pre- eminence in a:ro engines and many aerial components, and the lead which we are giving in revolutionary new forms of trans- port.
"" We have done a lot in these years since the war; but we cannot relax. We have heard a lot lately about ' a thousand years of history'. We must make sure we learn the right lessons from that. Surely the leson 1s today that in all our great period we have been ready to accept change-nay, more, to be the leaders of change. If we are to go ahead in these fields we must make the best use of our brains and of the traditional skill of our people.
""That is why we are greatly expanding the opportunity for technical education. Since 1956 over £1 0Dm. worth of new buildings for technical education has been put in hand, and there are over 9,000 more full-time teachers in this field.
"" Students taking advanced courses have more than tre'hled in the last seven years, and the number taking courses on day releases continues to grow. Alongside this development there must be a parallel advance in training within industry in apprenticeship and the like.
- ""Where we are in danger of falling behind is not in the discovery of new methods but in their application. This is partly due -to being, as a nation, too set in our ways, too apt to cling to old privileges, too apt to fear new methods, often too unwilling to abandon old practices that have outlived their usefulness. This is as true in the professions as in the trade unions and in management.
"" There are too many demarcation lines, Isocial and industrial-one might almost say
a sort of caste system. Whether we are in the Common Market or not all this has got to be changed. Of course it isn't easy. It isn't a technical problem so much as a psychological one.
""You can%t change people as easily as you can machines. Change must be brou8ht about with humanity. We have got to ensure that natural fears and anxieties are removed, and that people's material problems are recognized and met.
""It is in this spirit that we propose to introduce legislation providing for written contracts of service and minirimum notice related to length of service.
""We hope this will provide a foundation for a voluntary move forward in pension, sickness, and other schemes to improve
security and status.l
RAILWAYS' TROUBILES
""But this changing pattern of industry will necessarily entail movements of lab- our from one job to another. That involves problems of retraining, rehousing and loca- tion of industry-steering expanding indus- tries into areas where existing industries are contracting and workers and facilities are therefore available.
""Let me take one practical example-l the railways. I think that the country as a whole accepts the necessity for reorganiz- ing and, modernizing them. It would indeed be surprising if a railway network devel- oped in the days of the stage coach was still ideally suited to the needs of a country in which one family in three owns a car.
"" But all of us equally re4cgnize the very real difficulties which this causes for men who have given their working lives to rail- way service. We all sincerely hope that these matters will be solved sensibly and amicably with the cooperation of all con- cerned. But settled they must be.
"" The first Industrial Revolution was on the whole efficient. It was certainly dynamic. It placed Britain in the forefront of the world for a century. Its faults lay in its inhumanitY. Even today we are still faced with its physical legacy of slums and its psychological legacy of poisoned indus- trial and social relations.
"" As a party and a Government we are determined to see that our new industrial revolution, far from being marred in any of these ways, makes its own contribution
to human betterment In the last decade we have made-and no fair-minded person can deny it-immense improvemints in aLl the social services.
"" Let us never forget that the foundation for what we have done and what we are going to do rests upon our economic strength and competence as a nation. If we fail there we fail everywhere.
THE PRIZES OF THE
FUTURE
""We cannot cling to the methods of the past if we want to win the prizes of the futurc. We are indeed well based for this new leap forward. Thanks to the work of the last 11 years there has been an increase in the general standard of living greater than in the whole of the first half of tbis century.
"" Everyone knows that the life of our people is better. Much of the old class division is gone. Everyone knows that there is a greater sense of opportunity In every field. U,pon that foundation let us build and build still better.
""Throughout this conference two great subiects have occupied your minds: -
""First, the place of Britain in the modern world with its new balance of power and the new groupings that have come into being.
"" Secondly, the decision not merely to accept in Sour mitnds the need for great changes as a new industrial system develops, but positively in our hearts to welcome the opportunities change presents.
DOUBLE INFLUEN-CE
""i f, as I trust, we are able as the result of further negotiations to make the jweat decision to enter Europe, Britairl in Europe will be economically stronger. Britain in Europe will have a double influence. both as a European country and one of the world-wide interests. Britain's power and value to the other Commonwealth coun- tries, old and new. will be greatly enhanced.
"" And we can hope that our European associates wiLI share with us that outward- looking attitude by which alone the pros- perity and so the peace of the world can be seoured.
""At the same time we must begin to build the now Britain iupon the sound foun- dations of the progress we have made in the last decade, accepting and applying ohange and innovation at every poinLt
T,hat means not only change and inno- vation materially in our plants and teoh- niques. but humanly in the better training of our youlth, in better apprentice scbhees, in better technological education and in accepting and applying change and innova- tion individuaMlly and nationally.
""If. at the same time, while retaining financial integrity, we can devote ever- increasing resources to the education of youth and the comfort of old age, if we can thus in a new industrial revolution carry forward all that is good and remnedy all that is bad-why, then. on both these great issues. separate Yet intertwined, we can surely move confidently to the future.
MOMENT OF HISTORY
""This is a great moment of history. The decisions which we have to take in both these fields will be dramatic and perhaps decisive.
"" In our appeal today, as so often before, we can look not merely to the support of our own partY but to the great mass of people, especially young people. who are determined that our country shall not rest upon its achievements, zreat as they have been.
"" We can look to aLl those who are deter- mined to read aright the lessons of the past and are inspired by the daring as well as the prudence of our forebears to move forward and seize the opportunities that lie ahead.
""So from this historic conference and this great meeting let this message go out We are determined as a party, and I believe as a people, to rise to the challenge of the hour.""";"October 15, 1962";"";55522;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Macmillan Denies Threat to Britain'S Sovereignty";""
"";"['News']";"THE most portentous, and certainly T the loudest, event of 1954 occurred
not in Washington or London or Moscow but on a desolate coral reef in the Pacific, 2,000 miles north-east of Australia. The explosion of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini in March was not the first successful American test, but it was the first to be fully authenticated and the first whose explosive force, which seems to have surprised even the scientists who let the bomb off, was officially described. All accounts were agreed that it dwarfed the Hiroshima bomb, and physicists were quick to a4d that there appeared to be no theoretical limit to the size of such bombs. It was not long, either, before there was talk of an advance (if that is the right word) on hydrogen: a cobalt bomb was rumoured with effects even more ghastly than its predecessors'.
Tbhe public had not been unprepared for these disclosures. But when at last the news broke that the nightmare of scientific visionaries had become a reality, that mankind now held the means of its own -extermination, few people escaped a feeling of numb horror. Surely, it was felt, there must be some decisive stroke of statesmanship having behind it the United support of all peoples that would eliminate so terrible a threat. But yearn as men might for a quick end to their appreihension, they sought in vain for a sword to cut the Gordian knot of power politics. When the House of Commons met in April to debate the issues in full solemnity they parted leaving only the noise, of partisan recriminations. The ineffectiveness of the House on that occasion heightened the sense that man was in the predicament of the sorcerer's apprentice, impotent to control the forces he had unleashed. Nor did the reaction of the citizens of Coventry, which was to abandon what little effort at civil defence there was, commend itself as a promising posture to adopt.
THE RUSSIAN CLAIM
From time to time throughout the year grave warnings were repeated. In June Mr. Khrushchev calmly claimed that Russia not only had the hydrogen bomb but that she had it first. Dr. E. D. Adrian touched on the possibility of global con- tamination before the British Association, the possibility that repeated atomic ex- plosions would lead to a degree of general radioactivity which no one could tolerate or escape; and two days before Christmas Bertrand Russell broadcast a talk in the solemn, urgent tones of Cassandra. "" Is our race so destitute of wisdom, so in- capable of impartial love, so blind even to the simplest dictates of self-preserva- tion, that the last proof of its silly clever- ness is to be the extermination of all life on our planet ?-for it will not only be man who will perish but also the animals and plants whom no one can accuse of Communism or anti-Communism. . . .
appeal as a human being to human beings: remember your humanity and forget the rest. If you can do so the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you can- not, nothing lies before you but universal death.""
Yet after the first shock of the disclosure life went on very much as before. ""Human kind Cannot stand very much reality""-not that sort anyway. If as the months passed people reminded them- selves of the hydrogen bomb there were the more comforting views of other emi- nent men that its powers of devastation were so uncontrollable that its use in war would be imprudent, and that anyway the louder the bang the greater the deterrent. And there were the more hopeful crumbs of information about the prospects of the peaceful uses of atomic power. In June Russia announced that she had the first electric power station using atomic energy; and towards the end of the year the United Nations crowned an unusually constructive session with the unanimous approval of President Eisenhower's ""Atoms for Peace "" plan. When in December the Ministers of the North Atlantic Council authorized the N.A.T.O. commanders to draw their plans on the assumption that in the event of war atomic weapons would be fired, the public received the announcement with the utmost calm, reassured apparently by the proviso that the decision to put the plan into operation would rest with the civilian autborities-a touching though uncharac- teristic display of faith in the wisdom of politicians.
RAIN STOPPED PLAY
The cloud that darkened April receded as the year wore on-that menacing pillar of cloud with its expanding capital of billowing convolutions, But it left one odd illusion behind which Englishmen nourished throughout the summer. As Saturday afternoon cricketers stood des- pondently under shelter listening to the most melancholy of all the sounds of summer, the patter of rain on a pavilion roof, there was usually someone to be found among them to volunteer the opinion that the atom was to blame. "" No wonder the weather's gone all wrong the way they're messing up the atmosphere."" Scientists might deny all knowledge of a
causal connexion between the two pheno- mena, the Prime Minister might declare at his most polysyllabic that the theory was bankrupt, but it was not to be put down by scepticism in high places. Like flying saucers people did not quite know whetber to believe in it or not; and in September the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva undertook with reluctance to look into the matter.
Certainly the weather was freakish. April was sunny and dry and contained a prolonged period of absolute drought in the south. But by Whitsun there was a different tale to tell. Whit Monday, the wettest for 50 years, came and went in a downpour: there was frost at Silloth in July. and in August the infield at - - Oval was flooded within the space of two minutes when the heavens opened on the
fourth Test maich against Pakistan. The Meteorological Ofce was put on the defensive as complaints of deception grew from hay makers and holiday makers. The office felt obliged to justify not only itself but also the weather and it put out a soothing statement that the summer weather was nothing other than "" a ran- dom variation among the infinite varia- tions of nature."" That was in September and nature still had a few more random variations up her sleeve. Scotland had days of the worst rainfall in living memory and floods followed in its trail. October saw Hull under water and next month floods were reported in 21 counties, while gales of great violence beat upon our shores; gusts of 104 m.p.h. were recorded in Morayshire in December, and the Goodwin lightship was torn from its
Sir Anthony Eden signing the London agreement in October.
definite stage on the Government's path to a freer economy. But it was the ending of the rationing of fats and meat that brought home to housewives (and to the many husbands who carry shopping baskets) that the long years of wartime controls and subsequent austerity were over at last; and their symbol, the ration book, surrendered its niche on the kitchen dresser which it had tyrannically occupied for nearly 15 years. Butter might be a price but it could be had, while advertising was suddenly diversified by campaigns on behalf of branded margarines which vied with detergents and petrol as the most clamant of those products which, though different, are indistinguishable to any but nice judges.
The Government had it all their own way in 1954 and if their supporters were
moorings and wrecked with the loss of the lives of all the crew.
The English public sitting before their fires in July or pumping water out of their basements in November learnt of even greater abnormalities of weather in other parts of the world. Snow fell in mid- summer on central European mountains and was followed by wide flooding. The Danube burst its banks and inundated large tracts of Bavaria, Tirol and Hungary, and in September three furious hurricanes hit the eastern seaboard of the United States. Indeed, a hint of Caribbean weather descended even on Gunnersbury where to the surprise of Londoners a tornado lifted the roof off the Underground station.
FOUR-MINUTE MlLE
Cricket under these conditions lan- guished. By mid-August the first-class counties reckoned a loss of £70,000 in receipts. The Pakistanis who came over on their first official tour had a chilly debut, the result of the Test series-one win, one defeat and two draws-rather flattering their strength. But the year was bright with records among games which depend less on fair weather. English runners in particular had a succession of famous victories. In May Bannister proved himself the first man to beat the four-minute mile; and, though his time was bettered next month by the Australian J. M. Landy, while the record still rested in England an Englishwoman, Miss D. S. Leather, became the champion woman miler of the world, there being a significant difference of one minute between the sexes.
Chataway more than once beat the record for the three miles and in October thousands of television viewers saw his great race against the Russian champion Kutz over 5,000 metres. For many it was their first taste of, the excitement of a great athletics contest. Kutz led over most of the course with Chataway at his heels, but in the final moments it began to appear that it was Chataway who had the greater reserve. As in the last strides he overhauled and held off his challenger it was all too easy to forget the armchair, the flreside and the 14in. screen and to rise and cheer with the best of them at the White City Stadium.
Equestrianism receives small popular acclaim but the English record for the year was one to be proud of too. At the European horse trials championship at Basle the British team won a handsome victory defeating Germany, the runners- up, by more than 500 points. In Associa- tion football too, those despondent critics of England's game, who had a good plat- form for their gloom after the hiding in Budapest in May, were happily silenced by events in the later months of the year- England 3, Germany 1; Wolves 4, Spartak 0; Wolves 3, Honved 2. The crack Russian club and Budapest's team with seven star internationals were humbled iu the homely mud of Molineux.
ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
The ordinary man finds the form of oul professional footballers a more convenieni indication of the state of the nation thar all the economist's soundings. But b5 the latter reckoning too it was a pros. perous year for England. Production up exports up, Stock Exchange prices up wages up, consumption up.... There wa! full employment (more notified vacancie! than people out of jobs) and at last it wa! not coupled with some external financia crisis. On the other hand it looked at the end of D,cember as :f more working day! would have been lost in labour dispute! than in any other year since the war.
The budget was unexciting and lef personal taxation where it was before but its chief measure, the'scheme of invest. ment allowances, had begun by the end ol the year to give a desired fillip to indus trial capital expenditure. The end o: building licences in November marked
looking for tangible evidence they found some in the result of the West Derby by-election in November. A narrow Conservative majority was increased by 800 votes after a vigorous campaign by Labour, who seized on the pensions issue to parade their old and faithful spectre, the callous Tory indifferent to the suffer- ings of the poor. Differences within the Labour Party contributed as much as any- thing to the Government's smooth run. The Ministry was sound, the Opposition ineffective, being more exercised in con- taining their dissident sections than in offering resolute opposition. In April Mr. Bevan, after open disagreement with Mr. Attlee's leadership over German rearma- ment and south-east Asian defence, resigned from the "" Shadow Cabinet "" and retired to the back benches. By his decision later not to seek re-election as a constituency member of the Party execu- tive but to contest the treasurership, in which he was foredoomed to defeat, he severed his last connexion with the official leadership. Could he in his new-found
for baldness) but as every copy on view had been wrested by some teacher from his charge there was no doubt that they found an eager readership among children. The Home Secretary was hotly pressed to legislate against them; pleading compli- cations and the necessity of time to study them he has so far staved off the demand, though his latest answers hinted that he intended to legislate.
Leadership of the Labour Party was challenged, that of the Conservative Party was indisputably in the hands of Sir Winston Churchill. Although his Mini- sterial colleagues bore the brunt of Par- liamentary work, Sir Winston dominated the political scene. There was continuous speculation throughout the year about his retirement. Not that one expected the excitement of intrigue and rivalry for the reins of power: the Conservatives had settled the succession with such decorum that their manner of doing it was almost imperceptible. But the impending with- drawal of so great a player from the stage was bound to excite the liveliest curiosity among cast and audience, in Great Britain, the Commonwealth, and in the chancel- leries of the whole world. Rumours of his incapacity through age were circu- lated at the beginning of the year. But
*ervative Party, on to Buckingham Palace [or an audience with the Queen and after that an audience (on television) with the aation.
Messages and gifts poured in: the Queen and other members of the Royal Family presented a set of four silver wine -oasters; the birthday fund had reached £150,000; cakes three yards across and a bouquet eight feet by five were manoeuvred through the door of Number 10. Yet it was in Westminster Hall that the deepest echoes sounded. There, without the adventitious aid of pageantry, with simple ceremony Parliament acclaimed the greatest living parliamen- tarian, "" the last of the great orators who .an touch the heights,"" as Mr. Attlee said.
It is with the days of England's lone defiance of Nazi arms that the world first links Sir Winston Churchill's name and will surely link it as long as the story of the British Isles is told. In his short speech on this occasion he invoked the memory of those days with a generous modesty that history has already contra- dicted: "" I have never accepted what many people have kindly said, namely, that I inspired the nation. Their will was resolute and remorseless and, as it proved, unconquerable. It fell to me to
The hydrogen bomb. One of the first pictures to be released.
treedom make a successful bid for power within the Party? It is obviously too soon to judge, but the first few months of independence have not been happy for him. The Party conference at Scar- borough betrayed a weakening of sup- port; and but for one or two ill-judged attacks on trade union leaders he seems to have been biding his time awaiting pre- sumably for the tide to turn. The skir- mishing has been left to his lieutenants whose coruscations in Tribunze stung the Party executive into heavy-handed disci- plinary action.
It was over German rearmament, where divisions of opinion ran deeper than any Bevanite loyalties, that the Opposition came nearest to open schism. The official policy approving rearmament with safe- guards was narrowly carried at the Party conference, but when it came to a vote on the Paris and London agreements the Parliamentary leaders took fright. It was decided to abstain lest an open rift should occur. The Opposition front bench de- clared its support but withheld its Party's votes. The handful of members who did not fall in with this paradoxical procedure came also under official censure and disownment.
It seemed more and more apparent as
the year passed that the great energies of the Labour Party which swept it forward in 1945 had run down, and that there had been no access of strength or originality to take their place. All this, though of bad omen for the country, was pleasant for the Government. The preoccupation of the. Opposition with its own integrity facilitated the Government's legislative programme. In this major measures were few nor with the exception of the Bill ti establish commercial television were they outstandingly controversial. There was one matter on which the Govermnent did not legislate in spite of prompting both inside and outside Parliament: this was the legal definition of obscenity. Magis- trates and juries called to apply Lord Cockburn's time-honoured definition to, it seemed, an ever-increasing number of pub- lications, delivered their verdict with bewildering unpredictability: at one moment the Decameron was obscene, at another it was not, while the most reput- able publishers found themselves in the dock. (rhis, it should be noted, was the bicentenary of Dr. Bowdler's birth.) The literary profession, meanwhile, became more and more insistent about the neces- sity of amending the law to bring more order into its application.
But the loudest cry was coming from another quarter. The public had long been informed of the violent and sadistic nature of some so-called "" American comics "" which were falling into the hands of children. But the difficulty of actually procuring one of these gruesome periodi- cals (children seemed to be cleverer at this than their elders) caused many people to suspend judgment. In November, how- ever, the National Union of Teachers mounted an exhibition of comics of which a proportion fulfilled the most blood- curdling expectations. They may have been intended for arrested adults (one even contained an advertisement of a cure
R. G. Bannister beating the four-minute
mile.
soon there was less talk of decline. His performances in the House were enough to belie it; there his weight of utterance and his dexterity in debate seemed scarcely to have diminished; and in July he was off to the United States in lively form for talks with President Eisenhower.
But as the likely time for the dissolu- tion of Parliament approached the ques- tion of his departure loomed larger. The feeling grew that it would be expedient neither for the Conservative Party nor for the country if he were to fight another. election in the expectation of being returned as Prime Minister. Gladstone may have formed his last Ministry at the age of 83, but it was not a particularly! good Ministry and it lasted only a short' time. There were two Cabinet reshuffles in the year and when the second and
The Prime Minister in Westhister Hall on his eightieth birthday.
express it.... It was the nation and the race dwelling all round the globe that had the lion's heart. I had the luck to be called upon to give the roar.""
Sir Winston had referred to the high degree ""of kindness and generosity to a party politician who has not yet retired and may at any time be involved in con- troversy."" It was in fact the very next day that he was back in the thick of the party fray defending himself from charges of irresponsibility - over the famous ""Woodford telegram ""-a telegram he alleged he sent in the last days of the war to Field-Marshal Montgomery instructing him to stack German arms as it might have been necessary to issue them again to German soldiers in the event of a continued Russian advance. Some distant admirers may have felt a jolt that
larger of them became irmminent in October the expectation grew that now the news would come. But it did not, and when Parliament gathered in West- minster Hall on November 30 to do honour to the great Commoner on his eightieth birthday he received the plaudits as Prime Minister still.
November 30 was the ceremonial day of the year. It was the day on which the Queen opened Parliament in state and the day on which the nation, and all free nations, paid tribute to Sir Winston Churchill's greatness. One day was scarcely long enough for the reception by one man of so much congratulation-in the morning to Westminster Hall for the presentation of gifts by the Lords and Commons, a family luncheon at 10, Downing Street, the afternoon at the House for the opening of the debate on the Address in reply to the Queen's Speech, back to Downing Street to receive a cheque from a birthday fund subscribed by the public, to the House of Lords in the evening to be received by the Con-
the man they were acclaiming on November 30 as an Olympian statesman should on December 1 drop so suddenly *rom his lofty eminence into the market place of parliatnentary squabbles. Those who understand our political system better will have been less surprised. It is not calculated to produce Olympian states- men; its leaders are not vouchsafed such easy immunity.
""I come not to bury Caesar but to praise him,"" Mr. Attlee had remarked. ""Old age hath yet his honour and his toil . .. some work of noble note may yet be done."" Yet it was to the past that the birthday honours directed one's thoughts -to a noble career in which perhaps had already been performed the last great service to the State. The last? When the cheering was over and the business of government resumed the question pre- sented itself as before. "" . . . some work of noble note may yet be done."" In the autumn it was done, and work of a kind which was at the very centre of Sir Winston's cares-the rescue of the Atlantic Alliance. But it was the Foreign Secretary not the Prime Minister who did it. Throughout those months of high diplomatic activity it was Sir Anthony Eden who proclaimed and executed his country's policy.
URGENT DIPLOMACY
The diplomatic year opened, in a manner that had become depressingly familiar, with an unrewarding four-Power conference of foreign ministers in Berlin. The attempt to reach agreement on German reunification and an Austrian peace treaty was no more successful than before; and all that came out of the con- ference was the decision to have another one-to see this time if troubles in the other hemisphere were any more soluble. Perhaps it was only a coincidence but no sooner had the Bikini explosions echoed round the world than a new urgency, pur- pose and success seemed to enter into diplomacy. The Geneva conference did not, it is true, achieve a settlement of the Korean question, but in the succeeding months tension was slowly but surely relaxed as both sides, by what seemed tacit agreement, reduced their military forces. Over Indo-China the conference achieved what it set out to achieve by bringing about a cease-fire.
In the course of the conference the French Government fel and no sooner had M. Mendes-France accepted office than it was apparent that France had a Prime Minister distinguish- able in policy and method from the monotonous procession of his pre- decessors. He was determined to cut French losses in the war in Indo-China and adopted the hazardous course of staking his office on an armistice agree- ment within a short time limit. The bid succeeded though the price for a cease- fire was heavy and injurious to French prestige. That even this bargain was struck was in large measure due to Sir Anthony Eden's patient mediation: both Chinese suspicion and American temerity were modified or restrained.
With his rapidly acquired reputation for getting things done it feU to M. Mendes- France to present the European Defence Community Treaty to the Assembly for ratification. For two years France had toyed nervously with E.D.C., now the moment of final decision could no longer be postponed. In August the French Prime Minister met the Foreign Ministers of the other E.D.C. nations to extract from them additional concessions to French misgivings, without which, he let it be known, the Assembly could not be ex- pected to ratify. He got some but not all of what he desired, but it was not enough. On August 30 the Assembly rejected the Treaty and E.D.C. was dead.
It was a critical moment in the fortunes of the West. Of the three Continental statesmen whose idealism had inspired so much of the movement towards European
union only Dr. Adenauer remained in effective control: M. Schumann was out of office and Signor De Gasperi had died a few weeks before. America had shown increasing impatience at the twists and delays of European politics. This, if ever, seemed the moment for Mr. Dulles's ""agonizing reappraisal"" which threatened, at the worst, that America might abandon Europe to stew in its own uice. In this crisis Sir Anthony Eden acted swiftly and decisively. Within 12 days he had set out on a rapid tour of the European capitals, feeling his way towards an agreed foundation on which the ruins might be repaired. Within a month a nine-Power conference was convened in London which quickly reached agreement on the basis of Sir Anthony Eden's pro- posals. It was there, to overcome the hesitations of the French, that he declared the readiness of the British Government to commit four army divisions and a tacti- cal air force to the continent of Europe for the remainder of the century-an historic declaration which betokened Britain's reversal of her policy of ages: to intervene with arms on the Continent with Opportunism and only when the balance of power was imperilled.
ATLANMIC AlI.ANCE SAVED
By the turn of the year the new frame- work for the collective defence of Western Europe was almost built and the still reluctant French seemed committed to partnership in arms with the Germans. It had taken E.D.C. two years to die; within three months the new agreements were as near full ratification as the old ones had ever been. The United States, moreover, was beaming again on Western Europe; the Atlantic Alliance was in fair water once more. It was a happy d6nouemenw to a year of unusually intense diplomatic activity, which counted other successes, too: settlement over Trieste, which had exacerbated Italian-Yugoslav relations for so long, and agreement in the wastefui dis- pute over Persian oil, were among the chief. All this could not have been accomplished without Sir Anthony Eden's adroit diplomacy, and when in October he was created Knight of the Garter it was an honour truly earned.
The scales of peace and war, great questions lying unresolved between the nations, manoeuvres for power within the State-these high matters, so long as they remain the subject of conferences and newspaper articles and do not issue suddenly in violence, curtailment of individual liberty or levies on wealth, are the baclscloth and not the action of ordin- ary people's lives. They are the materials of history not of common life, which is
embroidered with more homely diver-- sions. Of these the year had its share. At the very time that the grim news from Bikini was stimulating the public's imagination over the doom that might await them, Mr. Billy Graham, the American evangelist, was at Harringay preparing them to meet it There was much argument inside and outside the churches about both the propriety and efficacy of his methods. Were the vulgar arts of American publicity suitable for the propagation of the Holy Word ? Were not Mr. Graham's fundamentalist enthusi- asms a tactless betrayal of Christian apologists who had made the intellectual effort to meet the genuine objections raised by contemporary scientific and philosophical thought ? These doubts remained, but two others at least were removed by his campaign: those who questioned either his popularity or his sincerity had evidence enough to con- vince them to the contrary any night in March at Harringay.
At one moment later in the year it looked almost as if the old god Mithras had come back to batten on the vogue of religious novelty. The discovery of a Roman Mithraeum under what was about to be Bucklersbury House revealed in the Londoner a quite unexpected passion for remains. All 'sorts and conditions of citizens queued in their thousands with boundless patience in order to file past the sacred trenches, which it required a certain archaeological imagination to distinguish from an ordinary hole in the road.
"" STUDY OF HISTORY""
Television continued to gain ground, but it was not publishers who yielded it. The spate of new titles continued to pour forth, and one at any rate is not likely to be quickly forgotten. In Novem- ber Dr. Arnold Toynbee published the last four volumes of his gigantic A Study of History. ""Not a book for the tired business man,"" one reviewer cautioned; nor did it prove to be a work for the acadernic historian. Some- thing in its tone seemed to rile the don; and most of the reviews, being written by dons, were scornful exposures of inaccur- acies in whatever small corner of Dr. Toynbee's vast canvas the reviewer hap- pened to have knowledge. The unique width of the author's erudition, the origi- nality of his mind, the fine quality of his apprehension, even the size of his achieve- ment, passed almost unacknowledged. It will fall to some later year to bestow recog-
nition on this monument of one man's intellect.
These were one or two of the less urgent things that passed in 1954 against the back- ground of world events. The two great Power blocs continued their manoeuvTes for position, and though tension might not have relaxed the risks seemed to come into clearer definition and more under the control of the will and judgment of the nations' leaders. Over all, there hovered the vague spectre of - universal death."" Like a memenito mori thrust before the guests at an Egyptian feast causing a momentary chill but by no means inter-
rupting the proceedings, the threat of nuclear annihilation touched all men with an icy hand; but its intrusion could not much deflect the purpose or the drift, the hope or the indifference, the gaiety or the sadness out of which all lives are woven.";"January 1, 1955";"";53128;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"1954-Portrait Of The Year";""
"";"['News']";"JANUARY
1 Treaties establishing the European
Common Market and Euratom (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and the Netherlands) came into force, the Common Market to operate from January 1, 1959 (see November 16). 3 The New Zealand Antarctic Expedi-
tion's tractor team (Sir Edmund Hillary) reached the South Pole.
The Federation of the West Indies came
into existence.
Sir W. Holford's plan for the develop-
ment of St. Paul's area was approved in principle by Government.
6 Mr. Peter Thorneycroft resigned as
Chancellor of the Exchequer after dis- agreement in Cabinet on pruning the estimates, Mr. Heathcoat Amory succeeding.
The first Arab bishop in the Anglican
Church was consecrated for the see of Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.
7 Mr. Macmillan left London for a six-
week tour of the Commonwealth.
13 President Eisenhower sent largest peace-
time budget ($73,900m.) to Congress -64 per cent. for military pro- grammes.
14 The War Damage Commission
announced payments to the end of 1957 of £1.222,500,000.
20 Dr. Vivian Fuchs, leader of the Com-
monwealth expedition across the Antarctic, reached the South Pole.
Indonesia and Japan signed a treaty
terminating state of war.
21 The Bank Rate Tribunal rejected allega-
tions about disclosure of Bank rate increase.
23 The Aga Khan was installed at Karachi
as spiritual head of the Ismaili sect of Muslims.
The President of Venezuela (General
Jimenez) was overthrown by a revolt of civilians and the military.
27 Mr. Kadar, the Prime Minister of
Hungary imposed on Hungary by Russia in November, 1956. resigned. Higher State pension rates for retired
persons and widows came into force. 28 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother
left London on a visit to New Zealand and Australia.
29 Russia and Egypt signed an economic
agreement.
31 The first American satellite Explorer""
was launched and went into orbit.
FEBRUARY
I The Presidents of Egypt and Syria pro-
claimed the union of their countries with the title of the United Arab Republic. Yemen joined on March 2. On October 7, President Nasser appointed a new central Cabinet of 21 members.
6 A B.E.A. aircraft crashed at Munich,
when 23 people, including eight mem- bers of Manchester United Football Club, lost their lives.
7 The London County Council issued
£20m. stock, the largest issue ever made by a local authority in Britain. 14 King Hussein of Jordan and King Feisal
of Iraq proclaimed the union of their kingdoms in the ""Arab Federation"" with King Feisal as head of State. The federation was suspended on August 1.
17 The Direct Action Committee Against
Nuclear War held a meeting in central London and continued organized protests throughout the year.
18 Total expenditure proposed for 1958-59
in Naval Estimates is £410,650,000.
20 Army Estimates for the year 1958-59
were £498,650,100 gross.
21 Air Estimates for 1958-59 were £467m. 24 Anglo-American missiles agreement by
which bases for American. missiles will be established in Britain.
Dr. A. Frondizi elected President of
Argentina. In November, after a state of siege had been proclaimed, the Vice-President resigned.
25 Shipbuilding employers rejected claim
for 40-hour week.
Plans made for re-erecting a trilithon
and three other stones at Stonchenge. Work completed in July.
MARCH
2 Dr. Vivian Fuchs completed the journey
across Antarctica in 99 days when he reached Scott Base. He was knighted in May.
3 The first compulsory order for re-
grouping water undertakings under the 1945 Water Act.
9 Kanmon tunnel, linking the main
Japanese island of Honshu with Kyushu island, opened.
10 The first general elections since Sudan
became independent gave a majority to the Umma Party; Abdullah Khalil was re-elected Prime Minister on 20th. 11 United States unemployed in February
announced as 5.200,000. the highest for 16 years. In November the figure was 3,800,000.
12 An unarmed nuclear weapon was
dropped by accident in U.S.A.
13 Industrial Court recommended increase
of 8s. 6d. for London bus drivers and conductors. This was rejected on 25th and a strike began at mid- night on May 4. The strikers returned to work on June 21.
17 Unemployment in Britain at this date
was announced as 433,000, highest for five years.
20 Bank rate reduced from 7 per cent.
(Sept., 1957) to 6 per cent.
24 Construction began of London-Birming-
ham motorway.
25 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh
arrived in Holland on a state visit.
26 Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians, the
first European royal visitor to Russia since the Bolshevik revolution, arrived in Moscow.
27 The Liberal Party won Torrington by-
election, their first by-election gain since 1929.
Mr. Khrushchev elected Prime Minister
in succession to Mr. Bulganin.
31 The financial year closed with a Treasury
surplus of £423m.
British European Airways earned a sur-
plus of £1,100,000, the largest in its history. B.O.A.C. accounts recorded a total deficit of £2,839,350.
Conservatives won Canadian general
election. The victory was the greatest that any party in Canada has had since Confederation. In December the Government suffered its first by- election defeat.
Steel prices cut-the first since 1939.
APRIL
5 Service pay and allowances increased. 8 A long-term agreement on repatriation
and trade between Russia and west Germany was initialled in Moscow. 15 Budget introduced. Cinema tax reduced,
purchase tax changes. Income tax exemption limits raised for elderly people.
16 The French Government (M. Gaillard)
resigned after heavy defeat on
Tunisian policy.
Dr. Adenauer began talks in London. Labour retained control with
strengthened majority in L.C.C. elec-
tions.
17 Nationalists returned in South African
general election.
18 Sir Grantley Adams elected as first
Prime Minister of the West Indies.
22 Princess Margaret opened the first
Parliament of the new West Indian Federation.
Following talks in London on the prin-
ciple of integration, Mr. Mintoff and other Ministers of the Maltese Government resigned. On the 28th demonstrations and public meetings were banned for three months. Two days later a state of emergency was proclaimed and the Governor took over control of the Civil Service. In November representatives of political parties arrived in London for dis- cussions, but these failed to achieve their purpose.
28 The Geneva conference on the law of the
sea failed to reach agreement on territorial waters or fishing rights, and Britain resumed her traditional posi- tion as a three-mile limit country. On June 30 Iceland widened her fishing rights from four to 12 miles as from September 1. British trawlers con- tinued to fish in the 12-mile zone pro- tected by ships of the Royal Navy. On December 18 Britain offered not to fish within 6-mile limit pending next international conference.
29 President Nasser arrived in Moscow on
a state visit
30 The besieged fort in the Aden Protector-
ate was relieved by British troops. On May 2 the Governor declared a state of emergency.
MIAY
2 Russia used its veto (the eighty-third) in
Security Council on American resolu- tion for an Arctic inspection system. 5 The Iraq general election (main issue,
federation with Jordan) resulted in overwhelming win for Government. 7 The Queen with the Duke of Edinburgh
was present at the consecration of St. Paul's new high altar.
Princess Margaret returned from her
tour of the West Indies.
10 The crisis began in Lebanon vith anti-
Government rioting in Beirut and Tripoli.
11 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother
visited Lundy Island-generally be- lieved to be the first visit by royalty. 13 Growing impatience in the French
army coupled with serious rioting in Algeria led to the collapse of the Fourth Republic. On the 14th M. Pflimlin was elected Prime Minister in succession to M. Pleven, and in response to appeals from Algeria General de Gaulle returned to public life.
President Gronchi of Italy and Signora
Gronchi arrived in London on a state visit.
British Government policy onl acro-
nautical research and development announced.
15 The ministerial system of government
came into force in the Southern Cameroons.
22 Bank rate reduced from 6 per cent.
(March 20) to 5- per cent.
Franco-German talks on current econo-
mic problems of the Saarland were concluded.
Over 9.000 London dockers began un-
official strike. The men returned to work late in June.
23 Keel laid in United States of world's
first nuclear-powered commercial vessel.
24 Atomic reactor at Dounreay (Scotland)
began working.
28 President Heuss left Bonn for state
visits to Canada and the United States.
9 President Eisenhower addressed joint
session of Canadian Parliament. On following day formation of a joint Canadian-American Committee of Defence announced.
12 Princess Margaret arrived in British
Columbia to begin her tour of Canada; returning to London on August 12.
13 Agreement on compensation (i23m.)
for Suez Canal nationalization signed. 14 Military revolt in Iraq against
Monarchy, King Feisal assassinated;- establishment of Republic announced. Britain recognized the Government of the Republic on August 1.
Rationing and price control of house
coal, coke, and manufactured fuel ended.
15 In response to an appeal by the Presi-
dent of Lebanon Amnerican marines landed at Beirut. The withdrawal of U.S. troops was completed by the end of October.
British Government's decision on a new
central organization for defence announced.
17 British troops flown to Amman in
response to King Hussein's appeal for military help. The troops were withdrawn from Jordan by Novem- ber 2.
19 Defence pact between Iraq and the
United Arab Republic announced.
20 Jordan severed relations with the United
Arab Republic.
24 The first life barons and baronesses
Linder the Life Peerages Act were named.
26 The Duke of Cornwall was created
Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. 29 Draft of proposed new French constitu-
tion published.
AUGUST
5 U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus stir-
faced after having passed under the North Pole. A second submarine accomplished this on 11th.
7 The Litter Act came into force.
8 A special session of the United Nations
General Assembly opened to deal with situation in Middle East. In a speech to the Assembly on the 13th
24 Plan for round the ,world telephone
cable (£88m.) approved in principle by Commonwealth conference.
29 Lord Goddard retired as Lord Chief
Justice. He was succeeded by Lord Justice Parker.
General Sir Francis Festing succeeded
Field-Marshal Sir Gerald Templer as Chief of the Imperial General Staff.
OCTOBER
1 India began change to metric system.
Tunisia and Morocco became full
members of the Arab League.
A committee of both houses of the
Australian Parliament recommended 50 amendments to the Constitution.
Mrs. Barbara Castle elected new chair-
man of the Labour Party.
The strength of the west German army
at this date was 172.000 men.
2 French Guinea was proclaimed the
Republic of Guinea after overwhelm- ing vote for independence in the French referendum. On November 23 the Prime Mlinisters of Ghana and Guinea announced plans for a union of the two States. On December 12 Guinea was admitted to the United Nations.
4 B.O.A.C. inaugurated their Comet
transatlantic service in both direc- tions. A daily service began on Nov. 14.
B.B.C. Third Programme extended by
two hours on Saturdays.
6 The standstill period of the Rent Act
came to an end.
An American nuclear-powered sub-
marine surfaced after 60 days under water during a voyage of 15,700 miles. The GlasgoIw Herald printed news on
front page.
The first sitting of the Restrictive
Practices Court began.
7 President Mirza abrogated the consti-
tution and declared martial law in Pakistan. On 28th he relinquished office and handed over all powers to General Ayub Khan.
A niomnentous event in 1958 was the emergence of General de Gaulle as head of the Fifth Republic in France. This picture
shows an enthusiastic crowd of his supporters in Corsica.
29 Gcneral dc Gaullc accepted an invita-
tion to form a ""CGovernment of national safety."" lie was voted into office (329-224) on June 1.
JUNE
1 '['he ban on emission of black smoke
came into force.
2 The French National Assembly passed
Bill for constitutional reform by 350 votes to 161.
7 Rear-Admiral Tomaz elected President
of Portugal in succession to General Lopes; he took office on August 9.
8 Mr. Macmillan arrived in United States
for general discussions with President Eisenhower. He delivered an informal address to the Senate on the 10th.
9 The new and extended Gatwick airport
was opened by the Queen.
13 Mr. Macmillan addressed a joint session
of t.he Canadian Parliament.
The United Nations Observation
Group in Lebanon began operations. 16 The execution was announced, after a
secret trial, of Mr. Nagy, the Prime Ministry of Hungary during the 1956 uprising.
19 Bank rate reduced from 5- per cent.
(May 22) to 5 per cent.
A Skylark rocket, fired at Woomera
range, reached an altitude of 103 miles.
The Government announced new plan
for Cyprus involving a seven-year period of partnership between the three races in the island. On July 7 Mr. Macmillan arrived in Greece for discussions; he visited Turkey on 9th and Cyprus on 11th. On August 15 the seven-year plan was modified. Greece refused to cooperate. On Octo- ber 25 Greece rejected a N.A.T.O. proposal for rotind-table conference and asked the United Nations to back independence for the island after a brief period of self-government. On December 5 the U.N. General Assembly expressed confidence in the efforts being made for the solution of the question. Following the reprieve of two Cypriots under sentence of death Eoka offered to "" cease our activities now on condition that the other side does the same.""
22The Queen reviewed a jubilee parade of
the Territorial Army in Hyde Park. 23 U.S. Congress passed Bill allowing
exchange of information on nuclear weapons with Britain. An agreement was signed on July 3 which took effect on August 4.
25 An American "" Vanguard "" rocket
carrying another earth satellite fell into t.'e Atlantic.
Construction of a helicopter landing
station on the Thames at Battersea was approved.
29 Mr. Macmillan met General de Gaulle
in Paris for discussions.
30 The Queen made her first descent of a
coalmine.
During the year the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development lent $711m.
JULY
1 Geneva talks opened between scientists
on suggested suspension of nuclear tests. A Russian delegation attended. National coast-to-coast television net-
work of Canadian Broadcasting Cor- poration opened.
3 Relaxation of credit restrictions.
Quantitative controls on bank lend- ing ended, special deposit system held in temporary reserve. Scope of Capital Issues Committee extended, but criteria modified.
4 Assembly of Western European Union
rejected Rapacki plan for atom-free zone in central Europe. Mr. Rapacki (Polish Foreign Minister) revised his plan in November.
Hidden Peak (Gasherbrmm) in Kara-
koram range (26,470ft.) climbed by American expedition.
More than a quarter of the west Ger-
man budget (1DM.38,700m.) was ear- marked for defence.
6 Senor Lopez Mateos elected President
of Mexico, women voting for the first time. He took office on December 1.
President Eisenhower pledged econo- mic aid.
14 Bank rate reduced from 5 per cent.
(June 19) to 41 per cent.
17 The U.S. Air Force launched a moon
rocket which exptoded at 60,000 feet. A second lunar probe vehicle launched on October 11 which failed to get into orbit round the moon, reached a distance of 71.000 miles from the earth.
The first service in the rebuilt City
I'emple (destroyed during blitz in 1941).
18 Import licensing restrictions were
removed from a number of chemical and allied products imported from the dollar area.
20 Cuts were made in London bus services.
Further cuts began on November 26. 21 An Arab resolution aimed at restor-
ing stability in Middle East approved at emergency meeting of United Nations General Assembly.
23 Concentrated bombardments of
Quemoy (Formosa Strait) began. On October 6 China declared a seven- day cease-fire and this was sub- sequently extended by a fortnight, but the bombardment was renewed on October 22.
Fighting between white and coloured
people took place at Nottingham. Later racial clashes occurred in London.
24 The South African Prime Minister (Mr.
Strydom) died. He was succeeded by Dr. Verwoerd.
The United States Senate voted a total
of £1,257m. for foreign aid.
SEPTEMBER
1 Ihe Midland Bank introduced a
personal loan scheme; on the 4th the bank announced a personal cheque scheme.
An international conference on the
peaceful uses of atomic energy opened in Geneva.
4 General de Gaulle announced details
of the new French constitution. A referendum was held on September 29 and resulted in an overwhelming victory for de Gaulle (see November 30 for result of general election).
China announced extension of its terri-
torial waters from three to 12 miles. For the first time in 20 years a right-
wing candidate was elected President of Chile (Senior Jorge Alessandri).
7 Britain successfully fired its first ballistic
rocket (Black Knight) from the Woomera range in Australia.
8 For the first time in the state's history
Maine elected a Democratic Senator. Britain's 3,000,000th permanent post-
war house was completed.
9 A reciprocal trade agreement was signed
between New Zealand and Japan.
14 General de Gaulle and Dr. Adenauer
held discussions in France on common problems.
15 The Suez Canal surcharge of 3 per cent.
to pay cost of clearing canal ($8,200,000) became effective. Govern- ment agreed in principle to reimburse British shipowvners.
Ambassadors of America and China met
in Warsaw for discussions on the Formosa crisis. Talks were resumed on November 25.
16 Relaxations in control of hire-purchase
sales came into force.
Dr. Charles Malek (Lebanon) elected
President of United Nations General Assembly. South Africa returned to full membership of the United Nations.
17 Relaxations of restrictions on dollar
imports into Britain. Newsprint com- pletely freed from restriction.
18 The largest number of delegations in
the United Nations history (72) took part in the thirteenth session's general debate which ended on October 7.
20 Field-Marshal Lord Montgomery
retired after 50 years in the Army.
22 Commonwealth trade and economic
conference at Montreal; Common- wealth loans under Export Guarantors Act.
23 General Fuad Chehab was installed as
President of Lebanon.
9 Pope Pius XII died at age of 82. On
the 28th Cardinal Roncalli of Venice was elected Pope John XXIII. He was crowned on November 4.
10 The first of the ""Thor"" intermediate
range ballistic missiles. delivered tinder the Mutual Defence agreement with U.S.A., was handed over to R.A.F.
11 Iraq signed a trade agreement with
Russia.
The London weeklv periodicals John
Bull and Illustrated merged.
14 Proposals for a new Government contri-
butory pension scheme published.
15 Tunisia broke off diplomatic relations
with the United Arab Republic.
16 Successful demonstrations at Bedford
of Royal Aircraft Establishment's blind landing system.
Relaxation of limits on public invest-
ment.
19 The church of St. Clement Danes, now
the church of the R.A.F., was reconsecrated.
20 President Heuss during a state visit to
England handed over a deed of gift and cheque for £5,000 towards recon- struction of Coventry Cathedral.
21 Mr. Dulles arrived in Forrnosa for talks
with General Chiang Kai-shek.
22 The Government's decision to end com-
pulsory arbitration in disputes as from February 28 announced.
An aluminium-covered plastic balloon
was launched into orbit around the earth by the American army.
23 The Atomic Energy Authority decided
not to restart Windscale atomic pile No. 2, damaged in 1957.
28 The state opening of Parliament and
the Queen's Speech were televised and broadcast for the first time.
29 The remaining restrictions ovcr hire
purchase and rcntal arrangements were removed.
Mr. Boris Pasternak declincd the Nobel
Prize for Literature after the award had been denounced by Russia as i a hostile acL""
30 Public authorities to pay. from this
date, current market values for land purchased under compulsory powers. Twelve miners entombed for 6 days
after an explosion in Nova Scotia were rescued. Another 7 were brought out 3 days later. Manv lost their lives. TIhe Duke of Edinburgh. then in Canada, visited the collierv.
31 Mr. Diefenbaker, the Canadian Prime
Minister, arrived in England on the first stage of his oversea tour.
Conference opened at Geneva (Russia.
Britain, and the United States) on suspension of nuclear tests. The first four draft articles of a possible treaty were agreed when the conference adjourned on December 19.
NOVEMN BER
1 The control over price and distribu-
tion of iron and steel scrap ended.
British European Airways introduced
excursion fares at 24d. a mile in British Isles.
3 Senior Aguero elected President of Cuba
in succession to President Batista.
4 The election for seats in the U.S. Senate
and House of Representatives and for State Governors resulted in a sweeping victory for the Democratic Party.
5 .Mr. Rapacki. the Polish Foreign
Minister, introduced a new version of his plan for a zone in central Europe free from nuclear arms.
6 Sir Winston Churchill was decorated
by General de Gaulle with the Cross of the Liberation.
10 King Hussein of Jordan was forced to
return to his capital after being inter- cepted by Syrian fighters while on a flight to Europe.
A Ten-Power conference to study
methods to prevent surprise attack opened at Geneva, but it had failed to make any success when it adjourned in December.
Mr. Donald Campbell set up a new
water-speed record with an average of 248.62 m.p.h.
12 A general election in Central Africa
resulted in the return to power of the United Federal Party.
13 The daily Comet IV service froTm New
York to London started; the west- bound service began on 14th. The Pan-American Boeing 707 New York- London service started on 17th.
14 The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
arrived in Addis Ababa on a six-day visit.
Mr. Bevan headed the poll for the
Labour Party shadow Cabinet.
Mr. Bulganin, the former Russian Prime
Minister, was listed as a member of the ""anti-party"" group.
The United Federal Party increased its
majority in the Rhodesian Federal election.
16 Following meetings of an O.E.E.C.
inter-ministerial committee early in the year for a proposed European free-trade area, the NMaudling Com- mittee met in Paris in October and November when a deadlock was reached. Further negotiations in the Council of O.E.E.C. ended without agreement. On December I8 General de Gaulle announced freeing from quota restrictions of 90 per cent, of French foreign trade.
17 Unemployment in Great Britain at this
date was registered as 536.000.
The Sudanese army took over govern-
ment of the country, dissolved poli- tical parties and suspended the consti- tution.
20 An interim increase in the pay of
National Health Service doctors and dentists to operate froal January 1 next announced.
Bank rate was redtuced from 41 per
cent. (August 14) to 4 per cent,
Work began near Romc (British con-
trlact) on the tirst nuiclear power station in continental Europe.
21 Work started on the Forth road bridge. 22 In the Aust,alian general election Ir.
Menzies won his fifth consecutive victorv'
24 The courtesv titles of Pasha and Bey
were abolished in Sudan.
26 The Queen and MIr. Nixon, Vice-
President of the United States, were present at the dedication of the American Chapel in St. Paul's Cathedral.
The T.U.C. suspended a stevedores'
union.
27 Russia made proposals for the with-
drawal of troops and a demilitarized free Berlin: a newv Russian plan was delivered to President Eisenhower on December 9. At the end of the vear the permanent council of N.A.T.O. approved the replies to be sent by the western Powers.
28 An Atlas intercontinental ballistic mis-
sile fired from Cape Canaveral reached 6.325 miles in its flight over the Atlantic.
30 The final ballot in the French elections
resulted in an overwhelming victory for the now party Union pour la Nouvelle R6publique.
DECEMBER
1 Senor Adolfo Lopes 'Mateos assumed
office as President of Mlexico in succession to Seior Corines.
The final payment was made by Britain
of the S700m. interest free loan by Canada, arranged in 1942.
The International Transport Federa-
tion called a boycott of ships sailing under flags of convenience.
Over 90 people, mostly children, dicd
in a fire at a school in Chicago.
5 Britain's first motorway, the Preston
bv-pass, was opened by the Prime Minister.
6 The United States Army's space probe
reached a height of 66,654 miles before plunging back into the earth's atmosphere.
7 Senor Romulo Betancourt was elected
President of Venezuela. He was pro- claimed on 20th.
8 The United States Supreme Court
rcfused to review a state court's deci- sion compelling a journalist to divulge identity of a news sourcc.
An Afro-Asian Economic conference
opened in Cairo.
Russia announced that the chief of the
internal security forces. General Serov, had been relieved of his post. The Prime Minister of Iraq announced
that a plot aginst the Republic had been foiled.
The last of four nuclear reactors at
Calder Hall brought into operation.
9 A Boeing 707 jet aiiliner (aided by tail
winds) flew from Ncw York to London in r ecord time of Shrs. 56mins.
Russia vetoed admission of Korea and
South Viet Nam to membership of United Nations.
11 The statues of General Gordon and
Lord Kitchener were removed from the squares in Khanoum.
12 lhe Capital Issues Committee vetoed
a -Mldland Bank scheme to raise new capital.
Union leaders agreed to acquiesce in
closure of 36 uneconomic collieries. A British attempt to cross the Atlantic
by balloon (The Small World) was made from Teneriffe.
The United Nations General Assemblv
voted a new condemnation of Russia and the Hungarian Government for continued repression in Hungary.
13 The United States Army fired a monkev
into space by a Jupiter rocket, but it was lost in the Atlantic.
15 Mr. Khrushchev admitted -inajor
shortcomings"" in Russian agriculture.
16 A United States Air Force aircraft
lifted the heaviest load in the history of aviation (52 tons).
17 It w-as confirmed that Nilao Tse-tung.
the Chinese Communist leader, is to stand down. as chairmar of the Republic but to retain party office.
18 A United States four-ton missile was
fired into orbit, The largest Russian satellite, launched on May 15. weighed 2,2191b.
Constitutional changes announced for
Basutoland.
The Prime 'Minister announced that
Empire Day will in future be known as Commonwealth Day.
19 President Eisenhower broadcast a peace
message from Outer Space by means of a recording in the four-ton Atlas missile latnched on the 18th.
Venezuela increased its income tax
laws, thus increasing the Govern- ment's profits from oil companies by 10 per cent.
21 General de Gaulle was elected President
of the Fifth Republic.
22 Russia announced large financial allo-
cation.s for science and education in her 1959 Budget, while reducing costs of defence and administration.
An agreement between Russia and
Egypt included plans for the con- struction of five airfields in certain
areas.-""
23 Owing to a decrease in milk production
Britain lifted the restrictions on butter imports-announced in May.
It was reported 'that General Chiang-
Kai-shek would not stand for re- election as President of the Chinese Nationalist State a year hence.
25 Russian legal code reformed. Mr. A.
Shelepin appointed to succeed General Serov as .l'ead of the Com- mittee of State Security.
26 Pope John XXIII visited prisoners in
Rome's "" Queen of Heaven "" prison. 27 Partial convertibility between the
pound and the dollar was announced by the Treasury. Other west Euro- pean countries took similar action.
The United Arab Republic and Russia
signed agreement on nature and extent of Russian cooperation in the Aswan high dam project.
28 General de Gaulle announced devalua-
tion of the franc, the freeing from quota restrictions of 90 per cent, of foreign trade. and measures to reduce budget deficit.
29 The United Nations Economic Com-
mission for Africa held its~ first mcet- ing at Addis Ababa.
Publication of New York newspapers
resumed after strike of distributivc workers which began on December 9. 30 Appointment announced as from July
next of Lord. Mountbatten as Chief of the Defence Staff in succession to Marshal of the R.A.F. Sir Williaimn Dickson.
31 The International Geophysical Year.
when scientists from more than 50 nations joined in the great coopera- tive scientific enterprise, officially came to an end.";"December 31, 1958";"";54346;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Year In Retrospect A Diary Of 1958";""
"";"['News']";"We puJblish on this and the following page a summuary o1 the Government's White Paper on-the Common Mtzrket: Britain and the European Communitkesl An Economic Assessment.
The 46-page document sets out the background and the effects on agriculture, indutstry and trade if Britain joins the European Community.
It does not attempt to explain the political case for Britain's membership of the Six.
The introduction to the White Paper states:
The British Government decided on May 2, 1967, to make an application under Article 2377 of the Treaty of Rome for mem- bership of the European Eco- nomic Community (E.E.C.), and parallel applications for member. ship of the European Coal and Steel Comamunity (E.C.S.C.) and Euratom. The Government's deci- sion was debated by both Houses of Parliament, and at the end of a three-day debate in the House of Commons the decision was approved by a majority of 426, one of the largest majorities in a vote in the House of Commons in peacetime. The Government there- UPon applied for menbership of the Communities on May 10, 1967.
The Prime Minister's statement on the Government's decision was presented as a White Paper (Cmnd. 3269) which set out the reasons underlying the decision to apply for membership of the Communities, and the issues Which it would be necessary to resolve during the negotiations for that purpose. On the economic side, the White Paper spoke of "" the long-term potential for Europe, and therefore for Britain of the creation of a single market of approaching 300 million people, with all the scope and incentive which this will provide for British industry, and of the enormous possibilities which an integrated strategy for technology, on a truly continental scale, can create '. On the, other side of the account Parliament was also informned that, while all calculations were necessarily extremely speculative, the effect of adQpting the E.E.Cs common agricultural policv as it stood might be to bring about a rise in the cost of living of 2-i-31 per cent (reflecting a 10-14 per cent rise in the cost (of food) and to create a cost to the bal- bnce of payments of between £175 raillion and £250 million a year. The overall cost to the balance of payments of entry, including the agriculturAl element, was estimated to require the rede- ployment of resources from pre- sent home use to exports, or to import substitution. of the order of about £100 million each year over a period of perhaps five years.
Political reasons
The political reasons for applying for membership of the European Communities were sum- marized in the White Paper as follOws: ""But whatever the eco- nomic arguments, the House will realize that ... the Governmnent's purpose derives above all from our recognition that Europe is now faced with the opportunity of a great move forvard in politi- cal unity and that we can-and indeed we must-play our full part in it. We do not see European unity as something narrow or inward- looking. Britain has her own vital links through the Commonwealth. and in other ways, with other continents. So have other Euro- pean countries. Together we can ensure that Europe plays in world affairs the part which the Europe of today is not at present playing. For a Europe that fails to put forward its full economic strength will never have the political influ- ence which I believe it could and should exert within the United Nations. within the Western Alli- ance, and as a means for effecting a 'lasting derente between East and West: and equally contribut- ing in ever fuller measure to the solution of the world's North- South problem, to the needs of the developing world."" Her Majesty's Government consider that events since the statement was made, and particularly the outcome of the Summit Confer- ence of the Six on December I and 2. 1969, reaffirm the validity of the statement.
Financial burden
Following approval by Parlia- ment of the Government's deci sion to apply for membership oi the Communities, the then For eign Secretary on July 4. 1967 made a statement to the Counci of the Western European Union in which, after elaborating the political and economic and indus trial reasons which underlay Brit ain's application to join the Comi munities. he set out the issue: which Britain would seek to dea with in. the course of negotiation! for entry into the Communities The major issues included th inequitable burden which the ther existing financial arrangement: for agriculture would place or Britain; the need for a transi tional period or periods to permi a gradual adaptation to the cir Cumstances of an enlarged Com mupitv; the need to make provi sion for the interests of the devel opins countries and territorie whose economies are dependen on the Commonwealth Suga Agreement, and the need to maki provision for New Zealand's dair products.
In December 1967 the Counci of Ministers of the Europtai Communities failed to reach thi unanimity necessary under th Conmunity treaties to return - reply to Britain's application fo membership. Her Majesty's Gov er^tment decided nevertheless t maintain their applimation. and i was discussed at each meeting o the Council of Ministers of thi European Cormmunities in the en suing two years. Finally, at th meeting of the member states o the European Communities oi December 1-2. 1969, it was agreei to open negotiations between th Comtimunity and the states whicl had applied for membership, and i
was also agreed that the essential preparatory work by the Com- miuiity would be undertaken with the least possible delay and in a most positive spirit. At the same time it. was made clear that this preparatory work would -be com- pleted at the latest by the middle of 1970 and that negotiations with Britain and the other candidate countries qould open-immediately thereafter.
In view of the prospect of negotiations for membership of the Commulnity later this year. this White Paper seeks to- assess, so far as possible, the majior eco nomic consequences of member- ship of the E.E.C. Since the Government's decision to apply for membership and the. Parlia- mentary debates on it of May 1967, there have been important developments in the position of Britain and the Community. So far as Britain is concerned, the cost of entry into the Community has been somewhat increased by devaluation, but on the other hand there has been a very sub- stantial improvement in our bal- ance of payments and in the competitive strength of our econ- omy. An extemal deficit of over £400 milion in 1968 (£250 million after adjustment for Euro-cur- rency borrowing to finance out- ward investment) has been con- verted into a surplus in 1969 likely to turn out around £300 million (and nearly £100 million more after the Euro-currency ad- justment), with good prospects of continuing improvement. New de- velopments in, inter alga, the.con- trol of public expenditure and the money supply, and much moder- nisation of industry. have in- creased ithe stability and strength of the economy.
Currency change
In the Community, apart from the substantial completion of the removal of internal tariff and other barriers to trade within the Community, there have been sev- eral major developments since 1967 which require a new assess- ment of the economic conse- quences for Britain of member- ship of the Community.- First, the common agricultural policy has come under review because of its rising cost. In addition, temporary arrangements have had to be made to meet the situation fol- lowing the changes in the parities of the French franc and the German mark.
The second major development is thaf. at their meeting on De- cember 19-22, 1969, the Council of Ministers of the Communities reached agreement in principle on new financing arrangements for the Community budget, which are of great significance in three ways. First. after 1970 they would increasingly provide the Commu- nity for the first time with its .,own resources"", i.e., the pro- ceeds of the Community's agri- cultural levies, tariffs. and taxes from which to finance expendi-
ture on agriculture and certain non-agricultural items. Second, these arrangements when finally ageed would be changeable only by unan,imous vote: as such their consequences would be one of the major items in the negotiations for enlargement of the Commu- nity. Third, the introduction of ""Community resources"" would be accompanied after 1974 by an extension of the budgetary powers of the European Parliament. These arrangements are very complex, so that assessment of the effect of their implementation is bound to be precarious even for member countries, quite apart from the additional uncertainty of the changes which would have to be negotiated to provide for the United Kingdom and the other applicants to become members.
The third major development in the Community springs from the Summit meeting of the Six on December I and 2, 1969. In addition to the dedsions in prin- ciple on agriculture and Commu- nity financing, the Six resolved to intensify, through harmonisation of economic policies, the Commu- nity's progreS5 towards economic and monetary unification; and also the development of common programmes of technological adv- ance. and of a common social policy. They instructed their Min- isters of Foreign Affairs to study the best ways of achieving prog- ress towards political unification, within the context of enlargement of the Community. The broad objectives towards which these policies are directed-in the eco- nomic, monetary, teehnological, social and political fields-are consistent with those indicated in the statement made on behalf of Her Majesty's Government in 1967 in support of their applica- tion for membership of the Com- munities.
Six summit
The foregoing outline of some major developments since 1967 in our position and that of the Community provides the back- ground necessary for an assess- ment of the economic effects of membership of the Community. It is clear from even so summary an account of these developments that a comprehensive, reliable and quantified assessment of the eco- nomic effects of membership. start- ing say in the early 1 970s and build- ing up during that decade. is quite impracticable. Not only are- the areas of uncertainty already men- tioned very large, but the techni- cal nroblemns of makinai cnm""re
hensive and realistic estimates of the affects of rnembership are equally forrmidable. It is equally impracticable to make reliable estimates of the situation in which we- should find ourselves in the latter part of the 1970s if this country were not to- join the Commuttity. It should be empha- sized that it is that future situa- tion, some years ahead, and not our position today, which one has to try to compare with our posi- tion as- a future member. if the effects are to be fairly assessed.
Any assessment of the economic effects of membership must there- fore -be in large measure qualita- tive. Nevertheless, in so large an issue, it is necessary to make such quantitative estimates as can be made, and to set these in the perspective of a general assess- ment of the likely effects of membership on the economy as a whole. The following chapters seek to do this in the sectors where significant economic effects may be expected, that is: fi) agri- culture and food; (u) trade and industry; (iO) capital movements and invisible trade.
The full impact
The effects of the removal of barriers to trade in coal and steel have been taken - into account in the chapter on trade and industry, but otherwise this White Paper is not concerned with the E.C.S.C. or EURATOM. The basic assumptions made are constant throughout the estimates. It is assumed that in each case the effects of membership will not have their full impact until the second half of the seventies and no allowance is made for the effect of negotiations on the terms of entry. These estimates must be treated with caution, but they do point to the direction and m-agnitude of certain effects, which in the concluding chapter are set in perspective in the over- all assessment there attempted.
In examining the ways in which adoption of the EE.C.s common agrioultural policy would affect our agriculture, the cost of our food, and our balance of pay- ments, it is assumed that the Irish Republic, Denmark and Norway would also join the E.E.C. -
Since 1967 the Government have continued their policy of selective expansion for home agri- culture and there have been in- creases in the guaranteed prices for a number of products. partic- ularly for cereals and beef cattle. There has been no basic change in our system of agricultural sup- port, although for eggs it bas been decided to phase out the guarantee arrangements and move to a basically free marketing system. However, the picture as regards the effects on producer prices, food prices and the bal- ance of payments of adopting the E.E.C.'s common agricultural policy is now rather different from what it was in 1967, partly because of the devaluation of sterling in November, 1967, and partly because of the rising cost
Self-sufficiency of the Six in principal farm productas
1962-63 and
Commodity 1963-64 1967-68
(average)
(per cent) (per cent) Wheat .. .. .. .. .. .. 99.5 112.5 Feed grain 77.1 78.6 Total cereals (excluding rice) . . 86.3 91.1 Rice (husked) .. .. .. .. 79.0 100.8 White sugar .. .. . .. .. 98.7 104.6 Vegetables .. . .. . 102.4 102.5 Fresh fruit (excluding citrus fruit) .. 91.3 89.9
Citrus fruit .. . .. .. 43.9 not availabla Beef and veal .. .. .. . .. 90.3 88.8 Pigmeat (including bacon) .. .. 99.2 100.0 Poultry meat .. .. .. .. .. 9i.4 97.8 M =tton, lamb and goat meat .. .. 92.3 84.2 Eggs . .. .. .. .. .. 94.4 97.1
Cheese .. .. .. .. .. .. . 98.0 102.7(') Butter .. . . . . . 99.5 111' Oils and fats .. .. .. . .. 38.5 41.8 (') Provisional figures.
of the common agricultural policy.
Broadly speaking the main change since 1967 is that the single market stage has now been achieved for cereals, beef cattle, pigmeat, milk and milk products, eggs and poultry and rice. The E.E.C.s target prices havo re- mained at the same level over the last three years, except for some smal.l increases for barley, maize and rice. The change in the United Kingdom exchange rate means, however, that E.E.C. prices are now higher in sterling terms than they were before.
Costs transfer
As the common organization of markets for each product has been completed. the cost of sup- porting prices through market in- tervention and export subsidies has been transferred from national governments to the Com- munity. Community expenditure on agriculture has increased very rapidly in recent years because of the increased coverage of commo- dities under the common policy, the higher proportion of eligible expenditure being met by the Community's agricultural fund rather than national Exchequers, and the development of surpluses within the Community.
Expenditure from the guaran- tee section of the fund is esti- mated at £831 million for 1968. 69, compared with £154 million for 1966-67. Expenditure from this section is now considerably higher than was anticipated; in January. 1967. for example, the Commission estimated 1968-69 ex- penditure at £572 million, Roughly a third of the expendi- ture is on cereals, and anothei third on milk and milk products Expenditure from the guidance section of the fund on the struc- tural improvement of agriculture has been subject since July, 1967, to a limit of £119 million. This makes a total estimated liability for expenditure from the fund in 1968-69 of £950 million.
The method of financing the fund in 1969 was that membei states paid in to the guarantee section 90 per cent of the pro ceeds of their levies on imports ol agricultural products from non Community countries. The remain der of the guarantee section anc the whole of the guidance sectior were paid for by budgttan: contri butions from the Governments oi
n,emher rm,,nt..-..
Comparisons
Two points deserve emphasis. An attempt to assess the effects of adopting the common agricul- tural policy is an attempt to compare what might happen if we became a member of the Commu- nity with what might happen if we did not. Thus, although not related to a specific future year, the assessment allows for a period of time to elapse during which the necessary adjustments could take place. Secondly the assess- ment assumes that. if we became a member, we should adopt the common agricultural policy essen- tially as it stands. This is a simplifying assumption which car- ries no implications whatever as to the changes which might be agreed upon in negotiations
Food prices in the E.E.C. are higher partly because of the dif- ferent method of support for agri- culture and partly because pro- ducer prices under the common agricultural policy for most farm products are set at higher levels than in the United Kingdom. Adoption of the common agricul- tural policy wvould involve a rise in food prices for most items through the imposition of levies on imports from non-Community sources and paying Community prices for imports from other members. The change in the system of support would involve a substantial reduction of Govern- ment expenditure on agriculture, which in 1968-69 amounted to about £315 million of which about £125 million was in respect of direct price support to farmers. This reduction in Government ex- penditure would however be accompanied by a reduction in net Government revenue through payments to Community funds.
The precise effect on food prices at the retail level is diffi- cult to predict as it would depend on the extent to which distribu- tive and retail margins changed as a result of the higher first-hand prices. United Kindom retail food prices would not necessarily be the same as those in another Community country, since there is within the Community at present quite a wide variation of prices. On the basis of the present price differentials at the wholesale stage, and making certain assump- tions about distributive and retail margins, the retail price index for food might be 18-26 per cent higher than it would otherwise have been and this would result in a 4-5 per cent increase in the cost-of-living index. The rise would be spread over a period of years with the full effect only being felt at the end of a transi- tional period and it would he associated with all the other var- ious factors which normally inffu- ence the cost of living.
It is possible to vary the assumptions inherent in this cal- culation, but the estimate of the rise in food prices probably repre- sents the most that is likely to occur.
What the effect of an 18-26 per cent rise in retail food prices taking place over a transitional period would be on the pattern of consumers' food purchases is dif- ficult to predict as the increases for some products would diffex markedly from those hitherto ex- perienced. In the main thi
In December 1969 the members of the Conmmunity agreed in prin- ciple on a new system of financial contributions for the future. For 1970 the whole cost of the Agri- cultural fund would be met from national Exchequer contributions -according to the following fixed key: Belgium 8.25 per cent, Franee 28 per cent, Germany 31.7 per cent, Italy 21.5 per cent, Luxembourg 0.2 per cent, Nether- lands 10.35 per cent. From 1971 new arrangements would come into force for financing not only the agricultural fund, but also certain non-agricultural expendi- ture. It is not however yet clear precisely what non-agricultural items of Community expenditure would be covered by the arrange- mnents. Under these arrangements, from 1971 to 1974 levies on agricultural imports would be handed over by member coun- tries, together with an increasing proportion of customs duties on all goods. The amount of customs duties handed over would be equal to the difference between a "" reference amount"" and the amount of levies handed over. In 1971 this ""reference amount"" would be 50 per cent of the total levies and customs duties col- lected by each state and, in the following years 621 per cent, 75 per cent and 871 per cent succes- sively. Ten per cent of the sums handed over would be refunded to member states to cover collec- tion costs. The balance of expend- iture would be met by members from national budgets according to the fixed key shown below: Belgium 6.8 per cent, France 32.6 per cent, Germany 32.9 per cent, Italy 20.2 per cent, Luxembourg 0.2 per cent. Netherlands 7.3 per cent.
Annual limits
From 1975 onwards all levies and customs duties would be handed over and in the place of the budgetary contributions the balance would be met from con- tributions from member states corresponding at the most to a I per cent value added tax. All the above would be subject to the overriding provision that in the years 1971 to 1974 no country's proportion of total contributions to this expenditure might rise by more than I per cent above or fall by more than It per cent below its previous year's propor- tion. For the years 1975 to 1977 these annual limits would be 2 per cent in either direction.
Finally. during the past year certain changes in international exchange rates have had a signifi- cant effect on the operation of the common agricultural policy. The common prices for each member country are derived, according to the official exchange rate, from the prices expressed in Community units of account When therefore the French franc was devalued in August 1969, the prices of products subject to the common agricultural policy would automatically have risen to the benefit of French farmers, and when the German Government revalued the mark in October 1969, their prices would automati- cally have falen to the detriment of farmers there.
These sudden changes in farm prices were not acceptable to the Governments concemed, and spe- cial measures were devised whereby the French for a period of two years may impose a tax on agricultural exports to other member states and grant subsidies on imports from them; while the Germans for a period of four years may compensate their farm- ers by means of tax adjustments and direct subsidies. Thus the full application of the common agri- cultural policy is temporarily abated for these two members of the Community.
The assessment of the effects of adopting the common agricultural policy depends on a forecast of how the common policy will de- velop within the present Commu- nity; what adjustments would be necessary to it on enlargement of the Community; and how United Kingdom food production and consumption would respond to the new conditions. All these mat- ters are subject to much uncer- tainty.
Self-sufficiency
Within the Comrnunity discus- sions are currently being held on the future shape of the common agricultural policy. The applica- tion of the policy at the relatively high prices for some products agreed by the members of the Community has contributed to a marked increase in agricultural production. The Commnunity now has in many cases a higher degree of self-sufficiency than before the common policy was introduced. For wheat, sugar, rice, cheese and butter, production within the community has moved from a position in the early 1960g where it was at a lower level than consumption, to one of excess over consumption within the Community. This development of surpluses has caused expenditure from the guarantee section of the Agricultural Fund to rise very considerably. If present produc- tion trends continue, the cost of dealing with surpluses will become still greater.
Various proposals have been put forward within the Commu-
nity for dealing with these prob- lems. in addition to arrangements agreed last year for encouraging the slaughter of surplus dairy cows. The Commission has sub- mitted a memorandum on the reform of agriculture in the Euro- pean Economic Community (the Mansholt plan ""), containing a set of economic and social meas- ures intended to bring about major structural chaiages. Among other things, it suggests taking certain land out of agricultural use, easing the retirement of farmers, and helping those re- maining in agriculture to improve their efficiency, No decisions have yet been taken on these rmatters.
The adoption by the United Kingdom of the EEC arrange- ments for agriculture would lead to large changes in prices for procedures and consumers of food here. The magnitude of some of these changes would be so great compared with previous experi- ence that it is difficult to make a reliable forecast of the response to them in terms of production and consumption.
Apart from these inherent un- certainties, there are also the pos- sible consequences of adaptation of the common agricultural policy on enlargement of the Commu- nity. In the statement to the Western European Union in July 1967 (Cmnd. 3345) the Govern- ment set out the main questions in the field of agriculture which they wished to discuss with the Community before entry. This statement referred not only to considerations affecting British producers, consumers and the bal- ance of payments, but also to our obligations to Commonwealth sugar producers and to the special problems of New Zealand. These are essentially matters for nego- tiation with the Community, and no allowance for modifications to take account of these problems has been made in this assessment.
The effects on production and consumption. together with higher import prices, wil determine the effect on our import bill for food. This is one element in the direct balance of payments cost of adopting the common agricultural policy. The other element is the net contribution we must make to the Community's Agricultural Fund.
changes would consist of a switch from one food product to another, and spread over a period of years would result in food consumption going up more slowly than it otherwise would have done. It is estimated that the adoption of the conmmon agricul- tural policy would cause overall expenditure on food (allowing for changes in the pattern of con- sumption) to be 15-22 per cent higher than it would otherwise have been. In 1967 the corres- ponding estimate was 10-14 per cent, and the difference is mainly attributable to the ch,nge in the relationship between United King- dom and EEC prices caused by the devaluation of sterling.
The prices at present received by producers in EEC countries for most farm products are highr than in the United Kingdom and it is expected that our producer price levels overall would rise signfifcantly if the conmon agri- cultural policy were adopted as it stands.
Higher prices
Taking all factors into account, it is only possible to indicate a range-with a * lower "" and "" upper"" estimate-of the possi- ble response of production to these higher prices. But on the assumption that United Kingdom prices would be increased over a transitional period by the amount necessary to eliminate the present gap between them and the EEC prices, the overall effect might be to increase the volume of total agricultural production (net of feed and seeds used) by between 3 and 10 per cent above what it would otherwise have been. Although farmers' total revenue would also be increased apprecia- bly, this would be partly offset by increases in production costs, par- ticularly for feedingstuffs. Farm- ers' net income would neverthe- less be higher than it would otherwise have been, although its distribution, and so the gains and losses, would differ greatly be- tween commodities, types of farm and areas of the country.
Growth of gross national product per head at 1963 mnarket prices
1958-67
Average annual percentage increase
EEC countries
Germany .-. .. .. France
Italy .. . .. Belgium
Luxembourg . .. .. Netherlands * - Average all E.E.C countries*
3.7 3:9. 4.8 3.8 n.a. 3.7 4.0
EFTA countries
United Kingdom .. .. 2.5 Sweden -. 3.8 Norway ... .. 4.0 Den-mark .. 4.2 Austria . - . 3.7 Switzerland .. .. .. 3.l Portugal .. .. .. 5.2 Average all EFTA countries
* At 1963 exchange rates.
The changes in prices and in production and consumption of food would have consequences for the overall import bill for food and feedingstuffs. This is the first main element in the calculation of the balance of payments cost of adopting the common agricultural policy. In view of the uncertainty surrounding the degree of re- sponse to higher retail prices, the calculations of the change in the import bill and of the levies collected on imports from third countries are based on an *' upper "" and "" lower "" estimate of changes in consumption. The estimates shown suggest that the change in the food import bill could range from a reducation of f85m. to an increase of £255m., depending on the response of United Kingdom production and consumption, and the relationship between. United Kingdom and EE.C. prices.
The estimates do not include the value of the import levies w,hich would be imposed by the United Kingdomn under the E.E.C. agricultural system. The amount of the levies is particularly difficult to forecast because they are charged only on imports from non-Community countries In effect, these levies represent an additional charge on the cost of importing food. since under the EE.C system the levy proceeds would be paid over into Commu- nity funds.
Farm exports
The estimates of the changes in the import bill are intended to take account of the possibility of offsetting changes in exports of agricultural products. Compared with food imports, these exports are of course small, and half of their value is represented by ex- ports of alcoholic and other drinks. Direet exports of certain agricultural commodities and of fish could be stimulated but a large net increase is not expected.
The EE.C. Commission has esti- mated that expenditure on agri- culture by the enlarged Commu- nity might in a few years'. time amount to £1,560m if present policies continue and f l,750m. if the reforms proposed in the Mansholt Plan are adopted. These estimates, the detailed basis of which has not been disclosed by the Commission, clear]y depend upon certain assumptions about the extent to which the surplus problem is brought under control, and -the extent to which any structural expenditure is borne by Community funds.
The amount we would be likely to get back out of this agricul- tural expenditure would probablv 6e relatively small; perhaps of the order of £50m. to £loom. depending on the wvay the common agricultural policy devel- oped.
It is estimated that 90 per cent of United Kingdom agricultural levies might bring in about £150 to £200 million by the late 1970s; 90 per cent of United Kingdom customs duties might by then be about £240 million; and the yield corresponding to a I per cent value added tax could, depending on the coverage, range up to about £230 million. Since 90 per cent of a member country's levy ineome must be paid to the Com- munity, it will be seen that, if the United Kingdom had been a party to the agreement reached in the Communitv in December 1969, our annual contribution to the Community's budget could not have been Icss than f1 5C million. The above figures also show that on the same basis there would have been a theoretical upper limit to our contribution ol about £670- million. In practice,
our contribution would have been fixed within narower limits by the percentage share agreed for us, and for other members of the Community, in the recent finan- cial settlement.
Taken together, the trade effects and the financial charges represent the net effect on the balance of payments of ado,pting the comnmon alrcultural policy. When this calculation was made in 1967, it was estimated that the net cost to the balance of pav- rments would be 75-f250 million annually. The net cost is- now likely to be greater than this. partly because of the effects of the devaluation of sterling and partly because of the greatly in- creased cost of the European Agricultural Fund. It is clear that a very wide range of estimates is possible, although the extreme assumption at- either end of the spectrun could not be regarded as realistic since they would depend on all factors operating in the same direction. In practice it is much more likely that the outcome would result from a combination of factors some more favourable than others. But in the crucial area of our financial con- tribution to thc Fund; there is just not a sufficient basis, in advance of negotiations, for making reliable assumptions either about its cost or our share of it.
The Treaty of Rome provides for the progressive establishment of a Common Market with free movement of goods, persons, serv- ices and capital. It contemplates the evolution of common policies for agriculture, transport, foreign trade, regional development and for consultation and collaboration on economic and social matters.
Tariff cuts
A Customs Union completed by the EEC in 1968 involved the abolition of tariff and quota res- trictions between the member states, and the replacement of the national external tariffs of the member states by a Common External Tariff.
Both the Common External Tariff and the United Kingdom tariff will be progressively re- duced as a result of the "" Ken- nedy Round "" tariff agreements reached in the GATT.
The duties on most rawv mate- rials are zero in the CET. as in the United Kingdom tariff. A few materials of major impor- tance, such as aluminium, lead zinc and newsprint, are dutiable under the CET (currently at rates between 4.5 per cent and 9.0 per cent), but are subject to zero or very low duties in the United Kingdom: and certain materials are dutiable here but not under the CET.
The bulk of the latter categuly are. hoabver, materials of which most of our inports enter duty free from the CommonweatLo Preference Area, Examples art asbestos and coir fibre. In the agriculture and food sectors, duty free imports from the Comnwmi- wealth Preference Area represent a considerable part of our total imports. In certain cases, Com- monwealth supplies which are at present allowed into this country duty free would become subject to quite a high rate of duty under the CET, for example mutton and lamb and bananas (CET currently 20 per cent).
In the range of semi-manufac- tures and finished manufactures, there are certain sectors wbere the general level of the duties is significantly different as between the United Kingdom tariff and the CET. Duties on machinery and most chemicals are higher in the United Kingdom. as wvell as those on clocks and wvatches. optical and photographic equipment musical instruments and mans kinds of precision instruments. But on the other hand the curreni United Kingdom tariff on plastics is lower. For the rest, the levels of the two tariffs are broadly similar.
In addition to establishing a Customs Union. the EEC has been developing a common approach to trade policy ta govern its commercial relation? with the rest of the world. The Six have negotiated as a unit iD tariff negotiations, in relation tc the GATT agreement on anti- dumping and in negotiating trade agreements with several countries.
Progress in implementing othei provisions of the Treaty affectins industry and trade has been les! rapid. However, agreement ha! been reached on the introductior throughout the Commlunity of a common system of value addec taxation though not yet on uni- form rates. Workers fronm membes countries are free to take ur employment in any member state and enjoy appropriate socia security benefits wherever then are employed. Litnited progres has been made in removing lega obstacles to the establishment anc operations of companies acros, frontiers within the Community Other developments arc undei consideration, including legal pro vision for the incorporation ii any member state of ""Europear companies"" enabled to operatt throughout the Community.
Transport plan
The formulation of a commor transport policy for rail, road an( inland wvaterway transport ha! proceeded slowxly and is still 1ai from completion, and no step have been taken towards extena ing it to sea or air transport.
For industry and trade. thg main consequences of Unite( Kingdom membership of an en larged Communit; would be tha
we should then. form. part of a Customs Union. of uP' to 300 million pcople stretching .from Scotland to Sicily and from the irish Republic to the borders of eastern EuroPe. Within this vast area. industrial' products would move fre4y-without tariff or quota restrictions-as soon as any transitional Period had been com- pleted. And over the years ahead it would be the intention to con- vert this Customs Union into a fult economic union by the provei- sive alignment and harmonization of commercial Policy, i.e~. trading relations with third countries; of economic and fiscal policy; of company and patent law; of standards for industrial products including specifications for publlo sector Purchasing; and generally of the, whole strooture of law and practice within which industry would operate.
The creation of such an en- larged and integrated European market would provide in effect a much larger and a much faster growing ""home market"" for Brit^ ish industry. It would proq.de the stimuli of much greater opportun- ities-and competition-than exist at present or would otherwise exist in future. There would oe, substantial advantages for British industry from membership of this new enlarged Common Market,' stemming primarily from the op- portunities for greater ec;3romiery of scale, increased specializatiton; a sharper competitive climate and faster growth.
These may be descrihed as tbe: ""dynamic"" effects of member- ship on British industry and trade., It has not been found possible to measure the likely response of British industry to these new op- portunities nor, therefore. the effects on our economic growth and balance of payments. On the other hand we should have to make changes in our tariffs and food prices in order to join the Community and the net effect of these changes would be disadvan- tageous to British industry. These mav be described as the ""impact"" effects of membership. It has been possible to make a rough estimate of the possible cost to the balance of payments'
of th im,iart .ffpt
Wage levels
It has been estimated that the maximum increase which would be likely to occur if we joined the Community would involve the index of retail prices rising over a transitional period by about 4 to 5 per cent more than it otherwise would. This additional increase in the cc st of living spread over a transit onal period of some vears could raise the future level of wage settlements somewhat above what it otherwise would be and: any consequent increases in indus- trial costs would of course ad- versely affect our competitive posi- tlon.
At present we enjoy spcdial preferential trading relationships with the Commonwealth Prefer- ence Area, Efta and the lrish Republic. If we moved into a new enlarged Community, these exist- ing trade relationships would be affected to our disadvantage. In the new circumstances, subject to any special arrangements made in the oourse of negotiations, we should generally apply the C.E.T. against imports from third coun- tries. including the Common- wealth. and we could hardly expect that all our existing Com-. monwea3th preference * ould be maintained indefinitely. WVe stand to lose the tariff preference over the Six which we now enjoy in the Irish Repablic and in Efta countries. Finally, we should of course gain duty free entry for our exports to the Six and we should concede. it on imports from them.
Thus, in exchange for the new preferential position we should enjoy behind the C.E.T. in the enlarged Community. we should expect to lose most of our exist- ing preferences. But in order to make a true comparison of our situation inside and outside the Comnunity some years hence. it is necessary to take into account the probability of continuing ero- sion of preferences in the Com- rnonwealth and the possibility of new preferential trading arrangte- rnents between the Community and some of our trading partners. It is relevant in this connexion that a number of Commonwealth. countries in Africa have found it to their advantage in recent years to give tariff preferences, to our disadvantage. to the Six.-
Finalv., in considering the disadvantages of membership for industry and the economy, we rnust recognize that if the total burden on our balance of pay- ments as a result of membership became excessive we might find that we were unable to pursue economic policies which enabled the full benefits of membership to. be realized. Since such an out- come would be as contrary to the interests of the Community as of the United Kingdom, the Govern- ment would expect to find its avoidance a common aim of all concerned with the negotiations.
Profitable sales
The effects of the tariff and cost changes would depend on the responses to these changed condi- tions of exporters and their custo- mers throughout the world. Any attempt to mcasure what these responses might be and what effect they would have on our trade can only be based on past experience, including -the recent experience of devaluation. The degree of the response in flows of trade to a given change, siy a decline in tariffs or in relative cost levels, depends partly on the ability of supply industries to respond to the increased oppor- tunities for profitable sales, and partly on the extent to which lower prices call forth increased demand. The elasticities used for the purpose of the estimites which follow allow for both kinds of response, and allowanea are also made for some degree of absorption by United. Kingdon-t and foreign suppliers of tariff and cost changes.
For imports it is assumed that; given a change of I per cent in pnces ansing from changes ini tariffs or costs. the response inT the quantity imported would he between :1-3 per cent and- 1+ per cent For exports the assumption is that the rcsponse to a I per
Conunon Market White Paper: Britaiu and European Comxuniti es/an econonie assessment
Blow to world peace hopes -if membership plans fail
and is almost certain -to continue to do so. The proportion of the total invested in the E.E.C. has also been increasing over recent years. Membership of the E.E.C. would remove the present incen- tive to invest in other E.E.C. countries in order to overcome the tariff barrier, but the E.E.C. proportion of total United King- dom direct mnvestment abroad would be likely to rise furtber with increasing trade and with the process of industrial rationaliza- tion as. for example, United Kingdom firms sought economies of scale througb mergers with their European partners.
Of the increazed flow of out- ward investment to the E.E.C.. a sizable proportion would proba- bly continue to be financed as now by foreign currency borrow- ing, which avoids a net cost to the balance of payments. or by share exchanges, with equivalent effect However, a larger propor- tion than at present would proba- bly be financed from retained earnings or with official ex- change, both at a cost to the balance of payments.
Some increase may reasonablv be assumed in the flow from other E.E.C. countries of direct investment into the United King- dom. But allowance must also be made for possible increased bor- rowing in the United Kingdom market by E.E.C. companies resi- dent here, which implies a smaller capital inflow than would other- wise bave been the case.
Changes in the flows of portfo- lio investment are extremely hard to assess. Predictions about United Kingdom demand for for- eign securities depend on views about the state of confidence in the economies concerned, and hence in the stock markets, both at home and abroad. In circum- stances favourable to such invest- ment the potential cost to the balance of payments of additional United Kingdom portfolio invest- ment in other E.E.C. countries could be substantial in any given year. In other years there might be net disinvestment, producing a benefit to the balance of pay- ments on a quite significant scale. It seems reasonable also to make some allowance for an increase in E.E.C. portfolio investment in the United Kingdom.
There would be a continuing cost to the balance of pavments as a result of allowing free access to official exchange for some personal transfers, including in particular the purchase of private houses in E.E.C. cotintries. There would also be a large once-for-all item in this category. Under pre- sent United Kingdom rules, after the initial allowance of £5,000, emigrants are permitted to trans- fer their assets with official ex- change only after a period of four years. although they do not necessarily do so even then. Under the E.E.C. rules, they would be allowed to transfer them all without delay though again they would not necessarily do so. For practical reasons. the relaxation of exchangZe control rules for emi- grants' assets could not be con- fined to emigrants to E.E.C. coun- tries.
There should be a valuable expansion of our invisible earn- ings as a result of membership. In the field of insurance. for exam- ple. the E.E.C. countries have legislation which in one way or another discriminates against non- E.E.C.-insurers-in contrast to the United Kingdom where there is no such discrimination. Member- ship should, therefore, provide British insurers with better access to other E.E.C. member countries than they have at present and this is particularly important since the E.E.C. is expected to try to remove governmental restric- tions so as to create a common market for insurance.
More generally, the contribu- tion of the City of London should bring benefits not only to the United Kingdom, but to the other members of the EE.C. as well. The City can offer a wide range of financial and commercial services-not only insurance, but also banking, shipping, merchant- ing, commodity markets and port-
folio management-which is unri- valled outside the United States. With greater awareness of the diversity and sophistication of these facilities both we and our future partners can expect to gain increasing advantage.
Compliance with the require- nents of the present Directives under the Treaty concerning capi- tal movements must be expected in a typical year to involve a sizable cost to the United King- dom balance of payments, com- pared with the situation which would obtain if the present United Kingdom exchange control rules were maintained unaltered. the cost would vary, however. according to circumstances which cannot useftully be predicted. In some years it could be substantial. in others negligible or even turn into a modest gain. To the extent, however. that continued improve- mhent in our balance of payments position mnay be expected to lead to some easement of the present United Kingdom exchange control rules, the effects of superimposing the obligations of membership on top of this would be reduced. In addition there should in any case be an improvement in invisible earnings as a result of member- ship.
The economic effects of entry into the Community comprise. first, the consequences of adopting their common agricultural policy and of making our net contribu- tion to the Community budget. which at present mainly covers expenditure on financing that agricultural policy. Secondly, the effects on industry and trade re- sulting from Membership of an enlarged Community. Thirdly, the effects on capital movements and invisible trade.
The effects of the common agricultural policy on future Brit- ish agricultural production. food consumption and hence on im- ports are to sont limited extent predictable, but the changes both in price levels and in support svstems involved in moving to the common agricultural policy are so radical that experience can pro- vide only a limited guide. lt is suggested that the change in the cost of our food imports a consequence of entry (excludinp levies payable on them) could range from a reduction of £85m. to an increase of £255m. a year
lt ic further ectimated that the maximum increase in retail food prices which would he likely to occur if we joined the Commu- nity would be in the range of 18- 26 per cent, involving a corres- ponding increase of 4-5 per cent in the cost-of-living index. This rise w ould be spread over a period of vears and the full effect vould be felt only at the end of a transitional period.
I-mpact effects
Our gross contribution to the coommunity budget is calculable only within the purely theoretical and extremely wide range of £150£670m. a year. Where in that r ange our contribution might lie depends partly on the growth of total C. ommunity expenditures and partly on the rules for the divi- gion of contributions between countries the effect of which on the United Kingdom cannot be estimated because we were not members of the Community in December. i969. when agreement in principle was reached by the existing members on individual percentagc kevs. which would govern their share of contribu- Tions. It is suggested that United Kingdom receipts from the op- eration of the common agricul- tural policy might amount. in very round figures. to £50-£100m. annually, depending on the way the policy developed.
The effects of entry on United Kingdom industry and trade are partly what may be called impact effects, which are measurable, and partly dynamic effects, n hich are not. The distinction between these two is only partly one of timing cince both impact and dynamic effects build up over a transi- tional period though the latter will probably take longer to reach
cent change in prices would be a quantity change between 1I and 21 per cent. The assumption about the response of suppliers to tariff changes is that those faced with a tariff change to their advantage would- absorb one-quarter of the change. This would increase their unit profits and it is assumed that * 1 per cent increase in unit profits would lead to a i per cent mcrease in the volume exported on the lower assumption for elas- ticities and to a I per cent in- crease on the higher assumption. Suppliers faced with a tariff change to their disadvantage are assumed to react competitivelv bv cutting their prices to the extent of one-quarter of the change. These assumptions imply a fatrl-y modest degree of response by both buyers and sellers.
To evaluate the total net effect on our trade of joining the E.E.C. it has been necessary to make a whole series of assumptions about the future course of world trade over the next five years or so and to adopt highly over-simplified assumptions about the etfect and timing of a comple, sertes of tariff and cost changes on the wide range of goods entering into our Meeign trade. Each of these assumptions can be little more than an informed guess which may be very wide of the mark. The actual situation in the mid- 1970s will be fundamentaliv affected by the relative develov- ment of the economies of the main industrial countries during the intervening years and this in turn depends on a wide range of factors which it is impossible to predict.
Imports share
The main consequence of mem- bership for British industry is, as we have seen. that the "" home market'"" will be several times larger than our existing home market, including Efta. And the new home market will be a more rapidly growing one than the present home market. If we join the Community. companies will be able to plan their sales and investment on the basis of a prosperous home market of approaching 300 million people.
The dismantling of tariffs within the present Community and the maintenance of a moder- ate common tariff against the rest of the world have resulted, as might be expected, in a particu- larly rapid increase in intra-Com- munity trade. This trade multi- plied four times between 1958 and 1968. fro.ij £2,800 million to nearly f l1.000 million. By com- parison, United Kingdom exports to the Community over this period increased only 2: times even though the Community was our biggest single export market during this period.
The pattern is reflected in the declining share of E.E.C. imports obtained by third countries, which fell from 70.3 per cent in 1958 to 54.2 per cent in 1968. The United Kingdom share of E.E.C. imports of manufactures in the same period fell from 10.6 per cent to 7.1 per cent.
The market we should be join- ing is not only larger but growing substantially more rapidly than ours. From 1958-67 the annual rise in the gross national product per head averaged 24- per cent in the United Kingdom compared with 4 per cent in the Commu- nity.
Although a number of Efta countries have also enjoyed a comparatively high growth rate, the preponderance of the United Kingdom in Efta has meant that the Efta market as a whole bas grown much more slowly than the E.E.C.
The more rapid growth in the E.E.C. compared with the United Kingdom is also indicated by the fact that between 1958 and 1967 industrial production in the Six rose by 68 per cent, in the United Kingdom by 37 per cent.
There were and still are a number of factors at work en- couraging faster growtb in the Community than in the United Kingdom. More workers nowv leaving agriculture for industry; the advantages of post-war re- building of major industries with new machinery and the latest technologies: and generally a sig- nificantly lower Proportion of g.n.p. expended on defence. though the gap has been narrow- ing over the last few years. Nev- ertheless it seems bighlv probable that the creation of the Commu- nity itself generated a faster rate of growth through greater special- ization and greater competition than the economies of the Six member countries would have separately enjoyed and that, apart from the likely beneficial effects on growth of the enlargement of the Community. an enlarged Community: would in any event continue to grow faster in future than the United Kingdom or Efta on their ow n
Investmenat
The creation of this verv large and fast growing home market will provide greater opportunities and greater competition for British in- dustry. It is, of course, true that the widening of the field of competition will stimulate tlce in- dustries of other member coun- tries as well as those of the United Kingdom, but for the E.E.C. countries this would be a further phase in a process to which they have been subjected for a nunmber of years, and the future rate of growth of the enlarged Community may not be exceptionally high by E.E.C. stan- dards. On the other hand, for the United Kingdom the new market would be a stimulus and an opportunity on a quite different scale from that provided by Efta and with a rate of growth whichi could also be expected to be substantially higher than in Efta.
Moreover, a faster growing market will provide British indus- try with opportunities, which it has not shared with the rest of western Europe since the war, for a sustained high level of invest- ment in new plant and equipment. Such investment would serve to improve our competitive position, not only in relation to the Six but also to the rest of the world. Onlv time would show the response of British industries to the new op- portunities anid greater competi- tion whicb in turn would deter- mine the extent of the long-term benefits to the United Kingdom growth rate and balance of pay-
ments. But an increase of I per cent in our g.n.p. would be equiv- alent in the mid-1970s to some- thing approaching £500m. a year at present, prices.
Linked with the question of growth is the degree to which the United Kingdom will in future attract overseas investment-par- ticularly from the United States. In addition to its benefits to the reserves, this has been of con- siderable benefit to the United Kingdom economy in several wvays; in providing jobs (particu. larly in development areas), in its contribution to exports and in the dissemination of technology and management techniques. If the United Kingdom remained outside the Community, it is likely that American investment in the Six would be stimulated at the ex- pense of the much smaller and less rapidly growing United King- dom market. If on the other hand the United Kingdom entered, it is likely that we would attract sub- stantially more American invest- ment than if the United Kingdom remained outside. The fact that net additional American invest- ment in this country in 1968 totalled £246m. shows that the stakes are high.
Apart from these factors of growth and investment, there re- mains the question of the United Kingdom's ability to protect its economic interests if it remained outside the Community. Since the formation of the European Eco- nomic Community. the United Kingdom's position in interna- tional trade negotiations has been weakened because a country's bargaining power depends largely on the size of its market, and
Retail prices of main foodstuffs in the E.E.C. and the United Kingdom.
October 1969
our industrial producers and this, combined with the tariff changes involved in membership, would affect both exports and imports in directions damaging to the balance of payments.
A very rough estimate of the adverse effect of these two factors on trade in the mid-1970s is that it could be of the order of £125- £275 million. If t° this was added an excessive balance of payments burden arising from the accept- ance of the E.E.C.'s agricultural arrangements, defensive policies might be enforced on the United Kingdom Government which would restore the balance of pay- ments position at the cost of damaging the growth of indus- try's market in the United King- dom.
On the other hand, there are the dynamic effects resulting from membership of a much larger and faster growing market. This would open up to our industrial produc- ers substantial opportunities rot increasing export sales, while at the same time exposing them more fully to the competition of European industries. No way has been found of quantifying these dynamic effects but, if British industry responded vigorously to these stimuli, they would be con- siderable and highly advanta- geous.
The acceleration in the rate of growth of industrial exports could then outpace any increase in the rate of growth of imports, with corresponding benefits to the bal- ance of payments. Moreover, with such a response, the growth of industrial productivity would be accelerated as a result of in- creased competition and the ad-
ours is now relatively small com- pared with the Community and the United States. We might find ourselves in the position of seeing arrangements governing interna- tional trade negotiated in the main by others--in particular the European Economic Commu- nity and the United States. On the other hand, as a member of an enlarged Community. we should share in the bargaining strength of the biggest trading block in the world and have an important voice in determining how that strength was used.
So far. the effects of member- ship on British industry have been considered as a whole. But the future of the so-called high tech- nology industries-in the rest of western Europe just as much as in the United Kingdom-depends decisively on whether or not it proves possible to create an en- larged Community.
Growing sectors
Approaching one half of manu- facturing output of the United States and western Europe is in industries which relv heavily on advanced technologies-such as engineering, electrical and elec- tronics, chemicals. These have been and still are fast growing sectors in most developed coun- tries. Their growth depends on a number of factors-marketing and rate of innovation for example- besides research and development (R and D) which nevertheless play a most important role. In an enlarged Community there would be the opportunity, because of the larger market, for European firms. British and Continental, to grow to the point where adequate R and D expenditure became profitable and practicable in fields where today it is not.
This does not of course mean that technological cooperation in Europe as it exists is impossible. In the defence field there have been some successes and the recent agreement on the gas cen- trifuge is an indication of what can be achieved on civil projects. But such cooperation can only be fully productive within an en- larged economic union, for the goal is not cooperation for its own sake. but the opportunity over a period to build European enterprises on a continental scale and thus for Europe to hold its own in future industrial develop- ment with the United States and the Soviet Union.
The benefits of membership of an enlarged Community will by no means go only to large com- panies in Europe. The opportuni- ties for successful specialization by the small entrepreneur should be greater in a larger and more competitive market. Within the United Kingdom, for example, it is necessary for the Government to weigh the advantages of the economies of scale and concentra- tion of resources offered by a prospective merger against the possible dangers of a monopoly or near monopolv situation which might result. Within an enlarged Community, the position with regard to monopolies would be different. What would be a monopoly situation within the United Kingdom would not neces- sarily remain one when the United Kingdom formed part of a larger market to which French and German coripanies would have duty-free acces ..
The probable effccts on indus- try and trade of entry into the F.E.C. may be rulmmarized as follows. On the one hand, there are the impact effects. The in- crease in wage-levels following the risc in food prices would tend to reduce the competitiveness of
vantages derived from speciali- Zation and larger scale produc- tion. This faster rate of growth of productivity would, in turn. accelerate the rate of growth of national production and real income.
Finally, it must be remembered that the comparison which has to be attempted is between our position as members of an en- larged Community and our posi- tion if we remained outside it in the mid-1970s. During that period the preferences which we at pre- sent enjoy might well have been further eroded and our general trading interests prejudiced by de- velopments over which we should not have been able-as non-mem- bers-to exercise so much influ- ence.
Under the Treaty of Rome and the two existing directives on capital movements, member states must authorize both inward and outward transfers from and to other member states at the offi- cial rate of exchange (or at rates showing no ""marked and persist- ent differences ') for direct invest- ment, quoted portfolio investment, real estate and a number of transactions of a personal charac- ter.
Restrictions at present operated through exchange control in re- spect of United Kingdom invest- ment in E.E.C. countries safe- guard the balance of payments.
The method used to assess the effects of United Kingdom mem- bership of the E.E.C. on inward and outward capital movements has been to take account of the possible pattern of capital flows in the mid-seventies on the assumptions that the United King- dom was to remain outside the E.E.C.. and was to maintain its present exchange control rules (which would depend in practice on the development of the bal- ance of pa)ments situation) and then to consider how that pattern might change if the United King- dom were a member of the E.E.C., at the end of a transi- tional period.
Total United Kingdom outward direct investment has been rising,
their peak. Essentially the impact effects are those which. arise in given underlying conditions of supply and demand. i.e.. those prevailing at the time of entry. from the reactions of producers, traders and consumers to the tariff changes and the conse- quences of higher food prices for wage levels.
The dynamic effects consist in changes in the underlying condi- tions of supply and demand aris- ing from the opportunities for rationalization, large-scale invest- ment. and more rapid technologi- cal improvements in producing for a wvider and faster growing market, and from the pressure for greater efficiency and reduction of unit costs to meet competition within that market. There is very little information on vhich to base estimates of the effect of these changes which will clearly affect the whole of the economy.
The best. estimate we can makle of the impact effects is that our visible trade balance in goods other than food might be ad- versely affected to the extent of £125-4275m. a year. Even this estimate has inevitably to be based on considerable over-sim- plification and on assumptions open to legitimate questioning; and the impact would build up graduaUy over the years of a transitional period in whicn the dyntamic industrial and trade ad- vantages of membership would also be at work.
As Community regulations now stand, membership of the Com- munity would not require any changes in Government regula- tions or policies affecting invisible trade. It is reasonable to expect an expansion of our invisible earnings as a result of member- ship but it is not possible to estimate the extent of the in- crease.
The total effect of the estimates of the costs of entry in respect of agriculture, Community finance. trade and industry. capital move- ments and invisibles, cannot be assessed by adding together the extremes of the respective ranges given. The result-an overall bal- ance of payments cost ranging from about £100m. to about £1.100m.-not onlv makes no allowance for the dynamic effects but is far too wide to afford any basis for judgment; and is Posi- tively misleading in that it is inconceivable that all the elements in the calculation will work in the same direction, shether favoura- ble or unfavourable.
The cost-ignoring the dynamic benefits-is likely to lie well within the extremes of this range: wvhat the area of greater probabil- ity is depends upon qualitative judgment in which the following main factors must be taken into account First, at the upper end of the range, the largest compo- nent is the figure of our theoreti- cal maximum contribution to the Community budget, and that figure of £670m. substantially overstates this, if only because no account could b^ taken of the bearing on the United Kingdom of the arrangements agreed in principle in December. 1969. by the Six for themselves.
Secondly, and this affects both ends of the range, it has not been found possible to make an esft- mate of the dynamic effects of entry either on industry or on trade because this depends essen- tially on the vigour of British industry in exploiting the oppor- tunities undoubtedly offered by joining the Community and in its response to greater competition.
Nevertheless, after allowing for all qualifications, it is clear that any assessment of the economic effects of membership of an en- larged Community must include a substantial and continuing balance of payments cost. notably that arising from the common agricul- tural Policy and its financing, which must be set against the substantial economic benefits ex- pected from the dynamic effects of membership as well as the expected increase in invisible earnings.
The general conclusion in the report of the Confederation of Britisb Industry is that certainly the unquantifiable benefits of membership should in the long run exceed the balance of pay- ments cost The balance of pay- ments cost, however, is only half the story: the other half is how it is to be met. It can only be met out of the national resources (g.n.p.) and will involve adjust- ment of claims on those resources other than claims pertaining to the balance of payments. These are, in effect, the claims of domestic consumption and investment, and a reduction in investment would sooner or later involve a reduc- tion in the growth of g.n.p. The adjustments would fall to be made as the balance of payments costs took effect over a transitional period and during this period the g.n.p. should'itself be growiing
The question is, therefore. wbether the additional balance of payments cost expressed as an adjustment of domestic claims on the g.n.p. would be too large in relation to the rate of growth of g.n.p. In the past decade the trend rate of growth of g.n.p. has been about 3 per cent a year. though there are reasons for thinking that membership of a wider market would increase that rate of growth.
The estimates set out earlier in this White Paper of the balance of payments cost of membership would involve. at most, an addi- tional claim on the annual rate of growth over a period of a few years of considerably less than I per cent of our g.n.p. The gn.p. of the United KindoGm will cer- tainly be much greater than it is today, some £39.000 miDlion a year. when we have to meet the full cost of membership. Even a marginal transfer of resources from domestic to overseas claims on gn.p. is however by no means painless, and it exercises a deter- rent effect on the rate of growvth. The crucial question is therefore whether our g.n.p., after taking account of the transfer problem, can be expected to grow more quickly over a transitional period and beyond if wve are members of the Community than if we are not. If it can. and if the addi- tional growth is greater than the cost of membership. then there would be net economic advantage to us in incurring that cost
This is clearly not a question to which any calculations could give a precise mathematical answer. The answer depends on many incalculable factors, but particu-
larly on the outcome of negotia- tions and on the dynamic effect, i.e., the response of British indus- try to the stimulus of competition and to the opportuniities of a larger integrated market.
ft would need only a. slightly greater increase-considerably less than one per cent annually over a period of a few years-to offset any probable cost of entry and leave us with a net gain. All that can now be said is that there seems to be a reasonable likelihood cf such a net gain provided that the- cost is not unduly high; what the cost will be can be ascertained only in the course of negotiation. 1t will then be for Parliament to decide. In the words of the statement published in the White Paper of Mlay 2. 1967 (Cmnd. 3269): ' On the economic arguments eacb hon. Member will make his own judgment of the effect on exports and imports. on industrial productivity and investment Equally, every hon. Member must make his own judgment of the economic consequences of not going into the Community and, in an age of wider economic group- ings, of seeking to achieve and maintain viability outside.""
This paper has been concerned with the economic consequences of membership of the E.E.C. when Parliament debated the Govern- ment's decision to apply in 1967. it was recognized that the eco- nomic balance was a fine one and that in the short term there would be some economic disadvantages. It was recognized too that the long-term economic advantages, and even more the political ad- vantages of British membership of the European Communities could be decisive. On this basis Parlia- ment approved, bv an overwhelm- ing majority, her Majesty's Govern- ment's decision to negotiate for membership.
It is not possible to calculate the full economic consequences of not entering the European Com- munities, in terms of being both excluded from and in competition with an increasingly integrated
European economy, on our door- step, and several times the size and probably faster growing than our own. Nor has this White- Paper attempted to set out the. political case for membership.'
This White Paper has attempted to bring up to date tli. assessment nmade in 1967 of the benefits and costs of membersiip of the E.E.C in the light of developments since that time. In addition to the developments in Communitv eco-. nomic policy recorded earlier in this paper, the economy of the United Kingdom is stronger, the Six are now unanimously in favour of our entry. and the political arguments for closer unity between Britain and the other countries of western Europe have' also become stronger. The major uncertain factor still is the balance of economic advantage particularly in the short run, where the assessments in this paper indicate a wide range of possible consequences of member- ship, depending on the develop- ment of the Communities' p6li- cies over the next few years and. upon the outcome of negotiations to determine the terms upon which Britain might join the Communities.
This White Paper demonstrates the need for negotiations to deter- mine the conditions on which the opportunity for entry could be. seized. Failure to reacb agreement in these negotiations would not necessarily condemn Britain or the -European Communities to Political or economic sterility. But Europe would have lost another* historic opportunity to develop its full economic potentialities in the interests of the welfare and secur- ity of its citizens; in that case the world would have lost a contribu- tion to its peace and prosperity that neither Britain nor the coun- tries of the European Communi- ti . can make separately.
Britain and the Euiropean Coin-
munnities an economic assessment.
is ptublisihed as Coinmnand Paper 4289 by Her Miajesty's Stationery Office, price 4s.";"February 11, 1970";"";57791;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Entry may send cost of living index up by five per cent";""
"";"['News']";"The
EDEN Memoirs -v
Before beginning his chapters on the Middle East crises which he faced as Foreign Secre- tary, Sir Anthony Eden pauses to tell of his first interest in the region while at Oxford. He then describes the efforts to secure agreement with
Persia.
M Y interest in the Middle East
was in part the result of my 1\4 early introduction to foreign
langtiages and literature. During my younger years, from about the age of four, I spent much of my childhood abroad. My father believed that we should learn foreign languages early in life. Thus began sojourns on the continent of Europe, chiefly in France and Germany, which lasted spasmodi- ca11y for several years. I learnt French and German and spoke French for a while more easily than my own language. The German I neglected when I had to learn Greek to get into Eton. I pre- ferred Greek to Latin, but abandoned both for the first world war.
The fighting over. I was tempted to stay in the army. The multiplicity of generals in my regiment was. however, a discouragement; my own brigadier being the thirty-ninth in succession. I would have been content in the army if I could always have had work like a brigade-major's, or the command of a company. Obviously that could not be. Also, after four years of soldiering, I felt a need for education of another kind.
Enjoying Oxford
Among civil callings. the Foreign Office was favourite. On the advice of a friend of my sister, Sir George Clerk. later our Ambassador in Paris. I decided to read Oriental languages. I next considered which to choose. A Durham neighbour, General Surtees. had spent part of a distinguished military career in Turkey. I used to drive over to his beautiful home at Mainsforth and began to learn the language with him. It was soon evident that to know Turkish it was useful to know some Persian and some Arabic. Persian is the Italian of the East and appealed to me most. Oxford Schools then required two languages so I decided to make Persian my main language and Arabic my secondary one.
I went up to Oxford at the age of twenty-two. I enjoyed my years at Christ Church. the metamorphosis from a brigadebmajor to an undergraduate
appeared alarming, but it was all made easy. The inteUectual douche was refreshing.
The university meant other pleasures too. Limited travel was possible on my gratuity, and a few weeks after leaving the army my brother and I were in Venice. At the Biennale that year a memorial exhibition of Cezanne's paint- ings was being held. My father had inducted me at an early age into the marvels of the Impressionists and if I did not understand, at least I felt the beauty of Manet and Degas. But this was something different. showing me a new vision. It seemed a revelation, which may seem strange to those who now see a natural succession from the Impressionists to Czanne. The last meant much more to me at that time.
English Usage
Up at Oxford some friends and I founded a small art society which we called The Uffizi, one of the many mush- room growths that Oxford digests so easily. We invited lecturers to talk to us according to our tastes. I wanted someone to speak or read a paper to us about Cezanne and I decided to approach Mr. George Moore. He was a life-long friend of my father, to whom he had dedicated his Modern Painting.
My embassage was fascinating but unsuccessful. George Moore talked to me of his pictures and told me how they represented the period he loved. He had not, he felt, enough sympathy to write of Cdzanne. He showed proper surprise at my choice of reading at Oxford. ""Persian, most interesting. I have found it so difficult to learn English. In all my life only one man has known English really well, George Meredith. Poor George, and what a use he made of it.""
Our Schools were hard work. The set books gave too much time to the antique; they have been wisely modernized since. We had to read Darius' inscriptions at Behistun and understand the cuneiform in which they are cut. A Zoroastrian religious work came next in date, an intriguing but formidable book to master, before embarking on the Shdhndtme, Persia's epic book of kings, written before the language underwent its Arabic infusion. For glorious reward
"" We were out of Iran, we had lost Abadan."" A view from the air looking over the refinery.
there followed the odes of Hafiz; for penance Akhllk-i-JalaIli, a medieval philosophic treatise of brain-twisting intricacy. HAfiz has never been satis- factorily translated. though many have tried, including FitzGerald, who was successful with a secondary poet, Omar Khayyami. Miss Gertrude Bell has fared the best. but the greatest poets are really untranslatable.
[A supplementary agreentent between the Persian Government and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, increasing Persia's shlare of the oil revenues, was signed in July, 1949, but never ratified by Persia. On March 7. 1951, the Persian Prime Minister General Razmara, was assassinated, and a week later the Majlis passed a Bill nationalizing the oil industry. Dr. Moussadek, the apostle of nationalization, became Prime Minister.
Moussadek-Sir Antlhony Eden uses the spelling Musaddiq-rejected the Company's demand for arbi- tration. Both the Company and the British Government then filed
Secretary of State]. Fortunately, the occasion was at hand in the shape of a meeting of the United Nations Assembly in Paris.
[Mr. Eden arrived in Paris on November 4. He explained to Mr. Acheson the principles governing Britain's minimum demands in the oil dispute. These were: (I) fair compen- sation; (2) security for paymnent of compensationz. Since payment could only be made through the medium of oil this must mean getting the Persian oil industry on its feet again; (3) Persia should not receive better terms than other concessionary Govern- ments which had respected their con- tracts; (4) no discrimination against the employment of British nationals.] We had five discussions on Iran, lasting many hours, during my ten days in Paris. Their outcome was a good example of how allies should work over
suits before the International Court of Justice, and in Sep- teinber the British Government catled on the Security Council to intervene in the dispute. On. October 19, the Council, before which Moussadek had appeared in person, decided to adjourn its debates pend. ing a pronouncement by the Inter- national Court.
Meanwhile Persian oil had ceased to flow to the world's markets. The Abadan refinery was shut down and the A.l.O.C.'s British staff had been withdrawn.
Events in Persia had their repercus- sions in other parts of the Middle East. On his way home from the United States Moussadek called at Cairo, where, against a background of anti-British riots, he signed a joint declaration with the Egyptian Prime Minister, Nahas Pasha: "" A united
"" ' Old Mossy,' with his pyjamas and iron bedstead, became a familiarfigure."" The Prime Minister receives Dr. Grady, American
Ambassador in Persia until Mr. Loy Henderson's appointment.
Iran and Egypt will together demolish British imperialism.""]
This was the lowering prospect I contemplated on the day I took over at the Foreign Office [October 27, 1951]. We were out of Iran; we had lost Abadan; our authority throughout the Middle East had been violently shaken; the outbreaks in Egypt foreshadowed further upheavals. I had to consider how this situation was to be met. I was sure that we mnust first deal with the source of our recent trouble. the oil problem.
In Britain, though there was indigna- tion at the loss of Abadan, there was not at any time any strong feeling against Iran. This was in part due to the success with which the oil industry closed the gap in production caused by the loss of Abadan oil. The British people did not suffer directly and had difficulty in taking Musaddiq seriously. He was the first real, bit of meat to come the way ot the cartoonists since the war. "" Old Mossy,"" with his pyjamas and iron bedstead, became a familiar figure.
Policy of Despair
Our interest was not confined to oil. We had a real concern in the country's prosperity. If Musaddiq's policy were to prevail, the oil industry would be ruined and with it any possibility of material progress in Iran. A backward and corrupt agricultural state would move deeper into poverty, with calcul- able consequences. On the other hand, if a settlement were to be reached, it must be based on certain fixed principles. Just to come to terms at any price with Musaddiq, lest worse befall and he be replaced by communism, would be a policy of despair. I could not accept thic Jor did I believe that the only choice in Iran lay between Musaddiq and communism.
This opinion would have to be firmly explained to the United States Govern- ment,-with whom I proposed to seek common ground on which we could stand. 1 was concerned by the extent to which Musaddiq was being aided in the oil dispute by a United States policy of ""neutrality."" The Government of Iran argued publicly that the United States were supporting them. If this current were allowed to swell, it would sweep aLl away.
1 decided to. arrange an early dis- cussion with Mr. Acheson [American
differences. Mr. Acheson was accom- panied by Mr. Harriman and other advisers and sometimes also by Mr. Walter Gifford, the United States Ambassador in London. Sir Pierson Dixon was with me. [Mr. Harriman, as personal representative of President Truman, had undertaken a mediating mission to Teheran in July and August. Sir Pierson Dixon was Deputy Under- Secretary of State at the Foreign Office.]
We began with sharply differing views on the future of Iran. Musaddiq was still in the United States when our discussions opened, and the American Government were anxious to complete an agreement with him if this were possible.. They thought that they had reduced his terms. The question which seemed to them now to arise was whether they
should do their best to support Musad- diq, financially and otherwise, in order to keep a stable Government in Iran, or whether they must sit back and watch the country go to pieces. It seemed to the United States a reckless policy to allow the situation to deteriorate, as they considered it would if Musaddiq were left without any help.
Our reading of the situation was dif- ferent. I did not accept the argument that the only alternative to Musaddiq was communist rule. I thought that if
officiaL He never allowed himself to be played off against us by Musaddiq. We admired his industty without which the agreement of 1954 could not have been reached.
[In spite of a joint personal inter- vention by Mr. Churchill and President Truman, offering help in getting Persian oil back to world markets, the situation steadily dete- riorated through 1952. In October Persia broke off diplomatic relations with Britain.
Butler mainly to discuss economic matters. The visit had lasted nine days. during which I had a number of conver- sations with President Eisenhower and Mr. Dulles. Once again I found the American Government eager for a further effort at negotiation with Iran. The following is the text of the personal message which I sent to the Prime Minister about this part of our discussions:
""At my conversation with the President, Mr. Dulles was present for
Musaddiq fell, his place might well be taken by a more reasonable Govern- ment with which it should be possible to conclude a satisfactory agreement. I knew that the country was possessed of an elasticity and resilience which appear- ances did not suggest. Iranians have always been good at coming again.
Assets in Peril
We could not agree to the latest American proposal which appeared to involve excluding British technicians from Iran and handing over a very valu- able British asset. Nor could we accept the principle of confiscation without compensation. In my view, no agree- ment would be better than a bad one.
The United States Government had another anxiety, that we should not be able to prevent the production and sale of the oil in Iran without our agreement. Despite the present lack of facilities, Musaddiq might eventually be able to sell a considerable quantity. I did not believe that this would happen because the oil zwould be stolen and we had a Hague Court decision behind us to pre- vett it being sold.
In order to clarify our differences in the technical as well as in the political spheres, I suggested that I should arrange for such discussions to be held in Paris at once. This was welcomed by Mr. Acheson.
Britain Objects
On the evening of November 7th our two advisers arrived from London. bringing with them instructions which had the approval of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. They were in accord- ance with the views I had expressed before leaving London. We explained our objections to the United States pro- posals and, after some discussion of these, we were asked what alternative solution we would think practicable and acceptable. I then put forward our pro- posal for American participation. The Americans were properly reluctant to appear in the r6le of securing commer- cial interests for themselves. Mr. Harri- man thought, however, that if this proposal had been made the previous summer, it might have influenced Iranian thinking and have led to a more satis- factory situation. So did 1, though I did not say so.
In my own examination of this ques- tion, I noted how much we had suffered from the failure of our two countries to agree. I told the American nego- tiators that throughout this business Musaddiq had played off the United States against the United Kingdom. This must be stopped. I believed that the participation of American interests was the only way.
These meetings showed a useful im- provement in work together, at least to the extent of understanding our differ- ences. The final discussions in this series took place on November 14th. We both admitted our divergent points of view about the future of Iran. In other respects we were drawing closer. We decided that it might be wiser not to issue any immediate British statement. We agreed that we would pursue, with the United States, the idea of an arrange- ment through the International Bank.
Straight Talking
The N.A.T.O. meeting in Lisbon in February [1952] provided the opportu- nity for another useful talk with Mr. Acheson. Our policies were now more closely aligned. In a reply to a request for financial aid, the Iranian Government had been told that they would receive no help from the United States unless and until they reached agreement with us.
This was straight talking. Clearly it imposed upon us an obligation not to refuse any reasonable offer. I was able to assure Mr. Acheson that we had co inten- tion of doing so, but no offer of any kind had come our way from the Iranians. Anglo-American relations further improved as a result of the appointment of Mr. Loy Henderson, an experienced career diplomat, as United States Ambas- sador in Tehran. Henderson was an able
At the beginning of 19S3 Dr. Mous- sadek came into conflict with the Majlis and the Shah, who at one finte threatened to leave the country. There was rioting in Teheran, and Dr. Moussadek's position was only pre- served by the steadiness of the Army and the srupport of the Commnunists.] In the intervals between these alarums we continued our attempts to bring about an oil settlement. In January we were at work in London, with American representatives, on joint proposals. I telegraphed to Mr. Churchill, who was resting in Jamaica:
""After protracted negotiations. we have reached what we regard as satis- factory arrangements with the Ameri- cans about the proposals to be put to Musaddiq. They have been endorsed by the Cabinet and the company and they contain no disagreeable departures from our previous plan. If accepted, they should give us a satisfactory outcome both financially and politically to this long and troublesome business. Ameri- cans propose to put them to Musaddiq to-morrow. No one can tell, of course, what he will do. I will keep you posted.
Do hope you are not in fog as we are.""
Package Proposals
These package proposals were handed to the Iranian Prime Minister on January 15th. They contained three elements, impartial arbitration on claims and counter-claims, the opening of com- mercial negotiations and United States financial aid to Iran.
[On Januiary 20 1953, Mr. Trutman handed over to Mr. Eisenhower. who had ivon the presidential election the previous November. Mr. Drulles was the new Secretary of State.]
We were now dealing with a Republi. can United States Administration. Naturally enough, they were eager to take a new initiative. On the other hand, I was not prepared to depart fromn the principles of our January proposals so painfully elaborated. While doing what we could to meet the United States on presentation and tactics, we had to hold fast on essentials. The State Department was worried by the possible economic consequences of a failure to reach agreement with Iran. They feared that these would be even more danger- ous than the repercussions of a bad agreement.
Balance of Risks
I did not share this view, and in a telegram to our Ambassador in Washington [Sir Roger Makins] I said:
""Even if Iranian oil were to appear in world markets on an increasing scale, it is stilU our strong view, and that of A.I.O.C., that this is a risk that must be faced, rather than make a bad agree- ment which would unsettle other pro- ducing countries and certainly have serious repercussions on British and American companies' invest- ments over wide areas of the world. The State Department are making much of this balance of risks which is essentially one for the oil industry to weigh. There is no evidence that the United States companies have been consulted. You should, therefore, give the State Department the above assessment which we have made after most careful consideration and, unless you see objection, suggest that the views of United States companies be sought.-
On March 20th, after twisting and spinning for several days, the [Persian] Prime Minister eventually announced his refusal to accept the proposals for an oil settlement handed to him by the United States Ambassador a month before.
[The February 20 proposals surggested that compensation, which had become the main stumblinig-block in the dispute, shoruld be settled by the International Court on the basis of any British nationalization law, and that Persia should receive imtnnediate economic help from the United States while the effort was made to fit her oil into the world market once again.] By then (March] I was back from the United States where I had been with Mr.
WHEN COLONEL NASSER
CAME TO DINNER
"" Before our talks began we were photographed together. As the flashlights went off, he seized my hand
and held it.""
The evacuation from Abadan of British employees of the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. A Persian Navy launch taking passengers to the cruiser Mauritius in which they travelled to Basra before
flying home.
part of the time and the Ambassador throughout. The President began with an affectionate reference to yourself and then plunged at once into a discussion on the Middle East. He was extremely worried about the position in Iran. He said that as a result of Henderson's intervention in favour of the Shah, his position with Musaddiq had been much weakened and that there was a definite possibility that he might be given his passports. He seemed to feel that a rupture of relations between the United States and Iran would be intolerable and must be prevented at any price. He thought that in any case it might be necessary to recall Henderson and send another United States representative who was less compromised. He himself made the point that it would be undesirable to make any settlement with Persia which would undermine the agreements with other oil-producing countries, but while rec*nizing this, he seemed ready to bring pressure to bear on American oil companies and to go to conTderable lengths to keep Musaddiq in power, since he regarded him as the only hope for the West in Iran.
Eyes on Russia
Mr. Dulles said that he'was certain that Musaddiq would turn down the latest Anglo-American offer and the President remarked that, in this event, he would like to send to Persia a man in whom the Persians had confidence, with authority to make the best arrangement he could to get the oil flowing again. He had in mind Mr. Alton Jones, who was his personal friend and had his unreserved confidence. [Mr. Alton Jones, President of the Cities Services Oil Company, visited Persia in 1952 at the invitation of Dr. Moussadek.] He said the American people would never be brought to understand the need to make sacrifices in the Middle East and that the consequences of an extension of Russian control of Iran, which he regarded as a distinct possibility, would either involve the loss of the Middile East oil supplies or the threat of another world war.
"" I suggested that Russian control of Iran, if it was ever achieved, would not necessarily involve the control of other Middle Eastern oil supplies, and that they could not benefit from Iranian oil resources but only deny them to the West where they were not needed any longer. The President said that his experts had told him that a pipeline could be built from Abadan to the Caucasus in a matter of a couple of years. I several times emphasized the effect on other countries of a bad agree- ment with Iran. While the President accepted this, he seemed obsessed by the fear of a communist Iran. Musaddiq has evidently again scared the Americans.""
Stolen Property
We canvassed a number of possibili- ties. Dulles reasonably accepted that, if our proposals of February 20th were re- jected, we should let the whole question of the oil issue be suspended. The United States would then wish to take minor measures to keep Musaddiq
himself to Russia, to which I replied that his policy was rather to play off the great powers one against the other.
In the end I was satisfied that we were nearer agreement. The situation in Iran was certainly gloomy, but I thought we should be better occupied looking for alternatives to Musaddiq rather than trying to buy him off. In our last talks we were agreed about this and also that we should both stand on the February 20th proposals.
A Waiting Game
I telegraphed to the Prime Minister: ""The difficulty of this situation remains that the Americans are perpetually eager to do something. The President repeated this several times. I reminded him that in response to American pres- sure we had modified our terms over and over again for an Iranian settle- ment. For my part I had many times felt in the last two years that if we could just stay put for a while the chances of settlement would be improved.""
After my operation in April I could take little part in these affairs, though I heard of Musaddiq's weakening authority.
[On April 12,1953, Mr. Eden under- went the first of three serious opera- tions, which kept him away from the Foreign Office for six months.
Meanwhile Dr. Moussadek, after again falling foul of the Court, the Majlis, and the Army, was on August 13 replaced as Prime Minister by General Zahedi. A week later he was under arrest.]
The news of Musaddiq's fall from power reached me during my conva- lescence, when my wife and I, with my son, were cruising the Mediterranean between Greek islands. I slept happily that night.
Fresh Concern
Early in September, reports reached the Foreign Office that the State Depart- ment had been holding meetings with the American oil companies. At these, it was alleged, the State Department pressed for the formation of an all- American company to buy out the Anglo-Iranian. This idea was not to the liking of the American oil companies. The Foreign Office rightly expressed its concern that the State Department should apparently be discussing with these companies plans which were so different from the joint proposals we had agreed.
I returned to work after my long absence and took charge of the Foreign Office on October 5th. Lord Salisbury had conducted our affairs admirably for six months. After a talk with him and with the Minister of State, Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, who had just returned from U.N.O., I decided that my most imme- diate task in the Middle East was to restore diplomatic relations with Iran. Mr. Loy Henderson had been loyal in his representation of our interests. I was sure, however, that he would agree that it was urgent to get an oil settlement and that we could only hope to do this if the United Kingdom
Crowds watch the hoisting of a Persian flag over the general office buildings at the
Abadan refinery.
afloat. In our discussion it trans- pired that this might include send- ing to the Abadan refinery American technicians and a small amount of machinery which the Iranians needed. I said at once that I must emphasize in the strongest possible terms the deplor- able effect on Anglo-American relations which the presence of Americans work- ing in stolen British property would cause. As our discussions proceeded this was generally accepted, the more so since it was evident that the maior oil companies were unanimously opposed to any proposal to send tech- nicians. There was, however, the con- tinuing fear that Musaddiq would link
Government were directly represented in Tehran.
[With the help of American and Swiss intermediaries a joint announce- ment was made by the British and Persian Governments on December 5 that they would be resuming diplo- matic relations without delay. Detailed negotiations now began between the oil companies, the British, American, and Persian Governments. .The resulting agreement set up an international consortium to produce and refine Persia's oil, which remained nationalized. Five American com- panies were to hold a 40 per cent. interest, and the A.l.O.C. another
I was therefore delighted to hear at the end of 1954 that Nuri es-Said, the Prime Minister of Iraq, was working on a plan to strengthen the Arab League pact, by the inclusion of Turkey and with the help of the United Kingdom and the United States. He arranged meet- ings with the Turkish Prime Minister, Mr. Menderes, and with Colonel Nasser to discuss this idea. Nasser was strongly opposed, but Turkey was as firm in sup- port. Mr. Menderes visited Baghdad in January, 1955. and before he left, the two Prime Ministers announced their intention of concluding a pact of mutual cooperation, which would be open to other states with interests in tho area.
40 per cent. The A.l.O.C. received compensation for loss of rights and property.]
In the final stages the Shah played a decisive part by preventing the endless delays in ratification which could have killed the agreement. At the end of July, the British Government approved the final proposals, which were indeed a remarkable improvement on what might have been expected three years before, when we were out of Abadan with only an indefinite prospect of ever returning there.
On Friday, December 17th [1954], I wrote this note:
"" It is -a strange thing about -this year that though many people have written about the problems which we have, we hope, solved: Western European Union, Egypt, Indo-China, Iran, Arabia (Buraimi), very few have given much credit to Iran. which was, I believe, the toughest of all.""
Northern Tier
This settlement would mean econo- mic recovery for Iran. There remained the unsolved problem of defence for the Middle East as a whole. If the Anglo- Egyptian Treaty worked in an emerg- ency, this would enable us to defend Egypt and the Canal Zone, but, for a while at least, the vital northern area would be left exposed. It was the policy of Her Majesty's Government to build up an alliance which would be effective to protect this. We had been disappointed by the Egyptian Government's refusal to enter into the plans which the Labour Government had worked out. Some other approach must be found, and the United States Government thought so too.
This agreement was signed on Februtary 24.
I thought that we should give full support to this initiative, even though the Egyptian Government were putting pressure on the Iraqis to withdraw. It was possible that the pact could grow into a N.A.T.O. for the Middle East. There seemed a chance that Pakistan, which had signed a mutual defence agreement with Turkey in April, 1954, would join, as might also Iran and Jordan.
There was another reason why we should support, and maybe join, the pact. The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 would expire in 1957 and we had to take account -of nationalist feeting, even
in the most friendly countries. It was important to get rid of any taint of patron and pupil. An attempt by the Labour Government to negotiate a new treaty had ended in riots and disappoint- ment. I was sure that the defence arrangements between ourselves and Iraq, which advantaged us both, would be better placed in a wider agreement between equals.
I explained my views to my colleagues and told them that the Iraqi Govern- ment had expressed the hope that we would accede to the pact as soon as possible. I asked for their consent to open negotiations for this purpose and they agreed, understanding that the whole Middle -East, includihg''.the-
Royalist supporters ride on a commandeered bus during demonstra-
tions in Teheran after Dr. Moussadek's fall from poiwer.
Persian Gulf. required to be defended on the frontiers of Iraq and that this could only be done in cooperation with local forces. It was true that by acced- ing to the pact we would undertake obligations to cooperate with Turkey and Iraq for their security and defence, but we had such obligations already, under N.A.T.O. and under the Anglo- Iraqi Treaty. I believed that we should be much better placed to fulfil them as part of an agreement in which Turkey and Iraq were helping each other, rather than by separate engagements with each.
Discussions concerning the pact figured in conversations I held in Cairo and in Baghdad on my way to and from the S.E.A.T.O. con- ference in Bangkok. I spent a night in Cairo on the outward journey, when Colonel Nasser came to dinner at our Embassy and we had some discussion in which Sir Ralph Stevenson, our Ambassador. and Field-Marshal Sir John Harding, the C.l.G.S., took part. Sir John gave an excellent strategic appraisal with which Nasser entirely agreed. Nasser declared that his interest and sympathy were with the Wcst, but he argued that the Turco-Iraqi pact, by its bad timing and unfortunate content, had seriously set back the development of effective collaboration with the West by the Arab States.
Familiar Plea
I was familiar with this plea; it is n3ever the right time for some. We used every argument we could to persuade Nasser at least to restrain his criticisms and, if the agreement were reasonable in terms, to cease his opposition. 1 do not think, however, that we made much impression. Colonel Nasser, who impressed me as a fine man physically, was friendly throughout our talks. He referred repeatedly to the great improve- ment in Anglo-Egyptian relations, to the importance which his Government attached to this improvement and to his hopes for its continuance in the future.
Nasser was not, however, open to conviction. on the Turco-Iraqi enter- prise. I- commented on - this in my
report to London at the time, adding: ""No doubt jealousy plays a part in this and a frustrated desire to lead the Arab world."" Before our talks began we were photographed together. As the flashlights went off, he seized my hand and held it.
[Onz his retzurn journey from Bangkok Sir Anthony Eden spent two days in Delhi, and arrived in Baghedad on March 4.]
Feisal's Flowers
On the last lap of the journey home I stopped for an evening in Baghdad. I found from a talk with the Prime Minister that plans for a new defence agreement between us, together with our adherence to the Baghdad Pact, had made good progress. My wife and I dined with King Feisal that night, when the Crown Prince and the Prime Minister were also present. It was a friendly evening and afterwards we had some discussion of a tentative draft of the new agreement which the Prime Minister had produced. I saw that we were only separated by points of detail.
At dinner that evening there were some cornflowers on the table. I knew that the King had enjoyed his years at Harrow and I asked him if they were a reminder of these. Smilingly he gave me one and asked me if I would carry it home to another old Harrovian, Sir Winston Churchill. I duly discharged my responsibility.
To-morrow.-Egypt: The Army revolution of 1952: Negotiations over the Sudan and a British base.
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"";"['News']";"The
EDEN Memoirs
-Ix
Although European prob- lems have been looring large in 1955, the Mfddle East is very much on Sir Anthony Eden's mnind. StWl seeking a closer accord with the United States, he visits Washington for talks early in 1956. Later, in London, he gives Mr. Khrushchev and Mr. Bulganin a warning of Britain's determination to defend her oil interests.
TOR some time I had been trying to 1 arrange a visit to the United States Fin the early summer of 1956.
Harvard University having offered me a degree, I looked forward to accept- ing this honour. However, it soon emerged that, with other inescapable plans for the summer, including the overriding claims of the Commonwealth Conference at the end of June, there was no hope of carrying out my inten- tion. In correspondence with our Ambassador at Washington, Sir Roger Makins, I had reconciled myself to the postponement of the visit.
Then came bad news. The four-power meeting of the Foreign Secretaries at Geneva, which lasted for three weeks in October and November 1955, brought us no pleasant surprises. The Soviet attitude, which the Foreign Secretary [Mr. Macmillan] had reported as fairly flexible at the beginning of the conference, became rigid after the return of Mr. Molotov, who had been to Moscow for consultation. It is not easy even now to assess the reasons for this. They may have been in part internal. In the war, when I was try- ing to explain to Stalin the uncertainties of electoral majorities in the Western democracies, he listened in silence and then commented, ""We have a public opinion, too, but it expresses itself differently. I have seen three revo- lutions in my lifetime."" Or the reason may have been unrest in some of the satellite countries, encouraged by the apparent greater freedom of policy in Moscow. It was not possible to cele- brate the death of Stalin and of his policies, without hungry sheep in these lands looking up and hoping to be fed. They could hardly be expected to under- stand that for them this was all words.
Whatever the reasons for this rigidity, it was there and it would have been of no use to attempt further meetings, at least until we saw what was to be the outcome of the Soviet leaders' visit to this country, supposing that they made it. I thought a lot about this visit and how we could best turn it to good pur- pose. It seemed to me that the Soviet attitude was well described by the able
I
United States Ambassador in Moscow, Mr. Bohlen, as "" peace at no price."" This meant that while the Soviet Union were quite prepared to see some relaxation of tension, at any rate in Europe, they had no intention of making any conces- sions concerning the unity of Germany or her relations with the West. The Foreign Secretaries' conference showed clearly that this was true. The question was whether they had other thoughts in their minds.
The Soviet Union had now secured, and so had we, a situation of a certain equilibrium in the Far East, so that there the dangers were less than they had been six months before. rThe Geneva conference in July, 1955, had taken place against the background of a possible war over Quemoy and the Matsus.]
Much the same could be said of Europe. Here there was no expectation of any heightening of tension and nothing immediately to be gained from it for the Soviets.
Guildhall Speech
The same was not true of the Middle East. There were indications that Soviet thoughts were turning in that direction. They were not likely to put out any hostages to fortune or run any uncalculated risks. The Berlin airlift had taught that lesson. But if they saw the opportunity of advancing without danger, they would not hesitate to take it. I thought that a useful purpose for our meeting with the Soviet Ministers would be to make plain to them that we would have to take forceful action against any interference with our vital interests in the Middle East.
Meanwhile, I turned my mind to the possibility of taking some new initiative in Middle Eastern affairs. I discussed this with the Foreign Secre- tary and he with our American allies. It seemed to us that there was scope for a joint move of the kind we had made when the Trieste situation had been so taut. On September 27th, Nasser announced in a speech that Egypt had concluded an agreement with Czecho- slovakia for the supply of arms. This injected a new element of danger into a situation already delicate. Nasser was vague in public about the details, but our information, subsequently con- firmed, was that the arrangement pro- vided for the dispatch to Cairo in con- siderable quantities of MIG fighters,
""Soviet arms continued tojlow into Egypt."" Cairo crowds surround
a tank on show in June, 1956.
Ilyushin jet bombers, Joseph Stalin Mark III tanks, Czech T.34 tanks and | other heavy equipment. In the follow-
ing February the Egyptian Government released photographs of some of these Soviet supplied armaments arrayed on the frontbers of israel.
It seemed to me in the autumn of 1955, when deliveries from the Soviet bloc began, that unless some positive action were taken. the situation must grow steadily more dangerous. There were risks in any initiative. There had been at Trieste, but the method of Trieste seemed to be the only. one by which
negotiations might be set going again. At present it was deadlock everywhere, and that must mean growing dangers everywhere. [On October 8, 1953, the British and American Governments announced that they were going to withdraw their troops from Trieste. In spite of initial resentment in Italy and Yugoslavia, this shock treatment led to secret talks and an eventual settlement.]
In my annual speech at the Guildhall on November 9th, I attempted to break out of the ring. I said that we had tried for a long time past to find commoR ground for some kind of settlement 'I thought the time had come when the acute dangers of the situation forced us to try again. I suggested that if some arrangement could be reached between Israel and her Arab neighbours about their boundaries, the United States and Britain, and perhaps other powers also, would be prepared to give a formal guarantee to both sides. I said that an attempt should be made to bridge the gap between existing positions. In this way, confidence and security might at last be restored in this part of the Middle East. I addcd that Her Majesty's Gov- ernment, and myself personally, were available to render any service in this cause.
Stalemate
Some probing questions in Parliament followed, but I had been deliberately in- explicit in my remarks, wishing to open up discussions if I could. Careful and prolonged negotiation would obviously be required. Though the response from public opinion at home was steady and reasonable, I now. think that once Russian arms had begun to flow into Egypt in such formidable quantities, it was unwise to raise the issue of frontiers. At any rate, the attempt failed, despite helpful supporting words from the United States.
On November 16th, the Foreign Secre- taries' meeting at Geneva ended in a stalemate. Most papers in the United States agreed about the "" flat failure of the Foreign Secretaries' conference."" I wrote on the telegram which reported this: "" I should go to the United States at the end of January. Private Secte- tary please speak."" I telegraphed to our Ambassador accordingly and he thought my proposal well-timed. After a friendly response from Washington, and with an improvement in the President's health, arrangements for the Meeting went ahead.
Soviet arms continued to flow into Egypt frotn Czechoslovakia, and Moscow was showing an increasing determination to intrude into Middle Eastern affairs. This was traditional Soviet policy making itself felt at a time of growing Soviet confidence. The consequences could t:2 very grave.
Planes for Israel
There was first the effect upon Israel, which must become increasingly uneasy as supplies of arms were delivered to Egypt. It was natural enough that we should wish to avoid an arms race between the Arab states and Israel, and think its consequences dangerous. This could not comfort Israel much, if, as a result, she was placed at an increasing disadvantage with Egypt. The situation might, to some extent, be mended by re- affirming the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 in which Britain. France, and the United States had undertaken to pre- vent violations of the armistice lines between Israel and the Arabs. I con- sidered that if this were to serve its purpose, the signatories must also make the necessary preparations to give it effect, showing the world that they were doing so. otherwise they were not likely to be believed. We had to try for this.
Meanwhile, both France and Canada were discussing the dispatch of fighter aircraft for Israel's defence. I did not consider that this could be discouraged in view of the fast bombers reaching Egypt from Russia. A month later we
the answers from all of them, they cannot give you a clear reply. It really works quite well."" I wondered to myself whether Mr. Hopkins' analysis of our alleged practices might not fit that of his own country in relation to Congress just then.
The second matter concerned our relations with Saudi Arabia. Here we went over fatniliar ground. The United States argued that we should first attempt direct negotiations with Saudi Arabia, whatever might follow subse- quently. I had no objection to trying this once again, but I could not feel sanguine about the result, unless the United States Government put consider- able -pressure upon the Saudis. At this time, I pointed out, Saudi money was being used not only against us but against Iraq. President Chamoun of the Lebanon had given a warning against the evil influence of the Saudi money all over the Middle East. Saud was also attacking the Baghdad Pact,
One glimpse of American thinking we found highly disturbing. The President told us that we had to take account of world opinion. People in general, he maintaitied, were very ignorant about Muscat and Buraimi, and tended to think that the whole Arabian peninsula belonged, or ought to belong, to King Saud. Naturally we contested this, which took no account of the con- tinuous expansion of Saudi claims ever since 1935. It also ignored the Yemen and Muscat, the independent sheikh- doms in the Persian Gulf, and ourselves in Aden. It certainly showed the dangers of over-simplification.
Buraimi
During the Suez crisis, I learnt that the United States Government had regarded our action, during the autumn of 1955, in furthering the reoccupauon of Buraimi by the Sultan of Muscat and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi as an act of aggression. This opinion was expressed to two of our closest friends and allies, Australia and the Netherlands, but not to us. There was no warrant for any such charge. When our Dutch friends asked Mr. Dulles who had ever suggested that there was any aggression by the United King- dom at Buraimi, Mr. Dulles replied, ""Public opinion in Saudi Arabia."" He left himself open to the Dutch rejoinder that there was no such thing.
Buraimi had not in modern history formed part of Saudi territory, although Wahabi raiders occasionally swooped upon it from the Nejd in the first half of the last century. Neither on the map nor by any evidence had Buraimi been Saudi for at least a hundred years, until that country's forces recently bribed their way in. It was perhaps arguable whether the Sultan or the Sheikh had suzerainty. All these two rulers had done was to reoccupy their own territory.
However, there is no doubt that this topic was a more troublesome one under
agreed to deliver six Meteors to Israel. and the French followed this with the delivery in May of some new Myst6res, which had the height and speed to deal with the Russian bombers already sup- plied to Egypt. These supplies had Amencan agreement.
There were also the larger problems af the area. We had to make yet another effort to resolve our admitted differences. The policies being pursued by King Saud were the most pernicious of these. He was making continuous attempts to undermine his neighbours on the Persian Gulf and in Oman. Wide- spread and lavish bribery was directed against the British position in the Middle East. As a result, an absolute monarch of a medieval State was play- ing the Soviet game. The fact that he was doing so with money paid him by American oil comnpanies did not ease the situation.
A Firm Stabilizer
The Baghdad Pact was proving a firm stabilizer. It would have been helpful if the United States had shown more friendliness towards it and I thought it urgent that we should review all this in Washington. The visit of Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev to India and Burma [December, 1955] had not helped us. Western leadership had been put on the defensive by the anti-colonial manifesto they had flourished there. It was necessary that we and the United States should draw closer together on this prickly topic and find words to express a common philosophy. As I telegraphed, to Washington ahead of our arrival: "" I am not suggesting any- thing as grandiloquent as the Atlantic Charter, but something which shows that, both materially and in true values, the West has its own message to give.""
[Sir Anthony Eden and Mr. Selwyn Lloyd, who succeeded Mr. Macmillan as Foreign Secretary in December, arrived in Washington on January 30, 1956.]
In the afternoon of the first day, we began with Middle Eastern topics. Of the general course of our discus- sions I telegraphed that evening to Mr. Butler, who was presiding over the Cabinet in my absence: "" Work generally plods on, with no more than expected difficulties."" These expected difficulties were two-fold. First, we were anxious to put -teeth into the Tripartite Declaration of 1950. By this we meant that we should not only declare our determination to prevent violations of the Arab-Israeli frontier and consult together how to do so on the military level, but actually be seen to be making preparatory moves to enable us to act. Nothing less, I was convinced, would give any real confidence.
The Americans, though sympathetic in general terms, laid stress on their constitutional difficulties. which, they
the surface than I had realized during my connection with it at the Foreign Office and as Prime Minister. In Wash- ington at the time we felt that we had made some progress. The Americans appeared to accept our view that further efforts should be made with the Saudis to induce them to divert their excessive oil revenues to more profitable pur- poses. They told us that they would consider what could be done to promote investment in roads, hospitals, and other activities more beneficial to the Saudi people and to ourselves than bribery. This was on the lines sponsored by Britain in Iraq and Kuwait for Years past.
Anglo-American policies towards Egypt. on the other hand, were at this time closely in accord. I sent a message to London after our first session: "" We agreed that the future of our policy in the Middle East denended to a consider- able extent on Nasser. If he showed himself willing to co-operate with us, we should reoiprocate. The Americans thought that the present talks about the Aswan Dam with Mr. Black [President of the World Bank] mnight indicate his state of mind. If his attitude on this and other matters was that he would
Iran and Pakistan. They strengthened Russian and Egyptian will to destroy the pact and overthrow the Govern- ments which supported it. The irony of the business is that in March, 1959, the United States made separate defence agreements with Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey which, for Iran at least, was more difficult of acceptance than mem- bership of the Baghdad Pact had been.
On the second day the greater part of my time was spent in talks with the President alone, free from the formalitv which attaches to anv conference. Despite our admitted differences, I felt that our discussions had brought us closer together. The unanimous impres- sion of our delegation was that the Presi- dent himself seemed remarkably well and contributed fully to our deliberations.
We also spent some time in conference on the Declaration of Washington. The President had taken considerable pains over this. We tried to put its thought into a formn which would be useful in other lands than our own. I telegraphed to London explaining this, adding about the conference: ""We are emphasizing that there is solid agreement between the two countries over tho major part
The Baghdad Pact was signed between Turkey and Iraq on February 24, 1955. Britain acceded in April,
Pakistan in September and Persia in November. Iraq withdrew from the pact in March, 1959.
said, prevented them from giving com- mitments to use force without Con- gressional approval. They could not even concentrate forces as a precaution. We were only able to speak of ""in- creased dangers"" in the Middle East and of our readiness to discuss how we might deal with them. We could not declare with France that we were pre- pared to act and demonstrate the truth of this by joint movements of our forces.
One evening at the Tehran Conference in 1943, when in a restricted circle of the leaders of the three countries, Harry Hopkins [President koosevelt's Special Assistant] teased Mr. Churchill and myself about British constiWtional practices. "" We have a little more experience of the British than you have, Marshal Stalin,"" Mr. Hopkins remarked. ""Would you like to know how the constitution works ? "" "" I would,"" said Stalin. "" It depends,"" said Mr. Hopkins, "" rather on the result that they want to get. If the British want to agree quickly, they manage it all right. If, however, they are not so sure, or they want a delay, they will tell you they have to consult the Dominions and that until they have
The pipeline leaving the oil tank-
at Kirkuk. It runs across the deser..
to ports in Syria and Lebanon.
not coperate, we would both have tc reconsider our policy towards him."" We were both concerned at the violent attack which Nasser had just made on Nuri es-Said, the Prime Minister of Iraq. Nor could we overlook his vicious cam- paign against General Glubb and the loyalty of the Arab Legion. [General Glubb was dismissed from his post as Commander of the Arab Legion or March 2, 1956.]
Holding Aloof
As for the Baghdad Pact, while thz Americans would not join it, they were prepared to give it ""moral support."" They also discussed with us a number of practical methods for helping individual members of the pact. These included the delivery to Iraq of tanks for their armoured division, for which they had been asking for a while, and the support of Pakistan against the demands which Afghanistan was making against her, as I thought, unreasonably. I felt that we had a responsibility in this because Pakistan was the inheritor of the Indian Empire's frontier in the area.
In recent years the United States has sometimes failed to put its weight behind its friends, in the hope of being popular with their foes. The practical conse- quences of this uncertain diplomacy are illustrated by United States treatment of the Baghdad Pact. Having played a leading part to inspire the project, the United States Government held back while Britain joined it, alone of the Western powers. Worse still, they tried to take credit for this attitude in capitals like Cairo, which were hostile to the pact. By a series of hesitant steps they drew nearer the pact, sending an observer and spending money, but still not joining it. An ounce of member- ship would have been worth all the havering and saved a ton of trouble later on.
A strong power, rich in resources, once it determines its goal, has a fair chance to reach it, if it holds to its pur- pose. A devious course is disastrous. It is a borrower and lender in diplomacy and loses both itself and friend.
Nobody credited the involved pretexts produced by the United States Govern- ment for not joining the Baghdad Pact; they were members, when they wanted to be, in N.A.T.O. and S.E.A.T.O. The repeated hesitations perplexed and harassed our friends in Turkey and Iraq.
MR. KHRUSHCHEV TALKS OF ""THREAT""
DURING LONDON VISIT
of the field. We have had the courage to admit our differences where they exist.""
Europe was one of the most important areas of agreement. We were at one in our approach to the German problem. The United States Government were prepared to give fulU support to our claim that Germanii
should continue to make a contributioh towards the cost of British forces in that country.
We were not so completely in agree- ment in our attitude towards two new schemes for economic integration in Europe, the proposals resulting from the Messina Conference [June, 1955] which foreshadowed a common market, and the project for a European atomic energy authority. The United States Govern- ment entertained for these proposals the same enthusiasm as they had shown towards the il-fated European Defence Community. The Canadian Govern- ment, on the ather hand, were much more alive to the risk that these associa- tions could lead to a high tariff group in Europe.
The China List
We recorded the divergence of view, noted on several previous occasions, about the admission of the Peking Gov- ernment to the United Nations. These same sentiments dominated American policy towards the China List. [A ban on the export of strategic goods to China was imposed in consequence of the Korean War.] Account had to be taken, we were told, of the psychological effect which any weakening of the United States position might have in reducing the confidence of other countries in the stability of the United States policy. On the other hand, the Americans agreed that it was not in the interests of the free world to deprive nations such as Japan and Indonesia of the means of earning their own livelihood.
Our concern was not so much for our- selves, as for some of our colonies and other members of the Commonwealth. Ceylon, at that time one of the most steadfastly anti-Communist countries, had acted in defiance of the United Nations and made sustantial shipments of rubber to China. We felt that a start must be made at once in revising the list of forbidden items. We finally agreed that the controls "" should continue and should be reviewed now and periodically as to their scope in the light of changing conditions, so that they may best serve the interests of the free world."" "" Now "" was the operative word. The President, in particular, was understanding and was prepared to give weight to. our arguments. Even so, it was many months before any results were seen, and in the end we had to take a decision on our own account to prevent Malaya's position being made intolerable.
Enjoyable Visit
On personal grounds I had enjoyed the visit and the opportunity it had given me to meet many friends again, both outside the Administration and in it. Probably I over-valued the political results, as one is apt to do at a time of contact with close allies. Both sides are ready to stretch their true meaning. Even if the outcome of the talks had been more meagre, it was necessary to hold them. The Soviet leaders were to visit. us in the spring and it was right, as well as important for our negotiating position, that the President and I should meet in advance of that event.
[The visit to Britain of Mr. Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev, arranged at the previous year's summit conference, began on April 18.
An Israel weapon carrier after striking an Egyptian mine during a
border patrol near the Gaza strip.
1956. An agreed agenda for the talks included the Middle East situation, as well as Europe, the Far East, disarmament and Anglo-Soviet relations.]
Official talks took place in Downing Street and made a considerable call upon the endurance of our visitors. WVe con- sidered topics concerning all parts of the world and our conversations went to the root of the matter. They were the longest international discussions between two powers in which I have ever taken part. As the Soviet representatives came into the Cabinet room at Downing Street to take their places opposite us at the third or fourth of our meetings, Mr. Khrushchev remarked, ""See how well trained we are, we file in like horses into their stalls.""
It was about colonial affairs that argument was the toughest and. at times. the roughest. The Russians though, that we had in mind their speeches in India and Burma and maintained that a question of principle was at stake. They would criticize any country which followed a policy of colonialism. We retorted hat we were proud of what we had done and were doing in the Commonwealth and Empire to bring their peoples towards self-government. It was a continuous process; Malaya, the Gold Coast and Nigeria were present examples. We said that we had nothing to hide, but if our friendship was to
replied that I would hardly find sym- pathy with the Soviet Government if I said I was prepared to start a war. They. for their part, would only resort to war if an attack were made on them or on the Warsaw Pact countries.
Later in the talks Mr. Khrushchev reverted to this topic and to my state- ment, as he put it, that I was prepared to fight a war in that part of the world. He said that it was close to the Soviet frontiers. If my statement was intended. as a threat they must reject it. I repeated that what I had said was that we could not live without oil and that we had no intention of being strangled to death. We were not threatening anybody. Later events showed that the Russians heeded t: is warning and understood our position pretty well. When troubles came, their opening moves were prudent.
As to the Middle East arms limi- tation, the Russians maintained, with some justice, that the problem did not concern our two countries alone, nor did they wish to take any initiative in the matter themselves, though they were ready to hear any proposals others might have to make. We both under- stood that the Middle East was the area where our differences of policy were most likely to become acute. These dis- cussions did something to put that danger at a further remove.
We did not shirk the topics on which we disagreed. For instance, the Soviet
Mr. Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev, accompanied by Mr. Malik, the Soviet Ambassador, leaving Westminster Abbey during their visit
to Britain.
grow, it must have a basis of understand- ing. The Russians conceded that the British must be given their due, but held tight to their principle. After mucb debate, I felt that even on this subject. where all communists show the most stubbornly closed minds, we had at least paraded what were to our guests new arguments and they had listened to themo.
Throughout their history the appeal Of the warm-water port has always been strong for the Russians. Istanbul, though frequently coveted, could never meet this need. It only admits to the Meiter- ranean, another enclosed sea, both ends of which were at one time controlled by Britain. The attraction of the Persian Gulf to the Russians has always lain as much in the outlet it would give to the wider oceans as in the oil itself. perhaps more. The leaders of the Revo- lution have emphasized the importance of making their gains in the East. They understood that in Europe they would come up against a civilization strongly based upon respect for individual man. There would be weaker barriers, if they turned towards the East. As Zinoviev declared in 1925, ""The road to world revolution lies through the East, rather than through the West.""
When we discussed the Middle East in London, I told the Russians that the uninterrupted supply of oil was literally vital to our economy. They showed an understanding of our interest and appeared to be willing to meet it. I said I thought I must be absolutely bluint about the oil, because we would fight for it. Mr. Khrushchev
representatives made their outspoken criticisms of the Baghdad Pact. I was left with the conviction that, if we could make it plain and public that no further military bases would be established, by ourselves or by the United States, in the countries of the Middle East which were members of the pact, it could bring quite an important measure of reassurance. RI properly defined, such an arrange- ment need not interfere with the dcfen- sive purposes of the pact.
Not a Menace
It was in our interest to give priority to economic activities under the Baghdad Pact. Russian inrfiltration was more to be feared than Russian invasion. To meet this, increasing pros- perity in the area was the most effective weapon, though inevitablv taking time to forge. The more emphasis we could put on it, the more hope theic was that gradually the Soviets would come to regard the pact for what it was, an expression of mutual help in an area of common interest and not a menace hovering over the oilfields of Baku. A short while before, threats had been uttered by the Soviets at the conse- quences to Europe of building some alternative organization to the European Defence Community. In fact, the Western European Union had come to be endured if not accepted, so in time might the Baghdad Pact.
On disarmament, the Soviet leaders told us. in confidence and in advance, of action they proposed to take later in the reduction of conventional weapons. On the Far East, we both noted with relief that the tension in the Formosa Channel was less acute though not resolved. The Soviets had a warning to give of the danger of allowing the situa- tion to drag on indefinitely
Next, the Russians marshalled their objections to strategic controls upon trade. They maintained that these had not, in fact, done serious injury to the Soviet Union. On the contrary, they said, they had compelled them to manu- facture or build for themselves where they would otherwise have been content to import. For example, after the export of tankers by Denmark had been for- bidden, Russia had built her own tankers and she was now exporting them. This did not prevent the Soviet leaders from expressing their resentment at the controls. We had to explain that these were not matters for ourselves alone and that there was considerable scope for increased trade outside them.
Hardy Biennial
Some progress was made with the hardy biennial so grimly described as
""cultural exchanges."" We made it plain to our guests that there could not be an improvement in this aspect of Anglo. Soviet relations, if they continued to use for this purpose organizations in our country which were controlled by Com- munists. The Soviet leaders took the point and some improvement followed their return to Moscow.
The subjects on which we failed to agree were more numerous. We recorded bluntly in our official state- ment that we had not reached an under- standing on the means to achieve peace and security in Europe. All the same, I was sure that the Soviet leaders now
bad a clearer understanding of the views and considerations underlying our policies. Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev pressed me to make a return visit to the Soviet Union. I accepted
this invitation, although I could not then fix a definite date.
One incident during their visit made a marked impression on the Soviet leaders. The Labour Party's dinner to them in the House of Commons had ended in a rumpus. Mr. Khrushchev was indignant at what he regarded as the discourteous treatment meted out to him, and next day expressed himself vigorously to those with whom be'spoke
This included the Foreign Secretary and myself. I did not encourage Mr. Khrushchev to elaborate his views to me. I have never attacked the Govern- ment of my own country when abroad,
however sharply I disagreed with their policies. By the same token, when in the Government I was not easer to hear criticism of the Opposition by foreigners.
Able Negotiators
Both these are habits to which politi- cians might with advantage revert. though they do not appear likely to do so. The Americans nowadays observe these restraints better than we. In my own mind, I was pretty sure that one of the factors which had led to such an unhappy meeting was the Labour leaders' underestimation of the know- ledge and ability of their Soviet guests. The last thing that men of Mr. Khrushchev's temperament and back- ground can endure is anything in the nature of intellectual patronage.
The truth was that these men had a remarkable fund of knowledge, not only of the Soviet Union's special problems but also of the world's weak points. In our prolonged talks at Number 10, I found Marshal Bulganin and Mr. Khrushchev perfectly capable of upholding their end of the discussion on any subiect. They did this without briefs or detailed guidance from any of their advisers. I have spent my whole life conducting international affairs, and I viewed this performance with respect. It will be tragic for us, and it may be fatal, to underestimate these men and their knowledge.
One of the topics which Mr. Khrushchev and I discussed from time to time was the immense burden imposed upon our countries by the effect of the rapid progress of science on the production of armaments. No sooner is a weapon invented and put into mass production, than it is out- dated by some later invention. I found Khrushchev more alive to this problem than I had expected, in view of the con- trol over finance that a dictatorship exercises.
Exchange of Ideas
After a dinner at Number 10, he told Sir Winston Churchill, who was a guest, how we had all been spending money on increasing the speed of aircraft, but now the whole emphasis had switched to guided missiles and a great deal of the previous effort was wasted. He said that he and Marshal Bulganin had come to Britain in one of their newest cruisers, but already it was practically a museum piece. Probably its future r6le would be to act as a super-yacht for such ceremonial occasions, but he could not visualize surface ships engaging in duels at ranges of hundreds of miles. He added that this must be a matter of regret for Sir Winston as a former head of the Navy, but the march of time was inexorab!e.
I like to exchange ideas with intelli- gent men who can express the mind and thought of foreign countries, whether in
politics or the arts. Now that politcs are over for me, I look forward to the last most of all. As a result of ten days spent together in almost constant con- tact, J felt that I knew these Russians as no volumes of dispatches could have revealed them to me. I found their characters, especially Mr. Khrushchev's, aeeply intriguing. I am sorry that, for civerse reasons, I am unlikely to meet etner of them again.
There is dispute about the place of personal contacts in modern diplomacy. Every prime minister or foreign secre- tary is apt to consider himself better qualified than most to make contacts with leading foreign statesmen. This failing has caused some people to hold firm'y the contrary view, . that there should be no contacts between foreign governments except through diplomatic -hannels. However natural in the leisured eighteenth century, this practice is not sufficient now. Castlereagh was wise to change it. An age that reaches for the moon can hardly refuse to make direct contact with its earthly neigh- bours. Travel is accepted as educative and to have personal contact with foreign statesmen is to travel in the mind. I have found it an advantage to know the man to whom I was addressing a communication through ambassadors. When one has cantered many miles, it is good to take a jump from time to time. Direct international contacts are the fences of diplomatic life.
Policy in Review
[After a weekend of informal talks at Chequers, the Russian visitors left on April 27.]
Back at Number 10, I had to decide what our policy should now be. The present Soviet rulers had as much con- fidence as their predecessors in the ultimate triumph of communism. They were unshakeably determined. The methods they would employ might be different from those of Stalin and they might be harder to meet. Many influ- ences had served to bring about this change, including the power of the nuclear deterrent as a major influence against world war. We had to consider the adjustments needed in our policies to cope with a new situation, for a new situation it undoubtedly was. We were moving from a period of fixed positions to a period of some flexibility. In military terms, Khrushchev had stopped pre- paring for the last war and was modi- fying the plans for the' war that might have been, if no nuclear deterrent had existed. All this set formidable prob- lems for us. We had entered the nuclear field, we were making the hydrogen bomb, yet neither in Europe nor in the Middle East could these entirely replace conventional forces, which were still insufficiently mobile. Our over- burdened economy had somehow to meet these various demands, at a time
- He (Mr. Khrushchev) said that he and Marshal Bulganin had come to Britain in one of their newest cruisers, but already it was practically a museum piece."" The Ordzhonikidze arriving at
Portsmouth.
when everv new weapon cost twice as much as its predecessor.
In a month or two's time, the Com- monwealth Conference of Prime Minis- ters would present an opportunity to examine these consequences. Meanwhile we had to look again at our own plans.
On April 30th I sent a minute to the Foreign Secretary and a number of my colleagues:
""Now that the Russian visit is over, it is necessary to review our policy. There are a number of points to be looked at. Our main weapons of resist- ance to Soviet encroachment have hitherto been military. But do they meet the needs of the present time ? I do not believe that the Russians have any plans at present for military aggres- sion in the West. On the other hand, are we prepared with other weapons to meet the new challenge ? This seems to me to be the major issue of foreign policy. It will not be dealt with merely by Dulles's new thoughts for N.A.T.O., whatever they may be. But it is bound up with a review of our defence policy and it may be better to handle it in that connection. We must discuss this before you leave for N.A.T.O.""
Keeping the Impetus
I further told the Foreign Secretary that we would meet our senior colleagues the next day to discuss this and Anglo-Soviet relations, including trade, the Middle East and disarmament. I considered that these questions were all urgent and that we must not lose the impetus.
At this moment a trade proposal came from the United States Government which could only be regarded as a sharp step backwards. At our meeting in Washington in January, the United States Government had undertaken, at the instance of the President, to examine relaxations of the existing restrictions on trade with China "" now."" In the months that followed we had done everything we could to get some fulfilment of this undertaking. The position was not made any easier by the fact that our agree- ment to such action had been publicly announced in Washington, with the result that Parliament clamoured week by week for some results.
A few days after the Russians had left, the long:awaited Anmerican - reply
arrived. This suggested that, in return for small relaxations in the existing restrictions on trade with China, we should agree to reinstate the prohibition on the export of copper wire to the Soviet Union. There were no strong strategic arguments in favour of this action, nor could we accept that copper wire was of direct military importance. It would be most embarrassing for us to reinstate the prohibition, for our increased exports of copper wire were a principal ingredient of the recent expansion in Anglo-Soviet trade. Politically, we could hardly be expected to agree to the imposition of this further restriction on trade with the Soviet bloc so soon after we had agreed, in the talks with the Soviet leaders, to work for an expansion of trade.
Suggestion Rejected
For all these reasons, my colleagues and I agreed that the American sugges- tion must be rejected. It had first reached me in a message from the Presi- dent. I was disturbed, not only because of the new restriction proposed on Russian trade, but because we were still making no progress to help the industries of Malaya and Hongkong, who depended so much on Far Eastern markets. The existing restrictions were creating very serious difficulties for them. In particular, Malaya must be freed of all conditions governing her trade in rubber.
After consultations with one or two of my colleagues, we agreed that I should reply to the President, warning him of our concern and that the Foreign Secretary should take up these matters with the American Secretary of State at N.A.T.O. within the next few days. Pro- gress in reducing restrictions on China trade continued wretchedly slow, until the seizure of the Suez Canal engulfed this and much else besides.
To-morrow.-The Suez crisis breaks: First talks with France and the United States.
6 The Times Publishing Company
Limited (1960). All rights reserved.
The official documents reproduced in these
extracts are Crown Copyright which i
legally vested in the Controller of Her Maiesty's Stationery Office.";"January 20, 1960";"";54673;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Egypt Gets Soviet Bombers And Tanks";""
"";"['News']";"Mr. Heath
sets out Commonwealth problems in E.E.C. speech
BRUSSELS, Nov. 27
The folloving is the fnll text of the stelrement made to thte Commoan Market Mitisters in Paris on October 10 by Mr Edward Heath, the Lord Privy Seal; wvhich becarne available through private souroes today to Reuters staft corrc- spondent. in Brussels specializing in Commnon Mfarket atjairs.
Alr. Chairman.-i am very happy to be present at this historic meeting under your chairmanship. I would like first to express our warm aratitude to our French hosts for the arrangcments wvhich have been made for this meeting. We deeply aPPre- ciate the welcome which has been Riven by the nmember Governments of the European Economic Community to our application under Article 237 of the TreatY of Rome. NMay we add also that we are glad to see here the distinguished president and other members of the European Com- mission, from whose unique knowledge and experience I am sure wAe shall greatly benefit.
I am deeply conscious of the importance of this occasion and of the work on which we are embarking together. There can be no doubt that the success or failure of these discussions will determine the future shape of Europe. They will affect profQimdly the way of life, the political thought and even the character of each one of our peoples. Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom have asked me to set before you today, in clear and comprehen- sive terms, the view they take of this enter- prise and to emphasize the importance which they attach to its success.
The British Government and the British people have been through a searching debate during the last few years on the subject of their relations with Europe. The result of the debate has been our present application. It was a decision arrived at not on any narrow or short-term ground, but as a result of a thorough assessment over a considerable period of the needs of our own country, of Europe and of the free world as a whole. We recognize it as a great decision, a turning point in our history, and we take it in all seriousness.
In saying that we wish to join the E.E.C. we mean that we desire to become full, wvholehearted and active members of the European Communitv in its widest sense and to go forward with you in the building of the new Europe.
Growtt of Cooperation
Perhaps you will allow me to underline some of the considerations which have determined our course of action. In the first place. ever since the end of the war, we in Britain have had a strong desire to play a full part in the development of European institutions. We, no less than any other European people, were moved by the enthusiasms which gave birth to the Brussels Treaty, the Council of Europe, the O.E.E C., the Western European Union, and* the North Atlantic Treaty. These organizations, based on the general Prin- ciple of cooperation between the sovereign states, played an important role in develop- ing amongst us all the practice of Working togettner
They gave us that knowledge of one another's institutions. practices, and modes of thought which is the necessary founda- tion for common action. Many are the tables round which we have all sat-round which our officials and experts have sat- during the last 15 years, creating bit by bit the habit of international cooperation and joint action on which our present friendships and understandings are based.
Then there carne a point when you decided to move a stride ahead towards a more organized type of unity, and my
country, though understanding this move, did not then feel able to take part in it.
It is true to say, however, that it was never agreeable to us to find that we were no longer running with the stream towards European unity. There were reasons for it and we knew them; but we did not feel comfortable to be outside. Nor, I believe, did you feel entirely comfortable to see us outside. One of otur main purposes today is to discover afresh the inspiration and the stimulus of working together in a new effort of political and economic constrtuction.
The second consideration has been the increasing realization that in a world where Political and economic power is becoming concentrated to such a great extent, a larger European unity has become essential. Faced with the threat which we can all see, Europe must unite or perish. The United King- dom, being part of Europe, must not stand aside. You may say that we have been slow to see the logic of this. But all who are familiar with our history will under- stand that the decision was not an easy one. We had to weigh it long and carefully. In particular, we had to think very deeply about the effect on the Commonwealth of so important a development in United Kingdom policy.
I hope you wilU agree with me that the Commonwealth makes an essential contri- bution to the strength and stability of the world, and that sound economic founda- tions and prospects of development go hand in hand with this. We believe that it is in the interest of all of us around this table that nothing should be done which would be likely, to damage the essential interests of its member countries.
Some people in the United Kingdom have been inclined to wonder whether membership of the Community could in fact be reconciled with membership of the Commonwealth. The task of reconcilia- tion is complex, but we are confident that solutions can be found to Commonwealth problems fully compatible with the sub- stance and the spirit of the Treaty of Rome.
Community's Suiccess
The third fhoctor determining our decision has been the remarkable success of your Community and the strides which you have made towards unity in both political and economic fields. This has been in many ways an object lesson. You have shown what can be done in a com- munity comprising a group of countries with a wiU to work closely together. Our wish is to take part with you in this bold and imaginative adventure; to unite our efforts with yours, and to join in promot- ing, through the E.E.C., the fullest possible measure of European unity.
Against the background I have described you will, I hope, recognize that the United Kingdom has taken a momentous and care- fully weighed decision. We are convinced that our destiny is intimately linked with yours. The decision we have taken reflects this conviction.
Public opinion in my country has moved a long way during the last-few years and more especially duing the last 12 months. I think that opinion in the member countries of the Community has likewise developed. In particular, I have noticed a growing understanding of the importance of the Commonwealth and of the prob- lems which would be created for Common- wealth countries by our entry into the Community. I have no doubt that, as all these issues continue to be debated, they will be understood with increasing clarity.
Our application has been made in a posi- tive spirit. I hope that what I now have to say will amply demonstrate our deter- mination to bring these negotiations to a successful conclusion.
The Treaty of Rome: Her Majesty's Government are ready to subscribe fully to the aims which you have set yourself. In particular, we accept without qualifica- tion the objectives laid down in Articles 2 and 3 of the Treaty of Rome, including the elimination of internal tariffs, a oom- mon customs tariff, a cotnmon commercial policy and a common agricultural policy. We are ready to accept, and to play our full part in, the institutions established under Article 4 and other Articles of the Treaty.
So far as we can judsc at this stage, we see no need for any amendments to the text of the Treaty, except of course in those Articles where adaptations are plainly required consequent on the admission of a new member. We think it should be Possible to deal with our special problems by means of protocols. This would be very much in line with the procedure adopted for dealing with the special prob- lems of the original signatories when the Treaty was drafted.
Ancillary Provisions
In addition to the major problem mentioned in our application, about which I will speak later, there will. of course, be other subjects arising from various Articles of the Treaty which we sbould like to dis. cuss with you. Since the Treaty came into force decisions, recommendations direc- tives, and regulations have been adopted. How far these measures can be applied tc. the United Kingdom, as they stand should, I suggest, be a matter for joint examination. In some cases, this could wait until after our accession to the Treaty. On other, more vital matters either you or we would doubt- less wish to have a measure of mutual understanding before our accession.
The sort of things I have particularly in mind mostly concern what one may call the ancillary provisions of the Treaty. I will give you a few examples. Our system of social security and social benefits is different from the systems in force in your own countries: this raises certain problems which we would like to discuss with you.
Another example is the question of monopolies and restrictive practices: we have legislation which has the same objec- tive as those of the relevant Articles of the Treaty of Rome. but which provides for a procedure different in detail from that which the Treaty envisages,
A third example lies in the field of establishment and services. Although we take pride in the fact that our legislation involves relatively little discrimination against foreign nationals, we may neverthe- less need additional time to bring our law and practice into line with whatever pro- gramme there may be for the Community.
Fourthly, we shall wish to discuss with you how our exchange control practice could be harmonized with ""the first direc- tive"" on capital movements
Tari,ff Solution
None of these matters for joint examina- tion should be the cause of major difficulty. We are anxious that our accession to the Treaty should not tend to slow up the pro- gress towards harmonization. We should be happy. if that were your general wish, to arrange for technical discussions on these matters to take place with your experts simultaneously with the negotiations on the problems of Commonwealth trade and United Kingdom agriculture.
Now I turn to a central feature of the European Economic Cornmunity-the com- mon external tariff. We see no need to ask you for a re-negotiation, item by item, of the existing common external tariff of the Community. We assume that some adjust- ments are a necessary consequence of the admission of a newv member. It seems to us that, if the common external tariff of the enlarged Community is to be broadly acceptable to Gatt and to third countries, it cannot remain precisely at the level of the existing one.
At the same time, we recognize that the negotiation of the present common external
tariff was a long and difficult process. and that you might not wish to begin detailed negotiations all over again. We are, more- over, anxious that the process of adjust- ment should raise the minimum of practical Problems. We think it important, in this and in other fields. to simplify the task before us.
We are therefore ready-and I think this simple solution may be agreeable to all of you-to accept the structure of the present E.E.C. tar.ff as the basis of the common tariff of the enlarged community. In these circumstances we think that the necessary. lowerin$ of tariff levels might be achieved by making a linear cut in the common tariff as it stands today. We would suggest that this might be of the order of 20 per cent, a figure whioh the Community has con- sidered in another context. No doubt both you and we would wish to single out some items for special treatment. I can assure you that our own list will not be long.
We are also ready, once we enter the Community, to make, in a single operation the sanie cuts in tariffs on trade between memMber states as you will have yoursow made by that date. In addition we are pre pared to move our M.F.N. (most favoured nation) tariffs towards the new commior
tariff by a step equivalent to that whicib you have already taken. This would be a consideraWle loap forward; but it is onc which we are ready to mnake in the interests of the Community as a whole.
So far I have spoken entirely about the European Economic Community. But we r'ecognize that the unity of the six goes beyond the E.E.C. I should like now to say something about our attitude towards the European Coal and Steel Community, Euratom, and the Bonn Declaration of JulY 18.
As regards the E.C.S.C. and Euratom we shall be prepared. as I told the House of Commons during the debate of August 3, to enter into negotiations with you, at the eppropriate moment, with a view to join- ing these two communities when we join the E.E.C.
Bonn Declaration
We have followed with close interest your progress towards greater unity in fields other than those covered by the three exist- mg communities. The latest public state- mnent of your position in these matters was the declaration issued by the heads of state and of government at their meeting in Bonn on July 18.
We fully share the aims and objedives, political and otherwise, of those who drew up this declaration, and we shall be anxious, once we are members of the Com- munity. to work with you in a positive spirit to reinforce the unity which you have already achieved. That indeed ani- mates our whole approach. The more that we, the United Kingdom, can contribute to the unifying process of this great Euro- pean Community, the more we shall feel that we are joining the historic enterprise which the genius of the European peoples has launched.
I have heard it suggested that, if we join the Community, it will be our aim to slow down the pace of its development. I beg you to believe that this is not so. The concrete proposals I have put forward in the field of tariffs show that, far from wishing to slow up the progress of the E.E.C., we are determined to take the necessary action in this sphere to enable us to move at the same pace as you your- selves and in step with you.
The Big Problems
I do not imagine that any of us would care to hazard a guems as to the form which the Community may take in 15 or 20 years' time. But I am convinced that we share the same essential interests and that the habit of working closely together which you have learned over the past four years, and in which we should now like to join, will mean not the siowing down of this process but a continued advance and the development of clos-r unity.
I will now turn to tho three major problems posed by the particular circum- stances of the United Kingdom for which we have to seek solutions together. As you all know, these problems are those of Commonwealth trade. of United Kingdom agriculture, and of the arangements which could be made for our partners in -the Euro- pean Pree Trade Association.
I Wish to make it clear that we are not seeking a privileged position for the United Kingdom. We fully recognize that the solutions to be worked out must be com- patible with, and not disruptive of, the Common Market. In drafting the Treaty the original signatories were faced with a large number of special difficulties in entering the Community. In one way or another solutions were found for all of them.
I do not think that the problems for which we would wish to negotiate special arrangements differ in principle from those which you yourselves faced in the earlier negotiations. But they obviously differ in magnitude. We recognize that they wiU only be solved by a joint effort, based on good will and on a mutual understanding of what all of us are trying to achieve. politically as well as economically.
A Shared View
We believe that you share our view of the value of the Commonwealth, not only to the United Kingdom, but also to your- selves and to the whole free world. The Commonwealth is an association of peoples stretching into every continent and com- prising many races. It is a great force in the world for the promotion of ideals and purposes which are widely shared in Europe. Its origins are based in history in the fact that the members of the Commonwealth were a part of the British Empire. and much of its strength lies in the perpetuation of the links that were then formed.
I should be misleading you if I failed to say how deeply the British people feel about this association. That, I am sure, is a sentiment which the members of the Com- munity will fully understand
Commonwealth trade is one of the strong- est elements in maintaining the Common- wealth association. It would be a tragedy if our entry into the Community forced other members of the Commonwealth to change their whole pattern of trade and consequently, perhaps, their political orientation. I do not think that such a development would be in your interest any more than in ours.
Nor, looking at it now from the point of view of a Potential member of the Com- munity, would any of us wish the Com- munity to be met with the hostility which would flow from a large group of countrieb strung across the world if they were to feel that their interests had suffered in our hands
Threat of Ruin
The economies of most Commonwealth countries have been built up on the basis of supply to the British market, which has traditionally imported their produce duty- free and often on preferential terms. Ir, the last few decades the majority of therm have thought to enlarge both the variety of their production and the range of theit markets. But the British market is still or great importance to the economies of mos Commonwealth countries.
I am sure that you will understand that Britain could nfot join the E.E.C. under conditions in which this trade connexion was cut, with grave loss and even ruin for some of the Commonwealth countries. For our remaining dependent territories we have a special and direct responsibility.
The problem of Commonwealth trade has an analogy in the problenis which faced you when you were negotiating the Treaty of Rome. Your Problems con- cerned a considerable number of countries which were in varying constitutional rela- tionships with members of the Community. rhe total volume of trade affected was large. Your problems were dealt with, either in the Treaty, or in its accompanying protocols, without damage to the interests of the countries concerned. and in some cases with considerable advantage to them.
It is a striking fact, and very relevant to the Commonwealth problem, that in no case was a tariff imposed on trade where one had not been in force before the Treaty was signed.
Broadly speaking, it appears to us that two alternative solutions were applied according to the different circunstances. For soene countries-Morocco and Tuni- sia, for example-the problem was solved by maintaining, unImpaired by the Treaty, their right of aecess to the market of the country with which they were associated. For others, who became associated over- seas countries or territories, not only was their right of access to their metropolitan countrY Preserved but they gained a pre- ferential position for their products in the Common Market as a whole.
We recognize that the problem of Commonwealth trade is more extensive in scale and range than these earlier prob- lems. The differences should not be exaggerated. Thirty-six per cent of our imports come from the Commonwealth; but I think I am correct in saying that over 20 per cent of metropolitan France's imports come fromn territories having a special relationship with her.
Be that as it may, the trade is of very great importance to the Commonwealth countries concerned. For example, among the dependent or newly independent countries Mauritius sends 82 per cent of her exports to the United Kingdom, Sierra Leone 70 per cent, and Nigeria 51 per cent.
Territories' Needs
Of the older Commonwealth countries, New Zealand is also heavily dependent on the United Kingdom market, sending 56 per cent of her exports to us. The pro- portions of their exports which Australia, India, and Ceylon send to the United King- dom are of the order of 30 per cent.
On the assumption that there is general recognition of the need to devise satis- factory arrangements to protect the vital interests of Commonwealth countries, and with this background in mind, I think it would be helpful to suggest in more detail how the problem might be split up into its different cotnponents, and how each of these might be treated.
I would like to begin with the less de- veloped members of the Commonwealth and those territories which are still de- pendent. May I start by trying to describe briefly thc nature and needs of these coun- tries and territories? Of the dependent territories some are moving towards inde- pendence and at least one, Tanganyika, will
banimdportnde-nt smembaer of thea Cinpr- ance-to~~~~~~~~~ bealetiomeeintemakt of th restof Euope oequa termswit
monwealtn by the time our negotiations are complered. For others we cannot forc- see, at any rate for some time to come, a constitutional position more advanced than internal self-government.
Of the less developed countries which are already independent members of the Com- monwealth three-Ghana, Nigeria. and Sierra Ltone-are in Africa; four-India, Pakistan, Ceylon, and Malaya-are in Asia; and one, Cyprus, is in Europe.
Apart from Cyprus, Malta, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands, all these countries and territories have tropical or sub-tropical climnates. They nearly all produce tropical products and raw materials, many of which are also produced by the countries and terri- tories at present associated with the Com- munity under Part IV of the Treaty of Rome.
Many of them are seeking to establish secondary industries in order to diversify their economies and reduce their very great dependence upon imports. India, Pakistan, and Hongkong are also exporters of certain manufactured goods; and some others, such as Malta and the West Indies, hope to follow their example, though on a much lesser scale.
All these dountries and territories attach importance to the preferences and duty-free cntry which they enjoy in the United King- dom market. There are a few other special :arrangements which are vital to certain of them. For some territories it is also of importance-in some cases of great import- alice-to be able to compete in the markets of the rest of Europe on equal terms with other exporters of similar products. They would certainly not understand if, as. a
result of becoming a member of the, Com- munity. the United Kingdom were obliged tc discriminate against them in favour of other non-European countries.
Another feature of many of these countries and territories is that their need to encourage industrial development and their unavoidable reliance On indirect taxa- tion for revenue makes it necessary for them to put tariffs on imports of manufac- tured goods.
Terms of Association
In considering the problems which our entry into the Common Market would create for these countries and territories we have studied with great interest the arrangements laid down in Part IV of the Treaty of Rome and in the relation conven- tion for the association with E.E.C. of certain overseas countries and territories with whom members of that CommunitY previously bad special relations. Some Commonwealth countries have expressed the opinion that the present arrangements for association are not appropriate for inde- pendent states. B3ut this view may not apply to the new arrangements when it is known wbat they will be.
In any case we should like to see the less-developed members of the Common- wealth and our dependent territories given the opportunity, if they so wish, to enter into association with the Community on the same terms as those which will in future be available to the present associated over- seas countries and territories. This is some- thing we shall need to discuss and we know that you are already at work on a review of the present arrangements for associa- tion.
Association. may, therefore. be a solution for the problems of many Commonwealth countries and territories. But for others it may not be possible. One way of dealing with the problems of those who are not associated would be to arrange for them to have continued free entry into the United Kingdom market. in the same way as was done for Morocco's trade with France or for Surinam's trade with Benelux, under the relevant protocol to the Rome Treaty. But we recognize that this solution would not be applicable in all cases.
Another method of proceeding would be to consider the problems on a commodity by commodity basis. Perhaps it would be helpful if I were to say something at this point about the main groups of commodi- ties-tropical products, materials, manufac- tures, and temperate foodstuffs.
Difficulties will arise over tropical products if one or more of the less- developed countries or territories of the Commonwealth do not enter into an appropriate form of association with the Community. There does not appear to be any complete solution of such difficulties. But we see two alternative lines ot approach.
The first, which would be appropriate when not only equality of opportunity but also some measure of protection is essential, would be to grant free entry into the U.K. market alone for the Common- wealth country or territory which is not associated, and then to fix the common tariff of the enlarged Community at a level which would safeguard the interests boch of that country and of the countries and territories associated with the Community.
Fixing a Zero
The second line of approach would be to fix a zero, or a very low level. for the common tariff. For a few important com- modities we believe that it would be possible to do this without significant damage to the interests of the countries and territories associated with the Commnunity.
For example. tea is a commodity of great importance to India and Ceylon, and so ;- cocoa to Ghana. A zero comhmon tariff would go a considerable way to meet the trade problem of those countries if the3 were not solved by association,
Materials should not in general give rise to difficulties. if the common tariff on most of them is zero. There are, however, a few on which it is substantial. Five of them-aluminium, wood pulp, newsprint. lead, and zinc-are of great importance to certain Commonwealth countries: on these five materials we would wish to seek a zero tariff.
Manufactures are, with a very few excep- tions, imported duty free into the United Kingdom both from the developed countries in the Commonwealth-Canada, Australia, New Zealatd-and from the less-deveoped Asian countries. Exporting industries in all these countries have been assisted in their development by free entry and the preferential position they have enjoyed in the United Kingdom. They would be seriously affected not only by loss of preferences in our market but also if their position were transformed into one in which the whole of their export trade was affected by reverse preferences in favour of the major industrial countries in Europe.
Nevertheless we recognize that inde- finite and unlimited continuation of free entry over the whole of this field may not be regarded as compatible with the development of the Common Market and we are willing to discuss ways of recon- ciling these two considerations.
I believe that the problem is of manage- able proportion. The trade in question is important to the Commonwealth countries concerned but it is not large in total in comparison with Euroulean trade.
The problem arises in a special form for manufactures from the less-developed countries, the so-called low cost manu- factures. It occurs most acutely in relation to Asian Commonwealth countries and the colony of Hongkong.
There is increasing international recognition that developed countries have a duty to facilitate international trade in this field as much as they can. But what the nature of the solution should be in the context of our joining the E.E.C. must depend on how far it can be dcalt with under arrangements for a Part IV association.
Foodstuffs Position
You will probably agree that it would not be in the general interest that the United Kingdom should erect fresh tariff barriers to cut back such trade.
A major concern of the more fully developed members of the Commonwealth is their trade with us in temperate food- stuffs. Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, in particular, have vital interests in this field for which special arrangements must be made.
I should like to give you some figures to demonstrate how essential to these countries exports of temperate foodstuffs are. New Zealand's total exports in 1959 were valued at £290m. sterling of these L1770.n sterling worth, or about 60 per cent, were temperate foodstuffs. One hu-ndred and thirty million sterling worth out of the total of £170m. sterling came to the United Kingdom. The bulk of these export to us consisted of mutton, lamb. butter, and cheese. Over 90 per cent of total exports of these commodities came to the United Kingdom.
If in the future New Zealand cannot. by one means or another, be assured of oomparable outlets for them, her whole
conomy would be shattered. New Zealand's problem is particularly acute because of her dependence on a relatiVely limited range of exports.
But other Commonwealth commodity problems are the same in kind if not in degree. For example, Australia, even though she exports a much more varied range of products, relies on temrperate food- stuffs for 35 per cent of her exports. The temperate foodstuffs she sends abroad are valued at £250m. sterling: of these flOOm. sterling worth come to the United Kingdom.
I hope that these figures will help to illustrate the problem. But figures alone cannot tell the whole story. We must bear In mind the effect of what we do both on
particu;ar localities and on individual pro- ducers iil Commonwealth countries.
TO many Commonwealth countries the United Kingdom has brought moral and contractual obligations, on the basis of which they have planned the developmnent of their -economies. I will mention only
the Commonwealth sugar agreement, with which you are all familiar as it is recog- nized in the international sugar agrement. It provides an assured basis for sugar pro- duction, which is particularly iznportant in the case of our dependent territories.
The problem, therefore. is to reconcile our obligations to the Commonwealth with a common agricultural policy as it evolves. We belleve that solutions can be found which will prove satisfactory. The Com- missign's proposals emphasize a trade policy in agricultural products should take into account not only internal agricultural con- siderations but also the need to maintain trade with third countries. This is a liberal approach and one with which we fully agree.
I therefore ho.pe that we can reach agree- ment in principle that full regard should be paid to the interests of the Commonwealth producers concerned, and that there should be given in the fucure the opportunity of outlets for their produce comparable to those they now enjoy.
Thc precise form of the special arrange- metnts needed to protect the vital interests of Commonwealth countries in this field will need careful consideration. To a large extent it must depend on the way in which the common agricultural policy is developed.
We want to work jointly with you in examining these problems and their rela- tion to the common agricultural policy. We shall no doubt have to consider a whole range of possibilities, including duty-free. levy-free, or preferential quotas, market sharing agreements. and long-term con- tracts: but we are satisfied that, if. you are prepared to accept the basic principle of comparable outlets which I have put for- ward, then agreement on the detailed arrangements required should be possible.
I now turn to the question of United Kingdom agriculture. Here, kt me say at once, we started from common ground. The agricultural objectives of the Treaty of Rome are in line with the objectives of our own agricultural policy. We, like you. are fully committed to the maintenance of a stable, efficient. and prosperous agricul- ture.
The Treaty of Rome aims at increasing agricultural productivity, a fair standard of living for the agricultural population, stable markets, regular supplies, and reasonable prices and supplies to consumers. These objectives command our wholehearted sup- port. Moreover, we are now prepared to take the major step of participating with you in a common agricultural market.
British Price System
We fully accept that the Common Market must extend to agriculture and trade in agricultural products. This, however, poses big problems for us. Our system of sup- port, except for horticultural produce, relies mainly on Exchequer payments to ensure the maintenance of a satisfactory standard of living for our farmers.
Our tariffs on foodstuffs are low and a large proportion of our supplies, particu- larly those from the Commonwealth, enter our markets free of duty. We make very little use of import restrictions, Broadlv speaking, we buy our food at world free market prices. Our people are therefore accustomed to low prices for food. Their tastes are related to a traditional pattern of food supplies
At the same time our farmers have guaranteed prices for all their principal products. These guarantees are provided by means of Exchequer payment which make up the difference betwden the average price realized by farmers on the m arket and the guaranteed price determined by the Government
In addition, we make direct farming grants designed to encourage improved farming methods and to raise the general efficiency of the industry. The level of the guaranteed prices and of the direct farm- ng grants is settled annually by the Government after consultation with the producers' representatives.
We have legislation which sets definite limits to the amount of the reductions which may be made from one year to the next both in the general level of support and in the guaranteed prices for individual commodities. The United Kingdom Government have pledged themselves to make no change in the statutory limits during the lifetime of the present Parlia- ment, which can continue Uintil October. 1964.
Our farmers are thus assured of reason- able stability of income. Furthermore, the annual review of the guarantees provides the opportunity for a carefbl examination of the economic condition and prospect of the industry. This annual review is a key feature of our system. It enables us to look not only at the prices of individual commodities but at all the main factors affecting the industry's prosperity.
How Review Works
The review is conducted on the basis of statistics which have been discussed fully with the farmers' representatives. We assess the extent of changes in farners' costs since the last review and make assumptions about the gain from increasing efficiency.
In order to discount the effects of parti- cular weather conditions we look at the level of farmers' incomes not only as they have actually developed bat as they would have done under normal weather bondi- tions, We also study the trend of produc- tion of individual commodities. the likely movement of imports, the prospective course of demand, and the way in which market prices can be expected to develop in the coming year.
We take account of all these factors. together with the cost of Exchequwr sue- port. in determining the level of tuaranteed prices and direct farning gtrants. We are also able to take account of the effects of our policy on our trade relations with the Commonwealth and with other overseas suppliers.
The annual review i4 therefore a com- prehensive examination of the agricultural situation and the United Kingdom Govern- ment are able to relate their decisions on the level of the vuarantees to the national economic situation and to the prospects of the farming community.
The Government and the farrs' repre- sentatives do not alwnays agree on the fmeasures to be taken. But the farmers have the assurance that their cae will be fully examined in all its aspects and that the Government's decisions are not taken without due regard to their interests. Thev are protected not only bv the legislation about the fixing of guarantees but also by this institutional machinery which ensures a thorough examination of the effects of government policy on their finacial POsi-
tion.
IThe Government can in fact judge. year by year, whether they are carrying out their obligation to provide the conditions needed to maintain a satisfactory standard of living for the farming community.
Changes to Come
The method of support which charac- terizes our present system is very different from the method to which you are accus- tomed. It has.been developed to meet our particular situation, and it is one in which our farmers have come to place great faith. They value especially the stability it secures, the sound basis it proyides for planning ahead, and the fact that the system of annual reviews ensures that changcs are made gradually and with due regard to their effects on the level of farming incomes.
I need not emphasize the advantage which the consumer enjoys under our system and which in turn -helps the producer, since lower food Prices encourage demand.
* In moving towards your method of sup- port we should have to introduce great changes affecting botb producers and con- sumers. But provided we can see that in future-with the new methods decided upon
-we are able to maintain the stability and living standard9 that we have established for our farmers, I believe that the prob- lems raised by the differences in our present mhetho.js are in nio way insepar-able.
I am sure that the pooling of ideas and experience will have fruitful results: indeed, some featutres of our arrantement
Continued in next pagvg`
Britain's :acceptance- as
( . . - 1. I : I.
meme .. b
"" a point of departure""
tlat the development of the commoh agri- cultural policy will effectively protect'their standard of living.
The United Kingdom Government' are also pledged to ensure for horticulture a measure of support equivalentto that given to the agriculturil industry generally. In the United Kingdom we mainly rely on the tariff as the instrument of support for horti- culture and not, as for-agritultutb tiherally. on 'direct Exchequer subventio.n'.. I ,, ,:*
You will therefore appreciate that the adoption of a cimmon policy for'hbrticul- ture' will face us with some particularly complex Problems. 'The problem of 'the remnoval of our tariffs cn imports from the Community cotntries cannpt be Qfntider4d in isolation from your own existing arrange- ments and from those which may be 'made for these producers in the common agricul- tural policy.
We shall therefore need to devise,: inf con. sultation with you, arrangements for, the different horticultural products which will enable the United Kinidom Governliedlt to continue to' implement their 'pledges* to horticulture,
I believe that together we can work:out the arrangements needed to accommodate all these United Kingdom interests and that this can be done without detriment tbi the development of the common agricultural policy. I trust that our' approach to the examination of our common task willcom- mend itself to you as constructive and as being in accord with both the spirit and the letter of the Treaty.
The Efta countries
I should next like to consider .the posi- tioft of the countries associated with the United Kingdom in the European Free Trade Association. It has long been 'our view that the present division of- western Europe into two economic groups-a divi- sion which in our opinion has political as well as economic dangers-should be brought to an end. We believe' that the' other members of Efta, including the neutral countries, have a significant part to play, and that it would be wrong from the political as well as the economic point Iof view it they were excluded.
In recent months we and our Efta part- ners have 'considered this problem very carefully. As you wvill know fromr the statement issued by the Efta Council on July 31, we concluded, that each member of Efta should examine the possibility 'of entering into a direct relationship with the Community.
The United Kingdom and Denmark'have' already applied for full membership. We were delighted to hear of your decision to open negotiations with the Danish Govern- ment later this month. Some members of Efta consider'that for pblitical reasons they cannot apply for full membership. ' We believe that this should not be allowed to prevent them finding an'appropriate rela- tionship with the Community.
At the Efta Council meeting in London last June we agreed with our Efta partners to maintain the association-and 'here' I quote from the communique-until: satis- factory arrangements have been :worked out . . .to meet the various' legitimate interests of all members of Efta and thus enable them all to. participate from the. same date in an integrated European market.
Her 'Majesty's Government earnestly. trust that, when the other Efta countries' have explained where they stand. it will be possible to agree on ways and means of meeting their legitimate interests., I am' sure you will appreciate that, given our' obligations to our Efta partners, we should' not ourselves be able to join the Community. until this has been-done. -
Case of Finland
There May in the past have been some misunderstanding of our views abbut arrangetnents for the Efta countries. -At the risk of: some repetition I would' like to' make them perfectly clear; We hopes to"" see an enlarged Community, including:our- selves and as many of our Eftausartners'
may prove attractive to you; Our object will be to consider with you how the essential interests of our farmers can be effectively safeguarded within the frame- work of the Treaty of Rome and in conso- nance with the objectives of the common agricultural policy.
, We are encouraged by the recognition which the Treaty itself gives to the import- - ance of ensuring that changes in agricul-
ture are brought about gradually. If the necessary changes in the United Kingdom are to be introduced without harmful effects to our agricultural economy, or indeed to our economy as a whole, the period allowed must be long enough, to give our farmers time to adjust to new con- ditions and to permit increases in food prices to the consumer to take place graduaUy.
We start, as I have said, with a system of support very different from yours, and one that has been developed to meet our particular situation. Perhaps one or two figures will help to bring out the import- ance of our support system in relation to the standard of living of our farmers.
The agricultural indutstry's total receipts amount to about £l,600m. sterling a year. Its net income is about £360m. sterling. The total of Exchequer payments to the industry is to the order of f270m. sterling a year, or three-quarters of the industry's net income.
We shall thus be facing more funda- mental changes in our system' than you have to face and we should be joining the Community some years later. I feel sure that you wiU agree that the transitional arrangements for the United Kingdom should take account of these circumstances and that the conditions under which our agriculture is brought within the common policy should not be more onerous than those which vwere open to you when the Treaty of Rome entered into force.
On this basis the transitional arrange- ments for the United Kingdom could, where necessary, continue for a period of between 12 and 15 years from when we joined. Timing will, of course. differ for different commodities. For some we should cer- tainly hope that a shorter period would be sufficient. In general we should wish to keep pace with you as far as we are able.
We should be moving continuously in the direction of a common policy. How- ever, the changes we shall need to bring about are of such fundamental character that it is impossible for us to judge what their effect will be on the standard of living of our farmers when we have reached the end of the transitional period.
Consequently, we regard it as of the utmost importance that we should con- tinue to be able to use such means as are necessary to safeguard our farmers' standards of living. It may be that this concept would, on examination, commend itself to you for use by the Community as a whole.
Protecting Standards
The maintenance of a stable efficient and prosperous industry is a basic objective' of the United Kingdom Government's long-established policy for agriculture. This objective is entirely consistent with the principles of the Treaty.
The importance of maintaining the standard of living of the agricultural popu- lation is clearly acknowledged in the Treaty. We have much in mind the Treaty provisions which recognize the need to ensure that the Common Market organiza- tion should provide equivalent guarantees regarding the employment and standards of living of the producers concerned.
Indeed, as we understand it, the Treaty envisages a levelling up of standards and not levelling down. Our purpose in our discussions with you will be to gear what has already been achieved for our own farmers into the general aims and frame- work of the Treaty. I would hope that, in harmony with the Treaty provisions, we could establish with you arrangements which will enable us to assure our farmers'
as.may wish to 'become-full members. As to the rema,inder of the Efta countries, we should like to see an association between each of thehi and the eitlarged'Community.'
If satisfactory arrangements could be made on these lines, the wider trading area thus created w6uld''icfi.ude not only the members. o-f the enlarged Community but also the. remainin,. members of. Efta, and. oif course, Greece. Efta . itself . would disappear.
Contrary to what s6me people seem to have thought, therefore, . there is . no question of the United Kingdom seeking to-maintain for itself -a trading relation- ship with its' present partners in Efta in any. way,'diffcrent frorn that which would be 'enijyed by' all other members of the enUarged Community.
,i sho.uld like to ,ay 'a special word about Finland, whose case dbes not present the same prc,blems as that of the members of Efta. Finland, although associated with Efta. is'not of course a full member. Given her difficult political position. it may not be possible for her to establish a formal relatibnotship with the E.E.C. But' I am sure we'shoiald all wich that something should be done, in due course. to enable her to pre- serve her commercial link.s with western Europe.
'There is one other 'European country I should like to mention, namely, the Irish Republic. We have special trad ng arrange- ments with the Irish. deriving from the davs when they were part of the United King- dom. I do not think it ne-cessary to des- cribe these in detail. I will limit myself to saying that we in the United Kingdom were pleased to see that the Republic had applied 'for membership of the Community. If their application succeeds-as we hope
it will-our trading arrangements. with them, will be- subsumed in the wider arrangements of the enlarged Community. and no special problems need arise.
I should like to say a' word now about procedure. I do not, of course, expect you to comment on my statement in any detail at this opening meeting. You will no doubt wish to consider it carefully and to discuss it among. yourselves. I am .therefore arranging for copies to be made available to you in the four offlcial languages of the Community. 1 must. ask to forgive any imperfections in the translations. We have yet to become 'accustomed to multi-lingual working.
Need for speed
It may be that you will wish to have some explanations and clarifications of what I have said. . If so, I am completely at your dispasal fcr the purpose. When the time for our next meeting comes, I hope that we shall be able to discuss the principles on which the regotiations should proceed and give our officials instructions which will enable them to get down to work at once.
All of us here have come a long way In the brief span of time sinxe the end of the Sccond Wortld War. The application which we 'have mdde for membership of the Community, if it raises the difficulties which I have dealt with at some length, presents us all with a great opportunit) for new advances together.
We in the United Kingdom will regard the successful conclusion of these nego- tiations as a point of doparbure, not as the end of 'the road. The present dangers which confront the free world generally, and Europe in particular, are an added
spur to us in seeking a new step forward in European unity.
On the one hand we have a situation in which-owing to the advent of so many new states-the old and experienced voices of Europe fin.d themselves more and more in a minority in world councils. We also have the phenomenon of blocks and group- ings formning amongst these new states for the purpose of furthering their interests and increasing their inIluenee in the world.
On the other hand, nearer bome, we have the direct threat to the security and well-being o.f European . peoples frorm communist expansionism, and in particular the threat to Berlin which weighs so heavily upon us at the present time.
Great European nitions have heard them- selves described as hostages. I can imagine no better way of counteracting the anxieties to which these events give rise in all our ceuntries than by making rapid and visible progress with the task which we are under- taking today. An early success in this would, I think, do more than anything else to restore confidence in the future. It would compel our adversaries to treat us all with new respect, and encourage all who believe in the future of free peoples.
I have done my best to describe the United Kingdom's special problems. Important as they are, their compass is small compared with the vast field in which the problems and the objectives are the same for all of us. I am confident that together we shall find solutions to them.
The United Kingdom delegation will spare no efforts to see that this is done and to bring the great enterprise on which we have embarked to an early and successful conclusion.-Reuter.";"November 28, 1961";"";55250;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Mr. Heath sets out Commonwealth problems in E.E.C. speech";""
"";"['News']";"The Conservative Party's election manifesto, Prosperity with a Purpose, was published yesterday. The preface, which is signed by Sir Alec Douglas- Home, says:-
As Leader of the Conservative and Ulnionist Party, I submit this manifesto to ray fellow countrymen and women.
Its object is to declare the principles for which Conservatives stand and to show how we propose to translate them into action. Part of it is a record of achieve- ment, and that is deliberate. For work well done carries conviction that our policies for the future vwill succeed. Our philo- sophy is to use what is good from the past to create a future which is better.
But these pages are not an introduction to an easy, sheltered life. No country has an inherited right to wealth or influence. Prosperity has to be worked for. The future wiil be assured only if our people recognize the simple economic rules which must be kept by a country dependent on earming its living in a competitive world. This manifesto points the way.
Throughout, you will find a constant theme. It is the creation of a social and economic climate in which men and women can develop their personalities and talents to their country's benefit as well as their own. Conservatives believe that a centralized system of direction oramps the stlie of the British people. Only by trust- ing the individual with freedom and respon- sibility shall we gain the vitality to keep our country greaL
BAL.ANCED POLICY
Such greatness is not measured in termns of prosperity alone. What counts is the purpose to whioh we put prosperity. The Conservative purpose is clear from our record and from our programme. It is to raise the quality of our society and its influence for good in the world. We are using a growth of wealt to expand oppor- tunities for the young, to provide more generously for the old and the sick and the handicapped, to aid developing countries still battling against widespread poverty, and to maintain the strength on which national security and our work for peace depend_
In a world as dangerous as that in which we live it can make no sense whatever for Britain unilatorally to discard her strength. We therefore reject the idea of giving up our nuclear arm. We adopt instead a balanced policy of strength and concilia- tion: strength to be used to stop wars before they start: conciliation to reach areas of agreement with the Soviet Union and the Communist world which will replace tension and potential conflict. The nuclear test ban treaty was one such achievement.
We mean to work for more until the danger of war is elimjinated. The way will be rough but we will persevere. I ask you to conclude that we should retain British power and influence so that they may be used for such high purpose.
In short, I trust that the values for which Conservatives stand and the policies which we intend to follow commend themselves to the imagination and the common sense of the British people.
The text of the manifesto is as fol- lows:-
WORKEING FOR PEACE
Our policy of peace tbrough strength has brought Britain safely through years of tension and danger. 1It contributes to the security of the free world. It provides the realistic basis for better relations beween East and West. It keeps this coun- try in her rightful place at the centre of international affairs.
The Socialists, by contrast, would rele- gate Britain to the sidelines. They are as always deeply divided on international and defence issues-so divided that they dared not even discuss them at their last Party conference lest an open quarrel should break out. Nuclear abdication is the only policy on whioh tihey can unite.
The nuclear test ban treaty of 1963 has been welcomed throughout the world. Both the United States and the Soviet Union have acknowledged how much it owed to the Conservative Government's initiative and Perseverance. But if Labour Party poLicy had been carried out, and our coun- try had rno longer been a nuclear power, there would have been no Britibh role to play. We should have been without influ- ence and without voice. The Conservative Party will not cast away by unilateral action this vital contribution to Britain's diplomacy and defence.
We are ready and anxious not only to stop all tests but to discard further arma- ments-if other nations agree to do the same and give convincing proof that they are doing so step by step with us. That is what we are trying to ach-ieve in ;he general disarmament negotiations. That is wlhat we pledge ourselves to work for.
Following upon the Lest ban treaty, the Russians. Americans and ourselves have this year agreed to limit production of fissile materials for military purposes. In accord w.th our allies, we shaU seek otLher areas of agreement with the Soviet Union-for example, on ilon-dissemination of nuclear weapons and observation posts against sur- prise attack. It would be wrong to raise false hopes, for the Russians are stubborn negotiators and these are difficult matters. But we are determined to maintam the momentum of constructive discussion which has alreadv don! much to bring nearer an end to the cold war.
A Conservative Government will firmly uphold Britain's worldwide interests and obligations. In recent months we have been called upon to defend Malaysia and South Arabia ansd to render assistance in East Africa and Cyprus. These crises have demonstrated the effectiveness of our defence organization and the skill and spirit of our fighting services. We shall continue to ensure that they are equipped to resnond swiftly and successfully to challenge.
Over 90 per cent of our defence effort is devoted to conventional arms. But in the nuclear age no money spent on increasing the size or improving the conventional equipment of our forces could by itself secure the defence of these islands. The only effective defence is the certainty in the mind of any enemy that there is no prize he could ever win by our defeat which could compensate him for the destruction he would suffer in the process. Conservatives do not accept the view that we could never be threatened on our own, or that an enemy will always assume we shall have allies rushing to our side.
Britain must in the ultimate resort have independently controlled nuclear power to deter an aggressor. We possess this power today. Only under a Conservative Govern- ment will we possess it in the future.
We have put into practice the concept of interdependence within the Atlantic alliance by assigning our V-bombers to Nato-but subject to our ripht to deploy them at dis- cretion if supreme national interests are at stake. The Polaris submarines when opera- tional will be assigned in the same way and subject to the same reservation.
WESTERN UNITY AND U.N. We remain convinced that the political and economic problems of the West can best be solved by an Atlantic partnership between America and a united Europe. Only in this way can Europe develop the wealth and power, and play the part in aiding others, to which her resources and history point the way.
Entry into the European Economic Com- munity is not open to us in existing circum- ctances, and no question of fresh negotia- tions can arise at present. We shall work with our Efta partners, through the Council of Europe, and through Western European Union, for the closest possible relations with the six consistent with our Common- wealth ties.
The principles laid down in the Charter of the United Nations are as valid today as when we signed it. We shall use our influence to see that these principles are implemented. Our contribution to the IJ.N.'s economic and social agencies and to its work of conciliation and peace-mak- ing is second only to that of the United States. We shall work for the establish- ment of its present peace-keeping machinery on a more permanent basis.
THE ROLE OF THE COMMONWEALTH
The Prime Ministers' conference this summer reflected the vigour and increased the strength of the modern Commonwealth. In a few weeks' time it will comprise 20 nations-13 of whom will have achieved their independence since the Conservatives took office.
This historic evolution is now reaching its final stages. Of our remaining depen- dencies many are well on the road to sovereignty. A number have multi-racial populations presenting special problems. Others are too small to bear the burdens of sepa.rate statehood. ]n each case we shall work for a fair and practical solution wluich will protect the interests of the peoples concerned.
The organization of government in this country and t.he machinery of Common- wealth cooperation will be brought into line with new conditions.
We propose next year to merge the Colonial Office with the Comrmnonwealth Relations Office, and it and the Boreign Office will be staffed from a single Diplo- matic Service.
We shall give full support to the Com- monwealth Secretariat whose establishl- ment was agreed at the Prime Ministers' conference. We also intend to set uD a Commonwealth Foundation to develop contacts between professional bodies in the Commonwealth, and will give 'nreased assistance to the Commonweaith Parlia- Mentary Association.
TRADE ANiD AID
Today the Commonwealth faces two world challenges. One is political-the opportunity to show by example that peoples of different races can work together in amity arnd confidence. The other is eco- nomic-the need to buiJd up in developing territories more prosperous and hopefui conditions. We shall succeed in the political task onlY if we also succeed in the economic. For it is the gap in living standards between the industrialized and the developing that gives racial conflict its cutting edge.
The prime need of developing countries is for trading opportunities, and here Britain leads the world. No oountry is so liberal in providing them with access to her markets. At the United Nations trade and development conference this year we played a crucial role in securing the adop- tion of recommendations to help them expand, export and earn. Our consistent aim is wider world trade and an improved world monetary system to sustain it
Under the Conservatives since 1951, £1,400m. has been provided in Govern- men.t aid. preponderantaoy to the Common- wealth. Last year it reached the record level of £175m., more than double what it was six years earlier. Private investment has been providing substantial amounts. As the British economy expands, so the level of aid wll] progressavely rise. We shall also support voluntary endeavour, of which the Freedom from Hunger Cam- paign has been a splendid example.
But aid is more than money. Just as vital is the sharing of knowledge and ex- perience. We have multiplied our technical assistance more than sixfold in six years.
We set up the new department of Technical Cooperation in 1961 to give impetus to this work.
More than 50,000 students from develop- ing countries were in full-time courses in Britain last year, whiie some 19,000 British men and women were serving in the developing countries under our Govern- ments auspices. An important feature has been the growing opportunity for young people to find scope for their energy and idealism in voluntary overseas service. Through the initiative of voluntary orga- nizations, and with increasing Govern- ment support, the numbers are rising fast.
At the 1964 Commonwealth education conference we offered a big increase in capital assistance for higher education in the Commonwealth d-uring the coming five years. We shall also vigorously pursue our proposals for a Commonwealth medical conference, and for increasing Common- wealth cooperation in deveiopment pro- jects and in the training of administrators.
In these ways we shall seek both to help the developing countries and to strengthen Commonwealth links..
GROWTH WTHOUT
IN rrATION
In 13 years of Conservative government the living standards of the British people have improved more than in the whole of theurevious half-century.
Jhe working population is up by two million and over 98 per cent are in jobs. Rising incomes and lower taxes have made pomsible a spectacular increase in spend- ing on the essentials, the comforts and what were once regarded as the luxuries of life. At the same time, personal savings have grown from £100m. in 1951 to nearly £2,OOOm. last year-providing funds for the modernization of Britain, security for the individual, and substance to the Conserva- tive concept of a property-owning demo-
We do not claim that these benefits are the gift of the Government. What we do claim is that the Government has created conditions in which individuals by enter- prise and thrift have gained these benefits for themselves and the oountry. These are the conditions we shall maintain.
We shalI give fis,t prto i.y to our policy for econonmic growth, so that Britain's national wealth can expand by a steady 4 per cetnt per year.
We recognize that this involves a hugh level of imports, and we are prepared tc draw on our reserves while our exports. both visible and invisible. achieve a balance with them. By new arrangements with the International Monetary Fund, tne Euro- pean banks and the United States, we have strengthened the defences of sterling against speculative attack which could put a brake on progre4s.
But the long-term problem of the balance gf payments can only be solved by bring- ing our trading economy tO tho highest pitch of competitiveness and modern efficiency.
EXPORTS AND PRICES
We have improved the services provided for export firms, given them the fullest credit insurance facilities in the world, and established the National Export Council to aid their efforts. But basically our capacity to sell abroad deoends on com- petitive pries.
No country has succeeded in keeping postwar prices completely steady, but Britamin recent years has done far better than most. Our aim is an economy in which earnings rise in step with produc- tivity and do not outpace it. An effective and fair incomes policy is crucial to the achievement of sustained growth without inflation. We shall take a further initiative to secure wider acceptance and effective implementation of such a policy. In addi- tion, a downward pressure on prices will be increasingly exerted by Conservative measures to stimulate industrial competi- tion.
We have set up the National Economic Development Council, bringing together Government, management and unions in a cooperative venture to improve our eco- nomic performance. This has been fol- lowed by the establisbment of economic development committees for a number of individual industries.
N.E.D.C. gives reality to the democratic concept of planning by partnership. In contemporary politics the argument is not for or a,gainst planning. AlU human activity involves planning. The question is: how is the planning to be done ? By consent or by compulsion ?
The Labour Party's policy of extended State ownership and centralized control would be economically disastrous and incompatible with the opporlanities and respons&bilities of a free society. Conser- vatives beiiove that a democratic country as mature as ours must be self-disciplined and not State-controlled, law-abiding without being regulation-ridden, coopera- tive but not coerced.
MODERNIZATION AND
COMPETITION
Record progress is being made in mod- ernizing industry. Today capital invest- ment in new factories, construction, plant and equipment is twice as high as when the Socialists left office. Our financial incen- tives for this purpose are now the best in the world, and we shaU see that tax poli- cies continue to stimumate industrial inno- vation.
Britain's total spending on civil scientific research and development has more than tiebled since the mid-1950s. In this effort Government and industry have shared.
We sthall further improve the organiza- tion for promoting civil science by setting up new research councils. An industrial research and development authority will be formed to undertake b3sic and applied work of importance to industry.
Economic efficienoy and increasing leisure have always depended on supplementing humian with mechanical effort, and increas- ingly mechanization must extend to the control systems which link and coordinate the machines. It is an important feature of our policy to encourage the wider spread of automated equipment. The National Researh Development Corporation, with extended powers and finance, will be helped to sponsor the application of such now tchniques in industry.
While recognizing the Government's obligation to assist in these ways, we are convinced that the rapidly changing world of industrial technology is the last place for socialism. It calls for a flexibility, and a response to new ideas and requirements, which a system of free competitive enter- prise is best suited to provide. The Conser- vative Party is utterly opposed to any exten- sion of nationalization, whether outright or piecemeal. We propose to complete the denationalization of steel. Industries in public ownership will continue to be deve- loped as modern businesses.
THE CONSUMER
In private industry and trade we intend to stimulate the forces of competition which make for effioiency and bring down prices. Abolition of resale price maintenance, save
in cases where it can be shown to serve the public interest, will have this effect on retail trade. In the next Parliament our first major Bill will be one to strengthen the Mono- polies Commission, speed up its work. and enlarge the Government's powers to imple- ment its recommendations. It will enable us to deal with any merger or take-over bid likely to lead to harmful monopoly condi- tions.
We shall reform the Companies Act, so as to take account of modern develop- ments and give added protection to investors.
Competition and free choice are the customers' most effective safeguards. We welcome the many signs of growing con- sumer awareness and influence, and have established and will finance the Consumer Council as a spokesman for these interests. We shall follow up our reform of hire
purchase and weights and measures by improving merchandise marks legislation, and by strengthening the Salo of Goodr Act so as to secure greater protection for shoppers in such matters as warranties and guarantees.
The restrictions on shop hours, which are particularly inconvenient for the grow- ing number of women at work, are being reviewed Our aim is to achieve greater flexibility in the present arrangenents, while maintaining necessary safeguards
FULL EMPLOYMENT
We believe that a growing and com- potitive economy must redeploy its resources to meet or anticipate changes in markets, methods and machines. But the interests of those who work in industry must be fully safeguarded in the process. Otherwise responses to change could act as a brake on modernization and rising standards.
The Government is heping industry to plan its manpower requirements ahead so that unnecessary redundancies are avoided. Our new Contracts of Employment Act gives erployees for the fiTst time statu- tory rights to a minamum period of netice. We attach sreat importance to the wider extension of arrangements whereby redun- dant workers are compensated by their emploYers tbrouzh severance Payments.
In the next Parliament we siall reform the unemployment benefit under the national insurance scheme. Men and women with earnings above a minimum level will be able to receive for some months a graduated supplement to their flat-rate benefit. Their total benefit will thus be more closely related to their nor- mal standard of living, and those unable to find a new job right away will be pro- tected against a stharp fall in income. Some workers who fall ill may suffer comparable financial hardship, and a simi.lar change will be made in sickness benefit. Our detailed scheme wiLl be put forward when we have completed our discussions with respresentatives of the interests concerned.
We are at present carrying through in Government training centres a doubling of the facilities for retraining men and women in new skills. In addition, the industrial training boards wvhich are being set up under our new legislation will stitmU- late industries--particularly those that are expanding-to provide greatly improved systems of apprenticeship, training and retraining.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Our programime of resional development will expand employment prospects, make the maximum use of national resources and spread prosperity more evenly throughout the United Kingdom. In this way, the potentialities of each region can be developed to the utmost and at the samne time its characteristics retained.
This programnme combines the provision of better communications, up-to-date social services and improved amenities with generous inducements to build new fac- tories, instal modern equipment and pro- vide fresh jobs where they are most required. Its object is to make each reg:on a more efficient place to work in and a more attractive place to live in. Our studies for this purpose now cover Wales, Scotland and most of England.
In central Scotland and north-east England we are already carrying out pro- grammes without preoedent in conception and scale. Their impact is evident in the renewed activity and growing buoyancy of these areas which are looking, not towards the problems of the past, but to the technological developments of the future. Thus the places which pioneered the first industrial revolution will become full partners in the second.
In south-east England our programme will ensure proper development to meet the needs of the natural growth of popu- lation, New cities and towns and urban expansions will be built to provide work and homes away from the capital. Con- sultations are now being held about the location and size of these developments. which will be carried out without preju- dicing growth elsewhere. We are determined to check the drift to the south and to achieve a sound balance over the whole country.
BRITAIN ON THE
MOVE
A Conservative Government will con- tinue to control immigration from overseas according to the numbers which our crowded country and its industrial regions can absorb. We shall ensure that the work- ing of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, which we passed in 1962 against bitter Labour Party opposition, is fair and effec- tive.
All these measures to protect and expand employment should help reduce industrial disputes. They also highlight the lack of justification in present conditions for many restrictive practices of labour.
The trade unions have a vital responsi- bility to diminish such handicaps to Britain's competitive strength. We shall continue to seek their cooperation in matters of common interest and to work in partnership with them through N.E.D.C.
Recent decisions in the courts have thrown into prominence aspects of the law affecting trade unions and employers' associations. The law has not been reviewed since the beginning of the century, and it will be the subject of an early inquiry.
We shall press ahead with improving and reshaping the transport system to fit the needs of a modern Britain.
The first essential is to make the best possible provision for the increase in private motoring which prosperity brings. Since the 1959 election we have carried out a £600m. programme of new road building. During the next five years £L1,250m. will be devoted to this purpose.
On oun present plans the first thousand miles of Britain's motorway system will be completed in 1973. In addition we shall improve hundreds of miles of trunk roads. A modern system of road signs will be installed, and we slhall concentrate on measures to increase safety.
We are putting particular emphasis on reducing traffic congestion in towns. In the longer term, we shall appdy the prin- ciples of the Buchanan report to compre- hensive campaigns of town replanning. As an immediate step, expenditure on urban roads will be trebled. In London big improvements in traffic flov have resulted from overall management by the Traffic Management Unit; we shall arrange with the other major conurbations for the same methods to be applied by them.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
We shall complete the Victoria Under- ground line, and will encourage the deve- lopment and use of new teohniques for public transport in the towns. In six rural areas pilot schemes are being stanted to provide better bus services-in some cases with financial support from the Govern- ment and county councils. By mid-1965 we hope to extend such schemes to other parts of the countryside.
Under the Beeching Plan we are produc- ing an economic raiLway system able to attract suitable traffic off the roads by its own effcicency. A faster and more reliable
rail service is increasingly being provided on the busy main lines for passengers and freight, and millions of pounds have already been knocked off the railway losses. We shall not consent to the closure of any service where this will damage economic development or oause undue hardship Alternative bus services, with facilities for luggage, will be provided where necessary.
Britain's ports are now entering a new era when great development schemes will be carried through to the benefit of our trade. We have supported our shipowncrs against foreign interference and passed the Shipping Contracts Act, which will protect British interests. We affirm our faith in the future of the shipbuilding industry, whose current prospects have been much improved by our credits scheme.
We intend to press ahead with negotia- tions for the Channel Tunnel so that an early start can be made.
In developing efficient air corirnuni_a- tions we believe that a combination of public and private enterprise is best. We shall encou.rage the growth of a netwvork of internal air services and airports to meet local needs.
On. our farms productivity has been rising by 5 per cent a year. Output is approaching twice what it was before -he war. Modernization is proceeding apace under the Farm Improvement Scheme and the Small Farmers Scheme.
British agriculture is efficient and comn- petitive. and makes an indispensable coln- tribution to our economic and social strength
The Conservative Government has evolved a system of support which has
rovided a sound basis for this progress. t is being adapted now to changed world conditions. Agreements have been reached with our overseas suppliers to regulate imports of cereals and bacon, and we shall continue to work for a stable market for meat. These policies are in line with our desire to conclude world- wide agreements for key commodities. Together with the improvements we shall bring about in marketing arrangements for home products, they will assure British farmers of a fair share of a growing market.
In developing our policies we shall con- tinue to uphold the principles of the 1947 and 1957 Agriculture Acts. With impports regulated and home production more effectively related to market needs through standard quantity systems, greater weight can be given to farmers' returns at future price reviews. The long-ermn assurances under our 1957 Act will continue through- out the life of the next Parliament.
Our new deal for horticulture will strengthen the industry's ability to com- pete. We offer substantial aid to growers to adopt the most up-to-date production and marketing methods. Horticultural markets in major cities will be rebuilt. and the sites better related to modern traffic conditions This will help to get the pro- duce to hbousewives quicker. fresher and cheaper
FORESTRY EXPANSION
The Forastry Commission will ca-ry through a long-term Programme of plant- ing. especially in areas where expansion can bring social and employment benefits. We will continue our help to private wood- land awners.
We have extended British fishery limits in accordance with the recently ne&gotiated convention, and will further promote zhe techoical progress and prosperity of -he fishing industry.
Powers of river authorities to ensure proper conservation of fisheries will be extended.
With the aid of river authorities and the new Water Re-aurces Board we sh-ll deve- lop a national policy ot water conseivation. so ensuring adequate supplies to meet increasing demand.
The programme we propose for the next five years is an ambitious one; but we know it can be achieved, for it is based on 1 vears of solid progress. It embraces rising invest- ment in the modernization of Britain. on the lines we have described, and rising expenditure on the social services.
The money must be found from two sources: the savings of the nation and the contributions of taxpayer and ratepayer. We have never disguised that the cost will be heavy. No programme worthy of this country can be cheap. But it must be kept within bounds, and related to the growth of the national income. Our proposals are based on our target of a 4 per cent annual growth rate, and on maintaining a high level of savings.
One thing is quite certain. The Labour Party's promises would cost many hundreds of millions more than our programme. At the same time their policies would discour- age enterprise and savings. The result could only be renewed inflation and rapidly rising taxes.
INCENTIVES TO SAVE
To secure a still higher volume of sav- ings, a Conservative Government will intro- duce new incentives. In particular we aim to devise a contractual savings scheme, giv- ing auractive benefits to those who under- take to save regularly over a period of years.
We shall also encourage the successful efforts which are being made to widen she field of share ownership.
We shall continue to reform the tax system, both on companies and on indivi- duals. to make it less complicated and fairer in its incidence.
Local authority services are expanding in response to public need and demand, but in some instances and areas the cost is outpacing the capacity of householders io pay. We recognize that a reform of the rates is required. The precise scale and methods will be determined as soon as our full inq'uiries, now in progress, are com- plote. These inquiries-which could not have been undertaken effectively until re- valuation had been carried through-cover the whole rating system, potential sources of local authority finance, the impact of rates now, and the current Exchequer grants.
In the light of those studies we shall ensure that the cost of local governmcnt, and patrticularly of education, is fairly apportioned between ratepayers and tax- payers as well as making changes in the system of grants. In carrying out these and anty other necessary reforms, we shall bear specially in mind those householders living on smnal fixed incomes.
OPPORTUNITY FOR
YOUTH
Education is the most rapidly developmng feature of our social outlay:. Its share of the expandod national wealth has risen since 1951 from 3 per cent to 5 per cent, and will go on rising. This reflects our view of edu- cation as at once a right of the child. a need of society, and a condition of econonmic efficiency. It also matches a tremendous upsurge in educational ambition and attain- ment.
Our aim is to see that suitable education or training is available to every boy and gir3 up to at least 18. These are the steps we shall take:-
(1) The minimum school leaving ago will
be raised to 16 for all who enter secotid- ary school after the summer of 1967. This, which we looked forward to in the 1944 Education Act, is not to be juslt another year at school . 'Ihe whole school course will' be rofashioned to give a wider and deeper education.
(2) More and more who have the ability
to benefit will stay on to 17 and 18 and go forward to higher education. This wlla be made possible by our plans for rhe universities, colleges of advanced technology,, higher teohni- cal institutions and teacher training colleges. There *ill be places for 100,000 extra students by 1968, and for a steadily growing number after that.
(3) For those leaving school to start work
at Once, we shall further develop .be Youth Empdoyment Service and
encourage the appointment by schools of careers advisers of high calibre, as well as improving industrial apprenticeship and training Sts ps will be taken to increase the number of industrial workers under 18 who are released during the day to attend technical and other courses. We shall continue our great expansion of tech- nical colleges.
The building of new schools and :he modernizing of existing ones will be pressed ahead. The rising school popu- lation will put heavy pressure on our resources, but we are determined to devo-te a share of each year's programme to improving conditions in the older primnary sclro als.
lhe training colleges wil be producing by 1970 three times as many new teachers
Continued on Page 17
increase in the supply of land will do more to stabilize land prices than any- thing else.
Where major developments are in pros-
pect-such as the many new towns and town expansions which are being started or proposed-land WiLl bc acquired well in advance and made available to private and public enter- prise as necessary.
The Finance Act, 1962, brought short-
term land transactions within the sphere of Ordinary taxation. In con- sidering any further measure to tax land transactions, the test must be that it should not adversely affect the price of the supply of land.
We reject the Labour Party,s ""Land
Commossion"" as an unworkable and bureaucrat c device, wh,ich would dry up the voluntary supply of land ani slow down all our housing and build- ing programies.
9. RENrr CoNrRoL.-In the next Parlia-
ment we shall take no further steps to remove rent control. Additional sate- guards for tenants wiU be provided it shown to be necessary by the inquiry into rented housing in London.
HOSPITALS AND
HEALTH
The past 13 years have seen improve- ments in tihe nation's health greater than in any comparable period. These advances we owe to medical science and the skill of the healing professions. They could only have been achieved against a background of risiny living standards and continuously expanding health services such as Conser- vative Government is providing.
The Conservative hospital plan will ensure that every man, woman and child in the country has access to the best treat- ment. We aim to build or rebuild some 300 hospitals-of which over 80 are already in progress-and carry throuph 400 major schemes of improvement. Priority will be given to additional maternity beds, so that every mother who needs to will be able to have her baby in hospital. There will be no question of closing any existing hos- pital unless or until there is satisfactor-y alternative provision.
Those not needing hos-pital care will be properly looked after by the cornmunity services. Local authorities are expanding these under our health and welfare plan. Support for old people living at home will come from increasing numbers of health v'sitors, home nurses, home helps and social workers, for those who can no longer manage on their own, there will be modern specially designed accommodation. Pro- vision for the physically and mentally han- d.capped is being brought up to date and will be greatly increased. New maternity and child welfare clinics are being built throughout the country.
In these plans for the nation's health, thie scope for voluntary service will be emphasized. and we shaUl concentrate on the human approach which can make all the difference when a person is sick, handi- capped or lonely.
CURE AND PREVENIION
A working party is now considering how best we can help the crucial work of the family doctor. Terms and conditions of service, methods of payment. the number of patients on doctors' lists, and their access to hospital and other facilities will be reviewed. so as to raise still further the standards of good doctoring.
We shall improve and bring up to date the law controlling the safety and quality of drugs.
We shall also oontinue our campaigns against the oenemes of good health, by eliminating slum environments, reducing air pollution, and cleaning the rivers and beaches.
There is an enormous growth in the variety and richness of leisure-time activitv. Appreciation of the arts, hobbies and handicrafts of every kind, physical sports, home and foreign travel-these and other pursuits are increasing year by year. They are a cheerful measure of rising prosperity. For the ""affluence"" at which Socialists sneer is enabling people not only to satisfy material wants, but to develop their interests and their feel for the quality of life.
The Government has trebled since 1951 the amount of money provided for the arts. Recently we have helped to bring the National Theatre into being, multiplied several times over the grants to museums and galleries for purchasing works of art, and done much to preserve and open to the public old and lovely houses. We shall continue to expand this supPort and to increase the resources of the Arts Council. We shall also seek to promote higher stan- d&rds of arohitecture and civic planning, and commission works by contermporary artMts for public buildings.
Broadcasting in Britai.n has always been regarded as a medium for providing infor- mation, education and entertainmnent. For all these elements to find effective expres- sion viewers and listeners rmust be given bhe widest Possible choice of programnmes This is why we introduced I.T.V., authorized B.B.C.-2, and -have licensed experiments in Pay-as-you-view television by wire.
We wish to extend the range of choice still further. That will be our object when considering proposals for the fourth television channel and for the establish- ment of a system of local sound radio.
Capital outlay for sport and physical reoreation has increased fourfold in four years. But there remains a need in and around the towns and cities for rnany more sports grounds, playing fields, running tracks, swimming baths and gymnasia. Local authorities have been advised on how to combine with their neighbours for the larger projects, and a substantial pro- gras=ie will be authorezed.
FREEDOM AND
ORDER
In the countryside we must satisfy the need for recreational facilities without harm to rural and farming interests.
We proPose to set up a Countryside Commission with sufficient resources to secure the positive care of countryside and coast including the national parks. it will be charged With promoticg the systematic clearance in these localities of derel.ict land and other eyesores. While strictly safe- guarding secluded areas, the cornmisslon will advise plannaing authorities on the designation of "" recreation areas"" where boating, climbing, gliding and similar acti- vities will be welcome.
The constituent aim of Conservative policy is to uphold the British way of life. centred upon the dignity and liberty of the individual.
To this end we swept away socialisi restrictions and restored freedom of enter- prise and choice. We safeguarded indivi- dual rights at tribunals and inquiries along the lines suggested by the Franks report. We have made reforms in the composition of the House of Lords, the procedure of the House of Commons, and the struc- ture of local government. We have taken measures to protect the public against law- lessness and introduced comPensation for the victims of violent crime.
We intend to continue this work of modernizing our institutions and streng- thening the rule of law.
We shall propose to the newly elected House of Commons the immediate estab- lishment of a select comnisttet to consider further reforms in panAiamentary proce- dure. It will be asked ae matters of priority to review the method6 for scrutinizing pub- lic expenditure. and to consider ways of speeding up the passage of many technical and relatively uncontroversial law reform BiUls which we i5itend to bring forward. It will also have the opportunitY to consider whether adequate means are available to members of Parliament to secure the redress of genuine complaints of mal- administratoim
A Conservative Governnent will call an all-PartY conference presided over by the SPeaker to review electoral law. Amons the ahanges it should consider is an exten- sion of Postal voting, since two-thirds of thne nation now take holidays aWaY tioii home.
In completing the reor4anization of local government we shall aim to produce a system giving ful scope to locaJ knowledge, an.d capable of discharging with:n our regional plans the increasing responsi- bilities inseparable from rising population, living standards and car ownership.
We have appointed a cotnMktee to advise us on the best mothods to stimulate and finance social studies both basic alid applied, and we shaU take action as soon as it reports.
WVe shaU continue to build up the strengh of the police forces, and see that they are equipped with every nModeri scieh- tfic aid. A royal commission has been set up to report on sentencing policies and the most effective methods for the treat- mont of offenders. We have asked it to Ive urgent prioritY to the growing problem of crime among the young. Meanwhile, we have increased the penalties for miai- cious datnage and the compensation to those who suffer from this form of hooli- ganism.
The system of after-care will be deve- loped on comprehens6ive lines, to save oKfenders from returning to crime.
Much luveulle delinquency otlginates in broken or unhappy homes. We shall con- tinue to support the work of rnarriage guid- .ance. Local autborities will be encouraged, in cooperation with voluntary bodies, to develop thoir services of child care for young People deprived of normal home life and affectior_
We shall extend legal aid to all care and protection cases in juvenile courts and, as resources permit, to tribunal ase- begin- ning with the Lands Tribunal.
THE NATION'S CHOICE
We art issuing, simultaneously with this Manifesto, special statemen.ts recording our achievements and plans in Scotland and in Wales. These demonstrate our regard for the distinctive rights and Problems of each nation. They aLso show how our pro- grammes are designed to secure the even spread of prosperity throughout Great Britain.
A Conservative and Unionist Govern- ment will continue to support the Govern- ment of Northern Ireland in developing and diversifying the economy, and so pro- viding new employment. It is a cardinal principle of our policy that Northern Ire- land's partnershlp with Great Britain in the United Kingdom shall remain un- chianged so long as that is the wish of the Parliament at Stormont.
We have Dow shown the extent to which. by building upon past Prog-ess, fresh advances can be made with a Conserva- tive Government in the next five years.
But we warn the nation that both the gains of the past and the hopes of the future would be imperilled by socialism.
On exarmination, what the Labour Party have to offer is not a "" New Britain "", but a camouflaged return to 'the dreary doctrines which had already proved a failure when they were last dismissed frorn office.
What we are offering is an extension of that prosperity-prosperity With a purpose -which our poicies have been proved to achieve.
MESSAGE FOR SCOTS
AND WELSH
Separate statements were issued for Scot- land and Wales. Among the points made in them were:-
SCOTLAND
Control.-Unionist policy is keeping Scotland at the forefront of progress and ensuring that Scotland's affairs are managed by ScOttish men and womnen. Socialism and extended Whitehall control could rub out these gains.
Economic Progress.-A vast new econo- mic complex has been established in central
Scotland. The years immediately ahead will-I see industry develop at a rate unparalleld' in Scotland's history.
Trausport-Our road buildins pro- grarimno is the greatest ever undertaken. The Unionist Government intend to see that Scotland has a swift, efficient, and convenient railway system. We renew our piledge that rail doaoures wll not take place without full consideration of the social econonmic, and defence conseequences. Transport in rural areas is having our special attention.
CHEAP ENERGY
Powuer.-Adequate supplies of cheap energY are vital to a prosperous Scotland. With Government help, the coal, electricity, and gas industries have been almost com- pletely renewed. Dramatic jncreases in productivity have been achieved in eaoh.
Our decision to maintain two electricity boards in Scotland was a wise one founded upon social and eoonomic considerations. They wiil work closely tOgether to attain still higher efficiency. High priority will be given to the completion of connexions to consumers in remote areas,
Education.-Our present plans com- prise ovCr 60 new or vastly improved tech- nical colleges, 12 of which have been com- pleted, with a further 16 under construction.
The new University of Strathclyde is Britain's first independent technological university, and the Heriot-Watt College will also be granted university status.
The target is 57,000 university places by 1973. almost twice the present number of 31,000, which is itself a higher proportion of places per head of population than for any other part of the country, To achieve this we are expanding our existing univer- sities and building a new one at Stirling.
Since the Unionists returned to Power, more than 500,000 school places have bcen created and 608 new schools built. More than half the schoolchildren in Scotland are working in new schools. We are build- ing now for a growing school population and our plans will match this demand
Housing.-By 1973, with the exception of Glasgow, Scotland's housing problem, in- cludinit the abolition of slums, will be virtually solved. In Glasgow we have a gigantic building programnme to provide new houses for 200.000 people in 20 years.
EcOnomic Progress-A vast new econortic complex bas been established in central Scotland. The Years immediately ahead will see industry develop at a rate unparalleled in Scotland's history.
HOSPITAL PLANS
Hospitals. - Our hospital plan has
receatly been revised to allow for expe.ndi- I ture of £105m.. an increase of £35m. on the original plan. This will allow for 30 new or substantially remodelled hospitals and 16 other major projects.
Aerkeultue-Progress in crop yields, livestock production, and mechanization has been as fast and as exciting as anything in the industrial field. We shall continue the system of support based on the Agri- culture Acts 1947 and 1957, which will be strengtherted by the new arrangements, an- nounced in May, 1963, to give greater stability of prices in our markets.
We face the electorate with pride in our achievements and confidence in our progress and plans for the future.
WALES
Nation's Status.-Conservative policy is strengthening and extending the new-found prosperity of Wales. I is also evolving a system of government which recognizes the rightful Place of Wales as a nation.
These advances in economic well-being and administrative responsibility would be imperilled by socialism.
Industry.-In South Wales there is now one of the largest and most sophisticated complexes of modern industry in Europe. Over the past 13 years an average of more than 97 per cent of all insured employees have been at work. Since 1952 900 new factories and extensions have been
CONSERVATIVE MAJUFESTO-continued
Further Reform of Parliamentary Procedure and
Review of Electoral Law
Ats n 1958 and the larger numbers going on to hiAsr education will mean more teaaheir later on. We sha,l sustain our succesful oampaiga for the return of quali- fied married wonoen to teaching. Improved machinery wvill he established for the nego- tiation of teacaers' salaries.
We shall cejotinue to encourage educa- tional researn.h and Provide extra funds for this purpose.
Of the mnany d:ferent forms of second- ary school organization w,hich now exist, none has established itself as exclusively rxghlt The Socialist pla&n to impose the comTprehdensive princiPle, regardless of the wiAies of parents, teachers and authorities, is tlheefore fooiishby doctrinaire. TheLr loader may protest that grammar schools will be abolished "" Over his dead body "". but abolition would be the inevitable and disastrous consequence of the policy to which they are committed. Conservative Ilicy, by con.trast is to encourage provi- sion, in good schools of every description, of Opportunties for al,l children to go for- Ward to the l,mit of tueir capaicity.
yond tihe gagtes of schiool, colege and factory. youn people need aimple facili. tie fior sociazl activity and ouetlets for adventure and service.
As we promised in 1959, the youth set- vice has been reiuvenated through the building of new clubs and the training of capable leaders. We shall press forward with this work, encourage more courses of the ""Outward Bound "" type, and foster schemes whereby young people can assiat the elderly.
RESHAPING SOCIAL
SECURITY
Uinder conservatism the valve of social security benefits has oitpaced both prices and average earnings: under Socialism they were eaten away by inflation. We pledge Ourselves to ensure that those receiving such benefits continue to share in the higher standards produced by an expand- ing economy.
Help will be conceritrated first and fore- most on those whcse needs are greatest. Special insurance provision has already been directed to widows with children. When next we make a general increase in benefits, we shall give preferential treat- ment to the otddr pensioners.
Those who work after retirement age, and widows At work, have benefited from a steady relaxation of the "" earnings rule
In the next Parliament we shall again pro- greSsivCIy raise the amounts they can earn without deduction of Pension.
Our graduated pension scheme, started in 1961, embodied the Principle that retire- mnent pensions should be more closoly rela- t ted tzi individual earnings. As we have
expl.ained we are rnow proposing to extend this, principle to benefits for the early months of unemployment and sickness. and we sha l give similar help to widows during the early months of widowhood.
All thesc propcsals will make important irnprovements in the existing social secur- ity system. This system was framed 20 years ago, and in the light cf prew::r experience. Since t;hen there have bten dramatic changes in econornic conditions and social needs. We therefore propose to institute a fult re- review of social sectsrity arrangtements, so that their subsequent development may be suited to modern circumstances.
The review will net bc confined to the tational insurance scheme but will include induF-trial injur:es insurance, the varying provisions for widows and the method of supplementing benefits.
In orgar.izing social security the state oukht not to stifle personal and family res- Ponsibility or the growth of sound occu- patioral schemo. Socialist plans would do
tttcisely that. We Conservatives welcome the valuable additional security which occu- Pational schemes provide. and will helP to rreserve such pension rights for people changing iobs.
W- shall continue to make special pro- %ision for war widows and those disabled in the service of cheir countrv. The level of pensions for retired members of the armed fcrces and other Government ser- vants w)0 be adjusted as necessary. In the next Pensions Increase Act we shall redu-.- the age at which such pension increases are payable from 60 to 55.
HOUSING PROGRAM-ME
One family in every four is living in a new home built under the Conservatives. Mlore than half of the million houses ciase.ified as unfit when our slum clearance drive began have been replaced. One-third of the 2,500,000 older houses capable of im,provement have been given a new lease of life w:th the aid of Government grant.
This is a vast achievement: but there is much more to do. We are again speed- ing up progress on every front. Here are the main points of our programme: -
1. EXPANSION IN HOUSE-BUILDING.-
Since 1951 homes have been built at an average rate of 300,000 a year. We shatl. build about 370,000 this year. Next year we shall reach our new target of 400.000. This will be sus- tained, and will enable tis to over- take remaining shortages, while keep- ing pace vwith the needs of a more prOsPerous. wounger marrying. longer living and fast increasing population. 2. SLUM CLFARANCE AND URBAN
RENEWAL---In the towns and cities where mo-st reomaining slums are con- centrated, clearance rates are being doubled. W'e aim to clear by 1973 virtually all the known slums. As each authority completes this task, we shall go on to redevelop outdated residen- tial areas.
3. MODERNIZING OLDER HOUSES.-
Already 130,000 sound older bouses are being modernized each year. The 1964 Housing Act provides for sys- tematic improvement in older areas, with powers of compulsion where landlords are not persuaded to co- operate by the better grant arrange- ments. In this way we shall step up modernization to 200,000 a year.
4. INCREASING HOME OWNERSHIP.-
Owner-occupation has spread to 44 per cent of families. Conservatives will encourage its continued increase. Land registration leads to reduction of legal fees involved on house pur- chase: we shall hasten this process, aiming to complete it first in built-up areas and then for the wthole counitry. S. CO-OWNERSHIP AND CosT RENrTNG.-
Co-ownership schemes provide most of the advantages of owner-occupation for a much smauer deposit and lower outgoings. We have set up a Housing Corporation which will release £300m. to housing societies, building for co- ownership and for renting without sub- sidy and without profit.
REFORM OF LAWS
6. LOCAL ALrrHORiTy HOuSING.-We in-
tend to revise the system of housing subsidies. Provided authorities charge proper rents, with rebates for those who cannot afford them, they will be able to plan ahead confidently and maintain necessary programmes-espe- cially for slum clearance, relief of over- crowding, new and expanded towns, and the needs of the elderly-without
burdening the rates.
7. IMPROVED BUILDING METHODS.-Our
long-term plans give the construction industries confidence to expand and modernize. Through the voluntary consortia of local authorities and our National Building Agency they are enabled to introduce up-to-date methods and techniques which save site labour and increase productivity. We shaU reform the laws governing building standards and safeguard the quality of houses for owner-occupa- tion.
S. SUPPLY OF LAND.-Our regional
studies, showing land needs for 20 years ahead, will enable planning authorities to release ample land in the right places and without damage to the green belts. This substan*ial
built, cteating some 58,000 new jobs-and off-setting by six times the number of clOsures and of jobs lost by closures.
Welsh Office.-Tbe Welsh Office is now the focus of all Government activitY for Wates. We believe that the interests of Wales are best safeguarded by attachment to a dePartment of State whose Minister is irn the Cabinet and has a strong influence on nlational policy.
Ariculture.-The Conservative Party is conscious of the social and economic impwo.nce of agriculture in the Princi- pality. An effective system of support has been provided by successive Conservative admninistrations since 1951. The produc- tiOn of milk and all animals sold fat, or for further fattening, is greater than ever before. In this the subsidies for hill sheep and hill cattle have Played an important part, Yields of cereals have greatly increased.
Ud-W.Wale&-Mid-Wales has received considerable attention from Conservative governments and seven new factories have been built at Government expense to give mcreatId employment.
The improved route from the Midlands to Machynlleth will bring preater pros- PeritY to the tourist industry and will encourage industrialists to bring new industries into Mid-Wales.
In an effort to retain the character. tradi- tdol and language of Wales, the Conserva- t1vc Pany wl'i continue to encourage couintry towns in Mid-Wales to increase their Populaion over the next 10 years. We do not believe in a completely new town for Mid-Wales. which would destroy the dhra-cteristics of the area.
Lahguage-.Conseervatives have sup- POrted the Welsh language with practical m'easures ever since 1951.
n Xlouslng.-By 1971 none of the slums in Wales known today will remain there will be many mrore houaes for the elderly: a very large proportion of the houses that can be modertnized will have been pro- vided with hot water. bath. and lavatory- all the remaining shortages of today will ha've been met.
!diceation.-Expenditure in Wales has trebled under the Conservatives. Never in the history of Wales has there been a period when educational building has proceeded SO rapidly.
TransporL-We reaffxrm our pledge that where neCessary, adequate alternative means of transport will be available before a railway passonger closure takes place in Wales. Where this cannot be pro- vided without road improvements we will see that they are carried out before a closure takes place.";"September 18, 1964";"";56120;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"The Conservative Party's Manifesto For ""Prosperity With A Purpose""";""
"";"['News']";"The., 'results of theb general election are set otit in ilph1a betical order of the 635 celistitu. eiicies' in Great Britain . arnd N6r'therni Iteland, The percent- ages of the 'turnout of the electorate 'the ..votes cast for each candidate, and the majority in relation to the total poll in each constituency, as well as the swing to or from the Conserva- tives, are calculated to the neaiest decimal place.
An asterisk denotes a member of the last Parliament.
Abbreviations used to designate the main politicial parties ire: C -Conservative; Lab-Labour;* L-Liberal; ComimCm munist; Scot Nat-QSottish National Party; PI -Cvmru- Plaid Cy,mru; Nat Ftont- National Front: Lab and Co-op -Labour and Co-onerative; Off 11-Official Unionist; NILPo- Nb'rthern Irelanad Labout Party; SDLP-Social Democratic and Libbur Party; Social Pem- Campaign for Social D emoc- racy: Itid-Independent: WRP
Workers' Revolutionary; Pxrtv; TTUUC-United Ulster ITnionist Council.
'The Ptate of tbe parties after the 1979. general elettioi was:
Conservative 330 Labour' 287 Liberal 6 The Speaker 1 Scot Nat 1 Others 5
Total 630
The state of the parties at disso- lution was:
Conservative 322 Labbur 287 Liberal 11 Scot Nat 2 Alliance 1 Republican Lab 1 Ind Irish, 3 Democratic Lab 1 Speaker 1 Vacant I
cTotal 630
In byelections Liberals gained five seats-four from the Con- servatives and the other from Labour. The Scottish National Party won Glasgow, Govan from Labour and Labour WOn Broms- grove from the Conservatives. Mr Dick Taverne won Lincoln frqmi Labour.
Swing- figures (+ to Conservative, - to Labour) are given for cOmparable seats only.
AI
ABERAVON minor Electorate 64,279 1970: 62,481
*Morris, J. (Lab) 31,656 Hubbard.Miles, P. C. (C)- 10,968 Foster, The Rev D. G.
(Pi Cymru) 5,898
Lab majority 20,688 NO CHANGE
Total yote 48,522. Turn-out 75.6%.
Lab65.2%, C 22.6%j Pi Cymiru 12.1%. Lab mai 42.6%. Swing
1970: Total vote 46,747 (74.8%)-
Lab 31,314 (67.0%), C 10,419 (22.3%), Pi Cyru 3,912 (8.4%), Comm 1,102 (2.3%)- Lab maj 20.895 (44.t%). SWing
Mr John Morris, an opposition si,okesman on deferice 19'70-74; Mnister of Defence for quilp- ment, 1968-70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1966-68 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954). B November, 1931 ; ed University College of Wales, Aber- ,stwyth, GorLville and Caius -Col- iege, Cambridge, and the Aca- demy of IBternational Law, The Hague. Former deputy general secretary and legal adviser, Farm- ers' UpAon of Wales; chairman. Nation,l Road Safety Advisory Coun, 1967-63.
AWERDARE same Electorate 48,02S 1970: 48,771
Evans, I. L. (Lab & Co.op) 23,805 Owen,' G. (P Cymru) 11,973 Niblock, M. J. (C) 3,169 Wilson, Dr A. T. M.
(Comm) 1,038.
Lab majbrity 11,83Z Total vote 39,985. Tuirn-out 83 2%.
Lab and Co-op 59.5%, 1 Cymru 29,9%, C 7.0%, Comm 2.6%. Lab and Coop maj 29.6%. Swing +0.9%.
1970: Total vote 38,049 (78.0%)-
Lab 22,817 (60.0% ) PI Cym2ru 11,431 (30%), C 2 484 (6.5%), Comm 1,317 (35%_)- Lab maj 11,386 (29.9%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr loan Evans was Comiptroller of the Household (whip), 1968-70: an assistant Government whip,
.1966-68. He was MP for Biitilhg-- ham, Yardley, 1964-70. Director of the International Defence and Aid Fund. .B July, 1927; ed Llanedi Gramnar School and Swansea University College. Party agCnt. In the Birmingham, Small Heath elections, 1955 ard 1959. Former chairman of .the West Midlands group of Labonr MIPg.
ABERDEEN, North minor Electorate 64,349 1970: 63,833
aHughes, R. (Lab) 23,193 McGugan, J. (Scot Nat) 1, 337 Dunnett, G. (C) 8A15 McCallum, F. (L) 6, 01
Lab majority 11,856 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,G46. Turn-out 75.6%.
Lab 47.7%, Scot Nat 23.3%, ¢ 16.7%, L 12.3%. Lab mij 24.4%. Swing +4.5%.
1970: Total vote 44 626 -(69.9%)-
Lab 27,707 (621%)) C 9,807 (22.0%), Scot Nat 3,756 (8.4%)
L 2,835 (6.3%). Comm 521. (I .Z%)-Lab maj 17,900 (40.1%). Swving +3.4%.
Mr Robert Hughes, draughtsman, Elected in 1970. B .Tanuary, 1932; ed Benoni High School, Transvaal and. Pietermaritzburg Technical College. Natal. Contested Nortb Angus and Mearns, 1959. Member, Aberdeen Town Council since 1962. Chairman. Aberdeen City Labour Party, 1963-69. Sponsored by AUEW, endineering section.
ABERDEEN, South minor
Electorate 67.379 1970: 68,020
*Sproat, I. M. (C) 21,938 Middleton, R. (Lab) 18,380 Stronach, A. (Scot Nat) 7,599 Robbie, A. (L) 7,447
C majority 3,558 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,364. Turn'out 82.2%.
C 39.6%, 'Lab 33.2%> StOt Nat 13.7%,o L 13.4%. C maj 6;40%. Swing +2.1%.
1970: Total vote 52 509
(77.2%)-C, 23,843 (45.4;%), Lab 22,754 (43.3%), L 3,135 (6.0%) Scot Nat 2i777 (5.3%). C maj 1,089 (2.1%). Swir1g .+2.8%.
Mr lain Sproat runs his own group of companies.. Won the seit for the Conservatives in 1970- contested Rutherglen In by-elec- tion and general electimn, 1964. B November, 1938: ed Winchester.; Magdalen College; Okford. Former Sunday Telegraph . columnist.
ABERDEENSHIRE, East tame Electorate 47 147 '1970o 45,711
Henderson, 5. (Scot S4at) 18,333 *Wolrige-Gordon,. P. (C) 12;634 Cruickshank, W. (L) 2+727 Sissons, Mrs S. B. (Lab) 2,416
Scot Nat majority 5,699 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 36,110. Tukm-out 76.6%.
Scot Nat 50,8%, C. 35.0%9' L 7.5%;, Lab 6.7%. Scot Nai maj 15.8%. Swing:.+2.7%.: *
1970 Total vote-31,447.(6$.8%)-
C 12.$66 (&0.9%-), Scot Nat 9.377 (29.80/%), Lab' 5,656 (18.0%), L 3,548. (11.3%)-C .maj 3,489 (1111%). Swing. + 1.7%.
Mr Douglas Jfenders.ou,. manage- ment consultant. B July, 193S; ed Royal High School and Edlihurgh University. Senior vice-chliran, SNP, until 1972.
ABERDEENSHIRE, West minor Electorate 54,704 1970: 52,108
Fairgrieve, R. (C) 17,256 Grade, D. C. P. (L) 15,616 Suttar, N. (Scot Nat) 6,827 Ellis, C. W. (Lab) 4,661
C majority 1,640 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,360, Turn-out 81.1%.
C 38.9%, L 35.2%, Scot Nat 15.4%, Lab 10.5%. C maj 3.7%. Swing -1.3%.
1970: Total vote 39,496 (75,8%)-
C 18,396 (46.6%), L 12,847 (32.5%), Lab 6,141 (15.5%), Scot Nat 2,112 (5.3%)-C maj 5,549 (14.0%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Russell Fairgrieve has been vice-chairman of the Conservative Party in Scotland since 1972. A management consultant; B May, 1924; ed St Mary's School, Mel- rose, and Sedbergh School, York- shire. Manager, Border Counties Trustee Savings Bank and gover- nor, Scottish College of Textiles andf St Mary's School. Melrose. President, Scottish Conservative Association, 1965-66.
ABERTILLERY same Electorate 36,810 1970: 37,350
*Thomas, J. (Lab) 20,068 Richards, A. (Pl Cyniru) 3,119 Hamilton, N. (C) 2,730 Clark, H. (L) 2,632
Lab majority 16,949 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,549. Turn-out 77.5%.
Lab 70.3%, Pl Cymru 10.9%, C 9.6%, L 9.2%. Lab maj 59.4%. Swing +4.1%.
1970: Total vote 28,048 (75.1%)-
Lab 22,819 (81.4%), C 3,478 (12.4%) Pi Cymru 1,751 (.2% ) Lab Maj 19,341 (68.9%). Swing +3.6%.
MWr Jeffrey Thomas, a barrister (Gray's Inn).. Elected in 1970- contested Barry In 1957 and 1966, B November, 1933; ed Abertillery Grammar School, King's (ollege London. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers and "" Justice "". President, London University Union, 1955-56. Member, court of governors, UJniversity College of Wales.
ABINGDON minor Electorate 89,587 1970: 85,838
*Neave, A. M. S. (c) 34,771 Moriarty, D. E. H. (Lab) 21,028 Fogarty, M. (L) 18,458
C majority 13,743 NO CHANGE
Total vote 74,257. Turn-out 83.2%.
C 46.8% Lab 28.3%, L 24.8%. C maj 18.5%. Swing -0.5%.
1970.: Total vote 66,543 p77.5% )-C
36,209 (54.4%), Lab 23,136 (34.8%), L 7,198 (10.8%)!-C ma; 13,073 (19.6%). Swing + 7.0%.
Mr Airey Neave, chairman, Select Committee Science and Technol- ogy since 1970; was Under-Secre- tai-y for Air, January to October, 1959, after being Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation from January, 1957. Director, Clarke Chapman, Ltd, a company in the Clarke- Chapman-John Thompson Group, power station engineers. Returned at a by-election, June, 1953
contested Thurrock 1950 and Ealing; North 1951. B January 1916: ed Eton and Merton Col- lege, Oxford. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1943). Company director and author. Escaped from Colditz lii 1942 ana reached United King- dom via Switzerland and Gibraltar. Commanded operation to rescue allied pilots from behind enemy lines. Took part in Nuremburg trials and wtas Commissioner for Criminal Organizations. Chairman, standing conference of British organization for aid to refugees; UK delegate to UN high com- mission for refugees since 1970.
ACCRINGTON same Electorate 50,396 1970: 51,193
*Davidsoni A. (Lab) 20,050 Fearni A. d'A. (C) 15,018 Cooper, W. I. (L) 7.191
Lab majority 5,032 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,259. Turn-'ot 83.8%.
Lab 47.4%, C 35.5%L, L, 17.0%. Lab maj 11.9%. Swing -5.2%.
1970: Total vote 41,062 (80.2%)-
Lab 20,828 (50.70% ), C 20,234 (49.3%)-Lab maj 594 (1.4%). Swing +7.7'/..
Mr Aithur Davidson, chairman, Labour parliamentary Home Office group since 1971; was elected in 1966; contested Preston, North, 1959, and Blackpool, South, 1955. Barrister (Middle Temple. 1953). B November, 1928; ed Liverpool
_ .~~~~~~~5
College,King Geoge V Schol, Acton, see Ealing
ALDERSHOT major Elektorate 79,790
*Critchley, J. M. G. (C) 29,401 FlQyd, G. (L) 18,743 Card, W. L. J. T. (Lab) 15,492 Greenslade, T. (Nat Front) 1,148
C majority 106S8 Total vote 64,784. Tiirn-out 81.1%.
C 45.4%, L 28.9%, Lab 23.9%, *Nat-Front 1.8%. C maj 16.4%. .-Mr Julian Critchicy, an author and journalist, was elected in 1970. MP for Rochester anu Chat- I hamn,, 1959-64. Contested seat An
i966. Vice-chairman, Conservative buckbencb broadcasting-and comn- munications committee. B Decem- ber, 1930; ed Sbrewvsbury School, Sorbonne, and- Pembroke College, OYfQrd.
BANBURY major Electorate 66.982
*Marten, H. N. (C) 25,167 Booth, A. C. (Lab) 18,289 Fisher, C. J. (L) 11,947
C majority 6,878 Total vote SS,403. Turn-out 83.1%.
C 45.4%, Lab 33.0%O, L 21.6%7o. C maj 12.4%'.
Mr Nelt Marten, elected In 1959, was Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istry bf Aviation, 1962-64. Director, shipping company. B December, 1916; ed Rossall School, and Law Society. Vice-chairman, Conser- vative Parliamentary foreign and Commonwvealth affairs centre, 1968- 70; chairman, space committee since 1965. Member, Estimates Committee since 1965, and executive of the 1922 Committee. Chairman, all-Party Disabled Drivers Committee since 1968; Anglo-Norwegian Parliamentary Group since 1962, and Education and Arts Sub-committee of Coin- mons Public Expenditure Com- muttee since 1971. Leading opponent of EEC.
BANFFSlIRE same Electorate 31,624 1970: 31,705 Watt, H. (Scot Nat) 11,037 *Baker, W. H. K. (C) 8,252 Fraser, T. R. L. (L) 3,121 Dool, R. (Lab) 1,528
Scot Nat majority 2,785 SCOT NAT GArN
Total vote 23,938. Turn-out75.7%.
Scot Nat 46.1%, C 34.5%, L 13.0%, Lab 6.4%. Scot Nat maj 11.6%. Swing +3.4%.
1970 : Total vote 21,847 (68.9%)-
C 8,457 (38.7%), Scot Nat S 006 (22.9%), L 4,589 (21.0%), Lab 3,795 (17.4%)-C nmaj 3,451 (15.8%). Swing +2.1%.
Mlr Hamish Watt contested the seat in. 1970. Dairy and sbeep farmer. B 1926; ed Keith Gram- mar School and St Andrew's University.
BARKING, Barking majoTr Electorate 49,641
Richardson, Miss J. (Lab) 22,846 Taylor, M (L) 8,012 Forth, E. (C) 7A154
Lab nainritv 14.834 Total vote 38,012. Turn-out 76.6%.
Lab 60.1%, L 21.1%, C 18.8%. Lab maj 39.0%.
Miss Josephine Richbrdson con- tested Harrow, East, 1964, Horn- church, 1959, and Monmouth, 195S gnd 1951. Export. manager. B August, 1923: ed Southend High School for Girls. Mlember, APEX and ASTMS.
SHEFFIELD, Heeley major Electorate 64,839
*Hooley, F. 0. (Lab) 25,317
Ingle, R. J. (C) 18,732 Singleton, A. J. (L) 9,061
Lab majority 6,585 Total vote 53,110. Turn-out 82.(0b%.
Lab 47.7%, C 35.3%, L 17.1%. Lab maj 12.4%.
Mr Frank Hooley was MP for the constituency from 1966-70. Con. tested it in 1964 and Skipton, 1959. Former member, Public Accounts Committee and Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology. B November, 1923; ed King Edward's School, Birming- ham and Birmingham University. Assistant registrar, Sheffield University, 1952-65, and senior assistant registrar, 1965-66.
SHEFFIELD, Hillsborough major Electorate 51,705
Flannery, M. H. (Lab) 22,065 Williamson B. (C) 10,785 Osher, R. C. (L) 6,863
Lab majority 11,280 Total vote 39,713. Turn-out 76.8%.
Lab 55.6%, L 27.1%, C 17.3%. Lab maj 28.4%.
Mr Martin Flannery, headmaster. B March, 1918 ; ed Sheffield Teach- ers' Training College, Chairman of NUT National Advisory C;ommittee on Primary Education.
SHEFFIELD, Park Electorate 66,997
major
*Mulley, F. W. (Lab) 31,273 Butler, F. R. (L) 8,596 Crewe, T. E. (C) 7,731 Morton, C. (Comm) 521
Lab majority 22,677 Total vote 48,121. Turn-out 71.8%.
Lab 65.0%, L 17.9%, C 16.1%, Comm 1.1%. Lab maj 47.1%.
Mr Frederick Mulley, Opposition spokesman on transport 1970-74. Minister of Transport 1969.70;- Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1967-69; Minister of Aviation, 1965-67 Deputy Secretary of State for Defence and Minister of Defence for the. Army, 1964-65
wvon the division in 1950 ; con- tested Sutton Coldfield in 1945. Member, Labour Party National Executive, 1957-58 and 1960-64: sponsored by CAWU. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954) and econ. omist. B July, 1918 ; ed Warwick School, Christ Church, Oxford, and St Catharine's College, Cam- bridge.
SHIPLEY same Electorate 50,000 1970: 50,385
*Fox, J. M. (C) 19,439 Wedgeworth, Rev M. J.
(Lab) . 15,284
Roberts, G. G. (L) 10,158 1 Campion, C. G. (Ind Dem
All) 192 C majority 4,155 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,073. Turn-out 87.4%.
C 43.1%. Lab 33.9%. L 22.5%. Ind Dem All 0.4%. C ma; 9.2%. Swing -1.1%.
1970: Total vote 41,567 (82.5%)-
C 20,938 (50.4%), Lab 16,161 (38.9%), L 4,468 (10.7%)-C maj 4,777 (11.5%). Swing +3.8%.
Mr Marcus Fox was elected in 1970; contested Dewsbury, 1959, and Huddersfield, West, 1966. Assistant whip, 1972-73 ; Lord Commissioner of tihe Treasur
(whip), 1973-74. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1970; Secretary, party transport industries commit- tee, 1970. Former company direc- tor and owner of textile finishing firm. B June, 1927 * ed Wheel. wright Grammar School, Dews- bury. Member, Dewsbury Borough Council, 1957-65.
SHOREHAM
Electorate 68,178
maJor
*Luce, R. N. (C) 28,200 Bartram, P. F. (L) 18,442 Barry, Q. (Lab) 8,360
C majority 9.758 Total vote 55,002. Turn-out 80.7%D.
C 51.3%, L 33.5%, Lab 15.2%, C maj 17.7%.
Mr Richard Luce, MP for Arundel and Shoreham, 1971-74; contested Hitchin 1970*; B Oct 14 1936, ed Wellington College, Christ's Col- lege, Cambridge and Wadham Col- lege, Oxford. Overseas civil ser- vant (Kenya) 1960-62. Branch manager Gallaher Ltd, 1963-65; marketing manager Spirella, 1965- 68. Chairman, IFA Consultants Ltd, since 1972. Secretary Conser- vative Party Consumer Protection Committee and Latin American group.
SHREWSBURY Electorate 59,614
major
*Langford-Holt, Sir J. (C) 21,095 Marsh. W. (L) 14,914 Woodvine, D. W. (Lab) 11,536
C majority 6,181 Total vote 47,545. Turn-out 79.7%.
C 44.4%, L 31.4%, Lab 24.3%. C maj 13.0%.
Sir John Langiord-Holt was re- turned in 1945. Secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary labour comnittee for five years. Member Public Accounts Committee and several Conservative backbench committees. B June, 1916; ed Shrewsbury School. Director, Siebe Gorman Holdings Ltd.
Sldcup, see Bexley
SKIPTON same Electorate 52,115 1970: 51,555
*Drayson, G. B. (C) 19,301 Brooks, Mrs K. C. (L) 17,185 Wheeler, T. V. (Lab) 8,079
C majority 2,116 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,565. Turn-out 84.3%.
C 43.3%, L 38.6%, Lab 18.1%. C maj 4.7%. Swing +1.7%.
1970: Total vote 40,561 (78.7%)-
C 20,817 (51.3%), Lab 12,011 (29.6%), L 7,733 (19.1%)-C maj 8,806 (21.7%). Swing +5.30A.
Mr Burnaby Drayson was elected In 1945. Company director. B March, 1913 ; ed Borlase School, Buckinghamshire. Member, Stock Exchange, 1935-54. Forebears sat in Parliament as early as 1328. Chair- mnan, all party East-West Trade Committee and Anglo-Venezuelan Parliamentary Group. Member, Royal Agriculture Society. Member, Expenditure Committee since 1970.
SOLIHULL major Electorate 79,227
*Grieve, W. P. (C) 35,049 Windmill, J. A. (L) 17,686 Norman D. A. (Lab) 11,608
C majority 17.363 Total vote 64,343. Turn-out 81.2%.
C 54.5%, L 27.5%, Lab 18.0%. C maj 27.0%.
Mr Percy Grieve, QC, was elected in 1964; contested Lincoln by. election, March, .1962. B March, 1915; ,ed privately and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1938), QC 1962. Recorder of Northampton since 1965; Assistant Recorder of Leicester, 1956-65, and deputy chairman, Lincoln (Holland) Quarter Sessions from 1962. Member, Select Committe~e on Race Relations and Immnigration, 1968-70. Chairman, Anglo-French Parliamentary group ;- treasurer Anglo-Benelux Committee ; del- egate Council of Europe and West- ern European Union since 1969.
SOMERSET, North minor Electorate 89,841 1970: 84,808
*Dean, A. P. (C) 34,576 White, H. R. (Lab) 22,421 Bourne, Mrs J. (L) 18,023
C ~majority 12,155 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,020.. Turn-out 73.7%.
C 37.8% Lab 34.5%, L 27.7%. C mai 3.%. Swing -6.4%.
1970: Total vote 67,096 k79.1%)-
C 38,975 (58.1%), Lab 28,121 (41.9%)-C mai 10.854 (16.2%). Swing +6.2%.
Mr Paul Dean, Under Secy Health and Social Security 1970-74, was elected in 1964. Contested Ponte. fract by-election, March, 1962. Farmer until 1956; resident tutor Swinton College, 1956-57; joined Conservative research department 1958; assistant director,, 1962. B September 1924: ed Ellesmere College, Shropshire and Exeter College, Oxford. Former company executive and former member of the governing body of the Church of Wales.
Southall,see Ealing
SOUTHAMPTON, Itchen same Electorate 82,414 1970: 80,737
*Mitchell, R. C. (Lab) 27,557 James, P. T. (C) 21,967 Cherryson, 1. (L) 13,173 Lab majority 5,590 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,697. Turn-out 77.2%.
Lab 43.9%, C 35.0%, L 21.0%. Lab maj 8.9%.
1970: Total vote 43,792 (54.2%)-
Speaker, 29,417 (67.2%), Nat Dem 9,581 (21.9%), Ind 4,794 (10.9%)-Maj 19,836 (45.3%).
1971 by-election : Total vote 40,779
(49.6%)-Lab 22,575 (55.4%), C 12,900 (31.6%), Nat Dem 3,090 (7.6%0), L 2,214 (5.4%)-Lab maj 9,675 (23.8%). -
Mr Richard Mitchell, who won the 1971 by-election, was MP for Sou- thampton, Test 1966-70, having unsuccessfully contested the seat in 1964. Contested New Forest 1959. Member, Labour backbench groups on education, environment, ports, shipping and shipbuilding. Member, Select committee on Education and Science, 1968-70, and chairman, education group, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1967- 69. Deputy headmaster. B August, 1927 ; ed Godalming Grammar School and Southampton Univer- sity. Member Southampton Coun- cil, 1955-67. Member NUT and NUGMW.
SOUTHAMPTON, Test minor Electorate 73,296 1970: 70,614
*Hiill, S. J. A. (C) 23,742 Gould, B. C. (Lab) 22,339 Wallis, J. R. (L) 12,000
C majority 1,403 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 58,081. Turn-out 79.1%.
C 40.9%, Lab 38.5%, L 20.7%. C maj 2.4%. Swing -0.5%.
1970 f-Total vote 51,867 (73.3%)-
C 24,660 (47.5%), Lab 22,858 (44.1%), L 4,349 (8.4%)-C maj 1,802 (3.S%). Swing +4.1%.
Mr James Hill, company director. Won seat for Conservatives 1970. B December, 1924; ed Regents Park School, Southampton and Sou- thampton University. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary hous- ing and construction committee since 1972 ; member European Parliament since 1973. Member, Southampton City Council since 1966 ; chairman of housing com- mittee. Committee member, Sou- thampton Conservative and Rate- payers Federation.
SOUTHEND, East same Electorate 56,863 1970: 57,663
*McAdden, Sir S. J. (C) 19,600 Burstin, M. (Lab) 14,648 Curry, J. W. J. (L) 9,979
C majority 4,952 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,227. Turn-out 77.8%.
C 44.3%, Lab 33.1%, L 22.6%. C maj 11.2%. Swing -2.9%.
1970 : Total vote 41,090 (71.2%)-
C 24,025 (58.5%), Lab 17,065 (41.5%)-C maj 6,960 (16.9%). Swing +7.9%.
Sir Stephen McAdden was elected in 1950. Export sales manager. B November, 1907; ed LCC schools and the Salesian School, Battersea. Member, Hackney Bor- ough Council, 1935-45, Wanstead and Woodford Borough Council, 1945-48; and Essex County Coun- cil, 1947-48. Chairman, Anglo- Israel group and Anglo-Austrian group. ASSET. Business interests in pharmaceuticals and public rela- tions;
SOUTHEND, West same Electorate 65,086 1970: 68,940
*Channon, H. P. G. (C) 25,040 Greaves, W. (L) 19,885 Wright, A. N. (Lab) - 8,720
C majority 5,155 NO CHANGE
Total vote S3,645. Turn-out 80.2%.
C 46.7%, L 37.1%, Lab 16.2%; C maj 9.6%. Swing -2.0%.
1970: Total vote 48,800 (70.8%)-
C 29,304 (60.0%), Lab 12,419 (25.4%), L 7,077 (14.5%)-C maj 16,885 (34.6% ). Swing
+5.5%o.
Mr Paul Channon was Minister for Housing and Construction 1972. 74; Minister of State for Northern Ireland, March-November 1972; Under Secy for the Environment 1970-72 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, June to October 1970. Elected at by-election in January,' 1959, succeeding his father. Former director of Guin- ness brewery, and other compan- ies. B October, 1935 ; ed Lock- ers Park, Hemel Hempstead, Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Member of executive. 1922 Com- mittee, 1965-66.
SOUTH FYLDE same Electorate 90,104 1970 : 85,186
*Gardner, E. L. (C) 41,028 Lawson, A. (L) 15,649 Knight, Miss K. E. (Lab) 13,474
C majority 25,379 NO CHANGE
Total vote 70.151. Turn-out 77.9%.
C 58.5%, L 22.3%, Lab 19.2%. C maj 36.2%. Swing -1.4%.
1970: Total vote 62,027 (72.8%)-
C 39,459 (63.6%), 'Lab 13,354 (21.5%), L 9,214 (14.8%)--C maj 26,105 (42.1%). Swing +6.1%.
Mr Edward Gardner, . QC, elected in 1970, was MP for Billericay from 1959 to 1966 ; contested Erith and Crayford in 1955. Called to the Bar . (Gray's Inn) in 1947, admitted to.. the Nigerian and British Guianan Bars, 1962, and became a Master of the Bench of Gray's Inn in 1968. B May, 1912- ed Hutton Grammar School, Chairman 'of "" Justice "" working party on bail . and remands in custody, 1967, and a member- of the executive committee, 1968. Chairman, Conservative Parlia- mentary Home Affairs Committee, since 1973. Chairman. Bar Council committee on Parliamentary Priv- ilege, 1967. Governor,. Thomas Coram FoundatiGn for Clhildren since 1962.
Southgate,. see Enfield
STAFFORD and STONE minor Electorate 78,153 1970 : 74.639
*Fraer, H. C. P. J. (C) 30,056 Cowlishaw, T. E. (Lab) 21,073 Martin, H. S. (L) 13,132
C majority 8,983 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,261. Turn-out 82.3%.
C 46.8%. Lab 32.8%. L 20.4%. C mal 14.0%. Swing -1.8%.
1970: Total vote 54,806 (73.4%)-
C 30,056 (54.8%), Lab 20,380 (37.2%), L 4,370 (8.0%)-C maj 9,676 (17.6%). Swing +3.9%.
Mr Hugh Fraser, a director of various companies, was appointed Secretary of State for Air in July, 1962, became Minister of Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 reorganization. Under-Secre. tary, Colonial Office, 1960-62, War Office, 1958-60. Member for Stone from '1945 to 1950, when he was returned for Stafford and Stone. B January, 1918; ed Ampleforth, Balliol CoUege, Oxford (president of the Union), and the Sorbonne.
STAFFORDSHIRE, South-West
major Electorate 60,569
*Cormack, P. T. (C) 23,878 Wymer, 1. K. (Lab) 14,120 Freeman, E. (L) 10,408 Maxwell, D. (Eng Nat) 482
C majority 9,758 Total vote 48,888. Turn-out 80.7%
C 48.8%, Lab 28.9%, L 21.3%, Eng Nat 1.0%. C maj 19.9%.
Mr Patrick Cormack, teacher, re- presented Cannock for the Conser. vatives from 1970-74. Contested Grimsby, 1966 ; Bolsover, 1964. B May, 1939; ed St James Choir and [Havelock Schools, Grimsby; Hull University. Chairman, ali-party parliamentary committee for Soviet Jews. Member, Select Com- mittee on Anti-Discrimination. For- mer Vice-chairman, East Midlands Area Young Conservatives, For- mer member Council of Historical Association.
STALYBRIDGE and HYDE same Electorate 65,929 1970: 63,823
*Pendry, T. (Lab) 24,922 Swerling, S. M. (C) 16,854 White, H. (Ind L) 10,850
Lab majority 8,068 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,626. Turn-out 81.5%.
Lab 47.3%, C 32.0%, Ind L 20.6%. Lab maj 15.3%. Swing -4.6%.
1970 : Total vote 46,906 (73.5%)-
Lab 22,226 (47.4%) C 19,377 (41.3%), L 5,303 (Ii.3%)-Lab maj 2,849 (6.1%). Swing
3.8.%
Mr Thomas Pendry, Opposition whip 1971-74, was a full-time offi- cial of the National Union of Public Employees 1960-70. He was elected in 1970. B June, 1934; ed St Augustine's School, Ramsgate, and Plater Hall, Oxfor,d. Member, Paddington Borough Council, 1962- 65. Member. Industrial Law Society.
Stepney and Poplar,
see Tower Hamlets
STIRLING, -FALKIRK and
GRANGEMOUTH minor Electorate 64,046 1970: 61 953
*Ewing, H. (Lab) 21,685 McIntyre, Dr R. D. (Scot
Nat) 17,836 Campbell, G. (C) 12,228
Lab majority 3,849 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,749. Turn-out 81.2%.
Lab 41.9%, Scot Nat 34.5%, C 23.6%. Lab maj 7.4%. Swing
1.2%.
1970: Total vote 45,309 (73.0%)-
Lab 22,984 (50.7%), C 15,754 (34.8%), Scot Nat 6,571 (14.5%)-Lab maj 7,230 (15.9%). Swing +2.8%.
1971 by-election : Total vote 37,833
(60.0%)-Lab 17,536 (46.5%), Scot Nat 13,048 (34.6%), C 7,149 (18.4% )-Lib maj 4,488 (11.9%).
Mr Harry Ewing, MP for Stirling and Falkirk. 1971-74. Post office worker. B January 20, 1931; ed Beath High School, Cowdenbeath. Fought Fife, East, 1970. Various appointments in Union of Post Office Workers 1962-71,. and Co- operative movement.
STIRLINGSHIRE, East and Clack- mannan minor Electorate 62,222 1970 : 61,811
Reid, G. N. (Scot Nat) 22,289 Douglas, R. G. (Lab &
Co-op) 18,679 Lester, A. H. (C) 9,994 Bolton, G. (Comm) 322
Scot Nat majority 3,610 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 51,284. Turn-out 82.6%.
Scot Nat 43.5%, Lab & Co-op 36.4%, C 19.5%, Comm 0.6%. Scot Nat maj 7.0%. Swing +2.8%.
1970: Total vote 46,790 (75.6%)-
Lab and Co-op 23,729 (50.7%), C 13,178 (28.2%), Scot Nat 7,243 (15.5%), L 2,640 (5.6%)-Lab maj 10,551 (22.5%). Swing
Mr George Reid, freelance jour- nalist and broadcaster. Aged 34; ed Tullibody School and Dollar Academy, and St Andrews Univer- sity. Formerly head of features and documentaries, Scottish Tele- vision.
STIRLINGSHIRE, West minor Electorate 53,256 1970: 48,885
*Baxter, W. (Lab) 17,730
Jones, Mrs J. (Scot Nat) 12,886 Price, T. (C) 12,789
Lab majority 4,844 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,405. Turn-out 82.8%.
Lab 40.8%, Scot Nat 29.7%, C 29.5%. Lab maj 11.2%. Swing + 3.9%.
1970: Total vote 38628 (78.9%)-
Lab 18,884 (48.9% ) C 11,465 (29.7%), Scot Nat 8,279 (21.4%)-Lab maj 7,419 (19.2%). Swing +2.0%.
Mr William Baxter was elected in 1959. Building contractor and farmer. B December, 1911; ed Banton public school. County councillor, Stirlingshire, 1932; Stirling representative on County Councils Association. Founder member, Western Region Hospital Board.
STOCKPORT, North minor Electorate 52,385 1970: 52,647
Bennett, A. F. (Lab) 16,948 *Owen, I. W. (C) 16,745 Arnold, P. (L) 9,283
Lab majority 203 LAB GAIN FROM C
Total vote 42.976. Turn-out 82.1%.
Lab 39.4%, C 39.0%, L 21.6%. Lab maj 0.5%. Swing -1.3%. 1970: Total vote 39,415 (74.9%)-
C 18,132 (46.0%), Lab 17,261 (43.8%), L 4,022 (10.2%)-C mai 871 (2.2%) Swing +5.3%.
Mr Andrew Bennett, teacher, con- tested Knutsford, 1970 ; member, Oldham Borough Council since 1964. B March, 1939:- ed Birminig- ham Uniiversity. NUT.
SUDBtRY and WOODBRIDGE
same Electorate 84,414 1970: 78,109
*Stainton, K. M. (C) 31,987 Lewis, N. (L) 18,286 Orriss, B. (Lab) 18,228
C majority 13,701 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,501. Turn-out 81.7%.
C 46.7%, L 26.7%, Lab 26.6%. C maj 20.0%. Swing -0.5%.
1970 : Total vote 59,358 (76.0%)- C 32,393 (54.6%), Lab 19,829 (33.4% ) L 7,136 (12.0%)-C maj 12,696 (30.8%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr Keith Stainton, company direc- tor, was returned at by-election December, 1963. B November, 1921; ed Kendal Grammar School and Manchester University. Member, Estimates Committee:. Select Committee on Science and Technology, since 1970. Promoted Housebuilding (Protection of Pur- chasers) Bill, 1964 which led to strengthening of National House. builders Registration Council, Financial Times leader writer, 1949-53. Founder member, Bow Group.
SUNDERLAND, North major Electorate 75,765
*Willey, F. T. (Lab) 28,933 Brown, D. J. S. (C) 17,533 Lennox, J. (L) 9,015
Lab majority 11.400 Total vote 55,481. Turn-out 73.4%.
Lab 52.1%,1, C 31.6%,,L 16.2%. Lab maj 20.5%.
Mr Frederick Willey, Minister of State, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1967 ; Minister of Land and, Natural Resources, 1964-67. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1936). B November, 1910; ed Johnston School and St John's College, Cambridge (foot- ball blue). Elected as Sunderland MP in 1945 and returned for North Division in 1950 after redis- tribution.
SUNDERLAND, South major Electorate 76,748
*Bagier, G. A. T. (Lab) 28,296 Wright, M. (C) 19,700 Nicholson, J. (L) 9,098
Lab majoritY 8.596 Total vote 57,094. Turn-out 74.6%.
Lab 49.6%, C 34.5%, L 15.9%. Lab maj 15.0%.
Mr Gordon Bagier, wyho won the seat in 1964, was a signals inspec- tor in British Railways. B July, 1924; ed Pendower Secondary Technical School, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. President, Yorkshire Dis- trict Council, NUR, 1962-64.
Surbiton,
see Kingston upon Thames
SURREY, East
Electorate 55,134
*Howe, Sir R. E. G. (C) 23,563 Vaus, K. S. (L) 15,544 Allonby, D. L. (Lab) 6,946
C majority 8,019 Total vote, 46,053. Turn-out 83.6%.
C, 51.2%, L 33.7%, Lab 15.1%. C maj 17.4%.
Sir Geoffrey Howe, QC, Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs with the Department for Trade and Industry, since 1973 ; Solicitor General, 1970-73. Represented Rei- gate, 1970-74 and Bebington, 1964. 66, contesting Aberavon, 1955 and 1959. Barrister, called bv Middle Temple, 1952. B December, 1926- ed Winchester and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Former deputy chair. man, Glamorgan Quarter Ses- sions ; member, General Council of Bar, 1957-61 ; elected Bencher of Middle Temple, 1969.
SURREY, North-West major Electorate 68,414
*Grylls, W. M. J. (C) 28,841 Sims, L. E. (L) 13,892 Clifton, A. A. (Lab) 11,608 Foster, D. B. (Nat Coalition) 463 C majority 14,949 Total vote 54,804. Turn-out 80.1%.
C 52.6%, L 25.3%, Lab 21.2%, Nat Coalition 0.8%. C maj 27.3%.
MIr Michael Grylls, MP for Chert- sey, 1970-74, contested Fulbam in 1964 and 1966. Chairman and managing director of Costa Brava Wine Co. and H. & J. Wine Agencies Ltd. B February, 1934- ed Royal Naval College, Dart- mouth, and universities in Paris and Madrid. Member, Expenditure Committee; Select Committee on Overseas Development.
SUSSEX, Mid major Electorate 61,164
Renton, R. T. (C) 27,317 Symes-Schutzmann, R.
(L) 15,162 Fraser, Miss M. R. (Lab) 7,993
C majority 12,155 Total vote 50,472. Turn-out 83.5%.
C 54.1%, L 30.0%, Lab 15.8%. C maj 24.1%.
Mr Timothy Renton, merchant banker, contested Sheffield, Park, 1970. B May, 1932 ; ed Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Specialist in overseas trade and exporting. Former chairman, North Kensington Con- servative Association.
SUTTON, Sutton and Cheam minor Electorate 60,012 1970 : 60.991
Macfarlane, N. (C) 22,555 *Tope, G. N. (L) 20,836 Rhodes, J. K. (Lab) 6,270
C majority 1,719 CONSERVATIVE GAIN FROM L
Total vote 49,661. Turn-out 82.7%.
. C 45.4%, L 41.9%°, Lab 12.6%.
C maj 3.5%. Swing +1.0%.
1970: Total vote 41,241 (67.5%)-
C 23,957 (58.1%), Lab 11,261 (27.3%), L 6,023 (14.6%)-.C maj 12,696 (30.8%. Swing +5.0%.
1972 by-election : Total vote 34,204
(56.2%)-L 18,328 (53.5%), C 10,911 (31.8%), Lab 2,973 (8.6%), Ind Anti-EEC 1,332 (3.8%), Nat Ind 660 (1.9%).L maj 7,417 (21.7%).
Mr Neil Macfarlane, oil company executive, contested East Ham, North, 1970, Sutton and Cheam by-election, 1972. B May, 1936; ed St Arbyns, Woodford Green, and Bancrofts School, Woodford Wells Company director of private schools.
SUTTON, Carshalton major Electorate 66,219
*Carr, L. R. (C) 24,440 Walker, P. J. (Lab) 18,750 Smallbone, Mrs H. (L) 11,695
C majority 5.690 Total vote 54,885. Turn-out 82.9%.
C 44.5%, Lab 34.2%, L 21.3%. C maj 10.4%.
Mr Robert Carr, was Home Secre- tary, following the resignation of Mr Maudling, from 1972, Lord President of the Council, April- November 1972 and Secretary of State for Employment, 1970-72. He was chief Opposition spokesman on employment and. productivity and labour matters 1967-70. Secre- tary for Technical Co-operation, 1963-64; Parliamentary Secretary;
Ministry of Labour, December, 1955-April, 1958. PPS to Sir Anthony Eden, 1951-55. Repre- sented Mitcham 1950-74. B Novem- ber, 1916 ; ed Westminster School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Metallurgist and in- dustrialist and former company director; Governor, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, 1958-63
Imperial College of Science and
Tehnology, 1959-63 ; St Mary's Medical School Council, 1958-63. Fellow of Institute of Metallur- cists, 1957.
SUTTON COLDFIELD major Electorate 59,928
*Fowler, P. N. (C) 28,355 Watson, Sir A. (L) 14,929 Little, R. A. (Lab) 6,028
C majority 13,426 Total vote 49,312. Turn-oujt 82.3%.
C 57.5%, L 30.3%, Lab 12.2%. C maj 27.2%.
Mr Norman Fowler was MP for Nottingham, South, 1970-74; Home Affairs correspondent of The Times 1966-70. B 1938; ed King Edward VI School, Chelms- ford and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration since 1970 ; NUJ. Chairman, University Conservative Associa- tion, Former member, Bow GDoup Council ; served on editorial board ot Crossbow for eight years.
SWANSEA, East same Electorate 58,019 1970: 58,603
*McBride, N. (Lab) 28,537 Mercer, D. J. (C) 8,850 Ball, J. G. (Pl Cymru) 5,135 Jones, W. R. (Comm) 507
Lab majority 19,687 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,029. Turn-out 72.9%.
Lab 66.3%, C 20.6%, PI Cymru 11.9%, Comm 1.2%.' Lab maj 457%. Swing +1.4%.
1970: Total vote 41,125 (70.2%)-
Lab 28,183 (68.5%), C 8,191 (19.9%), P1 Cymru 4,188 (10.2%), Comm 563 (1.4%)- Lab maj 19,992 (48.6%). Swing +5.6%
Mr Neil McBride was a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1969- 70; assistant Government whip, 1966-69. Elected at a by-election in March, 1963 ; contested High Peak, 1955, and Perth and East Perthshire, 1951. Brass finisher. B April, 1910; ed Paisley Gram. mar School and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Twice chairman of Paisley Labour Party, sponsored by AUEW, engineering section.
SWANSEA, West same Electorate 65.465 1970: 64,686
*Williams, A. J. (Lab) 22,124 Lewis, D. R. 0. (C) 18,786 Keal, B. E. (L) 8,248 Hearne, D. K. (PI Cymru) 1,859
Lab majority 3,338 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,017. Turn-out 77.9%.
Lab 43.4%, C 36.8%, L 16.2%, PI Cymru 3.6%. Lab maj 6.5%. Swing +0.0%..
1970: rotai vote 49,039 (75.8%)-
Lab 24,622 (50.2%), C 21,384 (43.6%), P) Cymru 3,033 (6.2%)-Lab maj 3,238 (6.6%). Swing +3.1%.
Mr Alan Willams was an Opposi- tion spokesman on education and science, 1970-73; consumer affairs since 1973. Chairman, all-party committee on minerals since 1972. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology and Power 1969-70; Under Secretary, Department for Economic Affairs, 1967-69. Member, Public Accounts Commit. tee, 1966-67. Won seat in 1964; contested Poole, 1959. B October, 1930: ed Cardiff High School, Cardiff College of Technology, and University College, Oxford. Radio alnd television broadcaster and free- lance journalist. Member Fabian Society and ATTI. Chairman, Welsh Labour Group, 1965-66.
SWINDON minor Electorate 62,170 1970: 61,305
*Stoddart, D. L. (Lab) 24,093 Young, G. C. M. (C) 15,384 Hubbard, R. (L) 10,564 Blakeney, Mrs K.
(WRP) 240
Lab majority 8,709 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,281. Turn-out 80.9%.
Lab 47.9%, C 30.6%, L 21.0%, WRP 0.5%. Lab maj 17.3%. Swing -2.6%.
1970: Total vote 46,342 (75.6%)-
Lab 25,731 (55.5%), C 20,155 (43.5%), Comm 456 (1.0%)- Lab maj 5,576 (12.0%). Swing + 6.3%.
MIr David Stoddart won the seat for Labour in 1970 after contesting It unsuccessfully at the 1969 by- election. Contested Newbury, 1964 and 1959. Power station adminis- trative assistant. B May, 1926; ed St Clement Dane's and Henley Grammar Schools; Bromley Tech- nical College. Member, Select Committee on Nationalised Indus- tries since 1970; Electrical, Elec- tronic, Telecommunication, Plumb- ing Union. Member, Reading Borough Council 1954-72, leader of Labour Group, 1964-71.
T
TAUNTON minor Electorate 63,131 1970: 61,805
*Du Cann, E. (C) 23,841 Keene, D. W. (Lab) 15,401 Mann, M. (L) 13,607
C majority 8,440 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,849. Turn-out 83.7%.
C 45.1%. Lab 29.1%. L 25.7%. C maj 16.0%. Swing -0.5%.
1970: Total vote 48,852 (78.9%)- C 26,158 (53.5%), Lab 17,823 (36.5%), L 4,871 (10.0%)-C maj 8,335 (17.1%). Swing +5.1%.
Mr Edward du Cann, chairman of the 1922 Committee since 1972. Founder Chairman of the Select Committee on Public Expend- iture; chairman of the Conserva- tive Party Organization, 1965-67. Was Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1963-64; Economic Secre- tary to the Treasury from July, 1962. Elected February, 1956
contested Barrow-in-Furness, 1955, and West Walthamstow, 1951. B May 28, 1924; ed Colet Court, Woodbridge School and St John's College, Oxford. Banker. Founder of the Unicorn Group of Unit Trusts, formed in 1957. Chairman, KCeyser Ullmann Holdings Ltd., In- vesteco Overseas Holdings and International Life Insurance. Director, Barclays Bank Ltd (London Board).
TEESSIDE, Mlddlesbrougb major Electorate 59,627
*Bottomley, A. G. (Lab) 27,324 Dickens, G. K. (C) 13,915
Lab majority 13,409 Total vote 41,239. Turn-out 68.7%.
Lab 66.2%, C 33.7%. Lab maj 32.5%.
Mr Arthur Bottomley was Minister of Overseas Development, 1966. 67 ; Secretary of State for Com. monwealth Relations, 1964-66. Re. turned at a by-election in March, 1962; represented Rochester and Chatham, 1950-59, and Chatham, 1945-50. Secretary for Overseas Trade, 1947-51 ; Under-Secretary for the Dominions, 1946-47 B February, 1907 ; ed council school and extra-mural university classes. Walthamstow Borough Council. 1929.49 (Mayor, 1945-46). Chair- man, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1968- 70. Vice-chairman, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1968. Full-time official, National Union of Public Employees, 1934-45, 1959-62.
TONBERDGE AND MALLING
majot Electorate 64,944
Stanley J. P. (C) 24,809 Vann, if. (L) 14,701 Straw, J. W. (Lab) 14,683
C majority 10,10&
Total vote 54,193. Turn-out 83.2%.
C 45.8%, L 27.1%, Lab 27.1%. C maj 18.6%.
Mr John Stanley, planning man- ager with Rio Tinto-Zinc Corpora. tion Ltd. Contested Newton, 1970. B January, 1942; ed Repton Schobl and Lincoln College, Oxford. Formerly with Conserva. tive Research departuient.
Tooting, see Wandsworth
TORBAY
*lcetnrLt,L At:Re1
major
*Bennett, Sir F. M. (C) 33,163' Tretheway, Mrs B. (L) 20,755 Tench, J. R. W. (Lab) 14,389
C majority 12,408 Total vote 68,307. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 48.5%, L 30.4%, Lab 21.1%. C maj 18.2%.
Sir Frederic Bennett was returned for Torquay at the by-election in 1955. Represented Reading, North, 1951-55; contested Birmingham, Ladywood, 1950, and Burslem, 1945. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn 1946, Southern Rhodesian Bar, 1947). B December, 1918; ed Westminster School, Lloyds under: writer, Director various financial and industrial institutions in United ' Kingdom and abroad. Former member, Select Committee on Overseas Aid; former joint vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary, Foreign and Com- monwealth Affairs committee.
TOTNES,
Electorate 80,120
major.
*Mawby, R. L. (C) 30,565 Rogers, A. H. (L) 20,922 Luscombe, H. M. (Lab) 13,249 Lewis, J. (Ind) 394
C majority 9,643 Total vote 65,130. Turn-out 81.3%.
C 46.9%, L 32.1%, Lab 20.3%, Ind 0.6%.C maj 14.8%.
Mr Ray Mawby was elected in 1955; Assistant 'Postmaster Gen- eral, 1963-64. Former chairman, West Country group of Conserva-
tive MPs. B February 6, 1922; ed' Long Lawford council school near- Rugby. Director, Beaverbrook Western Newspapers. Electridcian- former president, 'treasurer and shob steward, Rugby 'branchb EETPU. First president, Cbnserva- tive trade unibnists' national advi- sory committee; former executive member of the 1922 Committee, Member, Commons Expenditure Committee.
Tottenham, see Haringey.
TOWER HAMLETS, : Bethnal Green and Bow rmajor Electorate 53,442
*Mikardo, I. (Lab) 21,371 Gates T. (L) 6,417 Murphy, C. P. (C) 4,787
Lab majority 14,954 Total vote 32,575. Turn-out 60.9%.
Lab 65.6%, L 19.7%, C 14.7%, Lab maj 45.9%.
Mr Ian Mnkardo, MP for Poplar 1964-74, represented: Reading,
1945-50, Reading,. South, 1950-55,- and Reading, 1955-59. Commercial and industrial consultant; B July, 1908; ed Portsmouth Southern Stcon ary School and Portsmouth Municipal College. Chairman of Labour Party, 1970-71 ; Member, party national executive 1950-59, and since 1960. Chairman, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus-
tries 1966-70. President, Associa-. tion of Scientific, Technical and Managerial I Staffs; member, National Joint Council for Civil Air Transport.
TOWER HAMLETS, Stepney and Poplat major Electorate 60,069
*Shore, P. D. (Lab) Z8,869 Greenway, H. (C) 5,539 Halpin, K. (Comm) 1,278
Lab majority 23,330 Total vote 35,686. Turn-out 59.4%.
Lab 80.9%, C 15.5%, Comm 3.6%. Lab maJ 65.4%.
Mr Peter Shore was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in 197:1, and appointed Opposition spokesman on European affairs, later being glven added responsibilities for prices and consumer protection. He was Minister without Portfolio and Deputy Leader of. the House, 1969-70; Secretary of State for. Economic Affairs, 1967-69 ; Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67. Elected for Stepney. in 1964; contested St Ives, 1950, and Halifax, 1959. Political economist and head of Labour Party research depart- ment, 1959-64. PPS to Mr Hlarold Wilson, 1965-66. B May, 1924; ed Quarry Bank High School, Liver- pool, and King's Colg,Cm bridge. ofl~ge, Camo
TRURO
Electorate 71,461
major
*Dixon, P. (C) 23,493 Penhaligon, D. C. (L) 20,932 White, Rev M. W. (Lab) 12,945 Whetter, J. C. (Mebyon
Kernow) 850 C majority 2,56f Total vote 58,220. Turn;out 81.5%.
C 40.3%, L 35.9%, Lab 22.2%, Meb Kernow L4%. C ma; 4.4%. Mr Piers Dixon was elected in 1970; contested Brixton. 1966. In- vestment adviser and stockbroker. B December, 1938; ed Eton, Mag- dalene College, Cambridge, Har- vard Business School., Joint vice- chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary finance committee; chair-. man, West Europe Group, Conser- vative Foreign Affairs Committee.
Twiokenham,
see Richmond upon Thames
Tunbridge Wells,
see Royal Tunbridge Wells
TYNEMOUTH same Electorate 75,993 1970: 78,913
Trotter, N. G. (C) 26,824 Carlton, Dr D. (Lab) 20,437 Turner, R. (L). 13,393
C majority . 6,387 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,654. Turn-out 78.7%:
C 44.2%, Lab 33.7%, L 22.1%. C mai 10.5%. Swing -0.4%.
1970: Total vote 59,921 (75.9%)-
C 30,773 (51.3%), Lab 23,927 (39.9%), L 5,221 (8.7%)-C maj 6,846 (11.4%). Swing
Mr Neville Trjotter, c hartered mccountant. Contested Consett, 1970. B January, 1932 ; ed Shrews- bury School,. King!s . College, Durnam University. _ Member, Newcastle City Council since 1963.
I
WARRINGTON ume Electorate 46,240 1970: 50,012 *Wlliams, W. T. (Lab
& Co-op) 19,550 Hayton, J. W. (C) 8,444 Deakin, Dr F. J. (L) 6,187
Lab & Co-op majority 11,106 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,181. Turn-out 73.90%.
Lab & Co-op 572%, C 24.7%, L 18.1%. Lab & Co-op maj 32.5%. Swing -1.9 %.
1970: Total vote 32,617 (65.2%)-
Lab 20,970 (64.3%), C 11,647 (35.7%)-Lab maj; 9,323 (28.6%). Swing + 4.9%.
Mr Thomas Williams, QC, was returned at a by-election in 1961; represented Baron's Court, 1955- 59; and Hammersmith, South, 1949-55. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn), 1951 ; QC 1964. B September, 1915; ed Aberdare Grammar School University College, Cardiff, and St Catherine's College, Oxford. Re- corder of Blrkenbead, 1969-71; chairmarl Co-operative group of MPs, 1969-70; chairman, consu- mer group of Labour Party, 1966- 70; member, Lord Chancellor's Committee on Public Records; chairman, Fray Valley Hospitai Committee, 1967-70; member,' SE Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, 1965-71, and King's College Hospital governors since 1968.
. .~~~g
WARWICK AND LEAMINGTON
major Electorate 77,904
*Smkth,,D. G. (C) 30,167 England J W. (Lab) 18,874 Jones, T (L) 14,500
C majority 11,293 Total vote 63,541. Turn-out 81.6%.
* C 47.50%, Lab 29.7%, L 22.8S/.
C maj 17.8%.
Mr Dudley Smith, Under Secre- tary of Defence for the Army, 1974, and Under Secretary for Employment, 1970-74, was elected at a by-election in March, 1968. Won Brentford and Chiswick, 1959, held the seat in 1964, but was defeated in 1966. Opposition whip, 1964-66. Secretary, Conser- vative Parliamentary Labour Comr mittee, 1962-65. Contested Peck- ham, 1955. Former divisional director, Beecham Group Ltd, and journalist. B November, 1926; ed Chichester High School. Middlesex County Council, 1958-63.
WATFORD same Electorate 56,249 1970: 56,523
*Tuck, R. H. (Lab) 18,884 Clarke, D. W. (C) 16,089 Jacobs, A. (L) 11,035 Wotherspoon, J. (Nat
Front) 651 Lab majority 2,795 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,659. Turn-out 84.0%.
Lab 40.5%, C 34.5+, L 23.6%, Nat Front 1.4%. Lab maj 6.0%. Swing -2.9%.
1970: Total vote 43,098 (76.2%)-
Lab 19,698 (45.7%), C 19,622 (45.5%), L 3,778 (8.8%)-Lab maj 76 (0.2%). Swing + 4.3%.
Mr Raphael Tuck won the seat in 1964. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1951). B April 1910 ; ed St Paul's School, London, London School of Eco. nomics, Cambridge and Harvard Universifties. Professor of Law, Saskatchewan University, Canada, 1941-4S; professor of political sci- ence, McGill University, Montreal, 1945, and Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1947-49. Con- stitutional adviser to Premier of Manitoba, 1943 ; special research Department of Labour, Ottawa,
WELLINGBOROUGH major Electorate 84,562
*Fry, P. D. (C) 29,099 Mann, T. H. (Lab) 26,829 Jessel, Mrs P. (L) 15,049 James, D. T. (Ind C) 897
C majority 2,270 Total vote 71,874. Turn-out 85.0%.
C 40.5%, Lab 37.3%, L 20.9% Ind C 1.2%. C maj 3.1%.
Mr Petcr Fry won the seat at the by-election In 1969. Insurance broker. B May, 1931 ed Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe and Worcester College, Oxford Contested Willesden, East, 1966 and Nottingham, North, 1964. Secretary, Conservative Transport Industries Committee; Forestry Group; and British Yugoslav Parliamentary Group. Treasurer, all-party group for responsible fauhily planning. Vice-president and tormer hon sec Buckingham- shire County Rugby Football Union. Member, Buckinghamshire County Council, 1961-67.
WELLS minor Electorate 69,016 1970 65,381
*Boscawen, R. T. (C) 25,430 Butt, P. A. (L) 17,645 Pearce, D. K. (Lab) 14,399
C majority 7,785 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,474. Turn-out 84.5%.
C 44.2%. L 30.7%, Lab 25.0%. C mai 13.5%.. Swing +0.9%.
1970: Total vote 50,615 (77.3%)-
C 25,106 (49.6%), Lab 16,335 (32.3%), L .9,174 (18.1%)-C maJ 8,771 (17.3%). Swing + 4.9%.
Mr Robert Boscawen, a former Lloyd's underwriter, was elected in 1970; contested Falmouth and Camborne, 1966 and 1964. B March, 1923; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member, Select Com. mittee on. Expenditure, Employ- ment and Social Services sub-com- mittee ; vice-chairman Conservative Parliamentary Health and Social Security -Committee and Conserva- tive West Country Members' Com- mittee. Member, London Exec- utive Council, National Health Service, 1956-65.
WELWYN AND HATFIELD
major Electorate 66 486
*Balniel, Lora (C) 22,581 Sewell, C. W. (Lab&Co-op) 21,166 Robinson, P. (L) 12,923
C majority 1,415 Total vote 56 670 Turn-out 85.3%.
C 39.8%, Lab & Co-op 37.3%, L 22.8%. C maa; 2.5%.
Lord Balniel, Minister of State, Foreign and Comnmonwealth Office, 1972-74, and Minister of State for Defence, 1970-72, repre- sented Hertford, 1955-74. B March, 1927; ed Eton and Trinity College; Cambridge. Principal Op- position spokesman on social security, 1967-70; a spokesrnan on
foreign affairs, 1965-67.'.Chairman,
National Association for Mental
Health, 1963-70; president, Rural District Councils Association, 1959-
WEST BROMWICH, East major Electorate 57,779
Snape, P. C. (Lab) 21,895 Bell,, D. W. (C) 16,686 Webster, M.. (Nat Front) 2,907
Lab majority .5,209 Total vote 41,488. Turn-out 78.0%.
Lab 52.8%, C 40.2%, Nat Front 7.0%. Lab miaj 12.5%.
Mlr Peter Snape, clerical officer with. British Rail. .B February, 1942 ; ed St Joseph's Rdman Catho- lic Primary Schoiol., Stockport, and secondary modern school. Num.
ALDREDGE.BROWNMLg m0or Electorate 61,61S
Edge, G. (Lab) 19,642 *Hornsby-Smith, Dame P.
(c). 19,276 Crofton, Dr J. A. (L) 11,883
Lab majority 366 Total vote 50,801. Turn-out 83.2%.
Lab 38.7%, C 37.9%, L 23.4%. Lab maj 0.7%.
Mr Geoffrey Edge, university lec- turer at the Open University. B May, 1943; ed. grammnar school, London School of Economics and Birmiigham University. Member, Bletchley Urban District Council; Miltog Keynes District Council.
ALTRINCHAM AND SALE same Electorate 72,676 1970: 70,703
*Barber, A. P. L. (C) 26,434 Blackburn, D. (L) 17,738 Rutherford, D. (Lab) 15,550
C nfajority 8,696 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,722. Turn-out 82.2%.
C 44.3%, L 29.7%, Lab 26.0%. C maj 14.6%. Swing --1.5%.
1970: Total vote 52,450 (74.2%)-
C 27,904 (53.2%), Lab 16,671 (31.8%), L 7,875 (15.0%)-C maJ 11.233 (21.4%) Swing +4.0%.
Mr Anthony Barber, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1970-74, Chancel- lor of the Duchy of Lancaster June-July, 1970, with responsibil- ity for EEC negotiations. Chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation, 1967-70; was Opposition spokesman on trade, industry and steel. Minister of Health, 1963-64
Financial Secretary to the Treas- ury, 1962-63 ; Economic Secretary, 1959-62. Returned at by-election, February, 1965; represented Don- caster, 1951-64; contested Doncas- ter, 1950. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1957-58. B July, 1920W; ed Oriel College, Oxford. While prisoner of war took a law degree with first-class honours. Called to the Bar (Inner Temple) 1948. Former chairman, Redfearn National Glass Ltd, and former director, Chartered Bank and Brit- lsh Ropes Ltd.
ANGLESEY Same Electorate 44,187 1970: 41,334
*Hughes, C. (Lab) 14,652 Lewis, T. V. (C) 8,898 Iwan, D. (Pi Cymru) 7,610 Jones, E. (L) 3,882
Lab majority 5,754 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,042. Turn-out 80.2%.
Lab 41.8%, C 25.4%, Pl Cyniru 21.7%, L 11.1°. Lab maj 16.4%. Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 32,339 (78.2%)-
Lab 13,966 (43.2%/), C 9,220 (28.5%), Pi Cymru 7,140 (22,1%), L 2,013 (6.2%)-Lab maj 4,746 (14.7%). Swing +2.4%.
Mr Cledwyn Hughes, Opposition spokesman on Agriculture, 1970. 71. Minister of Agriculture, Fish- eries and Food, 1968-70 ; Secretary of State for Wales, 1966-68 ; Min- ister of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1964-66. Elected In 1951 ; contested Anglesey, 1945 and 1950. Solicitor. B September, 1916; ed Holyhead Grammar School and University College. Aberystwyth. Former town clerkE of llolyhead. Member, Anglesey County Council, 1946-5Z; Public Accoutits Committee, 1957-64: chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party, 1953-54; chairman, Welsh Labour group, 1955-56.
ANGUS, NORTH and MEARNS
minor Electorate 37,233 1970: 37,058 *Buchanan-Smitb, A. L.
(C) 14,288 Rankin, H. (Scot Nat) 6,837 Hall, J. C. (L) 4,412 Stanley, A. A. C. (Lab) 3,745
C majority 7,451 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,282. Turn-out 78.6%.
C 48.8%, Scot Nat 23.3%, L 15.1%, Lab 12.8%. C maj 25.4%. Swing +0.6%.
1970: Total vote 27,668 (74.6%)-
C 14,687 (53.1%), Lab 5,092 (18.4%), Scot Nat 4,677 (16.9%), L 3,212 (11.6%)-C maj 9,595 (34.7%). Swing +2.2%.
Mr Alick Buchanan-Smith. An Under-Secretary for Home Affairs and Agriculture, Scottish Office, 1970-74. Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs. Was elected in 1964; contested West Fife in 1959. Farmer. B April, 1932: ed Edin- burgh Academy, Glenalmond, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Edinburgh University. Member, Select Committee on Agriculture, 1968-69. Vice-Chair- man, Conservative agricultural committee 1965-66. Secretary. Scottish Unionist MPs 1965,66 vice-chairman 1966-67.
ANGUS, Soutb mlnor
Electorate 51,876 1970: 49,293
*Bruce.Gardyne, _. (C) 20,522
Slesser, C. G. Mf. (Scot Nat)
15,179 Perks, R. W. (Lab) 5,721
C majority 5,343 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,422. Turn-out 79.80.
C 49.5%, Scot Nat 36.6%, Lab 13.8%. C mai 12.9%. Swing + 0.1%.
1970: Total vote 36,405 (73.8%)-
C .20,439 (56.1%), Scot Nat 8 409 (23.1%), Lab 7,557 (i0.7%)-C maj 12,030 (33.0%). Swing - 2.7%.
Mr John Bruce-Gardyne, a jour-
nalist, was secretary of Scottish Conservative MPs' group, 1967-72; joint vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary finance committee since 1972. B April. 1930 . ed Winchester College and Magdalen College, Oxford. Was six years in the Foreign Service before joining the Financial Times. Member of council of Bow Group, 1962-64.
ANTItM, North major Electorate 104,168
*'Paisley, The Rev 1.
(DemU) 41,282 Utley, T. E. (UU Pro
Assembly) 13,651 McAllister, Miss M. ((SDLP)
10,056 Dem U maj 27,631 Total vote 64,989. Tprn-out 62.40%.
Dem U 63.5%, UU Pro Assem 21.0%, SDLP 15.5%. Dem U mal 42.5%.
The Rev Ian Paisley, who won the seat in 1970, was founder of the Protestant Unionist Party and of the Free Presbyterian Church. He stood against Lord O'Neill of the Maine in the Northern Ireland ,general election of 196- ; won the seat for Bannside in the by- election caused - by Lord O'Neill's :resignation in 1970. Member, Ulster Assembly since 1973. 1 April, 1926 ; ed Model School, Ballymena 'and Ballymena Techni- ctal' College. Moderator, Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster. 1951.
AYR ; inior Electorate 51,546 1970: S1,691 -
Youtlger, G. K. H. (C) 21,626 McFadden, Mrs . A.'
(Lab) 16,528 Calman, C. D. (Scot Nat) 4,706 C majority 5.098 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,860. Turn-out 83.1%.
C 50.4%, Lab 3S.6%, Scot Nat ll.U%. C maj 11.9%. Swing + 0.6%
1970 : Total vote 42,176 (81.S%)-
C 22,220 (52.7%) Lab & CooX 17,770 (42 17) cot Nat 2,18; J5.2% )-C mal 4,450 (10.5%). swing +4.7%.
Mr George Younger was appointed Minister of State for Defence in January, 1974; Under Secretpry for Development, Scottish Office, '1970-74. Elected in 1964; con- tested Lanarkshire, North, 1959. Scottish Conservative whip, 1965. 67. Eldest son of Viscount Younger of Leckie. Formerly director of George Younger and Sons Ltd, the brewers. B Septem- ber, 1931 ; ed Cargilfield School, Edinburgh, Winchester College: and New College, Oxford. Gover. nor, Royal Scottish Academy. In 1968 raised a petition of more than one million signatures to save the Argyll and Sutherland High- landers, his former regiment, from disbandment.
AYRSIIRE, Central major Electorate 58,795
Lambie D. (Lab) 23,639 Gavin, i. (C) 17,362 Anderson, L. (Scot Nat) 7,255
Lab majority 6,277 Total vote 48,256. Turn-out 82.1°.
Lab 49.0%, C 36.0%, Scot Nat 15.0%. Lab maj 13.0%.
Mr. David Lamble was elected In 1970 - contested Ayrshire, North and jute in 1966, 1964, 1959, and 1959. Teacher. B July, 1925 ; ed Ardrossan Academy, Glasgow, and Glasgow and Geneva Universities. Executive member, Educational Institute for Scotland; chairman, Scottish Labour Party, 1965-66.
AYRSHIRE, North and Bute same Electorate 48,720 1970: 47,786
Corrie, J. A. (C) 17,166 Donnelly, R. D. (Lab) 10,436 Murphy, J. A. (Scot Nat) 6,104 Stevenson, R. (L) 3,832
C majority 6,730 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,538. Turn-out 77.0%.
C 45.7%, Lab 27.8%, Scot Nat 16.3%, L 10.2%'. C maj 17.9%, Swing -0.1%.
1970 : Total vote 35,164 (73.60)-
C 18,853 (53.6%), Lab 12,459 (35.4%), Scot Nat 3,852 (10.9%)-C maj 6,394 (18.2%). Swing +5.0%.
Mr John Corrie, farmer. B July, 1935 ; ed George Watson's Col- lege, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agri- cultural College, New Zealand. Contested Ayrshire, Central, 1966 and Lanark, North, 1964. Past President, Scottish Young Conser- vatives and Kirkcudbright Unionist Association. Nuffield Agricultural Scholar, 1972-73. Lecturer with British Wool Board and Agricul- tural Training Board. District Officer of Rotary International.
AYRSHIRE, South minor Electorate 50,784 1970: 50,324
*Sillars, J. (Lab) 23.093 Co1iquhoun, R. (C) 10.643 Mullih, R. (Scot Nat) 6,612
Lab majority 12,450 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,348. Turnout 79.4%.
Lab 57.2%, C 26.4%, Scot sat 16.4%. Lab maj 30.8%. Swing +0.4%.
1970: Total vote 38,688 (76.7%)-
Lab 23,910 (61.8%o), C 11.675 (30.2%), Scot Nat 3,103 (8.0%)-Lab maj 12,235 (31.6%). Swting +1.4%.
Mr James Sillars, a trade union official, wvas returned at the by- election in March, 1970. Full-time Labour Party agent 1964 and 1966 elections. B October, 1937 ; ed Nevton Park School, Ayr, and Ayr Academy. Former official Fire Brigades Union anxd head of Scot. tish TUC organization department. Former member, Ayr Towvn Coun- cil and Ayr County Council Educa- tion Committee.
,MANCHESTER, Gorton minor Electorate 55,443 1970: 61,S63
Marks, K. (Lab) 22,276 Waley-Cohen, S. (C) 13,300 Brooks, R. (L) 7,906
Lab majority 8,976 SO CHANGE
total vote 43,481. Turni-out 78.4%.
Lab S1.2%. C 30.6%. L 18.2%. Lab maj 20.6%. Swing -3.4%.
.1970 : Total vote 44,286 (71.9%)-
Lab 23,679 (53.5%) C 17,594 (39.7%), L 3,013 (68%)-Lab maj 6,085 (13.7%). Swing +3.2%.
Mr Kenneth Marks, returned at a by-election in November, 1967; contested Moss Side, 1955. Head- master. B June, 1920; ed Central High School, Manchester, Dids- bury College of Eduication, Man- chester. Vice-chairman, Parliamen- tary Labour Party education group, and former chairman, social security group. Opposition Whip, 1970-71.
MANCHESTER, Moss Side major Electorate 50,965
.Hatton, F. (Lab) 14,715 *Taylor, F. H. (C) 12,323 Wallace, W. (L) 7,979 Pushkin, Miss R. (Marx-
Leninist) 206
Lab majority 2,392 Total vote 35,223. Turn-out 69.1%.
Lab 41.8%. C 35.0%. L 22.6%. Marx-Lenin 0.6%. Lab maj 6.8%.
Mr Frank Hatton, personnel officer, was elected for Manchester, Ex- change, at the June, 1973, by-elec- tion; contested Manchester, Moss Side, 1970. Ed Manchester Central High School. Member, Manchester City Council. Former secretary, pManchester, Exchange Lab our
MANCHESTER, Openshaw minor Electorate 42,222 1970: 50,401
*Morris, C. R. (Lab) 16,478 Rosen, A. (C) 9,021 Wood, A. (L) 4,467 Hulse, J. (Nat Front) 541 Widdall, P. (Comm) 312
Lab majority 7,457 NO CHANGE
Total vote 30,819. Turn-out 73.0%.
Lab 53.5%. C 29.3%. L 145%. Nat Front 1.7%. Comm 1.0%. Lab maj 24.2%. Swing -1.1%. 1970: Total vote 32,245 (64.0%)-
Lab 19,397 (60.1%.), C 12,296 (38.1%), Comm 552 (1.7%)- Lab maj 7,101 (22.0%). Swing +6.1%.
Mr Charles Morris, Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr Harold Wilson since 1970. Treasurer of the Household (deputy Chief Gov- ernment Whip), 1969-70; Whip, 1966-69. Elected in 1962, by-elec- tion; contested Cheadle, 1959. Formerly a postal and telegraph officer and member of the exec- utive council of the Union of Post Office Workers, 1959-63. B Decem- ber, 1926 ; ed Brookdale Park School, Manchester.
MANCHESTER, Withington major Electorate 58,300
Silvester, F. (C) 17,997 Moxley, S. N. M. (Lab) 13,584 McWilliam-Fowler, I. (L) 10,877
C majority 4,413 Total vote 42,458. Turn-out 73.5%.
C-42.4%, Lab 32.0%, L 25.6%. C maj 10.4%.
Mr Frederick Silvester held Wal- thamstow, West for the Conserva- tives, 1967-70, contesting the seat 1966. Advertising executive and barrister (Grays Inn, 1957). B Septembbr, 1933 ; ed Sir George Monoux Grammar School, Wal- thamstow and Sidney Sussex Col- lege, Cambridge. Member Wal- thamstow Borough Council, 1961- 65. CPC political education officer, 1957-60.
MANCHESTER, Wythenshawe
Electorate 65,465 major *Morris, A. (Lab & Co-op) 26,900 Hill, Mrs J. (C) 14,462 Blond, A. (L) 6,905
Lab majority 12,438 Total vote 48,267. Turn-out73.9%o.
Lab & Co-op 55.7%, C 30.0%, L 14.3%. Lab & Co-op maj 25.8%. Mr Alfred Morris was elected in 1964; contested seat in 1959 and Liverpool, Garston, in 1951. Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation. Promoted Chronically Siclk and Disabled Per- sons Act, 1970. Received the first Lord Harding award for services to the disabled. B March, 1928; ed Manchester elementary schools, Ruskin College and St Catherine's College, Oxford and post graduate studies at University. of Manches- ter. Chairman of. the Food and Agriculture group of the Parlia- mentary Labour Party and a Labour MP's disablement group, both'1970-74.
MANSFIELD same Electorate 68,954 1970: 67,233
*Concannon, J. D. (Lab) 34,378 Thompson, H. J. (C) 18,236 Westacott, F. (Comm) 675
Lab majority *16,142 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,289. Turn-out 77.3%.
Lab 64.5%, C 34.2% Com 1.3%. Lab maj 30.3%. Suing +1.6%. 1970: Total vote 46,209 (68.7%)-
Lab 30,554 (66.1%), C 15,027 (32.5%), Comm 628 (1.3%)- Lab mai 15,527 (33.6%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Dennis Concannon, Opposi- tion whip. .1970-74; assistant Gov- ernment whip, 1968-70. Returned in 1966. Miner and official of the NlJM, 1953-66. B May 1930; ed Rossington Secondary School, Doncaster Technical School, WEA, Nottingham University. Member, Mansfield council, 1962-68. Member, Labour Party parliamen- tary committees on power and steel, defence, and social services.
MELTON major Electorate 81,357
Latham, M. (C) 32,239 Pick, J. (L) 19,490 Mesayhe R.armet WS.( Ab) E1,22
C majority 12,749
Total vote 67,957. Turn-out 83.5%.
C 47.4%, L 28.7%, Lab 23.9%. C maj 18.8%.
Mr Michael Latham, freelance consultant. Contested Liverpool, West Derby, 1970. B November
1942; ed Marlborough College, King's College, Cambridge. Direc- tor and chief executive of the House Builders Federation, 19l1- 73 and Parliamentary Liaison Offi- cer, National Federation of Build. ing Trades Employers, 1967-73. Conservative Research Depart. ment, 1965-67. Member, Westmin- ster City Council, 1968-71.
MERIDEN major Electorate 96,380
Tomlinson, J. E. (Lab) 40,541 'Speed, H. K. (C). 36,056
Lab majority 4,485
Total vote 76,597. Turn-out 79.5%.
Lab 52.9%, C 47.1%. Lab maj -.S.%.
MVr John Tomlinson, lecturer in Industrial relations, contested Walthamstow, East, 1970, and Bridlington, 1966. B August, 1939; ed Westminster City School and Co-operative College.. Formerly political organizer and head of research department, AUEW. Member, Sheffield City Council, 1964-67, and Dartford Borough Council since 1979. TGWU and ATTI.
MERIONETH same Electorate 26,518 1970: 26,434
Thomas, D. E. (Pi Cymr- ) 7,823 *Edwards, W. H.' (Lab) 7,235 Jones, I. A. E. (L) 4,153 Owen, R. R. (C) 3,392
PI Cyraru majority 588 PL CYMRU GAIN
Total vote 22,603. Turn-out 85.1%.
Pi Cymru 34.6%, Lab 32.0%, 'L 18.4%, C 15.0%. Pl Cymru maj 2.6%. Swing +4.7%.
1970: Total vote 22,285 (84.3%)-
Lab 8,861 (39.8%), PI Cymru 5,425 (24.3%), L 5,034 (22.6%), C 2,965 (13.3%)-Lab maj 3,436 (15.4%). Swing +4.4%.
Mr DIafydd Thomas, university lecturer, contested Conway, 1970. B October 1946; ed University College of North 'Wales. Plaid Cymru spokesman on rural devel- opxmwent and agriculture. Member, TGWU.
MERTHYR TYDFiL same Electorate 39,850 1970: 41,291
*Rowlands, E. (Lab) 20,486 Roberts, E. (Pl Cymru) 7,336 Knowles, M. (C) 2,6?2 Bettell-Higgins, D. (L) 1,002 Jones, A. (Comm) 369 Battersby, R. (WRP) 160
Lab majority 13,150 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,975. Turn-out 81.0%.
Lab 64.10%, PI Cymru 22.9%, C 8.2%, L 3.1%, Com 1.1%, WRP 0.5%.' Lab maj 41.1%. Swing -18.5%.
1970: Total vote 32,180 (77.9%)-
Ind Lab 16,701 (51.9%), Lab 9,234 (28.7%), C 3,169 (9.8%). PI Cymru 3,076 (9.5% )-Ind Lab maj 7,467 (23.2%). Swing +20.8%.
1972 By-election: Total vote
32,064-Lab 15,562 (48.5%), P1 Cymru 11,852 (37.0%)-, C 2,366 (7.4%), Comm 1,519 (4.7%), L 765 (2.4% )-Lab maj 3,710 (11.5%).
Mr Edward Rowlands won the seat in the 1972 by-election. MP for Cardiff, North, 1966-70; Under-Secretary, Welsh Office, 1969-70. Former lecturer, Welsh College - of Advanced Technology. B January, 1940; ed Rhondda Grammar School, Wirral Grammar School, King's College, London. Former member, Estimates Com- mittee.
MERTON, Mitcham and Morden
major Electorate 65,673
*Douglas-Mann, B. L. H.
(Lab) 21,771 Harris, D. A. (C) 18,546 Spratling, P. C. (L) 10,462 French, S. E. (Comm) 507
Lab majority 3,225 Total vote 51,286. Turn-out 79.0%.
Lab 42.4%,/O' C 36.2%, L 20.4%, Comm 1.0%. Lab maj 6.3%.
Mr Bruce Douglas-Mann wvas MP for Kensington, North, 1970-74
contested Maldon in 1966. and St Albans in 1964. Solicitor. B June, 1927 ; ed in Canada and* Jesus College, Oxford. Vice-chairman PLP Environment Group since 1972. Member, Kensington Bor- ough Council, 1962-65 ; Kensington and Chelsea Council, 1966-68.
MERTON, Wimbledon majbr Electorate 70,984
*Havers, Sir R. M. 0. (C) 26,542 Bill, K. (Lab) 14,329 Searby, K. (L) 13,478 Boaks, Lt-Cdr W. G. (Ind) 240
C majority 12,213 Total vote 54,589. Turn-out 77.7%.
C 48.6%, Lab 26.2%, L 24.7%, Ind 0.4%. C maj 22.4%.
Sir Michael Havers, QC, Solicitor- General since 1972. Elected in 1970. B March, 1923*; ed Westminster School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1948. Recorder of Dover, 1962-68 ; Recorder of Nor- wich in 1968-
Middlesbrough, see Teesside
MlDDLETON AND PRESTWVICH
same Electoiate 75,968 1970: 76,750
Callaghan, J. (Lab) 24,357 *Haselhurst, A. G. B. (C) 23,S40 Harrison, J. P. (L) 12,946
Lab majority 517 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 61,143. Turn-out 80;5%.
Lab 39.8%, C 39.0% L 21.2%. Lab maj 0.8%. Swing -1.3%.
1970 : Total vote 57,193 (74.5% )-C
25,030 (43.8%), Lab 23,988 (41.9%), L 8,175 (14.3%)-C maj 1,042 (1.8%). Swing +4.5%.
Mr James Canlaghan is an art lec- turer at a college in Manchester. Aged 47; ed secondary. Member, Middleton borough council.
MIDLOTHLAN minor Electorate 88,409 1970: 76,931
*Eadie, A. (Lab) 32,220 Mowat, Sir D. (C) 20,478 McKinlay, J. G. (Scot Nat) 19,450
Lab majority 11,742 NO CHANGE
Total vote 72,148. Turn-out 81.6%
Lab 44.6%, C 28.4%, Scot Nat 26.9%. Lab majl16.3%. Swing +2.6%.
1970: Total vote 58,177 (75.4%)-
Lab 30,802 (52.9%), C 18,328 (31.5%), Scot Nat 9,047 (15.5%)-Lab maj 12,474 (21.4%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Alexander Eadie, an Opposi- tion spokesman on energy, local government, education, and indus- trial affairs; former chairman, PLP miners' group, and of the Parliamentary power and steel group. Elected in 1966. Con. tested Ayr in 1964 and 1959. Former miners' agent and for 20 vears in Fife local government. B June, 1920; ed Buckhaven Senior Secondary School, Fife, and Tech- UnivaClegeit. Member, SottGrosh
executive committee, . Labour Party, and joint vice chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party trade union group. Member, NUM.
Mitcham and Morden, see Merton
MONMOUTH minor Electorate 75,188 1970: 75,546
*Thomas, J. S. (C) 27,269 Thompson, F. R. (Lab) * 22,707 Hando, D. '(L) 11,506 Spanswick, E. H.
(Pl Cymru) * 930
C majbrity 4,562 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,412. Turn-out 84.2%.
C 43.7%, Lab 36.4%, L 18.4%, Pl Cymra 1.5%. C maj 7.3%. Swing +2.5%.
1970: Total vote 60,831 (80.5%)-
C 28,312 (46.5%), Lab 26,957 (44.3%), L 4,061 (6.7%); P1 Cymru 1,501 (2.5%)-C maj 1,355 (2.2%). Swing +3.8%.
Mr John Stradling Thobnas. won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Assistant Government wbip, 1971-73; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip) since 1973.
Contested Cardiganshire in 1966_ Aberavon in 1964. Farmer. B June, 1925 ; ed Rugby and London University. Member, Bowv Group ; Carmarthen Borough Council 1961. 64. NFU council ~ 1963-70; Select Committee on Civil List.
NORFOLK, North-West major Electorate 80,097
*Brocklebank-Fowler C.
(C) 27,823 Page, J. D. (Lab) 27,020 Walker, R. A. (L) 10,852
C majority 803 Total vote 65,695. Turn-out 83.0%.
C 42.3%. Lab 41.1%, L 16.5%. C maj 1.2%.
rir Christopher Brocklebank- Fowler won King's Lynn for the Conservatives in 1970; contested West Ham, North, 1964. Advertis- ing and print consultant; writer on race relations. Vice-chairman Information Panel National Com- mittee for Commonwealth Immi- grants 1966-67 ; member of exec- utive committee, Africa Bureau from 1970. B January, 1934; ed Perse School. Cambridge. Former chairman and secretary, Bow Group. Farmer over four years in East Anglia and Kenya.
NORFOLK, South maJor Electorate 91,206
MacGregor, J. R. R. (C) 33,059 Truman, R. J. (Lab) 22,040 Scott, M. (L) 19,115 Fairhead, C. C. (Ind
Progressive) 337
C majority 11,019 Total vote 74,551. Turn-out 82.8%.
C 44.3%, Lab 29.6°, L 25.6%, Ind Progress 0.4%. C mai 14.8%. MIr John MacGregor is a merchant banker. Was chairman of the Federation of Conservative and Unionist Associations. Bowv Group, and Conservative and Christian Democratic Youth Community, B 1933; ed Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh. St Andrews University, and King's College, London. Served in Conservative Research Department ; special assistant to Sir Alec Douglas- Home when Prime Minister, and head of Mr Heath's private office, 1965-68.
NORF6LK, South-West same Electorate 53,940 1970: 48,145
*Hawvkins, P. L. (C) 20,430 Toch, H. (Lab) 14,387 Nash, K. W. (L) 8,986 McNee, Mrs M. M. (Ind
Powellite) 380 C majoritv 6,043 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44.183. Turn-out 82.8%.
C 46.2°%, Lab 32.6%, L 20.3%, Ind Powell 0.9%. C maj 13.7%. Swing -0.5%.
1970 : Total vote 38.792 (80.6°,)-C 22,220 (57.3%o), Lab 16,572 (42.7%)-C majority 5,648 (14.5%). Swing +6.2%'.
Mr Paul Hawkins wvas appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the House- hold (whip) in December, 1973; Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury (whip), 1972-73 ; assistant Government whip, 1970-72. Elected, 1964. Auctioneer and chartered surveyor. B August, 1912: ed Cheltenham College. Member, Norfolk County Council for 21 years. Member, Select Com- mittee on Agriculture, 1968-69, and Conservative Party agriculture and broadcasting committees.
NORMANTON same Electorate 58,468 1970 : 58,047
*Roberts, A. (Lab) 29,621 Marlow, A. R. (C) 14,447
Lab majority 15,174 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,068. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 67.2%, C 32.8%, Lab maj 34.4%. Swing +1.2%.
1970: Total vote 41,553 (71.6%o)-
Lab 28,421 (68.4%o), C 13,132 (31.6% )-Lab mnaj 15,289 (36.8%). Swing +8.0%.
Mr Albert Roberts was elected in 1951. Mining engineer; NUM branch secretary, 1935-41; mines inspector, 1941-51. B May, 1908; ed Woodlesford County School and Whitwood Technical College. Rothwell Urban Council 1937-51, chairman 1948-49. Chairman, International Parliamentary Union (British branch). Deputy Lieuten- ant, West Riding, 1967.
NORTHAMPTON, North maJor Electorate 48,628
Colquhoun, Mrs M. N. (Lab) 16,321 Jackson, C. NM. (C) 15,288 Baker, R. B. (L) 8,475
Lab maioritv 1.033 Total vote 40,084. Turn-out 82.5%.
Lab 40.7%, C 38.1%, L 21.1%. Lab maj 2.6%.
Mrs Maureen Colquhoun, literary research assistant, contested Ton- bridge in 1970. B August, 1926; ed convent, Eastbourne, commer- cial college, Brighton, and London School of Economics. Member, Shoreham council since 1965. Member, NUSMV.
NORTHAMPTON, South major Electorate 44,026
Morris, M. W. L. (C) 14,321 Dilks, J. (Lab) 14,142 Miller, R. F. (L) 7,099
C majority 179 Total vote 35,562. Turn-out 80.8%.
C 40.3%, Lab 39.8%. L 20.0%. C maj 0.5%/0.
Mr Michael Morris, director of advertising agency. B November, 1936; ed Bedford School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Contested Islington, North, 1966, Alderman, London Borough of Islington; member, Islington Council since 1968 (leader, 1969- 71), Member, Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Courts Act (Greater London) and of fugnd raising advisory committee of National Council of Social Serv- ices.
NORTH FYLDE same
Electorate 74,221 1970: 71,558
*Clegg, W. (C) 36,577 Sparks, D. H. (Lab) 16,919
C majority 19,658 Total vote 53,496. Turn-out 74.6%.
C 68.4%, Lab 31.6%. C maj 36.7%. Swin -0.4%0.
1970: Total vote 48,902 (68.3%)-
C 33,667 (68.8%), Lab 15,235 (31.1%)-C maj 18,432 (37.7%). Swing +7.5%.
Mr Walter Clegg, Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury (whip), 1970-72; Vice-Chamberlain of the Household (whip), 1972-73: appointed Comptroller of the Household (whip), December, 1973. Elected in 1966; contested Ince, 1959. Solicitor. B April, 1920, ed Bury Grammar School, Arnold School, and Manchester University Law School. Joint secretary, Conservative parliamen- tary housing and local government comniittee, 1967-69. Member, Lan- cashire County Council,'1955-61.
NORTntICH minor Electorate 53,700 1970: S0,608
Goodlad, A. (C) 19,778 Beynon, S. G. (Lab &
Co-^p) 13,48S Reaper, R. (L) 10,344
C majority 6,293 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,607. Turn-out 83.7%.
C 45.3%, Lab & Co-op 30.9%, L 23.7%. C maj 14.4%. Swing +1.3%.
1970: Total vote 39,716 (66.6%)-
C 20,366 (51.3%), Lab 15,746 (39.60% ), L 3,604 (9.1%)-C maj 4,620 (11.6%). Swine +4.8%.
Mr Alistair Goodlad contested Crewe in 1970. B, 1943; ed St Faith's School, Cambridge, Marl- borough College, and Ying's Col- lege, Cambridge. Was personal assistant to Mr Peter Walker whben Opposition spokesman on trans- port.
B
BARVING, Dagenham major Electorate 69,340
*Parker, J. (Lab) 35,765 Hamilton, A. J. (C) 12,275 Wake, G. (Comm) 1,169
Lab majority 23.490 Total vote 49,209. Turn-out 71.0%:
Lab 72.7%, C 24.9%1, Comm 2.4%. Lab maj 47.7%.
1Ir John Parker, a writer and former publisher, was Under. Secretary, Dominions Office, 1945. 46. Elected in 1945. Contested Holland with Boston, 1931, and wvas MP for Romford, 1935-45. B July, 1906; ed Marlborough and St John's College, Oxford. Former secretary, Fabian Society and T & GWU since 1933. Chairman, PLP forestry group; vice-chairman, arts and amenities group. Member, Select Committed on Procedure and of Speaker's Conference. Member, council of National Trust.
BARKSTON ASH same Electorate 82,184 1970: 78,047
*Alison M. J. H. (C) 33,979 Muir, 3. (Lab) 20,782 Sykes, M. (L) 14,618
C majority 13,197 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,379. Turn-out 85.5%.
C 49.0%, Lab 29.9%, L 21.1%. C maj 19.0°h. Swing +0.0%.
1970: Total vote 59,059 (75.7° %)-
C 35,198 (59.6%), Lab 23,861 (40.4%)- 3C maj 11,337 (19.21%). Swving + 3.3%.
Mtr Michael Alison, Under-Secre- tary for Health and Social Secur- ity since 1970, was elected in 1964. B June, 1926; ed Eton, Wadham College, Oxford and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. Member, Kensington Borough Council, 1956-59. Re- search officer, foreign affairs sec- tion of Conservative Research De. partment, 1958-64. Former secre- tary, Conservative parliamentary power committee and finance com- mittee. Church of England lay reader.
BARNET, Chipping Barnet. major Electorate 55,962
*Maudling, R. (C) 22,094
Mills, J- A. D. (Lab) 12,183 Wynn-Ellis, Miss N. (L) 11,714 C majority 9,911 Total vote 45 991 Turn-out 82.2%.
C 48.0%, Lab 26.S%., L 25.5%. C maj 21.5%.
Mr Reginald Maudling, MP for Barnet, 1950-74, was Home Secre- tary from 1970-72 ; Deputy Leader of Conservative Party, 1965-72; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1962-64 ; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1961-62; President of the Board of Trade, 1959-61- Paymaster-General, 1957-59 * Minis- ter of Supply, 1955-57 ; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1953. 55: Parliamentary Secretary, Mln- istry of Civil Aviation, 1952. Con- tested Reston and Isleworth in 1945. Barrister (Middle Temnple, 1940) and company director. B March, 1917; ed Merchant Tay- lors' School and Merton College, Oxford.
BARNET, Finciley pjor Electorate 53,550
*Thatcher, Mrs M. H. (C) 18,180
O'Connor, M, J. (Lab) 12,202 Brass, L. (L) 11,221 C majority 5,978 Total vote 41,603. Turn-out 77.70'.
C 43.7%, Lab 29.3%, L 27.0%. C maj 14.4%.
Mrs Margaret Thatcber, Secretary of State for Education-and Science since 1970, was chief Opposition spokesman on education. 1969-70. Previously spokesman on trans- port, powver, treasury matters, housing, and pensions. Joined the
"" Shadow Cabinet "" in October, 1967. Returned for FJnchley in 1959. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1961-64. Contested Dartford, 1950 and 1951. Spon- sored an Act to open council meetings to tne Press. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1954). B October, 1925; ed Grantham High School and Somerville Coliege, Oxford, where she was treasurer and presi- dent of the Uniiversity Conserva- tive Association.
BARNET, Hendon, North major Electorate 50,142
*Gorst, J. (C) 17,285 Champion, J. S. (Lab) 14,673 Edwards, D. (L) 8,585
C majority 2,612 Total vote 40,543. Turn-out 80.8%.
C 42.6%, Lab 36.2%, L 21.2%,!o. C maj 6.4%.
Mr John Gorst, a public relations consultant, was elected in 1970; contested Bodmin in 1566 and Chester-le-Street in 1964. B June, 1928 ; ed Ardingly College and Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge. Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive parliamentary consumer pro- tection committee. Chairman zll- party films committee, secretary, Conservative Middle East Cmte. Director, Cassius Film Production. Founder and secretarv of the Tele- plhone Users' Association and of the Local Radio Association, 1964-70.
BARNET, Hendon, Soutb major Electorate 51,474
*Thomas, P. J. M. (Con) 17,795 Colne, M. D. (L) 11,198 Hadley, R. M. (Lab) 11,088
C majority 6,597 Total vote 40,081. Turn-out 77.9%.
C 44.4%, L 27.90%., Lab 27.7%., C maj 16.4%.
Mr Peter Thomas, QC, Secretary of State for Wales since 1970, was chairman of the Conservative Party Organization, 1970-72 ; Minis- ter of State. Foreign Affairs, 1963- 64; Under-Secretary, Foreign Office, 1961-63 ; Parliamentary
Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1959-61. Elected for Hendon Soutb, 1970. Barrister (Middle Temple. 1947), QC, 1965. B July. 1920- ed Epworth College, Imyl, and Jesus College, Oxford, MP for Conway, 1951-66.
BARNSLEY same Electorate 75,828 1970: 75,678
*Mason, R. (Lab) 40,595 England. G. (C) 15,969
Lab majority 24,626 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,564. Turn-out 74.6%.
Lab 71.8%, C 28.2%. Lab maj 43.5%. Swing +0.6%
1970: Total vote S3,Is3 (71.3%)-
Lab 34,956 (64.8%) C 10,811 (20.0%), L 8,186 (15.2%)-Lab maj 24.145 (44.7%). Swing + 3.3%.
Mr Roy Maon, Opposition spolces. man on Trade and Civil Aviatiop since 1970, and chairman of the PLP miners' group, was President of the Board of Trade from 1969- 70. Minister of Power, 1968-69; Postmaster-General, April-June, 1968; Minister of Defence (Equip. ment), 1967-68 ; Minister of State Board of Trade, 1964-67. Returnea at a by-election In March, 1953. B
April, 1924 ; ed at elemnentary schools and London School of Economics. Mipter, 1938*53t Member, Yorksbire Miners' coqin.
il, 1949-S3 ; branc-h official, NUM, 1947-53.
STOCKPORT, South minor Electorate 47,364 1970: 49,142
*Orbach, M. (Lab) 15,722 Edwards D. B. H. (C) 12,624 Carter, . J. (L) 9,182
Lab majority 3,098 NO CHANGE.
Total vote 37,528. Turn-out 79.3%.
Lab 41.9% C 33.6%, L 24.5%. Lab maj 8.1%. Swing -1.2%.
1970 : Total vote 36,039 (73.3%)-
Lab 16,747 (46.5%), C 14,679 (40.7%), L 4,613 (12.8%)- Lab maj 2,068 (5.7%). Swing +2.9%.
Mr Maurice Orbach, elected for the constituency in 1964. Repre- sented Willesden, East, from 1945- 59; contested that seat in 1935 and a 1938 by-election. Engineer- administrator. B July, 1902; ed high school in Cardiff and New York University. Member, Stand- Ing Orders Committee; backbench groups on industry and health. Chairman, Atlantic and Pacific Mfg Co Ltd. Member, ASTMS; USDAW. Director-General, Trades Advisory Council; member, World Executive, World Jewish Congress.
Stockton, see Teesside
STOKE-ON-TRENT, Central minor Electorate 60,701 1970 : 59,818
*Cant, R. B. (Lab) 27,171 Ashley, Mrs E. (C) 15,423
Lab majority 11,748 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,594. Turn-out 70.2%.
Lab 63.8%, C 36.2%. Lab maj 27.6%. Swing -1.2%.
1970: Total vote 29,985
(50.0%)-Lab 18,758 (62.5%), C 11,227 (37.4%)-Lab mai 7,531 (25.1%). Swing +5.5%.
Mr Robert Cant, was elected in 1966; contested Shrewsbury, 1950 and 1951. University lecturer in economics. B July, 1915; ed Mid- dlesbrough High School and London School of Economics. Member, Stoke City Council since 1953. Author, American Journey, a study of American high schools. Member, Association of University Teachers.
STOKE-ON-TRENT, North minor Electorate 59,386 1970: 58,780-
*Forrester, J. S. (Lab) 28,177 Davies, J. (C) 15,718
Lab majority 12,459 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,895. Turn-out 73.9%.
Lab 64.2%, C 35.8%. Lab maj 28.4%. Swing +2.0%.
1970 : Total vote 31,184 (52.9%)-
Lab 20,642 (66.2%), C 10,542 (33.8%)-Lab mai 10,100 (32.4%). Swing +5.3%.
Mr John Forrester was elected in 1966. Teacher. B June, 1924; ed Eastwood Council School, City School of Commerce, Stoke-on- Trent, and Alsager Teacher, Train- ing College. Member, NUT * exec- utive cOmmittee member, Stoke. on-Trent and District Association; member Stoke-on-Trent city and district councils.
STOKE-ON-TRENT, South minor Electorate 72,010 1970: 67,953
tAshley, J. (Lab) 31,650 Newall, S. (C) 15,981 Smith, M. (L) 7,578 Lomas, S. (Comm) 481
Lab majority 15,669 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,690. Turn-out 77.3%.
Lab 56.8%, C 28.7%, L 13.6%, Comm 0.9%. Lab maj 28.1%. Swing -3.3% .
1970 : Tota} VOte 34,475 (50.6%) -
Lab 20,770 (60.2%), C 13,341 (38.7%), Comm 364 (1L0%) - Lab maj 7,429 (21.5% ). Swing
+3.4%.
Mr Jack Ashley, chairman of all- party Lords and Commons group on disablement, was elected in 1966. He contested Finchley, 1951. Sponsored by General and Munici- pal Workers Union, former shop stewar d and member of national executive of Chemical Workers Union. Formner BBC television pro. ducer. Member. BBC general advi- sory council. Borough councillor, Widnes, 1946-47. B December, 1922; ed elementary school, Ruskin College, Oxford and Gon- ville and Caius College, Cambridge (President of the Union).
STRATFORD-ON-AVON Electorate 71,271
major
*Maude, A. E. U. (C) 30,106 Wright, M. (L) 16,885 Burton, M. (Lab) 11,165
C majority 13,221 Total vote 58,156. Turn-out 81.6%.
C 51.8%, L 29.0%, Lab 19.2%. C maj 22.7%.
Mr Angus Maude wvas elected at a by-election in 1963. Conservative spokesman on aviation, 1964-65, and on colonies, 1965-66. Repre- sented Ealing, South, 1950-58, when he resigned ; contested South Dorset by-election in Nov- ember, 1962. Author and journal- ist. B September, 1912; ed Rugby and Oriel College, Oxford.
Streatham, see Lambeth
STRETFORD
Electorate 68,135 1970: *Churchill, W. S. (C) Anthony, K. (Lab) Wrigley, D. I. (L)
same 71,006
23,630 19,641 12,558
C majority 3,989 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,829. Turn-out 82.0%.
C 42.3%, Lab 35.2%, L 22.5%. C maj 7.1%. Swing -0.2%.
1970: Total vote 53,243 (75.0%)-
C 28,629 (53.3%), Lab 24,614 (46.2%)-C maj 4,015 (7.5%). Swing +7.0%.
Mr Winston Churchill, journalist and author, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. He contested Manchester, Gorton, in by-election, November, 1967. B October, 1940; ed Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. Member, Select Committee on Crofting Reform; Select Com- mittee on Statutory Instruments; trustee, National-Benevolent Fund for the Aged.
STROUD minor Electorate 69,711 1970: 66,072
*Kershaw, J. A. (C) 25,619 Maddocks, W. H. (Lab
and Co-op) 17,148 Ritchie, Mrs S. A. (L) 15,521 Churchill, J. (Powell C) 470
C majority 8,471 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,758. Turn-out 85.3%.
C 43.6%, Lab & Co-Op 29.2%, L 26.4%, C-Powell 0.8%. C maj 14.4%. Swing -0.3%.
1970: Total vote 53,046 (80.3%)-
C 27,089 (51.1%), Lab 19,158 (36.1%), L 6,799 (12.8%)-C maj 7,931 (14.9%). Swing +5.9%.
Mr Anthony Kershaw was Under Secretary, Defence (RAF) 1973- 74; Under Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1970-73; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works June-October 1970. He was electea In 1955; contested Gloucester, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). B December, 1915 ; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, joint secretary; Conserva. tive defence comnmittee, 1964-67; member, executive committee, 1922 C*mmittee, 1964.66. FPS to Mr Heath until 1970.
TEESSIDE, Redcar major Electorate 61,661
*Tinn, J. (Lab) 28,252 Hall. R. (C) 18,99S
Lab maiorltv 9.254 Total vote 47,250. Turn-out 76.0%.
Lab 59.8%, C 40.2%. Lab ma] 19.6%.
YMr James Tinn was MP for Cleve- land, 1964-74. Teacher and former steelworker. B August, 1922; ed elementary school and Ruskin Col- lege and Jesus College, Oxford. Former chairman, trade union group of Labour MPs; member, Select Committee on Overseas De- velopment; branch secretary, National Union of Blastfurnace- men.
TEESSEDE, Stockton maJor Electorate 84,588
*Rodgers, W. T. (Lab) 37,876 Sloan, Miss B. (C) 25,505 Jones, E. (Comnn) 791
Lab majority 12,371 Total vote 64,172. Turn-out 75.2%.
Lab 59.0%, C 39.7%, Comm 1.2%. Lab maj 19.3%.
Mr William Rodgers, economic consultant, was Opposition spokes- man on aviation supply, 1970-72. Chairman, Trade and Industry sub-committee of Expenditure Committee. Minister of State, Treasury, 1969-70; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1968-69- Under-Secretary, Foreign Office, 1967-68; Under-Secretarv Economic Affairs, 1964-67. Returned at by- election, April 1962 ; contested Bristol, West, by-election March, 1957. B October, 1928 ; ed element- ary and high schools in Liverpool, and Magdalen College, Oxford. General Secretary, Fabian Society, 1953-62; St. Marylebone borough councillor, 1958-62.
TEESSIDE, Thornaby major Electorate 61 597
WVriggleswvorth, 1. W.
(Lab & Co-op) 21,503 *Sutcliffe, J. H. V. (C) 19,785 Tennant, R (L) 7.827
Lab & Co-op majority 1.718 Total vote 49,115. Turn-out 79.0%.
Lab & Co-op 43.8%, C 40.3%, L 15.9%. Lab & Co-op maj 3.5%. Mr Ian Wrigglesworth, press and public affairs manager of National Giro. B December. 1939 ; ed Stockton Crammar School, Stock- ton-Billingham Technical College, and College of St Mark and St John, Chelsea. Former director, South Suburban Co-operative Society Ltd. and former head of research and information depart- ment of Co-operative Party.
THANET, East major Electorate 48,686
Aitken, J. W. P. (C) 17,944 Bean, R. E. (Lab) 11,347 Cox, J. (L) 8,997
C majority 6,597 Total vote 38,288. Turn-out 80.2%.
C 46.9%, Lab 29.6%, L 23.5%. C maj 17.2%.
Mr Jonathan Aitken, contested Meriden in 1966. B August, 1942; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Director, Slater Walker (Middle East) Ltd. Former special constable. East Sussex police.
THANET, West major Electorate 44,038
*Rees-Davies W. R. (C) 16,880 Tiltman, 1. (L) 9,220 Ramage, D. (Lab) . 7,969
C majority 7.660 Total vote 34,069. Turn-out 78.1%.
C 49.5%, L 27.1%, Lab 23.4%. C maj 22.5%.
Mr William Rees-Davies repre- sented Isle of Thanet 1953-1974. Contested Nottingham, South, in 1950 and 1951. Barrister .(Inner Temple, 1939). B November. 1916; ed Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge; cricket blue. Chair- man, all-party committee on tour- ism 1966-68 ; member, Select Com- mittee on Anti Discrimination.
THIRSK AND MALTON major Electorate 64,115
*Spence, J. D. (C) 27,580 Brooks, M. J. L. (L) 13,172 Coope, M. D. (Lab) 10.855
C majority 14,408 Total vote 51,607. Turn-out 81.0%.
C 53.4%, L 25.5%, Lab 21.0%. C maj 27.9%.
Mr John Spence represented Shef- field, Heeley, 1970-74; contested the seat 1966 and Wakefield, 1964. Building and civil engineering con- tractor; director of companies associated with construction. B December, 1920; ed Queen's University, Belfast. Former national president, United Com- mercial Travellers' Association. Secretary, Conservative Industry Committee, 1971-72; Secretary, Yorkshire group of Conservative MPs, since 1972.
Thomaby, see Teesside
THURROCK ame Electorate 88,607 1970: 84,259
*Delargy, H. J. (Lab) 36,217 Bright, G. F. J. (C) 17,699 Fleetwood, Miss K. (L) 15,534
Lab majority 18,518 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,450. Turn-out 78.4%.
Lab 52.1%, C 25.5%, L 22.4%. Lab maj 26.7%. Swing -3.0%.
1970: Total vote 55,384 (65.7%)-
Lab 30,874 (55.7%), C 19,486 (35.2%), L 5,024 (9.1%)-Lab maj 11,388 (20.6%). Swing +6 7%.
Mr Hugh Delargy was elected in 1950; represented Platting divi- sion of Manchester, 1945-50. Former teacher, journalist, labourer and insurance official. B 1908; ed elementary and secon- dary schools and in Paris and Rome. Assistant Government whip, 1950-51; Opposition whip, 1951-52. Manchester City council- lor, 1937-46. A vice-chairman. British Council, since 1969.
TIVERTON major Electorate 69,346
*Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J. (C) 27,164 Suter, F. J. (L) 21,623 Hewetson, R. (Lab) 8,308
C majority 5,541 Total vote 57,095. Turn-out 82.4%..
C 47.6% , L 37.9%, Lab 14.5%. C maj 9.7%.
Mr Robin Maxwell-Hyslop was elected in the 1960 by-election. Contested Derby, North, 1959. En- gineer and former personal assis.
tant to the director and general manager, sales and service, Rolls- Royce Aero Engine Division. B June, 1931; ed Stowe and Christ Church College, Oxford, Chairman Aniglo-Brazilian Parliamentary group. joint Secr'etary Conserva- tive parliamentary aviation com- mittee since 1972; member, trade and Industry sub-commnittee of Public Exp~enditure'Commlttee.
ULSTER, MID same Electorate 84,iO6 1970: 77,143
Dunlop, J. (UUUC) 26,044 Cooper, I. A. (SDLP) 19,372 *McAliskey, Mrs B. .
(Ind Soc) 16,672 Thornton, N. (UU Pro
Assembly) 4,633 UUUC majority 6,672 UUUC gain
1970: Total vote 70,518 (91.4%)-
Ind Unity 37,739 (53.5%), UU 31,810 (45.1%),- Ind 771 (1.1%), Nat Soc 198 (0.3%)-Ind Unity maj 5,929 (8.4%).
Mr John Dunlop is an hotel owner and lay preacher. Aged 52 he be-. came a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly last year.
Upmlnster, see Havering Uxbrldge, see Hillingdon Vauxhall, see Lambeth
1ARROW-IN-FURNESS same Electorate 54,103 1970: 54,126
*Booth, A. E. (Lab) 19,925 Bloomer, D. G. P. (C) 14,818 Benjamin, M. (L) 8,470
Lab majority 5,107 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,213. Turn-out 79.7X.
Lab 46.1%, C 34.3%, L 19.6%. Lab ma; 11.8%. Swing +0.2%.
1970: Total vote 39,936 (73.S%)-
Lab 22,400 (56.1%), C 17,536 (43.9%)-Lab maj 4.864 (12.2%). Swing + 4.2%.
Mr Albert Booih, chairmin of Select Committee on Statutory In- struments since 1970. An opposi- tion spokesman on trade and In- dustry since December, 1973. Elected 1966, contested Tyne- mouth In 1964. B May, 1928; ed St Thomas's, Winchester, South Shields Marine School. Rutherford College of Technology. Member, Tynemouth Borough Council, 1961. 64 _ constituency party secretary, 19j2 58 ; chairman, 1958-63. Spon- sored by AUEW, technical and 6upervisory section.
BARRY major Electorate 69,376
*Gower, Sir R. (C) 25,326 Brooks, J. E. (Lab) 19,779 Lloyd, Dr Jennifer (L) 10,048 Wynne-Williams, Mrs.
V. (PI Cymru) 1,924
C majority 5,547 Total vote 57,077. Turn-out 82.3D%.
C 44.4%, Lab 34.6%, L 17.6%, P1 Cymru 3.4%0. C majority 9.70%o. Sir Raymond Gower, was elected In 1951 ; contested Ogmore, 1950. Solicitor. Chairman, Penray Press and Barry Herald newspaper 1955- 64, director, Nicholson Contruc- tion, 1957-66 ; Welsh Dragon Securities since 1961 ; Broughton and Company (Bristol) since 1961: Welsh Dragon Unit Trust (Management Co) 1962.67; Deane-Spence Ltd, Cranleigh and London SWI (merchant bankers) since 1963 ; Association of Conser- vative Club, 1962.65. B August, 1916; ed Cardiff High School; University College, Cardiff.
BASILDON major Electorate 90,412
Moonman, E. (Lab) 33,499 Denney, R. C. (C) 22,832 Fortune, E. (L) 17,794
Lab majoritv 10.667 Total vote 74,125. Turn-out 82.0%.
Lab 45.2%, C 30.8%,0 L 24.0%. Lab maj 14.4%.
Mr Eric Moonman, Industrial ad- viser, was MP for Billericay, 1966- 70 and contested Chigwell, 1962. B April, 1929 ; ed elementary and secondary schools, and Liverpool and Manchester Universities. Vice- chairman, Labour Parliamentary Association since 1967.
BASINGSTOKE major Electorate 87,190
*Mitchell, D. B. (C) 30,886 Hunt T (Lab) 23,089 Whitibread, N. (L) 17,598
C maJority 7,797 Total vote 71,573. Turn-out 83.2%.
C 43.1%, Lab 32.270, L 24.6%. C maj 10.9%o.
Mir David Mitchell, Opposition Whip, 1965-67, wvas elected in 1964; contested St Pancras North in 1959. Wine shlpper and director of firm of wvine merchants. B June, 1928 ed Aldenham. Member, St Pancras Borough Council, 1956-59. Secretary, Con- servative parliamentary labour committee, 1968-70.
BASSETLAW same Electorate 71,282 1970: 68,942
*Ashton, J. W. (Lab) 33,724 Heading, R. C. (C) 22.490
Lab majority 11,234 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,214. Turn-out 79.0%.
Lab 60.0%, C 40.0%. Lab maj 20.0%'. Swing -2.1%.
1970 : Total vote 52.78Z (76.5%,1 )-
Lab 28,959 (54.9%), C 20.698 (39.2%) L 3,125 (5.9%)-Lab ma] 8,261 (15.6%). Swing
+ 370.
Mr Joseph Ashton, an estimating engineer, was returned at a by- election in October, 1968. B Octo- ber, 1933 ; ed High Storrs Gram- mar School, Sheffield, and Rother- ham Technical College. Member Sheffield City Council, 1962-69. Select Committee on Statutory Instruments, 1968-69. Vice-chair- man, P.L.P. public building and works group. Weekly political columndst with Sheffield Star since 1970 and other national and re- gional papers. Columnist in Labour Weekly. Sponsored by AUEW, technical and supervisory section. Member of its parliamentary panel.
BATH minor Electorate 61,762 1970: 59,141
*Brown, Sir E. J. (C) 20,920 Downey, P. (L) 15,738 Bishop, M. L. (Lab) 14,296 de Laterriere, H. B.
(mId C ) 204 Young, G. (Ind) IIS
C majorIty 5.18Z Total vote 51,276. Turn-out 83.0%.
C 40.8%o, L 30.7%,X Lab 27.9%,o Ind C 0.4%E, Ind 0.2%o. C ma; 10.1% . Swving + 0.0%,D.
1970: Total vote* 45,634
(77.1% ) -C 22,344 (49.0%/), Lab 16,493 (36.1%), L 5,957 (13.0%),D. World Govt 840 (1.8%) -C maj 5,851 (12.8%). Swing + 5.5%/.
Sir Edwrd Brown, elected In 1964, contested Stalybridge and Hyde, 1959. Company chairman and director. B April. 1913 ; ed elementary school, Canmberwell, and Morley College, Lamnbeth. Chairman, National Union of Con- servative and Unionist Assocla- tions, 1959-61. Member, Totten- ham Borough Council, 1956-64. Joint secretary, Conservative Pa rli amentary cb mm lttee on labour matters. 1965-68. Former member, ASSET and oE London Trades Council.
EeTorates Coundl. 05914
BATLEY AND MORLEY same Electorate 61,336 1970: 63.035 *Broughton, Sir A. D. D.
(Lab) 21,495 Crone, N. (C) 14.404 Wrigley, P. (L) 11,470 jarratt, G. (Ind Demn All) 828
Lab majority 7,091 NO CfHANGE
Total vote 48,197. Turn-out 78.6%.
Lab 44.6%, C 29.9%,, L 23.8%, Ind Dem L 1.7%. Lab maJ 14.7%. Swing +0.6%.
1970: Total vote 45,670 (72.4%)-
Lab 23,024 (50.4%). C 15 753 (34.5%), L 6,893 (lS.1%)-Lab maj 7,271 (15.9%). Swing + 5.6%to.
Sir Alfred Broughton, member of Speaker's panel of chairmen since 1964, has represented the consti- tuedcy since gaining it at a by- election In 1949. Physician. B October, 1902; ed Rossall School, Downing College, Cambridge, and the London Hospital. Member Batley Borough Council, 1946-49. Opposition whip, 1959-64. Deputy Lieutenant, West Riding of York- shire. Trustee, Leeds Trustee Sav- ings Bank. Delegate to Council ot Europe and WEU. 1956-58. Hon treasurer, Commonwealth Parlia- medtar9) Association, 1969-70.
Battlersea North, see Wandsworth
IBaitersta South, see Wandswor-th
w -
WAKEFIELD same Electorate 65,930 1970: 64,705
*Harrison, W. (Lab) 27,032 Koops, E. J. L. (C) 15,614 Fiissey, A. (L) 10,009 Lab majority 11,418 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,655. Turn-out 79.9%.
Lab 51.3%, C 29.6%, L 19.0%. Lab maj 21.7%. Swing +1.5%.
1970: Total vote 47,091 (72.8%)-
Lab 27,3S2 (58.1%), C 15,668 (33.3%), L 4,071 (8.6%)-Lab maj' 11,684 (24.8%). Swing + 3.0%.
Mr Walter Harrison, Opposition deputy Chief Whip since 1970. A Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury 1968-70, and assistant Govern- ment whip, 1966-68. Elected in 1964. Foreman electrician. B Janu- ary, 1921; ed Dewsbury Technical College and School of Art.
WALLASEY
Electorate 69,395 Chalker, Mrs L. Paterson, R. G. Tyrer, P. (L)
same 1970: 72,024
(C) 22,428 (Lab) 19,936
12,734
C majority - 2,492 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,098. Turn-out 79.4%.
C. 40.7%, Lab 36..2%, L 23.1%, C mnaj 4.5%. Swing -0.6%.
1970 Total vote 53 978 (74.9%)-
C 24,283 (45S0%5, Lab 21,172 (39.2%), L 5,577 (10.3%), Anti- CM 2,946 (5.4%0)-C maj 3,111 (5.8%). Swing +2.3%.
Mrs Lynda Chalker, statistician and market researcher. B April, 1942; ed Rodean School, Heidel- berg University, Westfield Col- leges London University and Cen- tral London Polytechnic. Director of international market research company. National Young Conser- vative vice-chairman, 1970-71. Member, National Union Execu- tive Committee, Conservative Poli- tical Centre, National Advisory C:ommittee, and Young Conserva- tive National Advisory Committee. Governor, Rodean School and Battersea County. School.
WALLSEND same Electorate 89,476 1970: 78,109
*Garrett, WV. E. (Lab) 41,811 Chambers, Miss F. (C) 24,564 Temple, D. (WRP) 1,105
lab majority 17,247 Total vote 67,483. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 61.9%, C 36.4%, WRP 1.6%. Lab maj 25.5%. Swing -1.4%. 1970: total vote 63,715 (74.5%)-
Lab 39,065 .(61.3%),. C 24,650 (38.7%)-Lab maj 14,415 (22.6%). Swing +3.9%..
Mr. .Edward' '6arrett, ' inember Select Committee 'on -Agriculture, 1966-69. Elected, 1964. Ehgineer. B March, 1920; ed elementary schools and London School of Economics. Contested Hexham, 1955 ; Doncaster, 1959.
WALSALL, North major Electorate 71,891
*Stonehouse, J. T. (Lab
and Coop) 32,458 Hodgson, R. G. (C) 17,754 Richards, J, (Comm) 819
Lab and Co-op majority 14,704 Total vote 51,031. Turn-out 72.1%.
Lab & Co-op 63.6%, C 34.8%, Comm 1.6%. Lab & Co-op maj 28.8%.
Mr John Stonehouse, who repre- sented Wednesbury, 1957-74, was Minister for Posts and Telecom. munications from 1969, when. the Post Office became a public cor- poration, until June, 1970. . Post- master Genera!, 1968-69 ; Minister of State, Technology, 1967-68; Minister of Aviation, January-Feb. ruary, 1967; UTnder Secretary for the Colonies, 1966-67 ; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Avia- tion, 1964.66. Contested Burton, 1951 and Twickenham, 1950. Econ- omist. B July, 1925; ed Taunton's Secondary Grammar School, Sou- thampton, and London School of Economics.
WALSALL, South major Electorate 59,474
George, B. T. (Lab) 20,775 Smith, H. (C) 19,195 Haines, D. *(L) 6,038
Lab majority 1,580 Total vote 46,008. Turn-out 78.3%p/.
Lab 45.1%, C 41.7%, L 13.1%. Lab maj 3.4%.
Mr. Bruce George, polytechnic lec- turer in 'Birmingham. Contested Southport, 1970.. B June 1942- ed Mountain Ash Grammar Sch'ool, University of.Wales, Swansea and University of Warwick.
WALTHAM FOREST, Chingford
major Electorate 56,561
*Tebbit, N.. B. (C) 19,921 Gerrard, M. A. (Lab) 14,238 Nicholson, D. A. (L) 12,060
C. maiority 5,683 Total vote 46,219. Turn-out 81.7%.
C 43.1%, Lab 30.8%, L 26.1%. C .maj 12.3%.
Mr Norman Tebbit, journalist and former BOAC pilot, represented Epping, which he won for the Conservatives, 1970-74. B March, 1931; ed Edmonton County Gram- mar School.
WALTHAM FOREST, Leyton
same Electorate 63,908 1970: 66,540
Magee, B. (Lab) 22,785 Dare, B. S. (C) 12,848 Brown, P. J. C. (L) 8,707 Bothwell, Mrs S. P. (Nat Front)
2,097 Lab majority - 9,937 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,437. Turn-out 72.7%.
Lab- 49.1%, C 27.7%, L 18.7%, Nat - Front 4.S%. Lab maj 21.4%. Swing -4.1%.
1970: . Total vote 41,292
(62.0%)-Lab 23,386 (56.6%), C 17 906 (43.4%)-Lab maj 5,4.80 (§.3:%). Swing + 2.1%.
Mr Bryan Magee, writer and broadcaster. B April, 1930; ed Christ?s 'Hospital Lycee H6che, Versailles : Keble College, Oxford, and Yale. President, Oxford union, 1953. Contested Mid-Bed- fordshire, 1959, and 1960 by-elec- tion.
WALTHAM FOREST, Waltham- stow rajor Electorate 51,927
*Deakfts, E. P. (Lab) 19,726 Gill P. S. (C) . 10,992 OWFlanagan, M. P. (L) 8,1S7
Lab majority 8,734 Total vote 38,875. Turn-out 74.9%.
Lab 50.7%, 28.3%, L 21.0%. Lab maj 22.50%.
Mr Eric Deakins, who was MP for Walthamstow, West, 1970-74, was appoidited a front bench spokes. man on EEC in December, 1973. Commercial Consultant FMC (Meat) Ltd. Fought Walthamstow, West 1967, Chigwell 1966 and Finchley 959. B October, 1932 ; ed Tottenham Grammar School and London School of Economics. Member, Tottenham Borough Council, 1958-61 and 1962-63. Member, select committees on ex- penditure, and on EEC secondary legislation. TGWU.
WANDSWORTH Battersea
North maior
Electorate 44,949
*Jay, D. P. T. (Labl 18,503 Randall, S. (C) 8,080 Savi]e, I . (L) 4,683 Reakes, Mrs Marole (Marx-
Leninist) 208 Lab maioritv 10.423 Total vote 31,474. Turn-out 70.7%.
Lab 58.8%, C 25.7%, L 14.9%, Marx-Lenin 0.7%. Lab maj 33.1%.
Mr Douglas Jay bas been chair- man, Common Market Safeguards Campaign, since 1970 and London Motorway Action Group since 1968. President of the Board of Trade, 1964-67, Economic Secre- tary to the Treasury, 1947-50, and Financial Secretary, 1950-51. Elected in July, 1946. B March, 1907 ; ed Winchester and New College, Oxford ; a Fellow of All Souls, 1930-37. Director, trades union unit trust, since 1967. After working as a journalist specializ- ing in economics he entered the Ministry of Supply in 1941 and two years later went to the Board of Trade as a principal assistant secretary. Persoial assistant to Mr Attlee as Prime Minister, 1945-46. Member, NUJ.
WANDSWORTH,
Electorate 46,862
Battersea Soutb
major
*Perry, E. G. (Lab) 14,431 Bradbury, A. V. (C) 12,778 Mulholland, G. (L) 5,919 Clifton, J. (Nat Front) 787
Lab majority 1,653 Total vote 33,915. Turn-out 73.0%.
Lab 42.5% C 37 7%, L 17.4%, Nat Front i3l%. Lab maj 4.9%. Mr Ernest Perry, an Opposition whip,. 1970-74, was Lord Commis- sioner 'of the Treasury, 1969-70 and assistant Government whip, 1968-69, was elected in 1964. In- surance contractor. B April 1910; ed LCC schQols. Member, Batter- sea Borough Council, 1934-65 (mayor, 1955-56) and Alderman, Wandsworth Corporation since 1965. President, Battersea Labour Party and Trades Council. Spon- sored by NUGMW.
WANDSWORTH, Putney major Electorate 66,768
*Jenkins, H. G. (Lab) 21,680 Wade, G (C) 20,241 Slade, A. (L) 10,629
Lab majority 1,439 Total vote 52,550. Turn-out 79.6%.
Lab 41.2%, C 38.5%, L 20.2%. Lab maj 2.7%.
Mr Hugh Jenkins, an Opposition spokesman on the arts since De- cember, 1973. Member, Advisorv Committee on Theatres, 1974. Elected, 1964; contested Mitcham, 1955, and Enfield, West, 1950. Assistant general secretary, Briltsh Actors' Equity Association, 1957- 64. B July, 1908; ed Enfie]d Grammar School. Served on LCC, 1958-64. Member, Arts Council, 1968-71. Joint chairman, all-party films committee. Former research and publicity officer, National Union Bank Employees, and editor, Bank Officer. Member, ASTMS.
WANDSWORTH, Tooting major Electorate 53,968
*Cox, T: M. (Lab) 18,795 Elliot, C.. (C) 12,687 Heron, R. (L) 7,108 Lewis, L. (Comm) 337
Lab majority 6.108 Total vote 38,927. Turn-out 72.8%.
Lab 48.3% C 32 6%, L 18.2%, Comm 0.9°. La6 maj 15.7%.
Mr Thomas Cox, an electrician, was, MP, Wandsworth, Central, 1970-74; contested Stroud, 1966. B 1930; ed state schools and London School of Economics. Former ald- erman, Fulham Borough Council. EETPU.
Wanstead and Woodford,
see Redbridge
WARLEY, East major Electorate S7,061
*Faulds A. M. W. (Lab) 24,780 Lewis-Smith, Miss S. (C) 17,209
Lab majority 7,571 Total vote 41,989. Turn-out 73.6%.
Lab 59.0%, C 41.0%. Lab maj 180%.
Mr Andrew Faulds was MP for Smethwick, 1966-74; Opposition spokesman on the arts, 1970-73. Contested Stratford, 1964 and 1963 by-election. Act. B March, 1923; ed Georgb Watson's and Daniel Stewart's schools. Edinburgh, Louth Grammar School, Stirling High School, and Glasgow Univer- sity. Member, British Actors' Equity.
WARLEY, West Electorate 60,756
major
*Archer, P. K. (Lab) - 28,891 Sosldn, A. (C) .14,267
Lab majority' 14,624 Total vote 43,158. Turn-out 71.0%.
Lab 66.9%, C 33.0%. Lab maj *33.9%.
Mr Peter Archer, QC, represented Rowley Regis and Tipton, 1966. 74; contested Brierley Hill, 1964 and Hendon, South, 1959. Barris- ter (Gray's Inn, 1952) and author. B November, 1926 ; ed Wednes- bury High School, London School of Economics, and University Col- lege, London. United Kingdom delegate to United Nations Third Committee, 1969. Various offices, Parliamentary Group for World Government,. Society of Labour Lawyers and Amnnesty Inter- national (BritisJi section). -
WEST BROMWICH, West najor Electorate 59,181
*Boothroyd, Miss B. (Lab) 25,112 Smith, P. M. (C) - 11,681 Bowen, G. (Nat Front) 3,107
Lab maJority 13.431 Total vote 39,900. Turn-out68.9%.
Lab 62.9%, C 29.3%, Nat Front 7;8%. Lab mai 33.7%.
biss Betty Boothroyd, member for for West Bromwich since May, 1973 by-election. -Contested Rossendale. IY70, and Nelson and Colne by. election, June, 1968. B October. 1929 ; ed Dewsbury College of Comn- merce and Art. Hammersmith borough councillor, 1965-68; chair- man parliamentary staffs trade Unions, 1958-65; accompanled Labour Party delegations to Euro. pean conferences, Sovict Union, China and Vietnam.
WESTBURY minor Electorate 72,999 1970: 67,454
*Walters, D. M. (C) 26,197 Court, Dr A. W. G. (L) 17,778 Smith, A. J. (Lab) 16,453 Thynne, A. (Wessex
Regionalist) 521 C majority 8,419 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,949. Turnout- 83.5%.
C 43.0%, L 29.2%; Lab 27.0%, Wessex Regnlst 0.8%. C maj 13.8%. Swing -0.6%.
1970: Total vote 52,718 (77.0%)-
C 26,524 (50.3%), Lab 17,413 (33.0%), L 8,781 (16.6%S )-C maj 9,111 (17.3%). Swing + 5.7%.
Mr Dennis Walters was elected In 1964; contested Blyth in 1959 and the 1960 by-election. Director, of investment. companies and travel company. Chairman Asthma Research Council since 1969, and joint chairman, Council for Advancement of Arab-British Understanding since 1970. B Nov. ember. 1928; ed Downside School and St Catharine's Collage, Cam- bridge. Founder member of the Bow Group. Chairmran, Federation of University Conservatlve and Unionist Associations, 1949-0on joint secretary, Conservative For- eign Affairs Committee, 1965-71.
WESTERN ISLES same Electorate 22,683 1970: 23,518
*Stewart, D. J. (Scot Nat) 10,079 Wilson, A. W. (Lab) 2,879 Mackay, Ji. (c) 1,042 Macnillan, M. K. (Utd Lab
Pty) 1,031 Scot Nat majority 7,200 NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 15,232 (64.8%)-
Scot Nat 6,S68 (43.1%), Lab 5,842 (38.3%), C 2,822 (18,5%)-Scot Nat maj 726 (4.8%). Swing + 10.5%
Mr Donald Stewart has' repre- sented the constituency since 1970. Provost of Stornoway, 1958-64 and 1968-70; Hon Sheriff Substitute, 1960. Sales director of Harris Tweed firm. B October, 1920; ed Nicolson Institute, Stornoway.
WESTHOUGHTON mlnor Electorate 71,450 1970: 69,564
*Stott, R. (Lab) 30,574 Tetlow, B. H. (C) 17,909 Hale, R. S. (L) 10,939
Lab majority 12,665 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,422. Turn-our83.2%.
Lab 51.4%, C 30.1%, L 18.4%. Lab maj 21.30,%. Swing -5.2°. 1970: Total vote 53,521 (76.8%)-
Lab 29,674 (55.4%), C 23,847 (44.5%)-Lab rnaj 5,827 (10.9%). Swing +9.5%.
MIr Roger Stott, a telephone engi- neer, won the by-election in 1973; contested Cheadle, , 1970. B August, 1943 ;ed secondary school, Rochdale College and Ruskin. College. Organizer, Roch- dale branch, Post Office Engineer- ing Union. Member, PLP shipping group. Served on Rochdale CounCil.
WEST LOTHIAN same Electorate 76,943 1970: 72,367
*Dalyell, T. (Lab) 28,112 Wolf, W. (Scot Nat) 21,690 Pollock, A. (C) 11,804 Bett, C. (Comm) 438
Lab majority 6,422 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,044. Turn-out 80.6%.
Lab 45.3%. Scot Nat 34.9%. C 19.0, Comm 0.7%. Lab maj 10.3%.. Swing +4.2%.
1970: Total vote 55,487 (76.X%)-
Lab 29,360 (52.9°,6), Scot Nat 15,620 (28.1°,h), C 10,048 (18.1%), Comm 459 (0.8%)- Lab mai 13,740 (24.8%). Swing +3.2%.
lir Tam DalyeU was elected at a by-election in June, 1962. Con- tested Roxburgh, Selkirk and Pee- bles, 1959. Teacher and political columnist, New Scientist. B August, 1932; ed Eton, Edinburgh Academy and King's College, Cambridge. Chairman, PLP sports group; vice-chairman, Scottish Labour Group of MPs, and of PLP foreign affairs and defence com- mittee. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology, 1967- 69, and Public Accounts Committee, 1962-66.
WESTMORLAND same Electorate 55,348 1970: S3,365
'Jopling, T. M. (C) 22,036 Nixon, A. (L) 15,502 Hildrew, P. J. (Lab) 6,419
C majority 6,534 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,957. Turn-out 79.1%.
C 50.1%, L 35.30,6. Lab 14.6%. C maj 14.9%. Swing + 0.2%.
1970: Total vote 38,436 .(72%)-C
21,253 (55.3%), L 9,426 (24.5%), Lab 7,757 (Z0.2%)-C maj 11,827 (30.8%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Mdichael Jopling, a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1973-74, and Assistant Whip, 1972-73. was elected in 1964; contested Wake- Farerd 1959 Farmners aondultontr
partner in motor trade company. B December, 1930 ; ed Cheltenham College and King's College, Durham University. Former mem- ber, Select Committees on Sci- ence and Technology and on Agri- culture. Joint Secretary, Conserva- tive parliamentary agriculture cmmittee, 1966-70. Vice-presi- dent, National Association of Parish Councils. Member, NFU Council, 1961-64; Thirsk RDC. 1958-64.
WESTON-SUPER-MARE same
Electorate 84,422 1970: 79,263
*Wiggin, A. W. (C) 33,838 Golding, P. A. (L) 20,237
Morris, R. E. (Lab &
Co-op) 13,542 C majority 13,601 NO CHANGE
Total vote 67,617. Turn-out 80.1%.
C 50.0%, L 29.9%, Lab-& Co-op 20.0%. C maj 20.1%. Swing -1.5%.
1970 Total vote 58 409 (73.7%)-
C 33,816. (5V.9%5, Lab 14,473 (24.%)lLr 1,20 (17.3%)-C maj 19,343 (33.1%). Swing +4.9%.
Mr Jerry Wiggin was returned at a by-election in March, 1969. Con- tested Montgomery, 1966 rind 1964.
Farmer and butsiness consultant. B' Felbruar 1937 ; . ed Etorn -and Trinity (ollege, Carnbrfdge. ointit Secretary, West Countr-y 'Conser- vative MPS' Committee; 1969-70.
WHITEHAVEN same Electorate 50,594 1970: 50,289
*Cunninghbam,J A. (Lab) 23,229 Vose1 P. B. (C) 15,867
Lab majority 7,362 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,096. Turn-out 77.0%.
Lab 59.4%. C 40.6%. Lab naj 18.8%. Swing -1.1%.
1970 : Total vote 39,392 .(78.3% )-
Lab 22,974 (58.3%), C 16,418 (41.7% )-Lab. maj 6,556 (16.6%). Swing +3.7%.
Mr John Cunningham, union organizer, was elected in 1970. Member, Select Committee on Sci- ence and Teclinology, since 1970. Full-time officer, NUGMW, 1969. 70. B August, 1939; ed Jarrow Grammar School and Bede Col. lege, Durham University.
WIDNES same Electorate 74,423 1970: 71,598
*Oakes, G. J. (Lab) 35,654 Maynard, A. H. K. (C) 19,155
Lab majority 16,499 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,809. Turn-out 73.7%.
Lab 65.0%, C. 34.9%. Lab maj 30.1%. Swing -7.3%.
1970: Total vote 49,225 (68.7%)-
Lab 28,384 (57.7%), C 20.841 (42.3%)-Lab mal 7,543 (15.3%). Swing +3.0%.
1971. by-election: Total vote
33,099-Lab 22,880 (69.1%), C 10,219 (30.9%)-Lab maj 12,661 (38.2%).
Mr Gordon Oakes won the by- election ip 1971. Environment and local government spokesman. Represented Bolton West, 1964-70. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations, 1969-70. Solicitor. B June, 1931 ; ed Wade Deacon School, Widnes. and LSverpool University. Contested Bebington, 1959, and Moss Side, Manchester, in 1961 by-edection. Sponsored by
WIGAN wme Electorate 56,390 1970: 57,616
*Fitch E, A. (Lab) 30,485 Beard, P. (C) 12,283 Lab majority 18,202 NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 41,656 (72.3%)-
Lab 28,102 (67.5%), C 12,882 (30.9%), Comm 672 (1.6%)- Lab maj 15,220 (36.5%L. Sv.np +5.6%.
Total vote 42,768. Turn-out 75.8%.
Lab 71.3%, C 28.7%. Lab maj 42.5%. Swing -3.0%.
Mr Alan Fitcb, Opposition whip, 1970-71, was returned at a by- election in June, 1958. Appointed to Speaker's Panel of Chairmen, 1971, Vice-Chamberlain, HM Household, 1969-70, a Lord Corn missioner of the Treasury, 1966. 69*; an assistant Government Whip,i 1964-66. Mineworker. B March, 1915 ; ed Kingswood School, Bath.
Wimbledon, see Merton
WINCHESTER major Electorate 83.174
*Giles, Rear-Adm M. C. M.
(C) 30,843 Matthew, J. W. (L) 21,331 Allchin, Dr W. H. (Lab) 15,655
C majority 9,512 Total vote 66,837. Turn-out 81.4%.
C 46.1%I, L 30.4%, Lab 23.4%. C maj 15.7°,o.
Rear-Admiral Alorgan-Giles was returned at a by-election in May, 1964. Vice-chairman, Conservative Defence Committee since 1965. Delegate, North Atlantic Assem- bly. Member, executive commit- tee, Inter-Parliamentary Union. B June, 1914; ed Clifton College. Chief of Naval Intelligence, Far East, 1955-56 ; Captain (D) Dart- mouth training Squadron, 1957-58, and of HMS Belfast, Flagship of the Far East, 1961-62. Rear-Ad- miral, October, 1962. President,' Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1962-64, when he retired. Chair- man, HMS Belfast Trust and King William IV Naval Foundation (Almshouses).
WINDSOR ANID MAIDENHEAD
same Electorate 78,987 1970 : 77,743
*Glyn, Dr A. (C) 31,022 Kahan, G. H. (L) 16,027 Golder, M. (Lab) 15,413 Funnel, D. P. (unofficial C) 1,041
C majority 14,995 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,503. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 48.8%. L 25.2%. Lab 24.3%.. Unoff C 1.6%. C maj 23.6%. Swing -2.3%.
1970: Total vote 54,821 (70.5%)-
C 32,264 (58.9%), Lab 16,214 (29.6%), L 6,343 (11.6%0)--C maj 16,050 i29.36) . 'S'ivng +6.5%.
Dr Alan Glyn was elected. in 1970; MP for Clapham from 1959-64. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1955) and medical practitioner. B Sep- tember, 191&; ed Westminster School, Caius College, Cambridge and St George's Hospital. Member, Chelsea Borotugh Coun- ci, 1959.62.
WIRRALL major Electorate 92,229
*LIoyd, J. S. B. (the Speaker) 38,452 Whipp, A. J. (Lab) 22,605 Gayford, M (L) 14,123
Speaker majority 15,847 Total vote 75,180. Turn-out 81.6%.
C-Speaker 51.1., Lab 30.1%, L 18.8%. C-Speaker maj 21.1%. Swing -1.2%.
Mr Selwyn lloyd, QC, was elected Speaker in January, 1971. He was Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the
o 1963-64; Chancellor of
tne Exchequer, July, 1960 to July, 1962 ; Secretary of State for For- eign Affairs, Decermber, 1955 to July, 1960 ; Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1951-54 ; Minister of Supply to April, 1955, and Minis- ter of Defence for the next eight months. President, National Union of Conservative and Unionist Asso- ciations, 1966 ; Opposition spokes- man on Commonwealth affairs, 1965-66. Elected for Wirral in 1945 ; contested Macclesfield as Liberal in 1929. B July, 1904 ; ed Fettes and Magdalene College, Cambridge; president of' the Union, 1927. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) 1930 ; QC, 1947. Recorder of Wigan, 1948-51.
WORING major Electorate 68,618
*Onslow, C. G. D. (C) 25,243 Wade, P; (L) 17,660 Tattersall, J. W. (Lab) 11,583
C majority 7,583 Total vote 54,486. Turn-out 81.1%.
C 46.3%, L 32.4%, Lab 21.2%. C maj 13.9%.
Mr Robert Taylor was elected In 1970; An architectural ironmonger. Contested Battersea North, 1964 atid 1959. B December, 1932 ; ed Cranleigh School. Director of G. and S. Allgood Ltd. and associated companies ; chairrman of G. and S. Allgood (Pty) Ltd..Former Sussex county rugby player. Governor, Battersea county. comprehensive school,, 1961-70 ; chairnman 1967-70. Deputy chairman Public Schools Club, since'1966.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE - minor Electorate 83,809 1970: 78,271
Pym, F. L. (C) 32,638 lakobi, S. (L) 18,826 Farley, M. P. (Lab) 17,930
C majority 13,812 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,394. Turn-out 81.9%,
C 47.0% L 27.1%, Lab 25.8%. C ma; 19.9%. Swing +0.2%.
1970: Total vote 59,118 (75.5% )-
C 32,264. (54.6%), Lab 19,993 (33.8%), L 6,861 (11.6%)-C maj 12,271 (20.7%). Swing +5.6%.
Mr Francis Pym, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland since December, 1973, was returned in the 1961 by-election; Was Parlia- mentaty Secretary to the Treasury and Government Chief Whip, 1970.73. Contested Rhondda West 1959. Former company director and farmer. B February, 1922: ed Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Assistant Government whip, 1962- 64: Opposition whip, 1964-67: Opposition deputy Chief Whip, 1967-70. Member, Herefordshire County Council. 1958-61.
CAMDEN, HAMPSTEAD minor Electorate 64.21? 1970: 71,918
*Finsberg, G. (C) 19,536 Clarke, A. J. (Lab) 17,279 Longland, R. A. (L) 8,323
C majority 2,257 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,138. Turn-out 70.7%.
C 43.3%, Lab 38.3%, L 18.4%. C maj 5.0%. Swing +2.0%.
1970: Total vote 45,6U4 (63.4%)-
C 21,264 (46.6%), Lab 20,790 (45.6%), L 3,550 (7.8%)-C maj 474 (1.0%). Swing +2.8%.
Mr Geoffrey Finsberg gained Hampstead for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Islington, East, 1955. B June, 1926; ed City of London School. Member, Hamp. stead Borough Council, 1949-65; and Camden Borough Council, 1964-74, leader 1968:70. Vice-chair- man, Conservative parliamentary committee on trade, since 1972, and joint vice-chairman, Greater London committee of Conservative MPs. Industrial relations adviser.
CAMDEN, Holborn
St Pancras, South minor Electorate 39 265 1970- 41,741
*Jeger, Mrs E. M. (Lab) 12,414 Parsons, R. F. J. (C) 8,223 Hibbert, T. (L) 4,632
Lab majority 4,191 NO CHANGE
Total vote 25,269, Turn-out 64.8%,11.
Lab 49.1%, C 32.S%/, L 18.3%. Lab maj 16.6%. Swing -3.1%.
1970 : Total vote. 22,573 (54.0%) -
Lab 12,448 (55.1%), C 10,125 (44.8%)-Lab maj 2,323 (10.3%). Swing + 4.3%.
Mrs Lena Jeger, journalist, was returned in 1964. Elected for con- ctituency, 1953, at a by-election caused by the death of her hus- band, but lost it in 1959. Member, Labour Party National Executive since 1968. B November, 1915 ; ed Southgate County School and London University. Speaks Rus- sian and was assistant editor in Moscow of British Ally. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen. Chairman, working party on sewage disposal.
CAMDEN, St Pancras North major Electorate 41,721
*StaUard A W. (Lab) 14,761 Major, 1. (C) 7,926 Medlicott, P. J. (L) 4.082 McLennan, G. (Comm) 466
Lab najorItv 6.835 Total vote 27,235, Turn-out 65.7%,
Lab 54.2%, C 29.1%, L 15.0%, Comm 1.7%. Lab maj 25-1%.
Mr Albert StaDard was elected in 1970; formerly a technical train- ing officer. B November, 1921; ed Lowaters School and Hamilton Academy. Member, St Pancras Borough Council,. 1953-65, and Camden Council since that date. Member, AUEW. Chairman, Camden Town Disablement Com- mittee and Mental Health Associa- tion. Sponsored by AUEW (en- gineering section).
CANNOCK
Electorate 56,101
major
Roberts, G. E. (Lab) 23,869 King, R. D. (C) 12,805 Windridge, M. (L) 9,709
Lab majority 11,064 Total vote 46,383, Turn-out 82.7%,
Lab 51.5%, C 27.6%, L 20.9%. Lab maj 23.8%;
Mr Gwilym Roberts was MP for Bedfordshire, South, 1966.70. Con. tested Conway, 1964, and Orm- skirk, 1959. B August, 1928 ; ed Brynefail Grammar School and University of Wales. Principal lec- turer Hendon College of Technol- ogy, 1957-66. Industrial consultant, market and operational research.
CANTERBURY
Electorate 82,161 1970: 80 *Crouch, D. L.. (C)
Goulden, Mrs S. {L) Fuller, M. F. (Lab)
McKilliam, K. (Nat Front)
same 0,373
34,341 17,300 15,751 1 831
C majority 17,041 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,223. Turn-out 80.4%.
C 50.3%, L 25.3%, Lab 23.1%, Nat Front 1.2%. C maj 25.0%. Swing -1.4%.
1970: Total vote 59,947 (74.6%)-
C 33,222 (55.4%), Lab 15,172 (25.3%), L 11,553 (19.3%)-C maj 18,050 (30.1%). Swing + 4.2.%
Mr David Crouch, a director of Pfizer Ltd, was elected in 1966- contested Leeds, West, 1959. B June, 1919; ed University College School, London. Member, Institute of Marketing. Former vice-presi- dent, West Leeds Conservative Association. Member, Select Com- mittee on Nationalized Industries since 1970. Chairman. all-party parliamentary group for chemical industry. Vice-chairman Conserva- tive Party industry committee since 1972.
CARDIFF, North major Electorate 46,997
Grist, I. (C) 14,659 Collins, J. (Lab) 10,806 Thomas, T. A. D. (L) 7,139 Richards, P. (PI Cymru) 1,586
C majority 3,853 Total vote 34,190. Turn-out 73.4%.
C 42.9%, Lab 31.6%, L 20.9%, PI Cymru 4.6%. C maj 11.3%. Mr Ian Grist, an information offi- cer at the Welsh Conservative Party office, contested Aberavon in 1970. B December. 1938 ; ed Repton and Jesus College, Cam- bridge. *
CARDIFF, North-West F.lectorate 41,511
major
Roberts, M. H. A. (C) 16,654 Blewett, C. A. (Lab) 10,641 O'B-ien, H. (L) 7,109 Plalfrey, C. (P1 Cymru) 1,227
C majority 6.013 Total vote 35,631. Turn-out 87 1%
C 46.7%, Lab 29.9%, L 19:9%; Pi Cymru 3.4%. C maj 16.9%. Mr Michael Roberts was MP for Cardiff, North, which he won for the Conservatives, from 1970 to 1974. Contested Cardiff, South- East in 1959 and 1955, and Aber- dare in the 1954 by-election. Head- master. B May, 1927 ; ed Neath Grammar School and University College, Cardiff. Former Welsh representative, National Youth Advis'ory Committee, and farmer chairinan, Wales and Monmouth- shire Area Conservative Political Centre Committee.
CHELMSFORD major Electorate 79,297
*St John-Stevas, N. A. F.
(C) 28,560 Mole, S. G. (L) 21,929 Morrell, hvrs F. (Lab) 16,063
C majority 6,631 Total vote 66,552, Turn-out 83.9%.
C 42.9%, L 32.9%, Lab 24.1%. C. maj 10.0%.
Mr Norman St John-Stevas, Minis. ter of State for Education and Science with responsibility for the arts, 1973-74; Under Secretary for Education and Science, 1972-73. Elected In 1964; contested Dagen- hamn in 1951. Barrister. author and lournalist. B May, 1929; ed Rat- cliffe College, Fitzwilham College, Cambridge (president of the Union, 1950), Christ Churcho Oxford, and Yale University. Called by Middle Temple, 1953. Member Select Committee on Ra6ce Relations and Immigration,
CHELTENHA4M same Electorate 62,111 1970: 60,141 *Dodds-Parker, Sir A. D.
(C) 21,723 Rodger, F. C. (L) 15,811 Gray, H. (Lab) 12,971
C majority 5,912 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,505. Turn-out 81.4%.
C 43.0%, L 31.3%, Lab 25.7%. C maj 11.7% . Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 45,467 (75.6%)-
C 22,823 (50.2%), Lab 14,213 (31.3%), L 8,431 (18.5%)-C maj 8,610 (18.9%). Swing + 6.0%.
Sir Douglas Dodds-Parker, elected for the seat in 1964, represented Banbury, 1949-59. Under-Secre- tary, Foreign Office, 1953-54 and 1955-57 ; Under-Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations Office, 1954- ;5. Chairman (1972) and former vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary foreign affairs com- mittee. Member, European Parlia- ment, 1973-74. Company director. B July, 1909; ed Winchester and Magdalen College, Oxford. Joined Sudan Political Service, 1930; ssistant district commissioner: assistant private secretary to Gov. ezrnor General. Khartum, 1934-35; Public Security Depart- ment, Khartum, 1938-39.
CHERTSEY & WALTON major Electorate 67,000
Pattie, G. E. (C) 26,603 Brady, N. J. (Lab) 14,640 Insoll, R. H. (L) 13,626
C majority 11,963 1otal vote 54,869. Turn-out 81.9% -
C 48.5%, Lab 26.7%,, L 24.8%. C ma 21.8 %.
Mr Geoffrey Pattle, company director. B January, 1936; ed Durham and St Catharine's Col- ege, Cambridge. Barrister-at-law (Gray's Inn). Contested Barking, 1970 and 1966. GLC member for Lambeth, 1967-70; chairman, Inner London Education Authority finance committee, 1968-70. Member, General Synod, Church of England, and MCC. Direc- tor, leading British advertising agency.
CHESHAM AND AMERSHAM
major Electorate 63,709
*Gilmour, I. H. J. L. (C) 27,035 Stoddart, D. (L) 16,619 Warshaw, B. M. (Lab) 9,700
C majority 10,416 Total vote 53,354. Turnout 85.0%.
C 50.7%, L 31.1%, Lab 18.2%. C maj 19.5%.
Mr Ian Gilmour, Secretary of State for Defence, 1974 ;Minister of State for Defence, 1972-74: Minister of State for Defence Procurement, 1971-72; Under Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1970-71. MP for Norfolk. Central, 1962-74; contested Houns- slow, West by-election, 1962. Jour- nalist and barrister. Editor, Spectator, 1954-59. B. July, 1926; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Called to the Bar, Inner Temple, 1952.
CHESTER, CITY OF minor Electorate 69,927 1970: 68,069
Morrison, P. H. (C) 24,527 Crawford, J. (Lab) 17,7S9 Green, R. (L) 13,098
C majority 6,768 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,384. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 44.3%, Lab 32.1%, L 23.6%. C maj 12.2%. Swing-0.9%.
1970: Total vote 49,727 (73.1%)-C 25,877 (52.0%), Lab 18,872 (37.9%), L 4,978 (10.0°)-C maj 7,005 (14.1%). Swing 4- 4.0%.
Mr Peter Mrorrison is an investment manager and company director. B 1944; ed Eton College and Keble College, Oxford. Personal assistant to Mr Peter Walker 1966-67 ; invest- ment manager with Slater Walker Securities Ltd 1968-70. Partner in farming enterprise in Scotland. Member of organizations for the mentally handicapped.
CHESTERFIELD same Electorate 71,593 1970: 71,051
*Varley, E. G. (Lab) 31,040 Taylor, J. D. (C) 15,644 Brown, M. (L) 9,937
Lab majority 15,396 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,621. Turn-out 80.1%.
Lab 54.8%, C 27.6%, L 17.5%. Lab mai 27.2°%. Swing +0.1%. 1970: Total vote 51,494 (72.5%)-
Lab 30,386 (59.0%), C 16,217 (31.5%), L 4,891 (9.5%)-Lab maj 14,169 (27.5%). Swing + 3.9%.
MIr Eric Varley, an Opposition spokesman on regional policy, 1970-72; chief spokesman on fuel
and power, 1972-74-; chainman PLP trade union group, 1972-74. Minister of State, Technology and Power, 1969-70 ; assistant Govern. ment whip, 1967-69: Elected in 1964. Craftsman in mining indus- try. B August, 1932; ed secondary school, technical college, and Ruskin College. Oxford. Member, Derbyshire ' area executive of National Union of Mineworkers. 1955-64. Sponsored by NUM.
CHESTER-LE.STREET minor Electorate 64,000 1970: 63,829
*Radice, G. H. (Lab) 33,534 Herd, D. J. (L) 14,808 Balfour, N. (C) 8,291
Lab maj 18,726 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,633. Turn-out 83.1%.
Lab 59.2%, L 26.1%, C 14.6%. Lab maj 33.1%. Swing -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 47,057 (73.7%1-
Lab 33,694 (71.6%), C 13,363 (28.4%)-Lab maj 20,331 (43.2%). Swing + 5.4%.
1973 by-election: Total vote 48,774
(71.4%)-l.ab 25,874 (53.0%). L 18,808 (38.6%), C 4,092 (8.4%)-Lab maj 7,066 (14.4%).
Mr Giles Radice was returned at the 1973 by-election. Fought Chip-
penham, 1964 and 1966. Head of research department, NUGMW, 1966.73. Member, Labour ec6- nomiic and finance commarittee and of trade union group. B October, 1936 ; ed Magdalen:. College, Oxford.
CHICHESTER najor Electorate 69,242
*Chataway, C. J. (C) 29,127 Jeffs, G. (L) 17,714 Smith, N. J. M. (Lab) 7,854
C majority 11,413 Total vote 54,695. Turrn-out 79.0%.
C 53.2%, L 32.4%, Lab 14.3%. C maj 20.9%/.
Mr Christopher Chataway, Minis- ter for Industrial Development, 1972-74 : Minister of Posts and Telecommunications, 1970-72. Elected In 1969 by-election; MP for Lewisham, West 1959-66. Became Under Secretary for Edu- cation and Science in 1964 reorga- nization of department: formerly Parlianentary Secretary for Edu- cation. Broadcaster, journalist. B January, 1931; ed Sherborne and Magdalen College, Oxford. Alder- man and leader, Inner London Education Authority, 1967-69- member, LCC, 1958-61. Held world record for 5,000 metres, 1954; represented Britain in Olym-
,ic Games, 1952 and 1956. Former Irector, Haymarket Press Ltd and of National Advertising Cor- poration.
Chingford, see Waltham Forest
CH PENHAM ninor Electorate 67,282 1970: 63,055
*Awdry, D. E. (C) 24,645 Banks, R. E. J. (L) 21,553 Whiles, J. (Lab) 9,39S
C majority 3,092 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,593. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 44.3%, L 38.8%, Lab 16.9%. C maj 5.6%. Swing -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 49,011
(77.4%)-C 24,371 (49.7%), L 13,833 (28.2%), Lab 10,807 (22.0%)-C maj 10,538 (21.5%). Swing + 5.1%.
Mr Daniel Awdry was returned at 1962 by-election. Solicitor. B Sep- tember, 1924; ed Winchester Col- lege and Sandburst College. Member Chippenham Council, 1950-63, mayor 1956.57. President, Southern Boroughs Association, 1957-58. Vice-chairman Conserva- tive Parliamentary transport com- mittee 1967-73.
Chipping Barnet, see Barnet Chislehurst, see Bromley
CHORLEY same Electorate 75,464 1970: 71,220
Rodgers, G. (Lab) 25,440 *Monks, Mrs C. MS. (C) 25,035 Orrell, Mrs N. (L) 12,652
Lab majority' 405 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 63,127. Turn-out 84.9%.
Lab 40.3%, C 39.6%, L 20.0%. Lab maj 0.60%.. Swing -1.8%,;.
1970: Total vote 56,239 (79.0%, )-
C 26,577 (47.2%), Lab 24,900 (44.3%,1.), L 4,428 (7.9%/O), lnd 334 (0.6°,o )-C maj 1,677 (3.0%). Swving +6.20.
MIr George Rodgers is a welder. B November, 1925. Member, Huyton with Roby UDC. AUEW.
CIRISTCHURCR & LYMINGTON
major Electorate 54,992
tAdley, R. J. (C) 25,908 Kyrle, M. (L) 11,274 Reed, B. S. (Lab) 7,471
C majority 14,634 Total vote 44,653. Turn-out 76.4%.
C 58.0%, L 25.2%, Lab 16.7%. C maj 32.8%.
Mr Robert Adley, marketing direc- tor of international hotel group, was MP for Bristol, North- East, 1970-74; contested Birken. head in 1966. B March, 1935; ed Uppingham School. Member Slough Borough Council, 1965-68. Former chairman, Sunbingdale Conservative Association. Member Bow Group. Vice-chairman, West Country Conservative MPs 1972. Secretary, all-party tourism, com- mittee; Conservative aviation committee. First chairman and founder member, Brunel Society. Member, steering committee, SS Great Britain project.
CIRENCESTER AND TEWKES- BURY minor Electorate 80,773 1970: 72,980
*Ridley, N. (C) 31,163 Otter, R. G. (L) 20,962 Fox, R. G. (Lab) 13,775
C majority 10,201 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,900. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 47.30%, L 31.8%, Lab 20.9%. C maj 15.5%. Swing +0.1%.
1970: Total vote 53,941 (73.0%) --C 30,217 (56.0%), Lab 16,131 (29.9%), L 7,593 (14.1%S)-C maj 14,086 (26.1%). Swing + 4.8%.
Mr Nicholas Ridley was Under Secretary for Trade and Industry, 1970-72 ; Parliamentary Secretary, MSinistry of Technology, June to October, 1970. Chairman Conser- vative parliamentary finance com- mittee 1972-73. An Opposition spokesman on technology and trade, 1969-70 and on defence 1965.66. Elected 1959. Contested Blyth, 1955. Civil engineer and company director. B February, 1929; ed Eton and BaUiol College, Oxford.
CITIES OF LONDON AND WEST- MINSTER, City of London and Westminster South minor Electorate 59,147 1970: 58,798
*Tugendhat, C. S. (C) 16,945 Turner, P. J. (Lab) 8,698 Underwood, T. (L) 6,015 Wertheim, C. D. (Ind C) 134 Eckley, R. E. (Dem Cap) 44 Boaks, W. G. (Ind) 35
C majority 8,427 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,871. Turn-out 61.3°h.
C 53.2%, Lab 27.3%, L 18.9%, Ind C 0.4%, Dem Capital 0.1%, Ind 0.1%. C maj 25.9%. Swing
-anttCllg.f1dcain.Mm
1970: Total vote 32,171 (54.5%)-C
19,102 (59.4%/.), Lab 10,062 (31.3%), L 2,708 (8.4%), Anti- Lab 157 (0.5%), Young Ideas 142 (0.4%)-C maj 9,040 (28.1%). Swing +4.2%.
Mlr Christopher Tugendhat repre- sented Cities of London and West- minster, 1970-74. iMember, Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology. Director, Sunningdale Oils Ltd ; Phillips Petroleum Inter- national (UK) Ltd. Author and Journalist. B February, 1937; ed Ampleforth College, Gomdlle and Calus College, Cambridge. Presi- dent, Cambridge Union. 1960. Member of NUJ.
CITIES OF LONDON AND WEST- MINSTER, City of Westminster.
Paddington major Electorate 58,263
*Latham, A. C. (Lab) 17,293 *Scott, N. P. (C) 16,451 Lewis, N. (L) 6,440
Lab majority 842 Total vote 40,184. Turn-out 69.0%.
Lab 43.0%, C 40.9%, L 16.0%. Lab ma; 2.1.%.
Mr Arthur Latbam, wvas MP for Paddington, North, 1969-74. Con- tested Rushcliffe. 1964, and Wood- ford, 1959. Lecturer in further
education. B August, 1930; ed Romford Royal Liberty School,
Garnett ollege f Educaton. Mem
1952 ad aldeman sice 196
fomrleader, Labour group.
eber, CAWU, TGWIV AITI.
CITIES OF LONDON AND WEST- MINSTER, City of Westminster, St Marylebone same Electorate 47,799 1970: 47,64i0
*Baker, K. W. (C) 15,683 Merriton, Mrs J. (Lab) 6,966 Silver, B. (L) 5,599 Davies, Dr W. (Ind Powell) 470
C majority 8,717 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,718. Turn-out 66.1%.
C 54.6%, Lab 24.2%, L 19.S%, Ind Powell 1.6%. C maj 30.3%. Swing -1.2%.
1970: Total vote 28,407 (59.6%)-
C 17,639 (62.1%), Lab 8,325 (29.3%), L 2,443 (8.6%)-C mal 9,314 (32.8%); Swing +3.3%.
1970 by-election : Total vote 16,828
(35.3%)-C 10,684 (63.5%) Lab 4,542 (27.0%), L 1,038 (6.2%), Nat Front 401 (2.4%), Fourth World Group 163 (1.0%)-C maj 6,142 (36.5%).
Mr Kenneth Baker, Parliamentary Secretary, Civil Service Depart- ment, 1972-74. Elected, 1970 by- election. MP for Acton, 1968-70 and contested the seat in 1966; fought Poplar 1964. Industrial con- sultant. B Nov, 1934 ; ed St Paul's School and Magdalen College, Oxford. Member, Twickenham Borough Council, 1960-62 ; Public Accounts Committee. 1969-70.
CLEVELAND AND WHITBY
Electorate 60,930 major Brittan, L. (C) 21,090 Hewitson, Miss J. B. (Lab) 17,448 Watson, G. (L) 11,030 C majority 3,642 Total vote 49,568. Turn-out 82.0%.
C 42.5%, Lab .35.2%, L 22.2%. C maj 7.3%.
Wr Leon Brittan, barrister (called to the Bar, 1962). B September, 1939; ed Htaberdashers' Aske's School, Trinity College, Cam- bridge, (president of Union) and Yale University. Contested Ken. sington, North, 1970 and 1966. Vice-chairman, National Associa- tion of School Governors and Man- agers; member, advisory commit- tee on housing of Community Relations Commission. Chairman Bow Group 1964 and 1965. Editor of Crossbow 1966-68. Member political Commnittee, Carlton Club.
CLITHEROE sme Electorate 52,320 1970 49,753
*Walder, A. D. (C) 20,613 Walsh, M. (Lab) 12,085 Roberts, C. W. (L) 10,438
C majority 8,528 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,136. Turn-out 83.6%,
C 47.8%, Lab 28.0%, L 24.2%. C maj 19.8%. Swing +2.0%.
1970: Total vote SY,553 (795%)-
C 20,430 (51.6%), Lab 14,158 (35.8%), L 4,965 (12.5%)-C maj 6,272 (15.8%). Swing +4.9%.
MIr David Walder, assistant Gov- ernment whip, 1973. Returned in 1970; represented High Peak, 1961-66; contested Leicester, South-West, 1959. Barrister, author and publisher. B Novem- ber, 1928; ed Latymer School and Christ Church, Oxford. Chairman, Wembley South Conservative Association, 1958-59. Vice-chair. man, Parliamentary home affairs committee. Former member, publ- ishing and economic directorate of CBI.
COATBRIDGE ANI AIRDRIE
major Electorate 60,244
*Dempsey, J. (Lab) 24,945 Anderson, Mrs C. M. (C) 13,162 Hill, R. (Scot Nat) 7,961 Lab majority 11.783 Total vote 46,068. Turnout 77.7%.
Lab 54.1%, C 28.6%, Scot Nat 17.3%. Lab maj 25.6%.
Mr James Dempsey, elected Jn 1959, was a clerk with a haulage firm. later a lecturer on political economy and a writer on local government. B February, 1917; ed Holy Family School, Mossend, Cooperative College, Loughbor- ough, and National Council of Labour Colleges. Member, Lanark. shire County Council since 1945.
COLCHESTER same Electorate 75,800 1970 : 74,991
*Buck, A. (C) 29,072
*Vhytock, D. (Lab) 22,210 Thomas, D. W. (L) 15,737
C majority 6,862 NO CHANGE
Total vote 67,019, Turn-out 80.9%,
C 43.4%, Lab 33.1%, L 23.5%. C maj 10.2%. Swing -36%.
1970 : Total vote 58,135 (77.5 )-
C 30,562 (52.6%'/), Lab 20,325 (35.0%), L 7,243 (12.5°h)-C maJ 10,237 (17.6%). Swing + 7.8%.
Air Antony Buck, Under Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, 1972-74, was returned at a by- election in 1961. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954) and former director of family agricultural merchants business. B DLcember, 1928 ; ed King's School, Ely, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Legal adviser, National Association of Parish Councils, 1957-59. Committee member of the Bow Group for four years and secretary for two. Secretary, Conservative Home Affairs Committee, 1964-70; Member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commission for Ad- ministration, 1970-72.
COLNE VALLEY same Electorate 61,017 1970: 58,604
Wainwright, R. S. (L) 20,984 *Clark, D. G. (Lab) 20,265 Davy, K. E. (C) 10,864
L majority 719 L GAIN
Total vote 52,113. Turn-out 86.4%.
L 40.3%, Lab 38.9%, C 20.8%. L maj 1.4%. Swing -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 47,353 (80.8%)-
Lab 18,896 (39.9%), L 18,040 (38.1%), C 10,417 (22.0%)-Lab mai 856 (1.8%). Swing +8.4%pn
Mr Richard Walnwright won the seat for the Liberals in 1966, after contesting it in 1964, at the 1963 by-election and in 1959. He lost it to Labour in 1970. Chief Liberal parliamentary spokesman on eco- nomic and industrial affairs, 1966- 70. Chartered accountant (Presi- dent, Leeds, Bradford and District Chartered Accountants, 1965-66). B April, 1918; ed Shrewsbury School and Clare College, Cam- bridge.
CONSETT same Electorate 59,310 1970: 58,246
*Watkins, D.J. (Lab) 27,401 Wilkinson, T. (C) 9,058 McClure, R. (L) 8,384
Lab majority 18,343 Total vote 44,843. Turn-out 76.5%.
Lab 61.10o. C 20.2%. L 18.7%. Lab maj 40.9%. Swing +0.4%. NO CHANGE
1970 : Total vote 40,899 (70.2%)-
Lab 28,985 (70.9%), C 11,914 (29.1%)-Lab maj 17.071 (41.7%). Swing +2.4%.
Mr David Watkins was elected In 1966. Contested Bristol, North. West, 1964. Engineer. B August, 1925 ; ed secondary school and Bristol College of Technology. Member. Bristol City Council. 1954-57, and Bristol Education Committee, , 1958.66. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1967-69. Vice-chairman PLP power and steel group. Spon- sored by AUEW, and secretary of union's parliamentary group.
CONWAY samo Electorate 51,381 1970. 48,662
*Roberts,. T. W. P. (C) .16,763 Rees, The Rev D. B. (Lab) 12,214 Jones, Dr D. T. (L) ;8,546 Farmer. M. (PI Cymru) 4,203 C majority 4,549 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,726, Turn-out 81.2%,
C 40.2%, Lab 29.3%, L 20.5%, P1 Cymru 10.1%. C maj 10.9%. Swing +4.3%. ,
1970: Iotal vote 39,888 (82.0%)-
C 16,927 (42.4%), Lab 16,024 (40.2%), Pl Cymru 4,311 (10.8%), L 2,626 (6.6%)-C.maj 903 (2.3%). Swing +1.8%.
Mr Wyn Roberts, television exec- utive and journalist, won the seat for the Conservatives In 1970. B July, 1930; ed Beaumaris County School, Harrow and University Col- lege, Oxford. Formerly Welsh Controller, TWW Ltd.
CORNWALL, North
Electorate 51,397
*Pardoe J. W. (L)
Gardner, Mrs R. T. (C) Benjamin, J. B. (Lab)
inajor
25,667 16,938
1,726'
L majority 8,729 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,331. Turn-out 86.3%.
L 57.9%, C 38.2%, Lab 3.9%. L maj 19.7%.
Mr John Pardoe, Liberal spokes- man on economic afrairs and deputy Liberal whip, won the seai from the Conservatives in 1966- contested Finchley, 1964. Treas- urer, Liberal Party, 1968-69. B July, 1934; ed Sherborne School and Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge. Former consultant to National Association of School- masters. Member, Independent Broadcasting Authority's general advisory council, since 1973. Direc- tor, International Metal Co.
COVENTRY, North-East major Electorate 62,869
rark, G. M. (Lab) 30,496 Foreman, N. F. (C) 15,069 Pickard, A. (People) 1,332 Hosey, J. (Comm) 838
Lab majotity 15.427 Total vote 47,735, Turn-out 75.9%,
Lab 63.9%, C 31.6%, People 2.8%, Comm 1.7%. Lab maj 32.3%.
Mlr George Park, an engineer, is leader of Coventry Borough Coun- cil and Coventry District Council. Member, West Midlands Metropol- ltan County Council. B September, 1914; ed Onslow Drive Secondary School, Glasgow, Whitehill Gram- mar School, Glasgow and Coventry Technical College
COVENTRY, North-West Electorate 48,806
major
^dqelman, M. (Lab) 22,089 Wade, C. L. (C) 15,431 Whittaker, Mrs L. (People) 1,542
Lab majority 6.658 Total vote 39,062, Turn-out 79.9%,
Lab 56.5%, C 39.5%, People 3.9%. Lab maj 17.0%.
Mr Maurice Edelman has held the seat since 1950. Represented Cov- entry, West, 1945-50. Journalist and author. B March, 1911 ; ed Cardiff High School and Trinity CoUege, Cambridge. Vice-chair- man of the British Council 1951- 67 Vice-president, Franco-)British Parliamentary Committee; Member, European Consultative Assembly 1949.51 and 196S5-70. Chairman, Socialist Group, West- ern European Union, 1965-70.
COVENTRY, South-East Electorate 50,525
major
*Wilson, W. (Lab) 22,217 Taylor, 1. C. (C) 11,466 Prem, Dr D. (L) 4,472
Lab majority 10,751 Total vote 38,155. Turn-out 75.5%0.
Lab 58.2%,C 30.0%, L 11.7%. Lab maj 28.2%.
Mr NVilliamN Wilson was elected In 1964. Contested Warwick and Leamington in 1951, 1955, 1957 (by-election), and 1959. B June, 1913 ; ed elementary school, Cov- entry Technical College, and Bir- mingham University. Solicitor. Member, Warwickshire County Council, 1958-70 and since 1972.
COVENTRY, South-West Electorate 68,376
major
Wise, Mrs A. (Lab) 22,985 Jeffrey, J. R. (C) 22,472 Chapple, N. B. (L) 11,348
Lab majority 513 Total vote 56,805. Turn-out 84.3%.
Lab 40.5%, C 39.5%, L 20.0%. Lab maj 0.90%.
Mrs Audrey Wise, lecturer on poll- tical matters. B 1935: ed Ruther- ford High School. Member of a borough council at age of 21. Member, Institute for Workers' Control.
CREWE
Electorate S9,447 1970: Dunwoody, Mrs G. P.
(Lab)
Park, J. G. (C)
Hu]land, D. J. (L)
minor 57.515
21,259 16,136 8.313
Lab majority 5,123 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,708. Turn-out 77.7%.
Lab 46.5%, C 35.3%, L 18.2%. Lab maj 11.2%'. Swing -1.3%.
1970: Total vote 40,838 (71.0%)-
Lab 22,160 (54.3%), C 18,678 (45.7%)-Lab maj 3,4S2 (8.5%). Swing +6.7%
Mrs Gwyneth Dunwoody, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1967-70, sat for Exeter. 2966-70, after contesting it in 1964. B December, 1930; ed Fulham County Secondary School and the Convent of Notre Dame. Director, Film Producers' Associa- tion of Great Britain since 1970.
CROSBY
Electorate 76,000
major
*Page, R. G. (C) 32,519 Hughes, S. F. (Lab) 16,949 Woodcock, G. (L) 12,842
C majority 15.570 Total vote 62,310. Turn-out 79.5%.
C 52.2%,Lab 27.2%, L 20.6%. C maj 25.0'%.
Mr Graham Page, Minister for Local Govermnent and Develop- ment within the Department of the Environment, 1970-74 ; Minis- ter of State for Housing and Local Government, June to October, 1970. Opposition spokesman on land and bousing, 1964-70; Re- turned at by-election in 1953- contested Islington, North, 1950 and 1951. B June, 1911 ; ed Maga- dalen College School, Oxford, and London University. Solicitor. Chairman of Select Committee on Statutory Instruments, 1964-70. Former treasurer, Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety. Former director, Property Owners' Building Society, United Real Property Trust, Ltd, and South of England Housing Society.
CROYDON, Central Electorate 66,978
major
Moore, J. E. (C) 21,353 Roser. R. A. (Lab) 20,039 Maxwell, I. H. (L) 11,346
r maior tv t.314 Total vote 52,738. Turn-out 79-8%.
C 40.5%, Lab 38.0%. L 21.5'%o. C maj 2.50.
Mr John Moore, investment hanker and-stockbroker. B Novem- ber. 1937 ; ed Licensed Victual- lers' Schiool, Slough, London Schiool of Economnics (President of the union, 1959-60). Mlewber, London borough council, of Merton, 1971-74.
I
ANTIUM, South uajot Eledtorate 118,483
*Molyn6aux, J. H. (UUUC). 48X203 Kinahan, C. (AlWlance) 12,559 Rowan, P. (SDLP) 8,769 Kidd, R. (Ind NI Lab) 1,80s
UUUC majority 35.644 Total vote 71,332. Turn-out 60,2%.
UUUC 67.6%, Alliance 17.6%, SDLP 12.3%/, Ind NILP 2.5%. UUUC za.j 50.0%.
Mr James Molyneaux, elected in 1970, is. a partner in the family firm of letterrpress printers. B 1921. Member, Antrim County Council since 1964; choirman, Antrim Unionist Association - Deputy County Grand Master Orange Order, and Deputy Grand Master of Ireland. Sovereign Grand Master of British Common. wealth Royal Black Institution.
ARGYLL
LATE RESULT
ARMAGH
Electorate 91,521 1970: 86,f McCusker, H. (UUUC) O'Hanlon, P. (SDLP)
Glendinning, R, (Alliance) Moore, T. (Repub Clubs) Lewis, H. (Unity)
""me 847
33,194 18,090 ) 4,983
4,129' 1,364
UUUC majority 15,104 UUUC GAIN
Total vote 61,760. Tumn-out 67.S%.
UUUC 53.7%, SDLP 29.3%, Alli- ance 8.1%, Renub Clubs 6.7%, Unity 2.2%. UUUC maj 24.4%. 1970: Total vote 68,144 (78.5%)-
UU 37,667 (55.3%), Nat Unity 21,696 (31.8%), Ni Lab 8,781 (12.9%)-UU maj 15,971 (23.5%0).
Mr James McCusker, a formnr teacher, has been a member of the Ulster Unionist Council since 1970. Now a personnel officer in Craiga- von, aged 34.
ARUNDEL
Electorate 83,027
major
Marshall, R: M. (C) 37,655 Kingsbury, J. R. (L) 17,712 Pimlott, . J. (Lab) 10,597
C maiorlt 19.943 Total vote 65,964. Turn-out 79.4%.
C 57.1%, L 26.8%, Lab 16.1%. C maj 30.2%.
Mr Michael MTarshall contested The Hartlepools in 1970. Manage- ment consultant. B June, 1930; ed Bradfield College and Stanford and Harvard Universities. Vice. chairman, Business Graduates Association Joint chairman, West Sussex Disabled Living Foundation. Former BBC cricket commentator.
ASHFIELD
E!ectorate 73,208
major
TMarquand, D. r. Lab) 35-994 Kemm, R. N. (C) 14,206 Flint, H. (L) 10,534
Lab maj 21,788 Total vote 60,734. Turnout 82.0%.
Lab 59.3%, C 23.46%, L 17.3%. Lab maj 35.9%.
Mr Iavid Mlarquand was elected in 1966 ; contested Barry in 19S4. journalist and university lecturer. B September, 1934; ed Emanuel School, London, and Magdalen and St Anthony's Colleges, Oxford. Chairman, Universitv Labour Club, 1957. Member, Esti- mates Committee, 1966-68, Select Committee on Procedure since 1968, executive of Fabian Society since 1963, and PEP executive since 1966. Member, Medical Re- search Council, 1968-69.
ASHFORD
Electorate 57,911
major
*Deedes, W. '. (C) 21,773 Dennis, C. G. (L) 13.314 Jackson, M. B. (Lab) 12,077
C majority 8.459 Total vote 47,164. Turn-out 81.5%.
C 46.2%, L 28.2%, Lab 25.6%'. C maj 17.9%.
Mr William Deedes has been chairman of the Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigra- tion since 1970, and a member of it since 1966. Minister without Portfolio, 1962-64, with a seat in the Cabinet, and responsible for the coordination of Government information services at home. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 1954-55; Under Secretary, Home Office, 1955-57. Elected 1950. Journalist. B June, 1913; ed Wellington House, Westgate, and Harrow. Member, Advisory Com- mittee on Drug Dependence since 1966. Chairman, Conservative parliamentary committee on Northern Ireland since 1972, and vice-chairman, home affairs com- mittee, slnce 1972.
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE Electorate 59,925 1970: *Slieldon, R. E. (Lab) Aitken, T (C)
Jones, 3. G. (L)
same 61,402
23,019 14,718 9,837
Lab majority 8,301 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,574. Turn-out 80.4%.
Lab 48.4%, C 30.9%, L 20.7%. Lab maj 17.4%. Swing -4.2%. 1970: Total vote 43,900 (il.4%)-
Lab 23,927 (54.5%), C 19,973 (45.5%)-Lab maj 3,954 (9.0%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Robert Sheldon, Opposition spokesnman on the Civil Service and machinery of government, has been chairman, general sub-com- mittee of the Commons committee on expenditure since 1972. Elected In 1964; contested Manchester, Withington, 1959. Company direc- tor. B September, 1923; ed gram- mar school and technical colleges, external graduate, London Univer- sity. Member. Public Accounts Comniittee. Chairman, north-west group of Labour MPs.
AYLESBURY
Electorate 67,122
I major
*Raison, T. H. F. (C) 25,764 Cook, M. J. (L) 14,5J1 Groves, R. (Lab) 14,463
C majoritv 11,183 Total vote 54,808. Turnout 81.7%.
C 47.0%, L 26.6%, Lab 26.4%. C maj 20.4%.
Mr Timothy Raison was appointed Under Secretary for Education and Science in December. 1973. journalist and magazine publisher. Elected in 1970. B November, 1929; ed Dragon School, Oxford, Et6n. and Christ' Church, Oxford. Member, Richmond upon Thames Borough Council, 19fi7-71. and inner London Education Authority education cormmittee (co-opted), 1967-70.
KINROSS AND WEST PERTH- SHIRE minor Electorate 35,020 1970: 33,944
*Douglas-Home, Sir A. (C) 14,356 Murray, D. C. (Scot Nat) 6,274 Barrie, D. (L) 3,807 Skene, D. G. (Lab) 2,694
C majority 8,082 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,131. Turn-out 77.5%.
C 52.9%, Scot Nat 23.1%. L 14.0%, Lah 9.9%. C maj 29.8%/. Swing + 0.4%.
1970: total vote 25,159 (74.0%) -
C 14,434 (57.4%), Scot Nat 4,670 (18.6%), Lab 3,827 (15.2%), L 2,228 (8.8%)-C maj 9,764 (38.8%). Swving +0.0.,%
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Secretary of State for Foreign and Common. wealth Affairs since 1970, was Prime Minister from October 19, 1963, until the general election in October, 1964. Resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on July 22, 1965, and became chief spockes. man on external affairs. The last party leader chosen by "" the cus- tomary process of consultation "" which he replaced with an election procedure. When he became Prime Minister he was the four. teenth Earl of Home. On October 23, 1963, he disclaimed all his titles under the Peerage Act, 1963, and the new session was post- poned ,from October 29 to Novem- ber 12 to enable him to contest the by-election at Kinross on Nov. ember 6. As Lord Home lie had been Secretary of State for For- eign Affairs from July, 1960; Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords from 1957 ; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1955-60. B July, 1903; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. As Lord Dunglass was MP for South Lanark, 1931- 45, when he succeeded to the Earldom. Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr Neville Chamber. lain, 1935-40. Under Secretary, Foreign Office In the 1945 care- taker Government; Minister of State, Scottish Office, 1951-55.
KIRKCALDY major Electorate 60,251
*Gourlay, H. P. H. (Lab) 22,469 Bell, A. (C) 13,087 ktnox, R. (Scot Nat) 12,311
Lab majority 9,382 Total vote 47,867. Turn-out 79.4%-.
Lab 46.9%, C 27.3%, Scot Nat 25.7%. Lab maj 19.6%.
Mr Harry Gourlay, elected 1959, contested South Angus, 1955. Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means, 1968-70; a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1966-68- assistant Government whip, 1964- 66. Vehicle examiner. B July, 1916; ed Kirkcaldy High School. Member, Estimates Committee, 1959.64. Member, Kirkcaldy Town Council, 1946.60, Fife County Council, 1947.60; governor, Dundee College of Education, 1958. Member, East Fife Hospitals Board of Management. Sponsored by National Unlion of Vehicle Bvilders until 1972. Member TGWU since.
KNUTSFORD major Electorate 54,625
*Davnes, J. E. H. (C) 23,632 Lomax, B. (L) 12,542 McColgan, B. W. (Lab) 8,840
C majority 11,090 Total vote 45,014. Turn-out 82.2%.
C 52.5%, L 27.9%, Lab 19.6%. C maj 24.6%-'.
Mr Johln Davies vas appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- caster in 1972, with special responsibility for European affairs, being Britain's continuing representative on the Council of Ministers. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, 1970-72. Elected in 1970. He is a former banker and Director General of the Confederation of British In- dustry. Former vice-chairman and managing director, Shell-Mex and BP. Director, Hill, Samuel group. B January, 1916 ; ed Windlesham House School, Sussex, and St Edward's School, Oxford. Memnber, NEDC.
L
LAMBETH, Central major Electorate 48,517
*Lipton, M. (Lab) 15,954 Patten, C. F. (C) 8,585 Thwaites, E. (L) 5,226 Smart, S. (WRP) 337 Brome, E. (Marxist-Leninist) 107
Lab majority 7,369 Total vote 30,209. Turn-out 62.2%.
Lab 52.8%, C 28.4%, L 17.3%, WRP 1.1%, Marx-Lenin 0.3%. Lab maj 24.4%.
Mr Marcus Lipton, MP for Brix- ton 1945-74, contested Brixton 1935. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1926). B October, 1900, ed Bede Gram- mar School. Sunderland, and Merton College, Oxford. Member, House of Commons Committee on Petitions, since 1966, and of PLP committees on defence, finance, housing and local government since 1945. Alderman, Lambeth Borough Council, 1937-56; member, Stepney Borough Coun- cil, 1934-37. Chairman, Anglo- Nepalese and Anglo-Bulgarian Parliamentary groups.
LAMBETH, Norwood minor Electorate 52,601 1970: 53,412
*Fraser, J. D. (Lab) 17,320 Hancock, Miss B. (C) 13,298 Drake, M. (L) 6,885
Lab majority 4,022 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,503. Turn-out 71.2%.
Lab 46.2%, C 35.4%, L 18.3%. Lab majority 10.7%. Swing -4.5%.
1970: Total vote 35,073 (64.4%)-
Lab 16,634 (47.4%) C 16 003 (45.6%), L 2,436 (S.9%)-_Lab maj 631 (1.8%). Swing +2.0%.
Mr John Fraser, an Opposition spokesman on the Home Office since 1971, won the seat in 1966 and contested it in 1964. Solicitor. B. June, 1934; ed Sloane Gram- mar School and Law Society College. NUGMW, Chairman, PLP. Greek Democratic Committee, Member, Select Committee on Education and Science, Broadcast- ing Proceedings of House of Com- mons. Vice-chairman, PLP Envi- ronment Group. Member Lambeth Borough Council, 1962-66 and Council of London Borough of Lambeth until 1968. Founder member, Co-ownership Develop- ment Societv.
LAMBETH, Streatham raajor Electorate 56,209
*Shelton, W. J. M. (C) 18,457 Gaffin, Mrs J. (Lab) 13,982 Silver, P. (L) 7,456 Lamb, T. (Nat Front) 937 Boaks, Lt Cdr W. G. (Ind) 45
C majority 4,47S Total vote 40,877. Turn-out 72.6%.
C 45.1%, Lab 34.2%, L 18.2%,, Nat Front 2.3%, Ind 0.1%. C maj 10.9%.
Mr William Shelton was MP for Clapham 1970-74. Chairman of an advertising agency. B October, 1929 ; ed Radley College, Worces- ter College, Oxford, and Texas University, USA. Member GLC, 1967-70; chief whip, ILEA, 1968. Governor, Chelsea School of Art. Joint secretary, Greater London Conservative MPS since 1972. Member, education and arts sub- coMmittee of Commons Expend- iture Committee.
LAMBETH, Vaudi major Electorate 46 249
*Strauss, G. R. (Lab) 16,135 Marshall, Miss M. (C) 7,494 Cousins, E. (L) 5,139
Lab majority 8,641 Total vote 28,768. Turn-out 62.1%.
Lab 56.1%, C 26.0%, L 17.9%. Lab maj 30.0%.
AMr George Strauss, the Father of the House of Commons, was first elected for North Lambeth in 1929 (he was beaten by 29 votes in 1924). He was defeated in 1931, reelected 1934, and returned for Vauxhall after the 1950 redistribu- tion. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1945-47, and Minister of Supply, 1947-51. Chairman, Select Committee on Members' Interests (Declaration) 1969 and member, Commiittee of Privileges,. Chairman, PLP arts, cultural activities, leisure and sport committee. Member LCC, 1925-45. B July, 1901; ed Rugby. Retired businessman.
LANARK major Electorate 48,059
*Hart, Mrs J. C. M. (Lab) 16,823 MacDougall, A. C. S. (C) 14,723 McAlpine, T. (Scot Nat) 8,803
Lab majority 2.100 Total vote 40,349. Turn-out 83.9%.
Lab 41.7%, C 36.5%, Scot Nat 21.8%. Lab maj 5.2%.
Mrs Judith Hart, Opposition spokesman on overseas develop- ment since 1970 ; Minister of Overseas Development, 1969-70; Paymaster General, 1968-69, with seat in Cabinet; Minister of Social Security, 1967-68; Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1966. 67; Under Secretary, Scottish Office. 1964-66. Won seat for Labour, 1959 ; contested Bourne- mouth, West, 1951: Aberdeen, South, 1955, B September, 1924; ed Royal Grammar School, Clith- eroe; London School of Econom- ics. and London University. Member, Labour Party National Executive since 1969.
LANARKSHIRE, North major Electorate 53,541
*Smith, J. (Lab) 21,448 Pickering, A. M. S. (C) 14,664 Watt, Mrs P. (Scot Nat) 8,187
Lab majority 6,784 Total vote 44,299. Turn-out 82.7%.'
Lab 48.4%, C 33.1%, Scot Nat 18.5%. Lab maj 15.3%.
Mr John Smith, elected in 1970, is an advocate. B September, 1938; ed Dunoon Grammar School and Glasgow University. Chairman, university Labour Club 1959-60. Contested East Fife in by- election 1961 and in 1964. Member, executive, Scottish Labour Group; Select Committee on Scottish Affairs, 1971-72. NUGMW.
LANCASTER same Electorate 49,303 1970: 47,576 *Kellett-Bowman, Mrs M.
E. (C) 17,666 Owen, D. (Lab) 15,197 Drury, A. (L) 6,898 Wallace, P. E. (Ind L) 631 Darnton, G. (Ind) 245
C majority 2,469 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,637. Turn-out 82.4%.
C 43.5%, Lab 37.4%, L 17.0%, Ind L 1.5%o, Ind 0.6%. C maj 6.1%. Swing +0.7%.
1970: Total vote 37,863 (79.6%)-
C 18,584 (49.1%), Lab 16,843 (44.5%), L 2,436 (6.4%)-C maj 1,741 (4.6%). Swing +4.9% Mrs Elaine Kellett-Bowman won the seat in 1970, Barrister and farmer. Contested Buckingham, 1966 and 1964, South West Nor- folk, 1959, and the 1959 by. election, and Nelson and Colne, 1955. B July, 1924; ed Queen Mary's School, Lytham; The Mount, York, and St Anne's College, Oxford. Called to Middle Temple, 1964. Alderman of Bor- ough of Camden since 1968. Member of Press Council, 1964-68.
LEEDS, East major Electorate 67,091
*Healey, D. W. [Lab) 25,550 Nelson, R. A. (C) 15,036 Marsh, S. (L) 9,906
Lab majority 10,514 Total vote 50,492. Turn-out 75.2%.
Lab 50.6%. C. 29.8%. L 19.6%. Lab maj 20.8%.
Mr Denis Healey, chief Opposition spokesman on Treasury matters since 1972; chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and Coin- monwealth affairs, 1970-72 ; Secre- tary of State for Defence, 1964-70. Elected for Leeds, South-East, at a by-election in 1952, and for Leeds, East, in 1955 ; contested Pudsey and Otley, 1945. B August, 1917 ; ed Bradford Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford. Member, Labour Party national executive committee since 1970 Secretary of the Labour Party international department. 1946-52; councillor, Royal Insti- tute of International Affairs, 1948- 60; councillor, Institute of Strate- gic Studies, 1958-61 member of the executive of the Fabian Society, 1954-61.
LEEDS, North-East major Electorate 58,499
*Joseph Sir K. (C) 20,822 Gunneli, J. (Lab) 13,562 Greenfield, C. (L) 8,839 Lord, C. (People) 300
C majority 7,260 Total vote 43,523. Turn-out 74.4%.
C 47.8%. Lab 31.2%. L 20.3%. People 0.7%. C maj 16.7%.
Sir Keith Joseph, Secretary of State for Social Services since 1970. Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs, 1962-64 ; Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1959-61. and Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1961-62. Former
deputy chairman, Bovis Holdings Ltd. Returned at a by-election in February, 1956; contested Barons Court, 1955. B January, 1918; ed Harrow and Magdalen College, Oxford. Called to the Bar (Middle Temple) 1946; Fellow of All Souls, 1946-60; Common Council- man and Alderman of City of London, 1946-49; founder and first chairman, Mulberry Housing Trust; a founder and first chair- man, Foundation for Management Education.
LEEDS, North-West major Electorate 64,511
*Kaberry, Sir D. (C) 21,995 Fenmlck, L.. C. K. (Lab) 15,324 Waldenberg, S. (L) 11,853
C majority 6,671 Total vote 49.172. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 44.7%. Lab 31.2%. L 24.1%. C maj 13.6%.
Sir Donald Kaherry was elected in 1950. Member Speaker's Confer. ence on Electoral Reform; Chair. man of the Association of Conser- vative Clubs. Vice-chairman Con- servative Party Organization, 1955- 61 ; chairman, Association of Con- servative Clubs since 1961. Solici- tor and company director. B August, 1907; ed Leeds Grammar School. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, April-October, 1955 ; assistant Government whip, 1952.55. Memdber, Leeds City Council, 1930-39 and 1946.51. Chairmhan, Yorkshire Conlservative Ml'S, i972-74. Memiber, Select Commilttee on Nationalized Indus- tries.
LEEDS, South major Electorate 52 307
*Rees, M. (dab) 21,365 Pedder, D. (L) 9,505 Harmer, P. D. (C) 7,810
Lab majority 11,860 Total vote 38,680. Turn-out 73.9%.
Lab 55.2%. L 24.6%. C 20.2%. Lab maj 30.7%.
Mr Merlyn Rees has been chief Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland since 1972; an Opposition spokesman on the Home Office, 1970-72. Elected to Shadow Cabi- net, 1972. Under Secretary, Home Office, 1968-70; Under Secretary for Defence for the RAF, 1966-68; Under Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1965.66. Returned at a by-election in June, 1963. Con- tested Harrow, East, 1955 and 1959. Economics Lecturer. B De- cember, 1920; ed Harrow Weald Grammar School, Goldsmith's Col- lege, and London School of Eco- nomics, NUT and GMWU.
LEEDS, South-East major Electorate 49 501
*Cohen, S. (tab) 17,827 Sexton, Mrs M. (C) 8,373 Clay, Miss M. (L) 6,981 Innes, W. (Comm) 405
Lab majority 9,454 Total vote 33,586. Turn-out 67.8%.
Lab 53.1%, C 24.9%, L 20.8%, Comm 1.2%. Lab maj 28.1%.
Mr Stanley Cohen, British Rail- ways clerical officer, was elected in 1970; contested Barkston Ash, 1966. B July, 1927; ed St Patrick and St Charles Roman Catholic Schools, Leeds. Alderman, Leeds City Council and member for 18 years. Sponsored by TSSA.
LEEDS, West
Electorate 59,893 1970: Dean, J. (Lab)
Meadowcroft M. (L) Hall, Dr D. (C)
minor 63,442
19,436 15,451 11,246
Lab majority 3,985 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,133. Turn-out 77.0%.
Lab 42.1%, L 33.5%, C 24.4%. Lab maj 8.6%. Swing -0.6%. 1970 : Total vote 41,708 (65.7% )-
Lab 21,618 (51.8%), C 14,749 (35.4%), L 5,341 (12.8%)-Lab maj 6,869 (16.5%). Swing +3.9%.
Mr Joseph Dean, engineer. Aged 51. Leader of Manchester City Council; leader of Leeds District Council. Shop steward. AUEW.
LEEK
major
Electorate 83,931
*Knox, D. L. (C) 31,526 Roebuck, R. D. (Lab) 25,794 Burman, R. M. (L) 11,860
C majority 5,732 Total vote 69,180. Turn-out 83.1%.
C 45.6%, Lab 37.3%, L 17.1%. C maj 8.3%..
Mr David Knox, economist and management consultant, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B 1933; ed Lockerbie and Dum- fries Academies and London University. Editor, Young Conser- vative report on Law, Liberty and Licence. Contested Stechford, 1964 and 1966; Nuneaton by-election, 1967; Jnt Secretary, Conservative Finance Committee, 1972-73.
LEICESTER, East
Electorate 63,175 _
major
*Bradley, T. G. (Lab) 23,474 Reeves, K. G. (C) 22,061 Sanders, K. (Nat Front) 3,662
Lab majority 1,413 Total vote 49,197. Turn-out 77.9%°.
Lab 47.7°%, C 44.8%, Nat Front 7.4%. Lab maj 2.9%.
Mr Tom Bradley, has been an Opposition spokesman on trans- port since, 1970. He was elected at a by-election in July, 1962 ; con- tested Rutland and Stamford in 1950, 1951 and 1955 and Preston, South, in 1959. Railvay clerk. B April, 1926; ed Kettering Central School. President. Transport Salaried Staffs Association since 1964 ; treasurer 1961-64. Member, Labour Party national executive since 1966. Sponsored by TSSA.
LEICESTER, South major Electorate 71,939
*Boardman, T. G. (C) 22,943 Marshall, J. (Lab) 21,177 Willey, G. (L) 9,148 Kynaston, J. (Nat Front) 1,639
C majority 1,766 Total vote 54,907. Turn-out 76.3%.
C 41.8%, Lab 38.6%, L 16.7%,0 Nat Front 3.0%. C maj 3.2%.
Mr Tom Boardman, Chief Secre- tary to the Treasury. Minister for Industry, 1972-74, won Leicester, South-West in a by-election in November, 1967; contested the constituency in 1966 and 1964. B January, 1919; ed Bromsgrove School. Solicitor, formerly finance director, Allied Breweries, and chairman, Cbamberlain-Phipp.
LEICESTER, West major Electorate 64,050
*Janner, G. E. (Lab) 27,195 Simpson A. (C) 18,543 Newcombe, W. (Nat Front) 2,579
Lab majority 8,652 Total vote 48,317. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 56.3%, C 38.4%, Nat Front 5.3%. Lab maf 17.9%.
Mr Greville Janner, a barrister was elected in 1970. Contested Wimbledon, 1955. B 1928 - ed Bishop's College School, Quebec- St Paul's School, London; Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and Harvard Law School. President of the Cam- bridge Union and Chairman of the University Labour Club. Hon sec, Jewish Ex-Servicemen's Associa- tion.
LEIGH
Electorate 65,333 1970: *Boardman, H. (Lab) Lewisham, Lord (C) Pembarton, R. (L)
same 64,149
26,310 12,663 12,594
Lab majority 13,647 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,567. Turn-out 79.9%.
Lab 51.0%', C 24.5%, L 24.4%. Lab mai 26.5%. Swing -0.90%.
1970 : Total vote 45,715 (71.3%)-
Lab 26,625 (58.2%), C 15,314 (33.5%), Ratepayers 3,776 (8.2%)-Lab m;j 11,311 (24.7%). Swing +6.3%.
Mr Harold Boardman has repre- sented the seat since 1945. Official of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B 1907 ; ele- mentary education. Member, Derby Towvn Council. Former chairman, Derby Labour College. Sponsored by USDAW.
LEOMrNSTER
Electorate 44,232 1970: Temple-Morris, P. (C) Pincham, R. (L)
Lindley, C. D. (Lab)
minor 41,719
16,221 14,602 4,172
C majority 1,619 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,995. Turn-Out 80.0%.
C 46.3%, L 41.7%, Lab 11.9%. C maj 4.6%. Swing -1.4%.
1970: Total vote 30,413 (72.8%)-
C 17,630 (58.0%/o), L 6,462 (21.2%), Lab 6,321 (20.8%)-C mai 11,168 (36.8%), Swing +4.0%.
Mr Peter Temple-Morris, barris. ter. B FebrUary, 1938; ed Malvern and St Catharine's- College, Cam- bri,dge. Contested Norwood, Lam- beh 1970, and Newpo~rt 1964 and 1966 .Member, Iran Socety Coun- cil. ForMer chairman, CaMbridge Unilversity Conservtive Associa- tion.
MONTGOMERYSHIRE same Electorate 33,725 1970: 32,304
*Hooson R. E. (L) 12,495 Williams-Wynne, W. R. C. (C)
7,844 Harries, P. W. (Lab) 4,888 Jones, A. (Pl Cymru) 2,274 L majority 4,651 NO CHANGE
Total v6te 27,501. Turn-out 82.3%.
L4 45;4%, C 28.5%, Lab 17.8%. PI Cymru 8.3%. L maj 16.9%. Swing +0.5%.
1970: Total vote 26,573 (82.2%)-
L 10,202 (38.4%), C 7,891 (29.7%), Lab 5,335 (20.1%), Pi Cymru 3,145 (11.8%) -L maj 2,311 (8.7%). Swing +3.0%.
Mr Emlyn Hooson, QC, Leader of the Welsh Liberal Party, was elected at a by.electior in April; 1962. Member, Liberal Party Exec. utive since 1964. Party spokesman on Wales, law, and agriculture. Contested Conway, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1949) QC 1960. Hill farmer in Montgomery- shire. B March, 1925; ed Denbigh Grammar School and University College of Wales. Chairman. of former Merioneth Quarter Ses- sions, and former member, Bar Council.
MORAY ANiD NA1RN same Electorate 41,380 1970: 39,242 Ewing, Mrs W. M. (Scot
Nat) 16,046 *Campbell, G. T. C. (C) 14,229 Smith, E. G. (Lab) 2,299
Scot Nat majority 1,817 SCOT NAT GhlN
Total vote 30,574. Turn-out 74.9%.
Scot Nat 52.5%, C 46.5%, Lab 1.0%. Scot Nat maj 5.9°%. Swing + 9.4%. x
1970: Total vote 28,331 t72.2%) -
C 13,994 (49.4% ), Scot Nat 7,885 (27.8%), Lab 6,452 (22.8%) -C maj 6,109 (21.6%. ). Swving +6.3%.°
Mrs Winifred Ewing, vice-presi- dent of the SNP, won Hamilton from Labour at the by-election in November, 1967 ; defeated in 1970. B July, 1929 ; ed Queen's Park Senior Secondary School, Glasgow and Glasgow University. Solicitor. Lecturer in law, Scottish College of Commerce, 1954-56 ; secretary, Glasgow Bar Association, 1961-67. Wife of Mr Stewart Ewing, SNP candidate for Glasgow, Central.
MORECAMBE AND LONSDALE Electorate 68,601 1970: 66,305
*Hall-Davis A. G. F. (C) 27,704 Wates, B. i. (L) 12,948 Carron, T. (Lab) 12,782
C majority 14,756 NO CHANGE
1970 : Total vote 48,150 (72.6% )- C 27,442 (57.0%), Lab 13,916 (28.9%), L 6,792 (14.1% )- C maj 13,526 (28.1%). Swing +3.0%.
Total vote 53,434. Turn-out 78.6%.
C 51.8%, L 24.2%, Lab 23.9%. C maj 27.6%. Swing - 0.1%.
Mr Alfred Hall-Davis, assistant Government whip since 1973. Elected in 1964 W contested Chor- Icy in 1955 and 1951 and St Helen's, 1950T.Former chairman and managing director of a brewery company. B June, 1924; ed Terra Nova School, Birk- dale, and Clifton College, Bfistol.
MOI'RETHI same Electorate 48,043 19;0: 47,556
*Grant, G. (I.ab) 22,026 Currey, D. (C) 8,992 Devereux, H. (L) 8,035
Lab majority 13,034 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 39,053. Turn-out 81.3%.
Lab 56.4%, C 23.0%, L 20.6%. Lab maj 33.4%. Swing +0.3%.
1970: Total vote 36,166 76.0%) -
Lab 21,826 (60.3%), C, 9,515 (26.3%), L 4,825 (13.3%) -Lab maj 12,311 (34.0% ). Swing + 7.4% .
Mr George Grant, elected in 1970, was a miner and for eight years a conciliation officer in the NUM northern area. B October, 1924. ed elementary school, WEA, and evening classes. Member, Bedling- tonshire Urban Council for 11 years and chairman for two years. Chairman, Ashington Branch. NUM for seven years.
MOTHERWELL AND WISHAW
major Electorate 52,401
*Lawson, G . . (Lab) 18,310 Caldwell, J. W. (C) 11,997 Nicholson, G. (Scot Nat) 7,852 Sneddon, J. (Comm) 1,066
Lab majority 14,7a Total vote 39,225. Tusn-out 77.1%.
Lab 46.7%. C 30.6%. Scot Nat 20.0%. Comm 2.7%. Lab maj 16.1%.
Mr George Lawson. was MP for Motherwell, 1954-74. Treasurer of the Household (Deputy Govern- ment Chief Whip), 1966-67* Lord Commissioner, of the Treasury, whip, 1959564. B July, 1906 ed St Bernard's and North Merchiston elementary schools. Member, joint committee on delegated Scottish legislation. Staff tutor with the National Council of Labour Cdl- leges, 193740, and West of Scot- land organizer, 1940-50. Secretary, Edinburgh . Trades Council, 1950- 54.
N
NANTWICH
Electorate 61,467 1970: Cockcroft, J. H. (C) Bailey, A. E. (Lab)
Glidewell, Mrs H. (L)
minor 56,880
21,474 16,306 11,668
* C majority 5,168 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,448. Turn-out 81.5%.
C 43.4%, Lab 33.0%, L 23.6%. C maj 10.4%. Swing -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 44,116 (77.% 5) -
C 20,397 (46.2%), 'Lab 15,124 (34.3%), L 8,595 (19.5%)-C maj 5,273 (11.9%). Swing +3.0%.
Mr John Cockcroft is a teader writer for the Daily Telegraph. Member, Conservative Bureau Foreign Affairs Forum; Conserva- tive Commonwealth and Overseas Council; National Association of Youth Clubs. B 1934; ed Oundle and St John's College, Cambridge.
NEATH same
Electorate 51,929 1970: 52,667
*Coleman, D. R. (Lab) 25,351
Evans, H. G. (P1 Cymfu) 8,758 Walters, L. J. (C) 6,616
Lab majority 16.593 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,725. Turn-out 78.4%.
Lab 62.2%; P1 Cymru 21.5%. C 16.2%. Lab maj 40.7%. Swing +4.2%.
1970: Total vote 39,734 (75.4% )-
Lab 28,378 (71.4%), C 6,765 (17%), P1 Cymru *4,012 (10.1%), Comm 579 (1.4%)- Lab maj 21,613 (54.4%). Swing +4.6%.
Mr Donald Coleman, elected in 1964,. became an Opposition whip in 1970. Member, Select Commit- tee- on Overseas Aid since 1969 and delegate, Council of Europe and
Western European Union since. 1968. Metallurgist; sponsored. by British Iron, Steel and Kindred | Trades Association. B September,
1925; ed Cadoxton School Barery a nd Ciirdiff Techniical CoUege.
NEWCASTLE UItON TYNE.' West same Electorate 76,271 1970 * 74,154
tBrown, R. C. (Lab) 33,829 Stewart, R. M. (C) 22,433
Lab majority 11,396 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,232. Turn-out 73.8%.
Lab 60.1%, C 39.9Y%. Lab maj 20.2%. Swing -1.4%.
1970: Total vote 52.449 (70.7%)-
Lab 30,805 (58.7%h), C 21,644 (41.3%)-Lab maj 9,161 (17.5%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr. Robert Brown, Opposition front bench spokesman on envi- ronment. Former vice-chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party trade union group. Parliamentary Secre- tary. Ministry of Transport, 1968- 70. Elected' in 1966. B May, 1921
ed elementary and secondary tech- nical schools.
NEW FOREST major Electorate 78,453
'McNair-Wilson' P. M. E. D.
(C) 30,567 Hayes, A. (L) 19,185 Bailey, M. V. C. (Lab) 12,737
C majority 11,382 Total vote 62,489. Turn-out 80.4%.
C 48.9%, L 30.70%, Lab 20.4%. C maj 18.2%.
Mr Patrick McNair-Wilson was vice-chairman of the Conservative fuel and power committee. Elected at 1968 by-election- represented Lewisham, West, 1964-66. Director of the London Municipal Society, 1960-63. Company director. B May 1929 ; ed. Eton. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology, 1968-70. Brother of MP for Newbury.
NEWHAM, North-East major Electorate 65,522
*Prentice, R. E. (Lab) 24,200 Stroud, T. J. (C) 10,869 Cohen, L. H. (L) 8,486 Redgrave, Miss V. (WRP) 760 Ross, J. M. (Int Marxist) 202
Lab majority 13,331 Total vote 44,517. Turn-out 67.9%.
Lab 54.4%,', C 24.4%, L 19.1%, WRP 1.70% , Int Marx 0.4%/ . Lab maj 29.91%.
Mr Reginald Prentice, Chief Oppo- sition spokesman on emplbyment since 1971. Represented East Ham. North, 1957-74 ; contested Streat- ham, 1955, Croydon, North, In 19S0 and 1951. In October, 1969 he resigned after four days in office as Minister of State, Technology and Power; Minister of Overseas Development, 1967-69 ; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1966 67; Minister of State for Educa- tion and Science, 1964-66. B July, 1923 ; ed Whitgift School, and London School of Economics. Scientific instrument maker, and former adviser to Transport and General Workers' Union. Spon- sored by TGWU.
NEWHAM, North-West major Electorate 53,202
*Lewis, A. W. J. (Lab) 18,898 Bigg, D. C. (L) 6,350 Atkinson, D. A. (C) 6,301
Lab majority 12.548 Total vote 31,549. Turn-out 59.3%.
Lab 59.9% L 20.10%0 C 20.0%. Lab maj 3R.8%.
Mr Arthur Lewis, elected for Upton in 1945, and represented West Ham, North, from 1950 to 1974. Director of family business. Former trade union official (NUGMW) and chairman of the Eastern Regional group of Labour MPs. B February, 1917; ed ele- mentary school and Borough Poly- technic, National Council of Labour Colleges and WEA. Former member of the London Labour Party executive committee. Member, Estimates Committee. Member NUGMW, APEX, ASTMS.
NEWIHAlM, Soutb major Electorate 57,354
*Jones, Sir, F. E. (Lab) 23,952 Shipley, I. W. I. (L) 5,369 Fox, F. (C) 4,422 Lobb, M- (Nat Front) 2,511
Lab majority 18,583 Total vote 36,254. Turn-out 63.2%.
Lab 66.1%, L 14.8%h, C 12.2%, Nat Front 6.9%. Lab maj 51.2%10. Sir Elwyn Jones, QC, Opposition spokesman on legal matters, was Attorney General, 1964-70. Elected for Plaistow in 1945 and' repre- sented West Ham, South, from 1950 to 1970. B October, 1909; ed Llanelli Grammar School, Univer- sity'College of Wales and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn), 1935 ; QC, 1953. Former member, British War Crimes Executive, and General Council of the Bar; former treasurer of Justice and trustee of Amnesty.
NEWPORT minor Electorate 75,412 1970: 71,520
*Hughes, R. J. (Lab) 29,384 Price, G. (C) 18,002 Morgan, J. H. (L) 11,868 Cox, Mrs P. (P) Cymru) 936
Lab majority 11,382 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,190. Turn-out 80.7%.
Lab 48.8%o, C 29.9%, L 19.7%. Pi Cymru 1.5%. Lab maj 18.9%. Swing -1.9%.
1970: Total vote 54,134 (75.5%)-
Lab 30,132 (55.7%), C 22,005 (40.6%), P1 Cymru 1,997 (3.70% )-Lab maj 8,127 (15.0%). Swing +2.2%.
Mr Roy Hughes was elected in 1966. Former administrative offi- cer in a Coventry car firm, and officer in Transport and General Workers' Union, 1959-1966. B June, 1925; ed at Pontllanfraith County Grammar School, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Coventry City Council and secre- tary, Coventry Labour Party, 1962. 66.
NEWTON - minor Electorate 95,500 1970: 89,413
Evans, J. (Lab) 38,369 Porter, H. (C) 23,599 Leather, N. (L) 15,939
Lab majority 14,770 NO CHANGE
Total vote 77,907. Turn-out 82.6%.
Lab 49.2%, C 30.3%, L 20.4%. Lab maj 18.9%. Swing --2.6%. 1970: Total vote 66,414 (74.1%)-
Lab 34,873 (52.5%), C 25,863 (38.9%), L 5,678 (8.5%)-Lab maj 9,010 (13.6%). Swing +6.0%.
Mr John Evans is a fitter. B October, 1930; ed Jarrow Central School. Member, Hebburn Urban District Council for 12 years, and of South Tyneside Metropolitan District Council since 1973. AUEW.
NORFOLK, Nortb major Electorate 90,829
*Howell, R. F. (C) 35,684 Mason, Rev D. M. (Lab) 21,394 Moore, R. G. (L) 17,853 C- majority 14,290 Total vote 74,931. Turn-out 83.5%.
C 47.6%, Lab 28.5%, L 23.8%, C maj 19.1%.
Mr Ralph Howell, joint vice- chairman Conservative backbench committee on agriculture and on employment. Won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested it in 1966. Farmer. B May, 1923; ed Diss Granumar Scbool. Former local NFU chairman ; sPecialized knowledge of agriculture and local governmaent ; member of Nutford and Launditch Rural Council since 1961.
WOKINGHAM major Electorate 72,918
*van Straubenzee, W. R. (C) 27,223 Cuff, S. M. M. (L) 16,791 Crew, R. W. (Lab) 16,269
C majority 10,432 Total vote 60,283. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 45.1%, L 27.8%, Lab 27.0%. C maJ 17.3%.
Mr William van Straubenzee, Min- ister of State, Northern Ireland, 1972-74 and Under Secretary for Educaton and Science, 1970-72, was elected in 1959 ; contested Clapham in 1955, Solicitor. B Janu- ary, 1924 ; ed Westminster School.
WOLVERHAMPTON, North-East
major Electorate 68,860
*Short, Mrs R. (Lab) 28,935 Hawksley, P. W. (C) 16,318 Webber, A. (Nat Front) 2,548 Jordan, C. (British
Movement) 711
Lab majority 12,617 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,512. Turn-out 70.4%.
Lab 59.6%, C 33.6%, Nat Front 5-2%, Brit Move 1.5%. Lab maj 26.0%,
Mrs Renee Short, elected in 1964, contested Watford in 1959 and St Albans in 1955. Freelance journal- ist. B April, 1919; ed Notts County Secondary School and Manchester University. Member, Estimates Committee, 1964-70;s Expenditure Committee since 1970; chairman, Anglo-GDR parliamentary group; vice-chair- man, all-party East-West trade group ; secretary, Anglo-Soviet parliamentary group. Member, Labour Party NEC.
WOLVERHAMPTON, South-East
major Electorate S4,939
*Edwards, R. (Lab & Co-op) 21,746 Heath, J. S. (C) 10,841 Bamford, T. (L) 5 511 Parker, J. (Nat Front) 1,546
Lab majority 10,905 Total vote 39,644. Turn-out 72.1%.
Lab & Co-op 54.8%, C 27.3%, L 13.9%, Nat Front 3.9%. Lat & Co-op maj 27.5o,.
Mr Robert Edwards, MP for Bils- ton 195S-74, contested by-elections Newport, 1945 and Stretford, 1939 and general election, Chorley, 1935. General Secretary, Chemical Workers' Unlon, 1947-71. Member, Estimates Committee. Former deputy leader, British delegation, Council of Europe, from 1968. B 1906; ed council school and tech- nical college.
WOLVERHAMPTON, South-West
major Electorate 63,555
Budgen, N. (C) 23 123 Middleweek, Miss H. V. (Labi
16,222 Wernick, J. (L) 9,691 Cooper, G. (Nat Front) 1,523 C majority 6.901 Total vote 50,559. Turn-out 79.5%.
C 45.7%, Lab 32.1%, L 19.2%, Nat Front 3.0%. C maj 13.6%.
Mr Nicholas Budgen, a barrister, fought Birrmingham, Small Heath 1970. B November 1937 ; ed St Edward's School, Oxford and Corpus Cbristi College, Cam- bridge. Chairman, Birmningham Bow Group, 1967-68.
Wood Green, see Haringey
Woolwich East, see Greenwich Wootwich West, see Greenwich
WORCESTER same Electorate 74,175 1970: 69,895
*Walker, P. E. (C) 27,377 Morgan, Rev W. B. (Lab) 19 910 Smith, D. S. (L) 12,724
C majority 7,467 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,011. Turn-out 80.9%/.
C 45.6%, Lab 33.2%. L 21.2%. C maj 12.4%. Swing -2.1%.
1970: Total vote 50,992 (72.9%)-
C 29,717 (S8.3%), Lab 21,275 (41.7%)-C maj 8,442 (16.5%). Swing +4.8%.
Mr Peter Walker was Secretary ot State for Trade and Industry, from November, 1972; Secretary of State for the Environtnent, 1970-72; Minister of Housing and Local Government, June to- Octo- ber, 1970. Elected at the by- election in March, 1961. Contested Dartford in 1959 and 1955. Former chairman, Lloyd's insurance brokers and chairman and director of other companies. B March, 1932; ed Latymer Upper School. Member of the party national executive until 1962; national cnairman of Young Conservatives, 1958-60.
WORCESTERSHIRE, SOUTH
minor Electorate 74,061 1970: 70,375
Spicer, M. H. (C) 28,126 Birch, J. (L) 20,961 Pugsley, D. P. (Lab) 9,757 Hunt, G. (Ind C) 850
C maiority 7,165 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,694. Turn-out 81.7% -
C 47.1%, L 35.1%, Lab 16.3%, Ind C 1.4%. C maj 12.0%. Swing -2.1%.
1970: Total vote 50,749 (72.1%)-
C 30,648 (60.4%), Lab 12,839 (25.3%), L 7,262 (14.3%)-~-,C mai 17,809 .(35.1%). Swing +5.7% .
Mr Michael Spicer, company director and former financial jour-. nalist, contested Easington, 1966 and 1970. Member, Conservative Research Department, 1966-68 :
director, Conservative Systems Re-- search Centre, 1968-70. Joint mian- aging director, Economic Models Ltd and Director, Policy Data Processing (Westminster) Ltd. B. January, 1943; ed Wel]ington Col- leeand Emmistanuel SbComleietCam
brIdge.
WORJaNGTON same Electorate 52,360 1970: 52,280
*Peart, T. F. (Lab) 24,000
Page, R. L. (C) 16,230
Lab majority 7,770 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,230. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 59.6%, C 40.3%. Lab maj; 19.3%. Swing +2.0%.
1970: Total vote 40,507 (77.5%)-
Lab 24,975 (61.6%), C 15,532' (38.3%)-L ab maj 9,443 (23.3%). Swing +1,6%.
Mr Frederick Peart, Opposition spokesman on defence from 1972, agriculture, 197i-72, and House of Commons matters, 1970-71, was
elected in 1945.. Shadow Cabinet, 1970; unsuccessfully contested deputy leadersiip of PLP, July, 1970. Teacher. B April, 1914; ed Wolsingham Grammar, Henry Smith School, Hartlepool, Bede College, Durham. University, and Inner Temple, Inns of Court. President, Durham University Union. Lord Privy Seal and- Leader of -House of Commons April-October, 1968; Lord Presi-
dent of the Council and Leader of the House, 1968-70 ; Minister of Agricultuire, 1964-68. Director, Fatstock Marketing Corporation, 1971. Chalirman, Accomimodation and Administration Sub-Commit. tee, .Commons Services Cotintittee, 1970...
BEACONSFIELD tnajot Electorate 68,048
*Bell, R. M. (C) 26,040 Eastwell, W. H. (L) 14,792 Jones, P. M. (Lab) 11,691
C majority 11,248 Total vote 52,S23. Turn-out 77.3%.
C 49.6%, L 28.2%, Lab 22.2%;. C maj 21.4%.
Mr Ronald Bell, QC, was MP for South Buckinghamshire, 1950-74. Contested Caerphilly by-election, 1939; won Newport by-election 1945, Idsing the seat two mbnths later at the general election. Barris- ter (Gray's Inn, 1938) ; QC, 1966. B April, 1914; ed Cardiff High School and Magdalen College Oxford. Member Select Comnlittee on Education 1968-70 ; on Statutory Instruments, 1953:74.
BEBINGTON AND ELLESMERE PORT ma ot Electorate 87,059
Bates, A. (Lab) 31,850 *Cockeram E. P. (C) 27,388 Handley, k. (L) 12,372
Lab majoritY 4,462 Total vote 71,610. Turn-out 83.2%
Lab 44.5%, C 38.2%, L 17.3%. Lab maj 6.2%.
Mr Alfred Bates, senior lecturer in mathematics. Contested North- wich, 1970. B June, 1944; ed Stretford Grammar School, Man- chester and Cambridge Univer- sities. Member, Stretford borough council since 1971.
Beckenham, see Bromley
REDFORD minor Electorate 73,466 1970: 67,317
'Skeet, T. R. H. (C) 26,082 Colling, G. (Lab) 19,861 Griffiths, J. (L) 15,405
C majority 6,221 NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 52,121 (77.3%)-
C 26,330 (50.5%). Lab 21,051 (40.4%), L 4,740 (9.1%)-C maj 5,279 (10.1%). Swing + 5.4%.
Total vote 61,348. Turn-out 83.5%.
C 42.5%, Lab 32.4%, L 25.1%. C maj 10.1%. Swing +0.0%.
Air Trevor Skeet won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Conser- vative MP for Willesden East, 1959-64. Contested LlanellI, 1955, and Stoke Newington and Hack. ney, North, 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1947), Industrial consul- tant and vwriter. B January, 1918
ed King's College, Auckdand, and University of New Zealand. Chair- man, Conservative trade and in- dustry committee since 1972
secretary of Conmmons aUl-party groups on minerals and airships. Chairman, Middle East sub-com- mittee of Foreign and Common- ivealth Affairs Committee.
BEDFORDSHIRE Mid
Electorate 74,518 1970: *Hastings, S. L. E. (C) HarroweD, D. F. (Lab) Meyer, P. W. (L)
minor 73,030
28,973 17,862 17,151
C majority 11,111 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,986. Turn-out 85.9%.
C 45.3%, Lab 27.9%, L 26.8%. C mSj 17.4%. Swing -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 56,504 (77.3%)--
29,670 (52.5%), Lab 19,035 (33.7/o). L 7,799 (13.8%)-C maj 10,635 (18.8%). Swing + 6.4%.
Mr Stephen Hastings was elected at a by-election in November, 1960. Director of three companies, chairman of one. B May, 1921; ed Eton and Sandhurst. Vice-chair- man, horticulture sub-committee of Conservative agriculture com- mittee since 1973. former secre- tary; member, executive, 1922 Comndttee. Regular Officer in the Scots Guards, 1939; aide-de-camp to the Minister of State In the Middle East, 1943 ; served with Special Air Servlce Regiment In Africa, 1944-45, and then in the Special Forces. Assistant military attache, Helsinki, 195M$3. Worked in Foreign Office 1953-55, and 1955-58 at the Embassy In Paris; with the poUtical office, Middle East Forces Cyprus, 1958-60.
BEDFORDSHIRE South Electorate 63,701
*Madel, W. D. (C)
Tinnion, P. F. (Lab) Penwarden, P. (L)
major
21,380 16,622 15,847
C malority 4,758 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,849. Turn-out 84.50%.
C 39.7%, Lab 30.9%, L 29.4%. C maj 8.8.%.
Mir David Madel, publLshing exec- utive, won the seat for the Conser. vatives in 1970; contested Erith and Crayford, 1965 by-election and 1966. B August, 1938; ed Upping- ham School, Keble College, Oxford. Member Bow Group Council, 1966-67 ; a member of tbe group's standing committee on education. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary home affairs com- mittee, 1972-73.
BEDWELLTY ine Electorate 49,756 1970: 49,096
*Kinnock, N. G. (Lab) 26 664 Yeo, T. S. K. (C) 5,027 Morgan, R. (L) 5,020 Moore, A. (Pl Cymru) 3,048
Lab majority 21,637 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,759. Turn-out 79.9%,
Lab 67.1%, C 12.6%, L 12.6%, PI Cymru 7.7%/. Lab majority. 54.4%. Swing +2.3%11.
1970 Total vote 37,657 (76.7)-
Lab 28.078 (74.6%), C 5,799 (15.4%), PI Cymru 3,780 (10.0%)-Lab maj 22,279 (59.2%). Swing + 6.6%.
Mr Neil Kinnock, a trade union tutor with the Workers' Educa- tional Association, was elected in 1970. B March, 1942; ed Lewis School, Pengam, Glamorgan, and University College, Cardiff. Member, Comnnons expenditure committee, 1971-73. Member, Trih- une group. National executive member, Anti-Apartheid Move. ment. President, University Col. lege, Cardiff, Socialist Society, 1962-65. Sponsored by TGWU.
BEESTON
Electorate 73,8S55
major
Lester, J. (C) 26,487 Gardner, A. J. (Lab &
Cro-op 23,943 Reddlsh, S. (L) 12.091
C majority 2,544 Total vote 62,521. Turn-out 84.9%.
C 42.4%. Lab & Co-op 38.3%, L 19.3%. C maJ 4.1%.
Mr James Lester, director of foot- weat distributing company. B May, 1932, ed Nottingham High School. Conttsted Bassetlaw In the 1968 by-election and in 1970. Member, Nottlnghamshire County Council since 1966; appointed chairman, Salary and Establish- ment Conmitteei 1967, and Finance and General Purposes Committee, 1969. Member, CCPRE management committee for Not- tinghamsbire International water sport cenre, nd mnageent
Electorate 80,032
-Craig, W. (Vanguard) 27,817 *McMaster, S. R. (UU Pro
Assembly) 20,077 JBleakley, D. (NILP) 8,122 Gillespie, D. (SDLP) 1,502
* Vanguard majority 7,740 Total vote 57,518. Turn-out 71.9%.
Vanguard 48.4%, UU Pro Assem 34.9%, NILP 14.1%, SDLP 2.60?,. Vanguard maj 13.4%.
Air William Craig, leader -of the Vanguard Party, was elected to Stormont for Larne in 1960. A 49- year-old solicitor, he is an Assem- bly member for North Antrim. He was Minister of Home Aff-airs, Minister of Health, Minister of Local Government and Minister of Development in the Stormont Government.
BELFAST, North major Electorate 72,178
Carson, J. (UUUC) 21,531 'Smyth, D. (UU Pro
Assembly) 12,755 Donnelly, T. (SDLP) 12,003 -Scott, S. (NILP) 2,917
UUUC majority 8,776 Total vote 49.206..Turn-out 68.2%.
UUUC 43.7%, UU Pro Assena 25.9%, SDLP 24.4% NILP 5.9%. UUUC maj 17.8%.
Mr John Carson is a 40-year-old draper. Member, Belfast Corpora- tion since 1971. Member, Orange Order.
BELFAST, South major Electorate 75,443
Bradford Rev-R. (UUUC) 22,083 *Pounder, R. (UU Pro
Assembly) 18,085 Cooke, D. (Alliance) 5,118 Zaraher, B. (SDLP) 4,149 Holmes, E. (NILP) 2,455
UUUC majority 3,998 Total vote 51,890. Turn-out 68.8%.
UUUC 42.5%, UU Pro Assem 34.8%, Alliance 9;9%, SDLP 8.0%, NILP 4.7%. UUUC maj 7.7%.
The Rev. Robert Bradford, a 33- year-old Methodist minister, has spent the past four years working in the Lenadoon area of Belfast. Unsuccessful Vanguard candidate in the Assembly elections. A soc- cer blue at Queen's University.
BELFAST, West major Electorate 66,639
*Fitt, G. (SDLP) 19,554 WIcQuade, J; (UUUC) 17,374 Price, A. (Ind Repub) 5,662 Brady, J. (Repub Clubs) 3,088 Boyd, W. (NILP) 1,989
SDLP majority 2,180 Total vote 47,667. Turn-out 71.5%.
SDLP 41.0%, UUUC 36.4%, Ind 11.9%, Repub Clubs 6.5% NILP 4.2%. SDLP mnaj 4.6%.
Mr Gerard Fitt is leader -of the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland and deputy chief of the Northern Ire- land Executive. He von Belfast East, from the Ulster Unionists in 1966. B April, 1926 ; ed Christian Brothers School, Belfast. MP for Dock constituency in Belfast until Stormont ceased to functon.
BELPER mnajor Electorate 70,642
MacFarquhar, R. L. (Lab) 30,611 *Stewart-Smith, D. G. (C) 28,577
Lab majority 2,034 Total vote 59,188. Turn-out 83.7%.
Lab 51.7%, C 48.3%. Lab maj '3.4%.
Mr Roderick MacFarquhar, re- search scholar and freelance jour- nalist and broadcaster. B Decem- ber, 1930 ; ed Fettes, Oxford and Harvard. Contested Ealing, South, 1966 and Meriden by-election 1968. NUJ.
Bermondsey, see Southwark
BERWICK AND EAST LOTHIAN
same Electorate 56,949 1970: 55,252
Ancram, M. (C) 21,234 *Mackintosh, J. P. (Lab) 20,694
Simpson, Dr D. (Scot Nat) 6,956
C majority 540 C GAIN
Total vote 48,884. Turn-out 85.8%.
C 43.4%, Lab 42.3%, Scot Nat 14.2%. C maj 1.1%. Swing +1.2%.
1970 : Total vote 46,308 (83.8%)-
Lab 21,107 (45.6%), C 20,466 (44.2%), Scot Nat 4,735 (10.2%)-Lab ma; 641 (1.4%). Swing + 1.2%
rlvf Michael Ancram, advocate. B 1945; ed Ample Forth, Oxford, and Edinburgh Universities. Contested West Lothian, 1970. First chair-
man, Thistle Group. Eldest son of Marquess of Lothian .
BERWVICK-UPON-TWEED same Electorate 41,553 1970: 41,669
IBeith, A. J (L)) 15,732
Hade D.()1,9 Adam, G. J. (Lab) 4,326
L majority 443 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,347. Turn-out 85.1%.
L 44.5%, C 43.2%, Lab 12.2%. L maj 1.2%. Swing +3.9%.
1970: Total vote 30,712 (73.7%)-
C 15,558 (50.6%), Lab and Co- op 8,413 (27.4%), L 6,741 Si.(21.9%)-C3 maj 7,145 (23.3%).
Swing +4.3%.
1973 by-election : Total vote 31,297
(75.0%)-L 12,489 (39.9%), C 12,432 (39.7%), Lab 6,178
(19.8%), New Ind 126 (0.4%), Eng Resurgence 72 ( . 2%)-L maj 72 (0.2%).L
Mr Alan Beith won the seat for -the Liberals at the by-election In
1973; contested it in 1970. Liberal spokesman on home affairs. B April, 1943- ed King's School, Macclesfield. Balliol and Nuffleld Colleges, Oxford. University lec- turer. Member of general advisory council of BBC; Tynedale District Council, and Hexham Rural Coun- ci.
Bethnal Green and Bow,
see Tower Hamlets
BEXLEY Bexleyheath major Electorate 51,254
'Townsend, C. D. (C) 18,541 .Cartwright, J. C. (Lab 1
Co-op) 14,675
* Pickard. W. (L) 9,575
C majority 1.866 Total vote 42,791. Turn-out 84.6%. '.C 43.3%, Lab & Co-Op 34.3%, L
22.4%. C mai 9 0%
Mlr Cyril Townsend, employed in the Conservative research depart- ment. B December. 1937 - ed Irtadfield *College, Berkshire, Royal Military Academy c,raptain in the Durham Light Infantry to 1968.
BELFAST. East
major
BEXLEY; Erith and Crayford
minor Electorate 60,853 1970: 57,696
*Wellbeloved, A. J. (Lab) 22,632 Raitt, R. r. (C) 15,551 Vince, S. (L) 10,951
Lab; majority 7,081 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,134. Turn-out 81.8%.
Lab 46.1%, C 31.6%, L 22.3%. Lab maj 14.4%. Swing -1.3%.
1970: Total vote 41,170 (71.3%)-
Lab 23,012 (55.9%), C 18,158 (44.1%)-Lab Mai 4,854 (l1.8%). Swing +4.6%.
Mr James Wellbeloved was elected in the 1965 by-election. Commer- cial consultant. B Ju,ly, 1926 ; ed elementary school and South East London Technical College. Member, Erith Borough Council, 1956-65. Former Leader of the Council of the London Borough of Bexley. Opposition whip, 1972.3.
BEXLEY, Sideup major Electorate 49,798
*Heath, E. R. G. (C) 20,448 Hargrave, C. F. (Lab) 10,750 Moxon, 0. (L) 9,847 Bennett, Air Vice-Marshal D.
(Anti EEC) 613
C majority 9,698 Total vote 41,658. Turn-out 84.8%.
C 49.1%, Lab 25.8%, L 23.6%, Anti-EEC 1.5%. C maj 23.3%. Mr Edward Heath, Prime Minister since 1970, became Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conservative Party on August 2, 1965, after securing an overall majority over his two rivals in the ballot of Conservative MPs, under the Parliamentary Party's new electoral process. Following the 1964 general election, he. led for the Opposition on Treasury and economic affairs ; wvas appointed chairman of the party's policy committee and research depart- ment. Secretary of State for In. dustry, Trade and Regional Devel- opment, and President of the Board of Trade, October 1963-64. Lord Privy Seal, 1960-63, and principal Foreign Office spokes- man in the Commons, Jeading the British team in negotiatioins to join the Common Market. Minister of Labour, October 1959-July 1960; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, 1955-59 ; Deputy Chief Whip, 1952-55. Elected 1950. B July 1916; ed Chatham House School, Ramsgate, and Balliol Col- lege, Oxford ; president of the Union, 1939. Musician ; chairman, trustee of London Svmphony Orchestra, 1963-70 ; vice-president Bach Choir, since 1970. Inter- national yachtsman, won Sydney to Hobart race, 1969 ; captain Britain's Admiral's Cup team,
BIRIKENHEAD major Electorate 59,920
*Dell, E. (Lab) 20,696 Pyhe, J. S. (C) 13,702 Lindsay, G. (L) 11,410
Lab majority 6,994 Total vote 45,808. Turn-out 76.4%.
Lab 45.2%, C 29.9%, L 24.9%. Lab maj 15.3%.
Mr Edmund Dell, Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee since 1972 was formerly an Opposition spokesman on government rela- tions with industry, monopolies and restrictive practices. Minister of State, Employnment and Produc- tivity, 1969-70; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1968-69: Under- Secretary, Department of Eco- nomic Affairs, 1967-68; Parlia. mentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67. Elected in 1964, contested Middleton and Prestwich. 1955. B August, 1921: ed Owen's School, London, and Queen's College, Oxford. Exec- utive with ICI 1949-63, Member. Manchester City Council, 1953-60. President Manchester and Salford Trades Council, 1958-61. Spon- sored by ASTMS.
BIRMINGHAM, Edgbaston major Electorate 69,631
*Knight, Mrs J. C. J. (C) 25,914 Hannah, J. G. (Lab) 19,994 Marshall. L. W. (Ind) 2.391
C maioritv 5,920 Total vote 48,299. Turn-out 69.4%.
C 53.6%, Lab 41.4%, Ind 4.9%. C maj 12.2%.
Mrs Jill Knight, joint vice-chair- man Conservative parliamentary health and social securitv commit- tee since 1972, was elected in 1966 ; contested Northampton, 1959 and 1966. Housewife, lecturer and broadcaster. B July 1927, ed Fairfield School, Bristol ; King Edward Grammar School, Bir- mingham. Member, Northampton Borough Council, 1956.66. Piloted Design Copyright Act 1968 through Parliament.
BIRMINGHAM, Erdington major Electorate 65,231
*Silverman, J. (Lab) 22,978 Harvey, Miss C. F. (C) 16,050 Huumphrey, P. T. (L) 6,991 Finnegan, T. M. (Nat Front)
1,145 Lab majority 6,928 Total vote 47,164. Turn-out 72.3%.
Lab 48.7%, C 34.0%, L 14.8%, Nat Front 2.4%. Lab maj 14.7%. Mr Julius Silverman, A barrister (Gray's Inn, 1931), was elected in 1945 to the former Erdington seat abolished in 1955: then repre- sented Aston 1955-74. Contested Moseley, 1935. B December, 1905, ed Leeds Central High School. First employed as a warehouse- man, but later read for the Bar. Birmingham City Councillor, 1934- 45.
BIRMINGHAM, Hall Green major Electorate 66,524
*Eyre, R. E. (C) 27,280
Jamieson, D. C. (Lab) 21,036
C majority 6,244
Total vote 48,316. Turn-out 72.6%.
C 56.5%, Lab 43.5%. C mai 12 .9%.
Mr Reginald Eyre, Under Secre- tary (Housing and Construction) for Environment since 1972; Comptroller of HM Household 1970-72; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1970. was returned at a by-election in May, 1965- contested Birmingham. Northfield. 1959. Solicitor. B May, 1924; ed King Edward's Camp Hill School, Birmingham, and Emmanuel Col- lege, Cambridge. National chair- man, Conservative Political Centre, 1964-66. Opposition whip 1966-70.
BIRMINGHAM, llandswortb major Electorate 45,399
Lee. J. M. H. (Lab) 14,290 *Chapman, S. B. (C) 12,667 Tilsley, P. (L) 5,566 Thompson, Miss S.
(Marxist-Leninist) 334 Lab maiority 1,623 Total vote 32,857. Turn-out 72.4%
Lab 43.5%, C 38.5%, L 16.9%, Marx-Lenln 1.0%. Lab maj 4.9%.
Mr John Lee, barrister (Middle Temple. 1960), was MP for Read- ing 1966-70 and. contested that division in 1964. B August, 1927- ed Reading School, Christ's Col-
lege, Cambridge, and School of Oriental and African Studies, Loindon University. Administrative Officer, Colonial Service, Ghana 1951-58 ; on staff of BBC 1959-65. TGWU.
BODMIN majo Electorate 55,109
Tyler, P. (L) 20,283 *Hicks, R. (C) 20,274 Lonsdale, Mrs G. (Lab) 5,328
L majority 9 Total vote 45,885, Turn-out 83.3%.
L 44.2%, C 44.2%, Lab 11.6%. L maj 0.0%.
Mr Paul Tyler, parliamentary ad- viser to Royal Institute of British Architects. B October, 1941 ; ed Mount House School, Tavistock, Sherborne School and Exeter Col- lege, Oxford. Contested Bodmin. 1970 and Totnes, 1966. Member, Devon County Council, 1964-70 ; Devon and Cornwall Police
Authority, 1966-70. Vice-chairman,' Dartmoor National Park Commit- tee, 1965-70.
BOLSOVER me Electorate 51,373 1970: 52,552
*Skinner, D. E. (Lab) 30,787 Dix, A. R. (C) 9,474
Lab maj 21,313 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,261. Turn-out 78.3%.
Lab 76.5%, C 23.5%1o. Lab ma; 52.9%. Swing +1.0%.
1970: Total vote 37,201 (70.8%)-
Lab 28,830 (77.5%), C 8,371 (22.5%)-Lab maj 20,459 (55.0%). Swing +4.5%.
Mr Dennis Skinner, former miner and president of Derbyshire National Union of Mineworkers since 1966, was elected in 1970. B February, 1932; ed Tupton Hall Grammar School and Ruskin Col- lege. Former member, Clay Cross Urban District Council and Derby- shire County Council. Sponsored by NUM.
BOLTON, East same Electorate 59,614 1970: 61,243
Young, D. W. (Lab) 19,833 *Reed, L. D. (C) 18,220 Ackroyd, T. (L) 8,728 Booth, J. (Nat Front) 1,259
Lab majority 1,613 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 48,040. Turnout 80.4%.
Lab 41.3%, C 37.9%, L 18.2%, Nat Front 2.6%. Lab mai 3.3%. Swing - 2.2%.
1970: Total vote 45,067
(73.6%)-C 22,769 (50.5%). Lab 22,298 (49.5%)--C mal t71 (1.00%). Swine +9.7%
Mr David Young, teacher, con- tested Batb, 1970, Banbury, 1966, and South Worcestershire, 1959. Born October, 1930; ed Greenock Academy, Glasgow University and St Paul's College, Cheltenham. Alderman, Nuneaton Borough Council, and councillor, Nuneaton District Council. Chairman, Coventry East Labour Party 1964-68.
BOLTON, West same Electorate 50,314 1970: 50,254
'Redmond, R. S. (C) 16,562 Taylor, Mrs W. A. (Lab) 15,959 Linney, P. (L) 8,264
C majority 603 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,785. Turn-out 80.9%.
C 40.6%, Lab 39.1%, L 20.3%. C maj 1.5%. Swing -0.9%.
1970: Total vote 37,206 (74.0%)-
C 19,225 (51.7%). Lab 17,981 (48.3%)--C znaJ 1,244 (3.3%). Swing +8.1%.
Mr Robert Redmond, management consultant, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B Septem- ber, 1919; ed Liverpool College Vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary employment com- mittee since 1972. Member, Select Committee on nationalized indus. tries. President, Alderley Edge branch, Royal British Legion.
BOOTLE major Electorate 63,463
*Mahon, S. (Lab) 27,301 Burrows, J. F. (C) 12,366 Fjortoft, Mrs H. (L) 6,258 Morris, R. (Comm) 586
Lab majority 14,935 Total Vote 46,511. Turn-out 73.3%.
Lab 58.7%, C 26.6%. L 13.4%, Comm 1.2%. Lab maj 32.1%.
Mr Simon Nlahon was elected in 1955. Opposition Whip, 1959-61. Ship repairer and contractor. An alderman of Bootle Borough Coun- cil ; Mayor of Bootle, 1962-63. b April, 1914; ed St Joseph's Irish Christian Brothers School and St James' School, Bootle. Commis- sioned Royal Engineers, 1939-45. Trustee, Far Eastern Prisoners of War Fund. TGWU.
BOSWORTH minor Electorate 83,120 1970: 78,192
*Butler, A. (C) 28,151 Sloman, M. G. M. (Lab) 26,464 Galton, M. (L) '16,859
C majority 1.687 NO CHANGE
Total vote 71,474. Turn-out 86.0%.
C 39.4%, Lab 37.0%, L 23.6%. C maj 2.4%. Swing +0.3%.
1970: Total vote 60 409 (77.1%)-
C 30,732 (50.9%i, Lab 29,677 (49.1%)-C maj 1,055 (1.7%). Swing +S.0%.
Mr Adam Butler, second son of
Lord Butler, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Assistant Government Whip, 1974. B Octo- ber, 1931; ed Eton and Pembroke College. Cambridge. Was em- ployed by Courtaulds Ltd 1955-73. Farmer. Member Commons Public Expenditure Centre. 1970-72.
BOTHWELL maJor Electorate 58.697
*Hamilton, J. (Lab) 22,326 McAllister, D. (C) 12,725 Fisher, G. (Scot Nat) 6,710 Park, J. (L) 5,362 Bolton, D. (Comm) 562
Lab majority 9,601 Total vote 47,685. Turn-out 81.2%.
Lab 46.8%, C 26.7%, Scot Nat 14.1%, L 11.2%, Comm 1.2%. Lab maj 20.1%.
Mr James Hamilton, chairman, trade union group Parliamentary Labour Party, 1969-70, assistant Government Whip, 1969-70 and Opposition Whip, 1970, was elected in 1964. B March, 1918; ed senior secondary schools. Member.. Lanarkshire County Council, 1955-65. President, Con- structional Engineering Union, 1968-70; member of its national executive, '1958-70. Chairman, Bothwell Trades Council, 1953-65. Sponsored by AUEW, construction
IBOURNEMOUTH, East
Electorate 57,235
*Cordle, J. H. (C) 22,319 Musgrave, G. (L) 13,00; Lock, D. E. (Lab) 7,423 Hayes, M. (Nat Front) 875 Reynolds, A. (Anti-EEC) 834
C majority 9,314 Total vote 44,456. Turn-out 78.4%.
C 50.2%, L 29.2%, Lab 16.7%,, Nat Front 2.0%., Anti-EEC 1.9%. C maj 20.9%.
Mlr John Cordle was elected In 1959; contested the Wrekin divi- sion, 1951. Chairman, E. W. Cordle and Son Ltd, linen and cotton manufacturers, since 1968; chairman, Surgical Medical Labor. atones Ltd- director of three other
companies. Member of Lloyd's, B October, 1912; ed at the City of
London School. Member, Church Assembly, 1946.53.
BOURNEMIOUTH, West major Electorate 61,4S4
*Eden, Sir J. B. (C) 23,473 Richards, T. (L) 12,655 Bennett, L. F. (Lab) 10,062
C majority 10,818 Total vote 46,190. Turnout 75.9%.
C 50.8% , L 27.4%, Lab 21.8%. C maj 234%.
Sir John Eden, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications since 1972, was Minister for Industry 1970-72; and Minister of State for Technol- ogy June to October, 1970. Re- turned at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1954; contested Padding. ton, North, December, 1953. Former company director. B Sep- tember, 1925 ; ed Eton and in the United States. President. Inde- pendent Schools Association, 1969-
71 and Vice-President,- National Chamber of Trade. 1968-70.
BRADFORD, North major Electorate 65,471
*Ford, B. T. (Lab) 22,381 Thompson, H. P. (C) 15,764 Lishman, G. (L) 13,115 Marriott, A. (Ind) 386
Lab majority 6,617 Total vote 51,646. Turn-out 80.0%.
Lab 43.3%, C 30.5%/, L 25.4%, Ind 0.7%. Lab maj 12.8%.
Mr Benjamin Ford was elected In 1964. Engineer. B April, 1925; ed Rowan Road Central School,
Surrey. Alderman, Essex County Councl, 1959-65. Member Clacton UDC, 1960-63. Vice-chairman, British-Latin American parliament- ary group; chairman, Anglo- Portuguese, Anglo-Vietnam and Anglo-Malaysian groups. Vice- chairman, All-Party Wool Textile Group. AUEW sponsored.
BRADFORD, South major Electorate 72,588
*Torney, T. W. (Lab) 25,875 Dwyer, P. G. (C) 18,222 Holstedt, MIiss M. (L) 12,961 Pearson, R. (Ind Powellite) 749
Lab majority 7,653 Total vote 57,807. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 44.80D. C 3I.5%. L 22.4%. Ind Powell 1.3%. Lab maj 13.2%. ?btr Thomas Torney, elected in 1970, was Derby and District area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers for over 20 years. B July, 1915. Member, general management committee, Derby Labour Party; and Select Committee, Race Rela- tions. Sponsored by USDAW.
BRADFORD, West major
Electorate 62,072
*Lyons, E. (Lab) 20,787 *Wilkinson, J. A. D. (C) 18,568 Taylor, R. F. (L) 7,216 Merrick, J. (Anti-
Immigration) 1,164 Herbert, R. 0. (Ind Dem All) 200
Lab majority 2,219 Total vote 47,935. Turn-out 78.2%.
Lab 43.4%, C 38.7%, L 15.0%, Anti-Immig 2.4%, Ind Dem Ali 0.4%. Lab maj 4.60.
M%lr Edward Lyons represented Bradford, East, 1966-74. Mlember of the Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration 1968- 70. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1952). Recorder since 1972. B May, 1926 ; ed City of Leeds School, Roundhay High School and Leeds University. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers and Fabian Society. Russian inter- preter, 1946-48, attached to Con- trol Commission, Germany. Member, PLP Home Office Affairs Group since 1966, deputy chair- man since 1970.
BRALNTREE major Electorate 65,000
Newton, A. H. (C) 20.797 Kvle, J. K. (Lab) 18,796 Scott, D. (L) 15,204
C majority 2.001 Total vote 54,797. Turn-out 84.3°%o.
C 37.9° , Lab 34.3%, L 27.7%. C maj 3.6%.
Mr Antony Newton contested Sheffield, Brightside in 1970. Economist. Formerly Assistant Director of the Conservative Re-
search Department. B August, 1937; ed Friends' School, Saffron Walden, and Trinity College, Oxford.
BRECON AND RADNOR same Electorate 54,527 1970: 52,629
*Roderick, C E. (Lab) 18,180
Davies, L. H. (C) 15,903 Thomas, N. (L) 8,741 Gittins, D. N. (Pt Cymru) 2.099
Lab majority 2.277 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,923. Turn-out 83.4%.
Lab 40.5%, C 35.4%, L 19.4%., Pt Cymru 4.7%. Lab maj 5.1%. Swing +3.0%.
1970: Total vote 43,146 (82.0%)-
Lab 18,736 (43.4%), C 13,892 (32.2%), L 8,169 (18.9%), PI CyCru 2,349 (5.4% )-Lab maj 4,844 (11.2%). Swing +4.9%.
Mr Caerwyn Roderick, elected in 1970, was a lecturer at Cardiff College of Education. B July, 1927; ed University College of North Wales. Was member, local executive NUT: national advisory committee for comprehensive schools and Welsh secondary com- mittee of the NUT. Senior master, Hlartridge High. Newport. 1960-69.
BRENT, East major Electorate 63,362
*Freeson, R. (Lab) 21,46a Young, G. K. (C) 13,441 Perry, W. . (L) 8,204
Lab majority 8,022 Total vote 43,108. Turn-out 68.6%.L
Lab 49.8%, C 31.2%, L 19.0%. Lab maj 18.6%.
Mr Reginald Freeson, Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Hous- ing and Local Government, 1969- 70; Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istry of Power, 1967-69, was MP for Willesden, East, 1964-74. An. Opposition spokesman on housing and construction since 1970. B February, 1926; ed Jewish Orphanage, West Norwood, and private study. Leader, Willesden Borough Council, 1958-65 ; chair- man Brent Borough Council, 1964- 65; aldermnan, Willesden and Brent, 1955-68. Former, member Natsopa; member NUJ.
m^ajor
BRENT, North major Electorate 72,436
Boyson, R. (C) 25,700 Goudie, T. 1. C. (Lab) 17,759 Harrison, F. (L) 12,537 Smith, A. (Nat Front) 1,570 C majority 7.941 Total vote 57,566. Turn-out 80.5%.
C 44.6%. Lab 30.8%. L 21.8%. Nat Front 2.7%. C maj 13.8%"" /
MIr Rhodes Boysen, headmaster Highbury Grove Comprehensive School, and publisher, fought Eccles, 1970. B May, 1925; ed Haslingden Grarmmar School, Car- diff, Manchester, London and Cambridge Universities. Chairmnan, National Council for Educational standards. Member, Waltham Forest Borough Council, since 1968.
BRENT, South major Electorate 61,488
*Pavitt, L. A. (Lab &
Co-op) 22,975 Holt, J. R. (C) 12,351 Waschauer, H. (L) 5,804 Harrison-Broadley, Sq
Ldr J. (Nat Front)' 1,852 Burt, L. (Comm) 380
Lab majoritv 10.624 Total vote 43,362. Turn-out 71.3%.
Lab and Co-Op 53.0%, C 28.5%. L 13.4%, Nat Front 4.3%. Comm 0.9%. Lab and Co-Op maj 24.5%. Mr Laurence Pavitt, MP, Willes- den, West, 1959-74, was national organizer of the Medical Practi- tioners' Union, 1956-59. B Feb- ruary, 1914; ed elementary and central schools. Member, Medical Research Council, 1969-72 ; Hear- ing Aid Council ; and Select Com- mittee on Overseas Aid. Chairman, of PLP health group since 1964. Member, executive United King- dom branches of Inter-Parliamen- tary Union and Commonwealth Parliamentary Association; Ilford Borough Council, 1949-52. NUPE.
BRENTWOOD AND ONGAR
major Electorate 57,8U
*McCrindle, R. A. (C) 22,545 Wernick, L. (L) 13,452 Rosen. Dr M. H. (Lab) 12,398
C majoritv 9.093 Total vote 48,395. Turn-out 85.0%.
C 46.6%, L 27.8%, Lab 25.6%. C maj 18.80,.
AMr Robert McCrindle, an insur- ance broker, was MP for Billeri- cay, 1970-74. Contested Thurrock 1964 and Dundee, East 1959. B September, 1929 ; ed Allan Glen's School, Glasgow. Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute and Fellow of the Corporation of In- surance Brokers Vice-chairman. Conservative parliamentary trade committee, 1972-73. Director, City and Western, merchant bankers; Cnmetco, commoditv brokers: and life assurance and investment con- sultant companies. Vice-president. Corporation of Mortgage and Finance Brokers Ltd.
BRIDGWATER same Electorate 69,183 1970: 66,067
*King, T. J. (C) 24.830 Undy, R. (Lab) 16,786 Wyatt, J. (L) 15,269 C majority 8,044 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,885. Turn-out 82.2%.
C 43.6%, Lab 29.5%, L 26.8%. C maj 14.1°o. Swving -1.2%.
1970: Total vote 50,5i5 (77.1%)-
C 26.685 (52.3%), Lab 18,224 (3S.7%), L 6,066 (11.9%)-C maj 8,461 (16.6%). Swing +5.1% .
Mr Tom King won the by-election in March, 1970. Chairman, Sale, Tilney & Co Ltd; general man- ager E. S. and A. Robinson Ltd, Bristol, 1964-69. B June, 1933; ed Rugby and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. While at university he led an Oxford and Cambridge overland expedition to East Africa and when their vehicle burnt out in the Cameroons he and a compan- ion hitchhiked 2,000 miles to Kenya.
BRIDLINGTON minor Electorate 65,317 1970: 61,716
*Wood, R. F. (C) 25,711 Cherry, J. Mi. (L) 14,715 Dix, A. A. W. (Lab) 9,780
C majority 10,996 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,206. Turn-out 76.7%.
C 51.2%, L 29.3%, Lab 19.5%. C maj 21.9%. Swing ±0.2%.
1970: Total vote 43,096 (69.7%)-
C 25,053 (58.1%), Lab 11,546 (26.8%), L 6,497 (15.1%)-C maj 13,507 (31.3%). Swing +3.2%.
Mr Richard Wood was appointed Minister of Overseas Development, June, 1970, and in October of that year when the Mfinistry was merged with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, he re- mained as Minister. B October, 1920, vounger son of Earl of Halifax. Ed St Cyprians. East- bourne, Eton and New College, Oxford. Formerly director of Har- greaves Ltd., F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, Yorkshire Conservative Newspa- pers Ltd and Hulton Press. Elected 1950, he vas Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, 1963-64; Minister of Power, 1959- 63 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istrv of Pensions and National Insurance, 1955-58: Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1958-59. Governor, Queen Eliz- abeth's Foundation for the Dis- abled.
BRIGG AND SCUNTHORPE same Electorate 89,473 1970: 87,058
Ellis, J. (Lab) 28,803 Riddell, J. P. S. (C) 25,729 Harris, J. (L) 15,484
Lab majority 3,074 NO CHANGE
Total vote 70,016. Turn-out 78.2%.
Lab 41.1% C 36.70/, L 22.1%. Lab maj 4.4Xo. -Siving +1.2%. 1970D: cotal vote 58,883 (67.6es-
Lab 31,434 (53.4%), C 27,449 (46.6% )-Lab maj 3,985 (6.8%). Swing +6.7%.
Mr John EUis, MP for Bristol, North-West, 1966-70. Contested Wokingham, 1964. Member rela- tions officer, Bristol and Bath Cooperative Retail Services. B October, 1930; ed Doncaster Grammar School, Rastrick Gram- mar School, Brighouse. Vice-chair- man, staff side, Air Ministry, Whitley Council, 1961-63. TGWU. Member, Bristol City Council.
BRIGHOUSE AND SPENBOR-
OUGH same Electorate 63,134 1970: 61,560
Jackson, G. C. (Lab) 22,107 *Proudfoot, G. W. (C) 20,561 Robertshaw, P. C. (L) 11,029 Milner, Mrs S. (Ind Dem
Alliance) 169 Lab majority 1,546 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 53,866. Turn-out 86.3%.
Lab 41.0%, C 38.2%, L 20.5%, Ind Dem All 0.3%. Lab maj 2.9%.
Swing - 1.4%1.
1970 : Total vote 49,628 (80.6%)-
C 22.953 (46.2%), Lab 22.894 (46.1%), L 3,781 (7.6%)-C maj 59 (0.1%). Swing +4.6%.
Mr Colin Jackson represented the constituency 1964-70. Contested It, 1970 and 1960; King's Lynn 1959 - and Newbury 1950 and 1951. Bar- rister, lecturer and writer. B December 1921~; ed. Tewkesbury Grammar School and.St John's Col- lege, Oxford. Joint-chairman, Council for Advancement of Arab British Understanding. NUJ,
BRIGHTON, Kemptown same Electorate 64,879 1970: 65,414 '
*Bowden. A. (C) 23,504 Hobden, D. (Lab) 19,484 Hall, D. (L) 7,954 Buckle, J. (Marx-Leninist) 170
C ""majority 4,020 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,112. Turn-out 78.8%.
C 46.0%, Lab 38.1%, L 15.6%. Marx-Lenin 0.3%. C maj 7.9%. Swing +0.8%.
1970: Total vote 49 146 (75.1X%)--
C 24,208 (49.2%J, Lab 21,105 (42.9%), L 3,833 (7.8%)-C mnj 3,103 (6.3%). Swing +3.9%.
Mr Andrew Rowden, a personnel consultant, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested the seat in 1966, Kensington, North,
1964 and Hammersmith, North,_- 1955. Managing director of Person- nel Assessment Ltd, 1969-71; and Haymarket Personnel Selections Ltd, 1969-71. B April, 1930, ed Ardingly College, Sussex. National chairman, Young Conservatives, 1960-61. USDAW. Member, Wandsworth Borough Council. 1956-62. Member. Expenditure Committee since 1973-74; joint chairman, All-party parliamentary Old Age Pensions Group, 1972-73.
BRIGHTON, Pavtilion me Electorate 56,981 1970: 59,086
*Amery, H. J. (C) 21,910 Tonks, F. (Lab) 11 292 Hooper, K. (L) 9,764 Beaumont, R. (Ind) 428
C majority 10,618 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,394. Turn-out 76.1%.
C 50.5%, Lab 26.0%, L 22.5%,
Ind 1.0%. C maj 24.5%. Swing, - 1.2%.
1970: Total vote 39,341 (66.6%)-
C 24,365 *(61.9%), Lab 13,771 (35.0%), Ind 1 205 (3.1% )-C maj 10,594 (26.9%). Swing + 5.3%.
Mfr Julian Alnery, Mindster ofr- State, Foreign and Commonwealth
Office since 1972; Minister for' Housing and Construction, Depart-. ment of the Environment 1970-
72- Minister of Public Building- and Works, June to October, 1970.' Returned at by-election in March, 1969, was Minister of Aviation, 1962-64 ; Secretary of State for Air from October, 1960; Under- Secretary, Colonial Office from 1958; and Under-Secretary, War Office, from 1957. Held Preston, North from 1950-66; contested the two-member Preston seot in 1945.
B March, 1919 ; ed Eton and- Balliol College, Oxford.
BRISTOL, North-East major _ Electorate 51,620
*Palmer, A. Al. F. (Lab and Co-
op) 18,625 Cox, R. (C) 12,538. WVatts Miller, W. (L) 8,127
Lab and Co-op majority 6.087 Total vote 39,290. Turn-out 76.1%.
Lab & Co-op 47.4%, C 31.9% L 20.7%. Lab & Co-op maj 15.5%.o
Mr Arthur Palmer was chairman
Select Committee on Science and - Technology, 1966-70 and member since 1970, being chairman of one. of its sub-committees. Represented Bristol, Central, 1964-74- Wimble- don, 1945-50 ; and Cleveland, 1952- 59; contested Merton and Morden, 1950 and 1951. Chartered electrical engineer, national official of the Electrical Power Engineers' Asso- ciation since 1945. B August, 1912; ed Ashford Grammar School and Brunel Technical College. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964.66. Chairman, Parliamentary and Sdentific Committee.
BRISTOL, North-West minor Electorate 65,697 1970: 65,003
*McLaren, M. (C) 21,569 Thomas, R. R. (Lab) 20,919 David, E. (L) 11,312
Wetherall, T. (Ind) 440 -
C majority 650 . NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,240. Turn-out 82.6%. -
C 39.8%, Lab 38.6%, L 20.8%, Ind 0.8%. C maj 1.2%. Swing -0.4%.
1970: Total voote 50,725 (78.1%)-
C 24,124 (47.5%). Lab 23,075 L (45.5%) L 3,299 (6.5%),' Comm 227 (0.4% )-C maj 1.049 (2.1%). Swing +1.7.%
Mr Martin McLaren, a director of English China Clays -.td regained the seat for the. Conservatives in 1970. He won the teat frorn Labour in 1959 and represented it until 196G. A Lord Commissioner nf the Treasurv, 1963-64; Qpposi- tion whip, 1964-66. B Jan,uary, 1914; ed Eton, New Coliege, Oxford and Harvard University. Member. Commons committee on selection.
BRISTOL, South minor Electorate 60,393 1970: 61,502
*Cocks, M. F. L. (Lab) 24,909 Kelleway, R. (C) 11,742 Stevens, J. (L) 7,499 Gannaway, P. (Nat Front) 1,006
Lab majority 13,167 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,156. Turn-out 14.O7@.
Lali 55.2%, C 26.0%, L 16.6%, Nat Front 2.2%. Lab maj 29.1%. Swing -2.8%.
1970: Total vote 39,936 (65.0%)-.
Lab 24,682 (61.8%), C 15.254 (38.2%)-Lab maj 9,428 (23.6%w). Swing +5.3%.
Mr Michael Cocks, elected In 1970. contested South Gloucester-
shire, 1964 and 1966 and Bristol
West, 1959. Lecturer. B August. 1929 ; ed Bristol University. Pres- - dent. Bristol Borouzh Labour Party, 1961,63. Sponsored by NUGMW.
BRISTOL, South-East major Electorate 68,923
*Benn, A. N. W. (Lab) 26,540 Reece, N. G. (C) 18,628
Grayson, D. (L) 9,870- Bale, R. (Nat Front) 757 Robertson. J. (Social Dem) 668
1.ah maioritv 7.912 Total vote 56,463. Turn-out 81.9%.
Lab 47.0%, C 33.00%, L 17.5%, Nat Fronf 1.3%, Social lDem' 1.2%. Lab maj 14.0%.
Mr Wedgwood Benn, chief Opposi- tion spokesman on trade and 1w- dustry since 1970, was Minister of Technology, 1966.70; Postmaster, General, 1964-66. Elected in 1950. Debarred from the Commons on the death of his father, Viscount Stansgate, In November, 1960, he
contested and won the by-election"" In May, 1961,. but an Election Court declared: his Conservative oppbnent' elected. He renounced his title under the Peerage Act
and was ! re-elected in August.., 1963. Member of Labour Party executiv,e, 1959-60 and since 1962:
chairman,. 1971-72. Elected to Shadow Cabinet, 1970; unsuccess- fully: contested deptity leadership) .of PLP In November. 1971. J our-, nalist. B April, 1925; ed Westrnun-.
ster and New College, Oxford.'
CROYDON, North-East hDujoi Electorate 58,483
*Weatherill B. B. (C) 19,39! Coyne, C. R. (Lab) 10,57' Streeter, P. (L) . 10,655
C majority 3,82( Total vote 45,629. Turn-out 78.7%.
C 42.5%. Lab 34.1%. L 23.4%. C ma; 8.4%.
Air Bernard Weatherill, Govern- ment Deputy Chief Whip, 1973- 74; Comptroller of the Household (whip), 1972-73 and Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury (whip), 1970-72. Opposition whip, 1967-70. Elected in 1964. A master tailor and former vice-chairman, Ber- nard Weatherill Ltd. Freeman of the City of London. B November, 1920; ed Malvern College. Member, National Union of Con- servative Party 1963-64; chairmnan, Guildford Conservative A~ssocia- tion, 1959.63; vice-chairmuan, S4outh-Eastern Area Council, 1962- 64.~~~~~~~~2
CROYDON, North-West major Electorate 55,385
*Taylor, R. G. (C) 17,887 Boden, S. J. (Lab) 14,816 Pitt, W. H. (L) 9,707
C majority 3,071 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,410. Turn-out 77.4%,1.
C 42.2%, Lab 34.9%, L 22.9%. C maj 7.2%.
Mr Robert Taylor was elected in 1970. An architectural ironmonger. Contested Battersea North, 1964 and 1959. B December, 1932, ed Cranleigh School. Director of G. and S. Allgood Ltd. and associated companies; chairman of G. and S. Allgood (Pty) Ltd. Former Sussex county rugby player. Governor, Battersea county comprehensive school, 1961-70 ; chairman 1967-70. Deputy chairman Public Schools Club, since 1966.
CROYDON, South major Electorate 60,410
*Clark, W. G. (C) 28,915 Coleman. Mrs J. P. (L) 13,048 Rodge, H. E. (Lab) 6,965
C majority IS,867 Total vote 48,928. Turn-out 82.3% .
C 59.1%, L 26.7%, Lab 14.2%. C maj 32.4%.
Mr William Clark was MP for Surrey, East. from 1970 to 1974. Contested Northampton in 1955 and was MP for Nottingham, South, 1959-66. B October, 1917; ed Lon- don secondary school. Member, Wandsworth Borough Council, 1949-53. Accountant and financial director of sugar producing com- panies. .
D
Dagenham, see Barking
DARLINGTON minor Electorate 63,391 1970: 62,580
*Fletcher, E. J. (Lab) 20,546 Hord, B. H. (C) 18,477 Freitag, P. (L) 11,398
Lab majority 2,069 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,421. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 40.7%1., C 36.6%!o, L 22.6%. Lab maj 4.1%. Swing +1.9%/.
2970 : Total vote 47,877 (76.4%) -
Lab 23,208 (48.5%), C 19,447 (40.6%) L 5,222 (10.9%)-Lab maj 3,761 (7.8%). Swing +0.6%.
Mr Edward Fletcher, elected in 1964, contested Middlesbrough, West in 1959. Trade union official. B February, 1911; ed elementary school and Fircroft College, Bir- mlngbam. Member of Newcastle City Council since 1960. Member, estimates committee, 1964-66, Expenditure Committee, 1964-70, and 1969-70 area secretary, CAWU.
DARTFORD major Electorate 56,527
Irving, S. (Lab & Co-op) 19,803 *Trew, P. J. E. (C) 16,149 Josephs, 1. R. (L) 10,273 Aldous, R. (Nat Front) 945
Lab & Co-op majority 3,654 Total vote 47,170. Turn-out 83.4%.
Lab & Co-op 42.0%4, C 34.2%, L 21.8%, Nat Front 2.0%. Lab & Co-op maj 7.7%.
Nr Sydney Irving held the seat from 1955 to 1970. Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Ways and Means, 1968-70; Deputy Chairman of Committee of Ways and Means, 1966-68; Treasurer of the House- hold and Deputy Chief Whip, 1964-66. Teacher and lecturer. B July, 1918; ed Pendower School, Newcastle upon Tyne, and London School of Economics. Deputy Pro ChanceUor, University of Kent, 1968-70; Alderman, Dartford Bor- ough Council, 1952-70. Chairman, Dartford District Council since 1973. Member, NUT; Minister of Education's advisory committee on handicapped children, 1957-67.
DARWEN same Electorate 70,042 1970 : 66,494
*Fletcher-Cooke, C. (C) - 25,495 Campbell-Saviours, D. N.
(Lab) 16,185 Cooper, A. (L) 15,060
C majority 9,310 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,740. Turn-out 81.0%.
C 44.9%1, Lab 28.5%, L 26.5%. C maj 16i.4%. Swving -0.7%-.
1970: Total vote 51,025 (76.7%)-
C 26,728 (52.4%), Lab 17,634 (34.5%), L 6,663 (13.0j%)-C maj 9,094 (17.8%). Swing +7.2%.
Mr Charles Fletcher-Cooke, QC was elected in 1951. Under Secre- tary. HIome Office, 1961-63. Con- tested East Dorset as Labour can- didate, 1945. B May, 1914; ed Malvern College and Peterhouse Cambridge; president of the union, 1936. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1938). QC 1958. Legal adviser to the Government at the Danube Conference in 1948. Vice-chair-
man, Conservative Trade and In-, dustry Committee since 1966; member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner since 1967. Director, Hulton Publica- tions Ltd.
DAVENTRY' major Electorate 82,535
*Jones, A. (C) 31,273 Jones, P. (Lab) 21,524 Smout, P. (L) 16,802
C mnaiority 9,749 No CHANGE
Total vote 69,599. Turn-out 84.3%.
C 44.9%, Lab 30.9%. L 24.1%. C maj 14.0%.
Mr Arthur Jones represented Nor- thamptonshire South 1962-74; con- tested Wellingborouglh, 1955. Estate agent with an interest in a number of Private companies. B October, 1915 ed Bedford Modern School. Member Bedford Borough Council since 1949, former Mayor: Bedfordshire County Council 1956-67 Member
Select Committee on Race Rela. tions and Immigration, and Expenditure Committee. chairman, Conservative Party backbench committee on local government and development; chairman, Con- servative Party local Government National Advisory Committee, 1963-73. Member, executive com- mittee. Towvn and Country Plan- ning Association.
DEARNE VALLEY sme Electorate 62,739 1970: 62,935
*Wainwright, E. (Lab), 34,727 Hargreaves, P. (L) 7,873 Lord Irwin (C) 6,950 Wilson, A. E. (Ind) 906
Lab majority 26,854 NO CHANGE
Total vOte 50,456. Turn-out 80.5%.
Lab 68.8%, L 15.6%, C 13.8%, Ind-1.8%. Lab maj53.2h. SSwing +2.5%. -
1970: Total vote 45,240 (71.9%)-
Lab' 33,966 (75.1%). C 6,848 (15:1%), L 4,426 (9.S%)-Lab maj 27,118 (59.9%6-). Swing +4.0%.
Atr Edwin Wainwright, secretary of the PLP trade union group since 1966. Elected in 1959. B August, 1908; ed Darfield Council School and Wombwell and Barnsley Tech- nical College. Miner and branch official of the National Union of Mineworkers for 26 years. Mem- ber, National Executive Committee NUM 1952-59 and sponsored by NUM. Secretary, Yorkshire group of Parliamentary Labour Party since 1966.
DENBIGH same Electorate 63,048 1970: 60,732
*Morgan, W. G. 0. (C) 21,258 Williams, Dr D. L. (L) 15,243 Sherrington, E. J. (Lab) 10,141 Matthews, G. (PI Cyvmru) 4,103
C rnajority 6,015 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,745. Turn-out 80.5%.
C 4I;9%, L 30.0%'o, Lab 20.0%, PI Cymru 8.1%.. C maj 11.8%o. Swing +1.8%.
1970: Total vote 47,673 (78.50,h)-
C 21,246 (44.6%), Lab 12,537 (26.3%), L 8,636 (18.1%), PI Cymru 5,254 (11.0%)-C Maj 8,709 (18.3%). Swing +2.2%.
Mr Geraint Morgan, QC, was elected in 1959, contested Meri- oneth in 1951 and Huyton. 1955. A barrister (Gray's Inn, 1947) QC 1971. B November, 1920; ed University College of Wales, Aber. ystwyth, and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge, Vice-chairman of Welsh Conservative MPs since 1972.
Deptford, see Lewisham
DERBY, North major Electorate 81,936
1Whi.hebead, P. (Lab) 26,029 Penfold, D. J. (C) 24,736 Peel, M. (L) 13,995
Lab majority 1,293 Total vote 64,760. Turn-out 78.9%.
Lab 40.2%. C 38.2%, L 21.6%. Lab maj 2.0%.
M;lr Phillip Whitehead, television producer and writer. Elected 1970 ; contested West Derbyshire in 1966. B May, 1937 ; ed Lady Manners Grammar School, Bake- wvell, and Exeter College, Oxford. Member, Fabian Society executive committee, and NUJ.
DERBY, South major Electorate 73,765
*Johnson, W. H. (Lab) 26,613 Clements, R. S. W. (C) 19,470 Mills, Mrs J. (L) 10,121
Lab majority 7,143 Total vote 56,204. Turn-out 76.1%.
Lab 47.3%, C 34.6%, L 18.0%. Lab maj 12.7,.
Mr Walter Johnson, staff training executive wvith London Transport, was elected in 1970 ; contested Acton in the 1968 by-election, South Bedfordshire, 1959, and Bristol, West, 1955. B November, 1917 ; ed Devon House School, Margate. . Brentford and Chiswick councillor for six years, sponsored by, and member of, TSSA. Treas- urer, National Federation of Professional Workers since 1965.
DERBYSHIRE, North-East major Electorate 66,272
*Swain, T, (Lab) 29.602 Ramsden, J. C. (C) 22,320
Lab majority 7,282 Total vote 51,922. Turn-out 78.3%.
Lab 57.0%, C 43.0%. Lab maj 14.0%.
Alfr Thomas Swglu, wvas elected in 1959. B October, 1911; ed at Broadway School, Burton-on- Trent. Miner; held various offices in National Union of Mineworkers including vice-presidency of the Derbyshire area executive ; spon- sored by NUM. Served on Staveley Urban Council and Derbyshire County Council.
DERBYSHIRE, South-East major
Electorate 53,317
*Rost, P. L. (C) 20,016 Wardle J. W. (Lab) 16,981 Fry, F. (L) 8,378
C majority 3,035 Total vote 45,375. Turn-out 85.0%..
C 44.1%, Lab 37.4%, L 18.5%. C maj 6.7%/.
Mr Peter Rost, stockbroker, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Sunderland, North, in 1966. B September, 1930; ed Aylesbury Grammar School and Birmingham Univer- sity. Former teacher and financial journalist. Joint secretary, Conser- vative parliamentary committee on trade since 1972.
DERBYSHIRE, West same Electorate 48,728 1970 : 47,811 *Scott-Hopkins, J. S. R.
(C) 19,941 Warboys, P. (L) 11,481 Inglis, F. C. (Lab) 9,529
C majority 8,460 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,951. Turn-out 84.0%.
C 48.7%, L 28.0%, Lab 23.3%. C maj 20.6%. Swing +0.8%.
1970: Total vote 36,66S (76.7%,/o)-
C 22,692 (61.9%), Lab 13,976 (38.1%)-C maj 8,716 (23.8%). Swiing +5.7%.
Mlr James Scott-Hopkins was elected at a by-election in 1967; MP for North Cornwall, 1959-66; coiitested Bedwellty in 1955. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministrv of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1962-64. A marketing consultant. B November, 1921 ; ed Eton and New College, Oxford, and Emman- uel College, Cambridge. Farmer. Member of European Parliament since 1973.
DEVIZES minor Electorate 77,033 1970: 72,116
*Morrison, C. A.. (C) 27,878 Faulkner, R. 0. (Lab) 17,980 Crawford, J. (L) 16,753
C majority 9,898 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,611. Turn-out 81.3%.
C 44.5%, Lab 28.7%, L 26.7%. C maj 15.8%. Swing + 0.6%.
1970: Total vote 55,127 (76.4%)-
C 28,475 (51.6%), Lab 20,442 (37.1%), L 6,210 (11.3%)-C maj 8,033 (14.6%). Swving +4.5%.
Mr Charles Morrison; a farmer, has represented the constituency since a by-election in 1964. B June, 1932; ed Eton and Royai Agricultural College, Cirencester. Member, South WVest - Regional Sports Council, 1966-68. Secretary, Conservative Committee for Edu- cation.and Science, 1965-66. Chair- man, Conservative parliamentary agriculture, fisheries and food committee since 1972. Chairman, trustees of Youpg- Volunteer Force Foundation.
DEVON, North
Electorate 73,037.
*Thorpe, .J. J. (L) Keigwin, T. (C)
Marston, T. K. (Lab)
L majority
major
34,052 22,980 6,140
11,072
Total vote 63,172. Turn-out 86.5%.
L 53.9%, C 36.4%, Lab 9.7%. L maj 17.5%.
Mr Jeremy Thorpe was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in 1967 following the resignation of Mr Jo Grimond. Hon treasurer of the Liberal Party, 1965-67. Won the seat from the Conservatives in 1959 ; contested it in 1955. B April, 1929 ; ed in United States, Eton and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union, 1951). Barrister, (Inner Temple, 1954), Member, Committee of Privileges. Resigned directorships of London and County Securities, Capital Securities and other companies in December, 1973. Father and grandfather were MPs.
DEVON, West
Electorate 56,976 *M1ills, P. M. (C) Pinney, A. (L)
Duffin, J. B. II. (Lab)
C majority
major
23,524 18,256
5,089 5,268
Total vote 46,869. Turn-out 82.3%.
C 02,L3.9%, Lab 10.8%. C maj 11.2%.
Mr Peter M'lills, Under Secretary, Northern Ireland Office, 1972-74; Parliamentary Secretary, Agricul- ture Fisheries and Food, April to November, 1972. Represented Tor- rington, 1964-74. B September, 1921 ; ed Epsom College and Wye College. Farmer and formerly a farm company director. Formner member, Church Assembly and House of Laity, Exeter Diocese and former v2ce-president, Parish Councils Association and Rural District Councils Associations. Member, Select Committee on Agriculture, 1967-69.
DEWSBURY
Electorate 3s,0ao 1970: *Ginsburg, D. (Lab)
Humphrey, I. J. (C) Alsopp, A. (L)
same 60,544
21,186 15,774 12,899
Lab mnajoritv 5.412 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,859. Turn-out 81.7%.
Lab 42.5%, C 31.6%/, L 25.9%.
Lab maj 10.8%. Swing -0.4%/.. I 1970: Total vote 45,171 (74.6°) -
Lab 22,015 (48.7%°), C 17,468 (38.7%), L 5,688 (12.6%)-Lab maJ 4,547 (10.1%). Swing +7.4%.
Mr David Ginsburg, elected In 1959. Market research consultant. Previously secretary, Labour Party research department, and of home policy sub-committee of Nlational Executive. Deputy chairman Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee; member, Select Commit- tee on Science and Technologv. B March, 1921 ; ed University Col- lege School, Hampstead ; Balliol, Oxford. Member, Institute Profes- sional Civil Servants, 1946-52, T & GWU since 1952. Labour Party representative on Economics Com- mittee of TUC, 1952-59.
DONCASTER same Electorate 58,919 1970: 59,755
""Walker, H. (Lab) 23,041 Tunnicliffe, K. 1. (C) 17,565 Davison, W. (L) 7,490
Lab majority 5,476 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,096, Turn-out 81.6%.
Lab 47.9%, C 36.5%, L 15.6%. Lab maji 11.4%. Swing -2.1%.
1970: Total vote 44,737 (74.9%)--
Lab 22,658 (50.6%), C 19,431 (43.4%), -L 2,648 (5.9%)-Lab rnaJ 3,227 (7.2%). Swing +3.1%.
Mr Harold Walker, an Opposition spokesman on employment since 1970, was Under Secretary, De- partment of Employment and Productivity, April, 1968-70; Assistant Government whip, 1967- 68. Elected in 1964. Engineer. B July, 1927 ; ed at council school and Manchester College of Tech- nology.
DON VALLEY same Electorate 87,921 1970: 83,618
*Kelley, R. (Lab) 48,737 Le Bosquet, P. J. (C) 20,792
Lab majority 27,945 NO CHANGE -
Total vote 69,529. Turn-out 79.1%.
Lab 70.1% C 29.9%. Lab maj 40.2%. Swing -0.6%.
1970: Total vote 61,169 (73.1%)-
Lab 42,496 (69.5%), C 17,673 (30.5%) - Lab maj 23,823 (38,9%). Swing +5.4%.
Mr Richard Kelley, a miners' union secretary for 10 years, was returned in 1959. B July, 1904;* ed
elementary school. Served on thei West Riding County Council 1949- 59. MIember Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. Sponsored by NUM. ~ ~ ~ ~ e
DORKING
Electorate 58,234 1970: *Sinclair, Sir G. E. (C) Andrews, S. (L)
Spiers, J. R. (Lab)
same 58,889
24,803 14,490 8,961
C majoritv 10,313 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 48,254. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 51-4%, L 30.0%, Lab 18.6%. C 2naj 21.4%. Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 43,019 (73.0%)-
C 25,393 (59.0%), Lab 10,S23 (24.5%), L 7,103 (16.5%)-C maj 14,870 (34.6%). Swing +4.5%.
Sir George Sinclair, elected in
4, was a colonial administrator rom 1936-61. )Deputy-Governor, Cyprus, 1955-60. B Nbvember 1912; ed Abingdon School and Pehlbroke College, Oxford. Member, Select Committees on Race Relations and Immigration Overseas Aid and Procedure. Member Commonwealth Affairs Committee (jnt sec, 1966-68), and the national executive committee
f the United Nations Association. Served on Wimbledon Borough Council, 1962-65: overseas Polit- ical consultant, 1961.63.
DORSET, North
Electorate 70,738 1970: *James, D. P. (C)
Watkins, P. G. (L) Smith, T. G. (Lab)
minor | 62,614
30,288 1 23,405
6,032
C majority 6,883 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,725. Turn-out 84.4%.
C 50.7%, L 39.2%, Lab 10.1%. C maj 11.5%. Swving +0.1%.
1970: Tofal vote 49,192 (78.5%)-
C 28,471 (57.9%), L 12,095 (24.6%), Lab 8,626 (17.5%)-C mai 16,376 (33.3%). 'Swing + 4.4%.
Mr David. James was elected in 1970. He represented Brighton, Kemptowvn, for the Conservatives from 1959 to 1964 when he was defeated by seven votes. Sec, Northern Ireland Committee, Ship- ping and Shipbuilding Committee. B December, 1919; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Managing Director, Bow Holdings Ltd, and an author. Underwriting member of Lloyds. Membr, 194546, Antarcti expediton.; polrcad
Maritime Museum 1953-65.a
DORSET, South same Electorate 69,823 .1970: 66,953
tKing, E. M. (C) 26,933 Schedzoy, A. (Lab) 18,318 Broomfield, D. T. (L) 12,140
C majority 8,615 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,391. Turn-out 82.2%.
C 46.9%, Lab 31.9%, L 21.1%. C nhaj 15.0%. Swing +1.0%.
1970 : Total vote 52,976 (79.1%)-
C 27,580 (52.1%), Lab -20,716 (39.1%), L 4,680 (8.8%,o)-C maj 6,864 (12.9%). Swing + 4.6%.
Mr Evelyn King was elected in 1964, having joined the Conserva- tive Party in 1951 and contested Southampton, Itchen, in 1959. Labour MP for Penryn and Fal- mouth, 1945-50, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 1947-50. A former headmaster, he now farms and manages Emblev Estates. B May, 1907; ed Cheltenham Col- lege and King's College, Cam- bridge. Served on Select Commit- tee on Overseas Aid.
DORSET, West minor Electorate 53,116 1970'~ 50,651
Spicer, J. W. (C) 21,634 Angus, R. (L) 14,183 Cross, M. F. (Lab) 8,333
C majority 7,451 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,150. Turn-out 83.10%.
C 49.0%,', L 32.1%, Lab 18.9%. C majority 16.9%,. Swsing + 1.4%. 1970: Total vote 38,921 (76.0%)-
C 21,081 (54.2%), Lab 10,526 (27.00%'o), L 7.314 (13.8%)-C maj 10,555 (27.1%). Swing + 5.5%.
Mr James Spicer, farmer. B 1925
ed Latymer. Contested the South- ampton, Itchen by-election in 1971. Director, Conservative Group for Europe; vice-chairman, Wessex Provincial Area Council; chairman. National CPC Advisory Committee, 1969-72.
DOVER AND DEAL same Electorate 75,089 1970: 72,580
*Rees, P. W. I. (C) 27,033 Bishop, L, J. A. (Lab) 22,183 Young, R. S. (L) 12,832 Stone W. (Ind Sec Dem) 661
C majority 4,850 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,709. Turn-out 81.9%.
C 43.1%, Lab 35.4%, L 20.5%, Ind Soc Dem 1.0°%. C ma; 7.7%. Swing +2.4%. ""
1970: Total vote 58,557 (80.7%'.)-
C 30,103 (51.4%), Lab 28,454 (48.6%)-C maj 1,649 (2.8%). Swing + 4.3%.
Mr Peter Rees, QC, won the seat in 1970 ; he contested Liverpool, West Derby, in 1966, and Abertillery in 1965 by-election, and in 1964. Bar- rister (Inner Temple, 1953). B December, 1926; ed Stowe School and Christ Church, Oxford. Mem. ber, Select Committee on Company Taxation.
DOWN, North i major Electorate 94,069
*Kilfedder, J. A. (UUUC) 38,169 Bradford, R. H. (UU Pro
Assembly) 21,943 Curran, D. (SDLP) 2,376
UUUC majority 16,226 Total vote 62,488. Turn-out 66.4%.
C 61.1%, Pro Assem 35.1%, SDLP 3.8%. C maj 26.0%.
Mr James Kilfedder, was returned as Ulster Unionist in 1970 ; repre- sented Belfast, West, 1964-66. B 1928; ed Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, and Dublin Univer- sity. Barrister (King's Inn. Dublin, 1952, and Gray's Inn, 1958). Joint Secretary, Conserva- tive Parliamentary Committee on Northern Ireland since 1972; secretary, Ulster Unionist MPs, 1972.
DOWN, South same Electorate 91,792 1970 : 87,079 *Orr, Capt L. P. S. (UUUC)
31,088 Holywood, S. (SDLP) 25,486 Golding, H. (Repub Clubs) 3,046
UUUC majority 5,602 UUUC GAIN
Total vote, 59.620. Turn-out 64.9%.
UUUC 52.1%, SDLP 42.7%, Repub Clubs 5.1%. UUUC maj 9.4%.
1970: Total vote 64,317 (73.9%)-
UU 34,894 (54.2%), Nat Unity 21,676 (33.7%), L 7,747 (12.0%)-UU maj 13,218 (20.5%0/~).
Capt Lawrence Orr, chairman of the Ulster Unionist MPs. was returned in 1950. B September, 1918 ; ed Campbell College, Bel- fast, and Trinity College, Dublin. Past Imperial Grand Master of Orange Order. Director, Asso- ciated Leisure Ltd. Vice-chairnlan, Conservative Northern Ireland Committee.
DUDLEY, East major Electorate 59,827
*Gilbert, J. W. (Lab) 27,417 Taylor, J. M. (C) 15,795
Lab majority 11,622
Total vote 43,212. Turn-out 72.2%.
Lab 63.4%, C 36.5%. Lab maj 26.9%.
Mr John Gilbert was MP for Dudley 1970-74; contested the 1968 by-election, and Ludlow, 1966. An Opposition spokesman on Treasury matters since 1972. B April. 1927; ed Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, St John's Col- lege, Oxford, and New York University. NUGMW.
DUDLEY, West major Electorate 74,212
Phipps, Dr C. B. (Lab) 29,143 *Montgomery, F. (C) 24,474 Thirlby, M. (Ind. L) 5,971
Lab rnajority 4,669
Total vote 59,588. Turn-out 80.3%.
Lab 48.9%, C 41.%, Ind L 10.0%. Lab maj7.8%.
Mr Colin Phipps contested the Walthamstow, East by-election in 1969. Petroleum geologist and chairman of Dr Colin Phipps and Partners Ltd and Phipps Oil Ltd. B July, 1934; ed Acton County School, Bishop Gore School, Swan- sea. and London and Birmingham Universities. NUGMW.
Dulwich, see Southwark
DUMFRIES same Electorate 61,304 1970: 60,939
*Monro, H. S. P. (C) 21,707 Wheatley, J. F. (Lab) 12,739 Whitley, L. (Scot Nat) 9,186 Reive, D. H. (L) 5,642
C majority 8.968 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,274. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 44.0%, Lab 25.8%, Scot Nat 18.6%, L 11.4%. C maj 18.2%. Swing -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 46,427 (76.2%)-
C 24,661 (53.10%'), Lab 15,555 (33.5% )L Scot Nat 6,211 (13.4%)C maj 9,106 (19.6%). Swing + 4.9%.
Mr Hector Monro, Under Secre- tary for Health and Education, Scottish Office, ! 1971-74; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (w~hip), 1970-71. Opposition whip, 1967-70. Elected in 1964. B October, 1922 ; ed Canford School and King's College, Cambridge. Mem- ber, Dumfries County Council, 1952-67.
HAVERING, Hornchurch major Electorate 59,909
*Williams, A. L. (Lab) 21,763 Jackson, J. (C) 15,567 McCarthy, B. (L) 10,391: Percy.Davis, B. (People) 619
Lab majority 6,196 Total vote 48,340. Turn.out8O.5%.
Lab 45.0%, C 32.2%, L 21.5%, People L3%. Lab mai 12.8%.
Mr Alan Lee Wllliams, a lecturer, was MP for Hornchurch, 1966-70; contested Epsom, 1964. Director British Atlantic Committee. B November, 1930; ed Roan School, Greenwich, and Ruskin College Oxford. Member PLP Defence Group, 1966-70. Vice-chairman, Labour Party Foreign Affairs Group, 1968-70.
HAVERING, Romford major Electorate 54,840
Neubert, M. J. (C) 17,134 O'Flvnn, D. R. (Lab) 14.061 Hurlestone, T. *(L) 12,190 Bates, E. (Ind) 374 C majority 3,07-3 Total vote 43,759. Turn-out 80.0%.
C 39.1%, Lab 32.1%, L 27.8%, Ind 0.8%. C maj 7.0%.
Mr Michaei Neubert contested Romford 1970, Hamrnersmith, North, 1966. B September 1933- ed Queen Elizabeth's School, Bar- net, Bromley Grammar School and Dowmn,n College, Cambridge. Meni. ber of Bromley Council since 19160 (Leader, 1967.70, Mayor 1972-3). Organizer ot holiday air tours all over world.
HAVER1NG, Upminster major Electorate .63,756
*Loveridge, J. W. (C) 21,003 Whysall, J. E. D. (Lab) 19,995 Merton, A. (L) 11,596
C majority 1.0Q8 Total vote 52,594. Turn-out 82.5%.
C 39.9%, Lab 38.0%, L 22.0%. C maj 1.9%.
Mr John Loveridge, a college principal and farmer was fMP for Hornchurch, 1970-74; fought Aberavon in 1951. B September, 1925; ed privately and St John's Collegfe, Cambridge. Member, Hampstead Borough Council, 1953- 59. Secretary, Conservative Smaller Businesses Committee; member, Select Committees on Expenditure and Procedure.
Hayes and HarUngton,
see Hillingdon HAZEL GROVE major Electorate 67,067
Winstanley, Dr M. P. (L) 26,966 Arnold, T. R. (C) 24,968 Roberts, A. (Lab) 6,315
L majority 1,998 Total vote, 58,249. Turn-out 85.70/a.
L 46.3%, C 42.9%, Lab 10.8%0. L maj 3.4%.
Dr Michael Winstanley, medical practitioner, television and radio broadcaster, journalist. Contested Stretford, 1964, MP for Cheadle 1966-70. B. August, 1918 ; ed Man- chester Grammar School, Man- chester University (president of the union). Former member, Com- mons select committee for the Par- [iamentary Commissioner for Administration. NUJ.
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD major Electorate 84,257 -
kAllason, J. H. (C) 27,572 Corbett, R. (Lab) 27,385 Baron, AMiss C. (L) 15,682
C majority 187 rotal vote 70,639. Turn-out 85.1%.
C 39.0%, Lab 38.8%, L 22.2%, C maj 0.3%.
Mr James Allason was elected in L959 ; contested Hackney, Central, 1955. Chairman, Conservative parliamentary housing and con- ;truction committee since 1972. Chairman, Environment and Home Dffice Sub-Committee, Commons expenditure committee since 1972. Insurance broker. B September, 1912; ed Haileybury and the Royal Military Academy, Wool- wich. Member, Kensington Bor- ough Council, 1956-6S. Regular Army officer for 22 years. Chair- man, Allason Investments, Ltd.
HEMSWORTH same Electorate 68,986 1970 : 69,059
Woodall, A. (Lab) 44,093 Kerr, R. F. (C) 9,152
Lab majority 34,941 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,245. Turnout 77.2%.
Lab 82.8%, C 17.2%. Lab mai 65.6%. Swving -2.0%.
1970 : Total vote 49,547 (71.7%)-
Lab 40,013 (80.7%),. C 9,534 (19.2%)-Lab maj 30,479 (61.5%). Swving +4.6%.
Mr Alec Woodall, collierv surface foreman. B September, 1918 ; ed Southmoor Road County School, Remsworth. Member, Hemsworth Urban District Council since 1966. Life member NUM.
Hendon North, see Barnet Hendon South, see Barnet
EENLEY major Electorate 61,978
1lHeseltine, M. R. D. (C) 24,367 Evans, S. C. (L) . 15,467 Alexander, A. (Lab) 10,500
C majority 8,900 Total vote 50,334. Turn.out 81.7%.
C 48.4%, L 30.7%, Lab 20.9%. C maj 17.7%.
Mr Michael Heseltine, Minister for Aerospace and Shipping since November, 1972; Under Secretary for the Environment, 1970-72; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, June to October, 1970. Represented Tavistock, 1966-
170 .Rersne astc 6-
74; contested Coventry, North, I 1964, and Gower, 1959. B March, 1933; ed Shrewsbury and Pem-
broke Uollege, Oxford. President, Oxford Union, 1954. Publisher
former chairman of Haymarket publishing group. President, Fed- eration of Devon Young Conserva-
tives, 1966. Director, Bow Publica- tions, 1961-65.
HEREFORD mninor Electorate 58,093 1970 : 56,363
*Gibson-IVatt D. (C) 18,676 TannantNasih, C. B. (L) 15,238 Geffen, 1. E. (Labl 11.299
C majority 3.438 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,213. Turn-out 78.8%
C 41.3%, L 33.7%, Lab 25.0%. C maj 7.6%. Swing - 1.0%.
1970: Total vote 41,374 (73.4%)-
C 22,011 (S3.2%), Lab 14,410 (34.8%), L 4,953 (12.0%)-c maj 7,601 (18.4%). S.wing + 5.7% .
Mr David Gibson-Watt, Minister of State, Welsh Office since 1970. Party spokesman on Wales, 1964- 70. Returned at a by-election in 1956 ; contested Brecon and Radnor, 1950 and 1951; assistant Government whip, 1957-59 ; a Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury, 1959-61. Farmer and forester.
B September, 1918; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Former itaember, Radnor County Council ; Deputy Lieutenant for Radnorshire. Had responsibility for. British Agricultural Exhibi. tirn, Moscow, 1964.
HERTFORD AND STEVENAGE
major Electorate 85,000
*Williams, Mrs S. V. T. B.
(Lab) 30,343 BendaU, V. (C) .22,167 Willis, T. N. (L) 15,444
Lab majority 8,176 Total vote 67,954. Turnout 85.4%.
Lab 44.6%, C 32.6%, L 22.7%. Lab maj 12.0%.
Mrs Shirley Williams was MP for Hitchin, 1964-74. Chief Opposition spokesman for the social services, 1970-71, when slie was elected to the Shadow Cabinet; spokesman on Home Affairs, 1971-73 and on prices since 1973 ; Minister of State, Home Office, 1969-70; Min- ister of State, Fducation and Sci- ence, 1967-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1966-67. Contested Harwich in 1954 by-election and 1955, and Southampton, Test, 1959. Econ- omist. B July, 1930; ed Summit School, Minnesota, St Paul's School, Hammersmith, Somerville College, Oxford.
HERTFORDSHIRE, East major Electorate 88,357
*Walker-Smith, Sir D. (C) 32,032 Keir, M. M. (Lab) 20,674 Clark, P. (L) 18,546
C majority 11,358 Total vote 71,252. Turn-out 80.9%.
C 44.9%,, Lab 29.0%, L 26.0%. C maj 15.9%.
Sir Derek Walker-Smith, QC, was Minister of Health, 1957-59- Parliamentary Secretary, Board-of Trade, 1955-56; Econotnic Secre- tary to the Treasury, 1956-57 ; and Minister of State, Board of Trade. 1957. Represented Hertford 1945- 55 and East Hertfordshire since 1955. Called by Middle Temple. 1934; QC, 1955. B April, 1910; ed Rossall and Christ Church, Oxford, Member European Parliament since 1973.
HERTFORDSHIRE, South major Electorate 65,469
*Parkinson, C. (C) 21,190 Dubs, A. (Lab) 18,104 Henchley, J. (L) 13,356
C majority 3,086 Total vote 52,650. Turn-out 82.4%.
C 40.2°', Lab 34.4%,O, L 25.4%. C maj 5.9%.
Mr Cecil Parkinson, MP for En- field, West by-election, 1970-74
contested Northampton, 1970. Chartered accountant. Founder and chairman Parkinson Hart Securities Ltd. B September, 1931; ed Royal Grammar School, Lancaster and Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
HERTFORDSHIRE, South-West
major Electorate 76,607
Dodsworth, G. H. (C) 26,563 Mitchell J. E. (Lab) 18,465 Jarrett, J. E. S. (L) 17,987
C majority 8,098 Total vote 63,015. Turn-out 83.8%.
C 42.1%1, Lab 29.3%, L 28.5%. C maj 12.8%.
Mr Geoffrey Dodsworth, merchant banker, director of W. Brandt's Sons & Co Ltd, contested Hartle- pools in 1964 and Don Valley, 1959. B 1928; ed St Peter's School, York.
HEXHAM minor Electorate 64,421 1970: 62,564
*Rippon, A. G. F. (C) 24,059 Wade, E. (Lab) 16,129 Cairncross, R. L. 12,730
C majority 7,930 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,918, Turn-out 82.1%.
C 45.5%, Lab 30.5%, L 24.0%. C maj 15.0%. Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 47,182 (7S.4% )-
C 24,516 (52.0%), Lab 16,645 (35.3%), L 6,021 (12.8%)-C maj 7,871 (16.7%). Swing +2.8%.
Mr Geoffrey Rippon, QC, Secre- tary of State for the Environment since 1972; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster wvith responsibility for Common Market negotiations, 1970-72 ; Minister of Technology, June-July, 1970. Opposition spokesman on defence, 1968-70. Elected ia 1966; represented Nor- wich, South, 1955-64.; contested Shoreditch and Finsbury, 1950 and 1951. Minister of Public Building and Works, 1962-64, joining Cabi- net in 1963,; Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961-62, and to Ministry -of Aviation, 1959-61; Op. position spokesman on housing and local government, 1966-68. Called by Middle Temple, 1948, QC 1964. B May. 1924: ed King's College, Taunton, and Brasenose Co]lege, Oxford.
HEYWOOD AND ROYTON same Electorate 78,650 1970: 72,048
*Barnett, J. (Lab) 28,216 MacGregor, 1. (C) 21,054 Bingham, V. (L) 14,392
Lab majority 7,162 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,662. Turn-out 86.3%°
Lab 44.3%', C 33.1%1, L 22.6%. Lab maj 11.2%. Swving -4.7%.
1970: Total vote 54,879 (76.2%)-
Lab 25,081 (45.7%), C 24,178 (44.0%), L 5,620 (10.2%)-Lab maj 903 (1.6°%). Swving +4.7%. Mr Joel Barnett, returned in 1964, contested Runcorn in 1959. An Opposition spokesman on the Treasury since 1970. Member, Public Expenditure Committee, Select committees on the Civil List and Tax Credits. Accountant; senior partner in accountancy firm. B October, 1923-; ed Jewish School, Derby Street, Manchester, and Manchester Central High School. TGWU.
HIGH PEAK same Electorate 56,630 1970: 55,308
*Le +tarchant, S. (C) 19,231
Jackson, P. M. (Lab) 16,956 Scott, Mrs N. (L) 12,117
C majority 2,275 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,304. Turn-out 85.2%,.
C 39.8%. Lab 35.1°,o. L 25.1%. C maj 4.70o . Swing +0.7%'.
1970: Total vote 44,731 (80.9%)-
C 19,558 (43.7%), Lab 18,054 (40.4%), L 7,119 .(15.9°f,)-C maj 1,504 - (3.4% ). Swing * 2.6/.
Mr Spencer Le Marchant, m ember of the Stock Exchange, elected to the seat, 1970. B 1931 ; ed Eton. Governor, UJnited Westminster Schools ; former member, West- minster City Council.
HILL!NGDON. Hayes and Harling- ton major Electorate 55,475
*Sandelson, N. D. (Lab) 24,682 Watherston, P. D. (C) 14,634 Fairhurst, J. S. (Nat
Front) 10,048
Lab majority 10,048 Total vote 49,364. Turn-out 88.9%.
Lab 50.05%, C 29.6%, Nat Front 20.3%. Lab maj 20.3%.
Mlr Neville Sandelson retained the seat for Labour in the 1971 by- election. Barrister. B November, 1923; ed Westminster and Trinity
College, Cambridge. Contesteed Chichester, 1970, Leicester, South- West by-election. 1967. Heston and Islewvorth, 1966, Rushcliffe, 1959, Beckenham by-election. 1957, and Ashford, 1950, 1951 alid 1955. . Member, LCC, - 1952-58
secretary of Labour Lawyers. Fabian Society. N.UGMW.
HILLINGDON, Ruislip-Northwood
minor Electorate 53,651 1970: 54,702
*Crowder, F. P. (C) 21,995 Race, D. A. G. (Lab) 10,574 Arram, Miss J. (L) 10,311 Hobday, Mrs P. (Ind C) 1,439
C majority 11,421 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,319. Turn-out 82.3%.
C 49.6%, Lab 23.8%, L 23.3%, Ind C 3.2%. C mai 25.8%. Swing -2.9%.
1970: Total vote 39,976 (73.0%)-
C 24,247 (60.6%), Lab 11,541 (28.9%,o), L 4,188 (10.5%)-C maj 12,706 (31.8% ). Swing +6.8%/' ..
Mr Petre Crowder, QC, won the seat in 1950 ; contested North Tot- tenham by-election, 1945. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948) ; QC, 1964. B July, 1919 ; ed Eton and Christ College, Oxford. Deputy chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions. 1959-63 ; appointed chairman, 1963. Former recorder of Gravesend, 1960 ; Recorder of Colchester since 1967.
RILLINGDON, Uxbridge mnaJor Electorate 59,234
*Snersby J. M. (C) 20,542 Sykes, Miss A. M. P. H.
(L) 18,127 Pincharn, J. S. (L) 10,150
C majoritv 2.415 Total vote 48,819. Turn-out 82.4°.
C 42.1-. Lab 37.1%, L 20.8%. C mai 4.9°°
Mr Mtichael Shersby held the seat for the Conservatives in the 197? by-election. Director, * British Sugar Bureau. B February, 1933; ed John Lyon School, Harrow-on- the-Hill. Joint Secretary, Conser- vative Party Industry Committee since 1972. Member, Paddington Borough Council, 1959-64 and Westminster City Council, 1964-71. (Deputy Lord Mayor, 1967-68).
HITCHIN major Electorate 72,159
*Stewart, 1. (C) 27,222 Mallalieu, Miss A. (Lab) 23,204 Beavan, D. (L) 10,824 Bianchi P. (Ind) 467
C majority 4,018 Total vote 617,17. Turn-out 85.5%.
C 44.1%, Lab 37.6%, L 17.5%,o Ind 0.7%. C maj 6.5!.
Mr Ian Stewart, banker, director of Brown Shipley & Co Ltd. fought Hammersmith North 1970. B January, 1935; ed Haileybury and Jesus College, Cambridge. Director, British Numismatic Society since 1965. Treasurer, Westminster Committee for Pro. tection of Children since 1961.
Holborn and St Pancras South,
see Camden
HOLLAND WITH BOSTON
minor Electorate 79,774 1970: 77,184
*Body, R. (C) 30,561 Cornish, M. (Lab) 18,180 Stephenson, G. R. (L) 15,466
C majority 12,381 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,207. Turn-out 80.5%.
C 47.6%0, Lab 28.3%. L 24.1%. C maj 19.3%. Swving +1.5%.
1970 : Total vote 57,821 (74.8%o )-
C 33,580 (58.1%), Lab 24,241 (41.90,%)-C maj 9,339 (16.1%). Swing +7.8%.
Mr Richard Body, elected in 196Bl
represented Billericay from 1955- 59. Contested Leek in 1951. Roth- erham, 1950, and Abertillery by- election, 1950. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1949) and farmer. B May, 1927; ed Reading School.
HONITON major Electorate 72,606
*Emer, P. F. H. (C) 32,429 Howell, V. (L) 18,306 Newitt, M. D. D. (Lab) 8,791
C majority 14,123 Total vote 59,526. Turn-out 82.0%.
C 54.5%, L 30.7%7O. Lab 14.8%. C maj 23.7%.
Mr Peter Emery, Under-Secretary for Energy since January, 1974. Under-Secretary for Trade and In- dustry, 1972-74, with responsibility for industry. Returned at by- election in 1967. An Opposition spokesman on Treasury, economic affairs and trade, 1964-65. Elected for Reading in 1959 ; defeated in 1966; contested Poplar, 1951, and Lincoln, 1955. Joint founder and first secretary of Bow Group. Manufacturer. B February, 1926; ed Scotch Plains, Newv Jersey, and Oriel College, Oxford.
HORNCASTLE same Electorate 49,528 1970: 46,959
*Tapsell, P. H. B. (C) 19,344 Miller, R (L) 12,555 Berry, A. J. R- (Lab) 6,791 lszatt, E. P. (Ind Dem All) 367
C majority 6,789 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,057. Turn-out 78.8%.
C 49.5%,, L 32.1% Lab 17.4%, Ind Dem All O.9%'.. C mnaj 17.4%. Swing +1.1%.
1970: Total vote 34,866 (74.2!)-
C 19,299 (55.3%), Lab 8,860 (25.4%), L 6,707' (19.2%)-C maj 10,439 (29.9%). Swing +6.6%.
Mr Peter Tapsell was elected in 1966. MP for Nottingham, West, 1959-64; contested Wednesbury, 1957 by-election. Parther in a firm of stockbrokers. B February, 1930; ed Tonbridge School and Merton College, Oxford.
Hornchurch, see -lavering
HORSHANI AND CRAWLEY
major Electorate 89,910
*Hordern, P. M. (C) 31,802 Leighton, R. (Lab) 25,028 Gill, A. (L 1 18,167
C majority 6,774 Total vote 74,997. Turn-out 83.4%.
C 42.4%, Lab 33.4%, L 24.2%. C maj 9.0%.
Mr Peter Hordern, MP for Hors- ham 1964-74, was elected in 1964, chairman Conservative parliamen- tary committee on finance 1970-72. Member Public Accounts Commit- tee, 1969. Member of London Stock Exchange and company director. B April, 1929; ed Gee- long Grammar School, Australia, and Christ Church. Oxford.
Hornsey, see Haringey
HOtJGHTON-LE-SPRING maor Electorate 59,266
*UrNvin, T. W. (Lab) 34,263 Ritchie, R. C. (C) 10,300
Lab majority 23,963 Total vote 44,563. Turn-out 75.1%.
Lab 76.9%, C 23.1%. Lab mai 53.8%.
Mr Thomas Urwin, Minister of State, Local Government and Re- gional Planning, 1969-70; Minister of State, Department of Econornic Affairs, 1968-69. Elected in 1964. B June, 1912; elementary educa- tion. Houghton-le-Spring Urban Council, 1949-65, chairman, 1954-55. Formerly full-timne organi- zer, Amalgamated Union of Build- ing Trade Workers, 1954.64 - branch officer, 1933.54. Sponsored by AUBTW.
HOUNSLOW. Brentford and Islewortb major Electorate 71 451
*Hayhoe, B. J. (c) 22,690 *Barnes, M. C. J. (Lab) 21,964 Blackburn, D_ C. (L) 9,502 Benford, T. (Nat lFront) 1,741
C majority 726 Total vote 55,897. Turn-out 78.2%.
C 40.6%, Lab 39.3%, L 17.0%, Nat Front 3.1%. C maj 1.3%.
Mr Barney Hahoe was MP for Heston anid Isleworth from 19/u- 74; contested Lewisham, South, 1964. Mechanical engineer. B Aug. ust, 1925; ed elementary school and Stanley Technical School, South Norwood. Vice-chairman, Conservative Group for Europe, and member, executive committee and general purposes committee, European Movement. Secretary, Conservatve employment com- mittee, 1970-71, and member. Sel- ect Cornmittee on Itace Relations and Immigration, 1971-73. Vice- chairman, Young Conservatives. 1951-53; area chairtnan, Conser- vative Political Centre, 1962-64; vice-chairman, Conservative Party International Office, since 1973.
HOUNSLOW, FeltbaTn and Heston Electorate 79,364 major *Kerr, R. W. (Lab) 27,519 Ground R. P. (C) 19,464 Quinn, j. A. (L) 1U,952 Read, Mrs J. (Nat Front) 2,653
Lab majority 8,055 Total vote 60,588. Turn-out 76.3%.
Lab 45.4%, C 32.1%, L 18.1%,'
Nat Front 4.40. Lab maj 13.3%. Mr Russell Kerr, an air charter executive, was MP for Feltham, 1966-74. Contested Horsham, 1951, Merton and Morden 1959 and Preston, North, 1964. 'B February, 1921; ed Shore School, Sydney, and Sydney University. Former chairman of the Tribune group of Labour backbenchers; director Tribune Publications Ltd. National executive member, ASTMS, 1964- 73.
HOVE same Electorate 72,649 1970: 74,789
*Sainsbury, T. (C) 30,451 Wilson, D. (L) 18,942 Wallis, R. A. (Lab) 6,374 Budden, E. (Nat Front) 442
C majority 11,509 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,209. Turn-out 76.5%'.
C 54.2%, L 33.7%, Lab 11.3%, Nat Front 0.8%. C maj 20.5%. Swing +2.7%.
1970 : Total vote 49,926 (66.7%).-
C 34,287 (68.7%o), Lab IS,639 (31.3%)-eC maj 18,648 (37.3%). Swving +2.9%.
1973 by-election: Total vote 46,166
62.3%)-S 22,070 (47.8%), L 17,224 (37.3%), Lab 5,335 (11.6%), Nat Front 1,409 (3.0%), Comm 128 (0.3%)--C maj 4,846 (10.5%).
Mr Timothy Sainsmury, director of J. Sainsbury Ltd, was elected at the 1973 by-election. B June, 1932; ed Eton and Worcester College, Oxford. Mlember, Public Expenditure Committee.
HOWDEN mxinor Electorate 55,846 1970: 54,S92
*Bryan, Sir P. E. 0. (C) 21,892 Haywood, S. (L) IS,681 Kirkwood, J. (Lab) 7.259
C Majority 6.211 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,832. Turn-out 79.1%.
C 48.8,' L 35.0%, Lab 16.2%, C maj 13.8%'. Swing + 0.1%.
1970: Total vote-38,774
(70.8%)-C 22,102 (57.0%), Lab 9.567 (24.7°o), L 6,951 (17.9%), Ind 154 (0.3"".)-C mai 12,535 (32.3%). Swving +4.3%.
Sir Paul Bryan, Minister of State for Employment 1970-72, has been chairman of the Conservatives' backbench employment committee since 1973. Elected in 1955. B August, 1913 ; ed St John's School, Leatherbead, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Assistant whip, 1956 ; a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 19iS-61. Contested Sowerby 1951. 19aO and 1949 (by-election). Direc- tor, Granada Television and Greater Manchester Independent Radio Limited. Vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organiza- tion, 1961-65. Member Sowverby Bridge UDC, 1947-50.
HtJDDERSFIELD, East same Electorate 53,083 1970: 54,496
*NMallalieu, J. P. W. (Lab) 20,224 Taylor, C. J. H. (C) 12,920 Lee, M. (L) 8,530 Mear, N. (Nat Front) 796 Drake, A. (Comm) 246
Lab majority 7,304 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,716. Turn-out 80.3%.
Lab 47.30. , C 30.2%' . L 20.0%, Nat Front 1.9%, Comm 0.6%. Lab maj 17.1°o. Swing -2.5%. 1970: Total vote 41.13h (75.5°o *-
Lab 20,629 (50.1- ), C 15,632 (38.0%), L 4,569 (11.1%). Comm 308 (0.80% )-Lab maj 4.997 (12.1°.' .Swing -7.7%.
Mr J. P. W. Mallalleu, Minister of State, Ministry of Technology 1968-69 ; Minister of State. Board of Trade, .1967-68 ; Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy, 1966- 67, and Under-Secretary, 1964-66. Elected for Huddersfield in 1945 and returned for East division in 1950. journalist and author. B June, 1908; ed Cheltenham Col- lege, Trinity College, Oxford.
HUDDERSFIELD, West same Electorate 53.115 1970: 53,107
*Lomas, K. (Lab) 17,434 Stansfield, J. M. (C) 16,804 Hasler, Mrs K. (L) 9,790
Lab majoritv 630 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,028. Turn-out 82.8%.
Lab 39.6%, C 38.2%, L 22.2%. Lab maj 1.4°,o. Swing -0.5%.
1970: l'otal vote 41,094 (77.4%)-
Lab 16,866 (41.0%), C 16,673 (40.6%), L 6,128 (14.9%,'o), Nat Front 1,427 (3.5% )-Lab mal 193 (0.5%). Swing +5.2%
Mr Kenneth Lomas, elected in 1964, contested Macclesfield in .1955 and Blackpool, South, in 1951. Former assistant. regional Transfusion Service, 1955-64. B November, 1922; ed Ashton-under- Lyne council and modern schools. Former member Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, Speaker's Conference and Select Committee on Parliamentary Com- missioner.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE minor Electorate 80,124 1970: 66,505
*Renton, Sir D. L. M. (C) 29,042 Rowe, D. (L) 19,040 Ormerod, P. A. (Lab) 17,066
C majority 10,002 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,148 Turn-out 81.3%.
C 44.6%, L 29.2%, Lab 26.2%. C maj 15.3% . Swing -0.6%.
1970: Total vote, 50,068
(75.2%)-C 27,398 (54.7%), Lab 17,588 (35.1%), L 5,082 (10.1%)-C maj 9,810 (19.6%). Swing +3.6%.
Sir David Renton, QC, a member of the Royal Commission oii the Constitution, was Minister of State, Home Office, 1961-62;
Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1958.61; and Parliamentary Secre- tarv. Ministry of Power, 1955-58. Elected in 1945. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1933 ;QC, 1954; elected Bencher in November, 1962. B August, 1908 ed Oundle School and University College, Oxford.
HUYTON nmor Electorate 72 649
*Wilson, J. A. (Lab) 31,767 Benyon, T. (C) 16,462 Snowden, N. (L) 7,584 Smith, H. (Ind) 234
Lab majority 15,305 Total vote 56,047. Turn-og; 78.6%.
Lab 56.7%, C 29.4%, 1. 13.5%, Ind 0.4%. Lab maj 27.3%.
Mlr Harold Wilson, Leader of the Opposition since 1970, was Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury, 1964-70. Elected Leader of the Labour Party in February, 1963, after the death of Mr Hugh Gaitskell. Unsuccessfully contested the leadership in 1960. Was principal Opposition spokes- man on foreign affairs from Nov. ember, 1961, and previouslv on Treasury subjects. Elected to the national executive of the party in 1952; chairmtan. 1961-62. From 1945 to 1950 represented Orm- skirk; elected for lluyton in 1950. B March, 1916; ed Milnsbridge Council School, Royds Hall School, Huddersfield, Wirral Gramnar School, and Jesus Col. lege. Oxford. Economic assistant to the War Cabinet Secretariat, 1940-41; director of economics and statistics. Ministry of Fuel and Power, 1943-44. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Works, 1945 ; Secretary for Overseas Trade, March, 1946 ; President of the Board of Trade, Sentember, 1947 ; resigned in 19S1 over Labour's budgetary policy.
I
Ilford North, see Redbridge
llford South, see Redbridge
ILKESTON same Electorate 74,402 1970 74,080
'Fletcher, L. R. (Lab) 31,500 Morrell. P. R. (C) 17,320 Pool, tC. (L) 11,734
Lab majority 14,180 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,554. Turn-out 81.4%.
Lab 52.0%, C 28.6%, L 19.4%. Lab maj 23.4%.. Swing +3.8%. 1970 Total vote 54,988 (74.2%),
Lab 32,961 (59.9%)0, C 15,870 (28.9%), L 6,157 (11.2%/ )-Lab maJ 17,091 (31.1%).1. Swing + 4.6%~.
Mr Raymond Fletcher was elected in 1964; contested Wycombe, 1955. Journalist and author. B December, 1921 ; secondary educa- tion and university extra-mural classes. Sponsored by the T & GWU since 1964, member since 1954. Columnist on the Guardian. Chairman, parliamen- tary airships group, and parlia- mentary branch, Labour Friends of Israel.
INCE minor Electorate 76,630 1970: 66,723
*McGuire, M. T. (Lab) 39,822 Dyson, 3. (C) 17,063
Lab majority 22,759 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,885. Turn-out 74.20%.
Lab 70.0%, C 30.0%. Lab mai 40.0%/. Swing -1.5%.
1970 : Total vote 47,172 (70.7%)-
Lab 32,295 (68.5%), C 14,877 (31.5%)-Lab maj 17,418 (36.9%). Swing +5.1%.
Mlr Mlichael McGuire, elected in 1964, was wholetime NUM branch secretary (Sutton Manor Colliery, St Helens, Lancashire), 1957-64. B May, 1926; elementary education. Executive member, St Helens Trades and Labour Council, 1957- 64. Sponsored by NUM. Served on Select Committee on Nationalized Industries and executive, PLP trade union group.
lNVERNESS same Electorate 57,368 1970: 54,258
*Johnston, D. R. (L) 16,903 Henderson, R. E. (C) 11,680 Cameron, D. J. (Lab) 7,816 Gibson, R. M. (Scot Nat) 7,258
L majority 5,223 NO CHANGE
1970 : Total vote 39,249 (72.3%/o)-
L 15,052 (38.3%1 ), C 12,378 (31.5%), Lab 9,038 (23.0%), Scot Nat 2.781 (7.1%o )-L maj 2,674 (6.8%). Swing +1.6%.
Mr Russell Johnston, elected in 1964, was the first United King- dom Liberal MP in the European Parliament delegation- is Liberal spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. B July, 1932; ed Portree High School, Isle of Skye, and Edinburgh University. Former teacher and research assistant tvith the Scottish Liberal Party. Chairman, Scottish Liberal Party since 1970; vice-president, Euro- pean Liberal group, group spokes- man on regional aid. Parliamentary adviser to Scottish Police Federa- tion ; member, Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland.
IPSWICH same Electorate 86,928 1970: 86,404
*Money. E. D. (C) 29,893 Weetch, K. T. (Lab) 29,634 Knott, Mrs J. (L) 11,857 Brown, Dr D. (Nat Dem) 1,161
C majority 259 NO CHANGE
Total vote 72,545. Turn-out 83.4%0.
C 41.2%, Lab 40.8%, L 16.30, Nat Dem 1.6%,. C maj 0.3%. Swing +0.1%,
1970: Total vote 62,864 (72.7%)-
C 27,704 (44.1%), Lab 27,691 (44.0%), L 5,147 (8.2%), Nat Dem 2,322 (3.7%)-c mna; 13 (0.0%). SwJng +5.7%.
Mr Ernle Money, barrister, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B February, 1931; ed Marl- borough College and Oriel Colege, Oxford. Member, general council of the Bar, 1962-66.. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Arts and Amenities Committee, 1972Z 74; member, Advisory Committee on Theatres, 1974.
ISLE OF ELY major Electorate 67,889
*Freud, C. R. (L) 27,647 Stevens, J. (C) 19,300 Ferris, M. (Lab) 9,478
L majority 8,347 Total vote 56.425. Turn-out 82.0%.
L 49.0%, C 34.2%, Lab 16.8%. L mai 14.8%.
iMr Clement Freud von the seat for the Liberals at the 1973 by-election. Writer and Broadcaster. Consultant and director to hotel and restaurant companies. B April 1924; ed Dart- ington Hall and St Paul's School. Liberal spokesman on Education.
ISLE OF WIGHIT same Electorate 85,292 1970: 80,537
Ross, S. (L) 34,808 *Woodnutt, H. F. M. (C) 27,042 Bisson, T. C. (Lab) 7,495
L majority 7,766 LIBERAL GAIN
Total vote 69,345. Turn-out 81.4%-
L 50.2% C 39.0%, Lab 10.8%. L maj li.2jo%. Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 58,038 (72.0%)-
C 30,437 (52.4%), Lab 13,111 (22.6%), L 12,883 (22.2%), Vectis Nat 1,607 (2.8%)-C maj 17,326 (29.8%1 ). Swing +5.1%.
Mr Stephen Ross, chartered sur- veyor and farmer; contested the seat, 1970, and 1966. B July, 1926 - ed Bedford School. Isle of Wight county councillor and chairman policy and resources committee.
ISLINGTON, Central maJor Electorate 47,244
*Grant, J. D. (Lab)- .15,687 Devonald-Lewis, B.. (C) 6,996 Stuart, 1. (L) 6,447
Lab maiority 8,691
Total vote 29,130. Turn-out 64.6%. -
Lab 53.8%, C 24.0%, L 22.1%. Lab mai 29.8%.
Mr John Grant, MP, Islington, East, 1970-74, is an Oppositionr spokesman on broadcasting and. other media. Contested Beckei. ham in 1966. Former journalist. ,B October, 1932 ; ed grammar school - and Stationers' Company's School.. Mornsey.
ISLINGTON, North major Electorate 42,023
*O'Halloran, M. J. (Lab) 13,332 Wolfson, G. M. (C) 6,704 Davenport, M. (L) 4,503 Score, J. (Nat Front) 871 Fallon, D. (Lab and Dem) 570
Lab malority 6.628 Total vote 25,980. Turn-out 63.0%y.,
Lab 51.3%, C 25.8%, L 17.3%, Nat Front 3.30/,, Lab & Dem 2.2%. Lab mai 25.5%.
Mr Michael O'Halloran was re- turned at the by-election in Octo- ber, 1969. Building worker. B August, 1928 ; ed elementary- school. Former member, Islington Borough Council. TGWU.
ISLINGTON, South and Finsbury Electorate 43,886 major *Cunningham G. (Lab) 15,064 Szemerey, J. (C) 6,473 Adams, .R. (L) 5,415 Betteridge, Mrs M. (Comm) 492 Lomas, A. (Ind L) 293
Lab majority 8,591. Total vote 27,737. Turn-out 66.2%.
Lab 54.3%, C 23.3%, L 19.5%, Comm 1.8%, Ind L 1.0%. Lab nisa 31.0%.
Mr George Cunningham was MP for Islington South-West from 1970-74; contested Henley, 1966: B June, 1931 ; ed Dunfermline. High School, Blackpool Gramraar School and Manchester Univer- sity. Commonwealth officer for Labour Party. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Develop- ment, 1973-74; and Expenditure Committee, 1971-74.TGWU.
J
JARROW minor. Electorate 54,265 1970: 54,652 - *Fernyhough, E. (Lab) 27,740 Bolam, Mrs B. (C) 13,848
Lab majority 13,892 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,588. Turn-out 76.6%.
Lab 66.7°, C 33.3%. Lab maj 33.4%. Swing -3.2%.
3970: Total vote 40,708 (74.4%) 3-
Lab 25,861 (63.5%), C 14,847 (36.5% )-Lab maj 11,014 (27.0%). Swing +4.1%.
Mr Ernest Fernyhough wis Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1967-68, and Under-Secre- tary, Department of Employment and Productivity, 1968-69. Re- turned at a by-election, 1947. Former miner. Full-time official, National Union of Distributive. and Allied Workers, 1935-47. B Decem- ber, 1908; elementary education..
K- f
KEIGHLEY same Electorate 52,000 1970: 51,140
Cryer, G. R. (Lab) 1S,595 *Hall, Miss J. V. (C) 17,717 Whittaker, W. K. (L) 7,820 Binns, J. (Soc Dem) 348
Lab majority 878 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 44,480. Turn-out 86.7%.
Lab 41.8%, C 39.80, L 17.6%,'
Social Dem 0.8°o. Lab maj 2.0%. Swing -1.7%.,
1970 : Total vote 41,298 (80.7%)-
C 20,957 (50.7%0), Lab 20,341 (49.2%)-C maj 616 (1.5%). Swing +5.7%
Mr Robert Cryer is a technical col- lege teacher. Member, Keighl_v Borough Council since 1971. B December, 1934; ed Salt High School, Shipley and Hull Univer- sity.' Member TGWU and ATTI.
KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA, Chelsea major Electorate 64,357
*Worsley, Sir M. (C) 23,320 Clarke, N. (L) 8,012 Ward, Mrs S. (Lab) 6,839 Barclay, J. (hid C) 416
C majority 15.308 Total vote 38,587. Turn-out 59.9%.
C 60.4%, L 20.8%, Lab 17.7°o Ind C 1.1%o. C maj 39.7%.
Sir Marcus Worsley was elected for Chelsea in 1966. MP for Keighley 1959-64; contested Keighley. 1955. Farmer, land- owner, director of an investment trust. B April, 1925; ed Eton and New College. Oxford. Programme assistant BBC European Service, 1950-53. Chairman, Conservative Health and Social Security Commit- tee since 1972 ; chairman, Greater London committee of Conservative MPs since 1972. Second Church Estates Commissioner -since 1970. Member, Select Committee on Tax Credit Scheme.
KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA, Kensington major Electorate 60,856
*Rhys Williams, Sir B. M.
(C) 18,425 Tilley, J. V. (Lab) 13,293 Lefever, Dr R. (L) 8,270
C majority 5.132 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,988. Turn-out 65.7%.
C 46.1%, Lab 33.2%, L 20.7%. C maj 12.8%.
Sir Brandon Rhys Williams, an industrial consultant, represented Kensington, South, 1968-74. Member, European Parliament, since 1973. Contested Pontypridd, 1959 and Ebbw Vale, 1960 by- election and 1964. B November. 1927; ed Eton and Bolton Tech- nrcal College. Assistant director (appeals) Spastics Society, 1962- 63. Formerly with ICI LIAd. Former vice-chairman, parliamen- tary health and social security committee; former secretary, parliamentary finance committee.
KETTERING major Electorate 84,981
*de Freitas, Sir G. (Lab) 31,659 Reed, G. D. (C) 21,872. Haigh, A. J. W. (L) 15,393
Lab majority 9,787 Total vote 68,924. Turn-out 81.104.
Lab 45.9%, C 31.7%, L 22.3%'. Lab maj 14.2%.
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, elected In 1964, was High Commissioner' in Kenya until September. 1964,- when he resigned to reenter poli-- tics. MP for Nottingham, Central,' 1945-50 and Lincoln until 1961. High Commissioner in Ghana, 1961; appointed High Commissioner to proposed East African Federation, 1963. Under-Secretary for Air, 1946-50, and Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1950-51. B April, 1913 ; e4 Haileybury and Clare College, Cambridge (president of Union,
athletic blue), and Yale Univer- - sity, Barrister (Cholmeley Scholar) 1937. President, Assemo: bly of Council of Europe, 1966-69t President of Gauche Europeenne.
BIRMINGHAM, Ladywood Electorate 40,155
*Walden, A B. (Lab) 15,126 Lawn, R. (C) 6,164 Hardeman, K. G. (L) 3,753 Davis, J. A A. (Nat Front) 751
Lab majority 8,962 Total vote 25;794. Turn-out 64.2%.
Lab 58.6%, C 23,9%, L 14.5%, Nat Front 2.9%. Lab maj 34.7%. Mr Brian Walden, an Opposition spokesman on defence 1970-71 and bn Treasury matters since 1971, represented Birmingham All Saints 1964-74; fought Oswestry by-election, 1961. University tutor. B July, 1932; ed West Bromwvicb Grammar School, Queen's College and Nuf field College, Oxford (president of the Union, 1957)..
BIRMINGHAM, Northfield major. Electorate 76,900
kCarter R. J. (Lab) 31,704 Butcher, J. P. (C) 23,175 Newman, M. (Ind) 1,237 Robinson. D. W. (Comm) 368
Lab majority 8,529 Total vote 56.484. Turn-out 73.4%.
Lab 56.1%, C 41.0%, Ind 2.2%, Comm 0.6%. Lab maj 15.1%.
Mr Raymond Carter, electrical engineer, was elected in 1970. Contested Warwick and Learning. :on, 1968 by-election, and Woking- ham, 1966. B September, 1935; ed Reading College of Technology Rnd Stafford College of Technol. gy. Member, Public Accounts Committee; Parliamentary and 3cientific Committee, science and *echnology sub-committee, eco. lomic and finance group, trade ind industry, power and steel and )ther groups. Chairman, Wok- ingham Labour Party, 1967.69. Vember, Eastharnpstead Rural Council, 1963-68. T&GWU.
ImIRMINGHAM. Perry Barr major Electorate 52,116
Rooker, J. W. (Lab) 17,960 'Kinsey, J. R. (C) 15,937 Hovers, K J. (L) 6,044 Shorthouse, A. (Nat Front) 853
Lab maioritv 2,023 rotal vote 40,794. Turn-out 78.3%.
Lab 44.0%, C 39.1%, L 14.8%, Nat Front 2.1%. Lab maj 4.9%. Mr Jeffrey Rooker, chartered en- gineer and lecturer in industrial elations and organization of production at Lanchester Polytech- aic. B June, 1941 ; ed Handsworth rechnical College, College of Ad- vanced Technology (now Aston University) and Warwick Univer- iity. Member, Birmingham educa- Jon comrnittee since 1972. ASTMS.
BIRMINGHAM, Selly Oak major Electorate 62,357
'Gurden, H. E. (C) 19,705 Litterick, T. (Lab) 16,823 Grant, R. A. (L) 9,718 C majority 2.882 rotal vote 46,246. Turn-out 74.2%.
C 42.6%, Lab 36.4%, L 21.0%. C maj 6.2%.
%Ir Harold Gurden, chairman, 9ommons Committee of Selection mnd member of Speaker's panel of zhairmen, has held the seat since L9S9. Company director in dair- ring and food industry. Vice- :hairman, Conservative parliamen- :ary education committee, 1965-66. B June, 1903; ed Lyttelton School, Birmingham, and Birming- iam University. Former president if Birmingham Dairymen's Asso. Jation and former chairman of 'he Society of Dairy Technology. .lember, Birmingham City Coun. :il, 1946-56.
BIRMINGHAM, Small Heath major Electorate 51,038
'Howell, D. H. (Lab) 19,319 Minnis, D. G. (L) 7,441 O'Connor, R. (C) 6,941
Lab majority 11,878 Fotal vote 33,701. Turn-out 66.0%.
Lab 57.3%, L 22.1%, C 20.6%. Lab maj 35.2%.
Or Denis Howell, Opposition ;pokesman on housing, local gov- mrnment and sport since 1970, was Vlinister of State for Housing and ,ocal Government 1969-70. Under- ,ecretary for Education and Sci- mce, 1964-69. From 1964 he had ;pecial responsibility for sport; mnofficially known as Minister for 'port. Returned at a by-election, V.arch, 1961 ; represented the All jaints division, 1955-59, and con- :ested former King's Norton divi- ion in 1951. B September. 1923- !d elementary school and Hands- north Grammar School, Birming- iam. Member, Birmingham City Council, 1946-56, and the Albe- narle Committee on the youth ser- rices. Football League referee. President, APEX.
BIRMINGHAM, Sparkbrook major Electorate 49,345 ,
kHattersley, R. S. G. (Lab) 19,939 Savage, D. J. (C) 12,534
Lab majoritv 7.405 rotal vote 32,473. turn-out 65.8%.
Lab 61.4%, C 38.6%. Lab maj 2Z.S%.
Mr Roy HattersIey, Opposition ;pokesman on education since 1972, was spokesman for foreign and Commonwealth affairs, 1970- 72, and defence, 1972. Minister of Defence for Administration, 1969- 70; Under Secretary, Department Df Employment and Productivity, 1968-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1967-68. Elected in 1964; contested Sutton Coldfield, 1959. Health service executive. B December, 1932 ; ed Sheffield City Grammar School and Hull University. ASMTS.
BIRMINGHAM, Stechford malor Electorate 62,005
*Jenkins, R. H. (Lab) 23,704 Wedgwood, D. J. (C) 13,472 Gopsill, G. A.>(L) 7,221 Bull, R. (WRP) 280
Lab majority 10,232 rotal vote 44,677. Turn-out 72.0%.
Lab 53.0%, C 30.1%, L 16.2%, WRP 0.6%. Lab maj 22.9%.
Mr Roy Jenkins was reelected to the Shadow Cabinet, 1973, having resigned as Deputy Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in April 1972 in disagreement with Labour policy towards the Common Market. Opposition spokesman on Hdome Office affairs since 1973. Chancellor of the Ex- chequer I967-70; Home Secretary, 1965-67 ; Minister of Aviation, 1964-65. Econonhist, author, and journalist. Elected 1950. B Novem- ber, 1920; ed Abersychan County School and Balliol College. Oxford; secretary and librarian, Oxford Union Society. Contested Solihull, 1945: represented South- wark, 1948-50. Chairman, Fabian Society, 1957-58. Member, Com- mittee of Management, Society of Authors, 1956-60. Proraoted Ob- scene Publications Act, 1959. Director of financial operations, Jobn Lewis Partnership, 1962-64. Chairman, Labour European Com- mittee; President, United King- dom Council of European Move- ment.
BIRMINGHAM, Yard1el major Electorate 58,596
Tierney, S. (Lab) 20,580 *Coombs, D. M. (C) 18,633 Aldridge, J. (L) 6,912
Lab majority 1,947 Total vote 46,125. Turn-out 78.7%-.
Lab 44.6%, C 40.4%, L 15.0%. Lab ma; 4.2%.
Mr Sydney Tierney, an Officer and member of USDAW. Formner milkman. Member, Cooperative Party. B September 1923; ed Dearne Secondary Modern School and Plater College, Oxford.
CARDIFF, South-East major Electorate 57,556
*Callaghan, L J. (Lab) 20,641 Terlezki, S. (C) 13,495 Bailey, C (Ind L) 3,800 *Christon, D. (L) 2,978 Bush, K.F (PI Cymru) 1,254
Lab majority 7,146 Total vote 42,168; Turn-out 73.3%.
Lab 48.9%, C 32.0%, Ind L 9.0%, L 7.1%I PI Cymru 3.0%. Lab maj 16.9%.
Mr James Callaghan was chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs from 1972 ; employment 1971-72 ; Home Office matters, 1970-71. Home Secretary 1967-70, and ChancelJor of the Exchequer 1964-67. Chair- man of the Labour Party; member, national executive, 1957. 67, and party treasurer since 1967, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty,, 1950-S1, after three years as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport. Labour spokesman on Treasury affairs, 196164. Elected for South Cardiff, 1945, and for Cardiff, South-East, 1950. B March, 1912; ed at elementary and Portsmouth Northiern Secondary Schools.
CARDIFF, WVest rnsprt Electorate 52,311
*Thomas, T. G. (Lab) 16,712 Neale, G. J. (C) 13,366 James, R. M. (L) 5,812 Hiughes, D. (P1 Cymru) 2,093
Lab majority 3.346 Total vote 37,983. Turn-out 72.6%.
Lab 44.0%, C 35.2%, L 15.3%, P1 Cymru 5.5%. Lab maj 8.8%. Mr George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales, 1968-70, has been Opposition chief spokesman for Wales since 1970. Elected in 1945 for Cardiff, Central, and in 1950 for Cardiff, West. Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1967- S8S Minister of State, Welsh Office, 1966-67 ; Under Secretary, Home Office, 1964-66. Teacher. B January, 1909; ed at Tonypandy Secondary School and University College, Southampton. Chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party, 1958. 39. Vice-president, Methodist Conference. 1960-61. Elected Fellow, University College of Car- diff. 1973. Sponsored by NUT.
CARDIGAN Same Electorate 43,204 1970: 40,302
Howells, G. W. (L) 14,371 *Morgan, D. E. (Lab) 11,895 Llewellyn, T. W. (C) 4,758 Davies, C. (PI Cymru) 4,754
L majority 2,476 LIBERAL GAIN
Total vote 35,778. Turn-out 83.1%.
L 40.2%, Lab 33.2%, C 13.3%, PI Cymru 13.3%. L maj 6.9%. Swing -1.9%.
1970: Total vote 33,076 (82.1%)-
Lab 11,063 (33.4%), L 9,800 (29.6%), PI Cymru 6,498 (19.6%), C 5,715 (17.3%)-Lab maj 1,263 (3.8% ). Swing + 0.8%
Mr Geraint Howells, chairman of the Welsh Liberal Party. Farner. A,ged 48.
CARLISLE same Electorate 51,842 1970: 52,294
OLewis, R. H. (Lab) 23,119 White, E. M. (C) 18,139 Wild, J. (Ind Soc) 628
Lab majority 4,980 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 41,886. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 55.2%, C 43.3%, Ind Soc 1.5%. Lab maj 11.9%. Swing - 2.7%.
1970 : total vote 41,107 (78.6%)-
Lab 21,866 (53.2%), C 19,241 (4S.8%)-Lab maj 2,625 (6.4%). Swing + 2.9%.
Mr Ronald Lewis. elected in 1964, contested West Derbyshire, 1951, South Northants, 1955, and Dar. lington, 1959. Worked in shops section of British Rail. B July 1909 ; ed elementary schools and Cliff Methodist College. Member, Derbyshire County Council since 1949; Blackwell RDC since 1940, being chairman twice. Member, Select Committee on Expenditure. Sponsored by NUR.
CARLTON maior Electorate 72,063
*Holland, P. W. (C) 27,30S Murray, J. (Lab) 20,147 Lange, D. (L) 11,282 Marriott, C. (Nat Front) 1,449 C majority 7,158 Total vote 60,183. Turn-out 84.5%.
C 45.4%, Lab. 33.5%, L 18.7%, Nat Front 2.4%. C maj 11.9%.
Mr Philip Holland has represented the constituency since 1966 ; MP for Acton, 1959-64; contested Bir- mingham, Yardley, 1955. Indus- trial relations consultant. B March, 1917 ; ed Sir John Deane's Grammar School, Northlwich. Joint secretary, Conservative parliamen- tary employment and productivity committee, 1967-70. Member, Public Accounts Committee. Served on Kensington Borough Council, 1955-59. President, Con- servative trade union national ad- visory committee.
CARMARTHEN same Electorate 60,400 1970: 58,823
*Jones, G. G. (Lab) 17,165 Evans, G. R. (PI Cymru) 17,162 Jones, D. 0. (L) 9,698 Dunn, W. J; N. (C) 6,037
Lab majority 3 NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 49,213 (83.7%)-
Lab 18,719 (38.0%), P1 Cymru 14,81- (30.1%), L 10,707 (21.7%), C 4,975 (10.1%)-Lab maj 3,907 (7.9%). Swing + 3.3%
Mr Gwynoro Jones regained seat for Labour, 1970. Former Labour Party research and public rela- tions officer, Wales. B November. 1942; ed 'Gwendraeth Grammar
Memer Exendinturean Comitele. School and Cardiff University.
Member, Expenditure Committee. Member of Nalgo.
Carshalton, see Sutton
CHEADLE major Electorate 64,980
*Normanton, T. (C) 27,556 Green, C. (L) 21,332 Castle, P. D. (Lab) 6,584 C maiority 6.224 Total vote 55,472. Turn-out 85.4%.
C 49.7%, L 38.4%, Lab 11.9%, C maj 11.2%.
Mr Tom Normanton won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Rochdale in 1964 and 1959. Industrialist and company director. B March, 191x7; ed Man- chester Grammar School; Man- chester University and Manchester College of Technology. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary com- mittee on industry, 1972-74; member. European Parliament,
1973-74. Appointed employer representative, National Board for Prices and Incomes, 1966 Member, Textile Council advisory committee, and founder council member, CBI. Vice-chairman. Manchester branch, Institute of Directors. Former secretary, Roch- dale Conservative Association.
Chelsea,
see Kerisington and Chelsea
LEWES major Elect,rate 72,29S
Rathbone, J. R. (C) 30,423 Holt, M. (L) 16,166 Little, J. F. (Lab & Co-op) 10,875
C majorIty 14,257 Total vote 57,464. Turn-out 80.2%.
C 52.9%, L 28.1%, Lab e- Co-op 18.9°,'. C maj 24.8%.
Mr John Rathbone Is an advertis- ing executive. B March, 1933; ed Eton, Christ Church, Oxford, and Harvard Business School. Deputy- Chairman, Charles Barker Advertis- ing. Director Charles Barker and Sons Ltd. Chief Publicity and Public Relations Officer, Conser- vative Central Office, 1966-68.
LEWISHAM, Deptford major Electorate 61,463
*Silkin, J. E. (Lab) 22,699 Cross, C. H. (C) 11,070 Steel. M. (L) 8,181
Latw malority 11 629 Total vote 41,950. Turn-out 69.1%.
Lab 54.1%, C, 26.4%, L 19.5%. Lab maj 27.7%.
Mr John Silkin, Opposition spokesman on health and social security from 1972 and on local government and development, 1970-72, was returned at a by. election in 1963. Solicitor. B March, 1923 .ed Dulwich College, University of Wales, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Minister of Public Building and Works, 1969- 70; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, in which post he became Deputy Leader of the House, a new appointment, and Government Chief Whip, 1966-69- Treasurer of the Household and Government deputy Chief Whip, April-July, 1966; Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1966; Gov- ernment Whip, 1964-66. Contested St Marylebone, 1950; Woolwich, West, 1951; and Nottinghamr South, In 1959. Sponsored by T & GWU.
LEWISHAM, East major Electorate 69,877
*Moyle, R. D. (Lab) 24 339 Marshall, J. L. (C) 18:033 Minter, M. (L) 10,543 Carey, C. (Id) 269 Hansford-Miller, F.
(Freedom Pty) 203 Lab majority 6,306 Total vote 53,387. Turn-out 77.5%.
Lab 45.6%, C 33.8%, L 19.7%, Ind 0.5%'. Freedoni PtY 0.4%. Lab maj 11.8%.
Mr Roland Moyle represented Lewisham, North, 1966-74. An op- position spokesman on higher edu- cation, 1971-74. Lawyer and indus- trial relations executive. B March, 1928; ed elementary school, Bex- leyheath; county school Llan- idloes, Montgomeryshire; Univer- sity College of Wales, Aberys- twyth, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Gray's Inn. Chairman, Cambridge, University Labour Club, 1953. Member, Greenwich Borough Council, 1964-66.
LEWISHAM, West major Electorate 62,719
Price, C. (Lab) 21,118 *Gummer, J. S. (C) 18,716 Eagle, J. D. (L) 7,974 Williams, P. (Nat Front) 1,000
Lab majority 2,402 Total vote 48,808. Turn-out 78.9%.
Lab 43.3°O, C 38-30%, L 16.3%, Nat Front 2.0'%. Lab maj 4.9%.
Mr Christopher Price, freelance Journalist and broadcaster, repre- sented Birmingham, Perry Barr for Labour, 1966-70. Contested Shipley, 1964. Member, Education and Science Select Committee, 1967-70. B January, 1932; ed Leeds Grammar School and Queen's College, Oxford (secre- tary, Labour Club, 1953). Member, Sheffield City Council, 1962-66. Editor, New Education, 1967-68 ; education correspondent, New Statesman. since 1968. Member, NUJ.
Leyton, see Waltham Forest
LICHFIELD and TAMW""VORTH
major Electorate 8S,982
*d'Avigdor-Goldsmid
Maj-Gen, J. A. (C) 30,659 Grocott, B. J. (Lab) 28,852 Elliott, Mrs D. (L) 14,151
C majority 1.807 Total vote 73,662. Turn-out 82.8%.
C 41.6%., Lab 39.2%, L 19.2%. C maj 2.4%.
Major General James (Jack) d'Av- igdor-Goldsmid, regular Army officer for 35 years, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B December, 1912; ed Harrow and Sandhurst. Member, defence sub- committee of Expenditure Com- mittee and Speaker's Conference on Electoral Law. Vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary de- fence committee. 1972.74. Colonel of his former regiment, 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards, since 1963.
LINCOLN minor Electorate 52,897 1970: 52,827
*Taverne, D. (Soc Dem) 14,780
Jackson, Miss M. M.
-(Lab) 13,487 Moran, P. M. (C) 13,299
Dem Lab majority 1,293 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,566. Turn-out 78.6%.
Social Dem 35.5%, Lab 32.4%, C 32.0%1. Social Dem maj 3.1%. Swing +5.8%.
1970: Total vote 39,367 (74.4%)-
Lab 20,090 (51.0%), C 15,340 (39.0%,), Ind 3,937 (10.0%)- Lab maj 4,750 (12.1%). Swing +2.3%.
1973 by-election : Total vote 37,738
(72.6%)-Dem Lab 21,967 (58.2%) Lab 8,776 (23.3%). C 6,616 (17.5%), Dem C Against Common Mkt 198 (0.5%), Maj Rule 100 (0.3%), Ind for Han- ratty Inquiry 81 (0.2% )-Dem Lab maj 13,191 (34.9%).
Mr Dick Taverne, QC, was re-
elected as a Democratic MP at a by-election in 1973 after resigning from the Labour Party over policy towards the EEC. He was Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasury, 1969-70; Minister of State, Treas- ury, 1968-69; Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1966-68. Returned for Lincoln in a March, 1962 by- election. Contested Putney, 1959. Barrister, called by Middle Temple, 1954. B October, 1928; ed Charterhouse; Balliol College, Oxford. Chairman, University Labour Club, 1949. WEA lecturer in international affairs, 195558. NUGMW. Chairman of the Gen- eral Sub-Committee of the Public Expenditure Committee, 1971-72. MenMber, European Parliament.
LIVERPOOL, Edge HiU major Electorate 40,589
tlrvine, Sir A. J. (Lab) 12,979 Alton, D. (L) 7,229 Perry, S. (C) 6,871
Lab majority 5,750 Total vote 27,079. Turn-out 66.5%.
Lab 47.9%, L 26.7%,1, C 25.4%. Lab maj 21.2%.
Sir Arthur Irvine, QC, Solicitor General, 1967-70. Won seat in 1947 by-election. Contested Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire, 1935 and 1939 as a Liberal, and Twicken- ham, 1945, and South Aberdeen,
1946 as Labour candidate. B July, 1909; ed Edinburgh Academy, Edinburgh University, and Oriel Collge, xfor ; resient f te Chif Jstie, 93540.Caledby
LIVEIPOOL, Garaton same Electorate 80,316 1970: 75,674
*Loyden, E. (Lab) 25,332 lAvilleI N. (C) 24,651 Black, G. (L) 9,834
Lab majority 681 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 59,817. Turn-out 74.7%.
Lab 42.30%, C 41.2%, L 16.4%. Lab maj 1.1%. Swing -7.5%. 1970: Total vote 49,837 (65.8%)-
C 28,381 (56.9%), Lab 21,456 (43.0%)-C maj 6.925 (13.9%). Swing +2.5%.
Mr Edward Loyden, survey launch driver. Born May 1923 ; ed Friary School Liverpool. President, Liver- pool Tfrades Council; member, TUC advisory cttee on education. TGWU, previously a seaman.
LIVERPOOL, Kirkdale major Electorate 44,938
*Dunn, J. A. (Lab) 16,443 GilU, J. (C) 9,918 Mabon, P. (L) 4,866
Lab majority 6.525 Total vote 31,227. Turn-out 69.4%.
Lab 52.6%, C 31.8%, L 15.6%. Lab maj 20.9%.
Mr James Dunn, an Opposition whip. Member of North Atlantic Assembly 1968-74, was elected in 1964. Engineer. B January, 1926; ed St Teresa's School, Liverpool and the London School of Eco. nomics. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1958-65. Estimates Com- mittee, 1964-70; Select Committee on Procedure, 1964-67 ; Episcopal Commission for International Jus- tice and Peace, 1967-70. Secretary, Anglo-Spanish Parliamentary Group. President Merseyside Assodation for Brain Damaged Children. Member, Catholic Edu- cation Council. Sponsored by TGWU.
LIVERPOOL, Scotland Excbange
major Electorate 34,710
*Parry, R. (Lab) 15,295 Charles, R. S. (C) 2,963 Mahon, D. (L) 1,596 O'Hara, R. (Comm) 505 Lab majority 12,332 Total vote 20,359. Turn-out 58.5%.
Lab 75.1%. C 14.5%. L 7.8%. Comm 2.5%. Lab maj 60.6%.
Mr Robert Parry, building trade worker. B January, 1933; ed Bishop Goss Roman Catholic School, Liverpool. Member of Liv- erpool City Council since 1963 and former fuU-time organizer for NUPE. Member of Cooperative Party and TGWU.
LIVERPOOL, Torteth major Electorate 45,535
*Craivshaw, R. (Lab) 14,354 Malins, H. J. (C) 8,797 Jones, T. (L) 6,678 Hunter, W. (WRP) 263
Lab majority 5,557 Total vote 30,092. Turn-out 66.0%.
Lab 47.7%. C 29.2%. L 22.2%. WRP 0.9%.. Lab maj 18.5%.
*Ir Richard Crawshaw was elected in 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple. 1948). B September, 1917; ed Pendleton Grannmar School, Tat- terford School, Pembroke College, Cambridge and London University. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1956-65. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen.
LIVERPOOL, Walton same Electorate 51,430 1970: 53,824
*Heffer, E. S. (Lab) 20,057 Rollins, R. W. (C) 11,841 Watton, J. (L) 4,842 Gibbon, C. (Nat Front) 647
Lab majority 8,216 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,387. Turn-out 72.6%..
Lab 53.6%, C 31.7%, L 12.9%, Nat Front 1.7%. Lab maj 22.0%. Swing -4.3%.
1970: Total vote 36,654 (68.1%)-
Lab 20,530 (56.0%), C 16,124 (44.0%°-Lab maj 4,406 (12.0%o). Swing +1.3%.
Mr Eric Heffer Joined the Opposi- tion Front Bench team on the Industrial Relations Bill, 1970-71. An Opposition spokesman on em. ployment, 1971-73. Member, Shadow Cabinet, 1972. Elected in 1964. Carpenter and joiner. B January, 1922; elementary educa- tion. Past chairman, Huyton branch, Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers; past president, Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party; memnber Liverpool City Council, 1960.66. Member Select Committee on Race Rela. tions and Immigration; Select Committee on Procedure, 1965-66. Sponsored by ASW.
LIVERPOOL, Wavertree same Electorate 59,397 1970: S9,131
Steen, A. D. (C) 19,027 Levin, I. 1. (Lab) 13,752 Carr, C. (L) 11,450 C majority S,275 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,229. Turn-out 74.7%°.
C 43.0%, Lab 31.1%, L 25.9%. C maj 11.9°o. Swing -4.8%.
1970: Total vote 41,030 (69.4%)-
C 19,127 (46.6%io), L 11,650 (28.4%), Lab 10,253 (25.0.-C maj 7,477 (18.2%). Swing +3.6% .
MIr Anthony Steen, Lloyds Under- writer and barrister. Former lec- turer in law, Council of Legal Education and Ghana High Com- mission. Defence counsel for Ministry of Defence, British forces. Founder of Task Force and Young Volunteer Force Foundation. Con!
sultant on employment and youth problems to Canadian federal and provincial governments. B 1939; ed Westminster School and Univer-
sIty College London Member Kensington Conservative Associa- tion.
LIVERPOOL, West Derby same Electorate 57,675 1970: 60,484
*Ogden, E. (Lab) 22,689 Last, J. (C) 12,716 Gilchrist, P. (L) 5,701 Pascoe, D. (People) 388
Lab majority 9,973 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,494. Turn-out 71.4%.
Lab 54.7%, C 30.6%, L 13.7%, People 0.9%. Lab maj 24.0%. Swing -4.7%/.
1970: Total vote 38,943 (64.4%)-
Lab 22,324 (57.3%), C 16,619 (42.7% )-Lab maj 5.705 14.6%). Swing-0.4%.
Mr Eric Ogden, a former miner, was elected in 1964. B August, 1923; ed Queen Elizabeth's Gram- mar School Middleton, Leigh Technical College and Wigan and District Mining and Technical Col- lege. First candidacy sponsored by Lancashire miners outside mining areas. Member, Middleton B3or- ough Council, 1958-64. Parliamen- tary adviser to Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Hen secretary, all-party Channel Tunnel.group.
LLANELLI sme Electorate 64,700 1970: 64,616
*Davles, D. J. D. (Lab) 28,941 Richards G. (C) 7,496 Evans, E Y. (L) 7,140 Williams, R. (P1 Cymru) 6,020 Hitchon, R. (Comm) 507
Lab majority 21,445 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,104. Turn-out 78.3%.
Lab 57.8%, C 15.0%, L 14.2%, PI Cymrn 12.0% Com 1.0%. Lab maj 42.8%. Swing +4.2%.
1970: Total vote 49,999 (77.4%)-
Lab 31,398 (62.8%), Pl Cymru 8,387 (16.8% ), C 5,777 (11.5% ) L 3,834 (7.7%), Comm 603 (L.2% ) -Lab maj 23,011 (46.0%). SwIng +2.5%.
Mr Denzil Davies, barrister, was elected in 1970. B October 1938: ed Carmarthen Grammar School and Pembroke College, Oxford University. Member Select Com- mittees on Corporation Tax and Joint Select Committees on Dele- gated Legislation. Lectured at Chicago and Leeds Universities. Practises in North Wales and Chester circuits.
LONDONDERRY same Electorate 93,680 1970: 90,302
Ross, W. (UUUC) 33,060 Logue, H. (SDLP) 23,670 Montgomery, M. (Repub
Clubs) 4,889 Foster, R. (Lab and Trade
Union 1,162
UUUC majority 9,390 UUUC GAIN
Total vote 62,781. Turn-out 67.0%.
UUUC 52.6%, SDLP 37.7%, Repub Clubs 7.8%, Lab & TU 1.8%. UUUC maj 14.9%.
1970 : Total vote 73,712 (81.6%)-
UU 39,141 (53.1%), Nat Unity 27,006 (36.6%), Derry Lab 7,565 (10.3°b%)-UU maj 12.135 (16.50%o).
LOUGHBOROUGH minor Electorate 69,629 1970: 63,564
*Cronin, J. D. (Lab) 22,643 Yorke, R. M. (C) 21,946 Bennett, M. (L) 14,096
Lab majority 697 NO CHANGE
Total vote S8,685. Turn-out 84.3%.
Lab 38.6%, C 37.4%, L 24.0%. Lab maj 1.2%,o. Swing +0.0%. 1970: Total vote 50,263 (78.9%)-
Lab 22,806 (45.4%), C 22,272 (44.3%), L 5,185 (10.3%)-Lab ma5 534 (1.1%). Swing +6.0%
Mr John Cronin was elected in 1955. Consultant surgeon and com. pany director. B March, 1916 ; ed London University. Employed bv Malta Government in 1957 to report on the island's medical services, make recommendations for national health service. Former surgeon, Royal Free and Prince of Wales Hospitals. Member, London County Council, 1950-53. Opposition whip, 1959-62. Front bench spokesman for air, 1961-62; spokesman on aviation, 1962-64. Secretary, Anglo-French Parliamentary Relations Commit- tee, 1964.70.
LOUTH minor Electorate 71 013 1970: 67,443
*Archer, J. it. (C) 25,158 Sellick, J. (L) 15,440 Dowson, A. G. (Lab) 15,148
C majority 9,718 Total vote 55,746. Turn-out 78.5%.
C 45.1%, L 27.70%, Lab 27.20%o. C mai 17.4%1. Swing -0.6%.
1970: Total vote 48,341 (71.6%)-
C 25,659 (53.1%), Lab 16,403 (33.9%), L 6,279 (13.0%)--C maJ 9,256 (19.1%). Swing +4.8%.
Mr Jeffrey Archer, elected at by- election in 1969, is a freelance journalist. B April, 1940; ed Wellington and Oxford. Defeated Sir William (now Lord) Fiske to become youngest-ever member of Greater London Council, 1966. Chairman, Arrow Enterprises, a public relations company.
LOWESTOFT same Electorate 77,229 1970: 72,458
*Prior, J. M. L. (C) 26,157 Baker, D. A. (Lab) 22,553 Hancock, P. (L) 15,261
C majority 3,604 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,971. Turn-out 83.7%.
C 40.9%, Lab 35.2%, L 23.8%"".o C maj 5.6%. Swing -2.0%.
1970 : Total vote 56,898 (78.5%)-
C 28,842 (50.7%), Lab 23,319 (41.0%,'), L 4,737 (8.3%)-C maj 5,523 (9.7%). Swing +4.5%.
Mr James Prior, Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House ; Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1970-72. Deputy Chairman, Conservative Party organization 1972-74. He was elected in 1959, and was Vice. Chairman of the Conservative Party April to August, 1965, when he resigned to become PPS to Mr Edward Heath. Farmer and land agent. B October 1927; ed Char- terhouse and Pembroke College. Cambridge. Director, F. Lambert and Son, Ltd, 1958-70, and IDC Group 1968-70.
LUDLOW major Electorate 48,268
*More, . E. (C) 18,674 Robinson, E. (L) 10,687 Marbn, T. G. (Lab) 9,035
C majority 7,987 Total vote 38,396. Turn-out 79.5%.
C 48.6%, L 27.8%, Lab 23.5%. C maJ 20.8%j.
Mr Jasper More was Vice-Cham- berlain of the Household, 1970-71, when he resigned in disagreement with government policy on EEC. Opposition whip, 1964-70. Elected at a by-election in November, 1960. B July, 1907; ed Eton and KCing's College, Cambridge. Barris- ter (Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple, 1930), landowner, farmer
and forester. Introduced Deer Act, 1963, to protect deer not kept in enclosed parks. Member Shrop. shire County Council, 1958 and
sine 1973 ; chaitman, county branch, County Landowners' Asso- ciation, 1955-60, and member of
the headquarters executive comn- mittee.
LUTON, East maJor Electorate 53,07S
Clezintson, 1. M. (Lab) 17,137 *Simeons C. F. C. (C) 15,712 Fisher, J. (L) - 9,680 Bord, . (Ind)- 155
Lab majority 1,425 Total vote 42,684. Turn-out 80.6%.
Lab 40.1%.'. C 36.8%. L 22.7%. Ind. 0.4%. Lab maj 3.3%.
Mr Ivor Clemitson, research officer for the National Graphical Associa- tion. Aged 42; ed Old Luton Grammar School and London Uni- versity. Served for thtee years in Sheffield as Church ot England Priest, and afterwards as industrial chaplain in Luton. Has taught from time to time in Luton schools auid C4lege of Techniology.
LUTON, West or Electorate 57,736
Sedgemore, B. C. J. (Lab) 20,083 Atlins, R. (C) 15,041 Doling, M. (L) 12,669
Lab majority 5.042 Total vote 47,793. Turn-out 82.8%.
Lab 42.0%, C 31.5%, L 26.5%. Lab maj 10.5%.
Mr Brian Sedgemore, barrister. Wandsworth coundillor since 1971. B March 1937; ed Hewton Primary School. Heles School, Exeter, Oxford University, Former private secretary to Mr 'Robert Mellish. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers, Fabian Society. National Council for Civil Liberties and Child Poverty Action Group. Chair- man, Wandsworth Council for Lommunity Relations.
M
MACCLESFIELD major Electorate 79,790
*Winterton, N. R. (C) 32,638 Silverman, B. H. (Lab) 18,3S2 Berry, A. J. (L) 15,926
C majority 14.286 Total vote 66,916. Turn-out 84.2%.
C 48.8%. Lab 27.4%. L 23.8%. C maj 21.3%.
Mr Nicholas Winterton, elected in 1971 by-election. Sales and general manager of a plant hire firm from 1960-71. Contested Newcastle. under-Lyme in October, 1969, and 1970. B March, 1938 ; ed Bilton Grange School and Rugby School. Member, IVartickshire County Council, 1967.72. Vice-Chairman Conservathie education commit- tee; secretary, Anglo-Danish Parliamentary Group.
MAIDSTONE same
Electorate 87,368 1970: 84,440
*Wells, J. 3. (C) 31,334 Harrison, E. (L) 23,678 Arndell, R. (Lab) 16,006
C majority 7,656 NO CHANGE
Total vote 71,018. Turn-out 79.9%.
C 44.1%. L 33.3%. Lab 22.5%. C maj 10.8%. Swing +0.2%.
1970: Total vote 60,956 (72.2%)-
C 31,316 (51.4°%), Lab 18,473 (30.3%), L 11,167 (18.3%) C maj 12,843 (21.1%). Swing +5.8%.
Mir John Wells was elected in 1959; contested Smethwick, 1955. Joint vice-chairman of the Conser- vative backbench agricultural com- mittee from 1970, and chairman of the party's horticultural commit- tee 1964-7. Marine engineer, director, and owner of a horticul- tural business. B March, 1925 ; ed Heath Mount School, Hertford, Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
MALDON major Electorate 61,964
Wakeham, J. (C) 22,088 Beale, R. (L) 14,866 Morris, Miss V. (Lab) 13,368
C majority 7,222 Total vote 50,322. Turn-out 82.1%.
C 43.9%* , L 29.5%, Lab 26.6%. C maj 14.3%.
Mr John Wakeham, a chartered accountant, contested Putney, Wandsworth 1970 and Coventry, East 1966. Director of publlc and private companies. B June 1932, ed Charterhouse. Member, Young Europeans Association and English Speaking Union.
MANCHESTER, Ardwick major Electorate 47,543
*Kaufman, G. B. (Lab) 16,110
(C) 11,215
Hrreavs Lt_Col R. H.
Maffia, A. (L) 4,590
Lab majority 4,895 Total vote 31,915. Turn-out 67.1%.
Lab 50.5%, C 35.1%, L 14.4%. Lab maj 15.3%.
lr Gerald Kaufman, elected in 1970, was Parliamentary press liai- son officer to the Labour Party until that year. Contested Bromlev in 1955, and Gillingham, 1959. B June, 1930 ; ed Leeds Grammar School and Queen's College, Oxford. Assistant secretarv, Fabian Society, 1954-55 ; former political correspondent. New Statesman.
MANCHESTER, Blackley minor Electorate 53,639 1970: 57.917
*Rose, P. B. (Lab) 19.369 Samuel, H. (C) 13,863 Roche, H. (L) 8,155
Lab majority 5,506 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,387. Turn-out 77.1%.
Lab 46.8%, C 33.5%, L 19.7%. Lab maj 13.3%. Swing -3.4%. 1970: Total vote 40,275 (69.5%)-
Lab 21,437 (53.2%), C 18,838 (46.8%)-Lab maj 2,599 (6.4%). Swing +4.4%.
Mr Paul Rose was elected in 1964. Former chairman, Labour Party home affairs group. Former Oppo- sition spokesman on aviation supply and employment, Including Industrial Relations Bill. B Decern- ber, 1935; ed Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn 1950)
Member, British delegation to Council of Europe and Western European Union, 1968-69. Former chairman, North West Spor'ts Council.
MANCHESTER, Cetral major Electorate 39,493
*Lever, N. H. (Lab) 15 075 Horne, C. (C) 5:071 Steed, M. (L) 4,281
Lab majority 10,004 Total vote 24,427. Turn-out 61.8%.
Lab 61.7%. C 20.7%, L 17.5%. Lab maj 40.9%.
M lHarold Lever, Opposition spokesman on European affairs, 1970-72; chairman, Public Accounts Committee, 1970-74. Elected to Shadow Cabirtet, 1970, and resigned in April, 1972, In protest at Party's EEC policy; reelected to Shadow Cabinet in December, 1972, and given respon- sibiUty for company law, mergers and competition, civil aviation and shipping. Paymaster General, 1969-70, with a seat in Cabinet, serving in the Ministry of Tech- nology with special responsibility for power matters; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1967. 69; Under Secretary, Departmnent of Economic Affairs, January- Auust, 1967. Member, Speaker-s
r anel of chairnmen 196466. B anuary, 1914; ed Manchester
Uram ar School and Manchester University.- :
BISHOP AUCKLAND major Electorate 72,924
*Royden, H. J. (Lab) 27,101 Et4eridge, D. W. (C) 19,226 Frise, Mrs J. (L) 10,044
Lab majority 7,875 Total vote 56,371. Turn-out 77.3%.
Lab 48.1%, C 34.1%, L 17.8%. Lab mai 14.0%.
Mr. James Boyden was Under- Secretary for Defence (Army), 1967-69 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Public Building and Works, 1965- 67; and Under Secretary, Educa- tion and Science, 1964-65. Re- turned in 1959. Director of ,extra- mural studies at Durham University. B October, 1910 ; ed Tiffin's School, Kingston upon Thames, and King's College London, of which he is a Fellow. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1947, Member, Defence sub- committee of Public Expenditure Committee; Durham County Coun- cil. 1952-60. Newcastle R.H.B. 1958-64. Chairman of executive, National Institute for Adult Educa- tion. 1958-61. NUGMW.
BLABY major Electorate 64,534
*Lawson, N. (C) 26,892 Broad, G. (L) 14,594 Lack, D. E. (Lab) 13,749
C majority 12.298 Total vote 55,235, Turn-out 85.6%.
C 48.7%, L 26.4%, Lab 24.9%. C maj 22.3%.
Mr Nigel Lawson, journalist and director, Davis-Poynter Ltd, con- tested Eton and Slough, 1970. B November, 1932; ed Westminster School; Christ Church. Oxford. Editor of the Spectator, 1966-70. Was special assistant to Sir Alec Douglas-Home, then Prime Minis- ter, in 1963-64. Editorial staff Financial Times, 1956-60; City Editor, The Sunday Telegraph, 1961-63 ; Conservative Research Department, 1963-64. Quondam Fellow of Nuffield College Oxford.
BLACKBURN same Electorate 54,434 1970: 55,811
*Castle, Mrs B. A. (Lab) 20,340 McGaw, I. D. (C) 14,040 Beetham, F. (L) 5,891 Kingsley Read, J. (Nat
Front) 1,778
- Lab majority 6,300 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,049, Turn-out 77.1%,
Lab 48.4%. C 33.4%, L 14.0%, Nat Front 4.2%. Lab maj 15.0%. Swing -4.2%.
1970: Total vote, 42,210
(75.6%)-Lab 22,473 (53.2%), C 19,737 (46.7%)-Lab maj 2,736 (6.5%). Swing +5.0%.
Mrs Barbara Castle, chief Opposi- tion spokesman on employment 1970-71 and security 1971-72, when she failed to be elected to Sbadow Cabinet and returned to back benches. First Secretary and Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity, 1968-70; AMnis- ter of Transport, 1965-68 ; Minis- ter of* Overseas Development,. 1964-65. Member, National Exec- utive of Labour Party since 19S0. chairman, 1958-59. One of two Blackburn MPs from 1945, elected for East Blackburn in 1950, and for the single member division in 195S. journalist. B October, 1911: ed Bradford Girls' Grammar School and St Hugh's College, Oxford.
BLACKPOOL, North same Electorate 59,290 1970: 58,865
*Miscampbell, N. A. (C) 23,942 Taylor, I. J. (Lab) 15,788 Nickson, P. B. (Ind L) 3,720
C majority 8,154 Total vote 43,450, Turn-out 73.3%.
C 55.1%, Lab 36.3%, Ind L 8.6%. C ma; 18.8%. Swing -2.0%. NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 40,306 (68.5%)-
C 22,298 (55.3%;, Lab 13,062 (32.4%), L 4,946 (12.3%)-C Maj 9,236 (22.9%). Swing +4.9%.
Mr Norman Miscampbdel, secre- tary, Conservative parliamentary legal committee from 1972, was returned at aX by-election in March, 1962. Contested Newton in 1955 and 1959. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1952). B February, 1925; ed St Edward's School, Oxford. and Trinity College, Oxford. Member, Hoylake Urban District Council, 1955-61.
BLACKPOOL, South same Electorate 57,576 1970: 58,937
*Blaker P. A. R. (C) 20,107 Wynne, E. E. (L) 12,016 Atkins, M. (Lab) 11,739 Mills, E. (Nat Ind) 229
C majority 8,091 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,091, Turn-out 76.6%.
C 45.6%, L 27.2%, Lab 26.6%, Nat Ind 0.5%. C maj 18.3%. Swing -0.4%.
1970: Total vote 40,270 (68.3%)-
C 21,273 (52.8%), Lab 13,267 (32.9%). L 5.730 (14.2%)-C Maj 8,006 (19.9%). Swing +5.6%.
Mr Peter Blaker, Unider-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 1974, and Under-Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1972-74, was elected in 1964. B October, 1922; ed Shrewsbury School, To- ronto University, and New Col- lege,. Oxford. President of the Union and University Law Society. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn 1952)- farmer, Foreign Service 1953-64. Assistant Opposition whip, 1966- 67. On executive of 1922 Commit- tee 1967-72. Joint secretary, Con- servative parliamentary trade com- mittee. 1967-72.
BLAYDON same Electorate 56,701 1970: 54,804
*Woof, R. E. (Lab) 27,279 Craig, A. (C) 15,705
Lab majority 11,574 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,984. Turn-out 75.8%.
Lab 63.5%, C 36.5%. Lab ma} 26.9%. Swing +1.4%.
1970: Total vote 39,650 (72.3%)-
Lab 25,724 (64.9%), C 13,926 (35.1%)-Lab maj 11,798
(29n..7%). Swiganzr +4 io3o
Mr Robert Woof, a miner and trade union official, was returned at a by-election in February, 1956. B October, 1911: ed Durham county school. Member, Durham County Council, 1947-56. Former official of National Union of Mine- workers. and sponsored by them.
BLYTH same Electorate 73,955 1970: 67,911
*Milne, . J. (Ind Lab) 22,918 *Richard, I. S. (Lab) 16,778
Shipley, J. (L) 10,214 Griffiths, B. (C) 8,888
Ind Lab majority 6,140 IND LAB GAIN
Total vote 58,798 Turn-out 79.5%.
mnd Lab 39.0,F, Lab 28.5%, L 17.4%, C 15.1%. Ind Lab maJ 10.4%. Swing +17.5%.
1970: Total vote 48,668 (71.7%)-
Lab 36,118 (74.2%), C 12,550 (2S.8%)-Lab maj 23,568 (48.4%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr Edward Milne, who was re- turned for Labour in the 1960 by- election, stood in 1974 as Inde- pendent when the constituency association decided to select a new candidate. Contested Rutherglen for Labour 1959. Trade union official. B October, 1915; ed Robert Gordon's College, Aber- deen. Area organizer, Union of
chairmen, 1965-66an
DUNBARTONSHIRE, Central
I -- ~~~~major Eltoraite 4,19986 hara
Electorate 48,998
*McCartney, H. (Lab) 16,439
lirst, M. (C) 9,775 Reid, J. (Comnm) 5,928 Welsh. A. (Scot Nat) s,906 Harvey, C. (L) 2,583 Hammond, S. (WRP) 52
Lab majority 6,664 Total vote'40,683. Turn-out 83.0%.
Lab 40.4%, C 24.0°', Comm 14.6%, Scot Nat 14.50%o, L 6.3%o, WRP 0.1%. Lab mai 16.4%.
Mr Hugh McCartney wvas MP for Dunbartonshire, East, 1970-74. B January, 1920; ed secondary school and Royal Technical Col- lege, Glasgow. Member, Dunbar. ton County Council; burgh coun- cillor since 1955. Mlember, TGWU. Mr Hugh McCartney, sales repre- sentative, wvas iAlP for East Dun- bartonshire, 1970-74. B January, 1920, ed secondary school and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Member, TGWU.
DUNBARTONSHIRE, East major Electorate 61,266
Henderson, J. S. B. (C) 19,092 McGarry, E. F. (Lab) 15,416 Bain, Mrs M. (Scot Nat) 11,635 Cameron, J. (L) 5,936
C majority 3,676 Total vote 52.079. Turn-out 85.0%.
C 36.6%, Lab 29.6%, Scot Nat 22.3%o, L 11.4%. C maj 7.0°.
Mr Barry Henderson, marketing executive for international com- puter manufacturer. B April, 1936; ed Lathallan School, Fife and Stowe. Contested East Dun- bartonshire, 1970 ; Edinburgh, East, 1966.
DUNBARTONSHIRE, West major Electorate 51,565
*Campbell, I. (Lab) 16,247 Carse, Miss M. (C) 13,638 Murray, A. (Scot Nat) 11,144
Lab majority 2,609 Total vote 41,029. Turn-out 79.6% .
Lab 39.6%, C 33.2%, Scot Nal 27.2%. Lab maj 6.3%.
Mr Ian Campbell, electrical power engineer with South of Scotland Electricity Board, 1953-70, was elected in 1970. B April, 1926 ; ed Dumbarton Academy, Royal Tech- nical College (now Strathclyde University) - Member, Dumbar- ton Council, 1958-70; provost of Dumbarton, 1962-70; EPEA and NUGMW.
DUNDEE, East same Electorate 62,597 1970: 61,553
Wilson, G. (Scot Nat) 20,066 *Machin, G. (Lab) 17 100 Clyde, J. J. (C) 13,371 Gourlay, J. (Ind) 220
Scot Nat majority 2,966 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 50,757. Turn-out 81.1%.
Scot Nat 39.5%, Lab 33.7%, C 26.3%, Ind 0.4%. Scot Nat maj 5.8%. Swving -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 46,819 (76.1%)-
Lab 22,630 (48.3%), C 19,832 (42.3%), Scot Nat 4,181 (8.9%), Anti-War 176 (0.4%)-Lab maj 2,798 (6.0%). Swing + 3.3.%
1973 by-election : Total vote 44,014
(70.6%)-Lab 14,411 (32.7%), Scot Nat 13,270 (30.2% ), C 11,089 (25.2%). L 3.653 (8.3%o). Lab Pty of Scotland 1,409 (3.2%), Ind 182 (0.4%)-Lab maj 1,141 (2.5%).
Mr Gordon Wilson contested the seat in the March, 1973, by- election. Partner in a law practice. B April, 1938; ed Douglas High School and Edinburgh University. Senior vice-chairman, SNP; direc- tor, party's oil campaign.
DUNDEE, West minor Electorate 63,464 1970: 66,767
*Doig, P. M. (Lab) 22,193 Tomison, Miss M. (C) 15,745 Fairlie, J. (Scot Nat) 12,959 McLevy. H. (Comm) 673
Lab majority 6,448 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,570. Turn-out 812.%.
Lab 43.0°', C 30.5%, Scot Nat 25.1%, Comm 1.3%. Lab maj 12.5%. Swing +0.4%.
1970: Total vote 50,970 (76.3%)-
Lab 26,271 (51.5%), C 19,449 (38.1%), Scot Nat 4,441 (8.7%), Comm 809 (1.6%)-Lab maj 6,822 (13.4%), Swing 4- 1.7%.
Mr Peter Doig was returned at a by-election in November, 1963. Contested Aberdeen, South, in 1959. Sales supervisor. B Septem- ber, 1911; ed Blackness School, Dundee. A member of Dundee ToWn Council for 10 years, and hon. city treasurer, 1959-63. Member Transport and General Workers Union since 1936. Former member, Scottish Select Commit- tee and Estimates Committee.
DUNFERMLlNE major Electorate 60,219
*Hunter, A. (Lab) 19,201 Fraser, J. M. (C) 14,791 Patrick, R. R. (Scot Nat) 8,695 Valentine, M. (L) 6,153
Lab majority 4,410 Total vote 48,840. Turn-out 81.1%.
Lab 39.3%, C 30.3%, Scot Nat 17.8%, L 12.6%. Lab maj 9.0%. MIr Adam Hunter was elected In 1964. A miner and executive member of the National Union of Mineworkers, Scottish area. B November. 1908: ed at elementary school. Member of Fife County Council, 1961-64; Secretary of Fife Co-operative Assocation for 17 years. Tutor, National Council of Labour Colleges: Sponsored by
DURHAM major Electorate 75,045
*Hughes, W. M. (Lab) 31,405 Kirkhope, T. J. R. (C) 16,202 Heasom, A. (L) 12,235
Lab majority 15,203 Total vote 59,842. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 52.5%, C 27.1%, L 20.4%. Lab maj 25.4%.
Mr Mark Hughes, elected in 1970, was lecturer in economic history at Durham University. 1964-70. B December, 1932; ed Stowcliffe School, Durham School, and Bal- liol College, Oxford. Served on Durham Rural Council. Member, Select Committee on Parliamen- tary Commissioner for Administra- tion, and Public Expenditure Com- mittee.
DURHAM, North-West major Electorate 61,580
*Armstrong, E. (Lab) 28,326 Riddell, Sir J. (C) 10,865 Forster, J.K. (L) 8,809 Lab majority 17,461- Total vote 48,000. Turn-out 79.1%.
Lab 59.0%, C 22.6%, L 18.3%. Lab maj 36.4%.
Mr Ernest Armstrong, Opposition spokesman on education and sci- ence; was an Opposition whip 1970-73. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1969-70; Assistant Government whip, 1967-69. Elec- ted In 1964; contested Sunder- land, South, in 1955 and 1959. Headmaster. B January, 1915; ed Wolsingham Grammar School and City of Leeds Teacher Training College. Mlember, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66 Chairman, Labour Education Committee 1965- 70. Member. Sunderland Town Council 1956-65 and NUGMW. A Methodist preacher.
. E-
EALING, Acton major Electorate S6,366
Young, Sir G. (Cl 18,492 *Spearing, N. J. (Lab) 17,041 Uziell-Hamilton, M. R. (L) 7,160
C majority 1,451 Total vote 42,693. Turn-out 75.7%.
C 43.3%, Lab 39.90%, L 16.8%. C maj 3.4%.
Sir George Young, economist. B July, 1941; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. MSember, Greater London Council, 1970-73; Lam- beth Borough Council, 1968-71. Economic adviser, Post Office Cor- poration, since 1969.
EALING, North major Electorate 73,327
*IMolloy, W. J. (Lab) 25,387 Patterson, Dr M. J. L. (C) 22,939 Phillips, C .(L) 10,922 Smith, P. (Royal Rcpub) 93
Lab majority 2.448 Total vote 59,341. Turn-out 80.9%.
Lab 42.8%, C 38.60%, L 18.4%, Royal Repub 0.1%. Lab maj 4.1-.
Mr William Molloy was elected in 1964. B October, 1918 ; ed ele. nientary school in Swansea and University of Wales. Industrial secretary. Member, Estimates Committee, 1967-70; member, Select Committee on Housing. Leader of Fulham Borough Coun- cil, 1956-64. Member, Hammer- smith Council, 1964-67. Member Assemblies. Council of Europe and WEU, 1969-73. Former staff-side chairman, Foreign Office Depart- mental Whitley Council. Fellow, Royal Geographical Society. Mem- ber of the court. Reading Univer- sity.
EALING, Southall major Electorate 70,328
*Bidwell, S. J. (Lab) 25,726 Gilbey, W. A. (C) 16,914 Arnold, I. (L) 8,640 Chahal, B. S. (Anti-Helmet) 310
Lab majority 8,812 Total vote 51,590. Turn-out 73.3%.
Lab 49.9%, C 32.8%, L 16.7%, Anti-Helmet 0.6%. Lab maj 17.1%.
Mr Sydney Bidwell was elected in 1966. B January, 1917; ed ele- mentary school and evening classes. Contested Hertfordshire, South-West, 1964; Hertfordshire, East, 1959. Member, Select Com- mittee on Race Relations and Immigration. Former tutor and organizer for the National Council of Labour Colleges, previously Tailway worker. Former NUR. and now TGWU.
EASINGTON major Electorate 63,249
*Dormand, J. D. (Lab) 33,637 Smailes, J. S. (C) 13,107
Lab majority 20,530 Total vote 46,744. Turn-out 73.9%°.
Lab 72.0%, C 28.0%. Lab maj 43.9% -
MIr John Dormand was elected in 1970. B August, 1919; ed Well- field Grammar School, Bede Col- lege, Durham, Loughborough Col- lcge, Oxford University, Harvard University. Member, Easington RDC, 1949-52; education officer for Easington RDC, 1963-70. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. Former president. Horden and District NUT.
EASTBOURNE major Electorate 74,260
Gowr, I. R. E. (C) 31,462 Terrell, S. (L) 23,987 Dawson, D. S. (Lab) 5,874
C majority 7,475 Total vote 61,323. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 51.3%, L 39.1%, Lab 9.6%. C maj 12.2%.
lMr Ian Gow is a solicitor. Con- tested Coventry, East, 1964 and Clapham, 1966. B February, 1937- ed Winchester. Has served as member of Bow Group, Conserva- tive Commonwealth Council and Southwark Diocesan Conference. Special interests: pensions and welfare.
EAST GRINSTEAD major Electorate 55,820
*Johnson Smith, G. (C) 23,928 Billenness, P. (L) 15,351 Short, W. J. (Lab) 5,629
C majority 8,577 Total vote 44,908, Turn-out 815%.
C 53.3%, L 34.2%, Lab 12.5%. C maj 19.1%.
Mr Geoffrey Johnson Smith, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Civil Service Department, November, 1972- Under Secretary of Defence for the Army, 1971-72. Elected at a by-election in 1965; represented Holborn and St Pancras, South, 1959-64, Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive Party organization with spe. cial responsibility for Young Con- servatives, 1965-71. Opposition Whip, 1965-66. Freelance wvriter and broadcaster. B April, 1924; ed Cbarterhouse and Lincoln Col- lege, Oxford. Information officer British Consulate in San Fran- cisco, 1950-52.
EAST KiLBRIDE major Electorate 66,092
*Miller, Dr M. (Lab) 23,424 Parvin, G. W. (C) 15,456 MacQuarie, D. P.
(Scot Nat) 13,819 McDowell, D. (Comm) 693
Lab majority 7,968 Total vote 53,392. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 43.9%, C. 28.9%, Scot Nat 25.9%, Comm 1.3%. Lab maj 14.9%.
Dr Maurice Miller, was MP for Glasgow, Kelvingrove, 1964-73, and an assistant Government whip, 1968-69. Medical practitioner. B August, 1920; ed Shawlands Aca- demy, Glasgow, and Glasgow University. Member, Glasgow Cor- poration, 1950-64, Bailie, 1954-57. Chairman, Glasgow and West of |Scotland Socialist Medical Associa-
bon.
EASTLEIGH major Electorate 75,126
*Price, D. E. C. (C) 28,512 Presman, E. (Lab) 18,402 Johnson, D. (L) 17,178
C majority 10,110 Total vote 64,092. Turn-out 84.9%.
C 44.5%, Lab 28.7%, L 26.8%. C maj 15.8%.
Mr David Price was Under Secre- tary for Aerospace, Department of Trade and Industry, 1971-72; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Aviation Supply, 1970-71; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, June to October, 1970. Opposition spokesman on technology and science 1964-70, Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, .1962-64. Elected 1955. B November, 1924; ed Eton, Trinity College, Cam bridge, and Yale University (Research Fellow), president, Cambridge Union, 1948. Economist and industrial exec- utive. General consultant. Institu-
tion of Works. Managers. Member, Select Committee on Science arnd Technology. Chairman. Parliamen- tary Scientific Committee.
EBBW VALE same Electorate 37,387 1970: 38,461
*Foot, M. M. (Lab) 20,660 Donaldson, A. (L) 4,996 Evans, J. P. (C) 2,303 Rogers, J. D. (P] Cymru) 1,767
Lab majority 15,664 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,726. Turn-out 79.5%.
Lab 69.5%, L 16.8%, C 7.7%. Pi Cymru 5.9%. Lab maj 52.7%. Swing +1.7%.
1970: Total vote 30,139 (78.4%)-
Lab 21.817 (72.4%), L 4,371 (14.5%), C 2,146 (7.1%), P1 Cymru 1,805 (6.0%)-Lab maj 17,446 (57.9%). Swing + 2.4.%
MIr Michael Foot wvas elected to the Shadow Cabinet in 1970 and became Opposition spokesman on the power and steel industries until 1971 ; shadow Leader of the House principally concerned with Common Market legislation 1971- 72; from December 1972 con- cerned with EEC only. Unsuccess- fully contested Deputy Leadership of PLP in July 1970 and Novem- ber, 1971. Was returned for Ebbw Vale at a by-election in November, 1960. MP for Plymouth, Devon- port, 1945-55, he contested the seat in 1959, and Monmouth. 1935. Journalist, managing director of Tribune. B July, 1913 ; ed Forres School, Swanage, Leighton Park School, Reading and lVadham College, Oxford; president of Union, 1933. - Member, Labour Party National executive. 1947-50.
ECCLES same Electorate 56,894 1970: 59,135
*Carter-Jones. L. (Lab) 22,538 Dunn, R. (C) 14,752 Collier. Mrs A. M. (L) 7,966 Keenan, T. (Comm) 404
Lab majority 7,786 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,660. Turn-out 79.3%.
Lab 49.4%, C 32.3%, L 17.4%, ComM 0.9%. Lab maj 17.0%. Swing - 2.2%.
1970: Total vote 43,014
(72.7%) Lab 23,913 (55.6%), C 18,458 (42.9%), Comm 643 (1.5%)-Lab Mai 5,455 (12.7%). Swing +4.6%.
Mr Lewis Carter-Jones, elected in 1964. contested the City of Chester in the 1956 by-election and in 1959. Teacher, lecturer and indus. trial training adviser. B Novem- ber, 1920; ed Bridgend Grammar School and University College of Wales. Aberystwvyth. Member of Estimates Committee since 1965. Joint Secretary, Indo-British Parliamentary Group, 1966. Spon- sored by TGWU.
EDINBURGH, Central major Electorate 40,780
*Cook, R. F. (Lab) 11,354 Jones, P. (C) 10,393 Scott, C. (L) 4,180 Rae, S. (Scot Nat) 4,074
Lab majority 961 Total vote 30,001. Turn-out 73.6%.
Lab 37.8%, C 34.6%, L 13.9%, Scot Nat 13.6%. Lab maj 3.2%. Mtr Robin Cook, a tutbr and organizer in adult education, con- tested Edinburgh, North, in 1970. B February, 1946 ; ed Aberdeen Grammar School, Royal Higb School, Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Councillor, Holyrood wvard since 1971; chairman hous- ing committee since 1973. Member, TGWU, delegate Edin- burgh and district trades council.
EDINBURGH, East minor Electorate 56,953 1970: 57,350
*Strang. G. S. (Lab) 20,163 May, D. J. (C) 14,614 MacDougall, G. (Scot Nat) 7,128 Melling, J. (L) 3,998 Swvan, Mrs I. (Comm) 274
Lab majority 5,549 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,177, Turn-out 81.1%,
Lab 43.7%, C 31.6%, Scot Nat 15.4%, L 8-6%, Comm 0.6%. Lab maj 12.0%. Swing +0.4%.
1970 : Total vote 4Z,743 (74.4%)-
Lab 22,171 (51.9°%), C 16,657 (39.0%), Scot Nat 3,502 (8.2%), Comm 413 (0.9%)-Lab mai 5,514 (12.9%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr Gavin Strang, elected in 1970. Member, Select Committee on Sci- ence and Technology since 1970. An Opposition spokesman on trade and industry since Dec 1973, Agri- cultural scientist. B July, 1943- ed Morrison's Academy, Edin- burgh University and Churchill College, Cambridge. Member, ASTMS, Fabian Society and Co- operative Party; and of Tayside Economic Planning Consultative Group, 1966-68.
EDINBURGH, Leith major Electorate 39,157
*Murray, R. K. (Lab) 12,604 Percy, W. R. V. (C) 11,883 Miller, H. (Scot Nat) 6,569
,Lab majority 721 Total vote 31,056, Turn-out 79.3%,
Lab 40.6%, C 38.3%, Scot Nat 21.1%. Lab maj 2.3%.
Mr R. King Murray, QC, elected in 1970, was Opposition spokesman on Scottish legal matters 1970-74. He was a lecturer in law who contested Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles in 1965 by-election and 1964 general election; Edinburgh North, in 1960 by-election, and Caithness and Sutherland, 19S9. B June, 1922; ed George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and Edin- burgh University. Called to Scot- tish bar, 1953. Chairman, EdiD- burgh City Labour Party since 1968-71.
EDINBURGH, Nortb major Electorate 46,936
*Fletcher, A. (C) 16,417 Cairns, R. (Lab) 9,404 Guild, R. H. (L) 5,487 LyncThisl ru, 199-0 (SotNt) 4,5
C majority 7,013 Total vote 35,858, Turn-out 76.4%,
C 45.8%, Lab 26.2%, L 15-3%, Scot Nat 12.7%. C maj 19.5%-
Mr Alex Fletcher, chartered accountant and company director. B August 1929 ;-ed Greenock High School and Institute of Chartered Accountants. Contested West Ren- freNvshire, 1970. Member, East Kilbride Development -Corpora- tion. 1971-73. Church of Scotland elder. Business consultant, former IBM executive.
EDINBURGH, Pentlands major Electorate 54,504
Rifkind, M. (C) 18,162 McWilliam, J. D. (Lab) 13,560 Ross Smith, S. (L) 6,870 Forest, T. (Scot Nat) S.49S1
C majority 4.602 Total vote 43,543, Turn-out 79.9%0,
C 41.7%, Lab 31.1%, L 15.8%, Scot Nat 11.4%. C maj 10.6%.
Mr Malcolm Rifkind, advocate. B June 1946: ed George Watson's College Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Contested. Edinburgh Central in 1970. Member, Edin- burgh Council since 1970. Chair- man. Thistle Group. 1969-70. Lec- turer in politics, University Col- lege of Rhodekia, 1967-69. Re- turned to Scotland and' was called to the Bar.
EDINBURGH, South same Electorate 55,708 1970: 55,675
*Hutchison, A. M. C. (C) 18,784 Davies, T. J. (Lab) 12,403 Gordon, N. (L) 8.073 Slilrley,'R. (Scot Nat) 5,770
C majority 6,381 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,030. Turn-out 80.8%.
C 41.7%, Lab 27.5%, L 17.9%, Scot Nat 12.8%. C maj 14.2%. Swing +1.3%.
1970: Total vote 41,252 (74.1%)-
C 19,851 (48.1%), Lab 15,071 (36.5%), L 3,469 (8.4%), Scot Nat 2,861 (6.9%)-C maj 4,780 (11.6%). Swing -1.0%.
'Mr Michael Clark Hutchlson was returned at a by-election in ~May, 1957. He contested Motherwell in 1955. B February, 1914 ; ed 'Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1937). Colonial Service, Palestine, 1946- 48; Political officer in the Aden Protectorate and assistant secre- tary in the Aden Government, 1949-54. National president, Scot- tish Young Unionists, 1960-62, and vice-chairman, Scottish Unionist members' parliamentary commit. tee, 1965-66, 1968 69 and chairman 1970-71. Company director. Mem- ber, Select Cmte on Scottish Affairs.
EDINBURGH, West miajor Electorate 52,044
*Stodart, J. A. (C) 1l,908
'laylor, W. J. (Lab) 10,431 Gorrie, D. C. E. (L) 9,189 Moore, Mrs R. (Scot Nat) 4,241
C majority 8,477 Total vote 42,769. Turn-out 82:2%.
C 44.2%, Lab 24.4%, L 21;5%, Scot Nat 9.9%. C maj 19.8%.
Mr Anthony Stodart, Minister or State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, since 1972; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food, 1970- 72: Under Secretary, Scottish Office. 1963-64. Elected In 1959- contested Berwick and East Lothi- an as a Liberal in 1950, and Midlothian and Peebles, 1951, and Midlothian, 1955, as a Conserva- tive. Farmer. B June- 1916- ed Wellington College. Writer, lec- turer and broadcaster on farming.
ENFIELD, Edmonton minor Electorate 61,018 1970: 63,203 Graham, T. E. (Lab and
CO-OP) 20,837 Gordon, J. (C) 15,114 Greenwood, Miss P. (L) 8,186 Bruce, D. J. (Nat Front) 1,765 Pittard, L. R. (Ind) 98
Lab majority 5,723 NO CHANGE -
Total vote 46,000. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab & Co-op 45.3%, C 32.8%, L 17.8%, Nat Front 3.8%, Ind 0.2%. Lab & Co-op maj 12.4%. Swing -3.7%.
1970 : Total vote 42,244 (66.8%)-
Lab 20,626 (48.8%), C 18;481 (43.70% ), L 3,137 (7.4%)-iLab maj 2,145 (5.1%). Swing + 6.0%0.
Mr Edward Graham, National Secretary of the Cooperative Party, contested Enfield West in 1966 ; former Labour Group Leader on Enfield Council and chairman, Housing and Redevelop- ment Committee, 1961-68.; B March 1925: ed elementary schools, Cooperative CoIlege, WEA and Open University. Member, National Association of Cooperative Officials.
ENFIELD, North major Electorate 67,327 -
Davies, B. (Lab) 20,690 *Parkinson, C. de H. (C) 17,274 Curtis, Mrs S. (L) 13,6A2 Robinson, K. T. (Nat Front) ,372
Lab majority 3,416 Total vote 53,018. Turn-out 78.7%.
Lab 39.0%, C 32.6%,1, L 25.8%, Nat Front 2.60%. Lab mai 6.4%. Mr Bryan Davies. Contested Nor- folk Central 1966. Lecturer. B Nov- ember, 1939 ; ed Redditch High School, University College, Lon- don, Institute of Education, London, and London School of Economics. Member, ATTI.
ENFIELD. Southgate major Electorate 70,404
*Berry, A. G. (C) 28,260 Bridge, G. (L) 13,806 Sealey, F. (Lab) 10,945 Pell, B. W. (Nat Front) 1,192
C majority 14,454 Total vote 54,203. Tur-out 77-0%°
C 52.1%b, L 25.5%, Lab 20.2%, Nat Front 2.2%. C maj 26.7-%.
Mr Anthovy Berry was elected In 1964. Chairman and a director of companies. Former assistant editor of The Sunday Times and director of Kemsley Newspapers Ltd, 1954- 59. B February, 1925; ed Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Sheriff of Glamorgan, 1962 ; p'resl- dent, Welsh Games Council. Chairman, Conservative Transpc.rt Committee, 1969-70. Commander of the Order of St John.
EPPING FOREST marjor Electorate 65,000
*Biggs-Davison, J. A. (C) 24,290 Sheaff, W. J. (Lab) 16,123 Wood, D. F. (L) 11,478
C majority 8;167 Total vote 51,891. Turn-out 83.1%.
C 46.8%, Lab 31.1%, L 22.1%. C maj 15.7%.
Mr John Biggs-Davison was- MP for Chigwell, 1955-74 ; contested Coventry, South in 1951. Author, journalist and broadcaster. B June, 1918 ; ed Clifton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. Assistant Commissioner and nagis- trate in the Punjab, 1954, he- was political officer, deputy commis- sioner, and commandant. border mflitary police. Baluchistan fron- tier. Joint vice-chairman (1972) and former secretary, Conserva- tive Foreign anid Commonwealth affairs committee; vice-chairman, Northern Ireland Comnmittee:
vice-president. Pan-European Union; and chairman, British Commonwvealth Union. FelloW of the Royal Geegraphical Society. Co-founder of Pakistan Society, 1951. Governor, Clifton College, 1972
EPSOM AND EWELL sanie Electorate 79,894 1970 : 79,874
*a a1v]inson, Sir P. A. G. (C) 35,823 Griffiths, D. (L) 18,899. Kearney, N. J. (Lab) 10,787
C majority 10,924 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,509. Turn-out 83.2%.
C 54.7%, L 28.8%, Lab 16.5%. C maj 25.8%. Swing -o.5%t
1970: Total vote 57,871 (72.4-%3)
C 35,541 (61.4%), Lab 12,767 (22.1%), L 9,563 (16.5%)-C maj 22,774 (39.3%). Swing +4.3%.
Sir Peter Rawlinson. QC, Attorney General since 1970. Op- position chief spokesman on law, 1967-70; spokesman on broadcast. ing, 1965-66. Solictor General, 1962-64. Elected in 1955 ; ;.con- tested Hackney, 1951. B Tune, 1919; ed Downside and Ctirist's College, Cambridge. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1946), QC 1959- Bencher, 1962, member Bar Coun- cil 1965:67. senate Inns of Court, 1967-69.
Erith and Craytord, see Bexley
'BRISTOL, West major Electorate 60,136
*Cooke, R. G. (C) 21,140 Stacey, R. (L) 13,076 1:alos, J. (Lab) 9,526
C majority 8,064 Total vote 43,742. Turn-out 72.7%.
C 48.3%, L 29.9%,'Lab 21.8%. C maj 18.4%.
Mr Robert Cooke was returned at a by-election in 1957 ; contested Bristol, South-East, 1955. Vice- hairman (1972) and former ch,air- man, Conservative par3iamentary broadcasting and communications commnittee; vice-chairman, arts :and amenities group, 1964-72, -chairman since 1972. Director of Westward Television; member, executive committee of* Historic Houses Association. Landowner and horticulturist. B May, 1930: ed Downs School, Wraxhall; Harrow, and Christ Church Col- ""lege, Oxford.
'BROMLEY, Beckenham major Electorate 58,988
*Goodhart, P. C. (C) 22,976 .-Mitchell, G. (L) 12,821
iSharp, N. J. (Lab) 11,018
C majorlty 10,155 ""Total vote 46.815. Turn-out 79.3%.
C 49.1%, L 27.4%, Lab 23.5%. C maj 21.7%.
Mr Philip Goodbart, a journalist. was returned for Beckenham at a by-election in March 1957; con- tested Consett, 1950. iB November, 1925; ed Hotchkiss School, Udiited .$tates, and, Trinity College, Cam- -bridge. Joint honorary secretary, 1922 Committee since 1964, secre- tary, 1959-64 ; chairman (1972) Land former secretary, Conserva- .tive backbench committee on de- fence; member, Select Committee -on Overseas Aid, 1970-74. Chair- - man, London area political educa-
tion advisory committee, 1956-58 -and member, LCC Education Com- -mittee, 1956-S7.
-BROMLEY, Chislehurst major '.,Electorate 53,169
- Sims, R. E. (C) 20,595 _'MacDonald, A. HI. (Lab) 15,102
' Webster, R. (L) 9,127
C majority 5,493 - NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,824. Turn-out 84.3%.
C 45.9%, Lab 33.7%, L 20.4%. C maj 12.2%.
Mr Roger Sims Is an export manager. Contested Shoreditch and Finsbury, 1966 and 1970. B January, 1930; ed City Boys' Grammar School, Leicester, and St Olave's Grammar School, London. Member, Chislehurst and Sidcup UDC from 1965. Member, Royal -Choral Society.
BROMLEY, Orplngton minor : tElectorate 65,006 1970: 65,112
tanbrook, I. R. (C) 26,435 Young, R. (L) 22,771 Grant, D. I. (Lab) 6,752
C majority 3,664 _NO CHANGE
- Total vote 55,958. Turn-out 86.1%.
C 47.2%, L 40.7%, Lab 12.1%. C maj 6.5%. Swing -2.1%.
e 1970: Total vote 51,546 (79.1%)-
C 24,385 (47.3%), L 23,063 - -(44.7%), Lab 4,098 (7.9%)-C
M maj 1,322 (2-6%). Swing . +3.0%.
'r Ivor Stanbrook, a barrister, -won Orpington for the Conserva-
tives in 1970; contested East .;Xam, South, 1966. B January,
1924 ; ed Willsden Central School, UniversitV College,, London, and ?embroke College, Oxford. Colonial district officer in Nigeria, :1950-60. Secretary Conservative
parliamentary home affairs com- m.mittee.
Z BROMLEY, Ravensbourne major
Electorate 48,110
''flunt, J. L. (C) .20,420 Crowe, D. (L) 11,523 Hession Dr M. A. (Lab) 6,943 Parker, G. (Nat Front) 786
C majority 8,897 '' total vote 39,672. Turn-out 82.5%.
C 51.5%, L .29.0%, Lab 17.5%, Nat Front 2.0%. C maj 22.4%.
Mr John Hunt, MP for Bromley, 1964-74, contested Lewisham, South, in 1959. Director public relations firm. 3 October, 1929
ed Dulwich College. Mayor of Bromley, 1963-64; member, Brom- ley Borough Council 1953-65. Joint Vice-chairman, Greater London f: <:(onservative MPs, since 1972.
'Chairman, British and Caribbean Association, from 1968; chairman, - Indo-British Parliamentary group.
-BROMSGROVE AND REDDITCH .:-1. minor Electorate 87,147 1970: 83,877
- - Miller, H. D. (C) 33,125
; Davis, T. A. G. (Lab) 29,536 _:Cartwright, G. E. (L) 10,726 ; C majority 3,589 tONSERVATIVE GAIN
total vote 73,378. Turn-out 84.2%. 'C 45.1%, Lab 40.2%, L 14.6%.
C maj 4.9%. Swing -6.0%.
>-1970 : Total vote.64,214 (76.5%)-
C 37,544 (58.5%), Lab 26,670 (41.5%)-C Maj 10,874 (16.9%). Swing +5.5%.
i971 by-election: Total vote 57,750
(66.3%)-Lab 29,809 (51.6%), C 27,941 (48.4% )-Lab maj 1,868 - (3.2%).
--Mr IHilary Miller contested the ^2Bromsgrove by-election in 1971
end Barrow-in-Furness in 1970. > C`ompany director. B March, 1929
ed Eton, Merton College, Oxford, and London University. With the Colonial Service, 1955-68. Fellow -:of the Economic Development 'Istitute of the World Bank.
BUCKINGHAM major Electorate 78,466
*Benyon, W. R. (C) 27,19 ,-,Maxwell, I. R. (Lab) 24,056
-'::Crooks. S. (L) 15,519 t2: C majority 3,123
-Total vote 66,754. Turnout 85.3%,
';_ C 40.7%, Lab 36.0%, L 23.2%.
C naj 4.7%.
ir William Benyon, a farmeer w,,,,on the seat for the Conservatives
tni 1970. B January, 1930; ed -R ltoyal Naval College. Dartmouth. '_,Member, Berkshire County Coun- ..c.il, 1964-74; Bradfield Rural
Council, 1960-P ; Council of Read. ing University; Berlshire College of Agriculture; Council of Brad- z-field College. Served in the Royal Navy for nine years.
BBURNLEY same Electorate 52,510 1970: 56,036
W:*Jones, D. (Lab) 21,108
P Yickup, A. (C) 11,268 Mews, Dr S. (L) 9,471
- - Lab majority 9,840 NO CHANGE
_, Iotal vote 41,847. Turn-out 79.7%.
-ab 50.4%, C 26.9%, L 22.6%. Lab maj 23.5%. Swing -0.7%.
.: ;970: Total vote 42,492 (75.8%)-
Lab 24,200 (56.9%), C 14,846
(34.9%), L 3,446 (8.1%)-L ab maa 9.95 54 (22.0%). Swing ;''.+5.+%-.
"" Daniel Jones,e- engineer and ' ,zAEF official for 2,20 years has
-represented the constituency since ""1959; - contested Barry, -1955. B ,;September. .1908 - ed Ynyshir NXl(Rhondda) Schjool and Natio-nal -'Council of I.abour Cpolleges, *hefe 'b~e-btcame a lecturer. Memnber, -;~`Select Commiittee for Parliamen-
tary Commissioner. Sponsored by - *AUEW, engine'ering seiction.
'BURTON same -Electorate 67,176 1970- 6,725
Lawrence, I. J. (C) 28,343 Hill, D. R. (Lab) 2s,04C
C majority 3,303 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,383. Turn-out 79.5%.
C 53.1%, Lab 46.9%. C maj 6.2%. Swing-1.2%;
1970: Total vote 50,491 (7S.7%)-
C 27,428 (54.3%), Lab 23,063 (45.7%/)-C maj 4,365. (8.6%). Swing +4.0%/.
Mr Ivan Lawrence, barrister. B December, 1936; ed Brighton, Hove aud Sussex Gramrmar School
Christ Church, Oxford. Contestel Peckham in 1966 and 1970.
BURY AND RADCLIFFE same Electorate 77,324 1970: 74,545
*Fidler, M. M. 'tC) 31,113 White, F. R. (Lab) 30,768
C majority 34S NO CHANGE
Total vote 61,881. Turn-out 79.0%.
C 50.3%, Lab 49.7%. C ma; 0.5%. Swing -2.5%.
1970: Total vote 56,388 (7S.6%)-
C 29,796 (52.8%), Lab 26,592 (47.1%)-C maj 3,204 (5.7%). Swing +7.0%.
Mr Michael Fidler regained the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B February, 1916; ed Salford Grammar School and Salford Royal Technical College. Prest- wich councillor, 1951-63, alderman since 1963, mayor, 1957-58. Busi- ness interests in merchant bank. mag. President, Board of Deputies of British Jews, 1967-73; vice- chairman, World Conference Of Jewish Organizations, 1967-73.
BlURY ST EDMUNDS same Electorate 86,601 1970: 77,519
*Griffiths, E. W. (C). 33,424 Stephenson, J. K. (Lab) 20,171 Boulton, B. (L) .16,772
C majority 13,253 NO CHANGE
Total vote 70,367. Turn-out 81.2%.
C 47.5%, Lab 28.7%, L 23.8%. C maj 18.8%. Swing -1.8%.
1970 : Total vote 59,974 (77.4%)-
C 36,688 (61.2%), Lab 23,286 (38I8g)-C nimai 13,402 (22.30%). Swing +6.6%.
Mr Eldon Griffiths, Under-Secre- tary for the Environment, with special responsibi'ity for sport, since 1970, and with responsibili- ties for planning applications, was returned at a by-election in May, 1964. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, June to October, 1970. Journalist; Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales, 1966-70. B May, 1925; ed Ashton Grammar School; Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge; and Yale University. Ser- ved in the Conservative research department. Chief European correspondent of Washington Post, 1961-63.
c
CAERNARVON same Electorate 42,226 1970: 41,560
Wigley, D. (PI Cymru) 14,103 *Roberts, G. 0. (Lab) 12,375 Garel-Jones, T. W. A. (C) 5,803 David, G. H. (L) 2,506)
PI Cymru majority 1,728 PL CYMRU GAIN
Total vote 34,787. Turn-out 82.4%.
Pl Cymru 40.5%, Lab 35.6%, C 16.7%, L 7.2%. PI Cymru maj 5.0%. Swing +0.6%.
1970: Total vote 33,965 (81.7%) -
Lab 13 627 (40.1%), PI Cymru 11,331 e33.4%),C 6,812 (20.0%). L 2,195 (6.5%)-Lab maj 2,296 (6.7%). Swing +6.9%.
Mr Dafydd Wigley, aged 30 senior cost accountant and indus- trial economist with manufactur- ing firm in Merthyr. Ed Man- chester University. Vice-chairman of Plaid Cymru, party spokesman on finance and taxation. Member, Merthyr Borough Council.
CAERPHILLY major Electorate 56,727
*Evans, A. T. (Lab) 24,838 Williams, Dr P. (PI Cymru) 11.956 Everest, R. (C) 5,912 Bevan, D. H. (Ind) 711
Lab majority 12,882 Total vote 43,417. Turn-out 77.5%.
Lab 57.2%, P1 Cymru 27.5%, C 13.6%, Ind 1.6%. Lab maj 29.7%.
Mr Alfred Evans was returned at a by-election in July, 1968; con- tested Stroud, 1959, and Leomin- ster, 1955. Former headrmaster. B February, 1914; ed Bargoed Grammar School and Universitv of Wales, Cardiff. Former member, Gelligaer Urban Cotncil. 1-as served on Estimates Committee and backbench committees for disabled persons, social services and the Middle East.
CAITHNESS AND SUTHERLAND
same Electorate 28,999 1970: 28,709 *MacLennan, R. A. R.
(Lab.) 8,574 Burnett, M. R. (L) 6,222 Bell, Mrs S. (C) 5,104 Sutherland, E. A. (Scot
Nat) 3,814
Lab majority 2,352 N,O CHANGE
Total vote 23,714. Turn-out 83.0%.
Lab 36.1%, L 26.2%, C 21.5%, Scot Nat 16.1%. Lab mai 9.9%. Sving -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 23,855 (83.1%)-
Lab 8,765 (36.7%), L 6,063 (25.4%), C 5,334 (22.4%), Scot Nat 3,690 (15.5%)-Lab maj 2,705 (11.3%). Swing +1.4%.
Mr Robert MacLennan, an Opposi- tion spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1970-72, and defence since 1972, won the seat for Labour in March, 1966. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1962). B June, 1936; ed Glasgow Aca- demy, Balliol College, Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Columbia University, New York. Member, Estimates Committee, 1967-69; Scottish Labour Commit- tee for Europe : 1963 Club Fabian Society.
CAMBRIDGE same Electorate 76,200 1970: 65,500
*Lane, D. W. S. S. (C) 24,119 Curran, J. (Lab) 19,443 O'Loughlin, Dr M. (L) 15,491 Inkster, Miss S. E. (Ind) 369
C majority 4,676 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,422. Turn-out 78.0%.
C 40.6%, Lab 32.7%, L 26.1%, Ind 0.6. C maj 7.9%. Swing - 1.3%.
1970: Total vote 47,443 (72.4%)-
C 26,252 (55.3%), Lab 21,191 (44.7%)-C maJ 5,061 (10.7%). Swing +6.3%.
Mr David Lane. Under-Secre- tary, Home Office since 1972, regained the seat for the Conser- vatives at a by-electi6n in 1967, after contesting it in 1966, and V4uxhall, 1964. Barrister, called by Middle Temple, 1955. Formerly emploved by British Iron and Steel Federation (1948-1959, secre- tary from 1956) and by Shell International Petroleum Company (1959 to 1967). B September, 1922; ed Eton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Yale University, Secretary, Conservative parliamen. tary education committee, 1969-70.
UIAMMERSMITH, North major Electorate 52,521
*Tomney, F. (Lab) 18,970
.Beckett, R. G. (C) 11,929 Knott, S. (L) 7,46a
Lab majority 7,041 Total vote 38,359. Turn-out 73.7%.
Lab 49.4%, C 31.1%, L 19.4%. Lab maj 18.3 %.
M Frank Tomney has represented this constituency since 1950. In- dustrial consultant. B May, 1908; ed at primary and technical school. Former member, Wafford Borough Council and Hertford- shire County .Council. NUGMW. Member, European Movement- delegate, Western European Union, 1960-64 and 1973-74.
Hampstead, see Camden
HARBOROUGH major Electorate 66,171
*Farr, J. A. (C) 27,974 Robinson, J. W. (Lab) 1S,501 Reynolds, Dr N. (L) 11,579
C majority 12,473 Total vote 55,054. Turn-out 84.4%.
C 50.8%, Lab 28.1%, L 21.0%. C maj 22.6%.
Mr John Farr was elected In 1959 ; contested Ilkeston, 1955. B September, 1922; ed Harrow. Meember of Lloyd's, landowner and farmer. Secretary, Conservative agricultural, fisheries and food committee; all-party conservation committee; and Anglo-Irish Parliamentary group. Former tnernber, East Midvlands Land Tri- bunal.
RARINGEY, llornsey same Electorate 58,070 1970: 64,683
*Rossi, H. A. L. (C) 18,792 Kuczynsk:, I. (Lab) 16,584 OBrien, P. (L) 8,676
C majority 2,208 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,052. Turn-out 75.9%.
C 42.6%, Lab 37.6%, L 19.7%. C maj 5.0%. Swing -1.8%.
1970: Total vote 43,614 (67.4%)-
C 21,434 (49.1%), Lab 17,645 (40.4%), L 3,755 (8.6%), Comm 624 (1.4%). SPGB 156 (0.4%)- C miaj 3,789 (8.7%). Swving +3.7%.
Mr Hugh Rossi, Under Secretary for the Environment since Janu- ary, 1974; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1972-74; Assistant Govt. Whip, 1970-72.- Elected in 1966. Solicitor. B June, 1927 ; ed Finchley Catholic Grammar School and King's College, London University. Member, Haringey Borough Council, 1964-68; Horn- sey Borough Council, 1956-65 (deputy niayor, 1964-65), Middle- sex County Council, 1961-65. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamen- tary housing, land and local gov- ernment group, 1968-70. Former member, executive committee Society of Conservative lawyers: Government whip for Europe, 171-72. Deputy leader, delegation to Council of Europe and WEU, 1972.
HARINGEY, Tottenham same Electorate 47,327 1970: 51,258
*Atlinson, N. (Lab) 16,999 Croft, J. A. (C) 7,873 Mrs K. Papatheodotou (L} 2,478 M. P. Coney (Nat Ind Anti-
Com Mkt) 1 373 Painter, R. (Nat Front) 1,270 Martin, J. (Soc Dem) 763 Squire, K. (Ind C) 274
Lab majority 9,126 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,030. Turn-out 65.6%.
Lab 54.8%, C 25.4%, L 8.0%, Nat mnd 4.4%, Nat Front 4.1%, Social Dem 2.4%, Ind C 0.9%. Lab maj 29.4%. Swing -3.4%. 1970: Total vote 28,342 (55.3%)-
Lab. 17,367 (61.3%), C 10,975 (38.7%)-Lab maj 6,392 (22.5%). Swing +4.0%.
Mr Norman Atkinson, elected in 1964, contested Wythenshawe in 1955; Altrincham and Sale, 1959. Design engineer at. Manchester University. B March, 1923; ed elementary and technical schools. Member, Manchester CitY Council, 1945.49. Sponsored bY AUEW, en- gineering section. Member, Trib.. une Group.
HARINGEY, Wood Green same Electorate 51,734 1970: 53,653 *Butler, Mrs. J. S. (Lab
and Co-op) 18,594 Malynn, P. (C) 10,950 Walton, M. (L) 7.194
Lab majority 7,644 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,738. Turn-out 71.0%.
Lab & Co-op 50.6%, C 29.8%, L 19.6%. Lab & Co-op maj 20.8%. Swing -3.3%.
1970: Total vote 32,688 (60.9%)-
Lab 18,666 (57.1%), C 14,022 (42.9%)-Lab maj 4.644 (14.2%). Swing +3.7%.
Mrs Joyce Butler has repre- | sented the seat since 1955. House- wife. B December, 1910 ; ed King Edward's High School, Birming- ham, and Woodbrooke College. Member, Wood Green Borough Council, 1947-64. Alderman and first chairman of London Borough of Haringey; Mayoress, 1965-66. A vice-chairman of the Parliamen. tary Labour Party 1965-70. iMember, Speaker's panel of chairmen. Chairman, Cooperative group of MPs. President, Spurs Ladies Foot- ball team; London Passenger Action Conference. Joint chairman, parliamentary committee on pollu- tion.
HARLOW major I Electorate 61,000
Newens, A. S. (Lab and
Co-op) 25,814 Goldstone, B. (L) 13,280 Smith, J. (C) 13,016
Lab majority 12,534 Total vote 52,110. Turn-out 85.4%.
Lab & Co-op 49.5%, L 25.5s%, C 25.0%. Lab & Co-op m aj 24.0%. Mr Stanley Newens, a teacher, was MP for Ealing, 1964-70. B February, 1930; ed Buckhurst High School,. University College, London, and Westminster Teacher Training College. Director of LCS (London Co-operative Society).
Member NUM 1952-56 and NUT since 1956.
HARROGATE same Electorate 64,255 1970: 62,570
Banks, R. G. (C) 27,517 Bayley, I. de C. (L) 15,728 Wheaton, M. A. (Lab) 6,084 Brons, A. H. -,Nat Front) 1,186 Stringfellow, J. E. (Dem -
Christian) 875 C majority 11,789 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,390. Turn-out B0OA%.
C 53.5%, L 30.6%, Lab 11.8%, Nat Front 2.3%, Dem Christian 17%. C maj 22.9%. Swing +1.0%,
1970 : Total vote 43.789 (70.0% )-
C 26,167 (59.7%), L 8,825 (20.1%), Lab 8,797 (20.1%)--C m3 a 17,342 (39.6%). Swving
+ 3.4%.
Mr Robert Banks, a horticultural nursery rman and farmer, was a* Paddington councillor, 1959-6S. B 1937.; ed Haileybury. Naval re- serve officer ; former executive in
telihnt, now partner. in an ivestmet company.
HARROW, Central minor Electorate 44,938 1970: 45,863
*Grant, J. A. (C) , 15,320 Offenbach, D. M. (Lab) 12,403 Montgomerie, R. S. (L) 7,635 Donin, J. (Nat Front) 823
C majority. 2,917 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,181. Turn-out 80.5%.
C 42.3%, Lab 34.3%, L 21.1%, Nat Front 2.3%. C maj 8.1%. Swving -2.0%..
1970: Total vote 32,893 (71.6%)--
C 16,525 (50.2%), Lab 12,561 (38.2%), L 34449 (105%), Ind 358 (1.1%o)-C maj 3,964 (12.0%). Swing +3.7%.
Mr Anthony Grant, Under-Secre- tary for Trade and Industry since 1970; Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, June to October. 1970. Elected In 1964; contested Hayes and Harlington in 1959. Solicitor. B May, 1925; ed St Paul's School and Brasenose Col. lege, Oxford. Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of City Soli- citors. Freeman, City of London.; member, Court of Guild of Free. men. Joint hon secretary, Conser- vative Parliamentary Legal Com. mittee, 1965-66. Opposition whip, 1966-70.
HARROW, East minor Electorate 48,910 1970 : 50,363
*Dykes, H. J. M. (C) 17,978 Childerhouse, K. W. (Lab) 13,485 McDonnell, J. (L) 8,805
C majority 4.493 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 40,268. Turn-out 82.4%.
C 44.6%, Lab 33.5%, L 21.9%. C maj 11.1%. Swing +0.3%.
1970: Total vote 38,270 (7S.9%)-
C 19,517 (51.0% ), Lab 15,496 (40,5%), L 3,185 (8.3%), Ind 72 (0.2%)-C mna; 4,021 (10.5%). Swing +5.70%.
Mr Hugh Dykes, stockbroker, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970 ; contested 'Tottenhani, 1966.- B May, 1939 ; ed Weston-super. Mare Grammar School, College de Normadie, Seine-Maritime, France; and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he was chair- man of the University Conserva- tive Association 1962. Research secretary, Bow Group, 1965-66.
HARROW, West same Electorate 56,157 1970 57,374
*Pago. J. A. (C) 23,950 Bell, R. E. (L) 12,081 Wagner, L. (Lab) 10,430
C majority 11,869 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,461. Turn-out 82.8%;
C 51.5%, L 26.0%, Lab 22.4%. C mai 25.5%. Svingr-1.5%.
1970: Total vote 41,769 (72.,'! YO)-
C 24,867 (59.5%), Lab tL.462 (27.4%), L 5,440 (13.0%)-C maj 13.405 (32.1%). Swing +3.9%.
Mr John Page was returned in a by-election in March, 1960; con- tested Eton and Slough, 1959. Chairman (former secretary) of Conservative parliamentary em- ployment committee, 1972. Com- pany director. B September, 1919
ed Harrowv and Magdalene Col- lege, Cambridge. President, Greater London area Conservative trade unionists; vice-chairman, Conser- vative home affairs committee. Chairman, Council of Europe Budget Committee.
HARTLEPOOL
Electorate 64,708
major
*Leadbitter, E. L. (Lab) 26,988 Freeman, N. (C) 22,700
Lab majority 4,288 Total vote 49,688. Turn-out 76.9%.
Lab 54.3% C 45.7%. Lab maj 8.6%.
Mr Edward Leadbitter was elected in 1964. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology. Presi- dent Ilartlepool Constituency Lab- our Party and member, National Union of Public Employees. Teacher. B June, 1919; ed state schools and Cheltenham Teacher Training College. Member, West Hartlepool Borough Council 1954- 67. Sponsored by NUPE.
HARWICH
Electorate 88,150 1970: *Ridsdale, J. E. (C) Cadman, D. (L)
Fryer, J. B. (Lab)
same 82,117
32,452 19,989 18,697
C majority 12,463 NO CHANGE
Total vote 71,138. Turn-out 79.9%/.
C 45.6%, L 28.1%, Lab 26.3%. C maj 17.5%. Swing -0.8%.
1970: Total vote 61,196 (74.5%),
C 32,754 (53.5%), Lab 19,923 (32.5%), L 8,518 (13.9%)-C maj 12,831 (21.0% ). Swing +4.2%.
Mr lulian Ridsdale was returned at a by-election in February, 1954. Company director. Under-Secre- tary for Defence for the Royal Air Force after the 1964 reorganiza- tion; Under-Secretary,. Air Minis- try, in July, 1962. Contested Pad- dington, North, 1951. B June, 1915 ; ed Tonbridge, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the Londoin University School of Oriental Languages. Chairman of the British Japanese Parliamentary group. Member Select Committee of Public Accounts, 1970-71.
HASTINGS
Electorate 56,696 1970: *Warren, K. R. (C) Foster, M. J. (Lab) Cass, M. G. (L)
same 55, 213
20,075 12,992 11,690
C majority 7,083 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,757. Turn-out 79.0%.
C 44.8%, Lab 29.0%,. L 26.1%. C maj 1S.8%. Swring -0.5%.
1970: Total vote 40,U3? (72.9%)-
C 20,364 (50.6%), Lab 13,549 (33.7%), L 6,324 (15.7%)-C maj 6.815 (16.9%). Swine +5.3%g
Mr Kenneth Warren was elected in 1970. Contested St Pancras, North in 1964. Aeronautical engi- neer. Member Select Committee on Science and Technology and chairman sub-committee on Sea- Bed Technology. Vice-Chairman Conservative Parliamentary aviaz tion committee; chairman, United States section of Conservative For- eign Affairs Committee. Member, GMWU, 1954-57 ; member of union side on joint negotiating panel, BOAC, 1955-57. B August, 1926
ed Midsomer Norton Grammar School, Aldenham School, De Havilland Aeronautical Technical School, King's College, London, and London School of Economics.
HAVANT AND WATERLOO major Electorate 76,26S
*Lloyd, I. S. (C) 27,397 Brewin, S. (L) 18,209 Acklaw, J. T. (Lab) 13,367 Wakeford, R. E. (Ind) 675
C'niajoritv 9,188 Total vote 59,648. Turn-out 78.7%.
C 45.9%, L 30.5%, Lab 22.4%, Ind 1.1%. C raaj 15.4%.
Mr Ian Lloyd represented Ports- mouth, Langstone, 1984-74. Econo- mist and chairman of International Shipping information Services. B May, 1921; ed Michaelhouse, Natal, Witwatersraud University, King's College, Cambridge, and Administrative Staff College, Hen- ley. Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. Economic adviser to Cen- tral Mning ad Invetment or- poraion 194-53; meber Soth
RIDDERMINSTER minor Eleciorate 76 858 1970: 72,360
Bulmer, J. E. (C) 27,065 Jones, R. H. (Lab) 18,380 Batchelor, A. J. (L) 18,230
C majority 8,685 No CHANGE
Total vote 63,675. Turn-out 81.2%.
C 42.5%, Lab 28.90%1o; L 28.6%. C maj 13.6%. Swing -1.9%.
1970: Total vote 53,466 (73.8%)-
C 27,667 (51.7%), Lab 18,297 (34.2%), L 7,502 (14.0%)---C raaj 9,370 (17.5%). Swing +5.4%.
Mr Esmond Bulmer, director of H. P. Bulmer Ltd, cider makers. B May, 1935; ed Rugby and Kings College, Cambridge. Member, National Farmers Union.
KILMARNOCK maJor Electorate 59,898
*Ross, W. (Lab) 23,544 Ross, K. A. (C) 13,817 MacIlnes, A. (Scot Nat) 7,644 Wight, A. J. (L) 4,878
Lab miajority 9,727. Total vote 49,883. Turn-out 83.3%.
Lab 47.2%, C 27.7%, Scot Nat 15.3%, L 9.8%. Lab maj 19.5%. Mr Wiliam Ross, chief Opposition spokesman for Scotland since 1970 vas Secretary of State for Scot. land, 1964-70, won the seat at a by-election in 1946 ; contested Ayr Burghs in 1945. Schoolmaster. B April, 1911 ; ed Ayr Academy and Glasgow University. Chairman Re- gional Economic Advisory Council for Scotland 1965-70.
KINGSTON UPON HULL, Central
major Electorate 62,590
*McNamara, J. K. (Lab) 26,855 Carver, P. W. J. (C) 19,236
Lab majority 7,619 Total vote 46,091. Turn-out 71.8%.
Lab 58.3%o, C 41.7%. Lab maj 16.5%.
Mr Kevin McNamara was MP for Kingston upon Hull, North, 1966- 1974; contested Bridlington, 1964. Vice-chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party committee on North. ern Ireland. Lecturer in law. B September, 1934; ed St Mary's College, Crosby, and Hull Univer- sity. 'Former member, Public Accounts Committee, Statutory In- struments Committee. Secretary, National Association of Labour Student Organizations, 1956-57. Sponsored by TGWU.
KINGSTON UPON HULL, East
major Electorate 80,609
*Prescott, J L. (Lab) 41,300 Tod, Dr E. D. M. (C) 17,707
Lab majority 23,593 Total vote 59,007. Turn-out 71.1%/.
Lab 70.0%, C 30.0%. Lab maj 40.0%.
Mr John Prescott, an official of the National Union of Seamen, was elected in 1970; contested Southport in 1966. Agent at Ches- ter in 1964. B May 1938 ; ed Grange Secondary Modern School, Ellesmere Port, Ruskin College, Oxford, and University of HuU. Sponsored by NUS.
KINGSTON UPON HULL, West
minor Electorate 57,048 1970: 59,511
*Johnson, J. (Lab) 20,719 Taylor, C. M. K. (C) 12,788 Silverwood, I. (L) 8,497
Lab majority 7,931 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,004. Turn-out 71.2%.
Lab 49.3%, C 30.4%, L 20.2%. Lab maj 18.9%. Swing +2.8%. 1970: Total vote 38,587 (64.8%)-
Lab 24,050 (62.3%), C 14,537 (37.7%)-Lab maj 9,513 (24.6%). Swing +2.5%.
Mr James Johnson was returned In 1964; represented Rugby, 19S0- 59. Teacher, and education adviser to the Republic of Liberia. B September, 1908 ;ed Duke's School, Alnwick, and Leeds and London Universities. Chairman, PLP Commonwealth committee since 1968 ; and of the fisheries committee since 1965. Member of the executive, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Has served on Coventry City Council and Fabian Society executive. Was overseas officer for NUGMW, organizing African trade unions of local government workers and civil servants in Kenya. Sponsored by NUGMW.
KINGSTON UPON THAMES, Kingston Upon Thames same Electoratc S9,469 1970: 59,737
*Lamont, N. H. S. (C) 23,006 Wells, S. (L) 12,699 Mullins, C. J. (Lab) 11,369 Christie, M. J. (Anti EEC) 288
C majority 10,307 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,362. Turn-out 80.3%,
C 48.6%, L 26.8%, Lab 24.0%, I Anti-EEC 0.6%. C mai 21.8%. Swing -0.2%.
1970: Total vote 41,338 (69.2-%/-C
23,426 (56.7%), Lab 13,090 (31.7%), L 4,822 (11.7%)-C ma; 10,336 (25.0%). Swing +3.6%.
1972 by-election: Total vote
31 877-C 16,679 (52.3%), Lab 9,892 (31.0%), L 3,601 (11.3% Ind C 1,705 (5.4%)-C mal 6,787 (21.3%).
Mr Norman Lamont, a merchant banker, was returned at a by- election in May, 1972; contested East Hull in 1970. Secretary, Con- servative Parliamentary Health and Social Security - Committee, 1972-74. B May, i942; ed Loretto School and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. President, Cambridge Union, 1964.. Chairman, Bow Group, 1971-72.
KINGSTON UPON THAMES, Stirbiton same Electorate 45,787 1970: 47,661
*Fisher, Sir N. T. L. (C) 17,176 Brooke, D. (L) 10,676 Mackinlay, A. S. (Lab) 9,813
C majority 6,500
Nota C voNe4802Tunot6.%
Total vote 37,665. Turn-out 82.2%.
C 45.6%, L 28.3%, Lab 26.0%. C maj 17.2%. Swing -0.4%.
1970: Total v6te 33,561 (70.4%)-
C 17,359 (51.7%), Lab 10,469 (31.2%), L 4,027 (12.0%), Ind 1,706 (5.1%)-C maj 6,890 (20.5%):. Swing +2.3%.
Sir Nigel Fisher, a company direc- tor, is chairman of All-Party East Africa Group of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and member of the Executive Commit- tee of CPA. Spokesman on Com-
monwealth Affairs, 1964-66, and Under Secretary, Commonwealth Relations and Colonies, 1963-64; Under Secretary. for the Colonies, 1962-63. Elected for Surbiton, 1955 ; represented Hitchin, 1950- 55; contested Chislehurst 1945. Member, executive 1922. Commit- tee and former member of Conser- vative Party national executive committee. B July, 1913; ed Eton. and Trinity College, Cambridge.
KINGSWOOD major Electorate 56 382
Walker, T. W. (Lab) 18,616 Irving, C. G. (C) 16,975 Aspinwall, J. H. (L) 12,471
Lab majoritv 1.641 Total vote 48,062. Turn-out 86.6%.
Lab 38.7%, C 35.3%, L 2S.9%. Lab maj 3.4%.
Mr Terence Walker, an accoun- tant. B October, 1935 ; ed Clarics Granmmar School, Bristol. Member TGWU.
ESNiER major Electorate 47,131
*lither, D.C.M. (C) 21,775 Byers. L 11,060 Barnham, G.A. (Lab) .5,970
.C majority - 10,715 Total vote 38,805. Turn-out 82.3%.
C 56.°1%, L 28,5%, Lab 15.4%. r,-m#j 27.6 %. ""
Nl*-*Carol MatUer was elected In 1917^. Member, Conservative Re- segrc3i Department. 1962-70. Con- tested Leicester, North-West, in 19G6 .;- B January, 1919 ; ed Harrow and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Member of Lloyd's. Served In Welsh Guards, 1940-62, and was lialson officer to General Montgo- mety in the Western Desert cam- pailwi, the Normandy landings, and, the advance into Europe. Me.tnber Eton RDC, 1966. Jpint Secretary, Conservative Parliamen-. ttty Foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee since 1972 and of ' Northern Ireland committee, dince 1972.'
ESSEX, SOIJTHTEA$T major Elqstorate 74,602
*B ai1e, Sir B. R. (C) 28,644 Jdes, D. B. (Lab). 19,379 Alexander, Mrs F. (L) 13,891
. majority, 9,265 Total vote 61,914. Turn-out 82.1%.
G 46.3%, Lab 31.3%, L 22.4%. C.-maj 15.0%.
Sir;;Bernard Braine, chairman of the Select Committee on Overseas Dev'¢lopment, is a former Con- servative spokesman on foreign anC Commonwealth aff airs and overseas development; Parliamen- tary' Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1962-64; Under.Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations Office, 1961- 62, and Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, October, 1960. Elected for.,the.seat in 195 ; represented Billericay from 1950; contested Leyton East, 1945. Management consultant. B June, 1914; ed Hendon County School. Chair- man, British Commonwealth Pro- ducers' Organisation, 1958-60. Tre- asirner, UK branch of Common- wealtlh Parliamentary Association, 1965-68 ; deputy chairman, 1964- 65,_deputy chairman of CPA since 1970. Chairman, Anglo-Ethiopian Society, and of National Council on Alcoholism.
ETJON AND SLOUGH same Electorate 63,124 1970: 62,875
*LS'tor, Miss J. (Lab) 22,919 Dolland, S. (C) 16,028 Goldenberg, P. (L) 10,051 Coniam, A. (Nat Front) 1,541 Crevald, S. H. (Ind C) 344
-Lab majority 61,891 NO CHANGE
Totil vote 50,883. Turn-out 80.6%.
Lab 45.0%, C 31.5%, L 19.7%, Sat Front 3.0%, Ind C 0.7%. Lab maj 13.5%. Swing -4.0%. 1970: Total vote 48,946 (77.8%)-
I""ab 24,103 (49.2% ), C 21,436 (43.8), L 3,407 (7.0%)-Lab Baj 2,667 (5.4%). Swing
Miss Joan Lestor, an Opposition sp6kesman or4 education since 1970;, was Under Secretary, De- pzrtment of Education and Sci- ence, 1969-70. Won the seat for Labour in 1966 ; contested Lewis- ham, West, 1964. Teacher. B Nov- ember, 1931 ; ed Blaenavon Secon- dary School, Monmouth, William Morris High School, Walthamstow snd-London University. Member nataonal executive of the L.abour Party since 1967 ; Wandsworth Borough Council, 1958-66, and Lopgon-County Council, 1962-64.
EXETER major Electorate 66,583
*Hannam, J. G. (C) 22,762 Powell G. (Lab) 17,686 Morrish, D. (L) 16,322
C majority 5,076
Total vote 56,770. Turn-out 85.3%.
C 40.1'. Lab 31.1%. L 28.7%. C maj 8.9%.
Mr.John Hannam won the seat for the' Conservatives in 1970. B August, 1929 ; ed Yeovil Grammar School. Member Somerset County Council, 1967-69. Chalrman, Brit- lsh Motels Federation, 1967 72 - member, council of Brltish Travel Association, 1968.69. Secretary, Collservative Parliamentary Trade Committee 1971-72. Formed his owa company to develop motels and4restaurants. Member Somerset County Council, 1967-69.
EyE; same Electorate 65,986 1970: 63,623
*Harrison, Sir H. (Cl 23,486 Robinson, D. (L) 15,811 Manlev, R. E. (Lab) 13,937 Goldsmith, E. (People) 395 Kingham, A. A. (Ind Dem
-All) 220 --C malorlty 7,675 NO' CHANGE
Total vote 53,849. Turn-out 82.5%.
0.43.6%, L 29.4%. Lab 25.9%, People v.7%, Ind Dem All 0.4%. C. maj 14.2%. Swing +0.4%.
1979: Total vote 49,796 (78.3%)-
C 26,099 (52.4%), Lab 17,735 (35.6%), L 5,962 (12.0%)-C maj; 8,364 (16.8%). Swing *-4.6 %.
Sir Harwood Harrison was Comp. troller of the Household, 1959-61, after being a Lord Commissioner of- the Treasury from 1956. Won th- seat in 1951 after contesting it In_ t1950. Company director. B June, 1907 ;ed Northampton Gr'ammar . School and Trinity College, Oxford, PPS to Mr Harold MaGmillan, 1953. Assistant Gov- erinment Whip 1954. Former vice- chairman, Conservative trade and industry committee. Member, De-
fen,ce- and External Affairs sub- couiiittee, Public Expenditure Colimittee, since 1971. Chairman, Inter-Parliamentary Union, British Btatch. Member, Ipswich Borough Council, 1935.46.
F l
F-MOUTH ANDl CAMBORNE
same Electorate 66,646 1970: 62,001
*Mudd, W. D. (C) 22,500 Dalling, M. G. (Lab) 18,236 D^vey, A. G. S. T. (L) 13,000 *;C maiority .4,264 NOp CHANGE
To31 v6te 53,736. Turnout 80.9%.
41.9% Lab 33.9%, L 24.2%. :'C maj 7.9%. Swing +2.4%.
1970: Total vote 48,234 (77.8°%)-
';C 21,477 (44.5%), Lab 19,954
,{41.4%), L .5,843: (12.1%), e.1byon Kernow 960't(2.0%)-C _aj 1,523 (3.1% ). Swing
Mrx David Mudd, journalist and broadcaster, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B June, 1933 .ed Truro Cathedral School. Member, Tavistock Urban Council, 19S3-6$. -. Secretary; Westcountry grolip of MPs. Member 'IIJJ'1952- 54, 1959.70; Father of Westward Television Chapel, 1968-70.
FAREHAM majir Electorate 56,859
*Benne*t Dr R. F. B. (C) 22,303 Smith, P. (L) 14,426 Horne, Miss J. (Lab) 8,37 B, Idezb, W. P. (Ind C) 1,879
C majority 7,877 Total vote 46,845. Turn-out 82.4%.
C 47.6%, L 30.8%, Lab 17.6%, Ind C 4.0%. C mai 1q.8%/.
Dr Reginald Bennett reprsented Gosport and Fareham 1950-74- contested East Woolwich, 1945. Psychiatrist and businessman; .international yachtsman. B July, 1911 ; ed Winchester and New College, Oxford, St George's Hos- pital and Maudsley Hospital. Chairman, catering sub-committee of Commons services committee since 1970. Chairman, Anglo. Italian Parliamentary Group, and Vice.Pesident, ' France-British Parliamentary Relations Commit- tee.
FARNHAM same Electorate 62,136 1970.: 60,120
*Macmillan, M. (C) 25,686 Davies, F. (L) 19,224 Hodge, Miss H. C. (Lab) 6,347 Dane, Maj N. (Ind.) 251
C majority 6,462 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,508. Turn-out 82.9%.
C 49.9%, L 37.3%, Lab 12.3%, Ind 0.5%. C maj 12.5%. Swing + 0.3%.
1970: Total vote 44,108 (73.4%)-
C 25,113 (56.9%), L 10,178 (23.1%), Lab 8,817 (20.0%)-C maj L4,935 (33.9%). Swing +5.6%.
Mr Maurice Macmillan became Paymaster General, attached to the Treasury, in December 1973; Secretary of State for Employmnent
1972-73; Chief Secretary to the' Treasury 1970.72. Elected in 1966 after being MP for HaLfax 1955- 64. Contested Seaham, 1945, Lin- coln, 1951, and Wakefinld (by-' election) 1957. Economic Secre- tary o tohe Treasuny 1963.64. B January, 1921; ed Eton and Bal- liol College, Oxford. Chairwan, Macmillan and Company Ltd 1966- 70. Son of Mr Harold Macmillan. President, United Kingdom Coun- cil of the European Movemnent, 19Sl-63. Former chairman, Wider Share Ownership Council and later, chairman, executive commit- tee of WSOC.
FARNWORTH same Electorate 70,893 1970: 69,494 *Roper, J. F. H. (Lab
and Co-op) 28,068 Royce, A. S. (C). 15,431 Rothwell, Mrs M. P. (L) 12,918
Lab majority 12,637 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,417. Turn-out 80.2%.
Lab & Co-op 49.7%, C 27.3%, L 22.9%. Lab & Co-op mai 22.4%. Swing -2.7%.
1970 : Total vote 50,259 (72.3%)-
Lab 29,392 (58.5%), C 20,867 (41-5% )-Lab maj 8,525 (17.0%). Swving +7.7%.
Mr John Roper was elected In 1970; cotjeosted High Peak In 1964. Economist. B September, 1935; ed William Hulme's Grammar School, Manchester ; Reading S&hool, Magdalen College, Oxford, and University of Chicago. Member, Commions Select Commhittee on Expenditure, 1970; Select Com- mittee on Corporation Tax, 1972; Secretary, North West group of Labour MPs. Director, Co-opera- tive Wholesale Society Ltd and Co- operative Insurance Society Ltd.
FAVERSHAM same Electorate 75,000 1970: 71,677
*Moate, R. D. (C) 26,316 Freedman, M. (Lab) 20,909 Morgan, P. (L) 14,927 Dignan, E. (Community) 151
C majority 5,407 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,303. Turn-out 82.5% -.
C 42.2%, Lab 33.6%, L 23.9%, Community 0.2%. C maj 8.7%. Swing +0.9%/.
1970: Total vote 56,017 (78.1%)-
C 29,914 (53.4%), Lab 26,103 (46.6%)-C maj 3 ,811 (6.8%). Swing +5.9%.
Mr Roger Moate won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; -n insurance broker, contested the seat in 1966. B May, 1938 ; ed Latymer Upper School, Hammers- mith, Vice-chairman, Greater London area Young Conservatives, 1964-66. Director, Alexander Howden and Swann Limited (In- surance).
Feltham and Heston,
see Hounslow
FERMANAGH and SOUTH
TYRONE same Electorate 69,775 1970 : 70,381
West, H. (UUUC) 26,858 *McManus, F. (Unity) 16,229
liaughey, D. (SDLP) 15,410 Bro6vn, H. (UU Pro Assem-
bly 3,157 UUUC majority 10,629
1970: Total vote 64,203 (91.2%)-
Unity 32,813 (51.1%), UU 31,390 (48.9%)-Unity maj 1,423 (2.2%).
Mr Harry West Is leader of the Unionist party in the Assembly. MvIember, Orange Order. Repre- sented Enniskillen at Stormont and was Minister of Agriculture under three successive Prime Ministers.
FIFE, Central major Electorate 57,903
*Hamilton, W. W. (Lab) 24,418 Livingstone, D. (Scot Nat) 10,324 Eyres, S. R. (C) 9,098 Maxwell, A. (Comm) 2,019
Lab majoritv 14,094 Total vote 45,859. Turn-out 79,2%.
Lab 53.2%, Scot Nat 22.5%, C 19.8%, Comm 4.40%. Lab maj 30.7%.
Mr William Hamilton was MP for West Fife, 1950-74, and contested that division in 1945. Member, Estimates Committee, 1953-70, chairman, 1964-70. Teacher. B
June, 1917; ed Washington Gram- mar School, County Durham, and Sheffield University. Member, Public Expenditure Committee. Vice-chairman, Parliamentary Lab- our Party, 1964-70. Member, NUT. Sponsored by Confederation of Health Service Employees.
FIFE, East minor Electorate 56,050 1970: 53,155
*Gilmour, Sir J. E. (C) 21,172 Braid, J. (Scot Nat) 8,593 Pickard, W. (L) - 7 766 Maan, B. A. (Lab) 6,634
C majority 12,579 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,165. 'urn-out 78.9%.
C 47.9%, Scot Nat 19,4%, L 17.6%, Lab 15.0%. C maj 28.5%. Swing +1.4%.
1970: Total vote 39,618 (74.4%)-
C 21,619 (54.6%), Lab 9,756 (24.6%), Scot Nat 4,666 (11.8%), L 3 577 (9.0%)-C maj 11,863 U26.9%). Swing +1.5%.
Sir John Gilmour was elected at a by-election in 1961 ; contested East StirUngshire and Clackmannan, 1945. Market gardener. B October, 1912; ed Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and Dundee School of Economics. Chairman, Scottish Unionist Party, 1965-67 ; Fife County Council, 1955-61. Member, Select Committee on Scottish Affairs; Member, Royal Company of Archers. Vice-chairman, Con- servative Parliamentary agricul- tural mcommittee, 1963-64 and 1969-7-0.
Finchley, s.ee Bamnet
FLINT, East same' Electorate 68,691 1970: 64,793 *Jones, S. B.
(Lab & Co-op) -27,663 Penston, M. J. A. (C) 18,811 Carlisle, A. (L) 10,653 Taylor, N. (PI Cymru) 1,135
Lab majority 8,852 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,262. Turn-out 84.8%.
*Lab & Co-op 47.5%, C 32.3%,% L
18.3%, Pl Cymru 1.9%. Lab &E Co-op mnaj i5.2%. Swing -3.7%. 1970: Total vote 52,592 (81.2%)-
Lab 24,227 (46.1%), C 20,145 (38.3%), L 5,888 (11.2%), PI Cyrnru 2,332 (4.4% )-Lab maj 4,082 (7.8%). Swing +5.0%.
Mr Barry Jones was elected In 1970. Schoolmaster. B June, 1938 - ed Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor College of Education. Con. tested Northwicli, 1966. UK del- egate to Council of Europe and W E U. Member, Hawarden Rural District Council. Regional organi- zer, NUT.
FLINT, West same Electorate 63,900 1970: 58,115
*Meyer, Sir A. J. C. (C) 22,039 EIarries, N. B. (Lab) 14,897 Brighton, P. (L) 12,831 Hughes, G. (P1 Cymru) 2,296
C majority 7,142 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,063. Turn-out 81.5%.;
C 42.3%, Lab 28.6%, L 24.6%, PI Cymru 4.4%. C maj 13.7%. Swving -1.2%.
1970 : Total vote 45,199 (77.8%)-
C 20,999 (46:4%), Lab 13,655 Cymru 3,108 (6.9%)-C maj (30.2%), L 7,437 (16.4%), Pl 7,344 (16.2%). Swing +4.5%.
Sir Anthony Meyer, former diplomat, was elected in 1970; represented Eton and Slough, 1964-66. B October, 1920; ed Eton and New College, Oxford. Trustee of the National Theatre; founder and director, political journal, Solon. Joint Secretary, British Council of European Movement. Member, Foreign Service, 1946.62. Conservative Research centre, 1968. Joint Secretary, backbench bousing committee 1964-66.
FOLKESTONE and HYTHE
Electorate 64,000 1970: *Costain, A. P. (C) Budd, B. (L)
Butler, M. J. S. (Lab)
same 61,067
23,400 14,890 11,412
C majority 8,510 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,702. Turn-out 77.3%.
C 47.1%, L 29.9%, Lab 23.0%. C maj 17.1%. Swing -3.7%.
1970: Total vote 42,022 (68.8%)-
C 27,031 (64.3%), Lab 13,772 (32.8%), Ind 1,219 (2.9%)-C maj 13,259 (31.6%0). Swving + 6.1%.
Mr Albert Costain was elected In 1959. Chairman of Richard Costain Ltd, 1966-69. B July, 1910 ; ed King James' Grammar School. Knaresborough, and the College of Estate Management. Fellow of the Institute of Builders; Vice-Presi- dent. International Prestressed Concrete Development Group. 1952. London treasurer, National Children's Home, 1950-60. Former chairman, Conservative arts and amenities committee. Member, Estimates Committee, 1965-70.
Fulham, see Hammersmith
G
GAINSBOROUGH minor Electorate 61,672 1970: S9,099
*Kimball, M. (C) 22,177 Blackmore, R. (L) 15,967 Lansbury, T. J. (.ab) 12,011
C majority 6,210 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,155. Turn-out 81.3%.
C 44.2%, L 31.8%, Lab 23.9%. C maj 12.4%. Swing +1.4%.
1970: Total vote 44,160 (74.6%)-
C 22,163 (50.2%), Lab 14,454 (32.7%), L 7,543 (17.11%)-C maj 7,709 (17.4%). Swing +3.9%.
Mr Marcus Rimball, land-owner, farmer and Lloyd's underwriter, was returned at a bv-election in 1956 ; contested Derby, South, 1955. B October, 1928; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member, Rutland County Council, 1955-62. Chairman, East Midland Area Young Conservatives, 1954- 58. Chairman, British Field Sports Society since 1964. Joint master and huntsman, Cottesmore Hounds, 1953-58, and Fitzwilliam, 1951-52. Member, Nature Conser- vancy Wild Fowl Conservation Committee. Privy Council repre- sentative on Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1969-70.
GALLOWAY same Electorate 39.082 1970: 38,669
*Brewis, H. J. (C) 13,316 Thompson, G. H.
(Scot Nat) 9,308 Hannay, Dr D. R. (L) f4,643 Chalmers, Mrs H. (Lab) 3,091
- C majority 4,008 NO CHANGE
Total vote 30,358. Turn-out 77.8%.
C 43.90%1, Scot Nat 30.7%, L 15.3%, Lab 10.2%. C maj 13.2%. Swing +1.8%.
1970: Total vote 27,852 (72.0%)-
C 14,003 (50.3%), Scot Nat 5,723 (20.5%), Lab 5,665 (20.3%), L 2,461 (8.8%°)-C maj 8,280 (29.7°'%). Swing +3.0%.
Mr John Brewis, Vice-chairman, Scottish Conservative MPs since 1972; member, European Parlia- ment, since 1973. Delegate to Council of Europe, 1965-68. Elected at a by-election in April, 1959. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1964), farmer and company direc- tor, Deputy-lieutenant for Wig- townshire. B April, 1920; ed Eton and New College, Oxford. Member, Wigtown County Coun- cil. 1955-59. Member of Commons Chairmen's panel since 1965.
GATESHEAD, East same Electorate 62,881 1970: 62,011
*Conlan, B. (Lab) 27,269 Ryder, R. A. (C) 11,970 Buckingham, K. A. (L) 10,196
Lab majority 15,299 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,435. Turn-out 78.6%.
Lab 55.2%, C 24.2%, L 20.6%. Lab maj 30.9%. Swing -0.7%.
1970: Total vote 44,013 (71.0%)-
Lab 28,524 (6.4,8%), C 15,489 (35.t% )-Lab maj 13,035 (29.6%). Swing +4.8%.
Mr Bernard Conlan was elected in 1964 ; contested High Peak, 1959. Engineer. B October, 1923; ed Manchester primary and secon- dary schools. Member, Manchester City Council 1954-66, officer of 1944-66. Sponsored by AUEW engineering section. Member, Defence and External Affairs sub- cmte, Public Expenditure Cmte.
GATESHEAD, West same Electorate 30,572 1970.: 34,398
*Horam, J. R. (Lab) 13,839 Heddle, B- J-C) 5,372 Bennison, J (L) 3,474
Lab majority 8,467 NO CEIANGE
Total vote 22,685. Turn-out 74.2%.
Lab 61.0% C 23.7%, L 15.3%. Lab maj 3M.3%. Swin'g -0.5%.
1970: Total vote 22,950 (66. 7%)-
Lab 15,622 (68.1%), C 7,328 (31.9%)-Lab maj 8.294 (36.1%). Swing +6.7%6.
Mr John Horam, economic consul- tant, was elected in t970; con- tested Folkestone and Hythe in 1966. B March, 1939 ; ed Silcoates. School, Wakefield, and St Cathar- Ine's College, Cambridge. Founder-Director Commodities Re- search Unit Ltd. Chairman, 'Circle Thirty-Three Housing Trust Ltd. Sponsored by TGWYU. Feature and leader writer, Financial Times, 1962-65, The Economist, 1965-68, and contributor to Tribune, 1966. 68.
GILLINGHAM sane Electorate 61,532 1970: 59,742
*Burden, F. F. A. (C) 20,934 Sayer, R. (L) 15,052 Clother, H. G. N. (Lab) 14,850
C majority 5,882 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,836. Turn-out 82.4%.
C 41.2%, L 29.6%, Lab 29.2%. C mai 11.6%. Swing -2.8%.
1970: Total vote 43,870 (73.4%)-
C 25,813 (58.8%), Lab 18,057 (41.2%) -C maj 7,756 (17.7%). Swing +4.9%.
Mr Frederick Burden was elected in 1950 ; contested South Shields 1935, Finsbury 1945, and Rother- bithe, in 1947 by-election. Chair- man, Parliamentary anirnal wel. fare group and vice-chairman, RSPCA. Company director. B De- cember, 1905; ed Sloane Grammar School, Chelsea.
GLASGOW, Cathcart major Electorate 49,346
*Taylor, E. M. (C) 18,247 McCann, P. T. (Lab) 16,152 Ewing, A. (Scot Nat) 5,410
C maioritv 2,095 Total vote 39,809. Turn-out 80.7%.
C 45.8%, Lab 40.6%, Scot N at 13.6%. C maj 5.3%.
Mr Edward Taylor, Under-Secre- tary (Development) Scottish Office, 1974; Under-Secretary, Scottish Office, 1970-71, when he resigned in disagreement with Government's policy on the EEC. Elected In 1964; contested Glas- gowv, Springburn, 1959. Industrial relations officer and journalist. B April,' 1937 ; ed Glasgow High School and Glasgow University. Member, Glasgow City Council, 1959-64. Chairman, Conservative parliamentary consumer protection committee, 1972; former joint- secretary Conservative parliamen. tary shipbuilding committee, former vice-chairman, transport committee.
GLASGOW, Central major Electorate 25,426
*McMillan, T. M. (Lab) 9,400 Gourlay, M. (C) 3,435 Ewying, S. (Scot Nat) 2,211 Brodie, A. (L) 982
Lab majority 5,965 Total vote 16,028. Turn-out 63.0%.
Lab 58.6%, C 21.4%, Scot Nat 13.8%, L 6.1%. Lab maj 37.2%.
Mr Thomas McMillan, formerly a wood machinist at Cowlairs rail- way workshops, was elected In 1966. B February, 1919 ; ed second- ary education. Member, Glasgow City Council since 1962. Magistrate and Bailie of Burgh, 1964. Secre- tary, Glasgow Central CLP. Spon- sored by NUR.
I
GLASGOW, Craigton major Electorate 43,949
*Millan, B. (Lab) 18,055 Scouller, A. M. (C) 10.817 H-ooston. G. (Scot Nat) 6,303
Lab maioritv 7.238 Total vote 35,175. Turn-out 80.0%,.
Lab 51.3%, C 30.70h, Scot Nat 17.9%0. Lab maj 20.6%.
Mr Bruce Millan, an opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, De- cember, 1973-74 and on industry, 1970-73, was Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, 1966-70; Under- Secretary of Defence for the Royal Air Force, 1964-66. Elected in 1959; contested the seat 1955 and West Renfrewshire, 1951. Char- tered accountant. B October, 1927 ; ed Harris Academy, Dundee. Sponsored by APEX.
GLASGOW, Garscadden major Electorate 54,267
*'.Tiall. W. W. (Lab) 21,035 Rae, J. C. (C) 9,771 MacRury, M. (Scot Nat) 8.789 Barr, S. (Crmm) 635
Lab majority 11,264 Total vote 40,230. Turn-out 74.1%.
Lab 52.3%, C 24.3%, Scot Nat 21.8%, Comm 1.6%. Lab maj 28.0%.
Mr WVilliam Small represented Glasgow, Scotstoun, 1959-74. Engi- neer. B October, 1909 ; elementary education at Motherwell. Member, Ayr County Council, 1945-52, and of national committee, Amalga- mated Engineering Union, 1955- 57; past president, West Ayrshire district AEU. Sponsored by AUEW engineering section.
GLASGOW, Govan major Electorate 31,928
Selby. H. (Lab) 10,326 *Macdonald, Mrs M.
(Scot Nat) 9,783 Muir, J. (C) 3,049 McMillan, P. (L) 763
Lab c amoritv 543
'lotal vote 23,921. Turn-out 74.9%.
Lab 43.2%, Scot Nat 40.9%, C 12.7%, L 3.2%. Lab maj 2.3%.
lIr Harry Selby, aged 60, contested Govan by-election, 1973. Glasgow councillor since 1972; Chaiwman, Govan constituency Labour Party for 11 years.
GLASGOW, HilIhead maJor Electorate 41,553
*Galbraith, T. G. D. (C) 14,378 Welsh, D. (Lab) 7,997 Steedman, Mrs L. (L) 6,644 Bovey, K. S. (Scot Nat) 3,702
C maioritv '.381 Total vote 32,721. Turn-out 78.7%.
C 43.9%, Lab 24.4%, L 20.3%, Scot Nat 11.3%. C maj 19.5%.
Mr Thomas Galbraith was Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1963-64; Under-Secre- tary, Scottish Office from 1959 resigned in November, 1962. Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1957 Treasurer of the Household, 1955
Comptroller. of the Household, 1954. Returned at a by-election in 1948; contested Paisley, 194S, and East Edinburgh by-election in the same year. An Opposition spokes. man on transport, 1964-65; vice- chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary transport committee, 1966-68, Chairman of Scottish Conservative MiPs' committee, 1971r72, BaMarcb, 1917; son and* heir of Lord Strahclye; cjucted yton House, Glasgo; Wellington ol_- leg; hrit hurh,Oxfrd ad
GLASGOW, Kelvingrove major Electorate 42,505
*Carmichael, N. G. (Lab) 13,115 Xenyon, Dr. A. R. T. (C) 10,717 MacKellar, C. M. (Scot
Nat) 5,666
Lab majority 2,398 Total vote 29,498. Turn-oult 69.4%.
Lab 44.5%, C 36.3%, Scot Nat 19.2%. Lab maj 8.1o%,.
Mr Nell Carmichael, an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs since 1970, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1969-70; and to Ministry of Trans. port, 1967.69. MP for Glasgow, W e 1962-74. Engineer. B October, 1921 : ed Estbank Aca- demy and Royal College of Sci- ence and Technology, Glasgow.
Formely emloye by Gs Bord In plnigdepartment. Member
Glasgow City Council, 1962.63. Member, Select Conunlttee on NationaliMoeil Indutres. ResiMWnt
GLASGOW, Maryhill Electorate 51,236
L CraIgen, J. M. (Lab &
major
CO-OP) . 20,303 MacIntosh, A. (Scot Nat) 8,920 Taylor, S. (C) 6,625
Lab majority 11.383 Total vote 35,848. Turn-out 70.0%.
Lab & Co-op 56.6%, Scot Nat 24.9%, C 18.5%. Lab & Co-op maj 31.7%.
Mr Jim Cralgen, industrial liaison officer, contested Ayr, 1970. B August, 1938; ed Shawlands Aca- demy, Glasgow, and University of Strathclyde. Member Glasgow Corporation. 1965-68 ; Bailie, 1966- 68; convenor, Printing Committee 1967-68. Head of Organization and Social Services at the Scottish Trades Union Congress, 1964- 68; Member, Glasgow. City Labour Party Executive, 1963-68.
GLASGOW, Pollok same Electorate 59,019 1970: 57,501
*White, J. (Lab) 21,090 Lang, I. B. (C) 17,684 D'Arcy Conyers, M. (Scot Nat)
6,584 Bigam, T. (Comn) 377
Lab majority 3,406 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,735. Turn-out 77.5%.
Lab 46.1%, C 38.7%, Scot Nat 14.4%, Commn 0.8%. Lab maj 7.4%. Swing -3.0%.
1970: Total vote 41,752 (72.6%)-
Lab 19,311 (46.2%), C 18,708 (44.8%), Scot Nat 3,733 (8.9%)-Lab maj 603 (1.4%). Swing +1.7%.
Mr James White won the seat for Labour in 1970. B April, 1922 ; ed Knightswood Senior Secondary School. Managing director, Glas- gow Car Collection Ltd.
I GLASGOW, Provan
major
Electorate 54,454
*Brown, H. D. (Lab) 23,154 Eawards, R. (Scot Nat) 7,367 Malone, G. (C) 6,324 Jackson, J. (Comm) 749
Lab majority 15,787 Total vote 37,594. Turn-out 69.0%.
Lab 61.6%, Scot Nat 19.6%, C 16.8%, Comm 2.0%. Lab maj 42.0 %.
Mr Hugh Brown was elected In 1964. Former civil servant, Minis- try of Pensions and National In- surance. B May, 1919 ; ed Allani Glen's School and Whitehill Secondary School, Glasgow. Member, Glasgow Corporation. 1954-64 Secretary, indoor postal section, Glasgow branch. Union of Post Office Workers. 1946-47. Chairman, Social Services Group, PLP, 1966-68, and of Scottish Labour group since 1973.
GLASGOW, Queen's Park major Electorate 38,556
*McElhone, F. (Lab) 15,883 Shearer, IV. (C) 7,517 MacKellar, D. G. (Scot
Nat) 4,394 Kay, J. (Comm) 372 Purdie, R. (Int Marxist) 90 Lab majority 8,366 Total vote 28,256. Turn-out 73.3b.
Lab 56.2%, C 26.6%, Scot Nat 15.5°o, Comm 1.3%, Int Marx 0.30,/%. Lab maj 29.6%.
Mr Frank McElhone wvas MP for Glasgow, Gorbals, 1969-74. Member, Glasgow City Council since 1963. Glasgow magistrate, 1966-68, senior magistrate, 1968- 69. B April, 1929 ; ed St Bonaven- ture's Secondary School. USDAW.
GLASGOW, Shettleston Electorate 38,176
major
*Galpern, sir M. (Lab) 14,208 Turpie. L. (C) 6.472 Lindsay, W. (Scot Nat) 5.834
Lab majority 7.736 Total vote 26,514. Turn-out 69.4%.
Lab 53.6%/, C 24.4%, Scot Nat 22.0%. Lab maj 29.2%.
Sir Myer Galpern has represented the constituency since 1959. Member, Glasgow Corporation, 1932-60; Lord Provost, and Lord Lieutenant for the County of the City of Glasgow, 1958-1959. House furnisher. B 1903 ; ed elementary school and Glasgow University. Member, Court of Glasgow University; Advisory Committee on Education in Scotland; and National Committee for Training of Teachers. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chairmen.
GLASGOW, Springburn Electorate 47,790
major
* uchan, Rn. ILab) 18,067 Morton, W. (Scot Nat) 7,672
McCune, N. (C) 7,452 McLellan, N. (Comm) 478
Lab majority 10,395 Total vote 33,669. Turn-out 70.4%.
Lab 53.7%, Scot Nat 22.8%, C 22.1%4, Comm 1.4%. Lab maj 30.9%.
Mr Richard Buchanan was elected In 1964. Engineer. B May, 1912; ed St Mungo's Academy and the Royal College of Science and Technology (now Strathclyde University). Member Glasgow Cor- poration, 1949-64. Chairman, Scot- tish Central Library. Former secretary Glasgow City Labour Party. Director, Glasgow Citizens' Theatre. Sponsored by NUR. Presi- dent, Scottish Library Association.
GLOUCESTER
Electorate 61,921
*^^""A- - wr.
major
*uppenneim Mrt S. (C) 23,052 Pegler, A. }. (Lab) 18,215 Halford, D. (L) 10,155 GordonStorkey, B
(C Powell) 366
C majority 4,837 Total vote 51,788. Turn-out 83.4%.
C 44.5%, Lab 35.2%, L 19.6%, C-Powell 0.7%. C maj 9.3%.
Mrs Sally Oppenbeim won the seat for the Conservatives In 1970. B July, 1928; ed Sheffield High School, Lowther College, North Wales, and the Royal Academy of Dramiatic Art. Member, BBC Advi- sory Council since 1971 ; chairman, Conservative Parliamentary Consu. mer Protection Committee since 1972. National Vice-President, Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents, the Association of Townswomen's Guilds and the National Mobile Homres Residents Assocliation. Member,- executive commnittee of National Council for the Single Woman and Her Depen-
dant.M be,Slt 'Co tiete
on Anti-Discrimination.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE, South major Electorate 93,638
Cope, J. (C) 27,602 McDonald, Miss 0. A.
(Lab) 21,143 Short, D. (L). 17,276
C majority 6,459 Total vote 6,021. Trn-olt 83.7%.
C 41.8%, Lab 32.0%, L 26.2%. C Mai 9.8%.
Mr john Cope, a chartered accountant, contested Woolwich, East, in 1970. B May, 1937; ed Oakham School, Rutland. Conser- vative research department, 1965- 67. Per#onal assistant to Mr Barber, 1967-70, and special assis- tant to Mr Peter Walker, 1972-74.
GLOUCESTERSIIIRE, West minor Electorate 67,545 1970: 63,599
LoughLn, C. W. (Lab) 22,765 Marland, P. (C) 21,141 MacGregor, A. I. (L) 11,856 Hart, Dr S. S. (Ind) 171
Lab majority 1,624 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,933. Turn-out 83.8%.
Lab 40.7%, C 37.8%, L 21. 2%,
Ind 0.3%. Lab mai 2.9%. Swing
-0.3%.
1970 : Total vote 49,099 (77.0%)-
Lab 22,637 (46.1%), C 21,530 (43.8%), L 4,932 (10.0%)-Lab maj 1.107 (2.2%). Swing +7.4%.
Mr Charles Loughlin, Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works, 1968.70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Social Security, 1967-68 ; Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1965/67. Elected In 1959. B February, 1914; ed St Mary's School, Grimsby, and Nationlal Councdl of Labour Colleges. Area organizer, Union of Shop Distribu- tive and Allied Workers, 1946-59.
Sponsored by USDAW.
b-
GOOLE same Electorate 64,000 1970: 63,111
*Marshall, E. I. (Lab) 30,245 Kemp, N. P. (C) 17,020 Clarkson, J. T. (Ind) 2,150
C majority 13,225 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,415. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 61.2%, C 34.4%, Ind 4.3%. Lab maj 26.8%. Swing -3.2%.
1970: Total vote 43,881 (69.5%)-
Lab 26,424 (60.2%), C 17,457 (39.8%)-Lab maj 8,967 (20.4%). Swing +4.6%.
1971 by-election . Total vote 35,313
(55.6%)-Lab 24,323 (68.9%), C 10,990 (31.1%)-Lab maj 13,333 (37.8%).
Mr Edmund Marsball, a mathema- tician, was elected fn May, 1971. Contested Louth as a Liberal in 1964 and 1966; joined Labour Party 1967. B May, 1940; ed Humberstone Foundation School, Clee; Magdalen College, Oxford; Liverpool University. Member Expendlture Committee; Method- ist local preacher; member, British Council of Churches; treasurer Christian Socdalist Movement.
GOSPORT major Electorate 48,614
Viggers, P. J. (C) 19,563 Hewitt, G. J. (Lab) 12,335 Rix: J. G. tL) 7,485
C majorlty 7.228 Total vote 39,383. Turn-out 81.0%.
C 49.7°o, Lab 31.3%, L 19.0%. C nlaj 18.3%.
Mr Peter Viggers, merchant banker. B March, 1938; ed Alverstoke Primary School, Gos- port; -Portsmouth Grammar School, Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Director of Edward Bates and Sons Ltd and of other companies including Richardson Smith Ltd (chairman) and Premier Conisoli- dated Oilfields Ltd; an undervrit- ing member of Lloyd's. Solicitor.
GOWER same Electorate 58,627 1970 : 54,246
*Davies, I. (Lab) 23,8S6 George, D. F. R. (C) 8,780 Thomas, R. C. C. (L) 8,737 Harris, J. N. (PI Cymru) 3,741
Lab majority 15,076 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,114. Turn-out 79.9%.
Lab 52.9%, C 19.5%,,o L 19.4%, PI Cymru 8.3%. Lab maj 33.40%. Swing +3.7°,.
1970 : Total vote 41,789 (77.0%)-
Lab 26,485 (63.4%), C 9,435 (22.6% ), PI Cymru 5,869 (14.0%)-Lab maj 17,050 (40.8%). Swing +6.8°b.
Mr Ifor Davies was Under Secre- tar:y, WVelsh Office, 1966.69 ; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Indus. trial personnel o(ficer. R June, 1910; ed Gowerton School, Swan- sea Technical College, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Speak- er's Panel of Chairmen. Member, Glamorgan County Coundl, 1958- 61. Chairman, Welsh Grand Com- mittee ; Council of Swansea Uni- versity College. Member, Court of University of Wales, Board of Civic Trust for Wales. APEX.
GRANTHAM minor Electorate 77.747 1970 : 73,626
*Godber, J. B. (C) 31,910 Smedley, Mrs S. M. (Lab) 20:567 Bailey, W. T. (Ind L) 10,781
C majority 11,343 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,258. Turn-out 81.4%.
C 50.4%, Lab 32.5%,' Ind L 17.%,. C maj 17.9% . Swing +0.2°o.
1970 : Total vote 56,366 (7.64,%)-
C 33,070 (58.7%), Lab 23,296 (41.3%)-C maj 9,774 (17.3%). Swing +6.6%.
Mr Joseph Godber, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
since 1972 ; Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1970-72. Was Opposition chief spokesman on agriculture, 1965-70; previously spokesman on labour affairs. Minister of Labour, 1963-64; Secretary of State for War, June-October, 1963; Minis-
ter of State, Foreign Office, 1961- 63 and joint Jner-Secretary,
1960-61 joint Parliamentary
Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957-60:; assis- tant whip, 1955-57. Elected £n
1951. Farmer. B March, 1914; ed Bedford School. Member, Bed- fordshire County Council, 1946-52.
GRAVESEND minor Electorate 86,496 1970: 84,046
Ovenden, J. F. (Lab) 29,571 *White, R. L. (C) 27,989 Mumford, D. C. (L) 13 136 Turner, J. D. (Nat Front) 1,726
Lab majority 1,582 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 72,422. Turn-out 83.7%.
Lab 40.8%, C 38.6%, L 18.1%, Nat Front 2.4%. Lab maaj 2.2%. Swing -2.0%.
1970: Total vote 63,869 (75.9%)-
C 29,924 (46.8%), Lab 28,711 (44.9%), L 5.234 (8.2%)-C mnaj 1X213 (1.9%).- Swing +4.9% -
enFederation of Labour Party.
OREENOCK AND PORT GLAS- GOW ' major Electorate 63,594
*Mabon, Dr J. D. (Lab &
Co-oP) 20,565 Campbell, W. M. (L) 8,789 Scott Younger, F. (C) 7 89= Wright, K. (Scot Nat) 4,881 Murray, A. (Comm) 483
Lab majority 11,776 Total vote 42,610. Turn-out 67.0%.
Lab & Co-op 48.3%, L 20.6%. C 18.5%, Scot Nat 11.4%, Comm 1.1%. Lab & Co-op maj 27.6%. Dr Dickson Mabon was an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1970-72; Minister of State Scottish Office, 1967-70, and Under Secretary, Scottish Office. 1964-67. Returped at a by-election in December, 1955; contested West Renfrewshire, 1955 and Bute and North Ayrshire, 1951. Physi- dan. B November, 1925; ed North Kelvinside School, Glasgow and Glasgow University. President, Scottish Union of Students, 1954- 55. Secretary all party shipbuild- ing committee; vice-chairman, all party Scotcb Whisky committee; vice-chairman, Labour backbench cane sugar refining committee. Director, Radio Clyde Ltd and advisor on Parliamentary and EEC legislation to several companies. Member, MPU, BMA and NUGMW.
GIREENWICH, Greenwich major Electorate 52,390
tBarnet, N. G. (Lab) 20,164 Harold, Mrs S. M. S. (C) 11,294 Wilson, A. J. D. (L) 7,855
Lab majority 8,870 Total vote 39,313. Turn-out 75.0%.
Lab 51.3%, C 28.7%, L 20.0%. Lab maj 22.6%.
Mr Guy Barnett retained the seat for Labour in the by-election of July, 1971. MP for Dorset, South, 1962-64, contested Scarborough and Whitby, 1959. Schoolmaster. Former chief education officer of Commonwealth Institute. B Au ust, 1928; ed Highgate School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. Chairman, Oxford University Labour Party Group, 1951; Secre- tary, Oxford Union, 1953. Parlia- mentary Consultant to Society of Civil Servants.
GREENWICH, Woolwich East
major Electorate 50,520
*Maybew, C. P. (Lab) 20,967 Watson, B. H. (C) 8,990 Woodhead, Dr D. J. (L) 6,390 Hanman, P. S. (Nat Front) 1,066 Murphy, 3. R. (Exports) 191
Lab majority 11,977 Total vote 37,604. Turn-out 74.4%.
Lab 55.7%, C 23.9%, L 17.0%, Nat Front 2.8%, Exports 0.5%. Lab maj 31.8%.
Mtr Christopher Mayhew, Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy from 1964 until he resigned in 1966, was a party spokesman on foreign affairs from December, 1961 to 1964, and prevlously on War Office matters. represented South Norfolk, 1945-50, returned for East Woolwich at a by-elec- tion, 1951. Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1946-50. B June, 1915; ed Haileybury and Christ Church, Oxford; President of the Union, 1937. Television broad- caster and writer. Chairman, Middle East International (Publishers) Ltd ; and of National Association for Mental Health.
GREENWICH, Woolwlcb West Electorate 55,767
major *Hamijng, W. (Lab) 20,126 Bottomiey, P. J. (C) 17,690 Johnson, J. P. (L) 7,833
tab majority 2,436 Total vote 45,649. Turn-out 81.8%.
Lab 44.1%, C 38.7%, L 17.1%. Lab maj 5.3%.
Mr William Hamling, was an Op. position spokesman on defence *and Opposition whip 1970-73 ; assistant Government Whip, 1969- 70. Elected in 1964. Contested WooIvich, West, 1955 and 1959, Torquay, 1956 by-election, Waver. tree 1950, 1951 and Southport, 1945. Lecturer. B August, 1912- ed elementary school, Liverpool Institute and University of Liver- pool. Member, Fabian Society, and Estimates Committee, 1965-66. Trustee, NatiQnal Maritime Museund since 1967. Member, NUT and ATTI.
GRIMSRY nflor Electorate 66,836 1970: 65,581
""Crosland, C. A. R. (Lab) 21,585 Brown, K. (C) 15,914 Rigby, D. (L) 12,084 Kale, P. H. (C-Powell) 816
Lab majority 5,671 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,399. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 42.5%, C 31.6%, L 24.0%, C-Powell 1.6%. Lab maj 11.2%. Swing +1.2%.
1970: Total vote 44,881 (68.4%)-
Lab 23,571 (52.5%), C 17,460 (38.9%), L 3,850 (8.6%)-Lab maj 6,111 (13.6%). Swing + 2.1%
Mr Anthony Crosland, chief Oppo- sition spokesman on the environ- ment since 1970 ; was elected to Shadow Cabinet in 1970; Secre- tary of State for Local Govern. ment and Regional Planning 1969- 70 with Cabinet responsibilities for Ministry of Housing and tocal Government, Ministry of Trans. port, and for environment and pollution matters ; President of the Board of Trade. 1967.69
Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1965-67 ; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1964-65. Elected in 1959 ; represented South Gloucestershire 1950-55
contested Southampton, Test, 1955. Economist, university lec- turer and writer. B August, 1918
ed Highgate School and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union. 1946). Chairman, Fabian Srossbow, 1961-62. carmn o
GULDFORD same Electorate 71,580 1970: 61,154
*Howell, D. A. R. (C) 28,152 Fox, C. (L) 18,261 Crow, Mrs J. E. (Lab) 11,175
C majority 9,891 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,588. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 48.9%, L 31.7%, Lab 19.4%. C maj 17.2%. Swing +0.4%.
1970: Total vote 491,33 (72.t%)-
C 27,203 (55.4%), Lab 13,108 (26.7%), L 8,822 (17.9%)°-C m a; 14.09; (28.7%) SwIng 4-S 6%
Mr Davld Howell, Mlnister of State for Energy, 1974; Minister nf State for Northern Ireland, November, 1972-74; under Secre- tary for Northern Ireland, 1972:
Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury. 1970.71 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Civil Service Depart- ment. 1970-72 and Under Secre-. tary for Employment, 1971-72.. Elected in 1966 ; contested Dudley, 1964. Director of the Conservative Political Centre. 1964-66. B Janu- ary, 1936; ed Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Editor of Crossbow, 1962-64;.chairman, Bow Grouip, 1961. Served in the eco- nomic esection of the' Treasury. 1959-60; leader writer anid special correspondent with The DailpTe 7'.; graph, 1960-64.
- H 1.
HACKNEY, Central mjr Electorate 48,288
*Davis, S. C. (Lab) 18,705 Lightwood, K. S. (C) 6 302 Snow, Mrs M. (L) 5,256
Lab majority 12,403 Total vote 30,263. Turn-out .62.7%,;:
Lab 61.8%,, C 20.8%, L 17.4%. Lab Mai 41.0%.
Mr Clinton Davis. elected in 1970 contested Yarmouth in 1964 gnd 1959, and Portsmouth, Langsto'ne. in 1955. Solicitor. B December, 1928: ed Nercer's School and King't College, London University (Chairman, Labour Societ); Mayor. London borough of Hack- ney, 1968-69; Secretary, all.party solicitors groL,..
HACKNEY, North ana Stoke NewLogton ra9or3 Electorate 52,564
*Weltzman, D. (Lab) 17,16, WVylson, A. J. (C) 7,826 Lyons, S. J. (L) 5,93z Lord, H1. (Nat Front) '1,226 Goldman, M. (Comm) 532 Lab majority .9,334 Total vote 32,676. Turn-out 62.2%M.
Lab 52.5%, C 23.9%, L 18.1%,
Nat Front 3.7%, Comm 1.-%.. Lab maj 28 6%.
Mr David Weitzman, QC. was member for Stoke Newington, 1945-50, and elected for Stoke Newington and Hackney North, in 1950; contested Stoke Newington, 1935. B June, 1898 ; ed Hutche. sons' Grammar School, Glasgow, and Manchester TJniversity. Barris- ter (Gray's Inn, 1922), QC, 1951. I HACKNEY, South and Sboreditcb
major Electorate 49,24t'
*Brown, R. W. (Lab) 18,580. Proctor, K. H. (C) 6,562 Bone, C. (L) 6,053
Lab majority 12,018 Total vote 31,195. Turn.out 6g.30/%.
Lab 59.6%, C 21.0%, L 19.4%. Lab maj 38.5%.
Mr Ronald Brown, MP for Shore- ditch and Finsbury, 1964.74, was an assistant Government whip, 1966-67. Senior lecturer in electri. cal engineering, principal of In. dustrial Training School, Parlia. mentary adviser to Furniture, Timber and Allied Trade Unlqn. B September, 1921; ed elementary school, South London, and Bor- ough polytechnic. Brother of Lord George-Brown. Alderman and leader, London borough of South. wark since 1964. Leader, Camber- well Borough Council, 1956.64.
HALESOWEN AND STOUR- BRIDGE maior Electorate 81,620
*Stokes, J. H. R. (C) 26,514 Turner, D. (Lab) 22,465 Eden, L. (L) 17i471
C majority 4,049 Total vote 66,450. Turn-out 81.4%.
C 39.9%, Lab 33.8%, L 26.3%, C maj 6.1%.
Mr John Stokes, Management con- sultant,. represented Oldbury and Haleso-wen, 1970.74. Fought Gloucester, 1964, and Hitchin, 1966. B July, 1917; ed Haileybury and Queen's Col]ege, Oxford (treasurer, ConservatHve Associa- tion). Member, Conservative Parliamentary Defence Commnittee.. Chairman, General Purposes Corn. mittee,. Primrose League.
HALIFAX same Electorate 63,051 1970: 66,222. *Summersidll, Dr
Shirley C. W. (Lab) 20,970 Lyons, S. R. (C) 17,967 Clegg, A. (L) 12,300
Lab majority 3,003 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,237. Turn-out 81.1%.
Lab 40.9%, C 35.1%, L 24.0%. Lab maj 5.9%. Swing -2.7%.
Dr Shirley Summerskill, an Oppo- sition Spokesman on bealth since 1970, was elected in 1964 ; con- tested Blackpool, North, in 1962 by-election. Medical practitioner. B Septemnber, 1931 ; ed St Paul's School : Somerville College, Oxford ; and St Thomas' Hospital. HALTEMPRICE minor Electorate 77,044 1970: 74,813
tWall, P. H. B. (C) 31,720 Walker, R. (L) 19 896 Cross, L. (Lab) 11,031
C majority 11,824 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,647. Turn-out 82.1%.
C 50.6 %, L 31.7 % . Lab 17.6 %. C maj 18.9%. Swing +3.8%.'
1970: Total vote 56,033 (74.8%)-
C 30,042 (53.6%). Lab 15,862 (28.3%0), L 10,129 (18.1%)-C maj 14,180 (25.3%). Swing - 0.7%.
Mr Patrick Wall was returned at a by-election in Februarv, 1954: contested Cleveland, 1951 and 1953 by-election. B October, 1916; ed Downside. Vice-chairman of Con- servative parliamentary committee on defence, 1965-70 and 1972. and for many years vice-chairman of the party's Commonwealth com- mittee and overseas bureau. Exec- utive member, United Kingdom branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Chairman of the Conserva- tive sub-committee on fisheries since 1972 and Southern Africa sub-committee. Member Westmin- ster City Council, 1953-63. Member of defence committee of WEU and of Council of Europe.
HAMnLTON na3ot *Wilson, A. (Lab) 19,070e MacDonald 1. (Scot Nat) 12,692 Douglas-Hamilton, Lord
James (C) 7.977
Lab majority 6.378 Total vote 39,739. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 48.0%, Scot Nat 31S%, c 20.1%. Lab maj 16.0%.
Mr Alexander Wilson, a miner, regained the seat for Labour ir
1970, contested the 1967 by-elec-. tion. B June, 1917; ed Forth Grammar School. Member 3rd dis- trict council Lanarkshire for 11 vears. Sponsored by NUM.
HAMMERSMITH, Fulham Maior
Electorate 58,453.
*Stewart, M. (Lab) 20,995 Stevens, M. (C) 17,446' Dowden, G. (L) .6,105 Smithies, H. (Nat Front) 966
Lab majority 3,549 Total vote 45,512. Turn-out 78.5%.
Lab 46.1%, C 38.3%, L 13.4%.. Nat Front 2.1%. Lab maj 7.8%. Mr Michael Stewart, Chairman, Select Committee on Parliamen- tary Commission for Adrninistra- tion, since 1970, was Secretary of State for Foreign and Common- wealth Affairs 1968-70; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, March to October, 1968 ; First Secretary. of State, 1967-68; Secre- tary of State for Economic: Affairs, 1966-67; Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs, 19S5-66
Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1964. LAbour spokes- man on housing and local govern-
ment, 1959-64 and previously On education. Elected Fulham, 1950'; contested West Lewisham in 1931 and 1935 ; represented Fulham, East 1945-SO. Vice Chamberlain of the l!ousehold, 1946-47 ; Coniptroi- ler, 1946-47; Under-Secretary. for War.. 1947-51- Parliamentaiy
Secretary. Mnistry of -Supply, M~ay to October, 1951.. .B NoveWi. ber, 1906; ed:Christ's Hospita ind St John's CollReae Oxford; pi'<.
SOUTHPORT same Electorate 65,580 1970: 64,772
*Percival, W. I. (C) 23.975 Fearn, R. (L) 20,093 Ward, P. R. (Lab) 6,690
C majority 3,882 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,758. Turn-out 92.6%.
L 49.5%, C 39.4%, Lab 11.0%. L maj 10.1%. Swing -1.1%.
1970: Total vote 45,717 (70.6%)-
C 22,958 (50.2%), L 13.809 (30.2%/o), Lab 8,950 (19.6%)-C maj 9,149 (20.0%). Swing +4.4%.
Mr Ian Percival, -QC, was elected In 1959 ; contested Battersea, North, 1951 and 1955. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948) ; QC, 1963. B May, 1921; ed Latymer School and St Catharine's College, Cam- bridge. Ohairman, Conservative parliamentary legal committee since 1972; former vice-chairman, Fellow of Institute of Taxation. Member, Kensington BorOugh Council, 1952-59. Director of Re- search, Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Society, 1963-65.
SOUTH SHIELDS same Electorate 72,390 1970: 75,032
*Blenkinsop, A. (Lab) 30,740 Smith, S. (C) 18,754 Owen, W. (Nat Front) 1,958
Lab majority 11,986 NO CHANCE
Total vote 51,452. Turn-out 71.6%.
Lab 59.7%, C 36.4%, Nat Front 3.8%. Lab maj 23.3%.\ Swing
1.4%.
1970: 'Iotal vote 50,151 (66.8%)-
Lab 30,191 (60.2%), C 19,960 (39.8%)-Lab maj 10,231 (20.4%). Swving +4.5%.
Mr Arthur Blenkinsop was elected in 1964; represented Newcastle- upon-Tyne, East, 1945-59. Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1949-51, and Ministry of Pensions, 1946-49. B June, 1911; ed Royal Grammar School, New- castle, and College of Commerce, Newcastle. Chartered secretary. Former vice-chairman, Parliamen- tary Labour Party. Member, Advi- sory Committee on Misuse of Drugs; member of executive com- mittee and former chairman, Fabian Sodety; Chairman, Labour parlia- mentary environment group; executive member, National Trust; chairman of Colncil of Town and Country Planning Association; vice-chairman, all-party conserv- ation group; secretary, Anglo- Polish parliamentary group.
SOUTHWARK, Bermondsey major Electorate 55,429
*Mellish, R. J. (Lab) 24,847 Flight, H. (C) 6,126 Hewitson, C. (L) 3,751 Davey, G. (Nat Front) 1,485
Lab majority 18,721 Total vote 36,209. Turn-out 65.9%.
Lab 68.6%, C 16.9%, L 10.3%, Nat Front 4.1%. Lab maj 51.7%. Mr Robert Mellish, Opposition Chief Whip, 1970-74, became Min- ister of Housing and Local Gov- ernment three weeks before the 1970 election. Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Government Chief Whip, 1969-70; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1967-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1964-67, with special responsibility for London housing. Elected for Rotherhithe in 1946; returned for Bermondsey in 1950. B March, 1913; elementary school educa- tion. Sponsored by Transport and General Workers' Union of which he was an official. Knighted by Pope John (Knight Commander of St Gregorv) for services to Roman Catholic Church, 1959. Chairman, London Labour Party since 1961.
SOUTHWARK, DulwIch minor Electorate 67,785 1970 : 66,265
'Silkin, S. C. (Lab) 22,530 Raffan, K. W. T. (C) 17,189 Pearson, W. H. (L) 9,851
Lab majority 5,341 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 49,570. Turn-out 73.9%.
Lab 45.4%, C 34.70/O. L 19.9%. Lab maj 10.8%. Swing -4.3%.
1970 : Total vote 42,696 (64.4%)-
Lab 20,145 (47.2%), C 19,250 (45.1%), L 3,301 (7.7%)-Lab maj 895 (2.1%). Swing +5.6%. Mr Samuel Silkin, Opposition spokesman on legal matters since 1970, was elected in 1964. He is second son of Lord Silkin. B March, 1918; ed Dulwich College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Bar- rister (Middle Temple, 1941). Chairman, Select Committee on Parliamentary privilege, 1966-67. Vice-chairman PLP Legal and Judicial Group since 1970. Presi- dent Alcohol Education Centre; Governor, Maudsley Hospital. Member of the Royal Commission on the Penal System for England and Wales, 1965-66.
SOUTHWARK, Peckham major Electorate 63,590
*Lamborn, H. G. (Lab) 26 116 Baker, N. B. (C) 8:045 Saltmarsh, S. (L) 6,446
- A
Lab majority 18.071 Total vote 40,607. Turn-out 64.6%.
Lab 64.3%, C 19.8%, L 15.9%. Lab maJ 44.5%.
Mr Harry Lamborn was elected for Southwark in May, 1972. B May, 1915; ed - LCC secondary school. Member, Camberwell Bor- ough Council, 1953-65, mayor, 1963-64; LCC, 1958-65; GLC since 1964; USDAW since 1933. Direc- tor, Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society, 1965-72. Governor, King's College Hospital since 1965.
SOWERBY same Electorate 48,580 1970 : 50,037
Madden, M. 0. F. (Lab) 14,492 lhompson, D. (C) 14,377 Shutt, D. (L) 11,254
Labour majority 115 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,123. Turn-out 83.2%.
Lab 36.1%, C 35.8%, L 28.0%. Lab maj 0.3%. Swing +0.4%. 1970: Total vote 37,834 (75;.6% )-
Lab 16,583 (43.8%), C 16,114 (42.6%), L 5,137 (13.6%)-Lab
man,69(.) Swigemng conite 6o3%
Mr Max Madden, press officer for the British Gas Corporation. Con- tested Sudbury and Woodbridge, 1966. B October, i941 ; ed Pinner Grammar School and North-East Essex Technical College.
SPELTHORNE same Electorate 68,848 1970: 68,579
*Atkins, H. E. (C) 24,772 Grant, J. (Lab) 16,713 Winner, P. (L) 13,632 Butterfield, E. (Nat Front) 1,339
C majority 8,059 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,456. Turn-out 82.0%.
C 43.9%, Lab 29.6%, L 24.1%, Nat Front 2.4%. C maj 14.3%. Swing -1.8%.
1970: Total vote. 50,297 (73.3%)-
C 27,266 (54.2%), Lab 18,239 (36.3%), L 4,792 (9.5%)-C maj 9,027 (17.9%). Swing +6.4%.
Mr Humphrey Aklins, Treasurer of the Household, 1970-73, became Pafiiamentary Secretary to the Treasury and G6vernment chief whip since 1973. Opposition whip, 1967-70. Represented Merton and Morden from 1955 to 1970; con- tested West Lothian, 1951. Former director of financial advertising agency. B August, 1922; ed Wellington College. Vice-chair- man, management committee of Outward Bound Trust 1966-70. Secretary, Conservative parliamen- tary . defence committee, 1965-67. Appointed Treasurer of the House- hold. JuzLe. 1970.
NELSON AND COLNE same Electorate 47,941 1970: 49,051
*Waddington, D. C. (C) 15,692 Hoyle, E. D. H. (Lab) 15,515 Greaves, A. (L) 9,166
.C majority 177 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,373. Turn-out 84.2%.
C 38.9%, Lab 38.4%, L 22.7%. C maj 0.4%. Swing -1.5%.
1970: Total vote ,sS,i2 (78.2%)-
C 19,881 (51.8%) Lab 18,471 (48.2%)-C maj i.410 (3.7%). Swing +7.9%
Mr David Waddington, Q(!, won the seat for the Conservatives at 1968 by-election; contested Hey- wood and Royton, 1966, Nelson and Colne, 1964, and Farnworth, 1955. Barrister 4(Gray's Inn, 1951), QC, 1971. B August, 1929; ed Sedbergh School and Hertford College, Oxford. President, University Conservative Associa- tion, 1950; vice-chairman, north. west area, Yoyung Conservatives, 1956-57. Member, Public Accounts Committee; secretary, Conserva- tive Parliamentary legal and trans. port committees. Textile company
drctortse. o,eh 95ad15
NEWARK
Electorate 71,658 1970: *Bishop, E. S. (Lab) Cargill,.D. H. ~C)
same 67,947
31,586 27,089
Lab majority 4,497 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,675. Turn-out 82.9%.
Lab 53.8%, C 46.2%: Lab maJ 7.7%. Swing -2.6%.
1970: Total v~ote 51,690 (76.1%)-
Lab 26,455 (51.2%o), C 25,235 (48.8%)-Lab maj 1,220 (2.4%). Swing +5.4%.
Mr Edward Bishop, an Opposition spokesman on trade, industry and aerospace, was elected in 1964. Contested Gloucestershire, South, 1955, Exeter, 1951, and Bristol, West, 1950. Assistant Government whip 1966-67. Aeronautical design draughtsman. B October, 1920; ed South Bristol Central School, Mer- chant Venturers' Technical Col- lege, and Bristol University.
NEWBURY
Electorate 72,965
major
*McNairWilson M. (C) 24,620 Clouston, D. (L) 23,419 Fletcher, Mrs C. A. (Lab) 10.035
C majority 1,201 Total vote 58,074. Tturn-out 80.8%.
C 42.4%, L 40.3%, Lab 17.3%. C maj 2.1%.
Mr Micbael McNair-Wilson won Walthamstow, East for the Con- servatives in 1969 by-election. Contested Lincoln in 1964. Chair- man, Conservative parliamentary aviation committee frTom 1972, and joint secretary, 1969-72. B Octo- ber, 1930; ed Eton. Director of
firm of public relations consul- tants: former provincial newspa- per reporter and aircraft company press officer. Brother of MP for New Forest.
NEWCASTLE-UNDER.LYME
minor- Electorate 72,156 1970 : 69,811
*Golding, J. (Lab) 28,603 Bonsor, N. (C) 22,955 Fyson, R. (L) 8,861 Rowe, S. (United Kingdom) 228
Lab majority 5,648 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,647. Turn-out 85.2%.
Lab 47.2%, C 37.8%, L 14.6%, Utd Kingdom 0.4%. Lab maj 9.3%. Swving -2.4%.
1970 : Total vote 45,700 (65.5So)-
lab .22,329 (48.8%), C 20,223 (44.2%), L 1,954 (4.3%), S Dem 1,194 (2.6%)-Lab maj 2,106 *(4.6%). Swing +9.5%.
l%fr John Golding, an Opposition whip since- 1970, was elected at -1969 by-election. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries. B March, 1931 ; ed City Grammar School, Chester, Univer- sity College of North Stafford- shire, and London School of Eco- nomics. Assistant secretary, Post Office Engineering Union. Member Select Committee on Statutory Instruments, 1969-70.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, Cen-
tral same Electorate 25,023 1970 : 31,494
*Short, E. W. (Lab) 12,182 Jack, M. (C) 4,180
Lab majority 8,002 NO CHANGE
Total vote 16,362. Turn-out 65.4%
Lab 74.4%, C 25.5%. Lab maj 48.9%. Swing -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 19,360 (61.5%)-
Lab 13,671 (70.6%), C 4,256 (22.0%), L 1,433 (7.4%)-Lab maj 9,415 (48.6%). Swing +3.1%.
Mr Edward Short, Deputy Leader of the Opposition since April, 1972, succeeding Mr Roy Jenkins. From November, 1972 "" shadow ""
leader of the House. Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1968-70, Postmaster General, 1966- 68; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Government chief whip 1964-66. Elected in 1951- Former headmaster of a secondary school. B December, 1912; ed Bede College, Durham, Leader of the Labour group, New-
castle City Council. 1950. Spon- sored by NUT.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, East same Electorate 45,292 1970: 47,090 *Rhodes, G. W. (Lab & Co-op)
20,439 Hill, M. (C) 14,347
Lab & Co-op majority 6,092 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,786. Turn-out 76.8%.
Lab &. Co-op 58.7%, C 41.2%. Lab & Co-op maj 17.5%. Swing - 0.6%.
1970: Total vote 35,444 (75.3%)-
Lab 20,612 (58.1%), C 14,832 (41.8%)-Lab maj 5,780 (16.3%). Swing +1.6%.
MVr Geoffrey Rhodes won the seat in 1964; contested Barkston Ash, 1955 and Battersea, South, 1959. Member of the Council of Europe 1967-70 and chairman, Labour Party national working group on higher education, 1968-72. B Nov- ember, 1928; ed Cockburn High School, Leeds and Leeds Univer- sity (president of the Union, 1954). Member of Leeds City Council, 1953-58; former head of department of business studies at a technical college; broadcaster and journalist, lecturer in political science.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, North same Electorate 40,063 1970 : 42,053
*Elliott, R. W. (C) 12,793 Eccles, R. G. (Lab) 9,313 Wood, C. (L) 6,772
C majority 2,980 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,378. Turn-out 71.9%.
C 43.5%, Lab 33.4%, L 23.0%. C maj. 10.1%. Swing-1.%.
1970 : Total vote 28,496 (67.8%) -'C 15,978 (56.1%), Lab 12,518 (43.9%)'-C maj 3,460 (12.1%). Swing +1.7%.
Mr R. W. Elliott, vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organiza- tion from 1971, was Comptroller of the Household (whip) since 1970; an Opposition whip, 1964- 70. Elected at 1957 by-election; contested.. MoDrpeth 1955 and 1954 by-election. Farmer., B Decermber, 1920 ; ed King Edward VI Gram-. mar School, Morpetb. President of the Northern area. Young Conser- vative Council, 1953,
NORWICH, North minor Electorate 44,723 1970 : 43,562
Ennals, D. H. (Lab) 17,111 Doe, T. P. (C) 9,817 Wheeler, M. (L) 7,773 Goold, Mrs G. (Nat Front) 544
Lab majority 7,294 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,245. Turn-out 78.8%.
Lab 48.5%, C 27.8%, L 22.0%, Nat Front 1.5%. Lab maj 20.7%. Swing +0.4%.
1970: Total vote 31,090 (71.3%)-
Lab 18,564 (59.7%), C 11,868 (38.2%), Ind Prog 658 (2.1%)- Lab maj 6,696 (21.5%). Swing +4.8%.
Mr David Ennals, represented Dover, 1964-70. Minister of State for Health and Social Security, 1968-70, was Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1967-68, and Under- Secretary of State for Defence (Army), 1966-67. Contested Rich- niond as a Liberal in 1950 and 1951. B August, 1922; ed Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall, and at Windsor, Connecticut. Campaign director, National Asso- ciation for Mental Health until 1974. Secretary, United Nations Association, 1952-57. Overseas Secretary, Labour Party, 1958-64.
#ORWICH, South minor Electorate 44,467 1970: 46,402
Garrett, J. L. (Lab) 15,393 tStuttaford, Dr I. T. (C) 14,741 Parker, Mrs L. (L) 7,183
Lab majority 652 LAB GAIN
Total vote 37,317. Turn-out 83.9%.
Lab 41.2%. C 39.5%, L 19.2.O Lab maj 1.7%. Swing -2.0%.
1970: lotai vote 36,339 (78.2%)-
C 17,067 (47.0%), Lab 16,241 (44.7%), L 3,031 (8.3% ))-C mai 826 (2.3%). Swing +5.9%. Mr John Garrett, management con- sultant ; B September 1931 ; ed Sir George Monoux Grammar School, 1 althamstow, Universitv Collepe, Oxford and University of California. Member. Greenwich Council. T.G.W.U.
Norwood, see Lambeth
NOTTINGHAM, East major Electorate 53,499
*Dunnett, J. J. (Lab) 17,324 Shepherd, R. C. S. (C) 13,346 Rowan, T. (L) 6,294
Lab majoritv 3.978 Total vote 36,964. Turn-out 69.0%.
Lab 46.9%, C 36.1%, L 17.0%. Lab maj 10.8%.
Mr Jack Dunnett represented Not- tingham, Central, 1964-74. Solici- tor. B June, 1922 ; ed Whitgift Middle School, Croydon; Downing College, Cambridge. Member, Middlesex County Council, 1958- 61, Enfield Borough Council, 1958- 63, Greater London Council, 1964- 67. Member, NUGMW from 1961. Chairman, Notts County Football Club.
NOTTINGHAM. North maJor Electorate 75,886
*Whitlock, W. C. (Lab) 25,435 Spungin, M. F. (C) 20,990 Edwards, Mrs P. (L) 9,623 Peck, J. (Comm) 754
Lab majoritv 4,445 Total vote 56,802. Turn-out 74.70.
Lab 4.8%, C 36.9%, L 16.9%, Comm 1.3%o. Lab maj 7.8%.
hlr William Vhitlock was Under Secretary for Foreign and Com- monwealth Affairs, 1967-69; Deputy Chief Whip and Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, March-July, 1967; Comptroller of the Household, 1966-67 ; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, March-July, 1966; Vice-Chamber- lain of the Household, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Opposition whip, 1962-64. Former area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B June 1918; ed Itchen Grammar School, Soutbampton, and Southampton University. President, Leicester Labour Party, 1956-57 ; president, East Midlands regional council, 1962-63.
NOTTINGHAM, West major Electorate 76,924
*English, M. (Lab) 27,59Z Lloyd, P. R. C. (C) 21,795 lohnson, A. (L) 11,260
I,ab majoritv 5.797 Total vote 60,647. lurn-out 78.7/O.
Lab 45.5%, C 35.9%, L 18.6%. Lab maj 9.5%.
Mtr Michael English won the seat for Labour, 1964: contested Ship- ley, 1959. B December, 1930; ed King George V Grammar School. Southport, and Liverpool Univer. sity. Member, Rochdale Borough Council, 1953-65. Member. official parliamentary panel, NUGMW. Member expenditure committee since 1970 ; chairman, Parliamen- tary Affairs Group of the Parlia. mentary Labour Party since 1970.
NUNEATON tminor Electorate 77,082 1970: 75,048
*Huckfield, L. J. (Lab) 34,258 Samuel, D. (C) 16,765 Inman, D. (L) 12,591
Lab majority 17,493 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,614. Turn-out 82.5%.
Lab 53.8%, C 26.3%, L 19.8%. Lab maj 27.5%. Swing -1.4%.
1970 : Total vote 57,246 (76.2%)- Lab 32,877 (57.4%/6), C 18,767
(32.8%, ), L 5,602 (9.8%)-Lab maj 14,110 (24.6%). Swing -1.1%.
kIr Leslie Huckfield was elected at the 1967 by-election ; contested Warwick and Leamington. 1966. B April, 1942 ; ed Prince Henry's Grammar School, Evesham, Keble College, Oxford, and Birmingham University. Lecturer in economics, Birmingham College of Commerce, 1963-67. Parliamentary adviser, British Safety Council since 1970. Member, Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions and T&GWU. Member, Estimates Com- mittee.
OLDHAM, East sawn Electorate S0,352 1970: 51,012
*Lamond, J. A. (Lab) 18,548 McGrandle, L. (C) 12,246 Hilyer, C. (L) 7,667
Lab majority 6,302 NO CHANGE 6
Total vote 38,461. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 48.2%, C 31.8%, L 19.9%. Lab maj 16.4%. Swing -7.0%.
1970: Total vote 33,280 (65.2%)-
Lab 17,020 (51.1%), C 16,260 (48.8%)-Lab maj 760 (2.3%-). Swving +6.5%.
Mr James Lamond, design draughtsman, wvas elected In 1970. B November, 1928; ed Burrelton School, Coupar Angus junior secondary school. Member, Aber- deen town council since 1959-70; leader of the Labour group 1967- 70; Lord Provost 1970-71; Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeen 1970.71. Sponsored by AUEW Technical and Supervisory Section. Member, Public Accounts Committee.
OLDHAM, WVest same Electorate 47,681 1970: 49,823
*Meacher, M. H. (Lab) 17,933 Trippier, D. (C) 11,628 Limont, A. (L) 7,505
Lab majority 6,305 Total vote 37,066. Turn-out 77.5%.
Lab 48.4%, C 31.4%, L 20.2%. Lab maj 17.00,%. Swing -6.0%.
1970: Total vote 33,393 (67.0%)-
Lab 16,062 (48.1%), C 14,387 (43.1%), L 2,944 (8.8%)-Lab maj 1,675 (5.0%) . Swing + 8.7%.
Mlr Michael Meacher regained the seat for Labour in 1970 ; contested Colchester, 1966. B November, 1939: ed Berkhampstead School New College, Oxford, and London School of Economics. Lecturer in sodal administration York Univer- sity, 1966-69 and London Sclool of Economics, 1970. Member, Fabian Societv ; chairman Hull branch ASTMS.
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND samie Electorate 26,087 1970 : 24,707
*Grimond, J. (L) 11,491 Firth, J. (C) 4,186 Wills, W. J. G. (Lab) 2,865
L majority 7,305 NO CHANGE
1970: Total vote 16,812 (68.0%)-
L 7,896 (47.0%), C 5,364 (31.9%), Lab 3,552 (21.1% )-L maj 2,532 (15.1%). Swing +3.50.
Mr Jo Grimond svho wvas Leader of the Liberal Party from 1956 to 1967, won the seat in 1950; contested it in 1945, Liberal spokesman on Scottish Affairs, energy and the arts. Barrister (Middle Temple; 1937) ; director, The Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd from 1967. B July, 1913 ; ed Eton and Balliol' College, Oxford. Secretary, Scot- tish National Trust, 1947-49- Rector, Edinburgh University, 1960.-63 Chancellor, University of Kent since 1970. President, Scot- tish Liberal Party, 1970.
ORMSKIRK mapr Electorate 95,488
Kilroy-Silk, R. (Lab) 34,807 *Soref, H. B. (C) 27,004 Parry, D. (L) 11,949
Lab majority 7.803 Total vote 73,760. Turn-out 77.1%.
Lab 47.2%, C 36.6%, L 16.2%. Lab maj 10.60 .
MIr Robert Kilroy-Sllk, university lecturer, contested the seat in 1970. B May, 1942; ed Saltley Gram-mar School, Birmingham, London School of Economics, and London University.
Orpington, see Bromley
OSWESTRY mRjor Electorate 55,901
*Biffen, W. J. (C) 20,438 Evans, D. (L) 13,428 Bishton, J. (Lab) 9,685
C majority 7,010 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,551. Turn-out 77.9%.
C 46.9%, L 30.8%, Lab 22.2%. C maj 16.1%.
Mr John Biffen was returned at a by-election in 1961; contested Coventry, East, 1959. EcQnomist. B November, 1930; ed Dr Morgan's Grammar School, Bridg- water, Jesus College, Cambridge. Member of executive 1922 Commit- tee.
OXFORD same Electorate 77,591 1970: 70,986
*Woodhouse, C. M. (C) 23,967 Luard, D. E. T. (LaO) 23,146 Butler, Mrs M. (L) 13,094
C majority 821 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,207. Turn-out 77.6%.
C 39.8%, Lab 38.4%, L 21.7%. C maj 1.4%. Swing-1.1%.
1970: Total vote 52,965 (74.6%)-
C 24,873 (47.0%), Lab 22,989 (43.4%), L 5,103 (9.6%)-C maj 1,884 (3.5%). Swing +4.1%.
Mr Christopher Woodhouse, who regained the seat for the Conser. vatives in 1970, was MP for the constituency, 1959-66. Under Secretary, Home Office, 1962-64, and Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istry of Aviation, 1961-62. Member, Speaker's panel of chair- men since 1971. B May, 1917; ed Winchester and New College, Oxford. Director, IDC Group Ltd and writer. President, Classical Association, 1968-69. Director- general, Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs, 1955-59. Foreign Service, 1950-55. Member Public Expenditure Committee, 1970-72.
OXON, MID major Electorate 59,218
Hurd, D. R. (C) 22,148 Parsloe, E. (Lab) 14,175 Sparrow, R. (L) 12,160 Myhill, 3. (Ind C) 4~8
C majority 7, -3 Total vote 48,971. Turn-out 83.8%.
C 45.2%,1, Lab 28.9%, L 24.8%, Ind C 1.0%. C maj 16.3%.
Mr Douglas Hurd, head of Mr Edward Heath's political office since 1968. B March, 1930 ; ed Eton and Cambridge University. Worked in the foreign service in China, the United States and Europe, reach- ing the position of first secretary. Author of four successful political thrillers.
0
OGMORE minor Electorate 67,354 1970: 65,666
*Padley, W. E. (Lab) 28,372 Gibbs, Mrs J. (L) 10,819 Jones, R. K. (C) 9,416 Merriman, E. J. (PI Cymru) 5,139
Lab majority 17,553 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,746. Turn-out 79.8%.
Lab 52.8%, L 20.1%, C 17.5%, PI Cymru 9.6%. Lab maj 32.6%. Swing +5.5%.
1970: Total vote 49,679 (75.6%)-
Lab 33,436 (67.3%), C 10,415 (21.0%), Pl Cymru 5,828 (11.7% )-Lab maj 23,021 (46.3%). Swing +5.2%.
Mr Walter Padley, elected fn 1950, was Minister of State, Foreign Office; 1964-67. Chairman Libour Party 1965-66; member, national executive since 1956 and chairman of overseas committee 1963-71. Contested Acton by-election 1943 as an ILP- candidate. B July, 1916; ed Chipping Norton Gram. mar School and Ruskin College, Oxford. President, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 1948-64. Represents Labour Party on Bureau of Socialist Inter. nationaL
p P
Paddington, see
Cities of London and Westminster
PAISLEY minor Electorate 68,881 1970: 65,740
*Robertson, I. (Lab) 23,820 Workman, J. (C) 14,923 Rolo, D. (Scot Nat) 10,455
Lab.majority 8,897 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,198. Turn-out 71.4%.
Lab 48.4%, C 30.3%, Scot Nat 21.2%. Lab maj 18.1%. 'Swing +1.8%.
1970: Total vote 47,011 (71.5%)-
Lab 25,429 (S4.1%)v- C 15,232 (32.4%), Scot Nat 3,432 (7.3%), L 2,918 (6.2%)-Lab-maj 10,197 (2I.7%). Swing f7.5%.
Mr John Robertson was returnea at a by-election in 1961; contested Glasgow Scotstoun, 1951. Tool- maker. B February, 1913; ed Motherwell Central School. Assis- tant divisional organizer, AUEW. West Scotland, 1954-61. Former member, Speaker's panel of chair- men. Lanarkshire County Council, Motherwell and Wishaw To*n Council, 1946-52. Sponsored by AUEW, engineering section. Peckham, see Southwark
Ravensbourne, see Brcmley
READING, North major Electorate 64,021
Durant, R. A. B. (C) 19,984 Dent,y, Miss 1M. J. (Lab) 17,615 Burnett, J. (L) 13,137
C majority 2.369 Total vote 50,736. Turn-out 79.2%.
C 39.4%, Lab 34.7%, L 25.9%'. C maj 4.7%.
Mr Robert Durant contested Rother Valley in 1970. Director of a visual aids company. B January, 1928; ed Bryanston School, Dorset. For. mer nationai organizer of the
Woitngg UDC. Secrtetary, Consberva
fve Candidates Foreign Affairs
Mr Heath'sepersonal taff.erlyon
READING, South major
Electorate 68,S1t
*Vaughan, Dr G. F. (C3 23,735 Burrall, P.(L) 18,376 Kaufman, G. (Lab) 13,358
C majority 5,359 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,469. Turn-out 80.9%.
C 42.8%, L 33.1%, Lab 24.1%. C maj 9.7%;
Dr Gerard Vaughan, who won Reading for the Conservatives in 1970, is a specialist at Guy's Hospital and has acted as adviser to voluntary organizations, includ. ing the National Society for Autis- tic Children and the National Institute for the Deaf. Contested Poplar, 1955. B June, 1923- ed privately in East Africa, London University and Guy's Hospital. Alderman, GLC, i967-72, and LCC, 1955.64. Member, South-East Economic Planning Council, 1968- 71. Joint Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Health and Social Security Committee.
REDBRIDGE, llford, North major Electorate 64,651
5Iremonger, T. L. (C) 19,843 Miller, Mrs M. (Lab) 19,558 WiDson, Gareth (L) 12,063
C majority 285 Total vote 51,464. Turn-out 79.6%.
C 38.5%. Lab 38.0%, L 23.4%. C maj 0.5%.
Mt Thomas Iremongar was re. turned at a by-election in Feb. ruary, 1954. Contested Rirming. ham, Northfield, 1950. Editor and journalist. B March, 1916 ; ed Oriel College, Oxford. Served as district officer in Colonial Service in Western Pacific. Author of books on penology and economics. Underwriting member of Lloyd's. Member of Royal Commission on the Penal System, 1963-66, of Home Secretary's Advisory Council on the Employment' of Prironers; and of General Council, Institute for tpe Study 4nd treatment of Delinquency. Member. Chelsea Borough Council, 1952-55. .
REDBRIDGE, Iltord, South sme Electorate 55,807 1970: 58,243
Shaw, A. J. (Lab) 17,201 *Cooper, A. E. (C) 16,058 Wilson, Gerald (L) 9,666 Lab majority 1,143 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 42,925. Turn-rut 76.9%.
Lab 40.1%, C 37.4%., L 22.5%. Lab maj 2.7%. Swing -2.9%.
1970: Total vote 39.714 (68.2%)-
C 18,369 (46.2%),, Lab 17,087 (43.0%), L 3,341 (8.4%), Nat Front 727 (.8%), Ind 190 (0.5%)-C maj 1,282 (32%). Swing +4.5%.
Mr Arnold Shaw was MP for llford South 1966-70. Contested that division 1964, 1970. Teacler. B Julsy, 1909; ed Cooper's Corn- p any School; SouthatnPton and Londonv universities. Member, Redbridge council, since 1971 and from 196Sb68 ; Ilford council, 1952. 6S and Stepney, 1934.48. NUT.
REDBRIDGE, Wanstead and Woodford major
Electorate 57,927
*Jenldn, C. P. F. (c) 23,056 Gilby, D. (L) 11,155 Darlington, R. (Lab) 10,365
C majority 11,901 Total vote 44,576. Turn-out 76.9%.
C 51.7%, L 25.0%, Lab 23.2%. C mai 26.7%.
Mr Patrick Jenkin was appointed Minister for Energy In January, 1974. Chief Secretary, Treasury. 1972-74.; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1970-72. Elected in 1964. Barrister and former indus- trial adviser. Was an Opposition spokesman on finance, economic and trade affairs, 1965-70. B Sep- tember, 1926 ; ed Clifton CoUege and Jesus College, Cambridge. Member, Hornsey Borough Coun- cil, 1960.63.
Redcar, see Teesside
REIGATE major Electorate 72,064
Gardiner, G. A. (C) 30,131 Bryan, A. C. (L) 16,071 Ormerod, M. G. (Lab) 13,547 Taggart, M. (Ind Dem) 254
C majority 14,060 Total vote 60,003. Turn-out 83.0%.
C 50.2%, L 26.8%, Lab 22-6%, Ind Dem 0.4%. C maj 23.4%. Mr George Gardiner, journalist. Contested Coventry, South, 1970. B March, 1935 ; ed Harvey Grammar School, Folkestone, and Balliol College, Oxford. Senior political correspondent for Thomson News- papers and broadcaster.
RENFREWS1IIRE, East major Electorate 62,973
*Anderson, Miss M. B. H.
(C) 25,713 Stewvart, R. S. (Lab) 10,227 Craig, W. (L) 9,588 Watterson, Mrs S. (Scot
Nat) 5,268
C majority 15,486 Total vote 50,796. Turn-out 80,7%/.
C 50.6%, Lab 20.1%, L 18.9%, Scot Nat 10.4%. C maj 30.5%.
Miss Harvie Anderson served as Deputy Speaker and Deputy Chair- man of Ways and Means, 1970-73, and was the first woman to sit in the Speaker's Chair. Member of Speaker's panel of Chairmen, 1966-70. Elected in 1959 ; con- tested West Stirlingshire in 1950 and 1951 and Sowerby, 1955. B 1915; ed St Leonard's School, St Andrews, Secretary, Conservative parliamentary arts, public building and works committee, 1965-66. Member, executive, 1923 Commit- tee, 1962-70 ; Historic Buildings Council for Scotland, £1966 ; Royal Commission on Local Governmenet in Scotland, 1966, Stirling County Council, 1945-59. RSNI Hospital Board, 1952-59, and Scottish Advi- sory Council on Education, 1955- 59. President, Scottish Young Unionists, 1955-58.
RENFREWSHIRtE, West major Electorate 69,114
*Buchan, N. F. (Lab) 22,178 Ross-Harper, J. (C) 19,510 Cameron, C. (Scot Nat) 8,394 Young, D. (L) 5,022
1~~~~~~~~
Lab majority 2,668 Total vote 55,104. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 40.2d', C 35.4%, Scot Nat 15.20.o L 9.1%. Lab maj 4.8%.
Mr Norman Buchan, an Opposition spokesman on agriculture since 1973 and Scottish Affairs, 1970-73, was Under Secretary, Scottish Office, 1967-70. Elected in 1964. Teacher. B October, 1922 ; ed Kirkwvall Grammar School and Glasgowv University. President of Rutherglen district, Educational Institute of Scotland. Lecturer In adult education ; edited a collec. tion of Scottish foll songs.
RHONDDA major Electorate 65,224
*Jones, T. A. (Lab) 36,880
James, G. P. (Pt Cymru) 6,739 Leyshon, P. (C) 4,111 Austin, D. J. (L) 3,056 True, A. (Comm) 1,374
Lab majority 30,141 Total vote 52,160. Turn-out 79.8%.
Lab 70.7%, PI Cymru 12.9%, C 7.9%, L 5.8%, Comm 2.6%. Lab maj 57.8%.
Mr Alec Jones represented Rhondda West in 1967-74. Secre- tary, Welsh. Labour Group; secretary, Welsh Parliamentary Party. Schoolteacher. B August 1924, S2; ed RHnd riarro Schod
and Bangor Training College. Chair- man, Parliamentary Labour Party education group, 1969-70 ; former Wood Green borough councillor. NUT.
RICHMOND UPON THAMES, Richmond same Electorate 53,441 1970: 57,031
*Royle, A. (C) 19,534 Rundle, Dr S. (L) 15,707 Palmer, A. R. (Lab) 8,322 Russell, E. (Nat Front) 570
C majority 3,827 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,133. Turn-out 82.6%.
C 44.3%, L 35.6%/, Lab 18.8%, Nat Front 1.3%. C maj 8.7%. Swing +2.9%.
197 : Total vote 40,894 (71.7%)-
C 20,979 (51.3%), Lab 12,981 (31.7%), L 6,934 (16.9%)-C Mnaj 7,998 (19.5%). Swing +2.7%.
Mr Anthony Royle, served as Under-Secretary of State for For. eign and Commonwealth Affairs; 1970-74. Elected in 1959; con-
tested. St Pancras, North, 1955, and Torrington by-election, 1958. Vice-'chairman,. Conservative com- mittee on foreign affairs, 1965-67. OPposition whip 1567-70 ; director of an insuranice broking firm. B March,. 1927; ed' Harrow: and Satsdhur;t.
RICHMOND tUPON THAMES, Twickenham minor Electoiate 71,683. 1970: 73,974
*Jessel, T. (C) 27,595 Kramer, S. (L) 16,092 Taylor, R. M. (Lab) 15,909 C majority 11,503 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,596. Turn-out 83.1%
C 46.3%, L 27.0%, Lab 26.7%. C maj 19.3%. Swing - 1.2%.
1970: Total vote 52,499 (71.0%)-
C 28,571 (54.4%), Lab 16,950 (32.3%), L .6,516 (12.4%), Ind 462 8(0.%)-C maJ 11,621 (22.1%). Swing +4.2%.
Mr Toby jessel was elected In 1970; contested Kingston-upon- Hull, North, at the by-election in 1966 and at the general election two months later. Fought Peck- ham in 1964. B July, 1934 ; ed Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Balijol College, Oxford.
RICHMOND (YORKS) major Electorate 62,292 1970 : 70.908
*KtNson. T. P. G. (C) 26,994 Graham, Miss B. (L) 11,727 Pearce, E. R. (Lab) 7,659
C majority 15,267 Total vote 39,480. Turn-out 63.6%.
C 68.4%il, L 29.70%. Lab 1.9%. C maj 38.7%.
Mr Timothy Kttson has been Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Mr Heath, since 1970. Opposition Whip, 1967- 70. Elected in 1959. Farmer. B January, 1931 ; ed Charterhouse and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Estimates Committee,
Council, 1955-60. i
RIPON
Electorate 50,24S 1970: Hampton, K. (C) *Austick, D. (L)
Engllsh, D. M. (Lab)
same 47,395
21,080 16,745 4,643
C majority 4,335 C GAIN
Total vote 42,468. Tuni.out 85.6%.
C 49.6%, L 39.4%, Lab 10.9%. C majority 10.2%. Swing +2.1%. 1970: Total vote 34,941 (73.7%)-
C 21,211 (60.7%), Lab 9,147 (26.2%), L 4,583 (13.1l%)-CmWaj 12,064 (34.5%). Swing +4.1%.
1973 by election : Total vote
31,983 (64.3% )-L 13.902 (43.5%), C 12,596 (40.5%), Lab 4,3 1.8%) Demn C Against EEC 690 (2.2%)-L nmag946 (3.0%). 94
Mr Keith Hampson, university lec- turer, was personal assistant to MIr Heath in the 1966 General Elec- tion and also assisted him In the Bexley contest in 1970. B August 1943 ; ed King James I Grammar School, Bishop Auckland, and at BrIstol and Harvard Universities.
ROCHDALE
Electorate 66,267 1970: *Smith, C. (L)
Cunliffe, L. P. (Lab) Green, Miss L. (C)
Sellors, M. (Nat Front)
same 63,629
25,266 16,367 7,933 1,885
L majority 8.899 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,451. Turn-out 78.4%.
L 49.1%, Lab 31.8%, C 15.4%° Nat Front 3.7%. L maj 17.3,6. Swving - 1.4%.
1970: Total vote 46,301 (72.8%)--
Lab 19,247 (41.6%) L 14,076 (30.4%), C 12,978 (28.0%)- Lab Maj 5,171, (11.2%). Swing +5.2%4.
1972 : Total vote 45,633 (69.0°//%)-
L 19,296 (42.3%), Lab 14,203 (31.1%), C 8,060 (17.7%), Ind 4,074 (8.9%)-L ma; 5,093 (11.2%).
Mr Cyril Smith gained the seat for the Liberals in the by-election in October, 1972. Fought the seat in 1970. Party spokesman on employ- ment. B June, 1926: ed Rochdale Grammar School. Director, Smith Springs (Rochdale) Ltd. Mayor of Rochdale 1966.67; member of borough council since 1952. Wtas on parliamentary panel, TGWIU, to 1958.
ROCHESTER AND CHATHAM
same Electorate 80,123 1970: 77,190.
*Fenner, Mrs P. E. (C) 24,326 Kenward, R. R. (Lab &
Co-op) 23,483 Fellowes, C. (L) 14,945
C majority 843 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,754. Turn-out 79.3%.
C 38.8%, Lab & Co-op 37.4%, L 23.8%. C ma; 1.3%. Swing -4.1%.
1970 : Total vote 55,185 (71.5%)-
C 30,263 (54.8%), Lab 24,922 (45.2%)-C maj 5,341 (9.7%). Swing +6.9%..
Mrs Peggy Fenner, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food since 1972. Won the seat for the Conser- vatives in 1970. Contested Newcas. tle-under-Lyme in 1966. B Novem- ber, 1922 ; ed LCC elementary school, Brockley and Ide Hill School. Kent. Housewife. Chair. man, Sevenoaks Council, 1962-63. Member, executive of Kent Bor- ough and Urban District Councils' Association 1967-71. Member, West Kent Divisional Executive Education Committee, 1963.72,
Romford, see Havering
ROSS AND CROMARTY Electorate 29,134 1970:
*Gray, J. H. N. (C)
McRae, W. (Scot Nat) Robertson, J. C. (L)
MacLean, R. D. (Lab)
C majority NO CHANGE
same 26,947
7,908 5,037 4,621 4,336
2,871
1970: Total vote 19,326 (71.7%)-
C 6,418 (33.2%), L 5,617 (29.1%), Lab 5,023 (26.0%), Scot Nat 2,268 (11.7%)-C maj 801 (4.1%). Swing +5.0%,,.
Mr Hamish Gray, who won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970, was appointed a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury in 1973 after serning two years as an assistant whip. Fornier director of a roofing anl contracting firm. B June, 1927; ed Inverness Royal Academy. Member, Inverness Council 1965-70. Former member, council, Highland Chamber of Commerce and of Highlands and Islands Youth Employment Com- mittee.
ROSSENDALE same Electorate 50,0S5 1970: 49,900
*Bray, R. W. T. (C) 16,040 Noble, M. A. (Lab) 15,243 Hamilton, J. A. (L) 10,478
C majority 797 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,761. Turn-out 83.4%.
C 38.4%, Lab 3X.S%, L 25.1%.
C maj 1.9%. Swing -1.4%. - 1970: rotal vote 9,ulb (78.z%) -
C 20,448 (52.4%), Lab 18,568 (47 6%/0)-C ma; 1.880 (4.8%) Swine +7.8%/.
Mr Ronald Bray won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Engi- neer, farmer, and Lloyd's under- ""Titer. B January, 1922; etd Latymer Upper School, London. Contested . Stockton-on-Tees in 1964. Former maember -of Woking. Urban Council, Secretary, Conser-
vative Parliamentary Employment- Committee a~nd of North-We'st .Group Of Conservative -MPts snce 1972.
ROTHERHAM minor Electorate 60,774 1970: 60,460
*O'Malley, B. X. (Lab) 27,088 Lewis, D. (C) 10,354 Hughes, J (L) 7,726
Lab majority 16,734 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,168. Turn-out 74.3%.
Lab 60.0% C 22,9%, L 17.1%. Lab maj 37.0%. Swing -2.1%. 1970: Total vote, 38,016
(62.9%)-Lab 25 246 (66.4%), C 12.770 (33.6% )-Eab maj 12,476 (32.8%). Swing +-3.3%.
Mr Brian O'Malley, an Opposition spokesman on pensions and social security,' was Under-Secretary, Health and Social Security, 1969- 70. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, April, 1967-69; became deputy Government Chief Whip in July, 1967 ; assistant Government whip, 1964-66. Represented the constituency since the by.election in March, 1963. Teacher and lec- turer. B January, 1930; ed Mex- borough Grammar School and Manchester University. Sponsored by Musicians' Union. of which he was a branch secretary.
ROTHER VALLEY minor Electorate 91,168 1970: 87,331
*Hardv, P. (Lab) -52,532 Waller, G. (C) 19,0S8
Lab majority 33,474 NO CHANGE
Total vote 71,590. Turn-out 78.6%.
Lab 73.4%, C 26.60/%. Lab maj 46.7%. Swing -1.60,.
1970: Total vote 61,740 (70.6%)-
Lab 44,322 (71.8%), C 17,418 (28.2%)-Lab - maj 26,904 (43.6%) Swing +5.0%.
hlr Peter Hardy, elected in 1970, w,as a teacher. B July, 1931 ; ed Wath upon Dearne Grammar School; Westminster College, London; Sheffield University. Contested Scarborough and Whitby, 1964, Sheffield, Hallam, 1966. Member, PLP agriculture, environment, power and education group; Wath upon Dearne Urban Council, 1960-70 (chairman, 1968- 69); National Union of Public Em- ployees, Past President, Don and Dearne Schoolmasters Associa- tion.
ROXBURGH, SELKIRK AND PEEBLES same Electorate 57,478 1970: 57,180
*Steel, D. M. S. (L) 25,707 Thom. J. S. (C) 16,690 Purves, Dr D. (Scot Nat) 3,953 Graham, D. A. (Lab) 3,089
L majority 9,017 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,439. Turn-out 86.3%.
L 52.0%, C 33.7%, Scot Nat 8.0°o, Lab 6.2%. L maj 18.2%. Swing -2.0%.
1970: Total vote 46,202 (80.8%)-
L 19 524 (42.2%), C 18,974 (41.1'o)I Lab 4,454 (9.6%)
Scot Nat 3,147 (6.8%), Ind 103 (0.3%)-L maj 550 (1.2%). Swing +3.1%.
lilr David Steel, the Liberal whip, won the seat from the Conserva- tives at the 1965 by-election; contested the seat in 1964. Spon- sored the Abortion Act, 1967. Party spokesman on Common- wvealth and Overseas Development, President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in Great Britain, 1966- 69. Director of advertising com- pany. B. March, 1938 ;- ed Prince of Wales School, Nairobi ; George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Member of the British Council of Churches. President, National League of Young Liberals.
ROYAL TUNBRIDGE WELLS
ma jor Electorate 68,618
Mayhew, P. (C) 27,212 Owvens, D. (L) 16,184 Short, M. F. (Lab) 11,734
C majority ' 11.028 Total vote 55,130. Turn-out 80.3'.
C 49.3°%, L 29.3%, Lab 213°o C maj 20.0%.
Mr Patrick Mayhew, a barrister fought Dulwich, Camberwell in 1970. B September, 1929 ; ed Ton- bridge School and Balliol College, Oxford. Vice-chairman. Sevenoaks Conservative Association, 1956-60.
RUGBY ninor Electorate 59,031 1970: 57,813
*Price, W. G. (Lab) 25,176 Boswell, M. T. E. (C) 19,022 Campbell, J. (L) 6,560 Frost, A. E. (Soc Credit) 106
Lab majority 6,154 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,864. Turn-out 86.2%.
Lab 49.5%, C 37.4°%, L 12.9%, Sodal Credit 0.2%. Lab maj 12.1%'. Swing -2.9%.
1970: Total vote 47,381 (81.8°)-
Lab 25,041 (52.8%), C 22,086 (46.6%), Social Credit 254 (0.5%)-Lab maj 2,955 (6.2%11.). Swing -2.6%,o.
Mlr William Price won the seat for Labour in 1966. Journalist. Par- liamentary Private Secretary to the Deputy Leader of the Opposition since 1972. B June, 1934 ; ed Forest of Dean Technical School and Gloucester Technical College. Former central Midlands secretary of the National Union of Journal- ists.
Ruielip and Northwood,
see Hillingdon
RUNCORN same Electorate 72,069 1970.: 61,331
*Carlisle, M. (C) 26,374 Taylor, M. J. E. (Lab) 19,106 Brenton, P. M. (L) 12,020 C majority 7,268 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,500. Turn-out 82.9%.
C 45.9%. Lab 33.2%. L 20.9%. C maj 12Nt6%. Swing -3.2%.
1970 : Total vote 47,217 (77.0%)-
C 25,272 (53.5%' ), Lab 16,204 (34.3%), L. 5,741 (12.1%)-C maj 9,068 (19.2%). Swing + 3.7%.
Mr Mark Carlisle, Minister of State, Home Office, since 1972, was previously Under-Secretary, Home Office 1970-72. Elected in 1964. Contested St Helens in the 1958 by:election and in 1959. B July, 1929 ; ed Radley College and Manchester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954). Former chair- man, Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associa- tions. Former member, Home Office Advisory Council on the Penal Systemn.
RUSHCLIFFE maJor Electorate 63,745
*Clarke,. KH. (C) 29,828 Gallagher, M. (Lab) 12,119 Hamilton, J. (L) 11,719
C majority 17,709 Total vote 53,666. Turn-out 84.7%.
C 55.6%, Lab 22.6%. L 21.8%.
C maj 33.0%.
Mr Kenneth Clarke won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Appointed Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government whip), January, 1974 ; assistant whip, 1972-74. Contested Mansfield in 1964 and 1966.. Barrister. B July, 1940 ; ed Nottingham High School and Gonville and .Caius College, Cambidg. Clle totheBarby Gray's Inn, 163. R search secre
RUTHERGLEN mar Electorate 48,452
*Mackenzie; J. G. (Lab) 19,005 Thomson, J. (C) 14,852 Leslie, Mrs L. (Scot Nat) 6,089
Lab majority 4,153 Total vote 39,946. Turn-out 82.4%.
Lab 47.6%. C 37.2%. Scot Nat 15.2%. Lab maj. 10.4%.
Mr Gregor Mackenzie, Opposition spokesman on Posts and Telecom- munications, won the seat' for Labour in the May, 1964, by- election; contested Klpross and West Perth, 1959, and East Aber- deenshire, 1950; Sales manager. B November, 1927; ed Queens Park School and School of Social Stu- dies, Glasgow University. Glasgow Corporation, 1952-55 and 1956-64. Member, Fabian Society; Esti- mates Committee, 1964-66.
RUTLAND AND STAMFORD
minor Electorate 54,204 1970: 50,287
*Lewis, K. tC) 21,088 Byrne, A. J. (Lab) 12,203 Howie, D. (L) 11,336
C majority 8,885 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,627. Turn-out 82.3%.
C 47.2%, Lab 27.3%, L 25.4%. C maj 19.9%. Swing -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 37,939 (75.4%)-
C 22,803 (60.1%), Lab 15,136 J39.9% )-C maj 7,667 (20.2%). bwing +6.7%.
Mr Kenneth Lewis was elected in 1959 ; contested Ashton-under- Lyne, 1951, and Newton, 1945 and 1950. Member, Estimates Commit- tee, 1966-68, and Committee of Selection, 1964-70. B July, 1916; ed Jarrow Central School and Edinburgh University.
RYE same Electorate 72,180 1970: 68,013
*Irvine, B. -G. (C) 33,591 Moore, D. R, S. (L) 17,456 Harris, R. W. (Lab) 6,967
C mnajority 16,135 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,014. Turn.out 80.8%.
C 57.9%, L 30.1%, Lab 12.0%. C ma] 27.8%. Swing -0.1%.
1970 : Total vote 50,278 (73.9- )-
C 32,300 (64.2°), Lab 9,031 (18.0%), L 8,947 (17.8°)-C maj 23,269 (46.3%). Swing + 3.7%.
Mr Godman Irvine was elected in 1955; contested Wood Green 1951. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen since 1966; Select Corn- mittee on Agriculture, 1966-69. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1932), farmer, and Companion, Institu- tion of Civil Engineers. B in Canada, July, 1909 ; ed St Paul's School, London, and Magdalen College, Oxford.
S~-
SAFFRON WALDEN major Electorate 62,658
*Kirk, P. M. (C) 23,013 Moore, F. P. D. (L) 15,468 Dowsett, J. (Lab) 13,138
C majority 7,545 Total vote 51,619. Turn-out 83.3%.
C 44.6%, L 30.0%, Lab 25.40%. C maj 14.6%.
Mtr Peter Kirk, chairman of the joint British and Danish Conserva- tive group at the European Parlia- ment since 1973, was also leader of the first Conservative delega- tion to the European Parliament. Under Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, 1970-72. He was returned at a by-election in March. 1965 ; represented Graves- end, 1955-64. Under-Secretary for War, 1963-April, 1964, and Under- Secretary of Defence for the Army until October, 1964. Journalist and former director of Inter-Communi. cation (P.R.) Ltd, Howard Rayner Holdings Ltd, and Slip Products Co Ltd. B May, 1928; ed Marlbor- ough College and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union, 1949) and Zurich University. United Kingdom delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union, 1956-63, and since 1966-70.
ST ALBANS major
Electorate 70,071
*Goodhew, V. E. (c) 26,345 Shav, A. C. (L) 17,924 Berstein, D. L. (Lab) 14,077
C majority 8.421 Total vote 58,346. Turn-out 86.4%.
C 45.10%1. L 30.7%01. Lab 24.1%. C maj 14.4%.
Mr Victor Goodhew, Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury (whip), 1970-73 and Assistant Government Whip, June to October, 1970, was elected in 1959. Vice-chairman of the Conservative committee on defence, 1964-70. He contested Paddington, North, in 1955. B Novemb)er, 1919 ; ed King's Col- ]ege School. Member of Westmin- sterC City Council, 1953-59, and of
LC,158-61.
ST HELENS sme Electorate 75,479 1970: 74,448
*Spriggs, L. (Lab) 32,621 Lycett, A. E. (L) 10,905 Bridgeman, K: J. (C) 10,752 Pike, Mrs M. (ILP) 991
Lab majority 21,716 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,269. Turn-out 73.2%.
Lab 59.0%, L 19.7%, C 19.4%, ILP 1.8%. Lab maj 39.3%. Swing -4.1%.
1970: Total vote 48,096 (64.6%)-
Lab 31,587 (65.7%), C 16,509 (34.3%)-Lab m.aj 15,078 (31.3%). Swing +5.0%.
Mi Leslie Spriggs was returned at a by-election in 1958 ; contested North Pylde, 1955. Railwayman. B April, 1910; ed council school and through National Council of Labour Colleges. President, polit- ical section, north-west England district council of the NUR, 1954.
ST IVES same Electorate 51,114 1970 : 48,567
*Nott, 3. W. F. (C) 18,290 Tonkin, G. E. T. (L) 12,865 Tidy, B. M. (Lab) 9,231 Taylor, G. T. (Ind C) 177
C majority 5.425 NO CHXANGE
Total vote 40,563. Turn-out 79.4%.
C 45.1%, L 31.7%, Lab 22.7%, Imd C 0.4%. C ma; 13.4%. Swing
1970: Total vote 36,475 (75.1%4,)-
C 18,581 (50.9%), Lab 9,913 (27.2%), L 7,981 (21.9%)-C mpaj %8,668 (23.8%). Swing
Mr John Nott, Miriister of State, Treasury 1972-74, wvas elected in; 1966. B February, 1932-ed Brad- field College and Trinity College, Cambridge (President of the Union, 1959). Barrister (Inner Temple, 1960). Business consul- tant, general manager, S. G. War- burg and Co Ltd, 1962-65, and director S. G. Warburg Finance and Developments, 1965-67 and former director of other cornpan- ies.
St. Marylebone, see
Cities of London and Westminster St, Pa.ncras North, see Camden
SALFORD, East same Electorate 39,851 1970: 45,701
*Allaun, F. (Lab) 14,426 Knightly, Mrs B. (C) 7,495 Watkin, H. (L) 4,536
Lab majority 6,931 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,457. Turn-out 66.4%.
Lab 54.5%, C 28.3%, L 17.1%. Lab maj 26.2%. Swing -2.1%.
1970: Total vOte 28,436 (62.2%)-
Lab 15,853 (55.7%), C 9,583 (33.7%), L 3,000 (10.5%)-Lab maj 6,270 (22.0%). Swing t-6.2%.
Mr Frank Allaun was elected In 1955 ; contested Manchester,.Moss Side, 1951. Deputy chairman, for- eign affairs group of the Parlia- mentary Labour Party. B Feb- ruary, 1913; ed Manchester Gram- mar School. Has been engineer, sbop assistant, foreign tours leader, WEA lecturer, chartered accountint, journalist. Elected Nztional Executive, Labour Party, 1967 ; chairman, Labour Peace Fellowship.
SALFORD, West sarme Electorate 46,469 1970: 47,733
*Orme. S. (Lab) 16,808 Tillett, J. N. L. (C) 10,346 Arstall, A. E. (L) 5,591
Lab majority 6,462 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,745. Turn-out 70.5%.
Lab 51.3%, C 31.6%, L 17.1%. Lab maj 19.7%. Swing -5.5%. 1970 : Total vote 31,296 (65.6%)-
Lab 16,986 (54.3%), C 14,310 (45.7%)-Lab maj 2,676 (8.5%/.). Swing +4.9%.
Mr Stanley Orme, elected In 1964 has been an Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland, 1972-74. He contested Stockport, South, 1959. Engineer. B April, 1923; ed elementary and technical schools, National Council of Labour Colleges and Workers' Educational Associa- tion classes. Member. Sale Borough Council 1958.64. Sponsored by AUEW, engineering section; shop steward, branch president for 21 years. Chairman of AUEW's par- liamentary group of 22 MPs, and of Northern Ireland PLP group.
SALISBURY same Electorate 61,782 1970: 61,104
*Hamilton, M. A. (C) 22,753 Lakeman, J. (L) 16,536 Connor, C. J. (Lab) 10,455
C majority 6,217 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,744. Turn-out 79.9%.
C 45.70o, L 33.2%, Lab 21.0/%. C maj 12.5%. Swing +2.0%.
1970: Total vote 44,042 (72.1%)-
C 26,549 (60.3%), Lab 17,493 (39.7%!)-QC maj 9,056 (20.6%). Swing +5.3%.
Mr Michael Hamilton was re- turned at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1965. Represented Welling- borough, 1959-64. Lord Con?Tis- sioner of the Treasury (whip)
1962-64 ; assistant whip, 1961-62. B July, 1918 -ed Radley and University College, Oxford. Vice- chairman, Army and Navy Stores Ltd ; member, Hops Marketing Board.
SCARBOROUGH major Electorate 56,334
*Shaw, M. N. (C) 21,858
Pitts, M. F. (L) 16,751 Taylor-Goodby. D. (Lab) 7,034 Ellis, Mrs M. J. (Ind) 114 Stoker. B. M. (Ind C) 102
C majority 5,107 Total vote 45,859. Turn-out 78.0°o.
C 47.7% L 36.5%, Lab 15.3%, Ind 0.2°,, Ind C 0.2%. C maj 11.1%.
Mr Michael Shaw was elected for Scarborough and Whitby in 1966. He represented Brighouse and Spenborough, 1960.64: contested that division in 1959 and Dews- bury, 19S5. Chartered accountant. B October, 1920; ed Sedbergh. Chairman, Yorkshire Area Conser- vatives, 1965-66. Vilce-chairman, Conservative Trade and Industrv Committee, from 1967. Vice-chair- man, Yorkshire Conservative MPs since 1972.
SEVENOAKS major Electorate 74,249
*Rodgers, SirJ. C. (C) 29,936 Bradley, 1. (L) 16,223 Scanlan, J. (Lab) 14,987 Woolard, D. J. (Ind) 754
C majority 13,713 Total vote 61,900. Turn-out 83.4%.
C 48.4%, L 26.2%, Lab 24.2%, Ind 1.2%. C maj 22.1%.
Sir John Rodgers was elected in 1950. Member, Public Accounts Committee since 1970. Parliamen- tary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1958-60. Marketing consultant, company director and author. Con- sultant and former deputy chair- man, J. Walter Thompson Co Ltd ; director, History Today Ltd, Cocoa Merchants Ltd. B October, 1906; ed St Peter's, York, in France, Keble College, Oxford.
SHEFFIELD, Aftercliffe major Electorate 63,438
*Duffy, A. E. P. (Lab) 34,120 Santhouse, Miss P. (C) 12,944 Tariq Al (Int Marxist) 424
Lab majority 21,176 Total vote 47,488. Turn-out 74.9%.
Lab 71.8%, C 27.2%, Int Marx 0.9%. Lab maj 44.6%.
Mr Patrick Duffy, was returned in 1970; MP for Colne Valley, 1963- 66: contested Tiverton, 1955. 1951, and 1950. Econoniist and consultant. B June, 1920: ed London and Columbia Univer- sities. NUGMU Chairman PLP economic affairs and finance group, 1965-6. Member, Select C group, 1965-6. Member, Select Committee on Public Expenditure, since 1970.
SHEFFIELD, Brights}de maor Electorate 53.846
*Griffiths, E. (Lab) 27,363 Smith, J. P. P. (C) 6,796 Blades, W. T. (L) 5,347 Gill, Miss V. A. (Comm) 513 Labd majority Hal abig.2056
Total vote 40,019. Turn-out 71.1%.
Lab 68.4%, C 17.0%, L 1I.4%, Comm 1.3%. Lab maj 51.4%.
Mr Edward Griffiths, a director of the British Steel Corporation, was returned at a by-election in June, 1968; contested Denbigh, 1966. B March, 1929; ed University Col- lege of North Wales, Bangor. Industrial chemist. Member. House of Commons Services Com- mittee. Member, Flintshire County Council, 1964.
SHEFFIELD, Hallam major Electorate 76,901
*Osborn,. J. H. (C) 29,062 Blunkett, D. (Lab) 16,149 Johnson, M. A. K. (L) 14,160
C majority 12.913 Totl vote 59,371. Turn-out 77.2%/.
C 48.9%, Lab 27.2%, L 23.8%. C maj 21.7%.
Mr John Osbomn was elected in 1959. Joint secretary, 1922 Com- mittee since 1968; chairman, Con- servative parliamentary transport industries committee since 1972 and Anglo-Soviet Parliamentary
Group; joint, chairman All-Party Roads Study Group. Member. executive of fine Inter-Parliamen- tary Union and Select Committee on Science and Technology 1970- 72. Director, Samuel Osborn and Co. Ltd., steel, and engineering compan,y, and subsidiary compan- ies. B D1eceniber, 1922: ed-,Rugby and Trinity Hill, Cambridge. A searcher 6f the Cutlers' CouilpanY.
PEMBROKE same ' Electorate 72,328 1970: 70,649
.*Edwards, R. N. (0) - 22,268 ...Parry, G. S. D. (Lab) '20,789
Jones, P. E. C. (L) 12,340 Davies, R. V. (PI Cyn)ru) 2,820
C majority 1,479 . NO CHANGE
Total vote 58 217 Turn-out 81.4%.
C -832%, Uab 35.7%, L 21.2%, PI Cymru 4.8%. C maj 2.5%, Swing -+0.1%/..
1970: Total vote 55,055 (77.9%)-
C 19,120 (34 7%), Lab 17,889 (32.5%)Q, D>em li,824 (21.5%), PI Cymru 3,681 (6.7%), L 2,541 (4~6.6)-C maj 1,231 (2.2%). Swing +7.00/%.
Mr Nicholas Edwards won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Insurance broker. B February, 1934; ed Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Sec- retary, Welsh group of Conser- vati've MPs since 1972. Chair. man, William Brandt's (Insurance Holdings) Ltd. and subsidiary com-
PENISTONE major Electorate 67,352
*Mendelson, J. J. (Lab) 27,797 Wilkinson, A. D. (C). 14,084 COadwick, D. (L) 13,140 Eaden, M. (Soc Dem) 867
Lab majority 13,713 Total vote 55,888. Turn-out 84.3%. Lab 49.7%, C 25.2%, L 23.5%, Social Dem 1.5%. Lab miaj 24.5%.
'IVr John Mendelson, elected at by- el'ectin,' 1959. University lecturer in political science. B July, 1917
ed -London' University and abroad. Forrder ` vice-president, Sheffield Trades and Labour Council; former- - chairman Sheffield, Hallam, Labour Party. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1964- 66, and Speaker's conference on electoral- law.
PENRITH AND THE BORDER
same Electorate 54,246 1970 54,251 *WThitelaw, W. S. I. (C) 26,433 Weedall, J. N. D. (Lab) 9,095 Alexander, P. (L) 8,202 Hesmondhalgh, W. (Ind) 235
C majority 17,338 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,965. Turn-out 80.8%.
C 60.1%, Lab 20.7%, L 18.6%, Ind 0.5%. C mai 39.4%. Swing +2.9%.
1970: Total vote 40,372 (74.4%)-
C 23,800 (58.9%), Lab 10,256 (25.4%), L 6,316 (15.6%)-C maj 13,544 (33.5%). Swing +5.5%.
Wr William Whitelaw was appointed Secretary of State for Employment in December, 1973. Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, 1972-73, and Lord Presi- dent of the Council and Leader of t)e House of Commons, 1970-72. President, National Union of Con. servative , and Unionist Associa- tions, 1971.- Opposition Chief Whip, 1964,-70; . Parliamentary Secretary, Ministr.y of Labour. .1962-64. Elected 1955* u contested East: Dunbartonshire,. 1950 and 1951.-B Jinie, 1918; ed Winches- ter and Trinity College, Cam- *bridge.
PE*¢TI AND EAST PERTUSHfIRE
minor Electorate 57,206 1970: 56,984
*MacArthur, I. (C) 21,167 Crawford,. G. D.
(Scot Nat) 12,192 Friel,-Miss V. A. (Lab) 6,784 ""Smith, Mrs K. (L) 4,644
C majority ' 8,975 'NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,787. Turn-out 78.3%.
C 47.3%, Scot Nat 27.2%, Lab 15.1%, L 10.4%. C mai 20.0%. Swing +1.9%.
1970 Total *vote.41,955 (73.5%)-
C 21,860' (52.1%), Lab 9,972 (23A8%), Scot Nat 7,112 (16.9%), L 3,011 (7.2%)-C mnaj-.11;888 2,(2&,3%/). Swing-0.1%. . -'
Mr Ian MacArthut, 'Chairman, -Scottish ConServative MPs, 1972- -73 -;:-hiember Speaker's Conference on. electoral law since 1973; and Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1965-70, and Opposition. Scottish wbip, 1964-65; a Lord .Cotnhmissidner of - the Treasury
(Whip), 1963-64, and an assistant Government whip, -1963-62. Elected, 1959 ; contested Greenock in 1955 and the December by- election of that year. Associate director, J. Walter Thompson Co CLtd. B May, 1925 ; ed Cheltenham College. -and - Queen's College, Oxf6) d.
PETERBOR OUGH major Electorate 62,641
*Nicholls, Sir H. (C) 20,353 Ward, M. J. (Lab) 20,331 Boizot, P. (L) ' 10,772
C majority 22 Total vote 51,456. Turn-out 82.1%.
C 39.5%, Lab 39.5%, L 20.9%. - CmajO.0%.
Sir Harmar Nicholls, elected in 1950, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry -of Agriculture, Fisheries' and Food, 1955-58, and Ministry of Works, 1958-61. Member, exec- utive, 1922 Committee since 1970. Contested Nelson -and Colne, 1945, and Preston, South, 1946.
PETERSFIELD minor Electorate 74,614 1970 : 69,608
*Quennell, Miss J. M. (C) 30,732
'Slack, T. W. (L) 21,152 Whiteley, P. F. (Lab) 7.703 Bishop, P. Hi. H. (Tech
Consultant) 101 C majority - 9,580 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,688. Turnout 81.0%.
C 51.5%, L 35.4%, Lab 12.9%, Tech Consult 0.2%. C maj 16C0hri. Swing 0l7%.
1t70- Total vote 50,270 (72.1%)-
C 30,414 (60.5%), Lab 10,307 (20.5%), L 7,783 (15.5%), Ind 1,766 (3.5%)-C maj 20,107 (40.0%). Swing +5.7%.
Miss: Joan Quennell was returned at by-election, November, 1960. B December, 1923 ; ed Bedales School, Petersfield. Member, Pub- lic Accounts Committee, select Uommittee on EEC secondary legis- lation and Speaker's' Panel of Chairmen. Member, West Sussex County Council. 1951.61. Past gov- ernor,' Area Technical College, Crawley and, Teachers Training College, Bognor Regis. Company director.
PLYMOUTH, Devonport major Electorate 49,802
*Owen, Dr D. A. L. (Lab) 15,819 *Vickers, Dame J. H. (C) 15,382- Banks, M. (L) 6,298
Lab majority 437 Total4 vote, 37,499. Turnout 75.3%.
Lab 42.2%, C 41.0%, L 16.8%. Lab maj 1L2%.
Dr David Owen represented Ply- mouth, Sutton, 1966-74. He was an Opposition spokesman. on defence. 1970-72, wben resigned over dis- -agreement 'on EEC policy. Under- Secretary of Defence for the Royal .Navy 1968-70. Contested Torring-
ton 1964.. B-- July, 1938 ; ed Brad- field College. Berkshire, Sidney Sussex College. Cambridge, and St --Thotihas's Hospital. Governor,
'Char-ing Cross Hospital, 1966-68. Patron, Disablement iancomne Group.. Member. ASTMS (MPU _ -section). AMeniber, defence and ex-
tcrnal-Offairs sub-conlmittee, Public E~xpenaditure Comxmittee.
PLYMOUTH,. Drake major Electorate 55,109
*Fookes, Miss J. (C} 18,417 Taylor, F. K.- (Lab) 15,806 Castle, Dr M. (L) 8,784
C maJority 2,611 Total vote 43,007. Turn-out 78.0%.
C 42.8%, Lab 36.7%, L 20.4%. C maj 6.1%.
Miss Janet Fookes represented Merton and Morden 1970-74. Teacher. Former member of Hast- ings Borouth Council. B February, 1936: ed Hastings and St Leonards Ladies' College, Hastings High School and Royal Holloway Col- lege, University of London. Member, expenditure committee, public petitions committee ; secre- tary, ConservatiVe Parliamentary Education Committee and of all. party deserted fami1ies group.
PLYMOUTH, Sutton major Electorate 61,230
Clark, A. K. M. (C) 21,649 Fletcher, B. W., (Lab) 13,545 Banks, S. (L). 12,683
C majority 8,104 Total vote 47,877. Turn-out 78.Z7%.
C 45.2%, Lab 28.3%, L 26.5%. C maj 16.9%.
Mr Alan Clark, military historian, son of Lord Clark. B April 1928
ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Barnrster, Inner Temple, 1955. Member, Institute for Strate- gic Studies. Governor, St Tho- mas's Hospital.
Mr Simon Banks, teacher. B Nov- ember, 1946; ed Grammar School, Welwyn Garden City; King's Col- lege, Cambridge; Bristol Univer. sity. Committee member, Plym. outh and E Cornwall Group, Con- servation Society; Plymouth Hous- ing Action Group Ca'NUT.
PONTEFRACT AND CASTLE-
FORD same Electorate 59,809 1970: 60,146
*Harper, J. (Lab) 34,409 Needham, R. F. (C) 10,605 Lavery, B (WRP) 991
Lab majority 23,804 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,005. Turn-out 76.9%.
Lab 74.8%, C 23.0%, WRP 2.1%. Lab maj S1.7%. Swing -1.1%. 1970: Total vote 42,461 (70.6%)-
Lab 31,774 (74.8%), C 10,687 (25.2%)-Lab maj 21,087 (49.7%). Swing +3.6.%
Mr Joseph Harper, an Opposition whip, since 1970, was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip) 1966-70, and an assistant Government whip, 1964-66. Elected in a by-election in 1962. Miner. B March, 1914; elementary education and WEA. Member, Featherstone Urban Council for 14 years, chairman, 1955-56 and 1961- 62. Member, Yorkshire area NUM executive committee, 1947-48 and 1950-52; Pontefract and Castleford Hospital Management Centre.
PONTYPOOL
Electorate 52,732 1970: *Abse, L. (Lab)
Mathias, E. A. k. (L) Wallace, T. (C)
Tanner, R. (PI Cymru) Williams, G. (Comm)
$me 53,821
25,133 7,668 7,497 1,308
498
Lab majority 17,465 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,104. Turn-out 76.9%.
Lab 59.7%. L 18.2%, C 17.8%, P1 Cymru 3.1%, Comm 1.2%. Lab maj 41.5%F. Swing +2.9%.
1970: Total vote 38,759 (72.0%)-
Lab 27,402 (70.7%), C 8,869 (22.9%), PI Cymnru 2,053 (5.3%), Comm 435 (1.1%)-Lab maj 18.533 (47.8%). Swing +4.30/%0.
Mr Leopold Abse was returned at a by-election in November, 1958; contested Cardiff, North, 1955. Solicitor. B April, 1917 ; ed Howard Gardens High School, Cardiff, and London School of Economics. Chairman, Cardiff Labour Party 1951-53; member, Cardiff City Council 1953-58. Member, Home Office Advisory Council for, Penal Reform; Coun- cil of Institute for Study and Treatment of Delinquency; National Council for the Unmar- ried Mother and her Child, de- partmental committee on adoption. Sponsor or co-sponsor of private members' Acts on divorce, homo- sexuality, family planning, legit- imacy, and widows' damages.
PONTYPRIDD
Electorate 69,685 1970: 6 *John, B. T. (Lab)
Jones, I. A. (C)
Murphy, Mrs (M. G. (L)
Kemp, R. A. (P1 Cymru)
uame 65,191.
28,028 11,406 9,889 I 4,612
Lab majority 16,622 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,935. Tutn-out 77.4%.
Lab 52.0%, C 21.1%, L 18.3%, P1 Cymru 8.5%. Lab ma; 30.8%. Swving +5.3%.
1970: Total vote 48,549 (74.5%)-
Lab 28,414 (58.5%), C 8.205 (16.9%), L 6,871 (14.1%), P1 Cymru S,059 (10.4%)-Lab maj 20,209 (41.6%). Swing +4.1%.
Mr Brynmor John was elected in 1970. Solicitor. B April, 1934 ; ed Pontypridd Grammar School and University College, London. Spe- cializes in industrial accident law. Governor of Pontypridd secondary schools. Former member, local trades council.
POOLE same Electorate 83,781 1970: 77,927
*Murton, H. 0. (C) 3X,156 Goode, G. M. (L) 21,088 Hobbs, G. W. (Lab) 15,434
C majority 10,068 NO CHANGE
Total vote 67,678. Turn-out 80.8%.
C 46.0%, L 31.1%, Lab 22.8%. C mai 14.9%. Swing +0.1%.
1970: Total vo.e 58,556 (75.1%)-
C 31,100 (53.1%), Lab 17,610 (30.1%), L 9,846 (16.8%)-C maj 13,490 (23%). Swing +6.0%.
Mr Oscar Murton was appointed Deputy Speaker and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means in 1973 after serving as a Government whip. Member of Speaker's panel of chairmen. 1970- 71. Elected in 1964. B May, 1914; ed Uppingham School. Member, Poole Borough Council, 1961-64. Formerly managing director of departmental stores in Newcastle and Sunderland. Fdrmer member, executive committee, Inter-Parlia- mentary Union (British Group).
PORTSMOUTH, North Electorate 69,398
major
'Judd, F. A, (Lab) 23,847 Griffiths, P. H. S. (C) 23,527 Preston, A. J. (L) 7,304
Lab maloi-tv 20 Total vote 54.67X. Turn-out 78.8%.
Lab 43.6% ,C 43.0%, L 13.3%. Lab maj 0.6%.
Mr Frank Judd represented Ports- mouth, WVest, 1966-74. An Opposi. tion defence- spokesman. Social administrator. $ March, 1935 ; ed City of London School and London School of Economics. Parliamen- tary Private Secretary to Mr Harold Wilson 1970.72. Member of~ British delegation to Council of Europe 1970-.73. Member, exec- utive, Commonwealth Parliamen- tary Association. Clhairman, F~abian international -and Common. wealth Bureau.
PORTSMOUITH, South major Electorate 70,987
*Pink, R. B. (C) 26,824 Lloyd, S. (Lab)' 15,842 Williams, J. (L) 10,307 Rifkin, A. D.
(Marx-Leninist) 394
C majotity 10,982 total vote 53,367. Tumn-out 75.2%.
C 50.3%, Lab 29.7%, L 19.3%, Marx-Lenin 0.7%. C maj 20.6%. Mr Bonner Pink, a company direc- tor, was elected in 1966. B Sep- tember, 1912; ed Oundle. Meember, Estimates Committee, 1967-70; Public Expenditure Com- mittee since 1971. Member of Portsmouth City Council from 1948 (Alderman, 1961)- Lord Mayor of Portsmouth, .i961-62. Chairman and other office holder, constituehcy Conservative Associa- tion 1946-65; nhember, Conserva- tive Party Local Government Advi- sory Committee 1947-64. Vice- chairman, Wessex Area Conserva- tives 1957-60, chairman 1960-63.
PRESTON, North Muane Electorate 51 400 *'970: 51 746
Atk4ins, R. l. (Lib) 16,797 *Holt Miss M (C) 16,542 Payne, G. (L) 7,099
Lab majority 255 LABOUR 9AIN
Total vote 40,438. Turn-out 79.4%.
.Lab 41.5%, C 40.9%, L 17.5%. Lab maj 0.6%. Swing -4.0%.
1970: Total vote 39,700 (76.7%)-
C 20,102 (50.6%), Lab 17,140 (43.2%), L 2,458 (6.2%) -.C Maj 2,962 (7.5%). Swing +6.7%.
Mr Rouald Atkins represented the constituency 1966-70. Contested Lowestoft, 19.64. B June, 1916 * ed Barry County School and London University. Lecturer in further education college. Member NUT. Member Braintree Rural District Council 1952-61. Former Executive member, National Council on In- land Transport.
PRESTON, South same Electorate 52,000 1970: 52,181
Thorn, S. G. (Lab) 17,354 *Green, A. (C) 15,467 Marshall, R. P. (L) 7,974
Lab majority 1,887 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 40,795. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 42.5%, C 37.9%, L 19.5%. Lab maj 4.6%. Swing -4.0%.
1970: Total vote 39,629 (75.9%)-
C 20,480 (51.7%), Lab 19.149 (48.3%)-C maj 1,331 (3.3%). Swing +5.3%.
Mr Stanley Thorne, lecturer in industrial sociology, contested Liverpool, Wavertrne, 1964. B July, 1918; ed Ruskin College, Oxford, and Liverpool University. Deputy chairman, Liverpool education committee. Vice-president, Liver- pool Labour Party. Governor, Liverpool Polytechnic. Member, ASTIVS.
PUDSEY sme Electorate 65,780 1970: 62,335
Shaw, J. G. D. (C) 21,750 Cooksey, S. S. tL) 18,011 Targett, K. (Lab) 15,267
C majority 3,739 NO CHANGE
Total vote SS,028. Turn-out 83.6%.
C 39.5%, L 32.7%, Lab 27.7%. C maj 6.8%. Swmng -0.1%.
1970: Total vote 49,375 (79.2%)-
C 24,308 (49.2% ), Lab 18.313 (37.1%), L 6,754 (13.7%)-C ma3 5,995 (12.1%). Swing +3.5%.
Mr Giles Shaw, who contested Kingston upon Huil West in 1966, is a mnarketing director, confection- ery division, Rowntree Mackintosh Ltd. B November 1931 ; ed Sed- bergh School and St John's Col- lege, Cambridge. (President of the Union, 1954.) Served on Flax, ton Rural District Coundl for seven
Putney, see Wandsworth
R
WORTHING same Electorate 72,258 1970: 71,935
*Higgins, T. L. (C) 33,613 Foley, M. H. C. (L) 14,683 Neves, M. W. J. (Lab) 8,286
C majority 18,930 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,582. Turn-out 78.3%.
C 59.4%, L 25.9%i Lab 14.6%. C maj 33.4%. Swing -1.5%.
1970: Total vote SO,376 (70.0%)-
C 33,051 (65.6%), Lab 8,989 (17.8%), L 8,336 (16.5%)-C maj 24,062 (47.8%). Swing +4.3%.
MJr Terence Higgins, Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1972 and Minister of State, Treas. ury, 1970-72 ; was elected in 1964. Economist and an Assbciate of the Institute of- Chartered Shipbrok- ers. .B 1928; ed Alleyn's 'School, Duiwich, Gonville and Caius Col- lege, Cambridge (president. of the Union, 1958) and Yale University, where he w,as lecturer in the Delartment of Economics. Opposi- tion spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs, 1966.70 ; secre- tary, Conservative Parliamentary Finance Committee, 1965-66 ; ecor.noiist with Unilever, 1959-64. Former Olympic and Common. wealth Games athlete.
WREKIN, THE major Electorate 81,955
Fowler, G. T. (Lab) 30,642 *Trafford, Dr J. A. P. (C) 24,121 Powney, I. (L) 11,487
Lab majority 6,521 Total vote 66,250. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 46.2%, C 36.4%, L 17.3%. Lab maj 9.8%.
Mr Gerald Fowler was MP for the seat 1966-70; contested Banbury, 1964. Joint Parliamentary Secre-' tary, Ministry of Technology, 1967- 69; Minister of State, Department of Education and Science, 1969-70. B January, 1935 ; ed Northampton Grammar School, Lincoln College. Oxford and Frankfurt University. Leader of Wrekin District Council since 1973; Oxford City council- lor 1960 64. Branch secretary, ASrMS, 1960-63.
WREXHAM same Electorate 76,415 1970: 72,744
*Ellis, R. T. (Lab) 27,384 Pritchard, J. L. (C) 14,301 Thomas, M. (L) 14,297 Roberts, H. W. (Pi Cymru) 2,624
Lab majority 13,083 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,606. Turn-out 77.6%.
Lab 46.7%, C 24.4%, L 24.4+, PI Cymru 4.5%. Lab maj 22.3%. Swiilg +2.9%.
1970: Total vote S4,699 (75.2%)-
Lab 31,089 (56.8%), C 15,649 (28.6%0/), L 5,067 (9.3%), Pi Cymru 2,894 (5.3%)-Lab maj 15,440 (28.2%). Swing +2.9%.
Mr Tom Ellis contested West Flintshire, 1966. Mining engineer.
B March, 1924; ed Ruabon Gram-' mar School, University of Waales and University of Nottingham. Former president,' Wrexhara Fabian Society.
WYCOMBE major Electorate .78,230
Back, W. F. (Lab) 18,822
James, M. tL) 15,812:
C majority 10,699 Total vote 63,855. Turn-out 81.6%.
C 46.2%, Lab 29.5%. L 24.3%. - C maj 16.7%.
Sir John Hall, elected In a by- election in November, 1952. Chair. man of Select Committee on Nationalized Industries since 19t3. Contested FulhanI, East, 1951, and Grimsby, 19SO. Vice-chairman 1922 Committee. B September, 1911; ed privately. Chartered secretary and chairman and managing direc. tor, Viscose Development Ltd, and director of brewery companies. Deputy: president Inter-Parliamen- tary. Union since 1970. Knighted June, 1973.
y
YARMOUTH
Electorate: 73.000
major
*Fell, A. (C)' 24,711 Hollis, Mrs P. (Lab) 19,774 Coleby, P. (L) 12,524
C majority 4,937 Total vote 57,009. Turn-out 81.0%.
C 43.3%, Lab 34.7%, L 22.0%. C maj 8.7%.°
Mr Anthony Fell, an art dealer, regained the seat for the Conser- vatives in 1970. Jie won it from Labour in 1951, held it in 1955, 1959 and 1964, and lost it in 166. Contested by-election at Brigg, 1948, and South Hammersmitb 1949 and 1950. B May, 1914; eA Bedford School and Tauranga High School, New Zealand. Engi- neer; former member AEU.
YEOVIL minor Electorate 75,471 1970 70 178
*Peyton, J. W. W. (C) 25,955 Taylor, Dr G. (L) 18,465 McVicar, M. T. (Lab) 17,362 Tippett, J. (Dem C) 720
C majority 7,490 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,502. Turn-out 83.8%.
C 41.5%, L 29.5%, Lab 27.8%, Dem C 1.1%. C maj 12.0%o. Swing
-I.-%.
1970: Total vote 55,728 (79.3%)-
C 27,689 (49.7%), Lab 20,621 (37.0%'f), L 7,418 (13.3% )-C maj. 7,068 (12.7%). swing +4.3%.
Mr John Peyton was Minister of Transport, June to October, 1970, and Minister for Transport Indus- tries within the Department of the Environment since then. Elected for Yeovil, 195L; contested Bris- tol, Central, in 1950. B February,
1919; ed Eton and Trinity Col_ lege, Oxford. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1945). Chairmarf of an electrical and mechannica1 com- pany, 1969.70.
YORK minor Electorate 77,835 1970: 74,760
*Lyon, A. W. (Lab) 25,674 Watson, J. G. B. (C) 24,843 Galloway, S. F. (L) 12,793
Lab majority 831 Total vote 63,310. Turn-out 82.7%,.
Lab 40.5%, C 39.2%, L 20.2%. Lab ma; 1.3%. Swing +1.2%.
1970: Total vote 57,041 (76.2%)--
Lab 29,619 (51.9%,), .C 27,422 (48.1%)-Lab maj 2,197 (3.8%). Swing +3.30o%.
Mr Alexander Lyon, was an.Oppo. sition spokesmian on home affair; from 1972' and on foreigu and commonvealth affairs 1970-72. He won. the sea, from the Conserva- tives In 1966: 'contested the con- stituency 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954). B October, 1931; - ed West Leeds lHigh School and University . College, London.
Member, Bar Council. Metbodist.- locgl preacher and member, Brit- ish Council of Churches. Member,
Select Contmittee on overseas aid, 1970. Memnber, executive conrrlit. tee, Fabian Society and Society ot Labour Lawyers.";"March 2, 1974";"";59028;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Election results 1974";""
"";"['News']";"The resuts of the general elec- tion are set out in alphabetical order of the 630 constituencies in Great Britain arnd Northern Ireland. The percentages of the tumnout of the electorate, the votes cast for each candida.te and the majority, in relation to the total poal in each consti- tuency, are calculated to the nearest decirnal place.
The Times Guide to the House of Commons, to be published next month, will include the cwing figures for each seat.
An asterisk denotes a member of the last Parliament.
All the statistical analvses have been produced by The Times on Olivetti P203 office computers loaned for the General Election by the City branch of British Oli- vetti Ltd.
The 1970 electorate figures include all those who will become 18 years of age during the lifetime of the register. The number eligible to vote is thus unknown, but for the purpose of all our calculations half of those registered as becoming eligible to vote at 18 has been deducted from the total elector- ate.
A
ABERAVON
Electorate: 62,901. 1966: 57.179. *Morris. J. (Lab.) . 31,314 Grist, I. (Cj .. .. 10,419 Farmer. G. (PI. Cymru) 3.912 Hart, Dr. J. T. (Comm.) 1.102
Lab. Majority .. 20,892 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,747. Turn-out 74%.
Lab 66.9%, C 22.25O, PI Cymru 8.30. Comm 2.3%. Lab Maj. 44.7°b
1966: Total Vote 44,752 (78.3%1).-
Lab. 33.763 (75.4%), C. 9,369 (20.9%'), Comm. 1,620 (3.6%). Lab. maj. 24,394 (54.5%).
Mllr. John Morris, Minister of Defence for Equipment, 1969-70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1966-68; Parlia- mntary Secretary. Ministry of Power, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954). B. November. 1930; ed. University College of Wales. Aberystwyth, Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge, and the Academy of International Law, The Hague. Former deputy general secretary and legal adviser to the Farmers' Union of Wales. Member, Coun- cil of Western European Union and Council of Europe, 1963-64.
ABERDARE
Electorate: 49,079. 1966: *Probert, A. R. (Lab.) ..
Jones, G. M. (Pl. CyTnru) Purnell. D. C. (C) .. Wilson, Dr. A. T. M1. (Comm.)
46,618. 22,817 11,431 2,484 1,317
Lab. Majonty .. 11,386 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,049. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 59.9%, P1 Cymru 30.0%, C 6.5°,o, Comm 3.4%. Lab Maj. 29.9%.
1966: Total Vote : 3.904 (77.0%).-
Lab. 26,322 (73.3%), C. 4,204 (11.7%), Pl. Cymru 3,073 (8.6%A), Comm. 2,305 (6.4%). Lab. maj. 22,118 (61.6%).
br, Arthur Probert was returned at a by-election in October, 1954. Local government officer. B. 1909; ed. Aberdare elementary and gram- mar schools. Secretary, Aberdare Trades and Labour Council, 1949- 54. Member. Public Accounts committee. 1964-66; speaker's panel of chairmen. Opposition whip, 1959-61.
ABERDEEN
(North)
Electorate: 64,558. 1966: Hughes, R. (Lab.) .. Williams, D. J. (C.) .. MoaKenna, J. (Scot. Nat.) McCallum, F. (L.)
Ingram, A. (Comm.) ..
59,157. 27,707
9,807 3.756 2,835
521
Lab. Majority .. 17.900 NO CHANCE
Total Vote 44,626. Turn-out 69%.
Lab 62.0%0. C 21.90o, Scot Nat 8.40o. L 6.3%0, Comm 1.1%. Lab Maj. 40.1 °,o
1966: Total Vote 42.636 (72.1 %).--
Lab. 28,799 (67.50,0), C 8,768 (20.6%). L. 4.350 (10.2%), Comm. 719 (1.7%,). Lab. mai. 20,031 (47.0%').
MNir. Robert Hughes, draughts- man. B. January, 1932; ed. Benoni High School, Transvaal and Pietermaritzburgh Technical Col- lege, Natal. Contested North Angus and Mearns, 1959. Mem- ber, Aberdeen Town Council since 1962. Chairman, Aberdeen City Labour Party, 1963-69. Former member, N.E. Scotland regional hospital board. Founder member, C.N.D. Member, AEF.
ABERDEEN
(South)
Electorate: 68,612. 1966: 62,206. Sproat, I. M. (C.) .. 23,843 Dewar, D. C. (Lab. .. 22.754 Macleod, K. J. B. S
(L.) .. .. .. 3,135 Cockie, B. M. (Scot. Nat.) 2,777
C. Majority .. .. 1,089 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 52,509. Turn-out 77%.
C 45.4%, Lab 43.3%, L 5.9%, Scot Nat 5.2%. C Maj. 2.0% 1966: Total Vote 50,580 (81.3%).-
Lab. 23,291 (46.0%). C. 21,492 (42.5%). L. 5,797 (11.5%). Lab. mai. 1.799 (3.59L.
Mr. lain Sproat, publisher, and former journalist; contested Rbth- erglen in by-election and general election; 1964. B. November, 1938; ed. Winchester; Magdalen College, Oxford. Former Sunday TelezraDh columnist.
I
ABERIlEENsHIpjE
(East)
Electorate: 46,087. 1966: 42,661. *WolridteGordon, P. (C.) 12,866 Farquhar, A. (Soot Nat.) 9.377 Grimes, H. C. (Lab.) .. 5,656 Hoyer-Millar, G. C. (L.) 3,548
C. Majority .. 3,489 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,447. Tu!-,out 68%.
C 40.9%, Scot Nat 29.8%. Lab 17.9%, L 11.3%. C Maj. 11.1 %. 1966: Total Vote 29,107 (68.2%).-
C. 12,067 (41.5%), L. 8,034 (27.6%). Lab. 6.422 (22.10%), Scot. Nat. 2,584 (8.9%). C. M'ajl. 4,033 (13.9%).
1Mr. Patrick Wolridge-Gordon was returned at a by-election in November, 1958, when still an undergraduate. B. August, 1935; ed. Eton and New CoUege, Oxford. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary fisheries committee since 1964.
ABERDEENSHIERE
(West)
Electorate: 52.458. 1966: 46.011. Mitobell, Lt.-Col. C. C.
(C.) . . . 18,396 Grimond, Mrs. L. (L.) .. 12,847 Hay. W. W. (Lab.) .. 6.141 McKinley, J. G. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. . 2,112
C. Majority .. .. 5,549 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,496. Turn-out 75%/,.
C. 46.6,°%, L. 32.5%o, Lab. 15.5%, Scot. Nat. 5.3 %. C. Maj. 14.1%. 1966: Total Vote 35,115 (76.3°0).-
L. 15.151 (43.2°,). C. 13,956 (39.7%), Lab. 6.008 (17.1%). L. maj. 1,195 (3.4%).
Lt.-Col. Cotin Mitchell, com- manded the I st Btn., Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders during the Aden emergency, before indepen- dence and resigned from the Army in 1968 after the decision to dis- band his btn. B. November. 1925; ed. Streatham Grammar School and Whitgift. Served in the Second World War and the Korean War. Staff officer to Eari Mountbatten. then Chief of the Defence Staff. Went to Vietnam as a war correspondent, 1968-69.
ABERTILLERY
Electorate: 37,632. 1966: 36.122. Thomas. J. (Lab.) .. 22.819 Rendle, J. E. (C.) .. 3,478 Harries, D. B. (P1. Cymru) 1,751
Lab. Majority 19.341 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,048. Turn-out 75,.
Lab. 81.4%. C. 12.4%, PI. Cymru 6.2%. Lab. Maj. 69.0`.
1966: Total Vote 26.504 (73.43).-
Lab. 23,353 (88.1°.o). C. 3.151 (11.9%). Lab. Maj. 20,202 (76.2%).
Mr. Jeffrey Thomas, a barristes (Gray s Inn), contested Barry in 1966. B. November, 1933; ed. Aber, tillery Grammar School, King's College, London. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers and ""Justice"". President, London University Union, 1955-56. Deputy Assistant Director, Army Legal Services, H.Q., B.A.O.R., 1961.
ABINGDON
Electorate: 86,319. 1966: 72,575. *Neave, A. M. S. tC.) .. 36,209 Price, N. H. (Lab.) .. 23,136 Evans, S. R. C. (L.) .. 7.198
C. Majority .. .. 13,073 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 66,363. Turn-out 770.
C 54.3%, Lab 34.9%oo, L 10.8%. C Maj. 19.4%.
1966: Total Vote 59,899 (S2.5%).-
C. 27,749 (46.3%,;), Lab. 24,447 (40.8%), L. 7.703 (12.9%). C. maj. 3,302 (5.5%).
Mr. Airey Neave was Under- Secretary for Air, January to October, 1959, after being Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation from January. 1957. Director, John Thompson Ltd.. Wolverhampton, boilermakers and power station engineers. Member, Select Com- mittee on Science and Technology, and chairman of the sub-committee on computers. Returned at a by- election, June, 1953; contested Thurrock 1950. and Ealing. North 1951. B. January. 1916; ed. Eton and Mverton College, Oxford. Barrister (Middle Temple. 1943). Escaped from Colditz in 1942 and reached United Kingdom via Switzerland and Gibraltar. Com- manded operation to rescue allied pilots from behind enemy lines. Took part in Nuremburg trials and was Commissioner for Cri- minal Organizations.
ACCRINGTON
Electorate: 51,444. 1966: 48,412. *Davidson, A. (Lab.) .. 20.828 Webster, Dr. R. C. (C.) 20.234
Lab. Majonty .. .. 594 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,062. Turn-out 80%.
Lab 50.7.O, C 49.2%. Lab Maj. 1.40.
1966: Total Vote 40,213 (83.1 °).-
Lab. 21,330 (53.0%), C. 14,508 (36.1%), L. 4,375 (10.9%). Lab. maj. 6,822 (17.0%).
Mr. Arthur Davidson was elected in 1966; contested Preston, North, 1959. and Blackpool, South, 1955. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1953). B. November, 1928; ed. Liverpool College, King George V School, Southport, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Hon legal adviser, Southport Trades Council, N.U.G.M.W.
ACTON
Electorate: 43,861. 1966: 43,464. Spearing, N. J. (Lab.) .. 13,900 *Baker, K. W. (C.) .. 13,300 Scherer, D. (L.) .. .. 1,583 Costin, M. (Corrm.) .. 258
Lab. Majority .. 600 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 29,041. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 47.8%, C 45.7%, L 5.4%, Comm 0.80%/ . Lab Maj. 2.0%. 1966: Total Vote 32,141 (74.0%).-
Lab. 18,541 (57.7%), C. 13,600 (42.3%). Lab. maj. 4,941 (15.4%). 1968 By-election: Total Vote 25,151
(59.7%).-C. 12,242 (48.7%), Lab. 8,522 (339%), L. 2,868 (11.4%), Nat. Front 1,400 (5.5%), Ind. 75 (0.3%), Ind. 44 (0.2%). C. Maj. 3,720 (14.8%).
Mr. Nigel Spearing, teacher. B. October. 1930; ed. Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith, and St. Catharine's College, Cambridge tniversity. Contested Warwick and Lcamington, 1964.
;
AN'RIM
(North)
Electorate: 80,506. 1966: Paisley, 1. (EProt. U.) .
CIark, H. (U.U.) .
McHugh, P. (N.I. Lab.) McDonald, A. (Nat. Dan.) .. .. .. Moore, R. (L.) ..
72,039. 24,130 21,451
6,476 4,312 2,069
Prot. U. Majority .. 2,679 PR(IT. U. GAIN
Total Vote 58,438. Tun-oiat 73%.
Ptt U 41.3%. U U 36.7%, N I Lab 11.1%, Nat Dem 7.4%, L 3.5%. Prt U Maj. 4.6%.
1966: Total Vote 40,868 (56.7%).-
U.U. 31,927 (78.1%), L. 8,941 (21.9%1). U.U. maj. 22.986 (56.2%).
The Rev. Ian Paisley is founder of the Protestant Unionist Party and of the Free Presbyterian Church. Last year he stood against Lord O'Neill of the Maine in the Northern Ireland general electioo of 1969; won the seat for Bann- side in the by-election caused by Lord O'Neill's resignation earlier this year. B April, 1926
ANTRIM
(South)
Electorate: 144,734. 1966: 113,645. Molyneaux, J. H. (U.U.) 59,589 Johnston, R. (N.I. Lab.) 19,991 Caldwell T. (Ind. U.) .. 10,938 McAllister. D. (Nat
De""n.) .. .. .. 6,037 Smith, R. (L.) .. .. 913
UU Majority .. .. 39,618 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 97,448. Turin-out 67%.
UU 61.1%/', N I Lab 20.5% Ind U 11.2%,.O, Nat Dem 6.2%, L 0.9%. UU Maj. 40.6.'
1966: Total Vote 63,519 (55.9q)--
U.U. 40,840 (64.30,!.). N.I. Lab. 22.672 (35.7%0). U.U. maj. 18.168 (28.6%).
Mr. James Molyneaux is a part- ner in the family firm of letter- press printers. B. 1921.
ARGYLL
Electorate: 41.107. 1966: 38.949. *Noble, M. A. C. (C.) . . 13.521 MacCormick, 1. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 9,039 NfcFaddLn. J. ( Lab.) . . 7.633
C. Majority .. .. 4,482 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,193. Turn-out 73.8°.
C 44.8%, Lab 25.2%o, Scot Nat 29.9%,. C. Maj. 14.9%,.
1966: Total Vote 28.176 (72.3°o).-
C. 12,178 (43.20/%), Lab. 8,486 (30.1°). L. 7,512 (26.7°o). C. maj. 3,692 (13.1 ).
Mr. Michael Noble, returned at a by-election in June, 1958, wvas Secretary of State for Scotland 1962-64. Chairman of the Scot- tish Unionist Party, 1962-66. Scottish Whip, October 1960; Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury, 1961-62. Farmer. B. March, 1913; ed. Eton and Magdalen College. Oxford.
AR.MAGH
Electorate 87,868. 1966: 76.111. *Maginnis J. E. (U.U.) 37,667 Lewis, H. (Nat. Unity) . . 21,696 Homes, E. (N.l. Lab.).. 8,781
U.U. Majority . . 15,971 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 68,144. Turn-out 780.
U.U. 55.3%, Unity 31.8°o. N.I. Lab 12.9%. U.U. Maj. 23.5%. 1966: Total Vote 48.154 (63.3%).-
U.U. 34,687 (72.0%o), Irish Repub. 13,467 (28.0%). U.U. maj. 21,220 (44.0%).
Mr. John MVIaginnis was elected in 1959. Farmer. B. March, 1919; ed. Moyallon School, co. Down and Portadown Technical College.
ARUNDEL & SHOREHAm
Electorate: 100,941. 1966: 87,743. Kerby, Capt. H. B. (C.) 43,907 Lyne, B. M. (Lab.) .. 16,531 Bartram, P. (L.) .... 11,769
C. Majority .. .. 27,376 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,207. Turn-out 71 %.
C 60.8%, Lab 22.8%.. L 16,2%. C Maj. 37.9%.
1966: Total Vote 66.546 (75.8%).-
C. 36.913 (55.50O), Lab. 18.817 (28.3%). L. 10.816 (16.2%). C. maj. 18,096 (27.2%/0).
Capt. Henry Kerby was returned at a by-election in 1954. B. December, 1914; ed. Highgate School and on the Continent. In Regular Army. 1933-38. Honorary attach6 in Diplomatic Service, 1939. acting consul at Malmo, Sweden. 1940-41. and specially employed by the War Office, 1941- 45.
ASHFIELD
Electorate: 68.007. 1966: 62,030. *Marquand, D. 1. (Lab.) 32.372 Kemm, R. N. (C.) . 1. 15089
Lab. Majority .. 17283 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,461. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 68.20%, C 31.8%o. Lab Maj. 36.4%.
1966: Total Vote 45,468 (73.3°).-
Lab. 33,477 (73.6%), C. 11,991 (26.4%,). Lab. maj. 21,486 (47.3%).
Mr. David Marquand was elected in 1966. contested Barry in 1964. Journalist and university teacher. B. September. 1934; ed. Emanuel School, London. and Magdalen and St. Anthony's Col- leges. Oxford. Chairman, Univer- sity Labour Club, 1957.
ASHFORD
Electorate: 67.362. 1966: 56.669. 'Deedes, W. F. (C.) .. 26,649 Bowyer. J. M. (Lab.) .. 14,037 Truman, C. (L.) . . 7.902
C. Majority .. .. 12,612 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,588. Turn-out 72%/.
C 54.8%, Lab 28.9%, L 16.3%. C Maj. 25.9%.
1966: Total Vote 42.732 (75.3%).-
C. 21,362 (50.0%1), Lab. 13,249 (31.0%), L. 8,121 (19.0%). C. Maj. 8,113 (19.0%).
Mr. Wiliam Deedes was Minis- ter without Portfolio, 1962-64, with a seat in the Cabinet, and was responsible for the coordina- tion of Government information services at home. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1954-55; Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1955-57. Elected 1950. Journalist. B. January. 1913; ed. Wellington House, Westgate, and Harrow.
ALDERSHOT
Electorate: 85,010. 1966: 69,612. Critohley, .1 M. G. (C.) 33,447 Bogg, R. T. (Lab.) .. 18,916 Gibbons, P. M. (L) ... 7,551
C. Majority .. .. 14,531 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,914. Tuns-out 70%.
C 55.8%, Lab 31.5%s, L 12.6%. C Maj. 24.2%.
1966: Total Vote 52,473 (75.4%).-
C. 25,672 (48.9%), Lab. 16,776 (32.0%), L 10,025 (19.1%). C maj. 8,896 (17.00%.o).
Mr. Julian Critcbley is a writer and critic. He won Rochester and Chatham for the Conservatives in 1959 and represented that seat until 1964; contested it again in 1966. B. December. 1930; cd. Shrewsbury School, Sorbonne and Pembroke College, Oxford. Chair- man of Bow Group and of Cross- bow, 1966-67; president, Atlantic Association of Young Political Leaders, 1968. Chairman, Blue Ribbon Club; vice-president, HaMnpstead Young Conservatives, and member, Young Conservatives national advisory committee. Author of a number of Bow Group pamphlets. Editor, Atlantic Education Trust.
ALTRINCHAM & SALE
Electorate: 71,125. 1966; 66,083. 'Barber, A. P. L. (C.) . 27,904
Jones, B. E. (Lab.) .. 16,671 Bayley, L. G. (L.) .. 7,875
C. Majority .. 11,233 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,450. Turn-out 74%.
C 53.2%, Lab 31.7°,', L 15.0%. C Maj. 21.4%.
1966: Total Vote 51,526 (78.0°).--
C. 24.736 (48.0%), Lab. 17.899 (34.700). L 8.891 (17.3%'). C. maj. 6.837 (13.3%).
Mr. Anthony Barber. chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation since September, 1967, was spokesman on trade, industry, and steel. Minister of Health, 1963- 64; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1962-63; Economic Sec- retary, 1959-62. Returned at a by-election, February, 1965; repre- sented Doncaster, 1951-64; con- tested Doncaster, 1950. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1957-58. B. July; 1920; ed. Oriel College, Oxford. While prisoner of war took a law degree with first class honours. Called to the Bar (Inner Temple) 1948. Chair- man, Redfearn National Glass Ltd., and director. Chartered Bank and British Ropes Ltd.
a
ANGLESEY
Electorate: 41.527. 1966: *Hughes, C. (Lab.) Jones, J. E. (C.) Williams. J. L.
(Pl. Cymru) ..
Roddick, G. W. (L,) ..
36,950. 13,966 9,220 7,140 2,013
Lab. Majority .. 4,746 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,339. Tum-out 780%o.
Lab 43.20,, C 28.5%o, PI Cymru 22.1%O, L 6.2°%. Lab Maj. 14.7%. 1966: Total Vote 27.046 (73.2q).-
Lab. 14,874 (55.0%), C. 9,576 (35.4%). Pl. Cymru 2,596 (9.60%). Lab. maj. 5,298 (19.6%).
Mr. Cledwyn Hughes, Ministei of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1968; Secretary of State fol Wales, 1966-68; Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations. 1964-66. Elected in 1951; contested Anglesey, 1945 and 1950. Solicitor. B. September, 1916; ed. Holyhead Grammar School and University College, Aberystwyth. Former tow-n clerk of Holyhead. Member, Angle- sey County Council, 1946-52; Public Accounts Committee, 1957- 64; chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party, 1953-54; chairman Welsh Labour group, 1955-56.
ANGUS
(North & Mearns)
Electorate: 37,318. 1966: 34.583. *Buchanan-Smith, A. L.
(C.) . .. .. 14.687 Gourlay, J. (Lab.) .. 5,092 MoGugan, J. A. (Scot.
(Nat.) .. .. 4,677 Grimond, J. (L) .. 3,212
C. Majority .. .. 9,595 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,668. Turn-out 74%/o.
C 53.1%o, Lab 18.4%'. Scot Nat 16.9%°, L 11.6%. C. Maj. 34.7%0!. 1966: Total Vote 26.360 (76.2°,o).-
C. 13.286 (50.40%), L. 7.756 (29.40%). Lab. 5.318 (20.2%o). C. maj. 5,530 (21.0%,o).
Mr. Alick Buchanan-Smith, an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, was elected in 1964; con- tested West Fife in 1959. Farmer. B. April, 1932; ed. Edinburgh Academy, Glanalmond, Pembroke College, Cambridge. and Edin- burgh University. Member, Select Committee on Agriculture, 1968- 69. Vice-Chairman. Conservative agricultural committee 1965-66. Secretary, Scottish Unionist M.P.s 1965-66; vice-chairman 1966-67.
ANGUS (South)
Electorate: 49,618. 1966: 44,705. Bruce-Gardyne, J. (C.) .. 20.439 Slesser, C. G. M. (Scot
Nat.) .. .. .. 8,406 Coutts, H. (Lab.) .. 7,557
C. Maiority .. .. 12,033 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36.402. Turn-out 73%.
C 56.1%, Scot Nat 23.1%, Lab 20.8%. C Maj. 33.0%.
1966: Total Vote 31,811 (71.2%).-
C. 22,407 (70.4%), Lab. 9,404 (29.6%). C. Maj. 13,003 (40.9%). Mr. John Bruce-Gardyne, vice- chairman of Scottish Conservative M.P.s since 1969 and secretary 1967-69, was elected in 1964. Journalist; Foreign Editor. The Spectator. B. April, 1930; ed. Winchester College and Magdalen College. Oxford. Served six years in Foreign Service. Member of council, Bow Group, 1962-64.
ASHTON-UNDER.LYNZ
Electorate: 61,779. 1966: 57.159. Sheldon, R. E. (Lab. .. 23,927 Fearn, A. d'A. (C) .. 19,973
Lab. Majority *- 3.954 NO CHANGE
I Totai Vote 43,900. Ttmi-out 71%.
Lab.54.50',C45.4%O, Lab Maj. 9.0%/..
1966: Total Vote 42,124 (73.7%).-
Lab. 24,728 (58.7%°), CG 17,396 (41.3%). Lab. maj. 7,332 (17.4%0). Mr. Robert Sheldon, elected in 1964. contested Manchecter, With- ington, 1959. Company director. B. September, 1923; ed. grammar school and technical coUeges, external graduate, London Univer- sity. Member. Fulton Committee on the Civil -Service, 1966-68. Chairman. P.L.P. economic and finance committee, 1966-67. Mem- ber. Public Accounts Committee, and T. & G.W.U. Vice-chairman. Lancashire and Cheshire group of Labour M.P.s since 1969.
AYLESBURY
Electorate: 77,818. 1966: 65,968. Raison. T. H. F. (C.) .. 31,084 Mitchell. J. E. (Lab.) .. 20,441 Kinsey, P. S. (L) .. 6,849
C. Majority .. .. 10,643 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,374. Ture-out 75t.
C 53.2%, Lab 35.0%o, L 11.7%. C Maj. 18.2%.
1966: Total Vote 52.711 (79.9°o)_-
C. 23,673 (44.9%°), Lab. 19,766 (37.5%), L. 9,272 (17.6%°). C. maj. 3,907 (7.4°.).
Mr. Timothy Raison is a journal- ist and magazine publisher. B. November, 1929: ed. Dragon School, Oxford, Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Rich- mond upon Thames Borough Coun- cil, since 1967. and Inner London Education Authority, 1967-70. Fought Bedford during 1964 elec- tion on behalf of Mr. Christopher Soames who was injured. Member. Plowden Council on primarv schools, and advisory committee of drug dependence.
AVR
Electorate: 52,105. 1966: *Younger, G. K. H. (C.) Craigen, J. M. (Lab. & -Co-op.) * *
Anderson, L. (Scot. Nat.)
46,285. 22.220 17,770 2,186
C. Majority .. .. 4,450 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,176. Turn-out 81%.KQ
C 52.6%. Lab 42.1%. Scot Nat 5.1%°. C Maj. 10.5%.
1966: Total Vote 39,492 (85.3°o).-
C. 19,988 (50.6%;). Lab. 19.504 (49.4%). C. maj. 484 (1.20).
Mr. George Younger was elected in 1964; contested Lanarkshire. North, 1959. Scottish Conser- vative whip, 1965-67. Eldest son of Viscount Younger of Leckie. Director. J. G. Thomson and Co. Ltd.. Leith. B. September, 1931; ed. Cargilfield School, Edinburgh. Winchester CoUege. and New College. Oxford. Governor. Roval Scottish Academy.
A VRFHlI D
(Central)
Electorate: 58,544. 19
Lambie, D. (Lab.) Lang, I. (C.) ..
Macdonald, A. (Scot.
(Nat.) . .
Menzies. T. (Ind.)
66:
50,744. 24,536 19,569
2.383
339
Lab. Majority .. 4.967 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,827. Turn-out 790.
Lab 52.4%o, C 41.8%. Scot Nat 5.1 %. Ind 0.7%. Lab Maj. 10.6%.
1966: Total Vote 41,672 (82.1°).-
Lab. 24,035 (57.7%), C. 17,637 (42.3°%). Lab. maj. 6,398 (15.4%). Ayrshire, North and Bute
Mr. David Lambie, contested Ayrshire, North and Bute in 1966, 1964, 1959, and 1959. Teacher. B. July, 1925; ed. Ardrossan Academy, Glasgow, and Glasgow and Geneva Universities. Execu- tive member, Educational Insti- tute for Scotland; chairman, Scot- tish Labour Party, 1965-66.
AYRSHIRE
(North & Bute)
E-lectorate: 4S,111. 1966: *Maclean. Sir F. (C.J .. Millar, H. G. (Lab.) .. Macrae, Mrs. M. (Scot.
Nat.) ..
43.625.
IS,853 12,459
3,852
C. Majority .. 6,394 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,164. Turn-out 73%.
C 53.6%, Lab 35.4%, Scot Nat 10.9%'. C Maj. 18.2%.
1966: Total Vote 33.159 (76.0°o).-
C. 16.138 (48.7%o), Lab. 13.482 t40.6%), L. 3.539 110.7°). C. nlaj. 2.656 (8.0%).
Sir Fitzroy Maclean, Financial Secretary War Office. 1954-57. Elected in 1959; represented Lan- caster 1941-59. Writer. farmer and hotelier. B. March, 1911: ed. Eton and King's College, Cam- bridge. Formerly in the diplo- matic service; joined the 1st Special Air Service Regiment, was Brigadier Commanding the British Military Mission to Marshal Tito, being dropped into Yugoslavia by parachute and helped to organize Yugoslav resistance to the Ger- man forces.
AYRSHIRE
(South)
Electorate: 50,852. 1966: 46.504. 'Sillars, J. (Lab.) .. .. 23,910 Simpson. N. (C.) .. 11.675 Purdie, S. H. (Scot. Nat.) 3,103
Lab. Majority .. 12.235 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,688. Turn-out 76%.
Lab,61.80,%, C. 30.2%,, Scot. Nat. 8.0%. Lab. Maj. 31.6%.
1966: Total Vote 34,937 (75.1 %).-
Lab. 23,495 (67.20/), C. 11,442 (32.7%). Lab. maj. 12,053 (34.5%j').
1970 By-election: Total Vote 49.113
(76.4%).-Lab. 20,664 (54.1 %); C. 9.778 (25.6%), Scot Nat. 7,785 (20.3%. Lab. maj. 10.886 (22.30%0).
Mr. James Sillars, a trade union official, was returned at a by- election in March, 1970. Full- time Labour Party agent 1964 and 1966 elections. B. October, 1937; ed. Newton Park School, Ayr. and Ayr Academy. Former official Fire Brigades Union and head of Scottish T.U.C. organization de- partment. Former member Ayr Town Council and Ayr County Council Education Committee
B
D
BANBURY
Electorate: S9,559. 1966: 74279. Marten, H. N. (C.) .. 36.712 Bootk A. C. (Lab.) .. 25,166 Fidbr, G. J. (L.) . 6.859
C. Majority .. 11.546 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 68,737. TIrn-out 77%.
C 53.4%, Lab 36.6%. L 9.9%. C Maj. 16.8%.
1966: Total Vote 60,868 (81.9%0). -
C. 28.932 (47.5%'), Lab. 24.529 (40.3%). L. 7,407 (12.2%). C. maj. 4.403 (7.2%)-
Mr. Neil Marten, elected in 1959, was Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Aviation. 1962- 64. Solicitor and director of ship- broking fitm; b. December. 1916; ed. Rossall School, and Law Society. Served in Foreign Office, 1947-57, and during the war was parachuted to the French resist- ance and later served with the Norwegian resistance. Won the Croix de Guerre. Vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary foreign and Commonwealth affairs centre, 1968-70; chairman. space com- mittee since 1965. Member. Esti- mates Committee since 1965. and executive of the 1922 Committee. Chairman, all-Party Disabled Drivers Conimittee since 1968; and of Anglo-Norwegian Parlia- mentary Group since 1962.
BANFFSHIRE
Electorate: 31,915. 1966: 30.216. *Baker, W. H. K. (C.) .. 8,457 Watt, H. (Scot. Nat.) .. 5,006 Fraser, T. R. L. (L) .. 4.589 Walls, A. F. (Lab.) .. 3,795
C. Nlajority .. . 3.451 NO CHAiNGE
Total Vote 21,847. Turn-out 680.
C 38.7%. Scot Nat 22.9%,o. L 21.0%,, Lab 17.30%. C Nial. 15.8°o.
1966: Total Vote 19,676 (65.1 %).-.
C. 8,139 (41.4°), L. 6,762 (34.4%), Lab. 4,775 (24.3%/0). C. maj. 1,377 (7.0%o).
Mr. WilLfred Baker was elected in 1964. Farmer. B. January, 1920; ed. Hardye's School and Nottingham, Edinburgh, and Cor- nell Universities. Factor of estates in Scotland, 1949-53. farms at Rothiemay. Was constituency political education officer.
BARKING
Electorate: 49,655. 1966: 48,281. *Driberg. T. E. N. (Lab.) 21,097 Pattie. G. E. (C.).. .. 9.309
Lab. Majority .. 11.788 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,406. Turn-out 61 es
Lab 69.3%. C 30.6%,o. Lab Ma;. 38.7%.
1966: Total Vote 34.759 (72.0%0).-
Lab. 22,994 (66.2%,), C. 7.584 (21.8%.). L. 4,181 (12.0%). Lab. maj. 15A10 (44.30,'%).
Mr. Tom Driberg was elected for Barking in 1959: represented Maldon 1942-55. Member. National Executive Committee of the Labour Party since 1949: chairman, 1957. 58. Lecturer, broadcaster and joumalist. B. May. 1905; ed. Lancing and Christ Church, Ox- ford. Chairman P.L.P. Common- wealth, Colonies and overseas de- velopment committee, 1965-68. War correspondent in the Second World War and the Korean War. Mem. ber, Historic Buildings Council since 1966.
BARKSTON ASH
Electorate: 78,562. 1966: 62.650. *Alison, M. J. H. (C.) .. 35,198 Grime, E. K. (Lab.) .. 23.861
C. Majority .. .. 11.337 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59.059. Turn-out 75%.
C 59.6%o. I.ab 40.4%"" C \Iai. 19.20.
1966: 'T'otal Vote 50,024 (79.8').-
C. 28.183 (56.3%). Lab. 21.841 (43.7%'.). C. Maj. 6,342 (12.7%/). NMr. Nlichael Alison was clected in 1964. B. June,,1926; ed. Eton, Wadham College. Oxford and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. Member, Kensington Borough Council. 1957-60. Research officer. foreign affairs section of Conservative Research Department. 1958-64. Former secretary. Conservative parliamentary power committee and finance committee. Church of England lay reader.
KARiNET
Electorate: 72,293. 1966: 65.487. *Maudling, R. (C.) .. 26.845 Baker, Mrs. 1. E. M.
(Lab. & Co-op.) . . 18.166 Henchley, I. D. 0. (L) 6,329
C. Majority .. .. 8.679 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51.340. Turn-out 71%.
C 52.3%. Lab Co-op 35.4°, L 12.3%. C Maj. 16.9%.
1966. Total Vote 52,719 (80.5%,).-
C. 24,833 (47.1%), Lab. 19.347 (36.7°o%). L. 8,539 (16.200). C. Mlaj. 5,486 (10.4%).
Mr. Reginald Maudling, was appointed Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party in August. 1965, after being placed second in the ballot for the leadership. Chair- man of the party advisory commit- tee on policy; president of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1968. Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1962- 64; Secretary of State for the Colonies. 1961-62; President of the Board of Trade, 1959.61; Pay- master-General, 1957-59; Minister of Supply, 1955-57; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1953-55; Parliamentary Secretary,. Ministry of Civil Aviation, 1952. Elected for Barnet, 1950; contested Heston and Isleworth in 1945. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1940). B. March. 1917; ed. Merchant Taylors' School and Merton College, Oxford. Director. Kleinwort Benson Ltd., Sbipping Industrial Holdings Ltd., and The Dunlop Co. Ltd.
BARNSLEY
Electorate: 76,211. 1966: 69,751. *Mason. R. (Lab.) '34,956 Godber, R. fiC.) ..1 0,8 11 Dossett, J. H. (L) 8.186
Lab. Majority .. 24,145 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,953. Turn-out 71 ?0.
Lab 64.7%, C 20.0%, L 15.1%. Lab Maj. 44.7%.
1966: Total Vote 51,200 (73.4%).-
Lab. 38,744 (75.7%). C. 12,456 (24.3o). Lab. maj. 26,288 (51.30).
Mr. Roy Mason became Presi- dent of the Board of Trade in 1969; Minister of Power, 1968- 69; Postmaster General, April- June. 1968; Minister of Defence (Equipment). 1967-68; Minister of State, Board of Trade 1964-67. Returned at a bv-election in March, 1953. B. April. 1924, ed. at elementary schools and London School of Economics. Miner. 1938-53. Member. York- shire Miners' Council, 1949-53; branch official. NUM. 1947-53.
BARONS COURT
Electorate: 41.534. 1966: 43,830. *Rikhard, 1. S. (Lab.) .. 13,374 Brum, R. E. (C.) .. 12,269 Knott, S. H. J. A. (L.) 2.206
Lab. Majonty .. 1.105 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,849. Turn-out 67 %.
Lab 48.Q%. C 44.1,o., L- 7.9°o Lab Mai. 3.90.
1966: Total Vote 32,956 (75.20o).-
Lab. 17,021 (51.6%), C. 13.551 (41.! %). L. 2,384 (7.2%). Lab. Maj. 3.470 (10.5%).
M'dr. Ivor Richard, Under-Sccre- tarv of Defence for the Army, 1969-70. was P.P.S. to Mr. Healev. Secretary of State for Defence, 1966-69. Elected in 1964. con- tested Kensington. South. in 1959. Barrister (called by Inner I'cmple 1955). B. May. 1932: ed. St. Michael's School, Il.anelly. Chel- tenham College, and Pembroke College, Oxford.
BARROW4N-FURNESS
Electorate: 54,523. 1966: 50,711. *Booth, A. E. (Lab.) 22,400 Miller, H. D. (C.) . 17,536
Lab. Majority .. 4,864 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,936. Turn-out 73 -. Lab 56.0%., C 43.9%. Lab Maj.
12.1%.
1966: Total Vote 38.938 (76.80o).-
Lab. 23,485 (60.3°.), C. 15.453 (39.70%o). Lab. maj. 8,032 (20.6%). Mr. Albert Booth, elected 1966, contested Tynemouth in 1964. B. May, 1928; ed. St. Thomas's. Winchester, South Shields Marine School, Rutherford College of Technology. Member. Tynemouth Borough Council 1961-64: consti- tuency party secretary. 1952-58; chairman, 1958-63. Member. poli- tical sub-committee. D.A.T.A.
BARRY
Electorate: 75,551. 1966: 65.194. *Gower, H. R. (C.) 31,957 Allison, J. (Lab.) 2.3,286 Williams. E. 0. (Pi.
Cymru .. .. 4.200
C. NfajoritY .. .. 8,671 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,443. Turn-out 79%.
C 53.7% , Lab 39.1%. PI Cymru 7.0°o. C Mlaj. 14.5%.
1966: Total Vote 54,520 (83.6°,.-
C. 27,957 (51.3%,o), Lab. 26,563 (48.70). C. maj. 1,394 (2.6%).
Mr. Raymond Gowrer was elected in 1951; contested Ogmore, 1950. Solicitor; chairman. Penrav Press and Barry Herald Newspaper since 1955; director, Nicholson Construc- tion since 1957; Welsh Dragon Securities since 1961; Broughton and Co. (Bristol) since 1961; Association of Conservative Clubs, 1962-65; Welsh Dragon Unit Trust (Management Co.) since 1962; Deane-Spence Ltd.. Cranleigh and London S.W.I. (merchant bankers) since 1963. B. August 1916. ed. Cardiff High School: University College. Cardiff. Governor. Na- tional Museum of Wales and National Library of Wales. Fellow. Institute of Directors.
-BASINGSTOKE
Electorate: 92,492' 1966: 72.397. *Mitchell. D. B. (C.) . . 35138 Carter. D. V. (Lab.) . . 25 664 AMusselwhite, R. A. (L.) 8.183
C. Majority .. .. 9.474 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 68.985. Turn-out 75.-
C. 10.9%,w Lab. 37.2%°. 1.. 11.9v. C. maj. 13.7%.
1966: Total Vote 56.872 (78.6°o).-
C. 26.076 (45.8°,;). Lab. 22.417 (39.4°o). L. 8.379 (14.7°..). C. Mlaj. 3.659 (6.4%o).
hr. David Mitchell, Opposition Whip 1965-67, was elected in 1964: contested St. Pancras North .in 1959. Wine shipper and direc-
tor of firm of wine mnerchants. B. June. 1928; ed. Aldenham. Mem- ber. St Pancras Borough Council. 1956-59. Secretary. Conservative back bench committee on labour matters since 1968.
BASSETLAII
Electorate: 69.531. 1966: 61.154. *Ashton J. W. (Lab.) .. 28.959 Lester, J. T. (C.) .. 20.698 Haydon-Baillic. M. (L.) 3.125
Lab. Majoritv .. 8.261 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,782. Turn-out 76%0.
Lab 54.9°o. C 39.2%o. L 5.9%o. C Maj. 15.70.
1966: Total Vote 44.SI8 (73.40).-
Lab. 27,623 (61.6%). C. 17.195 (38.4%). Lab. Maj. 10.428 (23.3 %o ).
1968 By-election: Total Vote 43.001
(68.00o).-Lab. 21,394 (49.6%eO ). C. 20,654 (47.9), Ind. 1.053 (2.5%/0). Lab. Maj. 740 (,1.7%,O).
Mr. Joseph Ashton was returned at a by-election in October. 1958. Cost control design engineer. B. October, 1933; ed. High Storrs Grammar School, Sheffield. and Rotherham Technical College. Sheffield City Council. 1962-69: D.A.T.A. for 13 years and A.E.F. for eight years; D.A.T.A. Parlia- mentary panel and sub-coni- mittee. Weekly politicial columnist with Sheffield Star. and trade union journals. Select Com- mittee on Statutory Instruments, 1968-69. Vice chairman, P.L.P. public building and works group.
BATH
Electorate: 59,518. 1966: 55.891. Brown, Sir E. J. (C.) .. 22,344 Young, D. W. (Lab.? .. 16,493 Crowther, R. H. (L.) 5. .957 Youny. G. (World Govt.) 840
C. Majority ... 5.851 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,634. Turn-out 77.
C 48.9°o, Lab 36.1', 1. 13.0
World Govt. 1.8o .C Maj. 12.8%. 1966: Total Vote 44,983 (80.5°o).--
C. 19.344 (43.0%), Lab. 18,544 (41.20'). L. 7,095 (15.8%). C. mna;. 800 (1.8).
Sir Edward Brown, elected in 1964. contested Stalybridge and Hyde. 1959. Chairman and direc- tor, Stainless Steel Co. B. April. 1913; ed. elementary school. Cam- berwvell. and Morley College. Lambeth. Chairman. National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. 1959-61. Tottenham Borough Council. 1956- 64. Joint secretary. Conservative Parliamentary committee on labour matters. 1965-68. Former member. A.S.S.E.T. and of London Trades Council.
BATLEY & MORLEY
Electorate: 63,430. 1966: 56.936.
Brougbton. Sir A. D. D.
fLab.) .. .. .. 23,024 Thompson, D. (C.) .. 15.753 Wrigley. P. (L) .. .. 6.893
Lab. Majority .. 7.271 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,670. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 50.40%, C 34.4%,. L 15.0%. Lab Maj. 15.9°,.
1966: Total Vote 42,887 (75.3%).-
Lab. 24,086 (56.2o). C. 12.435 (29.0O), L. 6.366 (14.8%I). Lab. maj. 11.651 (27.2%).
Sir Alfred Broughton has repre- sented the constituency since gain- ing it at a by-election in 1949. Physician. B. October. 1902: ed. Rossall School, Downing Collegc. Cambridge. and the London Hos- pital. Member of Batlev Borough Council. 1946-49. Opposition wvhip. 1959-1964. Member of Speaker's panel of chairmen sincc 1964.
BArTERSEA
(North)
Electorate: 30,357. 1966: *Jay, D. P. T. (Lab.) .. Bradbury. A. V. (C.) .. Smallbone
Mrs. H. M. G. (L.) .. Welsh, D. (Comm.) ..
34.048. ' 11.621 4.927
1.012
179
Lab. Majority .. 6.694 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 17.739. Turn-out 58°o
Lab 65.5°,o. C 27.7Qo. L 5.7%. Comm 1.0°.. Lab MI'aj. 37.7%. 1966: Total Vote 21.522 (63.2O%).-
Lab. 15,522 (72.1 0,). C. 5.350 (24.9%1), Comm. 650 (3.0%). Lab. mai. 10.172 (47.3%).
M,lIr. Douglas Jay, President of the Board of Trade, 1964-67. was Economic Secretary to the Treas- ury. 1947-50. and Financial Secre- tary. 1950-51. Elected in July. 1946. B. March. 1907, ed. Win- chester and New College, Oxford- a Fellow of All Souls, 1930-3I' A director of Courtaulds Ltd.. and of Trades Union Trust Man- agers Ltd. After working as a journalist specializing in economics he entered the Ministry of Supplv in 1941 and tvo years later went to the Board of Trade as a prin- cipal assistant secretary. Personal assistant to M.ir. Attlee as Primc Minister. 1945-46.
BATlERSEA
(South)
Electorate: 34,788. 1966: 35.350. *Prry, E. G. (Lab.) .. 10.925 Samuel, Dr. 1. N. (C.) .. 9,227 Benad, R. (L.) .. .. 1,183 Lamb, T. (Nat Front) .. 716
Lab. Majority .. 7.698 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,051. Turn-out 63°.
Lab 49.5%0. C 41.800o, L 5.3%. NatFront 3.2%. Lab Mlaj. 7.7°o 1966: fotal Vote 25.788 (73.0%i.-
Lab. 13.651 (52.9°). C. 9.861 (38.2%1%. L. 2.276 (8.8°%). Lab mai 3.790 (14.70%).
MIr. Eriiest Perri. d L.ord Coi0- missioner of the Treasurv zincc 19°69 and assistant Governmnru-
u\hip 1968-69. was clccted in 1964. Insurance Contractor. B. April. 1910; ed. L.C.C. schools. MembeT. Battersea Borough Council. 1914- 65 (mayor. 1955-56) and Alderman. Wandsworth Corporation since 1965. President, Battersea Labour Party and Trades Council. N.U.G.I%IV.
BEBINGTON
Elcctorate: 82.443. 1966: 73.652 Cockeram, E. P. (C.) .. 1.260 *Brooks. E. (Lab.) .. 305;4
C. Majority .\ 72 CONSERVATIVE GALN
Total Vote 61.795. Turn-out 75%.,.
C 50.5%O, Lab 49.4%0. C Maij 1. I
1966: T-otal Vote 58.753 (79.8%).-
Lab. 30.545 (52.00). C. 28.208 (48.00%). Lab. maj. 2.337 (4.0%). Mr. Eric Cockeram, is chairman of Watson Prickard Ltd.. mens- wear retailers. B. July. 1924; ed. The Leys School. Cambridgc. Chairman. Liverpool N.H.S. Exc- cutive Council. and governor. United Liverpool Hospitals. Na- tional president. Menswear Asso- ciation of Britain. 1964-65.
BECKENHA'M
Electorate: 77.934. 1966: 71.952. *Goodhart. P. C. (C.) .. '0.763 Bing, 1. G. (Lab.) . 13.031 Golding, P. A. (L.) .. 9.404
C. Majority .. 17.732 NO CHANGE
Total.Vote 53.198. Turn-out 68%,
C 57.8%. Lab 24.5°o. L 17.7%. C Maj. 33'3%'
1966: Total Vote 55.964 (77.80).-
C. 28,837 (51.5o). Lab. 14.972 (26.80,,), L. 12.155 (21.7%). C. maj. 13.865 (24.8%).
Mr. Philip Goodhart, a journa- list, was returned -at a by-election in March, 1957: contested Consett. 1950. B. November. 1925; ed. Hotchkiss School. U.S.A., and Trinity College, Cambridge. Joint honorary secretary. 1922 Commit- tee since 1964, secretary. 1959-64. secretary. Conservative backbench committee on defence. Chairman. London area political education advisory committee. 1956-58. and member. L.C.C. Education Com- mittee, 1956-57.
BEDFORD
Electorate: 67,844. 1966: 60.352. Skeet, T. H. H. (C.) .. 26,330 Parkyn. B. S. (Lab.) .. 21,051 Butcher. A. W. (L.) .. 4,740
C. Majority .. .. 5,279 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 52,121. Turn-out 770.
C 50.5%. Lab 40.4%, L 9.1 %. C Maj. 10.1t.0.
1966: Total Vote 49,216 (81.5%).-
Lab. 22.257 (45.20,). C. 21,879 (44.50,)- L. 5.080 (10.3%). Lab. Maj. 378 (0.8°,).
Mr. Trevor Skeet was Conser- vative M.P. for Willesden, East, 1959-64. Contested Llanelli, 1955, and Stoke Newington and Hack- ney, North, 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1947). writer and consul- tant. B. January, 1918: ed. King's College. Auckland. and University of New Zealand. Council Member. Royal Commonwealth Society, 1952-55, and 1956-69. Member, Technical Legislation Committee, C.B.I.
BEDFORDSHIRE
(Mid)
Electorate: 73.520. 1966: 61.923. 'Hastings, S. L. E. (C.) .. 29.670 Harrowell, D. F. (Lab.) 19,035 Christian, J. P. (L.) .. 7,799
C. Majoritv .. .. 10,635 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,504. Turn-out 77%,'.
C 52.5°., Lab 33.7%o, L 13.8%.- C Maj. 18.8%.
1966: Total Vote 50,954 (82.3%)--
C. 23.447 (46.0,o), Lab. 20,369 (40.0°).L713 (14.0°6). C4 maj. 3.078 (6.0%).
Mr. Stephen Hastings was elected at a by-election in November, 1960. Company Director, Oxley Developments Co. Ltd. and Cor- porate Computer Services Ltd. B. May. 1921; ed. Eton and Sand- hurst. Regular Officer in the Scots Guiards. 1939; aide-de-camp to the Minister of State in the Middle East, 1943; served with Special Air Service Regiment in Africa. 1944-45, and then in the Special Forces. Assistant military attachd, Helsinki, 1950-53. Worked in Foreign Office 1953-55. and 1955- 58 at the Embassy in Paris; with the political office. Middle East Forces, Cyprus. 1958-60.
BEDFORDSfIRE
(South)
Electorate: 101,942. 1966: 86.403.
.ladel, W. D. (C. .. 38,085 'Roberts, G. E. (Lab.) .. 33,107 Shocket G. (L.) *. 6,956
C,. Majority . .. 4,978 CONSERVATIVE GAIN 4
Total Vote 78,148. Turn-out 77%.
C. 487%., Lab. 42.4%, L. 8.9%/o . C. Maj. 6.3%.
1966: Total Vote 72.352 (83.7%).-
Lab. 34.549 (47.8°o). C. 30,319 (41.9°',). L. 7.484 (10.3%). Lab. maj. 4.230 (5.8%°o.
Mr. David Madel, advertising executive, contested Erith and Crayford. 1965 by-election and 1966. B. August. 1938: ed. Upping- ham School. Keble College, OY- ford. Member, Bow Group Council. 1966-67; former con- venor. Bow Group research group Into educatipn.
PORTSMOUTH
(west)
Electorate: 47,202. 1966: 47,240. *Judd, P. A. (Lab.) .. 17,169 Clhrk, Brig. T. H. (C.) 16,214 Gauntlett, L. D. (Ind.) .. 579
Lab. Majority .. 955 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,962. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 50.5,', C 47.7%. Ind 1.7%. Lab Maj. 2.8 %.
1966: Total Vote 36,143 (76.5))-
Lab. 18,685 (51.7%), C. 17,458 (48.3%). Lab. maj. 1,227 (3.4%). Mr. Frank Judd won the seat in 1966; contested it in 1964 and Sutton and Cheam in 1959. Social administrator. B. March, 1935; ed. City of London School and London School of Economics. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Aid; chairman, P.L.P. overseas aid and development group; joint secre- tary, parliamentary group for the United Nations. Member, national executive committee of Fabian Society; vice-chairman, Fabian International and Commonwealth Bureau Executive.
BEDWELLTY
Electorate: 49,521. 1966: 44,944. Kinnock, N. G. (Lab.) .. 28,078 Marland, P. (C.) 5.799 Davey, C. M. (Pi. Cymru) 3,780
Lab. Majority ;. 22,279 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,657. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 74.6%, C 15.4%, Pi Cymru 10.0%. Lab Maj. 59.2%.
1966: Total Vote 34,462 (76.7%).-
Lab. 29,723 (86.2%), C. 4.739 (13.8%). Lab. maj. . 24,984 (72.5%).
iMr. Neil Kinnock is a trade union tutor with the Workers' Educational Association. B. March, 1942; ed. Lewis School, Pengam. Glamorgan, University College, Cardiff. Member. Welsh Hospital Board. T.G.W.U.. Institite for Workprs' Control. and Anti- Apartheid Movement. President, University College. Cardiff Socialist Society 1962-65; President, U.C. Cardiff Union 1965-66; WVelsh Committee N.U.S. 1965-66.
BELFAST
(East)
Electorate: 59,976. 1966: 57,077. *McMaster. S. R. (U.U.).. 26,778 Bleakley, D. (N.J. Lab.) 18.259
U.U. Majority .. S,5I9 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,037. Tuni-out 75%.
U U 59.5,, N I Lab 40.5 %o. U U Maj. 18.5%.
1966: Total Vote 38.933 (68.2%°).-
U.U. 21,283 (54.7°.), N.l. Lab. 17.650 (45.3%). U.U. maj. 3.633 (9.3%0).
Mr. Stanley McMaster was elected at a by-election in March,
1959. Barristcr, Lincoln's Inn.. 1953. B. September, 1926; ed. at Campbell College, Belfast. and Trinity College. Dublin. Vice- chairman. Shipping and Shipbuild- ing Sub-Committee of Conservative Trade and Industry Commit- tee. Parliamentary and legal secre- tary of Association of British Chambers of Commerce, 1958-59.
BELFAST
(North)
Electorate: 76,375. 1966: 'Mills, W. S. (U.U.) ..
Sharkey, J. (N.I. Lab.) Beattie, W. (Prot. U.) .. McKeague, J. (lnd. U.)
71,434. 28,668 18,894 11,173
441
U.U. Majority .. 9,774 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,176. Turn-out 78%.
UU 48.4%, NI Lab 31.9%, Prot U 18.9%. Ind U 0.7%. UU Maj. 16.5%.
1966: Total Vote 46,818 (65.5 %).-
U.U. 26.891 (57.4%), N.I. Lab. 19.927 (42.6o). U.U. maj. 6.964 (I14.9%il).
Mr. Stratton Mills, elected in 1959, is a solicitor and director of an issuing house and other companies. B. July. 1932: ed. Campbell College. Belfast; Queen's University, Belfast. Member of Estimates Committee: secretary. Conservative broadcasting and communications committee; mem- ber of executive 1922 Committee, and of Speaker's Conference on Electoral Laws.
BELFAST
(South)
Electorate: 57,428. 1966: 56,381. *Pounder, R. (U.U.) . 27,523 Coulthard, J. (N.L Lab.) 11,567
U.U. Majority.. .. 15,956 NO CHANGE
Tvtal Vote 39,090. Turn-out 68%.
U.U. 70.4°%, N.I.Lab 29.6%. U.U. Ma;. 40.8%
1966: Total Vote 35.693 (63.3%).-
U.U. 23.329 (65.40%o), N.I. Lab. 12,364 (34.6%). U.U. Maj. (30.7%°O ).
Mr. Rafton Pounder waa re- turned at a by-election in October, 1963. Chartered accountant. B. May, 1933; ed. Charterhouse and Christ's College, Cambridge; chair- man of the University Conscrva- tive and Unionist Association, 1954. Director, Progressive Build- ing Society. Belfast. Lay member, General Synod of Church of Ire- land since 1966; president. Ulster Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals since 1968. Hon. secretary, Ulster Unionist Parlia- mentary Party, 1964-67; and Con- servative backbench power com- mittee since 1969.
BELFAST
(West)
Electorate: 69,245. 1966: 67,588. Fitt, G. (Repub. Lab) 30,649 McRoberts, B. (U.U.) 27,451
Repub. Lab. Majority 3.198 NO CHAiNGE
Total Vote 58,100. Turn-out 84%.
Repub Lab 52.8%°b. UU 47.2%v. Repub Lab Maj. 5.6%.
1966: Total Vote 50.573 (74.8%).-
Repub. Lab. 26.292 (52.0%!), U.U. 24.281 (48.0%). Repub. Lab. maj. 2,011 (4.0%).
Mr. Gerard Fitt won the seat from the Ulster Unionists in 1966. B. April, 1926; ed. Christian Brothers School, Belfast. Member for Dock constituency at the Stor- mont since 1962: councillor Dock wards, Belfast Corporation, since 1958. Scrved. Merchant Navy, 1941-53.
BELPER
Electorate: 87,100. 1966: 76,914. Stewart-Smith, G. (C.) .. 35,757 *Brown, G. A. (Lab.) .. 33,633
C.- Majority .. .. 2,124 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 69,390. Turn-out 80%b.
C 51.5S°., Lab 48.4%o. C Maj. 3.0°o
1966: Total Vote 64,716 (84.1 %0.).-
Lab. 34,495 (53.3%). C. 30.221 (46.7%). Lab. maj. 4.274 (6.6%). ,Mr. Dudley Stewart-Smith, is a financial public relations consult- anL B. December. 1933; ed. Winchester House School. Win- chester College, and Sandhurst. Journalist and editor of East-West Digest.
BERWICK & EAST LOTHIAN
Electorate: 55.726. 1966: 50.584. *NMadintosh, J. P. (Lab.) 21,107 Hardie, J. D. M. (C.) . 20,466 Simpson, D. R. F. (Scot.
NaL) .. .. .. 4,735
lAb. Majorlty .. 641 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,308. Turri-out 8.3%. Lab 45.5%, C 44.1%, Scot Nat
10.2%. Lab Maj, 1.4%. Swing
1966: Total Vote 43,551 (86.1 %).-
Lab. 22,620 (51.9%), C. 20.931 (48.1%). Lab. maj. 1,689 (3.90%). Mr. John Mackintosh won the seat for l.abour in 1966 after contesting it in 1964, and Edin- burgh. Pentlands, in 1959. Uni- versity professor. B. August, 1929; ed. Melville College, Edinburgh; Edinburgh University; Balliol Col- lege, Oxford. and Princeton University. Member, editorial board, The Political Quarterly. Member, Select Committee on Procedure, 1966-70, Select Com- mittee on Scottish Affairs, 1968- 70 and Select Committee on Agri- culture, 1967-69. Senior lecturer in government at University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 1961-63; became Professor of Politics. Strathclyde
BERWICK-UPON-TWEED
Electorate: 41,974. 1966: 39.155. *Lambton, A. (C.) .. 15,558 Wareing, R. N. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. . .. 8,413 Beith, A. J. (L.) .. 6,741
C. Majority .. .. 7,145 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,712. Turn-out 73%.
C 50.7%, Lab Coop 27.4%, L 21.9%. C Maj. 23.3%.
1966: lotal Vote 29.985 (76.6%).-
C. 14.281 (47.6%), Lab. 9,908 (33.1%l. L. 5.796 (19.3%). C. maj. 4,373 (14.6%10).
Mr. Antonv Lambton, a Con- servative spokesman on foreign affairs, has represented the con- stituency since 1951; contested Bishop Auckland 1950 and Ches- ter-le-Street, 1945. Relinquished peerage on succeeding to his father, the Earl of Durham, 1970. Landowner and journalist. B. July, 1922; ed. Harrow. President, Dur- ham County Agricultural Society.
BETHNAL GREEN
Electorate: 48,096. 1966: 50,180. *MIlton, W. S. (Lab &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 15,483 Henriques, 0. S. (C.) ,, 5,578 Smedley, W. 0. (L.) .. 3,030
Lab. Majority.. .. 9.905 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24,091. Turn-out 50./
Lab Co-op 64.3%, C 23.2°,.. L 12.6%'. Lab Co-op Maj. 41.1%.
1966: Total Vote 28.944 (57.7%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 20.178 (69.7%), C. 4.925 (17.0%). L. 3.841 (13.3%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 15,253 (52.7%,0).
Mr. William EHlton, Director of the Master Builders' Federation. was elected in 1966: contested Ealing. North, in 1959, East Hertfordshire in 1955. Previously research officer for National Fed- eration of Building Trade Opera- tives. B. March, 1926: ed. Ardrossan Academy, Ayrshire.
BEXLKY
Electorate: 67,476. 1966: 63,885. 'Heath. E. R. G. (C.) .. 27,075 Cartivright, 1. C. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. .. 19,017 Harrison., E. (L.) .. 3,222 Heath, E. J. R. L. (C. &
Consult the People) . 938 Coney, M. P. (Ind. C.) 1 833
C. Majority .. .. 8,058 NO CHANGE
Total Vote, 51,085. Turn-out 76%.
C 52.9%, Lab Co-op 37.2%. L. 6.3,/o ,C and Consult 1.8 %. Ind C 1.6%,o. C Maj. 15.7%.
1966: Total Vote 54.826 (85.8%).-
C. 26,377 (48.100), Lab. 24,044 (43.9%o), L. 4,405 (8.0%). C. maj. 2.333 (4.3%).
MNr. Edward Heath became Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conservative Partv on August 2, 1965. Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development. and Presi- dent of the Board of Trade. Octo- ber 1963-64. Lord Privy Seal. 1960-63, and principal Foreign Office spokesman in the Commons. leading the British team in the negotiations to join the Common Market Minister of Labour, October 1959-July 1960, Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Treasury, 1955-59; Deputy Chief Whip. 1952-55. Elected. 1950. B. July, 1916: ed. Chatham House School, Ramsgate, and Balliol College, Oxford;
BRLLERICAY
Electorate: 124,215. 1966: 102,198. McCrindle, R. A. (C.) .. 47.719 Moonman. E. (Lab.) .. 43,765
C. Majority .. .. 3.954 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 91,484. Turn-oat 74%,.
C 52.2%. Lab 47.8%o. C Maj. 4.4 %,
1966: fotal Vote 85.971 (84.1%).-
Lab. 40,013 (46.5%). C. 38.371 (44.6%), L. 7,587 (8.8%). Lab. maj. 1.642 (1.90%).
Mr. Robert McCrindle, chair- man of Fenchurch Life and. Pen- sions and director. Fenchurch Group Broker Ltd. Contested Thurrock. 1964 and Dundee. East, 1959. Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute and a Fellow of the Corporation of Insurance Brokers.
BIISTON
Electorate: 77.525. 1966: 71,482. Edwards, R. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. .. 27,240 Irying, C. G. (C.) .. 26,240
Lab. Majority .. 1.000 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,480. Turn-out 69%.
Lab Co-op 50.9%. C 49.1 . La-b Maj.- 1.8% /.
1966: Total Vote 52.335 (73.2%). -
Lab. and Co-op. 29,794 (56.9%). C. 22,541 (43.1 %). Lab. and Co- op. mai. 7,253 (13.9%).
Mr. Robert Edwards has held the seat since 1955; contested by- elections Newport, 1945 and Stret- ford, 1939 and general election, Chorley, 1935. General Secretary, 'Chemical Workers' Union, 1947. Vice-president British section, European League for Economic Co-operation; deputy leader, British delegation, Council of Europe, from 1968. B. 1906, ed. council school and technical col- lege. Served in Spain with the Republicans during the civil war.
BIUKENHEAD
Electorate: 58.866. 1966: 55.225. Dell, E. (Lab.) .. .. 20.980 Kris, R. (C. .. .. 15.151 Evans. D. T. G. (L.) .. 4.926 Williams. B. (Comm.) .. 351
Lab. Majority.. .. 5,829 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,408. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 50.7%. C 36.6%. L 11.9%. Conmn 0.8%o. Lab Maj. 14.1%. 1966: Total Vote 40.230 (72.80%o).-
Lab. 24.188 (60.1%), C. 15.438 (38.4%), Comm. 604 (1.5%). Lab. maj. 8,750 (21.7%).
Mr. Edmund Dell, Minister of State, Employment and Producti- vity, 1969-70; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1968-69: Under- Secretary. Department of Econo- nic Affairs. 1967-68; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67. Elected in 1964. con- tested Middleton and 'l'estwich. 1955. B. August, 1921; ed. Owen's School, London, and Queen's College. Oxford. Sales Manager l.C.I. 1949-63. Member. Manches- ter City Council. 1953-60. Presi- dent. Manchester and Salford Trades Council. 1958-61.
BIRMNGHAM
(All Saints)
Electorate: 36,473. 1966: 42.896. Walden, A. B. (Lab.) .. 12,041 Hollingworth, J. H. (C.) 7,762 Minnis D. (L.) .. .. 2.271
Lab. Majority .. 4,279 NO CRANGE
Total Vote 22,074. Turn-out 60%.
Lab 54.5%, C 35.2%, L 10.3'%. Lab Maj. 19.3%.
1966: Total Vote 27,945 (65.1%).-
Lab. 16,350 (58.5%), C. 11.595 (41.5%). Lab. maj. 4,755 (17.0%o).
Mr. Brian Walden was elected in 1964, fought Oswestry by- election. 1961. University lecturer. B. July, 1932; ed. West Bromwich Grammar School, Queen's College and Nuffield College. Oxford (president of the Union, 1957). Member. N.U.G.M.W.
BIRMIINGHAIM
(Aston)
Electorate: 47,951. 1966: *Silverman, J. (Lab.) .. Hill, A. A. (C.) ..
Jordan, C. (Brit Move- ment) ..
52.975. 15.456 11.894
704
Lab. Majority .. 3,562 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28.054, Turn-out 58°.-
Lab 55.1 %. C 42.4%. Brit Mov 2.5%;'. Lab Maj. 12.7%.
1966: Total Vote 34.032 (64.2%).-
Lab 20.716 (60.9% ). C. 13,316 (39.1 %). Lab. maj. 7.400(21.7°'). Mr. Julius Silvertnan, a barrister (Gray's Inn, 1931). wvas elected in 1955; represented Birmningham. Erdington, 1945-55; contested Moseley, 1935. B. December, 1905,
BIRMINGHAM
(Edgbaston)
Electorate: 59,141. 1966: 51,654. 'Knight, Mrs. J. C. J. (C.) 23.690
Sever. E. J. (Lab.) .. 13,047 Howlett, Miss D. C.
(Ind.) .. .. .. 725
C. Majority. .. 10,643 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,462. Turn-out 63%.
C 63.2%,o, Lab 34.8-o. Ind 1.9%,. C Maj. 28.4%.
1966: Total Vote 35,033 (67.8%).-
C. 18.869 (53.9%'), ILab. 11,335 (32.4%). L. 4.829 (13.8%). C. maj. 7.535 (21.5%).
Mrs. Jill Knight was elected in 1966; contested Northampton. 1959 and 1966. Housewife, lecturer and journalist. B. July. 1923, ed. Fair- field School, Bristol; King Edward Grammar School, Birmingham.
BIRMINGHAM
(Hall Green)
Electorate: 67,189. 1966: 59,131. Eyre, R. E. (C.) .. 27,319 Keene, T. L. (Lab.) .. 17.930
C. Majority .. .. 9.389 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,069. Turn-out 67°o.
C 60.2.o, Lab 39.8%. C Maj. 20.40% .
1966: Total Vote 43,540 (73.6%).-
C. 20.628 (47.4%,o), Lab. 17.295 (39.7%!.). L. 5.617 (12.9%0). C. maj. 3.333 (7.7%,/).
Mr. Reginald Eyre, an Opposi- tion Whip, was returned at the by-election in May, 1965; contested Birmingham, Northfield, 1959. Solicitor. B. May, 1924; ed. King Edward's Camp Hill School, Birm- ingham, and Cambridge.
BIRMINGHAM
(Handsworth)
Electorate: 46,872. 1966: 51,383. Chapman, S. B. (C.) .. 16.122 Wright, Miss S. R. R.
(Lab.) . .. .. 14.310
C Majority .. .. 1.812 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,432. Turn-out 65%
C 52.9%,, Lab 47.0%. C Maj. 5.9%.o
1966: Total Vote 32,493 (63.2%).-
C. 16,225 (49.9%1), Lab. 14,931 (46.0%), Union Movement 1.337 (4.1 %). C. maj. 1,294 (4.00%).
Mr. Sydney Chapnmn, an archi- tect and town planner, contested Stalybridge and Hyde in 1964. B. October, 1935; ed. Rugby School and Manchester University.
EDINBURGH
(West)
Electorate: 73,260. 1966: 65,507. *Stodart, J. A. (C.) .. 26,864 Foulkes, G. (Lab.) . 19,523 Gorrie, D. C. E. (L. .. 4,467 Gibson, Miss M. M. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. . 3,711 C. Majority .. .. 7,341 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,565. Turn-out 74%.
C 49.2%, Lab 35.7%. L 8.1%, Scot Nat 6.8%. C Maj. 13.4%. 1966: Total Vote 51,526 (78.7%).
-C. 24,882 (48.30% ), Lab. and Co-op. 20,073 (39.0%), L. 6.571 (12.7%io). C. maj. 4,809 (9.3%). Mr. James Stodart, an Opposi- tion spokesman on agriculture and Scottish affairs, was Under Secre- tary, Scottish Office. 1963-64. Elec- ted, 1959; contested Midlothian and Peebles in 1951, and Mid- lothian in 1955. Farms 700 acres in East Lothian. B. June, 1916; ed. Wellington College. Writer, lecturer, and broadcaster on farm- ing.
EDMONTON
Electorate: 63,635. 1966: 62,520. *Albu, A. H. (Lab.) .. 20,626 Hubbard, E. P. (C.) . 18,481 Longley, G. (L) .. 2,937
Lab. Majority .. 2,145 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,044. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 49.0%, C 43.9%, L 6.9%/. L-ab Maj. 5%..
1966: Total Vote 45,119 (72.2%).
-Lab. 26,422 (58.6%), C. 18,697 (41.4%). Lab. maj. 7.725 (17.1 %).
Mr. Austen Albu was Minister Of State for Economic Affairs, 1965-67. Returned at by-election in 1948. Engineer and chairman of Harvester Press. B. September, 1903; ed. at Tonbridge School and Imperial College of Science and Technology (of which he is a Fellow). Sponsored by A.E.F. Executive committee, Fabian Society. Chairman, Parliamen- tary Scientific Committee, 1962-65; Select Committee on Procedure.
ENFPIELD
(East)
Electorate: 48,553. 1966: 45,487.
1Mackie, J. (Lab.) .. 16,433 Weston, Dr. T. E. T. (C.) 12,403 Stowell, A. (L.) .. .. 3,373
Lab. Ma4oritv .* 4,030 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,209 TDurn-out 66%.
Lab 51.0%, C 38.5%, L 10.4%. Lab Maj. 12%.
1966: Total Vote 34,206 (75.1%).
-Lab. 18,772 (54.9°%), C. 11,245 (32.9%), L. 4,189 (12.2%). Lab. maj. 7,527 (22.0%).
Mr. John Mackie, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1964-70. Elected, 1959; contested North Angus and Mearns in 1951 and Lanark, 1955. Farmer. B. Novem- ber, 1909; ed. Aberdeen Grammar School and North of Scotland College of Agriculture, of which he later became vice-chairman. Director of family company which farms 2,100 acres.
(West)
Electorate: 53,358. 1966: 47.940. 'Macleod. I. N. (C.) .. 21,858 King, H. C. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. 9,896 Burnett, J. F. (L.) .. 4,820 Temple, K. (Nat. Front) 1,175
C. Majority .. 11,962 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,749. Turn-out 71 %.
C 57.9%, Lab Co-op 26.2%, L 12.7%, Nat Front 3.1%,O. C Maj. 31.7%.
1966: Total Vote 38,395 (80.1%).
-C. 20,675 (53.8%), Lab. and Co-op. 10,518 (27.4%), L. 7,202 (18.8%). C. maj. 10,157 (26.5%). Mr. lain Macleod has been Opposition chief spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs since 1965. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Leader of the Commons, and chairman of the Conservative Party organization, 1961-63. Opposition spokesman on steel, 1964-65: Editor of The Spec- tator. 1963-65; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1959-61- Mini- ster of Labour 1955-59; Minister of Health from 1952. Returned in 1950: contested Western Isles, 1945. B. November, 1913; ed. Fettes and Gonville and Caius College, Cambtidge. Head of home affairs research department of Conservative Party 1948-50. Direc- tor, Lombard Banking; Chairman, Television Advisers, since 1968.
EPPING
Electorate: 116,354. 1966:97,645. Tebbitt. N. B. (C.) .. 43,615 kNewens, A. S. (Lab.) .. 41,040
C. Majority .. .. 2,575 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 84,655. Turn-out 73%.
C 51.5%, Lab 48.4%. C Maj. 3.0o.
1966: Total Vote 80,482 (82.4%).
-Lab. 38,914 (48.4%), C. 31,406 (39.0%), L. 10,162 (12.6%). Lab. maj. 7,508 (3.1%).
Mr. Norman Tebbit is an air- line pilot. B. March, 1931; ed. Edmonton County Grammar School. Former Young Conserva- tive area officer; former chairman Hemel Hempstead Conservative Political Centre. One time officer, B.A.L.P.A.
EPSOM
Electorate: 80,471. 1966: 72,684. *Rawlinson, Sir P. A. G.
(C.) - *. .. 35,541 Wilson, E. G. (Lab.) .. 12,767 Bilhinness, P. H. (L.) .. 9,563
C. Majority . .. 22,774 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,871. Turn-out 72%.
C 61.4%, Lab 22.1%, L 16.5%. C Maj. 39.3%.
1966: Total Vote 57,580 (79.2%).
-C. 31,434 (54.6%). Lab. 13,841 (24.0%), L. 12,305 (21.4). C. maj. 17,593 (30.6%,b).
Sir Peter Rawlinson, Q.C., Op- position chief spokesman on law since December, 1967; spokesman on law since 1964, and on broad- casting, 1965-66. Solicitor General, 1.962-64. Elected in 1955; con- tested Hackney, 1951. B. June, 1919; ed. Downside and Chrisfs College. Cambridge. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1946). Q.C. 1959: Bencher, 1962, member Bar Council, 1965-67; senate, Inns of Court, 1967-69. .
ERfTH & CRAYFORD
Electorate: 58,123. 1966: 53,446. *Welbeloved, A. J. (Lab.) 23,012
Jackson, H. J. (C.) .. 18,158
Lab. Maiority .. 4,854 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,170. Turn-out,71%
Lab 55.8%/, C 44.1%. Lab Mai. 1966: Total Vote 43,659 (81.7%).
-Lab. 24,243 (55.5%), C. 15,033 34.4%), L. 3,827 (8.8%), Comm.. 556 (1.3%). Lab. maj. 9.210 (21.1%).
Mr. James Weilbeloved was elected in the 1965 by-election. Commercial consultant. - B. July, 1926; ed. elementary school and South East London Technical College. Member, Erith Borough Council, 1956-65. Fomier Leader of the Council of the London Borough of Bexlcy.
ESHER
Electorate: 85,333. 1966: 75,593. Mather, D. C. M. (C.) .. 37,727 Scorer, R. S. (Lab.) .. 14,449 Kahan, G. X. (L.) .. 8,845
C. Malority .. .. 23,278 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61,021. Turn-out 7i% C 61.8%, Lab 23.7%, L 14.5%. C Maj. 38.1%.
1966: Total Vote 58,982 (78.0%).
-C. 32,649 (55.4%), Lab. 15,023 (25.5%), L. 11,310 (19.2%). C. Maj. 17,626 (29.9%°o). Mr. Carol Mather, a member of the Conservative Research Depart- ment since 1962, contested Leices- ter, North-West, in 1966. B. Janu- ary, 1919; ed. Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of Lloyds. He served in the Welsh Guards from 1940 to 1962, and was liaison officer to General Montgomery in the Western Desert campaign, the Normandy landings, and the advance into Europe. Member, Eton Rural District Council since 1966.
ESSEX
(South-East)
Electorate: 100,851. 1966: 85,151. 'Braine, B. R. (C.) .. 41.589 Edwards, D. W. (Lab.) 23,684 Bohling, C. H. (L.) .. 6,811
C. Majority .. .. 17,905 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,084. Turn-out 71°.
C 57.6%, Lab 32.8%, L 9.4%. C Maj. 24.8%.
1966: Total Vote 65.856 (77.3%). -C. 31.942 (48.5%), Lab. 26,208 (39.8%), L. 7,706 (11.7%). C. maj. 5,734 (8.7%).
Mr. Bernard Braine,. an Opposi- tion spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs and over- seas development, was Parliament Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1962-64; Under-Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations Office, February, 1961-62. and Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Pen- sions and National Insurance, October, 1960. Elected for the seat in 1955; represented Billericay from 1950; contested Leyton East, 1945. B. June. 1914; ed. Hendon County School. Journalist and director of several companies. Chairman, British Commonwealth Producers' Organization, 1958-60. Member of, U.K. branch of Com- monwealth Parliamentary Asso- ciation, Treasurer, 1965-68.
ETON & SLOUGH
Electorate: 63,461. 1966: 56,795. 'Lestor, Miss J. (Lab.) .. 24,103 Lawson, N. (C.) .. 21,436 Naylor, P. (L.) .. .. 3,407
Lab. Majority .. 2,667 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,946. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 49.2%, C 43.7-%, L 6.9%,'. Lab Maj. 5%.
1966: Total Vote 48,443 (85.3%).
-Lab. 26,553 (54.80h), C. 21,890 (45.2%). Lab. maj. 4.663 (9.6%). Miss Joan Lestor, Under Secre- tary, Department of Education and Science, won the seat for Labour in 1966. Contested Lewisham, West, 1964. Nursery school teacher. B. November, 1931; ed. Blaenavon Secondary School, Monmouth, William Morris High School, Walthamstow, and London Univer- sity. Member, National executive of the Labour Party since 1967; member Wandsworth Borough Council, 1958-66, and London County Council. 1962-64. Head of the Labour Party Young Socialists since 1968.
EXETER
Electorate: 59.758. 1966: 54,624. Hannam. J. G. (C.) .. 21,680 *Dunwoody, Mrs. G. P.
(Lab.) . . .. 20,409 Morrish, D. (L.) .. .. 6,072
C. Majority .. .. 1,271 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 48.161. Turn-out 81%.
C 45.0%/o, Lab 42.3%,0, L 12.6%. C. Maj. 21.6%.
1966: Total Vote 45,681 (83.6%).
-Lab. 22,199 (48.6%°), C. 18,613 (40.7%), L. 4,869 (10.7%). Lab. maj. 3,586 (7.8%).
Mr. John Hannam, managing director in tourist industry. B. August, 1929; ed. Yeovil Grammar School. Member Somerset County Council 1967-69. Chairman of British Motels Federation, member of council of British Travel Asso- ciation. Formed his own company to develop motels and restaurants. Former Young Conservative divi- sional chairmnan and vice-chairman of senior association.
EYE
Electorate: 59,758. 1966: 54.624.
*Harrison, Sir H. (C.) .. 26,099' Manley, R. E. (Lab.) .. 17.735 Senior, I. L. .. .. 5,962
C. Majority .. .. 8,364 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,796. Turn-out 78,.
C 52.4%, Lab 35.60,o, L 11.9%. C Maj. 16.8%.
1966: Total Vote 47,136 (81.5%).
-C. 21,044 (44.6°o), Lab. 17,431 (37.0%), L. 8,661 (18.4%'). C. maj. 3,613 (7.7,).
Sir Harwood Hamson was Comptroller of the Household, 1959-61, after being a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury from 1956. Won the seat in 1951 after contesting it in 1950. Director, Chalwyn Ltd., and Chairman, Cap Estates, St. Lucia, Ltd., and direc- tor of other companies. B. June, 1907; ed Northanpton, and Trinity College, Oxford. P.P.S. to Mr. Harold Macmillan, 1953. Assistant Government whip, 1954. Former vice-chairman, Conservative trade and industry committee. Commo- dore, House of Commons Yacht Club.
GRAVESEND
Electorate: 84,601. 1966: WVhite, R L. (C) .. 'Murray, A. J. (Lab.) ..
Ounn, M. J. (L.) .
C. Majority ..
74,175. 29,924 28,711
5,234 1,213
CONgERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 63,869. Turn-out 75%.
C 46.8%, Lab 44.9%, L 8.1%. C Maj. 1%.
1966: Total Vote 60,852 (82.0%).
-Lab. 30,276 (49.8%,o), C. 25,484 (41.9,0), L. 5,092 (8.4%)-Lab. maj. 4,792 (7.9%).
Mr. Roger VWhite, industrial banker, fought the seat in 1966, and Stoke Newington and Hackney, North, 1959 and 1964. B. June, 1928; ed. St. Joseph's College, Beu- lah Hill. National vice-chairman, Young Conservatives, 1958-59; member, Council of London Borough of Bromley, 1964-68; Freeman, City of London.
GREENOCK
Electorate: 47,740. 1966: 45,164. *Mabon, Dr. J. D. (Lab.
& Co-op.) .. .. 19,334 Riddell, W. (L.) 16,100 Murray, A. (Comm.) 559
Lab. Majority
. . 3,234
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35.993. Turn-out 75%.
Lab Co-op 53.7%, L 44.7%, Comm 1.5%. Lab Maj. 8%. 1966: Total Vote 33,252 (73.6%).
Lab. and Co-op 18,988 (57.1%), L. 7,727 (23.2%), C. 5,835 (17.5%), Comm. 702 (2.1%). Lab and Co-op maj. 11,261 (33.9%).
Dr. Dickson Mabon, Minister of State, Scottish Office, from 1967, and Under Secretary, Scot- tish Office, 1964-67, was returned at a by-election in December 1955. Contested West Renfrew- shire, 1955, and Bute and North Ayrshire, 1951. Physician. B. November, 1925; ed. North Kel- vinside school, Glasgow, and Glasgow University. Secretary, aUl-party Parliamentary Medical Committee, for all doctors of both Houses. Former vice-president, Medical Practitioners' Union. President, Scottish Union of Stu- dents, 1954-55.
GREENWICH
Electorate: 57,195. 1966: 55,477. *Marsh, R. W. (Lab.) .. 20,804 Thom, J. S. (C.) . 13,195 Wylan, Mrs. P. (L) .. 3,319
Lab. Majority .. 7,609 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,318. Turn-out 65%.
Lab Co-op 55.7°o, C 35.30%o, L 8.8%o. Lab Maj. 20%.
1966: Total Vote 37,559 (67.7%b). -Lab. 24,359 (64.9%,b), C. 13,200 (35.1%). Lab. mai. 11,159 (29.70%1).
Mr. Richard Marsh was Minis- ter of Transport from 1968-69 and Minister of Power, 1966-68, with Cabinet rank; Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Technology, 1965-66, Ministry of Labour, 1964-65 (with special responsibility for industrial training). Elected in 1959; contested Hertford, 1951. Officer of National Union of Public Employees, 1951-59. B. March, 1928; ed. elementary school, Woolwich Polytechnic and Ruskin College, Oxford. Pro- moted Offices Act, 1960. Non- executive director, National Car- bonising, and Rotaflex. Member, national executive, Fabian Society; executive, Labour Parliamentary Association.
GRIMSBY
Electorate: 66,015. 1966: 61,270. Crosland, C. A. R. (Lab.) 23,571 Spungin, M. F. (C.) .. 17,460 Hardwidge, D. J. (L.) .. 3,850
Lab. Majority .. 6,111 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,881. Turn-out 68Yo.
Lab 52.5%, C 38.9%,, L 8.5%. Lab Maj. 13% .
1966: Total Vote 45,450 (74.2%).
-Lab. 26,788 (58.9%), C. 18,662 (41.1 % ). Lab. maj. 8,126 (17.9%).
Mir. Anthony Crosland, Secre- tary of State for Local Govern- ment and Regional Planning since 1969, with Cabinet responsibilities for Ministry of Housing and Local Government. Ministry of Transport, and for environment and pollution matters; President of the Board of Trade, 1967-69; Secrctary of State for Education and Science, 1965-67; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1964- 65. Elected in 1959; represented South Gloucestershire 1950-55; contested Southampton. Test, 1955. Economist, university lecturer and writer. B. August, 1918; ed. High- gate School and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union, 1946). Chairman, Fabian Society, 1961-62, Council member, Con- sumers' Association, 1958-63.
GUIILDFORD
Electorate: 68,606. 1966: 60,815. Howell, D. A. R. (C.) .. 27,203 Smith, P. B. (lab.) .. 13,108 Walton, M. J. (L.) .. 8,822
Majority .. .. 14,095 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,133. Turn-out 72%.
C 55.3%, L1ab 26.6%, L 17.9%. C Maj. 28%.
1966: Total Vote 47,879 (78.7%).
C. 24,116 (50.4%). Lab. 15,771 (32.9%), L. 7,992 (16.7%). C. maj. 8,345 (17.4%v).
Mr. David HoweeU, elected in 1966, contested Dudley, 1964. Journalist and economic consult- ant: director of the Conservative Political Centre, 1964-66. B. January, 1936; ed. Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Editor of Crossbow, 1962-64; chairman, Bow Group, 1961. Served in the eco- nomic section of the Treasury. 1959-60; leader writer and special I correspondent with the Daily Telegraph, 1960-64.
LIVERPOOL
(Exchange)
Electorate: 34,626. 1966: Parry, R. (Lab.)
Phillips, A. G. (C.) .. O'Hara, R. (Comm.) ,.-
Lab. Majority
40,319. 12,995 4,638
775 8,357
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 18,408. Turn-out 53%.
Lab 70.6%, C 25.2%i', Comrm 4.2%. Lab Maj. 45.4%.
1966: Total Vote 20,461 (50. 7).-
Lab. 15,089 (73.7%), C. 5,372 (26.3%). Lab. maj. 9,717 (47.5%).
Mr. Robert Parry, a building trade worker and former full-time organizer for N.U.PE. B. January, 1933; ed. Bishop Goss Roman Catholic School, LiverpooL Mem- ber, Liverpool City Council since 1963. Member, T. and G.W.U.
LIVERPO-OL
(Garston)
Electorate: 76,498. 1966: *Fortescue, T. V. N. (C.) Smith, C. J. (Lab.) ..
C. Majority ..
66,678. 28,381 21,456
6,925
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,837. Turn-out 65%.
C 56.9%, Lab 43.1%. C Maj. 13.8 %/.
1966: Total Vote 45,462 (68.2%).-
C. 24,716 (54.4%), Lab. 20,746 (45.6%). C. maj. 3,970 (8.7%).
Mr. Tim Fortescue, elected 1966, is secretary of the Conservative aviation committee. Director, Market Research Company. B. August, 1916; ed. Uppingham; King's College, Cambridge. Former chief marketing officer with the Milk Marketing Board. Former magistrate in Hong Kong and Kenya.
. .
. .
LIVERIOOL
(Kirkdale)
Electorate: 49,391. 1966: *Dunn, J. A. (Lab.) .. Tinne, M. P. (C.)
Lab. Majority .. ..
49,429. 17,678 13,615 4,063
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,293. Turn-out 63%.
Lab 56.5% C 43.5%. Lab Maj. 13.0%
1966: Total Vote 32,452(65.7%).-
Lab. 19,233 (59.3%), C. 13,219 (40.7%). Lab. maj. 6,014 (18.5%).
bIr. James Dunn, elected in 1964, is an engineer. B. January, 1926; ed. St. Teresa's School, Liverpool, and the London School of Economics. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1958-65. Estimates Committee, 1964-70; Select Com- mittee on Procedure, 1964-67; Employees' Panel, Industrial In- juries Appeal Board, 1959-61; Episcopal Commission for Inter- national Justice and Peace, 1967- 70. Secretary, Anglo-Spanish Parliamentary Group. T. & G.W.U. member for 25 years.
LIVERPOOL
(Scotland)
Electorate: 29,492. 1966: 38,176. *Aldritt, W. EI. (Lab.) .. 11,074 Morris, R. H (C.) 3,740
Lab. Majoritv 7334 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 14,814. Turn-out 50%.
Lab 74.8%, C 25.2%. Lab Maj. 49.6%.
1966: Total Vote 19,753 (51.7%).-
Lab. 14,244 (72.1%), C 4,730 (23.9%), Comm. 779 (3.9%). Lab. maj. 9,514 (48.2%).
Mr. Walter Alldritt was returned at a by-election in June, 1964. N.U.G.M.W. official. B. July, 1918; ed. St. Frances de Sales and Liver- pool University (W.E.A.). Mem- ber, Liverpool City Council, 1955- 67. Member, Select Committee on Education and Science.
LIVERPOOL
(Toxteth)
Electorate: 45,320. 1966: *Crawshaw, R. (Lab.) .. Keefe, B. M. (C.) ..
Lab. Majority.. . NO CHANGE
44,261. 15;276 12,820 2,456
Total Vote 28,096. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 54.4%, C 45.6%. Lab Maj. 8.8%.
1966: Total Vote 29,131 (65.8%).-
Lab. 16,488 (56.6%), C. 12,643 (43.4%). Lab. maj. 3,845 (13.2%).
Mr. Richard Crawshaw, elected in 1964, defeated Mr. Reginald Bevins, Conservative Postmaster- General. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948). B. September, 1917; ed. Pendleton Grammar School, Tat- terford School, Pembroke College, Cambridge and London University. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1956-65.
LIVERPOOL
(Walton)
electorate: 54,234. 1966: 51,373. *Heffer, E. S. (Lab.) ,.. 20,530 Norton, J. (C.) .. .* 16,124
Lab. Majority NO CHANGE
4,406
Total Vote 36,654. Turn-out 67%.
Lab 56.0%, C 43.9%. Lab Maj. 12.1%.
1966: Total Vote 36,567 (71.2%).-
Lab. 20,950 (57.3%), C. 15,617 (42.7%). Lab. maj. 5,333 (14.6%).
Mr. Eric Heffer was elected 1964. Carpenter ard joiner. B. January, 1922; elementary educa- tion. Past chairman, Huyton branch, Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers; past president, Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party; member, Liverpool City Council, 1960.66. Former member, Council of Eqrope and Western European Union. Mem- ber, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration; Select Committee on Procedure, 1965-66.
PRESTON
(North)
Electorate: 52,023. 1966: 50,140. Holt, Miss M. (C.) .. 20,102 *Atkins, R. H. (Lab.) .. 17,140 Jones, D. T. (L.) .. 2,458
C. Majority . .. 2,962 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,700. Turn-out 76%.
C 50.6%0, Lab. 43.100, L 6.1%.*' C. Maj. 7.4%O.
1966: Total Vote 40,660(81.1%).-
Lab. 21,539 (53.0%), C. 19,121 (47.0%). Lab. maj. 2,418 (6.0%). Miss Mary Holt is a barrister. B. 1924; educated Park School, Pres- ton, and Girton College, Cam- bridge. Former Vice-Chairmnan, Preston North Conservative Asso- ciation; member, National Execu- tive Council and of Women's National Advisory Committee, 1969-70; North-West representa- tive, Central Council.
PRESTON
(South)
Electorate: 52,541. 1966: 48,343. Green, A. (C). . . .. 20,480 *Mahon, P. (Lab.) .. 19,149
C. Majority .. .. 1,331 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,629. Turn-out 750'%.
C 51.65%, Lab 48.3°,'. C Maj. 3.3%.'o
1966: Total Vote 38,651 (80.0%)-
Lab. 20,720 (53.6%), C. 17,931 (46.4%). Lab. maj. 2,789 (7.2%). Mr. Alan Green, company director, was M.P. for the con- stituency, 1955-64. Contested the seat 1964 and 1966, and Nelson and Colne, 1950 and 1951. Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasury. 1963-64; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1962-63, and Parliamen- tary Secretary, Minister of Labour, 1961-62. B. September, 1911; ed. Brighton College and London University. Director, Martin's Bank, and other companies. Presi- dent, North-West area Young Conservatives, since 1964.
PUDSEY
Electorate: 62,763. 1966: 55,860. *Hiley, J. (C.) .. .. 24,308 Mann, J. (Lab.) .. .. 18,313 Pratt, G. V. J. (L.) .. 6,754
C. Majority .. .. 5,995 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,375. Turn-out 79'.
C 49.2%,., Lab 37.0%, L 13.6%-. C Maj. 12.1%.
1966: Total Vote 46,545 (83.3%).-
C. 20,782 (44.6%), Lab. 18,410 (39.6%). L. 7,353 (15.8%). C. maj. 2,372 (5.1%).
Mr. Joseph Hiley was elected in 1959. Contested Leeds, West, in 1955. B. August, 1902; ed. West Leeds High School and Leeds Uni- versity. Leeds City Council, 1930-39 and 1947-60; alderman, 1949. Lord Mayor, 1957-58. Director, Readicut International Ltd., J. B. Battye & Co. Ltd. and Irish Spin- ners Ltd. Chairman of trustees, Northorpe HaU and of West Leeds Advisory Board (Schools).
PUTNEY
(Wandsworth)
Electorate: 77,134: 1966: 69,870. Jenkins, H. G. (Lab.) .. 25,162 Wakeharn, J. (C.) .. 23,768 Broughton, G. (L.) .. 3,887
Lab. Majority .. 1,394 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,817. Turn-out 68°
Lab 47.60, C 45.0% . L 7.3% Lab Maj. 2.6%,.
1966: Total Vote 55,135(78.9%).-
Lab. 26,601 (48.2%), C. 23,114 (41.9%), L. 5,420 (9.8%). Lab. maj. 3,487 (6.3%).
Mr. Hugh Jenkins was elected in 1964; contested Mitcham, 1955, and Enfield, West, 1950. Assistant general secretary, British Actors' Equity Association, 1957-64; now part-time liaison officer. B. July, 1908; ed. Enfield Grammar School. Served on L.C.C., 1958-64. Joint secretary, Theatres Advisory Council. Member, Arts Council since 1968; chairman, Parliamen- tary Labour Party comrmunications and films groups. Former research and publicity officer, National Union Bank Employees, and editor* Bank Officer. Member, A.S.T.M.S. Parliamentary Committee; Tribune group.
R
READING
Electorate: 63,695. 1966: 59,132. Vaughan, Dr. G. F. (C.) 23,598 *Lee, J. M. H. (Lab.) .. 22,444 Bootbroyd. A. (Dem.) .. 867
C. Majority . . 1,154 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 46,909. Turn-out 740.
C 50.3%, Lab 47.8%,, Dem 1.8%,. C Maj. 2.5%.
1966: Total Vote 49,670 (84.0%).-
Lab. 25,338 (51.0%). C. 21,205 (42.7%), L. 3,127 (6.3%). Lab. Maj. 4,133 (8.3%).
Dr. Gerard Vaughan is a medical specialist at Guy's Hospital, and physician in charge of the Bloom- field Clinic. Contested Poplar in 1955. B. June, 1923; ed. privately in East Africa, London University, Guy's Hospital Medical School. Alderman, Greater London Coun- cil, alderrnan, London County Council, 1955-64. Member, South- East Economic Planning Council; Inner London Education Authority. Freeman, CitY of London. Livery- man, Worshipful Company of Barbers.
BERMONDSEY
Electorate: 34,349. 1966: 33,811. *Mellish, R. J. (Lab.) .. 13,908 Nicholson, G. H. 1. (C.) 4,172
Lab Majority .. 9,736 NO CHANCE
Total Vote 18,080. Turn-out 52%.
Lab 76.9%, C 23.1 %. Lab Maj. 53.8%0
1966: 1 otal Vote 20,595 (60.9%).-
Lab. 16,605 (80.6%), C. 3,990 (19.4%). Lab. maj. 12.615 (61.3%).
Mr. Robert MelHish, Parliament- ary Secretary to the Treasury and Government Chief Whip from 1969; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1967-69; Parliament- ary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Governrnent. 1964-67. with special responsibility for London housing. Elected for Rotherhithe in 1946; returned for Bermondsey in 1950. B. March, 1913; elementary school education. Afppointed Minister of Housing and Local Government three weeks be- fore the electiobn.
BIRINIGHAM
(Ladywood)
Electorate: 18.884. 1966: 25.294. Fisher, Mrs. D. M. (Lab.) 5.067 *Laivler, W. L. (L .. 4.087 Wade, C. L. (C.) .. 2.523
Lab. Majority .. 980 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 11.677. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 43.4°o. 1 35.0%. C 21.6%'. Lab Maj. 8.41.
1966: Total Vote 15.096 (59.7%).-
Lab. 8.895 (58.9%). L. 3.580 (23.70.o). C. 2.621 (17.4°o). Lab. maj. 5.315 (35.2o).
1969 By-election: Total Vote 9.391
(51.9o!).-L. 5.104 (54.40%0), Lab. 2.391 (25.5%). C. 1.580 (16.800%), Brit. Movement 282 (3.0%). Fellowship Party 34 (0.4°o). L mai. 2.713 (28.9%).
MIrs. Doris Fisher, a housewife. contested the seat at the 1969 bv- election. B. September. 1919: ed. Fircroft College. 'Mernber. Bir- mingham Citv Council for 15 years: former chairman, housing committee.
BIRMINGHAM
(Northfield)
Electorate: 97.435. 1966: Carter. R. J. (Lab.) .. Bell. D. W. (C.) .. .. Robinson, D. (Comm.) ..
Lab. Majority NO CHANGE
8S.522. 33,364 32.148
605 1.216
Total Vote 66,117. Turn-out 68%
Lab 50.5°o C 48.6%1. Comm 0.9%. Lab Maj. 1.9°O.
1966: Total Vote 62.729 (75.1 °).-
Lab. 36.801 (58.7°o. C. 24.899 (39.7%'). Comm. 1.029 (1.6%). Lab. maj. 11.902 (19.0%).
Mr. Raymond Carter, electrical engineer. Contested Warwick and Leamington. 1968 by-election. and Wokingham. 1966. B. September. 1935; ed. Reading College of Technology and Stafford College of Technology. Chairman. Wok- ingham Labour Partv. 1967-69. Member, Easthampstead Rural Council. 1963-68. T. & G.W.U. Worked in private capacitv with Ministry of Technology and com- puter industry for one vear on proposals to establish computer aided design centres.
. .
BIRMINGHAM
(Perry Bar)
Electorate: 49.752. 1966: 48.261. Kinsev. J. R.. (C.) . 1.0S3 'Price, C. (Lab.) 16,817
C. Majority 1.266 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 34.900. Turn-out 70%.
C 51.8%. Lab 48.1 %. C Maj. 3.6%. Swving 12.6%.
1966: Total Vote 36.779 (76.2%).-
Lab. 20,222 (55.0%0), C. 16.557 (45.0%'). Lab. maj. 3.665 (10.0%).
Mr. Joseph Kinsey. retail florist. contested Birminghianm. Aston. 1966. B. August. 1921; ed. at Church of England schools. Alder- man, Birmingham Citv Council Magistrate. Secretary. PeNr Barr Conservative Association, and pre- sident. Perry Barr Young Conser- vatives
(South-East)
Electorate: 82,088. 1966: 72,551. Rost, P. L. (C.) .. .. 32,185 Ryman, J. (Lab.) .. 29,461
C. Majority .. 2,724 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 61,646. Turn-out 75%.
C 52.2%, Lab 47.800. C Maj. 4.4%.
1966: Total Vote 59.318 (81.8%).-
Lab. 32,407 (54.7%), C. 26,911 (45.4%). Lab. maj. 5,496 (9.3%;o). Mr. Peter Rost, stockbroker, con- tested Sunderland, North, in 1966. B. September, 1930; ed. Aylesbury Gramnmar School and Birmingham University. Former teacher and financial journalist. Member, Coun- cil of the National Association of Investment Clubs, and committee of the Wider Share Ownership Council.
(West)
Electorate: 48,086. 1966: 44,414. *ScottMHopkins, J. S. R.
(C.) .. .. .. 22,692 Inglis, F. C. (Lab.) .. 13,976
C. Majority .. .. 8,716 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,668. Turn-out 76%.
C 61.9%o, Lab 38.1%. C Maj. 23.80 %.
1966: Total Vote 37,048 (83.4°').-
C. 18.383 (49.60'), Lab. 13,791 (37.2%1,). L. 4,874 (13.2%). C. maj. 4,592 (12.4%).
1967 By-election: Total Vote 28.795
(64.50%).-C. 16,319 (56.7%). L. 5.696 (19.8°o). Lab. 5,284 (18.3%), Ind. 1.496 (5.2%). C. maj. 10.622 (36.9%0).
Mr. James Scott-Hopkins was elected at a by-election in 1967; M.P. for North Cornwall. 1959-66; contested Bedwellty in 1955. Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1962-64. A marketing consultant B. November, 1921; ed. Eton and Oxford; joined the Army in. 1939;. commissioned in the 3rd Q.A.C. Gurkha Rifles, 1942, and served on the North-West Frontier and in Burma until 1946. Regular commis- sion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Retired from the Army in 1949 and became a farmer. Mem- ber of the N.F.U. and the Insti- tute of Directors.
DEVIZES
Electorate: 72,880. 1966: 59,237. *Morrison, C. A. (C.) .. 28,475 Faulkner. R. 0. (Lab.) .. 20,442 Jones. J. (L.) .. .. 6,210
C. Majority 8,033 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,127, Turn-out 76%.
C 51.6%, Lab 37.0%, L 11.2%. C Maj. 14%'
1966: Total Vote 47,991 (81.0%).-
C. 21,429 (44.7%), Lab. 18,832 (39.2%), L. 7.730 (16.1%). C. mai. 2,597 (5.4%).
Mr. Charles Morrison, a farmer, has represented the constituency since a by-election in 1964. Oppo- sition spokesman on sport. B. June, 1932; ed. Etoin and Royal Agricul- tural College, Cirencester. Elected to Wiltshire County Council, 1958. A former governor, Bath tech- nical college, and of a secon- dary modern school. Member, South West Regional Sports Coun- cil, 1966-68. Secretary, Conser- vative Committee for Education and Science, 1965-66.
DEVON, NORTH
Electorate: 50,795. 1966: 45,192. *Thorpe, J. J. (L.) 8.. 1,893 Keigwin, T. C. (C.) .. 18,524 Mullin, C. J. (Lab.) .. 5,268 Morris, B. G. (Dern.) .. 175
L. Majority .. 369 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,860. Turn-out 84%.
L 44.1°,, C 43.2%,o, Lab 12.3%, Dem 0.4%.. L Maj. 0.9%.
1966: Total Vote 38,555 (85.3%).-
L. 16,797 (43.6%o),. C. 15,631 (40.5%), Lab. 6,127 (15.9%). L. maj. 1,166 (3.0%).
Mr. Jeremy Thorpe was elected. Leader of the Liberal Party in 1967 following the resignation of Mr. Jo Grimond. Hon treasurer of the Liberal Party, 1965-67. Won the seat from the Conservatives in 1959; contested it in 1955. B. April 1929; ed. in United States, Eton and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union, 1951). Barrister, called by Inner Temple, 1954. Privy Councillor, 1967; member, Committee of Privileges. One of his ancestors was a mem- ber of Edward II's Parliament; another was Chancellor in 1371 and Chief Justice of the Common Please in 1356; his father and grandfather were Conservative M.P.s.
LOUTH
Electorate: 67,930. 1966: 57,946. Archer, J. H. (C.) .. 25,659 Murray, J. (Lab.) .. 16,403 Adams. j. CL.) .. .. 6,279
C. Majority .. .. 9,256 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,341. Turnmout 71%.
C 53.1%, Lab 33.9% L 12.9%. C Ma;~ 19.2%.
1966: Total Vote 43,084 (75.0%).-
C. 19,977 (46A%), Lab. 15,885 (36.9%), L. 7,222 (16.8 %). C. maj. 4,092 (9.5%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
28,135 (44.7%)-C. 16,317 (58.0%), Lab. 5,590 (19.9%), L. 5,003 (17.8%),Dem. 1,225 (4.3%). C. maj. 10,727 (38.1%).
IVIr. Jeffrey Archer, elected at by-election in 1969, is a freelance journalist. B. April, 1940; ed. Wellington and Oxford. Defeated Sir Wiliam (now Lord) Fiske to become youngest-ever member of Greater London Council, 1966. Chairman, Arrow Enterprises, a public relations company.
LOWESTOFT
Electorate: 72,695. 1966: 62,881. *Prior, J. M. L. (C.) .. 28,842 Baker, D. A. (Lab.) .. 23,319 Crome, D. K (L.) .. 4,737
C. Majority .. .. 5,523 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,898. Turn-out 78%.
C 50.6%, Lab 40.9%, L 8.3%. C Mai. 9.7%.
1966: Total Vote 52,281 (83.1%)-
C. 24,063 (46.0%), Lab. 23,705 (45.3%), L. 4,513 (8.6%)C. mnaj. 358 (0.7%).
Mr. James Prior, elected in 1959, was vice-chairman of the Conser- vative Party, April to August, 1965; when he resigned to become P.P.S. to Mr. Heath. Farmer and land agent B. October, 1927; ed. Orwell Park. Charterhouse, and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Chairman, Aston Boats Ltd. since 1968; director, F. Lambert & Son Ltd. since 1958 and LD.C. Group since 1968.
LUDLOW
Electorate: 55,331. 1966: 48,370. 'More. J. E. (C.) .. .. 22,104 Nagingtonr D. (Lab.).. 12,800 Oddie, C. R. (L.) .. 5,444
C. Majority .- *- 9,304 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,348. Turn-out 73%.
C 54.8%, Lab 31.7°,', L 13.5%. C Maj. 23.1%.
1966: Total Vote 35,726 (73.9%).-
C. 19,603 (54.9%), La,b. 16,123 (45.1%). C. Maj. 3,480 (9.7%,). Mr. Jasper More, Opposition whip, 1964-70, was elected at a by-election in November, 1960. B. July, 1907; ed. Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn and Middle Temple, 1930), landowner, farmer and forester. Introduced Deer Act, 1963, to protect deer not kept in enclosed parks. Elected to Shrop- shire County Council. 1958; chair- man, county branch County Land- owners' Association, 1955-60, and member of the headquarters ex- ecutive committee.
LUTON
Electorate: 62,832. 1966: 59,725. Sineons, C. F C. (C.) .. 23,308 EHowie, W. (Lab.) .. 21,959 Chater, A. P. J. (Comm.) 447
C. Majority .. .. 1,349 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 45,714. Turn out 73%.
C 50.9%. Lab. 48.0%, Comm. 0.9%. C Maj. 2.90.
1966: Total Vote 47,309 (79.2%).-
Lab. 23,069 (48.8%), C. 20,605 (43.6%). L. 3,049 (6.4%), Comm. 586 (1.2%). Lab. maj. 2,464 (5.2%).
Mr. Charles Simeons, contested the constituency in 1964 and 1966. Director of company supplying the photographic industry. B. September, 1921; ed. Oundle and Queens' College, Cambridge. Presi- dent Luton, Dunstable and District Chamber of Commerce, 1967-68. Chairman, Amphill Cheshire Home, British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research and Action for Crippled Child. Govemor, Luton Industrial College. Gover- nor Rotary International, 1967-68.
M
MACCLESFIELD
Electorate: 73,353. 1966: 64,639. Harvey, Sir A. V. (C.) .. 29,023 Jeuda, B. S. (Lab.) .. 18,571 Hammond, M. (L) .. 8.124
C. Majority .. 10,452 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,718. Tum-out 76%.
C 52.0%, Lab 33.3%O, L 14.5%1. ? Maj. 18.7%.
1966: Total Vote 52,814 (81.7°).-
C. 24,736 (46.8%), Lab. 20,533 (38.9%), L. 7,545 (14.3%). C. maj. 4.203 (7.9%).
Sir Arthur Vere Harvey, Chair- man of the 1922 Committee, was elected in 1945. Chairman C.I.B.A. United Kingdom Ltd., and Ilford Ltd.; director, Philips Electronic and Associated Industries Ltd., and the Royal Insurance Group (Lon- don Board). B. January, 1906; ed. Framlingham College, Suffolk.
MAIDSTONE
Electorate: 85,069. 1966: 71,882. Wells. J. J. (C.) .. .. 31,316 Graham, K M. (Lab.).. 18,473 Blow, S. (L) .. .. 11,167
C. Majority .. .. 12,843 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 60,956. Turn-out 72%.
C 51.3%, Lab 30.3-%, L 18.3%0. C Maj. 21.0%.
1966: Total Vote 53,422 (74.3%).-
C. 29,208 (54.7%), Lab. 24,214 (45.3%). C. maj. 4,994 (9.3%).
Mr. John Wells, Opposition spokesman on horticulture and chairman of the Conservative backbench horticulture committee since 1965, was elected in 1959; contested Smethwick, 1955. Marine engineer, director and owner of a small horticultural business in Kent. One of his ancestors repre- sented the seat more than a century ago. B. March, 1925; ed. Heath Mount School, Hertford, Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Chairman, horticultural sub-com- mittee of Select Committee on Agriculture, 1968. Director, South |Western Marine Engines Ltd., City Marine Finance Ltd., E.S.A.B. Ltd., Rotary Photographic Co. Ltd., Intermarket Development Ltd., Master Designer Ltd., Wel- temp Ltd.; chairman, Improvair Ltd. Freeman, City of London; member, Fruiterers Company.
s
SAFFRON WALDEN
Electorate: 60.392. 1966: 52,221. Kirk, P. M. (C.) .. 24,549 Weetch, K. T. (Lab.) .. 14,885 Moore, F. P. D. (L.) .. 6,959
C Majority .. .. 9,664 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,393. Turn-out 77%.
C. 52.9%, Lab. 32.1 %, L 15.0°. C. Maj. 20.8%.
1966: Total Vote 43,104(82.5%).-
C. 20,441 (47.4%). Lab. 17,176 (39.8%). L. 5.487 (12.7%). C. maj. 3,265 (7.6%).
Mr. Peter Kirk was returned at a by-election in March, 1965; represented Gravesend, 1955-64 Under-Secretary for War, 1963- April. 1964. and Under-Secretary of Defence for the Army until October, 1964. Journalist and director of Inter-Communication (P.R.) Ltd., Howard Rayner Hold- ings Ltd., and Slip Products Co. Ltd. B. May, 1928; ed. Marl- borough College and Trinity Col! lege, Oxford (President of the Union. 1949) and Zurich Univer- sity. United Kingdom delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union, 1965-63, and since 1966.
ST. ALBANS
Electorate: 62.828. 1966: 56,247. *Goodhew. V. H. (C.) . 24,503 Beaumont, C. H. (Lab.) .. 16,629 Shaw, C. A. (L.) .. 6,439
C. Majority .. . 7,874 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47.571. Turn-out 76%.
C 51.5%, Lab 34.9%,Q, L 13.5%. C Mlaj. 16.50%.
1966: Total Vote 46,665 (83.0%).-
C. 22.260 (47.7%), Lab. 19,428 (41.6%), L. 4,977 (10.7 %). C. maj. 2.832 (6.1%).
Mr. Victor Goodhew, a vice- chairman of the Conservative com- mittee on defence, 1964-70, was elected in 1959. Contested Pad- dington, North, 1955. Company director. B. November 1919; ed. King's College School. Member of Westminster City Council, 1953-59, and of L.C.C., 1958-61. Member of the North Atlantic Assembly. and vice-chairman of Anglo - German Parliamentary Group. Member 1922 Comrnittee.
ST. HELENS
Electorate: 75,190. 1966: 68,675. *Spriggs, L. (Lab.) .. 31,587 McGaw, I. D. (C.) .. 16,509
Lab. Majority .. 15,078 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,096. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 65.7%, C 34.3%. Lab Maj. 31.4 .
1966: Total Vote 47,101 (68.6%)-
Lab. 33.325 (70.7%), C. 13.776 (29.2%). Lab. maj. 19,549 (41.5%). Mr. Leslie Spriggs was returned at a by-election in 1958; contested Ndrth Fylde, 1955. Railwayman. B. April. 1910: ed. council school and through National Council of Labour Colleges. President, poli- tical section, north-west England district council of the N.U.R., 1954. Served as auditor to Lanca- shire and Cheshire region of Labour Party; lecturer at National Council of Labour Colleges.
ST. IVES
Electorate: 48.811. 1966: 44.419. Nott. J. W. F. (C.) .. 18,581 Castle. Dr. Maureen E.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 9,913 Fry, H. L. (L.) .. .. 7,981
C. Majority .. .. 8,668 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,475. Turn-out 75%.
C 50.9%, Lab 27.2%, L 21.9%. C Maj. 23.7%.
1966: Total Vote 34.618 (77.9%).-
Nat. L. and C. 14.312 (41.3%,). Lab. 10,713 (30.9%). L. 9.593 (27.7%). C. maj. 3.599 (10.4°').
iMlr. John Nott wvas elected in 1966. B. February. 1932; ed. Rradfield College and Trinity Col- lege. Cambridge (President of the Union. 1959). Barrister (Inner Temple, 1960), business consultant. general manager. S. G. Warburg and Co. Ltd.. 1962-65, and direc- tor, S. G. Warburg Finance and Developments, 1965-67: chairman, Imperial Eastman (U.K.) Ltd.; director. Imperial R.l.V. S.r.1., Turin; Flexoger S.A., Lyon; Clark- son International Tools Ltd. since 1966. Alderman. Islington Borough Council; joint secretary, Conserva- tive parliamentary finance com- mittee, and secretary, West Coun- try Conservative M.P.s' committee.
ST. MARYLEBONE
Electorate: 47,799. 1966: 47,294. 'Hogg. Q. McG. (C.) . 17.639 Mlorrell, K. W. (Lab.) . 3. S325 Vann, M. (L.) .. .. 2.443
C. Majority .. .. 9,314 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28.407. Turn-out 59%.
C 62.1°'. Lab 29.3%, L 8.6%. C Maj. 32.8%.
1966: Total Vote 30,780 (65.1%).-
C. 17.443 (56.7%), Lab. 9.382 (30.5%). L. 3.258 (10.6%), Anti C.M. 445 (1.4%), Ind. 252 (0.8%). C. maj. 8.061 (26.2%).
Mr. Quintin Hogg, Q.C., became chief Opposition spokesman on Home Office affairs in April, 1966. Former spok-esman on Education and Science. He renounced the Hailsham viscountcy on November 20, 1963, to return to the Com- mons. and was elected for St. Marvlebone on December 5, 1963. Became Secretary of State for Education and Science on the creation of the department in April, 1964. B. October, 1907: ed. Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; President of the Union, 1929. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1932, Q.C. 1953, M.P. for Oxford City, 1938-50, when he succeeded to the peerage. Under-Secretary for Air. April-July, 1945; First Lord of the Admiralty. 1955-56: Minister of Education. 1957: Lord President of the Council, 1957; Lord Privv Seal and Minister for Science. 1959; and again Lord President of the Council and Minister for Science in 1960-64. Chairman. Conservative Party Organization, 1957-59. In Decem! ber, 1962, he was given special responsibilities for sport; and in January, 1963. for the North East.
WEST RAM
(North)
Electorate: 55,885. 1966: 53,672. Lewis, A. W. J. (Lab.) .. 17,664 Shearman, W. J. (C.) .. 7,130 McCarthy, B. (L) .. 3,167
Lab. 'Majority .. 10,534 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,961. Turn-out 50o%
Lab. 63.1°%.,C25.4%. L 11.3%. Lab Maj. 37.6%.
1966: Total Vote 33,187 (61.8%).-
Lab. 21,778 (65.6o/), L. 5.882 (17.7%), C. 5,527 (16.7°). Lab. maj. 15,896 (47.9%).
Mr. Arthur Lewis was elected for Upton in 1945 and West Ham, North in 1950. B. February, 1917; ed. elementary school and Borough Polytechnic, National Council of Labour Colleges and W.E.A. Official of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, and C.A.W.U., former member executive London Labour Party. Member, Estimates Committee.
WEST HAM
(South)
Electorate: 50,067. 1966: 47.990. Jones, Sir F. E. (Lab.) .. 18,899 Balcomb, B. C. (C.) .. 5,422
Lab. Majority .. 13,477 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24,3ZI. Turn-out 48%,5/
Lab 77.7 %, C 22.2 %. Lab Maj. 55.4%.
1966: Total Vote 29,679 (61.8%).-
Lab. 22,902 (77.2%), C. 3.410 (11.5%), L. 3,367 (11.3%). Lab. maj. 19.492 (65.7%).
Sir Elwyn Jones, Q.C., Attorney General from 1964. Elected for Plaistow in 1945 and West Ham South in 1950. Held Recorderships at Cardiff, Swansea and Merthyr. B. October, 1909; scholar, Llanelli Grammar School, University Col- lege of Wales, and Gonville and Caius CoDlege, Cambridge. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn). 1935; Q.C. 1953. Member of the British War C r i m e s Executive. Member. General Coun,cil of the Bar. 1956 and 1959; former tfeasurer of Justice and trustee of Amnesty.
WESTHOUGHTON
Electorate: 70,090. 1966: 61,349. *Price, J, T. (Lab.) .. 29,674 Unsworth, Dr. C. A. (C.) 23,847
Lab. Majority .. 5,827 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,521. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 55.4%, C 44.5%. Lab Maj. 0.9%.
1966: Total Vote 48,314 (78.8%).-
Lab. 31,387 (65.0%), C. 16,927 (35.0%). Lab. maj. 14,460 (29.9%).
Mr. Thomas Price was returned at a by-election in 1951. Chief legal officer, Union of Shop, Dis- tributive and Allied Workers. B. October, 1902; ed. Salford Gram- mar SchooL. Opposition whip, 1953- 64. Member, Council of Association of Superannuation and Pension Funds, 1937-63. Former secretary, treasurer Eccles Labour Party.
WEST LOTHIIAN
Electorate: 72,894. 1966: 63.967. Dalyell, T. (Lab.) .. 29,360 Wolfe, W. C. (Scot. Nat.) 15,620 Aricram, M. (C.) .. 10.048 Bott, C. (Comm.) .. 459
Lab. Majority .. 13,740 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,487. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 52.9%', Scot Nat 28.2%, C 18.1%, Comm 0.8.° Lab laj. 24.80%O.
1966: Total Vote 50.910 (79.6%).-
Lab. 26,662 (52.4%6), Scot. Nat. 17,955 (35.3 %), C. 5,726 (11.2% ), Comm. 567 (1.1%). Lab. maj. 8,707 (17.1 %).
Mr. Tom Dabell, was elected at a by-election in June, 1962. Con- tested Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles, 1959. Teacher. B. August, 1932; ed. Eton, Edinburgh Aca- demy and King's College, Cam- bridge. Chairman. Labour educa- tion committee, 1964-65; deputy director of studies on board school ship Dunera, 1961-62. Member. Select Committee on Science and Technology and Public Accounts Committee. 1962-66.
WESTMORLAND
Electorate: 53.724. 1966: 46.944. Jopl'ing, T. M. (C.) .. 21,'53 Pease, J. G. (L.) .. 9.426 Ward. R. S. (Lab.) .. 7.757
C. Majority .. 11.827 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,436. Turn-out 71%.
C 55.300, L 24.5%. Lab 20.2%. C Maj 30.8%°.
1966: Total Vote 35.424 (75.5% ..--
C. 17.907 (50.5%), L. 9.052 (25.6%). Lab. 8.465 (23.9%). C. maj. 8.855 (25.0%).
Nlr. Michael Jopling was elected in 1964: contested Wakefield. 19S9 Farmer and partner in motor trade company. B. December. 1930: ed. Cheltenham College and King's CoUege, Durham University. Select Committee on 'Science and Tech- nology since 1969. and Select Committee on Agriculture. 1966-69. Joint secretary, Conservatiie Par- liamentary agricultural committee since 1966. N.F.U. Council, 1961- 64. Thirsk R.r.C. It QCR-CA
WESTON .SUPER.NMARE
Electorate: 79,681. 1966: 67.348. 'Wiggins, A. W. (C.1 .. 33.816 Palmer. Miss S. (Lab.
& Co-op.) .. .. 14.473 Deal. E. . F. (L.) .. 10.120
C. Majority .. .. 19,343 NO CHANGE
Total Votc 58,409. Turn-out 73%.
C 57.8%, Lab 24.7%. L 17.3%O. C Maj. 33.1%.
1966: Total Vote 53.246 (78.5 %).-
C. 27,733 (52.1 %) Lab. and Co-op. 15,340 (28.8%.). L. 10,173 (19.1%). C. maj. 12,393 (23.3%). 1969 By-election: Total Vote
44,454 (60.8%). - C. 29,211 (65.7%), L. 8,739 (19.7%), Lab. 6.504 (14.6%) C. maj. 20.472 (46.0%).
Mr. Alfred (Jerry) Wiggin, returned at a by-election in March. 1969. Contested Montgomery in 1964 and 1966. Farmer. B. Febru- ary, 1937: ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Former vice- chairman Worcestershire National Farmers' Union.
WHiTEEAVEN
Electorate: 50,674. 1966: 46,532. Cunningham, J. A. (Lab.) 22,974 McKay, Dr. W. G. (C.) 16,413
Lab. Majority .. 6,556 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,392. Turn-out 78%.
,Lab 58.3%, C 41.7°,o. LAb Maj. 16.6%/0.
1966: Total Vote 36,661 (78.8%).-
Lab. 22.726 (62.0%), C. 13,935 (38.0%). Lab. maj. 8.791 (24.0%).
Mr. John Cunninghanm, regional organiser, N.U.G.M.W. B. August, 1939; ed. Jarrow Grammar School and Bede College, Durham Uni- versity. Secretary Chester-le-Street Labour Party organization and publicity sub-committee. Chester- le-Street Urban Council, Chairman of Management Committee. Full time officer. N.U.G.M.W. from 1969 wvith special responsibility for education and research.
WIDNES.
Electorate: 72.267. 1966: 60,269. *MacColl, J. E. Lab.) .. 28,384 Pierce, G. H. (C.) .. 20,841
Lab. Majority .. 7,543 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,225. Turn-out 68%.
Lab 57.6°o, C 42.3%. Lab Maj. 15.3 '..
1966: Total Vote 43,840 (72.8%).-
Lab. 26,613 (60.7%). C. 17,235 (39.3%). Lab. maj. 9,378 (21.4%). Mr. James MIacColl, Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1964-69; elected in 1950. B. June, 1908; ed. Sedbergh School, Balliol College, Oxford. and University of Chicago. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1933). Vice-chairrnan, P.L.P. housing and local government group, 1959-64. Member. Paddington Borough Council, 1934-65; Mayor. 1947-49. Member, Board for Social Respon- sibility (Church Assembly) since 1958. Member, ChairmenWs Panel, London Juvenile Courts, 1946-64 and since 1969.
WIGAN
Electorate: 57,913. 1966: 51.967. Fitch, E. A. (Lab.) .. 28,102 Daniels, A. (C.) .. 12,882 Kay. J. (Comm.) .. 672
Lab. Majority .. 15,220 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,656. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 67.4%. C 30.9%, Comm 1.6%. Lab Maj. 36.5%.
1966: 'rotal Vote 39,488 (76.0 %).-
Lab. 28.754 (72.8%). C. 9.876 (25.0%), Comm. 858 (2.2 %). Lab. maj. 18,878 (47.8%).
Mlr. Alan Fitch, Vice-Chamber- lain, H.M. Household 1970, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1966-70; an assistant Government Whip, 1964-66. was returned at a by-clection in June, 1958. Mine- worker B. March. 1915; ed. Kings- wood School, Bath. Member. Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries, 1959-64. Represents Lanca- shire mineworkers on executive committee of the Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Council of Labour. Chairman, North-West Regiouial Council of Labour PaTty.
WILLESDEN
(East)
Electorate: 57,348. 1966: 56,085. *Freeson. R. (Lab.) .. 20,073 Cutler, H. W. (C.) .. 15.564
Lab. Majority .. 4.509 NO CHANGE
'I'otal Vote 35.637. Turn-out 62%,.
Lab 56.3°, C 43.6%o. Lab M.Iaj. 12.6°o.
1966: Total Vote 39.849 (71.1 .%).-
Lab. 21.767 (54.6%). C. 14.761 (37.0%). L. 2.765 (6.9%), Ind. 556 (1.4%o). Lab- maj. 7.006 (17.6%).
Mr. Reginald Fremson, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government from October, 1969; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, 1967- 69. Elected, 1964. B. February, 1926; ed. Jewish Orphanage, West Norwood, and private studv. Leader. Willesden Borough Coun- citl. 1958-65: chairman. Brent Borough Council. 1964-65: alder- man. Willesden and Brent, 1955- 68.
WILLESDEN
(West)
Electorate: 55,293. 1966: *Pavitt, L. A. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .
Dyason. R. F. (C.) .. Burt, L. G. (Comm.) ..
Lab. Majority
57,276. 21.918
10.163 a
515 11,755
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,596. Turn-out 59%,
Lab 67.2%. C 31.1%. L 1.5%. Lab Maj. 36.0%.
1966: Total Vote 36,446 (63.6%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 24,944 (68.4%), C. 10,362 (28.4%), Comm. 1,140 (3.1%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 14.582 (40.0%).
Mr. Laurence Pavilt wvas elected in 1959. National organizer of the Medical Practitioners' Union. 1956- 59. B. February, 1914; ed. ele- mentary and central schools. Mem- ber. Ilford Borough Council, 1949-52: former national secretary. British Federation of Young Cooperators: general secretary. Anglo - Chinese Development Society, 1946-52. Member. Medical Research Council, and Hearing Aid Council. Member. Select Commit- tee on Overseas Aid, and former chairman of Labour health services group, 1964-69.
BIRINGHAiM
(Selly Oak)
Electorate: 54,986. 1966: 55,187. IGuTden, H. E. (C.) .. 18,281 Hartley-Brewer, M. J.,
(Lab.) .. .. .. 16,758
C. Majority .. .. 1,523 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,039. Turn-out 64%.
C 52.1°,, Lab 47.8%. C Maj. 4.3%o. Swing 2.3%.
1966: Total vote 36.622 (66.4%).-
C. 16.533 (45.1%), Lab. 15,756 (43.0%), L. 4.333 (11.8%). C. maj. 777 (2.1%).
IVlr. Harold Gurden has held the seat since 1959. Company director in dairying and food industry. Vice-chairman, Conser- vative parliamentary education committee. 1965-66. B. June. 1903; ed. Lyttelton School, Birmingham, and Birmingham University. For- mier president of Birmingham Dairymen's Association and chair- man of the Society of Dairy Technology. Member, Birmingham City Council, 1946-56: and of Estimates Committee, since 1960. Mlember of Speaker's panel of chairmen.
BIRMINGHAM
(Small Heath)
Electorate: 39,209. 1966: 43,686. *Howell, D. H. (Lab.) .. 13,794 Budgen, N. W. (C.) .. 6,923 Herringshaw, G. (L.) .. 1,754 Saeeduz Zafar (Brit
C'wealth) .. .. 117
Lab. Majority .. 6,871 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,588. Turn-out 57%.
Lab 61.1 %, C 30.6%, L 7.7%, Cmwlth 0.5Q.O Lab Maj. 30.%. 1966: Total Vote 26.023 (59.6%).-
Lab. 18,075 (69.5%), C. 7,471 (28.7%), Comm. 477 (1.8%). Lab. maj. 10,604 (40.7%).
Mr. Denis Howell became Minis- ter of State for Housing and Local Government in 1969; Under Secre- tary for Education and Science. 1964-69. Since 1964 he has had special responsibility for sport, and unofficially known as Minister for Sport. Returned at a by-election, March, 1961; represented the All Saints division, 1955-59, and con- tested former King's Norton divi- sion in 1951. Public relations con- sultant. B. September, 1923; ed. elementary school and Hands- worth Grammar School. Birming- ham. Member, Birmingham City Council, 1946-56.
BIRMINGHAM
(Sparkbrook)
Electorate: 43,367. 1966: 45,148.
iHattersley, R. S. G. (Lab.) 14,773 Mitton, A. E. J. (C.) .. 11,427 Crofton. Dr. J. (L.) .. 1.813
Lab. Majority .. 3,346 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,013 Turn-out 64%.
Lab 52.7%, C 40.8%, L 6.5%. Lab Maj. 11.9%.
1966: Total vote 30.134 (66.7%).-
Lab. 18,266 (60.6%), C. 11,868 (39.4%). Lab. maj. 6.398 (21.2%). Mr. Roy Hattersley, Minister of Defence for Administration, 1969- 70; Under Secretary, Department of Employment and Productivity, 1968-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1967-68. Elected in 1964; contested Sutton Coldfield, 1959. Health service executive. B. December, 1932; ed. Sheffield City Grammar School and Hull University. Member, Sheffield City Council, 1957-65.
BIRMINGIM-L
(Stechford)
Electorate: 63,342. 1966: 54.565. *Jenkins, R. H. (Lab.) .. 22,559 Stevens, J. B. (C.) .. 15,848 Pegg, S. (Comm.) .. 298 Hardy, D. (Nat. Dem.) .. 1,433
Lab. Majority .. 6,711 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,143. Turn-out 63%.
Lab 56.2"", C 39.5%, Comm 0.7%.,Nat Dem 3.6%. Lab Maj. 16.7%.
1966: Total Vote 38,323 (70.3%/)-
Lab. 24,598 (64.2%), C. 12,727 (33.2%), Comm. 998 (2.6%). Lab. maj. 11,871 (31.0%).
NIr. Roy Jenkins has been Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1967; Home Secretary, 1965-67; Minister of Aviation, 1964-65. Economist. author, and journalist. Elected 1950. B. November 1920; ed. Abersychan County School and Balliol College, Oxford: sec- retary and librarian, Oxford Union Society. Contested Solihull, 1945; represented Southwark, 1948-50. Member, executive committee, Fabian Society, 1949-61, chairman 1957-58. Member, Committee of Management, Society of Authors, 1956-60. Promoted Obscene Pub- lications Act, 1959. Director of financial operations, John Lewis Partnership, 1962-64. Formerly chairman, Federal Union; vice- president, Britain in Europe; deputy chairman, Common Mar- ket Campaign,
BIRMtNGHAM
(Yardley)
Electorate: 62,836. 1966: 58,458. Coombs, D. M. (C.) .. 21,827 *Evans, L L. (Lab. and
Co-op.) .. .. 21,707
C. Majority .. .. 120 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 43,534. Turn-out 69%.
C 50.1%, Lab Co-op 49.9%. C Maj. 0.2%.
1966: Total Vote 45,377 (77.6%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 25,568 (56.3%), C. 19,809 (43.7%). Lab. and Co- op. maj. 5,759 (12.7%).
Mr. Derek Coombs is a director of companies. B. August, 1931; ed. Bromsgrove School.
BISHOP AUCKLAND
Electorate: 49,593. 1966: 46,256. *Boyden, H. J. (Lab.) .. 21,257 Wiseman, T. J. (C.) .. 13.769
Lab. Majority .. 7,488 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,026. Turn-out 70%.
Lab. 60.7%, C. 39.3%. Lab. Maj. 21.4 %.
1966: Total Vote 33,951 (73.4%).-
Lab. 22,015 (64.8%/), C. 11,936 (35.2%). Lab. maj. 10,079 (29.7%).
Mr. James Boyden was Under Secretary for Defence (Army), 1967-69; Parlianientary Secretary, Public Building and Works, 1965- 67; and Under Secretary, Educa- tion and Science, 1964-65. Re- turned in 1959, he was director of extra-mural studies at Durham University. 1947-59. B. October, 1910; ed. Tiffin's School. Kingston upon Thames. and King's College, London. of which he is a Fellow. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1947. Member of Durham County Council. 1952-60.
DERBY (South)
Electorate: 53,348. 1966: 51,348. Johnson, W. H. (Lab.).. 19,407 Greene. R. (C.) .. .. 16,258
Lab. Majority .. 3,479 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,665. Tur-out 67%.
L-ab 54.4%, C 45.5%. Lab Maj. 8%.
1966: Total Vote 37,256 (72.6%).-
Lab. 21,433 (57.5%), C. 11,857 (31.8%), L 3,967 (10.6%). Lab. mai. 9,576 (25.7%).
Mr. Walter Johnson, staff train- ing executive with London Trans- port, contested Acton in the 1968 by-election, South Bedfordshire, 1959, and Bristol, West, 1955. B.. November 1917; ed. Devon House School, Margate. Brentford and Chiswick councillor for six years. T.S.S.A.
DERBYSHIRE
(North-East)
Electorate: 90,434. 1966: *S.wain, T. (Lab.) .. Pashley, J. P. (C.) ..
78,331. 38,181 24,550
Lab. Majority .. 13,631 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,731. Turn-out 69%.
Lab 60.9%, C 39.1%. Lab Maj. 21.8%.
1966: Total Vote 57,846 (73.8%).-
Lab. 37,723 (66.9%). C. 19,123 (33.1°.o). Lab. M*aj. 19,600 (33.91).
Mr. Thomas Swain, was elected in 1959. B. October, 1911; ed. at Broadway School, Burton-on-Trent. Miner; held various offices in National Union of Mineworkers, including. vice-presidency of the Derbyshire area executive. Served on Staveley Urban Council and Derbyshire County Council.
DUMFRIESSEIIRE
Electorate: 61,346. 1966: 56.797. *Monco, H. S. P. (C.) .. 24,661 Donnelly, R. D. (Lab.).. 15,555 Gair, J. (Scot. Nat.) .. 6,211
C. Majority .. 9,106 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,427. Turn-out 76%.
C 53.1%, , Lab 33.5%, Scot Nat 13.3%. C Maj. 19%.
1966: Total Vote 45,543 (80.2%).-
C. 20,779 (45.6%), Lab. 16,358 (35.9%. Scot. Nat. 5,727 (12.6%/o), L. 2,679 (5.9%). C. mai 4.421 (9.7%).
Mr. Hector Monro was elected in 1964. B. October, 1922; ed. Can- ford School and King's College, Cambridge. Former Opposition whip since 1967. Chairman, Dum- fries Unionist Party, 1958-63; mem- ber, Dumfries County Council, 1952-67, and of Conservative Par- liamentary committees on Scot- land, agriculture and aviation, 1964-70. Chairman, Century Aluminium.
DUNBARTONSHIRE
Ea)
Electorate: 94,516. 1966: 78,453. McCart*ney, H. (Lab.) .. 32,527 Henderson, J. S. B. (C.).. 26,972 Murray, G. (Scot. Nat.) 8,257 Brown, J. G. (L.) .. 3,460 Reid, J. (Comm.) .. 1,656
Lab. Majority .. 5,555 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,871. Turn-out 77$.
Lab 44.6%, C 37.0% Scot Nat 11.30,, L 4.7%, Corm 2.2%. Lab Maj. 7.6. 22% 1966: Total Vote 63,252 (80.6%).-
Lab. 32,985 (52.20%""), C. 23,001 (36.4%), Scot. Nat 5,715 (9.0%), Comm. 1,548 (2.4°b). Lab. mai. 9.984 (15.Ro/l
Mr. Hugh McCartney, sales representative. B. January, 1920; ed. secondary school and Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Mem- ber, Dunbarton County Council; burgh councillor sincc 1955. T. & G.W.U.
(West) Electorate: 58.344.
Campbell, I. (Lab.) Adams, W. (C.)
Campbell, R. 0.
Nat.) ..
1966: 50,522.
. . 23,009 . . 16,783 Scot.
.. 5,414
Lab. Majority .. 6,226 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,206. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 50.80%, C 37.1%, Scot Nat 11.9%. Lab Maj. 13%.
1966: Total Vote 41,402 (81.90o).-
Lab. 21,636 (52.3%,), C. i3.724 (33.1 %; ), Scot. Nat. 6,042 (14.60). Lab. maj. 7.912 (19.1°.).
Mr. Ian Campbell is an electrical power engineer. B. April. 1926: ed. Dumbarton Academy, Royal Tech- nical College (now Strathclyde University). Burgh and county councillor since 1958; provost since 1963, E.P.E.A. and N.U.G.M.W.
DUNDEE
(East)
Electorate: 62,009. 1966: 57,502. Thomson, G. M. (Lab.) 22,630 Stewart, J. A. (C.) .. 19,832 MacAuley, 1. (Scot. Nat.) 4,181 Macfarlane, E. G. (Anti-
War Radical) .. .. 176 Lab. Majority .. 2,798 NO CHANGE
Total V-ted6,819. Turn-out 75%0.
Lab 48.3%, C 42.3%, Scot Nat b.9', .nLI War 0.3%0. Lab Maj. 5%.
1966: Total Vote 45.334 (78.8A).-
Lab. 25,530 (56.3%). C. 19.804 (43 70',). Lab. mai. 5.726 (12.6%'). Mr. George Thomson, Chancel- lor of the Duchy of Lancaster since 1969 (with special responsibility for the Common Market); Minister without Portfolio, 1968-69; Secre- tary of State for Commonwealth Mairs. 1967-68; Privy Council. 1966, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1966-67; Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, 1964- April 1966. Returned at a by- election in 1952. Contested Glas- gow, Hillhead in 1950. Journalist and lecturer in adult education. B. January, 1921; ed. Grove Academy, Dundee. Joint chairman, Council for Education in the Common- wealth, 1959-64; adviser to Educa- tional Institute of Scotland, 1960- 64.
(West)
Electorate: 67,192. 1966: 62,230. *Doig, P. M. (Lab.) .. 26,271 Payne, J. A. (C.) .. 19,449 Shepherd, J. A. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 4.441 McLeavy, H. (Comm.) .. 809
Lab. Majority .. .. 6,822 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50.970. Turn-out 76S.
Lab 51.59°, C 38.1°, Comm 8.7%,;, Scot Nat 1.5%. Lab Maj.
1966: Total Vote 49.721 (79.90o).-
Lab. 26,705 (53.7%), C.18.345 (36.9%o), L. 3,454 (6.9%). Comm. 1,217 (2.4%). Lab. maj. 8,360 (16.8%).
Mr. Peter Doig was returned at a by-election in November, 1963. Contested Aberdeen, South, in 1959. Sales supervisor. B. Sep- tember, 1911; ed. Blackness School, Dundee. Member, Estimates Com- mittee. A member of Dundee Town Council for 10 years, and hon. city treasurer, 1959-63. Mem- ber Transport and General Work- ers Union since 1936.
DUNFERMLIINE
Electorate: 51.378. 1966: 46A72. *Hunter, A. (Lab.) .. 21,532 Kirkwood, 1. C. (C) .. 12,086 Cook, J. A. (Scot. Nat.) 3,657 Neilson, J. (Comm.) .. 462
Lab. Majority .. 9,446 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,737. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 57.0%,/ C 32.0%a/, Cormnm 9.6%, Scot. Nat 1.2%o. Lab Maj. 25%.
1966: Tot#l Vote 35,459 (76.3%).-
Lab. 20,709 (58.4%), C. and Nat L. 9,446 (26.6%), Scot. Nat 5,304 (15.0%). Lab. maj. 11,263 (31.8%)..
Mr. Adam Hunter was elected in 1964. A miner and executive mem- ber of the National Union of Mine- workers, Scottish area. B. Novem- ber, 1908; ed. at elementary school. Member of Fife County Council, 1961-64; Secretary of Fife Co- operative Association for 17 years. Tutor, National Council of Labour Colleges.
DURHAM
Electorate: 69,299. 1966: 61,021. Hughes, W. M. (Lab.) .. 33,766 Greenwood, E. (C.) .. 16,707
Lab. Majority .. 17,059 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,473. Turn-out 73%,
Lab 66.9%, C 33.1%. Lab. Maj. 33.8%io.
1966: Total Vote 45,583 (74.7%).-
Lab. 32,200 (70.7%), C. 13,383 (29.4%). Lab. maj. 18.817 (41.3%).
Mr. Wlliam Hughes is a lecturer at Durham University. B. 1934; educated Stowcliffe School, Dur- ham School, and Balliol College. Oxford. Member. Durham Rural Council; Governor, Durham Multilateral Unit.
DURHAM (North-West)
Electorate: 48,115. 1966: 46.789. Armnstrong, E. (Lab.) .. 24,245 Page, A. E. (C) .. .. 10,590
Lab. Majority .. 13,655 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34,835. Turn-out 72%.
Lab. 69.6%, C 30.4%. Lab Maj. 39.2%.
1966: Total Vote 34.330 (73.4 %).-
Lab. 25,260 (73.6%), C. 9,070 (26.4%). Lab. maj. 16,190 (47.2o).
Mr. Ernes Armstrong, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1969-70: Assistant Government whip, 1967-69. Elected in 1964; he contested Sunderland, South, in 1955 and 1959. Headmaster. B. January, 1915; ed. Wolsinghani Grammar School and City of Leeds Teacher Training College. Mem- ber; Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66; Chairman. Labour edu- cation committee 1965-67. Mem- ber. Sunderland Town Council 1956-65, and of N.U.G.M.W. A Methodist preacher.
E
EALING (North)
Electorate: 64.539. 1966: 59.315. *Molloy, W. J. (Lab.) . 23,459 Barter, J. W. (C.) .. 23,139
Lab. Mlajority .. 320 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,598. Turn-out 72%.,
Lab 50.3%, C 49.7%. Lab Maj 0.6%.
1966: Total Vote 48.741 (82.2%).-
Lab. 23,730 (48.70.), C. 21,153 (43.4%). L. 3.858 (7.9°,o). Lab. maj. 2,577 (5.3%).
Mr. William Molloy was elected in 1964. B. October 1918; ed. elementary school in Swansea and as an extra-mural student of Swan- sea College. Industrial secretary. Member, Estimates Committee, since 1967, and vice-chairman of the Labour Party group for the Common Market and European Affairs. Leader of Fulham Borough Council, 1956-63. Former staff-side chairman, Foreign Office Departmental Whitley Council. Member, Union Shop, Distribu- tive and Allied Workers.
(South)
Electorate: 53,997. 1966: 51.283. *Batsford, B. (C.) .. 19.326 Rofe, C. (Lab.) .. 12.042 Smith, G. D. (L.) . .784
C. Majority .. 7.284 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35.152. Turn-out 65%.
C 54.9%, Lab 34.2%0', L 10.7%. C Maj. 20%.
1966: Total Vote 37.326 (72.8%).-
C. 18,968 (50.8%'), Lab. 13.885 (37.2°). L. 4.473 (12.00). C. maj. 5.083 (13.6%).
Mr. Brian Batsford was returned at a by-election in June, 1958. Opposition deputy chief whip 1964- 66, and assistant Government whip, 19%2-64. Appointed by Mr. Heath in April, 1967, as Conservative Parliamentary representative to the majority party on the Greater London Council. Contested Chelmsford by-election, 1945 as National Government candidate. B. December, 1910: ed. Repton and Central School of Arts and Crafts. Joined publishing firm. 1928, now chairman of B. T. Bats- ford, Ltd.. book publishers. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts: presi- dent, London Appreciation Society.
EASINGTON
Electorate: 60,933. 1966: 55,923. Dormand. J. D. (Lab.) 33,418 Spicer, W. M. H. (C.).. 8.457
Lab. Majority 24.961 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41.875. Turn-out 69°o.
Lab 79.8%, C 20.2%'. Lab Maj. 59.6%.
1966: Total Vote 39,447 (70.5°o).-
Lab. 32,097 (81.4°). C. 7.350 (18.6%0). Lab. maj. 24,747 (62.7°o).
Mr. John Dormand is education officer for Easington Rural Council B. August. 1919; ed. Wellfield Grammar School, Oxford Univer- sity, Harvard University, Bede College, Durham, and Lough- borough College. Chairman, Easington Labour Party; member Easington Rural Council, Presi- dent, Easington National Union of Teachers.
EASTBOURNE
Electorate: 84.610. 1966: 72.870. *Taylor Sir C. S. (C.) .. 30.296 Terrell, S. (L.) .. .. 23,308 Abley, C. G. (Lab.) .. 8,475
C. Majority .. .. 6,988 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,079. Turn-out 73%.
C 48.8%8, L 37.50. Lab 13.7o. C Maj. 11.3%.
1966: Total Vote 56,288 (77.2%).-
C. 26,039 (46.3%), L. 16.746 (29.7%°), Lab. 12.620 (22.4%). Ind. 883 (1.6%°). C. maj. 9,293 (16.5%).
Sir Charles Taylor was returned unopposed at a by-election in 1935. President of Grosvenor House (Park Lane) Ltd. and director of companies. Member, executive committee, and council Inter- national Hotel Association. Vice- president. of the Building Societies Association; council member. British Travel and Holiday Asso- ciation. B. April, 1910; ed. Epsom College and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Chairman aU-Party Parlia- mentary Tourist Committee.
EAST GRINSTEAD
Electorate: 87,050. 1966: 74,383. *Sith, G. Johnson (C.) . . 38,359 Smithers, D. C. B. (L.) 12,343 Banks, A. L. (Lab.) .. 12,014
C. Majority .. .. 26,016 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,716. Turn-out 72°,
C 61.2%, L 19.7%, Lab 19.2'%.. C Maj. 41.5 %.
1966: Total Vote 57,144 (76.8%).-
C. 31,595 (55.3%), L. 13,611 (23.8%), Lab. 11.938 (20.9%). C. Maj. 17,984 (31.5%),
Mr. Geoffrey Johnson Smith, elected at a by-election in 1965, represented Holborn and St. Pan- cras, South, 1959-64. Vice-chair- man, Conservative Party organi- zation since August, 1965, with special responsibility for Young Conservatives. Opposition whip, 1965-66. Freelance writer and broadcaster; director, Hedley, Burne Advertising Ltd. B. April, 1924; ed. Charterhouse and Lin- coln College, Oxford. Informnation officer, British Consulate in San Francisco, 1950-52.
EAST HAM
(North)
Electorate: 36,896. 1966: 35,016. Prentice, R. E. (Lab.) .. 11,557 MacFarlane, N. (C.) .. 7,735
Lab. Majority 3,822 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 19,292. Turn-out 52%.
Lab 59.9%O, C 40.0%. Lab Maj. 19'.1
1966: Total Vote 22,640 (64.7%).-
Lab. 14,911 (65.9%), C. 7,729 (34.1 %). Lab. maj. 7.182 (31.7%).
Mr. Reginald Prentice, Minister of State, Technology and Power, resigned October 8, 1969 after four days in office; Minister of Overseas Development, 1967-69; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1966-67; Privy Council, 1966; Minister of State for Edu- cation and Science, 1964-66. Re- turned at a by-election in May, 1957; contested Streatham, 1955, Croydon, North. in 1950 and 1951. B. July, 1923; ed. Whitgift School, and London School of Economics. Was assistant to legal secretary in charge of advice and service bureau of Transport and General Workers' Union from 1950 to 1957. Mem- ber Croydon Borough Council, 1949-55. Scientific instrument maker.
(South)
Electorate: 40,213. 1966: 38,197. *Oram. A. E. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 13,638 Jackson, C. M. (C.) .. 8,402
Lab. Majority 5,236 NO CHANGC
Total Vote 22,040. Turn-out 55%-.
Lab. Co-op 61.8%,,, C 38.1%. Lab Maj. 23%°b.
1966: Total Vote 25,083 (65.7%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 17,543 (70.0%), C. 7,540 (30.0%). Lab. and Co-op. mai. 10.003 (39.9%).
Mr. Albert Oram, elected 1955. Contested Lewes. 1945, Billericay 1950. Political research worker Cooperative Party research officer, 1946-55. B. August, 1913; ed. Brighton Grammar School. Uni- versity of London. Member N.U.T. 1935-46, and National Union of Cooperative Officials from 1946. President. management committee of Brighton Cooperative Society 1959-64. Member Execu- tive committee, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Vice- chairman. Cooperative Party and vice-chairman Cooperative group of M.P.s Member central execu- tive committee of Cooperative Union.
EASTLEIGH
Electorate: 76.167. 1966: 63.992. *Price, D. E. C. (C.) .. 30,300 Flach. R. T. F. (Lab.) .. 22,248 Clayton. C. J. (L.) .. 6.825
C. Majority .. .. 8.052 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59.373. Turn-out 78%.
C 51.0%, Lab 37.4%, L 11.4%'. C Maj. 13%/O.
1966: Total Vote 53,590 (83.7%).-
C. 24,337 (45.4%.), Lab. 23,636 (44.1%), L. 5.617 (10.5%). C. mai. 701 (1.3%).
Mr. David Price, an Opposition spokesman on technology and science, 1964-66, was Parliamen- tary Secretary. Board of Trade. 1962-64. Elected 1955. B. Novem- ber. 1924: ed. Eton. Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. and Yale Univer- sity (Research Fellow). president, Cambriilge Union. 1948. Econo- mist and industrial executive; British representative Consultative Assembly. Council of Europe, 1958-61. Member, Select Com- mittee on Science and Technology. Director. Association British Malt- sters Ltd.
EBBW VALE
Electorate: 38.709. 1966: 36.953. Foot, M. M. (Lab.) 21,817 Donaldson, A. (L.) .. 4,371 Jenkins, E. S. (C.) .. 2,146 Baskerville, D.
(Pl. Cymru) .. .. 1,805
Lab. Majority .. 17.446 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,139. Turn-out 780%.
-.5. 72.40%, L. 14.5°o, C. 7.1°o.
Cymru 5.9°. Lab. Maj. 57.9%.
I-.-. iaotal Vote 29.288 (79.30%).-
Lab. 24,936 (85.1 %), C. 4.352 (14.9°,). Lab. maj 20,584 (70.30).'
Mr. Michael Foot was returned for Ebbw Vale at a by-election in November, 1960. Member for Plymouth, Devonport, 1945-55. he contested the seat in 1955 and 1959. and Monmouth. 1935. Journalist; managing director. Tri- bune. B. July, 1913: ed. Forres School, Swanage, Leighton Park School, Reading, and Wadham College, Oxford; president of Union, 1933.
ECCLES
Electorate: 59.563. 1966: 56.709. 'Carter-Jones, L. (Lab.) .. 23,913 Boyson. R. (C.) . .. 18.458 Keenan, T. (Comm.) .. 643
Lab. Majority .. 5,455 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,014. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 55.5%, C 42.9%, Comm. 1.4%. Lab Maj. 12%.
1966: Total Vote 42.048 (74.1%).-
Lab. 25.033 (59.5%). C. 15.776 (37.5%). Comm. 1.239 (2.9%). Lab mai. 9.257 (22.0%)
Mr. Lewis Carter-Jones, elected in 1964, contested the City of Chester in the 1956 by-election and in 1959. Teacher, lecturer and in- dustrial training adviser. B. November, 1920; ed. Bridgend Grammar School and University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Member of Estimates Committee since 1965
EDINBURGH
(Central)
Electorate: 31.482. 1966: *Oswald T. (Lab.) .. Rifkjind M. (C.)
Moore. Mrs. C. (SooL Nat.) .. .. .. Oliver. Dr. A. (L.) ..
33,90.
9,561 8,000
1.666 1,486
Lab Majority .. 1.561 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 20,713 Turn-out 650.
Lab 46.1%, C 38.6%, Scot Nat 8.0%, L 7.1%. Lab Maj. 7%. 1966: Total Vote 23.529 09. 4a I -
Lab. 13,862 (58.9%,/o), C. 9.667 (41.1%). Lab. mal. 4.195 (12.8%).
Mr. Tom Oswald was elected in 1951; contested NVest Aberdeen- shire, 1950. Secretary, Scottish Parliamentary Labour Group since 1953. B. May, 1904; ed. Yardheads and Bonnington Road Schools, LeLith. Trade union official, formerly painter, shop assistant, tram driver and shipyard worker. Member, T. & G.W.U. since 1933; trade group secretary for metal. engineering, chemical and government workers of the Scottish region, & G.W.U.
(East)
Electorate: 57,804. 1966: Strang, G. S. (Lab.) . . Gow, N, (C.) .. .. Davidson, Mrs. H. B.
(Scot. Nat.) .. .. Swan. Mrs. 1. (Comm.) ..
54,311. 22,171 16,657 3,502
413
Lab. Majority 5. s,514 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,743. Turn-out 748O.
Lab 51.8%, C 38.9°,, Scot Nat S.1 °,, Comm 0.9%. Lab Mai. 12%.
1966: Total Vote 42.037 (77.4%o).-
Lab. 25,423 (60.5%), C. 16,614 (39.50%). Lab. maj. 8.809 (21.0%).
Mr. Gavin Strang is an agricul- tural scientist. B. July, 1943; ed. Morrison's Academy; Edinburgh University: and Churchill College, Cam?bridge. Member, A.S.T.M.S., Fabian Society and Co-operative Party; chairmnan, Portobello Labour. Party. Member, Tayside Economic Planning Consultative Group. 1966-68.
(Leith)
Electorate: 35.796. 1966: 35.652. Murray, R. K. (Lab.) . 12.066 Elliott, W. A. (C.) . 10.682 Thomson, Miss M. G.
(Scot. Nat.) .. .. 1,827 Shein, Mrs. J. (L) .. 1,490
Lab. Majority .. 1.384 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 26.065. Turn-out 73°C..
Lab 46.2°o. C 40.9%, Scot NaE 7,0%. L 4.7°o. Lab Maj. 5%. 1966: Total Vote 27,129 (76.1 %).-
Lab. 15,407 (56.8%,) C. 11, 443 (42.2%''), Comm. 279 (1.0%). Lab. maj. 3.964 (14.6%.o).
Mr. Ronald Murmay, Q.C., a, lecturer in law, contested Rox- burgh, Selkirk and Peebles in 1965 by-election and 1964 general election: Edinburgh North, in 1960 by-election, and Caithness and Sutherland, 1959. B. June, 1922; ed. George Watson's College, Edin- burgh, and Edinburgh Univer- sity. Called to Scottish bar, 1953. Chairman, Edinburgh City. Labour Party since 1968.
(North)
Electorate: 35,264. 1966: 37,056. *Dalkeith, Earl of (C.) .. 13,005 Cook. R. F. (Lab.) .. 9.127 Dow. A. (L.) .. .. 2,475
C. Majority .. .. 3.878 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24.607. Turn-out 70%.
C 52.8%o. Lab 37.0%°, L 10.0%. C Maj. 15°%.
1966: Total Vote 27,366 (73.8%).-
C. 13.765 (50.3%). Lab. 10.730 (39.2!), L. 2.871 (10.5%). C. mai. 3.035. (I1.1 %)
The Earl of Dalkeith was re- turned at a by-election in May 1960; contested Edinburgh, East, 1959. B. September, 1923, only son of the eighth Duke of Bucc- leuch; ed. Eton and Christ Church- Oxford. President, Royal High-- land and Agricultural Society, 1969. Chairman. Conservative forestry sub-committee. Member. Roxburghshire County Council, and chairman. Roxburghshire- Selkirk and Peebles Unionist Association. 1 958. A deputv lieutenant for counties of Selkirl. Mlidlothian and Roxburghshire. Brigadier in the Royal Company of Archers.
(Pentlands)
'Wylie, N. R. (C.) .. 21,829 Stewart, E. G. F. (Lab.) 18,646 Clarke, D. (L.) . .. 4.055 Rae, A. W. S. (Scot. Nat.) 2,814
C. Majority 3,183 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47.344. Turn-out 76°%.
C 46.1 , Lab 39.3%, L 8.5% Scot Nat 5.9%b C 'Maj. 6%. Mr. Norman Wvlie, Q.C.. party spokesman on Scottish law 1964- 70. was Solicitor General for Scotland from April to October. 1964, while a prospective candi- date. Elected in 1964; contested West Fife, 1955, and Edinburgh. Central, 1959. B. October, 1923; ed. Paisley Granimar School. St. Edmund Hall. Oxford, and Glas- gow and Edinburgh Universities. Admitted to Faculty of Advocates. March, 1952. Was junior counsel in Scotland to the Air Ministry and Advocate Depute.
(South)
Electorate: 56,141. 1966: 50,450. *Hutchison. A. MI. C. (C.) 19.851 Henderson, J. (Lab.) . 15,071 Guild, R. (L.) .. . 3,469 Stevenson, Dr. D. (Scot.
Nat.) . .. .. 2,861 C. Majority .. .. 4,780 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41.252. Turn-out 73%.
C 48.1%o, Lab 36.5°. L 8.4%, Scot Nat 6.9.o C Maj. 11.5%. 1966: Total Vote 39,163 (77.60,).
-C. 20,820 (53.2%). Lab. 15.487 (39.5°j), Scot. Nat. 2,856 (7.3%o). C. maj. 5.333 (13.6%).
Mr. Michael Clark Hutchison was returned at a by-election in May, 1957. He contested Mother- well in 1955. B. February 1914; ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1937); Colonial Service, Palestine, 1946- 48; Political officer in the Aden Protectorate and assistant secretary in the Aden Government, 1949-54. National president, Scottish Young Unionists, 1960-62. and vice-chair- man, Scottish Unionist members Parliamentary Committee, 1965-66.- and 1968-69. Former director of Tayforth Ltd.
GLASGOW
(Gorbals)
Electorate: 24,901. 1966: 32,050. *McElhone, F. P. (Lab.).. 10,260 Shearer, W. (C).. .. 3,071 Brady, T. (Scot. Nat.) .. 1,089 Kay, J. R. (Comnm.) . 376
Lab. Majority .. 7,189 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 14,796. Thrn-out 59%.
Lab 69.3%, C 20.7%, Scot Nat 7.3%1, Comm 2.50%. Lab Maj. 48.5%.
1966: Total Vote 19,785 (61.7%). -Lab. 14,453 (73.0%), C. 4,513 (22.8%), Comm. 819 (4.1%). Lab. maj. 9,940 (50.2%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
14,670 (58.5°).-Lab. '7,834 (53.4o), Scot. Nat. 3.671 (25.0%O), C. 2.732 (18.6°). Comm. 361 (2.5'). Wkrs. P. 72 (0.5%). Lab. Maj. 4.163 (28.4%,o). Mr. Frank MeElhone was re- turned in a by-election in October, 1969. Glasgow City councillor since 1963, vicechairman, High- ways Committee, Glasgow magis- trate. 1966-68, senior magistrate, 1968-69. Member, Union Shop Distributive and Allied Workers. B. April, 1929; ed. St Bonaven- ture's Secondary School.
(Govan)
Electorate: 35,538. 1966: 40,481. *Rankin, J. (Lab. and
Co-op) .. .. .. 13,443 Belton, G. F. (C.) . 6,301 Grieve, M. (Scot. Nat.) . 2,294 Biggam, T. (Comm. .. 326
Lab. Majority .. 7,142 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,361. Turn-out 63%J.
Lab Co-op 60.1 %. C 28.1 %, Scot Nat 10.2%, Comm 1.4%. Lab Maj. 31%.
1966: Total Vote 27,313 (67.5%).
-Labour Co-op. 18,533 (67.9%), C. 7,677 (28.1%q). Comm. 1,103 (4.00,%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 10,856 (39.7%).
Mfr. John Rankin has represented the division since 1955; sat for Tradeston, 1945-55. Contested Pollok in 1931. 1924, and 1923. Teacher. B. February, 1890; ed. Allan Glen's School, Glasgow, and Glasgow University. Propagandist and lecturer for Scottish Labour College, Co-operative movement and Labour Party.
(Hilmad)
Electorate: 34,585. 1966: 34.388. *Galbraith, T. G. D. (C.) 14.674 Cable, V. (Lab.) .. .. 7,303 Wotherspoon. G. (Scot.
Nat) .. .. .. 1.957
C. Majority .. .. 7,371 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 23,934. Turn-out 69%.
C 61.3%., Lab 30.5%, Scot Nat 8.1%. C Maj. 30%0'.
1966: Total Vote 25,283 (73.5%f).
-C. 15,899 (62.90%). Lab. 9,384 (37.1%,o). C. maj. 6,515 (25.8%). Mr. Thomas Galbraith was Parliamentary Secretary, Minister of Transport. 1963-64; Under Secretary, Scottish Office from 1959, resigned in November, 1962. Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1957; Treasurer of the Household, 1955; Comptroller of the House- hold, 1954. Returned at a by-elec- tion in 1948, contested Paisley, 1945, and East Edinburgh by- election in the same year. An Opposition spokesman on trans- port, 1964-65; vice-chairman, Con- servative parliamentary transport committee, 1966-68. B. March, 1917; son and heir of Lord Strath- clyde; educated Aytoun House Glasgow: Wellington College; Christ Church, Oxford; and Glas- gow University.
(Kelvingrove)
Electorate: 19,019. 1966: 24,299. 'Miller, Dr. M. S. (Lab.) 6,106 Dundas, R. E. (C.) .. 5,274
Lab. Majority .. 832 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 1.1,380. Tum-out 60%.
Lab 53.6 %, C 46.3 %. Lab Maw.
1966: Total Vote 16,104 (66.30,). --Lab. 9,311 (59.8%o), C. 6,793 (42.20%). Lab. maj. 2,518 (15.6%).
Dr. Mlaurice 'itlter, an assistant Government Whip. 1968-69. was elected in 1964. Medical practi- tioner. B. August, 1920; educated Shawlands Academy. Glasgow. and Glasgow University. Member, Glasgow Corporation, 1950-64, Bailie, 1954-57.
(Maryhill)
Electorate: 45,505. 1966z 42,12. *lannan, W. (Lab.) . . 18.925 Murchison, A. K. R. (C.) 6,638 Aitken, A. C. W. (Scot
Nat.) .. .. .. 3,273 Lab. Majority .. 12,287 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,836. Turn-out 63o.
Lab 65.6%, C 23.0%, Scot Nat 11.30o. Lab Maj. 42%.o-
1966: Total Vote 29.398 (68.5%). -Lab. 19,936 (67.8%'), C. 6,075 (20.7%°), Scot Nat. 3,387 (11.5%) Lab. maj. 13,861 (47.1 I).
Mr. William Hannan was elect- ed in 1945. An Opposition whip, 1951-53; a Lord Comnmissioner of the Treasury, 1946-51; P.P.S. to Mr. George Brown, 1964-68 at D.E_A. and Foreign Office. B. August, 1906, ed. Maryhill Primary School and North Kelvinside Secondary School. Member, Glas- gow Corporation, 1942-45, and of U.S.D.A.W.
(Po01ok)
Electorate: 57,991. 1966: 51,301. White, J. (Lab.) .. .. 19,311 Wright, E. (C.) .. 18,708 Leslie, G. (Scot. Nat.) .. 3,788
Lab. Majority .. 603 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 41,807. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 46.1%, C 44.7%, Scot Nat 9.0%,O. Lab Maj. 1%O.
1966: Total Vote 40,539 (79.0%). -Lab. 21,257 (52.4%), C. 19i282 (27.6%/o). Lab. maj. 1,975 (4.90). 1967 By-election: Total Vote
38.652 (75.7%).-C. 14.270 (36.9-%), Lab. 12,069 (31.2%), Scot. Nat. 10,884 (28.2%, ). L. 735 (1.9%,), Comm. 694 (1.8%). C. Maj. 2.201 (5.70,).
Mr. James VWhite is a company director. B. April, 1922; ed. Knightswood Senior Secondary School. Member Labour Party, 20 years. Trade union service, 34 L years. Car delivery business.
GLASGOW
(Provan)
Electorate: 65,716. 1966: 52,575. *Brown, H. D. (Lab.) .. 25,864 Masterton, D. D. M. (C.) 11,S81 McRae, W. (Scot. Nat.) 4,1S1 Jackson, J. (Comm.) . 601
Lab. Majority . 13,983 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,527. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 60.80, C 27.9%, Scot NC 9.8%, Conmm 1.4%,o. Lab Mai. 32%.
1966: Total Vote 42.175 (70.8%).
-Lab. 28,201 (66.8%,), C. 12,986 (30.8%), Comm. 988 (2.3%0). Lab. maj. 15,215 (36.1 °,).
Mr. Hugh Brown was elected in 1964. Former civil servant. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. B. May, 1919; ed. Allan Glen's School and Whitehill Secondary School, Glasgowv. Mem- ber, Glasgow Corporation, 1954- 64. Secretary, indoor postal sec- tion, Glasgow branch, Union of Post Office Workers, 1946-47. Chairman. Social Services Group, P.L.P., 1966-68. Magistrate, 1961- 64.
(Scotstoun)
Electorate: 66.038. 1966: 'Small. W. W. (Lab.) .. Mountney, N. J. (C.) .. Mitchell, A. (Scot. Nat.) Boyd, H. D. (Comm.)
59,478. 26,492 14.487 4,313
846
Lab. Majority .. 12,005 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,138. Turn-out 700o.
Lab 57.40. C 31.3%, Scot Nat 9.3%, Comm 1.8%. 'Lab Maj. 26.0%.
1966: Total Vote 44.208 (74.3o).
-Lab. 27,320 (61.8%c,), C. 14,493 (32.8%,), Comm. 2.395 (5.4%). Lab. maj. 12,827 (29.0%).
Mr. William Small was elected in 1959. Engineer. B. October, 1909; elementary education at Motherwell. Member, Ayr County Council, 1945-52, and of national committee, Amalgamated Engineer- ing Union. 1955-57; past president. West Ayrshire district, A.E.U.
(Shetfleston)
Electorate: 47,130. 1966: Galpern, Sir M. (Lab.) McCue, A. (C.)
Lindsay, W. (Scot Nat.)
44.873. 17,840 7,969 3,995
Lab. Majority .. 9,871 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 29,804. Turn-out 63b.
Lab 59.8°,, C 26.70o. Scot Nat 13.4°,o. Lab Maj. 33%,.
1966: Total Vote 30.797 (68.6%).
-Lab. 20,208 (65.6%o), C. 6,857 (22.3%,.), Scot. Nat. 3,732 (12.1 %). Lab. maj. 13,351 (43.4,o).
Sir MNlyer Galpern has repre- sented the constituency since 1959. Member, Glasgow Corporation; Lord Provost, and Lord Lieutenant for the County of the City of Glasgow, 1958-59. House fumisher. B. 1903; ed. elementary school and Glasgow University. Member, Court of Glasgow University; Advisory Committee on Education in Scotland; and National Com- mittee for Training of Teachers. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chair- men.
(Springbarn)
Electorate: 38,286. 1966: 35,428. *Buchanan, R. (Lab.) .. 14,968 Sorbie, J. (C.) .. .. 4,574 Morton, W. J. (Scot. Nat.) 3,323 McLellan, N. (Comm.) 423
Lab. Majority .. 10,394 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 23,288. Turn-out 61%.
Lab 64.20%0, C 19.6%, Scot Nat 14.2%, Comm. 1.8%,10. Lab Maj. 44%.
1966: Total Vote 23,585 (66.6%).
-Lab. 15,998 (67.8%), C. 4.499 (19.1%), Scot Nat. 2,222 (9.4%), Corm. 867 (3.7%). Lab. maj. 11,499 (48.8%). 1
Mr. Richard Buchanan was elected in 1964. Engineer. B. May, 1912; ed. St Mungo's Academy and the Royal College of Science and Technology (now Strathclyde University). Glasgow Corporation, 1949-65. President of the Scottish Libraries Association. Former secretary. Glasgow City Labour Party; N.U.R. since 1930. Direc- tor, Glasgow Citizens' Theatre. Hon. adviser. Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
(Woodslde)
Electorate: 35.816. 1966: 36,4678. *Carmichael, N. G. (Lab.) 10,785 MacColl, V. J. (C.) ... 9,457 Rollo, D. R. (Scot. Nat.) 1,912 MIcKay, G. R. (Ind. C.).. 614
Lab. Majority .. .. 1,328 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,768. Turn-out 63%.
Lab 47.3%, C 41.5°, Scot Nat 8.3%, Ind. C 2.6%°o. Lab Maj.
, O0
1966: Total Vote 26,780 (73.0%).
-Lab. 13.540 (50.6?% ), C. 11,202 (41.8o), Scot. Nat. 1,916 (7.2o), Soc. Pty. G.B. 122 (0.5%o). Lab. maj. 2,338 (8.7%).
Mr. Neil Carmichael, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, since 1969, and to Ministry of Transport, 1967-69, won the seat for Labour at a by- election in November, 1962. Engineer. B. October 1921. ed. Estbank Academy and Royal Colege of Science and Technology. Glasgow. Employed by Gas Board in planning department; past mem- ber, Glasgow Corporation. Mem- ber. Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66.
GLOUCESTER
Electorate: 61,637. 1966: 55.703. Oppenheim, Mrs. S. (C.) 21,S38 Diamond, J. (Lab.) .. 20.777 Hoppell, J. P. (L.) .. 3,935
C. Majority .. .. 1,061 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 46,550. Turn-owt 76%.
C 46.9%, Lab 44.60%, L 8.4%vo. C Maj. 2%.
1966: Total Vote 43,169 (77.5%).
-Lab. 20,951 (48.5'), C. 15,678 (36.3%). L. 6,540 (15.1%). Lab. mai. 5273 (12.2%).
Mrs. Sally Oppenbeim, executive director of Industrial and Invest- ment Services Ltd. B. July, 1930; ed. Sheffield High School, Lowther College, North Wales, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Member of the executive commit- tee of the National Council for the Single Woman and her de- pcndants.
ISLINGTON
(North)
Electorate: 45,211. 1966: 50,203. OEHalloran, M. J. (Lab.) 13,010 Pearce, D. A. (C.) . 7,862 Green, B. (Nat. Front). 1,232
Lab. Majority .. 5,148 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,104. Turn-out 49%.
Lab 58.8%, C`35.5%,NMt. Front 5.5%. Lab Maj. 23.2%.
1966: Total Vote 27,227 (54.2%).-
Lab. 16,188 .(59.5%), C. 8,357 (30.7%), L. 2,682 (9.9%). Lab maj. 7,831 (28.8%).
1969: By-election: Total Vote
14.801 (32.8%).-Lab. 7,288 (49.2%), C. 5.754 (38.9%), L. 1,514 (10.2%), Ind. Soc. 245 (1.7%). Lab. maj. 1,534 (10.3%). Mr. Michael O'Halloran was returned at the by-election in October, 1969. Office Manager. B. August, 1928; ed. elementary school. Member, Islington Borough Council. T. and G.W.U.
ISLINGTON (South-West)
Electorate: 43,423. 1966: 48,995. Cunningham, G. (Lab.) 12,876 Szemerey, J. (C.) .. 6,601 Lomas, A. (Ind. L) .. 1,161 Betteridge, Mrs. M.
(Comra.) .. .. 509
Lab. Majority .. 6,275 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 21,147. Turn-out 48%.
Lab 60.8%, C 31.2%. New L 5.4%, Comnm 2.4%. Lab Maj. 29%.
1966: Total Vote 24,952 (509%).-
Lab. 16,206 (64.9%), C. 5,903 (23.7%). Ind. 1,271 (5.1 %), Union Movement 816 (3.3%), Comm. 756 (3.0%). Lab. maj. 10,303 (41.3 %).
Mr. George Cunningham con- tested Henley in 1966. Economic research officer and Common- wealth Officer, for the Labour Party. B. June. 1931 ; educated Dunfermlinc High School, Black- pool Grammar School and Man- chester University. Editor of the Fabian Venture. Former vice- chairman, Twickenham Labour Party.
J
JARROW
Electorate: 55,112. 1966: 50,158. Fernyhough, E. (Lab.) .. 25,861 Robson, D. J. (C.) .. 14,847
Lab. Majority .. 11,014 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,708. Turn-out 74%/.
Lab 63.5%, C 36.4%. Lab Maj. 27%.
1966: Total Vote 38,455 (76.77%).-
Lab. 26,006 (67.6%), C. 12,449 (32.3%). Lab. maj. 13,557 (35.3%).
Mr. Ernest Ferynhough was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1967-68, and Under- Secretary, Department of Employ- ment and Productivity. 1968-69. Returned at a by-election, 1947. Former miner. Full-time official. National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, 1935-47. P.P.S. to Prime Minister. 1964- 67. B. December, 1908; elementary education.
K
KEIGHLEY
Electorate: 51,522. 1966: 48,006. Hall, Miss J. V. (C.) .. 20,957 *Binns, J. (Lab.) .. .. 20,341
C. Majority .. .. 616 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 41,298. Turn-out 80%.
C 50.70%, Lab 49.2%. C Maj. 1.4%.
1966: Total Vote 40,066 (83.5 %).-
Lab. 22,039 (55.0%), C. 18,027 (45.0%). Lab. maj. 4.012 (10.0%) Miss Joan Hall, a secretary, con- tested Barnsley in 1966 and 1964. B. August, 1935; ed. Queen Mar- garet's School, Escrick Park, York, and Ashridge House of Citizenship, Berkhampstead. Vice- chairman, Greater London Young Conservatives, 1963. Won 1959 London Ideal Secretary com- petition.
KENSINGTON
(North)
Electorate: 43.601. 1966: 47,081. Douglas-Mann. B. (Lab.) 13,175 Brittan, L. (C.) .. .. 9,792 Spencer, P. (L.) .. .. 1,990
Lab Majority .. .. 3,383 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24.957. Turn-out 57%.
Lab 52.8°,, C 39.2%, L 7.9%o. Lab Maj. 13.6%.
1966: Total Vote 29,223 (62.1 %).-
Lab. 16,012 (54.8%), C. 10.749 (36.8%). L. 2,462 (8.4%). Lab. maj. 5,263 (18.0%).
Mr. Bruce Douglas-Mann, a solicitor, contested Maldon in 1966 and St. Albans in 1964. B. June, 1927; ed. in Canada and Jesus Col- lege. Oxford. Former member, Kensington Borough Council. N.U.G.M.w. and Fabian Society.
KENSINGTON
(South)
Electorate: 57,308. 1966: 55,660. *Rhys Williams, Sir B. M.
(C.) .. . . .. 21,591 Bridges, Mrs. F. M. (Lab.) 6,928
C. Majority .. .. 14,663 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,519. Turn-out 49%
C 75.7%, Lab 24.3%. C Maj. 51.4%.
1966: Total Vote 32.340 (58.1 %).-
C. 21,050 (65.1 %), Lab. 6,419 (19.8%), L. 4,871 (15.1 %). C. maj. 14,631 (45.2%).
1968 Bv-election: Total Vote
22.839 (40.0%). - C. 16,489 (75.5%). L. 2.742 (12.6%), Lab. 1.874 (8.6%), Ind. (Eustace) 675 (3.1%), Ind. (Gold) 59 (0.2%). C. maj. 13.747 (62.9%).
Sir Brandon Rhys Williams was returned at a by-clection in March, 1968: contested Pontypridd. 1959, and Ebbw Vale, i960 by-election and 1964. A consultant with Management Selection Ltd. B. November, 1927; ed. Eton and Bolton Technical College. Assis- tant director (appeals), Spastics Society, 1962-63. Formerly with I.C.I Ltd.
KETIERING
Electorate: 95,564. 1966: 82.509. *de Freitas, Sir G. (Lab.) 34,803 Taylor, J. C. (C.) .. 30,613 Haigh, J. (L) .. 6,695
Lab. 'Majority.. 4,190 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,111. Turn-out 75%.
Lab. 48.3%, C. 42.5%, L 9.3%. Lab. Maj. 5.8%.
1966: Total Vote 67,117 (813%).-
Lab. 35,337 (52.6%), C. 23,877 (35.6%), L. 7,903 (11.8%). Lab. maj. 11,460 (17.1%).
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, elected in 1964, was High Commissioner in Kenya until September, 1964, when he resigned to reenter poli- tics. M.P. for Nottingham, Cen- tral, 1945-50, and Lincoln until 1961. High Commissioner in Ghana, 1961; appointed High Commissioner to proposed East African Federation, 1963. Under- Secretary for Air, 1946-50, and Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1950-51. B. April, 1913; ed. Hailey- bury and Clare College, Cam- bridge (president of Union, ath- letic Blue), and Yale University. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1937). President, Assembly of Council of Europe 19§6-69.
KIDDERMINSTER
Electorate: 72,886. 1966: 62,688. *Brinton, Sir E. T. C. (C.) 27,667 Smith, G. F. (Lab.) .. 18,297 Lamb, Dr. H. HL B. (L.) 7,502
C. Majority .. .. 9,370 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,466. Turn-out 73%.
C 51.7%, Lab 34.2%, L 14.0%. C. Maj. 17.5%-'.
1966: Total Vote 47,371 (75.9%).-
C. 24,628 (52.0%), Lab. 21,451 (45.3%). Ind. 1,292 (2.7%). C. maj. 3,177 (6.7%).
Sir Tatton Brinton, joint treas- urer of the Conservative Party since 1966, was elected in 1964. Contested Dudley, 1945. B. Janu- ary, 1916; ed. Eton and Caius College, Cambridge. Carpet manu- facturer, and vice-chairman of Brintons Ltd., Kidderminster. Chairman, home executive com- mittee, Federation of British Carpet Manufacturers, 1960-64; chairman, British Carpets Promo- tion Council, 1960-66. Joint sec- retary, Conservative Parliamentary labour committee, 1965-66. High Sheriff of Worcestershire, 1961- 62. Kidderminster Town Council, 1947-60; mayor, 1953.
KILMARNOCK
Electorate: 52,573. 1966: 48,073. Ross. W. (Lab.) .. .. 24,477 Law, G. (C.) .. .. 11.476 Maclnnes. A. (Scot Nat) 2,836 Wight, A. J. (L) .. .. 2,459
Lab. Majority .. .. 13,001 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,248. Turn-out 79%.
Lab 59.3%, C 27.8%, Scot Nat 6.8%, L 5.9%. Lab Maj. 31.50,'. 1966: Total Vote 37.985 (79.0 %).-
Lab. 26,036 (68.5%), C. 11,949 (31.5%). Lab. maj. 14.087 (37.1%)
Mr. WiDiam Ross, Secretary of State for Scotland from 1964, won the seat at a by-election in 1946; contested Ayr Burgbs in 1945. Schoolmaster. B. April, 1911; ed. Ayr Academy and Glasgow Uni- versity. Chairman Regional Economic Advisory Council for Scotland since 1965.
KING'S LYNN
Electorate: 61,228. 1966: 53,832. Brocklebank-Fowler, C.
(C.) .. .. .. 23,822 Page, J. D. (Lab.) . 23,789
C. Majority .. .. 33 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 47,611. Turn-out 78%.
C 50.03%, Lab 49.96%. C Maj. 0.06%.
1966: Total Vote 44,629 (829%).-
Lab. 23.324 (52.3%), C. 21,305 (47.7%). Lab. maj. 2,019 (4.5%). Mr. Christopher Brocklebank- Fowler, an advertising and print consultant, contested West Ham, North, 1964. Member of Bow Group since 1961 and former chairman. B. January. 1934; ed. Perse School, Cambridge. Vice- chairman of North Kensington Conservative Association, 1966-67.
KINGSTON-UPON-.ULL
(East)
Electorate: 76,241. 1966: 71.( Prescott, J. L. (Lab.) .. 36, Lamont, N. S. L. (C.) .. 14,
.94. 859 736
Lab. Majority .. 22,123 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,595. Turn-out 68%.
Lab 71.4%, C 28.6%. Lab Maj. 42.8 %.
1966: Total Vote 52,637 (73.4%).-
Lab. 34,457 (65.5%), C. 11,385 (21.6%), L. 6.795 (12.9%). Lab. maj. 23.072 (43.8%).
Mr. John Prescott, an official of the l'ational Union of Seamen, contested Southport in 1966. Agent at Chester in 1964. B. May, 1938; ed. Grange Secondary Modern School, Ellesmere Port, Ruskin College, Oxford, and University of Hull.
KINGSrON-UPON-.HULL
(North)
Electorate: 66,074. 1966: 61,112. *McNamnara, J. K. (Lab.) 26,302 Townend, J. E. (C.) .. 17.912 Harvey, W. A. C. (Anti-
C.M.) .. .. .. 1,808
Lab. Majority .. 8,390 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,022. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 57.2%, C 38.9%, Anti-Corn Mkt 3.9%. Lab Maj. 18.3%.
1966: Total Vote 48,258(79.0%).-
Lab. 26,640 (55.3%), C. 17,871 (37.0%): L. 3.747 (7.7%). Lab. maj. 8,769 (18.2%).
Mr. Kevin McNamara. elected. by-election January, 1966; con- tested Bridlington. 1964. Lecturer in law. B. September. 1934; ed. St. Mary's College. Crosbv. and Hull University. Member Public Ac- counts Committee. Statutory In- struments Committee. Secretary, National Association of Labour Student Organizations, 1956-57. Member T. & G.W.U.
KINGSFON.UON-.UI1
(West)
*Johnson, J. (Lab.) .. 24,050 Forrow, T. E. (C.) .. 14,537
Lab. Majority -. .. 9,513 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,587. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 62.3%, C 37.7%. Lab Maj. 24.60 J.
1966: Total Vote 41,367 (70.4%).-
Lab. 26,816 (64.8%), C. 14.551 (35.2%). Lab. maj. 12,265 (29.6%).
Mr. James Johnson was returned in 1964; represented Rugby, 1950- 59. Teacher, and education adviser to the Republic of Liberia. B. September, 1908; ed. Duke-s School, Alnwick, and Leeds and London Universities. Chairman, P.LP. Commonwealth comrnittee since 1968; and of the Fisheries conmmittee since 1965. Member of the executive of the Common- wealth Parliamentary Association. Has served on Coventry City Council and the Fabian Society executive. Was overseas officer for the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, organizing African trade unions of local government workers and civil ser- vants in Kenya.
KINGSTON UPON THAMES
Electorate: 60,119. 1966: 57,705. *Boyd-Carpenter J. A.
(C.) ** **. .......... 23,426 Crockett, R. FL (Lab.) .. 13,090 Wells, S. J. (L) .. 4.822
C. Majority .. .. 10,336 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,338. Turn-out 69%.
C 56.7%, Lab 31.7%,'O, L 11.7%. C Maj. 25.0%.
1966: Total Vote 44.418 (77.0%).-
C. 22,781 (513%). Lab. 14.915 (33.6%), L. 6,722 (15.1%). C. maj. 7,866 (17.7%).
Mr. John Boyd-Carpenter, elec- ted in 1945, was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Paymaster General, 1962-64; Minister of Pen- sions and National Insurance, 1955-62; Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation 1954-55; and Financial Secretary to theTreasury 1951-54. Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee 1964-70. Chairman, Orion Insurance Com- pany, and barrister (Middle Temple, 1934). B. June, 1908; ed. Stowe and Balliol CoUege, Oxford; president of the Union, 1930. Chairman. Conservative Greater London area local government advisory committee.
KINROSS & WEST
PERTHSHIRE
Electorate: 34,133. 1966: 32,412. Douglas-Hlome, Sir A.
(C.) .. .. . 14434 Whitley, Mrs. E. Y.
(Scot Nat.) .. .. 4,670 Leach, D. F. (Lab.) .. 3,827 Calder, J. M. (L.) .. 2,228
C. Majority .. 9,764 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25,159. Turn-out 74%.
C. 57.4%, Scot. Nat. 18.6% '-h 15.2%, L. 8.9°,'. C. Maj. 38.8%. 1966: Total Vote 23,811 (73.5%).-
C. 14,466 (60.8 %), Scot Nat. 4,884 (20.5%), Lab. 4,461 (18.7%). C. maj. 9,582 (40.2%).
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister from October 19, 1963, until the general election in Octo- ber, 1964. resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on July 22, 1965, and became chief spokesman on external affairs. The last party leader chosen by *-the customary process of consultation "" which he replaced with an election pro- cedure. When he becamie Prime Minister lie was the fourteenth Earl of Home. On October 23, 1963, he disclaimed al his titles under the Peerage Act, 1963, and the new session was postponed from October 29 to November 12 to enable him to contest the by- election at Kinross on November 6. As Lord Home he had been Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from July, 1960; Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords from 1957; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1955-60. B. July, 1903; ed. Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. As Lord Dun- glass was M.P. for South Lanark, 1931-45, when he succeeded to the Earldom. Parliamentary Pri- vate Secretary to Mr. Neville Chamberlain, 1935-40. Under- Secretary, Forein Office in the 1945 caretaker Government; Min- ister of State, Scottish Office, 1951-55.
KIRKCALDY
Electorate: 57,452. 1966: 51.765. *Gourlay. H. P. H. (Lab.) 22,986 Hogg, A. M. (C.) .. 13,193 Lees, Dr. J. G. (Scot. Nat.) 4.863
Lab. Majority .. 9,793 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,042. Turn-out 71%
Lab. 56.0°0, C 32.1%, Scot Nat 11.8°o. Lab Maj. 23.90%.
1966: Total Vote 39,035 (75.4%).-
Lab. 23,273 (59.6%), C, 10,539 (27.0%), Scot Nat. 5.223 (13A%). Lab. maj. 12,734 (32.6%).
Mr. Harry Gourlay, elected, 1959. contested South Angus. 1955. Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means, since 1968; a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1966-68; assistant Government whip, 1964-66. Vehicle examiner. B. July, 1916: ed. Kirkcaldy High School. Member. Estimates Com- mittee. 1959-64. Member. Kirk- caldy Town Council 1946-60, Fife County Council 1947-60: governor, Dundec College of Education, 1958. Member, East Fife Hos- pitals Board of Management. Member, Scottish area council, National Union of Vehicle Build- ers.
KNUTSFORD
Electorate: 74,743. 1966: 65,156. Davies, J. E. H. (C.) .. 33,194 Bennett, A. F. (Lab.) .. 11,612 Tordoff, G. J. (L) .. 10,684
C. Mfajority .. .. 21,582 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,490. Turn-out 74%.
C 59.8%, Lab 20.9%o, L 19.3%. C. Maj. 38.9%.
1966: Total Vote 51,563 (79.1 %).-
C. 26.550 (51.5%), L. 12,839 (24.9%). Lab. 12,174 (23.6%). C. maj. 13.711 (26.6%).
Mlr. John Davies is a banker and former Director General of the Confederation of British Industry. Forner vice-chairman and managing director, Shell-Mex and B.P. Director, Hill. Samuel group. B. Januarv. 1916; ed. Windlesham House School. Sussex, and St. Edward's School. Oxford. Member, N.E.D.C., 1964-69; National Joint Advisorv Council, Ministry of Labour. 1964-69; British Productivity Council, 1964- 69; British National Export Coun- cil. 1964-69 and Public Schools Commission. 1966-68. Member, Council of Industrial Design since 1966.
L
LANABJc
Electorate: 85,029. 1966: Hart, Mrs. J. C. M. (Lab.) MacDougall, A. C. S. (C.) Rankin, H. C. D. (Scot. Nat.) . .. - .
McDowall, D. (Comm.)..
68,763. 30,194 27,721
7,859 1,273
Lab. Majority .. 2,473 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 67,047. Turn-out 79%,.
Lab 45.0%, C 41.3%,s, Scot Nat 13.7%, Comm 1.9%. Lab Maj. 3.7%i'.
1966: Total Vote 57,568 (83.7 %).-
Lab. 29,735 (51.6%), C. 21,995 (38.2%), Scot. Nat. 5,838 (10.2%). Lab. maj. 7,740 (13.4%).
Mrs. Judith Hart, Minister of Overseas Development, since 1969; Paymaster General, 1968-69, with seat in Cabinet; Minister of Social Securty, 1967-68; Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1966 67; Under Secretary, Scottish Office, 1964-66. Won seat for Labour, 1959 contested Bourne- mouth, West, 1951; Aberdeen South, 1955. B. September, 1924- ed. Royal Grammar School
Clitheroc, London School of Economics and London University. Member, Labour Party National Executive since 1969.
NANAGKSHmE, NORTH
Electorate: 55,008. 1966: 48,269. Smith, J. (Lab.) .. .. 21,982 Black, R. B. J. D. (C.) . 16,963 Hutchison, J. (Scot. Nat.) 3,486
Lab, majority .. 5,019 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,431. Thirn-out 77%.
Lab 51.8%, C 39.9%, Scot Nat 8.2%. Lab Maj 11.9%,O.
1966: Total Vote 38,017 (79.3%).-
Lab. 23,160 (60.9%), C. 14,857 (39.1%). Lab. maj. 8,303 (21.8%). Mr. John Smith, is an advocate. B. September. 1938; ed. Dunoon Grammar School and Glasgow University. Contested East Fife in by-election 1961 and in 1964.
LANCASTER
Electorate: 47.899. 1966: 41,811. Kellett, Mrs. M. E. (C.) 18,584 'Henig, S. (Lab.) .. 16,843
Paton, A. (L.) .. .. 2,436
C. Majority .. .. 1.741 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 37,863. Turn-out 79%.
C 49.1%, Lab 44.5%, L 6.4%.
CMaj. 4.6%.
1966: Total Vote 34,525 (79.2%).-
Lab. 18,168 (52.6%), C. 16,357 (47.4%). Lab. maj. 1.811 (5.2%). Mrs. Elaine Kellets, barrister and farmer, contested Buckingham, 1966 and 1964, South-West Nor- folk, 1959, and the 1959 by-election, and Nelson and Colne, 1955. B. July, 1924; ed. Queen Mary's School. Lytham The Mount, York, and St. Anne's College, Oxford. Called to Middle Temple, 1964. Alderman of Borough of Camden since 1968. Member of Press Council, 1964-68.
LEEDS (East)
Electorate: 77,015. 1966: 67,189. 'Healey, D. W. (Lab.) .. 28,827 Crotty, P (C.) .. .. 21.112 Bellamy, Mrs. J. (Comm.) 513
Lab. Majority .. 7.715 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,452. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 57.1%, C 41.8%, Comm 1.0%. Lab Maj. 15.3%.
1966: Total Vote 48,869 (72.7 %).-
Lab. 30,073 (61.5%), C. 18,796 (38.5%). Lab. maj. 11,277 (23.0%).
Mr. Denis Healey, Secretary of State for Defence since 1964. Elected for South-East Leeds at a by-election in 1952, and for Leeds, East in 1955; contested Pudsey and Otley, 1945. B. August. 1917; ed. Bradford Grammar School and Balliol College Oxford. Secretary of the Labour Party international department, 1946-52; councillor, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948-60; councillor Insti- tue of Strategic Studies, 1958-61; member of the executive of the Fabian Society, 1954-61.
LEEDS
(North-East)
Electorate: 55,924. 1966: 53,824. 'Joseph, Sir K. (C.) .. 20,720 Patient, A. J. (Lab.) 15,653
C. Majority .. 5.067 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,373. Turn-out 65%.
C 56.9%, Lab 43.0%. C Maj 13.9%, .
1966: Total Vote 36.664 (68.1%).-
C. 20,813 (56.8%), Lab. 15,851 (43.2%). C maj. 4.962 (13.5%). Sir Kelith Joseph became chief Opposition spokesman on trade and industry, following spells as spokesman on labour, social services, and Wales; member of the Shadow Cabinet since 1964 general election. Minister of Hous- ing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs, 1962- 64; Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry. 1959-61. and Minister of State, Board of Trade. 1961-62. Deputy chairman. Bovis Holdings Ltd. Returned at a by-election in February, 1956; contested Barons Court, 1955. B. January. 1918; ed. Harrow and Magdalen College. Oxford. Called to the Bar (Middle Temple) 1946; Fellow of All Souls, 1946-60.
L1EEDS
(North-West)
Electorate: 80;742. 1966: 74,191. *Kaberry, Sir D. (C.) .. 29,227 Woolmer, K. J. (Lab.).. 20.795 Worrall, J. R. W. (L) 6,048
C. Majority .. 8,432 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,070. Turn-out 69%.
C 52.1%, Lab. 37.1%, L 10.8%. C. Maj. 15.0%
1966: Total Vote 54,212 (73.0%).-
C. 30,168 (55.6%), Lab. 24,044 (44A4%) C. maij. 6,124 (11.3%). Sir Donald Kaberry was elected in 1950; vice-chairman. Con- servative Party Organization. 1955- 61; chairman. Association of Conservative Clubs since 1961. Solicitor and company director. B. August, 1907; ed. Leeds Gram- mar School. Parliamentary Secre- tary, Board of Trade, April- October. 1955. assistant Govern- ment whip, 1952-55. Member. Leeds City Council, 1930-39 and 1946-51. Member. Select Com- mittee on Nationalixed Industries since 1961.
ORKNEY & ZETLAND
Electorate: 25,797. 1966: 24.927. *Grimond. J. (L.) . 7,896 Firth, J. L. (C.) .. 5.364 Reid. W. M. (Lab.) .. 3.552
L. Majority .. .. '.,3a NO. CHANGE
Total Vote 16.812. Turn-out 65.6°.
L 47°,b, C 31.9%,O, Lab 21.1 %0'. L -Maj. 15.1.
1966: Total Vote 16,256 (65.2')-
L.: 9,605 (59.1 %,). C. 3.630 . (22.3%), Lab. 3,021 (18.6-). L. maj..5.975 (36.8%).
Mr. Joseph Grimond, who was Leader of the Liberal Party from 1956 to 1967, won the seat in 1950: contested it in 1945. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1937); director. The Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd. from '1967. B. July. 1913, ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Served with the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, 1939- 45. Became Director of Personnel. Unrra European office. secretary to the Scottish National Trust. 1947-49; Rector. Edinburgh Uni- versity. 1960-63. President, Scot- tish Liberal Party. 1970.'
ORhlSKIRRK
Electorate: 91.597. 1966: 75,464. Soref, H. B. (C.) .. 40,517 Kilroy-Silk, R. M. (Lab.) 25,486
C. Majority .. .. 15.031 NO CHANGE'
Total Vote 66,003. Turn-out 72'.
C 61.4%. Lab 38.60i. C Maj. 22.8%.
1966: Total Vote 55,746 (73.9%).-
-C. 32,763 (58.8%), Lab. 22.983
(41.2',,). C. maj. 9,780 (17.5%).
Mr. Harold Soref, managing director of a merchant shipping company, contested Rugby in 1955 and Dudley, 1951. B. December, 1916: ed. St. Paul's School. Queen's College, Oxford. Founder member. C o n s e r v a t i v e Commonwealth Council. Member, executive coun- cil, Monday Club.
ORPINGTON
Electorate: 65,689. 1966: Stanbrook. 1. R. (C.) .. 'Lubbock, E. R. (L.) .. Grant. D. 1. (Lab.) ..
55,776. 24,385 23,063 4,098
C. Majority . .. 1.322 CONSERVATIVE GALN
Total Vote 51,546. Turn-out 79%;,.
C 47.3%,. L 44.7%. Lab 7.9%. C Mlaj. 2.5%.
1966: Total Vote 48,478 (86.9%).-
L. 22,615 (46.6%), C. 20,993 (43.3%). Lab. 4.870 (10.0%). L. maj. 1,622 (3.3%').
Mr. Ivor Stanbrook, a barrister, contested East Ham. South. 1966. B. January, 1924; ed. Universitv College, London, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Served as colonial district officer in Nigeria for 10 years: founded Britain-Nigeria Association. 1961.
OSWESTRY
Electorate: 55,966. 1966: Biffen. W. j. (C.) Turner, N. (Lab.)
Cadbury, Dr. E. P. (L.) ..
50.102. 20,361 10,801
8,963
C. Majority v . .. 9,560 NO. CHANGE
Total Vote 40,125. Turn-out 72%.
C 50.70, Lab 26.9%'.. L 22.3%. C Maj 23.80%'.
1966: Total Vote 36.748 (73.3%).-
C. 17,727 (48.2%). Lab. 13,011 (35.4%), L. 6,010 (16.4%). C. maj. 4.716 (12.8%).
Mr. John Biffen, returned, by- election, 1961; contested Coventry, East. 1959. Economist, B. Novem- ber, 1930; ed. Dr. Morgan's Gram- mar School. Bridgwater, Jesus Col- lege. Cambridge. Director of a firm of management consultants. Member of executive 1922 Com- mittee. Librarian, Bow Group. 1961-62. Member. Public Accounts Committee. 1964-67.
OXFORD
Electorate: 71,463. 1966: 66,303. Woodhouse, C. M. (C.).. 24,873 *Luard, D. E. T. (Lab.) . 22.989 Reeves. P. H. (L.) 5,103
C. Majority .. 1,884 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 52,965. Turn-out 74-.
C 46.9%', Lab 43.4%,0, L 9.6,. C Maj. 3.50.
1966: Total Vote 52,551 (79.3 %).-
Lab. 24,412 (46.5%), C. 21,987 (41.8%), L. 6,152 (11.7%). Lab. maj. 2,425 (4.1%).
Mr. Christopher Woodhouse waas M.P. for the constituency, 1959-66. Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1962-64, and Parliamentary Secre- tary, Mlnistry of Aviation, 1961-62. B. May, 1911; ed. Winchester and New College. Oxford. Director of education and training at C.B.I. President, Classical Association. 1968-69. Director-general, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1955-59. Foreign Service, 1950-55.
P
PADDINGTON
(North)
Electorate: 34,045. 1966: 37,240. Latham. A. C. (Lab.) .. 11.645 Price, R. S. (C.) .. .. 8,590 Uziell-Hamilton, M. R.
(L.) .. .. .. 1,012 Lab. Majority .. 3.055 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 21,247 Turn-out 62'.
Lab 54.8°, C 40.4%, L 4.8%. Lab Maj. 14.4%o.
1966: Total Vote 24,713 (66.4%).-
Lab. 14,445 (58.5%), C. 7,981 (32.3%), L. 2,287 (9.3%). Lab. maj. 6,464 (26.2%).
1969 By-election: Total VoW
15,421 (46.3%). - Lab. 7.90 (51.6%), C. 7,452 (48.4%). LaI. maj. 517 (3.2%).
*Mr. Arthur letham was elected at.a by-election in October 1969 Contested Rushcliffe, 196I, and Woodford 1959. Lecturer in further education. B. August, 1930; ed. Romford Royal Liberty School, Romford Gramnur School, Garnett College of Education. Member, Havering Coutacji (formerly Romford Boroug CoUII- jcil) since 1952.
ST. PANCRAS
(North)
Electorate: 50,261. 1966: 51,468. Stallard, A. W. (Lab.) .. 16,497 Moorhouse, C. J. 0. (C.) 10,648 McLennan, G. (Comm.) 670
Lab. Majority.. .. 5,849 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,815. Turn-out 55%.
Lab 59.3%, C 38.3%, Comm 2.4%. Lab Maj. 217%.
1966: Total Vote 32,644 (63.4 %).-
Lab. 20,951 (64.2%), C. 10,440 (32.0%), Comm. 1,253 (3.8%). Lab. maj. 10,511 (32.2%).
Mr. Albert Stallard is a tech- nical training officer. B. Novem- ber, 1921; ed. Lowaters School and Hamilton Academy. Member, St. Pancras Borough Council, 1953-65 and Camden Council since that date. Member, A.E.F. Chair- man, Camden Town Disablement Committee and Mental Health Association.
SALFORD
(East)
Electorate: 45,966. 1966: 44.849. 'Allaun, F. (Lab.) .. 15,853 Lack, J. B. (C.) -- .. 9,583 Bell, A. F. (L.) .. .. 3,000
Lab. Majority -. .. 6,270 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,436. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 55.7%. C 33.7%, L 10.5%. Lab Maj. 22.0%.
1966: Total Vote 27,409 (61.1%).-
Lab. 18,409 (67.2%), C., 9,000 (32.8 %). Lab. maj. 9,409 (34.3%). Mr. Frank Allaun, was elected, 1955; contested Manchester, Moss Side, 1951. deputy chairman, foreign affairs group of the Par- liamentary Labour Party. B. February, 1913, ed. Manchester Grammar School. Has been en- gineer, shop assistant, foreign tours leader, W.E.A. lecturer, chartered accountant, journalist. Elected, National Executive, Labour Party, 1967; chairman, Labour Peace Fellowship. Helped orga- nize first Aldermaston march. Vice-president, Public Health Inspectors' Association.
SALFORD
(West)
Electorate: 48,018. 1966: 48,392. Orme, S. (Lab.) .. .. 16,986 Clark, A. E. (C.) .. 14,310
Lab. Majority .. 2,676 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,296. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 54.2%, C 45.70,o. Lab Maj. 8.5%.
1966: Total Vote 32,494 (67.1Y).-
Lab. 19,237 (59.2%), C., 13,257 (40.8%). Lab. maj. 5X980 (18.4%). DVIr. Stanley Ormc was elected in 1964; contested Stockport, South, 1959. Engineer. B. April, 1923; ed. elementary and technical schools, National Council of Labour Colleges and Workers' Educational Association classes. Member. Sale Borough. Council 195S-64. A.E.F.; shop steward, branch president for 21 years. Vice-chairman, P.L.P. science and technology committee.
SALISBURY
Electorate: 61,683. 1966: 53.895. *Hamilton, M. A. (C.) .. 26,549 Waugh, A. (Lab.) .. 17,493
C Majority .. .. 9,056 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,042. Turn-out 71%.
C 60.3%, Lab 39.7%/o. C. Maj. 20.6%.
1966: Total Vote 41.063 (76.2%X).-
C. 22.601 (55.0%), Lab. 18.462 (45.0%). C. maj. 4,139 (10.0%). Mr. Michael Hamilton was returned at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1965. Represented Welling- borough, 1959-64. Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury. 1962-64; assistant whip, 1961-62. B. July, 1918; ed. Radley and University College. Oxford. Director, Royal Exchange Assurance and Army and Navy Stores Ltd., member. Hops Marketing Board.
SCARBOROUGH & WHITBY
Electorate: 73,753. 1966: 66.143. *Shaw, M. N. (C.) .. 26,154 Pitts, M. F. (L.) .. 16.517 Hewitson. Miss 1. B.
(Lab.) . .. 9,802 C. Majority .. 9,637 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,473. Turn-out 71 %
C 49.8%, L 31.5%, Lab 18.7o. C Maj. 18.3 O.
1966: Total Vote 49.017 (74.1% ).-
C. 21,141 (43.1 %). L. 15.599 (31.8%), -Lab. 11,848 (24.0%). Ind. C. 429 (0.9%). C. maj. 5.542 (11.3 %).
Mr. Michael Shaw was elected in 1966. Represented Brighouse and Spenborough, 1960-64; con- tested that division in 1959 and Dewsbury, 1955. Chartered ac- countant. B. October, 1920; ed. Sedgbergh. Chairman. Yorkshire Area Conservatives, 1965-66. Vice- chairman, Conservative Trade and Industry Committee, from 1967.
SEDGEFIELD
Electorate: 84,392. 1966: 69,287. Reed, D. (Lab.) .. 36,867 Beck, A. A. (C.) 24,036
Lab. Majority .. 12,831 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 60,903. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 60.5%, C 39.5%. Lab Maj. 21.0%.
1966: Total Vote 52,678 (76.0%).-
Lab, 34,058 (64.7%), C. 18,620 (35;3%). Lab. maj. 15.438 (29.3%).
Mr. David Reed is a journalist and public relations officer with Vickcrs Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyue. B. April, 1945; cd. West Hartlepool Grammar School. For- mer member. North-East Develop- ment Council's industrial promo- tion team. N.G.M.W.U.
SEVENOAKS
Electorate: 82,165. 1966: 71,644. 'Rodgers, Sir J. C. (C.) .. 32,654 Ovenden, J. (Lab.) .. 15,376 Webster, R. F. (L.) .. 12,290
C. Majority .. .. 17,278 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 60,320. Tum-out 73%.
C 54.1%/, Lab 25.4%, L 20.3%. C Maj. 28.6 %.
1966: Total Vote 56,735 (79.2%).-
C. 28,651 (50.5%), Lab. 18,338 (32.3%), L. 9,746 (17.2%). C. maj. 10,313 (18.2%).
Sir John Rodgers, was elected 1950. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1958-60. Market- ing consultant, company director and author. Consultant and former deputy chairman, J. Walter Thomp- son Co. Ltd.; director, History Today Ltd., Cocoa Merchants Ltd. B. October, 1906; ed. St. Peter's, York, in France, Keble College, Oxford. Administrative posts in Ministries of Information and Production and at Foreign Office during war. Founder governor, Administrative Staff College. Member, Council Foun- dation for Management Education; past president, Institute of Prac- titioners in Advertising, founder and vice-president Institute of Statisticians, Fellow, Royal Society of Arts.
SHEF1FIELD (Attercliffe)
Electorate: 60,232. 1966: Duffy, A. E. P (Lab.) Santhouse, Miss P. M.
(C.)
Sims, P. H. (nd.) ..
Lab. Majoritv
61,889. 26,482 10,986
581 15,496
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,049. Turn-out 63%.
Lab 69.5%, C 28.8%, Ind 1.5%. Lab Maj. 40.7%.
1966: Total Vote 41,847 (67.6%).-
Lab. 32,336 (77.3%), C. 9,511 (22.7%). Lab. maj. 22,825 (54.5 %.).
Mr. Patrick Duffy, was M.P. for Colne Valley, 1963-66; contested Tiverton, 1955, 1951, and 1950. University lecturer. B. June, 1920; ed. London and Columbia Univer- sities. N.U.G.M.U. Member, Esti- mates Committee, 1964-66.
SHEFFIELD (Brightside)
Electorate: 53,717. 1966: 53,015. *Griffiths, E. (Lab.) .. 23,941 Newton, A. H. (C.) .. 8,572 Ashberry, G. (Comm.) 665
Lab. Majority
.. 15,369
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,178. Turn-out 61%
Lab 72.1°, C 25.8%, Comm 2.0%O. Lab Maj. 46.3%.
1966: Total Vote 35,118 (66.2%).-
Lab. 26,653 (75.9%). C. 7.476 (21.3%), Comm. 989 (2.8%). Lab. maj. 19,177 (54.6%).
1968 By-election: Total Vote
25,683 (49.8 %).-Lab. 14,179 (55.2%). C. 8.931 (34.8%), Comm. 1,068 (4.1 %), Ind. 918 (3.6%), Nat. Ind. 586 (2.3%). Lab. maj. 5,248 (20.4%).
Mr. Edward Griffiths was returned at a by-election in June, 1968; contested Denbigh. 1966. B. March, 1929; ed. University College of North Wales. Bangor. Industrial chemist. Member, House of Com- mons Services Committee. Mem- ber, Flintshire County Council, 1964.
. .
SEEFFIELD
(Hallam)
Electorate: 59,047. 1966: 56.078. *Osborn, J. H. (C.) .. 25,134 Broadley, A. H. (Lab.) .. 12,884 Singh, P. (L.) .. .. 2,972
C. Majority .. .. 12,250 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,990. Turn-out 69%.
C 61.3%, Lab 31.4%, L 7.2%. C Maj. 29.8%.
1966: Total Vote 42,055 (75.5 %).-
C. 21,593 (51.3%), Lab. 13,663 (32.5%), L. 6,799 (16.2%). C. maj. 7,930 (18.9%).
Mr. John Osborn was elected in 1959. Secretary of the Con- servative parliamentary committee on - technology, 1964-66, joint honorary secretary trade and industry committee, 1965-66. Joint secretary, 1922 Committee and honorary secretary, Anglo-Soviet parliamentary group. Director, Samuel Osborn and Co. Ltd., steel and engineering company. B. December, 1922; ed. Rugby and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Member. Iron and Steel Institute and Institute of Metals; hon. secretary, Association British Chambers of Commerce. An assistant searcher of the Cutlers' Company.
SHEFFIELD
(Heeley)
Electorate: 81,295. 1966: 75,345. Spence, J. D. (C.) .. 27,950 *Hooley, F. 0. (Lab.) .. 27.237 Singleton, A. J. (L.) .. 4,220
C. Majority .. 713 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 59,407. rurn-out 73%.
C 47.0%, Lab 45.8%, L 7.1%. C Maj. 1.2%.
1966: Total Vote 59.263 (78.7%).-
Lab. 31,996 (54.0%). C. 27,267 (46.0%). Lab. maj. 4,729 (8.0%). Mr. John Spence contested the seat in 1966 and Wakefield in 1964. Chairman and mariaging director of group of enterprises offering construction and finance services to industry. B. December. 1920; ed. Queen's University, Belfast. Member, Wider Share Ownership Council: committee member, Southern Federation of Building Trades Employers; former national president, United Commercial Travellers' Association.
BLACKBURN
Electorate: 56,212. 1966: 54,909. *Castle, Mrs. B. A. (Lab.) 22,473 Gardner, Mrs. R. T. (C.) 19,737
Lab. Majority.. .. 2,736 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,210. Turn-out 75%.
'Lab 53.2%, C 46.7%. Lab Maj. 6.5%.
1966: Total Vote 43,514 (79.2%).-
Lab. 25,381 (58.3%), C. 18,133 (41.7%). Lab. maj. 7,248 (16.7%). Mrs. Barbara Castle, First Sec- retary and Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity from 1968; Minister of Transport, 1965-68; Minister of Overseas Development, 1964-65. Member, National Executive of Labour Party since 1950, chairman, 1958- 59. One of two Blackburn M.P.s from 1945. elected for East Black- burn in 1950, and for the single member division in 1955. Journa- list. B. October 1911; ed. Brad- ford Girls' Grammar School and SL Hugh's College, Oxford.
BLACKPOOL
(North)
Electorate: 59,180. 1966: 55,884. *Miscampbell, N. A. (C.) 22,298 Caion, W. (Lab.) .. 13,062 Christon, B. M. (L) .. 4,946
C. Majority .. .. 9,236 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,306. Turn-out 68%.
C 55.3%, Lab 32.4%, L 12.3%. C Maj. 22.9%.
1966: Total Vote 40.735 (72.9%).-
C. 19,173 (47.1%), Lab. 13,863 (34.0%), L. 7.699 (18.9%). C. maj. 5,310 (13.0%).
Mr. Norman Miscampbell was returned at a by-erection in March, 1962. Contested Newton in 1955 and 1959. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1952). B. February 1925; ed. St. Edward's School. Oxford, and Trinity College, Oxford. Member, Hoylake Urban District Council, 1955-61. Chairman, Hoylake Con- servative Association, 1955-62.
BLACKPOOL
(South)
Electorate: 59,230. 1966: 56,349. *B1aker. P. A. R. (C.) .. 21,273 Hall, P. P. (Lab.) .. 13,267 Chadwick, D. (L.) .. 5,730
C. Majority .. .. 8,006 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,270. Turn-out 68%.
C 52.8%,1 Lab 32.9%, L 14.2%. C Maj. i9.9%/.
1966: Total Vote 39,730 (70.5%).-
C. 21,564 (54.3%), Lab. 18,166 (45.7%). C. maj. 3,398 (8.6%).
Mr. Peter Blaker was elected in 1964. B. October, 1922; ed. Shrewsbury School. Toronto Uni- versity, and New College, Oxford. President of the Union and University Law Society. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn 1952); farmer; Foreign Service 1953-64. Assistant Opposition whip, 1966-67. Execu- tive of 1922 Committee since 1967. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamentary trade committee since 1967.
BLAYDON
Electorate: 55,081. 1966: 49,682. *Woof, R. E. (Lab.) .. 25,724
lDYAguiar, N. H. (C) .. 13,926
Lab. Majority .. 11,798 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,650. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 64.9%, C 35.1%. Lab Maj. 29.8%.
1966: Total Vote 38,478 (77.4%).-
Lab. 26,629 (69.2%), C. 11,849 (30.8%). Lab. maj. 14,780 (38.4%).
Mr. Robert Woof, a miner and trade union official, was returned at a by-election in February, 1956. B. October, 1911; ed. Durham county school. Member, Durham County Council, 1947-56. Official of National Union of Mineworkers for 15 years.
BLYTH
Electorate: 68,314. 1966: 62,767. *Milne, E. J. (Lab.) .. 36,118 Blackiburn, A. J. (C.) . . 12,550
Lab. Majority.. . 23,568 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,668. Turn-out 71 %.
Lab 74.2%, C 25.8%. Lab Maj. 48.40.
1966: Total Vote 46,672 (74.4%O).-
Lab. 36,493 (78.2%), C. 10,179 (21.8%). Lab. Maj. 26,314.
Mr. Edward Mine was returned in the 1960 by-election; contested Rutherglen, 1959. Trade union official. B. October, 1915; ed. Robert Gordon's College, Aber- deen. Area organizer, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers,, 1952-60. Vice-chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1967- 68; and member of the Speaker's panel of chairmen, 1965-66.
BODMlN
Electorate: 52,092. 1966: 46,115. Hicks, R. (C.) .. .. 20,187 Tyler, P. A. (L.) .. .. 16,267 Long, A. F. (Lab.) .. 5,350
C. Majority .. .. 3,920 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 41,804. Turn-out 80%.
C 48.3%, L 38.9%, Lab 12.8%. C Maj. 9.4%.
1966: Total Vote 38,939 (84.4%).-
L. 18,144 (46.6%o), C. 16,121 (41.4%), Lab. 4.674 (12.0%). L. maj. 2,023 (5.2%).
Mr. Robert Hicks, technical college lecturer. Contested Aber- avon in 1966. B. January, 1938; ed. Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Crediton, and University College, London. National vice- chairman of Young Conservatives, 1964-66; vice-chairman national advisory conmnittee on education 1965-67. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
BOLSOVER
Electorate: 52,882. 1966: 49,491. Skinner, D. (Lab.) .. 28,830 HumnPhrey, 1. J. (C.) .. 8,371
Lab. Majority .. 20,459 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,201. Turn-out 70%.
Lab. 77.5%, C. 22.5%. Lab. Maj. 55.0%.
1966: Total Vote 37,929 (76.6%).-
Lab. 31,114 (82.0%), C. 6,815 (18.0%). Lab. maj. 24,299 (64.0%).
Mr. Dennis Skinner is a miner and has been president of Derby- shire National Union of Miners since 1966. B. February 1932; ed. Tupton Hall Grammar School. Sheffield University extramural day release and Ruskin College. Presi- dent, North East Derbyshire Labour Party; member, Clay Cross Urban District Council and Derby- shire County Council.
BOLTON
(East)
Electorate: 61,675. 1966: 58,401. Reed, L D. (C*) .. 22,769 *Howarth, R. L (Lab.).. 22,298
C. Majority .. .. 471 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 45,067. Turn-out 73%.
C 50.5%, Lab 49.5%. C Maj. 1.0%.
1966: Total Vote 44,944 (77.0%).-
Lab. 26,613 (59.2%), C. 18,331 (40.8%). Lab. mai. 8.282 (18.4%). Mr. LI ance Reed, writer and lecturer. B December, 1937; ed Gresham's School; University Col- lege, Oxford. With Conservative Party public sector research unit, 1967-69. Member of the Society for Underwater Technology; executive committee of the British Council of the European Move- ment.
BOLTON
(West)
Electorate: 50,533. 1966: 48,980. Redmond, R. S. (C.) .. 19,225 Oakes, G. J. (Lab.) .. 17,981
C. Majority ... . 1244 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 37,206. Turn-out 73%.
C 51.70%, Lab 48.3%. C Maj. 3.4% .
1966: Total Vote 38.346 (78.3%).-
Lab. 19,390 (50.60,%), C 14,473 (37.7%), L. 4,483 (11.7%). Lab. mai. 4.917 (12.8%).
Mr. Robert Redmond, managing director of management con- sultants. B. September, 1919; ed. Liverpool College. Was party agent at Wigan, 1947-49 and at Knutsford 1949-56. Former exe- cutive committee and council member of the National Society of Conservative and Unionist Agents.
BOOTLE
Electorate: 48,830. 1966: 47,131. Mahon, S. (Lab.) .. 20,110 Halliwell, G. (C) 11,496
Lab. Majority 8,614 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,606. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 63.6%, C 36.4%. Lab Maj. 27.2%.
1966: Total Vote 32,156 (68.2%)-
Lab. 19,412 (60.4%), C. 10,813 (33.6%), Ind. Lab. 1,931 (6.0%). Lab. maj. 8,599 (26.7%).
Mr. Simon Mahon was elected in 1955. Opposition Whip, 1959-61. An alderman of Bootle Borough Council, Mayor of Bootle, 1962- 63. B. May, 1914; ed. St. Joseph's Irish Christian Brothers School and St. James' School, Bootle.
BOSWORTH
Electorate: 78,838. 1966: 68,462. Butler, A. (C.) .. .. 30,732 'Wyatt, W. L (Lab.) .. 29,677
C. Majority .. .. 1,155 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 60,409. Turn-out 77%,'.
C 50.9%, Lab 49.1%. C Maj. 1.8%.
1966: Total Vote 54,607 (79.7%).-
Lab. 27,427 (50.2%), C. 19,654 (36.0%), L. 7,526 (13.8%). Lab. maj. 7,773 (14.2%).
Mr. Adam Butler, second son of Lord Butler. is a director of Aris- toc Ltd., and managing director of Percy Taylor Ltd.. Hinckley, hosiery companies within the Courtaulds Group. B October 1931; ed Eton and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Chairman, Lighthorne Conservative Branch, Stratford-on-Avon, since 1957.
BOTEWELL
Electorate: 64,610. 1966: *Hamilton, J. (Lab.) .. Highgate, J. B. (C.) .. McAlpine, T. (Scot. Nat.)
57,304. 26,431 15,720 6,157
Lab. Majority .. .. 10,711 NO CHANGE
Total Vote, 48,308. Turn-out 75%.
Lab 54.7%, C 32.5%, Scot Nat 12.7%. Lab Maj. 22.2%.
1966: Total Vote 44,573 (78.0%).-
Lab. 27,166 (60.9%), C. 16,198 (36.3%), Comm. 1,209 (2.7%). Lab. maj. 10,968 (24.6%).
Mr. James Hamilton, Assistant Government whip 1969-70, is a constructional engineer. B. March, 1918; ed. primary and senior secondary schools. Member, Lan- arkshire County Council, 1955-65. President, Constructional Engineer- ing Union, 1968-70; member of its national executive 1958-70. Chair- man, Bothwell Trades Council, 1953-65.
BOURNEMOUTH (East & Christchurch)
Electorate: 70,830. 1966: 64,708. *Cordle, J. H. (C.) .. 31,104 Bisson, T C. (Lab.) .. 10,594 Musgave, G. (L.) .. 8,182
C. Majority .. .. 20,510 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,880. Turn-out 700%.
C. 62.4%, Lab. 21.2%, L. 16.4%. C. Maj. 41.2%.
1966: Total Vote 48,343 (74.7%).-
C. 27,047 (55.9%), Lab. 12,598 (26.1%), L. 8,698 (18.0%). C. maj. 14,449 (29.9%).
Mr. John Cordle was elected in 1959; contested The Wrekin division, 1951. Managing director of E. W. Cordle and Son Ltd., linen and cotton manufacturers, since 1946; chairman of Euro- Export Ltd. and S.M.L. Ltd; director of Amalgamated Develop- ers Ltd. Member of Lloyds. B. October, 1912; ed. at the City of London School. Member, Church Assembly, 1946-53, and director of The Church of England news- paper since 1959; director, Church Society, since 1951. Chairman. West Africa Committee of Con- servative Commonwealth and Over- seas Council, and of the all-pa!y Anglo-Libyan group; vice-chair- man, all-party Anglo-Nigerian group.
BOURNEMOUTrH
(West)
Electorate: 74,203. 1966: 70,141. Eden, Sir J. B. (C.) .. 28,714 Bennett, L. F. (Lab.) .. 14,099 Mills, J. (L.) .. .. 8,303
C. Majority .. .. 14,615 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,116. Turn-oit 69%.
C 56.2%, Lab 27.6%, L 162%. C Maj. 28.6%.
1966: Total Vote 51,463 (73.4%).-
C. 25,740 (50.0%), Lab. 16,334 (31.7%), L. 9,389 (18.2%). C. maj. 9,406 (18.3%).
Sir John Eden, Opposition spokesman on power matters, was returned at a by-election in February, 1954; contested Pad- dington, North, December, 1953. Party spokesman on defence (R.A.F.), 1965-66. Director of Chesham Amalgamations Ltd. (mergers and amalgamations), British Timken (tapered roller bearings), Leslie and Godwin Ltd. (insurance) and Lady Eden's Schools Ltd. (education). B. September, 1925; ed. Eton and in the United States. President, Independent Schools Association, and Vice President, National Chamber of Trade. A nephew of the Earl of Avon.
BRADFORD
(East)
Electorate: 40,720. 1966: 40,731. Lyons, E. (Lab.) .. 17,346 Barr, C. J. (C.) .. 8,208 Musa, G. (L) .. 660
Lab. Majority . 9,138 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 26.214. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 66.2%, C 31.3%, L 2.5%. Lab Maj. 34.9%s/.
1966: Total Vote 26,526 (65.1%).-
Lab. 18,435 (69.5%), C. and Nat. L. 8,091 (30.5%). Lab. maj. 10,344 (39.0%).
Mr. Edward Lyons was elected in 1966, contested Harrogate, 1964. Member of tho Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigra- tion since 1968. Barrister(Lincoln's Inn. 1952). B. May 1926; ed. City of Leeds School, Roundhay High School and Leeds University. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers and Fabian Society. Russian interpreter, 1946-48, at- tached to Control Commission, Germany. Member, Joint Parlia- mentary Committee on Consolida- tion of Statute Law since 1968 and P.L.P. Legal and Judicial Group and Home Office Affairs Group since 1966.
BRADFORD
(North)
Electorate: 52,702. 1966: 50,512. *Ford, B. T. (Lab.) .. 20,141 Laycock, W. H. P. (C).. 18,511 Lab. Majority .. 1,630 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,652. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 52.1%, C 47.9%. Lab Maj 4.2%. Swing 6.8%.
1966: Total Vote 39,255 (77.7%).-
Lab. 21,727 (55.3%), C. and Nat. L 17,528 (44.6%). Lab. maj. 4,199 (10.7%).
Mlr. Benjamin Ford was elected in 1964. An electronic fitter- wireman. B. April, 1925; ed. Rowan Road Central School, Surrey. President, Ha~rwich Con- stituency Labour Party, 1955-64, and election agent, 1959. Alder- man, Essex County Council, 1959-65; member, Clacton U.D.C.
BRADFORD
(South)
Electorate: 63,880. 1966: Torney, T. W. (Lab.) .. Bottomley, J. D. W. (C) Dunkerley, G. (L.)
57,456. 20,985 19,009 5,694
Lab. Majority .. 1,976 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,688. Turn-out 72%.
Lab. 45.9%, C 41.6%, L 12.5%o. Lab. Maj. 4.3%.
1966: Total Vote 43,658 (76.0%).
Lab. 22,932 (52.5%), C. and Nat. L. 15,435 (35.4%), L5 ,291 (12.1%). Lab. maj. 7,497 (8.9%). Mr. Thomas Torney has been Derby and District area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers for over 20 years. B. July, 1915. Member, general management committee, Derby Labour Party, and member and past chairman, North Midland Regional Joint Apprenticeship Council for catering industry.
BRADFORD
(West)
Electorate: 53,729. 1966: 49,440. Wilkinson, J. A. D. (C) 20,475 *H2,seldine, C. N. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 18,936 C. Majority .. .. 1,539 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,411. Turn-out 73%.
C 51.9%, Lab Co-op 48.1%. C Maj. 3.8%. Swing 8.9%.
1966: Total Vote 37,874 (76.6%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 19,704 (52.0%), C. and Nat. L 18,170 (48.0%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 1,534 (4.0%).
Mr. John Wilkinson, senior administrative officer, Preston Divi- sion of British Aircraft Corpora- tion. B. September, 1940; ed. Eton, R.A.F. College, Cranwell, and Churchill College, Cambridge. Head of the Universities Depart- ment, Conservative Central Office, 1967-68, and aviation specialist. Conservative Research Department,
BRECON & RADNOR
Electorate: 52,987. 1966: 49,464. Roderick, C. E. (Lab.) .. 18,736 Neale, G. J. J. (Cj. . 13,892 Howells, G. W. (LI . 8,169 Jenkins, W. G. (PL
Cymru) .. .. 2,349
Lab. Majority .. 4,844 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,146. Turn-mout 81%.
Lab 43.4%, C 32.2%, L 18.9%, P1 Cynru 5.4%. Lab Maj. 11.2%.
1966: Total Vote 39,835 (80.5%).-
Lab. 22,902 (57.5%), C. 14,523 (36.5%), PI. Cymru 2,410 (6.0%). Lab. maj. 8,379 (21.0%).
Mr. Caerwyn Roderick is a lecturer at a college of education. B. July, 1927; ed. University Col- lege of North Wales. Member, local executive N.U.T.; national
advisory committee for comprehen- | sive schools and Welsh secondary committee nf the N.U.T.
BRENTFORD & CEISWICK
Electorate: 37,853. 1966: 37,454. *Barnes, M. C. J. (Lab.) 14,051 Wright, Cmdr. 0. C. (C.) 13,538
Lab. Majority .. 513 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,589. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 50.9%, C. 49.1%. Lab Maj. 1.8%. Swing 0.2%.
1966: Total Vote 30,732 (82.1 %).-
Lab. 14,638 (47.6%), C. 14,031 (45.7%), L. 2,063 (6.7%). Lab. maj. 607 (2.0%).
Mr. Michael Barnes was elected in 1966. Contested Wycombe, 1964. Marketing consultant. B. September, 1932; ed. at Malvern College and Corpus Christi Col- lege, Oxford. Chairman, P.L.P. social security group, 1969-70; joint secretary, Labour Committee for Europe, 1969-70; Public Accounts Committee, 1967-70. Association of Scientific. Tech- nical, and Managerial Staff.
BRIDGWAT1ER
Electorate: 66,509. 1966: 58,515. *King, T. (C.) .. .. 26,685 Billington, R. J. (Ltab.) 18,224 O'Loughlin, P. A. (L.) 6.066
C. Majority .. .. 8,461 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,975. Turn-out 77%.
C 52.3%, Lab 35.8%, L 11.9%°. C Maj. 16.5%.
1966: Total Vote 46.919 (80.2%).-
C. 20.850 (44%4°), Lab. 17,864 (38.10%), L. 8,205 (17.5%). C. Maj. 2,986 (6.3%).
1970 By-election: Total Vote 46.291
(70.3%), C. 25.687 (55.5%), Lab. 14,772 (31.9%), L. 5.832 (12.6%). C. Maj. 10,915 (14.8%). Mr.. Tom King, who won the by-election in March, 1970. is a former company manager. B. June, 1933; ed. Rugby and Em- manuel College, Cambridge. While at university he led an Oxford and Cambridge overland expedi- tion to East Africa and when their vehicle burnt out in the Cameroons he and a companion hitchhiked 2,000 miles to Kenya. Chairman. North Wraxall branch, Chippenham Conservative As- sociation since 1963; he has been a member of North Wraxall Parish Council.
BRIDLINGTON
Electorate: 62.108. 1966: 56,333. *Wood, R. F. (C.) .. 25,053 Clarke, H. A. (Lab.) .. 11.546 Silverwood, T. (L.) .. 6,495
C. Majority .. .. 13,507 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,094. Turn-out 69%.
C 58.1%, Lab 26.8°b, L 15.1%. C Maj. 31.3%.
1966: Total Vote 40.264 (71.5°o).-
C. 21.976 (54.6%), Lab. and Co- Op. 11.939 (29.7%°), L. 6.349 (15.7%,1). C. maj. 10,037 (24.9%).
Mr. Richard Wood, an Opposi- tion spokesman on foreign affairs, 1967-70, following periods as spokesman on the Common- wealth, colonies, and overseas aid, 1966-67, and labour and social services, and health matters. Dir- ector of Hargreaves Ltd. and of F.J.C. Lilley Ltd. Formerly director of Yorkshire Conservative News- papers Ltd., and Hulton Press. Elected in 1950, he was Minister of Pensions and National Insur- ance, 1963-64; Minister of Power, 1958-59. B. October, 1920; ed. Eton New College, Oxford and Sand- hurst. Served in the King's Royal Rifle Corps in Middle East, and lost both legs.
BRIERLEY HILL
Electorate: 98,287. 1966: 84,210. *Montgomery, F. (C.) .. 43,440 Pritcha.rd, T. S. (Lab.) .. 28,203
C. Majority . .. 15,237 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 71,643. Turn-out 73%.
C 60.6%. Lab 39.4$. C Maj. 21.2%. Swing 18.2%.
1966: Total Vote 66,485 (79.0%o),-
C. 34,026 (51.20'), Lab. 32,459 (48.8%,). C. maj. 1,567 (2.4%). 1967 By-election: Total Vote 58,363 (68.0-).--C. 31,371 (53.8%),
Lab. 21,151 (36.2%), L. 4,536 (7.8%), All-Party Alliance 1,305 (2.2%). C. Maj. 10,220 (17.6%). Mr. Fergus Montgomery was elected at the by-election in April 1967; represented Newcastle, East, 1959-64; contested Consett, 1955, Teacher. B. November, 1927. ed. Hebburn Methodist elementary school, Jarrow Grammar School, and Bede College, Durham. Mem- ber, Hebburn U.D.C., 1950-58; chairman, Young Conservatives, 1957-58.
BRIGG
Electorate: 87,703. 1966: 77,484. 'MaRialieu, E. L (Lab.) .. 31,434 Spokes, Miss A. H. (C.) 27,449
Lab. Majority .. 3,985 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,883. Turn-out 67%.
Lab 53.4%, C 46.6%. Lab Maj. 6.8%.
1966: Total Vote 56,090 (72.4%°).-
Lab. 33,699 (60.1 %), C. 22.391 (39.9%). Lab. maj. 11,308 (20.2%).
Mr. E. L. Mallalieu, Q.C. won the seat for Labour in 1948. He was Liberal M.P. for Colne Valley, 1931-35 (a seat previously held by his father). Second Church Estates Commissioner since 1964. B. March, 1905; ed. Dragon School, Oxford; Cheltenham College; and Trinity College, Oxford. Barrister, (Inner Temple) 1928, Q.C., 1951. Member. Speaker's panel of chair- men since 1964. Parliamentary adviser, World Association of World Federalists; vice-president, Parliamentary Group for World Government.
BRIGHOUSE & SPENBOROUGH
Electorate: 61,911. 1966: 55,925. Proudfoot, G. W. (C.) .. 22,953 *Jackon, G. C. (Lab.) .. 22,894 Manley, G. EL (L.) .. 3,781
C. Majority .. 59 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 49,628. Turn-out 80%.
C 46.3%, Lab 46.1%, L 7.6%. C Maj. 0.2%. Swing 9.1%.
1966: Total Vote 46,956 (84.0%).-
Lab. 25,740 (54.8%), C. and Nat. L. 21,216 (45.2%,o). Lab. maj. 4,524 (9.6%).
Mr. Wilfred Proudfoot was M.P. for Cleveland, 1959-64; contested Cleveland, 1955, and Hemsworth, 1951. Supermarket operator; director, retailer-owned buying group. B. December 1921- ed. Crook Council School and Scarborough College. Member, Scarborough Borough Council, 1952-58. Former managing direc- tor of commercial radio station.
BRIGHTON (Kemptown)
Electorate: 65,980. 1966: 61,250. Bowden, A. (C.) .. 24,208 Hobden, D. H. (Lab.) .. 21,105 Moxon, 0. C. (L.) .. 3,833
C. Majority .. 3,103 CONSERVATINE GAIN
Total Vote 49,146. Turn-out 74%.
C 49.3%, Lab 42.9%, L 7.8%,. C Maj. 6.4%.
1966: Total Vote 49,041 (80.1%).-
Lab. 24,936 (50.8%/o), C. 24,105 (49.2%). Lab. maj. 831 (1.7%). Mr. Andrew Bowden, a person- nel consultant, contested the seat in 1966, Kensington, North, 1964 and Hammersmith, North, 1955. Managing director of Personnel Assessments Ltd. and Haymarket Personnel Selection Ltd. B. April, 1930; ed. Ardingly College, Sussex. National chairman, Young Con- servatives, 1960-61. U.S.D.A.W. Member, Wandsworth Borough Council, 1956-62.
BRIGHTON
(Pavilion)
Electorate: 59,444. 1966: Amery, H. J. (C) .. Tonks, F. (Lab.)
Thomas, G. E. (Ind.) ..
55,532. 24,365 13,771
1,205
C. Majority .. .. 10,594 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,341. Turn-out 66%.
C 61.9%°o, Lab 35.0%, Ind. 3.1%. C Maj. 26.9%. Swing 9.9%.
1966: Total Vote 39,020 (70.3°').-
C. 22,687 (58.1%°), Lab. 16,333 (41.9%). C. maj. 6,354 (16.3%). 1969 By-election: Total Vote 25.001
(451 %).--C. 17,636 (70.5%O), Lab. 4,654 (18.6%), L 2,711 10.9%). C. Maj. 12,982 (51.9%). MIr. Julian Amery, returned at bv-election in !March, 1969. Minister of Aviation, 1962-64; Secretary of State for Air from October, 1960; Under-Secretary Colonial Office, from 1958; and Under-Secretary, War Office, from 1957. Held Preston, North, from 1950-66; defeated in 1966; con- tested the two-member Preston seat in 1945. Author and company director. B. March, 1919; ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1941 organized first military mis- sion to the Yugoslav resistance, landing from a submarine; later parachuted into Albania as liaison officer with guerrillas; afterwards attached to General Carton de Wiart with General Chiang Kai- shek.
BRISTOL (Central)
Electorate: 36,289. 1966: 37,363. *Palmer, A. M. F. (Lab. &
Co-op) . .. .. 12,375 Taylor, J. R. E. (C.) 9,130 Rider, A. (L.) 2,569
Lab. Majority 3,245 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24,074. Turn-out 66%.
Lab Co-op 51.4%, C 37.9%, L 10.7%'. Lab Maj. 13.6%°o.
1966: Total Vote 26.131 (69.9%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 15,399 (58.9%), C. 9,410 (36.0%), Ind. 1,322 (5.1 °). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 5,989 (22.9%).
Mr. Arthur Palmer, chairman, Select Committee on Science and Technology since it was formed in 1966. has held the seat since 1964: represented Wimbledon 1945-50 and Cleveland 1952-59; contested Merton and Morden, 1950 and 1951. Chartered electrical engineer, national official of the Electrical Power Engineers' Asso- ciation since 1945 and editor of Electrical Power Engineer. B. August, 1912; ed. Ashford Gram- mar School and Brunel Technical College. Former conservator Wimbledon and Putney Commons. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66. Chairman, Parliamentary and Sci- entific Committee, 1965-68. Mem- ber, Brentford and Chiswick Council 1937-45.
BRISTOL (North-East)
Electorate: 64,314. 1966: 61.554. Adley, R. J. (C.) .. .. 23.254 *Dobson, R. F. H. (Lab.) 22,792
C. Majority .. 462 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 46,046. Turn-out 72%.
C 50.50,o Lab 49.5°,o. C Maj. 1.0%.
1966: Total Vote 47,426 (77.0%).-
Lab. 25.699 (54.20), C. and Nat. L. 21,727 (45.8%). Lab. maj. 3.972 (8.400%).
Mr. Robert Adley, company dir- ector, contested Birkenhead in 1966. B. March, 1935; ed. Upping- ham School. Member, Slough Borough Council since 1965. Chair- man, Sunningdale Conservative Association. Chairman and founder member, Brunel Society. Member, Bow Group.
BRISTOL
(North-West)
Electorate: 65,601. 1966: 58,894. McLarcn, M. (C.) .. 24,124 *EIlis, J. (Lab.) .. .. 23,075 Stevens, H. J. (L.) . 3,299 Williams, W. E.
(Comm.) .. .. 227 C. Majority .. 1,049 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 50,725 .Turn-out 78%.
C 47.6%, Lab 45.5%, L 6.5%, Comm 0.4%,o. C Maj. 2.1%. Swing 4.1 % .
1966: Total Vote 48,316 (82.0%).-
Lab. 24,195 (50.1 %), C. 23.526 (48.7%'), Comm. 595 (1.2%). Lab. maj. 669 (1.4%).
Mr. Martin MeLaren, bartister and director of investment trusts, won the seat from Labour in 1959 and represented it until 1966. A Lord Commissioner of the Trea- sury, 1963-64; Opposition whip. 1964-66. B. January, 1914; ed. Eton, New Collcge, Oxford and Harvard University.
BRISTOL
(South).
Electorate: 61,970. 1966: 56,915. Cocks, M. F. L. (Lab.) .. 24,682 Hunt, D. F. 1. (C.) .. 15,254
Lab. majority .. 9,428 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,936. Turn-out 64%.
C 61.8%, Lab 38.2%. C Maj. 23.6%.
1966: Total Vote 39,550 (69.5%).-
Lab. 26,552 (67.1 %/o), C. 12,998 (32.9%). Lab. maj. 13,554 (34.3 %).
Mr. vichael Cocks contested South Gloucestershire 1964 and 1966 and Bristol. West. 1959. Lecturer. B. August, 1929; ed. Bristol University. President. Bristol Borough Labour Party, 1961-63. G.M.W.U.
HOLLAND WITH BOSTON
Electorate: 77,682. 1966: 70,765. Body, R. (C.) .. .. 33,580 Sackur, R. N. H. (Lab.) 24,241
C. Majority .. .. 9.339 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,821. Turn-out 74%.
C 58.1, Lab 41.9%. C Maj. 16.2 % .
1966: Total Vote 53,050 (75.00.).-
C. 26,683 (50.3%), Lab. 26,367 (49.70%0). C. maj. 316 (0.6%).
Mlr. Richard Body, elected in 1966. represented Billericay from 1955-59. Contested Leek in 1951, Rotherham, 1950, and Abertillery by-election, 1950. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1949) and farmner. B. May, 1927; ed. Reading School. First adopted as prospective par- liamentary candidate at age of 21.
HONITON
Electorate: 72,394. 1966: 63.047. *Emery, P. F. H. (C.) .. 32,885 Trethewey, MIrs. B. V.
(L.) . . .. 11,330 Newitt, M. D. D. (Lab.) 11,072
C. Majority .. 21,555 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55.287. Turn-out 76%.
C 59.5%. L 20.50/, Lab 20.0%. C Maj. 39.0%.
1966: Total Vote 49,565 (78.6/).-
C. 26.966 (54.4°o), Lab. 13.257 (26.7%), L. 9,342 (18.9o). C. Maj. 13.709 (27.7%)
1967 By-election: Total Vote
46,511 (72.6). - C. 26,501 (57.00%), L. 10.509 (22.6%), Lb. 9,501 (20.4%). C. Maj. 15,992 (34.4%O).
Mr. Peter Emery, returned at a by-election in 1967. An Opposi- tion spokesman on Treasury, economic affairs and trade, 1964- 66. Was joint secretary of the 1922 Committee 1964-65. Elected at Reading in 1959,; defeated in 1966; confested Poplar, 1951, and Lincoln. 1955. Joint founder and first secretary of the Bow Group. Manufacturer. B. Februarv. 1926; ed. Scotch Plains. New Jersey. and Oriel College, Oxford. Served on Hornsey Borough Council for eight years, and wvas deputy mayor. 1957-58. Director of Insti- tute of Purchasing and Supply and Phillips Petroleum Companies in U.K.; Secretary-General. Euro- pean Federation of Purchasing; chairman, Consultative Council of Professional Management Organi- zations.
HORNCASTLE
Electorate: 47,225. 1966: 42,625. *Tapsell, P. H. B. (C.) .. 19.299 Skinns, E. A. (Lab.) .. 8,860 Miller, R. S. (L.) .. 6,707
C. Majority .. .. 10,439 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34,866. Turn-oue 740.
C 55.4%,. Lab 25.4%/, L 19.2%. C Mai 30.0,°g
1966: Total Vote 32.357 (75.9°o).-
C. 15.090 (46.6%,), Lab. 9,715 (30.0%, i. L. 7.552 (23.3°%). C. maj. 5,375 (16.6%o).
Mlr. Peter Tapsell was elected in 1966. M.P. for Nottingham, West, 1959-64; contested Wednesburv. 1957 by-election. Partner. James Capel and Co. (stockbrokers). B. February, 1930; ed. Tonbridge School and Merton College. Ox- ford. Serves on the Courts of Nottingham and Hull Universities. Former member, Advisory Council of the Midland Region of the B.B.C., and council of the Tenny- son Society. Personal assistant to the then Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, during 1955 elec- tion campaign.
HORNCHTURCH
Electorate: 100,546. 1966: 90.969. Loveridge, J. W. (C.) .. 36.124 Williams, A. L. (Lab.) .. 30,294 Sell, B. G. (L.) .. .. 6.227
C. Majority . . 5.830 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 72,645. Turn-out 72%,.
C 49.7%', Lab 41.7%, L 8.6%. C Maj. 8.0%vo.
1966: Total Vote 73,779 (81.1%0).-
Lab. 38,406 (52.1%), C. 35,373 (47.9%). Lab. mai. 3.033 (4.1%). sMr. John Loveridge, a college principal. farmer and landowner, fought Aberavon in 1951. B. September, 1925; ed. privately and St. John's College, Cambridge. Trustee, Hampstead Conservative Association. Member, Hampstead Borough Council, 1953-59. Trustee and former treasurer Hampstead Conservative Association.
HORNSEY
Electorate: 64,993. 1966: 65.74D. Rossi. H. A. L. (C. .. 21,434 PestoK, P. W. (Lab.) . 17,645 Brass, L. S. (L.) .. 3,755 Morris, Mrs. M.
(Comm.) .. . 624 Grant, E. (S.P.G.B.) 156
C. Majority .. .. 3,789 NO CHANGE
Total Votc 43,614. Tum-out 67%.
C 49.1%, Lab 40.5%, L 8.6%, Comm 1.4%', S.P.G.B. 0.3%1. C Maj. 8.6%.
1966: Total Vote 47,827 (72.7%).-
C. 21,116 (44.1i%), Lab. 20,501 (42.9%). L. 5,026 (10.5%). Comm. 1,184 (2.5%). C. maj. 615 (1.3 %).
Mr. Hugh Rossl, elected In 1966. A solicitor. B. June, 1927; ed. Finchley Catholic Grammar Scl)ool and King's College, Lon- don University. Member, Harin- gey Borough Council, 1964-68; Hornsey Borough Council, 1956- 65 (deputy mayor, 1964-65). Middlesex County Council. 1961- 65; member, Association of Muni- cipal Corporations, 1959-65. Joint secretary of the Conservative housing, land, and local govem- ment group. Greater London Council nominated representative in House of Commons. Member, executive committee, Society of Conservative Lawyers
MERIDEN
Electorate: 100,438. 1966: 73,621. *Speed, H. KX (C.) .. '40,077
Lister, N. P. (Lab.) .. 35,353
C. Majority .. .. 4,724 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 75.430, Turn-out 75%.
C 53.1 °,o, Lab 46.8%. C Maj. 6.2%.
1966: Total Vote 63,081 (85.7 %).-
Lab. 33,831 (53.6%), C. 29,250 (46.4%). Lab. maj. 4,581 (7.3%). 1968 By-election: Total Vote
51,525 (66.0%). - C. 33,344 (64.8%), Lab. 18,081 (35.2%). C. maj. 15,263 (29.6%).
Mr. Keith Speed won Meriden for the Conservatives in the 1968 by-election. A regular naval officer, 1947-56, and a former sales and marketing manager in elec- tronics and plastics companies: management training adviser and writer. B. March, 1934; ed. Green- hill School. Evesham. Bedford Modern School, and the Royal Naval Colleges at Dartmouth and Greenwich. Joined the Conserva- tive research department in 1965 with special responsibility to Mr. Heath and Mr. Barber on Parlia- mentary affairs. National vice- chairman of the Young Conserva- tives. 1963-65. Member, Public Accounts Committee.
MERIONETHSH[RE
Electorate: 26,594. 1966: 25,395.
eEdwords, W. H. (Lab.) . . 8,861 Wiglcy, D. (PL Cymru) 5,425 Thomas, E. (L.) .. .. 5,034 Edwards, D. E. R (C.) 2,965
Lab. Majority .. 3,436 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,285. Turn-out 84%o.
Lab. 39.7% , P1 Cymru 24.3%, L 22.5%0, C 13.3%, Lab AMaj. 15.4%.°.
1966: Total Vote 21,799(85.8%)-
Lab. 9,628 (44.2%), L. 7,733 (35.5%), P1 Cymru 2,490 (11.4%), C. 1,948 (8.9%). Lab. maj. 1,895 (8.7%).
Mr. William Edwards was elected in 1966; contested Flint West in 1964. Solicitor. B. January, 1938; ed. at Amlwch Grammar School, Sir Thomas Jones Compre- hensive School, Liverpool Uni- versity, and the London College of Law. Visiting lecturer at Liver- pool College of Commerce.
MERTEIYR TYDFIL
Electorate: 41,479. 1966: 39,474. *Davies, S. 0. (Ind. Lab.) 16,701 Lloyd, T. J. (Lab.) .. 9,234 Jones, E. (C.) .. .. 3,169 Roes, C. (Pl. Cymru) .. 3,076
Ind. Lab. Majority .. 7,467 IND. LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 32,180. Turn-out 77%.
Ind Lab 51.8%, Lab 28.6%, C 9.8 %, Pi C~ymru 9.5. Ind Lab Maj. 23.2%.
1966: Total Vote 29,180 (73.9%).-
Lab. 21,737 (74.5%), C. 4,082 (14%), PI Cymru 3,361 (11.5%). Lab. maj. 17,655 (60.5%).
Mr. Stephen Davies held the seat for Labour since 1934 but Nas not re-adopted and stood as inde- pendent Labour candidate. Mining engineer. B. November. 1886; ed. elementary school, University Col- lege. Cardiff, and Royal College of Science. Member, Court of Governors, National Library of W ales. National Museum of Wales, University of Wales. Former member, Merthyr Tydfil Borough Council, Mayor, 194546. Vice- president, South Wales Miners' federation, and member, executive, Miners' Federation of Great Britain, 1924-33.
MERTON & MORDEN
Electorate: 50,776. 1966: 48.807. Fookes, Miss J. E. (C.).. 18.727 May, K. W. (Lab.) .. 15244 Insoll R. H. (L.) .. .. 2.876
C. Majority .. .. 3,483 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36.847. Turn-out 72%.
C 50.8%, Lab 41.3%, L 7.83% C Maj. 9.4%°.
1966: Tota1 Vote 39,636 (81.2 %).-
C. 20,028 (50.5%), Lab. 19,608 (49.5%). C. maj. 420 (1.1%).
Miss Janet Fookes, a teacher, was a member of Hastings Borough Council until 1970 when she resigned to fight the election Chairman, Education Committee, 1967-70. B. February, 1936; ed. Hastings and St. Leonards Ladies' College. Hastings High Scbool, and Royal Holloway College, University of London.
MIDDLESBROUGH
(East)
Electorate: 55,561. 1966: 55,407. Bottomley. A. G. (lab.) 23,581 Laville, N. N. (C.) .. 9,623
Lab. Majority .. 13,958 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,204. Turn-out 60%.
Lab 71.0%,, C 28.9%. Lab Maj. 42.0%.
1966: Total Vote 37,824 (683%).-
Lab. 28,404 (75.1 %), C. 9,420 (24.9%). Lab. maj. 18,984 (50.2%).
Mr. Arthur Bottomley was Minister of Overseas Development, 1966-67; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1964-66. Returned at a by-election in March, 1962; represented Roch- ester and Chatham, 1950-59, and Chatham, 1945-50. Secretary for Overseas Trade, 1947-51; Under- Secretary for the Dominions, 1946- 47. B. February, 1907; ed. council school and extra-mural university classes, Toynbee Hall, London. Walthamstow Borough Council, 1929-49 (Mayor, 1945-46). Chair- man, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1968- 70. Vice-chairman, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. Full- time official, National Union of Public Employees, 1935-45, 1959- 62.
MIDDLESBROUGE
(West)
Electorate: 59,529. 1966: 53,276. Sutcliffe, J. H. V. (C.).. 22,374 Bray, J. W. (Lab.) .. 21,986
C. Majoity .. .. 388 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 44,360. Turn-out 75%.
C 50.4%, Lab 49.5%O C Maj. 0.8%.
1966: Total Vote 43.405(81.5%).-
Lab. 23,649 (54.5%), C. 19,756 (45.5%). Lab. maj. 3,893 (9%).
Mr. John SutdWle, contested the constituency in 1966; Chorley in 1964 and Oldham, West, in 1959. Company director and barrister (Inner Temple, 1956). B. April, 1931; ed. Winchester and New College, Oxford. Cbairman. Tees- side Youth Clubs Association. His father, Sir Harold Sutcliffe, was M.P. for Royton, 1931-50. and Heywood and Royton, 1950-55.
WAJSALL
(South)
Electorate: 82,284. 1966: 73,083. d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Sir
H. J. (C.) . . .. 35,545 Rea, G. S. (Lab.) .. 24,196
C. IMlajority .. 11,349 NO CH.ANGE
Total Vote 59,741. Turn-out 72%.
C 59.4%. Lab 40.50%. C MNlaj. IS.9°J.
1966: Total Vote 56.441 (77.2%').-
C. 30,161 (53.4C). Lab. 26.280 (46.4%.). C. maj. 3.88] (6.9%).
Sir Henry dAlvigdor-Goldsmid wvas elected in 1955. Banker atnd bullion broker: chairman, Anglo- Israel Bank: appointed chairman Pergamon Press Ltd., in 1969: and director of other companies. B. June. 1909: ed. Harrowv; Balliol. Oxford. Member of Kent Countv Council. 1946-54. High Sheriff of Kent. 1953. Mlember of Select Com- mittee on Nationalized Industries. since 1959; member, Estimates Committee, 1956-66: vice-chair- man. Conservative Finance Com- mittee. 1960-66 and 68-69.
WALTHAMSrOW
(East)
Electorate: 43.370. 1966: 40.981. *McNair-Wilson, R.M.C.
(C.) .. .. .. 14.260 Tomlinson. E E. (Lab.) .. 13.732 Kirkland. D. G. (L.) .. 2 .547
C. Majoritv .. .. 52S NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,539. Turn-out 70%.
C 46.6%, Lab 44.9', L 8.3%. C Maj. 1.7%;J.
1966: Total Vote 32.828 (80.1 %).-
Lab. 15.703 (47.8%). C. 13.896 (42.3%), L. 3.229 (9.8'%). Lab. maj. 1.807 (5.5%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
20.837 (51.2%). - C. 13.158 (63.1%). Lab. 7.679 (36.9%). C. maj. 5.479 (26.2%).
Mr. Robert MWeN'air - Wilson, brother of Mr. Patrick McNair- Wilson, M.P. for New Forest. won seat for Conservatives in a by-elec- tion in 1969. Contested Lincoln in 1964. B. October. 1930: ed. Eton. Director of Sidney-Barton Ltd.. public relations consultants; pre- viously press officer for aircraft company; reporter on provincial evening newspaper. Member, N.U.J. and I.P.R. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamentary avia- tion group since December, 1969.
WALTHAMSTOW
(West)
Electorate: 35.380. 1966: 33.755. Deakins, E. P. (Lab.) .. 12.472 *Silvester, F. J. (Cd .. 7.870 Roxbrough. 1. W. (L.) .. 2.564
Lab. Majority .. 4.602 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 22,906. Turn-out 65%°/.
Lab 54.4%. C 34.3%. L 11.1%. Lab Milaj. 20.0%.
1966: Total Vote 23.975 (71.0%).-
Lab 14,665 (61.2%). C. 5.940 (24.8%). L. 3.370 (14.0%). Lab. maj. 8,725 (36.4%).
1967 By-election: Total Vote
17.952 (54.0%). - C. 6.652 (37.0%). Lab. 6.590 (36.7°e). L. 4.105 (22.9%). Anti-Cmn. Market 542 (3.0%). Ind. 63 (0.4%). C. maj. 62 (0.3%).
Mr. Eric Deakins contested the seat in 1967. Chigwell. 1966. and Finchlcy. 1959. General manager with a meat company. B. October. 1932: ed. Tottenham Grammar School and London School of Economics. Member. Totlenham Borough Council. 1958-61 and 1962- 63. T. & G.W.U.
WAi'DS WORTH
(Central)
Electorate: 58.756. 1966: 56.522. Cox. T. NM. (Lab.) .. 19.776 McLaughlin. Mrs.
F. P. A. (C.) .. .. 16,830
Lab. Majority .. 2.946 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36.606. Turn-out 620.
Lab 54.0%1. C 45.9%. Lab Maj. 8.0%.
1966: Total Vote 41.919 (74.2%).-
Lab. 22.159 (52.9%). C. 16.331 t39.0°f). L. 3.429 (8.2%). Lab. nmaj. 5.828 (13.9"").
Mr. Tionrss Cox. an electrician, contested Stroud in 1966. B. 1930: ed. state schools and London School of Economics. Former alderman. Fulham Borough Council, E.T.U.
WANSTEAD & WOODFORD
Electorate: 48,788. 1966: 44.256. *Jenkin, C. P. F. (C.) .. 20.065 Barker. A. P. (Lab.) . . S;522 Hoskins, R. H. (L.) .. 4.224
C. Majority .. .. 11,543 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32.Sl 1. Turn-out 67%.
C 61.1°o%. Lab 25.9%, L 12.S°' . C laj. 35.1%o.
1966: Total Vote 33.998 (76.8%).-
C. 19,063 (56.1 %), Lab. 8,785 (25.8%). L. 6.150 (18.1%). C. maj. 10,278 (30.2%).
Mr. Patrick Jenkin, elected in 1964, has been Opposition spokes- man on finance. economic and trade affairs since 1965. Industrial adviser to the Distillers Company ILtd.. and barrister (Mliddle Temple, 1952). B. September. 1926; ed. Clifton College and Jesus College, Cambridge. Hornsev Boronigh Council. 1(60-63.. (hairmiani all- party group on the chemical indus- try since 1968, and (if Conservative home counties norlh political edtu- cation committee. Mnember of council. WVestfield (ollcgc, London University.
WOOLWICH
(West)
Electorate: 58,048. 1966: 53,474. *Haming, W. (Lab.) .. 21,036 Gaffney, M. P. (C.) .. 20,418
Lab. Majority .. 618 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,454. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 50.7%0, C 49.2%. Lab Maj. 1.4%.
1966: Total Vote 43,506(81.%).-4
Lab. 23,344 (53.7%), C. 19,256 (44.3%), Fellowship Party 906 (2%). Lab. maj. 4,088 (9.4%).
Mr. William Hamatng, assistant Government whip. 1969-70, was elected in 1964. Contested the divi- sion in 1955 and 1959. Torquay in 1956 by-election, Wavertree in 1950 and 1951 and Southport in 1945. Lecturer. B. August, 1912; ed. elementary school. Liverpool Insti- tute and University of Liverpool. Member, Fabian Society, and Esti- mates Committee. 1965-66. Trustee, National Maritime Museum since 1967. Member, National Union of Teachers and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutes.
WORCESTER
Electorate: 70,544. 1966: 60,925. Walker. P. E. (C.) .. 29,717 Jones, P. (Lab.) 21.. .. 1275
C. Majority .. .. 8,442 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50.992. Turn-srt 72%.
C 58.2%Oo, Lab 41.7%. C Maj. 16.5 .
1966: Total Vote 47,455 (77.9 %).-
C. 25,398 (53.5%), Lab. 22.057 (46.5%). C. maj. 3.341 (7.0%).
Mr. Peter Walker, chief party spokesman on housing, local government, transport and regional planning and previously a spokes- man on Treasury and trade matters, was elected at the by-election in March, 1961. Contested Dartford in 1959 and 1955. Chairman. Lloyds insurance brokers and chairman and director of other companies. B. March, 1932: ed. Latymer Upper School. Member of the party national executive and of the advisory committee on policy; national chairman of Young Con- servatives, 1958-60. Elected to C o n s e rv a t i v e Commonwealth Council General Committee, 1960, and an executive member of the British Commonwealth Industries Association, 1955.
WORCESTRSHIRE, SOUTH
Electorate: 70,867. 1966: 61,918. *Nabarro, Sir G. D. N.
(C.) .. . .. 30,648 Bailev, A. E. (Lab.) .. 12,839 Hall, J. C. (L.) .. .. 7.262
C. Majority .. 17,809 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50.749. Turn-out 72%.
C 60.4%. Lab 25.3%, L 14.3°%. C Maj. 35.1 % .
1966: Total Vote 46,788 (75.6%).-
C. 24.198 (51.7%), Lab. 13,114 (28.0%), L. 9.476 (20.3%). C. maj. 11,084 (23.7%/).
Sir Gerald Nabarro, was returned in 1966, represented Kidderminster from 1950-64. when he did not seek reelection because of ill health. Contested West Bromwich. 1945. Director of companies. televiser. journalist and broadcaster. B. June. 1913: ed. London County Council School. Member, Institute of Fuel, Institute of Directors. Governor. Birnmingham University. Chairman. advisory panel of NMidlander Unit Trust: chairman. National Consul- tative Committee for Independent Education. Has successfullv spon- sored legislation on clean air, coroners, oil burners, and thermal insulation.
WORKNGTON
Electorate: 52,635. 1966: 49,078. *Peart. T. F. (Lab.) , 24.975 Turner-Bridger, M. F.
(C'. ) .. .. .. 15.532 Lah. Majority .. ,44t NO CHA ~NGE
Total \'ote 40.507 Turn-out 77,.
L,ab 61.7"",. C 38.3°- Lab Maj. 23.4.._
1966: 'lotal Vote 39.456 (8(1.4'%).-
ILab. 24.981 (63.3%). C. 14.475 316.7'). Lah. ma). 10.505 26.6.
Mr. Frederick Peart has been Leader of the. House of Commons since April, 1968. when he was appointed Lord Privy Seal: became Lord President of the Council, October. 1968. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1964-68. Elected in 1945: appointed Party spokesman on agriculture in December. 1961: previously on education and science. B. April. 1914: ed. \Volsingham Granmmar, Henry Smith Secondarv. Hartle- pool. Bede College. Durham Uni- versity, and Inner T'emple. Inns of Court. President. Durham Uni- versity. l'nion Society. School- master.
WORTHING
Electorate: 72,267. 1966: 66,279. *Higgins, T. L. (C.) .. 33,051 Bartlett, Mrs. S. M. (Lab.) S.989 Rooke. M. J. (L.) .. 8.336
C. Majoritv .. .. 24,062 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50.376. Turn-out 69%.
C 65.6%. Lab 17.8%., L 16.5%. C Maj. 47.7°. Swing 8.7%.
1966: Total Vote 50.183 (75.7%).-
C. 29.903 (59.6%'), Lab. 10.281 (20.5%), L. 8.955 (17.8%). Ind. C. 1.044 (2.1 %). C. maj. 19,622 (39.1 % ).
Mr. Terence Higgins, an Opposi- tion spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs since October, 1967, was elected in 1964. Econo- mist and an Associatc of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers. B. 1928: ed. Alleyn's School. Dul- s%ich. Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (president of the Union. 1958) and Yale University, wkherc he was lecturer in the Department of Economics. From 1948-52 he was a member of the British athle- tics team (440 yards and 4 x 440 yard relay). Olympic Games team mcmber. 1948 and 1952. and in 1950 of the Empire and Commonwealth Games team.
WREK1N, HEE
Electorate: 66,433. 1966: 57,265. Trafford, Dr. J. A. P. (C.) 26,282 Fowler, G. T. (Lab.) .. 25,764
C. Majority .. .. 518 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 52.046. TuTn-out 78 eo
C 50.5%, Lab 49.5%.. C Maj. 1966: Total Vote 46,538 (81.3%)..-
Lab. 23,692 (50.9%). C. 22.846 (49.1%). Lab. maj. 846 (18°0).
Dr. Anthony TraffordL consultant physician. B. July, 1932; ed. St. Edmund's, Hindhead. Charter- house, Lincoln's Inn, University of London and Guy's Hospital. Director of a private bank, a motor engineering company and a farm- ing company. In 1963 he was a Fulbright Scholar in the United States.
WREXHAM
Electorate: 73,233. 1966: Ellis. R. T. (Lab.) .. Patt-rson. B. (C.) .. Mc riar. W. (L.)
Golding. C. (Plaid
Cymru ) .. ..
66.441 31,08 9 I 5.649
5.067
2.894
Lab. Majoritv .. 15.44o NO CHANGE
rotW Vote 54,699. Turn-out 75°
Lab 56.8 %, C 28.6%-'. L 9.3%, Pi CYInu 5.3°.o. Lab Maj. 28.2°. 1966: Total Vote 51.283 (77.2%).-
Lab. 30,039 (58.6%g), C. & Nat. L. 12,596 (24.6%), L. 6.351 (12.4%), Pi. Cymru 2,297 (4.5%). Lab. maj. 17.443 (34.0%).
IVfr. Thomas Ellis contested West Plintshire, 1966. A colliery man- ager. B. March, 1924: ed. Ruabon Grammar School. University of Wales and University of Notting- ham. Former president. Wrexhani Fabian Society.
WYCOMBE
Electorate: 96A490. 1966: 79.426. *Hall. J. (C.) .. .. 40,151
Jones. B. S. (Lab.) .. 23.341 Palfrey, E. H. (L.) .. 8,297
C. Majority .. 16.810 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 71,789. Turn-out 748.
C 55.9%0"", Lab 32.5%', L 11.5%. C. Maj. 23.4%f.
1966: Total Vote 64,112 (80.7%).-
C. 31,577 (49.3%), Lab. 24,498 (38.2%). L. 8,037 (12.5%). C. maj. 7,079 (11.0%).
Mlr. John Hall, elected in a by- election in November, 1952, is a former party spokesman on Trea- sury, economic affairs and trade matters. Contested Fulhamn, East. 1951, and Grimsby, 1950. Executive member. 1922 Committee; joint vice-chairman, Conservative Fin- ance Committee, 1965-70. B. Sep tember. 191 1; ed. privateh . Chartered secretary and chairrnan and managing director. Viscose Development Ltd., and director of brewery companies. \Vice-chairman. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Mem- ber. Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union for 12 years.
Y
Y ARMOUTH
Electorate : 60.576. 1966: 54,836. Fell, A (C.) - . .. 23,088 *Gray. H. (Lab.) .. 19,93i Knott. 'Mrs. J. (LJ4 . 3.525
C. Majority 3.15'7 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 46.542. Ti.urn-out 77-.
C 49.6%. Lab 42.80%. L 7.6'. C Maj. 6.80,o.
1966: Total Vote 43,795 (79.9%).-
Lab. 22.296 (50.9%), C. 21,499 (49.1%). Lab maj. 797 (1.8%).
Mr. Anthony Fell, an art dealer. won seat from Labour in 1951, held it in 1955. 1959 and 1964. and lost it in 1966. Contested bv-election at Brigg. 1948, and South Ham- mersmith. 1949 and 1950. B. Ma!. 1914: ed. Bedford School and Tauranga High School. Neew Zea land. Former member. A.E.U.
YEOVlL
Electorate: 70,632. 1966: 62.771. Peyton. J. W. W. (C.) .. 27,689 Elswood. J. A. (Lab.) 20,621 Evans. D. E. (L.} .. 7.418
C N1ajority .. . 7.068 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55.r78. Turn-out 79%,
C. 49.7-. l ab. 37.0%. L. 13.3%. C'. maj 12.7"".
1966: Total Vote 52.496 (83.7%).--
C. 22.664 (43.2:.). Lab. 20.584 (39.2'.t. L. 9.248 (17.6%). C. NMaj. 2.080 (4.0"", i.
Mr. Johin Peyton was Parliamen- tary Secretary. Ministry of Power. 1962-64. and party spokesman on po-er uitil 1966. Elected for Yeovil. 1951: contested Bristol. Central. in 1 950. Former chairman of Conservative members' trans- port committce. B. February, 1919; ed. Eton and Trinity College. Oxford. Barrister (Inner Temple' 1945).
YORK
Electorate: 75.215. 1966: 70,431. *Lyon, A. W. (Lab.) .. 29,619 Askew. B. (C.) .. .. 27,422
Lab. Majority .. 2,197 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57.041. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 51.90o. C 48.0%° Lab Maj.
1966: Total Vote 58.234 (82.7%).-
Lab. 32.167 (55.2%). C. 26,067 (44.8%). Lab maj. 6,100 (10.5%). Mr. Alexander Lyon won the seat from the Conservatives in 1966; contested the constituency in 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954). B. October, 1931; ed. West Leeds High School and University Col- lege, London. Member, Bar Coun- cil. Methodist local preacher and member. British Council of' Churches. Member. Services. Par- liamenitary Commissioncr, and Overseas Aid comniittees. Member. executive committee. F a b i a n Society and Society of Labour La-wyers.
BRISTOL (South-East)
Electorate: 73,627. 1966: 66,034. *Benn, A. N. Wedgwood
(Lab.) .. .. .. 29,176 Reece, N. G. (C.) .. 23,488
Lab. Majority .. 5,688 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,664. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 55.4%, C 44.6%. Lab Maj. 10.8%.
1966: Total Vote 50,286 (76.2%).-
Lab. 30,851 (61.4%), C. 19,435 (38.6%). Lab. maj. 11,416 (22.7%).
Mr. Wedgwood Benn, Minister of Technology since 1966, had his departrnent expanded in 1969 to take over the Ministry of Power and certain sponsoring functions of the Board of Trade; Postmaster General 1964-66. Elected in 1950. Debarred from the Commons on the death of his father, Viscount Stansgate, in November. 1960, he contested and won the by-election in Mlay. 1961, but an Election Court declared his Conservative opponent elected. He renounced his title under the Peerage Act and was re-elected in August, 1963. Member of Labour Party execu- tive, 1959-60 and since 1962. Journalist. B. April, 1925; ed. Westminster and New College, Oxford. Chairman, Labour Party's Broadcasting Advisory Centre, 195-7-64. N.U.J.
BRISTOL
(West)
Electorate: 50,634. 1966: 48.361. *Cooke, R. G. (C.) . 20.110 Blackman, D. J. (Lab.) .. 8,175 Stacey, R. G. R (L.) .. 5,108
C. Majority .. .. 11,935 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,393. Turn-out 66%.
C 60.2%,. Lab 24.50,o. L 15.3°o. C laj. 35.7°.
1966: Total Vote 34,898 (72.2%).-
C. 19.783 (56°.7), Lab. 8,265 (23.7%L), L. 6,850 (19.6%). C. maj. 11,518 (33.00%).
Mr. Robert Cooke was returned at a by-election in 1957; contested Bristol, South-East, 1955. Chair- man, Conservative parliamentary broadcasting and communications committee, 1963-66, and vice chairman. arts and amenities group since 1964. Landowner and horti- culturist. B. May. 1930; ed. Downs School, Wraxhall; Harrow, and Christ Church College. Oxford. Introduced Fatal Accidents Act, 1959. Member, Bristol City Coun- cil 1954-57.
BRIXTON (Lambeth)
Electorate: 43.506. 1966: 47,615. *Lipton, M. (Lab.) .. 13.053 Harkess, J. W. (C.) .. 9,727
Lab. Majority.. .. 3,326 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,780. Turn-out 52%.
Lab 57.3,, C 42.7%. Lab Maj. 14.6%,.o
1966: Total Vote 27,134 (57.0%).-
Lab. 16,634 (61.3%), C. 10.500 (38.7%). Lab. maj. 6,134 (22.6%)...
Mr. Marcus Lipton was elected in 1945; contested Brixton, 1935. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1926). B. October, 1900; ed. Bede Grammar School, Sunderland, and Merton College. Oxford. Member, House of Commons Committee on Peti- tions, since 1966, and of P.L.P. committees on defence, finance, housing and local government since 1945. Aldermnan, Lambeth Borough Council, 1937-56; mem- ber, Stepney Borough Council, 1934-37.
BROMLEY
Electorate: 54,793. 1966: 49,533. *Hunt, J. L. (C.) .. 22.364 Spellar, J. F. (Lab.) .. 9,328 Crowe, D. E. A. (L) .. 5,982
C. Majority .. .. 13,036 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37.674. Turn-out 690% .
C 59.4%, Lab 24.8%, L 15.9%. C Maj. 34.6%.
1966: Total Vote 38,467 (77.7%).-
C. 20,117 (52.0%o), Lab. 10,290 (26.7%), L. 8,060 (21.0%6). C. maj. 9.827 (25.5Yo).
'Mr. John Hunt, elected in 1964, contested Lewisham, South, in 1959. Stockbroker. B. October, 1929; ed. Dulwich College. Mayor of Bromley, 1963-64, member, borough council 1953-64; alder- man since 1961. Chairman, all- party committee on U.K. citizen- ship since 1968, joint chairman, British and Caribbean Association, from 1968. Member, Estimates Committee.
BROMSGROVE
Electorate: 84,472. 1966: 76.476. Dance, J. C. G. (C.) .. 37,544 Davis, T. A. G. (Lab.) 26,670
C. Majority .. .. 10,874 NO CHANGE
Total ''ote 64,214. Turn-out 76%.
C 58.5,o, Lab 41.5%. C Maj. 17.0%0'.
1966: Total Vote 61,104 (80.2%,o).-
C. 32,400 (53.0%), Lab. 28,704 (47.0%). C. maj. 3.696 (6.0%). Mr. James Dance has held the seat since 1955; contested Rugby, 1950 and 1951. Member of Lloyds. director of wine and spirit company. B. May, 1907; ed. Eton. Former chairman, Rugby Conserv- ative Association and in 1950 was Hon. Secretary, Conservative and Unionist Adopted Candidates' Association.
BUCKINGHAM
Electorate: 72,691. 1966: 61,066.
Benyon, W. R. (C.) .. 28,08S *Maxwell, I. R. (Lab.).. 25,567 CornwaU, J. M. (L) .. 5,475
C. Majonfty .. .. 2,521 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 59,130. Turn-out 81%.
C. 47.5%, Lab. 43.3%, L. 9.3%. C. Maj. 4.2%o.
1966: Total Vote 52,368 (85.9%).-
Lab. 24,854 (47.40,o), C. i2,600 (43.2%), L. 4,914 (9.4°o). Lab. maj. 2,254 (4.3%).
Mr. William Benyon, farmer. B. January, 1930; ed. Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Member, Berl;shire County Council since 1960; Bradficld R.D.C.. 1960-62. Former chairman, Meriden Young Conservatives, and vice-chairman South Berkshire Conservative As- sociation. Served in the Royal Navy for nine years. Was on the staff of the Governor of Kenya during the Mau Mau emergency.
LEEDS (South)
Electorate: 49.759. 1%6: Rees, M. (Lab.) .. .. Macpherson, G. K (C.) Cooksey, S. (L) .. ..
49.474.
19,536 9,311 3,810
Lab. Majoriy .. .. 10,225 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,657. Tum-out 65%.
Lab 59.8%1, C 28.5%, L 11.7%. Lab Maj. 31.3%.
1966: Total Vote 33.698 (68.0%).-
Lab. 23,171 (68.8%), C. 9,813 (29.1 %), Comm. 714 (2.1 %). Lab. ma;. 13.358 (39.6%).
Mr. Merlyn Rees. Under Secre- tary, Home Office. 1968-70; Under Secretary for Defence for the R.A.F.. 1966-68- Under Secre- tary for Defence for the Army, 1965-66; was returned at a by- election in June, 1963. Contested Harrow, East, 1955 and 1959. Economics Lecturer. B. December, 1920; ed. Harrow Weald Grammar School, Goldsmith's College, and London School of Economics. Member, N.U.T., G.M.W.U.
LEEDS
(South-East)
Electorate: 29,973. 1966: Cohen, S. (Lab.)
Sexton, Mrs. M. (C.) .. Britten, A. (L.) .. Scott, B. (Comm.)
33,199. 10,930 5,182 1,135
198
Lab. Majority .. 5,748 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 17,445. Turn-out 58%.
Lab 62.7%. C 29.7%, L 6.5°o; Comm 1.1%. Lab Maj. 33.0%. 1966: Total Vote 20,406 (61.5%).-
Lab. 14,633 (719%), C. 5,743 (28.1 %/). Lab. maj. 8.890 (43.7%). Mr. Stanley Cohen, British Rail- ways clerical officer, contested Barkston Ash, 1966. B. July, 1927; ed. St Patrick and St Charles Roman Catholic Schools, Leeds. Alderman, Leeds City Council and .member, for 18 years. T.S.S.A.
LEEDS (West)
Electorate: 63,829. 1966: 60.176. *Pannell, T. C (Lab.) .. 21,618 Leitch, A. (C.) .. .. 14,749 Armitage, Mrs. P. (L.) .. 5,341
Lab. Majority .. 6,869 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,708. Turn-out 65%o.
Lab 51.8%', C 35A%, L 12.8°o. Lab Maj. 16.4%.
1966: Total Vote 43,336 (72.0%).-
Lab. 24,391 (56.3%), C. 13,883 (32.0%), L. 5,062 (11.7%). Lab. maj. 10,508 (24.2%).
Mr. Charles Pannell, Minister of Public Building and Works, 1964-66, was returned at a by- election in July, 1949. B. Sept- ember, 1902; ed. elementary and technical schools and National Council of Labour Colleges. En- gineer. A.E.U. since 1918. Select Committee on Law of Privilege, 1967; Committee of Privileges; Select Committee on Procedure, 1958-59, and Joint Select Commit- tee on House of Lords Reform, 1962. Walthamstow Borough Coun- cil, 1929-36, Erith Borough Council, 1938-55 (Mayor 1945-46), deputy leader Kent County Council Labour Group 1946-49.
LEEK
Electorate: 90,156. 1966: 79,880. Knox, D. (C.) .. .. 27,899 *Davies, H (Lab.) .. 26,359 Burman, R. M. (L.) .. 6,219
C. Majority .. 1,540 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 60,477. Turn-out 67%0.
C 46.1%o, Lab 43.6%00. L 10.3%. C Maj. 2.5%.
1966: Total Vote 62.907 (78.7 %).-
Lab. 35,334 (56.2%), C. 27,573 (43.8%). Lab. maj. 7.761 (12.3%).
Mr. David Knox, economnist and management consultant. B. 1933; ed. Lockerbie and Dumfries Acad- emies and London *University. Editor, Young Conservative Re- port, Law, Liberty and Licence.
LEICESTER (North-East)
Electorate: 43.562. 1966: 'Bradley, T. G. (Lab.) .. Heneage, P. E. F. (C.) Taylor, D. J. (Anti- Immigration) ..
41,772. 15,016 14,125
1,616
Lab. Majority .. 891 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,757. Turm-out 70%.
Lab 48.8%. C 45.9%, Anti lmm 5.3%. Lab Maj. 2.9%.
1966: Total Vote 31,479 (75.4%).-
Lab. 17.007 (54.0%), C. 10,769 (34.2%). L. 3,703 (11.8%). Lab. mai. 6,238 (19.8%).
Mtlr. Tom Bradley was elected at a by-election in July, 1962; contested Rutland and Stamford in 1950. 1951 and 1955 and Preston, South. in 1959. Railway clerk. B. April, 1926; ed. Kettering Central School. President, Trans- port Salaried Staffs' Association since 1964, treasurer 1961-64. Labour Party national executive since 1966. Northamptonshire County Council since 1952, alder- man since 1961; Kettering Borough Council, 1956-61. P.P.S. to Mr. Rov Jenkins since 1964.
LEICESTER (North-West)
Electorate: 53.417. 1966: Janner, G. E. (Lab.) .. Symington, S. J. (C.) .. Rogers, R. J. (L.)
Welford, R. E. (NaL Dem.) .. .. ..
48,605. 18,226 15.584 2,862
935
Lab. Majority . 2,642 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,607. Turn-out 70%,6.
Lab 48.50%, C 41.40%o, L 7.6%, Nat Dem 2.500. Lab Maj. 7.1%.
1966: Total Vote 35,837 (73.7%).-
Lab. 21,822 (60.9%), C. 14,015 (39.1 %). Lab. maj. 7,807 (21.8%). Mr. GreviIe Janner, aged 42, barrister, is the son of Sir Barnett Janner, who b%W thie sat for Labour from 1950 to 1970.
SHEFFIELD (Hillsborough)
Electorate: 46,718. 1966: 47,788. Darling, G. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. 18;775 Patnick, C. L (C.) .. 11,445
Lab. Majority .. 7,330 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,220. Turn-out 64%.
Lab Co-op 62.1%, C 37.8%. Lab Maj. 24.2%.
1966: Total Vote 33,573 (70.3%).-
Lab. & Co-op. 22,799 (67.9%), C. 10,774 (32.1 %). Lab. & Co-op. maj. 12,025 (35.8%).
Mr. George Darling, Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1964-68, was elected in 1960; contested Maccles- field, 1935. Became a party spokes- man on Board of Trade subjects and consumer protection. Engin- eer and former journalist. B. July, 1905; ed. elementary school and Liverpool and Cambridge Univer- sities. Head of research and in- formation department of the Co- operative Wholesale Society, 1930- 37.
SHIEFFIELD
(Park)
Electorate: 53,208. 1966: 47,165. *Mulley, F. W. (Lab.) .. 23,302 Renton, R T. (C.) .. 7,024 Morton, C. (Comm.) .. 637
Lab. Majority .. 16,278 NO C-ANGE
Total Vote 30,963. Turn-out 58%.
Lab 75.2%, C 22.6%°o, Comm. 2.0%o . Lab Maj. 52.6°A
1966: Total Vote 30,589 (64.8%).-
Lab. 24,550 (80.3%). C. 5,017 (16.4%), Comm. 1.002 (3.3%). Lab. maj. 19.533 (63.9%).
Mr. Frederick Mulley, Minister of Transport from October 1969; Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1967-69; Minister of Aviation. 1965-67; Deputy Secretary of State for Defence and Minister of Defence for the Armv. 1964-65; won the division in 1950; con- tested Sutton Coldfield in 1945. Member. Labour Party National Executive, 1957-58 and 1960-64; sponsored by Clerical and Adminis- trative Workers' Union. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954) and econ- omist. B. July, 1918; ed. Warwick School, Christ Church, Oxford, and St. Catherine's College, Cam- bridge.
SEIPLEY
Electoratc: 50,721. 1966: 45,895. Fox, J. M. (C.) .. .. 20.938 Free, N. (Lab.) .. .. 16,161 Micklem, A. M. (L) .. 4,468
C. Majority .. .. 4,777 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,567. Turn-out 82%.
C 50.3%, Lab 38.8°,o, L 10.7%. CMaj. 11.5%.
1966: Total Vote 39,736 (86.6 %).-
C. 18,466 (46.5%), Lab. 16,966 (42.7%), L. 4.304 (10.8%). C. maj. 1.500 (3.8%).
A1r. Mlarcus Fox contested Dewsbury. 1959, and Huddersfield. West. 1966. Company director and owner of textile finishing firm. B. June, 1927; ed. Wheelwright Gram- mar School. Dewsbury. Member, Dewsbury Borough Council, 1957- 65.
SHOREDITCH & FINSBURY
Electorate: 44,696. 1966: 45,883. *Brown, R. W. (Lab.) .. 14,474 Sims, R. E. (C,) .. .. 7,166
Lab Majority.. .. 7,308 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 21,640. Turn-out 48%.
Lab. 66.8%, C. 33.1%. Lab Maj. 33.7%.
1966: Total Vote 24,539 (55.2%).-
Lab. 17,456 (71.1 %), C. 5,957 (24.3%), Union Movement 1,126 (4.6%). Lab. maj. 11,499 (46.9%). Mr. Ronald Brown, elected in 1964. was an assistant Govern- ment whip. 1966-67. Former senior lecturer. B. September. 1921; ed. elementary school, South London, and borough polytechnic. Brother of Mr. George Brown. Alderman and leader, London Borough of Southwark since 1964. Leader, Camberwell Borough Council, 1956-64.
SHREWSBURY Electorate: 57,847. 1966: 'Langford-Holt, Sir J. (C.) Kent, P. A. (Lab.) .. Brodie, I. R. (L.) ..
C. Majority ..
50,784. 22,619 13,413 5,960 9,206
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,992. Turn-out 73%.
C 53.9%, Lab 31.9%, L 14.2%. C Maj. 22.0%.
1966: Total Vote 38.832 (76.9%).-
C. 17.569 (45.2%), Lab. 14,603 (37.6%). L. 6,660 (17.2%). C. maj. 2,966 (7.6%).
Sir John Langford-Holt was returned in 1945. Secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary labour committee for five years: B. June, 1916; ed. Shrewsburv School. Director James North and Sons; chairman of Ferro Metal and Chemical Corporation Ltd.. and vice-chairman of Authority Invest- ments Ltd.
SKIPTON
Electorate: 51.908. 1966: Drayson, G. B. (C.) .. Target, K. (Lab.)
Burns, Mrs. J. Y. L (L.)
C. Majority .. ..
47,448. 20,817 12,011 7,733 8,806
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,561. Turn-out 78%.
C 51.3%, Lab 29.6%, L 19.1%. C Maj. 21.7%.
1966: Total Vote 38,912 (82.0%).-
C. 17.532 (45.1%), Lab. 13.276 (34.1 %), L. 8,104 (20.8%). C. maj. 4,256 (10.9%).
Mr. Burnaby Drayson was elected in 1945. Company director. B. March, 1913; ed. Borlase School, Buckinghamshire. Member Stock Exchange, 1935-54. Forbears sat in Parliament as early as 1328. Vice-chairman, all party East-West Trade Committee.
SMETECICK
Electorate: 45,489. 1966; 44,960. Faulds, A. M. W. (Lab.) 16,077 Rathbone, B. B. (C.) .. 13,968 Gupta, M. (L.) ... .. 747
Lab. Majority .. 2,109 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,792. Turii-out 68%.
Lab 52.2%, C 45.3%, L 2.4%. Lab Maj. 6.8%.
1966: Total Vote 33,898 (75A%).-
Lab. 18,440 (54.4%), C. 14,950 (44.1%.), B.N.P. 508 (1.5%). Lab. maj. 3,490 (10.3%).
Mr. Andrew Faulds won the seat in 1966. Contested Stratford, 1964 and 1963 by-election. Actor. B. March, 1923; ed. George Wat- son's and Daniel Stewart's schools, Edinburgh, Louth Grammar School, Stirling High School, and Glasgow University. Council mem- ber, British Actors' Equity.
SOLIULL
Electorate: 81,013. 1966: 69,211. Grieve. W. P. (C.) .. 37,756 Gray, D. (Lab.) .. .. 13,181 Davis, R. A. (L.) .. 7,795
C. Majority .. ,: 24,575 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,732. Turn-out 73%.
C 64.2%, Lab 22.4%. L 13.2%. C Maj. 41.8%.
1966: Total Vote 51,768 (74.8°/).-
C. 34,008 (65.7%), Lab. 17,760 (34.3%). C. mai. 16.248 (31.4%). Mr. Percy Grieve, Q.C.. was elected in 1964: contested Lincoln by-election, March, 1962. B. March, 1915; ed. privately and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1938), Q.C. 1962. Recorder of Northampton since 1965; Assistant Recorder of Lei- cester, 1956-65, and deputy chair- man, Lincoln (Holland) Quarter Sessions from 1962. Member, Select Committee on Race Rela- tions and Immigration. Secretary, Anglo-French Parliamentary group; treasurer, Anglo-Benelux Parlia- mentary group.
SOMERSET
(North)
Electorate: 85,383. 1966: 72,803. *Dean, A. P. (C.) .. 38,975 Mitchard, J. T. (Lab.) .. 28,121
C. Majority .. . 10,854 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 67,096. Turn-out 79%.
C 58.0,. Lab 41.9%. C Maj. 16.1%.
1966: Total Vote 62,095 (85.3 %).-
C. 28.824 (46.4%), Lab. 26,526 (42.7 %). L. 6,745 (10.9 %). C. maj. 2,298 (3.7%).
Mr. Paul Dean, Opposition spokesman on social security, was elected in 1964. Contested Ponte- fract by-election. March. 1962. Farmer until 1956; resident tutor, Swinton College, 1956-57; joined Conservative research department, 1958; assistant director, 1962. B. September, 1924; ed. Ellesmere College, Shropshire, and Exeter College, Oxford. A company executive and former member of the goveming body of the Church of Wales.
SOUTHALL
Electorate: 56,289. 1966: 52,811. *Bidwell, S. J. (Lab.) . 19,389 Reeves, K. G. (C.) .. 15,166 Shaw, J. (Not. Front) 1,572
Lab. Majority 4,223 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36J27. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 53.6', C 41.9%, Nat Front 4.30%'. Lab Maj. 11.6%.
1966: Total Vote 37,399 (70.8%).-
Lab. 19,989 (53.4%), C. 14,642 (39.1%). B.N.P. 2,768 (7.4%). Lab. maj. 5,347 (14.3%).
Mr. Sydney Bidwell was elected in 1966. Contested Hertfordshire, South-West, 1964, Hertfordshire, East, 1959. Member, Select Com- mittee, Race Relations and Immi- gration. Former tutor and organizer for the National Council of Labour Colleges. Previously railway worker, N.U.R. and T.G.W.U. B. January, 1917; ed. elementary school and evening classes. Southall Borough Coun- cillor, 1951-55.
SOUTlAMPWTON
(Itchen)
Electorate: 81,470. 1966: 72,846. 'King, Dr. H. M. (Thb
Speaker) .. 29,417 Bray. E. (Nat. Dem.) .. 9,581 Phillips, B. (Ind.) .. 4,794
Majority .. 1 19,836 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,792. Turn-out 54%.
The Speaker 67.1%, Nat Dem 21.8%, Ind 10.9%. Maj. 45 3 O,
1966: Total Vote 35.680 (49.0%).
-Speaker 30A463 (85.4%), D.N.P.M. 5.217 (14.6%). Maj. 25,246 (70.8%).
Dr. Horace King, the first Speaker chosen from the Labour Party, was elected to the office in October, 1965. Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker from November, 1964. Elected for Itchen in 1955; represented Test division, 1950-55; contested New Forest and Christchurch, 1945. Headmaster of a Southampton secondary school, 1947-50. B. May, 1901; ed. Norton Council School, Stockton Secondary School and King's College, London Uni- versity. Doctor of philosophy. Alderman, Hampshire County Council. 1955-64; now hon. alder- man. Freeman of Southampton and Stockton-on-Tees.
SOUTHAMPTON
(Test)
Electorate: 71,189. .1966: 65,174. Hill, S. J. A. (C.) .. 24.660 Mitchell, R. C. (Lab.).. 22,858 Wallis, J. R. (L.) .. 4,349
C. Majority .. .. 1,802 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 51,867. Tlurn-out 73%.
C 47.5%, Lab 44.0%, L 8.3%. C Maj. 3.4%.
1966: Total Vote 50,918 (78.1%).-
Lab. 24,628. (48.4%), C. 22,188 (43.6%), L. 4,102 (8.1%). Lab. maj. 2,440 (4.8%).
Mr- James Hill, company direc- tor. B. December, 1924; ed. Regents Park School, Southamp- ton and Southampton University. Member, Southampton City Coun- cil since 1966; chairman of hous- ing committee. Committee member, Southampton Conservative and Ratepayers Federation.
SOUTHEND
(East)
Electorate: 58.057. 1966: 'McAdden, Sir S. 3. (C.) Clyne, P. R. (Lab.) ..
54,879. 24,025 17,065
C. Majority .. .. 6,960 NO CHANQE
Total Vote 41,090. Turn-out 71%.
C 58.40', Lab 41.5%. C Maj. 16.9%.
1966: Total Vote 42,228 (76.9%).-
C 19.125 (45.3%), Lab. 18,608 (44.1%). L. 4,495 (10.6%). C. maj. 517 (1.2%).
Sir Stephen MeAdden was elect- ed in 1950. Former export sales manager. B. November. 1907: ed. at L.C.C. schools and the Salesian School. Battersea. Member. Hack- ney Borough Council. 1935-45. Wanstead and Woodford Borough Council. 1945-48; and Essex County Council. 1947-48. Export sales director. Director. Copthall Holdings Ltd., Reid Walker Advertising Ltd.. and Camden Chemical Co. Ltd.
SOUTHEND
(West)
Electorate: 69,455. 1966: 64.487. *Channon, H. P. G. (C.) 29,304 Burstin, M. (Lab.) .. 12,419 Barnett, J. H. (L.) .. 7,077
C. Majority .. 16,885 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,800. Turn-out 70%,'.
C 60.0%. Lab 25.40,o. L 14.5%. C Maj. 34.6%.
1966: Total Vote 50.527 (78.4%).-
C. 25.713 (50.9%). Lab. 13,856 (27.4%), L. 10,958 (21.7%). C. maj. 11,857 (23.5%).
I'lr. Paul Channon, chief Oppo- sition spokesman on the Arts, and chairman of the Conservative committee on Arts and amenities, was a former spokesman on public building and works. Elected, at by-election in January, 1959. succeeding his father. Director of Guinness brewery, and other com- panies. B. October, 1935; ed. Lockers Park, Hemel Hempstead, Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Member of executive, 1922 Com- mnittee, 1965-66. Treasurer. Lister Instituto of Preventive Medicine.
SOUTHGATE
Electorate: 56,215. 1966:. 52,705. *Berry, A. G. (C.) .. 22.963 Bastin, R. B. (Lab. &
Co-op.) . .. 9,389 Bridge, G. J. (L.) .. 5,451
C. Majority .. .. 13,574 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,803. Turn-out 67%.
C 60.7%,. Lab 24.8%. L 14.4%. C Maj. 35.9%.
1966: Total Vote 39.593 (75.1°').-
C. 21,171 (53.5%), Lab. 9,743 (24.6%), L. 8,679 (21.9%). C. maj. 11,428 (28.9%).
Mr. Anthony Berry, elected in 1964, is deputy chairman of Leo- pold Joseph and Sons Ltd., mer- chant bankers, and a director of Anglo-Welsh Investment Trust Ltd. and Thanet Investment Trust Ltd. Former assistant editor of The Sunday Times and director of Kemsley Newspapers Ltd., 1954- 59. B. February, 1925: ed. Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. High Sheriff of Glamorgan, 1962: presi- dent, Welsh Games Council.
SOUTHPORT
Electorate: 65,139. 1966: 60,218. Percival, W. I. (C.) .. 22,950 Fearn, R. (L.) . . 13,809 George, B. T. (Lab.) .. 8,950
C. Majority .. .. 9,141 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,709. Tur-out 70%.
C 50.2%, L 30.2%, Lab 19.5%. C Maj. 19.9%.
1966: Total Vote 43.752 (72.7%).-
C. 22,324 (51.0%), Lab. 12,798 (29.3%), L. 8,630 (19.7%). C. maj. 9,526 (21.8%).
Mr. Ian Percival, Q.C., was elected in 1959; contested Batter- sea, North, 1951 and 1955. Barris- ter (Inner Temple, 1948); Q.C., 1963. B. May. 1921; ed. Latymer School and St Catherine's College, Cambridge. Vice-chairman, Con- servative parliamentary legal com- mittee. Fellow of Institute of Taxation. Member. Kensington Borough Council. 1952-59. Direc- tor of Research. Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Societv, 1963-65.
SOUTH SEHIELDS
Electorate: 75.648. 1966: 71.578. *Blenkinsop. A. (Lab.) .. 30.191 McKee, Dr. J. (C.) .. 19.960
Lab. Majority.. .. 10.231 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,151. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 60.2%, C 39.7%. Lab Mai. 20.4 .
1966: Total Vote 49,169 (68.7%).-
Lab. 31,829 (64.7%), C. 17,340 (35.3,). Lab. maj. 14.489 (29.5%).
Mr. Arthur Blenktnsop was elected in 1964; represented New- castle-upon-Tyne, East, 1945-59; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1949-51, and Ministry of Pensions, 1946-49. B. June, 1911; ed. Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, and College of Commerce, Newcastle. Chartered Secretary. Former vice-chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party; chairman, Parliamentary Labour Group on housing and local' government since 1964; member, Advisory Committee oll Drug Dependence and chairman, sub- committee on rehabilitation; mem- ber of executive committee and former chairman. Fabian Society-, chairman. Study Group on Leisure and the Countryside, and member, Standing Committee on Country- side, 1970.
SOUTHWARK
Electorate: 52,097. 1966: 54,997. *Gunter, R. J. (Lab.) .. 16,834 Gordon, J. (C.) .. .. 7,040 Hume, E. (Comn.) .. 1,128
Lab. Majority.. 9,794 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25,002. Turn-out 48%.
Lab 67.3%, C 28.1 %, Comm 4.5 %. Lab Maj. 39.1 %.
1966: Total Vote 29,713 (54.0%).-
Lab. 21,855 (74.0%), C. 6,454 (21.7%), Comm. 1,404 (4.7%). Lab. maj. 15,401 (51.8%).
Mr. Raymond Gunter was Minister of Labour 1964-68 and Minister of Power, April, 1968, to June, 1968. Represented the seat since 1959. M.P. for South- East Essex 1945-50, and for Doncaster 1950-51; contested Don- caster 1951 and 1955. Chairman, Labour Party. 1964-65; vice- chairman, 1963-64; member, national executive, 1956-66. Prin- cipal spokesman on power, 1960- 61. and subsequently on industrial affairs. B. August, 1909; element- ary education. Railwayman. Presi- dent, Transport Salaried Staffs Association, 1956-64. ,
SOWERBY
Electorate: 50,319. 1966: 48,834. *Houghton, A. L N. D.
(Lab.) .. .. 16,583 Burman, W. G. (C.) .. 16,114 Shutt. D. T. (L.) ,..5,137
Lab. Majority .. 469 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37.834. Turn-out 75%.
Lab 43.8%1, C 42.5%,. I. 13.5%. Lab Maj. 1.2%.
1966: Total Vote 37.952 (77.7%).-
Lab. 21,591 (56.9%), C. 16,361 (43.1 %). Lab. maj. 5,230 (13.8%). Mr. Douglas Houghton, Chan- ceUor of the Dueby of Lancaster, 1964-66; Minister without Port- folio, 1966-67; chairman of Parlia- mentary Labour Party since April, 1967. Elected in 1949. Chairman, Public Accounts Committee, 1963- 64. B. August, 1898; ed. Long Eaton Grammar School; former civil servant Secretary of the Inland Revenue Staff Federation from 1922 to 1960. Member of T.U.C. General Council, 1952-60. Chairman of staff side Civil Ser- vice National Whitley Council,
1955-57.
SPELTHORNE
Electorate: 69,103. 1966: 60,676. Atkins, H. E. (C.) . 27,266 Cheney, P. L. (Lab.) .. 18,239 Longland, R. H. (L).. 4,792
C. Majority .. .. 9,027 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50297. Turn-out 73%.'_
C 54.2%, Lab 36.25O, L 9.5°o C Maj. 17.9%.
1966: Total Vote 49,083 (80.9%).-
C. 22.473 (45.8%), Lab. 19,986 (40.7%), L. 6,624 (13.5%). C. maj. 2,487 (5.1 %).
Mr. Humphrey Atkins, an Oppo- sition whip since 1967, represented Merton and Morden from 1955 to 1970; contested West Lothian, 1951. Director of financial adver- tising agency. B. August, 1922; ed. Wellington CoUege. Vice-chair- man, management committee of Outward Bound Trust since 1966. Secretary, Conservative parliament- ary defence commnittee, 1965-67.
STAFFORD & STONE
Electorate: 75,087. 1966: 64.319. Fraser, H. C. P. J. (C.) 30,056 Stanworth, M. J. K. (Lab.) 20,380 Williams, W. (L.) .. 4.370
C. Majority .. .. 9,676 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,806. TInm-out 73%.
C 54.8%, Lab 3712%/0, L 7.9%. C Maj. 17.6%.
1966: Total Vote 51,100 (79.5%.).-
C. 25.259 (49.4%), Lab. 20,218 (39.6%), L. 5,623 (11.0%). C. maj. 5,041 (9.9%).
Mr. Hugh Fraser, appointed Secretary of State for Air in July, 1962, became Minister of Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 reorganization. Under-Secre- tary, Colonial Office, 1960-62, War Office, 1958-60. Member for Stone from 1945 to 1950, when he was returned for Stafford and Stone. B. January, 1918; ed. Ampleforth, Balliol College, Ox- ford (president of the Union). and the Sorbonne. Director Ionian Bank Ltd., A. I Welders Ltd., Blairs Engineers Ltd. (chairman), Building and Contracting Asso- ciates Ltd.. Liverpool .and Man- chester Investment Trust Ltd. (chairman). Steel Barrel Scammells and Associated Engineers Ltd. (chairman) and Sun Alliance and London Investment Ltd.
STALYBRIDGE & HYDE
Electorate: 64.281. 1966: 57,266. Pendry, T. (Lab.) .. 22,226 Rogerson. Col. J. E. (C.) 19,377 Cooke, R. (L.) .. 5,303
Lab. Majority .. 2,849 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,906. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 47.3%, C 41.3%, L 11.3%. Lab Maj. 6.0%.
1966: Total Vote 42,127(73.6X)-
Lab. 23,974 (56.9%), C. 18,153 (43.1 %). Lab. maj. 5,821.(13.8%). Mr. Thonms Pendry, full-time official of the National Union of Public Employees since 1960. B. June 1934; ed. St. Augustine's School. Ramsgate, and Plater Hall, Oxford: Member. Paddington Borough Council, 1962-65. Mem- ber, Industrial Law Society.
BUCKINGHAMSIERE
(South)
Electorate: 94,399. 1966: 82,728. *Bel1, R. M. (C.) .. .. 40.039 Davison, K. (Lab.) . 16.465 Fowler, 1. M. (L.) .. 11,750
C. Majority .. .. 23,574 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 68,254. Turn-out 72%!.
C. 58.7O!%, Lab. 24.1%, L. 17.2%. C. Maj. 34.6%,o.
1966: Total Vote 66.350 (80.3o).-
C. 33.997 (51.3%), Lab. 17,005 (25.6%, ), L. 15.348 (23.1°%). C. maj. 16,992 (25.6°,o).
Mr. Ronald Bell, Q.C., has held the seat since 1950. Contested Caerphilly by-election, 1939; won Newport by-election, 1945, losing the seat two months later at the general election. Barrister (Grav's Inn. 1938): Q.C., 1966. B. April. 1914: ed. Cardiff High School and Magdalen College. Oxford. A Con- servative spokesman oii defence. 1965-66: vice-chairman. Conserva- tive Parliamentarv Education Com- mittee. 1967-68; member. Select Committee on Education and Science.
BURNLEY
Electorate: 56.328. 1966: 52.948
Jones. D. (Lab.) .. 24,200 Birch, J. (C.) . . 14,46 Brownbill, G. (L) .. 3,446
Lab. Majority .. 9.354 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,492. Turn-out 75%.
Lab 56.9°,. C 34.90o, L 8.1%. Lab Maj. 12.0%.
1966: Total Vote 42.338 (80.0%).-
Lab. 25,583 (60.4%), C. 11,710 (27.7%,). L. 5.045 (11.9°). Lab. ma;. 13.873 (32.8%o).
iMr. Daniel Jones, engineer and A.E.F. official for 20 years, has represented the constituency since 1959; contested Barry, 1955. B. September, 1908: ed. Ynyshir (Rhondda) School and National Council of Labour Colleges, wbere he became a lecturer. Mlember. Select Committee for Parliament- ary Commissioner, and of P.L.P. trade union group.
BURTON
Electorate: 67,180. 1966: 60.034. *Jennings, J. C. (C.) .. 27,428 Truman, R. G. (Lab.) .. 23,063
C. Mlajority .. 4,365 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,491. Turn-out 75°o.
C 54.3%, Lab 45.7%.. C Maj. S.6 .
1966: Total Vote 47.269 (78.7° )-
C. 23.773 (50.30/), Lab. 23.496 (49.70%0). C. maj. 277 (0.6%).
Mlr. John Jennings Nvas elected in 1955: contested South-East Derbyshire, 1950 and 1951. Head- master. B. February, 1903; ed. grammar school, Bede College and King's College, Durham Univer- sity. Served on Seaham Urban Council for eight years. Member. Speaker's panel of chairmen from 1964. Sponsored by the N.U.T.
BURY & RADCLIFFE
Electorate: 74,954. 1966: 66,168. Fidler, M. G. C. (C.) .. 29.796 Hunt, D. V. (Lab.) .. 26.592
C. Majority .. .. 3,204 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 56,388. Turn-out 75%.0'-
C 52.80%, Lab 47.2°,b. C Maj. 5.6%.
1966: Total Vote 53,761 (81.20).-
Lab. 26,769 (49.8%/), C. 22.298 (41.5%), L. 4.694 (8.7%). Lab. maj. 4.471 (8.3 %).
Mr. Michael Fidler is a business consultant and textile specialist. B. February, 1916; ed. Salford Gram- mar School and Salford Royal Technical College. Prestwvich coun- cillor, 1951-63. alderman since 1963, mayor, 1957-58. President. Board of Deputies of British Jews; vice-chairman, World Conference of Jewish Organizations. Mlember, grand council of C.B.I.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS
Electorate: 78,119. 1966: 64.609. Griffiths, E. W. (C.) .. 36.6S8 Seager, C. J. V. (Lab.) .. 23.286
C. Majority .. .. 13.402 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59.974. Turn-out 77%.
C 61.20%, Lab 38.8%. C Ma;. 2 2. 4 %.'
1966: Total Vote 50.922 (78.9%).-
C. 27.782 (54.6°o), Lab. 23.140 (45.4%). C. maj. 4.642 (9.1 0,). Mr. Eldon Griffiths was re- turned at a by-election in May, 1964. Journalist. Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales since 1966. B. May. 1925; ed. Ashton Grammar School, Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge, and Yale Universit\. Served in the Conservative re- search department. Joint secre- tarv, Conservative Parliamentaryl Foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee: a British delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union; executive mem- ber of the British-Atlantic Asso- ciation, and British-American Parliamentarv Group. Chief European Correspondent of Wash- ington Post, 1961-63.
C
CAERNARVON
Electorate: 41.807. 1966: 40.121. Roberts, G. 0. (Lab.) . 1. 3.627 Lewis, R. (PI. Cymru) .. 11.331 Smith, Miss K. J. (C.) .. 6.812 Williams, Dr. J. A (L.).. 2.195
Lab. Majority.. .. 2.296 NO CHIANGE
Total Vote 33,965. Turn-out 81 %.
Lab 40.1%', P4 CymTu 33.4%, C 20.1%, L 6.5%. Lab Maj. 6.7%. 1966: Total Vote 31.456 (78.4%).-
Lab. 17,650 (56.1 %), C. 6.972 (22.2%), P1. Cymru 6.834 (21.7%). Lab. maj. 10.678 (33.99' ).
Mr. Goronwy Roberts, Minister of State, Board of Trade since 1969. Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. 1967- 69; Minister of State, Education and Science. 1966-67; Minister of State. Welsh Office, 1964-66; elected in 1945. University lec- turer. B. September. 1913; ed. Ogwen Grammar School and uni- versities of London and Wales. Former chairman, Hughes and Son, educational publishers. Wrex- ham
CAERPaHILLY
Electorate: 52,039. 1966: 46,180. *EvaiM, A. T. (Lab.) .. 24,972 Williams, P. (PI. Cymnru) 11,505 Price, P. N. (C.) .. 3,917
Lab. Majority .. .. 13,467 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,394. Turn-out 78%.
Lab 61.8 %, PI C}mru 28.5%, C 9.7%. Lab Maj. 33.30%..
1966: Total Vote 35,461 (76.7%).-
Lab. 26,330 (74.2%/), C. 5,182 (14.6%,o), P1. Cymru 3,949 (11.1%). Lab. maj. 21,148 (60.5%).
1968 By-election: Total Vote 35,366
(75.9%).-Lab. 16,148 (45.7%), PI. Cymru 14,274 (40.4%), C. 3,687 (10.4%), L. 1,257 (3.5%). Lab. maj. 1,874 (5.3%).
Mr. Alfred Evans was returned at a by-election in July, 1968;.con- tested Stroud, 1959, and Leo- minster, 1955. Former head- master. B. February, 1914; ed. Bargoed Grammar School and University of Wales, Cardiff. Former member, Gelligaer Urban Council. Member, Estimates Com- mittee and backbench committees for disabled persons, social services and the Middle East.
CAITHNESS & SUTHERLAND Electorate: 28,940. 1966: 26,781. *MacLennan, R. A. R.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 8,768 Mackie, G. Y. (L.) .. 6,063 Young, J. M. (C.) .. 5,334 Barr, D. G. (Scot. Nat.) 3,690
Lab. Majority 2,705 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 23,855. Turn-out 83°o
Lab 36.8%, L 25.4°, C 22.4°,
Scot Nat 15.4%so. Lab Maj. 11.4%.
1966: Total Vote 21,214 (79.2%).-
Lab. 8,308 (39.2%), L. 8,244 (38.9%), C. (22.0%). Lab. maj. 64 (0.3%).
MIr. Robert MacLennan won the seat for Labour in March, 1966. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1962). B. June, 1936; ed. Glasgow Academy, Oxford, and Columbia University, New York. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers; Estimates Com- mittee, 1967-69; Speaker's Confer- ence on Electoral Law; Latey Committee on the Age of Majority; Select Committee on Scottish Affairs, 1969-70.
CAIBRIDGE
Electorate: 65,905. 1966: 60,380. Lane, D. W. S. S. (C.).. 26,252 Scurfield, G. B. (Lab.) 21,191
C. Majority .. .. 5,061 NO CHANGE
Total Vote, 47,443. Turn-out 72%.
C 55.3%/, Lab 44.7%/o. C Maj 10.6%.
1966: Total Vote 48,302 (80.0%).-
Lab. 21,963 (45.5%), C. 20,972 (43.4%), L. 4,928 (10.2%), Ind. 439 (0.9%). Lab. maj. 991 (2.1 %).
1967 By-election: Total Vote 39,699
(65.7%)..-C. 20,488 (51.600), Lab. 14,510 (36.6%), L. 4,701 (11.8%). C. maj. 5,978 (15.0%). Mr. David Lane regained the seat for the Conservatives at a by- election in 1967, after contesting it in 1966, and Vauxhall, 1964. Bar- rister, called by Middle Temple, 1955. Formerly employed by British Iron and Steel Federation (1948-1959, secretary from 1956) and by Shell International Petro- leum Company (1959 to 1967). B. September, 1922; ed. Eton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Yale University. Secretary, Conserva- tive education committee, 1969-70.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Electorate: 78,713. 1966: 67,869. *Pym, F. L. (C.) .. .. 32,264 Hughes, J. N. (Lab.) .. 19,993 Brown, Mrs. M. M. (L.) 6.861
C. Majority . .. 12,271 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,118. Turn-out 75%.
C 54.6%, Lab 33.8%,, L 11.6%. C Maj. 20.8%.
1966: Total Vote 53,731 (79.2%b).-
C. 25,600 (47.60,v), Lab. 20,433 (38.0%v), L. 7,698 (14.3%). C. maj. 5,167 (9.6,).
Mr. Francis Pym. Opposition deputy chief whip 1967-70, vas retumed in the 1961 by-election; contested Rhondda West, 1959. Company diTector and farmer. B. February, 1922; ed. Eton and Mag- dalene College, Cambridge. Assist- ant Governrment whip, 1962-64; Opposition whip 1964-67. Mem- ber, Herefordshire County Council, 1958-61.
CANNOCK
Electorate: 90,556. 1966: 76,299. Cormack, P. T. (C.) . 32,665 *Lee, Miss J. (Lab.) .. 31,136
C. Majority .. .. 1,529 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 63,801. Turn-out 70%.
C. 51.2%, Lab. 48.8%/e. C. Maj. 2.40-
1966: Total Vote 56,215 (73.7%).-
Lab. 33,621 (59.8 %), C. 22,594 (40.2%'). Lab. maj. 11,027
(19.60%).
Mlr. Patrick Cormack, teacher, contested Grimsby, 1966; Bolsover, 1964. B May, 1939; ed St. James Choir and Havelock Schools, Grimsby; Hull University. Form- er vice-chairman, East Midlands Area Young Conservatives. Form- er member, Council of Historical Association.
CANTERBURY
Electorate: 80,774. 1966: 71.604. Crouch, D. L. (C.) . 33,222 Clother, H. G. N. (Lab.) 15,172 Gracie, D. C. P. (L.) 11.553
C. Majority .. 18.050 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,947. Turn-out 74%.
C 58.4%, Lab 25.3°,'. L 19.3%/.. C Maj. 30.1%.
1966: Total Vote 54,494 (76.1%).-
C. 27,160 (49.80%), Lab. 15,372 (28.20), L. 11,962 (22.0%o). C. maj. 11,788 (21.6%).
Mr. David Crouch was elected in 1966; contested Leeds, West, 1959. Marketing consultant. Direc- tor, David Crouch & Co. Ltd., Noble & Sanson Ltd., and Pfizer Group. B. June, 1919; ed. Univer- sity College School, London. Member, Institute of Marketing. Former vice-president, West Leeds Conservative Association.
CARDIFF
(North)
Electorate: 61,517. 1966: 59,092. Roberts, M. H. A. (C.) 21,983 Rowlands, E. (Lab.) .. 20,207 O'Brien, H. M. (L.) 2,701 Edwards, B. M. (Pi.
Clymru) .. .. 1,927 C Majority .. .. 1,776 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 46,818. Turn-out 76%.
C 46.9%, Lab 43.2%io, L 5.8%, P1 Cymru 4.10%. C Maj. 3.7%. 1966: Total Vote 46,666 (79.0%).-
Lab. 23,669 (50.7%), C. 22,997 (49.3%). Lab. maj. 672 (1.4%). Mr. Michael Roberts contested Cardiff, South-East in 1959 and 1955, and Aberdare in the 1954 by- election. Headmaster. B. May, 1927; ed. Neath Grammar School and University College, Cardiff. Former Welsh representative, National Youth Advisory Committee, and former chairman, Wales and Mon- mouthshire Area Conservative Political Centre Committee.
(South-East)
Electorate: 69,567. 1966: 65,394. Callagban, L. J. (Lab.) 26,226 Lloyd-Edwards, N. (C.) 20,771 Davies, R. (Pi Cymru) 2,585 Parsons, G. (Nat. Front) 982
Lab. Majority .. 5,455 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,564. Turn-out 730,.
Lab. 51.9%t, C 41.1%, P1 Cymru 5.1°', Nat Front 1.90°o. Lab Maj. 10.8%.
1966: Total Vote 51,618 (78.9%).-
Lab. 29,313 (56.80%), C. 18,476 (35.8%), L. 3,829 (7.4%,0). Lab. maj. 10,837 (21.0%).
Mr. James Callaghan Home Secretary since 1967, was Chancel- lor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967. Member, Labour Party national executive, 1957-67, and party treasurer since 1967. Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Admiralty, 1950-51, after three years as Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport. Labour spokesman on T r e a s u ry affairs, 1961-64. Elected for South Cardiff, 1945, and for Cardiff, South-East, 1950. B. March, 1912; ed. at elementary and Portsmouth Northern Second- ary Schools. Chairman, Committee on Road Safety, 1948-50; con- sultant to Police Federation, 1955- 64.
(West)
Electorate: 61,659. 1966: *Thomas, T. G. (Lab.) .. Williams, R. C. (C.) . Hughes, Dr. D. (P1. Cymru) . . Wanhill, S. (L.)
57,088. 21,655 15,878
4,378 1,594
Lab. Majority .. 5,777 NO CHAINGE
Total Vote 43,505. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 49.8%. C 36.5% , P1 Cymru 10.10',L3.7%. LabMaj. 13.3%. 1966: Total Vote 42,853 (75.1%).-
Lab. 26,139 (61.0%O), C. 16,714 (39.0%). Lab. maj. 9,425 (22.0%).
Mr. George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales since 1968, was elected in 1945 for Cardiff Central and in 1950 for Cardiff West. Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1967-68; Minister of State, Welsh Office, 1966-67; Under- Secretary, Home( Office, 1964-66. Teacher. B, January, 1909- ed. at Tonypandy Secondary School and University College, Southamp- ton. Chairman, Welsh Parliament- ary Party, 1958-59; vice-president, Methodist Conference, 1960-61.
CARDIGANSIIRE Electorate: 40,515. 1966: ' *Morgan, D. E. (Lab.) .. Lloyd Williams, H. C. (L.) Robert, H. W. J. (PI.
Cymru)
George, D. F. R. (C.) ..
37,553. 11,063 9,800
6,498 5,715
Lab. Majority .. 1,263 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33.076. Turn-out 82%1.
Lab 33.4%, L 29.6% , PI Cymru 19.6%/o, C 1i.3%,o. Lab Maj. 3.8%. 1966: Total Vote 30,443 (81.1 %).-
Lab. 11,302 (37.1 %), L. 10,779 (35.4%). C. 5,893 (19.4%), PI. Cymru 2,469 (8.1 %). Lab. Maj. 523 (1.7%,O).
Mr. Elystan Morgan, Under- Secretary, Home Office, 1968-70, won the seat for Labour in 1966. As a Plaid Cymru candidate con- tested Merioneth in 1964, and Wrexham. 1959. and the general election and by-election. 1955. Solicitor. B. December, 1932; cd. Ardwyn Grammar School. Aber- ystwyth, and University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
CARLISLE
Electorate: 52,649. 1966: 48,144. 'Lewis, R. HL (Lab.) .. 21,866 Marsden, B. A. (C.) .. 19,241
Lab. Majority .. 2,625 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,107. Turn-out 78%,.
Lab 53.2%', C 46.8%/O. Lab Mal. 6.4%. '
1966: Total Vote 40,203 (83.50% ).-
Lab. 22,565 (56.1%), C 17,638 (43.9%). Lab. maj. 4,927 (12.3%).
Mr. Ronald Lewis, elected in 1964, contested West Derbyshire, 1951. South Northants, 1955, and Darlington, 1959. Worked in shops section of British Rail. B. July, 1909; ed. elementary schools and Cliff Methodist College. Member, Derbyshire County Coun- cil since 1949; Blackwell R.D.C. since 1940 being chairman twice. Former president, Pleasley Co- operative Society.
CARLTON
Electorate: 90,109. 1966: 76,115. *Holland, P. W, (C.) .. 39,840 Bennett, C. (Lab.) .. 27,043
C. Majority .. .. 12,797 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 66,883. Turn-out 74%o.
C 59.6%, Lab 40.4%. C Maj. 19.2%.
1966: Total Vote 62,794 (82.7%).-
C. 28,635 (45.6%o), Lab. 24,589 (39.2%), L. 9,570 (15.2%). C. Maj. 4,046 (6.4%).
MLr. Philip Holland has repre- sented the constituency since 1966; M.P. for Acton, 1959-64; con- tested Birmingbam, Yardley, 1955. Personnel manager. B. March, 1917; ed. Sir John Deane's Gram- mar School, Northwich. Joint secretary, Conservative Parlia- mentary Employment and Pro- ductivity Committee, 1967-70; member, Public Accounts Commit- tee, 1967-70, and of Estimates Comiittee, 1966-67. Served on Kensington Borough Council, 1955-59.
CARMARTHEN
Electorate: 59,233. 1966: 55,669.
Jones, G. G. (Lab.) .. 18,719 Evans, G. (PI. Cymru) .. 14,812 Thomas. H. G. E. (L).. 10,707 Davies, L. H. (C.) .. 4,975
Lab. Majority .. 3,907 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 49,213. Turn-out 839.
Lab 38.0%, P1 Cymru 30.1%. L 21.7%, C 10.1%jlo. Lab Maj. 7.9%.
1966: Total Vote 45,963 (82.9%).-
Lab. 21,221 (46.2%/o), L. 11,988 (26.1%°0), P1: Cymru 7,416 (16.10%), C. 5,338 (11.6%). Lab. maj. 9,233 (20.1%).
1966 By-election: Total Vote 31,506
(74.9°).-P. Cymru 16,179 (39.0%, ), Lab. 13,743 (33.0%), L. 8,650 (21.0%°), C. 2,934 7.0%). Pl. Cymru maj. 2.436 (6.0%,,).
Mr. Gwynoro Jones, Labour Party research and public relations officer, Wales. B. November, 1942; ed. Gwendraeth Grammar School and Cardiff University. Nalgo.
CARSHALTON
Electorate: 71,607. 1966: 65,971. *Elliot, Ca-pt. W. (C.) .. 27,342 Baker, G. S. (Lab.) .. 16,896 Browne, J. H. G. (L.) .. 6,411
C. Majority .. .. 10,446 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,649. Turn-out 71 o.
C 53.9%, Lab 33.4%e, L 12.7%. C Maj. 20.5%.
1966: Total Vote 52.349 (79.4°o).-
C. 24,615 (47.0%), Lab. 18,746 (35.8°o). L. 8.988 (17.2%/O). C. maj. 5,869 (11.2%).
Captain Walter Elliot, was re- turned at a by-election in 1960. An economist. B. February, 1910; ed. at H.M.S. Conway, Royal Naval College, and London University. Joined R.N., 1929; specialized in naval aviation. English rugby in- ternational (seven caps); Navy boxing champion. Member of executive of Inter-Parliamentary Union; chairman, Anglo-Danish Parliamentary Group; vice-chair- man, Anglo-Tunisian Parliament- ary Group.
CHEADLE
Electorate: 107,925. 1966: 91,893. Normanton, T. (C.) .. 39,728 Winstanley, Dr. M. P. (L.) 37,974 Stott, R. (Lab.) .. .. 8,062
C. Majority .. .. 1,754 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 85,764. Turn-out 79%o.
C 46.3-, L 44.3%, Lab 9.4%. C Maj. 2.00%.
1966: Total Vote 75,731 (82.4%).-
L. 32,071 (42.3%,o), C. 31,416 (41.5%°), Lab. 12,244 (16.2%). L. maj. 655 (0.9°).
Mr. Tom Normanton contested Rochdale in 1964 and 1959. Indus- trialist and company director. B. March, 1917: ed. Manchester Gramrnar School, Manchester Uni- versity, and Manchester College of Technology. Appointed employer representative, National Board for Prices and Incomes, 1966; presi- dent, British Textile Employers Federation. Member. Textile Coun- cil advisory committee. and founder council member, Confed- eration of British Industry. Execu- tive member, United Kingdom Automation Council, and Cotton and Allied Textile Training Board. Vice-chairman, Manchester branch Institute of Directors. Former sec- retary, Rochdale Conservative Association.
CHELMSFORD
Electorate: 88,841. 1966: 73,535. *St. John-Stevas, N. A. F.
(C.) . . . 36,821 Kennedy, G. (Lab.) .. 23,780 Hunt, M,iss J. (L.) . . 5,811 Steel, J. D. (Ind.) .. 350
C. Majority .. 13.041 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 66,762. Turn-out 75°o.
C 55.2%, Lab. 35.6%. L 8.7%o, Ind 0.5%. C Maj. 19.6%.
1966: Total Vote 60,644 (82.50,%).-
C. 28,600 (47.2%0), Lab. 23,625 (39.0%'), L. 8,419 (13.9%/). C. maj. 4,975 (8.2%°).
Mr. Norman St. John-Stevas was elected in 1964; contested Dagen- ham in 1951. Barrister, author and journalist. B. May, 1929: ed. Ratcliffe College, Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge (president of the Union. 1950). Christ Church, Oxford and Yale University; called by Middle Temple, 1953. Secre- tary, Conservative, Parliamentary Home Affairs Committee, 1969; member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1968-69.
CHEILSEA
Electorate: 44,260. 1966: 43,336. *Worsley, W. M. J. (C.) 15,852 Madeley, R. J. (Lab.) .. 5,737 Beavan, A. H. (L.) .. 2,136 Luard, N. L. (Ind.) .. 514
C. Majority .. 10,115 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24.239. Turn-out 54%,.
C 65.40%, Lab. 23.70%o L. 8.8°c Ind. 2.1%°. C. Maj. 41.7%.
1966: Total Vote 27,336 (63.1%)-
C. 16.377 (59.9°,'), Lab. 7,674 (28.1%). L. 3,285 (12.0%o). C. maj. 8,703 (31.8%o).
Mr. Marcus Worsley, elected in 1966. Contested Keighley in 1955 and was member for that constit- uency from 1959 until his defeat in 1964. Farmer, landowner, and director of an hotel and an invest- ment company. B. April, 1925; ed. Eton and New College. Oxford. Programme assistant, B.B.C. Euro- pean Service, 1950-53. Secretary and vice-chairman Conservative Health and Social Security Com- mittee since 1966.
CHELTENHAM
Electorate: 60,571. 1966: 54,964. *Dodds-Parker, A. D. (C.) 22,823 Godwin, L. G. (Lab.) .. 14,213 Aldridge, D. G. (L.) .. 8,431
C. Majority .. .. 8,610 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,467. Turn-out 75%.
C 50.2%, Lab 31.3%, L 18.5%. C Maj. 18.9%.
1966: Total Vote 42,451 (77.3%).-
C. 22,683 (53.4%), Lab. 19.768 (46.6%). C. maj. 2,915 '6.9%). Mr. Douglas Dodds-Parker, elected for the division in 1964, represented Banbury, 1949-59. Under-Secretary, Foreign Office, 1953-54 and 1955-57; Under-Secre- tary, Commonwealth Relations Office, 1954-55. Vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary foreign affairs committee, 1964-70. Com- pany director. B. July, 1909; ed. Winchester and Magdalen College,
CHERTSEY
Electorate: 68,168. 1966: 59,844.
(ryAs. W. M. J. (C.) ..- 27.239 Slater, C. P. (Lab.) .. 15,653 Cook. F. (QL . .. 5,239
C. Majority .. .. 11.586 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,131. Turn-out 71%.
C 56.6%, Lab 32.5%, L 10.9%. C. Maj. 24.1%.
1966: Total Vote 46,667 (78.0%).-
C. 22,584 (48.4%), Lab. 16,231 (34.8%o), L. 7,852 (16.8%). C. Maj. 6,353 (13.6%).
Mr. Michael GryUs contested Fulham in 1964 and 1966. Chair- man and managing director of Costa Brava Wine Co. and H. & J. Wine Agencies Ltd. B. February, 1934; ed. Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and universities in Paris and Madrid. Member, G.L.C. (Cities of London and West- minster) 1967-70; chief whip, I.L.E.A. 1967-68; chairman, further and higher education sub-commit- tee. 1968. Member, Conservative Political Centre and Conservative Commonwealth Council. Fellow, Royal Institute of International Affairs.
CHESIER, CITY OF
Electorate: 68,369. 1966: 60,295. *Tem3ple, J. M. (C.) .. 25,877 Crawford, .J. (Lab.) .. 18,872 Tompkins, M. (L.) .. 4,978
C. Majority .. .. 7,005 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,727. Turn-out 730%.
C 52%, Lab 37.9%,f, L 10%. C Maj. 14.1 %.
1966: Total Vote 47,059 (78.0%).-
C. 21.673 (46.1%° ), Lab. 18,870 (40.1%), L. 6,516 (13.8%). C. Maj. 2,803 (6.0%,o).
Mr. John Temple was elected in the 1956 by-election. B. June, 1910; ed. Charterhouse and Clare College. Cambridge. Vice-presi- dent of the Association of Muni- cipal Corporations; the Rural Dis- trict Councils' Association, the Association of River Authorities; and the Salmon and Trout Asso- ciation; Vice-chairman of the Con- servative Party Finance Committee 1966-68. Member, Council of the Industrial Co-partnership Associa- tion; Inter-Parliamentary Union British Group, the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, and National Farmers' Union, since 1940. Chester rural councillor. Member, North Western Advisory Board, Abbey National Building Society.
CHESTERFIELD
Electorate: 71,600. 1966: 66,748. *Varley, E. G. (Lab.) .. 30,386 Ramsden. J. C. (C.) 16,217 Bamford, T. D. (L. .. 4,891
Lab. Majority .. 14,169 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,494. Turn-out 72%b.
Lab 59.0%, C 31.5% -, L 9.5 %. Lab Maj. 27.5%.
1966: Total Vote 51.212 (76.7%).-
Lab. 31,542 (61.6%), C. 13,443 (26.2%'), L. 6,227 (12.2%). Lab. maj. 18,099 (35.30%!).
Mr. Eric Varley, Minister of State, Technology and Power, since 1969: assistant Government whip, 1967-69. Has held the seat since 1964. Craftsman in mining indus- try. B. August, 1932; ed. secondary school, technical college, and Rus- kin College, Oxford. Member, Derbyshire area executive of National Union of Mineworkers, 1956-64.
CHESTER-LE-STREET
Electorate: 64,216. 1966: 56.345. *Pentland, N. (Lab.) .. 33.694 Rarnshaw. D. (C.) . 13,363
Lab. Majority .. 20,331 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,057. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 71.6%. C 28.4%,o. Lab Maj. 43.20.
1966: Total Vote 42,187 (74.9°').-
Lab. 32,467 (77.0%), C. 9,720 (23.0%). Lab. maj. 22,747 (53.900).
Mr. Nonnan Pentland, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications since 1969; Under Secretary. De- partment of Health and Social Security, 1968-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1964-68. Returned at by-election, Septem- ber, 1956. Colliery checkweigh man. B. September, 1912; ed. Dur- ham county school and National Council of Labour colleges. Mem- ber, Chester-le-Street Council, 1946-56; chairman, 1952-53. Mem- ber, Durham Miners' Association executive committee, 1952-53.
CHICHESTER
Electorate: 87,543. 1966: 74,951. *Chataway, C. J. (C.) .. 38,120 Sandelson, N. D. (Lab.) 12,574 Kinsella. D. G. (L.) .. 10,205
C. Majority .. 25,546 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 60,899. Turn-out 69%.
C 62.6%, Lab 20.60,10 L 16.7%. C Maj. 42.0%,.
1966: Total Vote 54,856 (73.2%).-
C. 31,358 (57.2%), Lab. 13,784 (25.1%), L. 9,714 (17.7%). C. maj. 17,574 (32.0%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote 43,102
(53.40). -C. 31,966 (74.2%o), L. 5,879 (13.6%o), Lab. 5,257 (12.20). C. maj. 26,087 (60.6%). Mr. Christopher Chataway, Opposition spokesman on environ- ment and pollution, was elected in the May, 1969, by-election. Elected at Lewisham, North, in 1959, but lost the seat in 1966. Opposition spokesman on overseas development, 1965-66. Became Under-Secretary for Education and Science in the 1964 reorganization; former Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Education. Broad- caster, journalist, and company director. B. January. 1931; ed. Sherborne and Magdalen College, Oxford. Alderman and leader, Inner London Education Author- ity, 1967-69; member, L.C.C. 1958- 61. Held world record for 5.000 metres in 1954; represented Britain in Olympic Games, 1952, 1956. Director of Haymarket Press Ltd., and of National Advertising Cor- poration.
CHIGWEUL
Electorate: 61,468. 1966: 54,443. *Biggs-Davison, J. A. (C.) 26,404 Sheaff, W. J. (Lab.) .. 17,972
C. Majority .. .. 8,432 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,376. Tiarn-out 72%.
C. 59.5%0, Lab. 40.5%. C. mnaj. 19.0,.
1966: Total Vote 44,251 (81.3°b).-
C. 20,906 (47.2%), Lab. 18,338 (41.4%), L. 5,007 (11.3%). C Maj. 2,568 (5.8%).
Mr. John Biggs-Davison, elected in 1955, contested Coventry, South, in 1951. Author, journalist, and broadcaster. B. June 1918; ed. Clifton College and Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. Assistant Commis- sioner and magistrate in the Punjab, 1954, he was political offi- cer, deputy commissioner. and commandant, border militarv police, Baluchistan frontier. Sec- retary, Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth affairs commit- tee; vicejpresident, Pan-European Union; and chairman. British Com- monwealth Union. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. Co- founder of Pakistan Society, 1951.
C*IPPENHAM
Electorate: 63,745. 1966: 54,717. Awdry, D. (C.) .. .. 24,371 Wingfield, Mrs. M. E. (L.) 13,833 Eddie, J. (Lab.) .. .. 10,807
C. Majority 10,538 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,011. Turn-out 77%
C 49.7°%, L 28.2%, Lab 22.1%. C Maj. 21.5%.
1966: Total Vote 46,113 (82.8b).-
C. 18,275 (39.6%), L. 17,581 (38.1 %), Lab. 10,257 (22.2%). C. maj. 694 (1.5%).
Mr. Daniel Awdry was returned at a by-election, November, 1962. Solicitor. B. September, 1924; ed. Winchester College and Sandhurst. Mayor of Chippenham, 1956-57. President, Southern Boroughs Association, 1957-58. Secretary, Conservative Transport Commit- tee, 1963-70.
CHISLEHURST
Electorate: 66,964. 1966: 59,895. Hornsby-Smith. Dame P.
(C.) .. .. .. 24,650 *Macdonald, A. H. (Lab.) 21,287 Coverson, R. (L.) . 4,268
C. Majority . 3,363 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 50,205. Turn-out 75%,o.
C.49.1%. Lab. 42.4°, L 8.5°. C Maj. 6.7%,
1966: Total Vote 50,465 (84.3%).-
Lab. 22,757 (45.10%), C. 21,947 (43.5%), L. 5,761 (11.4%). Lab. maj. 810 (1.6%).
Dame Patricia Hornsby-Smith held the seat for the Conservatives from 1950 to 1966. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1959-61; Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health. 1951-57, and Under-Secre- tary, Home Office, 1957-59. Direc- tor, Andre Bernard Ltd., and Sutton Harbour Improvement Co., Ply- mouth. B. March, 1914: ed. Rich- mond Grammar School. Council member, Investor's and Share- holders' Association; Chairman, appeal committee, Arthritis and Rheumatism Council. Member, London Housing Society; Barnes Borough Council, 1945-49.
CHORLEY
Electorate: 71,869. 1966: 61,551. Monks, Mrs. C. M. (C.) 26,577 Forwood, D. A. (Lab.).. 24,900 Payne, G. (L.) .. .. 4,428 Elder, B. (Anti-Party) .. 334
C. Majority .. .. 1,677 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 56,239. Turn-out 78%.
C 47.3%. Lab 44.3%, L 7.90o, Anti Party 0.6%,. C Maj. 3.0%. 1966: Total Vote 49.894(81.1°).-
Lab. 27,319 (54.8°o), C. 22.575 (45.2%0). Lab. maj. 4,744 (9.5%). Mrs. Constance Monks, teacher, contested the seat in 1966. B. May, 1911; ed. Chorley Grammar School and City of Leeds Train- ing College. Chorley borough councillor, 1947-67; alderman since 1967; mayor 1959-60.
CIRENCESTER & TEWKESBURY
Electorate: 73,266. 1966: 63,568. *Ridley, N. (C.) .. .. 30,217 Lovell, H. G. (Lab.) .. 16,131 Robinson, D. (L.) .. 7,593
C. Majority 14,086 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,941. Turn-out 7;'4.
C 56.00', Lab 29.9%o, L 14.1°%. C Maj. 26.1%.
1966: Total Vote 47,609 (74.9°o).-
C. 27,690 (58.2%o), Lab. 19,919 (41.8%). C. Maj. 7,771 (16.30o). Mr. Nicholas Ridley, Opposi- tion spokesman on technology and trade, 1969-70, elected in 1959. Vice-chairman of the Conservative labour relations committee and power committee, he was a spokes- man on defence,. 1965-66. Con- tested Blyth, 1955. Civil engineer and company director. B. Febru- ary. 1929; ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Member, Royal Commission on Historical Manu- scripts, and the Advisory Com- mittee on Public Records.
CLAPHAM (WANDSWORTII)
Electorate: 53,180. 1966: 51,885. Shelton, W. J. M. (C.) .. 16,593 Pitt, Dr. D. (Lab.) .. 13,473 Thwaites, E. G. (L.) . 2,982 Simpkins, F. E. (S.P.G.B.) 220 Boaks, Cmdr. W. (Ind.) 80
C. Majority .. .. 3,120 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 33.348. Turn-out 62%.
C. 49.7%, Lab 40.4%, L 8.9%'. S.P.G.B. 0.6%, Ind 0.2%. C Maj. 9.3%.
1966: Total Vote 37,902 (73.0%).-
Lab. 19,555 (51.6%), C. 15,379 (40.6%), L. 2,968 (7.8%). Lab. maj. 4,176 (11.0%).
Mr. William Shelton, managing director of two advertising agencies. B. October, 1929: ed. Radley College, Tabor Academy, Massachusetts, and Worcester Col- lege. Oxford. Elected G.L.C., 1967; chief whip, I.L.E.A., 1968. Gover- nor, Chelsea School of Art. Manag- ing director, Colman, Prentis and Varley (International) Ltd.
CLEVELAND
Electorate: 92.978. 1966: 78,832. Tinn, J. (Lab.) .. .. 36,213 Price, P. C. (C.).. .. 31,130
Lab. Majority.. 5,083 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 67,343. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 53.8%, C 46.20%o Lab Maj. 7.6%.
1966: Total Vote 63,955 (81.15%).-
Lab. 34,303 (53.6%), C. 22,423 (35.1%,b), L. 7,229 (11.3%). Lab. maj. 11,880 (18.6%).
Mr. James Tinn was elected in 1964. B. August, 1922; ed. ele- mentary school and Ruskin Col- lege and Jesus College, Oxford. Former teacher, union official and steelworker. Chairman, trade union group of Labour Mv.P.s Member, Select Committee on Overseas Development, 1969-70. Former branch secretary, National Union of Blastfurnacemen.
CL1TEHEROE
Electorate: 50,179. 1966: Walder, A. )D. (C.) .. Bodfish, K. C. (Lab.) .. MacMillan, Mrs. V. I.
(L.) . .
44,822. 20,430 14.158 4.965
C. Majority .. .. 6,272 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,553. Turn-out 79%.
C.51.7%, Lab 35.8%, L 12.6%. C Maj 15.9%.
1966: Total Vote 37,426 (83.5%).-
C. 17,244 (46.1%A), Lab. 15,014 (40.1%), L. 5,168 (13:8%). C. maj. 2,230 (6.0%).
Mr. David Walder represented High Peak 1961-66; contested Leicester, South-West, 1969. Bar- rister, author and publisher. B. November, 1928; ed. Latymer School and Christ Church, Oxford. Chairman Wemnbley South Con- servative Xssociation, 1958-59.
COATBRIDGE & AILRDRIE
Electorate: 58,674. 1966: 53,611. *kMpsey, J. (Lab.) .. 26,117 Rennie, W. J. (C.) .. 15,574 Brown, W. G. (Scot. Nat.) 2,667
Lab. Majority 10,543 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,358. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 58.9%, C 35.1%, Scot Nat 6.00,%'. Lab Maj. 23.8,o.
1966: Total Vote 41,268 (77.3 %).-
Lab. 26,491 (64.2%,), C. 14,777 (35.8%). Lab. maj. 11,714 (28.4 °,o).
Mr. James Dempsey, elected in 1959, was a clerk with a haulage firm, later a lecturer on political economy and a writer on local government. B. February, 1917; ed. Holy Family School, Mossend, Co-operative College, Lough- borough, and National Council of Labour Colleges. Member, Lan- arkshire County Council since
COLCHESTER
Electorate: 75,358. 1966: 64,843. *Buck, A. (C.) .. .. 30,562 Bartlett, J. G. (Lab.) .. 20,325 Watts, P. S. (1.L . .. 7,248
C. Majority .. .. 10,237 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,135. Turn-out 77%.
C 52.6%, Lab 34.9%, L 12.5%. C Maj. 17.7%.
1966: Total Vote 53,339 (82.30).-
C. 24,320 (45.6°,), Lab. 23,305 (43.7%""), L. 5,714 (10.7%), C. maj. 1,015 (1.9%).
Mr. Antony Buck was returned at a by-election in March, 1961. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954) and director of family agricultural merchants business. Secretary, Conservative Home Affairs Com- mittee, 1964-70. B. December, 1928; educated King's School, Ely, and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Legal adviser, National Association of Parish Councils, 1957-59. Com- mittee member of Bow Group for four years, and secretary for two years.
COLNE VALLEY
Electorate: 58,952. 1966: 52,555. Clark, ID. G. (lab.) .. 18,896 Wain-.right, R. S. (L.) .. 18,040 Davy, K. E. (C.) .. 10,417
Lab. Majority .. 856 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 47,353. Turn-out 80%.
Lab 39.9%,, L 38.1%, C 21.9°%o. Lab Maj. 1.8%.
1966: Total Vote 45,299 (86.2/).-
L. 22,006 (48.6%), Lab. 19,507 (43.1 o), C. 3.786 (8.4%). L. Maj. 2,499 (5.5°).
Mr. David Clark, university lecturer, contested Manchester, Withington, 1966. B. October 1939; ed. Windermere Gramnar School and Manchester University, chairman of university Labour Club and president of the Union, 1963-64. Member. Association of University Teachers. Author of books on management.
CONSETT
Electorate: 58,573. 1966: 55,246. *Watkins, D. J. (Lab.) .. 28,985 Trotter, N. G. (C.) . 11,914
Lab. Majority .. 17,071 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,899. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 70.9%O, C 29.1%o. Lab Maj. 41.8°,o-
1966: Total Vote 40,611 (73.5%).-
Lab. 29,753 (73.3%,O), C. 10,858 (26.7°%). Lab. maj. 18,895 (46.5%).
Mr. David Watkins was elected in 1966. Contested Bristol, North- West, 1964. Engineer. B. August, 1925; ed. secondary school and Bristol College of Technology. Member, Bristol City Council, 1954-57, and Bristol Education Committee, 1958-66. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1967-69 Secretary, AE.U. Parhamentary Group.
NORWVICH
(North)
Electorate: 43.841. 1966: 38,580. Walliace, G. D. (Lab.) .. 18,564 Turner, A. E. (C.) . 1,868 Fairhead, C. C. (Ind.
Progressive) .. .. 658 Lab. Majority .. 6,696 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,090. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 59.70O, C 38.1%, Ind 2.1%. Lab Maj. 21.5%.
1966: Total Vote-28,628 (74.2%).-
Lab. 18,777 (65.6%), C. 9,851 (34.4%). Lab. maj. 8,926 (31.2%). Mr. George Wallace was elected in 1964; contested the seat in 1951 and 1954 and Norwich, South, in 1959. Represented Chislehurst 1945-50; Govemment whip, 1947- 50. Former Office manager in imported meat trade. B. April, 1906; ed. Central School, Cheltenham. Member, Estimates Committee, 1965-70. Member, Parliamentary panel T. & G.W.U.; vice-chairman, communications group, P.L.P. Chairman, East Anglian group, P.L.P. Vice-presi- dent, Norwich Chamber of Com- merce. Member Chislehurst- Sidcup U.D.C. 1937-46, Kent County Council 1952-57.
NORWICH
(South)
Electorate: 46,765. 1966: 42,045. Stuttaford, Dr. I. T. (C.) 17,067 Ascher, C. F. (Lab.) .. 16.241 Parker, Mrs. L. (L.) .. 3,031
C. Majority .. .. 826 CONSERVATIVE GAIN I
Total Vote 36,339. Tum-out 78%.
C 46.9%, Lab 44.7%. L 8.4%. C Maj. 2.2%.
1966: Total Vote 34,971 (83.2%).-
Lab. 19,163 (54.8%), C. 15.808 (45.2%). Lab. Maj. 3,355 (9.6%). Dr. Thomas Stuttaford is a general practitioner. B. May, 1931; ed. Greshams School and Brasenose College, Oxford. Member, Norwich City Council; forner member, Norwich Rural Council. M.P.U.
NORWOOD
(Lambeth)
Electorate: 54,637. 1966: 54.592. *Fraser, J. D. (Lab.) .. 16,634 Temple-Morris, P. (C.).. 16,003 Hawthorne. E. (L.) .. 2,436
Lab. Majority.. .. 631 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,073. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 47.4%. C 45.6%, L 6.9%. Lab Maj. 1.8 % .
1966: Total Vote 39,189 (71.8%).-
Lab. 19,103 (48.7 %), C. 16,830 (42.9%), L. 3,256 (8.3%). Lab. Mr. John Fraser won the seat for Labour in 1964. Solicitor. B. June. 1934; ed. Sloane Grammar School and Law Society College. N.U.G.M.W. Chairman of P.L.P. Greek Democratic Committee. Member, Select Committee on Education and Science, 1967-68- Lambeth Borough Council, 1962-65 Borough of Lambeth until 1968. and Council of the London Founder member Co-operative (Housing) Development Society. P.P.S. to Mrs. Barbara Castle.
NOTTINGHE4M
(Central)
Electorate: 52,950. 1966: 53,542. *Dunnett, J. J. (Lab.) .. 17,638 Brook Partridge. B. (C.) 14,079
Lab. Majority .. .. 3,559 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,717. Turn-out 60%.
Lab 55.6%, C 44.3°,'. Lab Maj. 11.2%.
1966: Total Vote 36,270(67.7%).-
Lab. 21,348 (58.9%), C. 14,922 (41.1%). Lab. mai. 6.426 (17 7%). Mr. Jack Dunnett, who won the seat in 1964, is a solicitor. B. June, 1922; ed. Whitgift Middle School, Croydon; Downing Col- lege, Cambridge. Member, Middle- sex County Council, 1958-61; Enfield Borough Council, 1958-63; Greater London Council, 1964-67. Chairman, Notts County P.C.
NOTtINGHAM
(North)
Electorate: 71,051. 1966: *Whitlock, W. C. (Lab.) .. Derbyshire, W. (C.) .. Edwards. Mrs. M. V. (L.) Peck, ]. H. (Comm.) ..
67,321. 25,898 18,616 3,763
741
Lab. Majority .. .. 7,282 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,018. Turn-out 69%.
Lab 52.8%sX, C 37.9%, L 7.6%. Comm 1.5%. Lab Maj. 14.8%. 1966: Total Vote 49,839 (74.0%).-
Lab. 30.260 (60.7%). C. 18,509 (37.1%), Comm. 1,070 (2.1%). Lab. maj. 11,751 (23.6%).
Mr. William Whitlock was Under Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 1967-69; Deputy Chief Whip and Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, March-July, 1967; Comptroller of the Household, 1966-67: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, March-July 1966; Vice-Chamber- lain of the Household, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Opposition whip. 1962-64. Former area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B. June, 1918; ed. Itchen Grammar School, Southampton, and Southampton University. President, Leicester Labour Party 1956-57; president, East Midlands regional council 1962-63.
NOrTINGHM
(South)
Electorate: 71,566. 1966: Fowler, P. N.. (C). . *Perry, G. H. (Lab.)
64,597. 26,762 23,031
C. Majority .. .. 3,731 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 49,793. Turn-out 70%.
C 53.7%, Lab 46.3%: C Maj 7.4%1'.
1966: Total Vote 48,844 (75.6%).-
Lab. 24,580 (50.3%); C. 24,264 (49.7%). Lab. maj. 316 (0.6%).
Mr. Norman Fowler, Home Affairs correspondent of The Times. B. 1938; ed. King Edward VI School, Chelmsford and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Chairman, Uni- versity Conservative Association. Member, Bow Group and N.U.J. On editorial board of. Crossbow since 1961, and author of Bow group pamphlets.
CONWAY
Electorate: 48.933. 1966: 45,825. Roberts, 1. W. P. (C.) .. 16,927 *Davies, G. E. H. (Lab.).. 16,024 Thomas, D. E.
(P1. Cymru) .. .. 4,311 Morris, E. L. (L.) .. 2,626
C. Majority .. .. 903 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,888. Turn-out 81%.
C. 42.4%, Lab 40.2%, P1 Qniru 10.8%,o, L 6.6%. C. Maj. 2.2%. 1966: Total Vote 38,377 (83.7%).-
Lab. 18,203 (47.4%,,), C. 17,622 (45.9%'), PI. Cymru 2,552 (6.7%). Lab. maj. 581 (1.5%).
Mr. Wyn Roberts, television ex- ecutive and journalist; formerly Welsh Controller, T.W.W. Ltd. and a former executive of Harlech Television. B. July 1930; ed. Beaumaris County School, Harrow, and University College, Oxford.
CORNWALL
(North)
Electorate: 48,254. 1966: 43,480. -Pardoe, J. W. (L.) .. 19,863 Day, S. J. (C.) .. 19,233 Hill, E. W. J. (,Lab.) .. 1,741
L. Majority .. .. 630 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40.837. Tarn-out 85% .
L. 48.6%, C. 47.1%. Lab. 4.3%. L. maj. 1.5%.
1966: Total Vote 38,059 (87.5b).-
L. 18,460 (48.5%), C. 16,952 (44.5%), Lab. 2,647 (7.0%). L. Maj. 1,508 (4.0%°).
Mr. John Pardoe won the seat from the Conservatives in 1966; contested Finchley, 1964. Treasurer, Liberal Party, 1968-69. Consultant to an independent television com- pany. B. July, 1934: ed. Sherbome School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Consultant to National Association of Schoolmasters since 1967. Liberal spokesman on educa- tion.
COVENTRY
(East)
Electorate: 87,212. 1966: 78,131. *Crossman, R. H. S.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 36,275 Jones, M. E. (C.) .. 24,010 Hosey, J. (Comm.) .. 841
Lab. Majority .. 12,265 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61,126. Turn-out 70% 1.
Lab 59.3°, C 39.3%,0. Comm 1.4%. Lab Maj. 20.0%.
1966: Total Vote 60.421 (77.30,).-
Lab. 36,757 (60.8%), C. 18,061 (29.9%), L. 4,235 (7.0%), Comm. 1,368 (2.3%). Lab. maj. 18,696 (30.9%0).
Mr. Richard Crossman became Secretary of State for Social Ser- vices in 1968 when the Ministries of Health and Social Security were merged. Lord President of the Council, 1966-68; Minister of Housing and Local Govenment, 1964-66. Member, Labour Party national executive, 1952-67; party chairman, 1960-61. Journalist. Represented Coventry. East, since 1945; contested West Birmingham, 1937. B. December, 1907; ed. Winchester and New College, Oxford. Tutor in philosophy at New College, Oxford, 1930-37. Leader, Labour group, Oxford City Council, 1934-39. Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office, 1940-43, and assist- ant chief in psychological warfare at General Eisenhower's head- quarters, 1943-45.
(North)
Electorate: 57,082. 1966: 53,948. Edelman, M. (Lab.) .. 24,004 Tuckman, F. A. (C.) .. 18,344
Lab. Majority . .. 5,660 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,348. Turn-out 74%..
Lab 56.7%, C 43.3%. Lab Maj. 13.40.
1966: Total Vote 42,433 (78.9%).-
Lab. 25,170 (59.3°'%), C. 17,263 (40.7%,). Lab. maj. 7,907 (18.6%).
Mr. Maurice Edelman has held the seat since 1950. Represented Coventry, West, 1945-50. Journ- alist and author. B. March, 1911; ed. Cardiff High School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Vice- chairman of the British Council, 1951-67, and vice-chairman of the Franco-British Parliamentary Rela- tions Committee. Member, N.UJ. Joint-chairman, all-party films committee and member of Com- mons aviation group. Chairman, Socialist Group, Western European Union.
(South)
Electorate: 78,138. 1966: 70,983. Wilson, W. (Lab.) .. 30,010 Gardiner, G. A. (C.) .. 27,816
Lab. Majority.. .. 2,194 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,826. Turn-out 74%.
Lab 51.9%, C 48.1 %o. Lab. Maj. 3.80.
1966: Total Vote 56,934 (80.2%).-
Lab. 31,237 (54.9%), C. 25,697 (45.1%vo). Lab. maj. 5,540 (9.7%). Mr. William Wilson was elected in 1964. Contested Warwick and Leamington in 1951, 1955, 1957 (by-election), and 1959. B. June, 1913; ed. elementary school. Coventry Technical College, and Birmingham University. Solicitor. Leader of the Labour group in Warwickshire County Council. to which he was elected in 1958. Sponsor of the Divorce Reform Act, 1969. Member of Labour back-bench committees on educa- tion, Home Office affairs, social security, art and culture.
CREWE
Electorate: 57,819. 1966: 52,370. Allen, S. S. (Lab.) .. 22,160 Goodlad, A. R. (C.) .. 18,678
Lab. Majority 3,482 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,838. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 54.30, C 45.7%lo. Lab Maj. 8.6%/0.
1966: Total Vote 39,571 (75.6%).-
Lab. 24,140 (61.0%), C. 15,430 (39.0%). Lab. maj. 8,710 (22.0%).
*Ir. Scholefield-Allen, Q.C., won Crewe from the Conservatives in 1945. B. January, 1898; ed. Birkenhead Institute and Liverpool University. Barrister (Gray's Inn. 1923), Q.C., 1945. Member of Manx Bar. Recorder of Black- bum, 1947-69. Treasurer of the British-American Parliamentary Association; member of the execu- tive committee of the British Commonwealth Parliamentary As- sociation, 1963-70. Vice-chairman of the British branch of the Inter- Parliamentary Union, 1964-67, and a member of the Council of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1964 and 1965.~
CROSBY
Electorate: 59,936. 1966: 56,318. Page, R. G. (C.) .. .. 24,042 Caswell, P. J. (Lab.) 18,350
C. Majoritv .. .. 5,692 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,392. Turn-out 71°,'.
C 56.7%i., Lab 43.3%O. C Maj. 13.4%,. Swing 4.4%.
1966: Total Vote 40,654 (72.2°o).-
C. 21,980 (54.1 0,0), Lab. 18,674 (45.9%). C. maj. 3,306 (8.1 °0). Mr. Graham Page, a partv spokesman on housing and land since 1964, was returned at a by- election in November. 1953. Con- tested North Islington, 1950 and 1951. B. June, 1911; ed. Magdalen College School, Oxford, and Lon- don University. Solicitor and Privy Council appeal agent. Chairman. Select Committee on Statutory Instruments since 1964. Promoter of Cheques Act. 1957, and Pawn- brokers' Act, 1960. Treasurer. Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety. Director, Property Owners' Building Society, United Real Property Trust Ltd., and South of England Housing Society.
CROYDON (North-East)
Electorate: 59,151. 1966: 55,094. *Weatherill, B. B. (C.) .. 20,351 Elliott, G. F. (Lab.) .. 16,373 Mayhew, R. J. (L.) .. 4,210
C. Majority .. .. 3,978 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,934. Turn-out 690%.
C 49.7%, Lab 39.9'o, L 10.3%. C Maj. 9.8%. Swing 8.7%' .
1966: Total Vote 42,023 (76.30).-
C. 18,302 (43.6%), Lab. 17,714 (42.2%,). L. 6.007 (14.3°'). C. maj. 588 (1.3%).
MIr. Bernard Weatherill has held the seat since 1964. Opposition whip 1967-70, with special respon- sibility for trade, power and labour affairs. A master tailor: vice- chairman, Bernard Weatherill Ltd. B. November, 1920; ed. Malvern College. Chairman. Guildford Conservative Association, 1959-63- vice-chairman, south-eastern area council, 1962-64; member, execu- tive committee, Conservative Party.
CROYDON (North-West)
Electorate: 57,340. 1966: 55,042. Taylor, R. G. (C.) .. 19,260 Boden, S. J. (Lab.) . 14,687 Banks, R. E. J. (L.) . 4,666
C. M1ajority .. . 4,573 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38.613. Turn-out 670%
C 49.9%, Lab 38.0%', L 1.0 C Maj. 11.9%. 12.
1966: Total Vote 40,926 (74.4%).-
C. 18,578 (45.40), Lab. 15,882 (38.8%), L. 6,466 (15.8%). C. maj. 2,696 (6.6 %°).
Mr. Robert Taylor, an architec- tural ironmonger. contested Batter- sea North, 1964 and 1959. B. December, 1932; ed. Cranleigh School. Director of G. and S. All- good Ltd. and associated compan- ies; chairman of G. and S. Allgood (Ptv) Ltd. Former Sussex county rugby player. Governor. Battersea county comprehensive school, 196 1- 70; chairman 1967-70. Deputy chairman Public Schools Club, since 1966.
CROYDON
(South)
Electorate: 73,796. 1966: 63,146 Thompson, Sir R. H. M.
(C.) .. .. .. 25,986 Winnick, D. J. (Lab.) .. 22,283 Lane, M. R. (L.) .. 3,673 Thornton, C. (Ind.) .. 303
C. MIajority .. .. 3,703 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,245. Turn-out 71 °o.
C 49.7%o, Lab. 42.6%, L 7.0%. Ind 0.6%. C Maj. 7.1%.
1966: Total Vote 48,057 (76.1%).-
Lab. 21,496 (44.7%), C. 21.415 (44.6c%), L. 5,146 (10.7%). Lab. maj. 0.20%0.
Sir Richard Thompson was M.P. for Croydon, West, 1950-55, and Croydon, South, 1955-66. Parlia- mentary Secretary. Ministry of Works, 1960-62; Under-Secretary, Commonwealth Relations Office, 1959-60; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1957-59; and Vice-Chamberlain of the House- hold, 1956-57. B. October, 1912; ed. Malvern College. Trustee, British Museum, Deputy chairman, Capital and Counties Property Co. Ltd.; director, Rediffusion Television and other companies.
D
DAGENHAM
Electorate: 75,479. 1966: 69,671. *Nrker, J. (Lab.) .. 31,335 McClancv, H. A. (C.) .. 11,976 Wake, G. (Comm.) .. 982
Lab. Majority .v 19,359 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,293. Turn-out 59°o.
Lab 70.7%, C 27.0°,, Comm 2.2%. Lab Maj 430o
1966: Total Vote 46,958 (67.4%).--
Lab. 35,055 (74.6%°). C. 10,530 (22.4%), Comm. 1.373 (2.9°o). Lab. maj. 24.525 (52.2%o).
iMlr. John Parker. a writer and former publisher, was elected in 1945. Contested Holland with Boston. 1931. and was M.P. for Romford, 1935-45. Under-Secre- tary, Dominions Office. 1945-46. B. July, 1906; ed. Marlborough and St. John's College, Oxford. Secre- tary, Fabian Society and of Webb Trustees. T. & G.W.U. since 1933. Chairman, P.LP. forestry group; vice-chairman, arts and amenities group; chairman, British-Yugoslav parliamentarv group; member Select Committee on Procedure; council of the National Trust.
DARLINGTON
Electorate: 62,986. 1966: 57,557. *Fletcher, E. J. (Lab.) .. 23,20I
Bourne-Arton, A. T. (C.) 19,447 Newton, S. S. (L) .. 5,222
Lab. Majority .. 3,761 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47.877. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 48.4%'. C 40.6%,o, L 10.9%. Lab Maj. 7%.
1966: Total Vote 47.346 (82.3°o).-
Lab. 23,909 (50.5c%), C. 19.546 (41.3 %, ), L. 3,891 (8.2°,). Lab. maj. 4,363 (9.2%).
Mr. Edward Fletcher, elected in 1964, contested Middlesbrough, West in 1959. Trade union official. B. February. 1911; ed. elementary school and Fircroft College. Birmingham. Alember of New- castle City Council 1951-64, Chairman of the North Eastern Association for the Arts. Member, estimates committee, 1964-66 and 1969-70.
HORSHAM
Electorate: 106,552. 1966:- 88,872. 'Hordern. P. M. (C.) .. 41,994 Edwards, A. J. (Lab.) .. 27,706 Gill HL (L.) .. .. 8,574
C. Majority .. 14,288 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 78,274. Turn-out 73%.
C 53.6%, Lab 35.4°%, L 10.9%/. C. Maj. 18.20.
.1966: Total Vote 70,167 (79.0%).-
C. 32,139 (45.8%), Lab. 26,098 (37.2%), L. 11.930 (17.0%). C. maj. 6.041 (8.6%).
Mr. Peter Hordern, elected in 1964, is joint vice-chairman of the Conservative parliamentary com- mittee on finance, having pre- viously been joint honorary secre- tary. Member of London Stock Exchange. B. April, 1929; ed. Geelong Grammar School, Aus- tralia, and Christ Church, Oxford.
HOUGHTON-LE-SPRING
Electorate: 63,011. 1966: 56.001. *Urwin, T. W. (Lab.) .. 32,88S Craig-Cooper, F. H. M.
(C-) .. .. ..- - 11,914 Lab. Majority .. 20,974 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,802. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 73.4%, C 26.6%. Lab Maj. 46.8%.
1966: Total Vote 41,371 (73.9%). -
Lab. 32,067 (77.5%), C. 9,304 (22.5%). Lab. maj. 22,763 (55.0%).
Mr. Thomas Urwin, Minister of State, Local Govermment and Regional Planning, 1969-70; Minis- ter of State, Departmnent of Economic Affairs, 1968-69. Elected in 1964. B. June, 1912; elementary education. Houghton-le-Spring Ur- ban Council, 1949-65, chairman, 1954-55. Full-time organizer; Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers, 1954-64; branch officer, 1933-54.
HOVE
Electorate: 75,136. 1966: 69,807. *Maddan, W. F. M. (C.).. 34,287 Nicholas, D. G. (Lab.) .. 15.639
C. Majority .. .. 18,648 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,926. Turn-out 66%.
C 68.7%, Lab 31.3%. C Maj.
37.4%..
1966: Total Vote 50,319 (72.1%).-
C. 28.799 (57.2%), Lab. 12,909 (25.7%), L. 8,037 (16.0%), Ind. 574 (1.1%). C. maj. 15,890 (31.6%).
Mr. Marein Maddan, elected at by-election in July, 1965, repre- sented Hitchin, 1955-64; contested Battersea. North, 1950. Chairman, A.G.B. Research Ltd. since 1962. B. October, 1920; ed. Fettes and Brasenose College, Oxford. Hono- rary treasurer, British Council, European Movement, since 1956. A trustee of Wyndham Place Trust; Fellow of St Michael's College, Tenbury; member, coun- cil of Oxford and Bermnondsey Club for boys.
HOWDEN
Electorate: 55,071. 1966: 48.768. *Bryan, P. E. 0. (C.) .. 22,102 Graham, J. W. R. (Lab.) 9,567 Crossley. J. F. (L.) .. 6,951 Makoni, T. (Ind.) .. 154
C. Majority .. .. 12,535 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,774. Turn-out 70%.
C 57.0%, Lab 24.7%,Vo, L 17.9o, Ind 0.4°,. C Maj. 32.3%.
1966: Total Vote 35.007 (71.8%).-
C. 17,701 (50.60%), Lab. 9.421 (26.90%). L. 7,885 (22.5%). C. maj. 8,280 (23.7%.).
Mlr. Paul Bryan, party spokes- man on posts, broadcasting and communications; elected in 1955. B. August, 1913; ed. St. John's School, Leatherhead, and Gon- ville and Caius College, Cam- bridge. Assistant whip. 1956; a Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury, 1958-61. Contested Sowerby in 1949, 1950 and 1951. Chairman of a Yorkshire textile company and a former director of Granada T.V. Rentals Ltd. Vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation, 1961-65. Member Sowerby Bridge U.D.C., 1947-50.
HUDDERSFIELD
(East)
Electorate: 54,863. 1966: 50.509. *Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Lab.) 20.629 Holt, J. G. (C.) .. .. 15.632 Lee, G. M. (L.) .. 4.569 Beresford, Mrs. E.
(Comm.) .. .. 308 Lab. Majority .- 4,997 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,138 Turn-out 75%.
Lab 50.1%,. C 37.9%. L. II.1I%, Comm 0.7%,0. Lab Maj. 12.2%. 1966: Total Vote 39.344 (77.9%).-
Lab. 21,960 (55.8%), C. 11,081 (28.20'), L. 6.303 (16.0%0). Lab. mai. 10.879 (27.7°%)
Mr. J. P. W. Mallalieu, Minis- ter of State. Ministry of Techno- logy, 1968-69; Minister of State, Board of Trade. 1967-68; Minis- ter of Defence for the Royal Navy, 1966-67. and Under-Secre- tarv. 1964""66. Elected for Hud- dersfield in 1945 and returned for the new constituency in 1950. Journalist and, author. B. June, 1908; ed. Cheltenham College, Trinity College. Oxford. and University of Chicago; President of Oxford Union in 1930 and a Rugby Blue. Served in Royal Navy. 1942-45. Member N.U.J.
HUDDERSFIELD
(West)
Electorate: 53,470. 1966: 49,813. *Lomas, K. (Lab.) .. 16,866 Storey, R. (C.) .. .. 16,673 Wallace, W. J. L. (L.) . 6,128 Scott, R. (Nat. Front) .. 1,427
Lab. Majority . 193 NiO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,094. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 41.0%, C 40.6%. L 14.9%, Nat Front 3.5%,,o. Lab Maj. 0.4%,. 1966: Total Vote 40,974 (82.3%).-
Lab. 17,990 (43.9%), C. 13,514 (33.0%MO). L. 9,470 (23.1%). Lab. maj. 4.476 (10.9%,"" ).
Mr. Kenneth Lonias, elected in 1964, contested Macclesfield in 1955 and Blackpool, South, in 1951. Assistant regional organizer of the National Blood Transfusion Service. B. November. 1922: ed. Ashton-under-Lyne council and modern schools. Member of Select Committee on Race Rela- tions and Immigration. Member, N.U.P.E. since 1955 and member, U.S.D.A.W.. 1937-55.
LEICESTER (South-East)
Electorate: 59,171. 1966: 53,803. *Peel, W. 1. (C.) .. .. 26,483 Hilbourne, W. (Lab.) .. 15,788
C. Majority .. .. 10,695 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,271. Turn-out 71%.
C 62.7%, Lab 37.3%. C Maj. 25.4%.
1966: Total Vote 39,434 (73.3%).-
C. 23,615 (59.9%), Lab. 15,819 (40.1 %). C. maj. 7,796 (19.8%). Mr. John Peel, returned by- election 1957. Contested Meriden, 1954; Lord Commissioner of Treasury, 1961-64; assistant whip from 1960. Entered Colonial Administrative Service in 1933, British Resident, Brunei, 1946-48; Resident Commissioner, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 1949-51. B. June, 1912; ed. Wellington College, and Queen's College, Cambridge.
LEICESTER (South-West)
Electorate: 45,087. 1966: 43,373. *Boardman, T. G. (C.) .. 14,611 Grundy, C. (Lab.) .. 14,505 Roper, J. T. (L.).. 2,124 Kyneston, J. (Nat. Front) 749
C. Majority .. 106 No CHANGE
Total Vote 31,989. Turn-out 71%.
C 45.7%, Lab 45.3%, L 6.6%, Nat Front 2.3%. C Maj. 0.4%,. 1966: Total Vote 32,090 (74.0 %).-
Lab. 18,822 (58.7%), C. 13,268 (41.3%). Lab. maj. 5,554 (17.3%). 1967 By-election: Total Vote
24,980 (57.5 %). - C. 12,897 (51.6%), Lab. 8,958 (35.9%), L. 3,125 (12.5%). C. maj. 3,939 (15.7%).
Wr. Tom Boardman won seat for the Conservatives in a by- election in November, 1967; con- tested the constituency in 1966 and 1964. B. January, 1919; ed. Bromsgrove School. Solicitor and finance director, Allied Breweries; chairman, Chamberlain-Phipps. Member, Executive, 1922 Com- mittee; chairman of Parliamentary Panel of the Institute of Directors; Member, Joint Select Committee on Consolidation Bills.
LEIGH
Electorate: 64,726. 1966: 57,930. Boardman, H. (Lab.) .. 26,625 McGuire, J. P. (C.) .. 15,314 Knowles, J. (Ratepayers) 3,776
Lab. Majority .. 11,311 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,715. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 58.2%, C 33.5%, Rate Assoc 8.3%. Lab Maj 24.7%.
1966: Total Vote 43,042 (74.3%).-
Lab. 29,552 (68.7%), C. 13,490 (31.3%). Lab. maj. 16,062 (37.3%).
Mr. Harold Boardman has re- presented Leigh since 1945a Official of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B. 1907; elementary educatiox. Member, Derby Town Counail. Former chairman, Derby Labour College.
LEOMINSTER
Electorate: 41,987. 1966: 38,880. *Bossom, Sir C. (C.) .. 17,630 Pincham, R. (L.) .. 6,462 S3oman, M. G. M. (Lab.) 6,321
C. Majority .. 11,168 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30,413. Turn-out 72%.
C 57.9%, L 21.2%, Lab 20.8%. C Maj. 36.7%.
1966: Total Vote 29,228 (75.2%).-
C. 15,045 (51.5 %), L. 7,647 (26.1 %), Lab. 6,536 (22.4%). C. Maj. 7,398 (25.3%).
Sir Clive Bossom was elected in 1959; contested Faversham 1955 and 1951. B. February, 1918; ed. Eton. Chairman of insurance com- pany and director of publishing firm. President of the Industrial Fire Protection Association of Great Britain, 1969-70. Knight of Justice, Order of St. John. Mem- ber of the joint committee of British Red Cross and Order of St. John. Council member, Royal Society of Arts; vice-chairman, Ex-Servicemen's War Disabled Help Committee; member, policy committee of the R.A.C. Vice- president, Urban District Councils Association. Freeman of City of London; on the Court of the Company of Needlemakers and a liveryman of the Grocers' and Paviors' Companies. Kent County Council, 1949-51.
LEWES
Electorate: 79,471. 1966: 67,413, 'Beamish, Sir T. V. H. (C.) 33,592 Barry, Q. (Lab.).. .. 14,904 Holt, M. .. 9,083
C. Majority .. .. 18,688 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,579. Turn-out 72%.
C. 58.3%o, Lab. 25.9%, L.15.8%. C. maj. 32.4%.
1966. Total Vote 51,418 (76.3%).-
C. 27,529 (53.5%). Lab. 14,561 (28.3%), L. 9,328 (18.2%). C maj. 12,968 (252%).
Sir Tufton Beamish was elected In 1945 in succession to his father who held the seat for 18 years. Opposition spokesman on defence 1964-65. Former Chairman, Con- servative parliamentary foreign affairs committee 1960-64. B. January, 1917; ed. Stowe and Sandhurst Served in the Army, 1937-45. Company director and
tuthor. Member of the Church of England council on foreign relations. Member, British Coun- cil of the European Movement and vice-President of Britain in Europe. Vice-Chairman of 1922 Committee since 1958; secretary, 1947-50. President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Sussex Naturalists' Trust.
LEWISHAM
(North)
Electorate: 52,061. 1966: 49,532. Moyle, R. D. (Lab.) .. 18,235 Samuel, H R. L. (C.) .. 17208
Lab. Majority' .. 1,027 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,443. Turn-out 68%.
Lab 51.4%, C 48.6%. Lab Maj 2.8%.
1966: Total Vote 38,341 (77.4 %).-
Lab. 20,352 (53.1 %), C. 17,989 (46.9%). Lab. maj. 2,363 (6.2%). Mr. Roland Moyle was elected In 1966. Industrial relations officer. B. March, 1928; ed. elementary schools in Bexleyheath, county school, Llanidloes, Montgomery- shire; University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge. Chairnman, Cambridge University Labour Club, 1953. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration. Member, National Union of Public Employees.
MIDDLETON & PRESTWICH Electorate: 77,112. 1966: 68,602: Haselhurst, A. G. B. (C.) 25,030 *Coe, D. W. (Lab.) .. 23,988 Crilly. S. (L.) .. 8,175
C. Majority .. .. 1,042 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 57,193. Turn-out 74%.
C 43.7%. Lab 41.9%, L 14.2%. C Maj. 1.8 %.
1966: Total Vote 53,516 (78%).-
Lab. 23,938 (44.7%), C. 20,121 (37.6%). L. 9,457 (17.7%). Lab. mai 3.817 (7.1 %).
Mr. Alan Haselhurst is employed in the export department of a plastics manufacturing firm. B. 1937; ed. Cheltenham and Oriel College, Oxford. National Chair- man of the Young Conservatives, 1966-68.
MIDLOTHIAN
Electorate: 77.718. 1966: 62.940. Eadie, A. (Lab.) .. 30,802 Lamotte, J. L G. (C.) .. 1S.32S Park, G. (Scot. Nat.) .. 9.0W7
Lab. Majority .. 12.474 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,177. Turn-out 75%/O.
Lab 52.9%, C 31.5%, Scot Nat 15.5%. Lab Maj. 21.4%.
1966: Total Vote 48,774 (77.5%).-
Lab. 27,608 (56.9%), C. 13,192 (27.1%), Scot. Nat. 7,974 (16.3%). Lab. maj. 14,416 (29.6%).
Mr. Alexander Eadie was-elected in 1966. He contested Ayr- in 1964 and 1959. Coal miner and official, N.U.M. B. June, 1920; ed. at Buckhaven Senior Secondary School, Fife, and Technical Col- lege. Member, Scottish executive committee, Labour Party; member Fife County Council.
MITCHAM
Electorate: 73,040. 1966: 66,709. *Carr, L. R. (C.) .. .. 27,257 Vincent, R. C. (Lab.) .. 22,047 French, S. E. (Comm.) .. 638
C. Majority .. .. 5,210 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,942. Turn-out 68%.
C 54.5% , Lab 44.1 %, Comm 1.2%.. C Maj. 10.4%.
1966: Total Vote 52,990 (79.4%).-
C. 24,234 (45.7%), Lab. 23.706 (44.7%), L. 4,470 (8.4%), Comm. 580 (1.1%). C. maj. 528 (1.0%). Mr. Robert Carr, Chief Opposi- tion spokesman on employment and productivity and labour mat- ters since 1967, was previously spokesman for overseas develop- ment and aviation, Secretary for Technical Co-operation, 1963-64; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Labour, December, 1955-April, 195S. P.P.S. to Sir Anthony Eden, 1951-55. Won Mitcham in 1950. B. November, 1916; ed. West- minster School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Metal- lurgist and industrialist; director, Metal Closures Ltd., S. Hoffnung & Co. Ltd., Securicor Ltd. and Security Services Ltd.; member, London Advisory Board, Norwich Union Insurance Group. Governor. St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, 1958-63; Imperial College of Science and Technology, 1959-63; St. Mary's Medical School Council, 1958-63. Fellow of Institute of Metallurgists, 1957.
MONMOUTH
Electorate: 76,059. 1966: Thomas, J. S. (C.) .. *Anderson, D. (Lab.) . Hando, D. H. (L.) .. Neale, S. K. (PI. Cymru)
64,356. 28,312 26,957
4,061 1,501
C. Majority .. .. 1,355 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 60.831. Turn-out 80%.
C 46.5%, Lab 44.3', L 6.7%, P1 Cymru 2.5°o. C Maj. 2.2%.
1966: Total Vote 54,273 (84.3%).-
Lab. 28,619 (52.7%), C. 25.654 (47.3%). Lab. maj. 2.965 (5.5%). Mr. John Thomns contested Cardiganshire in 1966; Aberavon in 1964. Farmer B. June, 1925; ed. Rugby and London University. Member, Bow Group; Carmarthen Borough Council 1961-64. Mem- ber, Council NI*.U. and former chairman, county branch, N.F.U.
MONTGOMERY
Electorate: 32.507. 1966: 29.951. Hooson, H. E. (L.) .. 10,202 Williams. D. J. D. (C.) 7.891 Thomas. D. W. (L.ab.) .. 5,335 Millward, E. J. (PI.
Cy'mru) . .. .. 3,145
L. Majority .. .. 2.311 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 26,573. Turn-out 82%.
L 38.4%, C 29.7%', Lab 20.1%, PI Cymru 11.8%. L Maj. 8.7%.
1966: Total Vote 24,794 (82.8%),-
L. 10.278 (41.4%), C. 6,784 (27.4%). Lab. 5,891 (23.8%), PI. Cymru 1.841 (7.4%). L.. maj. 3,494 (14.1%).
Mr. Emlyn Hooson, Q.C., Lib- eral spokesman on Wales, law. and agriculture, was elected at a by- election in April, 1962. Contested Conway. 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Gray's Inn. 1949). Q.C., 1960. and farmer. B. March. 1925; ed. Den- bigh Grammar School and Uni- versity College of Wales. Chairman of Merioneth Quarter Sessions and deputy-chairman. Flintshire Quar- ter Sessions. Former member. Bar Council; chairman of the Com- mons World Government Group. Leader of the Welsh Liberal Party; elected to the Party executive in 1964.
MORAY & NAIRN
Electorate: 39,569. 1966: 36.154. *Campbell, G. T. C. (C.) 13,994 Howe, T. A. (Scot. Nat.) 7,885 Talbot, P. (Lab.) .. 6,452
C. Majority .. .. 6,109 No CHANGE
Total Vote 28,331. Turn-out 72%.
C 49.4%,., Scot Nat 27.8%, Lab 22.8%. C Maj. 21.6%.
1966: Total Vote 24,594 (68.0%).-
C. 11,842 (48.1 %), Lab. 8,384 (34.1%). L. 4.368 (17.8%). C. maj. 3,458 (14.1%).
Mr. Gordon Campbell, chief Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs (member of Shadow Cabinet), and chairman of Scottish Unionist M.P.s. Under Secretary, Scottish Office, 1963-64, and a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from September. 1962. Elected 1959. B. June, 1921; ed. Welling- ton. Joined Foreign Service. 1946. and a member of the U.K. perma- nent delegation to the United Nations, 1949-52. Promoted. First Secretary. and seconded to Cabinet Office., where he was private secretary to the Secretary of the Cabinet. 1954;56.
DARTFORD
Electorate: 82,239. 1966: 73,364. Trew, P. J. E. (C.) .. 27,822 'Irving, S. (Lab. & Co-op) 27,262
Johnson, J. P... .. 5,453
C. Majority . .. 560 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 60,537. Turn-out 74%.
C 45.9%, Lab Co-op 45.0%, L 9.0%. C Maj. 0.9%,0.
1966: Total Vote 59,279 (80.1 %). -
Lab. and Co-op. 29,547 (49.8%), C. 22.638 (38.2%), L. 7,094 (12.0%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 6,909 (11.7%).
Mr. Peter Trew contested the seat, 1966. Civil engineer and direc- tor of companies in the Rush and Tompkins construction and pro- perty development group. B. April, 1932: ed. Diocesan College, Rondes- bosch, Cape Province, and Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.
DARWEN
Electorate: 66,968. 1966: 59.066. 'Fletcher-Cooke, C. (C.) 26,728 Whittam, B. (Lab.) .. 17,634 Cooper, A. (L.).. . 6,663
C. Majority .. .. 9,094 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,025. Turn-out 76%.
C 52.3%. Lab 34.5%s, L 13.0%. C. Ma;. 170.
1966: Total Vote 48,800 (82.6%).-
C. 20,598 (42.2%), Lab. 18,863 (38.7%). L. 9,339 (19.1%). C. maj. 1,735 (3.6%).
Mr. Charles Fletcher-Cooke, Q.C., was elected in 1951. Under- Secretary, Home Office, 1961-63. Contested East Dorset as Labour candidate, 1945. B. May. 1914; ed. Malvern College and Peter- house, Cambridge; president of the union, 1936. Barrister (Lin- coln's Inn, 1938), Q.C. 1958. Director, Hulton Publications Ltd. Legal adviser to the Government at the Danube Conference in 1948. Member of Statute Law Com- nittee, 1955-61. Vice-chairman, Conservative Trade and Industry Committee since 1966; member Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner since 1967.
DEARNE VALLEY
Electorate: 63,409. 1966: 58.721. *Wainwriht, E. (Lab.) .. 33,966 Cowl, A. B. (C.) .. 6,848 Hargreaves, P. (L.) .. 4,426
Lab. Majority .. 27,118 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,240. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 75.1 %O. C 15.1 %10, L 9.8°. Lab Maj. 60.0%so.
1966: Total Vote 45.026 (76.7%).-
Lab. 36,735 (81.6%), C 6,121 (13.6°o), Ind. 2,170 (4.80% ). Lab. maj. 30,614 (68.00,o).
Mr. Edwin Wainwright, Secre- tary of the P.L.P. trade union group since 1966, was elected in 1959. B. August, 1908; ed. Dar- field Council School and Womb- well and Barmsley Technical Col- lege. Was a miner and branch official of the National Union of Mineworkers for 26 years. Mem- ber, National Executive Com- mittee, N.U.M. 1952-59; Estimates Committee, from 1966. Vice- chairman, P.L.P. power group from 1964.
DENBIGH
Electorate: 61,020. 1966: 54,715.
Morgan, W. G. 0. (C.) 21,246 Roberts, Mrs. A. C.
(Lab.) .. . .. 12.537 Hughes-Evans, 1. (L.) . 8,636 Mtatthews, E. G. (Plaid
Cyniru) .. 5,254
C. Majority .. .. 8,709 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,673. Turn-out 780%.
C 44.6°o. Lab 26.3%b, L 18.1%, PI Cymru 11.0°.o. C Maj. 18.3%. 1966: Total Vote 44,107 (80.60%).-
C. 17,382 (39.40.), L. 12,725 (28.9%'), Lab. 11,305 (25.6%), PI. Cymru 2,695 (6.1%O). C. maj. 4,657 (10.6%).
Mr. Geraint Morgan was elected In 1959; contested Merioneth in 1951 and Huyton, 1955. A bar- rister (called by Gray's Inn. 1947). B. November, 1920; ed. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Member of committee to inquire into the law and practice on the recovery of debts, 1965-68.
DEPTFORD
Electorate: 42,868. 1966: Silkin J. E. (Lab.)
Brotherton, M. L. (C.) .. Vaux, M. (Nat. Front)
44.668. 14,672 7,355 1,277
Lab. Majority.. .. 7,317 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 23,304. Turn-out 54%.
Lab 62.9%. C 31.5%, Nat Front 5.4%. Lab Maj. 34%.
1966: Total Vote 26,8§2 (60.1%).-
Lab. 17,893 (66.7%), C. 7,033 (26.2%), BriL Nat. Pty. 1,906 (7.1%). Lab. maj. 10.860 (40.5%).
Mr. John Silkin, Minister of Public Building and Works from 1969. Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, in which post he became Deputy Leader of the House, a new appointment. and Government Chief Whip, 1966-69; Treasurer of the Household and Government deputy Chief Whip, April-July, 1966; Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1966; Government whip, 1964-66. Returned at a by-election in July, 1963; contested St. Marylebone 1950; Woolwich, West 1951; and Nottingham, South in 1959. Youngest son of Lord Silkin. Solicitor. B. March, 1923; ed. DuIlwich Collegc, University of Wales, and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge. Sponsored by T. & G.W.U.
DERBY (North)
Electorate: 57,645. 1966: 52,601. Whitehead, P. (Lab.) .. 20,114 Roberts, J. W. (C.) .. 16,635
Lab. majority.. .. 3,479 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,749. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 54.7%, C 45.2%. Lab Maj. 9%.
1966: Total Vote 37,248 (70.8%).-
Lab. 23,033 (61.8%), C. 14,215 (38.2%). Lab. maj. 8,818 (23.7%).
Mr. Phillip Whitehead, television: producer and writer, contested West Derbyshire in 1966. B. May, 1937; ed. Lady Manners Grammar School, Bakewell, and Exeter Col- lege, Oxford.
DEWSBURY
Electorate: 60,988. 1966: 55,180. *Ginsburg, D. (Lab.) . 22,015 Stansfield, J. M. (C.) .. 17,468 Allsopp, A. (L.) *- ., 5.688
Lab. Majority .. 4,547 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,171. Ttnm-out 74%.
Lab 48.7%, C 38.6%, L 12.5%. Lab Maj. 10%.
1966: Total Vote 42,981 (78.0%).-
Lab. 23,027 (53.6%), C. 12,361 (28.8%), L. 7,593 (17.7%). Lab. maj. 10.666 (24.8%)..
Mr. David Glaburg, elected in 1959. Economist and market re- search consultant. Previously secretary, Labour Party research department, and of home policy sub-committee of National E*ecu- tive. Chairman Parliamentary and Scientific Committee member, Select Committee on Science and Technology. B. March, 1921; ed. University College School, Hampstead; Balliol, Oxford. Mem- ber, Institute. Professional Civil Servants, 1946-52, T. & G.W.U. since 1952. Labour Party repre- sentative on Economics Com- mittee of T.U.C., 1952-59.
DONCASTER
Electorate: 60,153. 1966: 56,013. Walker, H. (Lab.) 22,658 Davies, P. (C.) .. .. 19,431 Blades, T. (L.) .. .. 2,648
Lab. Majority .. 3,227 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,737. Turn-out 74%.
Lab 50.6%, C 43.4%, L 5.9,%. Lab Maj. 7.2%.
1966: Total Vote 45,466 (81.2%).-
Lab. 25,777 (56.7%), C. 19,689 (43.3°,o). Lab. maj. 6,088 (13.4%0).
Mr. Harold Walker, Under Secretary, Department of Employ- ment and Productivity, April, 1968-70: Assistant Government whip, 1967-68. Elected in 1964. Toolmaker. B. July, 1927; ed. at council school and Manchester College of Technology. Lecturer for National Council of Labour Colleges.
DON VALLEY
Electorate: 84.281. 1966: 74,946. *Kelley, R. (Lab.) .. 42,496 Jackson, T. W. G. (C.) . 18,673
Lab. Majority .. 23,823 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61.169. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 69.500o, C 30.5%. Lab Maj. 39.09°
1966: Total Vote 58,711 (78.3%).-
Lab., 43,973 (74.9%), C. 14,738 (25.1%). Lab. maj. 29,235 (34.5%).
Mr. Richard Kelley, a miners' union secretary for ten years, was returned in 1959. B. July, 1904; ed. elementary school. Served on the West Riding County Council, 1949-59.
DORKING
Electorate: 59,33}5. 1966: 54,296. *Sinclair, Sir G. E. (C.) .. 25,393 Fahy, W. J. (Lab.) .. 10,523 Baker, J. A. (L.) .. 7,103
C, Majority .. .. 14,870 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43!019. Turn-out 72%.
C 59.0%' Lab 24.4%, L 16.5°,'. C Maj. 340.
1966: Total Vote 42,917 (79.0%).- C. 23,087 (53.8%), Lab. 12,201
(28.4%), L. 7,629 (17.8%). C. maj. 10,886 (25.4%).
Sir George Sinclair, elected in 1964, was a colonial administra- tor from 1936-61. Deputy- Governor, Cyprus, 1955-60. B. November, 1912; ed. Abingdon School and Pembroke College, Oxford. Member, Select Com- mittee on Race Relations and Immigration. and the national executive committee of the United Nations Association. Member of the Council for Overseas Services Resettlement Bureau.
DORSET
(North)
Electorate: 63.041. 1966: 52.414.
James, D. P. (C.) 28,471 Watkins, P. G. (L.) .. 12,095 White. H. R. (Lab.) ,. 8.626
C. Majority .. .. 16,376 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,192. Turn-out 78%.
C 57.9%, L 24.6%, Lab 17.5°. C Maj. 33.3%.
1966: Total Vote 42,615 (82.1%).-
C. 20,520 (48,2%o), L. 15,005 (35.2%), Lab. 7,090 (16.6%). C. maj. 5,515 (12.90/%).
Mr. David James represented Brighton, Kemptown, for the Con- servatives from 1959 to 1964 when he was defeated by seven votes. B. December, 1919; ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Managing Director, Bow Holdings Ltd., and an author. Member, 1945-46 Antarctic expedition; polar adviser for film, Scott of the Antarctic. Member. Outward Bound Trust since 1948; trustee, National Mari- time Museum, 1953-65.
(South) Electorate: 67,503. *King, E. M. (C.)
May, R. G. (Lab.) Searby, K. (L.) ..
1966: 61,700.
.. 27,580 .. 20,716 .. 4,680
I
C. -Majority .. 6,864 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,976. Turn-out 78%.
C 52.0%, Lab 39.1%, L 8.8. C Maj. 120%.
1966-Total Vote 49,979 (82.6%).-
C. 22,997 (46.0%,), Lab. 21,120 (42.30j%), L. 5,862 (11.7%). C. maj. 1,877 (3.8°,).
Mr. Evelyn King was elected in 1964, having joined the Conserva- tive Party in 1951 and contested Southampton, Itchen. in 1959, Labour M.P. for Penryn and Fal- mouth, 1945-50, and Parliamentarv Secretary, Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 1947-50. A former headmaster, he now farms and manages Embley Estates; B. May, 1907; ed. Cheltenham College and King's College. Cambridge.
LIVERPOOL
(Wayvertree)
Electorate: 59,661. 1966: 55,631. *Tilney, J. D. R. T. (C.).. 19,127 Carr, C. E. (L.) .. .. 11,650 Woodburn, G; (Lab.) .. 10,253
Con Majority ..-. 7,477 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,030. Turn-out 69%.
C 46.6%, L 28.4%, Lab 24.9%. C Maj. 18.2%.
1966: Total Vote 39,479 (71.0%).-
C. 19,179 (48.6%), Lab. 13,529 (34.3%), L. 6,771 (172%). C. maj. 5,650 (14.3%).
Mr. John rdney, elected in 1950, was Under Secretary for Common- wealth Relations, 1962-64, and for the Colonies 1963-64. B. December, 1907; ed. Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Company director and stockbroker. Member, Nor- thern Stock Exchange. President, Royal Commonwealth Society; treasurer, British group of Com- monwealth Parliamentary Associa- tion. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1945-49. Chairman, Inter- Parliamentary Union, 1959-62. Chairrnan, West African Commit- tee, Conservative Commonwealth Council, 1954-62.
LIVERPOOL (West Derby)
Electorate: 61,044. 1966: Ogden, E. (Lab.)
Lathain, M. A. (C.)
51,948. 22,324 16,619
Lab. Majority .. 5,705 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,943 Turn-out 64%.
Lab 57.3%, C 42.7%. Lab Maj: 14.6%.
1966: Total Vote 35,138 (67.6%).-
Lab. 19,988 (56.9%), C. 15,150 (43.1 %). Lab.- maj. 4,838 (13.8%).
Mr. Eric Ogden, a former miner, was elected in 1964. B. August 1923; ed. Queen Elizabeth's Gram- mar School, Middleton, Leigh Technical College, and Wigan and District Mining and Technical Col- lege. First candidacy sponsored by Lancashire miners outside min- ing areas. Member of the Fabian Society. Member, Middleton Bor- ough Council, 1958-64. Parlia- mentary adviser to Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
LLANELLI
Electorate: 64,948. 1966: Davies, D. J. D. (Lab.) . - James, C. R. (P1. Cymru) Jones. Miss M. A. (C.) . . Lewis, D. (L) ..
Hitchon, R. E. (Conum)
61,868. 31,398
8,387 5,777 3,834
603
Lab. Majority .. 23,011 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,999. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 62.7%, P1 Cymru 16.7%, C 11.5%, L 7.6%, Comm 1.2%. Lab Maj. 46.0%.
1966: Total Vote 47,160 (76.5%).-
Lab. 33,674 (71.4%), C. 7,143 (15.1%). PI Cymru 5,132 (10.9%), Comm. 1,211 (2.6%). Lab. maj. 26,531 (56.3%).
Mr. Denzil Davies, barrister. B. October, 1938; ed. Carmarthen Grammar School and Pembroke College, Oxford University. Lec- tured at Chicago and Leeds Uni- versities. Practises in North WVales and Chester circuits. Speaks Welsh.
CITIES OF LONDON &
WESTMINSTER
Electorate: 59,147. 1966: 58,630. Tugendhat, C. S. (C.) .. 19,102 Dubs, A. L M. (Lab.).. 10,062 Nicholson, D. A. (L.) .. 2,708 Clark, Dr. W. A. (Anti-
Lab.) .. .. .. 157 Sutch, L. D. E. (Young
Ideas) .. .. .. 142
C. Majority .. .. 9,040 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32.171. Turn-out 5403.
C 59.4%, Lab 31.3%,', L 8.4, Anti Lab 0.5;, Y. 1. Party 0.4 %. C Maj. 28.1 0%.
1966: Total Vote 35,167 (60.0%).-
C. 19,242 (54.7%), Lab. 12,349 35.1 %), L. 3,576 (10.2%). C. Maj. 6,893 (19.6/a).
Mr. Christopher Tugendhat, an author, journalist and publisher, has been a member of Conser- vative Party policy groups con- cerned with technology, nation- alized industries and trade and power. B. February, 1937; ed. Arpleforth College, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Presi- dent, Cambridge Union, 1960.
LONDONDERRY
Electorate: 91,255. 1966: 78,191. *Chichester-Clark, R.
(Uxi.) .. .. .. 39,141 McAteer, E (Nat Unity) 27,006 McCanrn, E. (Denry, Lab.) 7,565
U.U. Majority .. 12,135 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 73,712. Turn-out 81 .
UU 53.1%, Unity 36.6 %. Derry Lab 10.3%. UU Maj. 16.50,'.
1966: Total Vote 59,756 (76.4 %).-
U.U.34,729 (58.1%), Nat. 22,167 (37.1%), Repub. 2,860 (4.8%). U.U. maj. 12,562 (21.0%).
Mr. Robin ChichesterCaa* Opposition spokesman on public building and works since 1965 and on Northern Ireland since 1964. Comptroller of the Household, 1961-64; a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1960. Elected, 1955. B. January, 1928; ed. Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Mag- dalene College, Cambridge. Jour- nalist from 1949; public relations officer, Glyndebourne opera, 1952- 53; assistant of sales manager, Oxford University Press, 1953-55. Vice-chairman, Ulster Unionist M.P.s. 1964-70. Director, Institu- tion of Works Managers.
LOUGHBOROUGH
Electorate: 64,172. 1966: 55,583. Cronin, J. D. (Lab.) .. 22,806 Elton, R. (C.) .. .. 22.272 Mokrzycki, J. M. (L.) .. 5,185
Lab. Majority .. 534 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,263. Turn-out 78%.
Lab 45.4%, C 44.3%, L 10.3%. Lab Maj. 1.1 %.
1966: Total Vote 45,721 (82.3%).-
Lab. 22,935 (50.2 %), C. 16,911 (37.0%O), L. 5,875 (12.8%). Lab. maj. 6,024 (13.2%).
Mr. John Cronin was elected in 1955. Consultant surgeon and company director. B. March, 1916; ed. London University. Employed by Malta Government in 1957 to report on the islands medical services, make recommendations for national health service. Former surgeon, Royal Free and Prince of Wales Hospitals. Member, London County Council, 1950-53. Opposition whip, 1959-62.
REIGATE
Electorate: 72,021. 1966: Howe, R. E. G. (C.) .. Parley, M. P. (Lab.) .. Vaus, K. S. (L.)
63,687. 28,462 15,433 8,952
C. Majority .. 13,029 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,847. Turn-out 73%.
C 53.9%, Lab 29.2%, L 16.9%. C Maj. 24.70%.
1966: Total Vote 51,009 (80.1%1.-
C. 24,163 (47.4%), Lab. 16,649 (32.6%), L. 10,197 (20.0%). C. Maj. 7,514 (14.7%).
Mr. Geoffrey Howe, Q.C., was M.P. for Bebington, 1964-66; con- tested Aberavon, 1955 and 1959. A party spokesman on labour and social services. 1965-66. Barrister, called by Middle Temple, 1952, B. December, 1926; ed. Winchester and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Deputy Chairman, Glamorgan Quarter Sessions since 1966; mem- ber, General Council of Bar, 1957- 61; elected Bencher of Middle Temple, 1969. Founder, National Association of School Governors and Managers. Member, B.M.A.'s advisory planning panel.
RENFREWSFIRE
(East)
Electorate: 73,978. 1966: *Anderson, Miss M. B. H.
(C.) . . .. Carnegie, Mrs. J. (Lab.) Watt, Mrs. M. (L.) .. Buchanan, J. M. (Scot. Nat.) .. ..
65,971. 29,163 16,062 7,053 3,733
C. Majoritv .. .. 13,101 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,014. Turn-oat 76%'.
C 52.0%, Lab 28.6%, L 12.5%, Scot Nat 6.6%. C Maj. 23.3%. 1966: Total Vote 52,695 (79.9%).-
C. 28,017 (53.2%), Lab. 17,426 (33.1 %), L. 7,252 (13.8 %). C. maj. 10,591 (20.1%).
Miss Harvie Anderson was elected in 1959; contested West Stirlingshire in 1950 and 1951 and Sowerby, 1955. B. 1915; ed. St. Leonard's School, St. Andrews. Secretary, Conservative parliament- ary arts, public building and works committee, 1965-66; mem- ber of executive, 1922 Committee from 1962. Member, Historic Buildings Council for Scotland, 1966; Commons chairmen's panel since 1966; Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland, 1966. Enlisted in A.T.S. in 1939 and became a lieutenant-colonel. Member, Stirling County Council, 1945-59 (chairman of Moderate Group, 1953-59); R.S.N.I. Hos- pital Board, 1952-59, and Scottish Advisory Council on Education, 1955-59; president, Scottish Young Unionists, 1955-58.
I
RENFREWSHIRE
(West)
Electorate: 60,654. 1966: Buchan, N. F. (Lab.) .. Fletcher, A. M. (C.) .. Macartney, A. (Scot.
Nat.) ..
Lab. Majority NO CEIANGE
53,796. 22,999 20,699 4,195 2.300
Total Vote 47,893. Turn-out 79 %.
Lab 48.0°%, C 43.20/o, Scot Nat 8.7%. Lab Maj. 4.8%.
1966: Total Vote 43,909 (81.6%).-
Lab. 23,849 (54.3%), C. 20,060 (45.7% ). Lab. maj. 3,789 (8.6%). Mr. Norman Nuchan, Under Secretary, Scottish Office since 1967; elected in 1964. Teacher. B. October. 1922; ed. Kirkwall Grammar School and Glasgow University. President of Rutherglen district, Educational Institute of Scotland. Lecturer in adult edu- cation; edited a collection of Scot- tish folk songs.
RHONDDA
(East)
Electorate: 37,147. 1966: 35.509.
*Davies, G. E. (Lab.) ..
James, G. (Pl. Cymru) .. Mullett, R. C. (C.) .. Jones, A. (Comm.) ..
19,602 6,931 1,359
659
Lab. Majority.. 12,671 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,551. Turn-out 77%,.
Lab 68.6%o, Pi Cymru 24.2%, C 4.7%. Comm 2.3%"".. Lab Maj. 44.3 0/..
1966: Total Vote 27,861 (78.5%).-
Lab. 21,567 (77.4%), Comm. 2,349 (8.4%), Plaid Cymru 2,088 (7.5%), C. 1,857 (6.7%). Lab. maj. 19,218 (69.0%).
Mr. Elfed Davies, was elected in 1959. B. October, 1913; ed. Tylorstown elementary school, Rhondda, and through National Council of Labour Colleges. A miner, Member, Glamorgan County Council, 1954-61. Official, Tylorstown Lodge, N.U.M., for 27 years.
. .
RHONDDA
(West)
Electorate: 31,040. 1966: 31,189. *Jones, T. A. (Lab.) .. 18,779 Davies, H. V. (P]. Cymru) 3,528 Morgan, J. D. (C.) .. 1,610 True, A. (Comm.) . 1. ,201
Lab. Majority .. 15,251 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25,118. Turn-out 81°o.
Lab 74.7%, PI CGymru 14.0%, C 6.4%', Comm 4.7°,'. Lab Maj. 60.7,'
1966: Total Vote 25,040 (80.3%).-
Lab. 19.060 (76.1 %). Plaid Cymru 2,172 (8.7%), C. 1,955 (7.8%), Comm. 1,853 (7.4%). Lab. maj. 16,888 (67.4%).
1967 By-election: Total Vote
25,243 (82.2%). - Lab. 12,373 (49.0%), Plaid Cymru 10,067 (39.9%), Comm. 1,728 (6.8%), C. 1,075 (4.3%). Lab. maj. 2,306 (9.1 %).
Mr. Alec Jones, was elected at a by-election in March, 1967. Teacher. B. August, 1924; ed. Grammar school and Bangor Nor- mal Training College. Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party educa- tion group, 1969-70. Weod Green Borough Council. Memnber, Nat- ional Union of Teachers. Forner executv, committee member, Welsh Council of Labour.
DORSET * (West)
Electorate: 51,043. 1966: 45,937. *Diby, K S. D. W. (C.) 21,081 Sakwa, G. (Lab.) .. 10,536 Percival, A. (L).. .. 7314
C. Mlajority .. .. 10,545 NO CHANGE
Totat Vote 38,931. Turn-out 76%.
C 54.1 %, Lab 27.1%0O, L 18.8% C Maj. 27.0%,o.
1966: Total Vote 37,142 (81.7%).-
C. 17,709 (47.7%), Lab. 11,757 (31.6%), L. 7,676 (20.7%). C. maj. 5,952 (16.0%).
Mr. Simon Wlgfield Digby, re- turned unopposed in 1941 by- election. was Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1951-57. Conservative whip, 1948-51. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1939), landowner and farmer. B. February, 1910; ed. Harrow and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Former treasurer, Design for Freedom Movement. Chair- man, Conservative Shipping and Shipbuilding committee.
DOVER
Electorate: 73,092. 1966: 65,664. Rees, P. W. I. (C.) .. 30,103 ~Ermals, D. H. (Lab.) .. 28,454
C. Majority .. .1,649 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 58,557. Turn-out 80%.
C 51.4 %. Lab 48.6%o. C Maj.. 2.8%.
1966: Total Vote 55,277 (84.2%).-
Lab. 27,256 (49.30,o), C. 24,040 (43.5%), L. 3,981 (7.2%,o). Lab. maj. 3,216 (5.8%).
Mr. Peter Rees, Q.C., contested Liverpool, West Derby, in 1966, and Abertillery in 1965 by-election, and in 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple; 1953). B. December, 1926; ed. Stowe School and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Institute of Taxation and Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Society.
DOWN (North)
Electorate: 121,330, 1966: 100,755. Kilfedder. J. A. (U.U.).. 55,679 Young, K. (N.I. Lab.) .. 14,246 Nixon, Dr. R. (Ind. U.) 6,408 McGladdery, R. (Ind.) .. 3,321 Simonds-Gooding, Major
H. (L.) .. .. 1,076 U.U. Majority .. 41,433 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 80,730. Turn-out 66%.
UU 68.9%, NtI Lab 17.6%, Ind U 7.9%, Ind 4.1%, L 1.3%. UU Maj. 51 %,,.
1966: Total Vote 49,288 (48.9%).-
U.U. 38,706 (78.5%), L. 10,582 (21.5%) U.U. mnaj. 28,124 (57.1 %)
Mr. James KDlfedder represented Belfast, West, 1964-66. B. 1928; ed. Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, and Dublin Univer- sity. Barrister (King's Inn, Dublin, 1952, and Gray's Innt, 1958). -
(South)
Electorate: 87,384. 1966: Orr, Capt. L. P. S. (U.U.) .. .. .. Quinn, J. G. (L.) .. Golding, H. (Nat Unity)
78,096.
34,894
7,747 21,676
U.LU. Majority .. 13,218 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 64,317. Turn-out 730o
UU 54.3o, Unity 33.7%, t 12.00r. UU Maj. 20.6%.
1966: Total Vote 51,379 (65.8%).-
U.U. 32,876 (64.0o). L. 9,586 (18.6%), Repub. 8,917. (17.4%). U.U. maj. 23,290 (45.3%>o).
Capt. Lawrence Orr, chairman of the Ulster Unionist M.P.s. was returned in 1950. Director of Pye (Scottish) Telecommunications. B. September, 1918; ed. Campbell College, Belfast, and Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. Imperial Grand Master of Orange Order, and a past chairman of the United Pro- testant Council of the United Kingdom.
DUDLEY
Electorate: 82.041. 1966: 74,964. Gilbert, J. W. (Lab.) .. 29,499 *Williams, W. D. (C.) .. 29,163
*Lab. Majority .. 336 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 58,662. Turn-out 71 %6.
Lab 50.3%,', C 49.7%!b. Lab Maj. 0.6 O.
1966: Total Vote 55,364 (73.9%O).-
Lab. 32,693 (59.1 00, C. 22,671 (40.9%0). Lab. Maj. 18.1%.
1968 By-election: Total Vote 48,185
(63.5$).-C. 28.016 (58.1 %), Lab. 16.360 (34.0%0), L. 3.809 (7.9 %i°). C Maj. 11,656 (24.1 %).
Mr. John Gilbert contested Dudley in the 1968 by-election, and Ludlow, 1966. Economist and chartered accountant. B. April, 1927; ed. Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, St. John's College. Oxford, and New York University. N.U.G.M.W.
DULWICH (Camberwell)
Electorate: 66,691. 1966: 63,891. *Silkin, S. C. (Lab.) .. 20,145 Mayhew, P. B. B. (C.) .. 19,250 Blackburn, A. N. H. (L.) 3,301
Lab. Majority . 895 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,696. Turn-out 64%.
Lab 47.1%, C 45.0%, L 7.7%. Lab Maj. 2;b.
1966: Total Vote 47,100 (73.7%).-~
Lab. 24,469 (51.9%), C. 18,173 (38.6%), L. 4,458 (9.5%). Lab. maj.. 6,296 (13.4%).
Mr. Samuel Silkin, elected in 1964, is second son of Lord Silkin. B. March, 1918; ed. Dulwich Col- lege and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Barrister (Middle. Temple, 1941) Member of the Society of Labour Lawyers, and leader of the United Kingdom delegation to the Assem- bly of Europe, 1968. Recorder of Bedford since 1966; chairman of Council of Europe Legal Com- mittee, 1966-70. Chairman of the Labour Party's group on Common Market and European Affairs 1966-70. Member of the Royal Commission on the Penal System for England and Wales, 1965-66.
HENDON
(South)
Electorate: 55,840. 1966: 52,112.
lhomas P. J. M. (C.) .. 18,901 Dimson, Mrs. G. F. (Lab.) 12,712 Young, L. (L.) .. .. 4,981
C. Majority .. 6,189 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,594. Turn-out 65%.
C 51.7%, Lab 34.7%, L 13.6%. C Maj. 17.0%.
1966: Total Vote 37,929 (73.20).-
C. 17,176 (45.3%), Lab. 13,120 (34.6%), L. 7,632 (20.1%,b). C. Maj. 4,056 (10.7%i,).
Mr. Peter Thomas, Q.C., was Conservative M.P. for Conway, 1951-66. Opposition spokesman on law and foreign affairs, 1964- 66. Minister of State. Foreign Affairs, 1963-64; Under Secretary, Foreign Office, 1961-63; Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1959-61. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1947), Q.C., 1965. B. July, 1920; ed. Epworth College, Rhyl, and Jesus College, Oxford. Deputy chairman, Ches- hire Quarter Sessions since 1966, and Denbighshire Quarter Ses- sions since 1968. Privy Councillor,
HENLEY
Electorate: 85,299. 1966: 69,584. 'Hay, J. A. (C.) .. .. 33,452 Denby, Miss M. J. (Lab.) 19,310 Giles, A. W. (L.) .. 8,907 Brunner, D. (Anti-C.M.) 960
C. Majority .. .. 14,142 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,629. Turn-out 74%.
C 53.40%, Lab 30.8%, L 14.2%, Anti Com Met 1.5 % . C Maj 22.6%.
1966: Total Vote 52,314 (75.2%).-
C. 28,994 (55.4%), Lab. 23,320 (44.6°,o). C. maj. 5,674 (10.8%). Mr. John Hay was Under- Secretary of Defence for the Royal Navy, April-October, 1964; Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1963-64; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1959-63. Elected in 1950. B. November, 1919; ed. Brighton, Hove and Sussex Gram- mar School. Solicitor and manag- ing director, Walport Ltd., direc- tor. television relay companies. Chairman, Young Conservative and Unionist Central Committee, 1947- 49: chairman, Conservative Party housing and local government committee, 1955-59; director. Lon- don Municipal Society, 1956-59.
HEREFORD
Electorate: 56,742. 1966: 50.853. *Gibson-Watt. D. (C.) .. 22,011 PurneU, G. D. (Lab.) .. 14,410 Crowtber, T. R. (L) .. 4,953
C. Majority .. .. 7,601 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,374. Turn-out 73°'
C. 53.20, Lab. 34X8 %, L. 11.9% C. Maj. 18.4%.
1966: Total Vote 39,307 (77.3b).-
C. 17,529 (44.60), Lab. 14,782 (37.60%). L. 6.996 (17.80%). C. Maj. 2.747 (7.0%).
;Mr. David Gibson-Watt, party spokesman on Wales since 1964. Returned at a by-election in 1956; contested Brecon and Radnor, 1950 and 1951; assistant Govern- ment whip 1957-59; a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1959- 61. Farmer and forester. B. September. 1918; ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Mem- ber of Radnor County Council.
HERTFORD
Electorate: 88,890. 1966: 76.234. *Ba.lniel, Lord (C.) .. 36,494 Sieve. Mrs. Y. (Lab.) .. 26,924 Melling, J. (L.) .. 5,994
C. Majonitv . 9.570 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 69,412. Tlurn-out 780,o.
C 52.6%o, Lab 38.8%, L 8.6%. C Maj. 13.8 % .
1966: Total Vote 63,810 (83.7%o).-
C. 32.302 (50.6%), Lab. 31,508 (49.4%). C. maj. 794 (1.2°,). Hertfordshire, East
Lord Bainlel has been the Opposition's chief spokesman on health and social security since October, 1967; a party spokesman for foreign affairs, 1965-67. B. March, 1927; ed. Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. Chairman. National Association of Mental Health; Conservative Parliament- ary committee on health and social security. Heir to the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. was elected in 1955. Emploved in Conservative Research Depart- ment, 1952-55.
HERTFORDSHMRE
(East)
Electorate: 94,206. 1966: 79.322. *Walker-Smith, Sir D. (C.) 37.668 Thomas. M. S. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. 23,601 Walsh, D. (L.) .. 7.753,S
C. Majority .. .. 14,067 NO CHANCE
Total Vote 68.807. Turn-out 73%.
C 54.7%0, Lab 34.3%, L 10.9%/o. C Maj. 20.4°o.
1966: Total Vote 63.531 (80.1 %).-
C. 29.618 (46.60%), Lab. 24,412 (38.40%). L. 9.501 (15.0%). C. Maj. 5,206 (8.2%).
Sir Derek Walker-Smith. Q.C., was Minister of Health, 1957-59. Parliamentary Secretary. Board of Trade. 1955-56. Economic Secre- tary to the Treasury. 1956-57. and Minister of State. Board of Trade, 1957. Represented Hertford 1945- 55 and East Hertfordshire since 1955. Called by Middle Temple, 1934; Q.C.. 1955. B. April. 1910; ed. Rosall and Christ Church. Oxford. Chairman of the 1922 Committee, 1951-55. Chairman of Society of Conservative Lawyers,
HERTFORDSHIRE
(South-West)
Electorate: 86,406. 1966: 74.777. *Longden, G. J. M. (C.) 32,661 Grocott, B. J. (Lab.) .. 24,214 Jarrett, J. W. S. (L.) .. 7,489 Skilton, R. (Residents) .. 542
C. Majority .. 8,447 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 64,906. Turn-out 75%.
C. 50.3%, Lab. 37.3%, L. 11.5%. Residents 0.8%. C. Maj. 13.0%. 1966: Total Vote 62.154 (83.1°o).-
C. 28,378 (45.7%), Lab. 25,186 (40.5%). L. 8.596 (13.8%). C. maj. 3,192 (5.1%).
Mvlr. Gilbert Longden was elected in 1950; contested Morpeth in 1945. Solicitor. B. April. 1902; ed. Haileybury and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. and Univcr- sity of Paris. Member, executive of 1922 Committee; vice-chairman, Select Committee on Education and Science; secretary, National Advisory Committee on Education; on executive committee of British Council; chairman, Great Britain- East Europe Centre; vice-president, British Atlantic Comijittee.
MALDON
Electorate: 72,829. 1966: Harrison, A. B. C. (C.) Haseler, S. M. A. (Lab.) Beale, 1. R. C. (L.) ..
59,616. 29,229 22,957
5,574
C. Majority -. .. 6,272 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57.760. Turn-out 79,.0
C. 50.6%, Lab. 39.7%, L 9.7%. C. Maj. 10.9%.
1966: Total Vote 49,653 (83.3%).-
C. 22,572 (45.5%), Lab. 22,066 (44,4%), L. 5,015 (10.1 %). C. maj. 506 (1.1 %).
Mr. Brian Harrison, was clected in 1955. Farmer and estate manager; director. London board, Commercial Bank of Australia. B. in Australia, October, 1921; ed. Geelong Grammar School, Aust- ralia, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Rowed for Cambridge, 1948.
MANCHEWMER
(Ardwik)
Electorate: 41,004. 1966: 46,208. Kaufman, G. B. (Lab.).. 13,728 Paley, I. K. (C.) ... 10,726
Lab. Majority .. 3,002 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 24,454. Turn-out 59%.
Lab 56.1%,;C43.8%. Lab Maj. 12.2%..
1966: Total Vote 27,321 (59.1 %).-
Lab. 17,274 (63.2%), C. 9,251 (33.9%), Union Movement 796 (2.9%). Lab. mai. 8.023 (29.4%). Mr. Gerald Kaufman, Parlia- mentary press liaison officer to the Labour Party, contested Bromley against Mr. Harold Macmillan in 1955, and Gillingham, 1959. B. June, 1930; ed. Leeds Grammar School and Queen's CoUege, Ox- ford. Former assistant secretary, Fabian Society.
A4NCHESTER
(Blackley)
Electorate: 58,288. 1966: 54,498. *Rose, P. B. (Lab.) .. 21,437 Maguire, A. M. (C.) .. 18,838
Lab. Maprity .. 2,599 NO CHANGE
To'tal Vote 40,275. Turn-out 69%,.
Lab 53.2%, C 46.7%. Lab Maj. 6.4%.
1966: Total Vote 41,139(75.5%).-
Lab. 21,571 (52.4%), C. 15,271 (37.1%), L. 4,297 (10.4%). Lab. maj. 6,300 (15.3%).
Mr. Paul Rose, was elected in 1964. B. December, 1935; ed. Bury, Grammar School and Man- chester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1958). Chairman, Parlia- mentary Labour Party Home Office Group. Chairman, Campaign for Democracy in Ulster; joint secretary Anglo-Irish Parliamentary Group. Chairman, North West Sports Council.
MANCHESTER
(Cheetham)
Electorate: 30,614. 1966: 35,201. Lever, N. HI (Lab.) .. 10,912 Arnold, T. R. (C) .. 6,110
Lab. Majority .. 4,802 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 17,022. Turn-out 55%.
Lab 64.1 %, C 35.8%. Lab Maj. 28.2 ,.
1966: Total Vote 20,050 (56.9%),-
Lab. 14,206 (70.9%), C. 5,844 (29.1%). Lab. maj. 8,362 (41.7%). Mr. Harold Lever became Pay- master General in 1969 with a seat in Cabinet, serving in the Ministry of Technology with special res- ponsibility for power matters. Won the Exchange division. 1945, and Cheetham, 1950. Barrister, called to Bar by Middle Temple, 1935. B. January, 1914; ed. Manchester Grammar School and at the university. Financial Secre- tary to the Treasury, 1967-69; Under Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, January-August, 1967. Member. Speaker's panel of chairmen, 1964-66. Promoted the Defamation Act, 1952.
MANCHESTER
(Exchange)
Electorate: 21,159. 1966: 26,400. *Griffiths, W. D. (Lab.) .. 8,234 Loftus, W. J. (C.) .. 3,341 Spencer, G. E. (Ind.) .. 440 Lab. Majority .. .. 4,893 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 12,015. Turn-out 57%.
Tab 68.5%, C 27.8%, Ind 3.6' %. Lab Maj. 40.7°.
1966: Total Vote 14,186 (53.7%).7-
Lab. 10.425 (73.5%), C. 3.761 (26.5%) Lab. maj. 6.664 (47.0%). Mr. William Griffiths won Moss Side from the Conservatives in 1945, and was returned for the Exchange division in 1950. A con- sulting ophthalmric optician, and a Fetlow of the British Optical Association. B. April, 1912; ed. Manchester elementary schools and privately. Member, Estimates Committee, 1965-70.
MANCHESTER
(Gorton)
Electorate: 61,885. 1966: 56,706. ""Marks, K. (Lab.) .. 23,679 Kevill, J. A. (C.) :.. 17.594 Ashley, J. M. (L.) .. 3,013
Lab. Majority .. 6,085 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,286. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 53.4%/O, C 39.7%, L 6.8%. Lab Maj. 13.17,o.
1966: Total Vote 41,144 (72.6Y%).-
Lab. 24,726 (60.1%), C. 16,418 (39.9%). Lab. maj. 8,308 (20.2%). 1967 By-election: Total Vote
41,972 (724%). - Lab. 19,259 (45.9%), C. 18,682 (44.5%), L. 2,471 (5.9%), All-Pty. AD. 1,123 (2.7%), Comm. 437 (1.0%) Lab. maj. 577 (1.4%).
Mr. Kenneth Marks was re- turned at a by-election in Nov- ember, 1967. Contested Moss Side, 1955. Headmaster. B. June, 1920, ed. Central High School, Manchester, Didsbury College of Education, Manchester. Member, National Union of Teachersm Member, Select Comnittee on Education and Science 1967-70. Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party Social Security Group.
UlXBRIDGE
Electorate: 63,710. 1966: 58,070. O\rran, C. (C.) .. .. 23,414 sRyan, 3. (Lab.) .. 19,768 Goodall. R. (L.) .. 4,265
C. Majority .. .. 3,646 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 47.447. Turn-out 74%.'
C 49.3 %. Lab 41.6 %, L 8.9. C Maj. 7.6%.
1966: Total Vote 47.937 (82.6X).-
Lab. 21,793 (45.5%). C. 20.903 (43.6%), L. 5,241 (10.9%). Lab. maj. 890 (1.8%o).
Mr. Charles Curran was M.P. for the division from 1959 to 1966- contested the seat, 1955 and 1951. and Walthamstow, West. 1945. Writer, journalist, and barrister (Gray's Inn, 1934). B. 1903: ed. Cardiff High School, Stonyhurst College. Member. executive 1922 Committee, 1964-66.
V
VAUXHALL
(Lambeth)
Electorate: 37,843. 1966: 39.042. Strauss. G. R. (Lab.) .. 13,046 Jones, C. W. (C) 7,477
Lab. Majority 5,569 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 20.523. Turn-out 54%.
Lab 63.6%,, C 36.4%. Lab Maj. 27.1..
1966: Total Vote 22,878 (58.6%).-
Lab. 15,233 (66.6%), C. 7,648 (33.4%). Lab maj. 7.585 (33.2%). Mr. George Strauss was first elected for North Lambeth in 1929 (he was beaten by 29 votes in 1924). He was defeated in 1931, reelected 1934, and returned for Vauxhall after the 1950 redistribution. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Transport. 1945-47, and Minis- ter of Supply, 1.947-51. Chairman. Select Committee on Members' Interests (Declaration) 1969 and member. Committee of Privileges. Chairnan, P.L.P. arts. cultural activities. leisure and sport com- mittee. Member L.C.C., 1925-45. B. July. 1901; ed. Rugby. Retired businessman.
w
WAKEFIELD
Electorate: 65,224. 1966: 60.245. *Harrison, W. (Lab.) .. 27,352 Smith, D. (C.) .. .. 15,668 Seear, Miss B. N. (L) .. 4,071
Lab. Majoritv . 1. 1,684 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47.091. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 58.0%, C 33.2%. L 8.6%. Lab. Mlaj. 24.8%.
1966: Total Vote 44.206 (73.4% ).-
Lab. 28.907 (65.4%). C. 15.299 (34.6 %). Lab. maj. 13,608 (30.8%).
Mr. Walter Harrison, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury since 1968. and assistant Govern- ment whip. 1966-68. was elected in 1964. Foreman electrician. B. January. 1921: ed. Dewsbury Technical College and School of Art. Member, West Riding Countv Council since 1958. and Castleford Borough Council, 1952 (Alderman, 1959).
WALLASEY
Electorate: 72.534. 1966: 68,919. *Marples. A. E. (C.) .. 24,283 Welrs, C. J. (Lab.) .. 21.172 Evans, D. J. (L.) . . 5.577 Hill, J. (Anti-C.Ml .. 2.946
C. Majority .. .. 3,111 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53.978. Turn-out 74%.
C 44.90,o, Lab 39.2°o, L 10.3%. Anti C-NI 5.4%. C Maj. 5.70.. 1966: Total Vote 52,420 (76.1t).-
C. 22.901 (43.7%). Lab. 22.312 (42.6%), L. 7.207 (13.7%). C. maj. 589 (1.1%).
Mr. Ernest Marples, party spokesman on technology from 1964-66, was Minister of Transport, 1959-64: Postmaster General 1957- 59. Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1954-55 and to Ministry of Housing and Local Government from 1951. Elected. 1945. Char- tered accountant. B. December, 1907; ed. Victoria Park Council School. Mlanchester. and Stretford Grammar School. Founded Marples. Ridgway and Partners Ltd.. civil engineering contractors: chairman. Boase. Massimi and Pollitt since 1968. Owns a vineyard in France. Chairman. Nationalized Transport Advisory Council. 1963- 64. Appointed by Mr. Hcath in 1967 to lead a partv examination into public sector organization.
WALLSEND
Electorate: 86.486. 1966: 76.666. *Garrctt, W. E. (Lab.) . 39.065 White, E. M. (C.) . 24.650
Lab. Majority.. . 14,415 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 63.715. Turn-out 74""%..
Lab. 61.3%, C. 38.7°. Iab. maj. 22.60.
1966: Total Vote 60.949 (77.5°
Lab. 39.744 (65.2_). C. 21.2(05 (34.8 %). Lab. maj. 18.539 (30.4A). Mr. Edward Garrett. was elected in 1964. Coniested Hexham, 1955- Doncaster, 1959. B. March. 1920: ed. elementary schools and London School of Economics. Engineer. mcmber, Northumberland County Council since 1954. and Prudhoe Urban Council since 1948. Mem- ber, House of Commons Services Committee, Select Committee on Agriculture. Miember. A.E.F.: shop steward for 20 years and works convenor for 16 years.
WALSALL
(North)
Electorate: 72.640. 1966: 64.449. Wells W, T. (Lab.) .. 27.543 BamDes, J. (C.) . . .20.120 Brayford. D. (Comm.) .. 597
Lab. Majority .. 7.415 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48.268. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 57.0%, C 41.7%, Comrn 1.2°. Lab Maj. 15.3%. 1966: Total Vote 45,663 (70.9%).-
Lab. 29,710 (65.1 %), C. 15.953 (34.9%). Lab. maj. 13,757 (30.1 %).
Mr. William Wells, Q.C. repre- sented Walsall, 1945-55, when he was returned for Walsall. North. B. August, 1908: ed. Lancing Col- lege and Balliol College. Oxford. Called to the Bar by Middle Temple. 1932: Q.C., 1955. Recorder of King's Lynn sinlce 1965: deputy chairman, Hcrtfordshire Quarter Sessions since 1%1. Chairman. P.L.P. legal and judicial group. Director, Provincial Insurance Co. (London Board), and of Frank O'Shanohun Associates Ltd., public relations consultants.
WIMBLEDON
Electorate: 42,943. 1966: 40,248; Havers, R. M. 0. (C.) 15,285 Holmes, R. C. (Lab.) . 8,554 Macdonald,. J. R. (L.) . 4,749
C. Majority .. .. 6.731 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,588. Turn-out 66%.
C 53.5%, Lab 29.9%. L 16.6%. C Maj. 23.6%,o.
1966: Total Vote 30,183 (75.0%).-
C. 15,191 (50.3%), Lab. 9,517 (31.5%), L. 5,475 (18.1%). C. maj. 5.674 (18.8,'%).
Mar. Mftin Havers, Q.C., was born in 1923; ed. Westminster and Corpus Christi Collese, Cambr-idge Recorder of Dover, 1962; chairman of West Suffolk Quarter Sessions 1965.
WINCHESTER Electorate: 61,900. 1966: *Giles, Rear - Adm.
M.C.M. (C.) .. .. Perry, C. (Lab.) .
Matthew, J. W. (L) ..
C. Majority .. .
52,697.
25,249 11,773 8.867 13,476
NO CHANGE
Totai Vote 45.889. Tirn-out 74%.
C 55.0%1O. Lab 25.6%. L 19.3%. C Maj. 29.30,.
1966: Total Vote 41,037 (77.9%).-
C. 21,162 (51.6%), Lab. 12,485 (30.4%), L. 7.390 (18.0%). C. maj. R 677 1)1 1 °Z
Rear-Admirl Mornpn Giks was returned at a by-election in May,. 1964. Member, Estimates Commit- tee. B. June, 1914; ed. at Clifton College. Served on the staff of C.- in-C. Far. East Station, before commanding H.M.S. Vigilant as Captain (D) Dartmouth Training Squadron. Was captain of Vernon, 1959-60, and of H.M.S. Belfast, Flagship of the Far East, in 1.961- 62. Rear-Admiral October. 1962; President of the Royal Naval Col- lege, Greenwich, 1962-64. when he retired. Fafming interests in Hamp- shire and New South Wales. Liveryman of the Shipwrights Company. A vice-chairman, Con- servative defence committee, 1965- 68.
WIN-DSOR
Electorate: 78,132. 1966: 67,694. Glyn, Dr. A. (C.) .. 32,264 S1iliv2,1 T D. (Lab.) 1621A
Trcvallion, R. J. (L.) ..
C. Majornty ...... ..
6,343 16,050
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,821. Turn-coat 70%.
C 58.8%. Lab 29.6%, L 11.6%. C Maj. 29.2%0.
1966: Total Vote 51.674 (76.3%).-
C. 25.630 (49.6%), Lab. 17,300 (33.5 %), L. 8,744 (16.9%). C. maj. 8.330 (16.1%).
Dr. Alan Glyn was M.P. for Clapham from 1959-64. Barrister (Middle Temple. 1955) and medi- cal practitioner. B. September. 1918: ed. Westminster School, Caius College. Cambridge. and St. Bartholomew's and St. George's Hospitals. Member. Chelsea Borough Council. 1959-62. Elected to Inner London Medical Com- mittee, 1966. Freeman. Worship- ful Society of the Art and Mystery of Apothecaries of the City of London, 1961.
WTRRAL
Electorate: 95.097. 1966: 82,056. *Lloyd, J. S. B. (C.) .. 38,655 Paterson. R. G. (Lab.) .. 22.197 Jones, Miss G. (L.) .. 9,276
C. Majority .. .. 16.458 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 70,128. Turn-out 74%.
C 55.1%, Lab 31.7%, L 13.2%. C Maj. 23.4%.
1966: Total Votc 65,414 (79.7%).-
C. 31.477 (48.1%). Lab. 21,624 (33.0%). L. 12.313 (18.8%). C. maj. 9.853 (15.1%).
MIr. Selwyn Lloyd, Q.C., was Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the C'ornmons, 1963-64. Chancellor of the Exchequer, July. 1960. to July, 1962. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, December. 1955. to July, 1960. Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1951-54: Minister of Supply to April, 1955, and Minister of Defence for the next eight months. President, National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1966: Op- position spokcsman on Common- wealth affairs. 1965-66. Elected for Wirral in 1945: contested Maccles- field as Liberal in 1929. B. July, 1904: ed. Fettes and Mviagdalene College. Cambridge: president of the Union, 1927. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) 1930: Q.C.. 1947. Recorder of Wigan. 1948-51. Director of Rank Organization. English and Caledonian lnvestment Co. Ltd., Sun Alliance and London Insurance Group. Gaumont British Ltd., and Odeon Associated Theatres Ltd. Member. House of Commons Services Committee and Committee of Privileges.
WOKING
Electorate: 94,508. 1966: 80,887. *Onslow, C. G. D. (C.) .. 37,220 Taylor, R. M. (Lab.) .. 18.652 Wade, P. (L.) .. .. 9,763
C. Majority .. 18.568 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 65.635. Turn-out 69%.
C 56.70f, Lab 28.4°o, L 14.8%. C Maj. 28.2%.
1966: Total Vote 62.371 (77.1 %).-
C. 32,057 (51.4%). Lab. 19,210 (30.8%), L. 11,104 (17.8Yo). C. maj. 12,847 (20.6%).
Mr. Cranley Onslow, a journalist, was elected in 1964. B. June. 1926; ed. Harrow School, Oriel College, Oxford. and Geneva University. Member, Foreign Service 1951-60. Member, exTecutive of the 1922 Committee. Vice-chairman. Con- servative Aviation Committee since 1967. Member. Dartford Rural District Council, 1960-62. and Kent County Council. 1961-64. Member, English-Speaking Union, and associate of Roval Institute of International Affairs.
F
FALMOUTH & CAMBORNE
Electorate: 62,353. 1966: 55,323. Mudd, W. D. (C.) .. 21,477 *Dunmwqody, Dr. J. E. 0.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 19,954 Davey, A. Q. S. T. (L.).. 5,843 Jenkin, R. (Mebyon
Kernow) .. .. 960 C Majority .. .. 1.523 CONSERVATiVE GAIN
Total Vote 48,234. Turn-out 77%.
C 44.5%, Lab 41.4%. L 12.10,10 Mebyon Kernow 1.90,o. C Maj. 3.1 %.
1966: Total Vote 45,669 (82.6%).
-Lab. 21,394 (46.8%.). C. 18,131 (39.7o). L. 6,144 (13.5%o). Lab. maj. 3,263 (7.1%).
Mr. David Mudd, journalist and television commentator. B. June, 1933; ed. Truro Cathedral School. Member, Tavistock Urban Council, 1963-65. N.U.J. member since 1952.
FARNHAM
Electorate: 60,365. 1966: 53,814. 'Macmillan, M. (C.) .. 25,113 Stonham, P. M. 0 (L) .. 10,178 Pinchen, L. G. R. (Lab.) 8,870
C. Majority .. .. 14,935 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,161. Turn-out 73%.
C 56.9%jo, L 23.0%, Lab 20.1%0. C Maj. 33.9%.
1966: Total Vote 43,052 (80.0%).
-C. 21,028 (48.8%'), L. 12,036 (28.0%.). Lab. 9.988 (23.2%). C. maj. 8,992 (20.9%).
Mr. Maurice Macmillan, an Op- position spokesman on health and social security, was elected in 1966, after being M.P. for Halifax 1955- 64. Contested Seaham. 1945, Lin- coln, 1951. and Vakefield (by-elec- tion) 1957. Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1963-64. Chair- man. Conservative Parliamentary Health and Social Services Com- mittee, B. January, 1921; ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Pub- lisher and company director. Son of Mfr. Harold'Macmillan. Presi- dent United Kingdom Council of the European Movement. 1961-63; former chairman, Wider Share Ownership Council and later, chairman, executive committee of W.S.O.C
FARNWORTH
Electorate: 70,039. 1966: 60,634. Roper, J. F. H. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. .. 29.392 Johnston, I. A. (C.) .. 20,867
Lab. Majority .. 8,525 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,259. Turn-out 720.
Lab Co-op 58.4%,°o C 41.50,o. Lab Maj. 16°.
1966: Total Vote 45,344 (74.8%). -Lab. 30,015 (66.2%), C. 15,329 (33.8%). Lab. maj. 14,686 (32.4 °o%).
Mr. John Roper contested High Peak in 1964. University lecturer in economics. B. September, 1935; ed. William Hulme's Grammar Schobl, Manchester; Reading School, Magdalen College, Oxford. and University of Chicago. Vice- chairman, national executive com- mittee of United Nations Associa- tion since 1965. Director, Hyde Equitable Co-operative Society since 1964, and director, Co- operative. Wholesale Society since 1969.
FAVERSHAM
Electorate: 72,090. 1966: 62,896. Moate, R. D. (C.) .. 29,914 *Boston, T. G. (Lab.) .. 26,103
C. Majority .. .. 3,811 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
TotaL Vote 56,017. Turn-out 78°.
C 53.4%, Lab 46.6%/o. C Maj. 6.8%.
1966: Total Vote 50,261 (79.9o). -Lab. 26,375 (52.50o), C. 23,886 (47.5%). Lab. maj. 2,489 (5.0%,o). Mr. Roger Moate, an insurance broker, contested the seat in 1966. B. May, 1938; ed. Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith. Vice-chair- man, Greater London area Young Conservatives, 1964-66. Has been an insurance broker since 1958, having worked in South Africa, Central Africa and Kenya.
FELTHAM
Electorate: 60,700. 1966: 53,697. Kerr, R. W. (Lab,) .. 21,561 Wallis, Miss B. L. (C.) .. 16,006 King, G. R. (L.) .. .. 3,536
Lab. Majority ,, 5,555 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,103. Turn-out 680.
Lab 52.4%, C 38.9%, L 8.6%""o. Lab Maj. 13%.
1966: Total Vote 41,527 (77.30%). -Lab. 22,389 (53.9%0 ), C. 13,932 (33.5%). L. 5,206 (12.5%). Lab. maj. 8,457 (20.4%).
Mr. Russell Kerr, an air charter executive, was elected in 1966. Contested Horsham 1951, Merton and Morden 1959, and Preston, North, 1964. B. February, 1921; ed. Shore School, Sydney, and Sydney University. Chairman of the Tribune group of Labour backbenchers; director Tribune Publications Ltd. National execu- tive member, A.S.T.M.S. since 1964. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries since 1967. Vice-chairman, P.L.P. avi- ation group since 1969. War time member of R.A.F. pathfinder force. His wife, Mrs. Anne Kerr, is Labour candidte for Rochester and Chatham.
FERMIANAGH & SOUTH
TYRONE
Electorate: 70,641. 1966: 63,188. McManus, F. (Unity) .. 32,832 Hamilton, Marquess of
(U.U.) .. .. .. 31,390
Unity Majority .. 1,447 U`NITY GAIN
Total Vote 64,227. Turn-out 92%.
Unity 51.1%, UU 48.9%. Unity Maj. 2.2%,.
1966: Total Vote 54,367 (86.0%). -U.U. 29.352 (54.0%), Nat. Unity 14,645 (26,9%). Repub. 10,370 (19.1%°). U.U. maj. 14.707 (27.1 %).
Mr. Frank McManus, aged 27, is a teacher. He is chairman of the Fermanagh civil rights movement. Contesting his first parliamentary seat he defeated Mr. Austin Currie, Nationalist member for East l'yrone at Stormont.
FIFE (East)
Electorate: 53,661. 1966: 49,311. *Gilmour, Sir J. E. (C.) .. 21,619 Ewing, H. (Lab.) .. .. 9.756 Braid, J. (Scot. Nat.) .. 4,666 Pickard, W. R. S. (L.) .. 3,577
C. Majority .. .. 11,863 NO CHANGE
Total1 Vote 39,618. Turn-out 74%.
C 54.5%, Lab 24.6%, Scot Nat 11.7%, L 9.0%. C. maj. 29%. 1966: Total Vote 37,520 (76.1%).
-C. 19,323 (51.5%), Lab. 9,229 (24.6 %), Scot. Nat. 5,394 (14.4%), L. 3,574 (9.5%). C. maj. 10,094 (26.9%).
Sir John Gilmour, was elected at a by-election in 1961; contested East Stirlingshire and Clackman- nan, 1945. Farmer and market gardener. B. October, 1912; ed. Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and Dundee School of Economics. Chairman, Scottish Unionist Party, 1965-67; Fife County Council, 1955-61. Member, Royal Company of Archers. Director of Australian Pastoral Company.
(West)
Electorate: 66,545. 1966: 56,028. Hamilton, W. W. (Lab.) 29,929 McLaughlan, G. (C.) .. 12,837 Halliday, J. (Scot. Nat.) 5,386 McMillan, A. D.
(Comm.) . . .. 855 Lab. Majority .. 17,092 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,007. Turn-out 74%,
Lab 61.0%, C 26.1%, Scot Nat 10.9%, Comm 1.7%. Lab Maj. 34%.
1966: Total Vote 43,011 (76.8%).
-Lab. 27,123 (63.1°,' ), C. 8,300 (19.3%), Scot Nat. 6,046 (14.1 %,O), -Comm. 1,542 (3.6%). Lab. maj.
18,823 (43.8%).
Mr. William Hamllton, member, Estimates Committee, since 1953 and chairman since 1964. Won the seat from a Communist in 1950; contested the division in 1945. Teacher. B. June, 1917; ed. Washington Grammar School. County Durham. and Sheffield University. Lectured for the Workers' Educational Association and the National Council of Labour Colleges. Vice-Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1964- 70. Member, N.U.T.
FINCHLEY
Electorate: 72,915. 1966: 68,422. 'Thatcher, Mrs. M. H.
(C.) .. .. .. 25,480 Freeman, M. L. (Lab.).. 14,295 Mitchell, G. D. (L.) .. 7,614
C. Majority .. .. 11,185 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,389. Turn-out 65%.
C 53.8%1, Lab 30.2°o. C Maj. 23.6%.0 '
1966: Total Vote 51,542 (75.3%).
---C. 23,968 (46.5%;), Lab. 14.504 (28.10%o). L. 13,070 (25.4%'). C. maj. 9,464 (18.4%').
Mrs. Margaret Thatcher, chief Opposition spokesman on educa- tion, 1969-70; previously spokes- man on transport, power, Treasury matters. housing, and pensions. Joined the ""Shadow Cabinet"" in October, 1967. Returned for Finchley in 1959. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1961-64. Contested Dartford in 1950 and 1951. Sponsored an Act to open council meetings to the Press. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1954). B. October, 1925; ed. Grantham High School and Somerville College, Oxford, where she was treasurer and president of the University Conservative Association.
FLINT (East)
Electorate: 65,199. 1966: 55,119. Jones, S. B . (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. 24,227 Amyes, R. M. (C.) .. 20,145 Diamond, D. 0. (L.) . 5,888 Hughes, G. (P1. Cymru) 2,332
Lab. Majority .. 4,082 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,592. Turn-out 81%.
Lab Co-op 46.0%, C 38.30%, L 11.1%, Pi Cymru 4.4%. Lab Maj. 7%o.
1966: Total Vote 47,652 (86.5%0).
-Lab. 24.442 (51.3%), C. 15,960 (33.5%), L. 6,348 (13.3%), Pi. Cymru 902 (1.9%). Lab. maj. 8,482.
Mr. Barry Jones, teacher. B. June, 1939: ed. Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor Col- lege of Education. Cbairman and vice-chairman. East Flintshire L.abour Party. Contested North- wich, 1966. Regional field officer for N.U.T. tMember. Hawarden R.D.C., executive committee, Welsh Council of Labour.
(West)
Electorate: 58,373. 1966: 51,346. Meyer, Sir A. J. C. (C.) 20,999 Evans, J. G. (Lab.) .. 13,655 Thomas, D. M. (L.) .. 7,437 Jones, A. 0. (P1. Cymru) 3,108
C. Majority .. .. 7,344 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,199. Turn-out 77°,'
C 46.400, Lab 30.2%, L 16.4%, P1 Cymru 6.8%. C Maj. 166%. 1966: Total vote 42,038 (81.9%).
-C. 18,179 (43.2% ), Lab. 15,137 (36.0%), L. 7,137 (17.0%), P1. Cymru 1,585 (3.7%,). C. maj. 3,042 (7.2%).
Sir Anthony Meyer, magazine editor and Lloyds' underwriter, represented Eton and Slough, 1964- 66. B. October, 1920; ed. Eton and New College, Oxford. Trustee, Shakespeare National Memorial Theatre; founder and director, political journal Solon; Member, Foreign Service, 1946-62. Conser- vative Research Centre, 1968.
FOLKESTONE & HYTHE
Electorate: 61,355. 1966: 54,573. *Costain, A. P. (C.) .. 27,031 Hyman, N. A. (Lab) .. 13.772 Button, H. W. (Ind.) .. 1,219
C. Majority .. .. 13,259 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,022. Turn-out 68°o.
C 64.3%', Lab 32.8%, Ind 2.9%. C Maj. 31.5°.
1966: Total Vote 38,526 (71.3%).
-C. 22,964 (59.6%js) Lab. 15.562 (40.4%). C. Maj. 7,402 (19.2%). Mr. Albert Costain was elected in 1959. Chairman of Richard Costain Ltd.. and a member of Lloyds. B. July, 1910; ed. King James' Grammar School, Knares- borough. and the College of Estate Management. Fellow of the In- stitute of Builders: chairman, Prestressed Concrete Development Group, 1952. London treasurer, National Children's Home, 1950- 60. Vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary arts, public building and works committee. 1965-70. Member, 'Estimates Committee, 1965-70.
FULHAM
Electorate: 43,289. 1966: 45,089. *Stewart, M. (Lab.) .. 16,312 Mactaggart, Sir 1. A. (C.) 12,807 Arrowsmith, Miss P.
(Ind.) . .. .. 421 Moody R. (Anti-Election) 112
Lab. Majority .. 3,505 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 29,652. Turn-out 68o.
Lab 55.0%, C 43.1%, Anti War 1.4%, Anti Elect 0.3%. Lab Maj. 11 %.
1966: Total Vote 34,435 (76A4%).
-Lab. 20,080 (58.3%), C. 13,094 (38.0%), Ind. L. 716 (2.1%). Comm. 256 (0.7%O), Radical Alliance 163 (0.5%), Patriotic Party 126 (0.4%'). Lab. maj. 6,986 (20.3%). °)
Mr. Michael Stewart became Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in 1968 when the two departments were merged; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. March to October, 1968; First Secretary of State, 1967-68; Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, 1966-67; Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1965-66; Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1964. Labour spokesman on housing and local government, 1959-64 and previously on education. Elected Fulham, 1950; contested West Lewisham in 1931 and 1935; represented Fulham, East, 1945-50. Vice Chamberlain of the House- hold, 1946-47: Comptroller, 1946- 47; Under Secretary for War, 1947-51; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply, May to October, 1951. B. November, 1906; ed. Christ's Hospital and St. John's College. Oxford; president of the Union, 1929. Held assistant masterships at the Merchant Taylors' and the Coopers' Com- pany Schools.
FYLDE (North)
Electorate: 72,008. 1966: 61,526. Clegg, W. (C.) .. 33,667 Hill, R. W. (Lab.) .. 15,235
C. Majority .. . 18,432 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,902. Turn-out 68%.
C 68.8%, Lab 31.1%/O. C Maj. 37%.
1966: Total Vote 45,146 (73.4%).
-C. 24,217 (53.7%).b, Lab. 14,045 (31.1%), L. 6,058 (13.4%,), Coali- tion Unity 826 (1.8%). C. maj. 10,172 (22.5%/).
Mr. Walter Clegg, an Opposi- tion whip, elected in 1966; con- tested Ince, 1959. Solicitor. B. April, 1920; ed. Bury Grammar School, Arnold School and Man- chester *Jniversity Law School. Chairman, North Fylde Conserva- tive Association, 1965. Joint secretary, Conservative Parlia- mentary housing and local govern- ment committee 1967-69; vice- chairman of the Association of Conservative Clubs, 1969-70. Served on Select Committee on Statutory Instruments and joint Lords and Commons Committee on consolidation of Acts. Member, Lancashire County Council, 1955- 61.
(Soutb)
Electorate: 85,808. 1966: 73,462. Gardner. E. L. (C.) .. 39,459 Mahon, D. (Lab.) .. 13,354 Thomson, A. (L.) .. 9,214
C. Majority .. .. 26,105 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,027. Turn-out 72o.
C 63.6%, Lab 21.50%, L 14.90. C Maj. 42.1 %.
1966: Total Vote 54,766 (74.6%).
-C. 29,779 (54.40%), Lab. 13,455 (24.6%). 1.. I11.;) (21.1%o). C. maj. 16,324 (29.8%).
Mr. Edward Gardner, Q.C., was M.P. for Billericay from 1959 to 1966; contested Erith and Cray- ford in 1955. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) in 1947. admitted to the Nigerian and British Guianan Bars, 1962, and became a Master of the Bench of Gray's Inn in 1968. B. May, 1912; ed. Hatton Grammar School. Chairman of ""Justice"" working party on bail and remands in custody, 1967, and a member of the executive com- mittee, 1968. Chairman of the Bar Council committee on Parliament- ary privilege, 1967. Governor, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children since 1962.
G
GAINSBOROUGH
Electorate: 59,558. 1966: 52.428. Kimball, M. (C.) .. 22,163 Tracy, M. P. (Lab.) .. 14,454 Blackmore, R. (L) .. 7,543
C. Majority .. .. 7,709 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,160. Turn-out 74%.
C 50.2%, Lab 32.7%0, L 17.1%. C Maj. 17.5%.
1966: Total Vote 39,738 (75.8o).
-C. 18,770 (47.2%, Lab. 14.904 (37.5%). L. 6,064 (15.3%°)-C. maj. 3,866 (9.7°o).
Mr. Marcus KimbalL land- owner, farmer and Lloyds' under- writer, was returned at a by-election in 1956; contested Derby, South, 1955. B. October, 1928; ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member, Rutland County Council, 1955-62. Chairman, East Midland area Young Conservatives, 1954- 58. Cbairman, British Field Sports Society since 1964. Joint master and huntsman, Cottesmore Hounds, 1953-58, and Fitzwilliam, 1951-52. Member, Nature Conservancy Wild Fowl Conservation Commit- tee. Privy Council representative on Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1969.
GALLOWAY
Electorate: 38,925. 1966: 36,683. *Brewis, H. J. (C.) .. 14,003 Donaldson, A. (Scot.
Nat.) . . .. 5,723 Douglas, D. (Lab.) .. 5.665 Scott, C. (L.) .. .. 2,461
C. Majority .. .. 8,280 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 27,852. Turn-out 71%.
C. 50.3°%, Scot. Nat. 20.5%, Lab. 20.3%o, L. 8.8%. C. Maj. 29.8%. 1966- Total Vote 24,420 (66.6°o).
-C. 15,137 (62.0% ). Lab. 9,283 (38.000). C. maj. 5,854 (24.0°%o). Mr. John Brewis. elected at a by-election in April, 1959. Bar- rister (Middlc Temple, 1964) and farmer. Deputy-lieutenant for Wigtownshire. B. April, 1920; ed. Eton and New College, Oxford. Member, Wigtown County Council, 1955-59. Member of Commons Chairmen's panel, from 1965. P.P.S. to the Lord Advocate 1960- 62. Director, Ardwell Estates and other companieC
GATESHEAD
(Eat)
Electorate: 62,672. 1966: Conlan, B. (Lab.)
Wood, P. R. (C.) ..
56,442. 28,524 15,489
j
Lab Majority .. 13,035 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,013. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 64.8%°, C 35.10,o. Lab Maj. 29i .
1966: Total Vote 39,712 (75.7%).
-Lab. 27,628 (69.6o), C. 12,084 (30.4%). Lab. rnaj. 15,544 (39.1%)
. Mr. Bernard Conlan was elected in 1964; contested High Peak in 1959. Engineer. B. October, 1923; ed. Manchester primary and sec- ondary schools. Elected to Man- chester City Council, 1954; officer of Amalgamated Engineering Union since 1943.
(West)
Electorate: 34,594. 1966: Horam, J. R. (Lab.) .. O'Skullivan, J. (C.)
38,878. 15,622 7,328
Lab. Majority .. 8,294 NO CEIANGE
Total Vote 22,950. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 68.0%, C 31.9%,o. Lab Maj. 36%.
1966: Total Vote 27,259 (70.1%). -Lab. 20,381 (74.8%o), C. 6,878 (25.2%). Lab. maj. 13,503 (49.5%O).
Mr. John Horam, economic consultant, contested Folkestone and Hythe in 1966. B. March, 1939; ed. Silcoates School, Wake- field, Yorks:, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. Director, Commodities Research Unit Ltd.
I
GILINGEAI
Electorate: 60,144. 1966: 51,874. Burden, F. P. A. (C.).. 25,813 Bean, R. E (Lab.) .. 18,057
C. Majority .. .. 7,756 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,870. Turn-out 73%.
C 58.8%, Lab 41.1%. C Maj. 17 %.
1966: Total Vote 40,722 (78.5%).
-C. 20,158 (49.5%), Lab. 17,018 (41.8%0,), L. 3,5446 (8.7%)3. C. maj. 3,140 (7.7%).
Mr. Frederick Burden was elec- ted in 1950; contested South Shields, 1935, Finsbury 1945, and Rotherhithe in 1947 by-election. Chairman, Parliamentary animal welfare group, and vice-chairman, R.S.P.C.A. Company director and chairman of textile wholesale group. B. December, 1905; ed. at Sloane School, Chelsea.
GLASGOW (Bridgeton)
Electorate: 31,332. 1966: 37,159. Bennett, J. (Lab.) .. 11,056 Gavin,. R. (C.) .. .. 3,801 Wallace, G. E. J. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 1,550 Glass. J. T. A. (Ind. Prot.) 1,180
Lab. Majority.. .. 7,255 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 17,587. Turn-out 56%.
Lab 62.8%, C 21.6 %, Scot Nat 8.8%, Ind. Prot 6.7%o. Lab Maj. 41.2%.
1966: Total Vote 21,838 (58.8%). -Lab. 16,219 (74.3%), C. 5,619 (25.7%). Lab. maj. 10.600 (48.5%).
Mr. James Bennett was elected at a by-election in November, 1961. Former transport repre- sentative. B. December, 1912; ed. North Kelvinside Senior Secon- dary School. Parliamentary private secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland, 1964-67. Member, Glasgow Town Council, 1947-51; and of T.G.W.U.
(Cathcart)
Electorate: 72,764. 1966: 65,759. *Taylor, E. M. (C.) .. 29,093 Mackay, D. C. H. (Lab.) 24,188 .McDonagh, J. (hnd. Lab.) 419
C. Majority .. .. 4,905 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,700. Turn-out 74%.'
C 54.1%', Lab 45.0%1, Ind Lab 0.7%,O. C Maj. 9-'O.
1966: Total Vote 52.395 (79.7%).
.C2. 26,549 (50.7°o). Lab. 25,330 (48.3o), Anti-Vivisection 516 (1.0%). C. maj. 1,219 (2.3%).
Nr. Edward Taylor, elected in 1964, contested Glasgow, Spring- burn. 1959. Industrial relations officer and journalist. B. April. 1937; ed. Glasgow High School and Glasgow University. President, Springburn Unionist Association. Member, Glasgow City Council, 1959-64. Joint-secretary, Conserva- tive parliamentary shipbuilding committee; vice-chairman, trans- port committee.
(Central)
Electorate: 20,399. 1966: 26,579.
IMcMillan, T. (Lab.) .. 7,936 Rennie, G. (C.) .. .. 2,394 McIntosh, A. (Scot. Nat.) 1,688
Lab. Majority .. 5,542 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 12,018. Turn-out 59<'o.
Lab 66.0%io, C 19.9%, Scot Nat 14.0%. Lab Maj. 46.1 °h.
1966: Total Vote 15,597 (58.7%°).
-Lab. 11,673 (74.8%), C. 3,924 (25.2%). Lab. maj. 7,749 (49.7°%). Mr. Thomas MNUillan, for- merly a wood machinist at Cow- lairs railway workshops, was elected in 1966. B. February 1919; secondary education. Member, Glasgow City Council since 1962. Magistrate and bailie, 1964. Mem- ber of the N.U.R. Secretary, Glas- g*ow Central C.L.P.
(Cralgton)
Electorate: 50,404. 1966: 45,472. *Millan, B. (Lab.) .. 20,872 Wober, W. (C.) .. .. 13,661 Edwards, R. (Scot Nat.) 2,946
Lab. Majority .. 7,211 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,479. Turn-out 74°.
Lab 55.6%, C 36.4%, Scot Nat 7.8%. Lab Maj. 19%0.
1966: Total Vote 36,569 (80.4%).
-Lab. 21,174 (57.9% ), C. 11 ,70 (32.7/.). Scot. Nat. 3,425 (9.4%). Lab. maj. 9,204 (25.2%).
Mr. Bruce Milan, Under- Secretary of State for Scotland since 1966; Under-Secretary of Defence for the Royal Air Force, 1964-66. Elected in 1959, contested the seat in 1955 and West Ren- frewshire, 1951. Chartered ac- countant. B. October, 1927; ed. Hairis Academy, Dundee.
HESTON & ISLEWORTH
Electorate: 54,197. 1966: 51,400. Hayboe, B. J. (C.) .. 21,580 Samuel, G. J. (Lab.) .. 16,981
C. Majority .. 4,599 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,561. Turn-out 71%.
C 55.9%, Lab 44.0%. C maj. 1 1.9.
1966: Total Vote 41,077 (79.9o).-
C. 18,222 (44.4%, ), Lab. 17,296 (42.1%), L. 5,559 (13.5%). C. maj. 926 (2.30%).
Mr. Barney Hayhoe contested Lewisham, South, in 1964. Head of the Conservative Research De- partment's rsearch section; former mechanical engineer. B. August, 1925; ed. elementary school in Croydon and the Stanley Technical School, South Norwood. Former National vice-chairman; Young Conservatives; treasurer, World Assembly of Youth. 1958-60.
HEXHAMI
Electorate: 62,988. 1966: 55,320. Rippon, A. G. F. (C.) .. 24,516 Miller, J. E. (Lab.) .. 16,645 Cogan, D. (L.) .. .. 6,021
C. Majority .. .. 7,871 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,182. Turn-out 75%
C 51.9%, Lab 35.3%, L 12.8%. C Maj. 16.6%.
1966: Total Vote 43,428 (78.5°o).-
C. 20,889 (48.1%'), Lab and Co- op 16,105 (37.1 °), L. 6.434 (14.8%). C. Maj. 4,784 (11.0%). Mr. Geoffrey Rippon, Q.C., Opposition spokesman on defence since 1968, was elected in 1966; represented Norwich, South, 1955- 64; contested Shoreditch and Finsbury, 1950 and 1951. Minis- ter of Public Building and Works. 1962-64 joining Cabinet in 1963; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961-62, and to Ministry of Aviation, 1959-61; Opposition spokesman on housing and local government. 1966-68. Called by Middle Temple. 1948, Q.C. 1964. B. May, 1924; ed. King's College, Taunton. and Brasenose College, Oxford. Mayor of Surbiton. 1951-52, leader, Con- servative Party on L.C.C. 1957- 61. Chairman, Holland. Hannen and Cubitts Ltd. and Cubitt Con- struction Systems Ltd.; director, Fairey Company Ltd. Chairman, British section, European League for Economic Cooperation, from 1969; president, London Mayors' Association.
HEYWOOD & ROYTON
Electorate: 72.506. 1966: 63,438. *Barnett, J. (Lab.) .. 25,081 Macgregor, I. (C.) .. 24,178 Beetham, F. (L.).. 5,620
Lab. Majority.. .. 903 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,879. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 45.7%, C 44.1%, L 10.2%. Lab Maj. 1.6%,.. '
1966: Total Vote 50,481 (79.6%o).-
Lab. 24,701 (48.9%), C. 19,048 (37.7%), L. 6.732 (13.3%). Lab. maj. 5,653 (11.2%).
Mr. Joel Barnett, returned in 1964, contested Runcorn in 1959. Accountant, senior partner in Manchester accountancy firm of J. C. Allen and Co. B. October, 1923: ed. Jewish School. Derby Street. Manchester and Manchester Central High School. Chairman P.L.P. economic and finance group since 1967. Member. T. & G.W.U. Served on Prestwich Borough Council. 1956-59.
HIGH PEAK
Electorate: 55,656. 1966: 48.747. Le Marchant, S. (C.) .. 19,58 *Jackson, P. M. (Lab.) . 18,054 Wrigley, D. I. (L.) .. 7,119
C. Majority .. .. 1,504 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 44.731 Turn-out 80%.
c 43.7%,. Lab 40.4%, L 15.9%. C Maj. 3.3%.
1966: Total Vote 41.052 (84.2°).-
Lab. 16,938 (41.30), C. 16.124 (39.30), L. 7.990 (19.5°o). Lab. maj. 814 (2.0%).
Mr. Spencer Ie Marchant, mem- ber of the Stock Exchange. Con- tested Vauxhall in 1966. B. Janu- arv, 1931; ed. Eton. Member, Westminster City Council since 1956. Governor, United West- minster Schools.
HITCHIN
Electorate: 109.704. 1966: 90,840. *Williams, Mrs. S. V. T. B.
(Lab.) . .. .. 40.932 Luce. R. N. (C.) .. 37,258 Willis, T. (L.) .. .. 6.148
Lab. Majority .. 3,674 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 84,338. Turn-out 77°o.
Lab. 48.5°o, C 44.2%0o, L 7.3%. Lab Maj. 4.3%.
1966: Total Vote 74.716 (82.2%).-
Lab. 42,233 (56.5°o%), C. 32.483 (43.5%0). Lab. maj. 9.750 (13.0%). Mrs. Shirley Williams, Minister of State, Home Office, 1969-70: Minister of State, Education and Science 1967-69. Won the seat in 1964. contested Harwich in the 1954 by-election and 1955, and Southampton, Test, in 1959. Economist. B. July, 1930; ed. Summit School. Minnesota, St. Paul's School, Hammersmith, Somerville College, Oxford (first woman chairman, University Labour Club), and Columbia University. New York. Visiting college lecturer at University Col- lege. Ghana. 1958-59. General secretary. Fabian Society. 1960- 64. Chairman. Labour Committec for Europe. 1965; member, Esti- mates Committee, 1965-66. Mem- ber. Clerical and Administrative WVorkers' Union.
HOLBORN & ST. PANCRAS
SOUTH
Electorate: 41,893. 1966: 41.366. *Jeger, Mrs. L. M. (Lab.) 12,448 Byng, J. M. E. (C.) .. 10,125
Lab. Majority ., 2,323 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22,573. Turn-out 54%.
Lab 55.1 %, C 44.900. Lab Maj. 10.2%.
1966: Total Vote 27,110 (65.5%).-
Lab. 16,128 (59.5%°, ), C. 10.982 (40.50,O). Lab. maj. 5,146 (19.0%). Mrs. Lena Jeger, journalist. was returned, 1964; Elected for cons- tituency, 1953 at a by-election caused by the death of her hus- band, but lost it in 1959. B. Novem- ber, 1915; ed. Southgate County School, and London University. Speaks Russian and was assistant editor in Moscow of British Ally. Member, Speaker's panel of chair- men. Member, Labour Party National Executive since 1968.
HUNTINGDONSHIIER
Electorate: 66,984. 1966: 53,745. Renton, Sir D. L M. (C.) 27,398 Curran, J. (Lab.) .. 17,588 O'Loughlin, M. W. B.
(L.) .. . 5,082 C. Majority .. .. 9,810 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,068. Turn-out 76% .
C 53.7%, Lab 34.4%, L 9.9%. C. Maj. 19.3%.
1966: Total Vote 41,680 (77,5%)-
C. and Nat. L. 20,504 (49,1%), Lab. 15,276 (36.7?%), L. 3,900 (14.1%). C. and Nat. L. maj. 5,228 (12.5%).
Sir David Renton, Q.C., was Minister of State, Home Ofice, 1961-62- Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1958-61; and ParliamenMary Secretary, Ministry of Pover, 1955-58. Elected in 1945. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1933; Q.C.. 1954; elected Bencher in November, 1962. B. August, 1908; ed. Oundle School and University College, Oxford. Former Recorcer of Rochester; Recorder of Guild- ford since 1968. Vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary com- mittee on home affairs since 1966 and legal committee since 1969. Member of Speaker's Conference on Reform of the Electoral Laws
HUYTON
Electorate: 108,301. 1966: 88,288. *Wilson, J. H (Lab.) .. 45,583 En'twistle, J. N. (C.) .. 24,509 Sparrow, G. (Dem.) .. 1,232 Kenny, J. (Comm.) .. 890
Lab. Majority .. 21.074 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,214. Turn-out 67%.
Lab 63.1%, C 33.9%, Dem 1.7%, Comm 1.2%. Lab Maj. 29.2%. 1966: Total Vote61, 889(70.1%).-
Lab. 41,132 (66.4%), C.. 20,182 (32.6 % ), Ind. 585 (0.9%). Lab. maj. 20,950 (33.8%).
Mr. Harold Wilson, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury since 1964, was elected leader of the Labour Party in February, 1963, after the death o Mr. Hugh Gaitskell. Unsuccess- filly contested the leadership in 1560. Was principal Opposition sp5kesman on foreign affairs from November, 1961. and previously on Treasury subjects. Elected to the national executive of the party in 1952; chairman, 1961-62. From 1945 to 1950 represented Orms- kirk; elected for Huyton in 1950. B. Narch, 1916; ed. Milnsbridge Council School, Royds Hall School. Huddersfield, Wirral Gram- mar School, and Jesus College, Oxford. Economic assistant to the War Cabinet Secretariat, 1940- 41; director of economics and statistics, Ministry of Fuel and Power, '943-44. Parliamentary Secretary,, Ministry of Works, 1945; Sicretary for Overseas Trade, M&rch. 1946; President of the Board of Trade, September, 1947; resgned in 1951 over Labour's bidgetary policy. Chair- man, Public Accounts Committee, 1959-63. Chancellor, Bradford University, since 1966.
I
LFORD North)
Electorate: 7$301. 1966: 66,569. *Iremonger, T. L. (C.) .. 25.142
Sewell, C. W.(Lab. and
Co-op) . ..*. .. 17.352 Wison, G. L.P. (L.) .. 5.425
C. Majority .. . 790 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,91S Turn-out 68%.
C 52.5%', Lab Co-op 36.2%. L 11.3%. C Maj. 11.3%.
1966: Total Vote 'I,081 (76.7%).-
C. 23,736 (46.5'), Lab. 20.392 (39.9%), L. 6,953;13.6%). C. maj. 3,344 (6.5%).
Mr. Thomas Ireionger was re- turned at a by-electon in Febru- ary, 1954. Contested Birmingham, Northfield, 1950. Editor and journalist. B. Marci, 1916; ed. Oriel College, Oxforc. Served as district officer in Colhnial Service in Western Pacific. Author of books on penology anreconomics. Undervriting member zf Lloyd's. Member of Royal Comnission on the Penal System, 15)53-66; of Home Secretary's Adviswry Coun- cil on the Employment )f Prison- ers; and of General Council, Institute for the Study aid Treat- ment of Delinquency. 'Member. Chelsea Borough Councl, 1952- 55.
ILFORD
(South)
Electorate: 58.617. 1966: ;6,302. Cooper, A. E. (C.) .. 8.369 *Shaw, A. J. (Lab.) .. 7,087 Wilson, G. L. (L.) 3,341 Skeggs, M. E. L. (Nat.
Front) .. . 727 Marks, M. J. (Ind.) .. 190
C. Majority .. 82 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,714. Turn-out 66%.
C 46.2%', Lab 43.0%. 1 8.4Yb Nat Front 1.8%, Ind 0.4%.' C Maj 3.2%,'
1966: Total Vote 43.312 (76.9%)...
Lab. 20,613 (47.6%). C. 18,093 (41.8%). L. 4,606 (10.6%). Lat maj. 2.520 (5.8%).
Mr. Albert Cooper, company director, represented the seat from 1950-66; contested Dagenham, 1945. B. September, 1910: ed, Lon- don College of Choristers and in Australia and New Zealand. Mem- ber, Ilford Council, 1935-51; alderman from 1947. Managing director, Dispetsions Ltd., and Ault & Wiborg (hiternational) Ltd.
ILKESTON
Electorate- 74,587. 1966: 68.378. Fletcher, L. R. tab.) .. 32,961 Beardsley. R. D (C.) .. 15,870 Smit, W. (L) . .. 6,157
Lab. Majorit .. 17,091 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,98 Turn-out 74%.
Lab 59.9%, C 18.9%,', L 11.2%. Lab Maj. 31.0A.
1966: Total Vote42,104(76.1%).-
Lab. 36,522 (7!.1 %), C. 15.582 (29.9%). Lab' Ma]. 20.940 (40.2%/). )
Mr. Raymond; Fletcher was elected in 1964;| contested Wy- combe. 1955. Jouridlist and author. B. December, l,21; secondary education and t#iversity extra- mural classes. Sprnsored by the T. & G.W.U. sincel964. Member, since 1954. Colunnist on the Guardian and adiser, Rockwell International CorP*ation.
MANCHESIER ! loss Side)
Electotate: 45,843. 1966: 45,243. *Tayl4r, F. H. (C.) .. 15,546 Hatt*n, F. (Lab.) .. 13,833
C. IMajority .. .. 1,713 NO (4iANGE
Total Vote 29,379. Turn-out 64%.
C 82.90%, Lab 47.0%. C Maj.
1966: Total Vote 29,590 (65.4%).-
C. 113,436 (45.4 %), Lab. 12,353 (41.7%), L. 3,801 (12.8%). C. m j. 1.083 (3.7%).
Ai. Frank Taylor was returned at alby-election in 1961; contested Neicastle-undcr-Lyme, 1955, and Chorley, 1959. B. October, 1907; ed. at Ruttish School. Merton. Pri cipal of two firms of chartered ascuntants. Member, Worshipful CZojnpany of Bakers, and Guild of Air Pilots. Governor of Rutlish S.cbool. Financial director, Minis- ti of Food, 1942-45.
MANCHESTER
(Openshaw)
Bectorate: 50,635. 1966: 51,682. *Morris, C. R. (Lab.) .. 19,397 Allanson, B. M. (C.) .. 12,296 Panter, B. (Comm.) .. 552
Lab. Majority.. .. 7,101 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,245. Turn-out 63°.
Lab 60.1 %, C 38.1 %, Comm 1.70%. Lab Maj. 22.0%.
1966: Total Vote 34.047 (65.9/%).-
Lab. 22,103 (64.9%), C 10,465 (30.7%), Comm. 1,479 (4.3%). Lab. maj. 11,638 (34.2%).
Mr. Charles Morris, Transport of the Household (Deputy Chief Government Whip) since 1969; Vice-Chamberlain of the House- hold, 1967-69; appointed a Gov- ernment whip, 1966.- Elected in December, 1963, by-election; con- tested Cheadle, 1959. Formerly a postal and telegraph officer. B. December, 1926; ed. Brookdale Park School, Manchester. Served on Manchester City Council for 10 years.
MANCHESTER
(WithIngton)
Electorate: 57,410. 1966: 54,585. ""Cary, Sir R. A. (C.) .. 18,854 Noble, M. A. (Lab.) .. 15,365 Clarney, J. (L.) .. .. 4,540
C. Majority .. .. 3,489 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,759. Turn-out 67°t
C 48.6%, Lab 39.6%, L 11.7%. C Maj. 9.00%0.
1966: Total Vote 38,855 (71.2%).-
C. 16,676 (42.9%), Lab. 16,029 (41.3%), L. 6,150 (15.8%). C. maj. 647 (1.7%).
Sir Robert Cary, elected 1951. Represented Eccles 1935-45, when defeated. Contested, Ashton-under- Lyne by-election three months later, and Central Nottingham, 1950. Has fought every general election since 1924. A Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1945. B. May, 1898; ed. Ardingly College and Royal Military Col- lege, Sandhurst. Chairman. Lanca- shire United Transport, Ltd., and J. Compton Sons and Webb Ltd.
MANCHESTER (Wythenshawe)
Electorate: 78,746. 1966: 69,229. Morris, A. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. 30,260 Moore. HL D. (C.) .. 24,505
Lab. Majority .. 5,755 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,765. Turn-out 70%. Lab Co-op 55.2,o, C 44.7,. Lab
Maj. 10.5%.
1966: Total Vote 51,750 (74.8%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 27,485 (53.1 %), C. 18,548 (35.8%), L. 5,717 (11%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 8,937 (17.3%).
Mr. Alfred MIorris was elected in 1964. Contested the constituency in 1959 and Liverpool, Garston, in 1951. Industrial relations officer and trade union organiser and brother of Mr. Charles Morris, Labour M.P. for Manchester, Openshaw. B. March, 1928; ed. elementary schools in Manchester and Ruskin College, and St Catherine's College, Oxford, and Manchester University. National President, Labour League of Youth, 1950-52, and chairman, Control Commission. International Union of Socialist Youth, 1951-54. Member General Advisory Council of the B.B.C. Sponsored Chronic- ally Sick and Disabled Persons' Act, 1970.
MANSFIELD
Electorate: 67,681. 1966: 60.024. Concannon, J. D. (Lab.) 30,554 Morton, C. W. H. (C.) 15,027 Westacott, F. C. (Comn.) 628
Lab. Majority .. 15,527 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,209. Turn-out 68°o.
Lab 66.1%, C 32.5%, Comm 1.4%,. Lab Maj. 33.6%.
1966: Total Vote 44.909 (75%).-
Lab. 28,849 (64.2%), C. 9,987 (22.2%), L. 5,483 (12.2%), Comm. 590 (1.3%). Lab. maj. 18,862 (42%).
Mr. Dennis Concannon, an assistant Governent whip since 1968, was elected in 1966. A miner and official of the National Union of Mineworkers. B. May, 1930; ed. Rossington Secondary School and the extra-mural department of Nottingham University. Member, Mansfield Borough Council, 1963- 67.
MELTON
Electorate: 91,695. 1966: 79,616. Pike, Miss M. (C.) .. 38.782 Wood, K. (Lab.) .. 20,907 Pick, 1. B. (L.) .. .. 9,465
C. Majority -. .. 17,875 NO CHANGE _
Total Vote 69,154. Turm-out 75%.
C 56.1%, Lab 30.20, L 13.7%/0. C Maj. 25.9%.
1966: Total Vote 64,065 (80.5%)-
C. 30,776 (48%), Lab. 23,181 (36.2%), L. 10,108 (15.8%). C. maj. 7,595 (11.8%).
Miss Mervyn Pike, returned at a by-election in December, 1956, was Under Secretary at the Home Office, 1963-64;, Assistant Post- master-General from October, 1959. Contested Leek in 1955 and Pontefract in. 1951. Company director. B. September, 1918; ed. Hunmanby Hall East Yorkshirt, and Reading University. Has worked with the National Council of Social Service and with child guidance clinics. Member, Wom- en's National Advisory Committee, 1953-61, and National Union Executive Comrnittee, 1955-57. Former member West Riding County CounciL
MORECAMBE & LONSDALE
Electorate: 66,672. 1966: 60,764. *Hall-Davis, A. G. F. (C.) Z7,442 Garbutt, E. (Lab.) .. 13.916 Drury, A. W. (L.) .. 6,792
C. Majority .. . 13,526 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,150. Turn-out 72%.
C 56.9%, Lab 28.9%. L 14.1%. C Maj. 28.0%.
1966: Total Vote 46,502 (76.5 %).-
C. 24,138 (51.9%), Lab. 13,838 (29.8%), L. 8,526 (18.3%). C. maj. 10,300 (22.1 %).
Mr. Alfred Hall-Davis has held the seat since 1964; contested St. Helens, 1950, and Chorley, 1951 and 1955. B. June, 1924; ed. at Terra Nova School, Birkdale, and Clifton College, Bristol. Member, Estimates Committee. Joint Secre- tary, Conservative Parliamentary committee on trade. Director, conmmittee on trade 1966-70. Comn- pany director, formerly chairman and managing director of a brewery company.
MORPETH
Electorate: 47,871. 1966: 44,096. Grant, G. (Lab.) .. 21,826 Tunnicliffe, K. 1. (C.) .. 9,515 McClure R. (L.) . 4,825
Lab. Majority .. ..12.311 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,266. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 60.2°o, C 26.2%6, L 13.3%. Lab Maj. 34.0%.
1966: Total Vote 33,921 (76.9%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 25,223 (74.4%), C. 8,690 (25.6%). Lab. Maj. 16,525 (48.7%).
Mr. George Grant is a miner. B. October, 1924; ed. elementary school, W.E.A., and evening classes. Member, Bedlingtonshirc Urban Council for 11 years, chair- man two years. Chairman, Ash- ington branch, N.U.M. for seven years.
MOTHERWELL
Electorate: 53,343. 1966: 50,070. *Lawson, G. M. (Lab.) .. 20,683 Bell, Miss S. (C.) .. 12,509 Lindsay. Miss 1. (ScoL
Nat.) .. .. .. 3,861 Sneddon, J. W.r(Comm.) 1,829
Lab. Majority .. 8.174 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,882. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 53.1%, C 32.1%, Scot Nat 9.9%,' Comm 4.7%. Lab Maj. 21.0%;.
1966: Total Vote 37,266 (74.77%).-
Lab. 22,658 (60.8%), C 13,100 (35.2%), Comm. 1,508 (4.0%). Lab. maj. 9,558 (25.6%).
Mr. : George Lawson was Treasurer of the Household (Deputy Government Chief Whip), 1966-67; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1964-66; Opposition whip 1959-64. Returned at by- clection, in 1954. B. July 1906; ed. St. Bernard's and North Merchiston elementary schools. Staff tutor with the National Council of Labour Colleges, 1937-40, and West of Scotland organizer, 1940-50. Secretary, Edinburgh Trades Council 1950-54.
- N
NANITWICH
Electorate: 57,271. 1966: 47,685. *Grant-Ferris. Wing-Cmdr.
Sir R. (C.) . . .. 20,397 Beetham, D. (Lab.) .. 15.124 Cuss, R. N. (L.) .. .. 8,595
C. Majority .. .. 5,273 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,116. Turn-out 77%.-
C 46.2%io, Lab 34.3Y%, L 19.5%-. C Maj. 11.9%.
1966: Total Vote 37,803 (79.3%).-
C. 16,543 (43.8%), Lab. 14,310 (37.9%), L. 6.950 (18.4%). C. maj. 2,233 (5.9%.).
Sir Robert Grant-Ferris, elected for constituency in 1955, repre- sented St. Pancras, North, 1937-45; contested Wigan 1935; and Wands- worth, Central, 1950 and. 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1937) and landowner. B. December, 1907; ed. Douai School, Woolhampton. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chair- men, 1964-70. President National Sheep Breeders' Association of Great Britain, 1956-58.
NEATH
Electorate: 53,023. 1966: 49,694 *Coleman, D. R. (Lab.) . . 28,378 Mlartin-Jones. D. H. J.
(C.) .. .. 6,765 John. G. (Pt Cymru) .. 4,012 Pearce H. (Comm.) .. 579
Lab Majority .. 21.613 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,734. Turn-out 75%,1.
Lab. 71.4°,.', C. 17.0%, Comm. 10.0%, Pi. Cymru 1.5%,'. Lab. Maj. 54.4-'
1966: Total Vote 39.127 (78.7%).-
Lab. 31,183 (79.7%), C. 6,312 (16.1%), Comm. 1.632 (4.1%). Lab. maj. 24,871 (63.6%).
Mr. Donald Coleman was elec- ted in 1964. Member, Select Com- mittee on Overseas Aid. 1969-70 and delegate, Council of Europe and Western European Union, 1968-70. Metallurgist and mem- ber. British Iron, Steel 4nd Kindred Trades Association. B. September, 1925, . ed. Cardiff Technical .College. Tenor, soloist and former member, Welsh National Opera Company.
NELSON & COLNE
Electorate: 49,278. 1966: 46,144. Waddington, D. C. (C.).. 19,881 Hoyle, E. D. H. (Lab.).. 18,471
C. Majority .. .. 1,410 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,352. Turn-out 78%.
C 51.8%,, Lab 48.1%. C Maj. 3.6%/
1966: Total Vote 37,352 (80.9%).-
Lab. 18.406 (49.3%), C. 13-829 (37.0%), Ind. 5,117 (13.7%). Lab. maj. 4,577 (12.3%).
1968 By-election: Total Vote
33.681 (74.2%). - C. 16,466 (48.9%), Lab. 12.944 (38.4%), L. 3.016 (9.0%), Eng. Nat. 1,255 (3.7%) C. maj.. 3,522 (10.5%).
Mr. David Waddington, won the seat for the Conservatives at a by- election in 1968. contested Hey- wood and Royton in 1966, Nelson and Colne in 1964. and Famn- worth in 1955 Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1951). B. August, 1929; ed. Sedbergh School and Hertford College. Oxford (president, uni- versity Conservative Association, 1950). Vice-chairman, north-west area, Young Conservatives. 1956- 57. Secretary, Conservative.parlia- mentary legal' and transport com- mittees. Director, Progress Mills Ltd.; J. & J. Roberts Ltd., Padi- ham; and l. B. Broadley Ltd., Rawtenstall.
NOTTINGHAM
(West)
Electorate: 57,140. 1966: 52.561. *English, M. (Lab.) .. 21,255 Suthers. M. W. (C.) .. 19,003
Lab. Majority .. 2.252 NO CHANGE
Total V6te 40,258. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 52.7%, C 47.2%. Lab Maj. 5.5
1966: Total Vote 41,170 (78.3%):-
Lab. 23,859 (58.0%), C. 17,311 (42.0%). Lab. maj. 6,548 (15.9%). Mr. Michael Engtish won the seat for Labour in 1964; contested $hipley, 1959. B. December 1930; ed. King George V Gram- mar School, Southport, and Liver- pool University. Member. Rochdale Borough Council, 1953-65. Mem- ber, official parliamentary panel, N.U.G.M.W. Member. Select Com- mittees on Procedure, 1964-66; Publications and Debates, 1964-65; Broadcasting. 1965-67. Parliamen- tary Privileges Committee 1966-67, and House of Commons Services Committee since 1968.
NUNEATON
Electorate: 75,561. 1966: 63,826. *Huckfield, L. J. (Lab.) 32,877 Lewis-Smith, Miss S. M.
(C.) .. .. .. 18,769 Harrison. A. (L) .. 5,602
Lab. Majority .. 14,108 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,248. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 57.4%, C 32.7%. L 9.7%. Lab Maj. 24.6%.
1966: Total Vote 50,857 (79.7 %).-
Lab. 27,452 (54.0%), C. 16,049 (31.6%), L. 7.356 (14.5%). Lab. maj. 11,403 (22.4%).
1967 By-election: Total Vote
43,340 (66.1 %). - Lab. 18,239 (42.1 %), C. 14,185 (32.7%), L. 7,644 (17.6%), Ind. (Creasey) 2,755 (6.4%), Ind. (Bennett) 517 (1.2%). Lab. maj. 4.054 (9.4%).
Mr. Leslie Huckfield, elected by-election 1967; contested War- wick and Leamington 1966. B. April, 1942, ed. Prince Henry's Grammar School, Evesham, Keble College, Oxford, and Birmingham University. Lecturer in economics, Birnlingham College of Commerce. 1963-67. Member, Association ofi Teachers in Technical Institutions and T. & G.W.U. Member, Esti- mates Committee.
O ' I
OGMORE
Electorate: 66,099. 1966: 60.003. 'Padley, W. E. (Lab.) .. 33,436 Gardner, A. F. (C.) .. 10.415 Merriman, E. (Pi. Cymnu) 5,828
Lab. Majority 23.021 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,779. Turn-out 75%.
Lab 67.2%, C 20.9%, P1 Cymru 11.7°. Lab Maj. 46.3%.
1966: Total Vote 47,049 (79.1%).-
Lab. 33,545 (71.3%), C. 6.872 (14.6%), L. 6,632 (14.1 %). Lab. maj. 26,673 (56.7%).
Mr. Walter Padley, elected in 1950. was Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1964-67. Chairman Labour Party 1965-66; member. national executive since 1956 and chairman of overseas committee since 1963. Contested Acton by- election in 1943 as an I.L.P. candi- date. B. July, 1916; ed. Chipping Norton Grammar School and Rus- kin College, Oxford. President, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 1948-64. Repre- sents Labour Party on Bureau of Socialist International.
OLDBURY & HALESOWEN
Electorate: 77,991. 1966: 69,780. Stokes, J. H. R. (C.) .. 29,403 'Horner, J. (Lab.) .. 26,499
C. Majority .. 2,904 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 55,902. Turn-out 72%.
C 52.50. Lab 47.4%. C Maj. 5.1n. Swing 12.1%.
1966: Total Vote 53,510 (76.7%).-
Lab. 28,490 (53.2%), C. 25,020 (46.8%). Lab. maj. 3,470 (6.5%). NMr. John Stokes contested Gloucester, 1964, and Hitchin, 1966. Partner in firm of manage- ment consultants. B. July, 1917; ed. Haileybury and Queen's Col- lege, Oxford (treasurer. Conser- vative Association).
OLDHAM
(East)
Electorate: 51,267. 1966: 50,167. Lamond, J. A. (Lab.) .. 17.020 Holland, H. (C.) .. 16,260
Lab. Majority .. 760 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33.280. Turn-ouIt 65%.
Lab 51.1%, C 48.8%. Lab Maj. 2.2%.
1966: Total Vote 36,489 (72.7%).-
Lab. 18,431 (50.5%), C. 12,796 (35.1%), L. 5,262 (14.4%). Lab. maj. 5,635 (14.4%).
Mr. James Lamond, draughts- man. B. 1929.
OLDHAM
(WesO
Electorate: 50,066. 1966: 46,584. Mcacher, M. HL (Lab.) 16062 Campbell, K. B. (C) .. 14,387 Lomax, B. (L) .. .. 2,944
Lab. Majority .. 1.675 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 33.393. Turn-out 66°6.
Lab 48.0%, C 43.00,%, L 8.8%,. Lab Maj. 5.0%.
1966: Total Vote 33,724 (70.8%).-
Lab. 20,648 (61.2%), C. 13,076 (38.8%). Lab. maj. 7,527 (22.5%). -1968 By-election: Total Vote
27,593 (54.7%). - C. 11,904 (46.5%), Lab. 8,593 (33.6%), All- Pty. AU. 3,389 (13.2%), L. 1,707 (6.7%). C. maj. 3,311 (12.9%).
Mr. Michael Meacber, university lecturer, contested Coichester in 1966. B. November, 1939; ed. Bcrkhampstead School, New Col- *lege, Oxford, and London School of Economics. Member, Fabian Society; chairmnan Hull branch of A.S.T.M.S.
WOKINGELMU
Electoratc: 109,350. 1966: 89,627. *van Straubenzee, W. R.
(C.) .. . . . . 43.183 Helm, C. A. R. (Lab.) .. 22,630 Cae, D. H. V. (L.) .. 12,704
C. Majority .. .. 20.553 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 78,517. Turn-out 72%.
C. 54.9%,, Lab. 28.8,° L. 16.2%. C. Maj. 26.1%.
1966: Total Vote 703912 (79.1 %).--
C. 34.011 (48.0%). Lab. 24,437 (34.5%); L. 12,464 (17.6%). C. Maj. 9,574 (13.5%).
Mr. William van Stnubewzee, an Opposition spokesman on educa- tion, and former spokesman on labour and social services, was elected in 1959: contested Clapham in 1955. Solicitor. B. January 1924; ed. Westminster School. Member, executive committee of National Union of Conservative Associa- ions, 1949-59; national chairman of Young Conservatives, 1951-53. Member of Richmond (Surrey) Borough Council, 1955-58. A Church Commissioner, and mem- ber of the Parliamentary Ecclesias- tical Committee, and secretary of all-party Church Affairs committee. In 1965 elected to the House of Laity of the Church Assembly for the Diocese of Oxford. Member, select committee on education and science.
WOLVERAMPTON
(North-East)
Electorate: 51,654. 1966: 49,109. Short, Mrs. R. (Lab.) .. 17,'51 Wright, G. 1. (C.) 15,358 Wright. Mrs. S. (NaL
Front) .. .. .. 1,592
Lab. Majority .. 1.893 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34.201. Turn-out 66%.
Lab 50.4 %, C 44.9°, Nat Front 4.6%. Lab Maj. 5.5%. 1966: Total Vote 34,032 (69.3 %Y).-
Lab. 21,067 (61.9%), C. 12,965 (38.1 %). Lab. maj. 8.102 (23.8%). Mrs. Reike Short, elected in 1964. contested Watford in 1959 and St. Albans in 1955. Freelance journalist. B. April. 1919. ed. Notts County Secondary School and Manchester University. Esti- mates Committee. 1964-70. vice- chairnan, all-party East-West trade group. Hertfordshire County Coun- cil, 1951-66 and Watford Rural Council, 1951-64. Sponsored by T. & G.W.U. and mnember of N.U.J. National president. Nursery School Association, and Campaign for Nursery Education.
WOLVERHAMPTON
(South-West)
Electorate: 53,888. 1966: 49,390. *Powell, J. E. (C.) .. 26,220 Bamfield, J. A. N. (Lab.) 11.753 Robinson. E. (L.) .. 2,459 Carter, P. (Comm.) 1.. 89 Menzies, R. G. D. (Ind.) 77 Dass, D. P. (Ind.) .. 52
C. Majority .. .. 14.467 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40.750. Turn-out 76%.
C 64.3%. Lab 28.8%, L 6.0%, Comm 0.4%,O, Human Rights 0.1%X, lnd 0.1%. C Maj. 35.5%. 1966: Total Vote 36.347 (73.6 %).-
C. 21.466 (59.1 %). Lab. 14.881 (40.9%). C. maj. 6.585 (18.1 %). Mr. Enoch Powell was a member of Shadow Cabinet from 1964 until April. 1968. when he was dismissed by Mr. Heath, ILeader of the Opposition. after a controversial speech at Birmingham on immigra- tion. Opposition chief spokesman on transport, 1964-65. and defence 1965-68. Minister of Health. 1960- b3. National president. Young Conservatives. 1966-67. Unsuccess- ful in the ballot for the Conserva- tive Party leadership in July. 1965. Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1957-58. when he resigned with two other Treasury Ministers: Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 1955-57. Won the division in 1950; contested the Normanton by-elec- tion, 1947. B. June, 1912; ed. King Edward's. Birmingham. and Trinitv College. Cambridge, where he was a Fellow. Professor of Greek. Sydney University. 1937-39.
WOOD GREEN
Electorate: 53.897. 1966: 53.559. *Butler. Mrs. .1. S. (Lab.
& Co-op.) .. .. 18.666
Malvnn, .M. P. R. (C.) 14,022 |
Lab. Majority .. 4.644 NO) CHANGE
Total Vote 32.688. Turn-out 60%.
Lab 57.10. C 42.2%. Lab Maj. 14.2% .
1966: Total Vote 36.055 (67.3 ,).-
Lab. and Co-op. 21,922 (60.8%). C. 14.133 (39.2%). Lab. and Co-op. mai. 7.789 (21.6%.o).
Mrs. Joyce Butler has represented the constituency sincc 1955. House- wifc. B. 1910: ed. King Edward's High School. Birmingham. and Woodbrooke College. Member. Wood Green Borough Council since 1947. Alderman and first chairman of London Borough of Haringey. A vice-chairman of thc Parliamentary Labour Party since
1968. I
WOOLWICH
(Eas)
Electorate: 49.263. 1966: 46,310. *Mayhew. C P. (Lab.) 19.423
Cope, J. A. (C) .. 10,259
Lab. Majority .. 9.164 NO CHANGE
Total .Vote 29,682. Turn-out 60%,. -
Lab 65.40,0. C 34.5%. Lab AMaj. 30.8S.
1966: Total Vote 31.039 (67.0S)-
Lab. 22,241 171.7%), C. 8,798 (28.3%). Lab. maj. 13.443 (43.3 'I)
Mr. Christopher Mayhew, Minis- ter of Defence for the Royal Navy from 1964 until he resigned in 1966, was a party spokesman on foreign affairs from December, 1961-64. and previously on War Office matters. Represented South Nor- folk. 1945-S0, returned for East Woolwich at a by-election. 1951. Under - Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1946-50. B. June, 1915; ed. at Haileybury and, Christ Church, Oxford: president of the Union. 1937. Television broad- caster and writer. Chairman-elect. National Association for Mental Health: president. Young European Left: member. general purposes committee. British Council of the European Movement: chairman. Labour Middle East Committee and of Arab Friendship Foundation: vice-chairman, Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
(South)
Electorate: 88,083. 1966: 74,023. Corfield, F. V. (C.) 35,045 Dabling, M. G. (Lab.) 26,067 Lamlbert, A. (L.) .. 7,680
C. Majority .. .. 8,978 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 68,792. Turn-out 78%.
C 50.9%, Lab 37.8%, L 11.1%. C Maj. 13.0%. Swing 10.0%. 1966: Total Vote 62,445 (84.4%).
-C. 28,224 (45.2%), Lab. 26,800 (42.9%), L. 7,421 (11.9%). C. maj. 1,424 (2.3%).
Mr. Frederick Corfield has been chief Opposition spokes- man on aviation since 1967, and a former spokesman trade and power (1966-67), and land and natural resources (1964-66). Chairman, Conservative policy group on regional development Elected in 1955. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1962-64. Member of executive, 1922 Com- mittee, 1965-66. B. June, 1915; ed. Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Wool- wich. Barrister. Regular soldier, 193546; captured at St. Valery, 1940. During captivity he read for the Bar, called by Middle Temple, 1945. Worked in Judge- Advocate General's branch until 1946, and afterwards farmed for ton years.
(West)
Electorate: 64,166. 1966: 57,443. tLoughlin C. W. (Lab.).. 22,637 Hopkins, S. H. A. F. (C.) 21,530 Svendsen, J. A. (L) .. 4,932
Lab. Majority .. 1,107 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,099. Turn-out 77%.
Lab 46.1%,/, C 43.9%, L 10.0%. Lab Maj. 2.2%.
1966: Total Vote 44,794 (78.0%).
-Lab. 23,181 (51.7%), C. 15,476 (34.5%). L. 6,137 (13.7%/o). Lab. Maj. 7,705 (17.2%).
Mr. Charles Loughlin, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works since 1968; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Social Security. 1967- 68; Parliamentary Secretary, Min- istry of Health, 1965-67. Elected in 1959. B. February, 1914; ed. St. Mary's School, Grimsby, and National Council of Labour col- leges. Area organizer, Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workers, 1946-59.
GOOLE
Electorate: 63,537. 1966: 56,112. *Jeger. G. (Lab.) .. 26.424 Bloomer, I. R. (C) 17,457
,Lab. Majority 867 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,881. Turn-out 69%. Lab 60.2%, C 39.8%. Lab Maj.
20.4°h.
1966: Total Vote 41,038 (73.5%).
-Lab. 26,117 (63.6%), C. 13.969 (34.0%b), Comm. 952 (2.3%). Lab. maj. 12,148 (29.6%).
Mr. George Jeger was elected In 1950. Member for Winchester, 1945-50. Contested South-West Bethnal Green, 1935, and Walsall in 1938 by-election. Former theatre director. B. March, 1903; ed. elementary school and evening classes at the London School of Econonics. Shoreditch Borough Council, 1926-40; (Mayor, 1937). T. & G.W.U. since 1926. Chair- man, Anglo-Austrian Society and Spanish Democrats' Defence Com- mittee.
GOSPORT & FAREHAM
Electorate: 101,539. 1966: 84,033. *Bennett, Dr. R. F. B. (C.) 39,-34 Sturges, J. R. (Lab.) .. 21,262 Smith, P. (L.) .. .. 11,754
C. Majority .. .. 17,972 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 72,250. Turn-out 71%.
C 54.3%, Lab 29.4%, L 16.2%. C Mai. 24%.
1966: Total Vote 63,327 (74.5%).
-C. 32,752 (51.7%), Lab. 21,726 (34.3%), L. 8,849 (14.0%). C. maj. 11,026 (17.4%).
Dr. Reginald Bennett was elect- ed in 1950; contested East Wool- wich, 1945. Business consultant and director of Bowmaker Ltd. and British Car Auction Ltd.; international yachtsman. B. July, 1911; ed. Winchester, New Col- lege, Oxford, St. George's Hos- pital and Maudsley Hospital. Member executive, Inter-Parlia- mentary Union (British group) since 1962; executive, Franco- British Parliamentary Relations Committee since 1959; secretary, Anglo-Italian Parliamentary Group since 1961. P.P.S. to Mr. lain Macleod, 1955-63. R.N.V.R. 1934.
GOWER
Electorate: 54,621. 1966: *Davies, I, (Lab.) .. Carter, M. J. (C.)
Davies, C. G. (PI. Cymnru)
49,731. 26.485
9,435 5.869
Lab. Majority .. 17,050 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,7S9. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 63.4°, C 22.6%, PI Cymru 14.0%. Lab Maj. 40.8%.
1966: Total Vote 38,762 (77.9%).
-Lab. 29,910 (77.20o). C. 8.852 (22.8%). Lab. Maj. 21,058 (54.30%).
Mr. Ifor Davies, Under Secre- tary, Welsh Office, 1966-69; Lord Commissioncr of the Treasury, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. An in- dustrial personnel officer. B. June, 1910; ed. Gowerton School, Swan- sea Technical College. and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Glamor- gan County Council, 1958-61. Ap- pointed Welsh Labour whip, 1961. Secretary Welsh Parliamentary Labour group, 1960.
GRANTHAM Electorate: 74,180. 1966: Godber, J. B. (C) .. Higgins, W. F. (Lab.) ..
64,423. 33,070 23,296
C. Majority .. 9,774 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,366. Turn-out 76%.
C 58.7%, Lab 41.3%. C Maj. 17.4%.
1966: Total Vote 51,841 (80.6%/)
--C. 24,748 (47.7%,/.), Lab. 22,590 (43.6%°), L. 4,503 (8.7%). C. Maj. 2,158 (4.2%).
Mr. Joseph Godber, has been the Opposition's chief spokesman on agriculture since 1965; pre- viously spokesman on labour affairs. Minister of Labour, 1963- 64; Secretary of State for War. June-October, 1963; Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1961-63, and joint Under Secretary. 1960-61; joint Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957-60: assistant whip, 1955-57. Elected in 1951. Farmer and nurseryman. B. March, 1914; ed. Bedford School. Member, Bedfordshire County Council, 1946-52.
LEWISAM
(South)
Electorate: 51,656. 1966: 49,501. Johnson, C. A. (Labj .. 19,217 Dixon, G. L (C.) .. 13,665 Hart, Miss D. (Ind.) ,. 821
Lab. Majority .. 5,552 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,703. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 57.0 % C 40.5 % Ind 2.4% Lab Maj. 16.5%.
1966: Total Vote 37,191 (75.1/o).-
Lab. 21,165 (56.9%), C. 11,247 (30.2%), L. 4,779 (12.8%). Lab. maj. 9,918 (26.7%).
Mr. Carol Johnson was elected in 1959. Secretary, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1943-59. Solicitor. B. November 1903; ed. council school, Law Society's School of Law and London School of Econ- omics. Alderman, Lambeth Bor- ough Council, 1937-49. Member Management Committee, Galleon World Travel. Secretary. British Council of European Movement. Member, Speaker's panel of Chair- men. T. & G.W.U.
LEWISHAM
(West)
Electorate: 57,064. 1966: 52,858. Gummer, J. S. (C.) . . 19,676 *Dickens, J. M. Y. (Lab.) 18,916
C. Majority .. .. 760 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 38,592. Turn-out 68%.
C 50.9%, Lab 49.0%. C Maj.
1966: Total Vote 40,002 (75.7%).-
Lab. 21,018 (52.5%), C. 18,984 (47.5%). Lab. maj. 2,034 (5.1 %). Mr. Selwyn Gummer contested Greenwich in 1966 and 1964. Pub- lisher and journalist. B. November, 1939; ed. King's School, Rochester, and Selwyn College, Cambridge (president of the Union, 1962). Member, Inner London Education Authority, 1967-70. Chairman, Federation of Conservative Students, 1961.
LEYTON
Electorate: 66,970. 1966: Walker, P. C. G. (Lab.) Buxton, R. C. (C.) ..
64,727. 23,386 17,906
Lab. Majority .. 5,480 NO CE[ANGE
Total Vote 41,292. Turn-out 61%.
Lab 56.6%, C 43.4%. Lab Maj. 13.2%.
1966: Total Vote 49,252 (76.1%).-
Lab. 26,803 (54.4%), C. 18,157 (36.9%), L. 3,851 (7.8%), ILP 441 (0.9%). Lab. maj. 8,646 (17.6%).
Mr. Patrick Gordon Walker regained the seat for Labour in 1966. Under Secretary, Common- wealth Relations, 1947-1950; Sec- retary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1950-51; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1964- January 1965, after defeat at Leyton by-election; Minister with- out Portfolio 1967, Secretary of State, Education and Science 1967-68. Contested Oxford, 1935; represented Smethwick 1945-1964; journalist; chairman, Book De- velopment Council, 1965-67. B. April, 1907; ed. Wellington; Christ Church, Oxford. History tutor, B.B.C. European Service, 1940-44; chief editor, Radio Luxembourg, 1944; assistant director, B.B.C. German service, 1945.
LICHFIELD & TAMWORTH
Electorate: 82,720. 1966: 65,728. d'Avigdor-Goldsmid,
Maj.-Gen. J. A. (C.) .. 31,274 Pitt, T. (Lab.) .. .. 29,298
C_ Majority .. .. 1,976 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 60,572. Turn-out 73%.
C 51.6%', Lab 48.4%. C Maj. 3.2%.
1966: Total Vote 51,808 (78.8%).-
Lab. 27,971 (54.0%), C. 23,837 (46.0%). Lab. maj. 4,134 (8.0%). Major-General James (Jack) d'Avigdor - Goldsmid, regular Army officer for 35 years. B. December, 1912; ed. Harrow and Sandhurst. Colonel of his former regiment, the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards, since 1963. Member, Jockey Club, and steward at various race meetings.
LINCOLN
Electorate: 53,243. 1966: 50.165. Taverne, D. (Lab,) 20,090 Alexander, R. T. (C.) .. 15,340 Blades, G. (Ind.) 3,937
Lab. Majority 4,750 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,367. Turn-out 74%
Lab 51.0%, C 38.9%, Ind 10.0%. Lab Maj 12.1 No%.
1966: Total Vote 39,475 (78.7 %).-
Lab. 23,006 (58.3%), C. 16,469 (41.7%) Lab. maj. 6,537 (16.6%).
aca Dick Taverne, Q.C., Fin- ancial Secretary, Treasury, 1969- 70; Minister of State, Treasury, 1968-69; Under Secretary, Home Office, 1966-68. Returned in a March, 1962 by-election. Con- tested Putney, 1959. Barrister, catlled by Middle Temple, 1954. B. October, 1928; ed. Charterhouse; Balliol College, Oxford. Chair- man, University Labour Club 1949. W.E.A. lecturer in interna- tional affairs, 1955-58. Member N.U.G.M.W.
LIVERPOOL
(Edgehill)
Electorate: 43,805. 1966: 47,704. *Irvine, Sir A, J. (Lab.) .. 14,752 Howard, M. (C.) .. 10,804
Lab. Majority .. 3,948 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25,556. Turn-out 58%.
Lab 57.7%, C 42.3%. Lab Maj. 15.4%.
1966: Total Vote 28,865 (60.5 %).-
Lab. 18,203 (63.1 %), C. 10,662 (36.9%). Lab. maj. 7,541 (26.1%). Sir Arthur Irvine, Q.C., Solicitor General, 1967-70; Privy Council, 1970. Won seat in 1947 by-elec- tion. Contested Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire, 1935 and 1939 as a Liberal, and Twicken- ham, 1945, and South Aberdeen, 1946 as Labour candidate. B. July, 1909; ed. Edinburgh Acad- emy, Edinburgh University, and Oriel College, Oxford; president of the union, 1932. Secretary to Lord Chief Justice, 1935-40. Caled by Middle Temple, 1935; Q.C., 1958. Member of the Inner Temple. Recorder of Colchester, 1965-67. Chairman, Select Committee on Procedure, 1964-65.
H
HACKNEY
(Central)
Electorate: 53,325. 1966: 58,513. Davis, S. C. (Lab.) .. 17,380 Lightwood, K. S. (C.) .. 9.339 Qureshi, A. (Ind.) .. 252
Lab. Majoritv .. 8,041 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 26.971. Turn-out 50%.
Lab 6.4.4%, C 34.6%, Ind 0.9%. Lab Maj. 29.8°,'.
1966: Total Vote 33,668 (57.7%).
-Lab. 21,466 (63.8%), C. 7,440 (22.1%), L. 4,762 (14.1%). Lab. maj. 14,026 (41.7%).
Mr. Clinton Davis contested Yar- mouth in 1964 and 1959, and Ports- mouth, Langstone, in 1955. Solici- tor. B. December, 1928; ed. Mer- cer's School and King's College, London University. (Chairman, Labour Society). Member, Hack- ney Borough Council since 1959 (Mayor, 1968-69). Member, Society of Labour Lawyers, Movement for Colonial Freedom, and National Council for Civil Liberties.
HALIFAX
Electorate: 66,586. 1966: 62,754. *Summncrskill, Dr. Shirley
C. W. (Lab.) .. .. 24,026 Turner, G. A. (C.) .. 23,828 Graham, A. (I.L.P.) .. 847
lab. Majority .. 198 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,701 Turn-out 73%.
Lab 49.3%, C 48.9%, I.L.P. 1.7%. Lab Maj. 0.4%.
1966: Total Vote 50,503 (80.4%).
-Lab. 25,391 (50.3%), C 19,687 (39.0%). L. 5,423 (10.7%). Lab. maj. 5,704 (11.3%).
Dr. Shirley Summerskill was elected in 1964; contested Black- pool, North, in 1962 by-election. Medical practitioner. B. Septem- ber, 1931; ed. St Paul's School; Somerville College, Oxford; and St. Thomas' Hospital. Vice-presi- dent, Socialist Medical Associa- tion; chairman, P.L.P. health group since 1969. previously vice- chairman, 1964-69. United King- dom delegate to the U.N. Status of Women Commission, 1968 and 1969. Daughter of Lady Summer- skill. Member, Medical Practi- tioners' Union.
HALTEMPRICE
Electorate: .74,404. 1966: 61.232. Wall, P. H. B. (C.) .. 30,042 Denton, C. M. (Lab.) .. 15,862 Haywood, S. C. (L.) .. 10,129
C. Majority .. .. 14,180 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56.033. Turnout 74%.
C 53.6%/, Lab 28.3%, L 18.1%. C Maj. 25.3%.
1966: Total Vote 46,860 (76.5%).
-C. 25,566 (54.60'%), Lab. 13,017 (27.8%), L. 8,277 (17.7%). C. maj. 12,549 (26.8%).
Mr. Patrick Wall was returned at a by-election in February, 1954; contested Cleveland, 1951 and 1952 by-election. B. October, 1916; ed. Downside and commis- sioned in the Royal Marines, 1935, serving until 1950. Member of Select Committee on Agriculture. A vice-chairman of the Conserva- tive committee on defence, 1965- 70, and the party's overseas bureau since 1963. Executive member, U.K. branch of the Inter-Parlia- mentary Union. Chairman of the Conservative sub-committee on fisheries. Member, Royal Yacht Squadron.
HAMILTON
Electorate: 60,628. 1966: 53,393. Wilson, A. (Lab.) . . 25,431 *Ewing, Mrs. W. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 16,849 Harper, J. R. (C.) .. 5,455 Taylor, H. (Ind. Scot. L.) 295
Lab. Majority .. 8,582 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 48,030. Turn-out 79%.
Lab 52.9%. Scot Nat 35.1%, C 11.4%, Ind Scot L 0.6%. Lab Ma;. 17.8%.
1966: Total Vote 39,154 (73.3%).
-Lab. 27,865 (71.2%), C. 11,289 (28.8 0%). Lab. maj. 16,576 (42.3%).
1967 By-election: Total Vote
39,981 (73.7%).-Scot. Nat. 18,397 (46.0%). Lab. 16.598 (41.5%), C. 4.986 (12.5%). Scot. Nat. maj. 1,799 (34.4.%).
Mr. Alexander Wilson, a miner, contested the constituency in the 1967 by-election. B. June, 1917; ed. Forth Grammar School. Mem- ber, 3rd district council, Lanark- shire, for 11 years.
HAMMIERSMITH
(North)
Electorate: 41,677. 1966: 44.397. *Tomney, F. (Lab.) .. 16,145 Stewart, B. H. I. H. (C.) 9,615
Lab. Majority .. 6.530 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25.760. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 62.7%, C 37.3%. Lab Maj. 25.4%.
1966: Total Vote 28.379 (63.90). -Lab. 19,522 (68.8%), C. 8,857 (31.2%). Lab. maj. 10.665 (37.6%).
Mr. Frank Tomney was elected for the former North division in 1950 and for the revised constitu- ency in 1955. Industrial Consultant B. May, 1908; ed. at primary and technical school. Former member, Watford Borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council; N.U.M.G.W.
EAMPSTEAD
Electorate: 72,154. 1966: 67,798. Finsberg, G. (C.) .. 21X264 *Whitaker, B. C. 0. (Lab.) 20,790 Calmann, J. H. R. (L) .. 3,550
C. Majority .. 474 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 45,604. Turn-out 63%.
C 46.6%, Lab 45.6%, L 7.8%. C Maj. 1.0%.
1966: Total Vote 49,066 (72.4%). -Lab. 22,963 (46.8%), C. 20.710 (42.2%), L. 5,182 (10.7%0), Soc. Pty G.B. 211 (0.4%). Lab. maj. 2,253 (4.6%).
Mr. Geoffrey Finsberg contested Islington, East, 1955. B. June, 1926; ed. City of London School. Member, Hampstead Borough Council, 1949-65; and Camden Borough Council, 1964-70. leader since 1968. Member, National Union Executive committee since 1954. Chairman, postal and tele- communications committee of C.B.I. and member of its commit- tee on state intervention in private industry. Chief industrial relations adviser and personnel controller of Great Universal Stores Ltd.
ELARBOROUGHE
Electorate: 103,981. 1966: 86,198. Farr. 3. A. (C.) .. .. 44,933 Marshall, J. (Lab.) .. 25,728 Pickard, W. E. H. (L.).. 9,079
C. Majority .. 19,205 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 79.740. Turn-out 77%.
C 56.3%, Lab 32.3%, L 11.4%. C Maj. 24.0%.
1966: Total Vote 70,378 (81.6%).
-C. 32,450 (46.1%), Lab. 25,453 (36.2%). L. 12,475 (17.7%0). C. Maj. 6,997 (9.9%).
Mr. John Farr was elected in 1959; contested Ilkeston, 1955. B. September, 1922; ed. Harrow. Member of Lloyds, landowner and farmer. Member, Select Commit- tee on Agriculture. Former mem- ber, East Midlands Land Tribunal, and the council of the Nottfng- hamshire branch of the Country Landowners' Association.
HARROGATE
Electorate: 62,961. 1966: 56,021. *Ramsden, J. E. (C.) ..26,167 Greaves, W. (L.) .. 8,825 Hellowell, B. (Lab.) .. 8,797
C. Majority .. .. 17,342 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,789. Turn-out 69%.
C 59.8%, L 20.2%, Lab 20.1%. C Maj. 39.6%.
1966: Total Vote 41,717 (74.5%).
-C. 22,932 (55.0%), L. 9,518 (22.8%), Lab. 9,267 (22.2%). C. maj. 13,414 (32.2%).
Mr. James Ramsden, an Oppo- sition defence spokesman since 1967 and for public building and works, 1964-65, was returned at a by-election in March, 1954. Secre- tary of State for War, 1963-64; Minister of Defence for the Army, April-OctQber, 1964: Under-Secre- tary and Financial Secretary, War Office, October, 1960-October, 1963. Contested Dewsbury, 1950 and 1951. B. November, 1923; ed. Eton and Trinity College, Oxford, where he gained a Rugbv Blue. Director, U.K. Board, Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Societv since 1966.
HARROW
(Centrml)
Electorate: 46,133. 1966: Grant, 1. A. (C.) .. Judge, A. R. (Lab.) .. Miller, A. H. J. (L) .. Carter, S. (Ind) ..
44,195. 16,525 12,561 3,449
358
C. Majority .. .. 3,964 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,893. Turn-out 71%.
C 50.2%, Lab 38.2%, L 10.5%, Ind 1.1%: C Maj. 12%.
1966: Total Vote 35,430 (80.2%).
-C. 15,971 (45.1 %), Lab. 14,341 (40.5%O), L. 5,118 (14.4%). C. maj. 1,630 (4.60% ).
Mlr. Anthony Grant, elected in 1964, contested Hayes and Har- lington in 1959. Solicitor. B. May, 1925; ed. St. Paul's School and Brasenose College. Oxford. Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of City Solicitors. Free- man, City of London; member, Court of Guild of Freemen. Joint hon. secretary, Conservative Par- liamentary Legal Committee, 1965- 66. Appointed an Opposition whip in 1966.
HARROW
(East)
Electorate: 50.684. 1966: Dykes, H. J. M. (C.) .. Roebuck, R. D. (Lab.). Colne, M. D. (L.) .. Cramp, G. (Ind.)
47,267. 19,517 15,496 3,185
72
C. Majority .. .. 4,021 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 38,270. Turn-out 75%.
C 50.9%, Lab 40.5%, L 8.3%, Ind 0.2%. C Maj. 10.4%.
1966: Total Vote 39,119 (82.8%).
-Lab. 17,374 (44.4%), C. 16,996 (43.4%), L. 4,749 (12.1%). Lab. maj. 378 (0.9%).
Mr. Hugh Dykes, stockbroker, contested Tottenham. 1966. B. May, 1939; ed. Weston-super- Mare Grammar School, College de Normadie. Seine-Maritime, France; and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he was chair- man of the University Conserva- tive Association 1962. Research secretary, Bow Group, 1965-66.
HARROW
(West)
Electorate: 57,748. 1966: *Page, A. J. (C.) .. .. Daniel. T. P. C. (Lab.) Smith, J. F. (L.) .. ..
53,210. 24,867 11,462 5,440
C. Majority .. .. 13,405 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,769. Turn-out 72%.
C 59.5%, Lab 27.4%, L 13.0%. C Maj. 32.1 /O.
1966: Total Vote 42,649 (80.2%).-
C. 22,660 (53.1%), Lab. 12,313 (28.9%). L. 7,676 (18.0%). C. maj. 10.347 (24.3%).
Mr. John Page, returned in a by-election in March, 1960; con- tested Eton and Slough. 1959. Secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary labour committee, 1964-66. Company director. B. September, 1919; ed. Harrow and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Chairman. Bethnal Green and East London Housing Association; vice-chairman, Conservative com- mittee on employment and pro- ductivity. Member of the Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union.
HARTLEPOOLS, THE
Electorate: 64,831. 1966: 59,079. 'Leadbitter, E. L. (Lab.) . . 27,704 Mlarshall. R. M. (C.) 20,188
Lab. Majority .. 7,516 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,892. Turn-out 74%.
Lab. 57.8%, C 42.2%. Lab Maj. 15.6%.
1966: Total Vote 46,366 (78.4%).-
Lab. 27,509 (59.3%), C. 18,857 (40.7%). Lab. maj. 8.652 (18.7%).
Mr. Edward Leadbitter was elected in 1964. Member, Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology. President, Hartlepool Constituency Labour Party and member, National Union of Public Employees. Teacher. B. June, 1919; ed. state schools and Chel- tenham Teacher Training College. Member, West Hartlepool Borough Council. 1954-67.
HARWICH
Electorate: 82,580. 1966: 70,597. *Ridsdale, J. E. (C.) .. 32,754 Phillips, A. W. (Lab.) 19,923 Dale, T. E. (L.) .. 8,519
C. Majority .. .. 12,831 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61.196. TuTn-out 740,i.'
C 53.5%, Lab 32.6%, L 13.9%. C Maj. 20.90.
1966: Total Vote 52,529 (74A.%).-
C. and Nat. L. 24.975 (47.5%). Lab. 18,335 (34.9%/), L. 9,219 (17.6%). C. & Nat. L. maj. 6,640 (12.6%).
Mr. Julian Ridsdale, returned at a by-election in February, 1954. Under-Secretary. for Defence for the Royal Air Force after the 1964 reorganization; Under - Secretary, Air Ministry, in July, 1962. Con- tested Paddington, North, 1951. B. June, 1915; ed. Tonbridge, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the London University School of Oriental Languages. Vice-chair- man of the Parliamentary U.N. Association, and President of the Anglo - Japanese Parliamentary group.
HASTINGS
Electorate: 55,608. 1966: 49,802. Warren, K. R. (C.) .. 20,364 Kissen, C. B. (Lab.) .. 13,549 Shields, Mrs. P. M. (L.) 6,324
C. Majority .. .. 6,815 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,237. Turn-out 72%.'
C 50.6%, Lab 33.7%, L 15..7%'. C Maj. 16.9 %.
1966: Total Vote 38,052 (76.4%).-
C. 15,324 (40.3%), Lab. 12,984 (34.1%), L. 9,744 (25.6%). C. maj. 2.340 (6.1%).
Mr. Kenneth Warren contested St. Pancras. North in 1964. Chair- man, London Young Conserva- tives. 1955-57. Paddington Bo- rough Councillor, 1953-65. Aero- nautical engineer and consultant in aeronautical engineering and management science. Member, G.M.W.U., 1954-57 and member of union side on joint negotiating panel, B.O.A.C., 1955-57. B. August, 1926; ed. Midsomer Nor- ton Grammar School, Aldenham School, De Havilland Aeronauti- cal Technical School. King's Col- lege. London, and London School of Economics.
HAYES & HARLINGTON
Electorate: 49,886. 1966: 45,797. *Skeffington, A. M. (Lab.) 19,192 Potier, A. W. (C.) .. 13,728 Pink, P. (Comm.) .. 372
Lab. Majority . .. 5,464 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,292. Turn-out 67%.
Lab 57.6%, C 41.2%. Comm 1.1%. Lab Maj. 16.4%.
1966: Total Vote 33,288 (72.7%).-
Lab. & Co-op 20,707 (62.2%). C. 11,883 (35.7%), Comm. 698 (2.1%!. Lab. and Co-op maj. 8,824 (26.5%).
Mr. Arthur Skeffington, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Govemment 1967-70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, 1964-67. Returned at a by-election in April. 1953. M.P. for Lewisham, West, 1945-50; con- tested the seat in 1950, 1951 and 1938 and Streatham, 1935. Bar- rister (Middle Temple, 1951) and economist. B. September, 1909; ed. Streatham Grammar Schooi and London University. Chairman, Labour Party. 1969-70; member, national executive since 1953. L.C.C., 1950-59; life member of National Trust, president, Arbori- cultural Association.
I1-NEL HEMPSTEAD
Electorate: 100,306. 1966: 84,310. 'Allason, J. H. (C.) .. 40.417 Fletcher, P. A. (Lab.).. 28.067 Wilson, A. J. (L.) . 9,274
C. Majority .. .. 12,350 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 77.758. Turn-out 78°o.
C 51.9%.O' Lab 36.1%, L 11.90%/. C Maj. 15.8°.
1966: Total Vote 71,416 (84.6°).-
C. 31,742 (44.4%), Lab. 29,704 (41.6°). L. 9,970 (14.0%). C. maj. 2,038 (2.9°o).
Mr. James Allason was elected in 1959, contested Central Hack- ney, 1955. Vice-chairnan. Conser- vative parliamentary housing and local Government committee since 1964. Lloyd's broker. B. Septem- ber, 1912; ed. Haileybury and the Royal Military Academy, Wool- wich. Member, Kensington Bo- rough Council. 1956-65. Regular Army officer for 22 years. Vice- president, Association of Munici- pal Corporations.
HEMISWORTH
Electorate: 69,572. 1966: 64.521. *eaney, A. (Lab.) .. 40.013 Tucker, M. C. (C.) .. 9,534
Lab. Majority 40.479 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,547. Turn-out 71%.
Lab. 80.8%', C. 19.20%. Lab. Maj. 61.6%.
1966: Total Vote 49.052 (76.0%).-
Lab. 41,887 (85.4%). C. 7.165 (14.6%). Lab. maj. 34.722 (70.800).
Mr. Alan Beaney, a miner, was elected in 1959. B. March. 1905- ed. at elementary school and National Council of Labour Col- leges. Member, West Riding County Council since 1949, and Dearne Urban District Council since 1938. Member, Yorkshire executive committee, National Union of Mineworkers.
HENDON
(North)
Electorate: 52,330. 1966: 49,784. Gorst. J. (C.) .. .. 18.192 Irvine, A. A. M. (Lab.) 15,013 Cass, M. G. (L.) .. 3,704
C. Majority .. .. 3,179 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,909. Turn-out 70%,.
C 49.3%, Lab 40.7%, L 10.0°'. C Maj. 8.6%.
1966: Total Vote 39,839 (80.0%10).-
C. 18.468 (46.4%), Lab. 17,868 (44.9%). L. 3.503 (8.8%). C. maj. 600 (1.5°h).
Mr. John Gorst, a public rela- tions consultant. contested Bodmin in 1966 and Chester-lc-Street in 1964. B. June, 1928; ed. Ardingly College and Corpus Christi Col- lege, Cambridge. F6under and Secretary of the Telepihone Users' Association.
RIPHMOND, SURREY
Electorate: 57,311. 1966: 55,534. Royle, A. (C.) .. .. 20,979 Palmer, A. R. (Lab.) .. 12,981 Rundle, S. (L.) .. .. 6,934
C. Majority .. .. 7,998 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,894. Turn-out 71%.
C 51.3%, Lab 31.7%, L 16.9%. C. Maj. 19.5%.
1966: Total Vote 44,100 (794%).-
C. 21,831 (49.5%), Lab. 15,608 (35.4%). L. 6,661 (15.1 %). C. mal. 6,223 (14.1%).
Mr. Anthony Royle, appointed an Opposition whip in 1967, was elected in 1959. Contested St. Pancras, North, 1955, and Torring- ton at a by-election in 1958. Vice- chairman, Conservative committee on foreign affairs, 1965-66. In- surance broker and member of Lloyds. B. March, 1927; ed. Har- row and Sandhurst. Director, British Match Corporation. Mem- ber, One Nation group of M.P.s
RCHMMOND, YORKS
Electorate: 71,299. 1966: 58,315. Kitson, T. P. G. (C.) .. 13,471 Aldrich, M. J. (La.b.) .. 12,702 Smithson, J. R. (L.) .. 5,354
C. Majority .. 17,769 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,527. Turn-out 68%,
C 62.7%, Lab 26.2%, L 11.0%. C Maj; 36.5%.
1966: Total Vote 41,575 (71.3 %).-
C. 23.541 (56.6%), Lab. 10,210 (24.6%), L. 7.824 (18.8%). C. Maj. 13,331 (32.0%).
Mr. Timothy Kitson, an Opposi- tion Whip, 1967-70, was elected in 1959. Farmer and chairman of Briant Colour Printing. B. Janu- ary, 1931; ed. Charterhouse and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Estimates Committee, 1964-66. North Riding County Council, 1955-60. County execu- tive member of N.F.U. and York- shire executive member of Country Landowners' Association.
RIPON
Electorate: 47,744. 1966: 42,141. *Stoddart-Scott, Sir M.
(C.) . . . . . . 21,211 Daniel, D. (Lab.) .. 9,147 Craven, Miss V. S. (L.). . 4,583
C. Majority . .. 12,064 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34,941. Turn-out 73%.
C 60.7% , Lab 26.2%, L 13.1°. C Maj. 34.5%.
1966: Total Vote 33,260 (78.9%).-
C. 17,352 (52.2%), Lab. 8,607 (25.9%), L. 7,301 (22.0%). C. maj. 8,745 (26.3%).
Sir Malcolm Stoddart-Scott has held the seat since 1950; M.P. for Pudsey and Otley, 1945-50. B. September, 1901. ed. Elmfield College, York; Ashville College, Harrogate; University of Leeds. M.D., Ch.B. Served in Royal Army Medical Corps, 1939-45. Chairman, British group of Inter- Parliamentary Union, 1951-59.
ROCHDALE
Electorate: 63,879. 1966: *McCann, J. (Lab.) Smith, C. (L.) .. Andrew, M. (C.)
59,176. 19,247 14,076 12,978
Lab. Majority .. 5,171 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,301. Turn-out 72%.
Lab 41.5%1, L 30.4%, C 28.0%. Lab Maj. 11.1%.
1966: Total Vote 46,724 (79.0 %).-
Lab. 24,481 (52.4%), C. 13,239 (28.3%), L. 9,004 (19.3%). Lab. maj. 11,242 (24.1 %).
Mr. Jack McCann, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury and Government WVhip, 1967-69, was first appointed a Lord Commis- sioner in 1964. Vice Chamberlain of the Household, 1966-67. Won Rochdale from the Conservatives at a by-election in February, 1958; contested it in 1955. Opposition whip. 1961-64. Sponsored by A.E.F. Engineer. B. December, 1910; ed. elementary school and National Council of Labour Col- leges and W.E.A. classes.
ROCHESTER & CHATHAM
Electorate: 77,809. 1966: 68,661. Fenner, Mrs. P. E. (C.).. 30,263 *Kerr, Mrs. A. P. (Lab.) 24,922
C. Majority .. .. 5,341 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 55,185. Turn-out 71%°
C 54.8%, Lab. 45.1%. C Maj. 9.6%.
1966: Total Vote 53,630 (78.1%).-
Lab. 27,938 (52.1 %), C. 25,692 (47.9%). Lab. maj. 2,246 (4.2%). Mrs. Peggy Fenner contested Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1966. B. November, 1922; ed. L.C.C. ele- mentary school, Brockley and Ide Hill School, Kent. Housewife. Chairman, Sevenoaks Council, 1962 and 1963. Member, executive of Kent Borough and Urban Dis- trict Councils' Association. Mem- ber, West Kent Divisional Execu- tive Education Committee.
ROMFORD
Electorate: 80,148. 1966: 72,089. Leonard, R. L. (Lab.) .. 27,899 Neubert, M. J. (C.) .. 25,139
Lab. Majority.. .. 2,760 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,038. Tar-out 66%° .
Lab 52.60%o, C 47.3%. Lab Maj. 5.2%.
1966: Total Vote 54,381 (75.4%).-
Lab. 31,221 (57.4%), C. 23,160 (42.6%). Lab. maj. 8,061 (14.8%). Mr. Ridcard ILonard contested Harrow, West, 1955. Senior re- search fellow and former teacher, journalist, and broadcaster. B. December, 1930; ed. Ealing Gram- mar School, London Universities Institute of Education, and Essex University. Member, T. & G.W.U. and Fabian Society.
ROSS & CROMARTY
Electorate: 27,101. 1966: 24.530. Gray, J. H. N. (C.) .. 6,418 *Mackenzic, A. R. (L.) .. 5,617 MacLean, R. D. (Lab.) 5,023 Nicholson. G. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 2,268 C. Majority .. .. 801 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 19,326. Turn-out 71%0,.
C 33.2%, L 29.1%XZ, Lab 25.9%, Scot Nat 11.7%. C Maj. 4.1%.
1966: Total Vote 17,472(71.2i).-
L. 7.348 (42.1 %).. Lab. 5,304 (30.4%), C. 4.820 (27.6%). L. maj. 2,044 (11.7 %).
NMr. Hamnish Gray, director of a roofing and contracting firm. B. June, 1927; ed. Inverness Royai Academy. Member, Inverness Council, since 1965; a vice-con- venor, Inverness Constabulary. Member, Scottish Conservative transport policy committee.
ROSSENDALE
Electorate: 50,186. 1966: 47,357. Bray, R. W. T. (C.) .. 20,448 Boothroyd, Miss B. (Lab.) 18,568
C. Majority .. .. 1,880 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39,016. Turn-out 78%.
C 52.4%, Lab 47.5%,,. C Maj. 4.8%.
1966: Total Vote 38,077 (80.4%).-
Lab. 21,093 (55.4%), C. 16,984 (44.6%). Lab. maj. 4,109 (10.8%). Mr. Ronald Bray, farmer and Lloyds underwriter. B. January, 1922; ed. Latyrner Upper School. London. Contested Stockton-on- Tees in 1964. Former member of Woking Urban Council. Owns one of the largest cattle and sheep farms in the West Riding.
ROTHERHAM
Electorate: 60,802. 1966: 57,229. *O'Malley, B. K. (Lab.).. 25,246 Cooke, E. R. (C.) .. 12,770
Lab. Majority .. 12,476 NO CEANGE
Total Vote 38,016. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 66.4%, C 33.6%. Lab Maj. 32.8%,.' .LbMj
1966: Total Vote 39,327 (68.7%).-
Lab. 27,402 (69.7%), C. 11,925 (30.3%). Lab. maj. 15,477 (39.4%).
Air. Brian O'Malley, Under- Secretary, Health and Social Security since 1969. A Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, April, 1967-69; became deputy Govern- ment Chief WVhip in July, 1967; assistant Government whip, 1964- 66. Represented the constituency since the by-election in March, 1963. Workers' Educational Asso- ciation lecturer. B. January, 1930; ed. Mexborough Grammar School and Manchester University. For- mer branch secretary, Musicians' Union.
ROTHER VALLEY
Electorate: 87,932. 1966: 77.320. Hardy, P. (lab.) .. 44.322 Durrant, R. A. B. (C) .. 17,418
Lab. Majority . 26,904 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61,740. Turn-out 70°.
Lab 71.8', C 28.2%. Lab Maj 43.6%.
1966: Total Vote 56,801 (74.3 Y).-
Lab. 43,634 (76.8%), C. 13,167 (23.2%). Lab. mai. 30.467 (53.6%).
Ur. Peter Hardy, teacher. B. July, 1931; ed. Wath upon Dearne Grammar School; Westminster College, London; Sheffield Uni- versity. Contested Scarborough and Whitby, 1964, Sheffield, Hal- lam, 1966. Member. Wath upon Dearne Urban Council since 1960 (chairman, 1968-69); Mexborough divisional education executive. since 1961; National Union of Public Employees. Past president, Don and Dearne Schoolmasters Association.
ROWLEY REGIS & TJPTON
Electorate: 64,397. 1966: 59,890. *Archer, P. K. (Lab.) .. 25,001 Smith, P. M. (C.) .. 15,537
Lab. Majority . 9.464 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,538. Turn-out 63%.
Lab 61.6o, C 38.3%. Lab Maj. 23.3%. Swing 7.6%,.
1966: Total Vote 41,444 (69.2 % ).-
Lab. 27.269 (65.8 %), C. 14,175 (34.2%/). Lab. maj. 13,094 (31.6%).
Mr. Peter Archer was elected in 1966; contested Brierley Hill in 1964 and Hendon, South, 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1952) and author. B. November, 1926; ed. Wednesbury High School, London School of Economics. and Uni- versity College, London. Execu- tive committee, Society of L4bour Lawyers since 1967; vice-chairman, Amnesty International (British section); secretary, Parliamentary Group for World Govermment; U.K. delegate to United Nations Tbird Committee, 1969.
ROXBURGH, SELKIRK &
PEEBLES
Electorate: 57,646. 1966: 53,224. *Steel, D. M. S. (L.) .. 19,524 Fairgrieve, R. (C.) 18,974 Griffiths, L. (Lab.) 4,454 Hastic, H. (Scot. Nat.) 3,147 Cassell. W. R.
(Anti Abortion) 193 L. Major,ity .. .. 550 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,202. Turn-out 80°.
L 42.3%, C 41.1%, Lab 9.6%,' Scot Nat 6.80%, Ind 0.2°o. L Maj. 1.2%.
1966: Total Vote 45,134 (84.9%).-
L. 20,607 (45.7%), C. 18,396 (40.8%), Lab. 6,131 (15.6%). L. maj. 2,211 (4.9%).
Mr. David Steel won the seat from the Conservatives at the 1965 by-election; contested the seat in 1964. Sponsored the Abortion Act, 1967. Party spokesman on Commonwealth and Overseas Development. President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in Great Britain, 1966-69. B. March, 1938; ed. Prince of Wales School, Nai- robi; George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and Edinburgh Uni- versity; president, Edinburgh Uni- versity Students' Representative Council, 1960-61. Chairman, Association of Scottish University Liberals, 1961. Broadcaster and journalist.
RUGBY
Electorate: 58,241. 1966: *Price, W. G. (Lab.) .. Griffith, J. H. P. (C.) .. Frost, A. S. (Social
51.330. 25,041 22,086
%,reuL) .. .. 134
Lab. Majority .. 2.955 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,381. Turn-out 81.
Lab 52.8%, C 46.6%, S Cred 0.53%. Lab Maj. 6.2%.
1966: Total Vote 43,582 (84.9%).-
Lab. 21,797 (50.0%), C. 21,388 (49.1%). Soc. Credit 397 (0.9,'). Lab maj. 409 (0.9%).
Mr. William Price von the seat from the Conservatives in 1966. Journalist. B. June, 1934; ed. Forest of Dean Technical School and Gloucester Technical College. Former central Midlands secretary of the National Union of Journalists.
RUISLIP-NORTHWOOD
Electorate: 55,050. 1966: 49,334. *Crowder, F. P. (C.) .. 24,247 Silvermnan, B. H. (Lab.) 11,541 Arram, Miss J. M. (L.) .. 4,188
C. Majority .. .. 12,706 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,976. Turn-out 73%.
C 60.6%, Lab 28.8°,o, L 10.4 %. C Maj. 31.70.
1966: Total Vote 40,314(81.7%).-
C. 20,731 (51.4%), Lab. 13,455 (33 .4 %), L. 6, 128 (15.2%). maj. 7,276 (18.0%).
Mr. Petre Crowder, Q.C., won the seat in 1950; contested North Tottenham by-election, 1945. Bar- rister (Inner Temple, 1948); Q.C., 1964. Deputy Chairman, Hert- fordshire Quarter Sessions, 1959- 63. and Chairman since 1963; Recorder of Gravesend since 1960; Recorder of Colchester since 1967. B. July, 1919; ed. Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.
RUNCORN
Electorate: 61,753. 1966: 54,036. 'Carlisle M. (C.) .. .. 25,272 Taylor, M. J. E. (Lab.) 16,204 Sumner, C. K. (L.) .. 5,741
C. Majority .. 9,068 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,217. Turn-out 76%.
C 53.5% Lab 34.3%,1 L 1.% C Maj. 19.2%.
1966: Total Vote 44.368 (82.1%).-
C. 21,472 (48.4%), Lab. 16,290 (36.7%), L. 6,606 (14.9%). C. maj. 5,182 (11.7%).
Mr. Mark Carlisle, a Conserva- tive spokesman on home affairs, was elected in 1964, having con- tested St. Helens in the 1958 by- election and in 1959. B. July, 1929; ed. Radley College and Manchester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954); director of small investment trust. Former chairman, Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Asso- ciations. Member of the Home Office Advisory Council on the Penal System since 1966.
RUSUCLIFFE
Electorate: 75,684. 1r6: 65.493. Clarke. K. H. (C.) 30.966 Gardner, A. J. (Lab.) . 24,798 Browne P. M. (L. .) 4,180
C. Majority .. .. 6,168 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 59.944. Tarn-out 79°.
C 51.70,° Lab 41.40%', L 6.9°. C Maj. 10.30.
1966: Total Vote 55.951 (85.5%').-
Lab. 25,623 (45.8%), C. 25.243 (45.1 %). L. 5.085 (9.1 %). Lab. maj. 380 (0.7. )
Mr. Kenneth Clarke contested Mansfield in 1964 and 1966. Bar- rister. B. July. 1940; ed. Notting- ham High School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1963. Research secretary. Birming- ham Bow Group. 1966-67. Presi- dent, Cambridge Union, 1963.
RUTHERGLEN
Electorate: 42,967. 1966: 40,870. Mackenzie, J. G. (Lab.).. 17,751 Hutchison, P. C. (C.) .. 14,710 Lvingstone, D. HL (Ind.
Sot. Nat.) .. .. 1,490 Lab. Majority .. 3,041 NO CEIANGE
Total Vote 33,951. Turn-out 79%0.
Lab 52.2°, C 43.30., Ind Scot Nat 4.3°. Lab Maj. 8.9%S . 1966: Total Vote 34,422 (84.2 % ).-
Lab. 18,621 (54.1%), C. 13.607 (39.5%). Scot. Nat. 2.194 (6.4%). Lab maj. 5,014 (14.6%).
Mr. Gregor Mackenzie won the seat for Labour in the May, 1964. by-election: contested Kinross and West Perth in 1959 and East Aberdeenshire, 1950. Sales manag- er. B. November, 1927; ed. Queens Park School and School of Social Studies, Glasgow University. Glasgow Corporation, 1952-55 and 1956-64. Member, Fabian Society. Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
RUTLAND & STANIFORD
Electorate: 68.365. 1966: 60.965. *Lewis, K. (C.) .. .. 22,803 Toch, H. (Lab.) .. .. 15,136
C Maj. . .. 7.667 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37.939. Turn-out 75%;.
C 60.1°o, Lab 39.9%. C Maj. 20.2%.
1966: Total Vote 46.168 (75.7%).-
C. 27,056 (58.6 %), L. 9,957 (21.6%), Lab. 9.155 (19.8%). C. maj. 17,099 (37.0%).
Mr. Kenneth Lewis was elected in 1959; contested Ashon-under- Lyne, 1951, and Newton, 1945 and 1950. Member, Estimates Committee, 1966-68, and Commit- tee of Selection, 1964-70. B. July. 1916; ed. Jarrow Central School and Edinburgh University. Dir- ector of own travel organization. Treasurer, Commonwealth and Continental Church Society. Chair- man, Association of British Travel Agents Parliamentary Committee.
RYE
Electorate: 50,636. 1966: 43,419. *Irvine, B. G. (C.) . 32,300 Fountain, H. A. (Lab.) .. 9,031 Young, R. K. J. F. (L.) .. 8,947
C. Majority .. .. 23,269 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,278. Turn-out 73%?.
C 64.2%O. Lab 17.9°,,, L 17.8%b. C Maj. 46.39.
1966: Total Vote 33,695(77.6S).-
C. 17,991 (53.4%), Lab. & Co-op. 15.704 (46.6%). C. Maj. 2.2S7 (6.8%).
Mr. Godman Irvine was elected in 1955; contested Wood Green. 1951. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chairmen since 1966; Select Com- mittee on Agriculture, 1966-69. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1932), farmer. and Companion, Institution of Civil Engineers. B. in Canada July, 1909; ed. St. Paul's School, London, and Magdalen CoUege, Oxford. Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive Parliamentary Agriculture Committee, 1964-70; joint secretary, 1922 Committee, 1965-68, and Conservative Parliamentary Foreign and Commonwealth Committee, 1969-70; a U.K. representative on General Council, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1969- 70; president, Association of British Resorts since 1964.
WARRINGTON
Electorate: 50,307. 1966: 49,207. Williams, W. T. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. 20970 Gooch, A. B. (C.) .. 11,647
Leb. Majority .. 9.323 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 32,617. Turn-out 65%.
Lab 64.2%. C 35.70,%. Lab Maj. 28.5%.
1966: Total Vote.33.918 (68.9%).-
Lab. and Co-op. 21,930 (64.7%), C. 8,918 (26.3%), L. 3,070 (9.0%). Lab, and Co-op. maj. 13.012 (38.4%).
Mr. Thomas Williams, Q.C, was returned at a by-election in 1961; represented Baron's Court, 1955-59; and Hamnersmith, South 1949-55. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn), Q.C 1964. B. September, 1915; ed. at Aberdare Grammar School, Uni- versity College. Cardiff, and St. Catherine's College. Oxford. Recorder of Birkenhead since 1969: chairman Co-operative group of M.P.s, 1969-70; chairman, con- sumer group of Labour Party, 1966- 70. Member, Lord Chancellor's Committce on Public Records. Chairman, Fray Valley Hospital Committee, 1967-70; member, S.E. Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board since 1966, and Kings Col- lege Hospital governors since 1968. Former Baptist minister and R.A.F. chaplain.
WARWICK & LEANINGTON Electorate: 80,862. 1966: 71,022. *Smith, D. G. (C.) .. 36,994 Watkinson. J. T. (Lab.) 21,355
C. Majority .. .. 15.639 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58.349. Turn-out 72%Co.
C 63.4"". Lab 36.5°.o. C Mai. 26.80%. .
1966: Total Vote 56,051 (78.9%).-
C. 28,918 (51.6%), Lab. 20,221 (36.1%). L. 6.912 (12.3%). C. maj. 8,697 (15.5%).
1968 By-election: Total Vote
42,321 (58.5%).- C. 28,914 (68.3%), Lab. 6.992 (16.5%), L. 6,415 (15.2%). C. maj. .21,922 (51.8Z).
Mr. Dudley Smith, appointed an Opposition spokesman on employ- ment and productivity in 1969, was elected at a by-election in March, 1968, Won Brentford and Chiswick 1959, held the seat in 1964, but was defeated in 1966. Opposition vhip, 1964-66. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Labour Committee, 1962-65. Contested Peckham, 1955. Divisional director, Beecham Group Ltd., and a former jour- nalist. B. November, 1926:. ed. Chichester High School. Middlesex County Council, 1958-63.
WATFORD
Electorate: 57,432. 1966: 52,888. *Tuck, R. H. (Lab.) .. 19,698 Clarke, D. W. (C.) .. 19.622 Watkins, C. G. (L.) .. 3,778
Lab. Majority .. .. 76 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,098. Turn-out 75°.
Lab 45.7%, C 45.5%, L 8.7°o%. Lab Ma;. 0.1%o.
1966: Total Vote 43,828 (82.97%).-
Lab' 23,832 (54.4%). C. 19,996 (45.6%). Lab. maj. 3,836 (8.8%).
Mr. Raphael Tuck won the seat in 1964. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1951). B. April, 1910; ed. St. Paul's School, London, London School of Economics, Cambridge and Har- vard Universities. Professor of Law, Saskatchewan University, Canada. 1941-45; professor of political science, McGill University, Mon- treal, 1945, and Tulane University, New Orleans. Louisiana, 1947-49. Constitutional adviser to Premier of Manitoba, 1943; special re- search, Department of Labour. Ottawa, 1944. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers.
WEDNESBURY
Electorate: 65,809. 1966: 61.481. *Stonehousc J. T. (Lab. &
Co-op.) . .. 23.998 Harman, D. M. (C.) .. 20.627
Lab. Majority .. 3,371 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44,625. Turn-out 68%
Lab 53.7°. C 46.2%. Lab Maj. 7.5%.
1966: Total Votr 44,254 (72.0%).-
Lab, and Co-op. 26,041 (58.8O), C. 18,213 (41.2%). Lab. and Co-op maj. 7.828 (17.7%).
Mr. John Stonehouse, Minister for Posts and Telecommunications from 1969 when the Post Office became a public corporation, was Postmaster General, 1968 - 69: Minister of State, Technology, 1967-68: Minister of Aviation, January-February. 1967: Under Secretary for the Colonies. 1966-67; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Aviation, 1964-66. Returned at a by-election in February, 1957; contested Burton. 1951 and Twi- ckenham, 1950. Economist. B. July, 1925; ed. Taunton's Secondary Grammar School, Southampton, and London School of Economics. Director, London Co-operative Society, 1956-62, and president, 1962-64. Manager for African Co- operative societies in Uganda, 1952-54.
WELLINGBOROUGH
Electorate: 64,992. 1966: 54.566. 'Fry, P. D. (C.) .. .. 27.459 Mans, J. H. (Lab.) .. 25,107
C. Majority .. .. 2,352 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,566. Turntout 81%.
C 52.2%. Lab 47.7°,/. C Maj. 4.4%1-..
1966: Total Vote 47,177 (86.5%).-
Lab. 24.705 (52.A%), C. 22,472 (47.6%). Lab. maj. 2,233 (4.7%). 1969 By-election: Total Vote
41,468 (69.6%). - C. 22,548 (54.4%), Lab. 16.499 (39.8%), Ind. 2,421 (5.8%). C. maj. 6.049 (14.6%).
Mr. Peter Fry won the seat at a by-election in December. 1%9. Insurance broker. B. May, 1931: ed. Iligh Wycombe Grammar School and Oxford University. Contested Willesden, East. 1966 and Notting- ham, North, 1964. Political educa- tion officer, I.ondon area, 1961-63. Buckinghamshire County Council.
WELLS
Electorate: 65,833. 1966: 5S,609. Boscawen, R. T. (C.) .. 25,106 Thompson, F. R. (Lab.) 16,335 Pinching, W. F. J. (L .. 9,174
C. Majority .. .. 8,771 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,615. Turn-out 77%.
C 49.6%O', Lab 32.2%., L 18.1VD. C Maj. 17.30.
1966: Total Vot 47.741 (81.5%).-
C. 20,528 (43.0%), Lab. 16,989 (35.5%), L. 10,224 (21.4%). C. maj. 3,539 (7.4%).
Mr. Robert Boscawen, Lloyds underwriter, contesied Falmouth and Cambome, 1966 and 1964. B. March, 1923; ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member, London Executive Council, National Health Sen'ice, 1956-65.
WEMBLEY
(North)
Electorate: 47,958. 1966: 44,944. *Bullus. Sir E. E. (C.) .. 18.345 Childerhouse. K. W.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 11,916 Kingsbury. J. R. (L.) .. 4.083
C. Majority .. .. 6,249 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34.344. Turn-out 72%.
C 53.4%, Lab 34.6%, L 11.8%. C Maj. 18.7°'
1966: Total Vote 36,374 (80.9%).-
C. 17.497 (48.1 %), Lab. 13,290 (36.5%), L. 5,587 (15.4%). C. maj. 4,207 (11.6%).
Sir Eric Bullus won the division in 1950. A journalist and director of companies. B. November. 1906; ed. Leeds Modern School and Leeds University. Elected to Leeds City Council at age of 23, a mem- ber for 10 years: member of Har- row Urban Council, 1947-50. Member of the House of Laity. Church Assembly, 1960-70, and the Central Readers' Board. Knighted, 1964. President, Society of York- shiremen in London.
WEMBLEY
(South)
Electorate: 45,127. 1966: 42,843. *Russeil, Sir R. S. (C.) .. 16,578 Elliott. M. N. (Lab.) .. 14,336
C. Majority .. .. 2.242 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 30.914. Turn-out 68%.
C 53.6%, Lab 46.3%. C Maj. 7.2%.
1966: Total Vote 33,957 (79.3 %).-
C. 15,3771 (45.3%), Lab. 14,194 (41.8%), L. 4,386 (12.9%). C maj. 1.183 (3.4%).
Sir Ronald Russell won the seat in 1950: contested Shettleston in 1935, and Coatbridge in 1945. Author and journalist. B. May, 1904; ed. Haileybury- and Catus College. Cambridge. Treasurer and former secretary, 1922 Comnmittee. Member, Speaker's panel of chair- men since 1960. Deputy chairman GeneralOptical Council since 1960; chairman, Commonwealth Pro- ducers' Organization, 1960-63 and since 1964. L.C.C., 1946-52.
WEST BROMWICH
Electorate: 68,855. 1966: 63.489. Foley. M. A. (Lab.) .. 23,412 Hawkins, G. (C.) .. 18,976
Lab. Majority .. 4,436 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,388. Turn-out 62%.
Lab 55.2%, C 44.7%7. Lab Maj. 10.4%.
1966: Total Vote 43.700 (68.8%).-
Lab. 25,287 (57.9%), C. 18,413 (42.1 %). Lab. maj. 6,874 (15.7%). Mr. Maurice Foley has been Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs since 1968; Under-Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, 1967-68; Under- Secretary. Home Office. 1966-67. and for Economic Affairs. 1964-66. Returned at by-election in July. 1963. An eLectrical engineer. B. October, 1925: ed. St. Mary's College, Middlesbrough.
WESTBURY
Electorate: 68.097. 1966: 58.341. *Walters. D. M. (C.) .. 26.524 McLaren, J. (Lab.) .. 17.413 Otter. R. G. (L).. .. 8.781
C. Majority * .. 9.1 11 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,718. Turn-out 770o.
C 50.3%. Lab 33.0%1. L 16.7°. C Maj. 17.3%.
1966: Total Vote 48,143 (82.5%).-
C. 20,989 (43.6%), Lab. 18,192 (37.8%). L. 8,962 (18.6%). C. maj. 2.797 (5.8% ).
Mr. Dennis Walters was elected in 1964; contested Blyth in 1959 and the 1960 by-election. Director of an advertising agency and a travel company. B. November, 1928; ed. at Downside School and St. Catharine's College. Cambridge. Founder member of the Bow Group. Chairman.' Federation of Univcrsity Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1949-50; j o i n tsecretary, Conservative Foreign Affairs Committee, 1965- 69; member, Conservative Party comrntittee on future of broadcast- ing policy.
WESTERN ISLES
Electorate: 23,633. 1966: 22,823. Stewart, D. J. (Scot. Nat.) 6,568 *Macmillan. M. K. (Lab.) 5,S42 Macleod. R. M. (C.) .. 2,822
Scot. Nat. majority ... 726 SCOT. NAT. GAIN
1966: Total Vote 14.035 (61.5 %).-
Lab. 8.565 (61.01%). C. 2.832 (20.2% ') L. 2,638 (18.8%). Lab. maj. 5.733 (40.8,%).
INCE
Electorate: 67,067. 1966: 55,703. McGuire, M. T. (Lab.) .. 32,295 Coupe, A. R. (C.) .. 14,877
Lab. Maj. .. .. 17,418 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,172. Turm-out 70%.
Lab 68.5%, C 31.5%. Lab Maj. 37.0%.
1966: Total Vote 41,990 (75.4 -
Lab. 30,915 (73.6%), C. 11,075 (26.4%°). Lab. maj. 19,840 (47.2%).
Mr. lichael McGuire, elected in 1964, was wholetime N.U.M. branch secretary (Sutton Manor Colliery, St. Helens, Lancashire), 1957-64. B. May, 1926; element- ary education. Executive member, St. Helens Trades and Labour Council, 1957-64. Member, Select Conmittee on Nationalized Indus- tries since 1967. Member, execu- tive of P.L.P. trade union group since 1968.
INVERNESS
Electorate: 54,597. 1966: 50,462. *Johnson, D. R. (L) 15,052 Wathen. D. A. (C.) .. 12,378 Macauley, D (Lab.) .. 9,038 Cameron, Miss A. C.
(Scot. Nat.) .. .. 2,781
L. Majority .. .. 2,674 NO CHANGE
1966: Total Vote 36,386 (72.1%).-
L. 14,356 (39.5%), C. 11,961 (32.9%), Lab. 10,069 (27.7%). L. maj. 2,395 (6.6%).
Mr. RusseH Johnston, elected in 1964, is Liberal spokesman on foreign affairs and vice-chairman of the Scottish Liberal Party. B. July, 1932; ed. Portree High School, Isle of Skye, and Edin- burgh University. Former teacher and research assistant with the Scottish Liberal Party
IPSWICH
Electorate: 87,124. 1966: 78,351. Money, E. D. (C.) .. 27,704 *Foot, Sir D. (Lab.) . 27,691 Lewis, N. S. (L.) .. 5.147 Brown. D. (Nat. Dem.) 2,322
C, Majority .. . 13 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Tbtal Vote 62,864. Turn-out 72%6.
C 44.1%O, Lab 44.0%, L 8.2%, Nat Dem 3.70,o. C. Maj. 0.10.'
1966: Total Vote 60,722 (77.5 %).-
Lab. 30,313 (49.9%), C. 23.440 (38.6%). L. 6.200 (10.2%), Nat. Dem. Pty. 769 (1.3%). Lab. maj. 6,873 (11.3%).
I%fr. Ernle Money, barrister. B. February, 1931; ed. Marlborough College and Oriel College, Oxford. Member, general council of the Bar, 1962-66.
ISLE OF ELY
Electorate: 67,651. 1966: 60,758. *Legge-Bourlke, Sir H. (C.) 28,972 O'Hare. R. E. (Lab.) .. 19,366
C. Majority .. .. 9.606 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,338. Turn out 71%.
C 59.9%, Lab 40.1%. C Maj. 19.8%. .
1966: Total Vote 46,136 (75.9%).-
C. 21.320 (46.2%), Lab. 19,566 (42.4%), L. 5,250 (11.4%). C. maj. 1.754 (3.8%).
Sir Harry Legge-Bourke, won the seat from the Liberals in 1945. Member, Speaker's panel of Chair- men in last three Parliaments; member, Select Committee on Science and Technology and Chair- man of its sub-committees report- ing on coastal pollution and work of Natural Environment Research Council. Chairman of Grant Pro- duction Co. Ltd. since 1950. B. Mlay, 1914; ed. Eton and Sand- hurst. Former chairman. Conserva- tive defence and science and technology committees and horti- cultural sub-committee; member, executive of 1922 Committee
ISLE OF THANET
Electorate: 89,627. 1966: 81,498. *Rees-Davies, W. R. (C.) 33,434 Bishop, L. J. A. (Lab.) .. 21,709 Gates, T. D. (L.) .. 7,176 Josephs, 1. (C. and Con-
sult the People) .. 2,136
C. Majority .. .. 11,725 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 64,455. Turn-out 72%.
C 51.9%, Lab 33.70,%. L 11.1%, C and Consult 3.3%. C Maj. 18.2%.
1966: Total Vote 61.670 (75.7%).-
C. 29.302 (47.5%). Lab. 24,416 (39.6%). L. 7.952 (12.9%). C. maj. 4.886 (7.9%).
.Mr. William Rees-Davies was returned at a by-election in March, 1953. Contested Nottingham. South. in 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). B. Novem- ber, 1916: ed. Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge; cricket Blue. Chairman. all-party committee on tourism, 1966-68. Son of former Liberal M.P.
ISLE OF WIGHT
Electorate: 81,135. 1966: 70,877. *Woodnutt, H. F. M. (C.) 30,437 Boulton, K. W. (Lab.) .. 13.111 Ross, S. S. (L.) .. .. 12,883 Cowdell. R. W. J.
(Vectis Nat.) .. .. 1,607
C. Majority .. .. 17,326 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,038. Turn-out 71%
C 52.4%, Lab 22.5%, L 22.1%. Vectis 2.7%. C Maj. 29.8%. 1966: T-otal Vote 53,188 (75.0%o).-
C. 25.862 (48.6%). Lab. 15.411 (29.0%), L. 11,915 (22.4%). C. ma]. 10.451 (19.6%).
Mr. Mark Woodnutt was elected in 1959. Chartered 3ecretary and export director. B. Novemnber, 1918; ed. Isleworth Grammar School. Member, Isle of Wight County Council since 1952; county tlderman. 1957. Export director, tharles Churchill (machine tools); director and founder, Bembridge Harbour Improvements Co. (form- ed to acquire and open up Bem- bridge harbour).
ISLINGTON
(East)
Electorate: 43,827. 1966: 45,416. Grant, J. D. (Lab.) .. 13,980 Devonald-Lewis, R. (C.) 8.660
Lab. Majority .. 5.320 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 22.640. Turn-out 51%.
Lab 61.7%. C 38.2%. Lab Maj. 1966: Total Vote 25.914 (57.1%).-
Lab. 15.009 (57.9%), C. 7.490 (28.9%). L. 2,288 (8.8%). New L. 1.127 (4.3%). Lab. maj. 7.519 (29.0%).
Mr. John Grant, contested Beckenham in 1966. Journalist. B. October, 1932; ed. grammar school and Stationers' Company's School, Hornsey. Member, N.U.J., T. & G.W.U., and Fabian Society.
NEWARK
Electorate: 68,387. 1966: 59,584. *Bishop, E. S. (Lab.) .. 26,455 Allen, D. G. (C.) .. 25,235
Lab. Majority .. 1,220 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 51,690. Turn-out 76%.
Lab 51.2%, C 48.8%. Lab Maj. 2.4%.
1966: Total Vote 48,315 (81.2 %).-
Lab. 27,402 (56.7%), C. 20,913 (43.4%). Lab. maj. 6,489 (13.4%). iMr. Edward Bishop was elected in 1964. Contested Bristol, West, 1950, Exeter, 1951, and Gloucester- shire, South, 1955. Assistant Government whip, 1966-67. Aero- nautical design draughtsman. B. October, 1920; ed. South Bristol Central School, Merchant Ven- turers' Technical College and Bristol University. Member, Esti- mates Committee. Member. Bris- tol City Council for 16 years. Church Estates Commissioner. Member of Draughtsmen and Allied Technicians Association. Secretary, Anglo-Israel Parliamen- tary Group.
NEWBURY
Electorate: 86,352. 1966: 72,348. Astor. J. (C.) . . .. 30,380 Sims, T. J. (Lab.) .. 18,647 Clouston, D. S. C. (L.) .. 13,279
C. Majority .. .. 11,733 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 62,306. Turn-out 72%.
C 48.8%, Lab 29.97O, L 21.3°h. C Maj. 18.9%.
1966: Total Vote 57,241 (79.1%).-
C. 25,908 (45.3%), Lab. 21,762 (38.0%), L. 9,571 (16.7%). C. maj. 4,146 (7.2%).
Mr. John Astor was first elected in 1964. A director of Universal Shipyards (Solent) Ltd. B. Septem- ber, 1923; ed. Summerfields School, Hastings, and Eton. Member, Berkshire County Council since 1953; alderman, 1960. Chairman, Invalids-at-Home Charitable Trust; patron, Disablement Income Group.
NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME
Electorate: 70,215. 1966: 63,872. *Golding, J. (Lab.) .. 22,329 Winterton, N. R. (C.) .. 20,223 Wright, D. (L.) .. .. 1,954 Boyle. Dr. P. H. (Dem.) 1,194
Lab. Majority 2,106 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,700. Turn-out 65°o.
Lab 48.8°o, C 44.2%,b, L 4.2%, Dem 2.6%,. Lab Maj. 4.6%o. 1966: Total Vote 51,045 (79.9%).-
Lab. 31,548 (61.8%), C. 19,497 (38.2 %). Lab. maj. 12.051 (23.6%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
47,228 (72.3%).-Lab. 21,786 (46.1%), C. 20,744 (43.9%), L. 2.999 (6.4%), United Democratic 1,699 (3.6%). Lab. maj. 1,042 (2.2%).
Mr. John Golding was elected at a by-election in October, 1969. B. March, 1931. ed. City Grammar School, Chester, University Col- lege of North Staffordshire, and London School of Economics. Full-time officer of Post- Office Engineering Union, 1960-69. Now political and parliamentary officer to the union. P.P.S. to Mr. Wedgwood Benn.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
(Central)
Electorate: 31,628. t966: 46,563. *Short, E. W. (Lab.) .. 13,671 Way, M. (C.) .. .. 4,256 Lesser. D. (L) .. .. 1,433
Lab. Majority . 9,415 'NO CHANGE
Total Vote 19,360. Turn-out 61'.
Lab 70.6%, C 21.9%, L 7.4%. Lab Maj. 48.6%.
1966: Total Vote 25,169 (65.9%).-
Lab. 19,291 (76.6%), C. 5,474 (21.7%), Comm. 404 (1.6%): Lab. maj. 13,817 (54.9%).
Mr. Edward Short was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science in 1968; Postmaster General, 1966-68; Parliamentary Secretary to the Trcasury and Government Chief WVhip, 1964-66. Elected in 1951. Opposition deputy chief whip, 1962-64. Was head- master of a secondary school. B. December, 1912; ed. Bede College, Durham. Leader, Labour group, Newcastle City Council. 1950. Sponsored by N.U.T.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
(East)
Electorate: 47,340. 1966: 46,56: *Rhodes, G. W. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. 23,78 Heselton. P. E. (C.) .. 14,83
3. 0 2
Lab. Majority .. 5.948 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,612. Turn-out 75%.
Lab Co-op 58.3%, C 41.6%. Lab Maj. 16.7%/o.
1966: Total Vote 37,490 (80.3 %).-
Lab. and Co-op. 22,408 (59.8%). C. 15,082 (40.2%). Lab. and Co-op. maj. 7,326 (19.5%).
NMr. Geoffrey Rhodes, won the seat in 1964, contested Barkston Ash in 1955 and Battersea, South, in 1959. Broadcaster B. Novem- ber, 1928; ed. Cockburn High School, Leeds, and Leeds Univer- sity (president of the Union. 1954); member of Leeds City Council, 1953-58; former head of depart- ment of business studies at a college of technology and lecturer in political science.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
(North)
Electorate: 42,286. 1966: 40,900. *EIIiott. R. W. (C.) . 15,978 Eccles, R. G. (Lab.) .. 12,518
C. Majority .. .. 3,460 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,496. Turn-out 67%.
C 56.0%, Lab 43.9% C Maj. 12.1 %0.
1966: Total Vote 30,695 (75.0%).-
C. 15,243 (49.7%). Lab. 12.550 (40.9 %), L. 2.902 (9.5%). C. maj. 2.693 (8.7%).
Mr. R. W. Elliot, an Opposition whip since 1964, was an assistant Government whip in 1963-64. Elected at a by-election in Marcb, 1957; contested Morpeth in 1955 and the 1954 by-election, Farmer. 3 December. 1920; ed. King Edward VI Grammar School, Mor- peth. Preuident of Northern area Young ConMervative Council. 1953.
-
NEWCASThE UPON TYN1
(West)
Electorate: 74,842. 1966: 63,628. *Brown, R. C. (Lab;) .. 30,805 Lipnjan, C. (C.) .. .. 21,644
Lab. Majority .. 9.161 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52,449. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 58.7%, C 41.2%. Lab Maj. 17.4%.
1966: Total Vote 48,221 (75.0%).-
Lab. 30,219 (62.7%), C. 18,002 (37.3 %). Lab. maj. 12,217 (25.3 %).
Mr. Robert Brown, Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Trans- port, 1968-70; elected in 1966. Formerly a district gas inspector. B. May, 1921; ed. elementary and secondary technical schools. Secre- tary of constituency Labour Party and election agent, 1950-66. Councillor and alderman, New- castle County Borough Council for 10 years. G.M.W.U. official par- liamentary panel.
NEW FOREST
Electorate: 83,865. 1966: 71,884. 'McNair-Wilson, P. M. E.
D. (C.) .. .. 36.04: Offenbach, D: M. (Lab.) 13,576 Johnson. P. (L.) *- 10,322
C. Majority .. .. 22,465 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,939. Turn-out 71%.
C 60.1 %, Lab 22.6%, L 17.2%. C. Maj. 37 %.
1966: Total Vote 53,309 (74.2%).-
C. 27,292 (51.2%), Lab. 14,260 (27.7%), L. 11,757 (22.1%). C. maj. 13.032 (24.4%).
1968 By-election: Total Vote
42,291 (55.9%). - C. 28,025 (66.3%), L. 8,430 (19.9%), Lab. 5,836 (13.8%). C. maj. 19,595 (46.4%).
Mr. Patrick McNair-Wilson, elected by-election 1968. Won Lewisham, West, in 1964. Defeated, 1966. An Opposition spokesman on power October, 1965-66. Director of the London Municipal Society. B. May. 1929; ed. Eton. Held Regular commission in Cold- stream Guards. 1947-52, serving in Palestine and North Africa. Joined the Conservative Central Office in 1955, and served on staff of Conservative Political Centre. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology. Director of a public relations company.
NEWPORT
Electorate: 72.167. 1966: 68,131. Hughes, R. J. (Lab.) .. 30,132 Arnold, A. D. (C.) .. 22,005 Vickery, A. R. (Pi.
Cymru) .. .. 1,99$1
Lab. Majority.. .. 8,127 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 54,134. Turn-out 75°.
Lab 55.6%, C 40.6%, P1 Cymru 3.6%. Lab Maj. 15.0%b.
1966: Total Vote 53.697 (78.8%).-
Lab. 32,098 (59.8%), C. 21.599 (40.2%). Lab. maj. 104A99 (19.6%). Mr. Roy Hughes, was elected in 1966. Former administrative officer in a Coventry car firm. B. June, 1925; ed. Pontlanfraith County Grammar School, Mon- mouthshire, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Coventry City Council 1962-66, secretary, (Coven- try Labour Party, 1962-66. Offices in Transport and General Workers' Union 1959-66.
NEWTON
Electorate: 90,146. 1966: 75,328. *Lee, F. (Lab.) _. .. 34,873 Stanley, 1. P. (C.) .. 25,863 Magee, R. E. (L.) .. 5,678
Lab. hlajority .. 9,010 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 66,414. Turn-out 74%.
Lab 52.5°o. C 38.9%, L 8.5%. Lab Maj. t3.6%.
1966: Total Vote 58,746 (78.0%).-
Lab. 36,901 (62.8%), C. 21,845 (37.20.). Lab. Maj. 15,056 (25.6%)
Mr. Frederick Lee, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 1967- 69; Secretary of State for Colonies 1966-67; Privy Councillor 1966- Minister of Power, 1964-66. Mem- ber for Hulme Division of Man- chester 1945-50 and for Newton since 1950. In 1960 he unsuccess- fully contested the deputy leader- ship of the Labour Party. B. August. 1906; ed. elementary school and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Was a member of the national committee of the Amalgamated Engineering Union. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1950-51. Member of Salford City Council, 1940-45. Member, House of Commons Services Committee.
NORFOLK
(Central)
Electorate: 76,205. 1966: 64,492. Gilmour. I. H. J. L. (C.) 32,921 Coyne, C. R. (Lab.) .. 19,030 Drew. R. (L.) .. .. 6.172
C. Majority . .. 13,891 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,123. Tbrn-out 76%.
C 56.6%, Lab 32.7%, L 10.6%. C Maj. 23.9%.
1966: Total Vote 51,464 (79.8/%).-
C. 27.935 (54.3%). Lab. 23,529 (45.7%). C. maj. 4,406 (8.6%).
Mr. Ian Gilmour was returned at a by-election in November, 1962. Contested Hounslow, West by- election 1962. Journalist and barm- ster. editor. The Spectator 1954-59. B. July, 1926; ed. Eton, Balliol College, Oxford. Called to the Bar, Inner Temple, 1952. Served with Grenadier Guards, 1944-47. Vice-chairman Conservative broad- casting and communications com- mittece, from 1966.
NORFOLK
(North)
Electorate: 55,687. 1966: 49.108. Howell, R. F. (C.) .. 24,587 *Hazell, B. (Lab.) .. 19.903
C. Majority' .. .. 4,684 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 44,490. Turn-out 80%.
C 55.3%, Lab 44.70%. C Maj. l0.6%.
1966:Total Vote 40.856 (83.2%).-
Lab. 20,796 (50.9%), C. 20,059 (49.1%). Lab. maj. 737 (1.8%). Mr. Ralph Howell, is a farmer and company director, contested the seat in 1.966. B. May. 1923; ed. Diss Grammar School. Former local N.F.U. chairman. Member. Mitford and Launditch Rural Council since 1961. Chairman, Dereham Air Training Corps. Chairman, South West Norfolk Conservative Association, 1960-65.
NORFOLK
(South)
Electorate: 55,904. 1966:46,558. Hil1, J. E. B. (C.) .. 22,614 Shaw, C. (Lab.) .. .. 17,172 Goldstone B. E. (L.) .. 3,811
C. Majority .. .. 5,442 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 43,597. Turn-out 78%.
C 51.9%, Lab 39.4%, L 8.7°O. C Maj. 12.5%.
1966: Total Vote 37,896 (81.4%).-
C. 16,968 (44.1%), Lab. 16.849 (44.5%), L. 4,079 (10.7%). C. maj. 119 (0.3%).
Mr. John Hill, a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1960-64, was returned at a by-election in January, 1955. B. November, 1912; ed. Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford (football Blue), Farmer and barrister (Inner Temple. 1938). A governor of Charterhouse School and Langley School, Norfolk. Wainford, Suf- folk, U.D.C. 1946-53. Vice-chair- man, Conservative Education Committee. 1968-69 and previously an Opposition spokesman on edu- cation. Select Committee on Agri- culture, 1967-69.
NORFOLK (South-West)
Electorate: 48,518. 1966: 41,651. *Hawkins, P. L. (C.) .. 22,220 Potter, L. J. (Lab.) .. 16,572
C Majority .. .. 5,648 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,792. Turm-out 80°O.
C 57.3%, Lab 42.7%,'.. C Maj. 14.6%.
1966: Total Vote 34,985 (84.0%).-
C. 17,880 (51.1%), Lab. 17,105 (48.9%). C. maj. 775 (2.2%).
Mr. Paul Hawkins. elected in 1964, is a chartered surveyor, auc- tioneer and land agent with the family firm in Norfolk. B. August 1912; ed. Cheltenham College. Norfolk County Council since 1949 (Alderman, 1967). Secretary, all-party Wash (barrage) group. Agricultural Select Committee, 1968-69.
NORMANTON
Electorate: 58,393. 1966: 51,807. *Roberts, A. (Lab.) .. 28,421 Cargill, D. H. (C.) .. 13,132 Lab Majority .. .. 15,289 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41.553. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 68.4%, C 31.6°,o. Lab Maj. 36.8%.
1966: Total Vote 38,500 (74.3%).-
Lab. 29,416 (76.4%), C. 9,084 (23.6%). Lab. maj. 20,332 (52.8%).
Mr. Albert Roberts was elected in 1951. Mines inspector to the Yorkshire Safety Board. 1941-51. B. May, 1908; ed. elementary school and Whitwood Technical College. Member Rothwell Urban Council, 1937-51; chairman. 1948. Chairman, Intemational Parliamen- tary Union (British branch). Deputy Lieutenant, West Riding.
NORTHAIuPTON
Electorate: 74,983. 1966: 72,781. 'Paget, R. T. (Lab.) .. 27,424 Parkinson. C. E. (C.) .. 26,183
Lab. Majority .. t241 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,607. Turn-out 71 %.
Lab 51.15°,, C 48.8%. Lab Maj. 2.3 %°.
1966: Total Vote 55,593 (76.4%).-
Lab. 31,542 (56.7%), C. 24,052 (43.3%). Lab. mai. 7.489 (13.5%). Nr. Reginald Paget, Q.C., won Northampton in 1945; contested the seat, 1935. Party spokesman on the Army, 1961-64. Barrister (Gray's Inn and Inner Temple, 1934), Q.C., 1947. B. September, 1908: ed. Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. Defended Field- Marshal von Manstein in the German war crime trials.
NORTHANTS
(South)
Electorate: 73,440. 1966: 57.626. *Jones, A. (C.) .. .. 29,070 Roberts, G. J. (Lab.) .. 21.131 Smout. C. A. P. (L.) .. 6,626
C. Majority .. .. 7,939 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 56,827. Turn-out 770.
C 51.2%, Lab 37.2%, L 11.7%. C Maj. 14.0%o.
19t6: Total Vote 47,355 (82.2%).-
C. 25,023 (52.8%), Lab. 22,332 (47.2%). C. Maj. 2,691 (5.7%). Nlr. Arthur Jones was returned at a by-election in November, 1962. Contested Wellingborough in 1955. Estate agent and company direc- tor. farming in north Bedford- shirc. B. October, 1915; ed. Bed- ford Modern School. Member Bedford Borough Council. since 1949. former Mayor, member, Bedfordshire County Council, 1956-67. Vice-president, Associa- tion of Municipal Corporations since 1963. Chairman, Conserva- tive national advisory committee on local government. Member, Select Committee on Race Rela- tions and Immigration.
NORTHWICH
Electorate: 50,947. 1966: 4.4412. Foster, Sir J. G. (C.) - 20,366 Bates, A. (Lab.) .. - 15,746 Armstrong, T. N. (L.) .. 3,604
C. Majority . 4,620 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,716 Turn-out 78%.
C. 51.2%, Lab 39.6%, L 9.0%. C Maj. 11.6%,o.
1966: Total Vote 36,573 (82.3%).-
C. 16,483 (45.1 %), Lab. 15,780 (43.1%), L. 4,310 (11.8%). C. maj. 703 (1.9%).
Sir John ..Foster, Q.C., was Under-Secretary, Commonwealth Relations, 1951-54. Elected in 1945. B. November, 1904, ed. Eton; New College, Oxford. Fel- low of All Souls, 1924. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1927), Q.C., 1950; retired, 1964. Director of property investment, and other companies. Recorder of Dudley. 1936; Re- corder of Oxford, 1938-64. Chair- man of executivc committee of Justice, the all-party association of lawyers concerned with the liberties of the individual. Headed inquiry into Scientology. 1969.
PADDINGTON
(South)
Electorate: 34,592. 1966: 34,176. 'S&ot, N. P. (C.) .. .. 10,526
1a:fie, R. A. (Lab.) .. 7,913 Pemberton, E. (L. .. 1,367
C. Majority .. .. 2,613 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 19,806. Turn-out 57%.
C 53.1%, Lab 39.9%, L 6.9%. C Maj. 13.2%.
1966: Total Vote 21,321 (62.4%).-
C. 10,297 (48.3%), Lab. 8,854 (41.5%), L. 2,170(10.2°,'). C. Maj. 1,443 (6.8%).
Mr. Nicholas Scott, elected in 1966; contested Islington, South- West, in 1964 and 1959. Managing director of a printing company. B. August, 1933; ed. Clapham Col- lege. Vice-chairman, Conservative backbench committee on employ- ment and productivity; chairman, Westminster Community Relations Council. National chairman, Young Conservatives, 1963, national executive, since 1961. Hol- born Borough Council, 1956-59 ind 1962-65.
PAISLEY
Electorate: 66,126. 1966: 61,363. *Robertson, J. (Lab.) 25,429 Workman, J. (C.) .. 15,232 MacDonald, Mrs. M.
(Scot. Nat) .. .. 3.432 Sked, A. (L.) .. .. 2,918
Lab. Majority.. .. 10,197 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,011. Turn-out 71%.
Lab 54.0%°1, C 32.4%, Scot Nat 7.3%,° L 6.2%. Lab Maj. 21.6%. 1966: Total Vote 46,941 (76.5%).-
Lab. 28,160 (60.0%), C. 10,892 (23.2%), L. 7,889 (16.8%). Lab. maj. 17,268 (36.8%).
Mlr. Joln Robertson was re- turned at a by-election in 1961; contested Glasgow Scotstoun, 1951. Toolmaker. B. February, 1913; ed. Motherwell Central School. Assis- tant divisional organizer, A.E.U. West Scotland, 1954-61. Member, Speaker's panel of Chairmen; Lanarkshire County Council, Motherwell and Wishaw Town Council, 1946-52.
PECKHAM (Camberwell)
Electorate: 51,089. 1966: 51,526. 'Corbet, Mrs. F. K. (Lab.) 17,071 Lawrence, I. J. (C.) .. 8,232
Lab. Majority.. .. 8,839 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 25,303. Turn-out 49%.
Lab 67.4%, C 32.5%. Lab Maj. 34.9%.
1966: Total Vote 28,653 (55.6 %).-
Lab. 20,630 (72.0%), C. 8,023 (28.0%.). Lab. maj. 12,607 (44.0%). Mrs. Freda Corbet, represented North-West Camberwell, 1945 and was returned for Peckham in 1950; contested East Lewisham, 1935. B. Nov. 1900; ed. Wimbledon County School and University College, London; farmer, teacher, lecturer, and barrister (Inner Temple, 1932). Member London County Council 1934-65. Member, London Tourist Board.
PEMBROKE
Electorate: 71,075. 1966: 62,110. Edwards, R. N. (C.) .. 19,120 Parry, G. S. D. (Lab.).. 17,889 Donnelly, D. J. (Dem.) 11,824 Samuel, W. (PI. Cymnru) 3,681 Thomas, D. W. (L.) .. 2,541
C. Majority .. .. 1,231 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 55,050. Turn-out 77%.
C. 34.7%, Lab 32.4%, Dem 2Z.4/'*, P1 Cymru 6.6%, L 4.6%// . C Maj. 2.2%.
1966: Total Vote 49,541(79.8%).-
Lab. 23,852 (48.1 %), C. 17,921 (36.2%), L. 5,308 (10.7%), Pi Cymru 2,460 (5.0%). Lab. maj. 5,931 (12.0%).
Mr. Nicholas Edwards, insurance broker, B. February, 1934; ed. Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Managing director, William Brandt's Sons and Company (Insurance) Ltd. Former vice-chairman, Barons Court Con- servative Association.
PENISTONE
Electorate: 73,346. 1966: MNfendelson, J. J. (Lab.) Pickup, A. (C.) .. .. Mirfim, D. (L.) ..
63,943. 31,615 14,897 7,347
Lab. Majority .. 16,718 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,859. Turn-out 73%.
Lab. 58.7%°, C. 27.7%, L. 13.6%. Lab. Maj. 31.0%. .
1966: Total Vote 50,427 (78.9 %).-
Lab. 31,419 (62.3%), C. 11,817 (23.4%), L. 7,191 (14.3%). Lab. maj. 19,602 (38.9%).
PMr. John Mendelson, elected, by-election in 1959. University lecturer in political science. B. July, 1917; ed. London University and abroad. Former vice-president, Sheffield Trades and Labour Coun- cil, former chairman Sheffield, Hallam, Labour Party. Member, Public Accounts Committee 1964-66.
PENRITH & THE BORDER
Electorate: 54,593. 1966: 50,621. 'Whitelaw, W. S. I. (C.).. 23,800 Longworth. R. (Lab.) .. 10,256 Jackson, W. (L.) .. 6,316
C. Majority .. .. 13,544 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40,372. Turn-out 74%.
C. 58.9%, Lab. 25.4%/o, L. 15.6%. C. Maj. 33.5%.
1966: Total Vote 39,820 (78.7%).-
C. 20,982 (52.7%), Lab. 12,081 (30.3%), L. 6,757 (17.0%). C. maj. 8,901 (22.4%).
Mr. William Whitelaw, Opposi- tion Chief Whip since 1964, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1962-64; a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1961-62; assistant Governtment Whip 1959- 61. Elected 1955: contested East Dumbartonshire, 1950 and 1951. Farmer and landowner. B. June, 1918; ed. Winchester and Trinity College, Cambridge. Regular officer in the Scots Guards, 1939-47.
PERTH & EAST PERTHSHIBE Electorate: 57,371. 1966: 54,159. *MacArthur, 1. (C.) .. 21,860 Friel, Miss V. A. (Lab.) 9,972 Murray, D. C. (Scot. Nat.) 7,112 Livsey, R. (L.) .. .. 3,011
C. Majority .. .. 11,888 NO CEANGE
Total Vote 41,955. TuM-out 73%.
C S2. 1%, Lab 23.7°%, Scot Nat 16.9%, L 7.1%. C Maj. 28.3%. 1966: Total Vote 39,168 (72.3%).-
C. 22,129 (56.5%), Lab. 10,911 (27.9%), Scot. Nat. 6,128 (15.6%). C. maj. 11,218 (28.6%).
Mr. Ian MacArthur, an Opposi- tion spokesman on Scottish affairs since 1965, was Opposition Scot- tish whip 1964-65; a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury. 1963-64, and an assistant Government whip, 1962-63. Elected, 1959; con- tested Greenock in 1955 and the December by-election of that year. Associate director, J. Walter Thompson Co. Ltd. B. May, 1925; ed. Cheltenham College and Queen's College, Oxford. Presi- dent of the Scottish Young Union- ists, 1962-65. Elected hon. member, Institute of Practitioners in Adver- tising in 1963.
PETERBOROUGH
Electorate: 71,687. 1966: 63,839. Nicholls, Sir H. (C.) .. 30,227 Ward, M. J. (Lab.) .. 25,662
C. Majority .. .. 4,565 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,889. Turn-out 78%.
C 54.1°%, Lab 45.9%. C Maj. 8.2o.
1966: Total Vote 51,978 (81.4%).-
C. 23,944 (46.1 %), Lab. 23,941 (46.1 %), L. 4,093 (7.9 %), C. Maj. 3 (0.005%).
Sir Hannar Nicholls, elected in 1950, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1955-58, and Ministry of Works 1958-61. Contested Nel- son and Colne, 1945, and Preston, South, 1946. Chairman and a director of Malvern Festival Theatre Trust Ltd., and a director of International Life Assurance Co. (U.K.) Ltd.. J. and H. Nicholls (Paints) Ltd., Midland and East Anglia Trust Ltd., Nicholls and Hennessy (Hotels) Ltd., Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd., and Winkfields Estates Ltd. Lloyds underwriter. B. November, 1912; ed. Queen Mary's School, Walsall.
PETERSFIELD Electorate: 70,116. 1966: Quenncll, Miss J. (C.) .. Horrocks, K. (Lab.) .. Jessel, Mrs. P. (L.) .. Digby, Lt. Co] M. (Ind.)
60,404. 30,419 10,307 7,783 1,766
C. Majority .. .. 20,107 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50,270. Turn-out 72°o.-
C 60.5%', Lab 20.5%. L 15.5, Ind 3.5.0, C Maj. 40.0%.
1966: Total Vote 45,738 (75.7%).-
C. 23,933 (52.3%). L. 10,931 (23.9%), Lab. 10,874 (23.8%). C. maj. 13,002 (28.4%).
Miss Joan Quennell was returned at by-election, November, 1960. B. December, 1923; ed. Bedales School, Petersfield. Served with the Women's Land Army during the war, subsequently managing a mixed dairy and arable farm. Member, West Sussex County Council, 1957-61. Governor, Area Technical College, Crawley and a past govemor of the Teachers Training College, Bognor Regis. Company director.
PLYMOUTH
(Devonport)
Electorate: 59,881. 1966: *Vickers, Dame J. H. (C.) Taylor. F. K. (Lab.) ..
59,313. 21,843 20,471
C. Majority .. 1,372 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,314. Turn-out 70%.
C 51.6%P Lab 48.3°%. C Maj. 3.2%.
1966: Total Vote 45,201 (76.2%).-
C. 22,760 (50.4%), Lab. 22,441 (49.6%). C. maj. 319 (0.7%).
Dame Joan Vickers was clected in 1955; contested South Poplar, 1945. Lecturer. B. 1907; ed. St. Monica's College, Burgh Heath, Surrey. and in Paris. Served with British Red Cross in South- East Asia, area welfare officer, Social Welfare Department in Malaya. Member of London County Council, 1937-45: U.K. delegate to Status of Women Com- mission at United Nations, 1962- 63. Netherlands Red Cross Medal. Member, House of Commons Services Committee.
PLYMOUTH
(Sutton)
Electorate: 80,681. 1966: 73,398. Owen, Dr. D. A. L (Lab.) 29,383 Goss, J. M. (C.) .. 28,636
Lab. Majority . 747 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 58,019. Turn-out 72%.
Lab. 50.6%, C 49.3°,'. Lab Maj. 1.20.
1966: Total Vote 57,912 (78.9%).-
Lab. 31,567 (54.5%), C 26,345 (45.5%). Lab. maj. 5,222 (9.0%). Dr. David Owen has been Under Secretary of Defence for the Royal Navy, from 1968. Elected in 1966; contested Torrington, 1964. B. July, 1938; ed. Bradfield College, Berkshire, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
PONTEFRACT
Electorate: 60,512. 1966: 54,551. Harper, J. (Lab.) .. 31,774 Deslandes, 1. A. (C.) .. 10,687
Lab. Majority .. 21,087 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,461. Turn-out 70%
Lab 74.8%, C 25.1 °,'. Lab Maj. 49.6%.
1966: Total Vote 41,255 (75.6%).
Lab. 32,328 (78.4%), C. 8,927 (21.6%). Lab. maj. 23,401 (56.7%).
Mr. Joseph Haper, a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury since 1966, and an assistant Government whip, 1964-66. Elected in a by- election in 1962. Miner. B. March, 1914; elementary education and W.E.A. Member, Featherstone Urban Council for 14 years, chair- man, 1955-56 and 1961-62 member. Yorkshire area N.U.M. executive committee, 1947-48 and 1950-52; Pontefract and Castleford Hospital Management Centre, since 1958.
PONTYPOOL
Electorate: 54,241. 1966: 48,040. Abse, L. (Lab.) .. .. 27,402 Bell, W. M. (C.) .. .. 8,869 Webb, H. (P1. Cyrnu) .. 2,053 Watkinson, B. (Comm.) 435
Lab. Majority .. 18,533 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,759. Turn-out 71%
Lab 70.7%, C 22.9%, Pl Cymru 5.3 %. Comm 1.1%. Lab Maj. 47.8%.
1966: Total Vote 36,224 (75.4%)-
Lab. 27,909 (77.0%), C. 7,418 (20.5%), Comm. 897 (2.5%). Lab. maj. 20,491 (56.6%).
Mr. Leopold Abse was returned at a by-election in November, 1958; contested Cardiff, North, 1955. Solicitor. B. April. 1917; ed. Howard Gardens High School, Cardiff, and London School of Economics. Chairman, Cardiff Labour Party 1951-53; member, Cardiff City Council 1953-58. Member, Home Office Advisory Council for Penal Reform; Council of Institute for Study and Treat- ment of Delinquency; National Council for the Unmarried Mother and her Child, departmental com- mittee in adoption. Sponsor or co-sponsor of private members' Acts on divorce, homosexuality, family planning, and legitimacy.
PONTYPREDD Electorate: 65,636. 1966: John, B. T. (Lab.)
Withers, M. C (C.)
Murphy, Mrs. M. (L.) .. Jones, E. (P1. Cymru) ..
55,088. 28,414 S,205 6,871 5,059
Lab. Majority .. 20,209 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,549. Turn-out 740.
Lab 58.5%jo, C 16.9%, ,L 14.1%,
4Pi 6C 10.4%. Lab Maj.
4.6 %'o.
1966: Total Vote 41,165 (74.7%).-
Lab. 30,840 (74.9%), C. 10,325 (25.1 %). Lab. maj. 20,515 (49.8%).
Mr, Brynnmor John is a solicitor. B. April, 1934; ed. Pontypridd Grammar School and University College, London.
POOLE
Electorate: 78,422. 1966: 67,687. *Murton, H. 0. (C.) .. 31,100 Campbell, I. S. (Lab.) .. 17,610 Goode, G. M. (L.) .. 9,846
C. Majority .. 13A490 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 5o556. Turn-out 75'.
C 53.10%, Lab 30.0%, L 16.8%. C Maj. 23.0%.
1966: Total Vote 53,475 (79.0Y).-
C. 25.451 (47.6%Y), Lab. 19,630 (36.7%), L. 8,394 (15.7%). C. maj 5,821 (10.9%).
Mr. Oscar Murton, elected in 1964, is a director of property in- vestment companies. B. May, 1914; cd. Uppingham School. Vice-chair- man, Conservative Parliamentary committee for housing and local govemment since 1967, secretary 1964-67. Poole Borough Council, 1961-64. Former chairman, Poole Conservative Association. From 1949 to 1957 was managing direc- tor of a company with departmen- tal stores in Newcastle and Sun- derland.
POPLAR
Electorate: 42,131. 1966: 43,236. Mikardo, L. (Lab.) .. 16,520 Denney, R. C. (C.) .. 4,036
Lab. Majority.. .. 12.484 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 20,556. Turn-out 49%.
,Lab 80.3%, C 19.6%. Lab Maj. 60.7'.
Lab. 21,071 (84.5 %), C. 3,863 (15.5%,. Lab. maj. 17,208 (69.0%).
Mr. Ian Mikardo, elected 1964, represented Reading. 1945-50, Reading, South, 1950-55. and Read- ing, 1955-59. Commercial and industrial consultant; managing director, Ian Mikardo and Co. Ltd. B. July, 1908; ed. Portsmouth Southern Secondary School and Portsmouth Municipal College. Vice-chairman of Labour Party, 1969-70; party national executive 1950-59. and since 1960. Chairman, Select Comnmittee on Nationalized Industries, 1966-70. President Asso- ciation of Scientific. Technical and Managerial Staffs; member, National Joint Council for Civil Air Transport.
PORTSMOUTH
(Langstone)
Electorate: 113,552. 1966: 96,166. Lloyd, 1. S. (C.) .. .. 43,733 Kenward, R. R.
(Lab. & Co-op.) .. 26,492 Anstey, R. (L.) .. .. 10,226
C. Majority .. . 17,241 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 80,451. Turn-out 710,'.
C 54.3%. Lab Co-op 32.9%, L 12.7%o. C Maj. 21.4%.
1966: Total Vote 71,183 (74.0%).-
C. 34,446 (48.4%), Lab. 26,197 (36.8%), L. 10,540 (14.8%). C. maj. 8,249 (11.6%).
Mr. Ian Lloyd, economist and company director, was elected in 1964. B. May, 1921; ed. Michael- house, Natal; Witwatersrand Uni- versity; King's College, Cambridge (President of the Union, 1947); Administrative Staff College, Hen- ley. Chairmnan, Isis Computer Ser- vices; director, Bricomin Ltd. Economic adviser, British and Commonwealth Shipping Company from 1956. Joint Secretary, Con- servative shipping and shipbuilding committee; secretary, Conservative science and technology committee, 1967; British representative, science and technology committee at W.E.U. and Council of Europe.
PORTSMOUTH
(South)
Electorate: 56.380. 1966: 52,941. Pink, R. B. (C.) .. 23,962 White, J. (Lab.) .. 13,847
C. Majority .. .. 10.115 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 37,809. Turn-out 67°.o.
C 63.3%, Lab 36.6%0. C. Maj. 26.7%.
1966: Total Vote 37,451 (70.7%).-
C. 22,713 (60.6%), Lab. 14,738 (39.4%). C. mai. 7.975 (21.3%). Mr. Bonner Pink, a company director, was elected in 1966. B. Septembei, 1912; ed. Oundle. Member of Portsmouth City Council from 1948 (Alderman, 1961); Lord Mayor of Portsmouth, 1961-62. Chairman and other office holder, Constituency Conserva- tive Association, 1946-65; member, Conservative Local Government Advisory Committee, 1947-64. Vice- chairman, Wessex Area Conserva- tives, 1957-60 Chairman 1960-63; mqmber, Estimatos Committee since 1967.
STEPNEY
Electorate: 56,846. 1966: 59,846. *Shore, P. D. (Lab.) . 18,993 Greenway, X (C.) . 4,922 Kaye, S. (Comm.) -- 1,468
Lab. Majority.. .. 14,071 NO CEANGE
Total Vote 25,383. Turn-out 44%.
Lab 74.8%, C 19.3%, Comm 5.70b. Lab Maj. 55A.%.
1966: Total Vote 30,356 (51.2%).-
Lab. 23,098 (76.1 %), C. 5,049 *(16.6%). Comm. 2,209 (7.3%). Lab. maj. 18,049 (59.5%).
Mr. Peter Shore became Minis- ter without Portfolio and Deputy Leader of the House in 1969; Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, 1967-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67. Elected in 1964; con- tested St. Ives, 1950, and Halifax, 1959. Political economist and head of Labour Party research department, 1959-64. P.P.S. to Mr. Harold Wilson, 1965-66. B. May, 1924; ed. Quarry Bank High School, Liverpool, and King's College, Cambridge. Member, Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
STIRLING & FALKLRK
Electorate: 62,425. 1966: 57,015. *MacPherson, M. (Lab.) 22,984 Anderson, D. R. (C.) .. 15,754 Murray, L (Scot. Nat.) 6,571
Lab. Majority .. .. 7,230 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,309. Turn-out 73°,'.
Lab 50.7', C 34.7%., Scot Nat 14.5°o. Lab Maj. 15.9%.
1966: Total Vote 43.961 (77.1 %).-
Lab. 23,146 (52.7%), C. 13,726 (31.2%), Scot. Nat. 6,322 (14.4%), Comm. 767 (1.7%). Lab. maj. 9,420 (21.4%).
Mvr. Malcolm MacPherson, vice- chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party, 1964-67, was re- turned at a by-election in October. 1948; contested Yeovil in 1945. University lecturer. B. August, 1904; ed. Trinity Academy, Edin- burgh, and University of Edin- burgh. Served with the Canadian Army, 1940-45. Lectured in New Brunswick University. Canada, 1928-38, and in University Col- lege, Exeter. 1938-40.
STIRLINGSHIRE
(East & Clackmannan)
Electorate: 62.330. 1966: 52,640. Douglas, R. C. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 23,729 Fairlie. J. (C.) .. .. 13,178 Macdonald. L C. IL
(Scot Nat.) .. .. 7,243 Bell, R. E. (L).. .. 2,640
Lab. Majority .. 10,551 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,790. Turn-out 75%.
Lab Co-op 50.7 ,', C 28.2%, Scot Nat 15.5%, L 5.6%. Lab Co-op Maj. 22.5%.
1966: Total Vote 40,819 (77.5%).-
Lab. 22,557 (55.3%), C. 10,037 (24.6%). Scot. Nat. 8.225 (20.1%) Lab. maj. 12.520 (30.7%).
Mr. Richard Douglas, a lecturer, contested Glasgow, Pollock, in the t967 by-election: Edinburgh, West, in 1966, and South Angus in 1964. B. January, 1932; ed. senior second- ary school, Co-operative College, Stanford Hall. Loughborough, and University of Strathclyde. A.E.F.
SIIRIINGSHIRE
(West)
Electorate: 49,281. 1966: 43,728. *Baxter, W. (Lab.) . 18,884 Glen, J. (C.) .. .. 11,465 McIntyre, Dr. R. D.
(Scot. Nat.) . . .. 8,279
Lab. Majority .. 7,419 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 38,628. Turn-out 78%.
Lab 48.8%, C 29.6%, Scot Nat 21.4%. Lab Maj. 19.2%o.
1966: Total Vote 36,042 (82.4%)-
Lab. 17,513 (48.6 %), Scot. Nat 9,381 (26.0%). C. 9,148 (25.4%). Lab. rnaj. 8.132 (22.6%).
Mr. William Baxter was elected in 1959. Building contractor and farmer. B. December. 1911; ed. Banton public school. County counciUlor, Stirlingshire, 1932; Stirling representative on County Councils Association. Founder member, Western Region Hospital Board.
STOCKPORT
(North)
Electorate: 52,966. 1966: 50,370. Owen, I. W. (C.) .. 18,132 'Gregory, A. (Lab.) .. 17,261 Collier, S. (L.) .. .. 4,022
C. Majority -. 871 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 39.415. Turn-out 74%.
C 46.0%, Lab 43.7%, L 10.2%. C Maj. 2.2%.'
1966: Total Vote 39,860 (79.1%).-
Lab. 21,598 (54.2%), C. 18,262 (45.8%). Lab. maj. 3,336 (8.4%). Mr. Idris Owen contested the seat in 1966, Stalybridge and Hyde, 1955, and Manchester, Exchange, 1951. Company director in the construction industry. B. 1912; ed. Stockport School and College of Tcchnology and Manchester School of Commerce. Fellow, Institute of Builders. Vice-president. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, 1965. Member, Stock- port Borough Council since 1946; Mayor, 1962-63.
STOCKPORT
(South)
Ellectorate: 49,488. 1966: *Orbuch, M. (Lab.)
Howson, C. (C.) ... .. Jones, T. (L.) . . ..
Lab. Majority
45,406. 16.747 14.679 4,613 2,068
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 36,039. Thrn-out 73%.
Lab. 46.5%, C. 40.7%, L 12.8%. Lab. Maj. 5.8%.
1966: Total Vote 34,843 (76.7%).-
Lab. 19,456 (55.8%), C. 15.387 (44.2%). Lab maj. 4,069 (11.7%). Mr. Maurice Orbach, elected for the constituency in 1964. repre- sented Willesden, East, from 1945- 59, having contested the seat in 1935 and a 1938 by-election. Commercial consultant. B. July, 1902: ed. high school in Cardiff and New York University. Direc- tor-General, Trades Advisory Council; member, World Execu- tive, World Jewish Congress.
:.
STOCKTON.ON-TEE9
Electorate: 56,021. 1966: 52,345. 'Rod§ers, W. T. (Lab.).. 22,283 Radord, P. V. (C) .. 17,960 Jones, E. (Comm.) .. 369
Lab. Majority.. . 4.323 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 40.612. Turn-out 73%.
Lab 54.8%,. C 44.2%/', Comm 0.9%. Lab Maj. 10.6%.
1966: Total Vote 40,505 (77.4%).-
Lab. 24,248 (59.9%), C. 15,547 (38.4%), Comm. 710 (1.8%). Lab. maj. 8,701 (21.5%).
Mr. Williams Rodgers, Minister of State, Treasury, 1969-70; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1968-69; Under-Secretary, Foreign Office, 1967-68; Under-Secretary, Economic Affairs, 1964-67. Re- turned at by-election, April, 1962; contested Bristol, West, by-election, March, 1957. B. October, 1928; ed. elemnentary and high schools in Liverpool. and Magdalen College, Oxford. General secre- tary, Fabian Society, 1953-62; St. Marylebone borough councillor, 1958-62.
STOKE NEWINGTON &
HACKNEY, NORTH
Electorate: 65,238. 1966: 64,389. *Weitzman, D. (Lab.) .. 20,446 Boast, J. R. (C.) .. 11,298 Goldman. M. (Comm.).. 793
Lab. Majority .. 9,148 NO CHA1NGE
Total Vote 32,537. Turn-out 50%.
Lab. 62.8%, C 34.7%, Comm 2.4%. Lab Maj. 28.1%.
1966: Total Vote 35,933 (55.8%).
Lab. 24,221 (67.4%). C. 10,221 (28.4%), Comm. 1,491 (4.1%). Lab. maj. 14.000 (39.0%).
Mr. David Weitzman, Q.C., was member for Stoke Newington, 1945-50, and elected for the re- constituted division in 1950; con- tested Stoke Newington 1935; B. June, 1898; ed. Hutchesons' Gram- mar School, Glasgow, and Man- chester University, Barrister (Gray's Inn. 1922). Q.C., 1951.
STOKE-ON-TRENT
(Central)
Electorate: 60.394. 1966: ' 'Cant, R. B. (Lab.)
Ashley, Mrs. E. (C.)
Lab. Majority
57,379. 18,758 11,227 7,531
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 29,985. Turn-out 50%.
Lab 62.5%,o, C 37.4%. Lab Maj. 25.1% '.
1966: Total Vote 39,178 (68.3%). Lab. 26,653 (68.1%), C. 12,515 (31.9%). Lab. maj. 14,138 (36.1%).
irk. Robert Cant was elected in 1966; contested Shrewvsbury. 1950 and 1951. University lecturer in economics. B. July, 1915; ed. Middlesbrough High School and London School of Economics. Member, Stoke City Council since 1953. Author, American Journey, a study of American high schools.
STOKE-ON-TRENT
(North)
Electorate: 59,308. 1966: 54,978. *Forrester, J. S. (Lab.) 20,642 Heath, J. S. (C.) .. 10.542
Lab. Majority
.. 10,100
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 31,184. Turn-out 52%.
Lab 66.1%., C 33.8%. Lab Maj. 32.3%.
1966: Total Vote 39,826 (72.4%).-
Lab. 28,481 (71.5%), C. 11,335 (28.5%). Lab. maj. 17.146 (43.1 %).
Mr. John Forrester was elected In 1966. Teacher. B. June, 1924; ed. Eastwood Council School, City School of Commerce. Stoke- on-Trent, and Alsager Teacher Training College. Member, Select Committee, Nationalized Indus- tries. since 1968. Member, N.U.T.; executive committee member, Stoke-on-Trent and District Asso- ciation.
. .
STOKE-ON-TRENT
(South)
Electorate: 68,570. 1966: 62,530. *Ashley, J. (Lab.) .. 20,770 App-, R. J. kC.) .. 13,344 Lomas, S. J. (Comm.).. 364
Lab. Majority .. 7,426 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 34.468. Turn-ut 50%.
Lab 60.20%, C 38.6%, Comm 1.0%. Lab Maj. 21.5%.
1966: Total Vote 44.411 (71.0%).-
Lab. 27,380 (61.6%). C. 14,769 (33.3%), Comm. 2,262 (5.1%). Lab. maj. 12.611 (28.4%).
Mr. Jack Ashley, chairman of all-party Lords and Commons group on disablement, was elected in 1966. He contested Finchlcy, 1951. Sponsored by General and Municipal Workers Union, former shop steward and member of national executive of Chemical Workers Union. Former B.B.C. television producer, member, B.B.C. general advisory council. Borough councillor, Widnes, 1946-47. B. De- cember, 1922; ed. elementary school, Ruskin College, Oxford and Gon- yulle and Caius College, Cambridgc (President of the Union).
STRATFORD
Electorate: 65,697. 1966: 55,907. Maude, A. E. U. (C.).. 28,106 Tombs, P. E. (Lab.) .. 11,393 Bruce, D. (L.) .. .. 8,895
C. Majority .. .. 16,713 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,394. Turn-out 74%.
C 58.1%. Lab 23.5%, L 18.4%. C Maj. 34.6%.
1966: Total Vote 43,624 (78.0% ).-
C 22,381 (51.3%), Lab. 12,954 (29.7%), L. 6,556 (15.0%), Ind. C. 1,733 (4.0%). C. Maj. 9,427 (21.6%).
Mr. Angus Maude was elected at a by-election in 1963. Conserva- tive spokesman on aviation, 1964- 65, and on Colonies, 1965-66. Represented Ealing, South, 1950- 58 when he resigned; contested South Dorset bv election in November, 1962. Author and jour- nalist. B. September, 1912; ed. Rugby and Oriel College, Oxford. Director, Conservative Political Centre 1951-55; editor. Sydney Morning Herald, 1958-61. Chair- man of a group studying social and economic trends in Britain into the 1980s.
SIREATHAM (Wandsworth)
Electorate: 53,420. 1966: 51,668. *Sandys, D. (C.) .. .. 19,215 Ward, Mrs. A. S. (Lab.) 13,593 Delaney, D. (L.) .. 2,680
C. Majority .. .. 5,622 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 35,488. Turn-out 66%.
C 54.1%, Lab 38.3,6. L 7.5°,o. C Maj. 15.8%0. Swing 6.89o.
1966: Total Vote 26,377(70.4%).-
C. 19,872 (54.6%), Lab. 16,505 (45.4%). C. maj. 3,367 (9.2%).
Mr. Duncan Sandys was elected for Streatham in 1950. Opposition spokesman on Commonwealth and Colonial Affairs, 1964-66; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Rela- tions and the Colonies, 1962-64; Secretary of State for Common- wealth Relations for the previous two years. Minister of Aviation, 1959-60; Minister of Defence, 1957-59; Minister of Housing and Local Government, 1954-57; and Minister of Supply, 1951-54. Served in war time Government; chairman of the War Cabinet Committee for defence against German V weapons, and of bomb damage re- pairs executive. M.P. for Norwood, 1935-45. Founder and president, Civic Trust. Hion. fellow, R.l.B.A., 1968. Founder, European Move- ment. Director, Ashanti Gold- fields Corporation. B. January. 1908; ed. Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Pre-war service with Diplomatic Service. Member, Committee of Privileges.
SIRETFORD
Electorate: 71,446. 1966: 68,093. Churchill. W. S. (C.) .. 28.629 *Davies, E. A. (Lab.) .. 24.614
C. Majority .. .. 4,015 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
Total Vote 53,243. Turn-out 74%.
C 53.7%. Lab 46.2%. C Maj. 7.50. O
1966: Total Vote 52,495 (77.1%).-
Lab. 24.739 (47.1°,), C. 21.374 (40.7%). L. 6,382 (12.2%). Lab. maj. 3,365 (6.4%).
Mr. Winston Churchill, journalist on the statff of The Times, con- tested Manchester, Gorton. in by- election, November. 1967. B. 1940; ed. Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. Grandson of Sir Winston Churchill.
STROUD
Electorate: 66,480. 1966: 59.379. *Kershaxv, J. A. (C.) . 27.089 Wheatley, R. D. (Lab.) 19.158 Davies, D. M. (L.) .. 6.799
C. lajority .. .. 7,931 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 53,046. Turn-out 80%.
C 51.0%, Lab 36.1%. L 12.8°'. C Maj. 14.9%/o.
1966: Total Vote 50.460 (85.8%).-
C. 21,804 (43.2%), Lab. 20,259 (40.1%), L. 8,397 (16.6%). C. maj. 1,545 (3.1 %).
MIr. Anthony Kershaw was elected in 1955; c o n t e s t e d Gloucester, 1950 and 1951. Barris- ter (Inner Temple, 1939). B. Decem- ber, 1915: ed. Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Joint secretary Conservative defence committee, 1964-67; member of the executive committee, 1922 Committee, 1964- 66. He is Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr. Heath. Member L.C.C., 1946-49; Westminster City Council, 1949-50. Member, A.S.S.E.T., 1949-53.
SUDBURY & WOODBRIDGE
Electorate: 78,675. 1966: 66,329. *Stainton, K. M. (C.) .. 32,393 Orriss, B. (Lab.) .. 19,829 Wheeler, E. M. (IL.) .. 7,136
C. Majority .. .. 12,564
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59,358. Turn-out 75%.
C 54.6%, Lab 33.4%;.. L 12.0%. C Maj. 21.2%.
1966: Total Vote 53,208 (80.2%).-
C. 26.689 (50.2%), Lab. 19,680 (37.0%). L. 6,839 (12.9%). C. maj. 7,009 (13.2%).
Mr. Keith Stainton was returned at a by-election in December, 1963. B. November, 1921; ed. Kendal Grammar School and Manchester University. Chairman, Scotia In- vestments since 1968 and under- writing member of Lloyds. Pro- moted Housebuilding (Protection of Purchasers) Bill 1964 wvhich led to strengthening of National House- builders Registration Council. Financial Times leader \vriter, 1949-53; partner of Urnvick Orr, management consultants, 1953-58. Founder member Bow Group; member, Estimates Committee, 1964-68. Chairman and managing director, Burton, Son and Sanders, 1958-68.
SUND)ERLAND
(North)
Electorate: 61,360. 1966: 56.197. *Willey, F. T. (Lab.) .. 25,779 Reay-Smith. J. M. (C.) .. 16.738
Lab. Majority . .. 9.041 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 42,517. Turn-out 69%.
Lab 60.6%, C 39.3%. Lab Mai. 21.2 %.
1966: Total Vote 41,861 (74.5%)-
Lab. 25,438 (60.8%), C. 16,423 (39.2%). Lab. maj. 9,015 (21.5%). Mr. Frederick Willey, Minister of State, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1967: Minister of Land and Natural Resources. 1964-67. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1936). B. November, 1910: ed. Johnstoii School and St. John's College. Cambridge (Football Blue). Elected as Sunderland M.P. in 1945 and returned for North Division in 1950 after redistribu- tion. Chairman, Select Committee on Education and Science. Former Chairman, Estimates Committee and former member, Public Ac- counts Committce.
SUNDERLAND
(South)
Sunderland, South Five Five Five *Bagier, G. A. T. (Lab.) 26,840 Orde, D. A. (C.) .. 20,722
Lab. Majority .. 6.118 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 47,562. Turn-out 700%.
Lab 56.4,°, C 43.5°. Lab Maj. 12.80L M
Electorate: 68.353. 1966: 63.554. 1966: Total Vote 47.965 (75.5 %).-
Lab. 27.567 (57.5%). C. 20,398 (42.5% ). Lab. maj. 7,169 (14.9%). Mlr. Gordon Bagier, who won the seat in 1964, was a signals inspector in British Railways. B. July, 1924; ed. Pendower Secondary Technical School, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. President, Yorkshire District Council, N.U.R. 1962-64. Member, Keighley Borough Council, 1956- 60, and Sowerby Bridge Urban Council. 1962 - 65. Member, Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
SURBITON
Electorate: 47,950. 1966: 44,894. 'Fisher. N. T. L. (C.) . . 17.359 Kerr-Waller, R. D. (Lab.) 10,469 Green C. F. (L.) . . 4.027 Scruby, E. (Ind. Powell
C.) ... . .. 1,706 C. Majority .. .. 6,890 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 33,561. Turn-out 70%.
C 51.7%. Lab 31.1 ,% L 11.9%, Ind 5.0%. C laj. 20.5%.
1966: 'rotal Vote 34.550 (77.0%).-
C. 19.985 (57.9%). Lab. 14.561 (42.1 %). C. maj. 5.428 (15.7,). MIr. Nigel Fisher was spokesman on Commonwealth Affairs, 1964- 66. and Under-Secretary, Common- wealth Relations and Colonies in 1963-64: Under-Sccretary for the Colonies. 1962-63. Elected for Sur- biton in 1955: represented 1litchin. 1950-55: contested Chislchursi 1945. Member of executiveof 1922 Committee and former member of Conservative Party national execu- tive comimttee. B. July. 1913: ed Eton and Trinity Coilegc. Cam- bridge. Director, Sterling-Winthrop group of pharmaceutical com- panies, Bayer Products C'o. and Winthlrop Products Co. Treasurer, Commonwealth Parliamentary As. sociation, 1966-68.
SURREY, EAST
Electorate: 79,483. 1966: 71.417. Clark. W. G. (C.) .. 35,773 Meyer, P. W. (L.) .. 11,749 Simmons, Mv1. D. (Lab.) 10,186
C. Majority 24.024 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 57,708. Turn-out 73'.
C 61.9'' . 1 20.4%, Lab 17.7%'0 C Maj. 41.5%'.
1966: Total Vote 56.654(79.3%)-
C. 30,900 (54.5%), L. 16i407 (16.5%), Lab. 9,347 (16.5%). C. maj. 14.493 (25.6%).
NU-. William Clark, an Opposi- tion spokesman on Treasury, economic atiairs and trade 1964 66. Held Nottingham. South. 1959- 66: contested Northampton in 1955. B. October. 1917; ed. Lon- don secondary school. Member. Wandsworth Borough Councii 1949-53. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66. Accountant and financial director of sugar pro- ducing companies.
SUTTON AND CIEAM
Electorate: 61.348. 1966: 57,227. *Sharples, R. C. (C.) .. 23,957 Dowsett, J. (Lab.) .. 11,261 McGeorge, N. D. M. (L.) 6.023
C. Majoritv .. .. 12,696 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,241. Turn-out 67%.
C 58.1°, Lab 27.3%. L 14.6%. C Maj. 30.8%.
1966: Total Vote 43,700 (76.4%).-
C. 22.331 (51.1%), Lab. 13,235 (30.3%). L. 8,134 (18.1 %). C. maj. 9,096 (20.8%).
Mr. Ricliard Sharples, vice- chairman of the Conservative Party organization since 1967. was spokesman on Home Office affairs, 1964-67; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, 1962-64; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance from February, 1961; and an assistant Government whip, 1959-61. Re- turned at a by-election in Novem- ber, 1954. B. August, 1916; ed. Eton and Sandhurst; commissioned, Welsh Guards, 1936; military as- sistant to Field Marshal Mont- gomery, 1951-53. Worked in economic section of the Conserva- tive research dept., 1953-54. Livery- man of the Merchant Taylor's Company and a Freeman of the City of London.
SUTTON COLDFIELD
Electorate: 93,328. 1966: 75.779. 'Lloyd, G. W. (C.) .. 36,774 Tebbutt, P. M. (Lab.) .. 18,134 King, L. (L.) .. .. 9,163
C. Majority .. .. 18.640 NO CHANCE
Total Vote 64.071. Turn-out 69?.
C 57.4%. Lab 28.3%. L 14.3%. C Maj. 29.1 .
1966: Total Vote 57.844 (76.3%).-
C. 30,350 (52.5%). Lab. 14,257 (24.6%). L. 13,237 (22.9%). C. maj. 16.093 (27.8%).
bMr. Geoffrey Lloyd, elected in 1955, was Minister of Education, 1957-59; Minister of Fuel and Power, 1951-55. Held office in the war-time Government as Sec- retary for Mines, Secretary for Petroleum. Minister in charge of the Petroleum Warfare Depart- ment, and Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Fuel and Power. Under Secretary. Home Office. 1935-39. Minister of Information in' the ""Caretaker "" Government. Returned for King s Norton in 1950: represented Birmingham. Ladywood. 1931-45: contested Ladywood. 1929 and S.E. South- wark. 1924. Governor of the B.B.C.. 1946-49. B. 1902; ed. Harrow and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. President of the Birming- ham Conservative and Unionist Association.
SWANSEA
(Es)
Electorate: 58,937. 1966: 54,459. *MoBride, N. (Lab.) .. 28,183 Mu phy, M. J. (C.) .. 8,191 Evans, D. R. (P1. Cymru) 4,188 Jones, W. R. (Comm.) .. 563
Lab. Majority .. 19,992 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 41,125. Turn-out 70%.
Lab 68.5%, C 19.9%, PI Cymru 10.1%,, Comm 1.3%. Lab Maj. 48.6%.1
1966: Total Vote 40,182(73.8%).-
Lab. 30,290 (75.4%), C. 6.241 (15.5%), PI. Cymru 2,749 (6.8%), Comm. 902 (2.2%). Lab. maj. 24,049 (59.8%).
Mr. Neil McBride, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1969-70; assistant Government 'whip, 1966-69. Elected at a by- election in March, 1963; contested High Peak, 1955 and Perth and East Perthshire: 1951. Brass finisher. B. April, 1910; ed. Paisley Grammar School and through National Council of Labour Col- leges. Twice chairman of Paisley Labour Party. Member A.E.F.
SWANSEA
(West)
Electorate: 65,054. 1966: 58,907. 'Williams, A. J. (Lab.) .. 24,622 Rees, 1. E. H. (C.) .. 21,384 Gwent, G. R. (Pi. C,vmru) 3,033
Lab. Majority .. 3,238 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 49,039.. Turn-out 75%.
Lab 50.2%,, C 43.60,' Pi Cymru 6.1%.'.. Lab Maj. 6.6%.
1966: Total Vote 47,353 (80.4% ).-
Lab. 26.703 (56.4%), C. 20.650 (43.6%). Lab. maj. 6,053 (12.8%). M9lr. Alan Williams, Parliament- ary Secretary, Ministry of Tech- nology and Power since 1969; UJnder Secretary, Department fos Economic Affairs. 1967-69; Mem- ber, Public Accountants Com- mittee. 1966-67. Won seat in 1964; contested Poole, 1959. Lecturer in economics at Welsh College of Advanced Technology. B. October. 1930; ed. Cardiff High School, Cardiff College of Technology, and University College. Oxford. Radio and television broadcaster and free- lance journalist. Member. Fabian Society and Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions. Studied Russian education system as member of National Union of Students delegation. 1954. Chair- man, Welsh Labour Group, 1965- 66.
SWINDON
Electorate: 61.814. 1966: 57.582. Stoddart, D. L. (Lab.) .. 25,731 Ward, C. 1. F. (C.) .. 20.155 Gradwell, Miss J.
(Comm.) .. .. 456
Lab. Majority .. 5,576 LABOUR GAIN
Total Vote 46.342. Turn-out 75°.
Lab 55.5%, C 43.4%. Comm 0.9%°O. Lab Maj. 12.0%o.
1966: Total Vote 42.327 (73.5%).-
Lab. 25,966 (61.3%), C. 15.523 (36.7%). Comm. 838 (2.0%). Lab. maj. 10.443 (24.7%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
40.365 ( %). - C. 16,843 (41.7%), Lab. 16,365 (40.5%). L. 6.193 (15.3%). Comm. 518 (1.3%). Y. Soc. 446 (1.2%). C. maj. 478 (1.2%).
Mr. David Stoddart contested the Swindon by-election in October, 1969 and Newvbury in 1964 and 1959. Powver station ad- ministrative assistant. B. May, 1926; ed. St. Clement Dane's and Henley Grammar Schools; Brom- ley Technical College. Member, Reading Borough Council, since 1954 and leader of Labour Group since 1962; Engineering. Electronic, Telecommunication Union; Nalgo. Thames Valley Water Board, Thames Valley Police Authority, and Court and Council of Reading University. Serves on Central Housing Advisory Committee.
T
TAUNTON
Electorate: 62,277. 1966: 55,173. 'du Cann, E. (C.) .. . . 26,158 Mama. S. (Lab.).. .. 17.823 O'Donnell G. (L.) . 4,871
C. Majority .. .. 8,335 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 48,852. Tumrn-out 78%.
C 53.5%, Lab 36.5%, L 9.9%. C Maj. 17.0%.
1966: Total Vote 47,045 (85.4%).-
C. 22.369 (47.5%), Lab. 19,216 (40.8%), L. 5.460 (11.6%). C. maj. 3,153 (6.7%).
Mr. Edward du Cann, chairman of the Conservative Party Organiz- ation, 1965-67. was Minister of State. Board of Trade, 1963-64. Economic Secretary to the Treasury from July, 1962. Elected February, 1956; contested Barrow-in-Furness, 1955, and West Walthamstov, 1951. B. May, 1924: ed. at Colet Court. Woodbridge School, and St. John's College, Oxford. Founder of the Unicorn Group of Unit Trusts, formed in 1957. Chairman of Bar- clays Unicorn Ltd., and Keyser Ullman Ltd., and director of Martins Bank Ltd. Former mem- ber. Public Accounts Commiee, Estimates Committee, and Select Committee on House of Lords Reform.
TAVISTOCK
Electorate: 60,298. 1966: 54.045. *Heseltine, M. R. D. (C.) 25,846 Banks, M. E- B. (L) . . 10,397 Luscombe, H. M. (Lab.) 8,982
C. Majority .. .. 15,449 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 45,225. Turn-out 75%.
C 57.1%, L 22.9%, Lab 19.9%. C Maj. 34.2%.
1966: Total Vote 44.007 (81.4%).-
C. 21,644 (49.2%), L. 13,461 (30.6%), Lab. 8,902 (20.2%). C. Maj. 8,183 (18.6%).
Mr. Michael Heseltine, an Op- position spokesman on transport. was elected in 1966. Contested Coventry. North. 1964. and Gower, 1959. B. March, 1933: ed. Shrews- bury and Pembroke College. Ox- ford. President. Oxford Union, 1954. A publisher; chairman of Haymarket publishing group, President. Federation of Devon Young Conservatives, 1966. Direc. tor, Bow Publications, 1961-65.
THIRSK & MALTON
Electorate: 64,193. 1966: 57,967. *Turton, R. H. (C.) .. 30,892 Bradshaw, J. R. &Lab.).. 15,309
C. Majority .. .. 15,583 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 46,201. Turn-out 72°.
C 66.9%', Lab 33.1%. C. Maj. 33.80%.
1966: Total Vote 40,736 (70.3%).-
C. 25,089 (61.6%). Lab. 15.647 (38.4%;o). C. Ma;. 9.442 (23.2%,). Mr, Robin Turton, ""Father"" of the House of Commons, was Minis- ter of Health, 1955-57; Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1954- 55; Parliamentary Secretary, Minis- try of Pensions and National In- surance, 1951-54. Elected in May, 1929, in succession to his uncle, who represented the division, 1914- 29. Farmer and landowner. Chair- man, Commonwealth Industries Association since 1963. B. August, 1903; ed. Eton, Balliol College, Oxford. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1926).
TTURROCK
Electorate: 84,951. 1966: 72,502. *Delargy, H. J. (Lab.) .. 30.874 Bright, G. F. J. (C.) .. 19,486 Fleetwood, Miss. K. (L) 5,024
Lab. Majoriy .. .. 11,388 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 55,384. Turn-out 65°%.
Lab 55.7,,. C 35.1%, L 9.0%/o. Lab Maj. 20.5O.
1966: Total Vote 52,740 (72.7%).-
Lab. 31,998 (60.7%), C. 14,094 (26.7%), L. 6,648 (12.6%). Lab. maj. 17,904 (33.9%).
Mr. Hugh Delargy. vas elected in 1950; represented Platting division of Manchester. 1945-50. Former teacher. journalist. labourer and insurance official. B. 1908; ed. elementary and secondary schools and in Paris and Rome. Assistant Government whip, 1950-51. Op- position whip. 1951-52. Manchester City councillor, 1937-46.
TIVERTON
Electorate: 58.398. 1966: 51.907. *Maxwel4-Hyslop, R. (C.) 24,689 Hewetson. R. (Lab.) .. 10,823 Suter, F. J. (L.) .. .. 9,229
C. Majority .. .. 13.866 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 44.741. Turn-out 77%.
C. 55.2%, Lab. 24.20, L. 20.6%0. C. Maj. 31 %. 1
1966: Total Vote 41.901 (80.7%).-
C. 20,351 (48.6%). Lab. 11,325 (27.0%). L. 10.225 (24.4%). C. maj. 9,026 (21.5%).
Mr. Robin Miaxwell-Hyslop was elected in the 1960 by-election. Contested Derby, North, 1959. Engineer and former personal as- sistant to the director and general manager, sales and service, Rolls- Royce Aero Engine Division. B. June, 1931: ed. Stowe and Christ Church. Oxford. Secretary, Anglo- Brazilian Parliamentary group. and to the XVest Country Conservative MI.P.s committee.
TONBRIDGE
Electorate: 83,925. 1966: 74,464. *Hornby. R. P. (C.) .. 31.890 Colquhoun, Mrs. M. M.
(Lab.) .. .. 17,897 Hill, H. E. (L.) .. .. 10,167
C. Majority .. .. 13.993 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59.954. Turn-out 71%.
C 53.1%, Lab 29.8%, L 16.9%,'. C Mvlaj. 23.3%.
1966: Total Vote 57.550 (77.1%).-
C. 26,896 (46.7%), Lab. 20,068 (34.9%), L. 10,586 (18.4%). C. maj 6.828 (11.9%).
Mr. Richard Hornby, returned at by-election, June, 1956. was Under Secretary, Coninonwealth Relations Office and Colonial Office, 1963-64. Contested *Valtham- stow. West, 1955 and 1956, by- election. Taught at Eton for twvo years. Advertising executive. B. June, 1922: ed. Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford; football blue. Member, Select Committee on Education and Science. An executive J. Walter Thompson & Co., chairman, Lexington Inter- national Public Relations Ltd.
TORQUAY
Electorate: 83,249. 1966: 74.985. *Bennett, Sir F. M. (C.). 33.996 Bryers, P. S. T. (Lab.) .. 15.948 Jenkins, K. P. (L.) .. 11.163
C. Majority .. .. 18.048 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 61,107. Turn-out 73%.
C 55.6%. Lab 26.0%, L 18.2%. C Maj. 29.5°,o.
1966: Total Vote 58,037 (77.4%).-
C. 28,693 (49.4%). Lab. 16,594 (28.6 %), L. 12,750 (22.0 %). C. maj. 12,099 (20.8%).
Sir Frederic Bennett was returned at a by-election in December, 1955. Represented Reading, North, 1951- 55. Csntested Birmingham, Lady- wood, 1950, and Burslem, 1945. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1946, Southern Rhodesian Bar, 1947), political writer, director and ad- viser of financial institutions. B. December. 1918; ed. Westminster School. General councillor to and treasurer of Commonwealth Parlia- mentary Association. Director Kleinwort Benson Europe S.A., Sir Lindsay Parkinson Ltd., Arawak- Trust Co. Bahamas Ltd.. Harlech Television Ltd., Squibb A.iS.
TORRINGTON
Electorate: 49,180. 1966: 44.375. *Mills, P. M. (C.) .. . . 21,328 Lacey. L. A. (L.). .. 11,455 Marston, T. K. (Lab.) .. 6.695
C. Majority .. .. 9,873 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 39,478. Turn-out 80%.
C. 54.0%, L. 29.0%. Lab. 16.9%. C. Maj. 25%°/.
1966.: Total Vote 38,063 (85.8%).-
C. 17,192 (47.1 %), L. 14,260 (37.5%), Lab. 5.891 (15.5%). C. maj. 3,652 (9.6%).
MIr. Peter Mills, was elected in 1964. B. September, 1921. cd. at Epsom College and Wyc College. London University. Farmer and farm company director. Member. Church Assembly and House of L.aity. Exeter Diocese. Vice-presi- dent, Parish Councils Association and the Rural District Councils Association. Mtember, Select Committee on Agriculture, 1967-69.
TOTNES
Electorate: 75,295. 1966: 67,466. *Mawby, R. L. (C.) 31,519 Blank, R. (Lab.) 16,429 Penhaligon D. (L.) .. 9,515
C. Mlajority .. .. 15,090 Total Vote 57,463. Turn-out 76%.
C 54.9%, Lab 28.6°o, L 16.5%. C Maj 26.30o. NO CHANGE
1966: Total Vote 53,589 (79.4%).-
C. 2S.623 (47.8%). Lab. 16,900 (31.5°). L. 411,066 (20.6% ). C. maj. 8.723 (16.3%).
MIr. Ray Mawby was elected in 1955; A s s i s t a n t Postmaster General. 1963-64. B. February, 1922; ed. Warsvickshire council school. Electrician and former Chairman Rugby branch, E.T.U. Former shop steward. First presi- dent, Conservative trade unionists' national advisory committee; forner executive member of tbe 1922 committee. Member, Com- mons Estimates Committee.
TOTTENHAM
Electorate: 51,513. 1966: 54.079. 'Atkinson, N. (Lab.) .. 17,367 Siminonds, L. T. (C.) .. 10,975
Lab. Majority.. .. 6,392 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 28,342. Turn-out 55%.
Lab 61.2%. C 38.7%. Lab Maj. 22.5%.
1966: Total Votc 32,333 (61.6%).-
Lab. 21,111 (63.3%), C. 11.222 (33.7%). Lab. maj. 9.889 (30.6%). Mr. Norman Atkinson, elected in 1964. contested Wythenshame in 1955; Altrincham and Sale, 1959. Design engineer at Manchester University. B. March, 1923; ed. elementary and technical schools. Member. Manchester City Council, 1945-49. Sponsored by A.E.U. Member, Tribune Group.
TRURO
Electorate: 66.315. 1966: 58,362. Dixon, P. (C.) . .. 24.894 Cuss. R. C. (Lab.) .. 16.684 Steed. M. (L. .. .. 8.923
C. ;91ajority .. .. 8.210 NO CHANGE
Total Vote 50.501 Turn-out 76%h.
C 49.3%0o, Lab. 33.0%0, L 17.7%. C Maj. 16.30,o.
1966: Total Vote 46.244 (79.2 %).-
C. 18.701 (40.4%). Lab. 17,093 (37.0%). L. 10,450 (22.6%). C. Maj. 1.608 (3.5 %1o).
Nlr. Piers Dixon contested Brixton in 1966. B. December 1928. ed. Eton; Magdalene College. Cambridge: Harvard Business School. Author of ' Double Diploma '. Son of late Sir Pierson Dixon. H.M. Ambassador in Newv York and Paris.
T1WICKENHAM Electorate: 74.397. 1966: Jessell, T. (C.) .
Grant, J. H. W. (Lab.) .. Rebak. D. K. (L.) Franklin, R. (Ind.)
C. Majority .. ..
70,675. 2S,571 16.950 6.516
462 11.621
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 52.499. Turn-out 70%.
C 54.40. Lab 32.3°o. L 12.4%, Comm 0.9%°. C Maj. 22.1%.
1966: Total Vote 55,556 (78.6/X).-
C. 26.512 (47.7%), Lab. 18,884 (34.0%). L. 10,160 (18.3%). C. maj. 7.628 (13.7%).
Mlr. Toby Jessel contested Kingston-upon-Hull. North, at the by-election in 1966 and at the general election two months later. Fought Peckhani in 1964. B. July 1934; ed. Royal Naval College. Dartmouth, and Balliol College. Oxford. A member of G.L.C. for Richmond on Thames since 1967; member, Metropolitan Water Board. Director of Jessel Securities. Secretary, Conservative Candidates' Association 1961-66.
ITYNEMOUrH Electorate: 79.561. 1966: *Ward, Dame 1. (C.)
Beecham. J. H. (Lab.) Turner, R. (L.) ..
C. Majority .. ..
75.044. 30.773 23,927
5.221 6.846
NO CHANGE
Total Vote 59.921. Turn-out 75o.
C. 51.3%'. Lab 39.9%. L 8.7%. C Maj. 11.4%1.
1966: Total Vote 58,870 (78.5%).-
C. 29.210 (49.6%), Lab. 25,814 (43.8%). Ind. 3,846 (6.5%). C. maj. 3.396 (5.8%).
Dame Irene Ward has repre- sented the seat since 1950; repre- sented Wallsend. 1931-45, contested Morpeth in 1924 and 1929. B. 1895; ed. privately and at New- castle Church High School. Piloted four private member's Bills through Parliament. Member, Commons Services Committee and former member, Public Accounts Com- mittee.
U
UILSTER, NIID.
Electorate: 87.473. 1966: 'Devlin. Miss B. (Ind.
Unity) .
Thornton. N. (U.U.)
Cunningham. M. (Ind.) O'Neill. P. (Nat. Soc.) ..
Ind. Unity majority .. NO CHANGE
67.796.
37,739 31.810
771 198 5.929
Total Vote 70,518. Turn-out 90o..
Ind 53.5%, UU 45.10, Ind 1.1%, Nat Soc 0.3%. Ind Maj, 8.4%.
1966: Total Vote 56,896 (83.87%).-
U.U. 29,728 (52.2%), Repub. 27,168 (47.7%). U.U. maj. 2,560 (4.5%).
1969 By-election: Total Vote
63.085 (91.8%). - Ind. Unity 33.648 (53.3%), U.U. 29,437 (46.7i). Ind. Unity maj. 4.211 tv6 0/).
Miss Bernadetne Devlin was elected at a bv-election in April. 1969. at the age of 21. At the time she was the youngest M.P. and made her maiden speech on the day she took her seat. B. April. 1948: ed. St. Patrick's Academy, Dungannon. and Queen's Univer- sity. Belfast. where she was a student wvhen elected.";"June 20, 1970";"";57897;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Election Results 1970";""
"";"['News']";"The results of the g eneral election *axe set out in alphabetical order in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The percentage turnout -and the percentage of votes cast for each candidate are calculated to the nearest decimal point~
'In the '66 seats where there has been no change to the boundary and the 43 where there has been only, a fninor.change the 1979 votes and percentages are given under Thurs- day's result
t An asterisk denotes a member of the last Parliament
The following abbreviations for parties have been used Con Conservative, Lab Labour, SDP All Social Democratic Party/Alliance...L All Liberal/Alliance, SNP Scotttsh National Party, PI C Plaid Cyymru, OUP Official Unionist Party,. Eco EcolQgy Party, DUP Democratic Unionist Party, SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party, All Alliance, PSF Provisional Sinn Fein, UPUP Ulster Popular Union- ist Party, Ind DUP Independent Democratic Unionist. Party, WP Workers Party, Ind Independent, NF National Front, Com Commu- Iiist, WRP Workers' Revolutionary
'Te following abbreviations have teen used for the smaller parties and individual candidates: AB Assassins Bullet, ACIE Against Cuts in Education, A Corr Anti Corruption, AV Anti-Vivisection, BELLS Ban Every Licensing Law Society, BNP British National Party, Brit Nat British National, CBWU Campaign for Black and White Unity, CD Christian Demo- Crat, CFCP Conservative Favouring Capital Punishment, CUI Council for United Ireland, FAMP Freddie's Alternative Medicine Party, FD Fancy Dress' Party, FIACM Free Trade Anti Common Market, FWD FEreedom From VYorld Domination,
IFP Islington and Finsbury Party INP Irish National Party, JAHrd Jesus And His Cross, JD-F Justice for Divorced Fathers, LAO Law and Order, LM Loony Monster, LTU Labour and Trade Union, MDP Modern Democratic Party, MK Meybon Kernow, MPP Multiracial Political Party, NA Noise Abate- ment, Nat Nationalist, Nat Lab National Labour Party, NP Nobody Party, PAL Party of Associates with Licencees, PFA Prosperity For All, RAP Radical and Anti-Parliamen- tarian, RHCP Reintroduction of Hanging and Corporal Punishment, RCCP Restoration of Capital and Corporal Punishment, SACA Servi- cemen's And Citizen's Association, SBILP Southport Back In Lanca- shire Party, SDBP Stop Deportation of Black People, SEE Spare the Earth Ecology, SPGB Socialist Party of Great Bntain, TEF Traditional English Food, TVCABL Tactically Vote Conservative Annihilate Bennites Livingstoneites, UP Unemployed Party, VGP Very Good Party, WCPPP Workers Charter with Pensioner Power, WFLOE Women for Life on Earth, WP Workers Party, and WPWS Workers Party for a Workers State.
Some candidates using unique labels have been described as ""Ind"" to avoid further proliferation of one-candidate parties.
The state of the parties at the time of dissolution was:
Conservative 334 Labour 239 SDP 29 Uberal 13 OUP 5 DUP 3 SNP 2 Plaid Cymru 2 Others (including the Speaker) 6 Vacant seats (Cardiff NW,
Rhondda) 2
Total 635
C ENGLAND
D
ALDERSHOT
Electorate 77.593 % vote *Critchley. J (Con) 31,288 55.5 Westbrook, N
(L/AII) 19.070 33.8 Crawford. A (Lab) 6.070 10.8
Con majority 12,218 21.7 Total vote 56.428 Turnout 72.7%
Mr Julian Critchley. writer, journal- ist and public affairs adviser, was returned in 1970. MP for Rochester and Chatham, 1959-64; contested seat, 1966. B Dcc 8 1930; ed Shrews- bury. Sorbonne. and Pembroke College. Oxford. Chairman. Bow Group, 1966-67; vice-chairman, Conservative defence committee since 1976;Chairnan. media com- mittee 1976-80. Chairman. WEU defence committee, 1974-77. Del- egate to WEU and Council of Europe; North Atlantic Assembly; president. Atlantic Association of Young Political Leaders, 1968-70.
ALDRIDGE-BROWNHILLS
Electorate 60.803 .. %,vote *Shepherd, R (Con) 24.148 50.7 Burford, R T (Lab) 11,864 24.9 ({unn, P (SDP/AII) 11,599 24.4
- Con majority 12,284 25.8 Total vote 47,611 Turnout 78.3%
Mr Richard Shepherd, director of a retail food business in London, won the seat in 1979; contested Notting- ham. East. in February 1974. B Dec 6 1942: ed LSE and thc School of Advanced International Studies. IUnderwriting member of Lloyd's since 1974. Member. Select Com- rittee on Treasury-and Civil Ser- vice. since 1979; Secretary, Con- servative backbench European Aff- airs and Industry Committees. 1980-81; member. South East Ecori- omic Planning Council, 1970-74.
ALTRINCHAM AND SALE
Electorate 65,984 % vote *Montgomery, F
(Con) 25,321 52.5 Clancy, B(L/AII) 14,410 29.9 Erwin. A (Lab) 7,684 15.9 Marsh, Mrs C (Eco) 629 1.3 Wolstenholme. L J
(Ind) 152 0.3 ' Con majority 10,911 22.6 Total vote 48.196 Turnout 73.0%
Mr Fergus Montgomery, has been a member of the, select Committees on Environment, since 1979, and House of Commons Services and its catering subcommittee since 1979. Elected in. October 1974; MP for ESrierley Hill from the by-election in 1967 until February'1974, when he unsuccessfully contested Dudley West. Represented Newcastle upon tyne, East 1959-64; contested Con- sett 1955. B Nov 25. 1927; ed Jar- row Grammar School and Bede College, Durham member Hebburn UDC.'1950-58. National chairrman Young Conservatives 1957-58. PPS to Mrs Thatcher as Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1973-74, and as Lead of the Oppo- sition. -975-76. NAS.
AMBER VALLEY
Electorate 66.720 % vote Oppenheim, P (Con)
21,502 41.7 Bookbinder, D M
* (Lab) : .18,184 35.3 Johnson, B(L/A1l) 10,989 21.3 Griffiths, P (Oth). 856 1.7
Cot-hinajority 3,318 6.4 Total 'vote 51.S31 Turnout 77.2% '
Ml' Phillip Oppenh'eim, author, .16urnalisi.- editor and farmer.' B 1956; ed Harrow and Oriel College, Oitford 'Son 7f Mrs Sally Oppen- heim, defending her seat at'Glou- . ester. Joint' foundet of liusiness cDnsumer mragazine covering"" high technology business products.
ARUNDEL
Electorate 74,849 % vote *Marshall, L M
(Con) 31;096'59.6 Walsh, J tL/AII) 15,391; 29.5 Rees. G'C (Lab) 4,302 8.2 Wadmari; J (CFCP) 1,399 2.7
Con nrajority 15,705 30.1 Total vote 52,188 Turnout 69.7%
Mr Michael Marshbll Under Sec- retaiy ofiStatefor Industry 1979-81. EI&teed in:February 1914; coneested The Hartleq1s.' 1 O970. Writer broadcaster -and . co'mpany chair- mans. B Jurie.21,: 1930, ed Bradfield College.. Haryard and Stanford unrersitics., -Member, . select Conimitt&e ton Overseas Develop- ment. 1074-76. Nationaliied Indus- tries, .1976-78 and Defence 1982-83. Vice.chai.rjan,Conservajive Indus- try - Committee ]975-78. ..Joint .Chajrmant Parliamentary - mnfor- mnation *Technology: ..ommitteee lChairmnan. Marshall tConsultantsi i,Ltd.. Member, Equity Former BBC.
ASHFIELD
Electorate 69.791 % vote *Haynes.DF(Lab) 21,859 42.5 Seligman. R (Con) 15,772 30.7 Stein. Mrs F (L/AII) 13,812 26.9
Lab majority 6,087 11.8 Total vote 51.443 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Frank Haynes, Opposition whip for the East Midlands, was elected. in 1979. Member. Select Committee on Parliamentary Commission for Administration (Ombudsman), since 1979. NUM branch official for 20 years; a member of the union for 34 years. B Mar 8. 1926; ed second- ary schools in London. Member, Nottinghamshire County Council since 1965. and district council for 12 yPars. Sponsored bv NUM.
ASHFORD
Electorate 65.442 % vote *Speed, K (Con) 27,230 56.8 Hawkes. Mrs J
(SDP/All) 13,319 27.8 Lewis. P (Lab) 6,167 12.9 Porter CA(Eco) 569 1.2 King, J W (Nat Lab) 456 1.0 Lockwood, R E
(BNP) 195 0.4 Con majority 13,911 29.0 Total vote 47.936 Turnout 73.3%
Mr Keith Speed, (Ashford, C) company directive and marketing consultant, was Under Secretary of Defence for the Royal Navy 1979-. 81. Opposition spokesman on en- vironment and local government, 1975-79. Elected in October, 1974; MP for Meriden, March 1968 to February 1974. Regular naval offic- er. 1947-56. Under Secretary of State for Environment, 1972-74; assistant Government whip, 1970- 72. Born Mar 11 1934; educated at Greenhill School, Evesham, Bed- ford Modern School, and Royal Naval Colleges, Dartmouth and Greenwich. Member, Select Com- mittee on Procedure (Finance) 1982-83. Served in Conservative Research Department, 1965-68. Parliamentary adviser to Pro- fessional Association of Teachers. Chairman, Wcstminster.
ASHTON-under-LYNE
Electorate 58.963 % vote *Sheldon, R (Lab) 20,987 49.7 Spring, R (Con) 13,290 31.5 Adler,J(SDP/AII) 7,521 17.8 Hallsworth, D (Oth) 407 1.0
Lab majority 7,697 18.2 Total vote 42,205 Turnout 71.6%
1979: Total Votes 44,876 (76.6%), Lab 24,35 (54.7%); C 16,156 (36.0%); L 3,699 (8.2%); NF 486 (1.1%). Lab maj 8.379 (18.7%); Swing 2.9%
Mr Robert Sheldon, an Opposition spokesman on Treasury and econ- omic affairs since 1979; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1975-79; Minister of State, Treasury, 1974- 75; Minister of State, Civil Service Department, 1974. Former Oppo- sition spokesman on the Civil Ser- yice and machinery of government and Treasury matters. Member, Treasury and Civil Service Select Committee, 1979-81 and Chairman of its sub-committee, 1979-81. Member, Public Accounts. Com- mittee 1965-70, 1975-79; member, Public Expenditure Committee, and chairman of subcommittee, 1972- 74; metnber, -Fulton Committee on Civil Service, 1966-68. Elected in 1964, contested Manchester, Withington. 1959. Former company director: B Sep 13 t923; ed grammar school and technical colleges; exter- nat graduate, London University. Chairman- North West group of Labour MPs, 1970-74;TGWU.
AYLESBURY
Elect'orate 72,792 % vote *Raison. TH (Con) 30,230 58.1 Soole, Ni (SDP/AII) 15,310 29.4 Moran, M P(Lab) 6,364 12.2 Chapman, T(Ind) 166 0.3
Con majority 14,920 28.7 Total vote 52,070 Turnout 71.5%
Mr Timothy Raison, appointed Minister for Overseas Development in January, 1983, Minister of State, Home Office, from May, 1979, chief Opposition. spokesman on the eri- vironment and member of the Sha- dow Cabinet, 1974-77; spokesman on prices and consumer affairs, 1974-75 and on social services and education during 1974. Under Sec- retary of State for Educatioh and Science, 1973-74. fournalist and magazine publisher. Elected in 1970. B Nov 3 1929; ed Dragon School, Oxford; Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Senior fellow,' Centre for Studies in Social Policy.' Former director; Private Patients Plan. Member, Richmond upon Tham.es Borough Council 1967-71.
:VAUXHALL
Electorate64,867 % votc *Holland. S (Lab) 18,234 46.5 Manning, K (Con) 10,454 26.7 liddle, R (SDP/AI1) 9.515 24.3 Wrighit.J (NO 508 1.3 Lingard; PJ-(Loony
Socy) 266: 07 Cdook, D (Com) 199 0.5 $;horter, G B (WP) 38 0.1
Lab majority 7,780 19.8 Total vote 39,214 Turnout 60.5%
1rvd Stuart Holland, political econ- omist and university lecturer, was chairman of the Public Enterprise Ciroup. 1973-75' economist assist- ani. Cabinet Office, 1966-67. and personal. assistant to . the Prime Minister, 1967-68. Elected in 1979. B Mar 25. 1940: ed Christ's Hospi- tal. Univcrsity of Missouri, Balliol College. Oxfordi and St Antony's College. Oxford. Special adviser, CEommons Expenditure Committee. f571-72; consultant, economic an social affairs committee, Council of Europe. 1973; Ministry of Overseas Development. 1974-75: OECD 1 977: UN University, 1977-82. ASTMS.
'WAKEFIELD
Electorate 68416 . % vote 'Harrison.W(Lab) 19.166 40.4 1j'zell, N (Con)' 18.806 39.7 Carlton; D
(SDP/A11) 9.166 19.3 Parker. Mrs V (BNP)
295 0.6 - Lab majority 360 0.8 Total vote 47,433 Turnout 69.3%
Mr Walter Harrison, Opposition deputy chief whip since '1979, was Treasurer of the Household and Government Deputv Chief Whip. 19J74-79. Elected in 1964. Foreman clectrician. B Jan 2, 1921: ed Dew- sbury Technical College and School of Art. Opposition deputy Chief Whip. 1970-74; a Lord Com- missioner. of the Treasurv (whip), 1968-70. and Assistant Government whip. 1966-68. Member. West Rid- ing County Council. 1958-64: Cas- tleford Borough Council. 1952-66 (alderman 1959-66). Member. Select Committee on House of Commons Services. Sponsored by EEPTU. NVALLASEY
Eicctorate 68.462 % vote *Chalker, Mrs L
-{Con) 22.854 46.0 Robertson. J A (Lab)
RIchardson. 16.146 32.5 'Richardson. J
*.4SDP/All) 10.717 21.6
:Con majority 6.708 13.5 l'otal vote 49.717 Turnout 72.6°6
-1979: Total votes 53.475 (77.3%) - C 26.548 (49.6%): Lab 21.167 (39.6%): L 5.269 (9.9%): NF 491 (0.9%). C maj 5.381 (10.0%). Swing -3:1,% to C.
Nlrs Lvnda Chalker was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Trans- port-in 1982. having been Under- Secrctary of State for Health and Social Security. 1979-82. An Oppo- Kition spokesmen on the social ser- vices. 1976-79. Elected February. 1974. B Apr 29 1942; ed Roedean School, Heidelberg Universitv. Wcstfield College. London Univer- sity and Central London Polytechic. Statistician and former head of in- ternational division of Louis Harris International Ltd. Former.member. General Advisory Council of BBC. Ex-parliamentary adviser. Market ,Research Socicty. Has served on National Union Executive Com- mittce; Conservative Political Cen- tre National Advisory Committee: Select Committee on Immigration and Race Relations.
WALLSENDI.
Electorate 76.268 %b vote *Garrctt, W E (Lab) 26.615 49.1 Leigh. Miss M (Con)
14,101 26.0 Phylactou. Mrs 3
(SDP/AII) 13.522 24.9 Lab majority 12,514 23.1 Total vote 54,238 Tumnout 7 1. 1%
vir Edward Garrett was elected in i964. Engineer, secretary, all-party group for chemical industry. B Mar 21 1920: cd clemenitary schools and London School of Economics. Con- tested Hexham. 1955; Doncaster, -1959. Parliamentary adviser. Ma- chine Tools Trades Association and International Contact. Chairmnan. WALLSALL NORTH
Electorate 68.868 % vote *Winnick. D (Lab) 20.782 42.5 Stephens. N (Con) 17.958 36.7 Bentley. A (L/All) 10,141 20.8
Lab majority 2,824 5.8 Total vote 48.881 Turnout 71.0%
Nlr David Winnick, a member. Sel- ect Committee on Environment, since 1980. regained seat for Labour in 1979; MP for Croydon South. 1966-70; contested Harwich 1964: Croydon. Ccntral, October. 1974. and Walsall, November, f976. B Jun 26 1933: ed secondary schools and London School of Economics. Administrative employee. Member, Select Committee on Race Re- lations and Immigration, 1969-70; Willesden Cbuncil, 1959-64; Brent Council 1964-66. Vice-President, Association of Professional Execu- tive. Clerical and Computer Staff *(APEX).
WALSALL SOUTH
Electorate 67.257 % vote *Gceorga, B (Lab) 21.735 43.5 Nicholson, D(Con) 21,033 42.1 Silvcr, B (SDP/AII) 6,586 13.2 Parker, J (BNP) 632 1.3
Lab majority 702 1.4 Total vote 49.986 Turnout 74.3%
NMr Bruce George, a Mcmber of the Select -Committee on Defence since
- 1979. was elected in February 1974; contested Southport, 1970. BJun 1, 1942; ed Mountain Ash Grammar School. University College. Swan- sea. arnd University of Warwick. Senior lecturer in politics, Birning- ham polytechnic 1970-74. Member. WALTHAMSTOW
Electorate 48,324 % vote *Deakins. E (Lab) 13,241 39.8 -Amos, A (Con) 11,936 35.9
..Leighton. P
(SDP/AII)- 7,192 21.6 Mfitchell. P (NF) 444 1.3 Lambert. S (Eco) 424 1.3
Lab majority t 1,305 3.9 Total vote 33.237 Turnout 68.8%
1979: Total votes.35,135 (71.2%,6) - Lab 17,651 (50.2%); C 13,248 (37.7%t; L 3,117 (8.9%); NF 1,119 (3.2%). Lab maj 4.403 (1.2.5%). Swing 9. 1% to C.
-Mr Eric Deakins was MP for Wal-
tham Forest. Walthamstow. Feb 1974-83, MP for Walthamstow. West. 1970-74. An Opposition spokesman on agriculture and food. ~ Member, Select Committee on Forcign Affairs and its Overseas -, Development Subcommittee 1979-
82, was Under Secretary of State. Department of Health and Social -Security. 1976-79. Under Secretary 4.for Trade, 1974-76. B Oct 7, 1932;
cd: Tottenharin Grammar School and London School of Eco.nomics. Con- -tested Finchley, 1 959', Chigwell,
1 966 and WalthamstoW, West, 1907- Member.
WANSBECK
Electorate 63,398 % vote Thompson, J (Lab) 21,732 47.0 Thompson, J A
(L/AII) 13,901 30.1 Michell. C(Con) 10.563 22.9
Lab majority . 7,831 17.0 Total vote 46,196 Turno'ut 72.9%
WANSDYKE
Electorate 71,094 % vote *Aspinwall J (Con) 28,434 50.6 Dcnton-White. R
(L/AII) 15,368 27^4 Williams. L (Lab) 12,168 21.7 Stout, A (W Reg) 213 0.4
Con majority 13,066 23.3 Total votc 56, 183 Turnout 79.0%
Mr Jack Aspinwall, a director of a family business of retail shops. Represented Kingswood. 1979-83; contested it in February and Octob- er. 1974. as a Liberal. B Feb 1933: ed Prescott Grammar School. Boot- lc. and Marconi College. Chel- msford. Member Avon County Council and Kingswood District Council.
WANSTEAD AND WOODFORD Electorate 57.705 % vote *Jcnkin, C P F (Con)
23,765 60.3 Crawford. K (L/AII) 9,411 23.9 Hilton. Mrs L S
(Lab). 5.334 13.5 Warik. Mrs C.(Eco) 476 1.2 Marshall; H (NF) 456 1.2
Con majority 14.354 36.4 Total vote 39.442 Turnout 68.4%
1979: Total votes 42.170 (73.7%) - C 26.214 (62.2%): Lab 8.464 (20.1%): L 6.535 (15.5%): N.F 957 (2.3%). C maj 17.750 (42.1%). Swing 7.4% to C.
Mr Patrick Jenkin became Sce- retary of State for Industrv in 1981: Secretarv of State for Social Servic- es. 1979-81: chief Opposition spokesman on the social services since 1976. Was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet in 1974. Minister of Energy. 1972-74: Chief Secrctary. Treasury, 1972-74: financial See- retary to the Treasury. 1970-72. Opposition spokesman on finance, economic-and trade affairs, 1965-70. Elected in 1964. B Sep 7. 1926: cd Clifton College and Jcsus College. Cambridge. Barrister. former indus- trial adviser and director of com- panies.
WANTAGE
Electorate 63.950 % vote Jackson. R (Con) 25,992 52.9 Tumin. Mrs W
(SDP/AII) 15.867 32.3 Popper.AJD(Lab) 7,115 14.5 Barrett Mockler A P
(W Rcg) 183 0.4 Con majority 10.125 20.6 Total vote 49.157 Turnout 76.9%
Mr Robert Jackson, political ad- viser. contested Manchester. Cen- tral. Oct 1974. Member. European Parliament for Upper Thames since 1979. B 1946: ed Falcon College. near Bulawayo. and St 'Edmund Hall. Oxford (President of the Union. 1967). Member. Oxford City Council. l969-71. WARLEY EAST
Electorate 57.439 % * ole *Faulds. A (Lab) 18.036 45.6 Whitby. M (Con) 14.645 37.0 Hamer, B (SDP/AII) 6,697 16.9 Randhawa. HS
(Comi) 217 0.6 Lab majority 3,391 8.6 Total vote 39.595 Turnout 68.9%
Mr Andrew Faulds, an actor. was Opposition spokesman on the ans. 1970-73. and 1979-82. Elected in February. 1974: MP for Smethwizik. 1966-74: contested Stratford upon Avon. .1963 and 1964 by-elections. B Mar 1. 1923; ed George Watsons, Louth Grammar School. Daniel Stewart's Edinburgh, Stirling High School and Giasgow Univcrsity. Former member, Select,Committee on House of Commons (Scrvices). Member, Equity (council member, 1966-69). Joint chairman, all-party heritage group: British branch. Par- liamentary Association for Euro- Arab Cooperation. Chairman, PLP arts group.
WARLEY WEST
Electorate 57,165 % votc *Archer. P (Lab) 18.272 47.1 Mcintyre, Miss A
(Con) 13,004 33.6 Baines. A-G (L/AII) 7.485 19.3
Lab majority 5,268 13.6 Total vote 38.761 Turnout 67.8%
Mlr Peter Archer, QC. was elected to Shadow Cabinet in. 1981, becoming chief Opposition spokesman on legal affairs in 1982 and on trade later that year. Solicitor General. 1974-79. Returned, February 1974; represented Rowley Regis and Tip- ton, 1966-74; contested Brierley Hill, 1964 and Hendon, South, 1959. B Nov 20 1926; ed Wednesbu- ry High School. LSE and University College London. Has served on Sclect Committee on European Lcgislation. APEX.
WARRINGTON NORTH
Electorate 69,850 .%6 vote *Hoyle, D (Lab) 20,873 41.2 Sexton, S (Con) 15,596 30.8 Harrison. D
(SDP/AII) 13,951 27.5 Sloan, I (BNP) 267 0.5
Lab majority 5,277 10.4 Total vote 50,687 Turnout 72.6%
Mr Douglas Hoyle retained War- rington for Labour at the 1981 by- clection. MP for Nelson and Colne, October 1974 to 1979; contested it in February,. 1974, and 1970; Clithe- roe, 1964. Member, Labour Party National Executive Commnittee, 1978-82. B Feb 17. 1930; ed Adling- ton School, Horwich Technical College and Bolton Technical Col- lege.r Member, Counci ofe PeGet Syste-
tain 'Out"" (of EEC) Campaign. Member.' Manchester Regional Hospital Board,- 1968-74. Member, ASTMS since 1958; meniber, natiorial executive since 1968, presi- dent, 1'978. and now vice-president. Sponsored by ASTMS.
WARRINGTON SOUTH
Electorate 72.803 % vote *Carlisle, M (Con) 22,740 41.9 Colin-Thome, D
(Lab) 16,275 30.0 Marks, I (L/AII) 14,827 27.3 Chantrell, N (Eco) 403 0.7
Con majority 6,465 11.9 Total vote 54,245 Turnout 74.5%
Mr Mark Carlisle, QC, Secretary of State. for Education and Sciencc, 1979-81: chief Opposition spokes- man on education and science, 1978-79; Minister of State, Home Office, 1972-74, Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1970-72. Represented Runcorn 1964-83: contested St Helens, 1958 by-elec1iop and 1959. B Jul 1929: ed Radley College and Manchester University. Fortner chairman Federation of University Conservative- and Unionist- Associ- ations; vice-chairman North-West Conservative MPs since 1974. Former member Home Office Ad- v*isofy Council on the Penal System. Memnber Executive 1922 Committee until November 1978.Member BBC Advisory-Council, 1975-79
WELWYN HATFIELD
Electorate 72,644 % vU!e *Murphy, C (Con) 27,498 47.7 Granshaw, L
(SDP/AIl) 15,252. .26.5- France, J (Lab) 14,898 25.8
Con majority 12,246 21.2 Total vote 57,648 Turnout 79.4%
Mr Christopher Murphy gained-scat for the''Conservatives in 1.979. Member , Select Committee on Statutory Instrument since 1979. Contested Tower Hamlets, Bethnal Green and Bow, in February and October. 1974. Advertising' and marketing consultani. B April 20, 1947; ed Devonport High School and Queen's College, Oxford. For- mer president, Oxford University Conservative Association, former member, executive committee of the Federation of Conservative Students and of executive com- mittee of the National Association of Conservative Graduates. Vice- chairman, Conservative backbench arts and heritage commitee, since 1982. and vice-chairman, Conserva- tive urban and new town affairs committee since 1981. WENTWORTH
Electorate 62,057 % vote *Hardy. P(Lab) 25,538 59.1 Norton. R (Con) 9,603 22.2 Tildsley, M
(SDP/AII) 8,082 18.7 Lab majority 15,935 36.9 Total vote 43,223 Turnout 69.7%.
Mr Peter Hardy, elected for Rother Valley in 1970. was a teacher. Member. UK delegation to the Consultative Assembly of the Coun- cil of Europe, October, 1975. B Jul 17 1931: ed Wath upon Dearne Grammar School: Westminster College, London, Sheffield Univer- sity. Contested Scarborough and Whitby. 1964; Sheffield, Hallam, 1966. Chairman, PLP energy group. since 1974. Vice-chairman, PLP environment groupand of all party nature conservation committee. Sponsored the Badgers Act 1973, the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975, the Protec- tion of Birds (Amendment) Act 1976 and the Education (Northern Ireland) Act 1978. Sponsored by NACOBS. NUPE.
VEST BROMWICH EAST
Electorate 59.391 '% vote *Snapc. P (Lab) 15,894 38.1 Cole. C (Con) 15.596 37.4 Smith. M (L/AII) 10.200 24.5
Lab majority 298 0.7 Total vote 41.690 Turnout 70.2%
Mr Peter Snape, an Opposition spokesman on home affairs since 1982 and former spokesman on defence and disarmament since 1981. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip) 1977-79; Assistant whip. 1975-77. Elected, Februarv 1974. Clerical officer, British Rail. B Feb 12, 1942: ed St Joseph's School. Stockport. Member, Bredbury and Romily UDC. 1971-74 (chairman. finance committee, leader of Labour group). Member. Council of Europe, since January, 1976. Sponsored by NUR. Honorary Parliamentary adviser to Musicians' Union.
WEST BROMWICH WVEST
Electorate 58.341 % vote *Boothroyd. Miss B
(Lab) 18.896 50.7 Harman, D (Con) 12,257 32.9 Collingbourne, A
(SDP/Ail) 6.094 16.4 Lab majoritv 6.639 17.8 Total vote 37,247 Turnout 63.8%
1979: Total votes 39,465 (67.10%6); Lab 23.791 (60.3%); C 14.323 (36.3%). Lab maj 9,468 (24.00h). Swing 7.7% to C.
Mliss Betty Bootliroyd. a member of the Speaker's panel of chairmen. was elected to Labotir Party national executive committee, 1981. Assistant Government whip, 1974- 76. Was MP for West Bromwich, May 1973 until February 1974, when she was elected for the new constituencv. Member European Parliament. 1975-77. Contested Rossendale 1970: Nelson and Colne by-election. June 1960; Peter- borough 1959: Leicester, South-East by-election. 1957 B Oct 8 1929; ed Dewsbury Technical College. For- mer member Select Committees on Public Accounts. Abortion (Amend- rnent) Bill, Sound Broadcasting. and Select Committee on Foreign Aff- airs. Sponsored by GMWU. WESTBURY
Electorate 80.244 90 votc *Walters, D (Con) 31,133 51.4 Hughes. D (L/AII) 22,627 37.4 Thomas, H W (Lab) 6.058 10.0 Ekins, P (Eco) 609 1.0 Banks, J C (W Reg) 131 0.2
Con majority 8,506 14.1
Total vote 60.558 Turnout 75.5°,' I
Mr Dennis Walters was elected in 1964; contested Blyth 1959 and at the 1960 by-election. B Nov 1928: ed Downside School and St Catha- rine's College, Cambridge. Founder member Bow Group; chairman, Federation of University Conserva- tive and Unionist Associations 1949-50. Joint secretary,'Conserva- tive foreign affairs committee 1965- 71 and joint vice-chairman, foreign and Commonwealth affairs com- mittee 1974-79. Chairman. Asthma Research Council since 1969: joint chairman, Council for Advance- ment of Arab-British Understand- ing 1970-82. Chairman, Conseva- tive Middle East Council since 1981. Director, Cluff.Oil Inc and KCA International Ltd. Trustee. ANAF Foundation, Adviser to Canadian finance company; mem- ber, Kuwait Investment Advisory Committee and consultant to Bal- four Beatty Construction Ltd. WESTMINSTER NORTH
Electorvatie 68,988 nch voteaf
Electorate 68,988 Eb vote *Wheeler, J (Con) 19,134 43.2 Latham, A (Lab) 17,424 39.4 Halliwell. G
* (SDP/AII) 6,956 15.7 Cooper, T (Eco) 527 1.2 Keen, T L (TVCabl) 148 0.3 Fisher, B (Ind) 73 0.2
Con majority 1,710 3.9 Total vote 44,262 Turnout 64.2%
Mr John Wheeler, director-general of the British Security Industry Association Ltd, was MP for Cities of London and Westminster, City of Westminster, Paddingt6n, 1979-83. Assistant governer at Wandsworth Prison, 1968-72, and Brixton, 1972- 73. Former research officer at the Home Office. B May 1 1940; ef Bury St Edmunds County School and Prison Services Staff College. Dir- ector, National Supervisory Council for Intruder Alarms since 1977. Chairman. National Inspectorate of Security Guard Patrol and Trans- port Services since 1982.Member, Home Office standing committee on crime prevention since 1976; memnber. Home Affairs Select Commitiee since 1979; chairman of its sub-commiktee on race relations and immigration since 1980; vice- chairrman, all-party penal affairs group from.- 1979; joitit secretary, Coniservative backbench home aff- airs commnittee, since 1980; 'Vice- chairman. Conservative urbant aff- airs and new. towns comrmittee sinice 1980.
WESTMo D & LONSDALE Electorate 67,161, % votc *Jopling, Ni (Con) 29,775 61.3 Htils, K (L/All) 13,188 27.2 Stott, C.(Lab) 4,798 9.9 Gibson, R (to) 805 ? 7
Con majority . 16,587 34.2 Total vote 48,566 Tu&out 72.3%
Mr Michael Jopling has beer Parli- mentary Secretary toi the Treasii-v and Government Chief Whip since 1979. An Opposition spokesman on agriculture 1974-79. Elected in 1964; -contested WVakefield, 1959. Farmer and member of Lloyd's. B Dec 10, 1930; ed Cheltenham Col- lege and Kingis College, Durham University. Former member, select committees on science and tech- nology and on agriculture. Member, NFU national council, 1962-64, Thirsk RbC. 1958-64. Joint sec- retary, Conservative agriculture committee. 1966-70. PPS, Minister of Agriculture, 1970-71.
WESTON-SUPER-MARE
Electorate 71.439 % vote *Wiggin. A W (Con) 27,948 53.6 Marks. J-(SDP/AII) 18,457 35.4 Berry, R L (Lab) 5,781 11.
Con majority 9,491 18.2 Total vote 52,186 Turnout 73. 1
Mr Jerry Wiggin, Under Secretary of State for the Armed Forces sinee 1981; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1979-81. Returned at a by-election in 1969; contested Montgomeryshire, 1964 and 1966. B Feb 24 1937; ed Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. Formerly ten- ant farmer. Parliamentary Private Secretary to Lord Balniel. Minister of State for Defence. 1970-74, and to Sir Ian Gilmour Minister of State For Defence Procurement, 1971-73. joint secretary. Conservative de- fence committee. 1974-75; vice- chairman. Conservative agriculture committee. 1975-79; chairman, Conservative West Country MPs 1978. General rapporteur. economic committee, North Atlantic Assemb- ly,1976-79. Member of Lloyd's. WIGAN
Electorate 72.390 % vote *Stott. R (Lab) 29.859 54.6 Piggott.J (L/AII) 12,554 22.9 Cadman. H (Con) 12.320 22.5
Lab majority 17,305 31.6 Total vote 54.733 Turnout 75.6%
Mr Roger Stott, an Opposition spokesman on transport since 1981. represented Westhoughton, 1973- 83; contested Cheadle; 1970. PPS to Secretary of State for Industry. 1975-76; to the Prime Minister. 1976-79; Leader of the Opposition. 1979-80. Telephone engineer. B Aug 7 1943: ed Rochdale Technical Col- lege: Ruskin College. Rochdale Councillor. 1970-74 (chairman. housing committee). Sponsored by POEU. Vice-chaifman, PLP North- West area group.
WILTSHIRE NORTH
Electorate 76.150 % vote *Needham. R (Con) 30,924 53.1 Graham. C S M
(L/AII) 23,692 40.6 Allsop. S R (Lab) 2.888 5.0 Barham, E (Eco) 678 1.2 Baile de La Perriere,
H(JDF) 113 0.2 Con majority 7.232 12.4 Total vote 58.295 Turnout 76.6%
1979 (as Chippenham): Total votes 59.5S6 (80.0%) - C 29.308 (49.2°'): L 24.611 (41.3%); Lab 5.146 (8.6%): Ecol 521 (0.9%). C maj 4,697 (7.9%). Swing 7.8% to C.
Mr Richard Needham, Represented Chippenham. 1979-83, contested Pontefract and Castleford in Feb- ruarv, 1974. and Gravesend in- October. 1974. Chairman, RGM Print Holdings Ltd; director, Radio Somerset Ltd. Personal and political assistant to Mr James Prior. 1974- 79. Member Public Accounts Committee, since 1982, Joint vice- chairman. Conservative backbench employent committee, since 1982. Chairman all-party Productivity Committee: joint secretary. Anglo- Japanese committee. B Jan 29. 1942; ed Eton. Member of Lloyd's. Member. Somerset County Council. 1967-74.
WIMBLEDON
Electorate 64.132 % vote *Ha,vers. Sir M
(Con) 24,169 52.1 Twigg, D (L/AII) 12.623 27.2 Tansey, R B (Lab) 8.806 19.0 Jones, A (Eco) 717 1.5 Weakner. E (PAL) 114 0.3
Con majority 11,546 24.9 Total vote 46,429 Turnout 72.4%
1979: Total votes 50.035 (76.4%) - C 27,567 (55.1%): Lab 14,252 (28.5%): L 7.604 (15.2%); NF 612 (1.2%). C maj 13,315 (26.6%). Swing 4.3% to C.
Sir Michael Havers, QC, has been Attorney General since 1979. Oppo- sition Spokesman on law, 1974-79, he was appointed to advise party leader's consultative committee on legal matters. Solicitor-General, 1972-74. Former Chairman, Con- servative Legal Committee. Mem- ber. Committee of Privileges since 19.76 and Select Committee on MPs' interests 1974-79. Elected to Mer- ton, Wimbledon in 1970. B Mar 10, 1923; ed Westminster School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
WINCHESTER
Electorate 72.792 °' vote *Browne, J (Con) 31,908 57.6 MacDonald. J
(SDP/AII) 18,861 34.0 Allchin, W H (Lab) 4,512 8.1 Winkworth; S (W
Reg) 155 0.3 Con majority 13,047 23.5 Total vote 55,436 Turnout 76.2%
Mr John Browne was elected in 1979. Member of Westminster City Council. 1974-78. Banker and company director. Adviser, to Bar- clays Bank International. Joint sec- retary, Conservative backbench Finance Committee since 1981. B Oct 1938; ed Malvern College, Royal Military Academy, San- dhurst. Cranfield Institute of Tech- nology. Harvard Business School. WINDSOR ""MAIDENHEAD
Electorate 78,619 % vote *Glyn,DrA(Con) 32,191 58.2 Winner, P (L/AII) 13,988 25.3 Price, Mrs V I (Lab) 6,383 11.6 Board, W 0 (Ind C) 1,842 3.3 Gillmore, G F C
(NF) 511 0.9 Illesley. P B (Ind) 300 0.5 Bex, C R (W Reg) 68 0.1
Con majority 18,203 32.9 Total vote 55,283 Turnout 70.3%
Dr Alan Glyts was returned in Feb- ruary, 1974, having been MP for Windsor, 1970-74, and for Clapham, 1959-64. Barrister and medical practioner. B Sep 29 1918; ed WVestminster School, Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, St Bartholemew's Hospital and St George's Hospital. Former chairman, Conservative foreign. affikis sub-committee, Far Easti, chairman. . Danish. Sw.edish, Mongolian and Indonesiani parlia- mentary groups of the Inter-parlia- mentary Union.
WIRALL, SOUTH
Erec't -fa-fg6D86* - % vofe *Porter, B (Con) 24,766 53.7 Hollingworth, P
(SDP/AII) 10,928 23.7 Rimmer, KJS(Lab).
, 10,41122.6 Con majority 13,838 30.0 Total vote 46,105 Turnout 75.8Y -
Mr Barry Porter represented Bebington and Ellesmere Port, I 378-83; contested Chorley, Octob- er, i974. and Newton, February, 1974, arid Liverpool, Scotland Ex- change, Apri! 1971. Solicitor and company direcitr. B Jun 11 19393 ed Birkenhead Scihol and Upiver- sity College, Oxford. Member,, Wir- ral Borough Council, 19576-77. Sec- retary, backbench leisure industries committee and all-party twurism committee, member, Commons transport select committee. WIRRALL, WVEST
Electorate 61,646 % vote *Hunt, D (Con) 25,276 55.9 Nlullholland, S
(L/AiI) 10,125 22.4 McCabe. J (Lab) 9;855 21.8
Con majority 15,151 33.5 Total vote 45,256 Turnout 73.4%
Mr David Hunt, a Solicitor, rep- resented Wirral March 1976-83. B May 21_,l942; ed Liverpool College. Montpellier University, Bristol University, Guildford College of Law. Solicitor of Supreme Court of Judicature. admitted 1968. Chair- man, British Youth Council, 1971- 74. National Young Conservatives. 1972-73. Vice-chairman, National Union of Conservative and Union- ist Associations, 1974-76. Contested Bristol, South, 1970. and Kin- gswood. 1974. Vice chairman, Con- servative Group for Europe 1978- 81: chairrnan since 1981: vice chair- man An-party parliamentary youth lobby 1978-79-. PPS to Secretary of State for Trade, 1979-81; PPS to Secretary of State for Defence since 1981' assistant Government whip since 1981. WITNEY
Electorate 69.362 % vote *Hurd, D (Con) 28.695 55.4 Baston,J (L/AII) 15,983 30.8 Douse. Mrs C B
(Lab) 7.145 13.8 Con majoritv 12,712 24.5 Total vote 51.823 Turnout 74.7%
Mr Douglas Hurd has been Minister of State for Foreign and Common- wealth Affairs sincec 1979; Oppo- sition spokesman on Europe. 1976- 79: Hcad of Mr Edward Heath's political office. 1968-74. Rep- resented Mid-Oxon Feb 1974-83. B Mar 8 1930: ed Eton. and Trinity College. Cambridge. Worked in the Foreign Service 1952-66 in China. the United States and Europe. be- coming a chief secretary. Conserva- tive Research Department, 1966-68. Author of political thrillers. WVOKING
Electorate 78.327 % vote *Onslow. C (Con) 32.748 58.3 Goldenburg, P
(L/AII) 16,511 29.4 Broer. Mrs D B
(Lab) 6.566 11.7 Comens. D(PAL) 368 0.7
Con majority 16,237 28.9 Total vote 56.193 Turnout 71.7%
1979: Total votes 55.601 (76.5%) - C 31.719 (57.0%); Lab 13,327 (24.0%): L 9.991 (18.0%): NF 564 (1.0%). C maj 18.392 (33.0%). Swing 5.3% to C.
Mr Cranley Onslow was appointed Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in 1982. Chairman. Select Committee on Defence, 1981-1982. and a member. 1980-82- Member, Public Accounts Committee 1970-72, and 1922 Committcc. 1968-72 and 1981-82. Chairman Conservatives Aviation Comittee. 1970-72, 1979-82. Under Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (Aerospace) 1972-74. Elected in 1964. Former companv director, business consultant and journalist. B Jun 8. 1926: ed Harrow School, Oriel College, Oxford, and Geneva University. Member. UK delegation to Council of Europe. 1977-82. Member, WOKINGHAM
Electorate 71.725 % vote *van Straubenzee,
Sir W (Con) 32,925 60.4 Leston.J (L/AII) 17.227 31.6 Orton. M (Lab) 4.362 8.0
Con majoritv 15,698 28.8 Total vote 54,514 Turnout 76.0%
Sir William van Straubenzee has been second Church Estates Com- missioner since 1979: chairman. Conservative backbench education committee since 1979. Chairman. Select Commiitee on Assistance to Members. 1976-78. Minister of State. Northern Ireland, 1972-74, and Under-Secretary for Education and Science, 1970-72. Opposition spokesman on education 1968-70. Elected. 1959; contested Wands- worth, Clapham, 1955. Solicitor. B Jan 27. 1924; ed Westminster School. Member. House of Laity of the Church Assembly for the Dio- cese of Oxford, 1965-70, and of the GenVal Synod since
WOLVERHAMPTON T'qOR
EAST
Electorate 63,716 90 vote *Short,'Mrs R (Lab) 17,941 40.1 Burnside, A (Con) 17,727 39.6 Yarnell, R (L/All) 8,524 19.0 Baugh, C (NF) 585 1.3
Lab majority 214 0.5 Total vote 44.777 Turnout 70.3%
Mrs Renee Short has been Chair- man of Select Committee on Social Services since 1979. Elected in 1964; cdntested Watford 1959 and St Albans 1955. B Apr 1919; ed Notts
County Secondary School and Manchester University. -Member,
Estimates Committee, 1964-70. Expenditure Committee 1970-79 (chairmani social services and em- ployment subcommittee). Chair-
man Anglo. GDR parliamentary group; secretary, Anglo-Soviet par-
liamentary group; president, British- Romanian Friendship Association. Member. Labour Party NEC, 1970- 81. National President,
WOLVERHAMPTON SOUTH EAST
Electorate 56,428 % vote *Edwards. R (Lab) 17,440 44.7 McLoughlin, P
(Con) 12,428 31.9 Wernick, 3 (L/Al) . 9,112 23.4
Lab majority 5,012 12.9 Total vote 38,980 Turnout 69.19%
Mr Robert Edwards was elected in
February, 1974; rdpresented Bilston.
1955-74; coltested by-elections Newport 1945 and Stretford 1939, and general election, Chorley, 1935. Member European Parliament, 1977-79. B Jan 6, 1906; ed council schools and technical college. Chair- man. Industrial Common Owner- ship Group. General Secretary. Chemical Workers' lUnion, 1947-71; national officer, TGWU, 1971-76. Mecmber- Liverpool City Council, -1929-3).- Priesident Britain-Cyprus CommWittee. lVought in Spain with the Republicans. during* the Civil WVar. Sponsored by Co-operative Party.
WOLVERHAJIPTON SOUTH
'WEST
Electorate 68,847 % vote *Budgen, N (Con) 25,214 50.6 Jones, R M (Lab) 13,694 27.5 Harwood, E
(SDP/AII) 10,724 21.5 Deary, J (ACM) 201 0.4
Con ma,jority 11,520 23.1 Total vote 49,833 Turnout 72.4%
Mr Nicholas Budgen, a barrister and farmer, was elected in February. 1974, contested Birmingham, Small Heath, 1970Q Government whip, 1981-82. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1980-81; secretary Conservative Finance Committee, 1979. B Nov 3 1937; ed St Edward's School, Oxford and Corpus Christi College. Camnbridge. Chairman, Birmingham Bow Group, 1967-68. WOODSPPING
Electorate 71.280 % vote 'Dean, Sir P (Con) 31.932 57.6 Morgsn. R (L/AII) -16,800 30.3 White, iD H (Lab) 6.536 11.8 Robyns, 0l(W Reg) 177 0.3
Con majori z 15,132 27.3 Total vote 55.44§ Turnout 77.8%
Sir Paul Dean was appointed Sec- ond Deputy of Ways and. Means and Deputy Speaker in Mly 1982. Member. Select Commiree on Members' Salaries, 1981 -82:. on Select Committee on Overseas Development, 1978-79, chairman 'Conservative backbench Health and Social Services Committee 1979-82. Member. chairmen's panel, 1979-82 Under Secretary, Health and Social security. 1970-74. Represented North Somerset 1964-83: contested Pontefract by-election. March. 1962. B Sep 14. 1924: ed Ellesmere Col- lege. Shropshire, and Exeter College. Oxford. Former farmer. Resident tutor. Swinton College, 1956-57: joined Conservative research de- partment 1958 and assistant direct- or. 1962. Chairrnan. Watchdog group for the self-employed 1975- 79. Director, Charterhouse Pen- sions, Watney Mann and Trueman Holidays Ltd. Consultant on pen- sion schemes.
WOOLWICH
Electorate 56.297 % vote *Cartwright, J
(SDP/Ali) 15.492 40.5 Wise. Mrs-A (Lab) 12,767 33.4 Drummond-Brown.
Mrs P (Con) 9.616 25.1 Fitz-Gerald. T C
(BNP) 384 1.0 SDP/AII majoritv 2.725 7.1 Total votc 38.259 Tumout 68.0%
1979 (as Woolwich East): Total votes 36.822 (70. 1°%) - Lab 21,700 (58.9%); C 11.240 (30.5%): L 2,998 (8.1%): NF 884 (2.4%). Lab maj 10.460 (28.4%). Swing 4.7°,b to C.
Mr John CartMTight. former direct- or. Roval Arsenal Co-opera- tive Society. was elected as Labour MP for Woolwich East in October. 1974. Resigned party and joined SDP in 1981 becoming its spokes- man on environment. Contested Bcxlexheath, February. 1974 and Bexley, 1970. B Nov 29 1933: ed Woking County Grammar School. Former chairman Manifesto Group of PLP. Executive civil servant 1952-55: Labour Party organizer. 1955-67: political sec- retary %ACS. 1967-72. Chairman Nationil Union of Labour Organiz- ers. 1969-70. Leader of Greenwich Borough Council. 1971-74 and chief whip London Boroughs Associ- ation. 1971-75. Mcmber Labour Party, NEC. 1971-75 and 1976-78. Trustee National Maritime Mu- scum. Chairman PLP Defence Group. 1979-81. PPS to Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1976-77. Vice- president Associ- ation of Metropolitan Authoritics since 1974.
WORCESTER
Electorate 66.531 % vote *Walker. P(Con) 24,381 49.5 Phipps. C (SDP/AIl) 13,510 27.4 Rudd, J (Lab) 11.208 22.7 Axon. K A (BNP) 208 0.4
Con majority 10.871 22.1 Total vote 49.307 Turnout 74.11%
Mr Peter Walker has been Minister of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food since 1979. Opposition spokesman on defence until February, 1975. and on trade and industry in 1974. Secretary of State for Trade and Industrv in 1974: Secretary of State for the Environment 1970-72: Min- ister of Housing and Local Govern- ment June- October 1970. Elected at by-election March, 1961. B Mar 25 1932: ed Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith. Former chairman. Lloyd's insurance brokers and dir- ector of other companies.
VORCESTERSHIRE, MIID
Electorate 74.254 % vote Forth. E (Con) 28.159 50.9 Maher, R E (Lab) 13,954 25.2 Fairhead. Mrs M
(SDP/AII) 12,866 23.2 Fletcher.DW(NP) 386 0.7
Con majority 14.205 25.7 Total vote 55.365 Turnout 74.6%
Mr Eric Forth has been member of the European Parliament for North Birmingham since 1979. Chairman. backbcnch committee, European Democratic Group. Contested Bark- ing. Feb and Oct, 1974. B Sept 1944; ed Jordanhill College School, Glas- gow; Glasgow University. Memnbcr, Brentwood UDC, 1968-72. WORCESTERSHUE, S
Electorate 73.278 % vote *Spicer W M (Con) 30,095 55.8 Phillips. D (L/AII) 1?,706 34.7 Sandland-Nielsen, P
E(Lab) 4,183 7.8 Woodford, G (Oth) 866 1.6 Pass, G R G (Ind) 113 0.2
Con majority 11,389 21.1 Total vote 53,963 Turnout 73.6%6
Mr Michel Spicer, an economic consultant, was elected in February. 1974: contested Easington, 1966 and 1970. Vice-chairman Conservative Party, since 1981: PPS to Minister of state for Trade. 1979-81. Mem- ber. Conservative Research Depart- ment. 1966-68; director. Conserva- tive Systems Research Centre, 1968- 70: former deputy chairman, com- puter subcommittee of Commons Services Committee. B Jan 22 1943; ed Wellington College and Emma- nuel College. Cambridge. Director. Argus Press Group. Managing drec- tor, Economic Models Ltd, 1970-80. WORKINGTON
Electorate 56.119 % vote *Campbell-Savours,
D N (Lab) 23,239 52.0 Smith, M (Con) 16,111 36.1 Blackshaw, N (L/AII)
- 5,311 11.9 Lab majority 7.128 16.0 Total vote 44,661 Turnout 79.6%
1979: Total votes 46,109 (83.8%) - Lab 24,523 (53.2%): C 18,767 (40.7%); L 2,819 (6.1%). Lab maj 5.756 (12.5%). Swing 5.6% to C.
Mr Dale Campbell-Savours re- gained the seat for Labour in 1979; contested Darwen, February and October. 1974. Export and lechnical agent. B Aug 1943; ed Kes'$rick School and Sorbonne. Member Ramsbottonm Council, 1972-74. TGWU. -
WORSLEY
Electorate 71,987 % vote Lewis, T (Lab) 21,675 40.3- Windle, S (Con) 17,536 32.6t *Roper, JF
(SDP/Ail) 14,545 27.1 Lab majority 4,139 7.7 Total vote 53,756 Turnout 74.7%
MrTerence Leiwis is deputy leader of Bolton Borough Council; edu- cation chairman. A personnel officer. District councillor, 1971-74. Age 47. ASTMS. WORTHING
Electorate 75.772 % vote *Higgins. T (Con) 32,807 60.9 Clare, R (L/A1I) 17,554 32.6 Minto,A(Lab) 3.158 5.9 Wingfield, M (NF) 292 0.5' Monks, D (BNP) 103 0.2,
Con majority 15,253 28.3 Total vote 53,914 Turnout 71.2%
1979: Total votes 54,924 (73.3%) - C 33.624 (61.2%)- L 13.244 (24. 1%):' Lab 7.163 (13.00,%): NF 893 (1.6%). C maj 20.380 (37. 1%). Swing 3.6%.
Terence Higgins, an economist, was a member of the Select Committce on Treasury and Civil Service 1979- 82: chairman Select Committee on Procedure (Finance) 1981-82. Opposition spokesman on tradc. 1974-76. and a spokesman on Trea- sury and economic affairs during 1974. Financial Secretary to the, Treasury. 1972-74. and Minister of State. Treasury, 1970-72. Elected 1964. B Jan 18. 1928, ed Alleyn's School. Dulwich. Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and Yale. Opposition spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs. 1966-70. Director Warne. Wright and Rowland Group and Lex Ser- vice Group. Former Olympic and Commonwealth Games athlete! Chairman. Conservative backbench sports and recreation committee, 1979, and of backbench transport committec. 1979-82. Member.
executive. 1922 Committee, 1980-, 82.
WREKIN, THE
Electorate 77,226 % vote *Hawksley, P W
(Con) 22,710 39.0 Grocott B (Lab) 21.379 36.7 Biltcliffe. M
(SDP/AII) 14,208 24.4 Con majority 1,331 2.3 Total vote 58.297 Turnout 75.5%
Mr YVarren Hawksley, formerly a bank clerk. gained the seat for Con-
servatives in 1979. Contested WolP' verhampton, North-East. in Februa- ry and October. 1974. B Mar 10.
1943: cd Mill Mead Shrewbury, and' Denstone College. Uttoxeler. Member. Shropshire County Count cil 1970-81 .Member of West Mcrcia Police Authority since 1977-81. ' WYCOMBE
Electorate 70.065 % vote *Whitney. R W
(Con) 27.221 54.2 Page. A (SDP/AII) 14.024 27.9 Bastin, C (Lab) 8.636 17.2 Amin. M (MPP) 327 0.7
Con majority 13,197 26.3 Total vote 50.208 Turnout 71.7%^o
Mr Raymond Whitney, company chairman and export consultant, was elected at the by-clection in April. 1978. Former member diplo? matic service, he resigned from Overseas Information Department. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. February, 1978. Mcmber. Public Accounts Committee since 1979. Joint vice-chairman. Conservative backbench committee on employ- mcnt. since 1980: chairman, Con- scrvative backbench committee on foreign and Commonwealth Affairs: since 1981. B Nov 28 1930: ed Wel- lingborough School, Sandhurst. and London University. WYRE
Electorate 65.934 % vote *Clegg, Sir W (Con) 26,559 56.5 Murdoch, I r
(SDP/AII) 11.748 25.0 Goldsmith W (Lab) 8.743 18.6
Con majority 14,811 31.5 Total vote 47.050 Turnout 71.40%
Sir Walter Clegg, Lord Com- missioner for the Treasury (whilp) 1970-72: Vice-Chamberlain of the Household (whip) 1972-731 Comptroller of the Household (whip) 1973-74. Partner in firm of solicitors. Represented North Fyide' 1966-83: contested Ince. 1959. -B April 18. 1920: ed Arnold School, Blackpool. Bury Grammar Schoof. and Manchester University. Mem' ber. Lancashire County Council: 1955-61. Opposition whip, March to October. 1974. Member. executivc. 1922 committee 1975-76. treasurer since 1976. Member. Committee of Selection: chairman, all-party solici- tors group.
WYRE FOREST
Electorate 68.298 % volte *Bulmer. J E (Con) 24,809 48.4 Batchelor. A (L/AiI) 16,632 32.4 Williams, R B (Lab) 9,850 19.2
Con majority 8,177 15.9 Total vote 51.291 Turnout 75.1%
Mr Esmond Bulmer represented Kidderminster. Feb 1974-83. Chair- man. HP Bulmer Holdings sincc April 1982. and farmer. Member executive comminee. National Trust. Secretary, Conservative employment comminee 1975-79. PPS to Ministers of State. Home Office, 1979-80. B May 19 1935: ed Rugby and King's College, Cam- bridge. Non-executive director, Wales and West Mid-Regional Board, National Westminster bardk. Member. British Heritage Coat. minee, British Tourist Authority. YEOVIL
Electorate 66,102 % vote Ashdown, J J D
(L/AII) 26,608 5SQ5 Martin. M D (Con) 23,202 44.0 Brushett, P J (Lab) 2.928 5.6
L/AII majoritv 3.406 6.5 Total vote 52.738 Turnout 79.8%
Mr Paddy Ashdoi'm, local goveicr- ment officer with Dorset Coutty Council, contested Yeovil, 1979. B
Feb 24 1941; ed Bedford School, Hong Kong University. Qualified Chinese interpreter. Joined Foreign Office 1972; First Secretary to the
British Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, 1974-76. AUEW(TASS). YORK
Electorate 78.311 % Yo;e
Gregory. C (Con) 24.309 41.3
*Lyon, A W (Lab) 20.662 35. 1 Cable, V (SDP/AII) 13,523 23. Lister, A J (Ind) 204 0.4 Brattan. T G (BNP) 148 ' 0.3
Con majority 3,647 .2 Total vote 58,846 Turnout 75.1%..:
1979: Total votes 56,698 (77.7%) - Lab 26.703 (44.7%); C 25,453
(42.6%); L 6,752 (11.3%), Other 509 (1.0%); NF 221 (0.4%).. Lab maj
1250(2. 1 W).Swing2.1%toC.
Mr Conal Gregory, internationid wine consultant, lecturer and 'wjie~ editor. B Mar 11 1947; ed Kin;g'5 college, WVimbledon, University'.0 Sheffield and Worshipful Company of Vintner~s (Master of Witir)
Member, Norfolk County Council, 1977-8 1; East Anglia Tourist Boar4&
DUNDEE EAST
Electorate 62,752 1%Yvote *Wilsori. G (SNP) 20,276 43.8 Bowman, C (Lab) 15,260 33.C Vaughan, 'Mrs B
(Con) 7,172 15.5 Rottger, S (L/AII) 3,546. 7.7
SNP majority 5,016 10.8 Total vote 46,254 Turnout 73.7%
1979: Total votes 49,959 (77.7%) - SNP 20,497 (41.0%); Lab 17,978 (36.0%); C 9.072 (18 2%); L 2,317 (4.6%): WRP 95 (0.2%). SNP maj 2,519 (5.0%).
Mr Gordon Wilson, SNP chairman since 1979 and the party's spokes- man on economic affairs, won the seat in February 1974; contested it in the by-election of March 1973. Partner in a law practice. B Apr 16 1938: ed Douglas High School and Edinburgh University. Senior vice- chairman SNP, 1973-74; spokesman on energy. 1974: home affairs, 1975- 76: and devolution, 1976-79. National Secretary. SNP, 1963-71: Deputy leader, SNP Parliamentary Party, 1974-79. Rector of University of Dundee. Member, Law Society of Scotland.
DUNDEE WEST
Electorate 62.703 % vote *Ross. E (Lab) 20.288 43.5 Senior. D(Con) 10,138 21.7 Dick. Mrs E
(SDP/AII) 7,976 17.1 Lynch. J (SNP) 7.973 17.1 Marks. P (Eco) 302 0.7
. Lab majority .10.150 21.8 Total vote 46.677 Turnout 74.4%
1979: Total votes 50.059 (78.40,6) - Lab 23,654 (47.30b): SNP 13,197 (26.4%): C 12.892 (25.8%): Com 316 (0.6%)9. Lab maj 10,457 (20.9%). Swing 0.5%.
Mr Ernest Ross has been member of Unopposed Bills Panel and Select Committee on Standing Orders since 1981. Elected 1979. Quality control engineer with Timex. B Jul 1942: ed St Joseph's and St Mary's Primary School. St John's Junior Secondary School. Sponsored by AUEW (TASS).
DUNFERMLINE EAST
Electorate 49.881 % vote Brown. G (Lab) 18.515 51.5 Harcus; D(L/AII) 7.214 20.1 Shenton. C (Con) 6.764 18.8 Hunter, G (SNP) 2.573 7.2 Maxwell. A (Com) 864 2.4
Lab majority 11,301 31.5 Total vote 35.930 Turnout 72.0%
Mr Gordon Brown is chairman of the Scottish Labour Party; member of its executive committee since 1977. Journalist with Scottish Television: Age 58; ed Kircaldy High School. Was second student rector at Edinburgh University. DUNFERMLINE WEST
Electorate 49.075 % vote *Douglas. R (Lab) 12.998 36.0 Davison. Dr P (Con)
10,524 29.2 Moyes. F(SDP/AII) - 9.434 26.2 Fairlie, J (SNP) 2.798 7.8 Dobson. S (Eco) 321 0.9
Lab majority 22474 6.9 Total vote 36.075 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Richard Douglas was MP for Dunfermline 1979-83. MP for Stir- lingshirc. East and Clackmannan. 1970 to February. 1974: unsuccess- fully contested that seat in October. 1974: contested Glasgow, Pollock. in 1967 bv-election: Edinburgh. West. in 1966 and South Angus in 1964. Member. Public Accounts Committee 1979-83 and of Select Committee on Defence. Economic consultant. B Jan 4. 1932: ed Govan High School. Cooperative College. Stanford Hall. Loughborough and University of Strathclyde. Hon lec- turer, Strathclyde since 1980. AUEW. Sponsored by Co-op Party. EAST KILBRIDE
Electorate 61.420 % vote *Miller, Dr M S
(Lab) 17,535 37.1 Sullivan. D
(SDP/AII) 13,199 27.9 Dalkeith. R (Con) 11.483 24.3 Urquhart. D (SNP) 4.795 10.1 Doolan, W (Com) 256 0.5
Lab majority 4,336 9.2 Total vote 47,268 Turnout 77.0%
Dr Maurice Miller -won the seat in February 1974: MP for Glasgow, Kelvingrove, 1964-74. Government whip, 1968-69. Medical practitioner and coropany director. B Aug 16, 1920: ed Shawlands Academy, Glas- gow and Glasgow University. Member. Glasgow Corporation, 1950-64; Bailie 1954-57. Chairman. Glasgow and West of Scotland Socialist. Medical Association. EAST LOTHIAN
Electorate 62.581 % vote *Home Robertson, J
(Lab) 20,934 43.9 Fry, M (Con) 14,693 30.8 Kibby, M (L/AII) 9,950 20.9 Knox. R (SNP) 2;083 4.4
Lab majority 6,241 13.1 Total vote 47,660 Turnout 76.2%
Mr John Home Robertson .retained the seat for Labour in the October. 1978 by-election. Farmer. B Dec 5 1948: ed Ampleforth. and West of Scotland Agricultural College. Member. Select Committee on Scot- tish Affairs since 1979: chairman, scottish group' of Labour MP's. 1983. and of Rural Affairs Group, Scottish PLP; member, Berwick- shire Council 1974-78; member, Borders Health Board, 1975-78. TGWU (Farm workers section) and NUPE.
EASTWOOD
Electorate 59,378'. % vote *Stewart. A (Con) .21,072 46.6 Pickett,J (SDP/AII) 12,477 27.6 McGuire, J (Lab) 9,083 20.1 Herriot, Mrs J (SNP)
2,618 .5.8
Con majority &,595 19.0 Total vote 45,250 Turnout 76.2%
Mr Allan. Stewart was appointed Under Secretary of State for Scot- land in 1981. A university lecturer he was elected in 1979. Contested Dundee, East in 1970. PPS to Minis- ter of State for Energy, 1981. Mem- ber, Select Committee on tScottish Affairs, 1979-81. B Jun 1. 1942; ed Bell Baxter High School, Cupar, St Andrews University and Harvard.
EDINBURGH CENTRAL
Electorate 57,064 -°% vote *Fletcher; A (Con) 14,095 38.0 Kelley, R (Lab) 11,529 31.1 Macleod, Dr Marion
(SDP/AII) 9,498 25.6 Halliday, R (SNP) 1,810 4.9 Carson, D (Com) 119 .0.3
Con-majority. 2,566 6.9 Total vote 37,051 Turnout 64.9%.
Mr Alexander Fletcher became Under-Secretary of State for Scot- land in 1979, after being an Oppo- sition spokesman on Scottish. aff- airs. Chartered accountant and
company director. Represented Edinburgh North 1973-83. B Aug 26, 1929; ed Greenock High School. Contested West Renfrewshire 1970. Memberr, East ,Yllbride Develop- snent-Corporation, 1971-73. Elder of Church of Scotland. Member, Select Committee on Science a'nd Tech- nology, '1974-76. Member, 'Euro- pean Parliament, 1976-77.
EDINBURGH EAST
Electorate 51,156 , % vote *Steang, G (Lab) 16,169 44.9 Martin, P (Con) 10,303 28.6 Mcleod, R (L/AII) 7,570 21.0 Scott, P(SNP) -;976 5.5
Lab majority 5,866 16.3 Total vote36,018:Turnout70.4% -
Mr Gavin Strang was an Opposition spokesman on agriculture, fisheries and food, 1979-82. Parliamenitary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and,Food, 1974-79; Under Secretary for Oil, Department of Energy, 1974. Elected in 1970. Member, Select Committee on Sci- ence and Technology, 1970-74. An Opposition spokesman on trade and industry. 1973-74. Aii Opposition spokesman on trade and indus- try. 1 973-74. Agricultural scientist. B July 10 1943; ed Morrson's Acad- emy, Edinburgh University, and Churchill. College, Cambridge. Sponsored by TGWU.
EDINBURGH LEITH'
Electorate 60,562 % vote' *Brown, R (Lab) 16.177 39.7 Graham. D
(SDP/All) 11,204 27.5 Cooklin. B (Con) 10,706 26.3 Young. 3 (SNP) 2,646 6.5
Lab majority 4973 12.2 Total vote 40.733 Turnout 67.3%
Mr Ronald Brown was elected in 1979. Chairman. Pilton branch, AUEW: former fitter. B Jun 1940: ed Ainslie Park High School. Edin- burgh. Member Lothian Regional Council, 1974-79. AUEW.
EDINBURGH PENTLANDS
Electorate 59.295 % vote *Rifkind. M (Con) 17,051 39.2 Smith. K (SDP/AII) 12.742 29.3 Milligan. E (Lab) 10,390 23.9 MacCormick. N
(SNP) 2,642 6.1 Nicol-Smith. A (Eco)
687 1.6 Con majority 4.309 9.9 Total vote 43.512 Turnout 73.4%
NIr Malcolm Rifkind was appointed Under Secretary of State, Foreign and Commonweath Office in April. 1982. Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. 1979-82; Opposition spokesman on Scotland from 1975 until he resigned in 1977 overdevol- ution. Elected 1974; contested Edin- burgh. Central, 1970. An advocate. B June 21 1946; ed.George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Former member. Select Committee on Overseas Develop- ment. and former member. Select Committee on European Secondary Legislation.
EDINBURGH SOUTH
Electorate 62.517 % vote *Ancram. M (Con) 16.485 36.8 Godfrey. 3 (SDP/All)
12,830 28.6 McCreadle. R A
(Lab) 12,824 28.6 MacCullum. N
(SNP) 2,256 5.0 Hendry. Mrs L (Eco)
450 1.0 Con majoritv 3,655 8.2 Total vote 44.845 Turnout 71.7%
Mr Michael Ancram. advocate and company director, is heir to the Marquess of Lothian. Returred in 1979; MP for Berwick and East Lothian, February to October. 1974; contested West Lothian in 1970. B Jul 7 1945; ed Ampleforth and Oxford and Edinburgh Universities. Member Select Committee on En- ergy since 1979. Vice-chairman Scottish Conservative Party. 1975- 80 and chairman -since 1980. First chairman Thistle group. EDINBURGH WEST
Electorate 61,05p % vote *Douglas-Hamilton
Lord J (Con) 17,646 38.2 King.D(L/AII) 17.148 37.1 Wood. A (Lab) 9,313 20.1 Nicol.,J(SNP) 2.126 4.6
Con majority 498 1.1 Total vote 46,233 Turnout 75.7%
Lord ' James Douglas-Hamilton, advocate. second son of the Duke of Hamilton. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government Whip) 1979-81; formerly an Opposition Whip. Elected in October, 1974; contested Hamilton, February, 1974. B Jul 31. 1942; ed Strathavon, Eton, Balliol College. Oxford (presi- dent of the union, 1964), and Edin- burgh University. Boxing Blue. Honorary President, Scottish Ama- teur Boxing Association 1975. Presi- dent Royal Commonwealth Society in Scotland since 1979. Member of Select Committee on Scottish Aff- airs since 1981. President, Scottish Council UNA 1981. Town councllor Edinburgh. 1972. FALKIRK EAST
Electorate 52,045 . % vote *Ewing, H (Lab) 17.956 47.7 Masterton. D (Con) 7,895 21.0 Wedderburn. A
(SDP/Alt) 6,967 18.5 MacGregor.3 (SN P.) 4,490 11.9 McGregor, Miss F
(Com) 334 0.9 Lab majority 10,061 26.7 Total vote 37,642 Turnout 72'3%
No biography available. FALKIRK WEST
Electorate 49,402 % vote *Canavan, D (Lab) 16,668 45.6 Mitchell. I (Con) 7,690 21.0 Harris, M (L/AII) 7,477 20.4 Cochrane.. B (SNP) 4,739 13.0
Lab majority - 8,978 24.6 Total vote 36,574 Turnout 74.0%
Mr Dennis Canavan, elected for West Stirlingshire October, 1974. Chairman Scottish parliamentary labour group, 1980-81. Convenor of group's education subcommittee since 1976, and parliamentary
spokesman, fo576rhara Scottihcmmte
on mobility for the disabled since 1977. Member Selet Committee on Foreign Affairs since 1982. Fofmer Assistant headmaster. Leader of Labour Group, Siirling Disirict Council, 1974. B Aug 8 1942;'ed St
Columba's High School, Cowden-' beath and Edinburgh University. FIFE CENTRAL
Electorate 54,389 % vote *Hamilton, WW
(Lab) 17,008 43.1 Little, Mrs T (L/AIl) 9,214 23.4 Masor, D (Con) 8,863 22.5 Taggart, J (SNP) 4,039 10.3 Allison, D (Eco) 297 0.8
Lab majority 7,794 i0.8 Total vote 39,421 Tumout 72.5%
Mr William Hamilton was returned in February. 1974; MP for West Fife, 1950-74; contested that seat in 1945. Teacher. B June 26 1917; ed Washington Grammar 'Scli6ol County D urham, and Sheffield
'University. . Member, Select Com- mittees on Procedure (Finance) from '1982, Public Accounts from 1979.Chairman Estimates Y C6m- mittee, 1964n70. Vice-chainan,
""Prdceduire 'Committee, 1976479; chairmian, 1975-76. Chairmain Scot- stish PLP group on Health and Social Services. NUT.
FIFE NORTH EAST
Electorate 50,476 % vote *Henderson, J S B
(Con) 17,129 46.1 Campbell, bI (L/AJI) 14,944 40.2 Hulbert, DrJ KM
(SNP) 2,442 6.6 Caldwell, D (Lab) 2,429 6.5 Flinn, T G (Eco) 242 0.7
Con majority 2,185 5.9 Total vote 37,186 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Barry Henderson, management and systems consultant, was elected for Fife. East in 1979; MP for East Dumbartonshire, February to Oc- tober 1974; contested that seat in 1970. and Edinburgh, East, 1966. B Apr 29, 1936; ed Lathallan School and Stowe. Member, Commons Chairman's Panel, since 1981; Sel- ect Committee for Scottish Affairs. since 1979. Vice-chairman, Scottish Conservative backbench com- mittee, since 1979. Member. Coun- cil ofthe Parliamentary Information Technology Committee since 1980. Member, British Computer Society. Chairman. Scottish Conservative Candidiates' Association, 1975-79: informnation officer, Scottish Central Office. 1966-70.
GALLOWAY & UPPER
NITHSDALE
Electorate 51.831 % vote *Lanlg, I (Con) 17,579 44.7 Thompson. G (SNP)
12,118 30.8 Douglas. G (L/AII) 5.129 13.1 Miller, M B (Lab) 4.464 11.4
Con'majoritv 5,461 13.9 Total vote 39.290 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Ian Lang was MP for Gallowav 1979-83. a gain from SNP; Con- tested Central Ayrshire, 1970. and Glasgow. Pollok, Feb 1974. Assist- ant Government whip, 1981. B Jun. 1940; ed Rugby and Sidney Sussex College. Cambridge. Member, Select Committee on Scottish Affairs. 1979-81. Hon-President. Scottish Young Conservatives. 1982.
GLASGOW CATHCART
Electorate 51.055 % vote *Maxton. J (Lab) 16,037 41.4 May, D (Con) 11,807 30.5 Bloomer, K
(SDP/AII) 8,710 22.5 Steven, W (SNP) 2,151 5.6
Lab majority 4,230 10.9 Total vote 38,705 Turnout 75.8%
Mr John Maxton gained the seat for Labour in 1979. Lecturer in social studies at Hamilton College of Education; national chairman. Association of Lecturers in Colleges of Education, Scotland. Member of Educational Institute of Scotland and Socialist Educational Associ- ation. Member, Select Committee on Scottish Affairs. 1979-82. B May 5. 1936: ed Lord William's Gram- mar School, Thame and Oxford University.
GLASGOW CENTRAL
Electorate 51.217 % vote 'McTaggart. R (Lab)
17,066 53.0 Harvey. WV(Con) 6.104 19.0 Nelson. Mrs I (L/AII)
5,366 16.7 Mallan, P (SNP) 3.300 10.3 McGoldrick. J
(Com) 347 1.1 Lab majority 10,962 34.1 Total vote 32.183 Turnout 62.8%
Mr Robert McTaggart won the by- election in 1980. B Nov 2, 1945; ed St Constantine's. St Bartholomew's and Holyrood. Marine plumber and trigonoemetrical calculator. EETPU shop steward. 1971-77; Glasgow Corporation councillor, 1974-75: district councillor, 1977-80. Spon- sored by EETPU.
GLASGOW GARSCADDEN
Electorate 50.589 % vote *Dewar. D (Lab) 19.635 56.2 Lyden, W(SDP/AII) 6,161 17.6 Macleod. K (Con) 5,368 15.4 MacLeod, N (SNP) 3,566 10.2 Barr, S A (Com) 218 0.6
Lab majority 13,474 38.6 Total vote 34.948 Turnout 69.1 %
1979: Total votes 38.370 (73.2%) - Lab 23.591 (61.50%); C 8.393 (21.9%), SNP 6,012 (15.7%); Com 374 (1.0%). Lab maj 15.198 (39.6%). Swing -0.816.
Donald Dewar has been an Oppo- sition spokesman on Scotland since 1980; chairman. Select Committee on Scottish Affairs, 1979-81. Re- turned at the April, 1978 by-elec- tion. MP for Aberdeen, South. 1966- 70: contested the seat, 1964 and 1970. Solicitor. B Aug 21, 1937; ed Glasgow Academy and Glasgow University (president of the union 1961-62). PPS to President of Board of Trade 1967. Member. Expendi- ture Committee. 1978-79; Select Committee for Scottish Affairs, 1969-70: Public Accounts Com- mittee, 1966-68. Sponsored by NUR.
GLASGOW GOVAN
Electorate 51,754 % vote *Millan, B (Lab) 20,370 55.0 McDonald, I
(SDP/AII) 7,313 19.7 Mackenzie; A(Con) 7.180 19.4 Kindlen. P (SNP) 2.207 6.0
Lab majority 13,057 35.2 Total vote 37,070 Turnout 71.6%6
Mr Bruce Millan has been chief Opposition Spokesman on Scotland since 1979: elected to shadow cabi- net in 1981. Secretary of State for Scotland 1976-79; Minister of State for Scotland, responsible for Scot- tish Economic Planning Depart- ment and aid for development, 1974-76. An Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1973-74, and on industry, 1970-73. Under Secretary for Scotland, 1966-70; Under Sec- retary of Defence for the RAF. 1964-66. MP FOR glasgow, Govan, 1959-83; contested the seat, 1955. and West Renfrewshire, 195 1. Char- tered Accountant. B Oct 5,1927; ed Hams Academy, Dundee. Spon- sored by APEX.
GLASGOW HILLHEAD
Electorate 57,016 % vote *Jenkins. R
(SDP/AII) 14,856 36.2 *Carmnichael, N
(Lab) 13,692 33.4 Tosh, M (Con) 9,638 23.5 Leslie, G (SNP) 2,203 5.4 Davtdson, J (Ind C) 249 0.6 Whitelaw, A (Eco) 239 0.6 Robins, J (AV) 139 0.3
SDP/All majority 1,164 2.8 Total vote 41,016 Turnout 71;9°i
Mr Roy Jenkins was elected leader of the SDP in 1982 having defeated Dr David Owen. He is one of the four original leaders of the party which wvas formed in March, 1981, from the Council for Social Democ- racy, established in January 1981. He was returned for the seat in 1982 having failed to win Warrington in 1981. President, EEC Commission, 1977-81, Deputy leader, Parliamen- tary Labour Party, 1970-72; Home Secretary 1974-76 and- 1965-67; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1967- 70; Minister of Aviation, 1964-65. MP* for* Birmingham, Stechford, 1950-1976 and Central Southwark, 1948-50- contested Solihull, 1945. B Nov II,' 1920; ed Abersychan Grammar* School; Balliol College, Oxford (Secretary and- librarian, Oxford Union). President of Britain irn Europe referendum campaign, 1975.
GLASGOW MARYHIL
Electorate 51.847 % vote *Craigen, J (Lab) 18,724 55.2 Attwooll. Miss E
(L/Alt) 7,521 22.2 Gibbs. J(Con) 5,014 14.8 Morrison, I (SNP) 2,408 7.1 Smith, P (Com) 274 0.8
Lab majority 11,203 33.0 Totai'vote 33.941 Turnout 65.5% GLASGOW POLLOK
Electorate 53,217 % vote *White,J (Lab) 18,973 52.3 Carlaw, J (Con) 7,441 20.5 McKell, G (L/AII) 6,308 17.4 Hannigan, F{SNP) 3,585 9.9
Lab majority 11,532 31.8 Total vote 36,307 Turnout 68.2%
Mr James Vhite won the seat for Labour in 1970. Member. Select Committee on Abortion (Amend- ment) Bill. 1975. which he spon- sored. B Apr 10. 1922: ed Knights- wood Senior Secondary School. Managing director, Glasgow Car Collection Ltd. TGWU. Member, Commonwealth Parliamentary. Association delegation, Bangladesh, 1973, and Nepal. 1981. GLASGOW PROVAN
Electorate 47.706 % vote *Brown, H D (Lab) 20,040 64.4 Heron, A (SDP/AII) 4,655 15.0 Gordon, Miss S
(Con) 3,374 10.9 Kennedy. Mrs P
(SNP) 2,737 8.8 Jackson, J (Com) 294 1.0
Lab majority 15,385 49.5 Total vote 31,100 Turnout 65.2%
i979: Total votes 34.659 (66.0%) - Lab 24.083 (69.5%); C 5,239 (15.1%); SNP 4.767 (13.8%): Com 377 (1.1%); WRP 193 (0.6%). Lab maj 18.844(54.4%). Swing -2.8%. No biography available.
GLASGOW RUTHERGLEN
Electorate 59.209 % vote *Mackenzie, J G
(Lab) 21,510 48.3 Brown, R (L/AII) 12,384 27.8 Hodgins, Mrs H
(Con) 8,017 18.0 Fee, K (SNP) 2.438 5.5 Corrigan, C (WRP) 148 0.3
Lab majority 9,126 20.5 Total vote 44,497 Turnout 75.2%
Mr Gregor Mackenzie was Minister of State, Scottish Office. 1976-79; Minister of State for Industry. 1975- 76: Under Secretary for Industry. 1974-75. Previously Opposition spokesman on broadcasting and communications. Won the seat in the 1964 by-election: contested Kinross and West Perth. 1959, and East Aberdeenshire. 1950. Sales manager. B Nov 15 1927; ed Quecns Park School and School of Social Studies. Glasgow University.
GLASGOW SHETTLESTON
Electorate 51.955 % vote *Marshall, D (Lab) 19,203 54.2 Henderson. I (Con) 6.787 19.1 Strachen, S (L/AII) 6.568 18.5 Hood. D (SNP) 2.801 7.9 Hill, K (BNP) 103 0.3
Lab majority 12.416 35.0 Total vote 35,462 Turnout 68.3%
Mr David Marshall a member of the Select-Committee on Scottish Affairs. elected in 1979, was Scottish Area Secretary for Manor Hospital. B May. 1941; ed Larbert High School Falkirk High School and Woodside Senior Secondary School, member, Glasgow Corporation 1972-75: Strathclyde Regional Council 1974-79 (Chairman, Man- power Committee).
GLASGOW SPRINGBURN
Electorate 53,373 % vote *Manin. M J (Lab) 22,481 64.7 Kelly..J (L/AII) 4.882 14.1 Tweedie. D (Con) 4,565 13.1 McLaughlin, J (SNP)
2.804 8.1 Lab majority 17.599 .50.7 Total vote 34,732 Turnout 65.1 %
Mr Michael Martin, a former trade union officer, and sheet metal work- er, elected for Glasgow, Springburn. in 1979. Served on Glasgow Corpor- ation, 1973-75, and Glasgow Dis- trict Council since 1975 B July 3 1945; ed St Patrick's School. Glas- gow. Nat Union of Sheet Metal Workers (1962). AUEW (1970). and NUPE (1976). GORDON
Electorate 65,537 % vote Bruce, M (L/AII) 20.134 43.8 Cran,J (Con) .19,284 42.0 Grant, G (Lab) 3,899 8.5 Guild, K (SNP) 2,636 57
L/AII majority 850 1.9 Total vote 45,953 Turnout 70.1%
Mr Malcolm Bruce, publisher, contested North Angus and Mearns, Oct 1974 and West Aberdeenshire, 1979. B Nov 17 1944; ed Wrekin Collegc, Shropshire; St. Andrew's and Strathclyde universities.
GREENOCK & PORIT
GLASGOW
Electorate 59,437 % vote Godman. N A (Lab) 20,650 46.8 Blair, A (L/AII) 16,025 36.3 Crichton, C (Con) 4,314 9.8 Clayton, A (SNP) 2,989 6.8 McKinlay. G (WRP)
114 0.3 Lab majority 4,625 10.5 Total vote 44,092 Turnout 74.2%
1979: Total votes 45,397 (73.7%) - Lab 24,071 (53.0%); . L 12,789 (28.2%); C 4,929 (10.9%); SNP 3,435 (7.6%); WRP 176 (0.49%). Lab maj .11,282 (24.8%). Swving -2.6%b.
Mlr Normait Godrna.n, a teacher and forrmer shipwright. B Apr 1937; ed H4ill University. Contested Abcr- defencSuhe 99.Jie Lbu
Party 1962. Sponsored by TGWU; member. TGWU, AUT.
*HAMILTON
Electorate 61.430 % vote *Robertson. G I
(Lab) . .24,384 52.4 ,Donaldson. S (L/AIl) ;5 2
9,365 20.1 Scott. Mrs M (Con) 8,940 19.2 Whitehead. Mrs MI
(SNP), 3.816 8.2 Lab majority 15;019 32.3 Total vote 46,505 Turnout 75.7% INVERNESS, NAIRN AND
LOCHABER
Electorate 63,645 % vote *Johnston, R (L/AII)
20,671 46:1 Maclean, D G (Con) -13,373 29.8 McMillan, D (Lab) 6,448 14.4 Vernal, H (SNP) 4,395 9.8
L/AUl majority 7,298- 16.3 Total vote 44,887 Turnout 70.5%
,Mr Russell Johnston has been lead- er of the Scottish Liberal Party since 1974. Elected for Inverness, First United Kingdom Liberal member;of European Parliament (1973-75,
;1976-79) and Vice-President, Politi- cal. Committee, 1976-.79; unsuccess- fully -contested -fiTst European direct elections. 1.979. Liberat spokesman on foreignaiffairs and Scotland sinice 1981 and a former spokesman on defence.
KILMARNOCK AND LUDOUN
Electorate 61,394 - % vote *McKelvey, W (Lab)
20,250 43.6 Leckie, R (Con) 11,450 24.7 Ross, A (SDP/AII) 10,545 22.7 Calman,C(SNP) 4.165 9.0
Lab majority 8,800 19.0 Total vote 46,410 Turnout 75.6%
1979 (as Kilmarnock): Total votes 48,932 (81.1%) - Lab 25.718 (52.6%b): C 14,251 (29.1%); SNP 8.963 (18.3%). Lab maj 11,467 (23.5%6).Swing 1.6% to C.
Mr William McKelvey is a member of the Select Committee on Scottish Affairs. and of the Select Committee on Standing Orders. He was elected for Kilmarnock in 1979. Former full-time Labour Party and union official. B Jul. 1934: ed Dun- dee Academy College of Tech- nology. Sponsored by AUEW engin- eering section. Member executive Scottish Labour MPs. Labour Group leader. Dundee District Council.
KINCARDINE AND DEE SIDE
Electorate 59.552 % vote *Buchanan-Smith. A
(Con) 20,293 47.7 Waugh, S (L/All) 12,497 29.4 Morell, Mrs M (Lab)
6.472 15.2 Tuttle, A (SNP) 3,297 7.8
Con majority 7.796 18.3 Total vote 42.559 Turnout 71.5%;
Mr Alick Buchanan-Smith ap- pointed Minister of State for Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food in May 1979. Under-Secretary of State. Scottish Office. 1970-74. Former Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs. and member of Shadow Cabinet from which he resigned in 1977. over devolution issue. Rep- resented Angus North and Mearns, 1964-83, contested West Fife. 1959. Farmer. B Apr 8 1932: ed Edinburgh Academy. Glenalmond, Pembroke College. Cambridge, and Edinburgh University.
KIRKCALDY
Electorate 53.078 % vote *Gourlay, H (Lab) 15.380 40.3 Walker, I (Con) 10,049 26.3 Black. M (SDP/AII) 9.274 24.3 Wood, D (SNP) 3.452 9.1
Lab majority 5.331 14.0 Total vote 38.155 Turnout 71.9%
Mr Harry Gourlay, elected-in 1959, contested South Angus, 1955. Chair- man. Scottish parliamentary Labour group. 1975-77. DeputySpeakerand Deputy: Chairman. Ways and Means, October 1668-70.- assistant Government whip. November 1964-66. and a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip), 1966-68. Chairman. Scottish Grand and Scot- tish standing committees. 1979-81. A vehicle examiner. B Jul 10 1916; ed Sinclairtown Public School and Kirkcaldy High School.
LINLIT HGOWV
Electorate 58.111 % vote *Dalyell, T(Lab) 19,694 45.1 Jones.C(Con) 8.333 19.1 Ramsey. D(SNP) 8.026 18.4 Cockcroft. P
(SDP/AII) 7,432 17.0 Parnell. Dr M (Com)
199 0.5 Lab majority -.. 11.361 26.0 Total vote 43,684 Turnout 75.2%
Mr Tam Dalyell was Opposition spokesman on science. 1980-82. Mp for West Lothian, 1962-83: con- tested Roxburgh. Selkirk and Peeb- les, 1959. Teacher' and author. B Aug 9. 1932; ed Edinburgh Acad- emy, Eton and' King's College. Cambridge. Member, European Parliament, 1975-79. Member. Public Accounts Committee, 1963- 65; Select Committee on Science and Technology. 1965-68: PLP Liai- son Committee. (974-75. Vice- chairman. PLP. 1975-76. Member. Select Commiitee on European Secondary Legislation. 1974-75; LIVINGSTON
Electorate 53.284 % vote *Cook, R (Lab) 14.255 37.7 Henderson, S (L/AI1)
9,304 24.6 Campbell. J (Con) 9.129 24.2 MacAskill (SNP) 5,090 13.5
Lab majornty 4.951 13.1 Total vote 37.778 Turnout 70.9%
Mr Robin Cook, an Opposition spokesman on Treasury and econ- omic affairs since 1980. was MP for Edinburgh. Central, Feb 1974-83; contested Edinburgh. North. 1970. Tutor and organizer in adult edu- cation. B Feb 28. 1946; ed Aberdeen Grammar School. Royal. High School. Edinburgh and Edinburgh University.
MIDLOTHIAN
Electorate 60.496 % vote *Eadie, A (Lab) 19.401. 42.7 Dewar. A (SDP/AII) 13,245 .29.2 Menzies, D(Con) 9,922 21.9 Hird. Mrs M (SNP) 2,826 6.2
Lab majority 6.156 .13.6 Total vote 45.394 Turnout 75.0%
Mr Alexander Eadie has been an Opposiiion spokesman on energy since 1979. Under-Secretary of State for Energy. 1974-79. Former Oppo- sition spokesman on energy and former chairman of PLP miners' group and of parliamentary power and steel group. Elected in 1966. contested Ayr, 1959 and 1964. Former miners' agent.: B June 23. 1920; ed Buckhaven Senior Second- ary School. Fife. and technical col- lege. Sponsored by NUM. NIONKLANDS EAST
Electorate 49.030 ° vote *Smith,J (Lab) 18.358 51.3 Love, J (Con) - 8.559 23.9 Rennie. A (L/AII) 5,721 16.0 Johnston. T (SNP) 3.185 8.9
Lab majority 9,799 .27.4 Tocal voteh358r3tuieou 173.1%ic
Mr John Smith, member of Shadow Cabinet and chief . Opposition spokesman on energy since 1982 and on trade 1979-82; Secretarv of State for Trade. 1978-79: Minister of State, Privy Council Office, 1976- 78; Minister of State, Department of Eiiergy, 1975-76; Under Secretarv, Department of Energy, 1974-75. MP for North Lanarkshire 1970-83: contested East Fife by-election.
1961, and in 1964. Advocate. -B Sep 13. 1938; ed Dunoon, Grammar School and Glasgow -University.
MONKLANDS WEST
,Electorate 50,345 9% vote
'Clarke, T (Lab) 20,642 54.2 Cameron. L (Con) 8,378 .22.0 Ackland, R
(SDP/AII) 6,605 17.3 Lyon, A (SNP) 2,473 6.5
Lab majority 12,264 32.2 Total vote 38,098 Turnout 75.7%:
Mr Thomas Clarke held Coatbridge and Airdrie for Labour in 1982 by. election, was formerly assistant dir- ector. Scottish Film Council B ian 1941: ed Columba High School and Coatbridge and Scottish College of Commerce. - Member. Coatbridge
Council, 1964-7-4: Provost of Mon-' klands - District - Council 1974-82. President. -Convention of Scottish Local Authorities 1978-80; vice president, 1976-78.
MORAY
Electorate 60,804 i vote 'Pollock, A (Con) 16,944 39.
Watt, H (SNP) 15,231 35Z Burnett, M (L/A11) 7,901 1,83 Kiddie,-J (Lab) 3,139 *7.3
Con majority 1,713, -4.0 Total vote 43,215 Turnout 71.I9';
Mr Alexander Pollock was
member of the Select Committee on Scottish Affairs 1979-82. Arn adv6b
cate, Scottish Bar. Representi¶k Moray and Nairn 1979-83; c6n1' tested it October. 1974, and Wtsis
Lothian, February, 1974. B Jul 0A 1944; ed Glasgow Academy, Bratta nose College. Oxford, and Ediie burgh University.
.A !t' )
MOTHERWELL North !.l I Electorate 56.512 % vOlO *Hamilton, J (Lab) 24,483 57:8 Hargrave. R (Con) 6.589 15,6 Whitelaw. G (L/Ail) 5.970 14L1 Lyle. R (SNP) 5.333 12:6
Lab majority 17,894 42.2 Total vote 42.375 Turnout 75.0%'
Mr James Hamilton, a member'f the Select Committee on Selecti,r
was Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 1974-78, Comptrolle- 1978-79. Lord Commissioner of (h6 Treasury (Government whip). 197s4 Former chairman, PLP trade union group. Assistant Government whip, 1969-70; Opposition whip. 1970-74. MP for Bothwell. 1964-83. B MaF 11. 1918; ed senior secondary schools. j
MOTHERWELL South
Electorate 52,183 % voto *Bray J (Lab) 19.183 511'
Walker. P (Con) 7,590 260.4 Ashley, B (SDP/AIl) 6,754 1 8..t Wright, J (SNP)' 3,743 10.0
Lab majority 11,593 3iji Total vote 37.270 Turnout 71.4%-...
1979 (as Motherwell- and Wishaw): Total votes 39.146 (77.8%) - Liah 22.263 (56.9%): C 11,326 (28.9%)t SNP 4,817 (123%); Com 74( (1.9%). Lab maj 10.937 (28.0%). Swing 0.8%.
Dr Jeremy Bray, a member of Select Cotnmittee on Treasury and Civil Service since 1979 being chairrn'aii of its sub-cemmittee, represented Motherwell and Wishaw. Octobe'r 1974-83. MP for Middlesbrough, West. 1962 (by-election) to .1970; contested Thirsk and Malton 1959. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Technology 1967-69; Parliamen- tary Secretary. Ministry of Power April. 1966 to January. 1967- Member. Nationalized lndustrjeC Select Committee 1962-64; Esti- mates Committee (chairman sub;- committee) 1964-66; Select Corrr- mittee on Wealth Tax. 1974; Expejk_ diture Committee 1978-79. Chair- man Fabian Socity 1971 B June 1930: ed Aberystwyth Grammar School. Kingswood School"" Bathl Jesus College. Cambridge. Choate Fellow, Harvard, TGWU.
ORKNEY and SHETlAND
Electorate 30.087 % v6tt Wallace, J (L/All) 9,37T4 45'9 *Myles' D (Con) S.224 25.6 Ewing. Mrs W (SNPY -
3,147- 15.4 Goodlad. Miss R
(Lab) 2.665 I13'1 L/AII majority 4,150 20.3 Total vote 20.410 Turnout 67.8%
1979: Total votes 19,410 (67.2%),.. L 10,950 (56.4%); C 4.140 (21.3%); Lab 3.385 (17.4%: SNP 935 (4.8%). L maj 6.810(35.1%).
Mr James Wallace, advocate, con- tested Dumfries, 1979, Euro candi- date for South Scotland, June, 1979. B Aug 25 1954: ed Annan Academy. Dumfriesshire. Downing College and Edinburgh University. Mem- ber. Canmbridge University Liberal Club; chairman. Edinburgh Univer- sity Liberal Club, 1976-77. Member, Scottish Liberal Party- Nationai Executive since 1976; vice chairman (policy) since 1982. Former party spokesman on agriculture; Elder of St Bernard's Stockbridge Church.
.PAISLEY North b
Electorate 50.464 % vote *Adams, A (Lab) 15,782 45-6 McCartin. Miss A
(SDP/All) 8.195 23 7 Townsend, B (Con) 7.425. 21.4 Morrell. H (SNP) 2,783 .&O Carlaw. Dr Nicolette
(Eco) ' '439 4.3 Lab majority '7.587 219 Total vote 34.624 Turnout 68.6% '
Mr Allen Adams gained Paisley for ,Labour from SNP in 1979. Corn- puter analyst. B Feb 1946; ed Cgafi- phill High. Schooi. Paisley, and Reid-Kerr Technical College. Pais- ley. Vice-chairman, Strathclyde Social Services Council for 10 years. APEXS
PAISLEYSouth
Electorate 52.031 %1vqte *Buchan. N (Lab) 15,633 41.4 Buchanan. Mrs E '
* (L/AII) 9X104 24.1 Knox, J (Con) 7,19- 20.7 Mitchell, 3 (SNP) 4.918 .13.0 Mellbr, D (Eco) 271 0.7
Lab majority 6,529 1 t.3 Total vote 37,745 Turnout 72.5%
Mlr Norman Buchan has been chief -Opposition - spokesman on tgricul- ture,'fisheries and' food since 1981: nd chiefspokesman on social servic-
es. 1980-81. Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, -March to October, 1974 (resigned). Opposition spokesman on iagricul- lure, 1973-74, and on Scottish .aff- airs. - 1970-73; Under-Secretary. Scottish Office, 19,67-70. MP for West-Renfrewshire, 1964-83 Teach- er. B Oct 27 1922; ed -.Kirkwall Grammar School and Glasgow University. Member' Puibic Accounts Committee, 1975.' Chair- man PLP Scottish group. Member Council of Poetry Societies since 1977. Sponsored by TGWU.
PERTH AND KINROSS
Electorate 61.478 % vote *Fairirnm N (Con) 17,888 .40.2 Crawford.D(SNP) 11,155 25.1 Coutts. B (L/All) 10,997 24.7 Stuart, AJ (Lab) - 4,414 9.9
Con majority .6,733 15.2 Total vote 44,454 Turnout 72.3%
Mrt Nicholas Fairbairn, QC, -was Solicitor Generl.4 for Scotland, 1979:82. Mp,.fgr Kiioss.and West Perthshire. Oct, 1974-83; contested Edinburgh; Central,,1964',ild 1966. Farmer, company - director, ..advo- c-ate, author.~ painter- and- poes.ffer- ved on Ec#inburgh Festival Corn-
-ments- Member, Council of' World Populatiohi Crisis,. 1968-70. -B Dec 24. 1933: ed Loretto and Edinburgh University. Member.' Select Com- niittee on Scottish Affairs.
ROSS. CROMARTY AND SKYE Electorate 48,401 % vote Kennedy, C
(SDP/AII) 13,528 38.5 *Gray, H (Con) 11.824 33.7 Elder. M (Lab) 4,901 14.0 Matheson, Miss K
(SNP) 4,863 13.9 SDP/AII majority 1,704 4.9 Total vote 35.116 Turnout 72.6%
IMTr Charles Kennedy is on a Fulbright scholarship teaching speech communication and British lf6litics in Indiana University. B i1959 in Inverness; cd Lochaber High School, Fort William, and Glasgow University (president of the union). Following graduation worked in radio news reporting and broadcasting with BBC Highland in Inverness.
ROXBUGH & BERWICKSHIRE
Electorate 41,702 % vote Kirkwood. A (L/AII) 15,920 50.3 *Sproat. I (Con) 12,524 39.6 Briggs. D A (Lab) 2.326 7.4 Shirley. R (SNP) 852 2.7
L/AII majority 3,396 10.7, Total vote 31.622 Turnout 75.8% No biography available. STIRLING
Electorate 56.302 % vote Forsyth. M (Con) 17,039 40.0 Connarty. M (Lab) 11.906 27.9 Finnie, R (L/AII) 10,174 23.9 Houston. W (SNP) 3,488 8.2
Con majority 5,133 12.1 Total vote 42,607 Turnout 75.7%
Mr Michael Forsyth, public relations consultant, has been a Westminster City Councillor since 1978. B 1954; ed Arbroath High School and St Andrews University. Former national chairman of the Federation of Conservative students.
STRATHKELVIN & BEARSDEN EiEstorate 60.500 % vote Hirst. M (Con) 17,501 36.5 Waddell. R (L/AIl) 13,801 28.7 Ingram. A P (Lab) 12,308 25.6 Bain. Mrs M (SNP) 4.408 9.2
Con majority 3,700 7.7 Total vote 48.018 Turnout 79.4% TAYSIDE NORTH
Electorate 51.972 % vote *Walker, W C (Con) 19,269 51.0 Morgan, A (SNP) 9,170 24.3 Skene, D(L/AII) 7,255 19.2 Wylie, N (Lab) 2,057 5.5
Con majority 10,099 26.8 ' Total vote 37,751 Turnout 72.6%
Mr William Walker, member. Sel- ect Committee on Scottish Affairs, *since 1979, and of Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, since 1979. Joint vice-chairman. Conservative back- bench European Affairs committee, since 1982; joint secretary, aviation committee. Managing director of bis own management, marketing and design consultancy company. Gained seat for Conservatives from SNP. contested Dundee East, Oc- tober 1974. B Feb 20 1929; ed Logie and Blackness Schools Dundee: Trades College Dundee; College of Arts. Dundee; and College of Disti- butive Trades, London.
TWEEDDALE, ETITERICK &
LAUDERDALE
Electorate 37,075 % vote *Steel. D (L/AlI) 16,868 58.5 Ballentine. A (Con) 8,329 28.9 Saren, M (Lab) 2,200 7.6 Nacartney, A (SNP) 1.455 5.0
L/AII majority 8,539 29.6 Total vote 28,852 Turnout 77.8%
Mr David Steel, was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in July 1976. when he also took charge of the party's role on devolution. Former Liberal whip. Member, Select Committee on Privileges since 1979. Won Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles from the Conservatives at thc'1965 by-election; contested the seaf, 1964. Liberal spokesman on foreign affairs since 1975. Spon- sored the Abortion Act, 1967 and member, Select Committee on Abortion (Amendrrent) Bill, 1975- 76.'President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in Great Britain, 1966- 69. B Mar 31 1938; ed Prince of Wales School, Nairobi; George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Rector of University of Edinburgh since 1982. WESTERN ISLES
Electorate 22,822 % vote *Stewart, D J (SNP) 8,272 54.5 Wilson, B D H (Lab)
4,560 30.1 Morrison, M (Con) 1,460 9.6 McLeod, N (L/AIl) 876 5.8
- SNP majority 3,712 24.5 Total vote 15.168 Turnout 66.5%
1979: Total votes 15.119 (67.5%) - SNP 7,941 (52.5%); Lab 4,878 (32.3%); C 1,600 (10.6%); L 70 (4.6%). SNP maj 3,063 (20.2%).
Mr Donald Stewart, leader of the Scottish National Parliamentary Party since 1974, won the seat in 1970. Provost of Stornoway, 1958- 64 and 1968-70; Hon Sheriff, 1960. Member, Council of ""Get Britain Out"" (of EEC) Campaign. B Oct 17 1920; ed. Nicolson Institute, Storno- way.
c( WALS
ABERAVON
Electorate 53,443 % vote *Morris, J (Lab) 23,745 58.8 Cutts, Mrs S (L/AII) 8,206 20.3 Bailey, G (Con) 6,605 16.3 Phillips, G (PLC) 1,859 4.6
Lab majority 15,539 38.5 Total vote 40,415 Turnout 75:6%
Mr John Morris, QC, who was Secretary of State for Wales 1974- 79, returned to back benches in 1981 after a spell as spokesman on Wales and then on legal affairs.
Opposition spokesman on defence, 1970-74; Minister for Defence for Equipment, 1968-70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport,
1966-68; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Barrister. B Nov 1931; ed University College of Wales, Abe- ryst*yth, Gonville and Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, and the Academy of International Law, The Hague. Chairman. Welsh Labour group, 1970-71. and Welsh parliamentary party, 1972-73.
ALYN AND DEESIDE
Electorate 56,618 % vote *Jones, SB (Lab) 17,806 40.3 Burns, S (Con) 16,438 37.2 Owen, ECQ
- (SDP/AlI) 9,535 21.6 Shore,A(PLC) 413 0.9
Lab majority 1,368 3.1 Total vote 44,192 Turnout 78.1%
Mr-Barry Jones had been an Oppo- sition spokesman on employment sinb' 1981; Under Secretary of State for Wales, 1974-79. MPfor East Fliit, 1970-83; contested Nor- thwich, 1966; Member, Select Committee on Public Accounts, since 1979. Teacher and former re- gi&iia organizer, NUT. B June, 1-938~ ed Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor College of Edu- catio5n. Former UK delegate to Council ofEtirope and WEU. Par- liamentary consultant taNUT.
I3LAENAU GWENT
Electorate 55,948 . vote *Foot, M M (Lab) 30,113 70.1 Atkinson, G (L/All) . 6,408 14.9 Morgan, T (Con) 4,816 .11.2 Morgan, S (PLC) 1,624 3.8
Lab majority -23,705 55.2 Total vote 42,961 Turnout 76.8%-
Mr Michael Foot became Leader of the Opposition in 1980 when in the election- for leadership of the Labour Party he defeated Mr Denis Healey; Deputy Leader, 1976-80. He was Lord President of the Council and Leader of jhe Commons 1976-79: Secretary of State for Employment, 1974-76. Opposition spokesman on the power and steel industries, 1970- 71; shadow Leader of the House principally concerned with Com- mon Market legislation, 1971-72: from 1972-74 concerned with EEC only. -Unsuccessfully contested Deputy Leadership of PLP in July. 1970, and November. 1971. MP for Ebbw Vale, 1960-83; MP for Ply- mouth Devonport. 1945-55, he contested the seat in 1959, and Monmouth. 1935. Journalist and author, former managing direc'tor of Tribune. B July 23, 1913: ed Forres School, Swanage. Leighton Park School, Reading and Wadham Col- lege, Oxford; president of Union, 1933. Member. Committee of Privi- leges; Labour Party National Execu- tive, 1947-50, and since 1972.
BRECON & RADNOR
Electorate 47,277 % vote *Hooson. T E (Con) 18,255 48.2 Morris, D (Lab) 9,471 25.0 Livsey, R (L/AII) 9,226 24.4 Meredudd. Ms S
(PLC) 640 1.7 Booth, R (Ind) .278 0.7
Con majority 8,784 23.2 Total vote 37,870 Turnout 80.1 %
Mr Tom Hooson, a publishing dir- ector, is -former chairman of the Bow Group and Crossbowv. Elected 1979. Fought Caernarvon. 1959. B Mar 16, 1933, ed Rhyl Grammar School and University College. Oxford. Lived in United States and France during business career. Conservative Party Director of Communications 1976-78. Mem- ber, Select Committee on Welsh Affairs, since 1979.
BRIDGEND
Electorate 53.918 % vote Hubbard-Miles. P
(Con) 15,950 38.4 Fellows. J A (Lab) 14,623 35.2 Smart. R (SDP/AII) 9,630 23.2 Bush,K(PLC) !.312 3.2
Con majority 1,327 3.2 Total vote 41,515 Turnout 77.0%
Mr Peter Hubbard-Miles, self- employed businessman, contested 'Aberavon, Feb 1974. B May 9 1927; ed Lewis School, Pagham. Member, Mid-Glamorgan county and Ogwr borough councils for 16 years.
CAERNARFON
Electorate 44,147 % vote *Wiglcy, D W (PLC) 18,308 52.7 Jones, D (Con) 7,319 21.1 Williams, Mrs B H
(Lab) 6,736 19.4 Griffiths. 0 G
(L/AII) 2,356 6.8 PLC majority 10,989 31.7 Total vote 34.719 Turnout 78.6%
1979: Total votes 35,083 (81.5%) - Pi Cymru 17,420 (49.7%); Lab 8.696 (24.8%); C 6,968 (19.9%); L 1,999 (5.7%). Pi Cymru Maj 8,724 (24.9%).
Mr Dafydd Wigley has been president of Plaid Cymru since 1981. Won the seat, February, 1974; Contested Merioneth, 1970 Mem- ber, All-Party Disablement Group; Sponsor. Disabled Perons Act 1981. Awarded Grumshaw Memorial Award (1982) by Nat Fed of the Blind. An industrial economist; financial controller, Hoover Ltd. 1971-74; chief cost accountant and financial planning manager. Mars Ltd, 1967-71; on finance staff, Ford Motor Company, 1964-67. Served on Merthyr Borough CounciL 1972- 74. B Apr 1 .1943; ed Caernarvon Grammar School, Rydal School, Colwyn Bay, and Manchester Uni- versity. Chairman (unpaid) of Alpha Dyffryn Cyf. ASTMS.
CAERPHILLY
Electorate 63,479 % vote Davies, R(Lab) 21,570 45.6 Lambert, A (L/AII) 10,017 21:2 Welby,C(Con) 9,295 19.7 Whittle, L (PLC) 6,414 13.6
Lab majority 11,553 24.4 Total vote 47,296 Turnout 74.5%
Mr Ronald Davies, education offic- er with Mid-Glamorgan County Council. Former tutor organizer, WEA. B 1946; ed grammar school and universities of London and Wales. Member, Rhymney Valley District Council since 1969. NUPE sponsored.
CARDIFF CENTRAL
Electorate 53,815 % vote *Grist, I (Con) 16,090 41.5 German, M (L/AII) .12,638 32.6 Davies, R T (Lab) 9,387 24.2 Morgan, P (PLC) 704 1.8
Con majority 3,452 8.9 Total vote 38,819 Turnout 72.1 %
Mr Ian Grist was elected in Februa- ry, 1974. PPS, Secretary of State for Wales, 1979-81 and member, -Select Committee on Welsh Affairs since 1981. Information officer, Welsh Conservative Party office 1963-74.
Contested Aberavon, 1970. B Dec 5, 1938: ed Repton and Jesus College, Oxford. Chairman, Conservative West African Affairs Committee,- since 1977. Vice-chairman, Associ- ation of Conservative Clubs since 1978-82.
CARDIFF NORTH
Electorate 53,377 % vote Jones, G (Con) 19,433 47.1 Jeremy, A W
(SDP/AII) 12,585 30.5 Hutt,. Miss J (Lab) 8,256 20.0 Huws, Dr D.(PLC) 974 2.4
Con majority 6,848 16.6 Total vote41,248 Turnout 77.3%
Mr Gwilym Jones, insurance brok- er. Member, Cardiff City Council, 1973-83, 1969-72. B 1947. Former chairman, South Wales Public Pass- enger Transport Operators. Parlia- mentary election agent, Cardiff, South East; Feb and Oct 1974..
CARDIFF SOUTH AND
PENARTH
Electorate 59,520 % vote *Callaghan, L J
* (Lab) D 17,448 41.3 Tredinnick, D (Con) 15,172 35.9 IRoddick, W (L/AII) 8,816 20.9 Edwards, Ms S
(PLC) -67.3 1.6 Lewis, BT (FWD) - 165 0.4
Lab majority 2,276 5 ' Total vote 42,274 Tumnout 7 1.0%
Mr Jaines Callaghan was Prime Minister from April 5, 1976. upon election as Leader of the Labour Party in succession.to Sir Harold Wilson,'to May 1979, and Leader of the Opposition until his-resignation irt 1980. Secretary of State f6r Foreign and Commonwealth Aff- airs, 1974-76.-Was chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and' Com- momwealth affairs 1972-74, em- ployment 1971-72; Home Office matters. 1970-71. Home Secretary, 1967-70 and Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, 1964-67. Chairman of the Labour Party.. 1973-74, member national executive 1957-67, -and party treasurer 1967-76. Parliamen- tary Secretary Admiralty, 1950-51, after three years as Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry: of Transport. Labour spokesman on Treasury affairs, 1961-64. Elected for Cardiff, South, J1945 and represented Car- diff, South-East, 1950-83. B Mar.27 1912; . ed Portsmouth Northern elementary and secondary schools.
CARDIFF WEST
Electorate 58,538 % vote Terlezki. S (Con) 15,472 38.0 Seligman,-D (Lab). 13,698 33.6 *Thomas. J
(SDP/AII). 10,388 25.5 Pam'. M (PLC) 848 21 Jones. G (Eco) 352 0.9
Cwon majority 1,774 4.4 Total vote 40.758 Turnout 69.6%
Mr Stefan Terlezkl, management consultant. . B Oct 29 1927; ed Cardiff College of Food Technology and Comnmerce. Contested Cardiff South-East, Feb and Oct 1974, and South Wales. in- Euro elections, 1979. Member, Cardiff City Coun- cil, since 1968; South Glamorgan County Council, since 1973.
CARMARTHEN
Electorate 63.46.8 % vote *Thomas, R G (Lab) 16.459 31.6 Thomas. N M (Con) 15,305 29.4 Evans, G (PLC) 14,099- 27.1 Colin. Mrs J
(SDP/AII). 5,i3'7 11.0 Kingzett, B (Eco) 374 0.7 Grice, C (BNP) 154 0.3
Lab majority 1,154 ..2; Total vote 52,128 Turnout 82. 1%
Dr Roger-Thomas, a gereral parcti-. tioner, has held the seat since May. 1979. Opposition front bench spokesman on Wales. B Nov 14, 1925; ed Ammanford Grammar School and- London Hospital Medi- cal College. Member. Dyfed County Council. since 1977. Member Select Committee on Welsh Affairs since 1979.
CEREDICION & PEMBROKE
NORTH
Electorate 60,523 % vote *Howells, G W
(L/AII) 19,677 41.8 Raw-Rees. T (Con) 14,038 29.8 Hughes.G E(Lab) 6,840 14.5 Dafis. C (PLC) 6,072 12.9 Smith, Miss M (Eco)
431 0.9 L/AII majority . 5.639 12.0 Total vote 47.058 Turnout 77.8%
Mr Geraint Howells is'leader of the Welsh Liberal Party. MP for Cardi- gan 1974-83. Liberal spokesman on agriculture and Wales since 1976. Member. Select Committee on Welsh Affairs, since 1979. Con- tested Brecon and Radnor, -1970. B Apr 15. 1925: ed Ardwyn Grammar 'School. Member, Cardiganshire County Council. since 1952.
CLWYD NORTH WEST
Electorate 62,503 % vote *Meyer. Sir A (Con) 23.283 5 1.0 Lewis. J (L/AII) 13,294 29.1 Campbell. I (Lab) 7.433 16.3 Rhys, Mrs M (PLC) 1.669 3.7
Con majority 9,989 21.9 Total vote 45.679 Turnout 73.1 %
Sir Anthony Meyer. former diplo- mat, represented Flint, West 1970- 83; represented Eton and Slough 1964-66. Underwriter at Lloyd's. Chairman of the Franco-British Parliamentary Relations Committee since 1979. Member. Select Com- mittee on Welsh Affairs, since 1979. Joint vice-chairman . of the Con- servative back-bench European aff- airs committee; Vice-chairman, Welsh Conservative MPs: PPS to Chief Secretary to the Treasury, 1970-72. and to Secretary of State for Employment, 1972-74. A trustee of the Shakespeare . Memorial National Theatre. B Oct 27, 1920; ed Eton and New College, Oxford. CLWYD SOUTH WEST
Electorate 55.792 ...% vote Harvey. R (Con) 14,575 33.8 'Ellis, R T (SDP/AII)
13,024 30.2 Carter, D B (Lab) 11,829 27.4 Schiavone. T (PLC) 3.684 8.6
Con majority 1,551 3.6 Total vote 43,112 Turnout 77.3%
Mr Robert Harvey, journalist. con- tested Caernarvon in Oct 1974, and Merioneth, 1979. B Aug 8 1953; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Assistant editor of The.Eco,io,nist: broadcaster and interviewer for BBC. Member, Bow Group's econ- omic, foriegn affairs and parliamen- tary standing committees; Royal Institute of International Affairs. NUJ.
CONWY
Electorate 51,567 . % vote *Roberts I W.(Con) 16,413 41.7 Roberts, Rev J R
(L/AII) 12,145 30.8 Walters, l-(Lab) 6,731 17.1 Iwan, D (PLC) 4,105 10.4
Con majority 4,268 10.8 Total vote39,394 Tumhout 76.4%
Mr Wyn Roberts, an Under-Sec- reiary of State for Wales since 1979, was Opposition spokesman on Welsh affairs. 1974-79. Television executiVe and journalist Won -the seat for Conservatives in 1970. B Jul 1.0 1930; ed Beaumaris County School, Harrow, and. University College, Oxford. Formerly Welsh Controller, TWW, and a former executive of - Harlech Television. Joint secretary, Conservative Broadcasting Committee, 1974-79. CYNONVALLEY
Electorate 50,284 %. vote .*Evans, l L(Lab) 20,668' 56.0 Aubel, F(SDP/AII) 7,594 20.6 Arbuthnot, J (Con) 5,240 14.2 Jarman, Mrs P
(PLC) '' 3,421 9.3 Lab majority. !3,074 35.4 Total vote 36,923 Turnout 73,4%
Mr loan: Evans, a member of the Select Committee on Welsh Affairs 1981-82. An Opposition spokesman on European and Community aff-
airs since -1982. MP for Aberdare, Feb 1974-S3. Comptroller of the Household (Whip), -1968-70; assisi- ant Government Whip, - 1966-68. MP for Birmingham, Yardley, 1964-
70. B. Jul -1927; ed Llanelli Gram'- mar:School and Swansea University College.- Directbr, iInternational Defeince' and 'Aid, Fund, 197044, Hon: Secretary. - Welsh Gro,up ,of Laboiur MPs; 1,974- anid since, 1 977; PLP -Foreign. Affairsi Grioup sinice 1981.:. Chairmani, PLP trade group, 1.977-78. 'vice4-cfiairman, 190801.
DELYN
Electorate 62,483 9% vote Raffarf, K (Con) 20,242 41.6 Colbert, J J (Lab) 14,298 29A4 Parry, J H (L/AII) 12,545 25.8 Haws, H(PLC) 1,558 3.2
Con majority 5,944 12.2' Totai v6te 48;643 Turnout 77.9%
Mr Keith. Raffan, parliinientary correspondent of the Daily Express, contested Dulwich, Feb 1974 and East. Aberdeen'shire, Oct 1974. . B June, 1949; ed Robert Gordon's College. Aberdeen, Trinity College, Glenalmond. Perth. and Corpus' Christi ''College, Cambridge. National chairman. PEST.'1970-74. Conservative' Party representative on -national campaign'for the home- less since 1980. Executive com- mittee member. British Atlantic Group of Young Political Leaders since 1970. NUJ.
GOWER
Electorate 56,693 % vote *Wardell..G (Lab) 16,972 38.0 Kenyon. T (Con) 15,767 35.3 Jones, G(SDP/AII) 10,450 23.4 Williams. N (PLC) 1,444 3.2
Labrnajority 1,205 2.7 Total vote 44,633 Turnout 78.7%
Mr Gareth WardeU, geography Icc- lurer, won Gower by-election Sep- tember 1982. Meml4er, Welsh-Select Committee.. B Nov 29- 1944; ed Gwendraeth Grammar School and LSE.'NATFHE and APEX.
ISLWYN
Electorate 50.259 % vote *Kinnock N (Lab) 23'183 59.3 Johnson. D
(SDP/AII) 8,803 22.5 -Bevan, M (Con) 5,511 14.1 Richards. A (PLC) 1.574 4.0
Lab majority - 14,380 36.8 Total vote 39,071 Turnout 77.7%
Mr Neil Kinnock has been chief Opposition spokesman on edu- cation since elected to shadowcabi- net in 1979. He was a trade union tutor with the WEA. represented Bedweety 1970-83. Elected * to Labour Party National Executive Committee, 1978. B Mar 28. 1942; ed Lewis School. Pengam, Glamor- gan. and- University College, Car- diff. PPS to Secretary -of State for Employment 1974-75; Member BBC General Advisory Council since 1977.- Former chairman. PLP Welsh-group. Former member. Sel- ect Committees on European sec- ondary legislation and nationalized industries. Member Tribune Group; member. editorial board, Labour Research Dept since 1974: executive member Anti-Apartheid Move- ment: council member, 'Get Britain Out' of EEC Campaign. Sponsored by TGWU.
LLANELLI
Electorate 63.826 % vote *Davies. D (Lab) 23,207 48.2 Kennedy. N (Con) 9.601 20.0 Rees, K (L/AII) 9.076 18.9 Edwards. H T (PLC) 5,880 12.2 Hitchon, R E (Com) 371 0.8
Lab majority 13,606 28.3 Total vote 48.135 Turnout 75.4%
Mr Denzil Davies. who in 1983 became chief Opposition spokes- man on Wales, was an Opposition spokesman on defence and disarma- ment,since 1981-83: a spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth aff- airs, 1979-81. Minister of State, Treasury. - 1975-79. Barrister. Elected in 1970. B Oct 9, 1938: ed Carmarthen Grammar School and Pembroke College. Oxford. Lec- tured at Chicago and Leeds Univer- sities. Member, European Second- ary Legislation Committee. 1974- 75:. Select Committee on Wealth Tax, 1974-75. Also served on Public Accounts Committee. Select Committee on Coirporation Tax and Joiht Select Committee on Del- egated Legislation.
MEIRIONNYDD NANT CONWY Electorate 30.459 % vote *Thomas, D E (PLC)
9.709 39.2 Lloyd. D (Con) 7.066 28.5 Robert&. D
(SDP/AII) 4,254 17.2 Williams. G (Lab) 3.735 15.1
PLC majority 2,643 10:7 Total vote 24,764 Turnout 81.3%
Mr Dafydd Thomas. adult edu- cation tutor, broadcaster and writer, won Merioneth, Feb 1974; con- tested Conway. 1970; B Oct 18 1946; ed University College of North W'ales. Became Plaid Cymru parliamentary spokesman on social, educational and cultural policy in 1975; party spokesman on agricul- tural and rural development. 1974. Vive-president, PI Cymru, 1979- 81.Honorary secretrary, all-party mental health group, Mind, Insti- tute for Workers Control and Shel- ter. Member on selected Committee Education Science and Ihe Arts. since' 1979. TGWU.
MERTHYR TYDFIL &
RHYMNEY
Electorate 59.486 ' % vote *Rowlands. E (Lab) 29,053 67.4 Owen, P(L/AII). 6,323 14.7 Blausten. R (Con) 5,449 12.6 Howells,.G (PLC) 2,058 4.8 Gould. T (WRP) 256 '0.6
Lab-majority . . 22,730 52.7 Total vote 43,139 Turnout 72.5%.
Mr Edward Rowlands an Oppo- sition spokesman on energy since 1980:""an Opposition spokesman on foreign affairs, 1979-80. Minister of State, Foreign and Clommonwealth Office, 1976-79, Under Secretary of State, 1975-76. Under Secretary of State, Welsh Office, 1974-75. Rep-
resented Merthyr Tydfil, 1972-83; MP for Cardiff. North, '1966-70. Under Secretary of State, Welsh Office,- 1969-70.' Former lecturer,. Welsh College of Advanced Tech- nology. B Jan 23 1940; ed Rhondda Grammar School, Wirral Grammar School. and King's College, London, ASTMS.
MONMOUTH
Ele'ctorate 56,112 ' % vote *Strgdling-Thomas,'
J(Con) ' 21,746 49.2 Lindley, C (SDP/AII)
12,403 28.0 Short, C(Lab) 9,593 21.7 Williams, G (PLC) 493 1.1
Con majority - 9,343 21.1 Total vote'44.235'Turaout78.8%
Mr John ' Sfradling Thomas' was appoirited Minister of State, Welsh offlcc' '1983- Treasurer of HM Household'andDeputy Chief Whip, '1979-83. -Member'House of Com- motis' Services. Committee' since 1979 An Opposition whip 1974-79 Won the seat for the Conservatives in ' 1970. Assistant Government whip,97l-72; Lord Comm'isiioner of the Treasury','(whip)' 1973-74. Contested Cardiganshire, 1966: Aberavdn, 1.964. Farmer,; B Jun 10, '1925- ed Rugby. and London Uni-
versity Meber, .''rmihn
man armrthnshre FU,- 164 Commttee o Cvil it 1970-71.
MONTGOMERY
Electorate 37,474 % vote Carlisle, A (L/A1I) 12,863 43.3 *Williams. D (Con) 12,195 41.1 Wilson, A (Lab) 2,550 8.6 Clowes, C (PLC) 1,585 5.3 Rowlands,.D W
(nd) .A 487 1.6 L/AII majority 668 2.3 Total vote 29,680 Turnout 79.2%
1979: Total,votes 29,134 (81.4%b) - C 11,751 140.3%); L 10,158 (34.9%); Lab & Labcoop 4,751 (16.3%); Pi Cymru 2,474 (8.5%). C maj 1,593 (5.4%). C gain from L.
Mr Alexainder Carile, barrister. B Feb 12 1948; ed Epsom College, Surrey, King's College, London, Inns of Court School of Law. Contested Flintshire, East Feb 1974 and 1 979.
S4EATH
electorate 55,:272 % vote 'Coleman, D (Lab) 22,670 53.6 Davies. K (SDP/All) 9.066 .21.4 3uckley, R (Con) 7.350 17.4 )wen, I (PLC) - 3.046 7.2 )onavon, J (Comp
Dem) 150 0.4 Lab majority 13,604 32.2 rotal vole 4Z2,82Turnout 76.5%
Wr Donald Coleman, an Opposition pokesman. on Wales since 1981. vas elected: in 1964. Opposition vhip 1979-81 and 1970-74. Lord -ommisioner. of the Treasury Government whip) 1974-78; Vice- -hamberlain of Royal Household. 1978-79- Member, Select Com- nittee on:Overseas Aid. 1969-74. nd delegate, Council of Europe and Nestern European Union 1968-74. vetallurgisi: sponsored.by Iron and ,teel Trades Confederation. B Sep 19. 1925: ed Cadoxton School. Bar- y. and Cardiff Technical College. renor soloist and former member, WVelsh National Opera Company. 'arliamentary adviser to Institute of Aedical Laboratory Scientists. NEWPORT E4ST
Electorate 52.503 % vote 'Hughes. R J (Lab) 15,931 39.6 Tbomason, R (Con) 13,301 33.1 David, Ms F
(SDP/AII) 10,293 25.6 Thomas. D (PLC) 697 1.7
Lab majbrity 2,630 6.5 Total vote 40.222 Turnout 76.6%
Mr Roy Hughes was MP for New- port, 1966-83. Former adminstra- tive officer in a Coventry car firm. and officer in Transport and Gen- zral Workers' Union. 1959-66. B lun 9. 1925: ed Pontlilanfraith _ounty Grammar School and Rus- <in College. Oxford. Member. 2onventry City Councii1. and sec- -etary. Coventry Labour Party. 1962-66. Chairman, PLP steel group since 1978 and sports group since 1974. Member of Speaker's Panel and chairman of Welsh Grand Committee. Sponsored by NEWPORT WEST
Electorate 54.125 % vote Robinson. M (Con) 15.948 38.0 Davies. B (Lab) 15.367 36.6 Jones.W(L/AII) 10,163 24.2 Watkins. D (PLC). 477 1.1
Con majority 581 1.4 Total vote 41,955 Turnout 77.5%
Mr Mark Robinson, assistant director, Commonwealth Sec- retariat. B 1948; ed Harrow, Christchurch, Oxford and Middle Temple. Non-pr actising barrister. Personal and political assistant to the UN Secretary-General, Kurt Waldheim, 1974-77. Chairman, Oxford University Conservative Association, 1967; chairman, Lam- beth Central Conservative Associ- ation, 1980-81. Contested South Yorkshire in European Parliarmen- tary elections, 1979. Member, Game Conservancy, Royal Academy, National Art Collections Fund. OGMORE
Electorate 51.378 % vote *Powell R (Lab) 23.390 59.2 Parsons. J (L/AII) 6,026 15.3 O'Sullivan, R (Con) 5,806 14.7 Merriman. E J (PLC)
3,124 7.9 Thomas. N (Eco) 1.161 2.9
Lab majority 17,364 44.0 Total vote 39,507 Turnout 76.9%
Mr Raymond Powell, formeriv a senior administrative officer with the Welsh Water Authority, was elected in 1979..B 19 Jun 1928, ed Pentre Grammar School; National Council of Labour Colleges: and LSE. Chairman of Labour Party of Wales. 1977478. Member, Select Committee on Employment, and Select Committee on Welsh Affairs, since 1979. Hon secretary, Welsh Parliametary Committee, Welsh Parliamentary Committee of Labour M Ps.
PEMBROKE
Electorate 67.885 % vote *Edwards, N (Con) 24,860 46.9 Griffiths. A P (Lab) 15,504 29.2 Pullin, J (SDP/AII) 10,983 20.7 Osmond, 0 (PLC) 1,073 2.0 Hoffman, D (Eco) 478 0.9 Phillips, G S (Ind) 136 0.3
Con majority 9,356 17.6 Total vote 53,034 Turnout 78. 1%
Mr Nicholas Edwards has been Secretary of State for Wales since 1979. Became a member, of the Shadow Cabinet as chief Opposition spokesman on Wales in 1975 having become a spokesman on Welsh aff- airs in 1974. Won the seat in 1970. Insurance broker. B Feb 25. 1934; ed Westminster School and Trinity Colleg2e, Cambridge. Member, Select Committee on members' interests 1976-79. Secretary, Welsh group ol C6onservr..ive MPs. 1972-74. Mem- ber of Lloyd's. Former company director.
PONT17 P:IDD E ptal votes vote
Electorate. 60,883 % vote *John,'B(Lab) 20,188 45.6 Langridge, R,
(SDPJAII) 11,444 25.2 Evans,rR (Con) 10,139 22.9 Davies, MrsJ (PLC) 2,065 4.J Jones,'AK(Eco) 449 I.C
Lab majority 8,744 19.1 Total vote 44,285 Turnout 72.70%
Mr Brynmore John was elected to thd Shadow Cabinet in 1981 when he became chief Opposition spokes- mnan on social security. Chief Oposi- tion spokesman on Northern Ire- land, .1979-80;'on defence, 1980-81; Ministee of State, Home Office, 1976-79;- Under-Secretary for De- fence for the RAF, 1974-76. Elected in 1970.' Solicitor, B Apr 18. 1934, ed- Pontypridd Grammar School and !University 'College, London. Specialized in industrial accident law. -overnor of Pontypridd Sec- ondary Schools. former member, local tradescouncil.- RHONDDA.
Electorate 62,;87 % vote Rogers,A (Lab) 29,448 61.7 Ll6yd, A (SDP/Aill) 8,078 16.9 Davies, G.(PLC) 4,845 10.2 Meyer,,-P (Con) ' 3,973 8.3 True, &(Com) 1,350 2.8
Lab-majority 21,370 44.8 Total vote 47,694 Turnout 76.2%
1979: Total :votes 50,578 (79.89%); Lab' 38,007 :(75 If)' -Coin 1.819 (3.6%),; L ab ma 31,481 (62.2%). Swing 31%.~
CITY OF LONDON AND
WESTMINSTER SOUTH
Electorate 677 773 % vote *Brooke, P L (Con) 20,754 59.1 Walker-Smith. A
(L/AII) 7,367 21.0 Jones.S(Lab) 6,013 17.1 Shorter, R (Eco) 419 1.2 Reeve, A (NF) 248 0.7 Spence,A(Com) 161 0.5 Litvin, W (Ind) 147 0.4
Con majority 13,387 38.1 Total vote 35,109 Turnout 51.8%
Mr Peter Brooke. elected at a by- election in February, 1977, has been a Government whip since 1979. C ontested Bedwellty, October 1974. B Mar 1934; ed Marlborough, .Bal- liol College. Oxford. and Harvard Business School. - Vice-president National Union of Students, 1955- 56: president Oxford Union, 1957. Member Camden Borough Council. 1968-69: chairman Camden Com- mittee for Community Relations, 1968-69. Former Swiss correspon- dent of Financial Times. Chairman of London firm of international management consultants and underwriting member of Lloyd's.
COLCHESTER NORTH
Electorate 77.292 % vote *Buck. P A (Con) 29,921 53.C Montgomerie, R
(L/AII) 14.873 26.3 Allen. R C(Lab) 10.397 18.4 Wilkinson, D (Ind
C) 784 1.4 Davies. R (Ind) 510 0.9
Con majoritv 15.048 26.6 Total vote 56.485 Turnout 73.1%
Mr Anthony Buck, QC. Under Sec- retary for Defence for the Royal Navv. 1972-74. was MP for Col- chcster 1961-83. Barrister and non- executive director. B Dec 19 1928: ed King's School. Ely. and Trinitv Hall. Cambridge. Chairman. Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Ombudsman) since 1977. Chair- man. Conservative defence com- mittee. since 1979. Chairman, executive committee of Conserva- tive Lawyers. 1979. Member, Parlia- mentarv Assembly of the Council o1 European Union. 1975-77. Sec- retarv. Conservative Home Affairs Committee. 1964-70. Member, executive. 1922 Committee.
COLCH ESTER SOUTH AND
MALDON
Electorate 79.582 % vot( 'Aakeham,J(Con) 31,296 53.( Stevens. J (SDP/AII) 19.131 32.E Barnard. H J (Lab) 7,932 13.f
Con majority 12,165 20.5 Total vote 58.359 Turnout 73.3%
Mr John Wakeham vwas appointed s Mtinister of State, Treasury, in Ap- ril, 1982; Under Secretary of Statc for Industry, 1981-82. Government -hip, 1979-81 and a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1981. A chartered accountant and formei company director. Elected in Feb. ruary, 1974; contested Putney, Wandsworth 1970, and Coventry. East, 1966. B June 1932; ed Char. terhouse. Former secretary, Con- servative small businesses com- mittee. iMIember of Lloyd's.
COLNE VALLEY
Electorate 69.634 % vote *Wainwright. R S
(L/AII) 21,139 39.8 Holt. J (Con) 17.993 33.9 Williams, A(Lab) 13,668 25.8 Keen. T L (Ind) 260 0.5
L/AII majority 3,146 5.9 Total vote 53.060 Turnout 76.2%
MN1r Richard Wainwright won thc seat for the Liberals in 1966 after contesting it in 1964, the 1963 by- clection and in 1959. He lost it in 1970 and regained it in 1974. Lib- eral parliamentary spokesman on Treasury affairs. Forrner spokesman on trade and industry and pre- viously spokesman on economic and industrial affairs. Chartered accountant and company director. B Apr I1 1918; ed Shrewsbury School and Clare College. Cam- bridge. Chairman of Liberal Party, 1971-72: vice-president, 1959-66. Director. Rowntree Social Service Trust. Member. Select Committee on Trcasury and Civil Service since
I Q7Q
t ONGLETON
Electorate 63.897 % vote Winterton, Mrs A
(Con) 23,895 48.7 Smedley. C (L/AII) 15,436 31.4 Gill, E (Lab) 9.783 19.9
Con majority 8,459 17.2 Total vote 49,114 Turnout 76.9%
Mlrs Ann Winterton, wife of Mr Nicholas Winterton, who was elected MP for the adjoining former Macclesfield constituency in 1971. B Mar 6 1941; ed Erdington Gram- mar School for Girls. Member, West Midlands Conservative Women's Advisory Committee, 1969-71. Joint Master, South Staffordshire Hunt, 1959-64.
COPELAND
Electorate 54,208 % vote *Cunningham. J A
(Lab) 18.756 44.2 Wilson, Mrs V (Con)
16,919 39.9 Beasley. J (SDP/AII) 6.722 15.9
Lab majority 1,837 4.3 Total vote 42,397 Turnout 78.2%
1979 (as Whitehaven): Total votes 43,146 (81.7%) - Lab 22,626 (52.4%); C 17,171 (39.8%)3 L 21559
(5.9%) Ind 790 (1.8%). Lab maj 5,455 (12.6%). Swing 6.3% to C.
Mr John Cunningham has been an Opposition spokesman on indus- try since 1981; previously on energy. Under Secretary of State for Energy 1976-79. MP for Whitehaven 1970- 83. Research chemist. B Aug 4, 1939; ed Jarrow Grammar School and Bede College, Durham Univer- sity. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology, 1970-76. Full-time officer, GMWU 1968-70. Member, Chester-le-Street District Council, 1969-74. Sponsored by GMWU. Industrial policy adviser to Albright and Wilson (UK) Ltd.
CORBY
Electorate 63,067 % vote Powell, W (Con) 20,827 42.6 Homewood, W D
(Lab) 17,659 36.1 Whittington, T G
(L/AII) 9,905 20.3 Stanning, Miss R
(Eco) 505 1.0 Con majority 3,168 6.5 Total vote 48,896 Turnout 77.5%
Mr William Powell, barimster and businessman. B Aug 3 1948; ed Woolpit School, Surrey, Lancing College and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Memiber, E4tstem~ Area CPC,Committee. Researching book about American elections.
CORNWAI, North
Electorate 66,813 %'vote *Neale, G A (Con) 28,146 52.4 Chambers, D (L/AlI)
23,087 43.0 Hayday, J (Lab) 2,096 3.9 Whetter, J C A (Cor
Nat) 364 0.7 Con majority 5,059 9.4 Total vote 53,693 Turnout 80.4%
Mr Gerrard Neale, elected 1979, contested the seat in October, 1974. PPS to Minister foie Trade, (Mr Peter Rees). Solicitor.and'company director. B Jun 25,1941: ed Bedford School. Chairman, Buckingham Constituency Conservative Associ- ation, 1974-76. Milton Keynes borough councillor 1.973-79; mayor, 1976-77. Former Milton Keynes City Forum, 1977. Chairman, area crime prevention panel, 1978. Dir- ector of Telephone Rentals Ltd.
CORNWALL SOUTH-EAST
Electorate 65.166 % vote *Hicks, R A (Con) 28,326 55.3 Blunt. D (L/AII) 19,972 39.0 Bebb, A J.(Lab) 2,507, 4.9 Chadwick. J (Eco) 337 0.7 Dent, Mrs J (Ind) 94 0.2
Con majority 8,354 16.3 Total vote 51,236 Turnout 78.6%
Mr Robert Hicks, lecturer and con- sultant, was MP for Bodmin 1970- Feb 1974, having won it from the Liberals. And Oct 1974-83, con- tested Aberavon. 1966. Assistant Government whip, 1973-74. B Jan 18. 1938: ed Queen Elizabeth Gram- mar School, Crediton, University College. London, and Exeter Uni- versity.
COVENTRY NORTH-EAST
Electorate 67.037 % vote *Park, G M (Lab) 22,190 47.8 Weeks, D(Con) 13,415 28.9 Simmons, D
(SDP/AII) 10,251 22.1 Prince, R (WRP) 342 0.7 Meacham. J (Com) 193 0.4
Lab majority 8,775 18.9 Total vote 46,391 Turnout 69.2%
Mr George Park, elected in Februa- ry, 1974, has been joint chairman. all-party motor industry group since 1979. Chairman, PLP industry group, since 1981. Member, Public Accounts Committee since 1981. Senior AEU shop steward at Chrysl- er (UK) Ltd, 1968-73: Coventry city councillor, 1961-74: Coventry dis- trict councillor, 1973-74: leader of council Labour group, 1967-74. and West Midlands Metropolitan Coun- ty Council. 1973-77: leader. Coven- try City and District Councils, 1972- 74.
COVENTRY NORTH-WEST
Electorate 52,072 % vote *Robinson, G (Lab) 17,239 44.3 Coombs, A (Con) 14,201 36.5 Talbot, W (L/AII) 7,479 19.2
Lab majority' 3,038 7.8 Total vote 38.919 Turnout 74.7%
Mr Geoffrey Robinson won by-elec- tion, March, 1976. Former financial controller, British Leyland: manag- ing director, Leyland Innocenti, Ita- ly, 1972-73; Chief Executive Jaguar Cars, Coventry, 1974-75. Consult- ant to Meriden Cooperative. Re- search assistant. Labour Party, 1965-68. B May 25 1939; ed Ema- nuel School, Cambridge University, and Yale. Unpaid Chief Executive. Triumph Motorcycles (Meriden) Ltd 1977-80 and director, West Midlands Enterprise Board.
COVENTRY SOUTH-EAST
Electorate 52.538 % vote Nellist, D (Lab) 15,307 41.1 Arnold. J (Con) 12.625 33.9 Kilby, G (L/AII) 9.323 25.0
Lab majority 2,682 7.2 Total vote 37.255 Turnout 70.9%
Mr David Nellist is a council building services division worker. B Jul 1952. County councillor since 1982. Nalgo.
COVENTRY SOUTH-WEST
Electorate 65.077 % vote *Butcher, J P (Con) 22.223 45.0 .Edwards, D (Lab) 15,776 31.9 'Lyle, Mrs M
(SDP/AII) 11.174 22.6 Williamson. Mrs M
(Oth) 214 0.4 Con majority 6,447 13.1 Total vote 49.387 Turnout 75.9%
CRAWLEY
Electorate 70.713 % vote Soames, N (Con) 25,9.63 48.1 Allan, L(Lab) 14,149 26.2 Forester. T
(SDP/AII) 13,900 25.7 Con majority 11,814 21.9 Total vote 54,012 Turnout 76.4%
Mr Nicholas Soames, executive director with KAC International Ltd. an oil services company, con- tested Central Dumbartonshire, 1979. Son of Lord Soames and grandson of Sir Winston Churchill. B 1948; ed St Aubyns, Sussex, and Eton College. Former legislative assistant to an American senator, then associate director with a firm of Lloyd's brokers.
CREWE AND NANTWICH
Electorate 71,787 to vote *Dunwoody, Mrs G
P (Lab) 22,031 41.1 Rock, P (Con) 21,741 40.6 Pollard, J (SDP/AIl) 9,820 18.3
Lab majority 290 0.5 Total vote 53,592 Turnout 74.7%
Mrs Gwyneth Dunwoody, Oppo- sition spokesman on the health service since 1981, was previously front bench spokesman on foreign affairs. Elected to Shadow Cabinet and Labour Party national execu- tive in 1981. MP for Crewe. Februa-
ry, 1974.83. Member, European Parliament 1975-79. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1967-70. MP for Exeter, 1966-70; contested seat in 1964. B Dec 12, 1930; ed Fulham County Secondary School and the Convent of Notre Dame. Director, Film Producers' Associ- ation of Great Britain, 1970-74. Parliamentary adviser to Associ- ation of Independent Cinemas.
CROSBY.
Electorate 83,274 % vote *Thornton, G M
(Con) 30,604 47.2 *Williams, Mrs S V
(SDP/AII) 27,203 42.0 Waring, R (Lab) 6,611 10.2 Hussey,P(Eco) 415 0.6
Con majority 3,401 5.3 Total vote 64,833 Turnout 77.9%
Mr Malcolm Thorton, a River Mersey pilot, was MP for Liverpool, Garston, 1979-83. B Apr 3, 1939; ed Wallasey Grammar School and Liverpool Nautical College. Mem- ber, Wallasey County Borough Council, 1965-74; Wirral Metropoli- tan Council, 1973-79 (leader, 1974- 77) Chairrnan, Merseyside Districts liaison committee, .1975-77. Chair- man, Education Committee, AMA, 1978-79, and of CLEA, 1978-79. Member, Select Committee on Einvironment, 1979-81. PPS to Sec- retary of State for Industry (Mr Patrick Jenkin), since 1981. Mem- ber Burnhamn Committee, 1978-79.
EREWASH
Electorate 73.355 % vote *Rost. P L (Con) 25.167 45.3 Moore, W(Lab) 13,848 25.0 Corbett.J (SDP/AII) 12,331 22.2 Camm. W G (Ind
Lab) 4,158 7.5 Con majority 11,319 20.4 Total vote 55,504 Turnout 75.7%
NMr Peter Rost, former stockbroker was MP for Derbyshire. North-East. 1970-83: contested Sunderland, North, 1966. B Sep 19 1930; ed Aylesbury Grammar School and Birmingham University. Former teacher and financial journalist Joint secretary, Conservative parlia- mentary committee on trade. 1972. 74 joint secretary, energy com- mittee. 1974-77. Member. Select Committee on Energv since 1979 Treasurer. Anglo-German Parlia- mentarv Group since 1974. Grand Cross. Order of Merit. Germany. 1979. FRGS (member of council since 1980). Companv director. investment adviser and energy con- sultant.
ERITH & CRAYFORD
Electorate 56.066 % vote Evennett, D (Con) 15,289 37.1 *Wellbeloved, A J
(SDP/AII) 14.369 34.9 Smart. M G (Lab) 11.260 27.3 Hawke. O (BNP) 272 0.7
Con majority 920 2.2 Total vote 41.190 Turnout 73.5%
Mr David Evennett, Lloyds under- writer. B Jun 3 1949; ed Buckhurst Hil County High School and LSE. Contested Hackney South and Shoreditch, 1979. Member, Red- bridge Borough Council, 1974-78.
ESHER
Electorate 61.745 % vote *Mather, D C (Con) 28.577 63.3 Wheatley. C(L/All) 12.665 28.1 Plaskow. Ms D D
(Lab) 3.250 7.2 Wellie. W (LS) 664 1.5
Con majority 15,912 35.2 Total vote 45.156 Turnout 73.1 %
Mr Carol Mather was appointed Comptroller of the Household in February 1983: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. 1979-81; Vice- Chamberlain of the Household 1981-83. Elected in 1970. An Oppo- sition whip 1975-79. Member. Conservative Research Depart- ment. 1962-70. Contested Leicester North-west. 1966. B Jan 3. 1919: ed Harrow and Trinity College. Cam- bridge. Member of Lloyd's. Joint secretary. Conservative home aff- airs committee. 1974-76 and of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs committee. 1972-74. Joint vice- chairman. Norhtern Ireland Com- mittee, 174-76. joint secretarv 1972-74. Served with the Welsh Guards. 1940-62. and was a liason officer to General Montgomery in the Western Desert campaign. the Normandy landings and the ad- vance into Europe. EXETER
Electorate 73.441 % vote *Hannam. J (Con) 26.660 46.5 Mennell. S
(SDP/AII) 16.780 29.3 Evans. R (Lab) 13.088 22.8 Frings. P (Eco) 779 1.4
Con majority 9.880 17.2 Total vote 57.307 Turnout 78.0%
1979: Total votes 56.128 (81.6%) - C 27.173 (48.40%); Lab 19.146 (34.1%): L 8.756 (15.6%): Eco 1.053 (1.9%). C maj 8.027 (14.3%). Swing 5.0% to C.
iMlr John Hannam, secretarv of the all-partv disablement group, won the seat in 1970. Parliamentary adviser to Pharmaceutical Socicty of Great Britain: non-executive com- pany director. B Aug 2. 1929; ed Yeovil Grammar School. President, British Motels Federation. 1964-80. Chairman. Conservative energy committee since 1979, vice-chair- man. arts and heritage committee. 1974-79. Chairman Bow Group Standing Committee on Arts and Leisure until 1977. Vice-chairman of British branch of Rehabilitation International. Member of Council of Action Research for the Crippled Chiild. Somerset county councillor. 1967-69. Captain. Lords and Commons tennis club, since 1975: ski club. 1977-81. Member. Glynde- bourne Festival Opera societv. Board of National Theatre. FALMOUTH AND
CAMBOURNE
Electorate 65.624 % vote *Mudd. W D (Con) 24,614 50.0 Fieldsend. D
(SDP/AII) 13.589 27.6 Bunt. A (Lab) 10.446 21.2 Jenkin, R (MK) 582 1.2
Con majority 11,025 22.4 Total vote 49.231 Turnout 75.0%
iMir David Mudd, a member of the Unopposed Bills Panel since 1981, Transport Select Committee since 1982, and secretary of the Fisheries sub-committee of the Conservative back-bench Agricultural and Fish- eries Committee, won the seat in 1970. Freelance journalist. broad- caster and author. PPS to Minister of State for Energy, 1979-81. Parlia- mentary consultant to the National Federation of Fruit and Potato Trades Ltd and to the National Federation of Site Operators. B June 2. 1933; ed Truro Cathedral School; Mcmber. Tavistock Urban Council. 1959-61. Secretarv. West Country Group 6f Conservative MP's 1973- 76. NUJ.
FAREHAM
Electorate 71,901 % vote *Lloyd: P (Con) 32.762 61.8 Yolland. S (L/AII) 16,446 31.0 Sommerville. D
(Lab) 3.808 7.2
Con majority 16,316 30.8 Total vote 53,016 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Peter Lloyd, former marketing manager of United Biscuits Ltd, was elected May 1979; contested Not- tingham. West, February and Oc- tober 1974. B Nov 12 1937; ed Tonbridge School and Pembroke College. Cambridge. Chairman. Bow Group, 1972-73. research sec- retary 1970-72. and editor of Cross- lIowv until 1976. Vice-chairman. Conservative European Affairs Committee. 1980-82; Secretary. Conservative Employment Com- mittee, 1979-81. Member, Select Committee on Employment. 1983. PPS to Minister of State for North- ern Ireland, 1982-83. Member of Lloyd's.
FAVERSHAM
Electorate 76.467 % vote *Moate, R (Con) 29,849 53.1 Goyder, M
(SDP/AIl) 15,252 27.1 Bromley, C M (Lab) I t130 19.8
Con majority 14,597 26.0 Total vote 56,231 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Roger Moate, insurance broker, won the seat in 1970 contested it in 1966. Member, Statutory Instru- ments Committee. Joint vice-chair- man. Conservative transport committee. Director of Alexander 1-owden Insurance Brokers Ltd. B. May 12. 1938; ed Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith.
FELTHAM AND HESTON
Electorate 78,366 % vote Ground. P (Con) 23,724 43.4 *Kerr. R W (Lab) 21,576 39.4 Alagappa. A (L/AII) 8,706 15.9 Glass. S (NF) 696 1.3
Con majority 2,148 3.9 Total vote 54,702 Turnout 69.8%
1979: Total votes 59,362 (74.3%) - Lab 28,675 (48.3%); C 24,570 (41.4%); L 5,051 (8.5%); NF 898 (1.5%,); WRP 168 (0.3%). Lab maj 4,105 (6.9%). Swing 5.0% to C.
Mr Patrick Ground, barrister, contested Hounslow, Feltham and Heston in both 1974 elections and in 1979. B Aug 1932; ed Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School, Lycee Guy Lussac, Limoges, Selwyn College, Cambridge and Magdalen College, Oxford. Presi- dent, Oxford University Conserva- tive Association 1958. Member, Hammersmith Borough Council 1968-71.
FINCHLEY
Electorate 55.638 % vote *Thatcher. Mrs M H
(Con) 19,616 51.1 Spigel, L G (Lab) 10.302 26.8 Joachim. Dr
Margaret (L/AII) 7.763 20.2 Wilkinson, Ms S
(WFLOE) 279 0.7 Sutch. D (Loony
Socy) 235 0.6 Noonan. A J
(BELLS) 75 0.2 Anscomb. Miss H M
(Ind) 42 0.1 Whitehead. A P
(LAO) 37 0.1 Webb.D A (Anti-
Censor) 28 0.1 Wareham. B C
(PAL) 27 0.1 Wedmore. B C
(Belgrano) 13 0.0 Con majority 9.314 24.2 Total vote 38.417 Turnout 69. 1%
1979: Total votes 39,832 (71.8%) - C 20.918 (52.5%): Lab 13,040 (32.7%): L 5.254 (13.2%); NF 534 (1.3%): Other 86 (0.2%). C mag 7.878 (19.80%). Swing 4.7% to C.
Mrs Margaret Thatcher, the first woman Prime Minister. took office on May 4. 1979. She was elected as Leader of the Conservative Parv and Leader of the Opposition in February. 1975. Member of the shadow Cabinet and chief Oppo- sition spokesman on the environ- ment 1974-75: Secretary of State for Education and Science. 1970-74. Chief Opposition spokesman on education. 1969-70: previouslv spokesman on transport, power, Treasury matters. housing, and pensions. Member. Shadow Cabi- net. 1967-70. Returned for Finchlcy in 1959: contested Dartford in 1950 and 1951. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. 1961-64. Barrister and formerly a research chemist. B Oct 1925. id Grantham High School and Somerville College. Oxford. FOLKESTONE AND HYTHE
Electorate 67.802 % vote Howard. M (Con) 27.261 57.0 MacDonald. J
(L/All) 15.591 32.6 Lawrie. L (Lab) 4.700 9.8 Todd.PA(Ind) 318 0.7
Con majority 11.670 24.4 Total vote 47.870 Turnout 70.6%
1979: Total votes 48.147 (72.6%) - C 26.837 (55.7%): L 10.817 (22.5%)°o Lab 10.015 (20.8%): NF478 (1.0%). C maj 16.020 (33.2%). Swing 7.2% to C.
Mr Michael Howard, QC specialis- ing in employment law and town and countv planning. Contested Liverpool. Edge Hill, 1966 and 1970. B 1941: cd Llanelli Grammer School and Peterhouse. Cambridge. (President of the Union. 1962). Member. Bow Group and chariman. 1960; chairman, Coningsby Club. 1972-73: member. committee Con- servative Group of Europe and executive committee of European Movement. 1970-73. FULHAM
Electoratc 51.833 % vote *Stevens, M (Con) 18.204 46.2 Powell,A(Lab) 13,415 34.0 Rendel. D (L/AII) 7.194 18.3 Grimes. Ms J (Eco) 277 0.7 Pearce. R (NF) 229 0.6 Keats. J (Ind L) 102 0.3
C on majoritv 4,789 12.2 Total vote 39.421 Turnout 76. 1%
1979:Total votes 43.380 (76.1 %) - C 20,249 (46.7%); Lab 18.750 (43.2%), L 3,882 (8.9%): NF 499 (1.2°%). C maj 1,499 (3.5°%). Swing 8.2% to C. C gain from Lab.
Mr Martin Stevens, a partner in a marketing consultancy g oup, gained the seat for the Conserva- tives in 1979. Contested the seat in both 1974 elections and Dulwich. 1966 and 1964. Joint secretarv. Greater London Conservative MPs since 1981. Member, Select Com- mittee on Members' Salaries since 1982 and Select Committee on Industry and Trade since 1981. Chairman. All Party Committee for lead-free air. B Jul 31 1929; ed Brad- field and Trinity College. Oxford. Member LCC (Dulwich) 1955-58: Camberwell Borough Council. 1959-65. Member. National Appeals Committee. Cancer Research Campaign since 1956 (chairman. 1968). APEX. Parliamentarv con- sultant to British Gas Corporation; F. W. Woolworth: Society of Com- pany and Commercial Accountants; National Association of Probation Officers. FYLDE
Electorate 62.238 % vote *Gardner, Sir E
(Con) 27,879 62.9 Smith. Mrs E A
(L/AII) 10,777 24.3 King, DCJ (Lab) 4.82e 10.9
Fowler, H (Ind) 863 2.0
Con majority 17,102 38.6 Total vote 44,340 Turnout 71.2%
Sir Edward Gardner, QC, a crown court recorder, represented Fylde South from 1970. MP for Billericay 1959-66, contested Erith and Cray- ford in 1955. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) in 1947, admitued to the Nigerian and British Guianan Bars. 1962, and became a Master of the Bench of Gray's Inn in 1968. B May 10 1912; ed Hutton Grammar School. Committee Chairman, So- ciety of Conservative Lawyers, 1975 (chairman, executive committee. since 1969). Steward, British Boxing Board of Control, since 1975. GAINSBOROUGH &
HORNCASTLE
Electorate 67,1 15 % vote Leigh, E (Con) 25,625 50.9 Phillips, A (L/AII) 20,558 40.8 James, C (Lab) - 3,886 7.7 Dixon, G (Eco) 279 0.6
Con majority 5,067 10.1 Total vote 50,348 Turnout 75.0%
Mr Edward Leigh, barrister, is chairman of the National Council for Civil Defence and director of the Coalition for Peace through Secur- ity. B 1950; ed Durham University. Former president of Durham Union Society and chairman of Durham University Conservative Associ- ation. --
GATESHEAD EAST
Electorate 68,364 % vote *Conlan, B (Lab) 22,981 48.3 Rogers, F(Con) 12,659 26.6 Nunn, P (SDP/AI1) 11,920 25.1
Lab majority 10,322 21.7 rotal vote 47,560 Tumout 69.6%
Bernard Conlan was elected in 1964. Contested High Peak in 1959. En- gineer and export sales adviser. B Oct 24 1923; ed Manchester second- ary school. Member, Select Com- mittee on Expenditure, 1971-79: Select Committee on Defence since 197o; and unopposed Bills panel since 1981. Member, Select Com- mittee on Standing Orders since 1981. Member. Manchester City Council, 1954-66. Official, Amalga- mated Engineering Union, 1944-66. and sponsored by AUEW. Former joint vice-chairman, PLP trade union group.
GILLINGHAM
Electorate 69,256 % vote Couchman, J R
(Con) 26,381 51.7 Lewcock. C (L/AII) 15,538 30.5 West. A S (Lab) 9.084 17.8
Con majority 10,843 21.3 Total vote 51.003 Turnout 73.6%
1979: Total votes 50,423 (78.8%) - C 26,791 (53.1%): Lab 16.292 (32.3%): L 6.219 (12.3%), NF 528 (1.0%)-, ECO 501 (1.0%h); WRP 92 (0.2%). C maj 10.499 (20.8%). Swing 6.1%.
Mr James Couchman, director and secretary of family licensed trade company, is chairman of Bexley Health Authority. B 1943; ed Cran- leigh School and King's College. Newcastle upon Tyne. Contested Chester-Le-Street 1979. Member of Bexley Borough Council 1974-82. GLANFORD & SCUNTHORPE
Electorate 71.962 % vote Hickmet, R (Con) 20,356 38.5 Ellis,J (Lab) 19.719 37.3 Nottingham, C
(SDP/AII) 12,819 24.2 Con majority 637 1.2 Total vote 52,894 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Richard Hickmet, barrister and company secretary of family hotel group. Chairman, - leisure and amenities committee, Wandsworth borough council; member since 1978. School governor. Trustee and member, management committee, Battersea Arts Centre. B Dec I, 1947; ed Millfield School; the Sorbonne; Hull University. GLOUCESTER
Electorate 74.268 % vote *Oppenheim, MrsS
(Con) 27,235 48.5 Hinds. C W V (Lab) 14,698 26.2 Golder. M (SDP/AII)
13,499 24.0 Waters, J (Eco) 479 0.9 Rhodes. R (BNP) 260 0.5
Con majority 12,537 22.3 Total vote 56.171 Turnout 75.6%
Mrs Sally Oppenheim was Minister for Consumer Affairs 1979-82. Joined the shadow Cabinet in Feb- ruary. 1975. as chief Opposition spokesman on consumer affairs for which she had been a spokesman since 1974. Won the seat in 1970. B Jul 26. 1930: ed Sheffield High School. Lowther College, North Wales and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE WEST
Electorate 74.266 % vote *Marland. P (Con) 27,092 45.8 Watkinson. J
(SDP/AII) 17,440 29.5 Hodkinson. M J
(Lab) 14.577 24.7 Con majority 9,652 16.3 Total vote 59.104 Turnout 79.6%
1979. Total votes 58.832 (83.9%) - C 28,183 (47.9%); Lab 24,009 (40.80,'); L 6.370 (10.8%): NF 270 (0.5%). C maj 4.174 (7.1%). Swing 3.9% to C. C gain from Lab.
Mir Paul N1arland, a farmer and companv director, was elected in 1979. contested the seat, Fcbruary and October. 1974. and Bedwellty. 1970. B Mar 19. 1940: ed Gordons- toun School and Trinity College. Dublin.
GOSPORT
Electorate 64.877 % vote *Viggers. P J (Con) 28.179 60.6 Chegwyn. P (L/AII) 13,728 29.5 Bond. B B (Lab) 4,319 9.3 McMillan, R A (Ind)
241 0.5 Con majority 14,451 31.1 Total vote 46.467 Turnout 71.6%
iNr Peter Viggers, solicitor and company director, was elected in February, 1974. B Mar 13 1938: ed Portsmouth Grammar School and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Delegaic to North Atlantic Assembly since 1980.
GRANTHAM
Electorate 75.047 % vote *Hogg, D M (Con) 31.692 57.5 Titiey, S (L/AII) 12.781 23.2 Savage, T E (Lab) 10,677 19.4
Con majority 18,911 34.3 Total vote 55.150 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Douglas Hogg, elder son of Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone, the Lord Chancellor, became a Govern- ment wvhip in 1983. Elected in 1979. Barrister. B Feb 5, 1945; cd Eton, Christ Church. Oxford and Lincolns Inn.
GRAVESHIAM
Electorate 71.150 % vote *Brinton, T D (Con) 25,968 47.4 Ovenden, J F (Lab) 17,505 31.9 Horton, M
(SDP/AII) 10,826 19.8. Johnson, P (NF) 420 0.8 Sewell, M (Eco) 103 0.2
Con majority 8,463 15.4 Total vote 54822 Tumrout 77.B %
Mr Timothy Brinton won the seat in 1979. Broadcasting consultant, free- lance commentator and interviewer. B Dec 24 1929: ed Summerfields, Oxford; Eton, Geneva University and Central School of Speech and Drama, London. Staff announcer and newsreader, BBC radio, 1951- 57: head of English programmes, Radio Hong Kong, 1957-59, and newscaster and reporter ITN. 1959- 62. Member Kent County Council, 1974-81.
GREAT GRIMSBY
Electorate 68,388 % vote *Mitchell, A V (Lab) 18,330 36.3 Hancock, C.(Con) 17,599 34.9 Genney, P (SDP/AII)
14,552 28.8 Lab majority 731 1.5 Total vote 50,481 Turnout 73.8%
1979 (as Grimsby): Total votes 50.511 (75.8%) - Lab 26,282 (52.0%); C 20,041 (39.7%); L 3,837 (7.6%); Other 214 (0.4%); NF 137 (0.31%). Lab maj 6,241 (12.3%). Swing 1.4% to C.
Mr Austin Mitchell, an Opposition whip since 1979, was elected at the April 1977 by-election. Journalist, Yorkshire Television, 1969-71 and 1973-77: presenter BBC current affairs group, 1972-73. B Sept 19, 1934: ed Woodbottom Council School, Bingley Grammar School, and Manchester and Oxford Uni- versities.
GEDLING
Electorate 66,656 % vote *Holland, P (Con) 27,207 54.1 Berkeley, A
(SDP/AII) 12,543 25.0 Peck, J (Lab) 10,330 20.6 Szatter, J (Ind) 186 0.4
Con majority 14f664 29.2 Total vote 50,266 Turnout 75.40%
Mr Philip Holland, an employee relations adviser, was MP for Car- lton, 1966-83; MP for Acton, 1959- 64; contested Birmingham, Yardley, 1955. B Mar 14, 1917; ed Sir John Deane's Grammar School, Nor- thwich.
GREAT YARMOUTH
Electorate 62,809 % vote Carttiss, M (Con) 22,423 50.5 Lloyd.O (Lab) 11,223 25.3 Minett, E (L/All) 10,803 24.3
Con majority 11,200 25.2 Total vote 44,449 Turnout 70.8%
Mr Michael Cartiss, former con- stituency agent for Yarmouth, has been a member of Norfolk County Council since 1966. B 1938, ed Great Yarmouth Technical High School, London University and London School of Economics.
GREENWICH
Electorate 51,586
*Bamett. N G (Lab) Rolfe. A (Con)
Ford. T (SDP/AII) Dell. I (BNP) Mallone. R
% vote 13,361 38.2 12,150 34.8 8.783 25.1
259 0.7
(FeIIowShip) 242 0.7 Hook. Ms F (Com) 149 0.4
Lab majority 1,211 3.5 Total vote 34.944 Turnout 67.70%
Mr Guy Barnett. chief Opposition spokesman on Overseas Develop- ment since 1982. was an Opposition spokesman on European and Community affairs 1981-82 spokes- malP on overseas development 1979-81. Under-Secretary of State for the Environment 1976-79. Re- tained the seat for Labour in the July. 1971 by-election. MP for Dor- set. South, 1962-64: contested Scar- borough and Whitby, 1959. Mem- ber European Parliament 1975-76 and of Council of Get Britain Out (of EEC) Campaign. Teacher; for- mer chief education officer of Commonwealth Institute. B Aug 23 1928; ed Highgate School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. GUILDFORD
Electorate 75.134 % vote *Howell. D A (Con) 30,016 55.1 Sharp, Mrs M
(L/AII) 18.192 33.4 Chesterton. K (Lab) 5.853 10.7 Farrell, A (PAL) 425 0.8
Con majority 11,824 21.7 Total vote 54.486 Turnout 72.5%
Mr David Howell, Secretary of State for Transport since 1981, was Sec- retary of State for Energy. 1978-81. Opposition spokesman on Home Office affairs and previouslv on Treasury and economic affairs and energy: Minister of State for Energy. 1974: Minister of State for Northern Ireland, November. 1972-74; and Under Secretary for Northern Ire- land, 1972; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Whip) 1970-71: Par- liamentary Secretary. Civil Serivcc Departmant. 1970-72; and Under- Secretary for Employment, 1971-72. Elected in 1966; contested Dudley 1964. B Jan 18. 1936: ed Eton and King's College. Cambridge.
HiACKNEY NORTH & STOKE
NEWINGTON
Electorate 66,754 % vote *Roberts. E A C
(Lab) 18,989 52.0 Hartley-Booth. E
(Con) 10.444 28.6 Ash. D(L/AII) 5.746 15.8 Fitzpatrick. D (Eco) 492 1.4 Goldman, M (Comn) 426 1.2 Field. J (NF) 396 1.1
Lab majority 8.545 23.4 Total vote 36,493 Turnout 54.7%
No biography available. HACKNEY SOUTH &
SHOREDITCH
Electorate 71,304 v vote Sedgemore. B (Lab) 16.621 43.3 Croft. P (Con) 8.930 23.3 *Brown, R W
(SDP/AII) 7.025 18.3 Roberts. J (IL) 3.724 9.7 Quilty, S(LIL) 704 1.8 Ashton, R (NF) 593 1.6 ryndall. Mrs V
(BNP) 374 1.0 Green. D (Com) 246 0.6 Goldstein. R (WRP) 141 9a
Lab majority 7,691 20.1 Total vote 38,358 Turnout 53.8%
Mr Brian Sedgemore, a barrister and researcher with Granada Tcle- vision since 1980. represented Luton Wcst, Feb 1974-79. B Mar 17 1937: ed I-cIcs School, Exeter. Ox- ford University. PPS to Mr Tony Bcnn 1977-78. Wandsworth Borough Councillor, 1971-74. Member. NUJ, ACTT. Writer's Guild. Fabian Socirety. Haldane Society.
HALESOWEN AND
STOURBRIDGE Electorate 76,403
*Stokes, J H (Con) Clitheroe, T
% vote 28,250 48.4
(SDP/AII) 14,934 25.6 Ellison.C(Lab) 14.611 25.0 Rudd, D (Eco) 582 1.0
Con majority 13,316 22.8 Total vote 58,377 Turnout 76.4%
Mr John Stokes. was elected for the constituency February, 1974; rep- resented Oldbury and Halesowen. 1970-74; contested Gloucester,
964. B Jul. 23 1917: ed Haileybury and Queens College, Oxford.
HALIFAX
Electorate 72,747 Galley, R (Con)
*Summerskill, Dr
Shirley (Lab) Cockroft. F
% vote 22,321 40.9 20,452 37.4
(SDP/AII) 11,868 21.7 Con majority 1,869 3.4 Total vote 54,641 Turnout 75.1%
MIr Roy Galley, Post Office manager, contested Dewsbury, 1979. B Dec 8 1947; ed King Edward VII Grammar School, Sheffield, and Worcester College, Oxford. Member, Calderdale Metro- politan Borough Council, since 1980. Member, Society of Public and Civil Servants. HALTON
Electorate 72,743 % vote *Oakes, G J (Lab) 24,752 46.4 Pedley, P (Con) 17,923 33.6 Tilling, R (SDP/AII) 10,649 20.0
Lab majority 6,829 12.8 Total vote 53,324 Turnout 73.3%
Mr Gordon Oakes has been an Opposition spokesman on environ- ment since 1979; Minister of State for Education and Science, 1976-79; Under Secretary of State for En- vironment, 1974-76; Under Sec- retary of State for Energy, 1976. Returned in 1971: represented Bol- ton. West. 1.964-70; contested Bebington, 1959, and Manchester, Moss Side, 1.961. Member, Select Committee on race relations, 1968- 70. B Jun 22. 1931; ed Wade Dea- con School, Widnes, and Liverpool University,
HAMMERSMITH
Electorate 46,178 % vote *Soley, C (Lab) 13,645 41.6 Mansfield, N (Con) 11,691 35.6 Starks, M (SDPfAII) 4,925 15.0 Knott, S (Ind L) 1.912 5.8 Sutherland, Ms D
(Eco) 325 0.7 Bennett, Mrs L (NF) 250 0.8 Dixon, Ms C (WRP) 81 0.3 Dick, P (Ind) 73 0.2
Lab majority 1,954 6.0 Total vote 32.802 Turnout 71.0%
1979 (as Hammersmith, North): Total votes 35,778 (70.4%) - Lab 17,241 (48.2%); C 13,735 (38.4%); L 4,147 (11.6%); NF 462 (1.3%); WRP 193 (0.5%). Lab maj 3,506 (9.8%). Swing 7.1 % to C.
Clive Soley, (Hammersmith, Lab) elected to Hammersmith North in 1979, became an Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland in 1981. Probation officer. B May 7 1939: ed Downshal Ilford, second- ary modern school, Newbattle Abbey Adult Education College, and Strathclyde and Southampton uni- versities. Hammersmith councillor. 1974-78. Chairman. Alcohole Edu- cation Centre. GMBWLL.
HAMPSHIRE EAST
Electorate 79,303 % vote *Mates, M J (Con) 36.968 62.8 Bryan, Miss B
(L/AII) 18,641 31.7 Cowan, S J (Lab) 3,247 5.5
Con majority 18,327 31.1 Total vote 58,856 Turnout 74.2%
Mr Michael Mates a member of the Select Committee on Defence since 1979, and parliamentary adviser to three companies. was a regular sol- dier until he resigned his com- mission on adoption as prospective Conservative candidate for Peters- field in 1974. B Jun 9, 1934; ed Blundell's and King's College. Cambridge. Served on staff of Vice Chief of Defence Staff. Former Sec- retary. vice-chairman Conservative Northern Ireland Committee; vice- chairman. Conservative backbench Home Affairs Committee, since 1979. Chairman, All-Party Anglo- Irish Group. Member, select com- mittee on Defence.
HAMPSHIRE NORTH WEST
Electorate 65.780 % vote *Mitchell, D B (Con)
28.044 57.3 Willis, I (L/AII) 15,922 32.6 Davis. M J (Lab) 4.957 10.1
Con majority 12,122 24.8 Total vote 48.923 Turnout 74.4%
Mr David Mlitchell has been Under Secretary of State for Northern Ire- land. since 198l: Under Secretary of State for Industry. 1979-81. MP for Basingstoke 1964-83contested St Pancras. Nonh. 1959. Opposition whip, 1965-67. Market gardener turned wine merchant B. June 20 1928: ed Aldenham. Member. Si Pancras Borough Council, 1956-59. Secretary. Conservative parliamen- tarv labour committee, 1968-70: chairman. Conservative parliamen- tary small businesses committee 1974-79: founder chairman. Small Businesses Bureau.
HAMPSTEAD & HIGHGATE
Electorate 66.554 % vote *Finsberg. G (Con) 18.366 41.2 McDonnell. J (Lab) 14,996 33.7 Sofer. Mrs A
(SDP/AII) 11,030 24.8 Slevenson.J(Poet) 156 0.4
Con majority 3.370 7.6 Total vote 44.548 Turnout 66.9%
NIr Geoffrey Finsberg has been Under-Secretary of State for Health and Social Security since 1981: Under-Secretary of State for En- vironment. 1979-81: Opposition spokesman on Greater London. 1974-79. Vice-chairman, Conserva- live Party Organization. 1975-79, Gained Hampstead for the Con- servatives in 1970; contested Isling- ton. East 1955. B Jun 13. 1926: ed City of London School. Member. Hampstead Borough Council 1949. 55; Camden Borough Council. 1964-74 (leader. 1968-70). Vice- chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary committee on trade 1972-73. member. Expenditure Committee. t974-79; member, executive. 1922 Committce. 1974-79. Chief indus- trial relations adviser and personnel controller, Great Universal Stores Ltd. 1968-79. Member. Post Office Users' National Council, 1970-77. Council of CBI, 1968-79 (chairman. Post Office Panel). HARBOROUGH
Electoratc 72.177 % vote *Farr,JA(Con) 32,957 60.1 Swift, T(L/AII) 14,472 26.4 Upham. M (Lab) 6.285 1 t.5 Fewster, B (Eco) 802 1.5 Taylor. J (BNP) 280 0.5
Con majority 18.485 33.7 Total vote 54.796 Turnout 75.9%
1979: Total votes 55.209 (80.0°,) - C 33,328 (60.4°,o); Lab 11.350 (20.6%); L 9,529 (17.3%); NF 1,002 (1.8°,). C maj 21.978 (39.8%). Swing 6.1% to C.
Mr John Farr, a member of the Select Committee on Standing Orders since 1981. was elected in 1959; contested likeston. 1955. B Sept 25, 1922: ed Harrow. Member of Lloyd's and landowner. Vice- chairman, Conservative Northern Ireland Committee, 1974-78. Sec- retary, party's committee on agricul- ture, 1970-74, and vice-chairman since 1979. Secretary, all-party con- servation committee, chairman. Anglo-Irish Parliamentarv Group. 1977-80. chairman British Zim- babwe pacliametary group since 1980 and chairman all-party knit- wear group. Member. United King- dom delegation to WEU and Coun- cil of Europe, 1973-78.
H m n i Ar ItW
Electorate 69,715 % vote Hayes,J(Con) 21,924 41.1 *Newens, A S (Lab) 18,250 34.2 Bastick, J (L/AII) 12,891 24.2 Ward, J (Ind) . 256 0.5
Con majority 3,614 6.9 Total vote 53,321 Turnout 76.5%
1979: Total votes 53,133 (78.7%,) - Lab 22,698 (42,7°,'); C 21,306 (40.1%); L 8.289 (15.6%); NF 840 (1.6°%). Lab maj 1,392 (2.6%/). Swing 12.9%.
No biography available. HARROGATE
Electorate 72,81 5 % vote *Banks, R G (Con) 30,269 60.2 Burney, J (SDP/AII) 14,381 28.6 Dixon,J (Lab) 5,128 10.2 Kelly, D (RHCP) 316 0.6 Vessey, P (NF) 163 0.3
Con majority 15,888 31.6 Total vote 50,257 Turnout 69.0%
Mr Robert Banks, a member of Lloyd's and a farmer, was elected in February 1974. Paddington council- lor 1959-65. B Jan 18 1937; ed Hai- leybury. Member, Select-Committee on Foreign Affairs and of sub- committee on Overseas Develop- ,ment.Joint secreta'ry, Conservative parliamentary defence committee, 1976-79. Vice-chairmnan,, all-party tourism group and secretary Anglo- Sudan all-party group. Member Council of Eu'rope and WEU, 1977- 81.
HARROW WEST
Electorate 73,151 % vote *Page, J A (Con) 28,056 53.0 Bayliss, S (SDP/AII) 17,035 32.2 Toms, K A (Lab) 7,811 14.8
Con majority 11,021 20.8 Total vote 52,902 Turmout 72.3%
Mr John Page, company chairman and director of other companies, was returned in a by-election in March 1960; contested Eton and Slough, 1959. B Sep 16, 1919: ed Harrow and Magdalene College. Cambridge. Member Conservative parliamentary labour affairs com- mittee 1970-74; secretary, Con- servative broadcasting committee, 1974-76 and chairman since 1979- 81 president, Conservative Trade Unionists National Advisory Coun- cil, 1967-69.Chairman, British group. Interparliamentary Union 1979-82, - member IPU Intrnatio- nal Executive, 1982. Member. Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration. 1970-71: delegate to Council of Europe and WEU, since 1972, and chairman, budget com- mittee. 1973-74. and social and health committee, since 1975. Presi- dent, Independent Schools Associ- ation. 1971-78; chairman, Council for Independent Education, 1974- 80.
HARTLEPOOL
Electorate 69.346 % vote *Leadbitter. E L
(Lab) 22.048 45.5 Rodgers, F (Con) 18.958 39.1 Bertram. N
(SDP/AII) 7.428 15.3 Lab majority 3.090 6.4 Total vote 48.434 Turnout 69.8%
1979: Total votes 49.109 (74.7%) - Lab 27.039 (55.1%): C 18.877 (38.4%'o); L 3.193 (6.5%). Lab maj 8.162(16.7%).
Mr Edward Leadbitter has been a member of the House of Commons Chairmen's Panel since 1980. Suc- cessfully sponsored Children's Home Registration Bill, 1981 Elected in 1964. Teacher. B Jun 18. 1919: ed state schools and Chelten- ham Teacher Training Collegc. Member. Select Committee on Energy. since 1980. President. Har- tlepool Labour Party. 1958-62: member. West Hartlepool Borough Council. 1956-58. Chairman. PLP transport group and ports group. Member Select Committee Science and Technology. 1969-73. Spon- sored by NUPE.
HARWICH
Electorate 72.179 % \ ote *Ridsdale. SirJ
(Con) 27.422 54.2 Goodenough. R
(L/AII) 14,920 29.5 Knight. R (Lab) 8.302 16.4
Con majority 12,502 24.7 rotal vote 50.644 Turnout 70.2%
Sir Julian Ridsdale, CBE company director. was returned at a by-elec. tion in February. 1954. Contested Paddington. North. 1951. Under- Secretary of State. Air Ministry. 1962-64: Under-Secretary for De- fence for the RAF. 1964. Chairman. British-Japanese parliamentary group, since 1964: vice-chairman. United Nations Parliamentarv Association. 1966-80. Chairman. Japanese Society. London. 1976-79 Member. Public Accounts Com- mittee, 1970-74: member. North Atlantic Assembly since 1979: member. Trilateral Commission. EEC. USA and Japan. since 1973. B Jun 8 1915: ed Tonbridgc. the Roval Military College. Sandhurst. and London University School of Oricn- tal Languages.
HASTINGS & RYE
Electorate 69.747 % v ote *Warrcn, K R (Con) 25.626 53.3 Amics, D (L/AII) 14.646 30.5 Knowles. N (Lab) 7.304 15.2 McNally. G (Ind) 503 1.1
Con majority 10.980 22.8 [otal vote 48.079 Turnout 68.9%
Nlr Kenneth W'arren, aeronautical engineer and companv director, was MPfot Hastings from 1970-1973: contested St Pancras. North 1964 Chairman. Western European Union science, technology and aerospace committee 1977-80 Member. Select Committee on Sci ence and Technology. Chairman Conservative parliamentary avi ation committee. 1974-76, chair man. parliamentary committee on offshore technology 1974-75. B Aug 15 1926: ed Midsomer Norton Grammar School. Aldenham School. De Havilland Aeronautical Technical School. King's College. London, and London School of' Economics. PPS to Secretary of State for Industrv. 1979-81 and to Secretary of State for Education and Science, from 1981. HAVANT
Electorate 73.096 % vote *Lloyd, lS(Con) 29,148 55.3 Cleaver. Mrs E
(SDP/AII) 17,192 32.6 Norris. R J (Lab) 6.335 12.0
Con majotity 11.956 22.7 Total vote 52,675 Turnout 72.1 %
Mr Ian Lloyd, was MP for Havant and Waterlou from Feb 1974-83. Represented Portsmouth, Lan- gstone 1964-74. Company director. group economic adviser, British and Commonwealth Shipping Co Chairman, Select Committee on Energy, since 1979: chairman, all- party committee on information technoloyg since 1979; member. Sclect Committee on Science and Technology 1971-79. B Mav 30 1921; ed Michaelhouse, Natal. Witwatersrand University. King's College, Cambridge (former presi- dent of Union) and Administrative Staff College, Henley.
HAYES AND HARLINGTON
Electorate 57.620 °,o vote Dicks. T (Con) 16,451 40.3 Fagan, P (Lab) 12,217 29.9 *Sandelson, N D
(SDP/AII) 11,842 29.0 Hill, F(Freedom) 324 0.8
Con majority 4 234 10.4 Total vote 40,834 Turnout 70.9%
1979: Total votes 42,129 (75.0) - Lab 20,350 (48.3%); C 170.48 (40.5%): L 3,900 (9.3%); NF 582
(1.4%): Com 249 (0.6%). Lab maj 3.302 (7.8%). Swing 8.2% to C. Nj?i9qgraphy available. HAZEL GROVE
Electorate763,630 % vote *Arnold. T R (Con) 22,627 46.1 Vos, A (L/AII) 20,605 41.9 Comyn-Platt, J (Lab)
5.895 12.0 Con majority 2,022 4.1 Total vote 49,127 Turnout 77.2%
Mr Tom Arnold. theatre produce; and publisher, won the seat in Oc-
tober 1974; contested it February
l974 and Manchester. Cheetham. June 1970. B Jan 25 1947; ed Bedales, Le Rosey (Geneva) and Pembroke College. Oxford. Sec- retary Conservative north-west MPs group since 1976 Parliamentars% pr-ivate secretaty to Secretary ol State for Northern Ireland May. 1979-September. and to Lord Privy Seal. September, 1982-April. 1982.
1981 Member Society of West End~ ThqgjrC ASTMS, loJ.
HEMS VORTH
Electorate 54,323 % vote *Woodall, A (Lab) 22.081 59.3 Woofindin,J (L/AII) 7.891 21.2 Williamson, D (Con)
7.291 19.6 Lab majority 14.190 381 Total vote 37.263 Turnout 68.6%
Mr Alec Woodall. a colliery surface foreman, has held the seat since February. 1974. B Sept 20. 1918: ed Southmoor Road County School. Hemsworth.
HENDON NORTH
Electorate 54,505 (,o vote *Gorst. J M (Con) 18,499 49.9 Craig. K (SDP/AII) 9,474 25.6 Williams, A M (Lab)
8.786 23.7 Franklin. B (Nat) 194 0.5 Clayton. R (Ind) 116 0.3
Con majority 9.025 24.4 Total vote 37,069 Turnout 68.0%
1979: Total votes 39,891 (73.8%) - C 20,766 (52.1°,o)- Lab 14.374 (36.0%): L 4.113 (10.3%); NF 638 (1.6%). C maj 6.392 (16.1%). Swing 5.7%.
Mr John Gorst, company director and consuitant. Elected in 1970: contested Bodmin. 1966. and Chest- er-le-Street. 1964. Member. Select Committee on Employment since 1979. B June 28 1928. ed Ardinglv College and Corpus Christi College. Cambridge.
HENDON SOUTH
Electorate 53.929 % vote *Thomas, P J M
(Con) 17.115 48.6 Palmer. M (L/AII) 10.682 30.3 Neall, Mrs D N
(Lab) 7.415 21.1 Con majority 6.433 18.3 Total vote 35.212 Turnout 65.3%
1979: Total votes 37.864 (70.2%) - C 19,981 (52.8°%): Lab 11.231 (29.70,o): L 5.799 (15.3%o): Eco 563 (1.5%): NF 290 (0.8%). C mai 8.750 (23.1%). Swing 4.7%.
Mr Peter Thomas. QC. was a member of the Shadow Cabinet as Chief Opposition spokesman on Wales. 1974-75. Secretary of State for Wales. 1970-74. President. National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. 1974-76. Chairman Conservative Partv orga- nization, 1970-72: Minister of State. HENLEY
Electorate 62.120 % vote *Heseltine. M R
(Con) 27.039 59.7 Brook, 1 (L/AII) 13.258 29.3 Roxburgh. I (Lab) 4.282 9.5 Johnson. Ms R
(WFLOE) 517 1.1 Rogers. T (ONC) 213 0.5
Con majoritv 13.781 30.4 Total vote 45.309 Turnout 72.9%
NMr Michael Heseltine was ap- pointed Secretarv of' State for De- fcnce in Januarv. 1983: Secretarv of State for Environment, 1979-83. Joined the Shadow Cabinet as chief Opposition spokesman on industrv. 1974-76. and was chief spokesman on environment, 1976-79: spokes- man on trade. March to June, 1974. Minister for Aerospace and Ship- ping. 1972-74: Under Secretary for the Environment. 1970-72: Parlia- mentarv Secretarv. Ministrv of Transport. June-October 1970. Returned in February 1974: rep- resented Tavistock. 1966-74: con- tested Coventry. North. 1964. and Gower. 1959. B Mar 21. 1933: ed Sh rewsburv and Pembrokle College. IIEREFORD
Electorate 64.051 1% vote *Shepherd. C (Con) 23.334 48.1 Green. C(L/AII) 21.057 43.4 Evans. J (Lab) 3.690 7.6 Murray. Ms V (Eco) 463 1.0
Con majoritv 2.277 4.7 Total voic 48.544 Turnout 75.8%
1979: Total votes 48.204 (78.4%) - C 23.012 (47.7%): L 18.042 (37.40%): Lab 7.150 (14.8%). C maj 4.907 (10.3%). Swing to C.
Mr Colin Shepherd was elected in October. 1974. Marketing director and parliamentary advisec. B Jan 13 1938: ed Oundle. Caius College. Cambridge. McGill University. Montreal. Joint vice-chairman. Conservative backbench agricul- tural committee since 1979- former loint secretary. 1976-82: Member Selcct Committee on House of Commons Services. and catering subcommittee, since 1979.
IIERTFORD AND STORTFORD Electorate 68.615 % vote *Wells, P B (Con) 29.039 56.0 Wotheispoon, R
(SDP/AII) 16.110 31.1 C arr. J (Lab) 6.203 12.0 Wiles. G (BNP) 304 0.6 Cullen. P (PFA) 221 0.4
Con majority 12.929 24.9 Total vote 51.877 Turnout 75.6%
Mr Bowen Wells, Who represented Hertford and Stevenage. 1979-83 wvas senior executive in 1979 of the Commonwealth Development Corporation. 1961-73. Owvner and managing director of Substation Group Services Ltd. B Aug 4 1935: ed St. Paul's School. London and Exeter University. Joint secretary. Conservative backbench employ- ment committee. since 1982. PPS to Minister of State for Employment HIERTFORDSHIRE NORTH
Electorate 75.439 °, vote *Stcwart. I (Con) 29,302 49.0 Binney. G (L/AII) 19.359 32.4 Rcilly. J (Lab) 11.104 18.6
Con majority 9.943 16.6 Total vote 59.765 Turnout 79.2%
Mr lan Stewart, who became Und- er-Secretary of State for Defence Procurement in January, 1983 MP for Hitchinin February. 1974-83: contested T-ammersmith, Nornth,
1970. Company director. B Aug 10.
1935: ed Hailevbury and Jesus Col- lege. Cambridge.
HERTFORDSHIRE SOUTH
WVEST
Electorate 74.371 % vote *Page. R (Con) 30,217 53.6 Blair. I (L/AII) 18.023 32.0 Plavfair, E(Lab) 7,818 13.9 Lupton. M (Ind) 307 0.5
Con majoritv 12.194 21.6 Total vote 56.365 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Richard Page was returned at a bv-election in December. 1979. Contested Workington, February and October 1974, and was MP ftor Workington. November. 1976 to May 1979. Director of family com- pany. B Feb 22. 1941: ed lIurstpier- point College and Luton Technical College. Banstead UDC councillor,
1968-71. PPS to Leader of the House since 1982.
HERTFORDSHIRE WEST
Electorate 76.597 % vote Jones, R (Con) 28,436 46.7 Hollinghurst, N
(SDP/AII) 18,860 31.Q Boateng. P (Lab) 13.583 22.3
Con majority 9,576 1i5.7 Uotal vote 60,879 Turnout 79.5%
Mr Robert Jones, civil engineering adviser. B Sep 26 1950: ed Merchant Taylors and St Andrews University. Contested Teesside. Stockton. 1979: Kirkcaldv. Oct 1974. Member. St Andrews Burgh Council. 1972-75. Fife County Council. 1973-75. Chiil- tern District Council. since 1979.
HERTSMERF
Electorate 72.997 % vote *Parkinson, C (Con) 28,628 53.2 Gifford, Mrs Z
(L/All) 13.758 25.6 Reed, I D D (Lab) 10,315 19.2 Parkinson, R (Ind
Com) 1.116 2.1 Con majority 14,870 27.6 Total vote 53.817 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Cecil Parktinson was appointed Paymaster General. Chairman of the Conservative Party and a member of the Privy Council and the Cabinet Appointed to additional post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1982: Minister of State for Trade. 1979-81; an Opposition spokesman on trade. 1976-79; Opposition whip. 1974-76; assistant Government whip, 1974. MP for South Hertfordshire Feb 1974-83, and for Enfield West. 1970-74; contested Northampton, 1970. Chartered accountanit; founder and former chairman. Parkinson Hart Securities, former chairman of other companies. B Sep 1 1931: ed Royal Grammar School, Lancaster and Emmanuel College, Cambidge. HEXHAM
Electorate 54.341 % vote *Rippon. G (Con) 21,374 51.5 Robson. E (L/AII) 13.066 31.5 Byers. S J (Lab) 7.056 17.0
Con majority 8,308 20.0 Total vote 41.496 Turnout 76.4%
Mr Geoffrey Rippon. QC. leader of the Conservative Group in the European Parliament, 1977-79. Appointed to the Shadow Cabinet in March 1974 as a spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs and Europe. and from November. 1974 to March 1975 was chief spokesman. Secretary of State for the Environment. 1972-74; Chancel- lor of the Duchy of Lancaster with responsibility for EEC negotiations 1970-72; Minister of Technology. June-July 1970. Chief Opposition spokesman on housing and local government. 1968-70. and Oppo- sition spokesman on defence, 1968- 70. Minister of Public Buildings and Works. 1962-64. joining Cabinet in 1963: Parliamentary Secretarv Min- istry of Housing and Local Govern- ment. 1961-62. and Ministry of Aviation, 1959-61. Returned in 1966: represented Norwich. South. 1955-64.
HEYUWOOD AND MIDDLETON Electorate 59.870 % votc *Callaghan. J (Lab) 18. 11 43.3 Hodgson. Mrs C
(Con) 14.137 33.8 Rumbelow. A
(SDP/AII) 9.262 22.J Henderson. K (BNP)
316 0.8 Lab majority 3.974 9.5 Total vote 41.826 Turnout 69.9%
Nlr Jim Callaghan MPfor Middle- ton and Prestwich 1974-83. Former lecturer at St John's College. Man- chcster. B Jan 1927: ed Manchestcr University and London University. Member Commons Standing Ord- ers Committee since 1981. Middle- ton Borough Council. 1971-74. Football coach and referee. HIGH PEAK
Electorate 67.358 % vote Hawkins. C (Con) 24.534 46.4 Marquand. D
(SDP/AII) 14.594 27.6 Wilcox. D J (Lab) 13.755 26.0
Con majority 9.940 18.8 Total vote 52.883 Turnout 78.5%
Nlr Christopher Hawikins, is senior lecturer in economics at Southamp- ton lJniversitv. B Nov 26 1937: ed Bristol Grammar School and Bristol l;niversitv. Former member. Coventrv Citv Council. Author of Conservative policy on council house sales.
HOLBORN AND ST PANCRAS
Electorate 71.604 OA) vote *Dobson. F G (Lab) 20.486 47.5 Kerpel. A (Con) 13.227 30.7 Jones. W (L/All) 9.242 21.4 Price. R (WRP) 157 0.4
Lab majority 7.259 16.8 Total votc 43.112 Turnout 60.2%
Nlr Frank Dobson, an Opposition spokesman on education since 1981, was elected in 1979. An assistant secretary. local government om- budsman's office 1975-79: member. C'amden Borough Council. 1971-76. leader. 1973-75. B Mar 15. 1940: ed Archbishop Holgate Grammar School. York. and LSE.
HOLLAND WITH BOSTON
Electorate 63.562 % vote *Bcdv R (Con) 24.962 55.3 Le B,-un. Mrs C
(L/A,II) 13.226 29.3 Moore. J A (Lab) 6.970 15.4
Con majorityv 11.736 26.0 Total vote 45.158 Turnout 71.1 %
Mr Richard Body, returnemd in 1966. has been member of the Select Committtee on Agriculture since 1979 and Joint Committee on Con- solidation Bills since 1976. Rep- resented Billericay from 1955-59; contested Leek. 1951, Rotherham, 1950. and Abertillery by-election 1950. Barrister. farmer, a member of Lloyd's. B May 18, 1927: ed Read- ing School. HONITON
Electorate 72.232 % vote *Ererv. Sir P (Con) 32.602 60.6 Sampson. A
(SDP/All) 17.833 33.1 Sharpe. R AC(Lab) 3.377 6.3
Con majority 14.769 27.5 Total vote 53.812 Turnout 74.5%
Sir Peter Emery was Under-Scc- rctary of State for Energy. 1974: Under-Secretary of State for Trade and Industrv. 1972-74, with re-
sponsibilitv for industrv. Returned at by-election in 1967: MP for Read- ing. 1959-66: contested Poplar.
1951, and Lincoln, 1955. An Oppo- sition spokesman on Treasury, economic affairs and trade, 1964-65. Member. Select Committee on Industry and Trade since 1979 and Procedure (Finance) since 1982. Joint founder of the Bow Group, 1951. B Feb 27, 1926: ed Scotch Plains. New Jersey. and Oriel Col- lege. Oxford. Member, Hornsey Borough Council, 1951-58 (depuiv mayor, 1957-58). Chairman. Shen- lcy Trust Services Ltd and director. Purchasing Management Services Ltd. Chairman. Consultativc Coun- cil of Professional Management Organisations. 1964-72. I-IORNCHURCH
Electorate 61.741 % vote *Squire, R C (Con) 21,393 47.0 Williams. A R (Lab) 12,209 26.9 Martin. J (SDP/AII) 11.251 24.7 Jovce. Mrs A (NF) 402 0.9 Crowson. M (Eco) 219 0.5
Con majority 9,184 20.2 Total vote 45.474 Turnout 73.7%
1979: Total votes 47.562 (78.1%) - C 21,340 (44.9%): Lab 20.571 (43.3%): L 4.657 (9.8%) NF 994 (2.1%). C maj 769 (1.6%). Swing 8.5% to C. C gain from Lab.
Mtr Robin Squire, gained Maver- ton. Hornchurchfor the Conserva- tives in 1979: contested the seat. October 1974. Chartered account- ant. B July 12 1944: ed Tiffin SchooL Kingston upon Thamnes.
HORNSEY AND WOOD GREEN Electorate 73,870 % vote *Rossi, H A L (Con) 22,323 42.4 Veness, Mrs V (Lab) 18,424 35.0 Burrell. M (SDP/AII)
10,995 20.9 Lang, P (Eco) 854 1.6
Con majority 3,899 7.4 Total vote 52.596 Turnout 71.2%
Mr Hugh Rossi Minister for Social Security since 1981; Minister of State for Northern Ireland, 1979-81. An Opposition spokesman on Housing and land, 1974-79. Under Secretary for the Environment. 1974: Lord Commissioner of the -'.Treasury (Whip) 1972-74: Assistant
Government Whip. 1970-72. Solici- tor. Represented Harringay, Hor- nseyv 1966-83 Elected in March. 1966. B Jun 21. 1927: ed Finchley Catholic Grammar School and King's College. London University. Member. Haringey Council. 1964- 68: Hornsey Council, 1956-65 (deputy mayor, 1964-65); Middlesex County Council. 1961-65. Secretary, Conservative housing committee, 1967-70: vice-chairman, legal committee. 1970. Deputy leader. Government delegation to Council of Europe and Western European Union. 1970-73.
4ORSHATMI
Electorate 80.407 % vote *Horden. P (Con) 37.897 63.2 Archibald. G
(SDP/All) 16.112 26.9 h'ard. G R (Lab) 4,999 8.3 Spurrier. P (Eco) 925 1.5
C'on majority 21.785 36.4 Total vote 59.933 Turnout 74.5%
Mr Peter Hordern. NIP for Hor- sham. 1964-74. was returned for Horsham and Crawlcy 1974. Member of the Public Accounts Committce since 1966. Chairman. Conservative finance committee. 1970-72: member. executive 1922 Committee since 1966. Chiairman. Conservative Parliamentarv Finance committee, 1970-72. Company director and member. London Stock Exchange. 1957-74. Director. Petrofina (UK) Ltd since 1973. of Atlas Electric and General Trust since 1975. and of Alliance Investment Co since 1978. B Apr 18. 1929: cd Geelong Grammart School. Australia. and Christ .hurch. Oxford. Consultant to Fisons Ltd and to House of Fraser.
embcer of'Lloyd's.
IHOUGtITON AND
*W'ASIHIINGTON
Electorate 75.686 % vote Boves. R (Lab) 26.168 51.7 Kenyon. R
(SDP/AII) 12.347 24.4 Vane. R (Con) 12.104 23.9
Lab majoritv 13.8'1 27.3 Total vote 50.619 Turnout 66.9%
Mir Roland Boves. MEP for Dur- ham since 1979. B 1937. Former teacher and assistant director. DVir- ham C'ounty Council. Former dis- trict and town councillor for Peter- lce. Easington. GMWU. I lOVE
Electorate 71.918 'o vote *Sainsburv, T (Con) 28,628 60.5 Bcamish. Mrs T
(L/AII) 11.409 24.1 Wright. C (Lab) 6.550 13.9 Layton. T (SEE) 524 1.1 Litlie. K(MDP) 189 0.4
Con majoritv 17.219 36.4 Total vote 47.3Q0 Turnout 65.8%
1979: Total votes 50.342 (71.6%) - C 30.256 (60.1%): Lab 10.807 (21.5%): L 8.771 (17.4%): NF 508 (1.0%). C maj 19.449 (38.6%). Swing 3.4% to C.
Timothy Sainsburyv a director of J Sainsbury Ltd and Blackwell Press Ltd, was elected at the 1973 by-elec- tion. B Jun 11, 1932: ed Eton and Worcester College, Oxford. Ap- pointed PPS to the Secretary of State for the Environment. 1979. Chairman. all-partv group for retail trade since 1979: chairman. all- party parliamcntary committee for the release of Soviet Jewrv. 1976-79. and vice-chairman since 1979: joint honorary treasurer, Conservativc friends of Israel. Governor. Centre for Environmental Studies. 1976-79. Sponsored Indecent Displays (Con- trol)Act 1981.
IIUDDERSFIELD
Electorate 68.174 % vote *Sheerman. B(Lab) 20,051 41.4 Tweddle. J (Con) 16,096 33.2 Hasler. Mrs K J L
(L/All) 12,027 24.8 Hirst. H (Ind) 271 0.6
Lab majoritv 3.955 8.2 Total vote 48.445 Turnout 71. I %
MIr Barry Sheerman, chairman of the PLP trade group since 1981, represented Huddersfield. East 1979-83: contested Taunton, Octob- er, 1974. B Aug 17 1940;
ed Hampton Grammar School. Kingston Technical College. and LSE. Adviser to Institute for Euro- pean Studies; member, Public Accounts Committee since
1981; chairman. Parliamentary Advisory Council on Transport Safety: member. Loughor UDC 1972-74, and Lliw Valley Borough Council 1973-78. Sponsored by Co- operative Party. ASTMS.
HIULL EAST
Electorate 70,037 % vote *Prescott.J (Lab) 23,615 49.9 Leng D (Con) 13,541 28.6 Grurevitch, Mrs C
(L/AII) 10,172 21.5 Lab majority 10.074 21.3
Toacoteu47,32, Turoutese Wo7cste%
Mr John Prescott became Oposi- tion Spokesman in Regional affairs in 1981, a spokesman on transport
1979-81. Member, European Parlia- ment. 1975-79 and leader of the Labour delegation 176-79. Former official of the National Union of Seamen. Elected in 1970; contested Southporn, 1966. B Mav 31 1938; ed Grange Secondary Modern School, Ellesmere Port, Ruskin College and Hull University. Sponsored bv NUS. former member, Select Committee on Nationalised Indus- tries. PPS to Mr Peter Shore when Secretary of State for Trade, 1974- 76.
HULL WEST --
Electorate 57.702 % vote 'Randall, S (Lab) 15,361 41.9 Humphreys, M
(Con) 11,707 32.0 Unwin, W (SDP/AII)
9,575 26.1 Lab majority 3,654 10.0 Total vote 36,643 Turnout 63.5%
Mr Stuart Randal. business consultant, contested Worcester- shire, South, Oct 1974, and the European Parliament constituency of Mfidlands West, 1979. B Jun 22 1938; ed Uriiversity of Wales, Cardiff. Sponsored by EETPU.
HULL NORTH
Electorate 74.543 % vote *McNamara, K
(Lab) 21,365 42.5 Hayward. C (Con) 15,337 30.5 Smith, T A
(SDP/AII) 13,381 26.6 Tenny, R (Nat) 222 0.4
Lab majority 6,028 12.0 Total vote 50,305 Turnout 67.5%
Mr Kevin McNamara, an oppo- sition spokesman on defence and disarmament since 1982. Lecturer in law. Represented Kingston-upon- Hull, Central. February 1984-83. having been MP for Kingston upon Hull, North, 1966-74; contested Bridlington, 1964. B Sept, 5, 1934; ed St Mary's College. Crosby, and Hull University. Chairman, PLP Nornhern Ireland group. Former member. UK delegation to Council of Europe. Member. European Par- liament, 1976-79. Member of Select Committee on Procedure (Finance). Member Foreign Affairs Select Committee and chairman. sub- committee on Overseas Aid and Development. Sponsored bv TGWU.
HUNTINGDON
Electorate 76.668 % vote *Major, J (Con) 34.254 62.4 Gatiss. Mrs Sheila
(L/AII) 13.906 25.3 Slater. M (Lab) 6.317 11.5 Eiloart (Eco) 444 0.8
Con majority 20.348 37.1 Total vote 54.921 Turnout 71.6%
Mr John NMajor who was appointed a Govenment Whip in 1983, was elected for Hundingdonshire in 1979. contested Camden, St Pan- eras. North, in Februarv and Octob- er. 1974. Senior Executive of British Overseas Bank. and Associate of the Institute of Bankers. B Mar, 29. 1943: ed Rutlish Grammar School. Member. London Borough of Lambeth Council. 1968-71. Found- ed Lambeth Borough Young Con- servatives in 1965. Chairman, Brix- ton Conservative Association, 1970- 71. Chairman. Beckenham Con- servative Association. Member. Board of Warden Housing Associ- ation 1975-83. Former secretary. Conservative Parliamentary Party Environment Committee. PPS to Ministers of State. Home Office, since 198i.Government Whip Jan 1983.
HYNDBU'RN
Electorate 59,341
Hargreaves, J. C. (C) 19,405 *Davidson, A. (Lab) 19,384 Bridgen, J. (SDP) 6,716 Smith, F. (Eco) 266 Gateson, P. (Ind) 169
Con majority 21 Total vote 45,940 Turnout 77.4%
ILFORD) NORT'H1
Electorate 60.248 q1 v\ote *Bendall, V W H
(Con) 22.042 51.3 Gapes. M J (Lab) 10.841 25.3 Roxburgh. I
(SDP/AII) 10,052 23.4 Con majority 11.201 26.1 Total vote 42.935 Turnout 71.3%
Mlr Vivian Bendall won the seat for the Conservatives in the March. 1978 by-election: contested
Hertford and Ste\enage, Februarv and October. 1974. B Dec 14 1938: ed C'oombe Hill House. Croydon. and Broad Green College, Croydon. Member Croydon Borough Council, 1964-78. and GLC. 1970-73. Chair- man Greater London Young Con- servatives. 1967-68. Principal of firm of surveyors and valuers. Vice- chairman. Conservative Transport Committee: secretary. Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Em- ployment Committees. ILFORD SOUTH
Electorate 58.208 % vote *Thorne. N G (Con) 18.672 45.4 Hogben. J H (Lab) 14.106 34.3 Scott. R (L/Ali) 7,999 19.5 Martin. R A (BNP) 316 0.8
Con majority 4.566 11.1 Total vote 41.093 Turnout 70.6%
Alr Neil Thorne, chartered sur- veyor. companv director, and Lloyd's underwriter, gained Red- bridge, Ilford South. for Conserva- tives in 1959: contested the seat in October, 1974. B Aug 8 1932, ed City of London School and London University. Member. Select Com- mittee on Consolidation Bills since 1979. Vice-chairman. Conservative backbench committee of Greater lIondon. MPs. Member. Countv of London Territorial Association; vice-president. British Legion. Member. Redbridge Borough Coun- cil, 1966-68. and alderman 1976-78. GLC. 1967-73: member. Statutory Committee for Dockland Develop- ment: freeman and liveryman, City of London: governor, Mavfieid School for Girls: chairman, Beech Co-ownership Housing Society. Chairman National Council for Civil Defence, since 1982. I PSW'ICiH
Electorate 67.292 % vote *Weetch, K (Lab) 22,191 43.7 Cottreil. Dr
Elizabeth (Con) 21,114 41.6 Miernik. Mrs P
(L/AII) 7,220 14.2 Pearson. A (BNP) 235 0.5
Lab majority 1,077 2.1 Total vote 50.760 Turnout 75.4%
Mr Kenneth Weetch. lecturer in economic history was elected in October 1974. after contesting the seat in February. 1974, and Saffron
Walden,r 1970rme. B Sepy 17 19326e
Newbridge Grammar School and LSE. head of history department, Hockerill College of Education. Bishop's Stortford. 1964-74. Presi- dent National Houseowners Society 1975-78; parliamentary adviser, Home Owners Mutual Enterprise since 1980. Member, Home Affairs Committee, since 1983. PPS De- partment of Transport, 1976-77. YWGU.
ISLE OF WIGHT
Electorate 94,226 % vote *Ross, S (L/A!I) 38,407 51.0 Bottomlcy, Mrs V
(Con) 34,904 46.3 Wilson, Mrs C (Lab) 1,828 2.4 McDermott, B
(IWPP) 208 0.3 L/AII majority 3,503 4.7 Total vote 75,347 Turnout 80.0%
1979: Total votes 74,440 (81.8%) - L 35,889 (48.2%); C 35,537 (47.7%); Lab 3,014 (4.0%). L maj 352 (0.5%).
Mr Stephen Ross won the seat for the Liberals in February, 1974, haveing contested it in 1966 and 1970. Currently party spokesman on transport, Northern Ireland and
environmental sujects. Chartered Surveyor, ex-farmer. B July 6 1926; ed Bedford'School. Member IOW Cotnity Council 1967-74 and 1981- present. Non-executive company clirector and retailer I.O.W.. Chair- man, Local enterprise agency.
BANBURY
Electorate 65,324 % vote Baldry, A (Con) 26,225 53A Fitchett, K
(SDP/AU) 13,200 26.9 Hodgson. J B (Lab) 9,343 19.0 Brough, D N (Oth) 383 0.8
Con majority 13,025 26.5 Total vote 49,151 Turnout 7S.2%
Mr Anthony Baldry, Barrister and publishing house director, contested Thurrock, 1979. B Jul 1950; ed Leig- hton Park and Sussex University. Personal aide to Mrs Thatcher in Oct 1974 election; served in Leader of the Opposition's office, March- Oct 1975. . Member, Executive Committee, European Union of Conservative and Christian Demo- crat Students, 1971-72; NEC, British Council of the European Move- ment. 1973-74. Founder member, Students for a United Europe; first national chairman, Young Euro- pean Democrats, 1974. Awarded Robert Schumann Silver Medal, 1978, for contributions to European politics. Member, Carlton Club political committee. BARKING
Electorate 52,362 % vote *Richardson,Ms J
(Lab) 14,415 42.1 Summerson, H
(Con) 10,389 30.4 Gibb, J (L/AII) 8,770 25.6 Newport. I (Oth) 646 1.9
Lab majority 4,026 11.8 Total vote 34,220 Turnout 65.4%
Ms Jo Richardson, member of Labour Party National Executive Committee since 1979, was elected in February. 1974; contested Har- row, East. 1964; Hornchurch, 1959, and Monmouth. 1955 and 1951. B Aug 28 1923; ed Southend High School for girls. Former member, Select Committee on Home Affairs, former member, select committees on nationalized industries, pro- cedure and expenditure. Vice-Presi- dent. CND. Chairman. PLP Civil Liberties Group, 1975-79; executive council, National Council for Civil Liberties. APEX and ASTMS. BARNSLEY CENTRAL
Electorate 55.115 % vote *Mason, R (Lab) 21,847 59.8 Oldfield. H (Con) 7.674 21.0 Reid. Rev. G(L/AIl) 7.011 19.2
Lab majority 14,173 38.8 Total vote 36,532 Turnout 66.3%
Mr Roy Mason was chief oppoition spokeman on agriculture, fisheries and food 1979-81: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 1976-79: Sec- retary of State for Defence, 1974-76. Opposition spokesman on trade and civil aviation, 1970-74. Former chairman of ihe PLP miners' group. President of the Board of Trade, 1969-70; Minister of Trade. 1969- 70; Minister of Power, 1968-69; Postmaster-General. April June 1968; Minister of Defence (Equip- ment), 1967-68; Minister of State, Board of Trade 1964-67. MP for Burnley, 1953-83. B Apr 18. 1924; ed elementary schools and LSE Miner., 1938-53. Sponsored by NUM.
BARNSLEY EAST
Electorate 53,611 % vote Patchett, T (Lab) 23,905 66.3 Tomlinson, P (L/AII)
6,413 17.8 England, G (Con) 5.749 15.9
Lab majority 17,492 48.5 Total vote 36,067 Turnout 67.3%
Mr Terry Patchett, miner. Born 1940. NUM sponsored. BARNSLEY WEST &
PENISTONE
Electorate 60,648 % vote *McKay, A (Lab) 22,560 50.8 Hartley, T(Con) 12,218 27.5 Evans, J (SDP/AII) 9,624 21.7
Lab majority 10,342 23.3 Total vote 44,402 Turnout 73.2%
Mr Allen McKay an Opposition whip, 1981-83. was MP for Peni- stone, 1978-83. Mining electrical engineer, 1947-65: Industrial re- lations officer with the National Coal Board 1966-78. B Feb, 5,1927; ed Hoyland Kirk Balk School; Ex- tra-Mural Department of University of Sheffield. Served on Hoyland Nether UDC, 1965-74; chairman, 1973-74. Member, Barnsley Metro- politan Borough Council, 1974-78. Committee member and branch president. NUM.
BARROW AND FURNESS
Electorate 67,896 % vote Franks, C (Con) 22,284 43.6 *Booth A E (Lab) 17,707 /34.7 Cottier, D (SDP/AII)
11,079 21.7 Con majority 4,577 9.0 Total vote 51,070 Turnout 75.2%
Mr Cecil Franks, a solicitor, is leader of the Conservative Group on Manchester City Council. B Jul 1, 1935; ed Manchester Grammar School and Manchester University.
BASILDON
Electorate 69,604 % vote Amess, D(Con) 17,516 38.7 Fulbrook, J G H
(Lab) 16,137 35.6 Slipman, Ms S
(SDP/AII) 11,634 25.7 Con majority. 1,379 3.1 Total vote 45,287 Turnout 65.1%
Mr David Amess, senior partner in specialist, employment consultancy. B 1952; ed St Bonaventures Gram- mar School and Bournemouth Col- lege of Technology. Contested Newham, North West, 1979.
BASINGSTOKE
Electorate 71,975 % vote Hunter, A (Con) 28,381 51.3 *Hudson Davies, G
E(SDP/AII) 15,931 28.8 McAllister, J (Lab) 10,646 19.3 Wilson. I (BNP) 344 0.6
Con majority 12,450 22.5 Total vote 55,302 Turnout 76.8%
Mr Andrew Hunter,' teacher, con- .tested Southampton, Itchen, 1979. B Jan 1943; ed St George's School, Harpenden, Durham University and Jesus College, Cambridge. Member, Durham University Liberal Party, 1962-65; Cambridge University Conservative Association, 1966-68.
BASSETLAW
Electorate 65,721 % vote *Ashton, J (Lab) 22,231 45.6 Cleasby, M (Con) 18,400 37.7 Withnall, B
(SDP/AII) 8,124 16.7 Lab majority 3,831 7.9 Total vote 48,755 Turnout 74.2%
Mr Joe Ashton, formerly a design engineer and now a journalist, novelist and playwright was re- turned at a by-election in October, 1968. Opposition spokesman on cnergy, 1979-81. Member Select Comniittee on Members' Interests since.1979 and Select Committee on Members! Salaries~; 198 1-82. GOvernment whip, 1976-77; PPS to Mr Benn, 1974-76. B Oct 9 1933; ed' High Storrs Gramimar School, Shef- field and Rotherham Technical College.
PLYiMlOUTH DRAKE Electorate 52.383 *Fookes. Misst)
(Con) I Fitzgerald. W
(SDP/All) I Creswell. Miss S A
(Lab)
Bradbury, C W
% vote 19,718 50.6 11,133 28.6 7,921 20.3
(BNP) 163 0.4 Con majority 8,585 22.1 Total vote 38,935 Turnout 74.3%
Mvliss Janet Fookes, elected for the seat in 1974, represented Merton and Morden. 1970-74. Chairman RSPCA. 1979-81. Teacher. B Feb 21. 1936: ed Hastings and St Leo- nards Ladies' College, Hastings High School and Royal Holloway College, University of London. Member. Speakers' Panel of Chair- men: member, former Expenditure Committee; former chairman, edu- cation and home affairs sub-com- mittee of Expenditure Committee. Haon secretary, all-party mental health group
PLYMlOUTH SUTI'ON
Electorate 59.890 % vote *Clark, A K M (Con)
Puttick. A (L/AII) Holland. Miss F
25.203 55.1 13.516 29.6
(Lab) 6.538 14.3 Shaw. S(Eco) 470 1.0
Con majoritv 11.687 25.6 Total Xvote 45,727 Turnout 76.4%
NIr Alan Clark. a barrister and his-. torian, is the son of Lord Clark. Elected in February, 1974. B Apr 13, 1928: ed Eton and Christ Church. Oxford. Joint Secretary. Conserva- tive backbench home affairs com- mitiee since 1982: former vice- chairman. Conservative backbench defence committee. Member, Select Committee on Sound Broadcasting since 1979.
PONTEFRACT AND
CASTLEFORD
Electorate 64.878 0k vote *Lofthouse. G (Lab) 24.990 57.1 Howell. B (Con) 11.299 25.8 Dale. D(L/AII) 7.452 17.0
Lab majoritv 13.691 31.3 Total vote 43,741 Turnout 67.4%
Nlr Geoffrey Lofthouse, a personnel manager with the NCB. was elected at the by-election in October. 1978. B Dec 18 1925: ed Featherstone and secondary schools primary. second- ary and Leeds University. Spent 20 y ears in local government service mnd was for 23 vears a member of the NUM. BACM. APEX. POOLE
Electorate 70,731 % vote *Ward, J (Con) 30.358 58.3 Clements. B (L/All) 15.929 30.6 Castle. M V (Lab) 5.595 10.8 Foster, A (SACA) 1 77 0.3
Con majoritv 14.429 27.7 Total vote 52.059 Turnout 73.6%
NMr John 'Ward, a chartered civil engineer and director of a building company. was elected in 1979; con- tested Portsmouth. North in Octob- er 1974. B Mar 8 1925; ed Romford County Technical School and St Andrew's Universitv. Joint sec- retarv. Conservative backbench industry committee since 1982. Member. national union executive. Conservative Party 1965-78 and central board of finance. conserva- tivc party. 1969-78. Member Con- servatibr Political Centre National Advisory Committee; European Movement: and Conservative Group for Europe: founder member, Conservative Commonwealth Council; secretary, Mediterranean group 1955-60.
PORTSMOUTH NORTHI
Electorate 77.923 % vote *Griffiths. P (Con) 31,413 55.3 Luxon. S (SDP/AII) 13.414 23.6 Beard. N (Lab) 12.013 21.1
Con majority 17,999 31.7 Total vote 56,840 Turnout 72.9%
M%Ir Peter Griffiths, was returned in 1979. Represented Smethwick 1964- 66 and contested Portsmouth. North. February, 1974. former headmaster and senior lecturer. B May 24. 1928: ed West Bromwich Grammar School. City of Leeds Training College, London Univer- sity and Birmingham University. Member, Smethwick Borough Council. 1955-64 and alderman, 1964-66: former president, Young Conservatives.
PORTSMOUTH SOUTH
Electorate 74,537 % vote 'Pink, B (Con) 25,101 50.0 Hancock, M
(SDP/AII) 12,766 25.4 Thomas, Mrs S T
(Lab) 11,324 22.6 Evens, AJ (Ind L) - 554 1.1 Knight. G A (NF) 279 0.6 Fry, D W (TEF) 172 0.3
Con majority 12,335 24.6 Total vote 50,196 Turnout 67.3%
Mlr Bonner Pink, member of the Speaker's panel of chairmen, was elected in 1966. Former company director. B Sep 30, 1912; ed Oundle. Member. Estimates Committee, 1967-70, former member, Public Expenditure Committee. Member. Portsmouth City Council from 1948 (Alderman, 1961); Lord Mayor of Portsmouth, 1961-62.
PRESTON
Electorate 64,969 *Thorne, S (Lab) Huntley, T (Con) Connolly. M
% vote' 21,810 46.7 14,832 31.8
(SDP/AII) 10.039 21.5 Lab majority 6,978 15.0 Total vote 46,681 Turnout 71.9%
Mlr Stanley Thorne, formerly lec- turer in industrial sociology, MP for Preston, South, February 1974-83; contested Liverpool, Wavertree, 1964. B Jul 22, 1918; ed Ruskin College, Oxford and Liverpool University. Vice chairman, health and education groups PLP; member PLP, housing and aviation groups; chairman, Parliamentary Labour CND. Liverpool councillor, 1963-66 and 1971-74, former deputy chair- man, Liverpool education com- mittee. AUEW TASS. PUDSEY
Electorate 70,583 % vote *Shaw, G (Con)- 24,455 45.7 Cummins. J (L/All) 19,141 35.8 Price, Ms S M (Lab) 9,542 17.8 Smith, R (Ind) 387 0.7
Con majority 5,314 9.9 Total vote 53,525 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Giles Shaw, Under Secretary of State for Environment since 1981; Under Secretary of State for North- ern Ireland, 1979-81. Elected in 1974; contested Kingston upon Hull, West, 1966. B Nov 16 1931; ed Sedbergh School and St John's Col- lege,. Cambridge (President of the Union, 1954). Former vice-chair- man, Conservative prices and con- sumer affairs committee, and all- party wool textile group. Member, Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, 1976-79; served on Flax- ton RDC 1956-62. Joint secretary, Yorkshire Conservative MPs 19,74- 79. Former consultant. Rowntree Mackintosh, and Ogilvy, Benson and Mather. Former director, North Riding Motors.
RUTLAND & MELTON
Electorate 75,180 % vote *Latham, M (Con) 33,262 60.4 Farrer, DJ (L/AII) 14,909 27.1 Whitby, J (Lab) 6,414 11.6 Goddard, Ms H A
(Eco) 532 1.0 Con majority 18,353 33.3 Total vote 55,117 Turnout 73.3%
Mr Michael Latham was elected in February 1974; contested Liverpool, West Derby, 1970. Non-executive director of building firm. B Nov 20, 1942; ed Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge. Director and chiefexecutive, House Builders' Federation, 1971-73; parliamentary liaison officer, National Federation of Building Trades Employers. 1967-73. Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive parliamentary housing com- mittee, 1974-76 and of Conservative parliamentary environment com- mittee since 1979. Secretary, Con- servative backbench countryside conservation committee, since 1977. Vice-president, Building Societies Association, since 1981. Westminster city councillor, 1968- 71. Chairman, Conservative Friends of Israel since 1982, and of British-Isreal parliamentary group.
RYDALE
Electorate 78,388 % vote *Spencc J (Con) 33,312 59.2 Shields, Mrs E
(L/AII) 17,170 30.5 Bloom, P (Lab) 5,816 10.3
Con majority 16,142 28.7 Total vote 56,298 Turnout 71.8%
Mr John Spence has been a member of the Select Committee on Agricul- trure since 1979; member, Con- servative backbench industry committee: former secretary. Member, Speaker's panel of chair- men; vice-chairman (1980-81) and sectelary (1972-79) of the Yorkshire group of Conservative MPs. Was returned for Thirsk and Malton in Feb 1974. represented Sheffield, Heeley. 1970-74. Contested 1966, and Wakefield, 1964. Civil engin- eering contractor with own con- struction business. B Dec 7 1920; ed Queen's University, Belfast. Mem- ber. Select Committee on Nationa- lized Industries. 1974-79.
SAFFRON WALDEN
Electorate 69.385 % vote *Haselhurst, A (Con)
30,869 57.9 Torode. J (SDP/AII) 15,620 29.3 Trory, R P (Lab) 6,078 11.4 Smedley, W D
(ACM) 797 1.5 Con majority 15,249 28.6 Total vote 53,364 Turnout 76.9%
1979: Total votes 53,077 (81.6%) - C 28,563%): L 13,200 (24.9%), Lab 10,547 (19.9%); Ind 425 (0.8%); NF 342 (0.6%). C maj 15,363 (28.9°,'). Swing 8. 1% to C.
Mr Alan Haslehurst was returned at the by-election in July 1977. Captured Middleton and Prestwich for Conservatives in 1970 but lost seat to Labour in February, 1974. Government affairs consultant to Albright & Wilson Ltd. B June 23 1937; ed King Edward VI School, Birmingham, Cheltenham College and Oriel College, Oxford (Presi- dent, Universiity Conservative Association, and secretary, treasurer and librarian of the Union). Chair- man, Young Conservatives National Advisory Committee 1966-68.
ST ALBANS
Electorate 72,849 °o vote Lilley, P (Con) 29.676 52.1 Walkington, A S B
(L/AII) 21,115 37.0 Austin, Mrs R (Lab) 6,213 10.9
Con majority 8,561 15.0 Total vote 57,004 Turnout 78.3%
Mr Peter Lilley, an investment adviser specialising in North Sea oil and other energy industries, con- tested Haringey, Tottenhamn, Oct 1974. B 1946; ed Dulwich College and Clare College, Cambridge. Twice chairman, Bow Group; co- founder, German Bow Group, 1974. Member, Carlton Club. Fellow, Institute of Petroleum, since 1978.
ST HELENS, NORTHi
Electorate 71,059 0k vote *Evans, J (Lab) 25,334 47.9 Rhodes. A (Con) 16,075 30.4 Derbyshire, N
(L/AII) 11.525 21.8 Lab majority 9,259 17.5 Total vote 52,934 Turnout 74.5%
Mr John Evans was elected to the Labour Party National Executive Committee in 1982. PPS to Mr Michael Foot, leader of Labour Party since 1980. Assistant Govern- ment Whip 1979. Represented Newton February 1974-83. Mem- ber, European Parliament, 1975-79, and chairman of its regional policy and transport committee, 1976-79. Fo,-mer member, Commons Public Accounts Committee. Fitter. B October 19, 1930; ed Jarrow Central School, Member, Hebburn Urban District Council, 1962-74, chairman 1972-73. leader, 1969-74. and of South Tyneside Metropolitan Dis- trict Council, 1973-74. Sponsored by AUEW.
ST HELENS, SOUTH
Electorate 69,172 % vote Bermingham, G
(Lab) .22,906 46.9 Bull, R (Con) 13,244 27.1 Briers, P (SDP/AII) 10,939 22.4 Davies, M (Ind) 1,780 3.6
Lab majority 9,662 19.8 Total vote 48,869 Turnout 70.7%
Mr Gerald Bermingham, a solicitor, fought Derbyshire, South East,
1979,-B Aug 20, 1940; ed Cotton College, Wellingborough Grammar
School; Sheffield UniversitY.
Member, Sheffield City Council, 1975-79; 1980-82. APEX. TGWU.
ST IVES
Electorate 64,012 % vote Harris, D (Con) 24,297 51.4 Carter, H (SDP/AlI) 16,438 34.8 Crowley, Ms M
(Lab), 5,310 11.2 Prior, P(MK) 569 1.2 Hoptrough, H (Eco) 439 0.9 Homner, N (Ind) 219 0 .5
Con majority, 7,859 16.6 Total vote 47,272 Turnout 73.9% No biography available.
SALFORD EAST
Electorate 63,946 % vote *Orme, S (Lab) 21,373 53.7 iCole, S (Con) 11,832 29.7 Williams, A
(SDP/AII) 6,190 15.6. Carter, S (WRP) 417 1.1
Lab majority 9,541 24.0 Total vote 39,812 Turnout 62.3%
Mr Stanley Orme, member of Sha- dow Cabinet since 1979, rep- resented Salford West, 1964-83 Chief Opposition spokesman on industry since 1981, and chief Opposition spokesman on social security, 1979-81. Minister for Social Security, with a seat in the Cabinet, 1976-79; Minister of State, Department of Health and Social Security, 1976; Minister of State for Northern Ireland, 1972-74. Con- tested Stockport, South, 1959. En- gineer. B Apr 5 1923; ed elementary and technical schools, National Councils of Labour Colleges and Workers' Education Association
SALISBURY
Electorate 74,189 % vote Key, R (Con) 28,876 53.5 Lakeman, J (L/AII) 21,702 40.2 Lamberth, Mrs C K
(Lab) 3,139 5.8 Kemp, Miss M (W
Reg) 182 0.3 Abbott, T (Ind) 86 0.2
Con majority 7,174 13.3 Total vote 53,985 Turnout 72.8%
No biography available. SCARBOROUGH
Electorate 72,362 9o vote *Shaw. Sir M (Con) 27,977 54.3 Jordan, Mrs R
(SDP/AII) 14,048 27.2 Battersby, J (Lab) 9.545 18.5
Con majority 13,929 27.0 Total vote 51,570 Turnout 71.3%
Sir Michael Shaw, a chartered ac- countant, was elected in February 1974. Member. European Parlia- ment, 1974-79. Represented Scarbo- rough and Whitby, 1966-74, and Brighouse and Spenborough. 1960- 64. Contested latter seat in 1959 and Dewsbury, 1955. B Oct 9 1920; ed Sedbergh. Member. Select Com- mittees on Members' Salaries, slice 1981. Members' Interests, since 1979, and Public Accounts, since 1979: member, Speaker's Panel of Chairman since 1981. Chairman, Yorkshire area Conservatives. 1965- 66. Vice-chairman. Conservative Trade and Industry Committee. 1967-74, and Yorkshire Conserva- tive MPs since. SEDGEFIELD
Electorate 61.702 % vote Blair, A C L (Lab) 21.401 47.6 Horton, T (Con) 13,120 29.2 Shand, D(SDP/All) 10,183 22.6 Logan-Salton, M
(Ind) 298 0.7 Lab majority 8,281 18.4 Total vote 45,002 Turnout 72.9%
No biography available. SELBY
Electorate 65.365 % vote *Alison, M (Con) 26.712 56.7 Whitaker. W (L/AII) 10,747 22.8 Haines, Mrs S (Lab) 9,687 20.6
Con majority 15,965 33.9 Total vote 47,146 Turnout 72. 1%
Mr Michael Alison, Minister of State Department of Employment since 1981; Minister of State for Northern Ireland 1979-81. An Opposition spokesman on environ- ment 1978-79 and on Home Affairs 1975-78. MP for Barkston Ash, 1964-83. Under-Secretary for Health and Social Security, 1970-74. B June 27 1926: ed Eton, Wadham College, Oxford and Ridley Hall. Cambridge. Member Expenditure Committee, 1974-75: Kensington Borough Council. 1956-59. Re- search officer. foreign section of Conservative research departmcnt. 1958-64.
SEVENOAKS
Electorate 71.327 96 vote *Wolfson, M (Con) 30.722 58.4 Jakobi, S (L/AII) 15,016 28.6 Gooding, R (Lab) 6,439 12.2 Burnett.GL(NF) 416 0.8
Con majority 15,706 29.9 Total vote 52.593 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Mark Wolfson, personned dir- ector with a merchant bank, was elected in 1979, contested Islington. North, February, 1974 and City of Westminster, Paddington, October. 1974. B Apr 7 1934; ed Eton and Pembroke College, Cambridge Member. Select Committee on Members' Salaries, 1981-82; Joint secretary. Conservative backbench committee on employment since 1982. Member. Parliamentary del- egation to Nicaragua, 1982. Worked for Canadian Pacific Railway for two years and as a teacher in an Indian reservation in British Columbia. Three vears as head of Brathay Hall Centre in the Lake District. London Borough of Wan- dsworth councillor for three years. SHEFFIELD Attercliffe
Electorate 64.203 % vote *Duffy, A E P (Lab) 23,067 51.5 Millward, G (Con) 11,455 25.6 Addison, Ms I
(SDP/AII) 10,241 22.9 Lab majority 11,612 25.9 Total vote 44,763 Turnout 69.7%
Mr Patrick Duffy, an Opposition spokesman on defence. since May 1983 andl979-81, was Under Sec- retary, Defence (Royal Navy) 1976- 79. Returned 1970; MP for Colne Valley, 1963-66; contested Tivenon. 1955. 1951 and 1950. Economist and consultant. B Jun 17 1920; ed London and Columbia Universities.
SHEFFIELD Brightside
Electorate 67,260 % vote *Maynard, Miss J
(Lab) 25,531 58.0 Butler, F (L/AII) 10,322 23.4 Grayson, D (Con) 7,888 17.9 Spinks, P A (NF) 286 0.7
Lab majority 15,209 34.5 Total vote 44,027 Turnout 65.5%
Miss Joan Maynard, member, S.lect Committee on Agriculture, since 1979. and of the Labour Party National Executive Committee, since 1970, was elected on October, 1974. Yorkshire area secretary. National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers for 22 years. SHEFFIELD Central
Electorate 66,769 % vote Caborn, R (Lab) 24,759 60.2 Major. Miss P
(SDP/AII) 7,969 19.4 Rawlings, Miss P
(Con) 7,908 19.2 Gill, Miss V (Com) 296 0.7 Barrett, C (Rev
Com) 222 0.5 Lab majority 16,790 40.8 Total vote4l,l54Turnout61.6%
Mr Richard Caborn, member of European Parliament for Sheffield since 1979. B Oct 6. 1943: ed Hur- Ifield Comprehensive School. Shef- field. Granville College of Further Education, and Sheffield Polytech- nic. Convenor of shop stecvards. Firth Brown Ltd, 1967-79; vice- president, Sheffield Trades Council.
SHEFFIELD HalUam
Electorate 72,878 % vote *Osborn, J (Con) 26,851 50.6 Johnson. M (L/AII) 15,077 28.4 McCrindle, Ms J
(Lab) 10,463 19.7 Booler, P (Ind C) 656 1.2
Con majority 11,774 22.2 Total vote 53,047 Turnout 72.8%
John Osborn, a former steel works director was elected 1959. Member, European Parliament, 1975-79. Joint Secretary, 1922 Committee since 1968; vice-chairman, Science and Technology Committee, and chairman, joint committee for scientific cooperation of the Council of Europe. Member Education, Sci- ence and Arts Select Committee since 1979; member, Science and Technology Select Committee 1970- 72; chairman, Conservative trans- port industries committee 1970-74. Chairman, British Soviet parlia- mentary group and Anglo-Swiss parliamentary group. Searcher of Cutler's Company since 1951 . B Dec 14, 1922; Ed Rugby and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
SHEFFIELD Heeley
Electorate 74.659 % vote Michie, W (Lab) 24,111 45.8 Cordle, S (Con) 15,743 29.9 Day, J M 'SDP/AII) 12,813 24.3
Lab majority 8,368 15.9 Total vote 52,667 Turnout 70.5%
Mr William Michie, unemployed laboratory technician, became re- dundant in 1981. B Nov 24. 1935; ed Abbeydale Secondary School, Sheffield. Sheffield city councillor since 1970 and South Yorkshire county councillor since 1974 (chair- man of area planning). As city coun- cillor he was chairman of planning, 1974-81, and chairman of employ- ment, 1981-83. AUEW (former shop steward).
SHEFFIELD, Hillsborough
Electorate 74,422 % vote *Flannery, M (Lab) 20,901 37.2 Chadwick, D (L/AII) 19,355 34.5 Smith, Mrs C (Con) 15,881 28.3
Lab majority 1,546 2.8 ToTal vote 56,137 Turnout 75.4%
Mr Martin Flannery, a former head teacher, has been a member of the Select Committee on Education. Science and Arts since 1981. Elected in February, 1974. B Mar2 1918;ed De La Salle Grammar School and Sheffield Teacher Training College. Member ASTMS and NUT. Parlia- mentary consultant. Chairman PLP education and science group. For- mer Secretary. PLP Chile group. Form.er chiairman. Tribune , rlp. Sponsored by ASTMS.
SHERWOOD
Electorate 69.091 % vote Stewart, A (Con) 21.595 41.0 Back, W (Lab) 20,937 39.7 Cooper. Mrs
(SDP/AII) 10,172 19.3 Con majority 658 1.3 Total vote 52,704 Turnout 76.3%
Mr Andrew Stewart. B 1937; ed Strathaven Academy. Lanark, and West of Scotland Agricultural Col- lege. Member, Nottinghamshire County Council since 1974. SHIPLEY
Electorate 67.584 % vote *Fox, M (Con) 25,866 49.7 Wallace, W (L/AII) 14,421 27.7 Leathley, M A (Lab) 11,218 21.6 Shepherd, S (Eco) 521 1.0
Con majority 11,445 22.0 Total vote 52,026 Turnout 77.0%
Mr Marcus Fox was Under Sec- retary of State for the Environment, 1979-8 1: Opposition spokesman on transport, 1975-76; on the environ- ment. 1974, and on housing, 1974- 75. Elected in 1970: contested Dew- sbury 1959 and Hudderfield. West 1966. B June 11 1927 ed Wheel- wright Grammar School, Dewsbury. Assistant whip, 1972-73; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip) 1973-74: Member, Select Committee on Members' Salaries, 1981-82; Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1970- 72.
SHOREHAM
Electorate 69.720 % vote *Luce, R (Con) 31.679 61.7 Ingram,J(L/AII) 15.913 31.0 Hurcombe, Mrs S J
(Lab) 3,794 7.4 Con majority 15,766 30.7 Total vote 51,386 Turnout 73.7%
Mr Richard Luce resigned in April 1982 as Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs - a post he had held since 1981 - over Ar- gentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands. He was Under Secretary of State for Foreign and Common- wealth Affairs, 1979-81: an Oppo- sition spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs, 1977-79. and an Opposition whip, 1974-75. PPS to Sir G Howe. then Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs, 1972-74. Elected for Arundel and Shoreham at by-election 1971 and after redistribution, for Shoreham in February 1974; contested Hitchin. 1970. B Oct 14 1936: ed Wellington College. Christ's College, Cambridge, and Wadham College, Oxford.
SHRE VSBURY and ATCHAM
Electorate 66,554 % vote Conway, D (Con) 24,397 49.5 Bowen, A (L/AIl) 15,773 32.0 Mosley, A (Lab) 9.080 18.4
Con majority 8,624 17.5 Total vote 49,250 Turnout 74.0%
1979 (as Shrewsbury): Total votes 48,470 (76.6%b) - C 23,548 (48.6%); L 13.364 (27.60); Lab Co-op 11,558
(23.8%). C maj 10,184 (21.0%). Swing 3.8% to C.
Mr Derek Conway, director. B Feb 15 1953; ed Beacon Hill Boys' School. Contested Newcastle upon Tyne East, 1979; Durham, Oct 1974. National vice-chairman, Young Conservatives, 1973-75; member, Conservative Party national executive, 1972-81. Mem- ber Tyne and Wear Metropolitan County Council. 1977-83 (leader, 1979-82); borough councillor, 1974- 77.
SHROPSHIRE NORTH
Electorate 73,333 % vote *Biffen, W J (Con) 28,496 53.4 Evans, D (L/AII) 16,829 31.6 Jones, Miss H (Lab) 7,860 14.7 Phillimore, J L (Oth)
135 0.3 Con majority 11,667 21.9 Total vote 53,320 Turnout 72.7%
Mr John Biffen, Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons since April l982; Secretary of State for Trade. 1981-82; Chief Secretary to the Treasury, with a seat in the Cabinet.
1979-81; chief Opposition spokes- man on energy and industry, 1976- 77. In November 1978, appointed spokesman on small businesses and self-employed. Returned for Oswes- try in 1961:, contested Coventry, East. 1959. Economist. B Nov 3 1930: ed Dr Morgan's Grammar School. Bridgwater; Jesus College, Cambridge.
SKIPTON & RIPON
Electorate 69,421 % vote *Watson, J (Con) 31,509 60.6 Brooks, Mrs K C
(L/AII) 16,463 31.7 Billing, Ms M A
(Lab) 4,044 7.8 Con majority 15,046 28.9 Total vote 52,016 Turnout 74.9%
Mr John Watson director of print- ing and packaging company, also qualified as a solicitor. MP for Skip- ton, 1979-83; contested York in February and October 1974. B 1943, ed Bootham School, York and th; College of Law, Guildford. Member, Select Committee on Energy, 1979- 82. PPS to Secretary of State foi Northern Ireland, since 1982. Per- sonal asistant to Mr Edward Heath during 1970 election campaign. Joined Young Conservatives in 1961 and has held office at all levels- national chairman in 1971. Mem- ber, Law Society, Institute of Arbri- trators, and of Llovd's. SLOUGH
Electorate 71.907 % vote Watts, J (Con) 22,064 42.9 *Lestor, Miss J (Lab)
18,958 36.9 Bosanquet, N
(SDP/AII) 9,519 18.5 John, G (NF) 528 1.0 Flindall, I (Eco) 325 0.6
Con majority 3,106 6.0 Total vote 51,394 Turnout 71.5%
Mr John Watts, leader of Hilling- don borough council since 1978: former leader, and deputy leader, of the Opposition; council member since 1973. Chartered Accountant. Under Secretary, Parliamentary and Law Affairs, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. B Apr 19, 1947; ed Bishopshalt School, Hillingdon; Caius College, Cambridge. Former chairman, Cambridge University Conservative Association. Chairman, Uxbridge Conservative Association, 1973-76. Member, Council of Brunel Univer- sity, Uxbridge, and of Hillingdon health authority. SOLIHULLB
Electorate 73,677 % vole Taylor, J (Con) 31.947 60.8 Gillett, I (L/AII) 14,553 27.7 Jamieson, I (Lab) 6.075 11.6
Con majority 17,394 33.1 Total vote 52,575 Turnout 71.4%
Mr John Taylor, solicitor. consult- ant and company director, has becn MEP for the East Midlands sincc 1979. Deputy chairman, Conserva- tive group in the European Parlia- ment, 1981-82: ed Bromsgrove School. Contested Dudley, East. Feb and Oct 1974. Member, Solihull County Borough Council, 1971-74. and West Midlands County Council since 1973 (Leader, 1977-79). SOMERTON & FROME
Eleciorate 64.695 % vote 'Boscawen, R (Con) 26,988 54.4 Hinton, N (SDP/All)
17,761 35.8 Osborn, J B (Lab) 4.867 9.8
Con majority 9,227 18.6 Total vote 49,616 Turnout 76.7%
Mr Robert Boseawen (Somerset and Frome, C) was MP for Wells, 1970- 83. Appointed Vice-Chamberlain of Royal Household (whip), 1983: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip), 1981-83: assistant Govern- ment whip, 1979-81- Contested Falmouth and Camborne, 1966 and 1964. Lloyd's underwritcr. B Mar 17, 1923; ed Eton and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. Founder member. Select Committee in Expenditure and its Employment and Social Services subcommittee. Former vice-chairman, Conservative health and social security committee. Member, London Executive Coun- cil, National Health Service, 1956- 65.
SOUTHAMPTON, Itchen
Electorate 72,233 % votc Chope,C(Con) 21,937 41.5 *Mitchell, R
(SDP/AIl) 16,647 31.5 Denham. J (Lab) 14,324 27.1
Con majority 5,290 10.0 Total vote 52,908 Turnout 73.3%
Mr Christopher Chope, leader of Wandsworth borough council, 1979-83; member since 1974. Barrister. B May 19 1947; ed Marlborough College; Dundee and St Andrew's universities.
SOUTHAMPTON, TEST
Electorate 74,668 % votc *Hill, J A (Con) 24,657 45.2 Whitehead, A P V
(Lab) 15,311 28.1 Vinson, A (SDP/All)
14,592 26.7 Con majority 9,346 17.1 Total vote 54.560 Turnout 73.1 %
Mr James Hill, a director of two family private companies, tegained the seat for Conservatives in 1979: he held seat, 1970-October, 1974. Member, Select Committees on European Legislation and on Indus- try and Trade, since 1979. B Dec 1926:. ed Regents Park School, Sou- thampton, North Wales Naval Training College and Southarmipton University. Member, Select Com- mittee on Expenditure, 1972-73: secretary. Conservative backbench committee on housing and con- struction, 1971-73. Member, Euro- pean Parliament. 1973-75, being chairman of its committee for rc- gional policy and transport. Govcrnment whip to Council ot Europe and Western European Union. Secretary, Industry Com- mittee 1979-81 and British Sri. Lanka Group.
S mTEi EATEetortee 5769 Enionet Avisrto
Electorate~ ~ 5769-tOlXot *Taylor, E M (Con) 21,743 55.8 George, C (SDP/AII) 11,052 28.4 O'Brien, C O (Lab) 6,188 15.9
Con majority 10,691 27.4 Total vote 38,983 Turnout 67.6%
1979: Total votes 39,972 (70.1%) - C 22,413 (56.1%); Lab 11,639 (29.10%); L 5,244 (13.1%): NF 676 (1.7%). C maj 10,774 (27.0%). Swing 7.6% to C.
1980 by-election: Total vote:
35,637 (62.5%) - C 13,117 (36.8%): Lab 12,687 (35.6%); L 8,939 (25.1%); others 894 (2.5%). C maj 430 (1.2%).
Mr Edward Taylor was elected at the 1980 by-election; MP for Glas- gow, Cathcart 1964-79; contested Glasgow, Springburn, 1959. Joumalist, consultant and company director. Chief Opposition spokes-
man on Scotland, 1977-79; Under. Secretary of State (Development) for Scotland, 1974, and in 1970-71
when he resigned in disagreement with Government policy on EEC. B Apr 18 1937; ed Glasgow High School and Glasgow University, Member, Glasgow City Council, 1960-64. Member, Select-Com- mittee on Environment. Adviser to Port of London Police Federation, Northemn Engineering Industries, Lawrence Building Company. Vice- chairman, Conservative backbench. trade and consumer affairs com- mittee. NLU.
SOUTHEND WEST
Electorate 67,486 % vote *Channon, P (Con) 26,360 54.5 Grant, G (L/AIl) 18,327 37.9 Nisbet, Mrs J (Lab) 3,675 7.6
Con majority 8,033 16.6 Total vote 48,362 Turnout 71.7%
1979: Total votes 51,055 (76.2%) - C 29,449 (57.7%)- L 12,585 (24.6%), Lab 8,341 (16.3%) NF680(1.3%). C maj 16,864 (33.19'o). Sing 6.5% to C.
Mr Paul Channon, was appointed Minister for the Arts in January, 1981 Minister of State, Civil Service Department. 1979-81. Chief Oppo- sition spokesman on the environ- ment, 1974-75; spokesman on con- sumer affairs, 1974: member of the Shadow Cabinet, 1974. Minister for Housing and Construction, 1972-74; Minister of State for Northern Ire- land, March-November, 1972; Under Secretary for the Environ- ment, 1970-72; Parliamentary Sec- retary Ministry of Housing and Local Government, June to Octob- er. 1970. Elected at by-election, January 1959. succeeding his father. B Oct 9, 1935; ed Lockers Park, Hemel Hempstead. Eton and Christ Church. Oxford. Former director, CSE Aviation. Arthur Guinness and Son.
SOUTH HAMS
Electorate 74.276 % vote *Steen, A (Con) 31,855 57.2 Rogers, A (L/AII) 19,454 35.0 Morris. G J (Lab) 3,824 6.9 Morgan. Ms W (Eco)
518 0.9 Con majority 12,401 22.3 Total vote 55.651 Turnout 74.9%
MIr Anthony Steen, community worker and youth leader, barrister, Lloyd's underwriter and company director. represented Liverpool, Wavertree. 1974-83. B July 22 1940, ed Westminster School. Chairman,. Conservative urban affairs com- mittee since 1979; former vice- chairman. health and social services committee. Founder and first direct- or. Task Force, 1964-68 and of Young Volunteers' ' Force Foun- dation. 1969-74. Chairman, all party friends of cycling group secretary parliamentary Caribbean com- mittee. Select Committee Race Relations 75-79. Council member VSO. National Playing Fields Ass. Trustee task force trust, board member community transport. chairman outlandos trust; vice- president, Ecology Building Society, international centre for Christian relief.
SOUTHPORT
Electorate 70.089 % vote *Percival. Sir I (Con)
25,612 50.4 Brodie-Browne. I B
(L/AII) 20,573 40.5 Brady. F P (Lab) 4.233 8.3 Wood. K L (SBILP) 374 0.7
Con majority 5,039 9.9 Total vote 50,792 Turnout 72.5%
1979: Total votes 51,104 (74.7%,6) - C 25,953 (50.8%); L 19,426 (38.0%); Lab 5,725 (11.296). C maj 6.527 (12.8%). Swing 4.7% to C.
Sir Ian Percival, QC, who became Solicitor General in 1979. had been an Opposition spokesman on law since 1976. Elected in 1959; con- tested Battersea, North, 1951 and 1955. B May II, 1921; ed Latymer School and St Catherine's College. Cambridge. Chairman, Conserva- tive legal committee, 1970-74; vice- chairman. 1974-79. Member, Select Committee on EEC secondary legis- lation. 1974-79. A former recorder. SOUTH RIBBLE
Electorate 72,401 % vote 'Atkins, R (Con) 27,625 49.1 Duffy, F(Lab) 14,966 26.6 Walker, R (L/AII) 13,690 24.3
Con majority 12,659 22.5 Total vote 56,281 Turnout 77.7%
Mr Robert Atkins, a sales executive, represented Preston, North, 1979- 83: contested Luton, West in Feb- ruary and October 1974. B Feb 5 1946: ed Highgate School. Member Haringey Borough Council 1968-76. Member European Movement: chairman Haringey for Europe Campaign, 1975. Chairman, Hor- nsey Young Conservatives, 1967-69; vice-chairman Greater London Young Conservatives, 1969-70. Parliamentary consultant to PRCI Ltd. Formerly joint Secretary, Con- servative Defence Committee and vice-chairman Conservative Avi- ation Committee. National vice. president Conservative trades unionist. PPS to Minister of State, Dept of Industry. ASTMS. SOUTH SHIELDS
Electorate 61,924 % vote *Clark, D (Lab) 19,055 46.5 Groves, P (Con) 12,653 30.9 Angus, P (SDP/AII) 9,288 2 2.7
Lab majority 6,402 15.6 Total vote 40.996 Turnout 66.2%
SOUTH WARK &
BERMONDSEY
Electorate 55.839 % vote *Hughes. S (L/AII) 17,185 49.9 *Tilley,J (Lab) 12'021 34.9 Hughes, R (Con) 4,481 13.0 Sneath, J S (NF) 474 1.4 Mason, K T (New
Brit) 154 0.5 Farehk, A (Rev
Com) 54 0.2 McKenzie, S C (Nat)
50 0.2 Keen. T L (Ind) 50 0.2
L/AII majority 5,164 15.0 Total vote 34.469 Turnout 61.7%
Mr Simon Hughes, who won the February, 1983 by-election, was formerly a barrister. B May 17 1951; ed Llandaff Cathedral School, Car- diff, Christ College, Brecon, Selwyo College, Cambridge, Inns of Court School of Law and College of Europe. Bruges. Member. Data
Protection Bill committee. GLC candidate, 1981; London Borough of Southwark candidate, 1982. SPELTHORNE
Electorate 72,236 % vote *Atkins, H (Con) 26,863 52.4 'Layton, A (SDP/AII) 13,357 26.0 Rowlands, MC (Lab)
7,926 15.5' Adams, R (Ind C) 2,816 5.5 Butterfield, E (ACM)
325 0.6 Con majority 13,506 26.3 Total vote 51,287 Turnout 7 1.0%
1979: Total votes 54,510 (76.9%) - C 31,290 (57.4%); Lab 15,137 (27.8%); L 7,565 (13.9%); NF 518 (1.0%). C maj 16,153 (29.6%). Swing. 9.0W to C.
Mr Humphrey Atkins was Lord Privy Seal and principal Govern- ment spokesman in the Commons for foreign and Commonwealth af- fairs, 1981 to April 1982 when he resigned following Argentina's in- vasion of the Falkland Islands. Sec- retarY of State for Northern Ireland, 1979-81. Opposition chief whip 1974-79; Treasurer of the House- hold (Deputy Chief Whip) 1970-73. Parliamentary Secretary to the Trea- sury and Government chief whip, 1974. Opposition whip, 1967-70. Returned for this seat, 1970; rep- resented Morden, 1955-70; con- tested West Lothian 1951. Membev ~f Lloyd's. B Aug 12 1922; ed Wel-' Tingo College. Secretary,
STAFFORD
Electorate 70,570 % vote *Fraser, Sir H (Con) 27,639 51.2 Dunn, D (SDP/AII) 13,362 24.X Poulter, M J D (Lab)
12,789 23.X Caruso, J (Gizza
Job) 212 0.4 Con majority 14,277 26.4 Total vote 54,002 Turnout 76.5%
Sir Hugh Fraser, company director, unsuccessfully contested the leader- ship of the Conservative Party in February, 1975. Appointed Sec. retary of State for Air, July 1962: Minister of Defence for RAF, 1964: Under-Secretary, Colonial Office 1960-62: War Office, 1958-60. Presi- dent, Association of Conservative Clubs. 1975-76. Member for Stone, 1945-50, and Stafford and Stone 1950-83. B Jan 23, 1918; ed Ample- forth, Balliol College, Oxford (Presi- dent of the Union), and the Sor- bonne. Member, Committee of Privileges, Director, Sun Alliance Insurance, Aird Motors, Scottish and Universal Investments Ltd, and other companies.
STAFFORDSHIRE MID
Electorate 67,425 % vote *Heddle, J (Con) 27,210 52.1 Jones.T(L/AII) 13,330 25.5 Lane, P (Lab) 11,720 22.4
Con majority 13,880 26.6 Total vote 52,260 Turnout 77.5%
Mr John Heddle, company director, consultant surveyor and Lloyd's undenvriter. gained Litchfield and Tamworth seat for the Conserva- tives in 1979; contested Bolton. East. October, 1974, and Gateshead, West, February, c974. B Sept 15, 1943: ed Bishop's Stortford College and College of Estate Management (London University). Chairman. Conservative backbench environ- ment committee. Member, environ- ment select committee: Kent Coun- ty Council, 1973-80. Freeman of the City of London, Member, Bow Group Fellow Rating and Valuation Association: Fellow Institute of Directors: Fellow Royal Society of Arts Consultant partners, Elliottson and Boyton. chartered surveyors.
STAFFORDSHIRE
MOORLANDS
Electorate 72.466 96 vote *Knox. D (Con) 30,079 53.8 Campbell. B (Lab) 13,513 24.2 Gubbins, P
(SDP/AII) 12,370 22.1 Con majority 16,566 29.6 Total vote 55.962 Turnout 77.2%
Mr David Knox, economist and management consultant, rep- resented Leek, 1970-83. A vice- chairman of the Conservative Party, 1974-75. Contested Birmingham, Stechford, 1964 and 1966, and Nuneaton by-election. 1967. B May 30, 1933: ed Lockerbie Academy. Dumfries Academy and London University. Joint secretary, Con- servative finance committee, 1972- 73: secretary. Conservative trade committee, 1974; vice-chairman, Conservative employment com- mittee. 1979-80 (Secretary, 1976- 79). Member. Select Committee on European legislation, since 1976.
STAFFORDSHIRE, South
Electorate 73,038 % vote *Cormack, P (Con) 32,764 59.2 Chambers, J (L/AII) 13,004 23.5 Cartwright, M J
(Lab) 9.568 17.3 Con majority 19,760 35.7 Total vote 55.336 Turnout 75.8%
1979 (as Staffordshire South West): Total votes 53.245 (79.0%) - C 32.153 (60.4%); Lab 14,720 (27.6%9): L 5.460 (10.3%): NF 912 (1.7%). C maj 17.433 (32.8%o). Swing &2% to Mr Patrick Cormack, writer, com- pany director, consultant and a former teacher, represented Staf- fordshire South-West, February 1974-83, represented Cannock 1970-74; contested Grimsby. 1966; Bolsover, 1964. B May 18, 1939; ed St James Choir and Havelock Schools. Grimsby and Hull Univer- sity. Member of Select Committee on Education, Science and Arts since 1979. Joint chairman, all-party heritage group and chairman, Con- servative Arts and Hcritage Com- mittee since 1979; Chairman, Coun- cil for Independent Education since 1980; member, Historic Buildings Council since 1979; director, His- toric House Hotels Ltd; Consultant, Patrick Cormack and Partners. Chairman. all-party committee for Soviet Jews, 1971-75; former member, select committee on anti- discrimination. Chairman, all-party committee for widows and single parent families, 1974-77. Member. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts and Lord Chancellor's Committee on Public Records; Fel- low, Royal Society of Antiquaries, since 1977; IOJ.
STAFFORDSHIRE SOUTH
EAST
Electorate 63,324 % vote Lightbown, D (Con) 24,556 50.7 Crawley, Mrs C M
(Lab) 13,658 28.2 Lynch, M (SDP/AII) 10,220 21.1
Con majority 10,898 22.5 Total vote 48,434 Turnout 76.5%
Mr David Lightbown, engineering director, West Midlands Plc. B Nov 30 1932. Lichfield District Council, Staffordshire County Council.
STALYBRIDGE & HYDE
Electorate 67,916 % vote *Pendry, T (Lab) 21,798 45.5 Silvester, B (Con) 17,436 36.4 Hughes, J (L/A11) 8,339 17.4 Nylan, B (NF) 294 0.6
Lab majority 4,362 9.1 Total vote 47,867 Turnout 70.5%
May, 1979: Total votes 43,901 (72.1%) - Lab & Lab Coop 26,580 (60.5%); C 13,145 (29.9%'); L 3,686 (8.4%); NF 490 (1.1%). Lab & Lab Coop maj 13,435 (30.6%). Swing 5.9%.
Mr Tom Pendry, an Opposition spokesman on overseas develop- ment since 1981; a spokesman on Northern Ireland, 1979-81; a spokesman on devolution and re- gional affairs since 1982. Under Secretary of State, Northern Ireland Office, 1978-79; Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury (Govern- ment whip), 1974-77. Opposition whip, 1971-74. Former member, Public Expenditure Committee. Member, Speaker's Conference on Electoral Reform, 1973-74. Full- time official, NUPE .1960-70. Elected in 1970. B June 1934; ed St Augustine's Ramnsgate, and Plater
Hall, Oxford. Member, Paddington* Borough Council, 1962-65. Memn- ber, Consultative Assembly, Coun- cil of Europe, 1 973-76'. Sponsored by NUPE.
STAMFORD & SPALDING
Electorate 65,955 %; 9 vote *Lewis, Sir K (Con) 27,728 56.5 Lee, P (SDP/AII) 15,972 32.6 Mullender, Ms A
(Lab) 5,354 10.9 Con majority 11,756 24.0 Total vote 49,054 Turnout 74.4%
Sir Kenneth Lewis was MP for Rut- land anid Stamford, 1957-83; con- tested Ashton-under-Lyne 1951 and Newton 1945 and 1950. Member, Commons Committee of Selection 1964-83 and of Procedure (Finance) Committee 1981-83. Member, Esti- mates Committee, 1962-66. B Jul 1 1916; ed Jarrow Central School and Edinburgh University. Former chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary Employment Committee. Member, Middlesex County Coun- cil, 1947-50. Chairman, Business and Holiday Travel Ltd; member of Lloyd's. Member, Institute of Tra- vel and Tourism and Institute of Marketing. Deputy Lieutanant for Rutland since 1973.
STEVENAGE
Electorate 67,706 % vote Wood, T (Con) 20,787 39.4 Stoneham. B R M
(SDP/All) 19,032 36.1 Reeves, Mrs S (Lab) 12,673 24.0 Bowmaker, D R
(BNP) 236 0.5 Con majority 1,755 3.3 Total vote 52,728 Turnout 77.9%.
Mr Timothy Wood, a senior project manager with an international computer, firm. B 1940; ed Man. chester University. Member, Brack. nell District Council since 1975. School governor. Chairman, Wokingham Conservative Associ- ation. Vice-chairman, Thames Val- ley Euro-constituency. Bow Group. Member. National Association of Conservative Graduates, 1970-79 Former board member, Bracknell Development Corporation.
STOCKPORT
Electorate 58.908 % vot.t Favell, A (Con) 18,517 42.1 Ward, P R (Lab) 12,731 29.C *McNally. T
(SDP/A0I) 12,129 27.f Shipley. M (Eco) 369 0.i Walker, K (Nat) 194 0.2
Con majority 5,786 13. Total vote 43,940 Turnout 74.6%
Mr Anthony Favell, solicitor constested BolsovCr, 1979. B May 29 1939; ed St Bees, Cumbria, and Sheffield University.
STOCKTON NORTH
Electorate 70.277 % vote Cook, F(Lab) 18,339 37.1 Davies. H (Con) 16.469 33.3 *Rodgers. W
(SDP/All) 14,630 29.6 Lab majority 1,870 3.8 Total vote 49.438 Turnout 70.4%
Mr Frank Cook, construction engin- eer. B Nov 3, 1935; ed Corby School. Sunderland; De La Salle, Manchester, Institute of Education, Leeds. Sponsored by AUEW (TASS).
STOCKTON SOUTH
Electorate 73,790 % vote *Wrigglesworth, I
(SDP/AII) 19,550 36.8 Finnegan,T(Con) 19,448 36.6 Griffiths. F(Lab) 13.998 26.3 Fern. D (Ind) 205 0.4
SDP/All majority 102 0.2 Total vote 53,201 Turnout 72.1%
Mr Ian Wrigglesworth was Labour MP for Teeside, Thornaby from February, 1974 until March. 1981 when he joined the SDP and be- came spokesman on home affairs. Official opposition spokesman on the Civil Service, 1979-80. Founder member, Council for Social Democ- racy and the SDP. PPS to Mr Roy Jenkins, Home Secretary, Nov 11974-76. Vice chairman, Anglo- Hong Kong Parliamentary Group. and divisional director of Smiths Industries Ltd. Member, General Advisory Council of IBA, 1979-81. B Dec 1939; cd Stockton Grammar School, Stockton, Billingham Tech- nical College, and College of St Mark and St John, London. Was press and public affairs manager. National Girobank.
STOKE-ON-TRENTCENTRAL Electorate 66.934 % vote Fisher, M (Lab) 21,194 48.1 Mans, K (Con) 12,944 29.4 Freeman, Ms V
(SDP/AIl) 9,458 21.5 Cook, C S (Loony
Socy) 504 1 1 Lab majority 8,250 18.7 Total vote 44,100 Turnout 65.9%
Mr Mark Fisher, former Slm producer and writer, now principal of an education centre. B Oct 1944- ed Eton and Cambridge. Contested Leek, 1979. Member, Staffordshire, County Council, since 1981; chairman, library committee. NUT and Socialist Educational Associ- ation.
STOKE-ON-TRENTNORTH
Electorate 75,251 % vote *Forrester, J (Lab) 24,721 46.3 lbbs, R (Con) 16,518 30.9 Beswick, T
(SDP/AII) 12,186 22.8 Lab majority 8,203 15.4 Total vot e 53,425CTumioutl .0%
Mr John Forrester, teacher, was elected in 1966. B June 17, 1924; ed Eastwood Council School, City School of Commerce, Stoke-on- Trent, and Alsager Teacher Training College. Member, Speaker's panel of chairman. Member, Stoke-on-Trent city and district councils, since 1970. Secretary, constituency Labour. Party, 1961; member, execu- tive committee, Stoke-on-Trent City Labour Party, 1958, NUT.
STOKE,ON-TRENT SOUTH
Electorate 70,600 °6 vote *Ashley, J (Lab) 23,611 48.0 Maxwell, P (Con) 16,506 33.6 Walley, W (L/AII) 9,050 18.4
Lab majbrity 7,105 14.5 Total vote 49,167 Turnout 69.6%
Mr Jack Ashley, -journalist and broadcaster, is chairman of the all- party Lords and Commons disable- ment group. Member of the Labour Party national executive committee 1976-78. Elected in 1966; contested Finchley, 1951. B Dec 6 1922; ed, elementary school, Ruskin College, Oxford and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (president of the union). Member, PLP liaison committee., 1977-78. Member national executive, Chemical Work- crs'`Union. 1946-47; General Advis- ory Council BBC, 1967-69; Widn6s Borough Council, 1946-47. Spon- sored by GMWBU.
SUTTON AND CHEAM
Electorate 63.099 % vote *Mac0arlane. D N
(Con) 26,782 57.1 Caswill, C (L/AII) 16,518 35.2 Dixon, G S (Lab) 3,568 7.6
Con majority 10,264 21.9 Total vote 46,868 Turnout 74.3%
1979: Total votes 49,697 (78.8%) - C 28,842 (58.0f); L 13,136 (26.4%/); Lab 7,126 (14.3%); NF 465 (0.9%); Ind 128 (0.3%). C maj 15,706 (31.6%). Swing 5.7% to C.
Mr Neil Maefarlame has been Under Secretary of State for the Environment and Minister for Sport, since 1981; Minister for Chil- dren's Play since 1983 and was Under Secretary of State for Edu- cation and Science. 1979-81. For- mer company director and former executive with an oil company. Regained the seat for the Conserva- tives, February, 1974; contested East Ham, North, 1970: Sutton and Cheam by-election, 1972. B May 7 1936; ed St Aubyns, Woodford Green, and Bancrofts School, Woodford Wells. Member Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology, 1974-79: Former secretary. Conservative backbench com- mittees on energy, Greater London and on sport and recreation.
SUTTON COLDFIELD
Electorate 67.695 % vote *Fowler, N (Con) 31,753 65.4 Jones, A (L/All) 12,769 26.3 Gibbons, CC(Lab) 4,066 8.4
Con majority 18,984 39.1 Total vote 48,588 Turnout 71.8%
1979: Total votes 49,521 (77.3%) - C 34,096 (68.9%). Lab 7,989 (16.1%, L 6,511 (13.1%); NF 466 (0.9%)o Other 459 (0.9°h). C maj 26,107(52.8%). Swing 5.5% to C.
Mr Norman Fowler has been Sec- retary of State for Social Services since 1981: Secretary of State (1981) and Minister (1979-81) for Trans- port. He became chief Opposition spokesman on transport in 1976 having been chief spokesman on the social services since 1975, when he joined shadow cabinet. A spokes- man on home affairs. 1974-75. Journalist on Tue Timnes. 1961-70. being its Home Affairs Correspon- dent 1966-70. Elected for this seat. February. 1974: MP for Notting- ham, South. 1970-74. B February 2 1938; ed King Edward VI School. Chelmsford. and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Member. Select Com- mittee on Race Relations and Immigration. 1970-74. NUJ.
SWINDON
Electorate 76,833 % vote Coombs, S (Con) 22,310 39.2 *Stoddart, D (Lab) 20,915 36.7 Scott. D J (SDP/All) 13.743 24.1
Con majority 1,395 2.5 Total vote 56,968 Turnout 74.2%
.1979: Total votes 50,246 (76.4%) - Lab & Lab Coop 25,218 (50.29%), C 19,319 (38.4%): L 5,709 (11.4%). Lab & Lab Coop maj 5.899 (11.8%). Swing 5. 1%.
Mr Simon Coombs, marketing executive, British Telecom. B Feb 21 1947; ed Wycliffe College and Reading University. Member, Reading County Borough Council, 1969-72; Reading Borough Council, since 1973; Society of Post-Office Executives.
TATTON
Electorate 68.747 % vote Hamilton. N (Con) 27,877 54.6 Levy. D(SDP/AII) 13,917 27.2 Davies, D W (Lab) 9,295 18.2
Con majority 13,960 27.3 Total vote 51,089 Turnout 74.3%
Mr Neil Hamilton, Director of Insti- tute of Directors, European and parliamentary affairs). Aged 34; ed Amman Valley Grammar School; Aberystwyth University; Corpus Christi. Cambridge. Contested Abertillery. 1974, and Bradford. North. 1979.
TATN'TON
Electorate 70,359 % vote *du Cann, E (Con) 28,112 52.9 Cocks, M (SDP/All) 15,545 29.2 Gray, 3 (Lab) 9,498 17.9
Con majority 12,567 23.6 Total vote 53,155 Turnout 75.6%
1979: Total votes 53,573 (80.7) - C 28.483 (53.2%); Lab 15,759 (29.4%); L 7,928 (14.8%); Eco 1,403 (2.6%). C maj 12,724 (23.8%). Swing 5.1% to C.
Mr Edward du Cann has been chair- man of the Select Committee on the Treasury and Civil Service since 1979; Chairman of the Liaison Committee of Select Committee; and chairman of the 1922 Com- mittee since 1972. Chairman, Public Accounts Committee, 197479. Founder chairman (1971), Select Committee on Public Expenditure. Elected at February 1956 by-elec- tion, contested Barrow-in-Furness, 1955, and West Walthamstow, 1951. B May 28, 1924, ed Colet Court, Woodbridge School and St John's College. Oxford. Member, Committee of Privileges, since 1974. Admiral. House of Commons Yacht Club, since 1973, founder of the Unicorn Group of Unit Trusts. Chairman of Conservative Party Organization, 1956-67; President, 1981-82; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1963-64; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1962-63. Deputy chairman, Lonrho Ltd.
TEIGNBRIDGE
Electorate 67,515 % vote Nicholls, P (Con) 28,265 54.0 Alderson, J (U/All) 20,047 38.3 Loughlin, M (Lab) 3,749 7.2 Hope, A (Loony
Socy) 241 0.5 Con majority 8,218 15.7 Total vote 52,302 Turnout 77.5%
Mr Patrick Nicholls, solicitor. B Nov 14 1948; ed St Peter's Hare- field, Red Rice College, and the College of Law, Guildford Member, East Devon District Council, since 1980, vice-chairman property ser- vices committee, 1983.
THANET NORTH
Electorate 66.678 % vote Gale, R (Con) 26,801 58.4 MacMillan,.W
(SDP/All) 12,256 26.7 Booth,.MsC(Lab) 6,482 14.1 Dobing, B (BNP) _ 324 0.7
Con majority 14,545 31.7 Total vote 45,863 Turnout 68.8%
Mr Roger Gale, a producer with Thames Television, contested Bir- mingham. Northfield, in the 1982 by-election and was a council candi- date in London. B t943; ed South- bourne Preparatory Schoiol and Hardye's School, Dorchester. Member, British Actors 'Equity, NUJ. ACTT.
BRISTOL NORTH-WVEST
Electorate 72,996- % vote Stern, M (Con) 24,617 43.9 Palmer, Dr Sarah
(Lab) 18,290 32.6 Long, Mrs H
(SDP/AII) '13,228 23.6 Con majority .6,327 11.3 Total vote 56,135 Turnout 76.9%
Mr Michael Stern, partner in firm of chartered accountants, contested Derby South. 1979. B Aug 3` 19421 ed Christ's College 'Grammar School, Finchley. Co-opted' mem- ber. London Borough of Ealing education committee, 1981-83. BRISTOL SOUTH
Electorate 72.067 % vote *Cocks, M F (Lab) 21,824 44.0 Gammell, A (Con) 17,405 35.1 Stanbury, D
(SDP/AII) 9.674 19.5 Collard, G (Eco) 352 0.7 Chester. A (Com) *224 0.5 Byrne. Mrs L (WRP)
113 0.2 Lab inajority 4,419 8.9 Total vote 49,592 Turnout 68.8%
Mr Michael Cocks has been chief Opposition whis since 1979; Parlia- mentary Secretary to the'Treasury (Government Chief Whip) 1976-79: Assistant Government Whip 1974- 76. Elected for Bristol South in 1970: contested South Gloucester- shire. 1964 and 1966. and Bristol. West, 1959. Lecturer. B Aug 19. 1929: ed Bristol University. BRISTOL WEST
Electorate 73.190 - vote *Waldergrave. W A
(Con) 25.400 49.1 Ferguson, G (L/AII) 15,222 29.4 Tatlow. Mrs P (Lab) 10.094 19.5 Scott, J (Eco) 872 1.7 Boyle.S(lnd) 142 0.3
Con majoritv 10.178 19.7 Total vote 51.730 Turnout 70.7%
Mr William Waldegrave, Under Secretary of State for Education and Science. since 1981. Elected in 1979. Member of the Central Policy Re- view Staff Cabinet Office, 1971-73 and on the Political Staff at No 10 Downing Street. 1973-74. He was head of Mr Edward Heath's political office. 1974-75. With GEC Ltd. from 1975 to 1981. B Aug 15, 1946: ed Eton. Corpus Christi. Oxford BROMSGROVE
Electorate 66.146 % vote *Miller. H D (Con) 27.911 56.2 Milligan, J
(SDP/AII) 10.736 21.6 Titiey. G (Lab) 10,280 20.7 Churchman.J (Eco) 716 1.4
Con majority 17.175 34.6 Total vote 49.643 Turnout 75.1 %
Mr Hilary Miller, a company dir- ector and consultant.,was MP for Bromegrtove and Redditch Feb. 1974-83: contested Bromsgrove in a 1971 by-election and Barrow-in- Furness, 1970. B Mar 6, 1929; ed Eton. Merton College, Oxford, and London University. Joint chairman. all-party motor industry group since 1979.
BROXBOURNE
Electorate 67.387 "",o vote Roe. Mrs M (Con) 29.328 58.8 Pollock. B (L/AII) 11.862 23.8 Stears, M J (Lab) 8.159 16.4 Smith. J R (BNP) 502 1.0
Con majority 17.466 35.0 Total vote 49.851 Turnout 74.0%
Mrs Marion Roe contested Barking. 1979. B 1936; ed Bromley High School. Croydon High School. and English School of Languages. Vevey. Bromley borough councillor. 1975-78; GLC member since 1977: Conservative spokesman on police committee and former deputy chief whip. Member. Independent Broad- casting Authority London advisory committee 1978-81; member, South East Thames Regional Health Auth- ority and Greater London area local government advisory committee. Freeman of the City of London. BROXTOWE
Electorate 69.760 % vote *Lester, J T (Con) 28.522 53.5 Melton. K (L/AII) 13.444 25.2 Warner. M (Lab) 11,368 21.3
Con majority 15,078 28.3 Total vote 53.334 Turnout 76.5%
Mr James Lester was an Under Secretary of State for Employment 1979-81. Former director of foot- wear distributing company. MP for Beeston, 1974-83 . Opposition whip 1975-79. B May 23 1932; ed Not- tingham High School. Contested Bassetlaw, 1968 by-election and 1970. Member, Nottinghamshire County Council, 1967-74. Delegate, Council of Europe and WEU, 1974- 75. Member. Select Committee on Foregn Affaires 1982-83 chairman, party committee on employment. 1983.
BUCKINGHAM
Electorate 62.758 % vote Walden, G (Con) 27,552 56.9 Ryder, R (L/AII) 13,584 28.1 Groucutt, M (Lab) 7,272 15.0
Con majority 13,968 28.9 Total vote 48.408 Turnout 77.1 %
Mr George Walden, former head of planning department in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Born, 1939; ed Latymer Upper School and London and Cambridge univer- sities. Former principal private sec- retary to Lord Carringtooi. BURNLEY
Electorate 66,542 % vote Pike, P L (Lab) 20,178 39.7 Bruce, I (Con) 19,408 38.2 Steed, M (L/AII) 11,195 22.1
Lab majority 770 . 1.5 Total vote 50.781 Turnout 76.3%
Mr Peter Pike, factory inspector. B Jun 24, 1937; ed Hinchlet Wood county secondary school and Kin- gston Technical College. Burnley councillof since 1976 and Labour group leader, 1980-May 1983. GMBATU (shop steward). BURTON
Electorate 71,849 %vote *Lawrence, l J (Con) 27,874 51.1 Slater, R E G (Lab) 16,227 29.8 Garner, Mrs J
(L/AII) 10,420 19.1 Con majority 11,647 .21.4 Total vote 54,521 Turnout 75.0%
1979: Total votes 55,224 (78.7%) - C 29,821 (54.0%; Lab 20,020 (23.3%); L 5,383 (9.7%). C maj 9.801 (17.7%). Swing 6.9% to C.
Mr Ivan Lawrence, QC, became MP for Burton in Feb, 1974; con- tested Peckham, 1966 and 1970. B Dec 24, 1936; ed Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School; Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Select Committee on Social Services and Employment, 1974-79; Select Commi'tee on Foreign Affairs, 1983. Member, Joint Select Com- Writtee on Consolidaton of Statutes. since 1979. Vice-chairman, Con- servative parliamentary home aff- airs, committee and of legal, com- mittee. Chairmran, all-party anti- fl:ouridaton c6mmittee, Secretary. all-party comhmittee for rele'ase, of Soviet Jewtry. Member, council of Justice. Vice President, Federation of Conservative Students, 1981-83.
BURY NORTH
Electorate 66,065 % vote Burt, A (Con) 23,923 45.5 *White, F R (Lab) J21,131 40.2 Wilson, Mrs E
(L/AIl) 'r. 7,550 14.4 Con majority 2,792 5.3 Total vote 52,604 Turmdut 79.6%
Mr Alistair Burt, solicitor. B May 25 1955; ed Bury Grarnmir School. St John's College, Oxford. Member, Haringey Borough Council and Conservative spokesman on comm- unity affairs.
BURY SOUTH
Electorate 64.827 % votc Sumberg, D (Con) 21,718 44.0 Boden, D (Lab) 17.998 36.5 Evans, K (SDP/AII) 9,628 19.5
Con majority 3,720 7.5 Total vote 49,344 Turnout 76.1 %
Mr David Sumberg, a solicitor. contested Manchester, Wythen- shawe, 1.979. B Jun 2, 1941; ed Tet- tenhall College. Wolverhampton. and College of Law, London. Member, Manchester City Council: executive and council. Manchester Youth and Community Service. Chairman, - Research committee. Greater Manchester Conservative co-ordinating committee.
BURY ST EDMUNDS
Electorate 72.875 % vote *Griffiths E W
(Con) 31,081 59.0 Harland. Sir R
(SDP/AII) 14,959 28.4 Mosczynski. W
(Lab) 6,666 12.7 Con majority 16.122 30.6 Total vote 52.706 Turnout 72.3%
Mr Eldon Griffiths was Opposition spokesman on Europe, 1975-76: a spokesman on trade and industry 1974-75. Under Secretary for the Environment with special responsi- bilities for sport. 1970-74. Returned at a by-election in May, 1964. Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 1970. Company director. Parlia- mentary adviser to the Police Feder- ation of England and Wales, 1966- 70 and since 1974. And Northern Ireland since 1981. B May 25 1925: ed Ashton Grammar School: Emmanucl College. Cambridge. Chairman. Anglo-iranian Parlia- mentary Group: Anglo-Polish Par- liamentary Group. Served in the Conservative Research Depart- ment. Chief European Correspon- dent of Washington Post, 1961-63. Director of several engineering companies. Member. Select Com- mittee on Foreign. Affairs. since 1979.
CALDER VALLEY
Electorate 71.309 % vote *Thompson. D
(Con) 24,439 43.7 Shutt. D(L/Ail) 16.440 29.4 Holmes. Ms A (Lab) 15.108 27.0
Con majority 7,999 14.3 Total vote 55.987 Turnout 78.5%
Mr Donald Thompson, an Assistant Government Whip since 1981, gained the seat for the Conserva- tives in 1979; contested it in both 1974 elections and Batley and Morley in 1970. Former farmer and owner of contract butchering firm. B Nov 13 1931; ed Hipperholme Grammar School. Member. West Riding County Council 1967-74; West Yorkshire County Council. 1974-75; Calderdale District Coun- cil 1975-79. Chairman, Conserva- tive Candidates' Association. 1972- 74.
CAMBRIDGE
Electorate 67.018 % x ote *Rhodes James, R V
(Con), 20.931 41.5 Oakeshott. M
(SDP/Ail) 14,963 29.7 Jones. MrsJ (Lab) 14.240 28.2 Dougrez-Lewis, J
(Loony Socy) 286 0.6 Con majority 5.968 11.8 Total vote 50.420 Turnout 75.2%
NMr Robert Rhodes James, a his- torian biographer, publisher and business consultant, was elected in a Dccember 1976 by-election. B Apr 10 1933; ed Sedbergh School. York- shire and Worcester College. Ox- ford. Senior clerk, House of Com- mons 1961-64: Fellow of All Souls College. Oxford, 1964-68, Director of Institute for the Study of Inter- national Organization, University of Sussex, 1968-73: principal officer. executive office of the Secretary Gencral of the United Nations. 1973-76. PPS Foreign and Com- monwealth offices. 1979-82. Con- servativc liaison office for higher or further education since 1979; vice chiairman. Home Affairs and consti- tutional committees.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE NORTH-
EAST
Electorate 69.894 % votc *Freud, C R (L/AII) 26,936 50.5 Duval, N (Con) - 21,741 40.8 Harris, R J (Lab) 4.625 8.7
L/AII majority 5,195 9.8 Total vote 53.302 Turnout 76.3%
Mr Clement Freud, Liberal spokes- man on social services, broadcast- ing, the arts and sport, won the seat in the 1973 by-election. Writer and, broadcaster. Rector of Dundee University. B-Apr 24 1924, ed Dar- tington Hall and St Paul's School. Party spokesman on education, 1973-76. Former member, Select Committee on Broadcasting, NUJ, Equity. Sponsored Official Infor- mation Bill in 1978-79 session.
CAM BRIDGESHIRE SOUTH-
EAST
Electorvatie 66,885 tina bavote
Electorate 66,885 °h vote *Pym, F L(Con) 28,555 57.6 Slee, C (SDP/AII) 14,791 29.8 Jackson, Ms M E
(Lab). 6,261 12.6 Con majority 13,764 27.8 Total vote 49,607 Turnout 74.2%
Mr Francis Pym was appointed Secretary of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1982; Lord President of the Council and
Leader of the Commons 1981-82; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancast- er, Paymaster General and Leader
of Commons, 1981; Secretary of State for Defence, 1979-81. Was Chief Opposition spokesman on devolution and House of Commons Affairs until November, 1978, when appointed spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs, and
previously on agriculture, fisheries
and food and Northern Ireland. 1973-74. Represented Cambridge- shire 1981-83. Pariamentarv Sec- retary to the Treasury ait& Govern- ment. Chief Whip, 1970-73. Con- tested Rhondda, West, 1959. Part- ner in farm; former company direct- or; member of Lloyd's. B Feb 13 1922; ed Eton and Magdalene Col- lege,. Cambridge. Assistant Govern- ment Whip, .1962-64. Opposition Whip,, 1964-67; Opposition Deputy Chief Whip,' 1967-70. Chairman, Conservative co'nstitutional back- bench committee, 1976-79. Merii- ber. Herefordshire County Council. 1958-61. Hon Fellow, M4agdelene
College.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE SOUTH-
WEST
Electorate 76,228 'S vote *Grart, Sir A (Con) .32,521 56.2 Nicholls, D (L/AII) 18,654 32.2 Gluza, J (Lab) 6,703 11.6
Con majority 13,867 24.0 Total vote 57,878 Turnout 75.9%
Sir Anthony Grant was MP for Harrow Central 1964-83, contested Hayes and Harlington 1959 Vice- chairman of the Conservative Party with responsibilities for candidates. 1974-76. Under-Secretary for Trade and Industry, 1972-74; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Board of Trade. 1970-72. Solicitor and company director. B May 29 1925; ed St Paul's School and Brasenose Col- lege, Oxford.
CANNOCK & BURNTWOOD
Electorate 66.188 % vote Howarth, G (Con) 20,976 40.9 *Roberts, G E (Lab) 18,931 36.9 Withnall, J W
(SDP/AII) 11,336 22.1 Con majority 2,045 4.0 Total vote 51,243 Turnout 77.4%
Mr Gerald Howarth, international banker. B Sep 12 1947; ed Haileybury and ISC Junior School, Bloxham School, Banbury, Univer- sity of Southampton. Member, Hounslow Borough Council since 1982; shadow vice-chairTnan, En- vironmental Planning Committee. CANTERBURY
Electorate 73,464 % vote *Crouch, D L (Con) 29,029 56.5 Purchese, J (L/AII) 13.287 25.9 Gould, Ms J (Lab) 7.906 15.4 Conder. D (Eco) 962 1.9 White, J (Ind) 226 0.4
Con majority 15,742 30.6 Total vote 51.410 Turnout 70.0%
Mr David Crouch, company direct- or. public relations and marketing consultant. Elected in 1966: con- tested Leeds, West, 1959. B June 23. 1919: ed University College School. CARLISLE
Electorate 54.515 % vote *Lewis; R (Lab) 15.618 37.5 Sowler. R (Con) 15,547 37.3 Hunt. R (SDP/AII) 10.471 25.2
Lab majoritv 71 0.2 Total vote 41.636 Turnout 76.4%
1979: Total votes 42.949 (80.0%) - Lab 21.343 (49.7%): C 16.777 (39.1%): L 4.829 (11.2%). Lab maj 4.566 (10.6%,o). Swing 2.396 to C.
Mr Ronald Lewis, a former Brit- ish Rail employce and-former min- er. was clected in 1964: contested West Derbyshire. 1951, South Nor- thants. 1955: Darlington. 1959. Member. Scicct Committee on Social Services. since 1979. B Jul. 1909: ed elementary school and Cliff Methodist College. Sponsored by CARSHALTON &
WALLINGTON
Electorate 68.682 °,o vote *Forman. F N (Con) 25.396 51.3 Ensor.J (SDP/AlI) 14.641 29.6 Baker. Mrs J (Lab) 8.655 17.5 Steel, R (Eco) 784 1.6
Con majoritv 10,755 21.7 Total vote 49.476 Turnout 72.0%
1979: Total votes 51.644 (76.8%) - C 26,492 (51.3%): Lab 16.121 (31.2%): L 8.112 (15.7%: NF 919 (1.8%,). C maj 10.371 (20.1 %).Swing 6.39, to C.
Mr Nigel Forman Represented Sutton. Carlshalton. 1976-83. For- mer assistant director of Conserva- Iive Research Department. Con- tested Coventrv North East. Februa- ry, 1974. B March 25 1943: ed Shrewsbury School: New College. Oxford: College of Europe. Bruges. Harvard and Sussex Universities. Member. Select Committee on Sci- ence and Technology. 1976-79. Sccretary. Conservative backbench committees on education 1976-79 and energy. 1977-79. PPS to Mr Douglas Hurd, Minister 'of State. Foreign and Commonwcalth Office since 1979.
CASTLE POINT
Electorate 64.023 % v ote *Braine. Sir B (Con) 26.730 58.5 Bastow. Ms A
(SDP/AII) 11.313 24.8 Cunningham, Ms L
(Lab) 7.621 16.7 Con majority 15,417 33.8 Total vote 45.664 Turnout 71.3%
Sir Bernard Braine, was MP for Essex. south-east. until 1983. Chair- man of Select Committees on Over- seas Aid and Development, 1970- 74. Conservativc spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth affairs and Overseas Development, 1967- 70: Parliamentary Secretary. Minis- try of Health, 1962-64: Under-Sec- retary, Commonwealth Relations Office, 1961-62: Parliamentary Scc- retary. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. 1960-61. Con- sultant. Elected for the seat in 1955; represented Billericay, 1950-55. contested Leyton. East, 1945. B Jun 1914; ed Hendon County School. A governor Commonwealth Institute 1968-81, trustee since 1981. Chairman National Council on Alcholism 1975-82. Chairman, British-German parliamentary group since 1970 and British-Greek parliarrentary group 1979, and UK chapter. Society of Intcrnational Development since 1976.
CHEADLE
Electorate 66,474 % vote *Normanton, T
(Con) 28,452 55.7 Clark, P (L/AII) 19,072 37.3 Parker, K (Lab) 3.553 7.0
Con majority 9,380 18.4 Total vote 51,077 Turnout 76.896
Mr Tom Normanton won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; con- tete 19,A1.B 1964 A 1959. cd
Industrialist; a director of Commer- cial Union Assurance Co. Council member, CBI since 1964. Member, European Parliament since 1973. B Mar 12, 1917; ed Manchester Gram- mar School and Manchester Uni- versity.
CHELMSFORD
Electorate 78,849 % vote *St John-Stevas, N A
(Con) 29.824 47.6 Mole, S (L/AII) 29,446 47.0 Playford, C (Lab) 3,208 5.1 Waite, P D P (Ind) 127 0.2
Con majority 378 0.6 Total vote 62,605 Turnout 79.4%
Mr Norman St John-Stevas wvas Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancast- er, Leader of the House of Com- mons and Minister for the Arts. 1979-81. Author, barrister and journalist, he was elected in 1964. Opposition, spokesman on edu- cation, science and the arts, 1974- 78. Member of the shadow Cabinet, 1974-79. Appointed spokesman on constitutional and Commons affairs and aits, November, 1978. Minister of State for Education and Science with responsibility for arts, 1973-74; Under Secretary for Education and Science, 1 972-;73. Contested Dagen- ham., 1951. B3 May 18 1929: ed Radcliffe College:, Fitzwilliam Col- lege. Cambridge: .Christ Church. Oxford;, Yale. Former member, 1922 Comnmittee executive.
CHELSEA
Electbrate 53,864 % vote *Scott, N P(Con) 19,122 63.2 Fryer, J (L/AII) 7,101 23.5 Palmer, N (Lab) 3,876 12.8 Fielding, Ms A (Ind) 139 0.5
Con majority 12,021 39.8 Total vote 30,238 Turnout 56. 1%
1979: Total Votes 32,955 (57.3%)-C 21.782 (66.1 %: Lab 6.092 (18.5%o); L 4,544 (13.8%); NF 342 (1.0%)- Other 146 (0.4%0) Ind 49 (0.1%). C Maj 15,690 (47.6%) Swing 3.4%.
Mr Nicholas Scott, became an Under Secretary of State for North- ern Ireland in 1981. Member of the Shadow Cabinet and chief. Oppo- sition spokesman on housing 1974. Returned in October. 1974, rep- resented Paddington, South, 1966- 74; contested Cities of London and Westminster, Paddington, February 1974. Under Secretary for Employ- ment, January-February, 1974. Contested Islington, South-West. 1964 and 1959. B Aug 5 1933; ed Clapham College. CHELTENHAM
Electorate 76,068 % vote *lrving, C G (Con) 29.187 50.6 Holme, R (L/AII) 23.669 41.0 James, Mrs J M
(Lab) 4.390 7.6 Swindley, D (Eco) 479 0.8
Con majority 5,518 9.6 Total vote 57.725 Turnout 75.9%
Mr Charles Irving, a director of the Dowty Group of companies and other companies including hotcls. won the seat, October, 1974; con- tested Bilston. 1970. and Kin- gswood, February. 1974. Member. Cheltenham Borough and District Council since 1974. and Gloucester- shire County Council. since 1948: Mayor of Cheltenham. 1958-60 and 1971-72. B Mav ??, 1926; ed Glen- garth School. Cheltenham, and Lucton School. Hcrefordshire. Chairman. House of Commons cateNng sub-committee of Services Committee.
CHESHAM AND AMERSHAM
Electorate 69.980 % vote *Gilmour. Sir I
(Con) 32.435 61.0 Bradnock. R(L/All) 16,556 31.2 Duncan. C (Lab) 4.150 7.8
Con majority 15.879 29.9 Total vote 53,141 Turnout 75.9%
Sir Ian Gilmour was Lord Privy Seal and principal spokesman on Foreign an Commonwealth Affairs in the Commons. 1979-81. Chief Opposition spokesman on defence 1975-79, spokesman on Northern Ireland. 1974-75. Secretary of Statc for Defence. 1972-74: Minister of State for Defence Procurement. 1971-72; Under Secretary of State for Defence for the Army. 1970-71. Former chairman. Conservative Research Department. Returned in February. 1974; MP for Norfolk. Central. 1962-74; contested Houn- slow. West. by-election. 1962. Journalist and barrister. Editor. Spec!atorl 954-59. B July 8. 1926: ed Eton and Balliol College. Oxford.
CHERTSEY AND WVALTON
Electorate 70.210 °% votc *Pattic. G E (Con) 29.679 58.3 de St Croix. R
(SDP/AII) 13.980 27.5 Green. D (Lab) 6.902 13.6 Barrett. F (FAM P) 31 8 0.6
Con majority 15.699 30.9 Total vote 50.879 Turnout 72.5%
1979: Total votes 52.626 (76.5%) - C 25.810 (49.0%): L 13.786 (26.2%); Lab 12.211 (23.2°%);, NF 819 (1.6%). C maj 12.024 (22.8%). Swing 2.5% to C.
Mr Geoffrey Pattie appointed Minister of State for Defence Pro- curement in 1983. had been Under Secretarv of State for Defence Pro- curemcnt since 1981: Under-Sec- retary of State for the RAF 1979-81. Elected in 1974; contested Barking. 1966 and 1970. B Jan 17 1936: ed Durham and St Catherine's College. Cambridge. Barristcr. GLC member for Lambeth. 1968-70. Chairman. Inner London Education Authority Finance Committee, 1968-70 for- mer mcmber. Public Accounts Committee. former vice-chairman. Conservative aviation committee. formerjoint secretary. Conservative defence committee. Former direct- or. advertising agency.
CHESTER. CITY of
Electorate 64.508 % vote *Morrison, P H
(Con) 22.645 47.1 Robertson. D E
(Lab) 13.546 28.2 Stunell. A (L/AII) 11.874 24.7
Con majority 9.099 18.9 Total vote 48.065 Turnout 74.5%
Mr Peter Morrison,. Under Sec- retary of State for Employment since 1981, was a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury (Govermmment whip) 1979-81, Opposition whip 1976-79. Elected in February. 1974. Secretarv, North- West group of Conservative MPs, 1975-76. Former director of farming and hotel companies. B Jun 2. 1944; ed Eton College and Keble College, Oxford. Personal assistant to Mr Peter Walker, 1966-67 and invest- ment manager with Slater Walker Securities Ltd, 1968-70. Younger brother of Mr Charles Morrison, Conservative MP for Devizes.
CHESTERFIELD
Electorate 68,486 °o% vote *Varley, E G (Lab) 23,881 48.1 Bourne. N (Con) 16,118 32.4 Payne, M (L/AII) 9.705 19.5
Lab majority 7.763 15.6 Total vote 49,704 Turnout 72.6%
Nr Eric Varley, who was elected
Treasurer of the Labour Party in 1981, has been chief Opposition spokesman on employment since 1981 and on industry, 1979-81. Elected to shadow cabinet in 1979. Secretary of State for Industry 1975- 79; Secretary of State for Energy, 1974-75. An Opposition spokesman on regional policy, 1970-72; chief spokesman on fuel and power, 1972-74. Chairman, PLP trade union group, 1972-74. Minister of State Technology and Power, 1969- 70; assistant Government whip, 1967-69. Elected in 1964. Craftsman in mining indusry. B Aug 11 1932; ed secondary school, technical coi- lege, and Ruskin College, Oxford.
CHICHESTER
Electorate 77,259 % vote *Nelson, R A (Con) 35,482 63.7 Gibson, H (SDP/All)
15,365 27.6 Rhodes, R H (Lab) 3,995 7.2 Sherlock, J (Eco) 838 1.5
Con majority 20,117 36.1 Total vote 55,680 Turnout 72.1%
1979: Total votes 55,704 (75.6%) - C 34.696 (62.3%); L 10,920 (19.6%); Lab 8,569 (15.4%); Other 863 (1.5%); Eco 656 (1.2%). C maj 23.776 (42.7%). Swing 5.7% to C.
Mlr Anthony Nelson, former merchant banker. - was elected in October. 1974; contested Leeds, East, in February. 1974. B Jun II 1948; ed Harrow and Christ's Col- lege. Cambridge.
CHINGFORD -
Electorate 56,228 X% vote *Tebbit, N B (Con) 22,541 55.1 Hoskins '(L/AlI) 10,12-7 24:. Shepherd, w D
(Lab) 7,239 17.7 Morgan. J (Eco) 479 1.2 Cheetham, B (NF) 380 0.9 Neighbour. J (Ind) 104 03 Barkiem, S (lnd) 34 0.1
Con majority 12,414 30.4 Total vote 40,904 Turnout 72.89%
1979: Total votes 43,928 (78.4%)-C 24.640 (56. 1%;Lab 12,257 (27.90% L 5.225 (11.9%); NF 1.157 (2.6%); ECO 649 (1.5%). C Maj 12.383 (28.2%). Swing8.5%
Mr Norman Tebbit has been Sec- retary of state for Employment since 1981; Minister of State for Industry4 1981; Under Sectretary fo State for Trade. 1979-81. PPS to Minister of State for Enployment, 1972-73, Elected for the constituency, Feb- ruary 1974; represented Epping, 1970-74. B Mar29 1931;edEdmon- ton County Grammer School. Ser- ved on former Select Committee on Science and Technologr, cx-chair- man. Conservative aviation com- minee. Former vice-chaiman and secretary. Conservative housing and construction committee-, former secretary. New Town MPs. Former airline pilot; member, Balpa (former elected official).
CHIPPING BARNET
Electorate 58.423 % vote *Chapman, S B
(Con) 23,164 56.1. Perkin. C(L/AII) 10,771 26.1 Smith. N J M (Lab) 6,599 16.0 Parry. E (Eco) 552 1.3 Hopkins.J (nd) 195 0.5
Con majority -12,393 30.0 Total vote 41.281 Turnout 70.7%
1979: Total votes 44,033 (75.6%) - C 25.154 (57.1%); Lab 41147 (25.3%): L 6.867 (15.6%); NF 865' (2.0%). C maj 14.007 (31.8%). Swing 6.4% to C.
Mr Sydney Clapman, a chartered architect and town planning con: sultant. was returned for this seat i;
1979; MP for Birmingham, Han. dsworth. 1970 until February. 1974. Member. Council of Royal Institute of British Architects. 1972-77; Vice- Prcsident. 1974-75. Contested Sta- lybridge and Hyde. 1964. B Oct 17,. 1935, ed Rugby School and Man- chester Universtiy. Member, execu- tive committee. National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associ-. ations. 1961-70. National Chair- man. Young Conservatives. 1964- 66. Originator of National Tree Planting Year. 1973. Non-executive. director of Capital and Counties plc and Lovall Construction Ltd. PPS, Secretary of State for Transport. 1979-81. and Secretary of State for Social Services. since 1981. Chair- man. Parliamentary Consultants- Group. since 1980. CHISLEHiRST
Electorate 54.567 (,6 vote. *Sims R E(Con) 22.108 55.7. Lingard. P(L/AII) 10.047 25.3 McDonald. A H
(Lab) 7.320 18.5 'Waite. A (BNP) 201 0.5.
Con majoritv 12,061 30.4' Total vote 39.676 Turnout 72.7%°
1979: Total Votes 42'652 (79.0%)-C23.259 (54.5%): Lab 13.494 (31.6%): L 5.335 (12.5%): NF 564 (1.3%). C Maj 9.765 (22.9%). Swing 6.7%0.
Mr Roger Sims, an export manager., was elected in Februarv 1974; con- tested Shoreditch and Finsburvy 1966 and 1970. B Jan 27 1930; ed City Boys' Grammar School. Lei- cester. and St Olave's Grammar' School. London. PPS to Home Sec- retary since 1979. Joint secrctary.
Conservative parliamentary home. affairs committee. 1976-1979. Vice-+ chairman. all-party paper industry- committee. parliamentary adviser. to the Alcohol Research and Edu- cation Committee of the Scotch Whiskv Association. Former mem- ber. Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration. Mem- ber. Choral Society. Member. Chis- lehurst and Sidcup UDC. 1956-62.Z Member. Central Executive Com- mittee, N.S.P.C.C. CHORLEY
Electorate 72.841 % vote *Dover, D(Con) 27.861 48.3 Taylor, I (Lab) 17.586 30.5 O'Neill. P(SDP/AII) 11.691 20.3 Holgate. S (Eco) 451 0.8 Rokas. Mrs E (Ind) 114 0.2'
Con majority 10.275 17.8 Total vote 57.703 Turnout 79.2%
Mr Den Dover was elected in May. 1979. A civil engineer and member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. B Apr 4. 1938; ed Manchester Grammar School and Manchester University. Contested Caerphilly. October. 1974. Member, Barnet Council. 1968-71; Member. Select
Committee on Transport; director. of housing construction, GLC. 1977-79. Parliamentary consultant to George Wimpey plc. Secretary.
Consenrative backbenchers ens' vironment committee and also. urban affairs and new towns com- mittee.
CHRISTCHURCH
Electorate 65,489 % vote *Adley. R (Con) 31,722 67.1 Alexander. S
(SDP/AlU) 11,984 25.3 Mitchell. J R (Lab) 3,590 7.6
Con majority 19,738 41.7 Total vote 47.296 Turnout 72.2%
Mr Robert Adley, marketing con- sultant of international hotel com- pany, was elected for Christchurch and Lymington in February, 1974; MP for Bristol. North-East. 1970- 74. contested Birkenhead, 1966, B March 2 1935; ed Falconbury and
Uppingham. Chairman. all-party tourism committee. First chairman and founder member Brunel So- ciety. Member steering committee, SS Great Britain project. Chairman, Anglo-Chinese parliamentary group. Vice-chairman, Conservativc parliamentary transport committee. Member. National Council of Brit- ish Hotels, Restaurants and Cater- erse Association. Director, General and Wholesale Representation Ltd. CIRENCESTER &
TEWKESBURY
Electorate 80,067 % votc *Ridley. N (Con) 34,282 57.2 Beckerlegge, P
(L/All) 204455 34.1. Penny, T J R (Lab) 5.243 8.7
Con majority 13,827 23.1 Total vote 59,980 Turnout 74.9%
Mr Nicholas Ridley, Financial Sec- retary to the. Treasufy since 1981. Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. 1979;8-i Under Secretary of State for Trade- 1970-72; Under Secretary, Ministry of Technology. 1970. Chairnan, Conservative parliamentary financee committee. 1972-73, and joint vice- chairman, 1974-79. FormeF mem- ber. expenditure committee. Anl Opposition spokesman on tech.-"" nology and trade. 1969-70. and on' defence. 1965-66. Elected 195.9; contested Blyth. '1955. Civil. engin-. eer. B Feb 17. 1929: ed, Eton and Balliol College. Oxford.
CROYDON CENTRAL
Electorate 56,531 % vote *Moore, J E M (Con)
20,866 53.8 McKinley, A S (Lab) 9,045 23.3 Burgess, T (SDP/Ail)
8,864 22.9 Con majority 11,821 30.5 Total vote 38.775 Turnout 68.6%
Mr John Moore, Under Secretary of State for Energy since 1979, was elected in February, 1974. An in- vestment banker, stockbroker and former company director, he was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party with responsibility for youth 1975-79. B Nov 26. 1937; ed Li- censed Victuallers' School, Slough, London School of Economics (Chairman. Conservative Associ- ation: President of the Union 1959- 60). Councillor, London borough oi Merton, 1971-74. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1974-75. Lived in United States 1961-65 where he was Precinct Captain (1962) and Ward Chairman (1964). Democratic Party. Underwriting member of Lloyd's.
CROYDON NORTH EAST
Electorate 62,923 % vote *Weatherill, B B
(Con) 22,292 52.5 Goldie,J(SDP/AII) 10,665 25.1 Riley, Miss K (Lab) 9.503 22.4
Con majority 11,627 27.4 Total vote 42,460 Turnout 67.5%
Mr Bernard Weatherill, Deputy Speaker. and Chairman of Ways and Means since 1979. Deputy Chief Opposition Whip 1974-79; Govern- ment Deputy Chief Whip, 1973-74: Comptroller of the Household (whip) 1972-73; Vice-Chamberlain of Household (Whip) 1971-72. Lord Commissioner of the Treasu;) (whip) 1970-72; Opposition whir 1967-70. Elected 1964. Master tailo, and director of family business Member of Lloyd's. Freeman ol City of London. B Nov 25, 1920. Ec Malvern College. Member, Nationa Union of Conservative Party, 1963. 64. Vice-President, Clothing anc Textile Institute. Member, House o Commons Service Committee 1970-79.
CROYDON NORTH WEST
Electorate 58.333 % votc Malins, H (Con) 16.674 42.3 *Pitt, W Fl (L/All) 12,582 31.9 Smedley. I (Lab) 9,561 24.2 Griffin. N (NF) 336 0.9 Rowe. K (Eco) 286 0.7
Con majority 4,092 10.4 Total vote 39.439 Turnout 67.6%
Mr Humfrey Mallins, solicitor, contested Liverpool, Toxteth in both 1974 elections and Lewisharn East in 1979. B Jul 31, 1945; ed Si John's School, Leatherhead and Brasenose College, Oxford. Mole Valley district council since 1974: chairman, housing committee 1980. 82.
CROYDON SC'UTH
Electorate 64,482 % vote *Clark, Sir W G
(Con) 29.842 65.1 Forrest. J (L/AII) 12.402 27.1 Brooks, R C E (Lab) 3.568 7.1
Con majority 17.440 38.1 Total vote 45.812 Turnout 71. I %
1979: Total votes 47.598 (76.7%) - C 30.874 (64.9%); L 10,000 (21.0%): Lab 6,249 (13.1 %); NF 469 (1.0%). C maj 20,868 (3.9%). Swing 5.0%.
Sir William Clark was returned in February. 1974. MP for Surrey, East, 1970-74 and for Nottingham South, 1959-66. Contested North- ampton. 1955. B Oct 18, 1917; ed London secondary school. Chair- man, Conservative backbench finance committee since 1979. Joini deputy chairman, Conservative Party. 1975-77; joint treasurer 1974. 75. Chairmarn, Select Committee on Taxation. 1973. and member of the former Select Committee on Wealth Tax. Opposition spokesman on trcasury affairs. 1964-66. Account- ant, company director and consult- ant to Commercial Union Assur- ance.
DAGENHAiM
Electorate 62,960 %b vote Gould, B C (Lab) 15,665 39.3 Neill, R (Con) 12,668 31.8 Horne. Mrs J
(SDP/AII) 10.769 27.0 Pearce, J A (NF) 645 1.6 Walshe, D (Com) 141 0.4
Lab majority 2,997 7.5 Total vote 39,888 Turnout 63.4%
Mr Bryan Gould, television journal- ist, was MP for Southampton, Test, O)ct 1974 to 1979. Contested seat, Feb 1974. B Feb 11 1939; ed Danne- virke High School, Auckland Uni- versity, New Zealand and Balliol College, Oxford. Formerly member, Select Committee on European Legislation, and chairman, Safe- guard Britain Campaign.
DARLINGTON
Electorate 65,233 % vote Fallon, M (Con) 22,434 44.6 *O'Brien, 0 (Lab) 18,996 37.8 Dutton, R (SDP/AII)
8,737 17.4 Clark, A (CD? 108 0.2
Con majority 3,438 6.8 Total vote 50,275 Turnout 77.1%
1979: Total votes 49,576 (78.4%>'o
Lab 22,565 (45.5%); C 21,513 (43.4%); L 5,054 (10.2%); NF 444 (0.9%). Lab maj 1.052 (2.1%). Swing 2.9% to C.
1983 by-election: Total votes 52.001 (80.2%) - Lab 20,544 (39.5%); C 18,132 (34.9%); SDP/AII 12,735 (24.5%); Others 590 (1.1%). Lbu m1a 2,4 12(46 t) .
Mr Michael Fallon, lecturer, contested Darlington by-election, 1983. B 1952; ed St Andrews University. Political assistant and
adviser to Lord Carrington, 1974- 77; EEC adviser, Conservative Research Department, 1977-79.
DARTFORD
Electorate 71,622 % vote *Dunn, R (Con) 28,199 51.6 Townsend, D (Lab) 14,636 26.8 Mills, J (L/A II) 11,204 20.5 Crockford, A H
(Oth) 374 0.7 Nye, G E (NF) 282 0.5
Con majority 13,563 24.8 Total vote 54,695 Tumout 76.4%
Mr Robert Dunn was elected in 1979: contested Eccles in February and October, 1974. Chairman, Ec-
cles Young Conservatives, 1965-68; deputy Chairman, Eccles Conserva- tive Association, 1971-72 and vice- chairman, 1972-73. Southwark borough councillor, 1974-78. Joint Secretary, Conservative bacl4ench. ers' education committee from December 1980. B Jul, 1946; ed Manchester Polytechnic, Brighton Polytechnic, and Salford University.' Senior buyql J Saiins- bury 1973-79; niow adviser to, com- pany. Parliamentary a6~iser to Professional Association of Teach-. Mr.
EDMONTON
Electorate 64,809 % vo Twinn, 1 (Con) 18,968 42.5 *Graham. T E (Lab) 17,775 39X8 Brass. L(L/AII) 7,523 16.9 Bruce, DJ (BNP) 372 0.8
Con majority 1,193 2.i Total vote 44,638 Turnout 68.9%
Dr Ian Twian, senior lecturer hi planning, Polytechnic of South Bank. B Apr 26 195;, ed Netherhall Sec Mod School, C4mbridge, Cambridge Grammar School for Boys; University College of Wales, Aberystwyth; Reading University. NATFHE.
ELLESMERE PORT & NESTON Electorate 69.992 % vote Woodcock, M (Con) 24,371 45.9 Davies, A (Lab) 17,284 32.6 George. L (L/Ali) 11.413 21.S
Con majority 7,087 13.4 Total vole 53,068 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Michael Woodcock, managing director of four companies which he founded, was formerly senior con- sultant with an industrial training board. Aged 39. Former member, Dairy industry tramning and edu- cation committee, City and Guilds of London Instiutte, council, Dis- tributive Trading Education and Training Council. and manpower advisory committee, NEDC. A magistrate, he is a member of local licensing committee, Nottingham- shier Compenastion Authority and deputy chairman, domestic cour. panel.
ELMET
Electorate 67,008 %vote Batiste, S (Con) 23,909 47.3 Wilson, R (Lab) 16,053 31.8 Paterson. Mrs G
(L/AII) 10,589 21.0 Con majority 7,856 15.5 Total vote 50,551 Turnout 75.4%
Mr Spencer Batiste, solicitor and company director. B Jun 5 1945; ed Carmel College. Sorbonne and Cambridge University. Contested Euro constituency of Sheffiekl, 'Chesterfield and North-East Derby- shire, 1979. Member, national board. Small Business Bureau: council of Sheffield Chamber of Commerce. council of Sheffield University. ELTHAM
Electorate 55,062 % vote *Bottomley. PJ
(Con) 19,530 47.9 Moore, C P (Lab) 11,938 29.3 Randall. E (L/AII) 9,030 22.2 Banks, P (BNP) 276 0.7
Con majority 7,592 18.6 Total vote 40,774 Turnout 74.1 %
Mr Peter Bottomley, an industrial economist and personnel adviser, representes Woolwich West, June 1975-83. Contested that seat in February and October 1974. B Jul 30 1944; ed Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Sec- retarv, Conservative health and social services committee, 1977-79: Foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee, 1979-81. ENFIELD NORTH
Electorate 67.980 % vote *Eggar, T (Con) 25,456 51.7 Grayson. B G(Lab) 13.740 27.9 Daly. J (L/AII) 9.452 19.2 Persighetti, Miss T
(Eco) 320 0.7 Billingham J (BNP) 268 0.5
Con majority 11,716 23.8 Total vote 49,236 Turnout 72.4%
Mr Timothy Eggar was a member of the Select Committee on the Treasury and Civil Service, 1979- 82. Elected in 1979. Merchant bank- er. B Dec 19, 1951; ed Winchester College, and Magdalene College. Cambridge, Chairman. Cambridge University Conservative Associ- ation, 1972. Vice-chairman, Feder- ation of Conservative Students 1973-74. Personal assistant to Mr William Whitelaw in October, 1974 general election. Secretary, Con- servative backbench committee on finance 1980-82
ENFIELD SOUTHGATE
Electorate 65.438 % vote *Berrv AG (Con) 26,451 58.1 Morgan, D (L/AIl) 10,632 23.4 Honeyball, Ms M
(Lab) 8,132 17.9 Braithwaite, M
(BNP) 318 0.7 Con majority 15,819 34.7 Total vote 45,533 Turnout 69.6%
Mr Anthony Berry, Treasurer of the Household, 1983; comptroller, 1981-83; and Vice Chamberlain, 1979-81 Oppositon whip 1975-79. Elected in 1964. Former deputy chairman. Leopold Joseph and Sons Ltd; formerly assistant editor of The Sundav Tines and director of Kemsley Newspapers Ltd, 1954-59. B Feb 12 1925; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. PPS to Mr Peter Walker, 1970-74. Former vice-chair- man Conservative transport indus- tries committee. Former joint -'ice- chairman and joint secretary Con- servative London members com- mittee.
EPPING FOREST
Electorate 66,578 % vote 'Biggs-Davison, Sir J
(Con) 27,373 56.5 Pettman, M
(SDP/A1l) 11,995 24.8 Bryan, Ms H J (Lab) 8,289 17.1 Boenke- R (Eco) 452 0.9 Smith, S (Brit Nat) 330 0.7
Con majority 15,378 31.8 Total vote 48,439 Turnout 72.8%
1979: Total votes 51,079 (76.6%) - C 29.447 (57.6%); Lab 13,994 (27.4%); L 6,528 (12.8%); NF 1,10 (2.2%). C maj 15,453 (30.2%). Swing 7. 19%.
Sir John Biggs-Davison, an Oppo- sition spokesman on Northern Ire- land 1974-78, was elected for the seat in February 1974; MP for Chig- well, 1955-74, contested Coventry, South, 1951. Member executive 1922 Committee. Author, journalist and broadcaster. B Jun 7 1918; ed Clifton College and Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. Served Royal Marines and Pakistan administration. Chair- man (previously vice-chairman) Conservative parliamentary North- ern Ireland Comrmittee. Forner joint chairman, UK Falkland Is- lands parliamentary group, 1977. Vice-chairman Conservative back- bench foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee since 1982. 10J EPSOM AND EWELL
Elecorate 70,630 % vote *Hamilton, A (Con) 30,737 60.4 Anderson, MI (L/AII)
13,542 26.6 Carpenter, W R
(Lab) 6,587 13.0 Con majoritv 17,195 33.8 Total vote 50.866 Turnout 72.0%
Mr Archibald Hamilton, an assist- ant Government whip, became MP at the by-election in April, 1978; contested Dagenham, February and
October, 1974. Farmer. B. Dec 30,: 1941; ed Eton. Member, Council of. . Royal Borough of Kensington and., Chelsea. 1968-71. PPS to Secrelatry of State for Energy. 1979-81 'and Secretary of State for Transport, 1981-81.
BATl
Electorate 64,325 .% vote *Patten, C F (Con) 22.544 47.1 Dean, J M (SDP/AII)
17,240 36.0 Pott, A J (Lab) 7,259 .15.2 Grimes, D (Eco) 441 0.9 Wardle, R S(Prog L)
319 0.7 Young, G S (Wrld
Gv) 67 0.1 Con majority 5,304 11.1 Total vote 47,870 Turnout 74.4%
Mr CWistopher Paften, director of the C6nservative Research Depart- ment, 1974-79,. was elected in 1979; contested Lambeth Central in Feb- ruary, 1974. Director, and consult- ant. B May 12 1944; ed St Benedict's School, Ealing; Balliol College, Oxford. Parliametary Private Sec- retary to the Leader of the House 1979-81 and to the Secretary of State for Social Services, 1951. Member, Select Committee on Defence, Select Committee on Pro- cedure (Finance). Personal assistant and political secretary to Lord Car- rington when he was chairman of party, 1972-74. Former secretary of the Shadow Cabinet. Vice-chair- man, Conservative backbench finance committee. Senior Fellow, 1983, the Policy Studies Institute.
BATLEY AND SPEN
Electorate 73,798 % vote Peacock, Mrs E J
(Con) 21,433 39.6 *Woolmer, K J (Lab)
20,563 38.0 Woollery, D S
(SDP/All) 11,678 21.6 Lord, C (Eco) 493 0.9
Con majority 870 1.6 Total vote 54,167 Turnout 73.4%
Mrs Elizabeth Peacock, assistant to the executive director, York Comm- unity Council Ltd. B Sep 4 1937; ed Skipton, Yorkshire. Magistrate.
Member, North Yorkshire County. Council.
BATTERSEA
Electorate 65.938 % vote *Dubs, A (Lab) 19.248 43.8 Allason, R (Con) 15,972 36.4 Harris, M (SDP/AII) 7,675 17.5 Salt, M J (NF) 539 1.2 Willington, Mrs S
(Eco) 377 0.9 Jackson, T (CBWU) 86 0.2 Purie-Harwell, Mrs
*K(Com) 22 0.1 Lab majority 3,276 7.5 Total vote 43.919 Turnout 66.6%
Mr Alfred Dubs, a local government officer, represented Battersea, South, 1979-83; contested Cities of London and Westminster, 1970. and South Hertfordshirc in both 1974 elections. Member, Select Committee on Home Affairs and its sub-committee on Race Relations and Immigration since 1979. B Dece 1932; ed London School of Econ- omics. Member, Westminster City Council. 1971-78; chairman, Wes- tminster Community Relations Council 1972-77. Vice-chairman. PLP home affairs and Northern Ire- land groups.
BEACONSFIELD
Electorate 66,186 % vote *Smith, T J (Con) 30,552 63.8 Ive, D(L/A1) 12,252 25.6 Smith. J S (Lab) 5,107 10.7
Con majority * 18,300 38.2 Total vote 47,911 Turnout 72.4%
Mr Timothy Smith, held the seat for the Conservatives at the by-election in May, 1982. MP for Ashfield, 1977-79. Chartered accountant. B Oct 1947: ed Harrow School and St Peter's College, Oxford. Secretary, Conservative health and social ser- vices committee and of Conserva- tive small business committee since 1982. Member, Select Committee on Health and Social Services, since 1982. Parliamentary consultant, consultative committee of account- ancy bodies. Editorial consultant to Accountancy Age.
BECKENHAM
Electorate 58.719 % vote *Goodhart, Sir P C
(Con) 23,606 57.4 Forrest, Mrs C
(L/AII) 10,936 26.6 Dowd,J P(Lab) 6,386 15.5 Younger, G W
(BNP) 203 0.5 Con majority 12,670 30.8 Total vote 41,131 Turnout 70.1 %
1979: Total votes 43,281 (74.7%); C 24.607 (56.9%); Lab 10,856 (25.1%); L 6,450 (14.9%; ECO 762 (1.8%) NF 606 (1.4%). C Maj 13,751 (31.8%). Swing 5.4%
Sir Philip Goodhart was Under- Secretai-y of State tbr De- fence 1981; Under-Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, 1979-81. Author and Journalist 1950-1956 Daily Telegraph and Sunday Times. Returned for Beckenham at bv- election, in March, 1957; contested Consett, 1950. B Nov 3 1925; ed Hotchkiss School, United States, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Joint secretary, 1922 Committee, 1960-79. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Defence Committee, 1967-72, chairman 1972-74, vice- chairman 1974-79. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary North- ern Ireland Committee 1976-79. BEDFORDSHIRE, MID
Electorate 75,558 % vote *Lyell, N W (Con) 33,042 56.9 Howes, Mrs M
(L/AII) 15,661 26.9 Tizard, J (Lab) 9,420 16.2
Con majority 17,381 29.9 Total vote 58,123 Turnout 76.9%
Mr Nicholas Lyell, was MP for Hemel He,stead- 1979-834 a barrS.
ier, contested Lambeth, Central, October 1974. PPS to the Attorney General since October 1979. Sec- retary, Conservative parliamentary constitutional committee, May- October 1979. B Dec 12 1938; ed Stowe School and Christ Churth, *Oxford. Member of Lloyd's. Mem- ber, Select Committee on Procedure (Finance), since 1982.
BEDFORDSHIRE, NORTH
Electorate 71,491 % vote *Skeet, T H (Con) 27,969 52.0 Gibbons, B K (L/A1I)
14,120 26.3
Healy, Ms P (Lab) 11,323 21.1 Hughes, N J (Ind) 344 0.6
Con majority 13,849 25.8 Total vote 53,756 Turnout 75.2%
Mr Trevor Skeet won the seat in 1970; MP for Willesden, East, 1959- 64; contested Llanelli, 1955 and Stoke Newington and Hackney, North, 1951. Barrister and indus- ttial consultant. B Jan 28 1918; ed
King's College, Auckland, and
Universtiy gf New Zealand. Vice- chairman, Conservative power and
energy committee, 1959-64; chair- man, oil subcommittee, 1959-64; chaiimafi, ConservatiVe. ad
commtttee, 197 1-74; rnember, Sel- ect C-ommnittee on, Wealth Tax, 1975-76; 'secretary, all-party group airships, 197 1-78; Chairmian, Con- servatrive Middle East Committee 1973-78,
BEDFOkDS1RES.UTH_ WEST
Electorate 76,298 % vote *Madel, W D(Con) 31,767 55.1 Byficld, R (SDP/AII)
- - 16,036 27.8 Cochrane, W (Lab) 9,899 17.2
Con majority 15,731 27.3 Total vote 57,702 Turnout 75.6%
Mr David Madel has been a mem- ber of the Select Committee on Members' Interests and of the Select Committee on Education, Science and the Arts, since 1979. Consultant and.company director. MP for Bed- ford South, 1970-83, contested Erith and Crayford, 1965 by-election and 1966. B Aug, 6, 1938; ed Upping- ham School; Keble College, Oxford. Member, former Expenditure Committee. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary home affairs com- mittee, 1972-73. PPS to Ministry of Defence, 1973-74. Joint vice-chair- man (previously joint secretary). Conservative employment com- mittee, 1974-79. Advertising execu- tive, Thomson Organization, 1964- 70. Parliamentary consultant to the Banking Insurance and Finance Union. Joint vice-chairman, Con- servative backbench education committee, since 1979.
BERKSHIRE EAST
Electorate 81,512 % vote MacKay, A (Con) 33,967 56.8 O'Sullivan, K
(SDP/A1I) 17,868 29 9 Rogers, Ms E (Lab) 7.953 13.3
Con majority 16,099 26.9 Total vote 59,788 Turnout 73.4%
Mr Andrew MacKay, estate agent and director of family housing con- struction business, was elected MP for Birmingham, Stechford, at the by-election in March, 1977, but wvas defeated by Labour in 1979. Mem- ber of foreign affairs, industry and environment backbench com- mittees 1977-79. B Aug 27 1949; ed Solihull School. Member, National Executive,< 1979-82. Member, Cen- tral Council of the National Union, 1971-74; chairman, ""Britain in Europe"" campaign in Meriden con- stituency during 1975 referendum. Member, Conservative Friends of Israel.
BETHNAL GREEN AND
STEPNEY
Electorate 55,333 % vote *Shore. P D (Lab) 15,740 51.0 Charters, S (L/All) 9,382 30.4 Argyropulo, D (Con)
4,323 14.0 Clark, V J (NF) 800 2.6 Rees, J (Com) 243 0.8 Chadhuri. B (Ind) 214 0.7 Mahoney, P (RAP) 136 0.4
Lab majority 6,358 20.6 Total vote 30,838 Turnout 55.7%
Mr Peter Shore, member of Shadow Cabinet since 1979, became Chief Opposition spokesman on treasury and economic affairs in 1981: chief spokesman on foreign and Com- monwealth affairs, 1979-81. Sec- retary of State for Environment, 1976-79; Secretary of State for Trade, 1974-76; Spokesman on European affairs, 1971-74 with re- sponsibility for prices and consumer protection. Represented Stepney and Poplar, 1974-83 and Stepney, 1964-74; Contested St Ives, 1950, and Halifax, 1959. B May 20 1924; ed Quarry Bank High School, Liver- pool. and King's College, Cam- bridge. Minister without Portfolio and Deputy Leader of the House, 1969-70; Secretary of State for Econ- omic Affairs. 1967-69; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Tech- nology, 1966-67; PPS to Mr Harold Wilson. 1965-66. Political econom- ist and head of Labour research department, 1959-64. Sponsored by TGWU.
BEVERLEY
Electorate 75,813 % vote *Wall, Sir P (Con) 31,233 56.3 Pitts, M (L/A11) 17,364 31.3 Morley, E M (Lab) 6.921 12.5
Con majority 13,869 25.0 Total vote 55,518 Turnout 73.2%
Sir Patrick Wall was MP for Hal- temprice 1954-83; contested Cleve- land, 1951 and 1952 by-election. B Oct 19 1916; ed Downside. Mem- ber, Select Committee on Defence; Joint vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary committee on de- fence, 1965-77; chairman, Con- servative sub-committee on fish- eries since 1970. Member, Wes- tminster City Council, 1953-62. Chairman, North Atlantic Assembly military committee since 1977; chairman, Conservative-Christian Democrat group, North Atlantic Assembly, since 1977. Treasurer. British group IPU, since 1976. Sub- stitute delegate, Council of Europe and WEU since 1974. Royal Mar- ines, 1935-50. ioJ.
BEXHILL AND BATTLE
Electorate 61.785 % vote Wardle. C (Con) 30,329 67.4 Smith, P (L/AII) 10,553 23.5 Pearson, I (Lab) 3,587 8.0 Rix, Ms A (Eco) 53S 1.2
Con majority 19,776 43.9 Total vote 45,007 Turnout 72.8%
Mr Ian Person is studying for a master's degre in industrial relations at Warwick University. B 1959; ed Prestwood comprehensive school, Brierley Hill; Balliol College, Oxford.
BEXLEYIIEATH
Electorate 59.263 % vote *Townsend, C D
(Con) 23,411 53.1 Standen, B (L/AII) 13,153 29.8 Erlam, A (Lab) 7,560 17.1
Con majority 10,258 23.3 Total Ichoo 4,2 TBout 74b5%
Mr Cyril Townsend was elected in Feburary, 1974. Member, Select Committee on Violence in the Family, 1976-77. Chairman of al- lparty ""Freedom for Rudolph Hess"" Campaign. Vice-chairman, ""Friends of Cyprus"". Member. Select Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs and sub- committee on overseas develop- ment. Secretary, Conservative back- bench committee on defence. B Dec. 21 1937; ed Bradfield College, Ber- kshire, Royal Military Academy. Was employed in Conservative Research Department, 1970-74. A personal assistant to Mr Edward Heath, 1968-70. Chairman; Council for Advancement of Arab-British Understanding.
BILLERICAY
Electorate 74,779 % vote *Proctor, K H (Con) 29,635 53.7 Sewell, C (Lab) 15,020 27.2 Bonner, E (L/AII) 10,528 19.1
Con majority 14,615 26.5 Total vote 55,183 Turnout 73.8%
Mr Harvey Proctor, consultant to thc British Paper and Board Indus- try Federation. Represented Basil- don, .19794-3;. contested Hackney
South and Shoreditch, February and October, 1974. B Jan 16 1947; cd High School for Boyrs, Scarborough, and York University (Chairman of University Coniservative Associ- ation, 1967-69).
BLACKBURN
Electorate 76,078 % vote
'Straw, J W (Lab) 25,400 44.7 Mather, G (Con) 22,345 39;4 Fairbrother, E
(SDP/AUI) 8,174 14.4 Riley, D A (NF) 864 1.5
Lab majority 3,055 5.4 Total vote 56,783 Turnout 74.6%.
Mr Jack Straw, an Opposition spokesman on Treasury and econ- omic affairs since 1980, was elected in 1979. Special adviser to Mrs Barbara Castle as Secretary of State for Social Services, 1974-76 and io Mr Peter Shore, Secretary of State for the Enviroment, 1976-77. On staff- of Granada TV (World in Action), 1977-79. Barrister. Con- tested Tonbridge and Malling, Feb- ruary 1974. B Aug 3 1946; ed Brent- wood School, Essex- Leeds Univer- sity and Inns of Court School of Law.
BLACKPOOL NORTH
Electorate 57,576 % vote *Miscampbel, N A
(Con) 20,592 51.1 Heyworth, C (L/AIl) 10,440 25.9 Hindley, M J (Lab) 8,730 21.7 Hanson, A S (NF) 514 1.3
Con majority 10,152 25.2 Total vote 40,276 Turnout 70.0%
1979: Total votes 43,259 (72.6%) - C 23,209 (53.7%); Lab 12,980 (30.0); L 6,127 (14.2%); NF 943 (2.2%). C maj 10,229 (23.7%). Swing 5.2 to C.
Mr Norman Miscampbell, barris- ter and recorder of the Crown Court, was returned at a by-election in March 1962. Member, Select Committee on the Environment, since 1979. Contested Newton in 1955 and 1959. B Feb 20, 1925 ed St Edward's School, Oxford and Trinity ollege. Oxford. Member, Hoylake UDC, 1955-61. BLACKPOOL SOUTH
Electorate 56.201 % vote *Blaker, P (Con) 19,852 50.6 Jackson. FJ (Lab) 9,714 24.8 Cox. A (SDP/AII) 9,417 24.0 Smith, W (NF) 263 0.7
Con majority 10,138 25.8 Total vote 39,246 Turnout 69.8%
1979: Total votes 42,257 (72.1%); Lab 12,914 (30.6%); L 7.057 (16.7%); NF 524 (1.2%). C maj 8.848 -20.9%). Swing 4.0% to C.
Mr Peter Blaker has been Minis- ter of State for the Armed Forces since 1981. Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Aff- airs, 1979-81. Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Aff- airs. 1974, and Under-Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1972-74. An Opposition whip, 1966-67. Vice- chairman of the Conservative Par- liamentarv Foreign and Comrnon- wealth Affairs Committee, 1974-79. Elected in 1964. B Oct 4 1922; ed Shrewsburv School, Toronto Uni- versity. and New College. Oxford (president of the union and Univer- sity Law society). Barrister and soli- citor.
BLAYDON
Electorate 65.481 % vote *McWilliam. J D
(Lab) 21,285 44.4 Williams, A (Con) 14,063 29.3 Carr. M (SDP/All) 12.607 26.3
Lab majority 7,222 15.1 Total vote 47,955 Turnout 73.2%
Mr John McWilliam was elected in 1979 Member of the Select Com- mittee on Education, Science and the Arts, since 1979: select com- mittees on procedure and finance. Member, Parliamentary committees on information technology and on freedom of information. Former Post Office engineer. B May. 1941; ed Leith Academy. Herriott Watt College and Napier college of Sci- ence and Technology. Contested Edinburgh, Pentlands, February, 1974. Member, Edinburgh Corpor- ation. 1970-75. convenor of general purposes sub-committee of edu- cation committee, 1973-74, Treasur- er of City of Edinburgh. BLYTH VALLEY
Electorate 57.639 Yo vote *Ryman, J (Lab) 16.583 39.5 Brownlow. Ms R
(SDP/AII) 13,340 31.8 Hargreaves. A (Con) 11,657 27.8 Robinson, S (Ind) 406 1.0
Lab majority 3,243 7.7 Total vote 41.986 Turnout 72.8%
M*,lr John Ryman, a barrister was MP for Blvth. 1974-83. Second prosecut- ing counsel to Inland Revenue at Central Criminal Court, July, 1969; first prosecuting counsel. May 1970. B Nov 7. 1930. ed Leighton Park School Reading, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Harms-worth Law Scholar. Member Society of Labour Lawyers. Contested Derbyshirc. South-East, 1970. and Gillingham, 1964. Hunts with the Meynell TGWU.
BOLSOVER
Electorate 64.769 % vote *Skinner, D E (Lab) 26,514 56.3 Roberts. S (Con) 12,666 26.9 Reddish, S
(SDP/AII) 7.886 16.8 Lab majority 13,848 29.4 Total vote 47,066 Turnout 72.7%
Mr Dennis Skinner, former minet, is chairman of the Miners Group of Labour MPs 1977-78. Elected in 1970. Member, Labour Party national executive committee, since October, 1978. B Feb 11, 1932; ed Tupton Hall Grammar School and Ruskin College Oxford. President, Derbyshire Miners (NUM), 1966- 70, and NE Derbyshire Constitif- ency Labour Party. 1968-71. Former member, Clay Cross UDC and Derbyshire County Council. Chair- man, Tribunc Group, 1973-74. Sponsored by NUMd.
BOLTON North-East
Electorate 58.918 % vote Thumham, P (Con) 19,632 43.2 'Taylor, Mrs W A
(Lab) 17,189 37.8 Alcock, J (SDP/AII) 8,311 18.3 Ball, D P (BNP) 186 0.4 Keen, T L (Ind) 104 0.t * Con majority 2,443 5.4 Total vote 45,422 Turnout 77.1% I
Mr Peter Thurnhaim, professional engineer running his own business. B 1938; ed Oundle School, Peterhouse, Cambridge and Har- vard Business SchooL Member, South Lakeland District Council.
BOLTON South-East
Electorate 67,527 %.vote *Young, D (Lab) 23.984 48.3 Walsh, J (Con) 15,231 30.7 Rothwell, Mrs M
(L/AII) 10,157 20.5 Keen, T L (Oth) 296 0.6
Lab majority 8.753 17.6 Total vote 49,668 Turnout 73.6%
Mr David Young, Was MP for Bolz ton East, Feb 197483; contested Bath. 1970, Banbury, 1966, and South Worcestershire, 1959. B Oct 1930; ed Greenock Academy, Glas-
gow University and St -Paul's Col-: lege, Cheltenham, PPS to Secretary of State for Defence 1977-79. For-. mer aldermnan, Nuneaton Borough: Council, and councillor, Nunealto
District CounciL, Chairman, Coven- try East. Labour Party, 1964-68.
STRATFORD-ON-AVON
Electorate 76,649 % vote Howarth, A T (Con) 34,041 60.S Taylor, W J B
(L/AIl) 16,124 28.5 *Hooley, FO(Lab) 5,731 10.2
Con majority 17,917 32.1 Total vote 55,896 Turnout 72.9%
Mr Alan Howarth, merchant bank. er. B June 11, 1944; ed Rugby School and King's College, Cam. bridge. Formerly head ofchairman'~ office at Conservative central office and personal assistant to both Mi William Whitelaw and Lord Thor neycroft during their terms as party chairman; director of Conservative research department, 1979-81 and vice-chairman of the party organiza. tion, 1980-81. Local school gover- nor and member, executive com- mittee of a conservation society.
STREATHAM
Electorate 60,032 % vote *Shelton, W J M
(Con) 18,264 46.5 Long, Mrs M (Lab) 12,362 31.5 Billenness, P (L/AII) 8.321 21.2 Handy. K (NF) 321 0.8
Con majority 5,902 1 s.0 Total vote 39,268 Turnout 65.4%
Mr William Shelton was appointed an Under Secretary for state for Education and Science in 1981. Elected for Streatham in February 1974: MP for Clapham, 1970-74. Former chairman of advertising agency. B Oct 30 1929; ed Radley College. Worcester College, Oxford, Tabor University, Mass, and Texas University. Member of Lloyd's. GLC councillor, Wandsworth, 1967-70; chief whip, Inner London Education Authority, 1968-70. PPS to Mrs Thatcher when Leader of the Opposition. 1975-79. Vice-chair- man, Conservative education committee and foreign affairs committee, 1979-81.
STRETFORD
Electorate 57.448 % vote Lloyd, A J (Lab) 18,028 44.S Sweeney, W (Con) 13,686 34.1 Wilks, D (SDP/AII) 8,141 20.2 Ud-Din, S A (Ind
Lab) 336 0.E Lab majority 4,342 10.E Total votc 40.191 Turnout 70.0%
Mr Anthony Lloyd is a university lecturer. B Feb 25 1950; ed Nottingham University and Man- chester Business School. Member, Trafford District Council since 1979. AUT.
STROUD
Electorate 77,528 % vote *Kershaw, Sir A
(Con) 30,896 51.3 Fallon. G (L/AII) 19,182 31.9 Parsons D R (Lab) 10,141 16.8
Con majority 11,714 19.5 Total vote 60.219 Turnout 77.7%
Sir Anthony Kershaw, a company director. has been chairman of the Select Committee on Foreign Aff- airs since 1979: was Under Sec. retary, Defence (RAF), 1973-74; Under Secretary. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1970-73: Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works. 1970. Elected in 1955; Contested Glou- cester, 1950 and 1951. Barrister. B Dec 14. 1915; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Member, Defence and External Affairs Sub-committee of former Public Expenditure Committee; joint secretary, Con- servative defence committee, 1964- 67. PPS,to Mr Heath until 1970. Member. Westminster City Council, 1946-50. Vice-chairman, British 6ouncil, since 1975. Adviser to Brit- ish American Tobacco Co Ltd and to Association of British Machine Tools Marine Ltd.
SUFFOLK CENTRAL
Electorate 75,641 % vote Lord. M (Con) 30,096 53.5 Baldwin. N (L/AII) 15,365 27.3 Sierakowski, Mrs M
(Lab) 10,828 19.2 Con majority 14,731 26.2 Total vote 56,289 Turnout 74.4% No biography available.
SUFFOLK COASTAL
Electorate 71.521 % vote *Gummer, J S (Con) 31,240 58.2 Houseley, D
(SDP/AII) 15,618 29.1 Ballantyne, D (Lab) 6,780 12:6
Con majority 15,622 29.1 Total vote 53,638 Turnout 75.0%
Mr John Selwyn Gummer was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Employment in January, 1983. MP for Eye, 1979-83. Assistant Government Whip, 1981; Lord Commissioner, Treasury Whip, 1982. MP for Lewisham, West, 1970, to February, 1974. PPS to Mr James Prior, when Misister of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food, 1971. Contested Greenwich, 1964 and 1966. A vice-chairman of the Con- servative Party, 1972-74. B Nov. 1939; ed King's School, Rochester and Selwyn College, Cambridge (president of the Union, 1962). Chairman, Federation of Conserva- tive Students, 1961. Co-opted member, ILEA 1967-70. Publisher, writer and broadcaster.
SUFFOLK South
Electorate 76,209 % vote Yeo, T (Con) 29,469 50.7 Kemp, R (L/AII) 18,200 31.3 Billcliffe, S (Lab) 10,516. 18.1
Con majority 11,269 .19.4 Total vote 58,185 Turnout 76.4%
Mr Tim Yeo, dirctor of the Spastics Society and of a building supplies
firm. Fought Bedwellty, Feb 1974. B
March, 1945; ed Charterhouse; Emmanuel college, Cambridge. Formerly taught agriculture in Tanzania. Treasurer, International Voluntary Service, 1975-78; trustee of Tanzania Development Trust, since 1980. Led campaign so save Tadworth Court children's Hospi- tal, Surrey. Member, Independent Development Council on Mental Handicap. Chairman, Charities VAT reform Group.
SUNDERLAND North
Electorate 78,520 %.vote Clay, R A (Lab) 24,179 46.3 Lewis, C (Con) 16 6983 32.5 Mccourt, D (L/AII) 11,0'90 21.2
* Lab m ajority 7,196 13.8~ Total vote 52,252 Turnout 66.6% No biography available.
SUNDERLAND South
Electorate 75,124 % vote *Bagier, G A T (Lab)
22,869 45.7 Mitchell, A (Con) S 17,321 34.6 Anderson,.J
(SDP/AII) 9,865 19.7 Lab majority 5,548 11.1 Total vote 50,055 Turnout 66.6%
Mr Gordon Bagier, who won the seat in 1964, was a British Railways signals inspector, Member Select Committee on Transport since 1980. B July 1924; ed Pendower Secondary Technical School, New- castle upon Tyne. President York- shire District Council, NUR, 1962- 64. Member Keighley Borough Council. 1956-60 and Sowerby Bridge Urban Council. 1962-65. Member Estimates Committee, 1964-66. Sponsored by NUR.
SURBITON
Electorate 46,949 % vote Tracey, R (Con) 18,245 54.5 Nowakowski, C -
(SDP/AII) 9,496 28.4 Waskett, N D(Lab) 5,173 15.5 Maclellan. J (Eco) 551 1.7
Con majority 8,749 26.1 Total vote 33,465 Turnout 71.3%
1979: Total votes 35.417 (75.5%) - C 20.063 (56.6%); Lab & Lab Coop 9,261 (26.1%); L 6.093 (17.2%). C maj 10,802 (30.5). Swing 6.2%. No biography available.
SURREY EAST
Electorate 58.485 % vote *Howe, Sir G (Con) 27,272 62.9 Liddell. Mrs S
(L/AII) 11,836 27.3 Pincott, H (Lab) 4,249 9.8
Con majority 15,436 35.6 Total vote 43,357 Turnout 74.1%
1979: Total votes 44,982 (78.4%) - C 28,266 (62.8%): L 8,866 (19.7%); Lab 7,398 (16.4%), NF 452 (1.0%). C maj 19,400 (43.1%). Swing 6.2% to C.
Sir Geoffrey Howe, QC, has been Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1979. He became chief Opposition spokesman on Treasury and Econ- omic affairs in February, 1975. after having unsuccessfully contested the leadership of the Conservative Par- ty. Opposition spokesman on social services 1974-75; Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs within the Department of Trade and Industry, 1972-74; Solicitor General, 1970-72. Returned in February, 1974; rep- resented Reigate, 1970-74, and Bebington. 1964-66; contested Abe- ravon 1955 and 1959. B Dec 20, 1926; ed Winchester and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Former director of insurance and market research companies. Member, General Council of Bar, 1957-61: elected Bencher of Middle Temple, 1969.
SURREY NORTH WEST
Electorate 78.377 % vote *Grylls, M (Con) 35,297 64.1 Weedon. J (L/AII) 14,279 26.0 Burrow. J (Lab) 5.452 9.9
Con majority 21,018 38.2 Total vote 55,028 Turnout 70.2%
1979: Total votes 56,815 (75.6%) - C 36.219 (63.7%); Lab 10,763 (18.9%): L 9.037 (15.9%), NF 796 (1.4%). C maj 25,456 (44.8%). Swing 8.5% to C.
Mr Michael Grylls, chairnan of the Small Business Bureau, has been chairman of the Conservative back- bench industry committee since 1981 and vice chairman, 1975-81. Returned in February, 1974; MP for Chertsey, 1970-74; contested Ful- ham, 1964 and 1966. Company director and consultant to the phar- maceutical industry. B Feb 21, 1934: ed Royal Naval College. Dartmouth and universities in Paris and Mad- rid. Member. Select Committee on Overseas Development, 1972-77; Member. GLC 1967-68: deputy leader of ILEA, 1969-70; St Pancras Borough Council. 1959-62. Leader, parliamentary panel. Institute of Directors: Consultant to Associ- ation of Authorized Public Account- ants.
SURREY SOUTH WEST
Electorate 69.875 %6 vote *Macmillan, M
(Con) 31,067 59.7 Scott, G (L/AII) 16,716 32.1 Williams, S E D
(Lab) 4,239 8.2 Con majority 14,351 27.6 Total vote 52,022 Turnout 74.5%
Mr Maurice Macmillan, a member of the Select Committee on Privileg- es since 1979 ivas Paymaster Gen- eral attached to the Treasury, 1973- 74; Secretary of State for Employ- ment, 1972-73; chief Secretary to the Treasury, 1970-72. MP for Far- nham in 1966-83; and for Halifax. 1955-64; contested Seaham, 1945. Lincoln, 1951 and Wakefield (by- election). Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1963-64. B Jan 27 1921; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, Chairman, Macmillan and Com- pany Ltd. 1966-70, and since 1974, son of Mr Harold Macmillan. Formerly director, Yorkshire Tele- vision and Monotype Corporation. Executive chairman, Wider Share Ownership Council, 1964-70. Member, Shadow Cabinet and a
spokesman on Treasury and econ- omic affairs 1974-75. Member, Sel- ect Committee on Wealth Tax, 1975-76. Director, Yarrow and Company, Glasgow; chairman, Macmillan Ltd.
SUSSEX MID
Electorate 77,005 % vote 'Renton, T (Con) 35,310 61.4 Campbell, J (L/AII) 18,566 32.3 Hawkes, Ms P A
(Lab) - 3,470 6.0 Bray. 3 (Ind) 196 0.3
Con majority 16,744 29.1 Total.vote 57,542 Turnout 74.7%
Mr Timothy Renton, director of building, investment and insurance companies. Was elected in Februa- ry, 1974; contested Sheffield Park, 1970. B May. 28, 1932; ed Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. National President, Conservative Trade Unionists. Chairman, Conservative backbench employment committee 1981-82. Vice chairman, Conserva- tive Parliamentary Trade Com- mittee, 1974-79. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries, 1974-79; Fellowship, Industry and Parliament Trust. 1977-78. PPS to Chiief Secretary to the Treasury, 1979-8 1, and to Secretary. of State for Trade. 1981-82 and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1983. Grower of ornamental amenity trees in part- nership with wife. APEX.
BIRKENHEAD
Electorate 67,293 % vote *Field, F (Lab) 23,249 49.6 Peet, T (Con) 13,535 28.9 Lindsay, G (L/A1I) 9,782 20.9 Clarke, Miss H (Eco)
337 0.7 Lab majority 9,714 20.7 Total vote 46,903 Turnout 69.7%
Mr Frank Field, was an Opposition ispokesman on cducation, 1979-81. lElected in 1979. Director of the Child Poverty Action Group, 1969- 79, and of the Low Pay Unit, 1974- 80. Former Teacher. Contested South Buckinghamshire in 1966. B Jul 16, 1942; ed St Clement Danes Grammar School and Hull Univer- sity. Parliamentary consultant to the Civil and Public Services Associ- ation. Hounslow councillor, 1964- 68. TGWU.
BIRMINGHAM, Edgbaston
Electorate 55,063 % vote *Knight, Mrs J C J
(Con) 19,585 54.5 Binns, J (SDP/AII) 8,167 22.7 Bilson, P A (Lab) 7,647 21.3 Hardwick, S T (Ind
C) 293 0.8 Davies, Ms P A
(Com) 169 0.5 Howlett, Miss D C
(JAHC) 97 0.3 Hurdley, J (Eco) 0 0.0
Con majority 11,418 31.8 Total vote 35,958 Turnout 65.3%
Mrs Jill Knight, vice-chairman, Conservative backbench committee on health and social services since 1972, was elected in 1966; contested Northampton, 1959 and 1964. Housewife, lecturer and broad- caster. B Jul, 1929; ed Fairfield School, OSC, Birmingham. Mem- ber. Northampton Borough Council 1956-66. Member, Council of Europe since 1977, and chairman, Lords and Commons all-party Family and Child Protection Group. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigratin. 1969-72. Member, Select Coni- mittee on Home Affairs, since 1980 and of executive, 1922 Committee. President, West Midlands Con- servative Political Centre since 1980.
BIRMINGHAM, Erdington
Electorate 56,019 % vote Corbett, R (Lab) 14,930 39.8 Moylan, D (Con) 14,699 39.2 Barber. C(SDP/AII) 7,915 21.1
Lab majority 231 0.6 Total vote 37,544 Turnout 67.0%
Mr Robin Cor&ett, freelance journalist, was MP for Hemel Hempstead, Oct 1974-79; contested the seat, Feb 1974 and 1966; and West Derby by-election, 1967. B Dec 1933; ed Holly Lodge Grammar School, Smethwick. Former chair- man, PLP agriculture and food group; former secretary, PLP civil liberties group. Chairman, Farm Animal Welfare Coordinating Executive; Committee for Reform of Animal Experiments. NUJ.
BIRMINGHAM, Hall Green
Electorate 61,023 % vote *Eyre, R E (Con) 21,142 49.1 Willis. M H (Lab) 11.769 27.3 Hemming, J (L/AII) 10.175 23.6
Con majority 9.373 21.8 Total vote 43,086 Turnout 70.6%
Mr Reginald Eyre was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Trans- port in 1982, having been Under- Secretary of State for Trade since 1979. Vice-chairman. Conservative Party, with responsibility for urban areas. 1975-79. Under- Secretary (Housing and Construction) for Environment, 1972-74; Comptroller of Household (Whip), 1970-72: Lord Commissioner of the Treasu- ry, 1970-. Opposition Whip, 1966- 70. Returned at by-election May, 1965. contested Birmingham, Nor- thfield. 1959. Solicitor and former company director. B May 28, 1924; ed King Edward's Camp Hill School. Birmingham and Emma- nuel College, Cambridge. Former member. Committee of Selection.
BIRMINGHAM, Hodge Hill
Electorate 61,234 % vote *Davis, T (Lab) 19,692 47.6 Roe, P(Con) 14.600 35.3 Gospill, G A (L/AII) 6,557 15.9 Tomkinson, N (NF) 529 1.3
Lab majority 5,092 12.3 Total vote 41,378 Turnout 67.6%
lIIr Terence Davis, an Opposition spokesman on health and social services since 1980, won Birming- ham. Stechford in 1979. He won Bromsgrove for Labour in the 1971, by-election, having contested seat. 1970. Defeated at new seat of Bromsgrove and Redditch, Februa- ry and October 1974 and in 1977 by- election at Birmingham, Stechford. Was a manager in motor industry. B Jan 5, 1938; ed King Edward VI Grammar School, Stourbridge. London University, Michigan University. Member, Expenditure Committee, 1973-74- Opposition Whip. 1979-80. Yeovil RDC, 1967- 68. Sponsored by ASTMS.
BIRMINGHAM, Lady)wood
Electorate 60,441 % vote Short, MsC(Lab) 19,278 51.0 Le Hunte, Mrs P
(Con) 10,248 27.1 Hardeman, K
(L/AII) 7,758 20.5 Bakhtaura, B (Stop
I Dep) 355 0.9 Atkinson, R W
(WRP) 198 0.5 Lab majority - 9,030 23.9 Total vote 37.837 Turnout 62.6%
Ms Clare Short. B Feb 15. 1946; ed Keele and Leeds universities. Dir- ector, Youthaid and the Unemploy- ment UniL Married to Mr Alexand- er Lyon, defending his seat at York. TWGU (ACTSS).
BIRMINGHAM, Northfield
Electorate 74,326 % vote King, R (Con) 22,596 42.7 *Spellar, J (Lab) 19,836 37.5 Webb, D (L/AIl) 10,045 19.0 Shepherd, P (Com) 420 0.8
Con majority 2,760 5.2 Total vote 52,897 Turnout 71.2%
Mr Roger King, distributor of car care products, contested Cannock February, 1974. B Oct 26 1943; ed Solihull School.
BIRNMINGHAM, Perry Barr
Electorate 74,371 % vote *Rooker, J W (Lab) 27,061 52.6 Portillo, M D (Con) 19,659 38.2 Williams, C E G
(L/AII) 4,773 9.3 Lab majority 7,402 14.4 Total vote 51,493 Tunout 69.2%
Mlr Jeffrey Rooker, a .chartered engineer, has been an Opposition spokesman on social services since 1979. Elected in February, 1974. B Jun 5 1941.; ed Handsworth Techni- cal School and College, Aston Uni- versity and Warwick- University. Secretary,' Birmingham Labour Group. Co-opted member, Birming- ham Education Committee, 1972- 74. Sponsored by ASTMS.
BRMINGHA, Selly oak
Electorate 71,671 % vote *Beaumont-1Dark, A
(Con) 23,008 44.9 Turner, J (Lab) 17,612 34.4 Wheldall, K
(SDP/AIl) 10.613 20.7 Con majority 5,396 10.5 Total vote 51,233 Turnout 71.5%
Mr Anthony Beaumont-Dark, elected in 1979, is an investment analyst and a senior partner of firm of stockbrokers. Contested Birming- ham, Aston in 1964 and 1959. B Oct 11 1932; ed Cedarhurst School, Soli- hull, Birrningham College of Arts and Birmingham Universitv. Member Select Committee on Trea- sury and Civil Service since 1979. and Select Committee on Procedure (finance) since 1982. Sc-cretarv, Conservative Finance Committee. Member Birmingham City Council 1957-67 (alderman from 1967); West Midland Metropolitan Countv Council 1973-80. Chairman, Bir- mingham Executive Airways Ltd; director Cope AlUman International Ltd and Wigham Poland (Midlands) Ltd.
BIRMINGHAM, Small Heath
Electorate 59,376 % vote *Howecl, D (Lab) 22,874 63.2 Nischal, P (Con) 7,622 21.0 Bostock, A
(SDP/AII) 5,722 15.8 Lab majority 15,252 42.1 Total vote 36,218 Turnout 61.0%
Mr Denis Howell, has been Oppo- sition spokesman on sport and on environment matters since 1979. Minister of State (Sport and Rec- reation) in the Department of the Environment, 1974-79; Opposition spokesman on housing, local government and sport 1970-74; Minister of State for Housing and Local Government 1969-70; Under Secretary for Education and Sci- ence, 1964-69. Returned at a by- election. March, 1961; represented the All Saints division, 1955-59; contested Kings Norton. 1951. B Sep 4, 1923: ed elementary O.S.C. School. Birmingham. Member, Birmingham City Council, 1946-52. Football referee. President of Apex 1971-83. Sponsored by APEX.
BIRMINGHAM, Sparkbrook
Electorate 53.612 % vote *Hattersley, R (Lab) 19,757 59.9 Douglas-Osborn, P
(Con) 9,209 27.9 Parmar. O S
(SDP/AII) 3,416 10.4 Eden. Ms F (Rev
Com) 305 0.9 Chinn, C S A (Ind) 281 0.9
Lab majority 10,548 32.0 Total vote 32,968 Turnout 61.5%
Mr Roy Hattersley, a member ol the Shadow Cabinet since 1979. has been chief Opposition Spokesman on home affairs since 1980. Chiel Opposition spokesman on the en- vironment, 1979-80. Secretary ol State for Prices and Consumer Pro- tection and member of the Cabinet. 1976-79; Minister of State foT Foreign and Commonwealth Aff- airs, 1974-76; Opposition spokes- man on education, 1972-74. spokes- man for foreign and Common. wealth affairs. 1970-72. and defence. 1972. Minister of Defence for Ad- ministration, 1969-70: Under Sec- retary. Department of Employmeni and Productivity, 1968-69; Parlia- mentary Secretarv. Ministry ol Labour, 1967-68. Elected in 1964: contested Sutton Coldfield. 1959. Health service executive. B Dec 28. 1932; ed Sheffield City Grammar School and Hull University. ASTMS.
,BIRMINGHAM, Yardley
Electorate 57,707 % vote *Bevan, D (Con) 17,986 43.2 Godsiff, R D(Lab) 15,121 36.3 Bennett, D
(SDP/AII) 8,109 19.5 Jones, R (NF) 415 1.0
Con majority 2,865 6.9 Total vote 41,631 Turnout 72. 1%
Mr David Gilroy Bevan, an incor- porated auctioneer. estate agent, valuer and surveyor, company dir- ector and political and parliamen- tary adviser, was elected in 1979. B Apr 10 1928; ed Woodrough's School. Moselev. and King Ed- vard's School. Birmingham. Mem- ber. Birmingham City Council 1959-74 and West Midlands City Council, 1974-81. Vice-chairman, tourism sub-committee of Con- servative trade and industry com- mittee since 1982. Secretary. Con- servative urban affairs and new towns committee. Fellow and past chairman (Midlands) and council member of the Incorporated Associ- ation of Architects and Surveyors; past chairman and fellow of the West Midlands branch of the Incor- porated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers and a fellow of the Rating and Valuation Association. President. Moseley and Sheldon Conservative Association.
BISHOP AUCKLAND
Electorate 71,142 % vote 'Foster, D (Lab) 22,750 44.4 Legg. B(Con) 18,444 36.0 Collinge, A(L/AII) 10,070 19.6
Lab majority 4,306 8.4 Total vote 51.264 Turnout 72.1 %
Mr Derek Foster an Opposition spokesman on Social Security since 1982 and a member of the Select Committee on Industry and Trade, 1 980-83. was an assistant director of ediication in Sunderland. B Jun 25 1937: ed Bede Grammar School, Sunderland and Oxford University. Chairman. PLP Finance and Econ-
omic group. Former chairman, North of England Development Council and of economic develop- ment committee, Tyne and Wear County Council. NUT. Member of Salvation Army. BLABY
Electorate 71.930 % vote 'Lawson, N (Con) 32,689 58.7 Lustig, R (L/All) 15.573 28.0 Wrigley, C (Lab) 6.838 12.3 Gegan, P (NF) 568 1.0
Con majority 17,116 30.8 Total vote 55,668 Turnout 77.4%
1979: Total votes 57,135 (83.3%) - C 33,221 (58.1%); Lab 12,581 (22.0%9) L 9,277 (16.2%); NF 2,056 (3.60). C maj 20,640 (36.1%). Swong 6.1 % to C.
Mr Nigel Lawson has been Sec- retary of State for Energy since 1981; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1979-81. An Opposition spokesman on Treasury affairs 1977-79, was elected in February, 1974. Contested Eton and Slough, 1970. B Mar 11 1932; ed Westminst- er School, Christ Church, Oxford. An Opposition whip 1976-77. Secial assistant to Prime Minister (Sir Alec Douglas-Home), 1963-64; special political adviser, Conservative Par- ty, 1973-74; Former member, Public E-xpenditure Committee; Select Committee on Wealth Tax Edi- torial staff, Finzancial Times, 1956- 60;: CitY Editor, The Suinday Tele- graph. 196 1-63; Editor of The Spec- tator. 1966-70. Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford, 1972-73.
-BOLTON WEST
Electorate 67.354 % vote 5Sackville, T (Con) 23,731 45.1 'Green, D (Lab) 16,579 315 ,Baker, R (SDP/A1l) 12,321 23.4
Con majority 7,152 13.6 t-Total vote 52,631 Turnout 78.1 %
.,Mr Thomas Sackville fought Pontypool, 1979. Divisional sales manager with a finm of international -bullion and-metal brokers. Formerly in banldng. B 1950; ed Eton College; :.Oxford Uniiversity.
B.OOTHFERRY
Electorate 72,370 % vote ""Bryan. Sir P (Con) 30,536 57.7 Ellis, A (L/Ail) 13,116 24.8 Geraghty, T (Lab) 9.271 17.5
Con majority 17,420 32.9 Total vote 52,923 Turnout 73.1%
Sir Paul Bryan, Minister of State for Employment.' 1970-72, was chair- man Conservative employment committee 1973-74; vice-chairman. 1974. Member Select Committee on Sound Broadcasting. Elected in 1955. B Aug 3 1913; ed St John's School, Leatherhead, and Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge. As- *sistant whip, 1956; a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury (whip). 1958-61. Contested Sowerby, 1951. 1950 and 1949 (by-election). Direct- or. Granada Television since 1972. Granada Theatres Ltd since 1973. Greater Manchester Independent Radio since 1972 and Furness Withy & Co Ltd since 1983. Vice- chairman 1922 Committee; chair- man all-party Hongkong group.
BOOTLE
Electorate 75.354 % vote ""'Roberts. A (Lab) 27,282 53.0 Watson.R(Con) 12.143 23.6 Wall. J (SDP/All) 12.068 23.4
Lab majority 15,139 29.4 Total vote 51.493 Turnout 68.3%
Mr Allan Roberts was a City of Manchester councillor and housing ,chairman. B Oct 28 1943, ed Droy- lesden Littlemoss County Second- ary School. Aston-under-Lyne Col- lege of Education, Didsbury College of Education and Manchester Uni- versity. Principal officer (child care) of the City of Salford Social Serviecs Department. 1976-79. Member of TGWU and Co-operative Party. Member for Bootle since May 1979: contested Hazel Groze February and October. 1974. Former teacher. social worker and training officer. Chairman. PL.P environment group.
BQSWORTH
Electorate 73.097 % vote *Butler. A C (Con) 31,663 55.4 Fox, M (SDP/AII) 14.369 25.1 Janner. DJ M (Lab) 11,120 19.5
Con majority 17,294 30.3 Total vote 57.152 Turnout 78.2%
Mr Adam Butler has been Minister of State for Northern Ireland since .1981; Minister of State for Industry. 1979-81. Won the seat for the Con- servatives in 1970. An assistant Government whip. 1974 and an Opposition whip 1974-75. B Oct II 1931: ed Eton and Pembroke Col- lege. Cambridge. Second son of late Lord Butler. Courtaulds Ltd, 1955- 73: director. Aristoc Ltd, 1966-73: Kayser Bondor Ltd. 1971-73. Capi- tal and Counties Property Co Ltd. 1973-79. PPS to Mrs Thatcher as Leader of the Opposition 1975-79. Member of Lloyd's: Member. NFU; Fellow. Royal Society of Arts. BORNEMOUTH EAST
Electorate 70.771 % vote *Atkinson. D A
(Con) 25,176 53.5 Millward.J (L/All) 13.760 29.2 Shutler. M J (Lab) 4.026 8.6 Hogarth. Mrs M (Ind
Com) 3,644 7.7 Dykes, T (Eco) 273 0.6 Stooks. J (LM) 225 0.5
Con majority 11,416 24.2 Total vote 47,104 Turnout 66.6%
Mr David Atkinson, Managing dir- ector of a printing and marketing company which he founded in 1971, was elected at the November, 1977. by-election. Contested Newham. North-West. February, 1974, and Basildon in October, 1974. B Mar 24 1940: ed
St George's College. Weybridge.
Southend College of Technology, and the College of Automobile and Aeronautical Engineering, Chelsea. National Young Conservative chair- man, 1970-71; Member, Wessex County Council. 1973-78; Southend County Borough Council, 1969-72. Member. Council of Europe and WEU. President, Christian Solidari- ty International UK. PPS to Mr Paul Channon. Minister for the Civil Service. 1979-81. Minister for the Arts since 1981. Director, Modus Politicus.
BOURNEMOUTH WEST
Electorate 72,297 % vote Butterfill, J (Con) 28,466 56.9 James, M (L/AII) 15,135 30.3 Horrocks, K (Lab) 6,243 12.5 Morse, J H (BNP) 180 0.4
Con majority 13,331 26.7 Total vote 50,024 Turnout 69.2%
Mr John Butterfill, senior partner in a firm of chartered. surveyors, con- tested Croydon North-West, Oct 1981 by-election; also contested London South Inner in elections to European Parliament, 1979. B 1941; ed Caterham School and College of Estate Management, London. Vice- chairman. Guildford Conservative Association and chairman of Con- servative Political Centre. Member. Conservative Group for Europe and a national council member, Euro- pean movement. Committee member. London Europe Society, European Democrat Forum, and
Foreign Affairs Forum. Member, management advisory committee, Nuffield Hospital, Woking. i-
BOW & POPLAR
*tectorate 57,768 % vote *Mikardo, I (Lab) 15,878 49.6 Flounders, E(L/AII) 10,017 31.3 Eyres, S (Con) 5.129 16.0 Bartlett, Ms S (NF) 596 1.9 Snooks, AJL (Lab
Ind) 266 0.8 Scotcher. K R
(WRP) 117 0.4 Labniajority 5,861 18.3 Total vote 32,003 Turnout 55.4%
Mr Ian Mikardo represented Beth- inel Green and Bow, February 1974- 83; February, 1974; MP for Poplar, 1964-74: for Reading 1945-50; Reading, South, 1950-55, and Read- ing, 1955-59. B Jul, 1908; ed Por- ismouth Southern Secondary School and Portsmouth Municipal College. Chairman of Labour Party, 1970-71; member, party national executive committee, 1950-59 and t960-78. Member Select Committee on Trade and Industry. Chairrnan, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1966-70; President, ASTMS, 1968-73; member, Com- mittee of Privileges, since 1974; Select Committee on Industry and Trade, since 1979. Chairman of PLP ,and PLP Liaison Committee, 1.974. H4ort chairman of Tower Hamlets Centre for Small Business Ltd. Sponsored by ASTMS.
BRADFORD NORTH
Electorate 66,349 % vote Lawler, G (Con) 16,094 34.3 Wall, C P (Lab) 14,492 30.9 Birkby, P (SDP/AII) 11,962 25.5 *1ord, B T (Lab Ind)
4,018 8.6 Howarth, A (Loony
Socy) 194 0.4 Easter, M (BNP) 193 0.4
Con majority 1,602 3.4 Total vote 46,953 Turnout 70.8%
Mr Geoffrey Lawler, a public relations executive. B Oct 30, 1954; ed Colchester Royal Grammar School; Richmond School, North Yorkshire; Hull University. NUJ. BRADFORD SOUTH
Electorate 69,588 % vote *Torney. T W (Lab) 18,542 37.5 Hall, G T (Con) 18,432 37.3 Pearl. D A (SDP/All)
12,143 24.6 Adset. R (Eco) 308 0.6
Lab majority 110 0.2 Total vote 49.425 Turnout 71.0%.
Mr Thomas Torney, elected in 1970. was Derby and district area organiz- cr, USDAW. 1946-70: member. Select Committee on Agriculture since 1979. B July 2 1915; ed el- ementary school. Chairman, PLP Agriculture and Food Groups since 1981. Member, former Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration Secretary, wine and spirit industry liason committee. Sponsored by USDAW. BRADFORD WEST
Electorate 71.296 % vote Madden. M (Lab) 19.A9 39.7 Day. S (Con) 16.162 32.9 *Lyons. E(SDP/AII) 13,301 27.1 Slaughter. Ms B
(WRP) 139 0.3 Lab majority 3,337 6.8 Total vote 49.101 Turnout 68.9%
Mr Max Madden, former Labour Party director of publicity, was MP for Sowerby. 1974-79, contested Sudbury and Woodbridge, 1966. B Oct. 1941: ed Pinner Grammar School and secondary modem school. Harrow. Former chairman. PLP employment group and vice- chairman. textile group. Former member. Wandsworth Borough Council. Now engaged in Nalgo publicty. TGWU sponsored. BRAINTREE
Electorate 73.548 % vote *Newton, A (Con) 29,462 52.6 Bing. I (SDP/AII) 16,021 28.6 Dyson. Mrs J M
(Lab) 10.551 18.8 Con majority 13,441 24.0 Total vote 56.034 Turnout 76.2%
1979: Total votes 60Q783 (80.9%). C31.593 (52.0%): Lab 19.075 (31.4%,'): L 10..1 15 (16.6%). C Maj 12,518 (20.6%). Swing 9.2%
Mr Antony Newton has been Under Secretary of State, Department of Health and Social Security, since 1982: Assistant Government whip, 1979-82. Elected in February 1974: contested Sheffield. Brightside 1970. Economist. B Aug 29. 1937: ed Friends' School, Saffron Walden and Trinity College. Oxford. (Presi- dent of Union. 1959). Joint sec- retarv, Conservative backbench health and social security com- mittee. 1976-79. BRENT EAST
Electorate 61,489 % vote *Freeson. R (Lab) 18.363 47.0 Lacey, R (Con) 13,529 34.6 Rosen, M (SDP/AII) 6.598 16.9 O'Learv, J (Ind) 289 0.7 Downing, G (WRP) 222 0.6 Radelyfre. K (Ind) 88 0.2
Lab majority 4.834 12.4 Total vote 39.089 Turnout 63.6%
Mr Reginald Freeson became chair- man of the Select Committee on Environment in 1982, member since 1979: Minister for Housing and Construction, Department of the Environment, 1974-79: Parlia- mentary Secretary. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1969-70: Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Power, 1967-69. B Feb 24 1926: ed Jewish Orphanage. West Norwood. Returned for Brent East, February, 1974: MP for Willesden, East, 1964-74. Opposition spokes- man on housing and construction. 1970-74. Willesden Borough Coun- cil member, 1952-65, leader, 1958- 65. Merpber. Brent Council. 1964- 68: chairman, 1964-65. Member. Natsopa, 1942-55: NUJ since 1956: TGNA, 1 980.
BRENT NORTH
Electorate 62.679 % vote *Boyson. R (Con) 24.842 56.3 Jackson. Mt S (Lab) 10,191 23.1 Mann. T (SDP/AII) 9.082 20.6
Con majority 14,651 33.2 Total vote 44.1 15 Turnout 70.4%
Dr Rhodes Boyson became Under- Secretary of State for Education and Science in 1979: an Opposition spokesman on education 1976-79. Elected in February, 197.4; contested Eccles, 1970. Former headmaster Highbury Grove School. B May 1925: ed Haslingden Grammar School, University Col!ge, Cardiff, Manchester University, LSE and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Former chairman National Council for Educational Standards. BRENT SOUTH
Electorate 62.783 % vote *Pavitt, L A (Lab) 21,259 53.3 Smedley, C (Con) 10,740 26.9 Billins. R (L/AII) 7,557 18.9 Sawh, R (Eth Min) 356 0.9
Lab majority 10,519 26.4 Total vote 39,912 Turnout 63.6%
Mr Laurei Pavitt was an Assistant Government Whip, 1974-76. MP for Willesden, West, 1959-74: re- turned for Brent, South, in Februa-
ry, 1974. National organizer of the Medical Practitioners' Union, 1956- 59. B Feb 1 1914, ed elementary and central schools. Member, Medical Research Council, 1969-72, Hearing Aid, Council, 1968-74, Chairman, Pl.P health group, 1964-77, vice- chairman since 1977.
BRENTFORD and ISLEWORTH Electorate 69,170 % vote *Hayhoe, B J (Con) 24,515 47.4 Rowlands, P(Lab) 15,128 29.3 Wilks, M (SDP/AII) 11,438 22.1 Andrews, P (NF) 427 0.8 Simmerson, R (Oth) 179 0.4
Con majority 9,387 18.2 Total vote 51,687 Turnout 74.7%
1979: Total votes 55,717 (78.1%) - C 27,527 (49.4%); Lab 22,533 (40.4%); L 4,208 (7.6%); NF 738 (1.3%); Other 257 (0.5%). C maj 4,994 (9.0%). Swing 4.2% to C.
Mr Barney Hayhoe, Minster-of State, Treasury, with responsibilities for Civil Service since 1981; Minster of State, Civil Service Department, 1981: Under Secretary of Defence for the Army, 1979-81. An Oppo- sition spokesman on employment, 1974-79. Returned for Hounslow, Brentford and Isleworth February, 1974: MP for Heston and Isleworth, 1970-74; contested Lewisham, Souith 1964, Member of Lloyd's. B Aug 1925; ed elementary school and Stanley Technical School. South Norwood. Croydon and Borough polytechnic
BRENTWOOD and ONGAR.
Electorate 65,976 % vote *McCrindle, R (Con)
29,i494 58.4 Amor, N (L/AJI) 15,282 30.3 Orpe, J W (Lab) 5,739 11.4
Con majority 14,202 28.1 Total vote 50,505 Turnout 76.6%
Mr Robert McCrindle , an in- surance broker, has been a member of the Select Committee on Energy, since 1979. Elected in February, 1974; MP for Billericay, 1970-74; contested Thurrock, 1964, and Dundee, East 1959. B Sep 19 1929; ed Allen Glen's College, Glasgow. Associate of the Chartered In- surance Institute Parliamentary consultant to British Insurance Brokers' Association and British Transport Police Federation. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative back- bench health and social serviecs committee, since 1982. Chairman. Enconomic Committee of the North Atlantic Assembly. Since 1980. Chairman of the All-Party Aviation Group.
BRIDG WATER
Electorate,64.225 % vote *King,TJ (Con) 25.107 52.3 Farley. Mrs R
(SDP/AII) 14,410 30.0 May, A J (Lab) 8,524 17.7
Con majority 10,697 22.3 Total vote 48.041 Turnout 74.8%
Mr Tomi King was appointed Sec- retary of State for the Environment in January. 1983; Minister for Local Government and Environmental Services at the Department of Eh- vironment. 1979,-83. Opposition spokesman on energy. 1976-79. and formerly on industry. Vice-chair- man. Conservative industry com- mittee, 1974-75. Won seat in March, 1970 by-election. B Jun 13, 1933; ed Rugby and Emmanuel College. Cambridge. Former chairman, Salc, Tilney and Co Ltd, former general manager. E. S. and A. Robinson. Bristol.
BRIDLINGTON
Electorate 76.718 % vote *Townend. J (Con) 31,284 57.8 Martin. Mrs E
(SDP/AII) 14.675 27.1 Craven. M (Lab) 7,370 13.6 Tooke, S (Eco) 803 1.5
Con majority 16,609 30.7 Total vote 54.132 Turnout 70.6%
Mr John Toiinend, a wine merchant and chartered accountant. was elected in 1979: contested Kingston upon Hull. North. 1970. B Jun 12 1934; ed Hymers College. Hull.
Leader. Humberside County Coun-. cil. 1977-79. Hull City councillor. 1966-74. Director. J Townend and Sons (Hull) Ltd and associated companies. Director, Merchant Vintners Ltd. Member of Lloyd's. Divisional chairman, Haltempricc and Beverley Young Conservatives. 1952-54. Governor. Hymers College. PPS to Mr Hugh Rossi. Minister for the Disabled. since 1981.
BRIGG & CLEETHORPES
Electorate 77.471 % vote *Brown, M R (Con) 28,893 50.7 Wigginton, G (L/AII)
16,704 29.3 Hough. J D (Lab) 11,404 20.0
Con majority 12,189 21.4 Total vote 57,001 Turnout 73.6%
Mr Michael Brown was elected to Brigg and Scunthorpe in May 1979. Company director. Parliamentary assistant to MPs, 1976-79. B July 3 1951: ed Andrew Cairns County Secondary Modern School. Little- hampton, and York University. Vice-president York Universitv Students' Union 1971-72. Vice- chairman York University Con- servative Association 1971-72. Lec- turer and tutor SNvinton Conserva- tive College 1974-75. Joint secretary Conservative backbench Northern Ireland committee. Parliamentary Consultant to Michael Foryth As- sociates Public Relations Company.
BRIGHTON, Kemptown
Electorate 60.877 % vote *Bowden. A (Con) 22,265 51.1 Fitch, R (Lab) 12,887 29.6 Burke. T (SDP/AII) 8.098 18.6 Budden. E (NF) 290 0.-
Con majority 9,378 21.' Total vote 43,540 Turnout 71.5%
Mr Andrew Bowden, a personnel consultant, won the seat in 1970: contested the seat in 1966: Kensing- ton North, 1964; Hammer- smith. North 1955. Member Select Committee on Employment since 1979. Joint chairman all-party group for pensioners, 1972-74. B Apr 8 1930: ed Ardingly College, Sussex. Member Select Committee' on Expenditure, 1973-74; Select committee on employment sincc 1939; Select Committee on Abor- tion (Amendment) Bill, 1975-76. National. chairman Young Con- servatives, 1960-61. Member Wandsworth Borough Council, 1956-62.
BRIGHTON, Pavilion
Electorate 59,769 % vote *Amery, H J (Con) 21,323 51.5 Neves, M (SDP/AII) 10,191 24.6 Spillman. H (Lab) 9,879 23.9
Con majoritly 11,132 26.9 Total vote 41,393 Turnout 69.3%
Mr Julian Amery, Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office,
1972-74, Minister for Housing and Construction, 1970-72. Minister of Public Building and Works, 1970. Returned at by-election in 1969. Minister of Aviation, 1962-64. Sec- retary of State for Air from October, 1960. Under-Secretary, Colonial Office from 1958. Under-Secretary, War Office, from 1957. MP for Pres- ton, North, 1950-66. Contested the two-member Preston seat in 1945. Author, journalist and company director. B Mar 27 1919; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Con- sultant to Sedgwick Forbes Overseas Group Ltd. Adviser to Bank of Credit and Commerce Inter- national.
BRISTOL EAST
Electorate 66,296 % vote Sayeed, J (Con) 19,844 40.5 *Benn, A N W (Lab) 18,055 36.9 Tyrer, P(L/AII) 10,404 21.3 Andrews, E (NF) 343 0.7 Dorey, G (Eco) 311 0.6
Con majority 1,789 3.7 Total vote 48,957 Turnout 73.9%
Mr Jonathan Sayced is a shipping consultant and insurance broker. B Mar 20, 1948; ed primary school in Hampstead, London; Wolverstone Hall, Suffolk; Royal Naval College, Dartmoufth Sussex Uniiversity. Former trainee manager and manager 'for Myarks and Spencer. Has unsiuccessfully foiught GLC elections for E-ast Lewisharn and North Islington.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
CENTRAL
Electorate 62,687 96 vote Merchant, P (Con) 18,161 40.8 Todd, N (Lab) 15,933 35.8 *Horam,J (SDP/AII) 9,923 2223 Jacques.DN(Eco) 478 1.1
Con majority 2,228 5.0 Total vote 44,495 Turnout 71.0%
Mtr Piers Merchant, journalist. contested the seat in 1979. B Jan 2. 1951: ed Nottingham High School and Durham University. NUJ. former FOC of Ncwcastlc chapel.
NENVCASTLE UPON TYNE
EAST
Electorate 59,587 °,o Brown. N H (Lab) 19,247 Bames A (Con) 11.755 *Thomas M
(SDP/AII) 11.293
I vote
45.5 27.8 26.7
Lab majority 7.492 17.7 Total vote 42.295 Turnout 7 1.0%
Mlr Nicholas Brown is legal adviser, northern region of GMBATU. Mmber, Newcastle upon Tyne City Council, since 1980. Has served on housing sub-committee on slum clearance in east end of Newcastle, Aged 32; ed Tunbridge WVels T'echnical High School: Manchester University.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
NORTH
Electorate 69.432 % °vote *Brown. R (Lab) 18.985 37.6 Siraw. P(Con) 16.429 32.5 Shipley. J (L/AII) 15.136 29.9
L.ab majority 2.556 5.1 Total vote 50.550 Turnout 72.806
NlIr Robert Brown. Under-Secretarv for Decence for lhe Army. 1974-71i: Under-Secretary for Social Security. 1974; an Opposition spokesman on cnvironment until 1974. Member. Speaker's con brenee: vice-chairman emplovment committee: chairman. northern group. 1983. Former v ice- c hairman P'arliamentary Labour Party trade union group. Parliamen- tary Secretary Mlinistrv of Trans- port. 1968-70. Elected NIP for Newcastle Upon Tyne. West. 1960- 83. B May 1921: ed Rutherl'ord Technical College. Secretary of constituency Labour Party and elec- tion agent. 1950-66. Councillor and alderman Newcastle City (ouncil for It) years. Sponsored by CGONINVI. Secretary. GiM parliamentary group since 1966.
NEW FORES'I'
Electorate 70.033 %n vote *McNair-Wilson. P
(Con) 34.157 66.4 Harrison. R (L/AII) 13.232 25.7 James. D T (Lab) 4.075 7.9
Con majority 20.925 40.7 rotal vote 51.464 Turnout 73.5%
.NMr Patrick NIcNair-Wilson was an Opposition spokesman on encrg\. 1974-76. and pre iouslv on the pri- vate steel sector. Vice-chairman, Conservative fuel and power coin- nmittee. 1968-70. Elecied at 1968 bs- election: represented Lewisham. West. 1964-66. Director of the London NMunicipal Society. 1960- 63. Company director and consult- ant. B May. 1929: ed Hall School. Hampstead and Eton. Member. Select Committee on Nationali7ed Industries. 1974. and Select Com- mittee on Science and Technology. 1968-70. Brother of NIP fbr Ne-wbu- ry. PPS to Minister for Transport Industries. 1970-74.
NENVIIA'M NORTFI EAST
Electorate 62.463 ""% vole *Lcighton. R (Lab) 19.2'2 49.7 Ciardener. Mrs H
(Con) 10.773 27.8 WVinfield. Mrs A
(L/AII) 7.943 20.5 Adams. F (N F) 794 2.1
Lab majority 8.509 21.9 Total vote 38.792 Turnout 62. 1 %
Nlr Ronald l.eighton, a printer, re- gained the seat lor Labour in 1979. Chairman. Labour's Common Nlarket Safeguards Committee which he ibunded in 1970. An Opposition Whip. B Jan 24 1930: ed elementary and Ruskin College. Oxford. C ontested Horsham and Crawley. Februarv 1974, and Mid- dicton and Prestwich 1964. Direct- or. Common Market Safeguards Campaign 1970: national organizer of retbrendtim campaign for ""No' vole 1965. Sponsored by Sogai '82.
NEW-IANI NORTIlH WEST
Electorate 49.814 ' vole Banks, T (Lab) 13.042 46.6 Irons. K D(Con) 6.124 21.9 Kcllawvay, A
(SDP/AII) 5.204 18.6 *Lcwis, A (Ind Lab) 3.074 11.0 Hipperson. Nl (NF) 525 1.9
Lab majority 6.918 24.7 Total vote 27.969 Turnout 56.2%
1979: Total votes 29.923 (55.4%) - Lab 18.392 (61.5%); C 7.937 (26.5%): L 2.377 (7.90,): NF 1,217 (4.1°,). Lab maj 10.455 (35.0%). Swing 6.7%b to C.
Mr Tony Banks. chairman of the GLC's arts and recreation com- miltce, has been a GLC member since 1970. B April 1943; ed York University. Contested East Grins- lead 1970. Nceweastic North, Oct 1974 and Watford, 1979. Former political adviser to Dame Judith Hart and head of research. AUEW. Member Co-operative Party and TGWU. by whom he is
NEWHAM SOUTH Electorate 50.362
*Spearing. N (Lab) Reilly. A (SDP/AII)
Thompson, N (Con) Anderson, I H M
(NF)
% v ote 13,561 50.2 6,250 23.1 6.212 23.0
993 3.7
Lab majority 7.311 27.1 Total vote 27,016 Turnout 53.6%
1979: Total votes 30,483 (57.1%) - Lab 19.636 (64.4°6); C 6,863 (22.5%): L 2.085 (6.8%); NF 1.899 (6.2%). Lab maj 12.773 (41.9%). Swing 8.1 ,% to C.
Mr Nigel Spearing, a teacher, re- elected in by-election, May 1974. B Oct 8 1930: ed Latymer Upper School. Hammersmith, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Regained Acton for Labour in 1970, lost it in Februarv, 1974; contested Warwick and Leamington, 1964. Member, Select Committee on European Legislation since 1979: Select Committee on Sound Broad- casting since 1978; Select Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs and its subcommittee. on overseas develop- ment, since 1979; Select Committee on Overseas Development, 1977-79; and Select Committee on Pro- cedure, 1975-79. Chairman British Anti-Common Market Campaign, President Socialist Environment and Resources Asscn (SERA) since 1977. NUT, since October. 19.77.
PUTNEY
Electorate 63,853 % vote *Mellor, D(Con) 21,863 46.5 Hain, P(Lab) 16,844 35.9 Welchman, C (L/AII)
7,668 16.3 Connolly, M (NF) 290 0.6 Baillie-Grohman,
Mrs R (Eco) 190 0.4 Chalk, L (Oth) 88 0.2 Williams, W (Ind) 41 0.1
Con majority 5,019 10.7 Total vote 46,984 Turnout 73.6%
1979: Total votes 49,200 (76.1%) - C 23,044 (46.8%); Lab 20,410 (41.5%); L 5,061 (10.3%); NF 685 (1.4%). C maj 2,634 (5.3%). Swing 5.5% to C. C gain from Lab.
Mr David Mellor, who became Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, in January 1983, had been Under-Secretary of State for Energy since 1981. A barrister, he gained the seat for the Conservatives in 1979; contested West Bromwich, East, October 1974. B Mar 12 1949; ed Swanage Grammar School. Christ's College, Cambridge. Joint secretary, Conservative backbench legal committee, 1980-81;joint vice- chairman, Greater London Con- servative MPs. 1980-81. Chairman, Cambridge University Conservative Association, 1970; Special trustee. Westminster Hospital 1980. Mem- ber of the Council of the National Youth Orchesta, 1981. Fellow, Zoological Society of London 1981.
RAVENSBOURNE
Electorate 58.811 % vote *Hunt,J L(Con) 27,143 63.1 Boston, Mrs C M
(SDP/AII) 11,631 27.0 Holbrook J R (Lab) 4,037 9.4 Shotton. A T (BNP) 242 0.6
Con majority 15,512 36.0 Total vote 43,053 Turnout 73.2%
Mr John H4unt, a public relations consultant. represented Bromley, Ravensboumc Feb 1974-83; MP for Bromley. 1964-74; contested Lewi- sham. South. 1959. B Oct 27, 1929: ed Dulwich College. Member, Bromlcy Borough Council, 1953-65; mayor. 1963-64. Mcmber, chair- man's panel since 1980; member. Select Committec on Home Affairs (race relations and immigration subcommittee) since 1979. Chair- man, Greater London Conservative MPs. Joint chairman. Indo-British parliamentary group. Member. BBC advisory panel, since 1975; Mem- ber, London Stock Exchange,. 1958- 70. Parliamentary adviser to National Hairdressers' Federation.
READING, EAST
Electorate 67.511 % vote ""Vaughan. G (Con) 24.516 51.6 Huhne, C (SDP/AII) 13,008 27.4 Boyle. K (Lab) 9,218 19.4 Darmton. G (Eco) 519 1.1 Baker. P (BNP) 147 0.3 Shonc. B (CMP) 113 0.2
Con majority 11,508 24.2 Total vote 47.521 Turnout 70.4%
Dr Gerard Vaughan was appointed Minister of State for Trade (Minis- ter for Consumer Affairs) in 1982; Minister for Health, with rank of Minister of State, at Department of Health and Social Security, 1979-82. An Opposition Spokesman on the social services 1975-79: Opposition whip. 1974-75. Returned for Read- ing South. February. 1974: held Reading for the Conservatives. 1970-74: contested Poplar, 1955. Specialist at Guy's Hospital. B Jun 11 1923: ed London University and Guy's Hospital. Alderman, GLC. 1967-72. and I.CC. 1955-64. Presi- dent, Conservative Medical Society. Livervman. Worshipful Company of Barbers.
READING WEST
Electorate 66,080 % vote *Durant, A (Con) 24.948 52.1 Day, R J (L/AII) 13,549 28.3 Evans, R (Lab) 9,220 19.3 Lilley, E (Ind) 161 0.3
Con majority 11,399 23.8 Total vote 47,878 Turnout 72.5%
Mr Tony Durant, director and company secretary of an audio vis- ual aids company, represented Reading.: North Feb 1974-83: was elected for Reading North Feb 1974; contested Rother Valley. 1970. Par- liamentary Private-secretary De- partment of the Environment. B Jan 9. 1928; ed Dane Court Preparatory School and Bryanston School, Dor- set. Member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Adminisiration since 1974. Chair- man, all-party committee for widows and single-parent families. Chairman all-party committee on inland waterways and Vice-Chair- man parliamentary group for world government. Mcmber, Woking Urban Council, 1968-74; chairman, Woking education committee, 1969-74; Surrey education com- mittee, 1969-74. Consultant to Delta Electrical Ltd to British Film Production Assoc. Gambica.
REDCAR
Electorale 63,447 % vote *Tinn.J (Lab) 18,348 40.6 Bassett, P (Con) 15,244 33.7 Nightingale. G
(SDP/AII) 'I1,614 25.7 Lab majority 3,104 6.9 Total vote 45,206 Turnout 71.3%
1979: Total votes 47,445 (75.9%) - Lab & Coop 25,470 (53.7%); C 17,417 (36.7%); L 4,225 (8.9%); Ind 333 (0.7%). Lav maj 8,053 (17.0%). Swing to C.
Mr James Tinn, an Opposition whip since 1979, was returned in February 1974. MP for Cleveland 1964-74. Teacher and former steel-
worker. PPS to Secretary of State for Commonwealth (formerly for Commonwealth Relations) 1965-66; to Minister for Overseas Develop- ment 1966-67; an Assistant Govern- ment Whip 1976-79. B Aug 23 1922; ed Consett Elementary School, Ruskin College and Jesus College, Oxford. Sponsored by National Union of Blastfurnacemen.
REIGATE
Electorate 70,320 % vote *Gardiner G (Con) 29,932 59.0 Pamplin, Mrs E
(SDP/All) 13,625 26.9 Symons,BA(Lab) 6,114 12.1 Newell, D (Eco) 1,029 2.0
Con majority 16,307 32.2 Total vote 50,700 Turnout 72.1%
Mr George Gardiner, journalist, Editor, Conservative News 1972-79, and author of a biography on Mrs Thatcher. Elected February 1974; contested Coventry South, 1970. B Mar 3 1935; ed Harvey Grammar School, Folkestone, and Balliol College, Oxford. Secretary, Con- servative European affairs com- mittee 1976-79; vice-chairman, 1979-80; chairman since 1980. Member, Select Committee on Home Affairs and Race Relations and Immigration sub-committee, 1979-82. Formner miember executtve, 1922 Committee. Formner senior political correspondent for Thom- son Newspapers. NUJ.
RIBBLE VALLEY
Electorate 59,982 % vote *Waddington, D C
(Con) 29,223 63.4 Carr, M (SDP/AII) 10,632 23.1 Saville, E A (Lab) 6,214 13.5
Con majority 18,591 40.4 Total vote 46,069 Turnout 76.8%
Mr David Waddington, QC, was appointed Minister of State, Home Office, January, 1983; Under Sec- retary of State for Employment from 1981-83. Government whip, 1979-81. Represented Clitheroe March 1979-83; MP for Nelson and Colne 1968-October 1974; contested Heywood and Royton, 1966, Nelson and Colne, 1964, and Farnworth 1955. B Aug 2,.1929; ed Sedbergh School and Hertford College, Ox- ford. Former Director, Padiham Loom and Power Co Ltd; Progress Mill Ltd; J and J Roberts Ltd; and Wolstenholme Rink Ltd.
RICHMOND AND BARNES
Electorate 55,845 % vote Hanley, J (Con) 20,695 46.5 Watson, A J (L/AII) 20,621 46.4 Vaz, K (Lab) 3,156 7.1
Con majority 74 0.2 Total vote 44,472 Turnout 79.6%
Mr Jeremy Hanley, a chartered accountant and senior lecturer in law, taxation and accountancy, contested Lambeth Central in April 1978 by-election and 1979. B 1945; ed Rugby. Chairman of the Con- servative Candidates' Association.
RICHMOND (YORKS)
Electorate 75,196 % vote *Brittan, L (Con) 32.373 62.6 Raw, D (L/AII) 14,307 27.7 Hawkins, Mrs B L M
(Lab) 4,997 9.7 Con majority 18,066 35.0 Total vote 51,677 Turnout 68.7%
Mr Leon Brittan, QC, became Chief Secretary to the Treasury with a seat in the Cabinet in 1981, Minister of State, Home Office, 1979-8 1. Barris- ter and journalist. Represented Cleveland and Whitby, February 1974-1983; contested Kensington, North, 1966 and 1970. An Oppo- sition spokesman on devolution and House of Commons affairs 1976-79. In November 1978 also appointed as additional employment spokes-' man. B Sep 25 1939; ed Haber- dashers' Aske's School, Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge (president of Union) and Yale University. Vice- chairman, National Association of School Governors and Managers. Vice-chairman of Conservative Employment Committee 1974-76. Editor of Cirossbow. 1966-68. Chair- man. Bow Group. 1964-65. Bench- er. Inner Temple since 1983.
ROCHDALE
Electorate 66.976 % vote *Smith, C (L/AII) 21,858 46.1 Broon, Ms V (Lab) 14,271 30.1 Fearn, A (Con) 10,616 22.4. Barker, P (NF) 463 1.0 Courtney. P (UP) 204 0.4
L/AII majority 7.587 16.0 Total vote 47,412 Turnout 70.8%
1979: Total votes 49,234 (73.7%) - L 22.172 (45.0%): Lab 16,878 (34.3%): C 9,494 (19.3%); NF 690 ( 1 .4%). L maj 5,294 (10.7%).
NMr Cyril Smith gained the seat for the Liberals in the by-election in October, 1972: contested the seat in 1970. Party spokesman on employ- ment and formerly on social servic- es. B Jun 28, 1928: ed Rochdale Grammar School. Managing direct- or. Smith Springs (Rochdale). Mayor of Rochdale, 1966-67. Member. Select Committee on House of Commons Services, and catering subcommittee. since 1979. Member, Rochdale Borough Coun- cil. 1952-75. On Parliamentary panel. TGWU, 1955-58. A Deputy Pro-Chancellor, Lancaster Univer- sity. since 1978.
ROCHFORD
Electorate 69,392 °& vote Clark, M (Con) 29,495 57.8 Boyd. R (L/All) 16,393 32.2 Witzer, M (Lab) 5.105 10.0
Con majority 13,102 25.7 Total vote 50,993 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Michael Clarke, a management consultan. contested Ilkeston 1979. B Aug 193; ed King Edward VI Grammar School. Retford, King's College. London. St John's College, Cambridge and University of Min- nesota. Treasurer, Cambridge Con- servative Association 1975-78.
ROMFORD
Electorate 55,758 % vote *Neubert, M J (Con) 20.771 53.4 Bates, J (L/AII) 10.197 26.2 Hoepelman, J (Lab) 7,494 19.3 Caine, Mrs M P (NF)
432 1.1 Con majority 10,574 27.2 Total vote 38,894 Turnout 69.8%
1979: Total votes 42,254 (76.6%) - C 22,714 (53.8%); Lab 13,902 (32.9%): L 4.818 (11.4%); NF 820 (1.9%). C maj 8,812 (20.9%). Swing 7.1% to C.
Mr Michael Neubert was appointed PPS to Lord Cockfield, Secretary of State for Trade, in May, 1982 after serving as PPS to other ministers. Secretary to Conservative trade committee, 1975-79, and to Con- servative prices and consumer aff- airs committee, 1974-79. Elected in February. 1974; contested Romford 1970, and Hammersmith, North, 1966. Travel and industrial consult-
ant. B Sep 3, 1933; ed Queen Eliza- beth's School, Barnet, Bromley Grammar School and Downing College, Cambridge. Leader, Brom- ley Council, 1967-70 and Mayor 1972-73.
ROMSEY & WATERSIDE
Electorate 70.782 % vote *Colvin, M (Con) 30,361 56.6 Bloss, A (SDP/AII) 16,671 31.1 Knight, M (Lab) 6,604 12.3
Con majority 13,690 25.5 Total vote 53,636 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Michael Colvin, won the seat in 1979. Farmer, landowner, company director and public house licensee. Member, Select Committe on Em- ployment since 1979. Part-time member of Conservative Research Department, specializing in avi- ation, 1975-78. Secretary, West Country Conservative MPs since 1982. Qualified pilot and parachut- ist. B Sep 27 1932; ed Eton, RMA Sandhurst, and Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.' Member, Andover Council, 1965-73; Test Valley Council, 1973-75. Vice chair- man, Southern Sports Council, 1968-73. Church warden. NFU and National Union of Licensed Victuallers. Director, Accrep Ltd. Chairma'n, Conservative backbench aviation committee; vice-chairman Conservative backbench committee on Smaller Businesses; secretary of shipping and shipbuilding com- mittee.
DAVENTRY.
Electorate 64,314 % vote *Prentice, R (Con) 26,357 53.3 Collins, D (SDP/AII)
13,221 26.8 Middleton, D (Lab) 9,840 19.9
Con majority 13,136 26.6 Total vote 49,418 Turnout 76.8%
Mr Reg Prentice was elected Con- servative MP for Daventry in 1979 and was Minister of State for Social Security with responsibility for dis- abled, i979-81. Member of Labour Governments from 1966-76; re- signed from the Labour Party in disagreement over policy in 1977 and joined the Conservative Party but continued to sit for Newham, North-East until 1979 election. Resigned from the Government in 1976 when Minister of Overseas Development, a post to which he was appointed in 1975. Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1974-75; Labour Opposition spokesman on employment 1971- 74. Minister of C velop- ment, 1967-69; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1966-67; Min- ister of State, Education and Sci- ence, 1964-66. Represented New- ham, North-East 1974-79; East Ham, North, 1957-74; contested Streatham 1955 and Croydon, North, in 1950 and 1951. B Jul 16 1923; ed Whitgift School and Lon- don School of Economics. Presi- dent, Association of Business Executives; consultant and advisory tutor.
DAVYHULME
Electorate 64,363 % vote *Churchill, W (Con) 22,055 46.0 Wrigley. D (L/AII) 13,041 27.2 Rogers, S (Lab) 12.887 26.9
Con majority 9,014 18.8 Total vote 47,983 Turnout 74.6%
Mr Winston Churchill author, journalist and member of Lloyd's, was an Opposition spokesman on defence from 1976-78. Represented Stretford, 1970-83; contested Man- chester. Gorton, by-election, 1967. B Oct 10, 1940; ed Eton and Christ Church. Oxford. Secretary, Con- servative backbench foreign affairs committee, 1973-76, Vice-chair- man, Conservative defence com- mittee, since 1979. Member, execu- tive, 1922 Committee; since 1979. Trustee. National Benevolent Fund for the Aged, 1973- Governor. Eng- lish Speaking Union. 1975-80. Chairman of Gatwick Air Taxis Ltd. DENTON AND REDDISH
Electorate 68.661 % vote *Bennett, A (Lab) 22,123 44.3 Snadden. J (Con) 16.998 34.0 Bcgg. J (SDP/AII) 10,869 21.7
Lab majority 5,125 10.3 Total vote 49,990 Turnout 72.8%
Mr Andrew Bennett, a teacher, rep- resented Stockport North, February 1974-83; contested Knutsford, 1970. Member. Select Committee on Members' Interests since 1979; Sel- ect Committee on Social Services, since 1979: Joint Select Committee on Statutory Instruments and for- mer Select Committee on Violence in the Family. Oldham borough councillor, 1964-74. B Mar 9, 1939; ed Birmingham University. NUT. Chairman PLP Health and Social Services group; Secretary, PLP civil liberties group.
DERBY NORTH
Electorate 70.374 % vote Knight. G (Con) 22,303 43.7 *Whitehead, P(Lab) 18,797 36.8 Connolly. S (L/AII) 9,924 19.5
Con majority 3.506 6.9 Total vote 51.024 Turnout 72.5%
Mr Gregory Knight, solicitor, man- aging director of music publishing company and proprietor of record- ing studio in Leicestershire. B Apr 4 1949: ed Alderman Newton's Gram- mar School, Leicester and College ol Law, Guildford. Has served on Lei- cester City Council and Leicester- shire County Council. Author ol pamphlets and articles for law publi- cations and has written broadeasi scripts on politics, consumer law. comedy and satire. A director ol Leicester Theatre Trust Ltd and former chairman of its finance committee.
DERBY SOUTH
Electorafe 68.578 % vote Beckett, Mrs M
(Lab)- 18,169 39.3 Hales, G (Con) 17,748 38.4 Smith, 'l (SDP/AIl) 9,976 21.6 Wall. E (Eco) 297 0.6
Lab rniajority 421 0.9 Total vote 46.190 Turnout 67.4%
Mrs Marggret Beckett was, as Miss Margaret. Jackson, MP for Lincoln, Oct 1974-79; contested the seat Feb 1974. Under Secretary for Edu- cation and Science 1976-79 and as- sistant Goov,ernment whip 1975-76. Former rmetallurgist, now principal researcher, Granada TV. B Jan 15, 1943; ed Notre Dame High School and Manchester College of Science and Technology. Member, Labour Party NEC, 1980-81; member, Trib- une Group,, CND and Fabian So- ciety. T-GWU sponsored.
DERBYSHIRE NORTH-EAST
Electorate.%273 % vote 'Ellis, R (Lab) 21,094 40.8 Bridge, L(Con) 19,088 36.9 Hardy, S (SDP/AII) 11,494 22.2
Lab niajority 2,006 3.9 Total v,te 51.676 Turnout 75.796
Mr Raynpond Ellis was President of the Derbyshire area NUM, 1972; former branch secretary. Member, Select Committee on European Legislation, since 1979. Elected in 1979. B Dec 17, 1923; ed elementary schools, Sheffield University and Ruskin .College. Member, South Yrshireh Couatmntyoni, 1976-79. Sc
Sponsored by NUM.
DERBYSHIRE SOUTH
Electorate 75,391 % vote Currie, Mrs E (Con) 25,909 43.8 Kent, P (Lab) 17,296 29.2 MacFarquhar, R
(SDP/AlI) 15,959 27.0 Con majority 8,613 14.6 Total vote 59,164 Turnout 78.5%
Mrs Edwina Currie, teacher. B Oct 13 1946;.ed Liverpool Institute, St Anne's Coliege, Oxford and LSE. City Councillor. Birmingham, being chairman, social services, 1979-80,
and housipig 1982-83. NAFHE. - DERBYSHIRE WEST
Electorate'68,668 % vote *Parris,lj,(Con) 29,695 55.9 Bingham,V(L/AII) 14,370 27.1 March, J S (Lab) 9,060 17.1
Con majority 15,325 28.9 Total vote''53,125 Turnout 77.4%
Mr Matth'ew Parris was a member of the priv'ate office of Mrs Thatcher when she vas leader of the Oppo- sition. -Elected in 1979. B Aug 7, 1949; ed -'WVterfor4 School, Swazi- land; Clare College, Cambridge; and Yale University. Served in Foreign Offic.e, 1 94-76; Conservative Re- search 1D6pArtmnent, 1976-79. Sec- retary, Cosrative backbench transport co~mmittee' and sports committee -
DEVIZES -
Electorate 83,2 1 % vote `Morriso4, A (Con) 33,644 54.0 Palmer, Mrs.E
(SDP/AH) 18,020 28.9 Hulme, D (Lab) 10,468 16.8 Ewen, MtsO (W
Reg) 234 0.4 Con majority 15,624 25.1 Total vote 62,366 Turnout 75.0%
11979: Total votes 63,704 (79.6%) - C 32,439 (50.9%); Lab 16,351 (25.7%); L 14,059 (22.1%o); Eco 713 (1.1%); OthFr 142 (0.Q%). C maj 16,088 (25.2). Swing 6.6%.
Mr Charles.Momrison, farmer and company director, was returned at the 1964 by-election. Member of Lloyd's. B June 25, 1932; ed Eton and Royal-, Agricultural College, Cirencester. Chairman, trustees of Young Volunteer Force Foun- 'dation. 197 1-.74. Elder brother of Mr Peter Morrison, Conservative MP for City-of Chester. DEVON NORTH
Electorate 63,638 % vote *Speller, A (Con) 28,066 55. I Blackmore, R
([i/All) 19,339 37.9 James, P E (Lab) 2,893 5.7 Joanes, R (Eco) 669 1.3
Con majority 8,727 17.1 Total vote 50,967 Turnout 80.19%
Mr Antony Speller was elected in 1979; contested the seat in October, 1974. Secretary, Conservative back- bench energy committee since 1982 and of smaller business committee, since 1982. Chairman, Conservative backbench committee of West Country MPs since 1981. A non- executive director. B Jun 12, 1929; ed Exeter School, Universities of London and Exeter.
DEVON WEST & TORRIDGE
Electorate 70,648 % vote *Mills,SirP(Con) 313156 58.0 Howell, V (L/AII) 18805 35.0 Tupman. W A (Lab) 3,531 6.6 Beale, M J (Ind) 116 0.2 Rous, Miss H E (W
Reg) 113 0.2 Con majority 12,351 23.0 Total vote 53.721 Turnout 76.0%
Sir Peter Mills was Under Sec- retary. Northern Ireland Office. 1972-74. Parliamentary Secretary, Agriculture. Fisheries and Food. April to November, 1972. Elected February. 1974; represented Tor- rington, 1964-74. B Sept. 22 1921 ed Epsom College and Wye College. Farmer and company director, in- surance and agricultural consultant. Chairman. Conservative agriculture committee. and member, Select Committee on European Secondary Legislation 1974-79. Member, Select Committee on Foreign Affairs 1979- 82. Deputy chairman, Common- wealth Parliamentary Association. since 1982.
DEWSBURY
Electorate 69.734 % vote Whitfield J (Con) 20,297 39.4 Ripley,D(Lab) 18,211 35.3 *Ginsburg, D
(SDP/AIl) 13,065 25.3 Con majority 2,086 4.0 Total vote 51.573 Turnout 74.0%
Mr John Whitfield, solicitor and company director, contested Hems- worth 1979. B Oct 31 1941; ed Sedbergh School and Leeds Univer- sity. Specialist in taxation and company law.
DONCASTER CENTRAL
Electorate 71,039 % vote *Walker, 1 (Lab) 21.154 42.0 Somers,J (Con) 18,646 37.1 Stables, T (SDP/AII) 10,524 20.9
Lab majority 2,508 5.0 Total vote 50,324 Turnout 70.8%
Mr Harold Walker, an Opposition spokesman on employment since 1979 was Minister of State, Depart- ment of Employment, 1976-79; Under Secretary for Employment, 1974-76; a spokesman on employ- ment 1970-74. Under Secretary. Department of Employment and Productivity. 1968-70; Assistant Government Whip, 1967-68; MP for Doncaster. 1964-83. Engineer. B July 12 1927; ed at council school and Manchester College of Tech- nology. Sponsored by AUEW. DONCASTER NO1RTH
Electorate 72,184 % vote *Welsh, M C (Lab) 26,626 52.8 Stephen, B M L
(Con) 13,915 27.6 Orford, D (SDP/AII) 9,916 19.7
Lab majority 12,711 25.2 Total vote 50,457 Turnout 69.9%
Mr Michael Welsh, a miner, rep- resented Don Valley, 1979-83. Local councillor since 1962. B Nov 23 1926; ed at elementary schools, Sheffield University and Ruskin College. Sponsored by NUM. DON VALLEY
Electorate 73,112 % vote Redmond, M (Lab) 23,036 45.1 Utting, Mrs B (Con) 16,570 32.4 Lange, D (L/AII) 11,482 22.5
Lab majority 6,466 12.7 Total vote 51,088 Turnout 69.9% No biography available.
bORSET NORTH
.Electorate 67,524 % vote *Baker, N (Con) 30,058 58.1 'Tapper, G (L/AII) 18,678 36.1 .Fox, MsJ (Lab) 2,710 5.2 'Fox, D (W Reg) 294 0.6
Con majority 11,380 22.0 Total vote 51,740 Turnout 76.6%
Mr Nicholas Baker was elected in 1979. Contested Southwark, Peck- .ham, in both elections in 1974. Soli- citor specializing in company and commercial law. B Nov 23 1938; ed Sh Ntst Shuchool, Hams. hresn. a
Clifton College and Exeter College, Oxford. Formner executive officer, Oxford University Conservative Association and editor of Oxford Tory: president, Oxford Carlton Club and member, consultative committee, Union Society. Has held various offices in Bow Group; sec- retary 1970-71 and political officer 1971-72. Former advertising man- ager and member of editorial board, Crossbou. Member, Select Com- rnittee on. Consolidated Bills and Select Committee on Statutory In- struments 1979-83.. Secretary, Con- servative backbench media Com- mittee 1980-81 and of legal com- mittee 1979-81. PPS to Minister of State for Armed Forces since 1981. DORSET SOUTH
Electorate 68,998 % vote *Cranborne
Viscount (Con) 28,631 57.1 Head, S (SDP/AII) 13,533 27.0 Hewitt, D (Lab) 7,831 15.6 Smith, Mrs B (nd) 151 0.3
Con majority 15,098 30.1 Total vote 50,146 Turnout 72.7%
Viscount Cranborne, a director of Gascoyne-Cecil Farms and other companies, is heir to- the sixth Marquess of Salisbury. Ekected in 1979..B Sep 30, 1946; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. President,
Hiatfi eld and WeIw-yn Garden.City, SocietY -for the Mentally Handi- capped. Chairman, Afghanistan SuPPort Committee.
DORSET WEST
Electorate 60,997 % vote *Spicer, J (Con) 27,030 59.7 Jones, T (L/All) 13,078 28.9 CashD(Lab) 5,168 11.4
Con majority 13,952 30.8 Total vote 45,276 Turnout 74.2%
Mr James Spicer, company direct- or. B Oct 4 1925; ed Latymer. Elected in Februay, 1974; contested Southampton, lItchen, by-election in 1971. Member, European Parlia- ment, 1975-78 and since 1979, for Wessex. Member, Select Committee on European Secondary Legislation, 1974-75; chairman, Conservative Group for Europe, 1975-78; Chief Whip of Conservatives Group in European Parliament, 1976-80. DOVER
Electorate 67.922 % vote *Rees, P (Con) 25,454 48.3 Love, S (Lab) 16,234 30.8 Nice, G (SDP/AII) 10,601 20.1 Potter, M (Eco) 404 0.8
Con majority 9,220 17.5 Total vote 52,693 Turnout 77.6%
Mr Peter Rees, QC. Minister for Trade since 1981; Minister of State, Treasury, 1979-81. MP for Dover and Deal 1970-83; fought Liverpool, West Derby, 1966. and Abertillery in 1965 by-election and 1964. B Dec 9, 1926; ed Stowe and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, former Select Committee on Wealth Tax and Company Taxation. DUDLEY EAST
Electorate 74.765 % vote *Gilbert, J (Lab) 24,441 45.8 Gillies, Mrs S (Con) 18,625 34.9 Simon, C (SDP/AIl) 10.272 19.3
Lab majority 5.816 10.9 Total vote 53.338 Turnout 71.3%
Dr John Gilber£, a member of Select Committee on defence since 1979. was Minister of State for Defence. 1976-79; Financial Secretary to Treasury, 1974-75; Ministry for Transport. Department of Environ- ment, 1975-76. Elected, February 1974, MP for Dudley. 1970-74. contested by-election, Dudley, 1968 and Ludlow, 1966. Opposition spokesman on Treasury matters. 1972-74. B April 1927, ed, Merchant Taylors' School. Northwood; St John's College. Oxford and New York University. Chartered Ac- countant, and Economist. Chair- man, PLP Defence Group and Vice Chairman Labour Finance and Industry Group. Member, Council for Arms Control. GMBATU. DUDLEY WEST
Electorate 77.795 % vote *Blackburn. J (Con) 27.250 46.2 Price,W(Lab) 18,527 31.4 Lewis. G (L/AII) 13.251 22.5
Con majority 8,723 14.8 Total vote 59,028 Turnout 75.9%
John Blackburn, formerly regional sales manager with an international cngineering company, is parliamen- tary adviser to the Armitage Shanks Group of Engineering Companies and to the National Association of Retired Police Officers. Member Select Committee on Home Affairs. Joint Secretary Conservative back- bench committee on arts and heri- tage. Elected in 1979. Former member of Royal Military Police and former detective sergeant in Liverpool. B Sep 2 1933: ed Liver- pool Collegiate School and Liver- pool University. Member Institute of Sales Engineers and Institute of Commercial and Technical Rep- resentatives. Member Wolverhamp- ton Council, 1972-80. Member Post Office Users' National Council since 1972.
DULWICH
Electorate 56.596 % vote Bowden. G (Con) 15,424 40.6 Huey, MissC(Lab) 13.565 35.7 Taverne. D
(SDP/AII) 8.376 22.0 Barker, R (NF) 338 0.9 Baker, R (Eco) 237 0.6 Vero, R W (Loony
Socy) 99 0.3 Con majority 1,859 4.9 Total vote 38,039 Turnout 67.2%
Mr Gerald Bowden, principal lec- turer in Department of Estate Management, South Bank Polytech- nic, and barrister and chartered surveyor. B Aug 26 1935; ed Batter- sea Grammar School; Magdalen College. Oxford: Gray's Inn. and College of Estate Management, London. GLC member for Dulwich, 1977-81. NATFHE and APT. DURHAM, CITY OF
Electorate 66,925 % vote *Hughes, M (Lab) 18,163 36.5 Stoker, D (SDP/AII) 16,190 32.5 Lavis, M (Con) 15,438 31.0
Lab majority 1,973 4.0 Total vote 49,791 Turnout 74.4%
Dr Mark Hughes, an Opposition spokesman on agriculture, fisheries and food since 1981. was elected MP for Durham in 1970; member, European Parliament, 1975-79. Lecturer in economic history at Durham University. 1964-70. B Dec 18, 1932; ed Shincliffe School, Durham School, Balliol College, Oxford, and Durham University Served on Durham Rural Council. Member, Select Committee on European Legislation, since 1979. Former member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration and of Public Ex- penditure Committee. DURHAM NORTH
Electorate 71,256 % vote *Radice, G (Lab) 26,404 51.0 Howarth D (L/AIl) 12,967 25.0 Popat, S (Con) 12,418 24.0
Lab majority 13,437 26.0 Total vote 51,789 Turnout 72.7%
Mr Giles] RDine w UP for chnest-d
er-le-Street 1973-83; contested Chip- penham, 1964 and 1966 An Oppo- sition spokesman on employment; former spokesman on foreign aff- airs. Head of research department, GMWU. 1966-73. Chairman, Fabian Society, 1976-77. B Oct 4, 1936; ed Winchester and Magdalen College, Oxford. Sponsored by GMWBU.
DURHAM NORTH WEST
Electorate 60,747 % vote *Armstrong, E (Lab) 19,135 44.6 Middleton, T (Con) 12,779 29.8 Foote Wood, C
(L/AII) 11.008 25.7 Lab majority 6,356 14.8 Total vote 42,922 Turnout 70.7%
Mr Ernest Armstrong, First Deputy Second Deputy Chairman of ways and Means since 1982; 1979-82 Under- Secretary for Environment, 1975-79, and for Education and Science, 1974-75. Member, Unop- ,posed Bills Panel, 1981. Opposition spokesman on education and sci- ence, 1973-74; Opposition whip, 1970-73; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government whip) 1969- 70; Asgistant Government whip, 1967-69. Elected in 1964; contested Sunderland, South, 1955 and 1959. Schoolmaster. B Jan 12 191 5; ed W-olsingham Grammar School and Leeds City Teacher Training Col- lege. NUT and NUGM.
EALING, ACION
Electorate 62,078 % vote *Young, Sir G (Con) 22,051 49.2 Daniel, G 3 (Lab) 11,959 26.7 Mitchell, P
(SDP/AII) 10,593 23.7 Pulley, S (Com) 192 0.4
Con majority 10,092 22.5 Total vote 44,795 Turnout 72.2%
Sir George Young, Under Secretary of State for Environment since 1981; Under Secretary of State for Health and Social Security, 1979-81. Opposition whip 1976-79. Econom- ist. Elected in February, 1974. B Jul 16, 1941; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Chairman, EALING NORTH
Electorate 68.538 % vote *Greenway. H (Con) 23,128 45.1 Benn. H J (Lab) 16.837 32.8 Miller, A (L/AII) 11,021 21.5 Shore, J (BNP) 306 0.6
Con majoritv 6,291 12.3 Total vote 51.292 Turnout 74.8%
Mr Harry Greenway won Ealing, North, for the Conservatives in 1979. Part-time lecturer, examiner. the London Regional Examination Board; former deputy headmaster at a London school. Contested Step- ney, 1970; Stepney and Poplar, February and October. 1974. B Oct 1934; ed Warwick School, College of St Mark and St John, London and Caen University. Chairman. All- Party Adult Education Committee, and member. Select Committee on Education, Science and the Arts, since 1979.
EALING, SOUTHALL
Electorate 71,441 %0 vote *Bidwell. S (Lab) 26,664 52.3 Linacre. N (Con) 15,548 30.5 Nadeen, M (L/All) 8.059 15.8 Pendrous, E (NF) 555 1.1 Paul. S. (Ind) 150 0.3
Labrmajority 11.116 21.8 Total vote 50.976 Turnout 71.4%
1979: Total votes 52,412 (71.7%) - Lab 28,498 (54.4%); C 17,220 (32.9%); L 3,920 (7.5%); NF 1,545 (2.9%); Ind 637 (1.2%); Soc Unity 477 (0.9%); Other 115 (0.2%). Lab maj 11,278 (21.5%). Swing 0.3% to C.
Mr Sydney Bidwell was elected in 1966. B Jan 14 1917; ed elementary school and evenino classes and trade union movement. Contested Her- tfordshire, South West, 1964; Her- tfordshire. East. 1959. Former member. Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration. Mem- ber Select Committee on Transport since 1979. Lecturer, formner tutor and organizer for National Council of Labour Col- leges. Previously railway worker. Former NUR and now TGWU. Chairman Tribune Group. 1975. Vice-chairman PLP transport group, 1977. Sponsored by TGWU. EASINGTON
Electorate 65,732 % vote *Dormand, J D
(Lab) 25,912 58.4 Patterson, F (L/AII) 11,120 25.1 Coulson-Thomas C J
(Con) 7,342 16.6 Lab majority 14,792 33.3 Total vote 44.374 Turnout 67.5%
Mr Jack Dormand was elected chairman of the PLP in 1981. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government Whip) 1974-79; as- sistant Government Whip, 1974. Elected in 1970. B Aug 27. 1919; ed Wellfield Grammar School. Bede College, Durham, Loughborough College and Oxford and Harvard Universities. Former member. Sel- ect Committee on Nationalized Industries. Secretary, Northern Group of Labour MPs 1973-81. Member. Easington RDC, 1949-52: education officer for Easington RDC. 1963-70. APEX, formerly NALGO. and NUT. EASTBOURN'E
Electorate 72,980 % vote *Gow.I(Con) 31,501 59.1 Driver. P(L/AII) 18,015 33.8 Clark, C (Lab) 3,790 7.1
Con majority 13,486 25.3 Total vote 53.306 Turnout 73.0% Gow, Ian (Eastbourne, C)
Mr Ian Gow has been PPS to Mrs Thatcher since 1979. Solicitor. Elected in February. 1974; contested Conventry, East, 1964, and Clap- ham. 1966. B Feb 11 1937; ed Win- chester. Former member, Select Committee on Wealth Tax and Sel- ect Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration. Secretary, Conservative Party back- bench committees on Northern Ire- land 1976-79 and Constitutional Committee, 1977-79. EASTLEIGH
Electorate 82,447 % vote *Price, Sir D (Con) 32,393 51.0 Kyrle, M (L/AII) 19,385 30.5 Hallman P(Lab) 11736 18.5
Con majority 13,008 20.5 Total vote 63,514 Turnout 77.0%
Sir David Price, an industrial con- sultant was Under Secretary of State for Aerospace Department of Trade and Industry, 1971-72; Parliamanta- ry Secretary, Ministry of Aviation Supply, 1970-71; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, June to October, 1970. Opposition spokesman on technologv and sci- ence, 1964-70. Parliamentary Sec- retary, Board of Trade, 1962-64. Member, Select Committee on Transport, since 1979; vice-chair- man, Conservative Shipping and Ship-Building Committee. Elected 1955. B November 20 1924- ed Eton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Yale University ECCLES
El 8to;t 67,tes3e %rwe vote ll
E lectorate 67,230 96 v ote *Carter-Jones, L
(Lab) 21,644 45.9 Philp, D (Con) 15,639 33.2 Hensley, L (L/A II) 9,392 19.9 Cottam, B (Coi) 485 1.0
Lab majority 6,005 12.7 Total vote 47.160 Turnout 7022%
Mr LLenis Carter-Jones, elected in 1964, contested City of Chester 1956 by-election and in 1959. Teacher, lecturer and industrial training adviser. B Nov 17 1920; ed Bridgend County School and Uni- versity College of Wales, Aberyst-
wyth. Chairman Committee for Research for Apparatus for Dis- abled and of PLP disablement group.
EDDISBURY
Electorate 71.506 % vote *Goodlad A (Con) 28,407 53.5 Fletcher, R (L/AII) 13,561 25.5
Hanson, D G (Lab) 11,169 21.0
jCon majority 14,846 27.9 Total vote 53,137 Turnout 74.3%
Nlr Alastair Goodlad. an assistant Government Whip since 1981, rep- resented NorthAich, February 1974- 83; contested Crewe, 1970. B Jul 4 1943; ed St Faith's School, Carn- bridge, Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge. Joint secretary, conservative parliamen- tary trade committee, 1978-79. ioint vice chairman, 1979-81;
LEWISHAMN1 DEPTFORD
Electorate 58.663 % vote *Silkin, J (Lab) 17,360 48.3 Wheatley. R (Con)- 11.328 31.5 Abbott, Miss D
(SDP/All) 6.734 18.8 Wilson, P(BNP) 317 0.9 Housego, S B (AB) 173 0.5
Lab majority 6.032 16.8 Total vote 35.912 Turnout 61.2%
MIr John Silkin, who unsuccessfully contested Deputy Leadership of Labour Partv in 1981. has been in Shadow Cabinet since 1979. Chief spokesman on House of Commons matters since 1980. having been spokesman on Industry: chiefOppo- sition spokesman on defence and disarmament since 1981. Minister of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food. 1976-79. Minister for Planning and Local Government. Departnment of Environment. 1974-76. with a seat in the Cabinet from October. 1974. Opposition spokesman on social services. 1972-74. and on local government and development. 1970-72. Returned at a bv-election in 1963. Minister of Public Building and Works. 1969-70; Parliamentarv Secretary to the Treasurv, Deputv Leader of the House and Govern- ment Chief Whip. l966-69; Treasur- er of the Household and Deputv Chief Whip. April to Julv. 1966: Lord Commissioner of the Treasurv (whip). 1966: Government whip. 1964-66. Contested St Marylebone. 1950: Woolwich. West, 1951. and Nottingham. South. 1959. Solicitor. B Mar 18. 1923: ed Dulvich Col- lege. University of Wales, and Trin- ity Hail. Cambridge. Member. Sel- ect Committee on House of Com- mons Services since 1979. and member. Select Committee on Privileges since 1979. Director. Tribune Publications Ltd. Spon- sored by TGWU.
l EWVISHAIMI EAST
Electorate 61.216 % vote Movnihan. C (Con) 17.168 40.4 *Moy1c. R (Lab) 15.259 35.9 Toynbee. Ms P
(SDP/AII) 9.351 22.0 Edmonds. R C
(BNP) 288 0.7 Hassard. A (Eco) 270 0.6 Roberts. G (Com) 135 0.3 Gibson. P (WRP) 71 0.2
Con majority 1.909 4.5 Total vote 42.542 Turnout 69.5%
I,EWVISHAM'\ W'EST
Electorate 63.043 % vote Maples. J (Con) 19.521 44.0 *Price.C(Lab) 17.015 38.4 Moonev. H (L/AIl) 7.470 16.9 Hoy. R F(BNP) 336 0.8
Con majority 2.506 5.7 Total vote 44.342 Turnout 70.3%
Mr John Mlaples. lawver and businessman. B Apr 22 1943: ed Cambridge Universitv. Harvard Business School. Contested GLC b\-election al Vauxhiall. 1980.
LEYTON'
Clectorate 57.770 % vote Cohen. H (Lab) 16.504 43.5 Neilson-Hansen. \V
(C'on) 11.988 31.6 *Mlagee. B (SDP/Ail)
9.448 24.9 Lab majority 4.516 11.9 Total vote 37.940 Turnout 65.7%
1979: Total votes 41.060 (69.4%) - Lab 21.095 (51.4%): C 15.361 (37.4%): L 3.425 (8.3%)0: NF 1.179 (2 9%). Lab maj 5.734 114.0%). Swing 7.3""%.
L-NCOLN
Electorate 72.887 ° vote *Carlisle K (Con) 25.244 46.4 Withers. NM (Lab) 14.958 27.5 Stockdale. F
(SDP/AIl) 13.631 25.1 Blades. G (Ind) 523 1.0
Con majority 10.286 18.9 Total vote 54.356 Turnout 74.6%
M\r Kenneth Carlisle. barrister and f'ormer farmer, was elected in Maay i979. Member of the Bow Group. Member Select Committee on Euro- pean legislation since 1979.
B Mar 21 1941: ed Harrow. Magda- len College. Oxford. Former chair- man Stanton branch of Burv St Edmunds Conservative Association and chairman Conservative Politi- cal Centre Committee. NFU.
LINDSEY EAST
Electorate 69.715 % vote *Tapsell. P(Con) 27.151 53.2 Selick, J (L/AII) 19.634 38.5 Lowis, G R (Lab) 4.229 8.3
Con majority 7.517 14.7 Total vote 51.014 Turnout 73.2%
Mir Peter TapselL, NP for Hor- ncastle, 1966-83: for Nottingham. W'est. 1959-64: contested Wednes- bury 1957. Head of international department of James Capel and Co. stockbrokers. Front bench spoke- man on Treasury and economic affairs. 1977-78. and on foreign and Commonxvealth affairs. 1967-77. B Feb L. 1930: ed Tonbridge School and Merton College, Oxford.
LITTLEBOROUGH AND
SADDLE WORTH
Electorate 64.01 8 % vote *Dickens, G (Con) 20.510 42.8 Knowles. R (L/AII) 14,860 31.0 Moore. S (Lab) 12.106 25.3 Barry. R (RCCP) 398 0.8
Con majority 5.650 11.8 Total vote 47.874 Turnout 74.8%
MNr Geoffrey Dickens was MP for Huddersfield. WVest, 1979-83: con- tested Ealing, North. October 1974 and Teesside. Middlesbrough, Feb-
ruarv 1974. Companv director. B Aug 26. 1931 ; ed Harrow and Acton Technical College. Member. Her-
tfordshire County Council. 1970-74: St Albans District Council. 1967-73 (chairman, 1970-71).
LIVERPOOL Broadgreen
Electorate 63.826 % vote Fields. T (Lab) 18.802 40.9
Dougherty, D (Con) 15.002 32.6 Pine.R(lndL) 7.021 15.3 *Crawshaw. R
(SDP/AII) 5.169 11.2 Lab majority 3,800 8.3 Total vote 45.994 Turnout 72.1 %
Mr Terence Fields is a fireman. B 1937. Vice chairman, Bootle Constituency Labour Party. Former member, North Wvest Regional Executive Committee, Labour Party. Member, National Executive Committee, FBU.
LrVERPOOI, Garston
Electorate 64.326 % vote Loyden, E(Lab) 21,450 46.6 Ross, J (Con) 17,448 37.9 Cooper, Miss R
(L/AII) 7.153 1 5.5 Lab majorty 4,002 8.7 Total vote 46,051 Turnout 71.6%
Mlr Edwiiard Loy-den was MP for the constituency. 'Feb 1974-79. F6rmer port worker. B May 1923: ed Friary School, Liverpool.. Liverpool Cit'y councillor (deputy leader). TGWU sponsored.
cI-SCOTAD
ABERDEEN,NORTH
Electorate 63.049 % vote *Hughes, R (Lab) 19,262 47.0 Deans, C S
(SDP/AII) 10,118 24.7 Scahlan,'Mrs G
(Con) 7,426 18.1 McGugan. J A (SNP)
3,790 9.3 Harty. Ms M (Eco) 367 0.9
Lab majority 9.144 22.3 Total vote 40.963 Turnout 65.00%
Mlr Robert Hughes, an Opposition spokesman on transport since 1981, andchairmran. Select Committee on Scottish Affairs 1981-82: member since 1979. Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. 1974-75, Engineering draughtsman. Elected in 1970; con- tested North Angus and Mearns. 1959. B Jan 3 1932: ed Benoni High School. Transvaal and Pietermaritz- burg Technical College. Natal. Chairman. Anti-Apartheid Move- ment. Member.
ABERDEEN, SOUTH
Electorate 57,540 % vote Malone. G (Con) 15,393 38.9 Middleton, R (Lab) 11,812 29.9 Philip. I G (SDP/A1I)
10.372 26.2 Coull. S (SNP) 1.974 5.0
Con majority 3.581 9.1 Total vote 39.551 Turnout 68.7%
nlr Gerald Malone, solicitor. con- tested Glasgow. Provan. Feb 1974. Glasgow. Pollok. Oct 1974. Rox- burgh. Selkirk and Peebics. 1979. and Glasgow, Hillhead 1982 by- election. B Jul. 1950: ed St Aloysius' College. Glasgow. and Glasgow University.
ANGUS EAST
Electorate 59.359 % vote *Fraser, P-L(Con) 19.218 44.1 Welsh. A (SNP) 15.691 36.0 Hammond. Mr P
(SDP/AII) 4.978 11.4 McConnell C (Lab) 3.497 8.0 Ross. Mrs P (Eco) 239 0.6
Con majoritv 3.527 8.1 Total vote 43.623 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Peter Fraser, QC,became Solici- tor Gcneral for Scotland in 1982. An advocate, he was elected to Angus. South 1979. having fought Aber- deen. North in October 1974. B May 29 1945: ed Loretto School. Gon- ville and Caius. Cambridge and Edinburgh University.
ARGYLL and BUTE
Electorate 47.497 - % vote *MacKay. J (Con) 13.380 38.6 Michie. Mrs J R
* (L/AII) 9,536 27.5 Smith. I (SNP) 8.514 24.6 McCafferty, C (Lab) 3.204 9.3
Con majority 3,844 11.1 Total vote 34.634 Turnout 72.90%
Mr John MacKav was appointed Under Secretary of State for Scot- land in April. 1982. MP for Atgyll, 1970-83: contested the seat in Oc- fober. 1974 and Western Isles in February, 1974. Former principal teacher of mathermatics, Oban High School. B Nov 15. 1938; ed Dunoon ard Campbeltown Grammar Schools. Glasgow University and Jordanhill College of Education.
AYR
Electorate 65.0 10 % vote *Younger. G K
(Con) 21,325 42.8 MacDonald, K (Lab)
13,338 26.8 Brodie. C(L/AII) 12,740 25.6 Goldie, I (SNP) 2.431 4.9
Con majority 7,987 16.0 Total vote 49,834 Turnout 76.7%
Mlr George Younger, who became Secretary of State for Scotland in May. 1979. had becn an Opposition spokesman on Scottish Office mat- tcrs: chief Opposition spokesman on defence and member of Shadow C,abinet, 1975-76: a spokesman on de.fence. 1974-75. Minister of State )or Defence. 1974: Under Secretary f.or Development, Scottish Office, 1970-73. Elected in 1964; contested .$orth Lanarkshire, 1959. Scottish Conservative whip, 1965-67. Eldest eon of Viscount Younger of Leckie. B Sep 22 1931. ed Cargilfield School, Edinburgh, Winchester tbllege. and Ncw College, Oxford. 5;overnor, Royal Scottish Academy.
#ANFF and BUCHAN
-Electorate 60,403 % vote V4cQuarrie, A
'(Cor) 16,072 39.7 Henderson; D (SNP)
15,135 37.4 Needham, E
.,SDP/AII) 6,084 15.0 Lloyd. I F R (Lab) 3,150 7.8.
- -Con majority 937 2.3 Total vote 40,441 Turnout 67.0%
Mlr Albert McQuarrie, Secretary. ,qnservative backbench fisheries co,mmittee, 1981-82, and vice-chair- .lan since 1982, Was MP for East Aberdeenshire 1979-73 Professional s,yil engineer and company direct- .or. he contested Kilmarnock, 1966 and Caithness and Sutherland, october 1974. B Jan 1. 1918: ed ,Greenock High School and Royal .CIPllege of Science and Technology. Member, Select Committee on Scot- 'j,th Affairs since 1979. Dean of Guild. Town Council, Burgh of .Qopurock. Renfrewshire 1949-52. Chairman British-Gibralta Group.
BERWICK-UPON-TWEED
ttectorate 53.585 % vote *Beith, A (L/AII) 21,958 52.7 'razier. J (Con) 13,743 33.0
ird, Mrs V (Lb 5,975 14.3 PA'rotcto, MrsV 7La)-7 9594.
-,-;t/All majority 8,215 19.7 -T'otal vote 41,676 Turnout 77.8%
1V4r Alan Beith won the seat in a by- election. 1973, having contested it, 400. Chief whip since March 1976 and education spokesman; pre- iy%ously spokesman on home affairs >npd Northern Ireland. Member, J.puse of Commons Commission. §iqrved on procedure and selection. eommittees. B Apr 20 1943, ed King's School. Macclesfield; Balliol and Nuffield Colleges, Oxford.
C4ITHNESS AND
.SUTHERLAND
,Electorate 30.871 % vote '*Maclennan, R
,.(SDPJAII) 12,119 52.0 Scouller. A (Con) 5,276 22.7 *Carrigan; D (Lab) 3,325 14.3 Ingram, i (SNP) 2,568 11.0
SDP/All majority 6,843 29.4 iTotal vote 23,288Turnout 75.4%
g1,79: Total votes 23,174 (78.4%). Lab ,613.'(41.5%): C 7,074 (30.5%); SNP 6,487 (28.0%). Lab Maj 2,539 Wf.0%6). Swing 2.7%
-Wlr Robert Macennan won the seat W Labour in March 1966. Resigned ""Party lnb1981 and joined"" SDP. 'Mrember, Public; Accounts Coin- .ifittee, si-nce .1'979. SDP spokesman dir( Scotland and agrculture and fti9heries sin~ce 1981. Labour Under Scecrtary for Prices and Consumer Protection, 1974-79.
CLACKMANNAN
Electorate 47,642 % vote O'Neill, M (Lab) 16,478 45.8 Jones, Mrs J (SNP) 6,839 19.0 Hendry, C (Con) 6,490 18.0 Campbell. Mrs H
(SDP/AII) 6,205 17.2 Labmajority 9,639 26.8 Total vote 36,012 Turnout 75.6%
Mr vIrartin O'Neil Represented Stirlingshire East and Clackmannan 1978-83. An Opposition spokesman on Scotland in 198 1. Teacher. B Jan 6. 1945:'ed Wardie Primary School, Trinity Academy, Heriot Watt University and Moray House Col- lege of Education, Edinburgh. GMWU/MATSA. Sponsored by SLADE.
CLYDEBANK AND MILNGAVIE Electorate 50.831 % vote *McCartney. H
(Lab) 17,288 44.8 Gourlay. J (SDP/AII)
9,573 24.8 Graham. R (Con) 7.852 20.4 Aitken, A (SNP) 3,566 9.2 Bollan, J (Com) 308 0.8
Lab majority 7,715 20.0 Total vote 38.587 Turnout 75.9%
1979: Total Votes 39,510 (80.0%)-Lab 20,515 (51.90,'); C 8.512 (21.5%); SNP 6,055 (15.3%): L 3.099 (7.8%): Com 1,017 (2.6%): Other 312 (0.8%). Lab Maj 12.003 (31.4%). Swing 3.7%.
Mr Hugh McCartney, formet sales representative was MP for central Dunbartonshire February 1974-83: MP for Dunbartonshire, East 1970- 74. B Jan 3, 1920; ed John Street Secondary School. Glasgow and Royal Technical College. Glasgow. Secretary. Scottish Labour Group of MPs.
CLYDESDALE
Electorate 60.240 % vote *Hart. Dame J (Lab) 17,873 38.8 Bainbridge, P (Con) 13,007 28.2 Craig. Miss M
(SDP/AII) 9.908 21.5 McAlpine. T (SNP) 5.271 11.4
Lab majoritv 4.866 10.6 Total vote 46.059 Turnout 76.5%
Dame Judith Hart was chairman of the Labour Party 1981-82 having been a mcmber of the National executive since 1969. Opposition spokesman on overseas develop- ment. 1979-80. she was Minister for Overseas Develpment, 1977-79. She had been appointed in March. 1974. but resigned in June. 1975. Oppo- sition spokesman on overseas develpment. 1970-74. Minister of Overseas Development. 1969-70.
CUMBERNAULD& KILSYTH
Electorate 44.190 % vote *Hogg, N (Lab) 16.629 49.2 Herbison. D
(SDP/AII) 6,701 19.8 Murray. G (SNP) 5.875 17.4 Thompson. Mrs A
(Con) 4.590 13.6 Lab majority 9,928 29.4 Total vote 33.795 Turnout 76.5%
Mr Norman Hogg has been MP for East Dunbartonshire. 1979-83. Dis- trict officer. National and Local Government Officers Association. 1967-79. Member, Transport Users Consultative Committee for Scot- land. 1977-79: Select Committee on Scottish Affairs 1979-82. B Mar 12. 1938: ed Ruthrieston Secondary School. Aberdeen. Parliamentary conslutant to National and Local Government Officers Association; adviser to Scottish Institute of Housing. Scottish Labour Whip since 1982.
CUNNINGHAME NORTH
Electorate 53.126 % vote *Corfie, J (Con) 15,557 38.7 Carson, J N (Lab) 13,920 34.6 Leishman, R
(SDP/AII) 7,268 18.1 Cameron. C (SNP) 3.460 8.6 * Con majority 1.637 4.1 Total vote 40.205 Turnout 75.7%
Mr John Corrie. a farmer was MP for Ayrshire North and Bute, Feb 1974-83. Chairman. Scottish Con- servative MPs, since 1982. Treasur- er. Scottish Conservative Com- mittee. 1975-80. Member, Select Committee on Scottish Affairs, since 1979. Member European Par- liament, 1975-76 and 1977-79. Opposition whip 1976-79. B July 29, 1935: ed George Watson's Col- lege, Edinburgh, and Lincoln Agri- cultural College, New Zealand. Contested Ayrshire, Central, 1966, and Lanark, North, 1964.
CUNNINGHAME SOUTH
Electorate 48.552 % vote *Lambie D(Lab) 19,344 54.1 Gallie. P (Con) 7,576 21.2 Boss.J(L/AII) 6,370 17.8 Ulrich, Mrs K (SNP)
2,451 6.9 Lab majority i 1,768 32.9 Total vote 35,741 Turnout 73.6%
Mr David Lambie has been chair- man of the Select Committee on Scottish Affairs since 1982; member from 1979. MP for Central Ayrshire, 1970-83;: contested Ayrshire, North and Bute. 1966, 1964 and 1959. Former teacher. B Jul 13, 1925; ed Ardrossan Academy, Glasgow, and Glasgow and Geneva universities. Chairman. Scottsh Labour Pany, 1964. Member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, since 1974.
PUMBARTON
Electorate 57,373 % vote *Campbell. I (Lab) *15,810 36.7 Lawson, I (Cor.) .13,695 31.8 Sawyer, R (SDP/AI1)
9,813 22.8 Bayne, T (SNP) 3,768 8.8
Lab majority 2,115 4.9 Total vote 43.086 Turnout 75.1%
1979 (as Dunbartonshire, West(: Total votes 43,710 (80.2%) - Lab 21,166 (48.4%/o); C 14,709 (33.7%); SNP 7,835 (17.9%). Lab maj 6,457 (14.7%/e). Swing 0.1 %.
Mr Ian Campbell, chairman of the all-party Scotch whisky industry group, represented Bumbartonshire
West. 1970-83. Former secretary, Scottish Labour group. Electrical power engineer with South of Scot- land Electricity Board,. 1953-70. B Apr 26 1926:,ed Dumbarton Acad- -my, Royal Technical College (now Strathclyde University).
DUMFRIES
Electorate 57,594 % vote *Monro, Sir H (Con)
18,730 44.5 McCall, J (SDP/AII) 10,036 23.9 McAughtrie, T (Lab)
8,764 20.8 Gibson, E (SNP) 4,527 10.8
Con majority ' '8,694 20.7 Total vote 42,057 Turnout 73.00%
Sir Hector Monro was Under Sec- retary of State for Environment'with special responsibilities for sport 1979-81; Opposition spokesman on sport 1 974-79, 'on Scotland, 1974- 75; Under Secretaty of -State for Health and Eduication, Scottish Office, 1971-74; Lord~ Coin- missioner of the Treasury (whip), 1970-7 1; Opposition whip, 1967-70. Elected in 1964. Farmer.
ISLINGTON NORTH
Electorate 59,984 % vote Corbyn, J (Lab) 14,951 40.5 Coleman, D (Con) 9'344 25.3 *Grant, J (SDP/AII) 8,268 22.4 *O'Halloran, M (Ind
Lab) 4,091 11.1 Bearsford-Walker. L
(BNP) 176 0.5 Lincoln, R (CUI) 134 0.4
Lab majority 5,607 15.2 Total vote 36,964 Turnout 61.6%
Mr Jeremy Corbyn, area officer foi NUPE: previously researcher fox Tailor and Garment Workers Union and for AUEW (Engineering Section). B May 1949; ed Adamx Grammar School, Newport, Shrop- shire. Member, Hackney Borougl Council, since 1974. Apex.
ISLINGTON SOUTHI AND
FINSBURY
Electorate 59,795 % vote Smith. C (Lab) 13.460 36.3 *Cunningham, G
(SDP/AII) 13,097 35.3 Johnston, A (Con) 9,894 26.7 Donegan, J (NF) 341 0.9 Murphy. J (IFP) 102 0.3 Stentiford, D (BNP) 94 0.3 Slapper. C (SPGB) 85 0.2
Lab majority 363 1.0 Total vote 37.073 Turnout 62.0%
Mr Christopher Smith, housing development worker, contested Epsom and Ewell, 1979. B Jul 24 1951; ed Cassiobury Primary School, Watford; George Watson's College, Edinburgh, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Harvard University. Member, London Borough of Islington, 1978-83; chief whip, 1978-79, chairman of hous- ing, 1981 and 1982-83. Member, Council for National Parks; ASTMS, branch secretary, 1978-80, branch chairman, 1980-83.
JARROWV
Electorate 63,770 lo vot( *Dixon. D(Lab) 25.151 55.: Copland. Miss S
(Con) 11,274 24E Lennox. J A (L/AII) 9,094 20.(
Lab majority 13.877 30. Total vote 45.519 Turnout 71.4%
Mr Donald Dixon. a trade unior official. was elected in 1979. Mem. ber. Scrvices Committce since 1979 Chairman. PLP shipbuildini committee: vice-chairman, PLF industry Committce. B Mar 6. 1929 ed Ellison Street Church of Englanc School. Jarrow. Member. JarroN& Borough Council, 1963-74: leader, 1969-74. Member. South Tvnesidc District Council since 1974: chair- man. Labour group and housing committee. Vicc-president. Jarro% and Hebburn Trades Council. Nlember. GMWU regional council. Sponsored by GMWBU.
KEIGHLEY
Electorate 63.678 % vote *Waller. G P A
(Con)- 21.370 42.( *Cryer. R (Lab) 18.596 37.C Wells. J (L/AII) 9.951 19.E Pennev. M (Eco) 302 0.f
Con majority 2.774 5.4 Total vote 50.219 Turnout 78.9%
M91r Gary U'aller was MP for Brig. house and Spenborough. 1979-83. Contested Rother Valley, Feb and Oct. 1974. Journalist. B June 24. 1945: ed Rugby School and Lancast- er University. Secretary, Conserva- tive Parliamentarv sport and rec- reation committee 1979-81. Mcm- ber, Select Committee on Trans- port. 1979-82: Joint Committee on Consolidation Bills since 1982. Member, all-party wool textile group since 1979. Became PPS to Secretarv of State for Transport. 1982. Vice chairman, National Association of Conservative Gradu- ates. 1970-73. Management com- mnittee. Bradford and District Hous- ing Association since 1976. Execu- tive secretarv. Wider Share Owner- ship Council 1973-76.
KENSINGTON
Electorate 49.854 % vote *Rhys Williams, Sir
B (Con) 14.274 46.0 Bousquet, B T (Lab) 9,173 29.5 Goodhart, W
(SDP/AII) 6.873 22.1 Porritt. J (Eco) 649 2.1 Knight, T (Ind) 86 0.3
Con majority 5.101 16.4 Total vote 31,055 Turnout 62.3%
1979: Total votes 33,850 (64.6%) - C 17,361 (51.3%); Lab 11,898 (35.1%): L 3.537 (10.4%); Eco 698 (2.1%); NF 356 (1.1%). C maj 5,463 (16.2%). Swing 5.3%.
Brandon Rhys-Williams has been a member, Select Committee on Social Services since 1979. Indus- trial consultant. Represented Ken- sington and Chelsea, Kensington, Kensington Feb 1974-83; rep- resented Kensington, South, 1968- 74. Member. European Parliament since 1974 being elected as MEP for London, South-East in first direct elections in 1979. Contested Pon-
typridd, 1959 and Ebbw Vale in 1960 by-election and 1964. B Nov. 14 1927; ed Eton. Chairman National Birthday Trust. Assistant director (appeals) Spastics Society, 1962-63. Formerly with ICI Ltd. Former vice-chairman, parliamen- tary health and social securitv and parliamentary finance committees.
KENT, MID
Electorate 66,510 % vote Rowe, A (Con) 25,400 53.5 Wainman, Mrs A
(L/AII) 12,857 27.1 Hull"" V (Lab) 8,928 18.8 Delderfield, D (New
Brit) 324 0.7 Con majority 12,543 26.4 Total vote 47,509 Turnout 71.4%
Mr Arthur Rowe, founder and dir- ector of Conservative Small Busi- ness Bureau. B 1935; ed Eton and Merton College, Oxford. Director, Conservative Central Office, 1975- 79, with responsibility for develop- ment of Federatiah of Conservative 'Students, Conservative mrde unlion- ists, Youing Conservatives,' links w,ith voluntary organizations and q,thnic minorities, Editor, Small Business Newspaper, since 1979.
KETTERING
Electorate 62,819 % vote Freeman, R (Con) 23,223 48.4 Goodhart, Mrs C
(SDP/AII) 14,637 30.5 Gordon, A (Lab) 10,119 21.1
Con-majority 8,586 17.9 Total vote 47,979 Turnout 76.4%
Mr Roger Freeman fought Don Valley in 1979. Managing director in London of an American mer- chant bank. Chartered accountant. B May. 1942; ed Whitgift School; Balliol College, Oxford. President, Oxford University Conservative Association. 1964. Former treasurer and council member, Bow Group, and managing director, Bow Publi- cations, 1968. Lecturer and confer- ence chairman, Institute of Char- tered Accountants; Foundre mem- ber Hundred Group of UK Char- tered Account Finance Directors: Nlember. Institute of Fiscal Studies.
KINGSTON UJPON THAMES
Electorate 56.794 % vote *Lamont, N S H
(Con) 22.094 54.1 Hayes. R (L/AII) 13.222 32.4 Smith, P J (Lab) 4,977 12.2 Presant-Collins
Miss A (Eco) 290 0.7 Dodd, P (LS) 259 0.6
Con majoritv 8,872 21.7 Total vote 40.842 Turnout 71.9%
1979: Total votes 43,115 (74.9°%) - C 24.944 (57.9%); Lab 11.400 (26.40,b); L 6.771 (15.7%). C maj 13,544 (31.5%). Swing 5.8%.
Mr Norman Lannont, Minister of State for Industry, from 1981, was U nder Secretary of State for Energy. 1979-81. An Opposition spokesman on industry, 1976-79. and on con- sumer affairs and prices 1975-76. Merchant banker. Returned at a by- election in 1972: contested Kin- gston-upon-Hull. East. 1970. Sec- retarY. Conservative Parliamentary Health and Social Security Com- mittee. 1972-74. B May 8. 1942: ed Loretto School and Fitzwvilliam College. Cambridge. (President of Union. 1964.) Chairman. Bow Group, 1971-72. Joint, secretary. Conservative finance committee. 1976. Former mcmber. Select Committee on Procedure.
KINGS WOOD
Electorate 72.159 % vote Hayward. R (Con) 22.573 40.4 Walker.T(Lab) 20.776 37.1 Gilbert, M (SDP/AlI)
12.591 22.5 Con majority 1,797 3.2 Total vote 55.940 Turnout 77.5%
Mr Robert Hayward, group person- nel manager. contested Carmarthen, Oct 1974. B 1949; ed Abingdon School. Maidenhead Grammar School and University of Rhodesia. \'ice-chairman. National Young Conservatives. 1976-77; Coventrv City councillor. 1976-78. Qualificd rugby referee.
KNOWSLEY North
Electorate 55,606 % vote *Kilroy-Silk. R (Lab)
24,949 64.5 Birch. A (Con) 7.758 20.1 McColgan, B
(SDP/AII) 5.715 14.8 Simons. J (WRP) 246 0.6
Lab majority 17.191 44.5 Total vote 38.668 Turnout 69.5%
Mr Robert Kilroy-Silk, a former university lecturer and author, rep- resented Ormskirk. February 1974- 83 and contested that seat. 1970. B May 19. 1942: ed Salticy Grammar School. Birmingham, LSE, London University. Member. Select Com- mittee on Home Affairs. since 1979. Chairman. parliamentary all-party penal affairs group, since 1979. and of PLP civil libertics group. since 1979. Member. council of Howard League for Penal Reform. since 1979. and sponsor of Radical Alternatives to Prison. since 1977. Member. Public Accounts Com- mittee, 1975-77: Select Committee on Wealth Tax, 1974-75: Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration. 1975.
KNOWSLEY SOUTH
Electorate 68.114 % vote Hughes, S (Lab) 25.727 53.8 Lamont, Miss E
(Con) 13,958 29.2 Smith. I (L/AII) 8.173 17.1
Lab majority 11,769 24.6 Total vote 47.858 Turnout 70.3%
Mr Sean Hughes, teacher. B May 8 1946; ed grammar school and Liver- pool and Manchester universities. Contested Crosby. Feb. 1974. Member, Huyton District Council (chairman of housing committee): Merseyside County Council.
LANCASIHIRE WEST
Electorate 73,980 °, vote Hind, R (Con) 25,458 46.3 Farrington, Mrs J
(Lab) 18,600 33.8 Sackville A
(SDP/AII) 10,983 20.0 Con majority 6,858 12.5 Total vote 55,041 Turnout 74.4%
LANCASTER
Electorate 56,040 % vote *Kellett-Bowman,
Mrs E (Con) 21,050 50.3 Harkins, J (Lab) 10,414 24.9 Booth, W (L/AII) 10,214 24.4 Leach, S R (Ind) 179 0.4
Con majority 10,636 25.4 Total vote 41,857 Turnout 74.7%
Mrs Elaine Kellett-Bowman won the seat in 1970. Barrister, farmer and social worker. Contested Buckingham. 1966 and 1964, South West Norfolk 1959, and the 1959 by-election, and Nelson and Colne, 1955. Member, European Parlia- ment since 1975, being MEP for Cumbria since first European direct elections in 1979. B Jul 8, 1924; ed Queen Mary's School, Lytham; The Mount, York, and St Anne's Col- lege, Oxford. Alderman of Borough of Camden, 1968-71. Member of Press Council, 1964-68.
LANGBAURGH
Electorate 77,387 % vote Hol:, R (Con) 24,239' 41.7 Johnson, Mrs G
(Lab) 18,215 31.4 Ashby, R (L/AII) 15,615 26.9
Con majority 6,024 10.4 Total vote 58,069 Turnout 75.0%
Mr Richard Holt, personnel execu- tive, contested- Brent, South, Feb 1974. B 1931; ed Wembley County Grammar School and Hendon and Harrow technical colleges. Formier RoYal Navy seaman. Member, Wycombe Borough Council since 1976. Fellow. institute of Personnel Managment and member, British Institute of Management.
LEEDS'CENTRAL
Electorate 63,299 % vote Fatchett, D (Lab) 18,706 47.9 Wrigley, P (L/AII) 10,484 26.9 Ashley-Brown, M
(Con) 9,192 23.6 Cummins,C G(BNP) 331 0.9 Rogers, 3 M (Com) 314 0.8
Lab majority 8,222 21.1 Total vote 39,027 Turnout 61.7%
Mr Derek Fatchett, university lec- turer, contested Bosworth, 1979. B Aug 8. 1945; ed Lincoln school. Birmingham University and LSE. Wakefield metropolitan borough councillor. ASTMS.
LEEDS, EAST
Electorate 63,611 % vote *Healey, D (Lab) 18,450 43.8 Bell, A (Con) 12355 29.3 Clay, Mrs M (L/AII) 10.884 25.8 Brons, A H (NF) 475 1.1
Lab majority 6,095 14.5 Total vote 42,164 Turnout 66.3%
Mr Denis Healey has been Dcputv Leader of the Labour Party since 1980 when he unsuccessfully con- tested the party leadership, a contest he had also failed in 1976. Won Deputy Leadership against Mr Tonv Bcnn in 1981. Chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and Com- monwealth affairs since 1981; chief spokesman on Treasury and econ- omics affairs 1979-81. Chancellor of the Exchequer. 1974-79: Chief Opposition spokesman of Treasury matters, 1972-74: chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and Com- monwealth affairs. 1970-72: Sec- retary of State for Defence. 1964-70. Elected for Leeds. South-East. at a by-election in 1952. and for Leeds. East. in 1955; contested Pudsey and Otley. 1945. B Aug 30, 1917: ed Bradford Grammar Schoool and Balliol College. Oxford. Member. Labour Party national executive committee 1970-75 and since being Deputy Leader.
LEEDS, NORTH-EAST
Electorate 65,226 X % vote *Joseph, Sir K (Con) 21.940 47.6 Crystal. P (SDP/AII) 12.945 28.1 Scdler. R (Lab) 10.951 23.8 T'ibbitts. E (A Corr) 128 0.3 Holton. P(ACIE) 123 0.3
Con majority 8.995 19.5 Total vote 46,087 Turnout 70.7%
Sir Keith Joseph has been Secretary of State for Education and Science since 1981: Secretary of State for Industrv. 1979-81. ChiefOpposition spokesman on industry. with overall r-esponsibility for Conservative Party policy and research 1974-79. Chief Opposition spokesman on hiome affairs. 1974-75. Secretary of State for Social Services. 1970-74: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Ministcr of State. Board of Trade. 1961-62. Returned at a by-election in February, 1956: contested Barons Court. 1955. B Jan 17, 1918: ed Harrow and Magdalen College. Oxford. Barrister (Middle Temple 1946). Fellow of All Souls. 1946-60. and since 1972. Former company director. Founder and chairman of management com- mittee of Centre for Policy Studies.
LEEDS. NORTH-WEST
Electorate 68.004 °o vote *Hampson. K (Con) 22.579 46.6 Jones, N (SDP/AII) 14.042 29.0 Battle.J (Lab) 10.757 22.2 Laurence. A (Eco) 673 1.4 Haygreen, C G (Ind
C) 437 0.9 Con majority 8.537 17.6 Total vote 48.488 Turnout 71.3%
Nlr Keith Hampson. Represented Ripon 1974-83 which he first Con- tested at bv-election in Julvy 1973. PPS r. Mr Tom King, 1979-83. Vice- chairman Youthaid since 1979-. Vice Pres WEA since 1979. Consult- ant to Library Association and Elec- trical Contractors Association. Former vice-chairman. Conserva- tive education committee 1975-79. Personal assistant to Mr Heath in the 1966 general election and also assisted him in the Bexley contest in 1970. B Aug 14, 1943: ed King James I Grammar School. Bishop Auckland. and at Bristol and Har- vard Universitics. Former chair- man, Bristol University Conserva- tive Association. Lecturer in Ameri- can history. Edinburgh Universitvy 1968-74.
LEEDS SOUTH AND MORLEY
Electorate 60.864 % vote *Rees M (Lab) 18.995 45.9 Hyde W (Con) 13.141 31.8 Burley P (SDP/All) 9.216 22.3
Lab majority 5,854 14.2 Total vote 41,352 Turnout 67.9%
Mr Merlyn Rees has been a mem- ber of the Shadow Cabinet since 1979. Opposition industry and employment policy coordinator since 1982: Chief Opposition spokesman on energy 1981-82; after being chief spokesman on home affairs. Home Secretaarv, 1976-79 and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, 1974-76. Chief Oposition spokesman on Northern Ireland, 1972-74; an Opposition spokesman on the Home Office, 1970-72: Under-Secretary, Home Office. 1968-70a Under-Secretary for De-
fence for the RAF, 1966-68; Under-
Secretary for Defence for the Armv 1965-66. Represented Leeds, South 1963-83 election in June, 1963; contested Harrow, East, 1955 and
1959. Economics lecturer. B Dec 18. 1920; ed Harrow Weald Grammar Scool. Goldsmith's College and London School of Economics. Member, Franks Committee on Falklands war. 1972-83, and Franks Committee on official Secrets Act 1972. NUT and GMWBU.
LEEDS WEST
Electorate 67.538 % 0 vote Meadoweroft, M
(L/AI1) 17,908 38.4 *Dean, i (Lab) 15,860 34.0 Keeble, Miss J (Con)
12,515 26.9 Braithwaite, A
(BNP) 334 0.7 L/AII majority 2,048 4.4 Total vote 46,617 Turnout 69.0%
Mr Michael Meadowcroft, general secretary, Bradford Metropolitan Council for Voluntary Service, contested Leeds West, Feb and Oct 1974. B Mar 6 1942; ed King Geoorge -V School, Southport and Uiniversity (if Bradford. Member, Leeds, City Council, since 1968; - member, West yorkshire Metro- POlitan County Council, 1973-76 and, sin-e 1981. Director, Leeds Grand Theatre and Opera hjouse Ltd. ACTSS.
LEICESTER EAST
Electorate 67,071 % vote Bruinvels, P (Con) 19,117 38.9 Hewitt, Miss P (Lab)
18,184 37.0 *Bradley, T
(SDP/AII) 10,362 21.1 Ganatra. R V (Ind) 970 2.0 Sutton. R L (BNP) 459 0.9
Con majority 933 1.9 Total vote 49.092 Turnout 73.2%
1979: Total votes 50,840 (75.6%) - Lab 23.844 (46.9%9); C 20,988 (41.3%): L 4.623 (9.1%); NF 1.385 (2.7%). Lab maj 2,856 (5.6%). Swing 1.3%.
Mr Peter Bruinvels, management and parliamentary research consult- ant. B Mar 30 1950: ed St John's School. Leatherhead. London Uni- versity Council of Legal Education. Chairman. South Eastern Area Young Conservatives. National Union Executive Committee. 1977- 79. Freeman of City of London. Member. British Institute of Man- agement. Institutc of Public Re- lations. Society of Conservative Lawyers. Guildfbrd Diocesan Synod.
LEICESTER, South
Electorate 73.573 % vote Spencer. D (Con) 21.424 40.3 *Marshall.J(Lab) 21.417 40.3 Renold. R (L/All) 9.410 17.7 Davis. C (Eco) 495 0.9 Pickard. C (BNP) 280 0.5 Roberts. D P
(WPWS) 161 0.3 Con majority 7 0.0 Total vote 53.187 Turnout 72.3%
1979: Total votes 52.894 (74.8%n) - Lab 24.548 (46.4%Yo): C 22.550 (42.6%): L 4.856 (9.2%,), NF ?V )1.8°'). Lab maj 1.998 (3.8%). Swing -0.8%.
No biography available.
LEICESTER. WVest
Electorate 67.691 °o vote *Janner, G (Lab) 20.837 44.8 Meacham. R (Con) 19.125 41.1 Fernando. S
(SDP/AII) 5.935 12.8 Hill. R (BNP) 469 1.0 Prangle, BJ(WRP) 176 (0.4
Lab majority 1.712 3.7 Total vote 46.542 Turnout 68.8%,o
1979: Total votes 48.566 (72.3%o) - Lab 26.032 (53.6%)': C 17.194 (35.4%b): L 4.032 (8.3%b): NF 1.308 (2.7%). Lab maj 8.838 -18.2'). Swing 2.1 %.
Mr Greville Janner, QC, a barrister and writer. %vas elecled in 1970: contested Wimbledon. 1955. B Julv 1 . 1928: ed Bishop's Collegc School. Quebec: St Paul's School. London: Trinity Hall. Cambridge. and Harvard Law School. Member. Employment Committee. 1970-74. President. Board of Deputies of' British Jews since 1979: President Commonwealth Jewish Council sincel982 vice-president. Associia- tion of Jewish Ex-Servicenien and of Association for Jcwish Youth: vice- Chairman. all-party parliamentarv committee for release of Soviet Jcwrv. President. Retired Execu- tives' Action Clearing House: chair- man. all-party parliamentarv insus- trial safcty group. NUJ.
LEICESTERSIIIRE. \orth-%1est
Electorate 68.51(0 % v ote Ashbv. D (Con) 24.760 44.6 Read. Mrs I (Lab) 18.098 32.6 CormG(L/AlI) 12.043 21.7 Freer. Mrs D (Eco) 637 1.2
Con majority 6.662 12.0 Total vote 55.538 Turnout 81. I %
LEIGH
Electorate 68.063 °o vote *Cunlifyc, L(Lab) 25.477 51.9 Johnston. P(Con) 13.163 26.8 Eccles. D(SDP/All) 10.468 21.3
Lab majoritv 12.314 25.1 Total votc 49. io8 Turnout 72.2%
Mir Lawrence Cunliffe was elected in 1979: contested Rochdalc. Oct 1972 and Feb 1974: has been a member of the Commons Services Committee since 1981. Member ol Catering sub-committec. B Mar 25. 1929: ed St Edmund's RC school Worsley. Manchester. Former en- gineer with the National Coal Board: councillor. Bolton MDC. .1974-79 magistrate 1967-79. Spon- sored by NUM.
LEOMINSTER
Electorate 66.286 lb vole *Temple-Morris. P
(Con) 29.276 57.0 Pincham. R (L/AII) 19.490 37.9 Wilcox, D.(Lab) 1.932 3.8 Norman, Miss F M
(Eco) 668 1.3 Con majority 9.786 19.1 Total vote 51.366 Turnout 77.5%
Mlr Peter Temple-Morris, barrister. company director and consultant, was elected in February 1974: con- tested Lambeth. Norwood. 1970, and Newport. 1964 and 1966. B Feb 12 1938; ed Malvern and St Cathe- rine's College. Cambridge. Joint secretary. Conservative backbench foreign affairs committee, 12979-82
and joint vice chairman 1982-83. Secretarv, Conservative transport committee, 1976-79, and of Con- servative parliamentary legal committee, 1977-78. Secretary. Anglo-Iranian parliamentary group and treasurer, Anglo-Lebanese par- liamentary group. Chairman, Bow Group standing committee on home affairs. 1975-80. And of British Group. IPU since] 982.
LEWES
Electorate 67,366 °o vote *Rathbone, J (Con) 29.261 58.4 Bellotti, D(L/AII) 15,357 30.7 Sander, Nliss S (Lab)
4.244 8.5 Mutter, R (Eco) 1,221 2.4
Con majoritv 13,904 27.8 Total vote 50,83 Turnout 74.3%
Mr Tim Rathbone was elected in Februarv 1974. B Mar 17, 1933; ed Eton and Christ Church. Oxford, and Harvard Business School. Dir- ector, Charles Barker Group Ltd and other companies. Chief pub-
licity and public relations officer. Conservative Central Office, 1966- 68. Member, National Committee for Electoral Refbrmn. Former sec- retary, Conservative media com- mittee. PPS to Minister for Health 1979-82 and to Minister of Con- sumer Affairs since 1982.
IHANETSOUTH
Electorate 61.989 %vote *Aitken, J (Con) 24,512 56.5 Josephs, I (L/All) 10,461 24.1 Clark, M (Lab) 8,429 19.4
Con majority 14,051 32.4 Total vote 43,402 Turnout 70.0%
Mr Jonathan Aitken, journalist, was elected in February, 1974; contested Meriden, 1966. B Aug 30 1942; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Member Select Committee on Employment. since 1979 Chairmnan, British-Saudi Arabian parliamen- tary group. Former secretary, Con- servative broadcasting and com- munications committee. Director. TV-am. Aitken Hume plc.
THURROCK
Electorate 66,300 96 vote *McDonald. Miss 0
(Lab) 17,600 39.2 Tallon. Miss J (Con) 15.878 35.4 Benson, D (SDP/AI1)
9.761 21.7 Bibby, M J (Ind) 1,220 2.7 Sinclair. R W (BNP) 252 0.6 Paul. J (Com) 199 0.4
Lab majority 1,722 3.8 Total vote 44,910 Turnout 67.7%
Miss Oonagh McDonald has been an Opposition spokesman on de- fence and disarmnament since 1981. Elected at a by-election in 1976; contested Gloucestershire, South, Feb and Oct 1974. B Feb 1938; ed Roan School for Girls Greenwich: East Barnet Grammar School, and King's College. London. Lecturer in philosophy. Bristol University, 1965-76. Member. Commons Expenditure Committee, 1977. PPS to Chief Secretary of the Treasury 1977-79: member Select Committee on Employment, 1981. Member industial policy subcommittee of Labour's National Executive Committee. ASTMS
TIVERTON
Electorate 63,828 % vote *Maxwell-.Hyslop, R
(Con) 27,101 54.8 Morrish. D(L/AII) 19.215 38.8 Gorbutt. D A (Lab) 3154 6.4
Con majority 7.886 15.9 Total vote 49.470 Turnout 77.5%
Mr Robin Maxwell-Hyslop was elected in the 1960 by-election; contested Derby. North, 1959. Former personal assistant to direct- or of Sales and Service. Rolls-Royce Aero Engine Division, following graduate apprenticeship and two years in Export Sales Department. B June 6, 1931: ed Stowe and Christ Church. Oxford. Joint Secretary, Conservative parliamentary avi- ation committee 1972-79. Member, Select Committee on Procedure for Supply, 1980-81. and of Select Committee on Standing Orders since 1979. and Select Comminee on Industry and Trade, since 1979.
TONBRIDGE & MALLING
Electorate 72.549 lb vote *Stanley.J (Con) 30,417 56.1 Freeman, F
(SDP/AII) 16.897 31.2 Bishop. DJ (Lab) 6.896 12.7
Con majority 13.520 24.9 Total vote 54.210 Turnout 74.7%
1979: Total votes 54,149 (79.5%) - C 29.534 (54.5%); Lab 13,282 (24.5%9): L 10,904 (20.1 %); NF 425 (0.8%). C maj 16.252 (30.0%). Swini 6.3% to C.
Mr John Stanley, Minister foi Housing and Construction, witi
rank of Minister of State at the DOE since 1979. was PPS to Mrs Thatch. er 1976-79. Former consultant tt RTZ Industries Ltd. Elected ir February. 1974; contested Newton 1970. B Jan 19. 1942: ed Reptor School and Lincoln College, Oxford Member. Select Committee or Nationalized Industries. 1974-76 Secretary. Conservative Industr Committee 1974-75, vice-chairman 1975-76. Forner research associatt of the International Institute fo Strategic Studies.
TOOTING
Elecnorate 68.083 % votc *Cox, T (Lab) 19.640 42.- Harris, R(Con) 16.981 37.( Neuberger. MrsJ
(SDP/AII) 8.317 18.1 Berbridge. P(NF) 355 0.k Shaw, Ms E (Eco) 255 0.f Lewis, R E(Com) 181 0.4 Patel, H (Eth Min) 146 0.3 Redgrave, C (WRP) 72 0.2
Lab majority 2,659 5.8 Total vole 45,947 Turnout 67.5%
Mr Thomas Cox was an assistant Government whip 1974-77; Lord Commissioner of the Treasurv (whip) since 1977. Represented Wandsworth, Tooting. February 1974-83. Represented Wandsworth. Central, 1970-74: contested Stroud. 1966. B 1930; ed state schools and London School of Economics. Elec- trician. Former alderman, Fulham Borough Council. Sponsored by EETPU.
TORBAY
Electorate 67.337 % vote *Bennett, Sir F (Con)
25.721 52.6 Mitchell, M (L/AII) 19,166 39.2 Rackley, P W (Lab) 3,521 7.2 Murray, Mrs A M L
(Ratepyr) 500 1.0 Con majority 6,555 13.4 Total vote 48,908 Turnout 72.6%
Sir Frederic Bennett was chosen in April 1979 to lead the Conservative delegation to the Council of Europe, having been a United Kingdom delegate to the Council of Europe. and WEU since 1974. Returned in February. 1974: MP for Torquay Imm574gbyalecion and fore Relad-os.
ing, North, 1951-S5. Contested Birmingham. Ladywood, 1950, and Burslem. 1945. Barrister. B Dec 2 1918: ed Westminster SchooL Dir- ector and consultant to various financial and industrial institutions in United Kingdom and abroad. Member Public Expenditure Committee. 1974-79.
TOTTENHAM
Electorate 67.944 % vote *Atkinson, N (Lab) 22.423 52.0 Murphy, P (Con) 13,027 30.2 L'Estrange, A (L/All)
6,990 16.2 Hurry, W G (Ind C) 652 1.'5
Lab majority 9,396 21.8 Total vote 43.092 Turnout 63.4%
MUr Norman Atkinson was treasurer of the Labour Party, with a seat on the national executive, 1976-81. Elected in 1964: contested Wythen- shawe, 1955; Altrincham and Sale 1959. Mechanical engineer and chief design engineer, Manchester Uni- versity. 1957-64. B 25 Mar 1923; ed elementary and technical schools. Member Tribune Group. Fonrmr chairman Select Committee on Sci- ence and Technology, former member Select Committee on Immigration and Race Relations. Member Manchoster City Council. 1945-49. Govemnor Imperial College of Science! and Technology. Spon- sored by AUEWV.
TRURO
Electorate 6,514 % Vote *Penhaligon, D '
(L/AII) 31,279 573""' Buddell, P (Con) 20,799 38.1 Beecroft, Ms i M
(Lab) 2,479 4.5 L/Ali majority 10,480 19.2 Total vote 54,557 Turnout 79.6%
Mr David Penhaligon, liberfil spokesman on industry since 1981
and energy sincel979 spokesman onDi employment, 1976-81, and on.. Transport, 1977-81. Won the seat ini? October 1974: contested it Februa- ry, 1974, and Totnes 1970. Char-
tered mechanical engineer. B June 6.' 1944; ed Truro School and Cornwall Technical College. Member, Liberal Party Council, since 1968.
TUNBRIDGE WELLS
Electorate 73.709 6 vote' *Mayhew, P(Con) 31,199 58.3' Blaine, P (L/AII) 16.073 30.0'O Casely, S J (Lab) 6.042 1 I13' Smith. D (Oth) 236 0.4'
Con majority 15,126 28.3
Total vote 53,550 Turnout 72.7% '' 1979: Total votes 53,626 (74.7%).- C 31.928 (59.5%): Lab 11,392 (21.2%): L 9.797 (18.3%), NF 509k
(0.9%). C maj 20,536 (38.3%). Swing""' 6.8% to C.
Mr Patrick Mayhew, QC. became . Minister of State. Home Office, in 1981: Under Secretary of State for Employment. 1979-81. Elected ifi'
February 1974; fought Dulwich,, Camberwell in 1970. B Sep 11
1929: ed Tonbridge School and Bal-, liol College. Oxford. Mernber,
Executive of 1922 Committee., '' 1976-79. and joint vice-chairman, Conservative Home Affairs Com- mittee. 1976-79.
TWICKENHAM
Electorate 64.116 % vote""- *Jessel, T F H (Con) 25,110 50.4
Wailer. J (L/AIl) 20.318 40.,8, Nicholas, Ms P A
(Lab) 3,732 7.5 Clarke, J (Eco) 424 0.9 Denville-Faulkner, T
(NF) 234 0.5.. Kenyon. R W (Ind) 40 0.1
Con majority 4.792 9.6,'_ Total vote 49.858 Turnout 77.8%
Mr Toby Jessel was elected in 1970:
contested Kingston-upon-Hull.. North. at by-election. 1966, and ai general election two months later: fought Peckham, 1964. B Jul 11, 1934: ed Royal Naval College, Dar-
tmouth. and Balliol College, Oxford-'""' Member. GLC. for Richmond upon Thames, 1956-67. and of Southwark Borough Council, 1964-66. Joint vice-chairman. conservative back- bench arts and heritage committee_.
since 1982 Member. Council of- Europe and WEU.
TYNE BRIDGE
Electorate 60.808 % vote *Cowans. H (Lab) 21,127 56.5 Crawley. R (Con) 9.434 25.2
Dawson. A (L/AII) 6.852 18.3.
Lab majority 11,693 31.3"" Total vote 37,413 Turnout 61.5%.
Mr Harry Cowans. former British
Railways technical officer. rep-~: resented Newcastle upon Tyne.'
Central. November 1976-1983''
Member. Select Committee on""."" Transport since 1979. B Dec 19. 1932; ed Atkinson Road Technical School. Newcastle upon Tyne. Member. Gateshead Borough Coun- cil, 1970-78. and Tyne Wear County Council. 1972-76. Chairman, PLP Northern Group: Opposition whip
and secretary for Northern group of, Labour MPs since 1982. Sponsored by NUR.
TYNEMOUTH
Electorate 74.549 % vote *Trotter. N (Con) 27.029 48.6
Cosgrove. P J (Lab) 17,420 31. ; Mayhew.D(L/AII) 11.153 20.1-
Con majority 9,609 17.3 Total vote 55.602 Tumout 74.6%
Mr Neville Trotter, a chartered accountant. has been chairman of the Conservative backbench ship- ping and shipbuilding committee. since 1982: former joint secretary. aviation committee. Parliamentary adviser to British Marine Equip- ment Council: consultant to Bons Machine Tool Co Ltd. and consult- ant to Biss Lancaster whose client include ABTA and Britannia Air- ways. Elected in February 1974: contested Consett, 1970. B Jan 27. 1932; ed Shrewsbury School and King's College, Durham. Member. Newcastle City Council, 1963-74; Tyneand Wear Metropolitan Coun- cil. 1973-74. Commons Public Expenditure Committee and its trade and industry sub-committee. 1974-79: Northern Economic plan- ning Council, 1969-74.
UPMINSTER
Electorate 66,445 % vote *Bonsor. Sir N (Con)
25,153 52.5 Osman. D (SDP/AII)
12.339 25.8 Hughes, A (Lab) 9,829 20.5 Nobes-Pride. G (NF)
566 1.2
Conmajority 12,814 26.8. Total vote 47,887 Turnout 72.1%
1979: Total votes 53,036 (80.4%) - C 27,960 (52.7%): Lab 18,895 (35.6%); L 5,216 (9.8%): NF 965 (1.80%). C maj 9.065 (17.1%). Swing 1.8% to C.
Sir Nicholas Bonsor, barrister. farmer and company director, was MP for Nantwich, 1979-83; con- tested Newcastle under Lyme, Feb- ruary and October 1974. B Dec 9. 1942; ed Eton and Keble College. Oxford. Chairman. Wing Branch, Buckingham Conservative Associ-
ation, 1974-76. Fellow, Royal So- ciety of Arts. Member of Lloyd's and NFU. Vice-chairman, Con- servative backbench foreign and Commonwealth affairs committee. since 1982, and of tourism sub- committee of Conservative back
bench trade and industry comr.. mittee.
UXBPTDGE
Electorate 61,615 % vote 'Shersby, J M (Con) 23,875 53.6-' Russell, P (SDP/All) 11,038 24.S Magee, P J (Lab) 9,611 21.6-
Con majority 12,837 28.8 Total vote 44,524Turnout 72.3%. 1979: Total votes 47,565 (78.9%) -
C 24,967 (52.5%); Lab 16,972""""' (35.7%); L 5,031 (10.6%); NF 595 (1.3%). C maj 7.995 (16.8%). Swing 6.0% to C.
Mr Michael Sfiersby was elected as MP for Hillingdon, Uxbridge, in the 1972 by-election. Has been Director"" General, British Sugar Bureau, since 1977. B Feb 17, 1933; ed John Lyon School, Harrow-on-the-Hill. Chair-
man, Conservative trade com-"""" mittee, 1974-76; joint secretary, parliamentary scientific committee, 1977-80; vice-chairman, Conserva-
tive environment committee since-~~.
1979; vice-chairman, Conservative"""". smaller businesses committee, 1979- - 80 and 1983: chairman, Conserva- live food and drink subcommittee
since 1979. Vice-chairman, Smaller. Businesses Committee, 1983.
LIVERPOOL Mossley Hill
Electorate 62.789 % vote *Alton. D(L/AII) 18,845 40.9 Keefe. B (Con) 14.650 31.8 inowden. A C(Lab) 12.352 26.8
:rikson-Rohrer, M
(NF) 212 0.5 L/AII majority 4.195 9.1 otal vote 46.059 Turnout 73.4%
Mr David Alton. a teacher, won Liverpool, Edge Hill for Liberals at the March. 1979, bv-election. as the youngest MP. Served for six da%s until dissolution and re-elected in general election. Contested that seat Februarv and October. 1974. Appoinied political aide to Mr David Steel in November 1982 and spokesman on inner cities. Pre- viouslv spokesman on environment and race relations. Elected to Merseyside County Council 1973. B Mar IS 1951: ed Campion School. Hornchurch. and Christ's College of Education. Liverpool. NUT. Elected Liverpool citv council 1972. housing chairman and depuyt leader of city council. 1978.
LIVERPOOL, Riverside
-lectorate 61.638 % s ate 'Parrm, R (Lab) 24.978 65.0 Morrison. T(Con) 7.600 19. 8 Zentner. P (SDP/AII)
5.381 14.0 Blevin. J (Com) 261 0.7 Latchford. D (\\RP) 234 0.()
Lab majoritv 17.378 45.2 Total voic 38.454 Turnout 62.4 1
Mr Robert Parrv. a building trade worker and former full-time orga- nizer for NUPE. represented Liver- pool. Scotland Exchange. Feb 1974- 83 and Liverpool Exchange. 1970- 74. B Jan 8. 1933: ed Bishop Goss Roman Catholic School. Liverpool. Chairman. Merseyside group ol Labour NIPs since 1975. Member. Liverpool County Council. 1963-74. President. Association for rDemoc- racy in Hongkong since 1980. Presi- dent Kids in Need and Distress since 1981. Sponsored by G\A U
LIVERPOOL WVALTON
Electorate 73.532 °b vote *Heffer. E(Lab) 26.980 52.7 Maddox. A (Con) 1 2.865 25.2 Croft. D (L/AII) 10.970 21.4 McKechnic. D.I Mi
(BNP) 343 0.7 Lab majority 14.115 27.6 Total vote 51.1 58 Turnout 69.6%n
Mr Eric Heffer. Labour Party vice- chairman 1982-83. becamc Oppo- sition spokesman on European and Community Afitirs in 1981 after his election to thc Shadow Cabinet. He was appointed Minister of State for Indusiry. March. 1974 left oi1ce in 1975. In Opposition Front Bench team on Industrial Relations Bill. 1970-71. Opposition spokesnman on employment. 1971-73. Mcmber. Shadowv Cabinei. 1972. Elected in 1964. Carpenter-joiner and journal- ist. B .Ian 12. 1922: elementary cdu- cation. Member. Labour Panr
national executive committee. since 1975. Member and sponsored by. LiCATT. fbrmerly AS\V. Vice-chair- man. League Against C(ruel Sports.
LIVERPOOL. WEST DERBY
Electorate 63.088 % \ote Wareing. R (Lab) 23.905 54.5 Trelawney. W (Con) 12.062 27.5 *Ogden. E (SDP/AII)
7.S71 1 .() Lab majority 11.843* 27.i) Total vote 43,838 Turnout 69.5%
Mr Robert Wareing. college lcc- turer. contesied Benvick-upon- Tweed. 1970. and Liverpool. Edge Hill March 1979 by-election. and 1979 general eicction. B Aug (.) 1930: ed Ranworth Square Scheol. Liverpool. Alsop High Scheol. Liverpool. and Bolton College o. Education. Mersevside countv councillor and chief whip of Labour group since 1981. Chairman. Mer- sevside Economic Development (o Ltd. NATFKE and ASTMS.
LIVINGSTON
Electorate 53.284 % vote *Cook. R (Lab) 14.255 37.7 Henderson. S (L/AII)
9.304 24.6 C ampbel1. J (Con) 9.129 24.2 MacAskill (SNPI, 5.090 13.5
Lab majority 4.951 13.1 Total vote 37.778 Turnout 70.9%
Mlr Robin Cook, an Opposition spokesman on Treasury and econ- omic affairs since 1980. was NIP for Edinburgh. Central. Feb 1974-83: contested Edinburgh. North. 1970. Tutor and organizer in adult edu- cation. B Feb 28. 1946: ed Aberdeett Grammar School. Royal Higjh School. Edinburgh and Edinburgh Universitv. Former vice-chairman. PLP defence group. ex-chairman. housing sub-committee. Scottish Labour Group. and all-party group on penal reform in Scotland. For- mer member. advisorv panel on arms control and disarmament. Sponsored by NUR.
LOUGHBOROUGH
Electorate 70.668 % vote *Dorrell, S (Con) 29.056 52.9 Jones. M (Lab) 1 2.876 23.4 Frears.J (SDP,AII) 12.189 22.2. Whitebread. D (Eco)
591 1.
Peacock.J A(BNP) 228 0.4
Con majority 16.180 29.5 Total vote.54.940 Turnout 77.7%
MNr Stephen Dorrell, company dir.
ector swon the seat for the Conserva- tives in 1979: contested Kingston- upon-I-iull. East. October. 1974. E Mar 25. 1952: ed Uppingham anc Brasenosc College. Oxford. Men.
ber. Select Committee on Trans- port, since 1979. Secretarv. Co). servative backbench committee or Trade and Consumer Affairs. OffEc. er cadet RAF volunteer resercv
1971-73. Personal assistant to MIr Peter Walker in February. 1974 general election. Owns shares of Tiger Moth aircraft.
LUDLOW
Electorate 63.256 % votle *Cockeram. E (Con) 26,278 55.7 Lane,D(SDP/AIl) 14,975 31.7 Davis, P M (Lab) 5.949 12.6
Con maioritv 11.303 24.0 Total vote 47.202 Turnout 74.6%
Mr Eric Cockeranm, returned 1979. was MP for Bebingion, 1970-74: contested Bedington and Ellesmejrc Port, Februarv ard October. 1974. B July 4 1924; ed The Leys School.
Cambridge. Member .Commonis Select Committee on Corporation Tax, 1971-1972. PPS to Ministero'f Industry 1970-72. PPS to Chaneel- bor of the ExchequorI972.74
Mme,Select 'ComMittee i'n Industry and Trade, since 1979.
Director. -Midshires 'Bilding SocieiYj Chairman all-party TFSB parliamen.. tarvcnmnmittf-p
NOTTINGHAM, South
Electorate 69.059 v vote Brandon-Bravo. M
(Con) 22.238 45.9 Coanes. K S (Lab) 16.523 34.1 Poynter. R (L/AII) 9.697 20.0
Con majority 5.7 15 11.8 Total vote 48.458 Turnout 70.2%
1979: Total votes 41.872 (63.1%) - Lab 22.818 (5.4.5%): C 12.778 )30.5%): L 4.027 (9.60%): NF 1.769 (4.2%): Ind 208 (0.5%): WRP 154 (0.4%): DMPSWR 118 (0.3%,b). Lab maj 10.040 (24.0%). Lab gain from C.
Mr Martin Brandon-Bravo, manag- ing director of a textile firm. B 1932; ed Latvmer Upper School. Notting- ham City Councillor. Member, Board of Management, National Water Sports Centre.
NUN EATON
Electorate 66.072 eo %-OIC Stevens. L (Con) 20,666 40.5 Havnes. J (Lib), 15.605 30.6 Levitt. Nliss R
(SDP/AII) 14.264 28.0 Davis. C E (Ind Lab)
504 1.0 Con majority 5.061 9.9 Total vole 51.039 Turnout 77.3%
Mir l ewvis Stevens. management consultant. B Apr 13 1936: ed 0- dbury Grammar School. Worcester- shire: Liverpool University: Lan- chester College. Coventrv. Con- tested constituencv. 1979. Member. Nuneaton Borough Council. 1966- 72.
Ol D BEXI.EY and SIDCtUP
Electorate 30.255 % vole *Heathi. E R G (Con)
22.422 60.2 Vickers. P (L/All) 9.704 26.1 Kifit. ( A (Lab) 5.116 13.7
Con majorit\ 12.718 34.2 Irotal vote 37.242 Turnout 74. 1 %
1979: Total votes 39.682 (79.4%) - C 23.692 (59.7%,): Lab 10.236 (25.8%): L 4.980 (12.5'%o): NF 774 (20°0%) C maj 13.456(33.9%). Swing 6.9% lo C.
Mr Ed-ward Heath resigned as Lead- er of the Conservative Party and l eader ot'the Opposition in Februa- ry. 1975. when he failed to top the first of three ballots for the Con- ser-ative leadership. He had been L-eader of the Opposition since Februarv. 1974. Prime Minister 1 970-74. he first became Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conserative Party on August 2 1965. After the 1964 general elec- lion, he led for the Opposition on rteasurv and economic affairs: wvas appointed chairman of' ihe part\'s polic\ cormittee and research department. Secretary of State for Industry Trade and Regional Devel- opment. and President of ihe Board of' T'rade. October 1963-64 Lord Privy Seal. 1960-63. being the prin- cipal 1Foreign onlice Spokesman in the Commons and leading the Brit- ish team in negotiations to join the EEC. NMinister of Labour. Oclober 1959-July 1960: Parliamentary Sec- retarv to the Treasury (Chief \'hip). 1955-59: Deputy Chief'Whip. 1952- 55. Elected 1950. B Jul 9. 1916: ed ('hatham House School. Ramsgate. and Balliol College. Oxford: presi- dent of the Union. 1939. Company director: member public review board of Arthur Anderson & Co. Musician: chairntan. trustee of l ondon Symphiony Orchesta. 1963- 7(: xvice-president Bach Choir since 1'970. International vachtsman and author. Member of l lovd's. Mem- her of Brandt Commission on the lthird wvorld 1977-83.
').ODI IANI Central and RO\rON Electorate 67.177 ""% x ote *Lamond. J (Lab) 18.611 41.4 Farquahar. I (ConI) 15i299 34.1 Jackson. M
(SDP/All) 11.022 24.5 Labmajorix 3.312 7.4 Total vote 44.t)32 Turnoul 66.9%
Mir James Lamond. a design engin- eer. Nip For Oldliam East. I1970-83. NMember. Speaker's panel of cl)air- men and Select Committee on Miember' Salaries. since 1979. B Nov 21). 192X: cd Burrelton School. (""oupal Angus junior secotdarv school. Member. Aberdeen Town (""ouncil 1958-70: leader. Labour group 1967-70: Lord Provost 197(- 71: Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeen. 1970-71. Former member. Public Accounts Committee. Sponsored by A*ULEW (TASS) and a member since 1944. Vice-president World Peace Council. President. Britain-G.D.R. societs: Treasurer. British-Soviet Friendship Society.
OLDHAMI West Electorate 57.445
*Mvcacher, Ni (Lab) Dickinson. D (Con) Smith. R A NI
% votc 17.690 44.1 14.510 36.2
(L/All) 7.745 19.3 Street.J (MC' PPP) 180 0.5
Lab majorily 3.180 7.9 Total vote 40.125 Turnout 69.9%'.ii
Mr Mlichael 'Meacher was Under- Secretary f(or Tr.ade. 1976-79: lind- er-Secretar\ for Health and Social Security. 1975-76: lUnder-Secretarv fbr Industr-. 1974-75. Regained seat for Labour in 1970: constested Col- chester. 1966. B Nov 4. 1939: ed Berkhamstead School: New College. Oxford: and LSE. Lecturer in social administration. Member. Select Committee on the Treasurv and Civil Service. since 1979. Sponsored by COOHSE.
ORPINGTON
Electorate 58.759 v vote *Stanbrook. 1 R
(Con) 25.569 57 3 Cook,J W(L/AIlI 15.418 34.5 Bean. D M (Lab) 3.439 7.7 Taylor. LT (BNP) 215 ().5
Con majority 10.151 22.7 Total vote 44.641 Turnout 76.0%
M%Ir Ivor Stanbrook. a barrister. won Orpington for the Conservatives in 1970: contested East Ham. South. 1966. B Jan 13 1924: ed Willesden Central School. University College. London. and Pembroke College. Oxford. R.A.F. 194346. Colonial district oflicer in Nigeria 1950-60. (Assi. Secretarv Council of Minis- ters. Lagos. 1954). Joint vice-chair- man and former secretarv Con- servative backbench home affairs committee 197477: joint vice- chairman 1979-82: joint vice-chair- man Conservative Northern Ireland committee since 1982 to 1983. Chairmnan British-Nigerian all-party group. Member Court of Referees. OXFORD East
Electorate 63.613 % vote Norris. S (Con) 8.808 40.0 Smith. A D (Lab) 17.541 37.3 Godden. Mrs M
(L/AII) 10.690 22.7 Con majority 1.267 2.7. Total vote 47.039 Turnout 74.0On
MIr Steven Norris, chairman of a transport firm, has been a member of, Berkshire Countv Council since 1977. B 1945:ed Liverpool Institute High School ind WVorcester College. Oxford. Member. Berkshire Area Health Authoritv and West Ber- kshire District Health Authority.
LUTON NORTH
Electorate 69.805 % vote *Carlisle, 3 (Con) 26.115 48.3 Hopkins, K P (Lab) 14,134 26.2 Stephen. D
(SDP/AII) 13.769 25.5 Con majority 11,981 22.2 Total vote 54.018 Turnout 77.4%
Mr John Carlisle represented Luton West, 1979-83. Commodity trader. director of Granfin Agriculture and consultant to Granfin Trading Ltd. Member of the London Corn Ex- 'change, 1970-79. B Aug 28 1942: ed Bedford School. St Lawrence Col- lege and London University. Chair- man Conservative baekbench sport and recreation committee since '982. Secretary. Africa Committee: treasurer. British-Gibralta group. 1981-82. Chairman Mid-Bedford- shire Conservative Association. 1974-76.
NIANCHESTER GORTON
Electorate 64.645 % vote *Kaufman. G B
(Lab) 22,460 51.2 Kershaw. J (Con) 12.495 28.5 Whitmore. K (L/AII)
8.348 19.0 Covle, M (Com) 333 0.8 Andrews. L C (BNP) 231 0.5
Lab majority 9.965 22.7 Total vote 43.867 Turn'out 67.99o
Nlr Gerald Kaufman became chief Opposition spokesman on the en- vironment in 1980 after election to shadow cabinet: previouslv spokes- man on housing. Minister of State. Department of Industry. 1975-79; formerlv Under-Secretarv in same department: Under-Secretarv. Department of Environment. 1974- 75. Former parliamentary press liai- son officer for the Labour Partv. MP fbr Manchester. Ardwick 1970-83: contested Gillingham. 1959. and Bromlev. 1955. B Jun 21. 1930: ed Leeds Grammar School and
LUTON SOUTH
Electoratc 71.015 ° vote 'Bright. G (Con) 22.531 41.9 Clemitson. I M (Lab)
17.910 33.3 Franks, D (L/AII) 13.395 24.9
Con majority 4.621 8.6 Total vote 53.836 Turnout 75.8%
Mr Graham Bright. chairman and managing director of a food company. gained Luton East for Conservatives in 1979- contested Dartford. October. 1974. and Thurrock. Februarv. 1970 and 1974. B Apr 2 1942: ed Hassenbrook County School and Thurrock Technical College. Served on Thurrock UDC and Essex County Council. Former treasurer. deputy chairman and CPC chairman. Thurrock Conservative Association. Secretary Conservative backbench aviation committee. since 1980. Vice- chairman Conservative back- bench committee on smaller businesses since 1980. Member Setect Committee on House of Commons (Services) since 1982.
NIACCLESFIELD
Electorate 73.082 % vOIe *Winterton. N (Con)
32.538 59.4 Coleman. Mrs. R
(L/All) 11.859 21.6 Kelly. P B (Lab) 9.923 1 S. I Reeman. M (Ind) 488 0.9
Con majoritv 20,679 37.7 Total vote 54.808 Turnout 75.0%
NMr Nicholas *Vinterton was elected in 1971 bv-election: contested Neweastle-under-Lvme, October 1969 and 1970. B Mar 31 1938: ed Bilton Grange Preparatorv School and Rugby. Member. Social Servic- es select committee since 1979. vice- chairman Anglo-Danish and British Austrian Parliamentrv group: trea- surer. British-Indonesia parliamen- tarv group: secretarv. British-South Africa parliamentar;y group: chair- man. British-Namibian and treasur- er. British Bahamas parliamentary groups. Vvice-chairman. Conserva- live parliamentary sport and rec- reation committee. Member. Select Committee on Standing Orders. since 1981. Non-executive Chair- man. Camra (Real Ale) Ilvest- ments. Parliamentary adviser to Construction Plant Hire Associ- ation and to Baird Textile Hoidings l.td. Freeman of the Citv of London: WVorshipful Company of Weavers. 'Was secretary/treasurer. UK Falk- land Islands Group.
M.AIDSTONE
Electorate 70.357 % vote *Wells. J (Con) 26.420 50.9 Burnett. J (L/Ali) 19.194 37.0 Carey. C T (Lab) 6.280 12.1
Con majority 7.226 13.9 Total vote 51.894 Turnout 73.8%
MIr John W'ells was elected in 1959: conzested Smethivick. 1955. B Mar 30. 1925; ed Heath Mount School. Hertford. Eton and Corpus Christi College. Oxford. Chairman. Con- servative horticulture commi tee. 1965-71 and vice-chairman. Con- servative agriculture commitiee. 1970-71. Member ot'the Commons chairmen's panel since 1974. Master of' the Fruiterers Company. 1979. .Joint chairman. all-partv Channel tunnel group. Chairman. Anglo- Finnish and Anglo-Spanish parlia- mnentarv groups Horticulturist. company director and member of Llovd's.
I AKERFIELD
Electorate 69.1 76 %nn vote *IcGuire. M (Lab) 25.114 49.3 Hay. E (Con) 14.238 27.9 Gravson. R (L/AIl) 11.633 22.8
Lab majority 10.876 21.3 Total vote 50.985 Turnout 73.7%
Air Michael McGuire, a former coal niiner and fulltime NUM official from 1957-64. represented lnce. 1964-83. B May 3. elementary edu- cation. Member. former Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries. PPS to Minister of Sport and Recreation. 1974. Member. Council of Europe and of WEU since 1977. Former member. PLP trade union group evcccutive. Sponsored bv NUM.
I.IANCHESTER, Blackley
Electorate 60.106 % vote *EasthamK K (Lab) 20,132 48.1 Ridgwav. P (Con) 13.676 32.7 C'ookson.J (L/AII) 8.088 19.3
Lab majority 6.456 15.4 Total vote 41.889 Turnout 69.7%
Mr Kienneth Easthaam, former plan- ning engineer with GEC, Trafford Park. was elected in 1979. B Aug II. 1927: ed Openshaw Tech- nical College. Member. Manchester City Council 1962-80; former depu- tv leader of council and chairman of education committee. Member, North-West Economic Planning Council, 1975-79. Member, Select Committee on Employment. Spon- sored by AUEW.
MANCHESTER CENTRAL
Electorate 69.188 % vote *Litherland, R (Lab) 27,353 65.3 Eager.D (Con) 8,868 21.2 Ahmed, A (SDP/AII)
4,956 11.8 Coles. A (NF) 729 1.7
* Lab majority 18,485 44.1 Total vote 41.906 Turnout 60.6%
Mr Robert Litherland. former sales representative for a printing firm, represented the seal since Sep 1979: B 1930; ed North Manchester High School for Boys. Member, Man- chester City Council; deputy chair- man. housing committec; former chairman. Manchester Direct Works Committee. Deputy Chair- marr. Public Works Committee. Association of Municipal Auth- orities.
Queen's College. Oxford. Assistant secretarv. Fabian Society. 1954-55. Political correspondent. Neu States- inan. I964-65: political staff. Dail'v ;l irror. 1955-64. Sponsored by GMBATl!.
NIANCHESTER WITHINGTON Electorate 64.606 0% vote *Silvester. F(Con) 18.329 39.3 Done. Mrs F W
(Lab) 15.956 34.2 Lever. B (SDP/AII) 12.231 26.2 Gibson. M 6i
(Freedom) 184 0.4 Con majoritv 2.373 5.1 Total vote 46.700 Turnout 72.3%
Nlr Frederick Silvester was elected in Februarv, 1974: held Walihams- low. Wesl. for the Conservatives. 1967-70. contesting the seat. 1966. Advertising executive. barrister and political education officer. Con- servative Political Centre. 1957-60. Opposition whip. 1974-76. Vice- chairman. Conservative employ- ment committee. 1976-79. PPS to Secretary of State for Employment since 1979. Member. select com-
niiiee on roceeoure (Pmance). B Sept 20 1933: cd Sir George Monoux Grammar School. Wal- thamstow. and Sidney Sussex Col- lege. C'ambridge. Company director. NIANCHESTER
W'YTHENSUA II?E
Electorate 60.995 'IO vote *Morris. A (Lab) 23.172 54.6 Jacobs. Mrs J (Con) 12.488 29.4 Sandiford. D (L/AII) 6.766 16.0
Lab majoritv 10.684 25.2 Total vote 42.426 Turnout 69.6%
1979: Total votes 45,460 (75.0°'o) - Lab 26.860 (59.1%): C 14.747 (32.4°b): L 3.853 (8.5%). Lab maj 12.113 (26.7%o). Swing 2.5%.
NIr Alfred IMIorris, Opposition spokesman on the disabled since 1979. was Under Secretarv of State for Health and Social Securitv with special responsibility lbr the dis- abled. 1974-79. Chairman of World Planning Group appointed to drat't (harter for Mhe 1980s for disabled people world wide. a document presented to all heads of govern- ment in the International Year of D)isabled People 1981. Elected in 1964: contested seat in 1959. and Liverpool. Garston 1951.
MNIANSFIELD
Electorate 65.277 4Concannon. J D
% vote
(Lab) 18.670 40.5 W'renn. R (Con) 16.454 '35.7 Taylor. S (SDP/AII) 11.036 23.9
Lab majorit 2.2'16 4.8 Total vote 46.160 Turnout 70.7%b
M%lr Don Concannon. cihicf Oppo- sition spokesman on Northern Ire- land since 1980. was an Opposition spokesman on defence. 1979-80. Minister of State for Northern Ire- land. 1976-79 and Under Secretarv. June 1974-76. Vice Chamberlain of the Household' (whiip) Mlarch to June 1974: Opposition whip. 1970- 74: assistant Government whip. 1968-70. Returned in 1966. Miner. former NUM official. sponsored by NUM. B May 1930. ed Rossington Secondarv School. Doncastcr Tech- nical School. WEA. and Notting- ham Universitv. Member. Man- sFicid Council. 1962-68. NIEDW'AY
Electorate 63.387 % vote *Fenner, Mrs P
(Con) 22.507 48.9 Bean. R E (Lab) 13,851 30.1 Winckless. F
(SDP/AII) 9.658 21.0 Con majority 8.656 18.8 Total vote 46.016 Turnoul 72.6%
M%,rs Peggy Fenner has been Parlia- mcntarv Secretary. Ministry of Agri- culture. Fisheries and Food since 1981. MP for Rochester and Cha- tham 1979-83. having been MP for that seat from 1970 to October. 1974. She has served on the Select Committee for the Civil List and the Select Committee on Public Expen- diture: Parliamentarv Secretarv to the Ministry of Agriculture. Fish- eries and Food. 1972-73. B Nov 12. 1 922: ed LC'C elementary school. Brocklev and Ide Hill School. Kent. Chairman. Sevenoaks UDC 1962- 63 on which she served for 15 years. Member, executive of Kent Borough and Urban District Coun- cils Association. 1967-71. Member. West Kent Divisional Executive Education Committee. 1962-72. Member European Parliament, 1974-75.
MERIDEN
Electorate 74.161 *Mills, I C (Con) *Sevcr. E J (Lab) Dunbar. Mrs P M
% vote 28,474 53.7 13.456 25.4
(SDP/AII) 10,674 20.1 Collins, C L (NF) 460 0.9
Con majority 15.018 28.3 Total vote 53.064 Turnout 71.6%
Mr lain Mills, a member of the Select Committee on European legislation since 1981, gained the seat for the Conservatives in 1979. Marketing planning manager with Dunlop, responsible for marketing new tyre projects; was responsible for all racing tvre development. 1966-70. B Apr 21, 1940; ed Prince Edward School, Bulawayo, Rhode- sia. and Cape Town University. Member, Lichfield District Council, 1973-74. Burgess of the City of Glas- gow. Adviser to the National Tyre Distributors Association. Secretary, Consevative transport committee. 1979: PPS to Minister of State for Industry, 1981, and PPS to Sec- retary of State for Employment. 1982.
MIDDLESBROUGH Electorate 62.950 Bell, S (Lab)
Campey, Mrs L
% vote 21.220 50.7
(Con) 11,551 27.6 Sanders. D(L/AII) 8,871 21.2 Simpson, M (WRP) 207 0.5
Lab majority 9,669 23.1 Total vote 41,849 Turnout 66.5%
Mr Stuart Bell, a barrister, con- tested Hexham, 1979. B May 16. 1938: ed Hookergate Grammar School. Durham. Formerjournalist. Member. Society of Labour Law- yers. Fabian.
NIILTON KEYNES
Electorate 79.229 % vote 'Benyon, W (Con) 28.181 48.0 Nightingale, Mrs J
(SDP/AIl) 16,659 28.4 Thankoordin, Ji
(Lab) 13.045 22.2 Francis, A (Eco) 494 0.8 Rickcord, R G W
(BNP) 290 0.5 Con majority 11,522 19.6 rotal vote 58.669 Turnout 74.1%
Mr William Benyon, an Opposition whip. 1974-76. won buckingham for the Conservatives in 1970. Farme- ran landowner. B Jan 17 1930. ed Royal Naval College. Dartmouth. Member executive; 1922 Com- mittee. Member Berkshire County Council. 1964-74: Bradfield Rural Council 1960-62: Council of Read- ing University: Council of Bradfield College: Royal Agricultural Society of England. Governor Dominion Students Hall Trust and peabodv Trust. Vice-chairman. Conservative backbench Northern Ireland com- mittee. and constitutional commi- tee.
NItTCIIA1vl AND MORDEN
Electorate 63.535 % vote 'Rumbold. Mrs A
(Con) 19,827 42.7 Nicholas. D(Lab) 13.376 28.8 Douglas-Mann. B
(SDP/AII) 12.720 27.4 Perryman. J (NF) 539 1.2
Con majoritv 6.451 13.9 Total vote 46.462 Turnout 73.1 %
1979: Total votes 47.942 (76.9%) - Lab 21.668 (45.2%) C 21.050 (43.9%): L 4.258 (8.9%): NF 966 (2.0%,n): Lab maj 618 (1.3%). Swing 6.0 to C.
1982 by-election: Total vote: 30.673 (48.5%) - C 13.306 (34.40,h): Ind SDP 9.032 (29.5%): Lab 7.475 (24.4%): others 860 (2.8%). C maj 4.274 (13.9%). C gain from Ind SDP.
iVMrs Angela Rumbold was re- tulned at a bv-clection in June. 1982. caused by Mr Bruce Douglas- Mann who had been elected for Labour. joined the SDP and re- signed his seat to recontest it. Ed Notting Hill and Ealing High School: Perse School for Girls. Cambridge: and Kings College. London. Elected to Kingston Coun- cil in 1974 and became chairman. education committee. Former member of Burnham Management Committee and Asscssment of Per- formance Unit for Department of Education.
MNlOLE VALLEY
Electorate 65.067 % vole *Baker K (Con) 29.691 60.8 Thomas Mls S
(L/AlI) 14.973 30.7 Lines Ms F(Lab) 4.147 8.5
Con majority 14.718 30.2 Total v ote 48.811 ITurnout 75.0%
Nlr Kenneth Baker. Minister ot' State for ' ntormation Technology at the Department of Industry since 19S1. was Parliamentary Secretary. Civil Service Department. 1972-74 returned at 1970 by-clection. MP for Acton. 1968-70: contested the seat. 1966 and Poplar. 1964. Worked in industrv Former member. 1922 Committee executive. B Nov 3 1934: ed St Paul's School and Mag- dalen College. Oxford. Member. Twickenham Borougli Council 1961-63. Former member. Public Accounts and Procedure Com- mittees. PPS to Nlr Edward Heathi. 1974.
NIORECANIBE AND
LUNESDALE Electorate 53.238 *Lennox-Bovd Ni
% %ole
(Con) 21.968 56.6 Clare. T (SDP/All) 9.774 25.2 Bryning. A C'(Lab) 6.882 17.7 Woods, Mrs I (Ind) 208 0.5
Con majoritv 12.194 31.4 Total vote 38.832 Turnout 72.9%
Mir Mlark Lennox-Boyd. a barrister and company director. Represented Nlorecambe and Lonsdale 1979- 83:contested Brent. South. October 1974. B Mtav 4 1943, ed Eton and C'hrist C'hurchl Oxtbrd. Former member. Select Committee on En- ergy. PPS to Financial Secretary for the Treasury 1980-SI: PPS to Sec- relarv of State for Energy since 1981. Worked tor Save the Children Fund in Jordon. 1965. NEWVARK
Electorate 64.008 ° vote *Alexander. R (Con) 26.334 53.8 NeCGuiggan. .J (Lab) 12.051 24.6 Thompstone. S
(SDP/AII) 10.076 20.6 1-lewis. Mrs P (Eco) 463 1.0
Con majority 14,283 29.2 Total voteA8,924 Turnout 76.4%
Mr Richard Alexander. solicitor and company director. gained seat /br the Conservativcs in 1979: con- tcstcd Lincoln 1966 and 1970. BJun 29 1934: ed Eastbourne Grammar Schoool. Dewsbury Grammar School, University College London and Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. IJniversity of London. Member Bassetlaw District Council since 1975: Retford Borough Coun- cil. 1965-74. Nottinghamshire Countv Council. 1967-74. Member Select Committee on Statutory In- struments since 1979. Secretary Conservative backbench arts and heritage committee.
NEWBURY
Electorate 71.343 % vote *McNair-Wilson, M
(Con) 31.836 59.3 Richards. A (L/All) 18.798 35.0 Knight. R C (Lab) 3,027 5.6
Con majority 13,038 24.3 Total vote 53,661 Turnout 75.2%
Mr Michael McNair-Wilson was returned for Newbury in February, 1974. Member. Select Commitee on Nationalized Industries, 1974-79. Won Walthamstow, East in 1969 by-election and held it in 1970: contested Lincoln. 1964. B Oct 12. 1930: ed Eton. Public relations executive: director, Sidney-Barton Ltd. Brother of MP for New Forest. Chairman. Conservative Aviation Committee. 1972-74; Joint Sec- retary, United Nations Parliamen- tary Group, 1970-72, and to Greater London Conservative MPs' Com- mittee, 1969-70. NUJ, 1962-68. PPS to Minister of Agriculture since 1979. Parliamentary consultant to Extel Advertising and PR Pit.
NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYN1E
Electorate 65,400 % vote *Golding. J (Lab) 2-1,210 42.0 Lawrcnce. L (Con) 18,406 36.4 Thomas,A(L/AII) 10,916 21.6
Lab majority 2,804 5.6 Total vote 50,532 Turnout 77.3%
Mr John Golding, Assistant Sec- retary. Post Office Engineering Union: chairman of the Select Committee on Employment, 1979- 82. Under Secretary of State. Em- ployment, 1976-79: member of the Labour Party National Executive committee since October. 1978; chairman. Home Policy sub-com- mince since 1982. Lord Com- missioner of the Treasuiry (Govern. ment Whip) February-October, 1974: Opposition whip 1970-74. Elected at the 1969 by-election.
*WARWICIC & LEXMINGTON
Electorate 70,858 % votc Smith, Sir D(Con) 26,512 50.9 Behrens, R
(SDP/All) 13,480 25.9 Chessum, R (Lab) 11,463 22.0 Charihon, N (Eco) 685 1.3
Con majority 13,032 25.0 Total vote 52,140Tumout 73.6%
Sir Dudley Smith, Under Secretary for the Ar-my. 1974; Under Secretary for -Employment, I1970-74. Oppo- sition whip, 1964-66. Elected at a by-election, 1968; represented Brentford and Chiswick, 1959-66; contested Peckham, 1955; Former vice-chiirman. Select Committee on Race Relations and Immi- gration. B Nov 14, 1926; ed Chi- chester High School. Management consultant and former journalist. UK delegate to Council of Europe and WEU since 1979; Secretay- General of its European Democratic Group since 1983; Member, Mid- dlesex County Council, 1958-63. Chairman, Wilderness Foundation (tJK) since 1981.
WARWICKSHIRE NORTH Electorate 68,625
Maude, F. (C) 22,452 Tomlinson, J. E. (Lab) 19,867 Kerry, H. (SDP) 11,207
Con majority 2,585 Total vote 53,526 Turnout 78%
WATFORD
Electorate 71.992 % vote *Garel-Jones, W T
(Con) 26,273 48.0 Burton. P (SDP/AII) 14,267 26.0 Wilson. I (Lab) 14,247 26.0
Con majority 12,006 21.9 Total vote 54,787 Turnout 76.1%
Mr Tristan Garel-Jones, a Govern- ment Whip since 1982, was Princi- pal of a language school, 1966-70; merchant banker, 1970-74; and at Conservative Cental Office 1974- 1974. being personal assistant to partv chaitman, 1978-79. Gained scat for Conservatives in 1979; con- tested Caernarvon, February, 1974 and Watford, October. 1974. For- mer executive member, Hemel Hemp-
stead Conservative Association. B Feb 28 1941; ed Llangennech Primary School and King's School, Canterbury. Secretary, Conservative backbench constitutional com- mittee until 1982. ASTMS.
WAVENEY
Electorate 77.960 % vote *Prior.J(Con) 30,371 51.8 Lark. J A (Lab) 16,073 27.4 Artis. Ms G
(SDP/AIl) 12,234 20.9 Con majority 14,298 24.4 Total voic 58.678 Turnout 75.3%
NMr James Prior became Secretary of State for Northern Irelahd in 1981; Secretary of State for Employ- ment. 1979-81: chief Opposition spokesman on employment. 1974- 79. after a short period as spokes- man of home affairs. Unsuccessfully contested leadership of Conserva- tive Party in February, 1975. Lord President of the Council and Leader ofthe House of Commons, 1972-74: Minister of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food. 1970-72;- Deputy chair- man. Conservative Party Organis- ation. 1972-74. MP for Lowestoft 1959-83. Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive Parti. April to August. 1965. when he resigned to become PPS to Mr Edward Heath until 1970. Farm- er and land agent. B Oct 11 1927: ed Charterhouse and Pembroke Col- lege, Cambridge. Former director of United Biscuits, IDC Group and other companies.
WEALDEN
Electorate 69.244 % vote 'Johnson Smith, Sir
G (Con) 31,926 64.2 Pace. D(SDP/AII) 14,741 29.6 Knight, Mrs P (Lab) 3,060 6.2
Con majority 17,185 34.6 Total vote 49,727 Turnout 71.8%
Sir Geoffrey Johnson Smith, Parlia- mentary Secretary, Civil Service Department. 1972-74: Under Sec- retary of Defence, for the Army, MP for East Grinstead 1965-83; Oppo- sition Whip. 1965-66. Represented Holborn and St Pancras, South, 1959-1964. Chairman, Conservative backbench Media Committee. 1982. Vice-chairman, backbench energy committee; Chairman Select Committee on MPs' interests. 1979: member, Liaison Committee, 1980. Member. Executive. 1922 Com- mittee. since 1979; North Atlantic Assembly Political and Military Committee, since 1980. IBA Gen- eral Advisory Council, 1975-80. Governor, British Film Institute from 1980. Vice-chairman, Con- servative Party organization with special responsibilities for Young Conservatives, 1965-71. Former television broadcaster, reporter and interviewer B Apr 16, 1924; ed Charterhouse and Lincoln College, Oxford. Member, Still Water Sub- committee. Salmon and Trout As- sociation. Chairman"" Conservative backbench media Committee, since 1982.
WELLINGBOROUGH
Electorate 67,598 % vote *Fry, P (Con) 25,715 48.9 Mann, J (Lab) 13,659 26.0 Stringer, L(L/AII) 12,994 24.7 Garnett, Miss D M P
(Oth) 228 0.4 Con majority 12,056 22.9 Total vote 52,596 Turnout 77.8%
Mr Peter Fry, a former Conserva- tive spokesman on transport, has been a member of the Select Com-
mittee on Transport since 1979. Won the seat at 1969 by-election. Company director. B May 1931; ed Royal. Grammar School, High Wycombe. Worcester college, Ox- ford. Contested Nottingham, North, 1964, and Willesden, East, 1966. Chairman, all-party footwear and
leather industries group; joint chair- man, all-party roads study group. Chairman, British Bohemian Parlia- mentary -Group; vice-chairman,
British Yugoslav Group. Member. Buckinghamshire County Council, 1961-67. Partner in Political Re- search and Communications Inter- national, Vice-president, British Yugoslav Society. Director, Peter Fry (Insurance) Ltd.
WELLS
Electorate 62,159 % -vote Heathote-Amery, D
(Con) 25,385 52.7 Butt-Philip, A
(L/AII) 18,810 39.0 Leigh, A M (Lab) 3,747 7.8 Livings, G (Ind) 273 0.6
Con majority 6,575 13.6 Total vote 48,215 Turrnut 77.6%
Mr David Heathcoat-Amory, char- tered accountant and director of agricultural machinery company, contested Btent, South, 1979. B'Mar 21,""1949; ed Eton College and Ox-' ford University. Assistant finance director, British Techniology: Chair- i-nan of housing association.
NORFOLK Mid
Electorate 68.953 % vote Ryder, R (Con) 29,032 55.9 Cargill, D (SDP/AI1) 13.517 26.0 Potter, L J (Lab) 8.950 17.2 McNce. M (nd
PoW) 405 0.8 Con majority 15,515 29.9 Total vote 51,904 Turnout 75.3%
Nlr Richard Ryder, journalist and director of a familv farming busines. was political secretarv to NMrs Mar- garet Thatcher 1975-81. B 1949, ed Radley and Magdalene College. Cambridge. Contested Gateshead East in both 1974 elections. Vice- chairmnan of the Eastern Region Council for Sport and Recreation.
NORFOLK North
Electorate 65.101 % vote *Howel. R (Con) 26.230 54.0 Elworthy. J
(SDP/AII) 13,007 26.8 Barber. E A (Lab) 9.317 19.2
Con majority 13,223 27.2 Total vote 48.554 Turnout 74.6%
NMr Ralph I-loNvell, a member of the Select Committee on t4e Treasury and Civil Service. was a member. European Parliament. 1974-79. Farmer and member of Lloyd's. Vice-chairman Conservative back- bench finance committee since i979. Was joint vice-chairrnan. backbench committee on agricul- ture and emplovment. Won seat for the Conservatives in 1970: con- tested it. 1966. B May 25. 1923: ed Diss Grammar School. Former local NFt3 chairman. Member. Mitford and ILaunditch Rural Council. 1961- 74.Member of Council Of Europe. 1981.
NORFOLK North-%Vest
Electorate 69.181 % I'ote Bellingham. H (Con)
23.358 43.5 *Brocklebank-
Fowler. C
(SDP/All) 20.211 37.6 Tilbur'. ;M1 (Lab) 10.139 18.9
Con majorit% 3.147 5.9 l'ota3 otc 53.708 Turnout 77.6%
NIr lhenry Belhingham. barrister. B Nlar 29 1955: cd Eton: Magdalene College. Cambridge: Council of Legal Education. London. Called to ihc Bar (Middle Temple). 1978. IPartner in farming business and haulage companv. Former amateur steeplechase jockey.
NORFOLK South
Electorate 73.523 % vote *MlacGregor, J (Con)
30.747 54.2 Carden. R (L/AII) 18.612 32.8 lHolzer. H A (Lab) 7.408 13.1
Con majority 12.135 21.4 lotal vote 56.767 Turnout 77.2Y,
Mr .John MacGregor became Under Secretary of State for Industry in 1981. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government whip) 1979- S1. Former director. Hill Samuel and C o Ltd. and Hill Samuel Regis- ters Ltd. Elected in February. 1974. An Opposition whip 1977-79, NMember. Public Accounts Com- mittee. 1974-75: Expendituir Committee. 1975-77. Chairman.
Bow (iroup. 1963-64. Secretary. Conservative Finance Committee. 1976-77. B Feb 14 1937: ed Merchis- ton Castic School. Edinburgh. Si Andrevs University and King's College. London Former Journalist withl .ew Societj': special assistant to Sir Alec Douglas-Home when Prime Minister and head of Mr Heatli's private oflice. 1965-68.
NORFOLK South-eVest
Electorate 70.398 *Hawvkins. Sir P
(Con)
Baxter. B (L/Ali) Rosenberg. A L
% votc 28.632 55.7 13.722 26.7
ILab) 9.072 17.6 Con majoritv 14.910 29.0 Total vote 51.426 Turnoul 73.1 %
Sir Paul Hawkins. a member of the Select Committee on House of Commons (Services). was Vice- Chamberlain of the Household (whip) 1973-74: a Lord Com- missioner of tie Treasurv (whip) 1971-73 and an assistant Govern- mcnt whip. 1970-71. Opposition whip. Mfarch ot October. 1974. Elected 1964. Clhartered surveyor. B Aug 7. 1912: ed Cheltenham Col- lege. Menmber. Norfolk Countv Council. 1949-70: alderman 1968- 70. Member, Select Committee on Wealthi Tax. 1974: Select Com- mittee on Agriculturc. 1968-69. Member. United Kingdom delega- tion to Council of Europe, since 1976.
NORMANTON
Electorate 61.249 % vote O'Brien. W (Lab) 18.782 43.6 Paul. A (Con) 14,599 33.9 Pantelli. P (SDP/AHl)
9,741 22.6 Lab majority 4.183 9.7 Total vote 43.122 Turnout 70.4%
MTr William O'Brien, coalminer. Wakefield councillor since 1973 and deputy leader. B Jan 1929: ed Leeds University. Member NUM since 1945.
NORTHAMNIPTON NORTH
Electorate 68,370 % vote *MSarlow, A (Con) 23.129 47.0 Offenbach. D (Lab) 13.269 27.0 Rounth-waite, A
(L/AII) 12.829 26.1 Con majority 9,860 20.0 Total vote 49.227 Turnout 72.0%
Mlr Anthony Marlow, development manager with a grain shippers compnv gaired seat for Conserva- tives in 1979: contested Normani- ton. February 1974. and Rugby. October 1974. B June 17 1940, ed Wellington College. Royal Military Academy.-Sandhurst. and St Catha- rine's College, Cambridge. Joint secretary, Conservative back bench Trade and Consumer Affairs Committee, since 1982. Chairman, UK-Palestine all-partv parliamen. tary affairs group. Member steering committee Conservative European Reform Group. Former chairman, Daventry Conservative Political Centre committee and East Mid- lands Area CPC working party.
ROSSENDALE AND DARWEN
Electorate 74,401 % vote *Trippier, D (Con) 27,214 47.0 Robinson, C (Lab) 18,393 31.8 Taylor, M (L/A1I) 12,246 21.2
Con majority 8,821 15.3 Total vote 57,853 Turnout 77.8%
Mr David Trippier, a stockbroker, gained the seat for Conservatives in 1979; contested Rochdale in Octob- er, 1972 by-election and Oldham, West in February and October, 1974. B May 15, 1945; ed Bury Grammar School. Member Roch- dale Council, 1969-78. Joint sec- retary Conservative backbench defence committee 1980-82. Scc- retary, all-party parliamentary foot- wear commTttee since 1979.PPS to Ministcr for Health since 1982 Chairman, Rochdale Young Con- servatives, 1965 and chairman, South-East Lancashire Young Con- servatives, 1966. Member, Stock Exchange; director, financial plan- ning company. Officer in Royal Marines Reserve.
ROTHERHANM
Electorate 61.165 °,o vote *Crowther, J S (Lab) 22,236 54.3 Middleton. C(Con) 10,527 25.7 Bowler, P (L/AII) 8.192 20.0
Lab majority 11,709 28.6 Total vote 40,955 Turnout 67.0%
1979: Total votes 43,901 (72.1%) - Lab & Lab Coop 26,580 (60.5%h); C 13.145 (29.9%); L 3.686 (8.4%); NF 490 (1.1 %). Lab and Lab Coop maj 13.435 (30.6%). Swing 5.9%.
Mr Stanley Crowther was elected at a by-election in June 1976. Member. Select Committees on Industry and Trade and European legislation since 1979. B May 30 1925, ed Rotherham Grammar School and Rotheham College of Technology. Journalist. Member. Rotherham Borough Council, 1958-59 and 1961-76. Mayor of Rotherham, 1971-72, and 1975-76; chairman, planning committee, 1964-76; chair- man, Yorkshire and Humberside Development Association 1973-76. Member, executive. Town and Country Planning Association Par- liamentarv adviser to British Recla- mation Industries Confederation. Sponsored by TGWU.
I
ROTHER VALLEY
Electorate 65.127 % vote Barron, K (Lab) 21,781 46.5 Derrick, J (Con) 13,156 28.1 Boddy, J (SDP/AII) 11,903 25.4
Lab majoritv 8,625 18.4 Total vote 46,840 Turnout 71.9%
Mr Kevin Barron is a coal miner. B 1946. President, Rotherham and District TUC. NUM delegate for Maltby colliery. Has been vice- chairman of the former Rother Valley Labour Party. Joined party nine years ago.
RUGBY & KENILWORTH
Electorate 74.501 % vote *Pawsey, J (Con) 29,622 50.9 Owen-Jones, D
(L/AII) 15.381 26.4 Blundell. P (Lab) 13.180 22.7
Con majority 14,241 24.5 Total vote 58.183 Turnout 78.1%
Mr James Pawsey, chairman and chief executive of a vending ma- chine group and a director of six subsidiarics, gained Rugby for Conservatives in 1979. Member. Sclect Committee on Environment, since 1979. B Aug 21 1933: ed Coventry Technical School and Coventry Technical College. For- mer President. Warwickshire Association of Parish Councils. Member, Rugby Rural District Council and Rugby Borough Coun- cil, 1964-74: Warwickshire County Council 1975-80. Secretary. Con- servative backbench health and social scrvices committee. PPS to Department of Education and Sci- ence.
RUISLIP, NORTHW OOD
Electorate 56.378 % vote *Wilkinson, J (Con) 24,498 59.6 Stcphenson, R
(L/AII) 11,516 28.0 O'Brien, M (Lab) 5.105 12.4
Con majority 12,982 31.6 Total vote 41,119 Turnout72.9%
1979: Total votes 43,633 (78.6%) - C 26,748 (61.3%); Lab 9,541 (21.9%): L 6,867 (15.7%); NF 477 (. %). C maj 17,207 (39.4%). Swing 6.9% to C.
Mr John Wilkinson was elected for Hillingdon, Ruislip-Northwood in 1979; MP for Bradford, West, 1970- February, 1974, and contested that seat Oct, 1974. Company Director and business consultant. B Sep. 1940; ed Eton, RAF College, Cran- well, and Churchill College, Cam- bridge. Former flying instructor at Cranwell. ADC to Commander 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force. Germany. 1967. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology, 1972- 74, and for Race Relations and Immigration, 1972-74. Secretarv. Conservative parliamentary avi- ation committee. Chairman, Anglo- Asian Conservative Society, 1979- 82; vice-chairman, Conservative aviation committee 1979 and 1983. Vice-chairman, Conservative space committee 1983. Delegate to Coun- cil of Europe and WEU since 1979. PPS to Minister of State for Indus- try, 1979-80 and PPS Io Secretaryof Sttero efenenCamrde.no 19963.
RUSHCLIFFE
Electorate 70,333 % vote *Clarke, K (Con) 33,253 61.5 Hamilton, J (L/AII) 13,033 24.1 Coaker, V R (Lab) 7,290 13.5 Pooks, Mrs M (Eco) 518 1.0
Con majority 20,220 37.4 Total vote 54,094 Turnout 76.9%
1979: Total votes 54,968 (81.7%) - C 34,196 (62.2%); Lab 11,712 (21.3%); L 9,000 (16.5%). C maj 22,484 (40.9%). Swing 5.3%.
Mr Kenneth Clarke QC was ap- pointed Minister of State for Health and Social Security (Minister for Health) in March, 1982. Parliamen- tary Secretary (1979-81) and Under Secretary of State for transport, 1981-82. An Opposition spokesman on industry, 1976-79. Won the seat in 1970. An Opposition spokesman for Social Services, 1974-76; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government whip) 1974; assistant
whip, 1972-74. Contested Mans- field, 1964 and 19%6. Barrister, B July 2, 1940; ed Nottingham High School, Gonville and Caius College.
Cmrdge Research secretary, Birmingham Bow Group, 1966-67. President Cambridge Union 1963.
NORWOOD
Electorate 55.663 % vote *Fraser. J D (Lab) 16,280 44.6 Parfitt, P(Con) 13,397 36.7 Noble, M (SDP/AII) 6.371 17.5 Williams, Miss C M
(NF) 343 0.9 Sanderson. J (Ind) 123 0.3
Lab majority -2.883 7.9 Total vote 36.514 Turnout 65.6%
Mr John Fraser has been an oppo- sition spokesman a trade. prices and consumer protectioTI since 1 979. was Minister of State. Department of Prices and Consumer Protection. Under Secretary for Employment. 1974-76. An Opposition spokesman on the Home Office. 1972-74. Won the seat in 1966 and contested iL 1964. Solicitor. B Jun 30 1934: ed Sloane Grammar School and So- ciety College. Former chairman. PLP Greek Democratic Committee: former member. Select Committees on Education and Science and on Broadcasting Proceedings of House of Commons. Former depuiv chair- man. PLP Environment Grmitn
Member. Lambetl Borough Coun- cil. 1962-68. GM Bl.
NORTHAMPTON SOUtl lt
Electorate 68.910 %n votc *Morris. M (Con) 26.824 53.6 Kyle. K (SDP/AII) 11.698 23.4 Coleman. NI (Lab) 11.533 23.0
Con majority l S.126 30.2 Total vote 50.055 Turnout 72.6f)%o
MNlr Mfichael MNforris. a member of the Public Accounts Committee since 1979 and the Select Com- mittee on Energy since 1982. wvas elected in February: 1974. Consult- ant. B Nov 25. 1I36: ed Bedford School and St Catharine-s College. Caambridge. Conlested Islington. North. 1966. Vice-chairman Con- servative energy Commitiee. since 1981. Chairman. all-party Anglo-Sri Lanka committee. since 1979. and secretary. all-part% Singapore and B3urma committes. since 1981 Alderman. London B3orough of Is- lingion. 1971-74 and member. ks- lington Council. 1968-70 (leader. 1969-71).
INORTHAVON
Electorate 73.553 ""vote 'Cope.J (Con) 30.790 53.7 Conrad. (i (L/All) 17.807 31.1 Norris. Mrs N 1' J
(Lab) 8.243 14.4 Radmall. K (Eco) 499 0.9
C'on majority 12.983 22.6 Total vote 57.339 Turnout 78.0%
NIr Jonn Cope. a chartered account- ant. uas MIP fz-OR south Gloucester- shire. Feb 1974-83. Government -hip.since 1979. Contested Wool- -vich. East. 1970. B Na i 13 19.37: ed Oakham School. Rutland. Con- servative research department. and Central Of'fice. 1965-1970 Special assistant to Seeretatv of State Ior Trtde and Industry. 1972-1974. Former secretar\. Conservative smaller businesses .ommittee and linance committee. Former mem- her. Expenditure Committee and Parliamentarv Commissioner for Adminstration (Committee. NORNVICHI NORT1'
Electorate 62.7X I °h vote Thompson. I'((on) 21.355 44.7 *Ennalls. D (Lab) 15.476 32.4 .loncs. G (L/All) 10.796 22.6 Cairns. -Ms F (\VRP) 194 0.4
C'on majoritv 5.879 t2.3 Fozal vote 47.821 Turnout 76.2%
Mr Patrick Thompson. a teacher. contested Bradford Nonh in botih 1974 elections and Barrow-in-Fur- ness in 1979. B 1936: ed Feisted School. Essex. ;nd Emmanuel ('ol- leg-. (Ca inbridge.
NOR WIC( I SOUTE I
Electorate 64.10(J oic Powley. J (Con) 18.998 38.8 *Ciarrett. J (Lab) 17.286 35.3 Hlardic. J (SDP/AIlI 11.968 24. 5 Carter. A (Eco) 468 1.0 Williams. P(NF) 145 0.3 Ward. J(Ind) 91 ).2
Con majoritv 1.712 3.5 TI otal '*ote 48.956 Turnout 76.4%.
.Mr John Powkvev, o% ncr and direct- or of an elecirical retail business. contested Harlow in 1979. B 193(: ed Cambridge C;rammar School for Bovs and Cambridge College of Arts and TechnologN. Cambridgeshire County Councillor 1967-77 and Caambridge City Councillor 1967-79. NORWOOD
Electorate 55.663 %o vote *Frascr. J D (Lab) 16.280 44.6 Parritt.i P(Con) 13.397 36.7 Noble. M (SDP/Ail) 6.371 17.5 Williams. Miss CN M
(N F) 343 0.9 Sanderson. J (Ind) 123 0.3
Lab majority 2.S83 7.9 rotal vote 36. 14 Turnout 65.6%
NMr John Fraser has been an oppo- sition spokesman a trade. prices and consumer protection since 1979. was Minister of State. Department of Prices and Consumer Protection. lJnder Secretarv for Emplovment. 1974-76. An Opposition spokesman on the Home Office. 1972-74. Won the seat in 1966 and contested it. 1964. Solicitor. B Jun 30 1934: ed Sloane Grammar School and So- cietv College. Former chairman. PLP Greek Democratic Committee: iormer member. Select Committees on Education and Science and on Broadcasting Proceedings of House of Commons. Former deputv chair- man. PLP Environment Group. Member. Lambeth Borough Coun- cil, 1962-68. GMBU.
NOTTINGHAM. East
Electorate 68.638 °o vote Knowles. M (Con) 17.641 40.4 Sloman, M (Lab) 16.177 37.1 Bird, M (SDP/AII) 8.385 19.2 Merrick, D S (Ind C) 1.421 3.3
Con majoritv 1 464 3.4 Total vote 43.624 Turnout 63.6%
MTr Michael Knowles, sales man- ager, contested Merthyr Tydfil, Feb 1974, and Brent East, Oct 1974. B May 1942; ed Clapham College. Member, Kingston Council. since 1971; leader of council since 1974. Member, Surbiton Constituency Executive, since 1971; member, Kingston Constituency Executive, since 1974. Member, London Boroughs Association and AMA.
NOTTINGHAM, North
Electorate 71,807 % vote Ottaway. R (Con) 18,730 39.5 *Whitlock, W (Lab) 18.368 38.7 Williams. L
(SDP/Ail) 9.200 19.4 Peck,J(Com) 1.184 2.5
Con majority 362 0.8 Total vote 47.482 Turnout 66.1%
Mr Richard Ottaway is a solicitor in Admiralty law. B May 24, 1945; ed Backwell Secondary Modern School, Somerset; Bristol Univer- sity; RNC Dartmouth. Director of two retail companies. Has contested local govemment elections. Chair- man, research committee of Con- servative Lawyers. Member. Inter- national Commission of Jurists. Trustee, Countess of Derby Trust.
OXFORD WVest and ABINGDON
Electorate 67.413 % tOle *Patten. J (Con) 23.778 47.7 Luard. D E T
(SDP/AII) 16.627 33.4 Jacottet J(Lab) 8.440 16.9 Starmer. Ms S (Eco) 544 1 1 Jones. R (Loony
Socv) 267 0.5 Smith. C N (LIP) 95 0.2 Doubleday. P (Ind) 86 0.2 Pinder. Ms R (Ind) 26 0.1
Con majoritv 7.151 14 3 1 otal vote 49.863 Turnout 74.0%
Mr John Patten. U nder Secretary of State for Northern Ircland since 1982. has been MP for Oxford. 1979-83. B Jul 17 1945: ed Wimble- don College and Sidney Sussex Col- lege. Cambridge. PPS to Ministers of State at Home Office. 198(t. Member. Oxford Citv C'ouncil. 1973-76. Fellow. Hertford Colleo. Oxford.
PECKHAM
Electorate 59.128 %% ote 1-Harman. Miss H
(Lab) 16.616 51.6 Eckersley. T (Con) 7.792 24.2 Sawden. A (SDPIAll)
7.0)06 21.8 Bailey-M. Mrs M (NF) 800 2.5
Lab majority 8.824 27.4 Total vote 32.214 Turnout 54.5%o
Nls Harriet Harman held South- %vark. Peckham for Labour at a b\- election in October 1982. Solicitor and civil rights campaigner. MNm- her. PLP cixil libertiesgroup. B Julv 30. 1950: ed St Paul's Girls School and York t'niversity. Legal officer. National Council for Civil Liberties 1978-82. Sponsored bv TGWI' Broadcaster and Vfriler on women's and trade union rights and ci% il lih- erlies.
PEN Dl .E
Electorate 64.483 'lbole 'Lee .1 (C'on) 22.739 44.2 Rogers. G (Lab) 16.604 32.3
-ishman. G (L/All) 1 2.056 23.5
Con majoritx 6.135 11.9 T1otal 'oe 51.3'99 Turnout 79.7%
I\lr John Lee. chlar(ered accountant and companv director. represented Nelson and Colne. 1979-83: con- tested Nlanchester. NMoss Side. Oc- tober 1974. B Jun 21 1942: ed W'il- liam Hulme's Grammar School. Manchester. Former group chair- man. North West Bow Group. Nlember. cxecutive council. Man- chester Youth and Communiiy Service. and trustee: -ice-chairman. North West Conciliation Com- mittee. Race Rclations Board 1976- 77. Chairman. Council of National Y outh Bureau. Joint secretarv. C'onservative backbcnch industry committee. 1979-81 I'PS to Nlinis- ter ot' State for Industrv (Kenneth Baker) since 1981. Parliamentary Consultant to County Bank Ltd and to the National Bedding Federation.
PENRITH AND'rTHE BORDER
Electorate 68.164 4Vo vOle *Whiielaw. W (Con) 29.304 58.8 Young. N (L/AIII i3.883 27.9 WXilliams. W (Lab) 6.6 1 2 3.3
Con majorit% 15.421 I i.0 Total \ oic 49.799 Turnout 73. 1 °n
Mr W'iliam Whitelaw has becn Home Secretarv since May. 1979. Depuiv L,eader of ihe Opposition 1975-79 after unsuccessfully con- testing the leadership of the Con- servative Partv. Chief Opposition spokesman on devoluiion. 1974-76. and on home affairs and broadcast- ing. 1976-79. Chairman of the Con- servative Party. 1974-75: Oppo- sition spokesman on employment 1974: Secretary of Slate for Employ- ment. 1973-74: Secretar of State 1br Northern Ireland. 1972-73. and Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons. 1970-72. President. National Union of Conservative and Unionists Associations. 1971. Opposition chlief wlhip. 1964-70: Parliamentars Secretary. Ministrv of Labour. 1962- 64. Elected 195:; contested East Dunbartonshire. 1950 and 1951. B Jun 28. 1918: ed Winchester and Trinity College. Cambridge. Farne&r and landowner Partner. Mount Pleasant Farms. Penrith. Former captain. Royal anid Ancient Golf Club.
PETERBOROUGIH
Eiectorate 78.957 % volt *Mawhinnev B
(Con) 27.270 47.1 Fish. B(Lab) 16.831 29.1 Walston. Lady E
(SDP/AII) 13.142 22.7 Callaghan. N (Eco) 511 0.9 Hivland. D (WRP) 155 0.3 Gallagher. P (nd
Lab) 0 0.0 Con majorit\ 10.439 18.0 Total xvotc 57.909 Turnout 73.3%o
Dr Brian N%lawhinnev. universitx Iecturer. Royal Frec Hospiial Schoo;l of Mcdicine. London. gained seat lor Conservatives in 1979: contested Teeside. Stockton. in October. 1974. B July 26. 1940: ed Royal Bellhst Academical Institution: Queen% University. Belfast: Universijs ol Michigan, University of London. Ntember. Medical Research Council since 1980. National Council for Cancer Relief since 1981 and Execu- tive of Conservative Medical So- cieiv. Member. Select Committee on the EnvironmenL 1979-82: has also been an ofticer of both the health and Nortlhern Ireland Con- servali e backbench committees. PPS to Ministers of State. Treasur\. since 1982.
PLY MOUYH; DEVONPORT
Electorate 61.813 Si *Ovwen. Dr D A
(SDP/AII) 20.843 44.4 \Viddecombe. Miss
A (Con) 15.907 33.9 Priestlev.J (Lab) 9.845 21.0 Sullivan.J E (Ind C) 292 0.6 Bearsford-Walker. R
(BNP) 72 0.2 Hill, Mrs F (CD) 21 0.(
SDP/AII majoritv 4,936 10.5 Total vote 46.980 Turnout 76.0%t.
Dr David Owen. who was Secetary of State for Foreign Aflhirs in the last Labour Government. 1977-79. resigned from Labour and became one of the joint leaders of the SDi' in 1981. SDP deputy parliamentarv leader since with overall responsibi- lityy for defence and foreign affairs. NMember. Tndependent Comission on Disarmament and Security is- sues 1980-: Opposition spokesman on Energy. 1979080: Minister of State. Foreign Office, 1976-77: Minister of State for Health. 1974- 76: Under-Secretary of State Ior Health. 1974. Returned Februar\. 1974: represented Plvmouth. Sut- ton. 1966-74: contested Torrington. 1964. Opposition spokesman on defence. 1970-72 but resigned after disagreement on EEC policy. Und- er-Secretarv of State for Defence for the Roval Navy. 1968-70. B Jul 2 1938: ed Bradford College. Ber- kshire: Sidney Susse.x College. Cambridge. and St Thomas's Hopi- tal. London. Medical practitioner. ASTMS (MPU).
SWANSEA EAST
Electorate 57,285 % vote *Anderson, D (Lab) 22,297 54.4 Shrewsbury, M
(L/AII) 8,762 21.4 OUShaughnessy, N
(Con) 8,080 19.7 Reid, C (PLC) 1 ,531 3.7 Jones, WR (Com) 294 .0.7
Lab majority 13,535 33.0 Total vote 40,964 Turnout 71.5%
Mr Donald Anderson, barrister, an Opposition spokesman on foreign affairs since 1983. formerly a diplo- mat and university lecturer, was retumed in October, 1974: MP for Monmouth, 1966-70. Chairman, Welsh Labour Group. 1977. Chair- man, Select Committee on Welsh Affairs since 1981, member since 1979. B Jun 17 1939. ed Swansea Grammar School and University College, Swansea. Member, Ken- sington and Chelsea Council. 1971- 75. Cha.rman. PLP environment committee. 1974-76, 1977-79: sec- retarv, Anglo-Germnan, Anglo- French parliamentary groups. Executive member of IPU and CPA. Methodist local preacher. President. Gower Society, 1976-78. Sponsored byNUR.
SWANSEA WEST
Electorate 58.237 % vote *Williams. A (Lab) 18,042 42.1 Lewis, J (Con) 15,692 36.6 Berry, PS (SDP/All) 8.036 l&8 Pennar, Ms M (PLC)
795 1.9 Oubridge, B (Eco) 265 0.6
Lab majority 2,350 5.5 Total vote 42.830 Turnout 73.5%
Mr Alan Williams. Opposition spokesman on the Civil Service since 1979. was Minister of State, Department of Industry. 1976-79; Minister of State, Prices and Con- sumer Protection. 1974-76. Won the seat in 1964; contested Poole. 1959. B Oct 14: ed Cardiff High School. Cardiff College of Technology and University College. Oxford. Direct- or. Job Creation Ltd: Parliamentary adviser to Institution of Plant En- gineers: adviser (unpaid) to Associ- ation of First Division Civil Ser- vants. Economics lecturer. Oppo- sition spokesman on education and science. 1970-73; consumer affairs 1973-74. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Technology and Power 1969-70: Under Secretary. Depart- ment for Economic Affairs, 1967- 69.
TORFAEN
Electorate 58.739 % vote *Abse. L (Lab) 20.678 47.3 Blackburn, G (L/AII)
12.393 28.4 Martin, P (Con) 9,751 22.3 Cox. Mrs P (PLC) 896 2.1
Lab majority 8.285 19.0 Total vote 43.718 Turnout 74.4%
1979 (as Pontypool): Total votes 44.811 (78.4%) - Lab 27.751 (61.9%); C 10.383 (23.2%); L 5,508 (12.3%): Pi C 1. 169 (2.6%). Lab maj 17,368 (38.7%). Swing 4.0% to C.
Mr Leo Abse. a solicitor. was MP ter Pontypool 1958-83; contested Cardiff North. 1955. B Apr 22 1917; ed Howard Gardens High School. Cardiff, and London School of Economics. Chairman. Select Committee on Welsh Affairs, 1979- 81. Chairman. Cardiff Labour Par- ty, 1951-53; member. Cardiff City Council. 1953-58. Member, Home Office Advisory Council for Penal Reform; Council of Institute for Study and Treatment for Delin- quency: National Council for the Unmarried Mother and Her Child; departmental committee on adop- tion; Select Committee on Abortion.
VALE OF GLAMORGAN
Electorate 62.885 % vote *Gower. Sir R (Con) 22,421 48.0 Sharp. M E (Lab) 12.028 25.8 Evans. A (SDP/All) 11.154 23.9 Dixon. J (PLC) 1.068 2.3
Con majority 10.393 22.3 Total vote 46,671 Turnout 74.2%
Sir Raymond Gower Represented Bury 1951-83;co ntested Ogmore. 1950. Solicitor. Vice-President. National Chamber of Trade. Direct- or. Airport Hotels, and another company and consultant to British Soil. B Aug 15 1916: ed Neath Grammar School, Cardiff High School: University College, Cardiff. and Cardiff School of Law. Vice- chairman. Welsh Conservative MPs since 1974. Treasurer. Welsh Parlia- mentary Party (all-party). Member, Speaker's conference on electoral reform. 1967-69 and 1971-74. Member. Select Committee on Welsh Affairs since 1979.
WREXHAM
Electorate 60,707 % vote Marek,J (Lab) 16,120 34.3 Wood, Mrs, K (Con)
15,696 33.4 Thomas, M (L/AII) 13,974 29.7 Thomas, J (PLC) 1.239 2.6
Lab majority 424 0.9 Total vote 47,029 Turnout 77.5%
Dr John Marek, university lecturer, contested Ludlow, 1974. B Dec 24 1940; ed Unversity of London. Member. Ceredigion District Coun- Collg. OxfoMd.
YNYS MON
Electorate 50,359 S% vote *Best, K L (Con) 15,017 37.5 Jones, I W (PLC) 13,333 33.3 Wiliams, T (Lab) 6,791 16.9 Thomas..D
(SDP/AI1) 4,947 12.3 Con majority 1,684 4.2 Total vote 40,088 Turnout 79.6%
1979 (as Anglesey): Total votes 38,7.461(8.2%) - C 15,100 (39.0%); Lab 12,283 (31.7%); P1 C 7,863 (20.3%h); L 3.500 (9.0%). C maj 2,817 (7.3%). Swing 12.5. C gain from Lab.
Mr Keith Best, a-barrister and lec- turer in law, won the seat (then called Anglesey) in May 1979. PPS to Secretary of State for Wales Member Welsh Affairs select Committee; secretary Welsh Con- servative Members' Committee, Conservative Northern Ireland Committee, Conservative Tourism Committee, Parliamentary Scout Association. Councillor, Brighton Borough Council (chairman. Lands Committee. Housing Committee) 1976-80. Member, Young Con- servatives Advisory Committee, 1978. Member of Lloyd's. B Jun 10. 1949; ed Brighton College, 'Keble College. Oxford.
[ NRELAND_)
ANTRIM EAST
Electorate 58,863 % vote Beggs, R (OUP) 14,293 37.4 Allister, J (DUP) 13,926 36.5 Neeson,S(All) 7,620 19.9 O'Cleary, M (SDLP) 1,047 2.7 Cunning.W(lnd) 741 1.9. Kelly, A (WP) 581 1.5
OUP majority 367 1.0 Total vote 38,208 Turnout 64.9%
Mr Roy Beggs is a teacher. Aged 47: ed High School Ballyclare, Co An- trim, Stranmillis College of Further Education. Councillor in Lame since 1973: mayor 1978-83. Elected Northern Ireland Assembly, 1982. Chairman economic development committee.
ANTRI:M NORTH
Electorate 63.254 % vote *Paislev Rev I
(DUP) 23.922 54.2 Coulter. Rev R
(OUP) 10,749 24.3 Farren. S (SDLP) 6,193 14.0 McMahon, P (PSF) 2.860 6.5 Samuel M H (Eco) 451 1.0
DUP majority 13,173 29.8 Total vote 44,175 Turnout 69.8%
The Rev Ian Paisley, leader of the Ulster Democratic Unionist Party, has represented North Antrim since 1970. Elected as a Northern Ireland member of the European Parlia- ment in 1979 and to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1982. Moder- ator of the Free Presbyterian Church. Founded Protestant Union- ist Party and sat as Protestant Unionist MP. 1970-74. B Apr 6. 1926; ed Model School, Ballymena, and Ballymena Technical College. and Reformed Presbvterian Theo- logical Hall. Belfast. Ordained 1946. Won Bannside in 1970 and was a Stormont MP until 1972. Demo- cratic Unionist member for North Antrim of Northern Ireland As- sembly. 1973-75. and UUUC member in the N.!. Constitutional Convention. 1975-76. ANTRIM SOUTH
Electorate 59.321 % vote Forsythe. C (OUP) 17.727 45.7 Thompson, R
(DUP) 10,935 28.2 Mawhinney.G(AII) 4,612 11.9 Maginness. A
(SDLP) 3,377 8.7 Laverty. S (PSF) 1.629 4.2 Smyth. K (WP) 59 1.4
OUP majority 6.792 17.5 Total vote 38.829 Turnout 65.5%
Mr Clifford Forsythe, a plumbing and heating contractor, aged 54: married. ed Gengormley public elementary school. Mayor of New- tonabbev. Chairman South Antrim constituency assocn: member. party executive. Former professional foot- baller with Linfield and Derry City. Elected Northern Ireland Assembly. 1982.
BELFAST EAST
Electorate 55.581 % vote *Robinson. P (DUP)
17.631 45.3 Burchill. J (OUP) 9.642 24.8 Napier. 0 (All) 9.373 24.1 Donaldson. D (PSF) 682 1.8 Tang. Mrs M (Lab &
TU) 584 1.5 Prendiville. P
(SDLP) 519 1.3 Cullen. F (WP) 421 1.1 Boyd. H (NA) 59 0.2
DUP majority 7.989 20.5 Total vote 38,911 Turnout 70.0%
Mtr Peter Robinson. who won the seat in 1979. has been general sec- retary of the Democratic Unionist Party since 1975. having been a member of the party's executive 1 973-79. and secretary of the central executive committee 1974-7. Elected to Northern Ireland As- sembly. 1982. chairman of environ- ment committee. Elected to Castle- reagh Borough Council. 1977. Appointed by Council as Deputv Mayor. 1978. B Dec 29. 1948; ed Annadale Grammar School and Castlereagh CFE. Director, Crown Publications. BelfasL BELFAST NORTH
Electorate 61.128 % vote Walker. AC (OUP) 15.339 36.2 Searight.G(DUP) 8.260 19.5 Feeny. B (SDLP) 5.944 14.0 Austin,J (PSF) 5,451 12.9 Maguire, P (All) 3.879 9.1 Lynch, S (WP) 2.412 5.7 Gault W(IndDUP) 1.134 2.7
OUP majority 7.079 16.7 Total vote 42,419 Turnout 69.4%
MIr Cecil Walker, a sales manager. contested the seat in 1979. b 1925; ed Methodist College. Belfast. Bel- fast City councillor for six years. Unsuccessfully contested Northern Ireland Assembly 1973. BELFAST SOUTH
Electorate 53.694 wo vote *Smyfh, Rev M
(OUP) 18.669 50.0 Cook. D (All) 8.945 23.9 McRae, R S (DUP) 4,565 12.2 McDonnell. A
(SDLP) 3,216 8.6 McKnight. S (PSF) 1.107 3.0 Carr. G (WP) 856 2.3
OUP majority 9,724 26.0 Total vote 37.358 Turnout 69.6%
The Rev Martin Smtlh. held the seat for the Official Unionists at by- election in March 1982 caused by the murder of the Rev Robert-Brad- ford. Party spokesman on health, social services and housing. A min- ister of religion without pastoral charge; vice-chairman all-party committee on Soviet Jewry. Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland since 1972; Grand Master of World Orange Council 1973-82. honorary past Grand Master. Cana- da, honorary deputy Grand Master. USA, New Zealand, New South WVales, of Orange Order. Bom June 15 1931; Methodist College. Belfast, Magee University College. London- derry, Trinity College, Dublin, Pres- byterian College, Belfast. Elected Assembly member for Belfast South, October 1982. BELFAST WEST
Electorate 59,750 % vote Adams, G (PSF) 16.379 36.9 Hendron, J (SDLP) 10,934 24.7 *Fitt,G (nd) iU,326 23.3 Passmore, T (OUP) 2.435 5.5 Haffey, G A (DUP) 2.399 5.4 McMahon, Ms M
(WP) 1.893 4.3 PSF majority 5,445 12.3 Total vote 44,366 Turnout 74.3%
Mr Gerry Adams, a former barman. is aged 33; ed St Mary's Grammat School, Belfast. Vice-President Provisional Sinn Fein since 1978. Elected, Northern Ireland Assemb13 1982 for West Belfast. Interned 1971 teleased in 1972 and flown fc London for secret talks between PIRA and Secretary of State fox Northern Ireland. Re-interned 1973. Attempted to escape from the Mazc Prison and sentenced to 18 montht imprisonmcnt. Released 1976. Feb i978 charged with membership oi Provisional IRA. Spent seven months on remand but freed.
DOWN NORTH
Elcctorate6l.574 %vote *Kilfedder, J
(UPUP) 22.861 56.1 Cushnahan, J (All) 9.015 22.1 McCartney. R
(OUP) 8.261 20.3 O'Baoill. C (SDLP) 645 1.6
UPUP majority 13,846 34.0 Total vote 40,782 Turnout 66.2%
Mr James Kilfedder, leader of the Ulster Popular Unionist Party since 1980, became presiding officer, Northern Ireland Assembly in 1982. Official Unionist MP for North Down 1970-79, resigned from the party to stand as Ulster Unionist in 1979 election. Represented Belfast. West 1964-66.
DOWNSOUTH Electorate 66,968
' Powell, J. E (OUP) 20,693 Mecirady, E. (SDLP) 20,145 Ftlzsiimmons P. (SF) 4,074 Harvey, C. (DUP) 3,743 FoDrde, P. M. D.(AII) 1,823 Magee, Ms M. (WP) 851
OUP majority 5 4 Total vote 51,329 Tunout 76.6%
Mr Enoch PowaU was returned for the seat in October, 1974. In February of that year he had refused to stand as a Conservative in his former seat of Wolverhampton, South-West, denouncing the general election as ""fraudulent"". He was dismissed as defence spokesman for the Opposition by Mr Heath in 1968 following a controversial speech refening to immigation. Unsuc- cessful candidate for Conservative leadership in 1965. Minister of Health 1960-63; Fmnancial Secretary to Treasury, 1957-58 when he resigned in protest at Government spending.
FERMANAGH & SOUITH
TYRONE
Electorate 67,880 N vote Maginnis. K (OUP) 28,630 47.6 Carron, 0 (PSF) 20,954 34.8 Flanagan. Mrs R
(SDLP) 9,923 16.5 Kenyles. D (WP) 649 1.1
OUP majority 7.676 12.8 Total vote 60.156 Turnout 88.6%
FOYLE
Electorate 67.432 % vote Hume. J (SDLP) 24,071 46.0 Campbell. G (DUP) 15,923 30.5 McGuiness. M (PSF)
10,607 20.3 O'Grady G (All) 1,108 2.1 Melaugh. E (WP) 582 1.1
SDLP majority 8.148 15.6 Total vote 52.291 Turnout 77.6%
Mr John Hume a former teacher' aged 46. ed St Columb's College Londonderne. national University of Ireland. Associate Fellow Centre for International Affairs Harvard 1976. Research fellow in European s;tudies Trinitv College Dublin 1976-77. Member, European Parlia- ment since 1979. Returned as inde- pendent MP for Foyle in the 1969 election to Stormont. Founder member. SDLP; deputy leader 1970-79: leader since 1979.
LAGAN VALLEY
Electorate 60.099 % * ote *Molvneaux. J
(OUP) 24,017 59.2 Beattie. Rev W
(DUP) 6,801 16.8 Close. S (All) 4.593 11.3 Boomer. C (SDLP) 2,603 6.4 McAuley, R (PSF) 1.751 4.3 Loughlin, G (WP) 809 2.0
OUP majority 17,216 42.4 Total vote 40.574 Turnout 67.5%
Mr James Molyneaux has been leader of the Official Unionist Par- liamentary Party since 1977 and leader of the Ulster Unionist Party since 1979. Leader UUUL 197477. Represented South Antrim 1970-83. Partner in the family firm of letter- press printers. B Aug 27, 1920: ed Aldergrove SchooL co Antrim. Deputy Grand Master. Orangc Order. Sovereign Grand Master. Commonwealth Royal Black lnsti- tution. 1971.
LONDONDERRY EAST
Electorate 67.365 % vote *Ross. W (OUP) 19.469 37.9 McClure. J (DUP) I 2.207 23 8 Doherty. A (SDLP) 9.397 18.3 Davey. J (PSF) 7,073 13.8 McGrath. Mrs M
(All) 2,401 4.7 Donnelley. F(WP) 819 1.6
OUP majority 7.262 14.1 Total voteS 1,366 Turnout 76.3%
Mr William Ross, farmer. was elected in February,. 1974. Party's spokesman on agriculture and fish- eries. and local government Mem- ber, Apprentice Boys of Derrv. the Orange and Black Institutions; former secretary, Mid-Londonderrv Constituency Unionist Party. B Feb 4. 1936. Ed Dungiven Primary School. Served on Limavady Dis- trict Council for four years.
NEWRY AND ARIMAGH
Electorate 62.387 % vote Nicolson.J (OUP) 18.988 40.0 Mallon S (SDLP) 17.434 36.8 McAllister. J (PSF) 9,928 20.9 Moore, T (WP) 1,070 2.3
OUP majority 1.554 3.3 *fotal vote 47.420 Turnout 76.0%
STRANGFORD
Electorate 60Q232 % vote Taylor, J (OUP) 19,086 48.8 Gibson, S (DUP) 11,716 30.0 Morrow.A(AII) 6.171 15.8 Curry, J (SDLP) 1,713 4.4 Heath, R (Ind L) 430 1.1
OUP majority 7.370 18.8 Total vote 39,116 Turnout 64.9%
Mr John Taylor, a chartered engin- eer, aged 45, ed Royal School Ar- magh. Queen's University, Bel6fst. Member Stormont, 1965-72. Elected. Northern Ireland As- sembly. 1973; convention, 1975; Assembly 1982. MEP since 1979. Official IRA attermpted to assassin- ate him in Armagh City in 1972.
ULSTER MID
Electorate 63,899
McCrea, Rev R. T. W. (DUP)16,174 Morrison, D. G. (SF) 16,096 Haughey, P. D. (SDLP) 12,044 Thompson, W. J. (OUP) 7,066 Lagan, Dr J. A. (All) 1,735 Owens, T. A. (WP) 766
DUP majority 78 Total vote 53,881 Turnout 84.3%
UPPER BANN
Electorate 60.795 % vote *McCusker. H
(OUP) 24,888 56.9 McDonald. J
(SDLP) 7,807 17.9 Wells,J (DUP) 4,547 10.4 Curran, B (PSF) 4,110 9.4 French, T (WP) 2,392 5.5
OUP majority 17,081 39.1 Total vote 43.744 Turnout 72.0%
6 TIMES NEWSPAPERS LlITED, 1983. Printed and published by Times P Newspapers Limited, P.O. Box 7. 200
Gray's Inn Road, London. WCIX SEZ. England. Tclephone: 01-837 1234. Telex: 264971. Saturday June 11 1983. Registcred as a newspaper at the Post OfMicc.";"June 11, 1983";"";61556;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Classified list of election results";""
"";"['News']";"The results of the general elec- tion are set out in alphabetical order of the 635 constituencies in Great Britain and Northern Ire- land. he percentages of the turn- out o; the electorate the votes cast for each candidate, and the majority in relation to the total poll in each constituency, as well as the swing to or fromf the Con. servatives, are calculated to the nearest decimal place.
An asterisk denotes a member of ithe last Parliament.
Abbreviations: C-Conservative; Lab-Labour; L-Liberal; Scot Nat-Scottish National Party; Pi Cymru-Plaid Cymru; UUUC- United Ulster Unionist Council- SDLP-Social Democratic and Labour Party ; Co-op-Co-opera- tive: NI Lab-Northern Ireland Labour; WRP-Workers' Revolu- tionary Party, Nat Front- National Front; Comm-Com- munist; Prosp Buit-Campaign for a More Prosperous Britain; I Civ Rts-Irish Civil Rights Asso- ciation ; Soc Dem-Social Demo- crat; Repub-Republican; Ind- Independent; UDP-united Demo- cratic Partay; UPNI-Unionist Party of + orthern Ireland; Eng Nat-English Nationalist; Marx Len-Commnunist Marxist Leninist; SLAG-Save London Action Group; VPP-Volunteer Political Party; Mid Class-Middle Classes
A
ABERAVON
Electorate: 64,667 Feb: 64,162 *Morris, J. (Lab) 29,683 Hammond, N. K. (C) 7,931 Cutts, Mrs S. (L) 5,178 Thomas, G. (Pi Cymru) 4,032 Bevan, J. (WRP) 427
Lab majority 21,752 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,251. Turn-out 73.1%.
Lab 62.87., C 16.8%, L 10.9%, Pi Cymru 8.5%, WRP 0.9%. Lab maj 46.0%,. Swing -1.7%. February, 1974 : Total vote 48,522
(75.6' )-Lab 31,656 (65.2%), C 10,968 (22.6%,o), PI Cymru 5,898 (12.1%)-Lab maj 20,688 (42.6%). Swing + 1.0%.
Mr John Morris, QC, Secretary of State for Wales, 1974, wvas Opposi- tion spokesman on defence 1970- 74 ; Minister of Defence for Equip- ment, 1968-70 ; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Power, 1964- 66. Elected in 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954). B November, 1931 ; ed University Colrege of Wales Aberyst-wth, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and the Academy of International Law, 1he TIague. Chairman, PLP defence group, 1971-74 ; Welsh Labour group 1970-71, and Welsh parlia- mentary party 1972-73.
ABERDARE
Electorate : 48,380 Feb : 48,026
*Evans, 1. L. (Lab & CQ-op) 24,197 Owen, G. E. (PI Cymru) 8,133 Webb, B. G. C. (C) 2,775 Hill, G. (L) 2,118 Wilson, A. (Comm) 1,028 Lab & Co-op majority 16,064 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38.251. T'lrn-out 79.1%.
Lab and Co-op 6G.2%, PI Cymru 21.3-%, C 7.2%, L 5.5%, Comm 2.70.. Lab and Co-op maj 42.0%. Swing -2.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 39,985
(83.20% )-Lab & Co-op 23,805 (s9.So1) PI Cymru - 11,973 (29.9%), C 3,169 (7.9%,o), Comm 1,038 (2.6°o )-Lab & Co-op maj 11,832 (29.6°%). Swing + 0.9.1- Mr loan Evans, elected in February 1974, was Comptroller of the Household (wvhip), 1968-70 ; an assistant Government whip, 1966- 68. He was MP for Birmingham, Yardley, 1964-70. Director of the International Defence and Aid Fund. B July, 1927 ; ed Llanelli Grammar School and Swansea University College. Party agent in the Birmingham, Small Hieath, elec-
tions, 1955 and 1959. Former chair-' man of the West Midlands group of Labour MPs. Chairman. PLP Trade Group Vice-chairman dis- ablement group and prices and consumer protection group.
ABERDEEN, North
Electorate : 65,230 Feb : 64,349
*Hughes, R. (Lab) 23,130 McGugan, J. A. (Scot Nat) 13,509 Fraser, P. (C) 5,125 McCallum, F. (L) 3,700
Lab majority 9.621 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,464. Turn-out 69.7%.
Lab 50.9%., Scot Nat 29.7%, C 11.3°.. L 8.1°o. Lab maj 21.2%.. Swving - 4.3%.
Februarv. 1974 : Total vote 48,646
(75.6 .,)-Lab 23,193 (47.7%)
Scot Nat 11,337 (23.3%), C 8,115 (16G.7%), L 6.001 (12.3%)-Lab mnaj 11,856 (24.4%t ). Swing + 4.5%.
Mr Robert Hughes, a draugiltsnman, hecanie Under Secretary, Scottish Office, in March 1974. Elected in 1970. B January, 1932 ; ed Benoni High School, Transvaal and Pietermaritzburg Technical College, Natal. Contested North Angus and Mearns, 1959. Member, Aberdeen Town Council 1962 to 1970. Chair-
man, Aberdeen City Labour Party, 1963-69. Sponsored by AUEW, engineering section.
ABERDEEN, South
Electorate : 68,241 Feb : 67,379
*Sprnat, I. M. (C) 18,475 Middleton, R. (Lab) 18,110 Stronacli, A. (Scot Nat) 10,481 Robbie, A. A. (L) 5,018 I_
C majority 365 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,084. Turn-out 76.3%.
C 35.5%'. Lab 34.8%, Scot Nat 20.1%1, L 9.6%. C maj 0.7%.a Swing -2.8%..
February. 1974 : Total vote 55,364
(82.2°n ), C 21,938 (39.6°o ), Lab
18,380 (33.2%o), Scot Nat 7,599 (13.7°n), L 7.447 (13.4%)--C maiJ 3,358 (6.4%.). Swing + 2.1%.
Mr lain Sproat i-uns his own group of companies. Won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970 ; contested Rutherglen in by-election and general election, 1964. B Novem- her, 1938 ; ed Winchester
Magdalen College, Oxford. Former Sunidup Telegraph columnist. Chairman. Conservative foreign affairs committee, East Europe group. Treasurer, Anglo-Soviet Group.
Party; Comm PE-Communist Party of England ; Soc Pty of GB- Socialist Party of Great Britain; Brit C-British Candidate; LCCP- Labour, Conservative Coalition Party; Anti Party-Anti Party System; Ind Brit Nat-Indepen- dent British Nationalist; UP and Eng Nat-United Party and Eng- lish Nationalist; PAA-People and Agrarian; Chr Pty-Christian Party; Gay Lib-Gay Liberation Front; Prop Dev-Property Deve- loper; Ind Cath-Independent Catholic; ARPSWR-Air, Road, Public Safesy White Resident- Anti EEC-Anti Common Market on Any Terms; Meb Kernow- Mebyon Kernow (Cornish Nation- alist); Utd Dem-United Demo- cratic.
The state of the parties after the February, 1974, election was:
Labour 301 Conservative 296 Liberal 14 UUUC 11 Scot Nat 7 PI Cymru 2 SDLP 1 Soc Dem 1 Ind Lab 1 The Speaker 1
At the only by-election Labour retained the seat at Newham, South. In July Mr Christopher Mayhew (Lab) joined the Liberal Party.
ABERDEENSHIRE, East
Electorate : 47,736 Feb : 47,147
*Henderson, D. (Scot Nat) 16,304 Raffan, K. W. T. (C) 11,933 Sissons, Mrs S: B. (Lab) 3,173 Dow, A. (L) 2,232
SNP majority 4,371 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,642. Turn-out 70.5%.
Scot Nat 48.5%, C 35.5%, Lab 9.4%, L 6.6%. Scot Nat maj 13.0%. Swving -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 36,110
(76.6%)-Scot Nat 18,333 (50.8%), C 12,634 (35.0%), L 2,727 (7.5%!), Lab 2,416 (6.7%) -Scot Nat maj 5,699 (15.8%). Swing -+ 2.7%.
Mr Douglas Henderson, manage- ment consultant won the seat in February, 1974. B July, 1935; ed Roy>al High School esnd Edinburgh University, Senior vice-chairman, SNP, until 1972. Appointed Whip to SNP parliamentary party, and spokesman on finance, trade aind industry March, 1974. -
ABERDEENSHIRE, West
Electorate : 55,341 Feb: 54,704
*Fairgrieve, T. R. (C) 15,111 Gracie, D. C. P. 12,643 Suttar, N. (Scot Nat) 9,409 Ellis, C. W. (Lab) 5,185
C majority 2,468 NiO CHANGE
Total vote 42,348. Turn-out 76.5%.
C 35.7%O, L 29.8%, Scot Nat 22.2%o, Lab 12.2%. C maj 5.8%. Swing - 2.4% .
February, 1974: Total vote 44,360
(S1.1%) -C 17,256 (38.9%/), L 15,616 (35.2%), Scot Nat 6,f827 (15.4%), Lab 4,661 (10.5%) - C m aj 1,640 (3.7%). Swing
Mr Russell Fairgrieve has been vice-chairman of the Conservative Party in Scotland since 1972. A management consultant. Elected in February 1974. B May. 1924; ed St Mary's School, Melrose, and Sed- bergh School, Yorkshire. Manager, Border Counties Trustee Savings Bank and governor, Scottish College of Textiles and St Mary's School, Melrose. President, Scot- tish Conservative Association, 1965-66.
ABERTILLERY
Electorate : 36,561 Feb: *Thomas, J. (Lab)
Richards, W. A. (P1 Cymru)
Larney, Mrs P. J. E. (C) Clark, H. W. (L)
36,298
20,835
2,480 2,364 1,779
Lab majority 18,355 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,458. Turn-out 75.1%.
Lab 75.9%, P1 Cymru 9.0%, C 8.6%, L 6.5°o. Lab maj 66.8%. Swving -3.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 28,549
(77.5°%)-Lab 20,068 (70.3%), PI Cymru 3,119 (10.9%), C 2,730 (9.6%), L 2,632 (9.2%)-Lab maj 16,949 (59.4%). Swing +4.1%1.
Mr Jeffrey Thoimias, QC, a barrister (Gray's Inn). Elected in 1970 ; con- tested Barry in 1957 and 1966. B November, 1933 ; ed Abertillery Grammar School, King's College, London. President, London Uni- versity Union, 1955-56. Member, Council, British Caribbean Asso- ciation. Deputy Assistant Director, Army Legal Services, 1960. ABINGDON
Electorate : 90,451 Feb : 89,429
*Neave, A. M. S. (C) 31,956 Moriarty, D. E. H. (Lab) 21,319 Fogarty, M. P. (L) 15,239
C majority 10,637 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,514. Turn-out 75.7%.
C 46.6%o, Lab 31.1%, L 22.2%. C maj 15.5%. Swing -1.5%. February, 1974. Total vote 74,257
(83.2%)-C 34,771 (46.8%), Lab 21,028 (28.3%), L 18,458 (24.8% )-C maj 13,743 (18.5%). Swving -0.5%.
Mr Airey Neave, chairman, Select Committee Science and Technology since 1970; wvas Under-Secretary for Air, January to October, 1959, after being Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation fi-om January, 1957. Director, Clarke Chapman, Ltd, a company in the Clarke Cbapman- John Thompson Group, power station engineers. Returned at a by-election, June. 1953: contested Thurrock 1950 asid Eating, North 1951. B January, 1916; ed Eton and Merton College, Oxford. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1943) and author. Escaped from Colditz in 1942 and reached United Kingdom via Siwit- zerland and Gibraltar. Com- manded operation to rescue allied pilots from behind enemy lines. Took part in Nuremburg trials and was Commissioner for Criminal Organizations. ACCRINGTON
Electorate : 50,820 Feb : 50,397
*Davidson, A. (Lab) 19,838 McLaughlin, J. (C) 13,618 Cooper, W. 1. (L) 5,704 RUey, D. (Nat Front) 1.176
Lab majority 6,220 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,336. Turn-out 79.4%.
Lab 49.2%. C 33.8%, L 14.1%, Nat Front 2.9%. Lab maj 15.4%. Swing -1.7% .
February, 1974 : Total vote 42,259
(83.-8%)-Lab 20,050 (47.4/),. C 15,018 (35.5°,'%), L 7,191 (17.0%) - Lab maj 5,032 (11.9%). Swing -5.2%.
Mr Arthur Davidson, chairman, Labour parliamentary Home Office group since 1971, was elected in 196G ; contested Preston, North, 1959, and Blackpool, South, 1955. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1953). B November, 1928: ed Liverpool Col- lege, King George V School, Southport, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Hon legal adviser, Southport Trades Council. NUGMW. On council of Consumer Association. Chairman, PLP Home Office Group and Prices and Con- sumer Protection Group.
I
I
I
I I
-I
BIRMINGHAM, Ynrdley
Electorate: 59,052 Feb: 58,596
*Tierney, S. (Lab) 20,834 Coombs, D. M. (C) 16(,664 Aldridge, J. (L) 4,518 Challendar, H. (Nat Front) 1,034 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 111
Lab majority 4,170 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,161. Turnout 733.1%.
Lab 48.3%, C 38.6/d, L 10.5%, Nat Front 2.4%, Pros Brit 0.2%. Lab mnaj 9.7%. Swing -2.7%O.
February 1974: Total vote 46,125
(78.7%)-LLab 20,580 (44.6%' )
C 18,633 (40.4%), L 6'91k (15.0%)-Lab maj 1,947 (4.2%). Mr Sydney Tierney was elected In February, 1974. An officer and member of USDAW. Former milk- man. Member, Co-operative Party. B September, 1923; ed Dearne Secondary Modern School and Plater College, Oxford. Vice-chair- man, PLP employment group.
BISHOP AUCKLAND
Electorate: 72,581 Feb: 71,894 *Boyden, H. J. (Lab) 27,181 Etheridge, D. W. (C) 16,086 Cobbold, D. L. (L) 8,168
Lab majority 11,095 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,435. Turn-out 70.9%.
Lab 52.8%, C 31.3%, L 15.9%° Lab maj 21.6%. Swing -3.7%. February 1974: Total vote 56,371
(78.4%)-Lab 27,101 (48.1% ), C 19,226 (34.1%), L 10,044 (17.8%,o )-Lab maj 7,8-75 (14.0%). Mr James Boyden was Under- Secretary for Defence (Army), 1967-69; Parliamentary Secretarv, Public Building and Workst 1°hS- 67; and Under Secretary, Educa- tion and Science, 1964-65. Returned in 1959. Director of extra-mural studies at Durham University. B October, 1910 ; ed Tiffin's School, Kingston upon Thames, and King's College, Lon- don, of which he is a Fellow. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1947. Member, Public Expenditure Committee; Durham Courvtv Coun- cDl, 1952-60 ; Newcastie RHB, 1958- 64. Chairman of executive, Nation- al Institute for Adult Education, 1958-61. NTlGMW.
BLABY
Electorate: 65,073 Feb: 64,534 *Lawson, N. (C) 25,405 Fox, M. F. (Lab) 13,244 Inman, D. (L) 12,290
C majority 12,161 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,939. Turn-out 78.3°.
C 49.9%, Lab 26.0%, L 24.1°. C maj 23.9%g. Swing +0.0°1
February 1974: Total vote 55,235
(85.6°)-C 26,892 (48.7%), L 14,594 (26.4%1 ), Lab 13,749 (24.9%.')-C maj 12,298 (22.3%). Mr Nigel Lawson, journalist, was elected in February, 1974, con- tested Eton and Slough, 1970. B March, 1932; ed Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford. Editor of the Spectator, 1966-70. Was special assistant to Sir Alec Douglas Home, then Prime Minis- ter, in 1963-64 ; Editorial Staff, Financial Times, 1956-60; City Editor, The Sunday Telegraph, 1961-63'; Special Political Adviser, Conservative Party HQ, 1973-74; Quondam Fellow of Nuffield Col- lege, Oxford. Member, Public Ex- penditure Committee since April, 1974.
BLACKBURN
Electorate : 54,213 Feb : 53,767 *Castle, Mrs B. A. (Lab) 20,344 McGaw, I. D. (C) 12,692 Beetham, F. J. (L) 4,741 Read, J. K. (Nat Front) 1,758
Lab majority 7.652 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,535. Turn-out 72.9%.
Lab 51.4%, C 32.1%, L 12.0°,
Nat Front 4.4°o. Lab ma; 193. Swing -2.1 * %.
February 1974: Total vote 42.049
(78.2%0)-Lab 20,340 (48.4%), C 14,040 (33.4%/o), L 5,891 (14.0%,'o), Nat Front 1,778 (4.2%) -Lab maj 6,300 (15.0%). Swinrg -4.2%"".
'Mrs Barbara Castle, Secretary of State for Social Services from March, 1974, was chief Opposition spokesman on employment 1970-71 and security 1971-72, when she failed to be elected to Shadow Cabinet and returned to back benches. First Secretary and Secre- tary of State for Employment and productivity, 1968-70; Minister of Transport, 1965-68; Minister of Overseas Development, 1964-65. Member, National Executive of Labour Party since 1950, clhairman, 1958-59. One of two Blackburn MPs from 1945, elected for East Black- burn in 1950, and for the single member division in 1955. Journa- list. B October, 1911; ed Bradford Girls' Grammar School and St Hugh's College, Oxford. Member, Select Committee on Tax Credits. NUJ.
BLACKPOOL, North
ElMctorate : 59,743 Feb: 59,276 *Miscampbell, N. A. (C) 19,662 Taylor, 1. J. (Lab) 14,195 Mulholland, G. (L) 7,750
C majority 5,467 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,607. Turn-out 69.6%.
C 47.2%, Lab 34.1%, L 18.6%. C maj 13.1%. Swing -2.8%.
February 1974: Total vote 43,450
(73.3%)-C 23,942 (55.1°), Lab 15,788 (36.3%), Ind L 3,720 (8.6%°)-C maj 8,154 (18.8%). Swing -2.0%o.
Mr Norman M1iscampbell, vice- chairman of Conservative Northern Ireland Committee since 1974 and secretary legal committee 1971-73, was returned at a by-election in March, 1962. Contested Newton in 1955 and 1959. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1952); B February. 1925; ed St Edward's School, -Oxford, and Trinity College, Oxford. Member, Hovlake Urban District Council, 1955-61. PPS to Attorney- General 1973-74.
BLACKPOOL, South
Electorate: 57,951 Feb : 57,556
*Blaker, P. A. R. (C) 18,188 Atkins, M. (Laib) 12,967 Wynne, E. E. (L) 9,327
C majority 5,221 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,482. Turni-otut 69.8°.
C 44.9°j. Lab 32.0%j. L 23.0°. C maj 12.9%,.. Swing -3.0%.
February 1974 : Total vote 44,091
(76.6%)-C 20,107 (45.6%,'), L 12,016 (27.2%o), Lab 11,739 (26.6%,), Nat 1nd 229 (0.5%)- C maj 8,091 (18.3%). Swing
-0.4%.
MIr Peter Blaker, Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 1974, and Under-Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1972-74, was elected in 1964. B October, 1922; ed Shrewsbury School, Tor- onto University, and New College, Oxford, President of the Union and University Law Society. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn 1952); farmer; For- eign Service, 1953-64. Assistant Opposition *hip. 1966-67. On exec- utive of 1922 Committee 1967-72. Joint Secretary, Conservative parliamentary trade committee, 1967-72.
BLAYDON
Electorate: 59,908 Feb: 56,485
""Woof, R. E. (Lab) 23,743 Craig, A. A. (C) 10,277 Barker, P. (L) 7,439
Lab majority 13,466 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,459. Turn-out 69.2%h.
Lab 57.3%, C 24.8%o, L 17.9%. Lab maj 32.5%. Swing -2.7 %.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,984
(75.8%)-L ab 27,279 (63.5%), C 15,705 (36.5%)-Lab maj 11,574 (26.9%). Swing + 1.4%. Mr Robert Woof, a miner and trade union officia'l was returned at a by-election in February, 1956. B October, 1911; ed Durham county school. Member, Durham County Counil, 1947-56. Former oftidal of National Union ut Mine.
workers, and sponsored by them.
BILYTH
Electorate: 74,462 Feb: 74,004
Ryman, J. (Lab) 20,308 *(7il9e E. J. (Ind Lab) 20,230 Shipley, J. W. (L) 8,177 Griffiths, B. (C) 6,590
Lab majority 78 LABOllR GAIN
Total vote 55,305. Turn-out 74.3%O.
Lab 36.7%!, Ind Lab 36.6%, L 14.8%, C 11.9%. Lab mnaj 0.1%. Swing - 5.7% 1.
February, 1974- Total vote 58,798
(39.0%)s cons d Lab 22,918 Alember, SiLab 16,778 (28.5)o,
L 10,214 (17.4%/), C 8,888
(15.Lw )-Ind Lab maj 6,140 10.4,)* Stin g + 17.5,.
yr Joln Ryman, barrister. Aged 43. Kgember, Holorn and St Pan- cras constituency Labour Party. Miember, Society of Labour Lauvyers. TGWU.
BODMIN
Electorate : 55,485 Feb : 55,087
Hicks, R. A. (C) 20,756 *Tyler, P. A. (L) 20,091 Knight, P. C. (Lab) 4,814
C majority 665 C GAliS
Total vote 45,661. Turn Ollt 82.3%t.
C 45.4%, L 44.0%,' , Lab 10.5%. C maj 1.4%D. Swing +1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,885
(83-3%)-L 20,283 (44.2%), C 20,274 (44.2%.), Lab 5,328 (11.6%)-L maj 9 (0.0%).
iMIr Robert Hicks, contested the seat in February, 1974. Technical college lecturer, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Assis- tant Government whip 1973-74. Contested Aberavon in 1966. B 3anuary, 1938: ed Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Crediton, and University College, London.
BOLSOVER
Electorate : 51,880 Feb : 51,367
*Skinner, D. E. (Lab) 27,275 Sternberg, C. L. (C) 6,209 Taylor, M. (L) 5,176
Lab majority 21,066 NO CUANGE
Total vote 38,660. Turn-out 74.5%.
Lab 70.30.,, C 16.1%O, L 13.4%. Lab maj 54.5%. Swing -0.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,261
(78.3%)-Lab 30,787 (76-5%), C 9,474 (23.5% )-Lab maj 21,313 (52.9%D ). Swing + 1.0%./
MIr Dennis Skinner, former miner and president of Derbyshire National Union of Mineworkers since 1966, was elected in 1970. B February, 1932; ed Tupton Hall Grammar School and Ruskin College.- Former member, Clay Cross Urban District Council and Derbyshire County Council. Spon- sored by NUM. Member select committee on nationalized indus. tries since April, 1974. Chairman, Tribune group of Labour MPs.
BOLTON, East
Electorate : 60,177 Feb : 59,620
*Young, D. W. (Lab) 21,569 Heddle, J. (C) 17,504 Ackroyd, T. J. (L) 5,792 Booth, G. (Nat Front) 1,106 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 149
Lab majority 4,065 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,120. Turn-out 76.6%'.
Lab 46.8%6, C 37.9%, L 12.5%, Nat Fronit 2.4°%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 8.8%. Swving -2.7%1. February, 1974 : Total vote 48,040
(804% )-Lab 19,833 (41.3%), C 18,220 (37.9%/o), L 8,728 (18.2i%), Nat Front 1,259 (2.6%,/ ) -Lab maj 1,613 (3.3%). Swing
- 2.2 %.
MVIr David Young, teacher, won the seat in February, 1974 ; contested Bath, 1970, Banbury, 1966, and South Worcestershire, 1959. B October, 1930; ed Greenock Academy, Glasgow University and St Paul's College, Cheltenham, Alderman, Nuneaton Borough Council, and councillor, Nuneaton District Council. Chairman, Coven. try East Labour Party, 1964.68.
BOLTON, West
Electorate: 50,782 Feb : 50,315 Taylor, Mrs W. A. (Lab) 16,967 *Redmond, R. S. (C) 16,061 Linney, P. S. (L) 5,127 Roberts, W. (Nat Front) 1,070
Lab majority 906 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 39,225. Turn-out 77.2%.
Lab 43.2%, C 40.9%, L 13.1%, Nat Front 2.7%o. Lab maj 2.3%. Swing - 1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,785
(80.9'%)-C 16,562 (40.6°'%), Lab 15,959 (39.1%D), L 8,264 (20.3%) -C maj 603 (1.5%). Swing
Mrs Ann Taylor. contested the seat In February', 1974. Part-time tutor with Open University. B July, 1947 ; ed Bolton School and Brad- ford and Sheffield Universities. AUT.
Electorate:- 64,236 Feb: 63,439
*Mahon, S. (Lab) 27,633 Burrows, J. F. (C) 10,743 Fjortoft, Mrs H. (L) 4,266 Morris, R. (Comm) 516
Lab majority 16,890 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43.158. Turn-out 67.2%.
Lab 64.0%, C 24.9%, L 9.905°
Comm 1.21. Lab maj 39.1%. Swing -3.5%. °
February, 1974 : Total vote 46,511
(73.3°) -Lab -27,301 (58.7%), C 12,366 (26.6%), L 6,258 (13.4%). Comm 586 (1.2%)- Lab maj 14,935 (32.1%).
Mr Simon Alahon was elected In 1955. Opposition Whip, 1959-61. Ship repairer anid contractor. An alderman of Bootle Borough Coun- cil ; Mayor of Bootle, 1962-63. B April, 1914; ed St Joseph's Irish
Christian Brothers School and St James' School, Bootle. Commis-
sioned Royal Engineers, 1939-45. Trustee, Far Eastern Prisoners of War Fund. TGIVU.
BOSWORTH
Electorate : 83,820 *Butiler, A. (C)
Sloman, M. G. M. Galton, M. J. (L)
Feb: 83,120
28,490 (Lab) 28,188
12,082
C majority 302 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,760. Turn-out 82.0%.
C 41.4%, Lab 41.00%, L 17.6%. C maj 0.4%/.. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,474
(86.0%)-C 28,151 (39.4°)
Lab 26,464 (37.0%o) L 16,859 (23.6%)-C maj 1,687 (2.4%). Swing + 0.3%°o.
Mr Adam Butler, second son of Lord Butler, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Assistant Government Whip, 1974. B Octo- ber, 1931 ; ed Eton and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Was employed by Courtaulds Ltd 1955-73. Farmer. Member Commons Public Expendi- ture Centre, 1970-72.
BOTHWELL
Electorate: 59,357 Feb: *Hamilton, J. (Lab)
McCool, J. (Scot Nat) Roser, D. (C)
Grieve, T. (L)
58,697
22,086 11,138 8,125 4,057
Lab majority 10,948 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,406. Turn-out 76.5%,f.
Lab 48.6% ; Scot Nat 24.5% ; C 17.9%, L 8.9%. Lab maj 24.1%. Swying -.%
February, 1974: Total vote 47,685
(81.2%)-Lab 22,326 (46.8% ), C 12,725 (26.7%), Scot Nat 6,710 (14.1%), L 5,362 (11.2%), Comm 562 (1.2%)-Lab maj 9,601 (20.1%,.).
Alr James llamilton, was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government Whip) in Miarch, 1974. Chairman, trade union group Parliamentary Labour Party, 1969-70, assistant Govern- ment Whip 1969-70, and Opposition Whip, 1970, was elected in 1964. B March, 1918 ; ed senior secondary schools. Member Lan- arkshire County Council, 1955-65. President, Constructional Engineer- ing Union, 1968-70; member of its national executive, 1958-70.
BOURNEMOUTH, East
Electorate: 57,010 Feb- *Cordle, J. H. (C)
Musgrave, G. H. (L) Lock, D. E. (Lab)
Hayes, M. (Nat Front)
56,560
20,790 10,129
8,422
828
C majority 10,661 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,169. Turn-out 70.4%.
C 51.7%O, L 25.2%o, Lab 21.0°'
Nat Front 2.1%o. C maj 26.5.O Swing -1.4%°O.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,456
(78.4%)-C 22,319 (50.2% ), L 13,005 (29.2%lo), Lab 7,423 (16.7%), Nat Front 875 (2.0% ), Anti-EEC 834 (1.9%)-C m'ai 9,314 (20.9%).
Mlr Joln Cordle returned In Febru- ary, 1974, represented Bourne- mouth East and Christchurch 1959- 74 ; contested the Wrekin diihsion, 1951. Chairman, E. W. Cordle and Son Ltd, linen and cotton manufac- turers since 1968 ; chairmanl Surgical Medical Laboratories Ltd
director of three other companies. Member of Lloyd's. B October, 1912; ed at the City of London School.
BOURNEAIOUTH, West
Electorate: 61,211 Feb: *Eden, Sir J.. B. (C)
Bennett, L. F. (Lab)
Richards, T. D. G. (L)
60,725
21,294 10,566 10,166
C majority 10,728 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,026. Turn-out 68.6%.
C 50.7%, Lab 25.1%,' L 24.2%. C -naj 25.5%. Swing -1.7,'.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,190
(75.9%)-C 23,473 (50.8%), L 12,655 (27.4%), Lab 10,062 (21.8%)-C maj 10,818 (23.4%). Sir Joln Eden, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications 1972-74, was Minister for Industry 1970-72; and Minister of State for Tech- nology June to October. 1970. Re- turned at a by-election in Febru- ary, 1954; contested Paddington, North, December, 1953. Former company director. B September, 1925; ed Eton and in the United States.
BRADFORD, North
Electorate : 66,135 Feb: *Ford, B. T. (Lab)
Thompson, H. P. (C) Lishmnan, A. G. (L)
65,504
22,841 14,252 9,475
Lab majority 8,589 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,568. Turn-out 70.4%.
Lab 49.0%,O, C 30.6%, L 20.3%. Lab maj 18.40%. Swsing -2.8%. February, 1974 : Total vote 57,646
(78.8%)-Lab 22,381 (43.3%), C 15,764 (30.5%), L 13,115 (25.4%'), lad 386 (0.7% 0)-Lab maj 6,617 (12.8%).
Mtr BenJamin Ford was elected In 1964. Engineer. B April, 1925; ed Rowan Road Central School, Surrey. Alderman, Essex County Council, 1959-65. Member Clacton UDC, 1960-63. Vice-chairman, British-Latin American parliament- ary group; chairman, Anglo-Portu- guese, Anglo-Vietnam and Anglo- Malaysian groups. Vice.chairman All-Party Wool Textile Group and PLP defence and Services Group.
BRADFORD, South
Electorate: 73,272 Feb: *Torney, T. W. (Lab) Littlewood, G. C. (C) Cawood, C. J. (L)
72,552
25,219 16,964 10,306
Lab majority 8,255 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,489. Turn-out 71.6%.
Lab 48.0%, C B2.3%, L 19.6%. Lab ma, 15.7%,°t. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,807
(80.8%)-Lab 25,875 (44.8%), C 18,222 (31.5%), L 12,961 (22.4%.), Ind Powell 749 (1.3%) -Lab maj 7,653 (13.2%).
Mr Thomas Torney, elected fn 1970, was Derby and District area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Aliled Workers for over 20 years. B July, 1915. Member, general management com- mittee, Derby Labour Party; and Select Committee on Race Rela- tions. Sponsored by USDAW. Chairman, Agriculture and Food Group. Member Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigra- tion since April, 1974.
BRADFORD, West
Electorate: 62,684 Feb: *Lyons, E. (Lab)
Wilkinson, J. A. D. (C) Harris, S. (L)
Smith, H. (Prosp Brit)
62,157 21.133 16,192 5,884
339
Lab majority 4,941 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,548. Turni-out 69.5%.
Lab 48.5%, C 37.2%0 L 13.5°'
Pros Brit'0.8%. Lab maj 113°. Swing -3.31%. °
February, 1974: Total vote 47.935
(78.2 %o)-Lab 20,787 (43.4%), C 18,568 (38.7%), L 7,216 (15.0%), Anti-immig 1,164 (2.4%), Ind Dem All 200 (0.4%)-Lab maj 2,219 (4.6°)- Mr Edward Lyons was elected in Feb, 1974; represented Bradford, East, 1966-74. Member of the Select Committee on Race Rela- tions and Immigration 1968-70. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1952). Recorder since 1972. B May, 1926
ed City of Leeds School, Round- bay High School and Leeds University. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers and Fabian Society. Russian interpreter, 1946- 48, attached to Control Commis- sion. Germany. Vice-chairman, PLP Home Office Group.
BRIDLINGTON
Electorate: 65,759 Feb . 65,282
*Wood, R. F. (C) 21,901 Cherry, J. M. S. (L) 10,795 Dix, A. A. W. (Lab) 9,946 Day, F. (Nat Front) 987
C majority 11,106 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,629. Turn-out 66.3%.
C 50.2%, L 24.7%, Lab 22.8%, Nat Front 2.30%.. C maj 25.4%. Swving -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,206
(76.7%)-C 25.711 (51.2%), L 14,71S (29.3%), Lab 9,780 (19.5%)-C maj 10,996 (21.9%). SSwing + 0.2%.
Mr Richard Wood was appointed Minister of Overseas Development, June, 1970, and in October of that year when the Ministry was merged with the Foreign and Common- 'Wealth Office, he r,emained as Mint. ster until February, 1974. B October, 1920, younger son of Earl of Halifax. Ed St Cyprians, East- bourne, Eton and New College, Oxford. Formerly director of Har- greaves Ltd, F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, Yorkshire Conservative News- papers Ltd and Hulton Press. Elected 1950, he wvas Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, 1963-64; Minister of Powrer, 1959- 63; Parliamentary Secretary, Mini- stry of Pensions and National In- surance, 1955-58 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1958-59. Governor, Queen. Eliza- beth's Foundation for the Disabled. BRIGG AND SCUNTHORPE
Electorate : 90,159 Feb : 89,358 *Ellis, J. (Lab) 28,929 Riddell, J. P. S. (C) 22,187 Harris, J. (L) 12,452
Lab majority 6,742 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,568. Turn-out 70.5%.
Lab 45.5%, C 34.9%, L 19.6%. Lab maj 10.6%. Swing -3.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 70,016
(78.2%)-Lab 28,803 (41.1%), C 25,729 (36.7%), L 15,484 (22.1%)-Lab mai 3,074 (4.4%). Swing .+ 1.2%.
Mr John Ellis, MP for Bristol, North-West, 1966-70. Contested Wokingham, 1964. Member rela- tions offices, Bristol and Bath Co- operative Retail Services. B Octo- ber, 1934,; ed Doncaster Gram- mar School, Rastrick Grammar Sehool, Btighouse. Vice-chairman, stsiff side"" Air Ministry, Whitley Cotincil, 1961-63. TGWU. Member, Bristol City Council. Member, Commons Expenditure Committee
BRIGHOUSE AND SPENBOROUGH
Electorat,e: 63,645 Feb: *Jackson, G. C. (Lab) Proudfoot, W. (C) Smithson, J. (L)
63,144 21,964 19,787 8,265
Lab majority 2,177 NO CHANGE
TORIt vote 50,016. Turn-out 78.6%.
Lab 43.9%, C 39.6%, L 16.5%. .Lab maj 4.3%. Swing -0.7%. Fertmry, 1974: Total vote 53,866
(.85.3%)-Lab 22,107 (41.0%), C 20j5S1 (38.2%), L 11,029 (20.5%), Ind Dem All 169 (0.3.%)-Lab maj 1,546 (2.9%j. Swing - 1.4%.
Mr Colin Jackson represented the constituency 1964-70 and regained it for' Lab6ur in February 1974. Contested it, 1970 and 1960 ; King's Lynn 1959; and Newbury 1950 and 1 51. Barrister, lecturer and writer. B December, 1921 ; ed Tewvkesbury Grammar School and St John's College, Oxford. Joint-chairman, Council for Advancement of,Arab British Understanding. Vice-chair^ man, PLP Foreign and Common- wealth Group. NUJ.
BRIGHTON, Kemptown
Electorate : 65,443 Feb : 64,878
*Bowden, A. (C) 21,725 Eobden, D. (Lab) 19,060 Osborne, S. (L) 6,214 Beaumont, R. (Eng Nat) 155 Buckle, 3. (Marx Len) 125 Ralfe, B. (Ind) 47
C majority 2,665- NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,326. Turn-out 72.3%.
C 45.9%, Lab 40.3%, L 13.1%,
Eng Nat 0.3%, Marx Len 0.3%, Ind 0.1. C maj 5.6%. Swing
_1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote bI,a±t
(78.8%)-C 23,504 (46.0%). Lab 19,484 (38.1%), L 7,Vb4 (15.60%1 ), Marx-Lenin 170 (0.3%). -C maj 4,020 (7.9%). Nwins
0.8.
Mr Andrew Bowden, a personal consultant, wvon the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested the seat in 1966, Kensington, North, 1964 and Hammersmith, North, 1955. Managing director of Personnel Assessment Ltd, 1969- 71 ; and Haymarket Personnel -Selections Ltd, 1969-71. B April, 1930; ed Ardingly College, Sussex, National chairman, Young Con- servatives, 1960-61. USDAW. Mem- ber, Wandsworth Borough Council, 1956-62. Member, Expenditure Committee since 1973-74; joint chairman, All-party parliamentary Old Age Pensions Group, 1972-73.
BRIGHTON, Pavilion
Electorate: 57,351 Feb: *Amery, H. J. (C)
Humphrey, G. W. (Lab) Venables, Mrs D. (L)
56,982 19,041 11,624 8,648
C majority 7,417 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,313. Turn-out 68.5%.
C 48.4%, Lab 29.6%, L 22.0%. C maj 18.9%,'0. Swing - 2.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,394
(76.1%)-C 21,910 (50.5%), Lab 11,292 (26.0%), L 9,764 (22.50% ), Ind 428 (1.0%)- C maj 10,618 (24.5%,o). Swing - 1.2%.
Mr Julian Amery, Minister ot State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1972-74, Minister for Housing and Construction. Depart- ment of the Environmcnt, 1970- 72 ; Minister of Public Building and Works, June to October, 1970. Returned at by-election in March, 1969, 'Was Minister of Aviation, 1962-64; Secretary of State for Air from October, 1960
Under-Secretary, Colonial Office, from 1958; and Under-Secretary, War Office, from 1957. Held Preston, North from 1950-66; con- tested the two-member Preston seat in 1945. B March, 1919 ; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. BRISTOL, North-East
Electorate : 51,970 Feb : 51,629 *Palmer, A. M. F. (Lab &
Co-oP) 19,647
ils P. (C) 11,056 Watts-Miller, W. (L) 6,303
Lab & Co-op majority 8,591 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 37,006. Turn-out 71.2%'.
Lab & Coop 53.1%o, C 29.9%;, L 17.0%.. Lab & Coop maj 23.2%. Swiing - 3.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,290
(76.1-)-Lab & Co-Op 18,625 (47.4%), C 12,538 (31.9%), L- X,127 (20.7% )-Lab & Co-Op mai 6,087 (15.5%).
Mt Arthur Palmer wvas chairman, Select Committee on -Science and Tecihnology, 1966-70 and member since 1970, being chairman of one of its sub-committees. Represented Bristol Central, 1964-74; Wimble- doh, 145-50; and Cleveland, 1952- 5g; cohteSted Merton and Morden, 1950 antd 1951. Chartered electrical ediginebr, 'national official of the El&cttical Power Engineers' Asso- ciatioh since 1945. B August, 1912; ed Ashford Grammar School and Brunel Technical College. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66. Chairman, Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee.
..I
BRISTOL, North-West
Electorate: 66,381 Feb: 65S,695
Thomas, R. R. (Lab) 22,156 *McLaren, M. (C) 21,523 David, E. (L) 8,914
Lab majority 633 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 52,593. Turn-out 79.2%.
Lab 42.1%, C 40.9%, L 16.9%. Lab maj 1.2%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 54,240
(82.6-%/)-C 21,569 (39.8%), Lab 20,919 (38.6%) L 11,312 (20.8%), Ind 440 (0.8%)- C maj 650 (1.2%). Swing - 0.4%.
Mr Ronald Thomas, university lecturer, contested the seat in Feb- ruary, 1974. B March, 1929; ed Ruskin College and Balliol Col- lege, Oxford. Member, Bristol District Council. ASTMS.
BRISTOL, South
Electorate : 61,040 Feb: *Cocks, M. F. L. (Lab) Kelleway, R. T. (C) Burrows, D. (L)
Gannawav. P. H. (Nat Front)
60,393
25,108 10,124 6.289
798
Lab majority 14.984 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,319. Turn-out 69.3%.
Lab 59.3%, C 23.90%0, L 14.9%, Nat Front 1.9%. Lab maj 35.4%. Swing -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,156
(74.8%)-Lab 24,909 (55.2%), C 11,742 (26.0%), L 7,499 (16.6%), Nat Front 1,0o6 (2.2%) -Lab maj 13,167 (29.1%). Swing - 2.3%.
Mr Michael Cocks, Asslstant Gov- ernment Whip, 1974, elected in 1970, contested South Gloucester- shire, 1964 and 1966 and Bristol West, 1959. Lecturer. B August, 1929; ed Bristol University. Presi- dent, Bristol Borough Labour Party, 1961-63. Sponsored by NUGMW.
BRISTOL, South-East
Electorate : 69,427 Feb : 68,924 *Benn, A. N. W. (Lab) 25 978 Godwin, J. (C) 16,605 Wardle, R. (L) 8,987 Bale, R. J. (Nat Front) 775 Goding, R. (Mid Class) 457 Rowe, P. (Comm P.E.) 79
Lab majority 9,373 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,881. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 49.1%, C 31.4%, L 17.0%, Nat Front 1.5%, Mid Class 0.9%, Comm Pe 0.1%. Lab maj 17.7%. Swing-1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,463
(81.9%)-Lab 26,540 (47.0%), C 18,628 (33.0%), L 9,870 (17.5%), Nat Front 757 (1.3%), Social Dem 668 (1.2%)-Lab maj 7,912 (14.0%).
Mr Wedgwood Benn, Secretary of State for Industry, 1974; Minister for Posts and Telecommunications, 1974; chief Opposition spokes.tan on trade and industry 1970 to 1974; was Minister of Technology, 1966.70; Postmaster General, 1964- 66. Elected in 1950. Debarred from the Commons on the death of his father, Viscount Stansgate. in November, 1960, he contested and won the by-election in May, 1961, but an Election Court declared his Conservative opponent elected. lie renounced his title under the Peerage Act and was re-elected in August, 1963. Member of Labour Party executive, 1959-60 and since 1962; chairman, 1971- 72.~~~~~~~~
BRISTOL, West
Electorate: 60,447 Feb: *Cooke, R. G. (C)
Stacey, R. G. R. (L) Malos, J. (Lab)
60,133
18,555 11,598
9.372
C majority 6,957 NO CHANGE.
Total vote 39,525. Turn-out 65.4%.
C 46.9%, L 29.3%, Lab 237%. C maj 17.6%. Swing -1.6%.
February 1974: Total vote 43,742
(72.7%)-C 21,140 (48.3%), L 13,076 (29.9%), Lab 9,526 (21.8%) - C maj 8,064 (18.4%). Mtr Robert Cooke was returned at a by-election in 1957- contested Bristol, South-East, i955. Vice- chairman (1972) and chairman, Conservative parliamentary broad- casting and communications com- mittee since 1972; vice-chairman, arts and amenities group, 1964-72, chairman since 1972. Director of Westward Television; member, executive committee of Historic Houses Association. Landowner and horticulturist. B May, 1930; ed Downs School, Wraxhall; Har- row, and Christ Church College, Oxford.
BROMLEY, Beckenham
Electorate: 59.,512 Feb: *Goodhart, P. C. (C) Sharp, N. J. (Lab) Mitchell, G. D. (L)
58,969
19,798 11,140 10,578
C majority 8,658 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,516. Turn-out 69.8%.
C-47.7%, Lab 26.8%, L 25.5%. C maj 20.8%. Swing - 2.3%.
February 1974: Total vote 46,815
(79.3%)-C 22,976 (49.1% ), L 12,821 (27.4% ), Lab 11,018 (23.5%)-C maj 10,155 (21.7%). Mr Philip Goodhart, a journallst, vas returned for Beckenham at a by-election in March, 1957; con- tested Consett, 1950. B November, 1925 - ed Hotchkiss School, United States, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, Joint hon Secretary 1922 Committee since 1960. Chairman from 1972-74 of Conservative back- bench committee on defence; joint vice-chairman, 1974. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Aid 1969-74, Council of the Consumers' Association since 1959. Vice-chair- man defence centre from March, 1974.
BROMLEY, Chislehurst
Electorate: 53,699 Feb: *Sims, R. E. (C)
MacDonald, A. H. (Lab) Crowley, J. M. (L)
53,137 18,926 15,032 6,900
C majority 3,894 NO CHANGE
dotal vote 40,858. Turn-out 76.1%.
C 46.3%, Lab 36.8%, L 16.9%. C maj 9.5%. Swing -1.3% --- February 1974: Total vote 44,824
(84.3%)-C 20,595 (45.9%), Lab 25,102 (33.7%), L 9,127 (20.4%) -C maj 5,493 (12.2%).
Ml Roger Sims is an export manager. Contested Sboreditch and Finsbury, 1966 and 1970. B January, 1930; ed City Boys' Grammar School, Leicester, and St Olave's Grammar School, London. Member, Chislehurst and Sidcup UDC 1956-62 Member, Royal Choral Society.
BROMLEY, Orpington
E'ectorate : 65,686 Feb: *Stanbrook, I. R. (C) Avebury, Lady (L)
Spillane, Mrs C. (Lab)
64,967 24,394 19,384
8,121
* C majority 5,010 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,899. Turn-out 70.0%.
C 47.0%, L 37.3%, Lab 15.6%. C maj 9.6%. Swing -1.8%.
February 1974: Total vote 55,958
(86.10).-C 26,435 (47.2%,), L 22,771 (40.7%), Lab 6 752 (12.1%)-C maj 3,664 (6.5%). Swing -2.1%.
Mr Ivor Staubrook, a barrister, won Orpington for the Conserva- tives in 1970; contested East Ham, South, 1966. B January, 1924; ed Willesden Central School, University College, London, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Colonial district officer in Nigeria, 1950-60. Secretary Con- servative parliamentary home affairs committee.
BROMLEY, Ravensbourne
Electorate: 48,541 Feb: 48,089
*Hunt, J. L. (C) 18,318 Crowe, D. E. A. (L) 9,813 Howes, C. (Lab) 7,204 Stevens, I. (Nat Front) 574
C majority 8.505 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,909. Turn-out 74.0%.
C 51.0%, L 27.3%, Lab 20.1%, Nat Front 1.6%. C niaj 23.7%. Swving-l.5% .
February 1974: Total vote 39,672
(82.5%)-C 20,420 (51.5%,), L 11,523 (29.0%), Lab 6,943 (17.5%), Nat Front 786 (2.0%) -C maj 8,897 (22.4%).
Mr John Hunt, returned In Feb- ruary, 1974, was MP for Bromley, 1964-74; contested Lewisham, South, in 1959. Director public relations firm. B October, 1929; ed Dulwich College, Mayor of Bromley, 1963-64; member, Bromley Borough Council 1953-65. Joint vice-chairman, Greater London Conservative MPs, since 1972. Chairman, British and Caribbean Association, from 1968; chairman, Indo-Britisli Parliamen- tary group.
BROMSGROVE AND REDDITCH Electorate: 87,849 Feb s 87,080 *Miller, H. D. (C) 31,153 Davis, T. A. G. (Lab) 29,085 Kelway, P. (L) 9,679
C majority 2,068 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,917. Turn-out 79.6%.
C 44.5%, Lab 41.6%, L 13.8%. C naj 2.9%. Swing -1.0%.
February 1974: Total vote 73,387
(84.2%)-C 33,125 (45.1%), Lab 29,536 (40.2%), L 10,726 (14.6%)-C maj 3,589 (4.9/e), Swing -6.0%.
Mr Hilary Miller who gained the seat for the Conservatives in February, 1974, contested the Bromsgrove by-election in 1971 mid Barrow-in-Furness in 1970. ""ompany director. B March, 1929
Id Eton, Merton College, Oxford, md London University. With the Colonial Service, 1955-68. Fellow of the Economic Development [nstM:ute of the World Bank.
EUCKINGHAM
Slectorate: 79,077 Feb: 78,268
""Benyon, W. R. (C) 26,597 Maxwell, I. R. (Lab) 23,679 Crooks, S. B. (L) 12,707
C majority 2,918 %0 CHANGE
Cotal vote 62,983. Turn-out 79.6%.
C 42.2%, Lab 37.6%, L 20.2%. C maj 4.6%. Swing +0.0/%.
.ebruary 1974: Total vote 66,754
(85.3%)-C 27,179 (40.7%), Lab 24,056 (36.0%), L 15,519 (23.2%)-C maj 3,123 (4.7%). dr WiliHam Benyon, a farmer, won he seat for the Conservatives in 970. B January, 1930; ed Royal iaval College, 'Dartmouth. Mem- per, Berkshire County Council, S64-74; Bradfield Rural Council, .960-62; Council of Reading Uni- 'ersity; Berkshire College of Agri- ulture; Council of Bradfield ~ollege. Served in the Royal Navy or nine years. Vice-cJhairman, Con. ervative Local Government and )evelopment Committee, 1974.
URENLEY
Ilectorate: 52,930 Feb: 52,483
'Jones, D. (Lab) . 21,642 Pickup, A. (C) 9,766 Mews, S. P, (L) 8.119
Lab majority 11,876 YO CHANGE
rotal vote 39,527. Turn-out 74.7%.
Lab 54.7%, C 24.7%, L 20.5%. Lab maj 30.0%. Swing -3.2%. February 1974: Total vote 41,847
(79.7%/)-Lab 21,108 (50 '47-.) C 11,268 (26.9%), L 9,47f (22.6 )-Lab maj 9,840 (23.5%). Swing -0.7%.
Ur Daniel Jones,. engineer and -EF official for 20 years has rep. esented the constituency since L959 ; contested Barry, 1955. B ,eptember, 1908; ed Ynysbir 3Rhondda) School and National ,ouncil of Labour Colleges, where he became a lecturer. Member, 'elect Committee for Parliament- try Commissioner. Sponsored by kUEW, engineering section.
3URTON
Mlectorate: 67,801 Feb: 67,168
'Lawrence I. J. (C) 23,496 Hill, D. R. (Lab) 21,398 Stevens, K. (L) 7,969
C majority 2,098 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 52,863. Turn-out 78.0%.
C 44.4%, Lab 40.5%, L 15.1%. C maj 4.0%. Swing -1.1%.
lebruary 1974: Total vote 53,383
(79.5%)-C 28,343 (53.1%), Lab
25040(46.9%)-C ma' 3,303 (6.2%). Swing -1.2%. i
Wr Ivan Lawrence, barrister, was alected in February, 1974. B December, 1936; ed Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School, Christ Church. Oxford. Contested Peckham in 1966 and 1970.
BURY AND RADCLIFFE
Electorate: 77,798 Feb: 77,145 White, F. R. (Lab) 26,430 ""Fidler, M. M. (C) 25,988 Benson, A. (L) 10,463
Lab majority 442 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 62,881. Turnout 80.8%.
Lab 42.0%, C 41.3%, L 16.6%. Lab maj 0.7%. Swing -0.6%. February 1974: Total vote 61,881
(80.2%)-C 31,113 (50.3%), Lab'30,768 (49.7%)-C ma; 345 (0.5%). Swing -2.5%.
Mr Frank White, industrial rela- ions adviser, contested the seat in February, 1974. B November. 1939- ed Bolton Technical College. Mem-
er, Bolton County Council since 1963; elected, Greater Manchester County Council, 1973. NUGMW. and of Institute of Personnel Management.
BURY ST EDMIUNDS
Electorate: 87,321 Feb: 86,602
*Griffiths, E. W. (C) 32,179 Stephenson, J. K. (Lab) 21,097 Hobday, Mrs S. (L) 10,631
C majority 11,082 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,907. Turn-out 73.2%.
C 50.3%, Lab 33.0%, L 16.6%. C maj 17.3%. Sving -0.-7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 70,367
(81.2%)-C 33,424 (47.5%), Lab 20,171 (28.7%if), L 16,772 (23.9%)--C maj 13,253 (18.8%) Swing - 1.8%.
Mr Eldon Griffiths, Under-Secre- tary for the Environment, with special responsibilities for sport, 1970-74, and with responsibilty for planning applications, wvas re- turned at a by-election in May, 1964. Parliamentary Secretary,
Ministry of Housing and Local Government, June to October, 1970. Journalist; Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales, 1966-70. B May, 1925; ed Ashton Grammar School; Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge; and Yale University. Served in the Conservative re- search department. Chief European correspondent of Washington Post, 1961-63. Adviser to the board of Brandts.
c
CAERNARVON
Electorate: 42,508 Feb: 42,204 *Wigley, D. (PI Cymru) 14,624 Sherrington, E. J. (Lab) 11,730 Harvey, R. L. (C) 4,325 Williams, D. (L) 3,690
PI Cymru majority 2,894 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,369. Turn-out 80.8%.
P1 Cymru 42.5%, Lab 34.1% C 12.6%, L 10.7%. PI Cymru ma; 8.4%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 34,787
(82.4%)-Pi CYMRU 14,103 (40.5%), Lab 12,375 (35.6%), C 5,803 (16.7%), L 2,506 (7.2%)- P1 Cymru maj 1,728 (5.0%). Swing + 0.6%.
Mr Dafydd Wigley, aged 30, senior cost accountant and industrial economist with manufacturing firm in Merthyr. Won the seat for Plaid Cymru in February, 1974. Ed Manchester University. Vice- chairman of Plaid Cymru, party spokesman on finance and taxation. Member, Merthyr Borough Coun- cil.
CAERPHILLY
Electorate : 56,462 Feb : 56,013 *Evans, A. T. (Lab) 24,161 Williams, Dr P. J. S. (PI
Cymru) 10,452 Dover, D. R. (C) 4,897 Lewis, N. H. (L) 3,184
Lab majority 13,709 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,694. Turn-out 75.6%.
Lab 56,6%, P1 Cymru 24.5%, C 11.5%, L 7.4%. Lab maj 32.1%. Swing -0.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,417
(77.5%)-Lab 24,838 (57.2%), PI Cymru 11,956 (27.5%), C 5,912 (13.6%), Ind 711 (1.6%)0- Lab maj 12,882 (29.7%).
Mr Alfred Evans was returned at a by-election in July, 1968 ; contested Stroud, 1959; and Leominster, 1955. Former headmaster. B Feb- ruary, 1914; ed Bargoed Grammar School and University of Wales, Cardiff. Former member, Gelligaer Urban Council. Has served on Estimates Committee and back- bench committees for disabled persons, 'social services and the Middle East.
CAITHNESS AND SUTHERLAND Electorate : 28,837 Feb : 28,571 *MacLennan, R. A. R.
(Lab) 7,941 Sutherland, E. A. C. (Scot
Nat) 5,381 Burnett, M. R. (L) 4,949 McQuarrie, A. (C) 4,240 Lab majority 2,560 NO CHANGE
Total vote 22,511. Turn-out 78.1%.
Lab 35.3%, Scot Nat 23.9%, L 22.0% C 18.8%. Lab maj 11.4%. Swing -0.9%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 23,714
(83.0%)-Lab 8,574 (36.1%), L 6,222 (26.2%), C 5,104 (21.5%), Scot Nat 3,814 (16.1%)-Lab maj 2,352 (9.9%). Swing - 0.1 %.
Mr Robert MacLennan, Under Secretary for Prices and Consumer Protection 1974, was an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1970-72, and defence 1972 to 1974. Won the seat for Labour in March, 1966. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1962). B June, 1936; ed Glasgow Acad- emy, BaUiol College, Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Columbia University, New York. Member, Estimates Committee, 1967-69; Scottish Labour Commit- tee for Europe; 1963 Club; Fabian Society.
CAMBRIDGE
Electorate : 75,947 Feb : 75,440 *Lane, D. W. S. S. (C) 21,790 Curran, J. (Lab) 19,017 O'Loughlin, M. W. B. (L) 11,129 Curry, C. J. (UDP) 885
C majority 2.773 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,821. Turn-out 69.5%.
C 41.2%, Lab 36.0%, L 21.1%, UDP 1.7%. C maj 5.2%. Swing
1. 3-%.
February, 1974: Total vote 59,422
(78.8%)-C 24,119 (40.6%), Lab 19,443 (32.7%), L 15,491 (26.1%), Ind 369 (0.6%)-C maj 4.676 (7.9%). Swing - 1.3%.
lr David Lane, an Opposition spokesman on home affairs, 1974, was Under-Secretary, Home Office 1972-74. Regained the seat for the Conservatives at a by-election in 1967, after contesting it in 1966, and Vauxhall, 1964. Barrister, cal. led by Middle Temple, 195;. For. merly employed by British Iron and Steel Federation (1948-59, secretary from 1956) and by Shell International Petroleum Company (1959 to 1967). B September, 1922; ed Eton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Yale University. Secretary Conservative parliamen- tary education committee, 1969-70. CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Electorate: 84,434 Feb: 83,798 *Pym, F. L. (C) 30,508 Farley, M. P. (Lab) 17,853 Jakobi, S. R. (L) 15,841
C majority 12,655 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,202. Turn-out 76.0%.
C 47.5%, Lab 27.8%, L 24.7%,/. C maj 19.7%. Swing -0.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 69,394
(82.8%,/)-C 32,638 (47.0%), L 18,826 (27.1%), Lab 17,930 (25.8%o)-C maj 13,812 (19.9%). Swing + 0.2%.
Mr Francis Pym, Chief Opposition spokesman on agriculture, fisheries and food, and previously also on Northern Ireland, 1974, is a member of Shadow Cabinet. Secretary of State for North- ern Ireland 1973-74, lhe was re- turned in the 1961 by-election. Par- liamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Government Chief Whip, 1970-73. Contested Rhon- dda West, 1959. Company director and farmer. B February, 1922 ; ed Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Assistant Government whip 1962-64; Opposition whip, 1964-67; Opposition deputy Chief Whip, 1967-70. Member, Hereford. shii-e County Council, 1958-61. CAMDEN, Hampstead
Electorate: 64,085 Feb: 63,835
*Firsberg, G. (C) 18,139 Clarke, A. J. (Lab) 16,414 Longland, R. H. (L) 5,566 Maguire, Mrs M. (I. Civ
Rts) 146 Critchfield, R. 0. (Soc Pty
of GB) 118 Rao, C. (Ind) 31
C majority 1,725 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,414. Turn-out 63.1%.
C 44.9%, Lab 40.6%, L 13.8%, I Civ Rights 0.4%, Soc Pty of GB 0.3%, Ind 0.1%. C maj 4.3%. Swing -0.3%. -
February, 1974: Total vote 45,138
(70.7%)-C 19,536 (43.3%), Lab 17.279 (38.3%), L 8,323 (18.4%) -C maj 2,257 (5.0%). Swing + 2.0% .
Mr Geoffrey Finsberg gained Hampstead for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Islington, East, 1955. B June, 1926; ed City of London School. Member, Hamp- stead Borough Council, 1948-65; and Camden Borough Council, 1964-74, leader 1968-70. Vice-chair- man. Conservative parliamentary committee on trade, since 1972, and joint vice-chairman, Greater London committee of Conservative MPJ.
ALDERSHOT
Electorate: 80,522 Feb: 79,761
*Critchley, J. M. G. (C) 26,463 Burton, A. (L) 16,104 Sudworth, Mrs E. P.
(Lab) 14,936 Greenslade, A. (Nat Front) 1,120
C majority 10,359 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,623. Turn-out 72.8%.
C 45.1%, L 27.5%, Lab 25.5%, Nat Front 1.9%. C maj 17.7%. Swing - 0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 64,784
(8.1%) -C 29,401 (45.4%), L 18,743 (28.9%), Lab 15,492 (23.9%), Nat Front 1,148 (1.8%)-C maj 10,658 (16.4%). Mr Julan Critchley, an author and journalist, was elected in 1970. MP for Rochester and Chatham, 1959-64; contested seat in 1966. Vice-chairman, Conservative back. bench broadcasting and communi- cations committee. B December, 1930; ed Shrewvsbury School, Sor- bonne, and Pembroke College, Oxford. Chairman of Bow Group and of Crossbow, 1966-67; presi- dent, Atlantic Association of Young Political Leaders, 1968; chairman, Blue Ribbon Club; author of a number of Bow Group pamphlets.
ALDRIDGE-BROWNHILLS Electorate: 61,731 Feb: *Edge, G. (Lab)
Teacher, A. J. M. (C) Crofton, J. A. (L)
Keen, T. (Prosp Brit)
61,028 21,403 18,884 8,693
210
Lab majority 2,519 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,190. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 43.5%, C 38.4%, L 17.7%, Pros Brit 0.4%. Lab maj 5.1%. Swing -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,801
(83.2%)-Lab 19,642 (38.7%), C *19,276 (37.9%), L 11,883 (23.4%)-Lab maj 366 (0.7%). Mr Geoffrey Edge, university lec- turer at the Open University, was elected February, 1974. Appointed PPS to Mr Gerald Fowler, Minister of State for Education and Science, 1974. B May, 1943; ed grammar school, Londor School of Econom- ics and Birmingham University. Member, Bletchley Urban District Council; Milton Keynes District Council. .
ALTRINCHAM AND SALE
Electorate : 73,296 Feb : 72,650 Montgomery, W. F. (C) 23,910 Wood, E. (Lab) 16,998 Blackburn, D. (L) 14,980
C majority 6,912 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,888. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 42.8%, Lab 304%, L 26.8%. C maj 12.4%. Swing-2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 59,722
(82.2%)-C 26,434 (44.3%), L 17,738 (29.7%°), Lab 15,550 (26.0%,')-C maj 8,696 (14.6%). Swing -.1.5%.
Mr Fergus Montgomery was MP for Brierley Hill from the by. election in 1967 until February, 1974, when he unsuccessfully con- tested Dudley, West. Represented Newcastle, East, 1959-64 and con- tested Consett, 1955. Finance com- pany director and former teacher. B November, 1927 ; ed Jarrow Grammar School and Bede College, Durham. Member, Hebburn UDC, 1950-58 ; chairman, Young Con- servatives, 1957-58.
ANGLESEY
Electorate : 44,026 Fel *Hughes, C. (Lab) Lewis, T. V. (C)
Iwan, D. (PI Cymrn)
Ankers, W. D. M. (L)
?b : 43,685
13,947
7,975 6,410 5,182
Lab majority 5,972 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,514. Turn-out 76.1%.
Lab 41.60,h, C 23.8%, P1 Cymru 19.1%, L 15.5%. Lab maj 17.8% Swving -0.7%.
Pebruary, 1974: Total vote 35,042
(80.2%, )-Lab 14,652 (41.8%), C 8,898 (25.4%), PI Cymru 7,610 (21.7%), L 3,882 (11.1%)-Lab maj 5,754 (16.4%). Swing -0.8o-
Mr Cledwyn Hughes, Opposition Spokesman on Agriculture, 1970- 71. Minister of Agriculture, Fish- eries and Food, 1968-70: Secre- tary of State for Wales, 1966-68- Minister of State for Common- wealth Relations, 1964-66. Elected in 1951- contested Anglesey, 1945 and 1950. Solicitor. B September, 1916; ed Holyhead Grammar School and University College, Aberystwyth. Former town clerk of Holyhead. Anglesey County Council, 1946-52; Public Accounts Committee, 1957-64; chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party, 1953- 54 ; chairman, Welsh Labour group, 1955-56; vice-chairman PLP liaison committee April, 1974; member, Committee of Privileges, since April, 1974.
ANGUS, NORTH and MEARNS
Electorate: 37,604 Feb : 37,233 *Buchanan-Smith, A. L. (C) 11,835 Murray, I. (Scot Nat) 9,284 McEwan, J. M. S. (Lab) 3,344 Bruce, M. (L) 2,700 C majority 2,551 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,163. Turn-out 72.2%.
C 43.6%o, Scot Nat 34.2%, Lab 12.3%, L 9.9%. C maj 9.4%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 29,282
(78.6%)-C 14,288 (48.8%), Scot Nat 6,837 (23.3%), L 4,412 (15.1%), Lab 3,745 (12.8%' )-C maj 7,451 (25.4%). Swing +0.6%.
Mr Alick Buchanani-Smitlh, chief Opposition spokesman on Scotland since March, 1974, was Under- Secretary for Home Affairs and Agriculture, Scottish Office, 1970- 74, previously an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs. Elected in 1964; contested West Fife in 1959. Farmer. B April, 1932 ; ed Edinburgh Academy Glenalmond, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Edinburgh Univer- sity. Member, Select Committee on Agriculture, 1968-69, vice-chIair- man, Conservative -agricultural committee 1965-66. Secretary, Scot- tish Unionist MPs 1965-66; vice- chairman 1966-67.
ANGUS, South
Electorate : 52,275 Feb: 51,87G Welsh, A. (Scot Nat) 17,073 *Bruce-Gardyne, J. (C) 15,249 Geaughan, N. L. (Lab) 4,103 Will, 11. (L) 2,529
SNP majority 1,824 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 38,954. Turn-our 74.5%t.
Scot Nat 43.8%, C 39.1%, Lab 10.50%, L 6.5%'. Scot Nat maj 4.7. Swing - 3.5%'.
Februaty, 1974 : Total vote 41,422
(79.8%)-C 20,522 (49.5%), Scot Nat 15,179 (36.6%), Lab 5,721 (13.8%)-C maj 5,343 (12.9%). Swing +0.1%.
Mr Andrew Welsh, teacher, con- tested Dunbartonshire, Centrai, in February, 1974. B April, 1944; ed GlasgoNv University. Stirling dis- trict councillor.
0
CAMDEN, Holborn and St Pancras South
Electorate: 39,171 Feb: 38,988
*Jeger, Mrs L. M. (Lab) 11,790 Parsons, R. F. J. (C) 6,349 Lee, M. (L) 2,938
Lab majority 5,44i NO CHANGE
Total vote 21,077. Turn-out 53.8%.
Lab 55.9%, C 30.1%, L 13.9%Z.o Lab maj 25.8°,. Swinp-4.6%. February, 1974 : Total vote 25,269
(64.8%)-Lab 12,414 (49.1%), C 8,223 (32.5%), L 4,632 (18.3%) -Lab maj 4,191 (16.6%1). Swing
3.1%.
Mrs Lena Jeger, journalist, was returned in 1964. Elected for con- stituency, 1953, at a by-election caused by the death of her hus- band, but lost it in 1959. Member, Labour Party National Executive since 1968. B November, 1915; ed Southgate County School and Lon- don University. Speaks Russian and was assistant editor in Moscow of British Ally. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen. Chairman, working party on sewage disposal. CAM}DEN, St Pancras, North
Electorate : 41,629 Feb : 41,432 *Stallard, A. W. (Lab) 14,155 Major, J. R. (C) 6,602 Medlicott, P. J. (L) 3,428
Lab majority 7,553 NO CHANGE
Total vote 24,185. Turn-out 581%t
Lab 58.5%, C 27.3%, L 14.2%. Lab maj 31.2%. Swing-3.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 27,978
(67.5%)--Lab 14,761 (52.7%), C 7,926 (28.3%) L 4,825 (17.2%), Comm 466 (1.7%)-Lab maj 6,835 (24.4%).
Mr Albert Stallard was elected In 1970; formerly a technical training officer. B Noventber, 1921 - ed Lowaters School and Hanilton Academy. Member, St Pancras Borough Council, 1953-65, and Camden Council since that date. Member, AUEW. Chairman, Camden Town . Disablement Committee and Mental Health Association. Sponsored by AUEW (engineering section). CANNOCK
Electorate: 56,572 Feb: 56,059 *Roberts, G. E. (Lab) 23,887 Hill, E. G. (C) 11,665 Freeman, E. (L) 7,459
Lab majorIty 12,222 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,011. Turn-out 76.0%.
Lab 55.5%, C 27.1%, L 17.3%. Lab maj 28.4%. Swing -2.2%. February, 1974: Total-vote 46,383
(82.7%)-Lab 23,869 (51.5%), C 12,805 (27.6%), L 9,709 (20.9%) -Lab maj 11,064 (23.8%).
Mr Gwilym Roberts was elected In February, 1974. MP for Bedford- shire, South, 1966-70. Contested Conway, 1964, and Ormskirk, 1959. B August, 1928; ed Brynefail Gram- mar School and University of Wales. Principal lecturer Hendon College of Technology, 1957-66. In- dustrial consultant, market and Dperational research. CANTERBURY
Electorate: 85,718 Feb: 85,021
TCrouch, D. L. (C) 31,002 Fuller, M. F. (Lab) 16,247 Goulden, Mrs S. E. (L) 13,898 McKilliam, K. R.
(Nat Front) 1,096 C majority 14,755 !10 CHANGE
rotal vote 62,243. Turn-out 72.6%.
C 49.8%, Lab 26.1%, L 223%, Nat Front 1.8%. C maj 23.7%. Swing-1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 68,223
(80.4%)c-h C 34,341 (50.3%), L 17,300 (25.3%), Lab 15,751 (23.1%), Nat Front 831 (1.2°')a- C lmaj 17,041 (25.0%). Swving
MIr David Crouch, a director of Pfizer Ltd, was elected in 1966- :ontested Leeds, West 1959. B June, 1919; ed University College ichool, London. Member, Institute
fG Marketing. Former vice-prsi- ient, West Leeds Conservative A.ssociation. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries since 1970. CARDIFF, North
Electorate: 43,858 Feb : 43,511
*Grist, I. (C) 13,480 Collins, J. (Lab) 11,479 German, M. E. (L) 5,728 Richards, P. (P1l Cymru) 1464
C majority 2,001 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,151. Turn-out 73.3%.
C 41.9%, Lab 35.7%, L 17.8%,; P1 Cymru 4.5%. C mnaj 6.2%M. Swing -2.5%.
February. 1974: Total vote 34,190
(78.6-o))-C 14,659 (42.9%), Lab 10,806 (31.6%), L 7,139 (20.9%), PI Cymru 1,586 (4.6%)-C maj 3,853 (11.3%).
hMr Ian. Grist, an information officer at the Welsh Conservative Party office, contested Aberavon in 1970. B December, 1938; ed Repton and Jesus Coliege, Cambridge. Secretary, Wales and Monmouthshire Conservative MPs, April, 1974.
CARDIFF, North-West
Electorate : 43,787 Feb : 43,417
*Roberts, M. H. A. (C) 15,652 Blewett, C. A. (Lab) 11,319 O'Brien, H. J. (L) 6,322 Palfrey, C. P. (P1 Cymru) 1,278
C majority 4,333 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,571. Turn-out 78.9%.
C 45.3%1, Lab DH 32.7%, L 18.3%, P1 Cymru 3.7%. C maj 12.5%. Swing-2 .1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 35,631
(82.1%)-C 16,654 (46.7%), Lab 10,641 (29.9%), L 7,109 (19.9%), PI Cymru 1,227 (3.4%)-C maj 6,013 (16.9%).
Mr Michael Roberts was elected in 1974; MP for Cardiff, North, which he won for the Conservatives, from 1970 to 1974. Contested Cardiff, South-East, in 1959 and 1959, and Aberdare in the 1954 by-election. Former headmaster. B May, 1927; ed Neath Grammar School and Un- iversity College, Cardiff.
CARDIFF, South-East
Electorate: 57,299 Feb: 56,785
*Callaghan, L. J. (Lab) 21,074 Terlezki, S. (C) 10,356 Bailey, C. (L) 8,006 Bush, K. (P1 Cymru) 983 Harris, B. C. D. (Marx-Len) 75
Lab majority 10,718 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,494. Turn-out 70.7-.
Lab 52.0%', C 25.6%,, L 19.8%, PI Cymru 2.4%o, Marx Len 0.2%. Lab maj 26.5%. Swing - 4.7%. February 1974: Total vote 42,168
(74.3%,'o)-Lab 20,641 (48.9%), C 13,495 (32.0%,.), Ind L 3,800 (9.0%), L 2,978 (7.1A), P1 Cymru 1,254 (3.0%) -Lab maj 7.146 (16.9%).
Mr James Callaghan became Secre- tary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in March, 1974. Was chief Opposition spokes- man on foreign and Common- wealth affairs 1972-74; employment 1971-72; Home Office matters 1970-71. Home Secretary 1967-70: and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1964-67. Chairman of the Labour Party 1973-74, member, national executive, 1957-67, and party trea- surer since 1967. Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, 1950- 51, after three years as Pariiamen- tary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport. Labour spokesman on Treasury affairs, 1961-64. Elected for South Cardiff, 1945, and for Cardiff, South-East, 1950.
CARDIFF, West
Electorate: 52,083 Feb: 51,626 *Thomas, T. G. (Lab) 18,153 Dunn, W. F. N. (C) 11,481 James, R. M. (L) 4,669 Hughes, Dr D. (PI Cymru) 2,008
Lab majority 6,672 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,311: Turn-out 69.7%.
Lab 50.0%, C 316%, L 12.8%, PI Cymru S.5%. Lab maj 18.4%. Swing -4.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,983
(73.6%)-Lab 16,712 (44.0%), C 13,366 (35.2%), L 5,812 (15.3%), PI Cymru 2,093 (5.5%)-Lab maj 3,346 (8.8%).
Mr George Thomas has been Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker since March, 1974. Secretary of State for Wales, 1968- 70, and Opposition chief spokes- man for Wales 1970-74. Elected in 1945 for Cardiff, Central, and in 1950 for Cardiff, West. Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1967- 68; Minister of State, Welsh Office, 1966-67; Under Secretary, Home Office, 1964-66. Teacher. B Janu- ary, 1909; ed at Tonypandy Secondary School and University College, Southampton. Chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party, 1958- 59. Vice-President, Methodist Conference, 1960-61. Elected Fel- lowV, University College of Cardiff, 1973. Sponsored by NUT.
CARDIGAN
Electorate: 43,052 Feb: 42,752
*Howells, G. W. (L) 14,612 Morgan, D. E. (Lab) 12,202 Davies, C. (PI Cymru) 4,583 Williams, D. J. D. (C) 3,275
L majority 2,410 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,672. Turn-out 80.5%.
L 42.1%, Lab 35.2%, PI Cymru 13.2%/o, C 9.4%. L maj 6.9%. Swing -2.90%.°
February, 1974: Total vote 35,778
(83.1%)-L 14,371 (40.2%), Lab 11,895 (33.2%), C 4,758 (13.3%), P1 Cymru 4,754 (13.3%)-L maj 2,476 (6.9%). Swing -1.9%.
Mr Geralnt Howells, chairman of the Welsh Liberal Party won the seat in February 1974. Liberal spokesman on Wales since 1974. Farmer. Contested Brecon and Radnor 1970. B April 1925; ed Ardwyn Grammar School. Member, Cardiganshire County Council since 1952. Served as Welsh Board member, British Wool Marketing Board, and Pon- terwyd Eisteddfod secretary.
CARLISLE
Electorate : 52,319 Feb : 51,822
*Lewis, R. H. (Lab) 21,079 Bloomer, D. (C) 14,825 Phillips, F. (L) 5,306
Lab majority 6,254 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,210. Turn-out 78.8%.
Lab 51.1%, C 36.0%, L 12.9%. Lab maj 15.2%. Swing -1.6%. February, 1974: Total vote 41,886
(80.8°7%)-Lab 23,119 (55.2%), C 18,139 (43.3%), Ind Soc 628 (1.5%)-Lab maj 4,980 (11.9%). Swing -2.7%.
NIr Ronald Lewis, elected in 1964, :ontested West Derbyshire, 1951, South Northants, 1955, and Darl- ington, 1959. Worked in shops sec- ion of British Rail. B July, 1909; Md Elementary schools and Cliff Methodist College. Member, Der- 3shire County Council since 1949 ; Slackwell RDC since 1940, being :hairman tvice. Member Select 'ommittee on Expenditure. Spon- ;ored by NUR. Vice-chairman, PLP rransport Group.
'ARLTON
Electorate: 71,779 Feb * 71,211
1Holland, P. W. (C) 24,638 Lange, D. L. (L) 9,859 Pettit, D. (Lab) 20 019 Marriot, C. (Nat Front) 1,273
C majority 4,619 SJO CHANGE
Total vote 55,789. Turn-out 77.7%.
C 44.2%, Lab 35.9%, L 17.7%, Nat Front 2.3%. C maj 8.3%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,183
184.5°h)-C 27,305 (45.4%), Lab 20,147 (33.5O), L 11,282 (18.7%), Nat Front 1,449 (2.4%)-C maj 7,158 (11.9%).
17;r Philip Holland has represented the constituency since 1966; MP For Acton, 1959-64;* contested Bir- ningham, Yardley, 1955. Industrial ~elations consultant. B March 1917; ed Sir John Deane's Gram- mar School, Northwich. Joinf ,ecretary, Conservative parliamen- tary employment and productivity :omnittee, 1967-70. Member, Pub- ic Accounts Committee. Served on Kensington Borough Council, 1955- 59. President, Conservative trade anion national advisory committee.
CARMARTHEN
Electorate : 60,402 Feb : 59,963 Galley 35 Key 139
Evans, G. (PI Cymru) 23,325 kJones, G. G. (Lab) 19,685 Owen-Jones, D. R. (L) 5,393 Hayward, R. A. (C) 2,962 Jones, E. B. (Brit C) 342
PI Cymru majority 3,640 PL CYblRU GAIN x
Total vote 51,707. Turn-out 85.6%.
PI Cymru 45.10,1, Lab 38.1%, L 10.4%, C 5.7%, Brit C 0.7%. PI Cymru maj 7.0%. Swing -5.0%. February, 1974: Total vote 50,062
(83.5%)-Lab 17,165 (34.3%), PI Cymru 17,162 (34.3%), L 9,698 (19.4%), C 6,037 (12.0%)-Lab maj 3 (0.0%0t). Swing +2.8%.
Mr Gwynfor Evans, president of Plaid Cymru since 1945, wvas MP for Carmarthen 1966-70; contested it in February, 1974, 1966 and 1964; Merioneth in 1945, 1950, 1955 and 1959 and the Aberdare by- election in 1954. B September, 1912; ed Barry County School; University College of Wales, Aber- ystwvyth; and St John's College, Oxford. Farmer and market gar- dener.
Carshalton, see Sutton
CHEADLE
Electorate : 65,558 Feb : 64,942
*Normanton, T. (C) 25,863 Green, C. F. (L) 18,687 Castle, P. D. (Lab) 8,048
C majority 7,176 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,598. Turn-out 80.2%.
C 49.2%, L 35.5%. Lab 15.3%. C maj 13.6%. Sving -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,472
(85.4%1)-C 27,556 (49.7%°), L 21,332 (38.4%), Lab 6,584 (11.9%°) -C maj 6,224 (11.2%).
Mr Tom Norrmanton won the seat
for the Conservatives in 1970 ; con- tested Rochdale in 1964 and 1959. [ndustrialist and company direc- tor. B March, 1917 ; ed Manchester Grammar School, Manchester Uni. versity and Manchester College of Technology. Secretary, Conserva. tive Parliamentary committee on industry, 1972-74; member, Euro. pean Parliament, since 1973. Appointed employer represent. ative, National Board for Prices and Incomes, 1967-69. Immediate Past President, British Textile Employers' Association; Vice. President International Textile Federation. Secretary, Conserva. tive parliamentary energy commit.
tee since January, 1974. Member Textile Industry Trainin;g Board, 1967.70, and, since 1968, of Central Training Council under Secretary of State for Employment.
Chelsea,
see Kensington and Chelsea
CIIELMSFORD
Electorate: 80,042 Feb: 79,285 *St John-Stevas, N. A. P.
(C) 26,'334 Mole, S. G. (L) 22,332 Acklaw, J. T. SLab) 14,711
C majority 4,002 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,377. Turn-out 79.2%,
C 41.5%, L 35.2%, Lab 23.2%. C maj 6.30/%. Swing-0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 66,552
(83.9%)-c. 28,506 (42.9%), L 21,929 (32.9%), Lab 16,063 (24.1%)-C maj 6,631 (10%).
Mr Norman St John-Stevas, chief Opposition spokesman on educa- tion since Minister of State for Education and Science with responsibility for the arts, 1973-74; Under-Secretary for Education and Science, 1972-73. Elected in 1964: contested Dagen- ham in 1951. Barrister, author and Journalist. B May, 1929; ed Rat- cliffe College, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge (president of the Un- ton 1950), Christ Church, Oxford, fnd Yale University. Called by Middle Temple, 1953. Member Select Committee on Race Rela- tions and Immigration, 1968-69 executive, 1922 Committee, 1974.
CHELTENHAM
Electorate: 62;746 Feb: 62,065
Irving, C. (C) 21,691 Rodger, F. C. (L) 13,237 Inglis, F. C. (Lab) 12,134
C majority 8,454 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,062. Turn-out 75.0%.
C 46.1%. L 28.-%. Lab 25.8%. C maj 18.0%. Swing +1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,505
(81.4%)-C 21,723 (43.0%), L 15,811 (31.3%), Lab 12,971 (25.7%)-C maj 5,912 (11.7%). -Swing -0.8%.
Mr Charles Irving, company direc- tot and director of public relations for Dowty group of companies, contested Bilston 1970 and Kings- wood, February, 1974. Former hotel kitchen boy. Member of Cheltenham Borough Council and Gloucestershire County Council since 1948. Mayor, Cheltenham 1958-60, 1971-72. B May, 1926 ; ed Lucton School and CheltenhAm Grammar School. Chairman of- regional council for South Wales and Severnside. Member, National Council for the Care and Resettle- ment of Offenders. Founder and chairman, National Victims Asso- ciation. Member, South West Regional Hospital Board.
CHERTSEY AND WALTON
Electorate: 67,527 Feb: 66,935
*Pattie, G. E. (C) 25,151 Brady, N. J. (Lab) 14,847 Robinson, T. (L) 9,194 Redgrave, H. J. (Ind) 424 C majority 10,304 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,616. Turn-out 73.5%.
C 50.7%, Lab 29.9%, L 18.5%, Ind 0.8%o. C maj 20.8%. Swing -0.5% .
February, 1974: Total vote 54,869
(81.9%)-C 26,603 (48.5%), Lab 14,640 (26.7%), L 13,626 (24.8%). -C maj 11,963 (21.8%).
Mr Geoffrey Pattie, company director. B January, 1936 ; ed Dur- ham and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-law (Gray's Inn). Contested Barking, 1970 and 1966. GLC member for Lambeth, 1967-70 ; chairman, Inner London Education Authority finance committee, 1968-70. Member, General Synod, Church of England, and MCC. Director leading British advertising agency.
CHESHAM AND AMERSHAM
Electorate : 63,385 Feb : 62,744
*Gilmour, I. H. J. L. (C) 25,078 Stoddart, D. A. (L) 14,091 Poston, J. R. (Lab) 10,325
C majority 10,987 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,494. Turn-out 78.1%,1.
C 50.7%, L 28.5%, Lab 20.9%. C maj 22.29%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,354
(85.0%)-C27,035 (50.7%,), L 16,619 (31.1%), Lab 9,700 (18.2%)-C maj 10,416 (19.5%). Mr Ian Gilmour, Chief Opposition spokesman on N Ireland (prev- iously on defence) and member of Shadow Cabinet, 1974. Secretary of State for. Defence, 1974; Minis- ter of State for Defence, 1972-74;
Minister of State for Defence Pro- curement, 1971-72; Under-Secre- tary for Defence for the Army, 1970-71. MP for Norfolk, Central, 1962-74; contested Hounslow, West by-election, 1962. Journalist and barrister. Editor, Spectator, 1954- 59. B July, 1926; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1952.
CHESTER, CITY OF
Electorate : 69,605 Feb: 68,962 *Morrison, P. H. (C) 23,095 Crawford, J. (Lab) 18,477 Green, R. M. (L) 10,907
C majority 4,618 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,479. Turn-out 75.4%.
C 44.0%. Lab 35.2%. L 20.8% C maj 8.8%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,384
(80.3%)-C 24,527 (44.3%), Lab 17,759 (32.1%b), L 13,098 (23.6%) -C maj 6,768 (12.2%). Swing -0.9%.
Mr Peter Morrison Is an invest- ment manager and company direc- tor. B 1944; ed Eton College and Keble College, Oxford. Personal assistant to Mr Peter Walker 1966- 67; investment manager vith Slater Walker Securities Ltd 1968-70. Partner in farming enterprise in Scotland. Member of organizations for the mentally handicapped. Younger brother of Mr Charles Morrison, Conservative MP for
Devizes. -
CHESTERFIELD
Electorate : 71,210 Feb : 70,659
*Varley, E. G. (Lab) 30,953 Taylor, J. D. (C) 13,393 Brown, M. W. (L) 7,349
Lab majority 17,560 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,695. Turn-out 72.6%.
Lab 59.9%, C 25.9%, L 14.2%. Lab maj 34.0%. Swing -3.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,621
(801°/)-Lab 31,040 (54.8%), C 15,644 (27.6%), L 9,937 (17.5%)- Lab maj 15,396 (27.2%). Swing +0.1%.
Mr Eric Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March, 1974. An Opposition spokesman on regional policy, 1970-72; chief spokesman on fuel and power, 1972-74; chairman PLP trade union group, 1972-74. Minis- ter of State, Technology and
Power, 1969-70; assistant Govern- ment whip, 1967-69. Elected in 1964. Craftsman in mining in-
dustry. B August, 1932; ed second- ary school, technical college, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Derbyshire area executive of National Union of Mineworkers, 1955-64. Sponsored by NUM.
CITIES OF LONDON AND WESTMINSTER, City of Westminster; Paddington
Electorate: 58,499 Feb: 58,2S3 *Latham, A. C. (Lab) -17,155 Wolfson, G. M. (C) 14,844 Lwis, N. J. S. (L) 3,742 Wertheim, C. D. (LCCP) 192 Allmun, S. (I Civ Rts) 135
Lab majority 2,311 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,068. Turn-out 61.6%.
Lab 47.6%, C 41.1%, L 10.4%, LCCP 0.5%, I Civ Rights 0.4%. Lab maj 6.4%. Swing -2.2%. 'February, 1974: Total vote 40,155
(690%)-Lab 17,293 (43.0%). C 16,421 (40.9%) L 5,440 (16.0%) -Lab maj 872 (2.1%).
Mr Arthour Latham was MP for Paddington, North, 1969-74. Con- tested Rushcliffe, 1964, and Wood- ford, 1959. Lecturer in further education. B August, 1930; ed Romford Royal Liberty School, Garnett College of Education. Member, Havering Council (for- merly Romford Borough Council) since 1952 and alderman since 1962 ; former leader Labour group. Member, CAWU, TGWU, ATTI.
CITIES OF LONDON AND WESTMINSTER, City of
Westminster, St Marylebone
Electorate: 43,633 Feb: 43,472
*Baker, K. W. (C) 13,660 Moberly, Mrs P. J. (Lab) 7,157 Silver, B. (L) 4,067
C majority 6,503 NO CHANGE
Total vote 24,884. Turn-out 57.0%.
C 54.9%, Lab 28.8%, L 16.3%. C maj 26.1%. Swing-2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 28,708
(66.1%)-C 15,683 (54.6%), Lab 6,950 (24.2%), L 5,599 (19.5%), Ind Powell 470 (1.6% )-C mal 8,7p7 (30.3%). Swing - 1.2%.
Mr Kenneth Baker, Parliamentary Secretary, Civil Service Depart- ment, 1972-74. Elected, 1970 by- election. MP for Acton, 1968-70 and contested the seat in 1966; fought Poplar 1964. Industrial con- sultant. B Nov, 1934; ed St. Paul's School and Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. Member, Twicken- ham Borough Council, 1960-62; Public Accounts Committee, 1969- 70.
CLEVELAND AND WHITBY
Electorate : 60,674 Feb: 60,173
*Brittan, L. (C) 19,973 Pimlott, B. J. (Lab) 18,445 Watson, G. G. (L) 7,795
C majority 1,528 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,213. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 43.2%, Lab 39.9%, L 16.9%. C maj 3.3%. Swing -2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,568
(82.0%)-C 21,090 (42.5%,), Lab 17,448 (35.2%), L 11,030 (22.2%)-C maj 3,642 (7.3%).
Mr Leon Brittan, barrister (called to the Bar, 1962). B September, 1939 ; ed Haberdashers' Aske's School, Trinity College, Cam- bridge (president of Union) and Yale University. Elected in Feb- ruary, 1974; contested Ken- sington, North, 1970 and 1966. Vice-chairman, National Associa- tion of School Governors and Managers; member, advisory com- rmittee on housing of Community Relations Commissions. Chairman Bow Group 1964 and 1965. Editor of Crossbow 1966-68. Member political committee, Carlton Club.
CLITHEROR
*lectorate: 52,086 Feb: 51,567 Walder, A. D. (C) 19,643 McColgan, B. (Lab) 12,775 Roberts, C. W. (L) ,S503
C majority 6,868 NO CHANGE
Total- ote 40,921. Turn-out 77.5%.
C 48.0%, Lab 31.2%, L 20.8%. C mai %.8%. Swing-1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,13tl
(83.6%)-C 20,613 (47.8%), Lab 12085 (28.0%), L 10,438 (24.2%) -C maj 8,52S (19.8%). Swing + 2.0%.
I* David Walder, assistant Gov- 4rnment whip, 1973-74. Returned hI 1970; represented High Peak, 1961-66; contested Leicester, South-West, 1959. Barrister, author and publisher. B Novem- ber, 1928; ed Latymer School and Christ Church, Oxford. Chairman, Wembley South Conservative Association, 1958-59. Vice-chair- nan, Parliamentary home affairs pommittee. Former member, pub- lliung and economic directorate of CRI. Joint secretary, Conser- ative defence committee from March 1974 and home affairs com-
COATIRIDGE AND AIRDRIE
Zjactorate: 59,903 Feb: 59,246
*Dempsey, J. (Lab) 23,034 H1S1, D. R. M. (Scot Nat) 12,466 Love J. (C) 7,683 &nl& A. (L) 1,446
Lab majorlt t10,568 NO CRANGE
Total vote 44,629. Turn-out 74.5%.
Lab 51.6%, Scot Nat 27.9%, C 17.2%, L 3.2%. Lab ma; 23.7%. Swing -4.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,068
(77%) -Lab 24,945 (54.1%),
13,162 (28.6%), Scot Nat 7,961 (17 3%)-Lab maj 11,783
(25.6%).
Wr James Dempsey, elected in 1959, was a clerk with a haulage firm, later a lecturer on political economy and a writer on local government. B February, 1917; ed Holy Family School, Mossend. Co-operative College, Lough- borough, and National Council of Ibour Colleges. Member, Lan- arkshire County Council since 1945.
COLCHESTER
BIf c.torat: 8_1,836 Feb : 81,134
*Buck, A. (C) 27,693 Whytock, Dr D. (Lab) 22;193 Christian, D. (L) 12,421
C majority 5,500 No CHANGE
Total vote 62,307. Turn-out 76.1%.
C 44.4°,o, Lab 35.6%, L 19.9%o. C mai 8.8%. Swing -0.7%/.
February, 1974: Total vote 67,019
(82.6%)-C 29,072 (43.4%), Lab 22,210 (33.1%), L 15,737 (23.5%)-C maj 6,862 (10.2%). Swing - 3.6%.
Mr Antony Buck, Under Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, 1972-74, was returned at a by-elec- tion in 1961. Barrister (Inner Tem- ple, 1954) and former director of famiy agricultural merchants business. B December, 1928; ed King's School, Ely, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Legal adviser, National Association of Parisb Councils, 1957-59. Committee mem- ber of the Bow Group for four years and secretary for two. Sec- retarv, Conservative Home Affairs Committee, 1964-70; Member. Select Committee on Parli m'-'"" Commission for Ad- . - 1970-72 and sinc or' i: i9
COLNE VALLEY
Electorate: 60,774 Feb: 60,293 *Wainwright, R. S. (L) 21,997 Clark, D. G. (Lab) 20,331 Davy, K. E. (C) 7,337
L majority 1,666 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,66S. Turn-out 81.7%.
L 44.3%, Lab 40.9%, C 14.8%. L maj 3.3%. Swing -4.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,113
(86.4%)-L 20,984 (40.3%), Lab 20,265 (38.9%), C 10,864 (20.8%) -L maj 719 (1.4%). Swing - 0.1%.
Mr Richard Wainwright won the seat for the Liberals in 1966, after contesting it in 1964, at the 1963 by-election and in 1959. He lost it to Labour in 1970; regained it in February, 1974. Chief Liberal parliamentary spokesman on eco- nomic and industrial affairs, 1966- 70. Member, Public Expenditure Committee since April, 1974. Chartered accountant (President, Leeds, Bradford and District Char- tered Accountants, 1965-66). B April, 1918 ; ed Shrewsbury School and Clare College, Cambridge. Ap- pointed Liberal spokesman on trade and industry, March, 1974.
CONSETT
Electorate : 59,014 Feb: 58,622
*Watkins, D . J. (Lab) 27,123 Lycett, M. (C) 7,677 Gillinder, J. (L) 5,695
Lab majority ' 19,446 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,495. Turn-out 68.6% .
Lab 67.0%, C 18.9%, L 14.1%. Lab maj 48.0%. Swing-3.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,843
(76.5%)-Lab 27,401 (61.1%), C 9,058 (20.2%), L 8,384 (18.7%) -Lab maj 18,343 (40.9%). Swving + 0.4%.
Mr David Watkins was elected in 1966. Contested Bristol, Nortlh- West, 1964. Engineer. B August, 1925; ed secondary school and Bristol College of *Technology. Member, Bristol City Council, 1954-57, and Bristol Education Committee, 1958-66. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1967-69. CONWAY
Electorate : 51,730 Feb: 51 365
*Roberts, 1. W. P. (C) 15,614 Rees, Rev D. B. (Lab) 12,808 Jones, Dr D. T. (L) 6,344 Farmer, M. (P1 Cymru) 4,668
C majority 2,806 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,434. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 39.6%, Lab 32.5%, L 16.1%, PI Cymru 11.8%. C maj 7.1%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,726
(81.2%)-C 16,763 (40.2%), Lab 12,214 (29.3%), L 8,546 (20.5%), PI Cymru 4,203 (10.1%)-C maj 4,549 (10.9%). Swing + 4.3%.
Mr Wyn Roberts, television execu- tive and journalist, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B July, 1930; ed Beaumaris County School, Harrow and University College, Oxford. Formerly Welsh Controller, TWW Ltd, and a for- mer executive of Harlech Tele- vision. Joint secretary, Conserva- tive broadcasting committee since 1974.
CORNWALL, North
Electorate: 51,779 Feb: 51,376
*Pardoe, J. W. (L) 21,368 Neale, G. A. *(C) 17,512 Tremlett, R. (Lab) 2,663 Bridgwater, R. J.1
(Anti Pty) 148 L majority 3,856 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,691. Turn-oLut 80.5°.
L 51.2%, C 42.0%, Lab 6.4%, Anti Party 0.3%. L maj 9.2%. Swing +0.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,331
(86.3%)-L 25,667 (57.9%O), C 16,938 (38.2%), Lab 1,726 (3.9%)-L maj 8,729 (19.7%).
Mr John Pardoe, Liberal spokes- man on economic affairs was also deputy Liberal Whip until 1974. Won seat from Conservatives in 1966; contested Finchley, 1964. Treasurer, Liberal Party, 1968-69. B July, 1934 ; ed Sherborne School and Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge. Former consultant to National Association of School- masters. Member, Independent Broadcasting Authority's general advisory council, since 1973. Mem- ber, London Metal Exchange. Director, International Metal Co.
COVENTRY, North-East
Electorate : 63,605 Feb*: 63,249
*Park, G. M. (Lab) 26,489 Clarke, I. (C) 10,520 Dredge, R. (L) 6,846 Wilkins, A. (WRP) 352 Hosey, J. (Comm) 309
Lab majority 15,969 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,516. Turn-out 70.0%'
Lab 59.5%, C 23.6%, L 15.4%, WEP 0.8%, Comm 0.7%. Lab maj 35.9%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47,735
(75.9%)-Lab 30,496 (63.9%), C 15,069 (31.6%), People 1,332 (2.8%), Comm 838 (1.7%)-Lab maj 15,427 (32.3%).
Mr George Park, an engineer, is leader of Coventry Borough Coun- cil and Coventry District Council. Member, West Midlands Metro- pohltan County Council. B Septem- ber, 1914; ed Onslow Drive Secondary School, Glasgow, Whitehill Grammar School. Glas- gow and Coventry Technical Col- Iege.
COVENTRY, North-West
Electorate : 49,247 Feb * 48,960
*Edelman, M. (Lab) 19,205 Guinness, J. (C) 11,717 NWnhitam,' Mrs P. (L) 5,798
(People) 313 Lab majority 7,488 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,033. Turii-out 75.2%.
Lab 51.8%, C 31.6°%, L 15.6%, People 0.8%. Lab'maj 20.2%.. Swing-1.6% -
February, 1974 : Total vote 39,062
(79.9%)-Lab 22,089 (56.5%), C 15,431 (39.5%), People 1,542 (3.9%)-Lab mij 6,658 (17.0%). Mr Maurice Edelman has held the seat since 1950. Represented Coventry, West, 1945-50. Journa- list and author. B March, 1911
ed Cardiff High School and Trinity College, Camnbridge. Vice-chairman
of the British Council, i95i-6i Vice-president, Franco-British Par- liamentary Committee ; Member, European Consultative Assembly 1949-51 and 1965-70.
COVENTRY, South-East
Electorate : 50,818 Feb : 50,515
*Wilson, W. (Lab) 20,771 Hannington, C. (C) 8,640 Woodcock, D. (L) 4,952
Lab majority 12,131 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,363. Turn-out 67.6%.
Lab 60.4%, C 25.1%, L 14.4% Lab maj 35.3%. Swing -3.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 38,155
(75.5%)-Lab 22,217 (58.2%), C 11,466 (30.0%), L 4 472 (11.7%)-Lab maj 10,751 (28.2%).
Mr William Wilson was elected in 1964. Contested Warwick and
Leamington in 1951, 1955, 1957
(by-election), and 1959. B June, 1913.; ed elementary school, Cov- entry Technical College, and
lirmingham University. Solicitor. '4ember, Warwvickshire County Cotincil. 1958-70 and since 1972.
COVENTRY, South-West
Electorate : 67,841 Feb : 67,506
*Wise, Mrs A. (Lab) 23,225 Jeffrey, J. (C) 21,107 Chapple, N. B. (L ) 8,579 Rickard, R. (Nat Front) 822 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 144
Lab majority 2,118 NO CHANGE
Totat vote 53,877. Turn-out 79.4%.
Lab 43.1%, C 39.2%, L 15.9%, Nat Front 1.5%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 3.9%. SWing -1.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 56,805
(84.3%).-Lab 22,985 (40.5%), C 22,472 (39.5%), L 11,348 (20.0%)-Lab maj 513 (0.9%).
Mrs Audrey Wise, lecturer on political matters. B 1935; ed Rutherford High School. Member of a borough council at agje of 21. Member, Institute for Wor ers' Control. Elected for seat in. Feb. ruary, 1974.
CREWE
Electorate : 59,227 Feb: 58,788 *Dunwoody, Mrs G. P.
(Lab) 21,534 Park, J. G. (C) 14,279 Richardson, E. (L) 7,559
Lab majority 7,255 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,372. Turn-out 73.2%.
Lab 49.6%, C 32.9%, L 17.4%. Lab ma] 16.7%,. Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,708
(77.7%)-Lab 21,259 (46.5%), C 16,136 (35.3%O), L 8,313 (18.2%)2-.Lab maj 5,123 (11.2%). Swing - 1.3%.
Mrs Gwyneth Dunwoody, elected in February, 1974, was Parlia- mentary Secretary, Board of Trade 1967-70. Sat for Exeter, 1966-70, after contesting it in 1964. B De- cember, 1930; ed Fulham 'County Secondary School and the Convent of Notre Dame. Director, Film Producers' Association of Great Britain since 1970.
CROSBY
Electorate : 78,605 Feb : 77,822
*Page, R. G. (C) 29,764 Hignett, Miss M. J.
(Lab) 17,589 Hill, A. (L) 10,429
C majority 12,175 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,782. Turn-out 73.50.
C 51.5%, Lab 30.4%, L 18.0%.. C maj 21.1%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 62,310
(79.5°,')-C 32,519 (52.2%), Lab 16,949 (27.2%), L 12,842 (20.6%) -C maj 15,570.(25.0%).
Mr Graham Page, Minister for Local Government and Develop- ment within the Department of the Environment, 1970-74; Minis- ter of State for Housing and Local Government, June to October, 1970. Opposition spokesman on land and housing, 1964-70. Re- turned at by-election in 1953- contested Islington, North, 1950 and 1951. B June, 1911 ; ed Mag- dalen College School, Oxford, and London University. Solicitor. Chairman of Select Committee on Statutory Instruments, 1964-70.
CROYDON, Central
Electorate : 66,746 Feb . 66.140
*Moore, J. E. M. (C) 20,390 Winnick, D. (Lab) 20,226 Maxwell, I. H. (L) 7,834
C majority 164 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,450. Turnout 72.6°.
C 42.1%, Lab 41.7%, 7L 16.2'.o C maj 0.3%.. Swving -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,738
(79.8%)-C 21,353 (40.5%). Lab 20,039 (38.0%), L 11,346 (21.5%)-C maj 1,314 (2.5%).
Mr John Moore, investment banker and stockbroker, was elected in February, 1974. B November, 1937 ; ed Licensed Victuallers' School, Slough, London School of Economics (President of the union, 1959-60). Member, London 7borough council of Merton, 1971-
CROYDON, North-East
Electorate: 58,306 Feb : 57,951
'Weatherill, B. B. (C) 17,938 Simpson, D. H. (Lab) 15,787 Streeter, P. T. (L) 7,228 Stringer, W. (Ind Brit Nat) 451
C majority 2,151 'J0 CHANGE
rotal vote 41,404. Turn-out 71.0o.
C 43.3%, Lab 38.1%, L 17.4°, Ind Brit Nat 1.1%. C maj 5.2%. Swing -1.6%.
7ebruary, 1974: Total vote 45,629 (78.7S )-C 19,395 (42.5b), Lab 15,575 (34.1%/O), L 10,659 (23.4%)-C maj 3,820 (8.4%/O). Nr Bernard Weatherill, Govern- nent Deputy Chief Whip, 1973-74 ; Comptroller of the Household (whip), 1972-73 and Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury (whip), 1970-72. Opposition whip 1967-70. Elected in 1964. A master tailor and former vice-chairman, Bernard Weatherill Ltd. Freeman of the City of London. B November, 1920; ed Malvern College. Mem- ber, National Union of Conserva- bive Party 1963-64; chairman, 3uildford Conservative Associa. tion, 1959-63; vice-chairman, South-Eastern Area Council, 1962-64.
CROYDON, North-West
Electorate : 55,176 Fcb : 54,759
*Taylor, R. G. (C) 16,035 Boden, S. J. (Lab) 14,556 Pitt, W. H. (L) 6,563 Hollaind, P. (Nat Front) 1,049
C majority 1,479 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38.283. Turn-oult 69.2°O.
C 42.0%, Lab 38.1%, L 17.2%, Nat Front 2.7%,.. C maj 3.9%'. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 42,410
.4%)-C 17,887 (42.2%), Lab 14,816 (34.9%). L 9,707 (22.9 ;%.)-C mai 3,071 (7.2%).
Mr Robert Taylor was elected in 1970. An architectural ironmonger. Contested Battersea North, 1964 and 1959. B December, 1932; ed Cranleigli School. Director of G. and S. Allgood Ltd and associated companies; chlairman of C. and S. Allgood (Pty) Ltd. Former Sussex
county rugby player. Member, Committee of Building Materials
Export Group. TA parachutist.
CROYDON. Soulh
Electorate 60,090 Feh - 59.447
*Clark, W G IC(C) 25,703 Nunneley, D. (L) 11,514 Keene, D. W. (Lab) 7,203
C majority 14,189 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,420. Turn-out 73.9%.
C 57.9%, L 25.9°, Lab 16.2%. C maj 31.9%1. Swing -1.6%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,928
(82.3%)-C 28,915 (59.1%). L 13,048 (26.7%), Lab 6,965 (14.2%,6)-C maj 15,867 (32.4%). Mr Villiam Clark, returned in Feb. ruary, 1974, was MP for ,Sur- rey, East, from 1970 to 1974. Contested Northampton in 1955 and was MP for Nottingham, South, 1959-66. B October, 1917; ed London secondary school. Member, Wandsworth Borough Council, 1949-53. Accountant and Financial director of sugar produc-
Ing companies. Appointed joint treasurer of Conservative Party, April. 1974.
D
Dagenham, see Barking
DARLINGTDN
Electorate: 62,955 Feb 62,414
*Fletcher, E. J. (Lab) 21,334 Hord, B. H. (C) 17,620 Freitag, P. (L) 7,882
Lab majority 3,714 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,836. Turn-out 74.4%.
Lab 45.5%, C 37.6%, L 16.8%. Lab maj 7.9%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,421
(80.8%)-Lab 20,546 (40.7%o). C 18,477 (36.6%), L 11,398 (22.6%)-Lab maj 2.069 (4.1%). Swing + 1.9%.
Mr Edward Fletcher, elected in 1964. contested Middlesbrough, West in 1959. Trade union official. B February, 1911; ed elementary school and Fircroft College, Bir. mingham. Member of Newcastle City Council since 1960. Member, estimates committee, 1964-66
expenditure committtee, 1964-70- and 1969-70 area secretary, CAWU. DARTFORD
Electorate: 57,038 Feb: 56,529 *Irving, S. (Lab Co-op) 20,000 Bright, G. (C) 15,335 Dunk, G. (L) 6,606 Aldous, R. H. (Nat Front) 939
Lab Co-op majority 4,665 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,697. Turn-out 76.6%.
Lab& Coop 47.6%, C 35.1%, L 15.1%, Nat Front 2.1%. Lab & Coop maj 12.5%. Swing -2.3°. February, 1974: Total o:tq 47,170
(83.4%/o)-Lab & Co-op 19,803 (4z.0%1), C 16,149 (34.2%), L 10,273 (21.8%), Nat Front 945 (2P0%)-Lab & Co-op maj 3,654 (7.7%)
MIr Sydney Irving held the seat from 1955 to 1970 and regained it in February, 1974. Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Ways and Means, 1968-70; Deputy Chairman of Committee of Ways and Means, 1966-68; Treasurer of the House- hold and Deputy Chief Whip, 1964- 6fi. Teacher and lecturer. B July, 1918; ed Pendower School, Newcas- tle upon Tyne, and London School of Economics. Deputy Pro Chan- cellor, University of Kent, 1968-70; Alderman, Dartford Borough Council, 1952-70. DARWEN
Electorate : 70,611 Feb : 70,004
*Fletcher-Cooke,'C. (C) 23,577
Campbell-Savours, D. N.
(Lab) 17,926 Cooper, A. (L) 12,572
C majority 5,651 NO CHANGE
Total vote, 54,075. Turn-out 76.6%.
C 43.6%, Lab 33.1%, L 23.2%. C maJ 10.4%. Swing -2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,740
(1%)-C 25,495 (44.9%), Lab 16,185 (28.5%), L 15,OGO (26.5%)-C maj 9,310 (16.4%). SwIng - 0.7%.
Mr Charles Fletcher-Cooke, QC was elected in 1951. Under Secre- tary, Home Office, 1961-63. Contested East Dorset as Labour candidate, 1945. B May, 1914; ed Malvern College and Peterhouse, Cambridge; president of the union, 1936. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1938), QC, 1958. Legal adviser to the Government at the Danube Conference in 1948. DAVENTRY
Electorate : 83,253 Feb * 82,533
*Jones, A. (C) 29.801 Forwood, D. (Lab) 20.739 Cassidy, D. (L) 13,640
C majority 9,062 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,180. Turn-out 77.10%.
C 46.4%, Lab 32.3%, L 21.2%. C maj 14.1%. *Swing +0.0%. February, 1974 : Total vote 69,599
(84.3i) -C 31,273 (44.9%,,), Lan 21,524 (30.9%), L 16.802 (24.1% )-C maJ 9.749 (14.0%). lt'Ir Arthur Jones, returned in February, 1974, represented Northamptonshire, South, 1962-74; contested Wellingborough, 1955. Estate agent with an interest in a number of private companies. B October, 1915; ed Bedb.rd Modern School. hember Bedford Borough Council since 1949, former Mayor; Bedfordshire County Council 1956. 67. Secretary, Conservative envir- onment committee, 1974. DEARNE VALLEY
Electorate : 63,265 Feb : 62,695
* Wainwright, E. (Lab) 33.315 Lord Irwin (C) 6,046 Hargreaves, P. (L) 5,588
Lab majority 27,269 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,949. Turn-out 71.0o.
Lab 74.1%, C 13.4%, L 12.4%. Lab maj 60.7%. Swing -2.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,456
(8.%)-Lab 34,727 (68.8%), L 7,873 (15.86%/), C 6,950 (13.8%,,), Ind 906 (1.81%)-Lab niaj 26.854 (53.2%). Swing +2.5%.
Mr Edwin Wainwright, secretary of the PLP trade union group since 1966. Elected inl 1959. B August, 1908; ed Darfield Council School and Wombwell and Barnsley Tech- nical College. Miner and branch official of the National Union of Mineworkers for 26 years. AMember, National Executive Committee, NUM 1952-59 and sponsored by NUM. Secretary, Yorkshire group of Parliamentary Labour Party since 1966. DENBIGH
Electorate : 63,506 Feb : 62,978
*Morgan, W. G. 0. (C) 18,751 Williams, Dr D. (L) 14,200 Flynn, P (Lab) 9,824 Jones, I W. (PI Cymru) 5,754
C majority 4,551 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48.529. Turn-out 76.4%.
C 38.6%, L 29.3%, Lab 20.i%, PI Cymru 11.8%. C maj 9.4%. Swing -1.7%.
Februarv. 1974 Total vote 50,745
(80.5%0)-C 21,258 (41.9%h ), L 15,243 (30.0%), Lab 10,141 (20.0%), PI Cymru 4.103 (8.1%)-C nmaj 6.015 (11.8%) Swving +1.8%.
Mr Geraint Morgan, QC, was elected in 1959; contested Mer- ioneth in 1951 and Huyton, 1955. A barrister (Gray's Inn, 1947), QC, 1971. B November, 1920; ed Uni- versity College of Wales, Aberys-
twvth, and Trinity aill, Cambridge, Vice-chairman of Welslh Conservative MPs
Deptford, see Lewisham DERBY, Nortb
Electorate : 82.697 Feb: 81,854
*Whitehead, P. (Lab) 26,960 Penfold, D. J. (C) 22,767 Peel, M. D. (L) 10,595 Smith, H. (Pros Brit) 242
Lab majority 4,193 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,564. Turn-out 73.2%.
Lab 44.50, C 37.6%O , L 17.5%, Pros Brit 0.4%. Lab maj 6.9%. Swing -2.4%t.
February, 1974: Total vote 64,760
(78.9%)-Lab 26,029 (40.2o ), C 24,736 (38.2%), L 13,995 (21.6%)-Lab maj 1.293 (2.0%). Mr Phillip Whitehead, television producer and writer. Elected 1970; contested West Derbysliire in 1966. B May, 1937; ed Lady Manners Grammar School, Bakewell, and
Exeter College, Oxford. Member Fabian Society executive commit- tee, and NUJ. Member, Public Expenditure Committee since April, 1974.
DEWSBURY
Electorate: 61,508 Feb: 60,991
*Ginsburg, D. (Lab) 20,378 Wood, Mrs M. (C) 13,477 Allsop, A. (L) 10,991
Lab majority 6,901 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,846. Turn-out 72.9%.
Lab 45.4%. C 30.0%, L 24.5%. Lab maj 15.4%. Swing -2.2%. February, 1974: Total vote 49,859
(81.7%)-Lab 21,186 (42.5%), C 15,774 (31.6%), L 12,899 (25.9%)-Lab maj 5,412 (10.8%). Swing -0.4%.
Mr David Ginsburg, elected in 1959. Market research consultant. Previously secretary, Labour Party research department, and of home policy sub-committee of National Executive. Deputy chairman, Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee; member, Select Committee on Science and Technology. B March, 1921- ed University College School, hampstead; Balliol Oxford. Member, Institute Profes sional Civil Servants, 1946-52, T & GWU since 1952. Labour Parts representative on Economics Comr mittee of TUC, 1952-59.
DONCASTER
Electorate : 59.464 Feb: 58,884 *Walker, H. (Lab) 22,17; Wilkinson, J. (C) 14,74i Davison, W. J. (L) 6,33E
Lab majority 7,43C NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,260. Turn-out 72.7%
Lab 51.3%, C 34.1%, L 14.6% Lab maj 17.2%. Swing -2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,09(
(81.6 2/6)-Lab 23,041 (47.9%), ( 17,565 (36,5%), L 7,49( (15.6%)-Lab maj 5,47E (11.4%). Swing -2.1 %.
Mlr Harold Walker, appointed Un der Secretary for Employment i
March, 1974, was an Oppositio, spokesman on employment 1970 74, Under Secretary, Departmen of Employment and Productivity April, 1968-70; Assistant Govern ment whip, 1967-68. Elected ix 1964. Engineer. B July, 1927; ed a council school and Mancheste] College of Technology.
DON VALLEY
Electorate : 88,777 Feb: 87,898 *Kelley, R. (Lab) 4,18 Le Bosquet, P. J. (C) 13,76- Simpson, E. (L) 10,16:
Lab majority 27,424 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,115. Turn-out 73.3°
Lab 63.2%. C 21.1%/., L 15.6%o Lab maj 42.1%,. Swing -0.9%. O
February, 1974: Total vote 69,52!
(79.1%)-Lab 48,737 (70.1%), ( 20,792 (29.8%)-Lab maj 27,94! (40.2% ). Swing -0.6%.
Mr Richard Kelley, a miners' un ion secretary for 10 years, wa returned in 1959. B Jutly, 1904; eo elementary school. Served on thi West Riding County Council 1949 59. Member Select Committee oi Nationalized Industries. Sponsorei by NUM.
DORKING
Electorate : 58,955 Feb : 58.402 *Sinclair, Sir G. E. (C) 22,40: Andrews, G. S. A. (L) 12,09 Chapman, Miss J. (Lab) 9,71-
C majority 10,30! NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,215. Turn-out 75.0%'
C 50.7%, L 27.4%, Lab 22.0% C maj 23.3%. Swing -2.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,25'
(82.6%)-C 24,803 (51.4%) L 14,490 (30.0%MO), Lab 8,96: (18.6%)-C naj 10,313 (21.4%) Swing - 0.8%.
Sir George Sinclair, elected ir 1964, was a colonial administratoi from 1936-61. Deputy-Governor Cyprus, 1955-60. B November 1912; ed Abingdon School ant Pembroke College, Oxford Member, Select Committees or Race Relations and Immigratior Overseas Aid and Procedure Member Commonwealth Affair! Committee (joint sec' 1966-68), and the national executive commit. tee of the United Nations Associa. tion. Served on Wimbledon Bor ough Council, 1962-65; oversear political consultant, 1961-63. Joini secretary, Conservative educatior committee, March 1974.
DORSET, North
Electorate : 71,325 Feb: 70,738
*James, D. P. (C) 28,891 Watkins, P. G. (L) 20,35C Jones, T. G. (Lab) 7,245
C majority 8,541 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,486. Turn-out 79.2%.
C 51.1%, L 36.0%, Lab 12.8-, C maj 15.1%. Swving -1.1°,.
February, 1974 : Total vote 59,72-
(84.4%/ )-C 30,288 (50.7%), L 23,405 (39.2%), Lab 6,032 (10.1%)-C maj 6.883 (11.5%), Swing + 0.1%.
Mr David James wvas elected in 1970. He represented Brighton. Kemptown, for the Conservatives from 1959 to 1964 when he was defeated by seven votes. Sec, Northern Ireland Committee, Shipping and Shipbuilding Com- mittee. B December, .1919 ; ed Etoil and Balliol College, Oxford. An author. Underwriting member of Lloyd's. Member, 1945-46, Antarc- tic expedition; polar adviser for film, ScotU of the Antatrctic. Coun- cil member, Outward-Bound Trusl 1948-73; trustee, National Maritime Museum 1953-65.
DORSET, SouIji
Flectorate : 70.416 Feb : 69.R?-i
*King, E. M. (C) 24,351 Chedzoy. A. (Lab) 17,652 Sandy, C. (L) 11,075
C majority 6,699 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,078. Turn-out 75.4""_
C 45.9°n, Lab 33.2%., L 20.9%. C maj 12.6%. Swing -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,391
(82.2%.o )-C 26,933 (46.9%), Lab- 18,318 (31.90 ), L 12,140 (21.1%)_C maj 8.615 (15.0o%). Swing + 1.0%.
Mr Evelyn King was elected in 1964, having joined the Conserva- tive Party in 1951 and contested Southampton, Itchen, in 1959. Labour MP for Penryn and Fal- moutil, 1945-50, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Town. and Country Planning, 1947-50. A former headmaster, he now farms and manages Embley Estates. B May, 1907; ed Cheltenham College and King's College, Cambridge. Served on Select Committee on Overseas Aid. Member, Conserva- tive Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and Agriculture Committee.
ANTRIM, North
Electorate: 103,737 Feb.: 104,168 *Paisley, Rev I. R. K.
(UUUC) 43,186 Wilson, H. (Alliance) 8,689 McAllister, Miss M
(SDLP 7,616
UUUC majority 34,497 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,491. Turn-out 57.3%.
UUUC 72.6%, Alliance 14.6%, SDLP 12.8%. UUUC maj 58.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 64,989
(62.4%) - Dem U 41,282 (63.5%o), UU Pro Assem 13,651 (21.0%), SDLP 10,056 (15.5%) -Dem U maj 27,631 (42.5%).
The Rev Ian Paisley, leader of the Democratic Unionist Party, won the seat in 1970. Founder of the Protestant Unionist Party and of the Free Presbyterian Church. ANTRIM, South
Electorate : 117,834 Feb : 118,483 *Molyneaux, J. HI. (UUUC) 48,892 Kinahan, C. H. G.
(Alliance) 10,460 Rowan, P. J. (SDLP) 9,061
UUUC majority 38,432 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,413. Turn-out 58.0%.
UUUC 71.5%, Alliance 15.3%, SDLP 13.2%. UUUC maj 56.2%. February, 1974: Total vote 71,332
(60.2%)-UUUC 48,203 (67.6%), Alliance 12,559 (17.6%), SDLP 8,769 (12.3%), Ind NILP 1,801 (2.5%)-UUUC maj 35,644 (50%).
Mr James Molyneaux, elected in 1970, is a partner in the family firm of letterpress printers. B 1921 Member, Antrim County Councii since 1964; chairman, Antrim Unionist Association; Deputy County Grand Master, Orange Order, and Deputy Grand Master of Ireland. Sovereign Grand Mfas- ter of British Commonwealth Royal Black Institution. ARGYLL
Electorate : 41,814 Feb * 41,444 *MacCormick, 1. (Scot Nat) 14,967 Mackay, J. J. (C) 11,036 Macgregor, M. (Lab) 4,103
SNP majority 3,931 NO CHANGE
Total vote 30,106. Turnout 72.0%,
Scot Nat 49.7%, C 36.6%1, Lab 13.6%, Scot Nat maj 13.0%. Swing-1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 32,031
(77.3% )-Scot Nat 15.646 (48.8%), C 12,358 (38.6%), Lab 4,027' (12.6%)-Scot Nat maj 3,288 (10.3°,). Swing + 3.2%. Mr lain MacCormick, senior his. tory master, Oban High School, gained the seat for the SNP in February 1974. B 1939 ; ed Glasgow High Scho6l and Glasgow Univer- sity. President, Oban branch, SNP. Contested seat in 1970. Appointed SNP spokesman on education, highland affairs and transport, March 1974. ARMAGH
Electorate: 91,060 Feb: 91,521
*McCusker, J. H. (UUUC) 37,518 Mallon, S (SDLP) 19,855 McGurran, M. (Repub) 5,138
UUUC majority 17,633 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,511. Turn-out 68.6%.
UUUC 60.0%, SDLP 31.8%, Repub 8.2%. UUUC maj 28.2°%. February, 1974 : Total vote 61.760
(67.5%)-UUUC 33,194 (53.7%), SDLP 18,090 (29.3%), Alliance 4,983 (8.1%), Repub Clubs 4,129 (6.7%), Unity 1,364 (2.2%)- UUUC maj 15,104 (24.4%).
Mr James McCusker, a former teacher, has been a member of the Ulster Unionist Council since 1970. Won the seat in February 1974. Now a personnel officer in Craiga- von.
ARUNDEL
Electorate: 83.464 Feb : 82,899 *Marshall, R. M. (C) 34,215 Kingsbury, J. R. (L) 15,404 Stedman, M. E. (Lab) 11,268
C majority 18,811 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,887. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 56.2%, L 25.3%, Lab 18.5%. C maj 30.9%. Swing - 1.6%. February, 1974 : Total vote 65,964
(79.4% )-C 37,655 (57.1%), L 17,712 (26.8%), Lab 10,597 (16.1%)-C maj 19,943 (30.2%). Mr Michael Marshall was elected in February 1974 ; contested The Hartlepools in 1970. Management consultant. Member, Commons Select Committee on Overseas Development. B June, 1930; ed Bradfield College and Stanford and Harvard Universities. ASHFIELD
Electorate : 74,701 Feb : 74,064 *Marquand, D. I. (Lab) 35,367 Kemm, R. N. (C) 12,452 Flint, H. C. (L) 7,959
Lab majority 22,915 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,778. Turn-out 74.7%.
Lab 63.4%, C 22.3%, L 14.3%. Lab maj 41.1%. Swing - 2.60.. Februarv, 1974 : rotal vote 60.734
'82.0%)-La-j 35,994 (59.-.;B), C 14,206 (2;14%), L 10t,534 (17.3%! )-Lab maj 21.788 (35.90 -)
Mr David Marquand was elected in 1966; Contested Barry in 1964. Journalist and university lecturer. B September, 1934; ed Emanuel School, London, and Magdalen and St Anthony's Colleges, Oxford. Chairman, University Labour Club. ASHFORD
Electorate : 58,419 Feb : 57,875 Speed, K. (C) 19,294 Jackson, M. B. (Lab) 13,269 Dennis, C. G. (L) 10,983
C majority 6,025 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,546. Turn-out 74.5%.
C 44.3%. Lab 30.5eO. L 25.2%. C maj 13.8%. Swing -3.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47.164
(81.5%)-C 21,773 (46.2%), L 13,314 (26.2; ), Lab 12.077 (25.t,))-C niaj 8,459 (17.9%). Mr Keith Speed, Under Secretary for the Environment 1972-74 ; assis- tant Government whip, 1970-72. Won Meriden for the Conservatives in 1968 by-election, defeated in February 1974. Regular naval officer, 1947-56 ; sales and market- ing manager and management training adviser. B March, 1934 ; ed
Greeiihilll School, Evesham, Bed- ford Modern School, and Royal Naval Colleges, Dartmouth and Greenwich.
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
Electorate : 60,393 Feb : 59,881
*Sheldon, R. E. (Lab) 23,490 Litchfield, M. H. (C) 12,763 Jones, T. G. (L) 7,356
Lab majority 10,727 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,609. Turn-out 72.2%.
Lab 53.9%, C 29.3%, L 16.9%. Lab maj 24.6%/to. Swing -3.5%.
Februarv, 1974 - Zrotal vote 47.574
(80.4,b )-Lih 23.019 (48.4j%), C 14,718 (319%, ). L 9,837 (20.7%) -Lab maj S.301 (17.4%).
Mr Robert Sheldon became Minis- ter of State, Civil Service Depart- ment, March, 1974. Former Oppo- sition spokesman on tile Civil Ser- vice and machinery of government, and chairman, general subcommit- tee of the Commons committee on expenditure 1972-74. Elected in 1964 ; contested Manchester, With- ington, 1959. Company director. B September, 1923; ed grammar school and technical colleges, externlal graduate, London Univer- sity.
DORSET, West
Electorate : 53,569 Feb . S3,116
*Spicer, J. W. (C) 20,517 Angus, R. M. (L) 11,832 Dawe, P. J. (Lab) 9,350
C majority 868S5 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,699. Turn-out 77.8%.
C 49.2%, L 28.4%, Lab 22.4%. C maj 20.8%. Swing -1.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,150
(83.1%)-C 21,634 (49.0%), L 14,t83 (32.1%), Lab 8,333 (18.9%)-C maj 7,451 (16.9%). Swing + 1.4%.
Mr James Spicer, company direc- tor and farmer. B 1925 ; ed Latymer. Elected in February, 1974; contested the Southamp- ton, Itchen, by-election in 1971. Director, Conservative Group for Europe; member of National Executive since 1966; vice-chair. man, Wessex Area CPC Committee; chairman, National CPC Advisory Committee, 1969-72. Member, Institute of Strategic Studies and British Atlantic Committee. Presi- dent, Beaminster British Legion.
DOVER AND DEAL
Electorate: 74,704 Feb : 74,043 *Rees, Z. W. I. (C) 25,647 Bishop, L. J. A. (Lab) 23,353 Young, R. S. (L) 9,767
C majority 2,294 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,767. Turn-out 78.7%.
C 43.6%, Lab 397%, L 16.6°b C maj 3.9%. Swing -1.9%. .
February, 1974: Total vote 62,709
(84.7% )-C 27,033 (43.1%/), Lab 22,183 (35.4%), L 12,832 (20.5%), Ind 'Soc Dem 661 (190%g) -C rmai 4,850 (7.7%). Swving + 2.4%.
Mr Peter Rees, QC, won the seat in 1970; he contested Liverpool West Derby, in 1966, and Aber- tillery in 1965 by-election, and in 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1953). B December, 1926 ; ed Stowe School and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Select Com. mittee on Company Taxation
officer of Conservative Finance and Legal Committees. Member, Insthtute of Taxation and Inns oi Court Conservative and Unionisl Society. Joint secretary, Con. March 1974. te
DOWVN, North
Electorate : 93.604 Feb : 94,069
nilfedder, J. A. (UUUC) 40,996 Jones, K. (Alliance) 9,972 Brownlow, Maj. W.
(UPNI) 6,03;
UUUC majority 31,02I NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,006. Turn-out 60.9%
UUUC 71.9%, Alliance 17.5%, UPNI 10.6%. IUUUC maj 54.4% February, 1974 : Total vote 62,481
(66.4%)-UUUC 38,169 (61.1%) UU Pro Assem 21,943 (35.1%) SDLP 2,376 (3.8% )-UUUC ma 16,226 (26.0%).
Mr James Kilfedder was returnet as Ulster Unionist in 1970; repre. sented Belfast, West, 1964-66.
July, 1928; ed Portora Royal School. Enniskillen, and Dublin University. Barrister (King's Inn, Dublin, 1952, and Gray's Inn, 1958). Joint Secretary, Conserva. live Parliamentary Committee on Northern Ireland since 1972. sec- retary. Ulster Unionist MPs. 1972. Member of suspended Northerr Ireland Assembly.
DOWN, South
Electorate: 91,354 Feb : 91.792 Powell, J. E. (UUUC) 33,614 OHanlon, G. (Repub) 2,32; Hollywood, S. (SDLP) 30,04; Vipond, D. (Marx Len) 15i
UUUC majority 3,56i NO CHANGE
Total vote 66,140. Turn-out 72.4/,
UUUC 50.8%, SDLP 45.4%, Repub 3.5%, Marx Len 0.2%. UUUC maj 5.4%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 59,62(
(64.9°,o)-UUUC 31,088 (52.1%) SDLP 25,486 (42.7%), Reput Clubs 3,046 (5.1%)-UUUC mij 5,602 (9.4%).
Mr Enoch Powell was adopted for the seat by the United Ulster Unionists after Captain L. P. S. Orr decided not to seek re- election. His return to Westminster follows his refusal to stand as a Conservative in the Februarv, 1974, General Election, which he denounced as "" fraudulent "". He Was Conservative Opposition spokesman on defence when he was dismissed by Mr Heath in 1968 following a controversial speech on immigration. Unsuccessfully contested ballot for Conservative leadership in 1965. Minister of Health, 1960-63 ; Financial Secre- tary to the Treasury, 1957-58, wlhen he resigned in protest at Govern- ment spending, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1955-57. Repre- sented Wolverhampton, South- West, 1950-74. B June, 1912; ed King Edward's School, Birming. ham, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Professor of Greek, Sydney University, 1937-39.
DUDLEY, East
Electorate : 60,381 Feb 59.897
*Gilbert, J. W. (Lab) 23,621 Taylor, J. M. (C) 11,430 Hopkins, G. (L) 5,003 Knott, C. (Nat Front) 1,171
Lab majority 12,191 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,225. Turn-out 68.3%.
Lab 57.3%, C 27.7%, L 12.1%, Nat Front 2.8%. Lab maj 29.6%. Swving -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,212
(72.2%)-Lab 27,417 (63.4%). C 15,795 (36.5%)-Lab maj 11,622 (26 .9%).
Mr John Gilbert appointed Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasurv, March, 1974, was elected in Fe'b- ruary, 1974; MP for Dudley 1970-74 ; contested the 1968 by- election. and Ludlow, 1966. An Opposition spokesman on Treasury matters 1972 to 1974. B April. 1927 ; ed Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, St John's College, Oxford, and New York University. NUGMW.
DUDLEY, West
Electorate : 74.,746 Feb : 74.219
*Phipps, C. B. (Lab) 28,740 Smith, L. E. (C) 20,215 Martin, A. (L) 7,259
Lab majority 8,525 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,214. Tur-n-out 75.2%.
Lab 51.1%, C 36.0%, L 12.9%. Lab maj 15.2%. Swing -3.6%.' Febrnary, 1974: T'otal vote 59,588
(80.3°o)-Lab 29,143 (48.9%). C 24,474 (41.1o%), Ind L 5,971 (10.0°o)-Lab maj 4,669 (7.8%) Mr Colin Pbipps, elected in February, 1974, contested the NVaitnamstow, East, by-election in 1969. Petroleum geologist and chairman of Dr Colin .°hipps and Partners Ltd and Phipps Oil Ltd. B July, 1934; ed Acton County School, Bishop Gore School. Swan- sea, and London and Birmingham Universities. NUGMW.
Dulwich, see Southwark
DUMFRIES
Electorate: 61,856 Feb: 61,304 *Monro, H. S. P. (C) 18,386 Wheatley, J. F. (Lab) 12,558 Whitley, L. A. B.
(Scot Nat) 12,542 Sinclair, A. (L) 3,961
C majority 5,828 NO CHANGE -
Total vote 47,447. Turn-out 76.7%.
C 38.7%, Lab 26.5%, Scot Nat 26.4%, L 8.3%. C maj 12.3°%. Swing -3.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,274
(80.3%) -C 21,707 (44.0'%0). Lab 12,739 (25,8%'), SCOt Nat 9,186 (18.6% ), L 5,642 (11.4%/o) - C maj 8,968 (18.2%). SwYing - 0.7%.
Mr Hector Monro, Under Secre-. tary for Health and Educationt
Scottish Office, 1971-74; tord Corm- missioner of the Treasury (whip)
1970-71. Opposition whip,,1907&k0. Elected in 1964. B October, 192?; ed Canford School and Xi((g's Col- lege, Cambridge. Members Dum- fries County Council, 1952:67.
DUNBARTONSHIRE, Centrat
Electorate: 49,357 Feb ' 48.998
'McCartney, H. (Lab) 15,837 Aitken, C. (Scot Nat) 11,452 Hirst, M. W. (C) 6,792 Reid, J. (Comm) 3,417 Cameron, J. E. (J) 1,895
Lab majority 4,385 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,393. Turn-out 79.8%'.
Lab 40.20%O, Scot Nat 29.1%, C 17.2%, Comm 8.7%, L 4.8%. Lab mai 11.1%. Swving -3.3°'. February, 1974: Total vote 40,683
(83.0°,O)-Lab 16,439 (40.4%), C 9,775 (24.0%), Comm 5,928 (14.6%), Scot Nat 5,906 (14.5'), L 2,583 (6.3%1 ), WRP 52 (0.1%) -Lab maj 6,664 (16.4%.).
,Mr Hugh McCartney, sales repre- sentative, was MP for Dunbarton- shire, East, 1970-74. B January, 1920; ed secondary school ana Royal Technical College, Glasgow. Member. Dunbarton Countv Cour,. cil; burgh councillor since 195j. Member, TGWU. Elected for Dun- bartonshire Central in February, 1974.
DUNBARTONSHIRE, East
Electorate: 61,788 Feb: 61,266 Bain, Mrs M. A. (Scot Nat) 15,551 *Hlenderson, J. S. B. (C) 15.529 McGarry, E. F. (Lab) 15.122 Thompson, J. A. (L) 3,636
SNP majority 22 SNP GAIN FROM C
Total vote 49,838. Turn-out 80.6%"".
Scot Nat 31.2%, C 31,1%, Lab 30.3%, L 7.3%. Scot Nat maj 0.0°O. SwYing -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,079
(85.0%) -C 19,092 (36.6%'), Lab 15.416 (29.6%), Scot Nat 11,635 (22.3%), L 5;936 (11.4%)-C maj 3,676 (7.01).
Mrs Margaret Bain, teachler. B September, 1945; ed Biggar High School, Glasgowv University and Jordanh1ill College. Member, SNP national executive.
DUNBARTONSHIRE, West
Electorate 51,943 Feb ' *Campbell, 1. (Lab)
Murray. A. (Scot Nat) MacDonald, RR. (C)
Murricane, J. D. (L)
51,565
13,311 13.697 9,421 2.029
Lab majority 1.814 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,658. Turn-out 78.3°'
Lab 3F.1°' , Scot Nat 33.7%, C 23.2%, L 5.0%. Lab maj 4.5%. Swiing -4.2O.
February, 1974 : Total vote 41,029
(79.61%)-Lab 16,247 (39.6% ), C 13,638 (33.2%), Scot Nat 11.144 (27.2%)-Lab maj 2,609 (6.3%).
Mr Ian Campbell, electrical power engineer with South of Scotland Electricity Board, 1953-70, was elected in 1970. b April, 1926- ed Dunbarton Academy, Royal Tech- nical College (now Strathclyde Un- iversity).
DUNDEE, East
Electorate : 63,152 Feb : 62.597
*WAfilson R. G. (Scot Nat) 22,120
Macltin, G. (Lab) 15,137 Walker, W. L. (C) 7.784 Brodie, C. (L) 1 302
SNP majority 6,983 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,343. Turn-out 73.4%.
Scot Nat 47.7oO, Lab 32.7%, C 16.8%, L 2.8o.. Scot Nat maj 15.1,%. Swing -4.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 50,757
(81.10)0-Scot Nat 20.066 (39.5°/O), Lab 17.100 (33.7/ ), C 13,371 (26.3%), Ind 220 (0.4%) -Scot Nat maj 2.966 (5.8%). Swing - 0.7%.
Mr Gordon Wilson wvon the seat from Labour in Februarv, 1974. Contested the seat in the March, 1973, by-election. Partner in a law- practice. B April, 1938; ed Douglar High School and Edinburgh Uni- versity. Senior vice-chairman, SNP; director, party's oil cam- paign.
DUNDEE, West
Electorate : 63,916 Feb: *Doing, P. M. (Lab) Fairlie, J. (Scot Nat) Findley, C. G. (C) Hewett, R. (L)
McLevv, ti. (Comm)
63.464
19,480 16.678 S.769 2,195X
381
Lab majority 2,802 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,503. Turn-out 74.3°/.
Lab 41.0%!o, Scot Nat 35.1%. C 18.4%, L 4.60,t Comm 0.8%; Lab maj 5.9%. Swing -5.0 -.. - February, 1974 : Total vote 51,570
(81.2%)-Lab 22,193 (43.0°O ;.' f 15.745 (30.5%), Scot Nat -12.94 (25.1%), Comm 673 (13°)- Lab maj 6,448 (12.50'). ,$wing + 0.4%o.
Mr Peter Doig was returned at. a by-election in November, 1963., Contested Aberdeen, South,.. in 1959. Sales supervisor. T5 Septem- ber, 1911; ed Blackness School; Dundee. A member of Dundee Town Council for 10 years, and, hon city treasurer, 1959;63. Mem.
ber Transport and General Workers, Union since 1936. Former member, Scottish Select Committee' and' Estimates Committee.
DUNFERMLINE
Electorate: 60,679 Feb-: 60,219
*Hunter, A. (Lab) 18,470 Cameron, Miss A. (Scot
Nat) '13,179 MacLeod, K. (C) 10,611l Valentine, M. D. H. (L). 3,800
Lab majority 5,291 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,060. Turn-out 75.9% .
Lab 40.1%, Scot Nat 28.6%, C 23.0%, L 8.2%'. Lab maj 11.5%. Swing -4,0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,840
(81.1%)-Lab 19,201 (39.3%), C. 14,791 (30.3%). Scot Nat 8,69S (17.8%), L 6,153 (12.6%)-Lab' maj 4,410 (9.0%).
MNtr Adam Hunter weas elected in 1964. A miner and executive member of the National Union or Mineworkers, Scottish area. B_- November. 1908; ed at elementary. school. Member of Fife Counsty Council, 1961-64; Secretary of Fife,
Cooperative Association for 17.. years. Tutor, National Council of
Labour Colleges. SPonsored by NUM.
li
-DURHAM
Electorate: 74,711 Feb: 74,043
*Hughes, W. M. (Lab) 31,305
,Conway, D. L. (C) 13,189 Heesom, P. A. J. (L) 9,011
Lab majority 18,116 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,505. Turn-out 71.S%.
Lab 58.5%, C 24.6%, L 16.8%. Lab mai 33.8%. Swing -4.2%.
February 1974: Total vote 59,842
(80.8%5-Lab 31,405 (52.5%), C 16,202 (27.1%), L 12,235 (20.4%) -Lab maj 15,203 (25.4%).
Mr Mark Hughes, elected in 1970, *vas lecturer in economic history at Durham University, 1964-70. B December, 1932; ed Stowcliffe School, Durham School, and Bal- lio College, Oxford. Served on Durham Rural Council. Member, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, and former member Public Expenditure Committee.
DURHAM, North-West
Electorate : 61,283 Feb : 60,690 *Armstrong, E. (Lab) 27,953 Cookson, INI. J. B. (C) 9,197 Forster, J. K. (L) 6,418
Lab majority 18,756 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 43,S68. Turn-out 71.1%
Lab 64.1°, C 21.1%, L 14.7/. Lab maj 43.0%. Swing -3.3%. February, 1974 : Total vote 48.000
(79.1%). Lab 28,326 (59.0%), C 10,865 (22.6%/ ), L, 8,809 (18.3%) -Lab maj 17,461 (36.4%).
Mr Ernest Armstrong, Under Sec- retary for Education and Science s'nce March. 1974, was an Oppo- sition spokesman on education and science 1973-74 ; an Opposition -vhip 1970-73. Lord Commissioner
of the Treasury, 1969-70 ; Assistant Government whip, 1967-69. Elected in 1964 ; contested Sunderland, South, in 1955 and 1959. Headmas- ter. B January, 1915 ; ed Wolsing- ham Grammar School and City of Leeds Teacher Training College. Member, Public Accounts Commit- tee, 1964-66. Chairman, Labour Education Committee, 1965-70. Member, Sunderland Town Coun- cil, 1956-65, NUGMW and NUT. A Mvlethodist preacher.
EALING, Acton
Electorate.: 56,689 Feb : 56,365
*Young, Sir G. (C) 17,669 Barnham, G. A. (Lab) 16,861 Uziell-Hamilton, M. R. (L) 4,569
C majority 808 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,099. Turn-out 69.0%.
C 45.2%,., Lab 43.1',', L 11.7%. C maj 2.1%. Swing - 0.6%/t.
February, 1974 : Total vote 42,693
(5.7%) - C 18,492 (43.3%), Lab 17,041 (39.9%)X, L 7,160 (16.8%) -C mai 1,451 (3.4%).
Sir George Young, ecomomist. B . 'Iv. 19- ; eid 1ton and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Greater London Council, 1970-73 ; Lambeth Borough Council, 1968-71. Eco- Z nomic adviser, Post Office Corpo-
ration, since 1969.
EALING, North
Electorate : 73,898 Feb : 73,327
*Molloy, W. J. (Lab) 24,574 Dickens, G. K. (C) 21,652 Pltillips, C. (L) 8,351
Lab majority 2,922 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 54,577. Turn-out 73.8%.
Lab 45.0%, C 39.7%, L 15.3%. Lab maj 5.3%. Swving -0.5%..
February, 1974 : Total vote 59,341
(80.9%)-Lab 25,387 (42.8%), C 22,939 (38.6%), L 10 922 (18.4% ), Royal Repub 93 (0.i%) -Lab maj 2.448 (4.1%).
Mr William Molloy was elected In 1964. B October, 1918 ; ed element- ary schiool in Swansea and Univer- sity of Wales. Industrial secretary. Clhairmani, PLP social security group) ; vice-chairman, PLP plan- ning and lhcal government group. Member, Estimates Committee, 19G7-70 ; member, Select Com- mittee on housing. Leader of Fuliham Borough Coulncil, 1956-64. Member, Haammersmith Council, 1964-67.
EALING, Southall
Electorate : 70,832 Feb : 70,324
*Bidwell, S. J. (L.ab) 24,218
patten, R. C. (C) 14,235 Arnold, C. I. N. (L) 6,557
Lab majority 9,983 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,010. Turn-out 63.5%.
Lab 53.8%, C 31.6%, L 14.6%. Lab maj 22.2%7. Swing -2.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,590
(73.30.%.)-Lab 25,726 (49.9%), C 16,914 (32.8%), L 8,640 (16.7%), Anti-Helmet 310 (0.6'o) )-Lab mai 8.812 (17.1%). Mr Sydney Bidwell was elected In 1966. B January, 1917 ; ed element- arv school 'ndm evening classes. Contested Hlertfordshire, South- West, 1964 ; Hertfordshire, East, 1959. Membaer.. Select Committee on Race Relations and Immig- ration. Former tutor and organizer for the National Council of Labour Colleges, previo'.slv raiway worker. Former NUR, and now TGWU.
EASINGTON
Electorate : 63,815 Feb : 63,211
*Dormand, J. D. (Lab) 28,984
Smailes, J. S. (C) 8,047 Scaggs, N. 3. (L) 7,005
Lab majoi-ty 20,937 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,036. Turn-out 69.0%.
Lab 65.8%', C 18.3%, L 15.9%. Lab maj 47.5°o. Sring -1.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 46,744
(73.9%)-Lab 33,637 (72.0%), C 13,107 (28,0%' )-Lab maj 20,530 (43.9,o).
Mr John Dormand was elected in 1970. B August, 1919 ; ed Wellfield Grammar School, Bede College, Durham, Loughborough College, Oxford University, Harvard Uni- versity. Member, Easington RDC, 1949-52 ; education officer for Eas-
ington RDC, 1963-70. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. Former president, Horden and District NUT. Appointed Assistant Government Whip, March, 1974.
EASTBOURNE
Electorate : 74,697 Feb : 74,240
*Gowv, 1. R. E. (C) 30,442 Millar, G. H. (L) 14.417 Caine, L. (Lab) 10,830 C majority 16,025 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,689. Turn-out 74.5%.
C 54.7%, L 25.9°h, Lab 15.4%. C maj 28.8%. Swing -3.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 61,323
(82.6%)-C 31,462 (51.3%), L ,23;987 (39.1%), Lab 5,874 (9.6°1,o -C maj 7,475 (12.2%).
Mr Ian Gow is a solicitor. Elected in February, 1974; con- tested 'Coventry, East, 1964 and Clapfiam, 1966. B February, 1937; eo' Winchester. Has served as
tnember bf Bowv Group, Conserva- *tive Codimonwealth Council and
Southwark Diocesan Conference. Special interests : pensions and wel- fare.
. E
EAST GRINSTEAD
Electorate: 55,602 Feb.: *Johnson Smith, G. (C) Hayden, P. (L).
Blake, D. W. J. (Lab)
55,100
22,035 12,755 6,648
C majorlty 9,280 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,438. Turn-out 74.5%.
C 53.2% . L 30.8%, Lab 16.0%. C maj 22.4%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,908
(81.5%)-C 23,928 (53.3O%), L 15,351 (34.2%), Lab 5,629 (12.S%)-C maj 8,577 (19.1%).
Mr Geoffrey Johnson Smith, Parliamentary Secretary, Civil Ser- vice Department, November, 1972- 74; Under Secretary of Defence for the Army, 1971-73. Elected at a by- election in 1965; represented Hol- born and St Pancras, South, 1959- 64 , Vice-chairman, Conservative Party organization with special responsibility for Young Conserva- tives, 1965-71. Opposition Whip, 1965-66. Freelance writer and broadcaster. B April, 1924 ; ed Charterhouse and Lincoln College, Oxford. Information officer, Bri- tish Consulate in San Francisco, 1950-52.
EAST KILBRIDE
Electorate: 65,799 Feb: *Miller, Dr M. S. (Lab) Murray, G. (Scot Nat) Parvin, G. W. (C) Miller, D. (L)
66,092
21,810 19,106 8,513 2,644
Lab majority 2,704 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,073. Turn-out 79.1%.
Lab 41.9%, Scot Nat 36.7%, C 16.3%, L 5.1%. Lab maj 5.2%. Swing -5.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,39.2
(80.8%)-Lab 23,424 (43.9%), C 15,456 (28.9%), Scot Nat 13,819 (25.9%), Comm 693 (1.3%)- Lab maj 7,968 (14.9%).
Dr Maurice Miller, elected in February, 1974, was MP for Glasgow, Kelvingrove, 1964-74, and an assistant Government whip, 1968-69. Medical practitioner. B August, 1920; ed Shawlands Academy, Glasgow, and Glasgow University. Member, Glasgow Cor- poration, 1950-64. Bailie, 1954-57. Chairman, Glasgow and West of Scotland Socialist Medical Associa- tion.
EASTLEIGH
Electorate : 75,826 Feb : 75,115 *Price, D. E. C. (C) 26,869 Presman, E. (Lab) 19,054 Johnson, G. D. (L) 13,832
C majority 7,815 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,755. Turn-out 78.8%.
C 45.0%, Lab 31.9%, L 23.1%. C maj 13.1%. Swing - 1.3%. February, 1974: Total vote 64,092
(84.9%)-C 28,512 (44.5%), Lab 18,402 (28.7% ),.L 17,178 (26.8%)
-C maj 10,110 (15.8%). '
Mr David Price was Under Secre- tary for Aerospace, Department of Trade and Industry, 1971-72; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Aviation Supply, 1970-71 ; Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, June to October, 1970. Opposition spokesman on technology and science 1964-70, Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1962-64. Elected 1955, B
November, 1924; ed Eton, TrinityI College, Cambridge, and Yale Uni- versity Research Fellow), presi- dent, Cambridge Union, 1948. Economist and Industrial executive. General consultant, Institution of Works Managers. Member, Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology. Chairman, Parliamentary Scientific Committee.
EBBW VALE
Electorate: 37,640 Feb: 37,355
*Foot, M. M. (Lab) 21,226 Donaldson, A. (L) 3,167 Evans, 'T. P. (C) 2,153 Robert, Dr G. (PI Cymru) 2,101
Lab majority 18,059 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,647 Turn-out 76.1%.
Lab 74.1%, L 11.0%, C 7.5%, PI Cymru 7.3%. Lab maj 63.0%. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 29,726
(79.5%)-Lab 20,660 (69.5%), L 4,996 (16.8%), C 2,303 (7.7%), PI Cymru 1,767 (5.9%)-Lab maj 15,664 (52.7%). Swving + 1.7%.
Mr Michael Foot, Secretary of State for Employment since March 1974, was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in 1970 and became Opposition spokesman on the power and steel industries until 1971; shadow Leader of the House principally concerned with Com- mon Market legislation 1971-72; from 1972-74 concerned with EEC only. lJnsuccessEully contested Deputy Leadership of PLP in July, 1970, and November, 1971. was returned for Ebbw Vale at a by- election in November, 1960. MP for Plymouth, Devonport, 1945-55, he contested the seat in 1959, and Monmouth, 1935. Journalist, managing director of Tribune. B July, 1913; ed Forres School, Swanage, Leighton Park School. Reading and Wadham College, Oxford, president of Union, 1933. Member, Labour Party National executive, 1947-50 and since 1972.
ECCLES
Electorate: 57,549 Feb: *Carter-Jones, L. (Lab) Dunn, R. J. (C)
Collier, Mrs A. M. (L) Keenan, T. (Comm)
57,014 22,328 13,062 6,170
348
Lab majority 9,266 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,908. Turn-out 72.8%.
Lab 53.3%, C 31.2%, L 14.7%, Comm 0.8%. Lab maj 22.1%. Swing -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,660
(79.3% )-Lab 22,538 (49.4%), C 14,752 (32.3%), L 7,966 (17.4%). Comm 404 (0.9%)- Lab maj 7,786 (17.0%). Swing - 2.2%.
Mr Lewis Carter-Jones, elected In 1964, contested the City of Chester in the 1956 by-election and in 1959. Teacher, lecturer and industrial training adviser. B November, 1920; ed Bridgend Grammar School and University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Member of Estimates Committee since 1965. and Select Committee on Overseas Develop- ment. Secretary, Indo-British and Anglo-Colombian parliamentary groups. Chairman, PLP disable- ment group; vice-chairman, PLP health group and overseas aid group; vice-chairman, all-party Disabled Drivers' Group, and member, all-party Disablement Group. -
EDINBURGH, Central
Electorate: 40,956 Feb : 40,780
*Cook, R. F. (Lab) 11,129
Jones, P. (C) 7,176 Rae, A. W. S. (Scot Nat) 6,866 Scott, C. (L) 2,463 Lab majority 3,953 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,634. Turn-out 67.5%.
Lab 40.3%, C 26.0%, Scot Nat 24.8%, L 8.9%. Lab maj 14.3%. Swing -5.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 30,001
(73.6%)-Lab 11,354 (37.8%). C 10,393 (34.0%), L 4,180 (13.9% ), Scot Nat 4,074 (13.0%) -Lab maj 961 (3.2%).
Mr Robin Cook, a tutor and organizer in adult education, con- tested Edinburgh, North, in 1970. B February, 1946; ed Aberdeen Grammar School, Royal High School, Edinburgh, and Edinburgh University. Councillor, Holyrood ward since 1971; chairman housing committee since 1973. Member, TGWU; delegate Edinburgh and district trade council.
EDINBURGHl East
Electorate : 57,460 Feb: 56,953
*Stang, G. S. (Lab) 19,669 MacDougall, G. C.
(Scot Nat) 11,213 Hogg, M. (C) 10,111 Dalzell, G. N. (L) 2,578 Swan, Mrs I. (Comm) 213
Lab majority 8.456 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,784. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 44.9%, Scot Nat 25.6%,o C 23.1%, L 5.9%, Comm 0.5%. Lab maj 19.3%. Swing - 4.8%. February, 1974: Total vote 46,177
(81.1%) -Lab 20,163 (43.7%). C 14,614 (31.6%), Scot Nat 7,128 (15.4%), L 3,998 (8.6%), Comm 274 (0.6%) -Lab maj 5,549 (12.0%). Swing + 0.4%.
Mr Gavin Strang, Under Secretary for Oil, Department ef Energy since Mlarch, 1974, wvas elected in 1970. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology from 1970 to 1974. An Opposition spokesman on trade and inddlstry from 1973 to 1974. Agricultural scientist. B July, 1943; ed Morrison's Academy, Edinburgh University~ and Churchill College, Cambridge. Member, A\STMUS, Fabian Society and Cooperative Party; and of Tay- side Economic Planning Consulta- tive Group. 1966-68.
EDINBURGH, Lcith
Electorate: 39,407 Feb: 39,157
*Murray, R. K. (Lab) 11,708 Percy, W. R. V. (C) 8,263 Scott, R. (Scot Nat) 7,688 Squair, A. 3. H. (L) 1,836
Lab majority 3,445 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,495. Turn-out 74.8%.
Lab 39.7%, C 28.0%, Scot Nat 26.1%, L 6.2%. Lab maj 11.7%. Swing - 4.7%.° February, 1974: Total vote 31,056
(79.3°.) -Lab 12,604 (40.6%),h C 11,883 (38.3% ), Scot Nat 6,569 (21.1%) -Lab maj 721 (2.3%).
Mr Ronald King Murrav, QC, Lord Advocate since March, 1974, wvas elected in 1970. Opposition spokesman on Scottish legal mat- ters 1970-74. He wvas a lecturer in lawv who contested Ro.xburgh, Sel- kirk and Peebles in 1965 by-elec- tion and 1964 general election; Edinburgh North, in 1960 bv-elec- tion, and Caithness and Suther- land, 1959. B June, 1922; ed George WVatson's College, Edin- burgh, Edinburgh University and Jesus College, Oxford. Called to Scottish bar, 1953. Chairman, Edinburgh City Labour Party since 968-71.
EDINBURGH, North
Electorate : 47,215 Feb : 46.936 *Fletcher, A. M. (C) 12,856 O'Neill, M. T1. (Lab) 8,465 Lynch, J. (Scot Nat) 7,681 MacDonald, M. (L) 3,677
C majority 4,391 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,679. Turn-out 69.2%/.
C 39.3%, Lab 25.9%,, Scot Nat 23.5%./, L 11.2%. C nnaj 13.4%. Swting -3-1%to.
February, 1974: Total vote 35,858
(76.4%/) - C 16,417 (45.8°%), Lab 9,404 (26.2%o), L 5,487 (15.2%o), Scot Nat 4,550 (12.7%z) - C maj 7,013 (19.5°%).
Nr Alex Fletchler, chartered accountant and company director, won the by-election in 1973. B August 1929- ed Greenock High School and Institute of Chartered Accountants. Contested West Rlen- frewshire, 1970. Member, East Kil- bride Development Corporation, 1971-73. Churchl Ot Scotland elder. Business consultant, f ormer IBM executive. Secretary, Conservative energy committee, 1974. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology since April, 1974.
EDINBURGH, Pentlands
Electorate : 54,955 Feb : 54,504 *Rifkind, M. L. (C) 14,083 Foulkes, G. (Lab & Co-np) 12,826 Hutchison, J. (Scot Nat) 10,189 Ross-Smith, S. P. (L) 4,411
C majority 1,257 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,509. Turn-out 75.5%.O
C 3'3.9 %, Lab & Co-op 30.9%,h Scot Nat 24.5%,o L 10.6%. C ma; 3.0%. SwYing - 3.8%o.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,543
(79.9%) -C 18,162 (41.7%), Lab 13,560 (31.1%), L 6,870 (15.8%),/
4,602 (10.6%h) .
Mr Malcolm Ritkind, advocate. s June 1946; ed George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Edinburgh University. Elected in February, 1974; contested, Edinburgh Cen- tral in 1970. Member, Edin- burgh Council since 1970. Chair- man, Thistle Group, 1969-70. Lec- turer in politics, University Col- lege of Rhodesia, 1967-69. Returned to Scotland and was called to the Bar.
EDINBURGH, South
Electorate : 56,154 Feb * 55,708
*Hutchison, A. M. C. (C) 14,962 HaddowY, Mrs C. (Lab) 11,736 Shirley, R. (Scot Nat) 9,034 ,Gordon, N. L. (L) 5,921
C majority 3,226 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,653. Turn-out 74.2%-.
C 35.9%/, Lab 28.2%, Scot Nat 21.7%, L 14.2%. C maj 7.7%!. Swing - 3.2%.-
February, 1974 : Total vote 45,030
(80.8o) - C 18,784 (41.7a!), Lab 12,403 (27.5%n), L 8.073 (17.9%'). Scot Nat 5,770 (12.S°%)- C mai 6,381 (14.2%). Swsing -1 1.3%:. Mr Michael Clark Hutchlson wgas rettirned at a by-election in MNay, 1957. He contested M{otherwvell in 1955. B February, 1914 ; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister (Gray's Jnn, 1937). Colonial Service, Palestine, 1946- 48 ; Political officer int the Aden Government, 1949-54. National president, Scottish Young Union- ists, 1960.62, and vice-chairman, Scottlsh Unionist members' parlia- mentary committee, 1965-66, 1968- 69 and chairman 1970-71. Company director. Membet-, Select Commit- tee on Scottish Affairs.
EDINTBURGH, tVest
*Douglas-Hamilton, Lord James
(C) 15,354 Taylor, W. J. (Lab) 10,152 Moore, Mrs C. M. (Scot
Nat) 8,135 Gorrie, D. C. E. (L) 6,606
Con majority 5,202 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,893. Turn-out 66.4%.
C 57.7%'. Scot Nat 23.3°, L
18.9%/o, Lab 0.0%. C maj 34.i4S .
February, 1974: Total vote 42.769
(82.2%1.)-C 18,908 (44.2%), Lab 10,431 (24.4°o ), L 9.189 (2L5%).
Scot Nat 4,241 (9.9%)-C maj 8,477 (19.8%).
Lord James Douglas-Hamilton, brother of the Duke of Hamilton, is an advocate. Contested Hamiltor. February 1974. B July 1942 : ed Strathavon and Balliol College, Oxford, and Edinburgh Universitv. President, Scottish Amateur Boxing Association. Murrayfield district councillor. Boxing blud and former president, Oxford Union.
Edmonton, see Enfield
ENFIELD, Edmonton
Electorate: 61,476 Feb: 60,985 *Graham, T. E. (Lab) and
Co-op 20,229 Attwood, J. (C) 13,401 Dawnay, J. (L) 5,699 Bruce, D. J. (Nat Front) 1,895
Lab majority 6,828 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,224. Turn-out 67.0%.
Lab and Co-op 49.1%, C 32.5%, L 13.8%, Nat Front 4.6%. Lab & Co-op maj 16.6%. Swing -2.0%. February, 1974: Total vote 46,000
(75.4%.)-Lab & Co-Op 20,837 (45.3%,'o), C 15,114 (32.8%), L 8,186 (17.8%), Nat Front 1,765 (3.8%), Ind 98 (0.2%)-Lab & Co-op maj 5,723 (12.4%). Swing - 3.7%.
Mr Edward Graham, National Secretary of the Cooperative Party until April, 1974, was elected in February, 1974; contested Enfield West in 1966; former Labour Group Leader on Enfield Council and chairman, Housing and Redevelopment Committee, 1961-68. B March 1925; ed element- ary schools, Cooperative College, WEA and Open University. Mvlember, National Association of Cooperative Officials.
ENFIELD, North
Electorate: 67,818 Feb: 67,304 *Davies, B. (Lab) 20,880 Parkinson, C. de H. (C) 16,087 Curtis, Mrs S. (L) 9,526 Burton, R. (Nat Front) 1,330
Lab majority 4,793 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,823. Turn-out 70.5%.
Lab 43.7%, C 33.6%, L 19.9%, Nat Front 2.8%. Lab maj 10.0%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,018
(78.7%.')-Lab 20,690 (39.0%), C 17,274 (32.6%.), L 13,682 (2s.8%), Nat Front 1,372 (2.6%) -Lab maj 3,416 (6.4%).
Mr Bryan Davies, member, Select Committee on Overseas Develop- ment. Returned in February, 1974; contested Norfolk Central 1966. Lecturer. B November, 1939 - ed Redditch High School, Univer. sity College, London, Institute of Education, London, and London School of Economics. Member, ATTI.
ENFIELD, Southgate
Electorate : 70,935 Feb* 70,372 *Berry, A. G. (C) 25,888 Bridge, G. J. (L) 9,922 Sheppard, J. P. (Lab) 10,966 Pell, B. W. (Nat Front) 1,255
C majority 14,922 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,031. Turn-out-67.7%.
C 53.9%/, Lab 22.8%, L 20.6%, Nat Front 2.6%. C maj 31.1%. Swing-0.4%. ""
February, 1974: Total vote 54,203
(77.0%)-C 28,260 (52. 1), L 13,806 (25.5%,), Lab 10,945 (20.21%), Nat Front 1,192 (2.2%) -C maj 14,454 (26.7%).
Mlr Anthony Berry, merchant banker, was elected in 1964. Deputy Chairman, Leopold Joseph and Sons Ltd ; director Thanet and Anglo Wlelsh Investment Trusts. Formerly assistant editor of The Sunday Times and director of Kemslev Newvspapers Ltd, 1954-59. B Febrtuary, 1925 ; ed Eton and Christ Churcl, Oxford. PPS to Mr Peter Walker, 1970-74, as Secretary of State for Environment and then for Trade and Industry. Secretary and later vice-chairman. Conserva- tive Transport Committee 1967-70
vice chairman, 1974, and joint secretary, Conservative London members' Committee, 1966-70. Member, Anglo Israel Council.
EPPING FOREST
Electorate: 64,055 Feb: 63,441
*Biggs-Davison, J. A. (C) 22,392 Palfreman, S. J. (Lab) 15,618 Wood, D. F. J. (L) 8,952
C majority 6,774 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,962. Turn-out 73.3%.
C 47.7%. Lab 33.2%, L 19.1%. C maj 14.4%. Swing 0.6%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,891
(81.8°' )-C 24,290 (46.8%), Lab 16,123 (31.1% ), L 11,478 (22.1%) -C maj 8,167 (15.7%,).
Mr John Biggs-Davison, who has lheld the seat since February, 1974, was MP for Chigwell 19555-74
contested Coventry, South, in 1951. Author, journalist and broad- caster. Elected chairman of Mlonday Club, 1974. B June, 1918; ed Clifton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. Assis- tant Commissioner. and magistrate in thie Punjab, 1954, he was polit- ical officer, deputy commissioner, and commandant, border military police, Baluchistan frontier. Joint vice-chairman (1972) and former secretary, Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth affairs com- mittee ; vice-chairman, Northern Ireland Committee ; vice-president. Pan-European Union; and chair- man, British Commonwealth Un- ion. Fellow of the Royal Geo- graphical Society. Co-founder of Pakistan Society, 1951. Governor, Clifton College, 1972.
EPSOM AND EWELL
Electorate: 80,597 Feb: 79;855 *Rawlinson, Sir P. A, G.
(C) 32,109 Griffiths, D. J. H. (L) 15,819 Kearney, N. J. (Lab) 11,47i
C majority 16,290 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,399. Turn-out 73.7,'.
C 54.0%, L 26.6%°, Lab 19.3%. C maj 27.4%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 65,509
(82.0%)-C 35,823 (54.7%), L 18,899 (28.S%), Lab 10,787 (16.5%)-C maj 16,924 (25.8%). Swing - 0.5%/i.
Sir Peter Rawlinson, QC, Attorney General 1970-74. Opposition chief spokesman on law, 1967-70
spokesman on broadcasting, 1965- 66. Solicitor General, 1962-64. Elected in 1955 ; contested Hack- ney, 1951. B June,. 1919 ; ed Down- side and Christ's College, Cam- bridge. Barrister (Inner Temple 1946) QC 1959 ; Bencher, 1962, member Bar Council 1965-67
senate Inns of Court, 1967-69. Non- executive director, Anthony Gibbs Holdings, 1974.
Erith and Crayford, see Bexley ESHER
Electorate : 47,572 Feb : 47,131 *Mlather, D. C. M. (C) 19,741 Welchman, C. (L) 8,881 Hudson, A. (Lab) 6,729
C majority 10,860 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,351. Turn-out 74.3%.
C 55.8%, L 25.1%, Lab 19.0%. C maj 30.7%O. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 38,805
(S2.3%)-C 21,775 (56.1%)
L 11.060 (2S.5%), Lab 5,970 (15.4 r)-C maj 10,715 (27-6%'.). Mr Carol Mather was elected in 1970. Member, Conservative Research Department, 1962-70. Contested Leicester, North-West. in 1966. B January, 1919; ed Har- row and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of Lloyd's. Served in Welsh Guards, 1940-62, and was liaison officer to General Montgomery in the Western Desert campaign, tie Normandy landings, and the advance into Europe. Member Eton RDC, 1966. joint Secretary, Conservative Parliamen- tary Foreign and Cdmmonwealth affairs committee since 1972 and of Northern Ireland committee, since 1972.
ESSEX, South-East
Electorate: 76,013 Feb: 75,394 *Braine, Sir B. R. (C) 27,348 Jones, D. B. (Lab) 18,638 Morris, A. (L) 10,049
C majority 8,710 NO CHANGE
Total vote S6,035. Turn-out 73.7%.
C 48.8%, Lab 33.3%, L 17.9%. C naj 15.5%. Swing +0.2%. February, 1974: Total vote 61,914
(82.1%)-C 28,644 (46.3%), Lab 19,379 (31.3%), L 13,891 (22.4%)-C maj 9,265 (15.0%). Sir Bernard Braine, chairman of the Select Committee on Overseas Development, is a former Conser- vative spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs and over- seas development; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1962-64; Under-Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations Office, 1961- 62, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, October, 1960. Elected for the seat in 1955; represented Billericay from 1950; contested Leyton East, 1945. iManagement consultant. B June, 1914.; ed Hen- don County School. Chairman, Bri- tish Commonwealth Producers' Organisation, 1958-60. Treasurer, UK branch of. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1965- 68 ; deputy chairman, 1964-65
ETON AND SLOUGH
Electorate: 63,813 Feb: 63,134 *Lestor, Miss J. (Lab) 22,238 Dollond, S. (C) 14,575 Goldenberg, P. (L) 8,213 Coniam, A. P. (Nat Front) 1,241 Renton, J. (Anti-
Extremist 120 Lab majority 7,663 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,387. Turn-out 72.7%.
Lab 47.9%,., C 31.4%, L 17.7%, Nat Front 2.7%, Anti Extremist 0.2%. Lab maj 16.5%. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,883
(80.6%)-Lab 22,919 (45.0%), C 16,028 (31.5%), L 10,051 (19.7%), Nat Front 1,541 (3-0%), Ind C 344 (0.7%)-Lab maj 6,891 (13.5%). Swving - 4.0%.
Mliss Joan Lestor, Under Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs since March, 1974, was an Opposition spokesman on edlication 1970-74, Under Sec- retary, Department of Edu- cation and Science, 1969-70. Won the seat for Labour in 1966 - contested Lewisham, West, 1964. Teacher. B November, 1931 ; ed Blaenavon Secondary School, Mon. mouth, William Morris High School, Walthamstow and London University. Member national exec- utive of the Labour Party since 1967; Wandsworth Borough Coun- cil, 1958-66, and London County Council, 1962-64. EXETER
Electorate : 67,184 Feb: 66,570
*Hannam, J. G. (C) 21,970 Taylor, F. K. (Lab) 19,622 Morrish, D. J. (L) 12,342
C majority 2,348 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,934. Turnout 80.3%.
C 40.7%, Lab 36.4%, L 22.9%. C maj 4.3%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,770
(85.3%0)-C 22,762 (40.1%), Lab 17,686 (31.1%), L 16,322 (28.7%) -C mai 5,076 (8.9%).
Air John Hannam won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B August, 1929 ; ed Yeovil Grammar School. Member Somerset County Council, 1967-69. Chairman, British Mtotels Federation, 1967-72; member, council of British Travel Association, 1968-69. Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Trade Committee, 1971-72. Secretary, arts and amenities committee since 1974. Formed his oNvn company to develop motels and restaurants. Member Somerset County Council, 1967-69. EYE
Electorate 65,710 Feb : 65,159 *Har(ison, Sir H (C) 22,387 Robinson, D (L) 14,530 Bushby, R (Lab) 13,948
C majority 7,857 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,865. Turn-out 77.4%.
C 44.0%, L 28.6%, Lab 27.4%. C maj 15.4°. Swing -0.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,849
(82.5%)-C 23,486 (43.6%), L 15,811 (29.4%.), Lab 13,937 (25.9%), People 395 (0.7%), Ind Dem All 220 (0.4%)-C maj 7,675 (14.2°,'%). Swing + 0.4%.
Sir Harwood Harrison was Comptroller of the Household, 1959-61, after being a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury from 1956. Won the seat in 1951 after contesting it in 1950. Company dir- ector. B June, 1907 ; ed Northamp- ton Grammar School and Trinity College, Oxford, PPS to Mr Harold Macmillan, 1953. Assistant Govern- ment Whip 1954. Former vice- chairman, Conservative trade and industry committee.
F
FALMOUTH AND CAMBORNE
Electorate: 66,921 Feb : 66,418 *Mudd, W. D. (C) 23,950 Dalling, M. G. (Lab) 18,094 Sara, E. (L) 6,428 Davey, A. G. S. T.
(Ind L) 2,246
C majority 5,856 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,718. Turn-out 75.8%.
C 47.2%, Lab 35.7%, L 12.7%. Ind-L 4.4%. C maj 11.5%. Swing +1.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 53,736
(80.9%1 )-C 22,500 (41.9%), Lab 18,236 (33.9%), L 13,000 (24.2%) -C maj 4,264 (7.9%). Swing + 2.4%.
Mr David Mludd, journalist and broadcaster, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. B June, 1933; ed Truro Cathedral School. Member, Tavistock Urban Council, 1963-65. Secretary, Westcounrry group of MPs. Member NUJ, 1952- 54, 1959-70; Father of Westward Television Chapel, 1968-70. FAREHAM.
Electorate : 57,330 Feb:- 56,S59
*Bennett, Dr R. F. B. (C) 19,053 Smith, P. (L) 14,605 Towvnsend, B. R. (Lab) 8,153 Boulden, W. P. (Ind C) 1,727 Doughty. R. M. (Nat
Front) 617 C majority 4,448 NO CHANGE
Total 6ote 44,155. Turn-out 77.0%.
C 43.1%, L 33.1%, Lab 18.5%, Ind C 3.9%4., Nat Front 1.4%. C maj 10.1%. Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,845
(82.4%1 )-C 22,303 (47.6%), L 14,426 (30.8%), Lab 8,237 (17.6%), Ind C 1,879 (4.0%/.)- C mai 7.877 (16.8%).
Dr Reginald Bennett represented Gosport and Fareham 1950-74-
and Fareham since February, 1974: contested East Woolwich, 1945 Psychiatrist and businessman ; in. ternational yachtsman. B July 1911 : ed Winchester and New Col- lege. Oxford. St George's Hospital and Maudsley Hospital. Chairman. catering sub-committee of Com- mons services committee since 1970. Chairman, Anglo-rtalian Parliamentary. Group, and vice- president, Franco-British Parlia- mentary Relations Committee.
FARNHAM
Electorate: 62,738 Fab: 62,088
*Macmillan, M. (C) 23,885 Davies; P. (L) 15,626 Hodge, M.iss H. C. (Lab) 8,305
C majority 8,259 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,816. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 49.9%, L 32.7%, Lab 17.4%. C maj 17.3%. Swing -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,508
(82.9%)-C 25,686 (49.9%), L 19,224 (37.3%), lab 6,347 (12.3%), Ind 251 (0.5%)-C maj 6,462 (12.5%). Swing + 0.3%.
Mr Maurice Macmillan wag Pay- master General, attached to the Treasury, from 1973-74; Secretary of State for Employment 1972-73 ; Chief Secretary to the Treasury 1970-72. Elected in 1966, after being MP for Halifax 1955-64. Con- tested Seaham, 1945, Lincoln, 1951, and Wakefield (by-election), 1957. Economic Secretary to the Treas- ury 1963-64. B January, 1921; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Chairman, Macmillan and Com- pany Ltd, 1966-70. Son of Mr Har- old Macmillan. President, United Kingdom Council of the European Movement, 1961-63. Former chair- man, wider Share Ownership Coun- cil and later, chairman, executive committee of WSOC. Appointed to Shadow Cabinet and a spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs, March, 1974.
FARNWORTH
Electorate: 70,565 Feb: 69,880. *Roper, 3. F. H. (Lab and
Co-op) 28,184 Shepherd, R. H. (C) 13,489 Rothwell, Mrs M. P. (L) 11,059
Lab majority 14,695 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,732. Turnout 74.7%.
Lab & Coop 53.4%, C 25.6%, L 21.0%. Lab & Coop maj 27.9%. Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,417
(80.2% )-Lab & Co-Op 28,068 (49.7%), C 15,431 (27.3%), L 12,918 (22.9%)-Lab & Co-op maj 12,637 (22.4%). Swing - 2.7%.
Air John Roper was elected In 1970; contested High Peak in 1964 Economist. B September, 1935; ed William Hulme's Grammar School, Manchester; Reading School, Magdalen College, Oxford, and University of Chicago. Member, Commons Select Commit- tee on Expenditure, 1970; Select Committee on Corporation Tax, 1972; Secretary, North West group of Labour MPs. Director, Coopera- tive Wholesale Society Ltd and Cooperative Insurance Society Ltd. Member, Association of University Teachers. Chairman, General Council of the United Nations Association since 1973.
FAVERSHAM
Electorate: 76,000 Feb: 75,416 *Moate, R. D. (C) 25,087 Freedman, M. (Lab) 22,210 Morgan, P. J. (L) 10,979
C majority 2,877 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,276. Turn-out 76.7%.
C 43.0%, Lab 38.1%, L 18.8%. C maj 4.9%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 62,303
(82.5%)-C 26,316 (42.2%), Lab 20,909 (33.6%), L 14,927 (23.9%), Community 151 (0.2%) -C maj 5,407 (8.7%). Swving + 0.9%.
Mr Roger Moate won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; an insur- ance broker, contested the seat in 1966. B May, 1938; ed Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith. Vice-chairman, Greater London area Young Conservatives, 1964-66. Director, Alexander Howden and Swann Limited (Insurance).
Feltham and Heston,
see Hounslow
FERIMANAGH AND SOUTH TYRONE
Electorate : 71,343 Feb: 69,775 Maguire, M. F. (Ind) 32,795 *West, H. W. (UUUC) 30,285 Evans, A. J. (Marx Len) 185
Ind majority 2,510 IND GAIN
Total vote 63,265. Turn-out 88.7%.
Ind 51.8%, UUUC 47.9%, Marx Len 0.3%. Ind maj 4.0%'.
February 1974: Total vote 61,654 (88.4%)-UUUC 26,858 (43.6%,'), Unit, 16,229 (26.3%), SDLP 15,410 (25.0%), UU Pro Assem 3,157 (5.1%,)-UUUC maj 10,629 (17.2%). Mr Frank Maguire, publican. Nephew of the veteran Nationalist and former MP, Mr John Carron.
FIFE, Central
Electorate : 58,402 Feb- 57,903
*Hamilton, W. W. (Lab) 22,400 Livingstone, D. V.
(Scot Nat) 14,414 Clarke, P. (C) 5,308 Maxwell, A. (Comm) 1,040
Lab majority 7,986 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,162. Turn-out 73.9%.
Lab 51.9%, Scot Nat 33.4%, C 12.3%, Comm 2.4%. Lab maj 18.5%. Swing -3.1%.
February 1974: Total vote 45,859 (79.2%)-Lab 24,418 (53.2%), Scot Nat 10,324 (22.5%), C 9,098 (19.8%), Comm 2,019 (4.4%)-Lab maj 14,094 (30.7%)
Mr William Hamilton elected In February, 1974, was MP for West Fife, 1950-74, and contested that seat in 1945.- Member, Esti- mates Committee, 1953-70, chair- man, 1964-70. Teacher. B June, 1917; ed Washington Grammar School, co Durham, and Sheffield University. Member, Public Expenditure Committee. Vice- chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1964-70. Member, NUT. Sponsored by Confederation of Health Service Employees.
FIFE, East
Electorate: 56,453 Feb: 56,050 *Gilmour, Sir J. E. (C) 16,116 Braid, J. (Scot Nat) 13,202 Liddell, Mrs H. (Lab) 7,040 Docherty, D. (L) 5,247
C majority 2,914 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,605. Turn-out 73.7%.
C 38.7%h. Scot Nat 31.7%. Lab 16.9%. L 12.6%. C maj 7.0%. Swing-5.5%.
February 1974: Total vote 44,165
(78.9%)-C 21,172 (47.9°%), Scot Nat 8.593 (19.4%), L 7,766 (17.%), Lab 6,634 (15.0%)-C maj 12,579 (28.5%0). Swing + i-4%.
Sir John Gilmour was elected at a by-election in 1961; contested East Stirlingshire and Clackmannan, 1945. Market gardener. B October, 1912; ed Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and Dundee School of Economics. Chairman, Scottish Unionist Party, 1965-67; Fife County Council, 1955-61. Member
Select Committee on Scottish Affairs; Member, Royal Company of Archers. Vice-chairman, Conser- vative Parliamentary agricultural committee, 1963-64 and 1969-70, Scottish Conservative MPs since March, 1974.
Finchley, see Barnet
FLINT, East
Electorate: 69,273 Feb: 68,646
*Jones, S. B. (Lab) 27,002 Penston, M. J. A. (C) 17,416 Fairley, R. (L) 8,986 Evans, F. (PI Cymru) 1,779
Lab majority 9,586 NO 'CHANGE
Total vote 55,183. Turn-out 79.7%.
Lab 48.9%, C 31.6%, L 16.3%. PI Cymru 3.2%. Lab maj 17.4%. Swing - 1.0%.
February 1974: Total vote 58,262 -Lab dc Co-op 27,663 (47.5%), C 18,811 (32.3%), L 10,653 (18.3%) Pl Cymrut 1,135 (L.9%)-Lab & Co-op mlaj 8,852 (15.2%). Swfing
Mr Barry Jones was elected in 1970. Teacher. B June, 1938; ed Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor College of Education. Con. tested Northwich, 1966. UK dele- gate to Council of Europe and WEU. Member, Hawarden Rural District Council. Regional organlzer, NUT. Appointed Under Secretary, Welsh Office, March 1974.
FLINT, West
Electorate : 64,302 Feb : 63,855 *Meyer, Sir A. J. C. (C) 20,054 Harries, N. B. (Lab) 15,234 Brighton, P. J. (L) 10,881 Taylor, N. (PI Cymru) 2,306
C majority 4,820 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,475. Turn-out 75.4%.
C 41.4%,t, Lab 31.4/%, L 22.4%, PI Cymru 4.7%. C maj 9.9%. Swing -1.8%.
February 1974: Total vote 52,063 (81.5%)-C 22,039 (42.3%/), Lab
14,897 (28.6%), L 12,831 (24.6%M), P1 Cymru 2,296 (4.4%)-C ma; 7,142 (13.7%). Swing -1.2%.
Sir Anthony Meyer, former diplo- mat, was elected in 1970; repre- sented Eton and Slough, 1964-66. B October, 1920; ed Eton and New College, Oxford. Trustee of the National Theatre; founder and dir. ector, political journal, Solon. Joint Secretary, British Council of European Movement. Member, Foreign Service, 1946-62. Conser- vative Research centre, 1968. FOLKESTONE AND HYTHE
Electorate: 64,714 Feb* 64,287
*Costain, A. P. (C) 20,930 Budd, B. (L) 12,488 Butler, M. J. S. (Lab) 11,639 Button, H. (Ind) 265
C majority 8,442 NO CHANGE
February, 1974 : Total vote 49,702
(73)-C 23,400 (47.1%!), L 14,890 (29.903), Lab l11,412 (23.0%) C Mai 8,510 (17.1%11). Swing - 3.7%.
Total vote 45,322. Turn-out 70.0q%.
C 46.2%,L 27.5%, Lab 25.7%. Ind 0.6%. C maj 18.6%. Swing
1.8%.
Mr Albert Costain was elected in 1959. Chairman of Richard Costain Ltd,1966-69. B July, 1910; ed King James's Grammar School, Knares. borough, and the college of Estate Management, Fellow of the Insti- tute of Builders; Vice-President, international Prestressed Concrete Development Group, 1952. London treasurer, National Children's Home, 1950-60
Fulham, see Hlammersmith
G
GAINSBOROUGH
Electorate : 61,749 Feb 61,152 *Kimball, M. (C) 19,163 Blackmore, R. B. (L) 15,195 Lansbury, T. J. (Lab) 11,797
C majority 3,968 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,155. Turn-out 74.7%.
C 41.S%, L 32.9%, Lab 25.5%. C maj 8.6%. Swing -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,155
(81.3%)-C 22,177 (44.2%), L 15,967 (31.8%), Lab 12,011 (23.9%)-C maj 6,210 (12.4%) Swing +1.4%.
Mr Marcus Kimball, land-owner, farmer and Lloyd's underwriter, vas returned at a by-election In 1956; contested Derby, South. 1955. B October, 1928; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member, Rutland County Council, 1955-62. Chairman, East Midland Area Young Conservatives, 1954- 58. Chairman, British Field Sports Society since 1964. Joint master and buntsman, Cottesmore Hounds, 1953-58, and Fitzwrilliam, 1951-52
GALLOAVAY
Electorate : 39,407 Feb : 39,082 Thompson, G. H.
(Scot Nat) 12,242 Ross. K. (C) 12,212 Hannay, Dr D. R. (L) 3,181 Fulton, T. G. (Lab) 2,742
SNP majority 30 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 30,377. Turn-out 77.1%.
Scot Nat 40.3%, C 40.2%, L 10.5p, Lab 9.0%. Scot Nat maj 0.1%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 30,358
(77.8%)-C 13,316 (43.9%), Scot Nat 9,308 (30.7%), L 4,643 (15.3%), Lab 3,091 (10.2%)-C maj 4,008 (13.2%). Swving +-1.8%.
Mr George Thompson, contested the seat in February, 1974 ; a for- mer SNP assistant national secre- tary, teaches modern languages at Kirkcudbright High School. B 1928 ; ed Dairy School, Kirkcud- bright Academy and Edinburgh University.
GATESHEAD, East
*Conlan, B. (Lab) 27,620 Ryder, R. A. (C) 10,021 Buckingham, K. A. (L) 6,998
Lab majority 17,599 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,639. Turn-out 70.3%Z1.
Lab 61.9%, C 22.4%, L 15.7%. Lab maj 39.4%. Swing -4.2%. February, 1974 : Total vote 49,435
(78.6%)-Lab 27,269 (55.2%), C 11,970 (24.2%), L 10,196 (20.6)-Lab maj 15.299 (30.9%). Swing -0.7%.
Mr Bernard Conlan was elected in 1964; contested High Peak, 1959. Engineer. B October, 1923; ed Manchester primary and secondary
schools. Member, Manchester City
Council 1954-66 ; officer of Amal- gamated Engineering Union 1944- 66. Sponsored by AUEW engineer- Ing section. Member, Defence and External Affairs sub-committee, Public Expenditure Committee. GATESHEAD, Wcst
Electorate : 30,768 Feb: 30.572 *Horam, J. R. (Lab) 13,859 Brown, P. (C) 4,432 Stoddart, Mrs K. (L) 1,909
Lab majority 9,427 NO CHANGE
Total vote 20,200. Turn-out 65.6%.
Lab 68.6%. C 21.9%. L 9.4%, Lab maj 46.7%. Swing-4.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 22,685
(74.2%)-Lab 13,839 (61.0%), C 5,372 (23.7%), L 3,474 (15.3%)-Lab maj 8,467 (37.3%) Swina -0.5%/.
Mtlr Jobn Horam, economic con- sultant, was elected in 1970; con- tested Folkestone and Hythe in 1966. B March, 1939; ed Silcoates School, Wakefield, and St Cathar-
Ine's College, Cambridge. Founder. lirector Commodities Research Unit Ltd. Chairman, Circle Thirty- rhree Housing Trust Ltd.
GILLINGHAM
Electorate: 62,099 Feb: *Burden, F. F. A. (C)
Clother, H. G. N. (Lab) Jones, T. (L)
Campbell, S. (Nat Front)
61,498
19,042 15,046 12,131
922
C majority 3,996 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,141. Turn-out 75.9%.
C 40.4%, Lab 31.9%, L 25.70/ Nat Front 1.90/,%. C maj SWing9-1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,836
(82.4%)-C 20,934 (41.2%), L 15,052 (29.6%), Lab 14,850 (29.2%)_-.C maj 5,882 (11.6%). Swing-2.8 %.
Mr Frederick Burden was elected in 1950; contested South Shields 1935, Finsbury 1945, and Rother- liithe, in 1947 by-election. Chair- man, Parliamentary animal welfare group and vice-chairman, RSPCA. Company director. B December, 1905; ed Sloane Grammar School, Chelsea.
GLASGOW, Cathcart
Electorate : 49,826 Feb : 49,346
*Taylor, E. M. (C) 16,306 Carnegie, Mrs J. E. (Lab) 14,544 Ewing, A. (Scot Nat) 6,292 Wills, H. (L) 1,058
C majority 1,757 NO CHANGE V
Total vote 38,200. Turn-out 76.7%.
C 42.7%, Lab 38.1%, Scot Nat Swn15% L. 2.8%. C maj 4.6%.
Swng -0.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,809
(80.7%,.)-C 18,247 (45.8%), Lab 16,152 (40.6%), Scot Nat 5,410 (13.6%) -C maj 2,095 (5.3%).
Mr Edward Taylor, an Opposition spokesman on Scotland from Marchl, 1974, was Under-Secretary (Development) Scottish Office, 1974; Under-Secretary, Scottish Office, 1970-71, when he resigned in disagreement with Government's policy on the EEC. Elected in 1964, contested Glasgow, Springburn, 1959. Industrial relations officer and Journalist. B April, 1937*; ed Glasgow High School and Glasgow University. Member, Glasgow City Council, 1959-64. Chairman, Conservative parliamentary con- sumer protection committee, 1972
GLASGOWV, Central
Electorate : 25,516 Feb: *Mc.Alillan, T. M. (Lab) Nugent, B. (Scot Nat) Woolfson, N. (C) Bennett, E. (L)
25,426
9,231 2,790 1,880
605
Lab majority 6,441 NO CHANGE
Total vote 14,506. Turnout 56.8%.
Lab 63.6%, Scot Nat 19.2%, C 13.0%, L 4.2%. Lab maj 44.4%. Swving -6.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 16,028
(63.0%)-Lab 9,400 (58.6%), C 3,435 (21.4%), Scot Nat 2,211 (13.8%o), L 982 (6.1%)-Lab maj 5,965 (37.2%).
MIr Thomis McMillan, formerly a wood machinist at Cowlairs rail- way workshops, was elected in 1966. B February, 1919 ; ed second- ary education. Member. Glasgow City Council since 1962. Magistrate and Bailie of Burgh, 1964. Secre- tary, Glasgow Central CLP. Spon- sored by NUR.
GLASGOW, Craigton
Electorate : 44,333 Feb: 4 *Millan, B. (Lab)
Houston, R. G. (Scot Nat) Belton, G. F. (C) McIntyre, R. (L)
43,949
i6,952 8,171 6,734 1,728
Lab majority 8,781 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,585. Tturnl-out 75.7%.
Lab 50.5%, Scot Nat 24.3%, C 20.0%,1, L 5.1%. Lab maj 26. 1%. Swing - 4.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 35,175
(80.0%)-Lab 18,055 (51.3%), C 10,817 (30.7%), Scot Nat 6,303 (17.9% )-Lab maj 7.238 (20.6%).
Mr Bruce Millan, Minister of State for Scotland from March, 1974, was an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1973-74 and on industry, 1970-73. Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, 1966-70; Un- der-Secretarv of Defence for the Royal Air Force, 1964-66. Elected in 1959 ; contested the seat 1955 and West Renfrewshire, 1951. Chartered accountant. B October. 1927; ed Harris Academy, Dundee. Sponsored by APEX.
GLASGOW, Garscadden
Electorate: 54,700 Feb : 54,267
*Small, W. W. (Lab) 19,737 Bovey, K. (Scot Nat) 12.111 Corbett' J. (C) 5,004 Kibby, M. R. (L) 1,915
Lab majority 7,626 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,767. Turn-out 70.9%.
Lab 50.9%, Scot Nat 31.2%o, C 12.9%, L 4.9%. Lab maj 19.7%. Swing -5.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 40,230
(74.1%)-Lab 21.033 (52.3%I'), C 9,771 (24.3%.), Scot Nat 8.789 (21.8%), Comm 635 (1.6%)- Lab maj 11,264 (28.0%).
MIr William Small, returned In February, 1974- represented Glas. gow, Scotstoun, 1959-74. Engineer. B October, 1909; elementary educa- tion at Motherwell. Member, Ayr Cotunty Council, 1945-52, and of national committee, Amalgamated Engineering Union, 1955-57 ; past president, West Ayrsliire district AEU. Sponsored by AUEW engin- eering section.
GLASGOW, Govan
Electorate : 32,094 Feb : 31,928
*Selby, H. (Lab) 11,392 MacDonald, Mrs M.
(Scot Nat) 9,440 Todd, Miss M. (C) 1,623 Mason, E. (L) 444 Brooks, M. A. (Nat Front) 86 Clyde, T. (Ind) 27
Lab majority 1,952 NO CHANGE
Total vote 23,012. Turn-out 71.7%.
Lab 49.5%,, Scot Nat 41.0%, C 7.0% L 1.9%, Nat Front 0.4%, Ind 0.1%°. Lab maj 8.5%. Swing --6.0% -
February, f974: Total vote 23,921
(74.9%)-Lab 10,326 (43.2%), Scot Nat 9,783 (40.9%), C 3,049 (12.79%), L 763 (3.2%)-Lab maj 543 (2.3%).
Mr Harry Selby, aged 60, was elected on February, 1974, having contested the by-election in 1973. Hairdresser. Glasgow councillor since 1972; Chairman, Govan con- stituency Labour Party for 11 years.
GLASGOWV, Hillhead
Electorate : 41.726 Feb' *Galbraith, T. C. D. (C) Welsh, D. (Lab)
Bortliwick, G. (Scot Nat) Rennie, A. (L)
41,553
11,203 8,507 6,897 3,596
C majority 2,696 NO CHANGE
Total vote 30,203. Turn-out 72.4%.
C 37.1%, Lab 28.2%, Scot Nat 22.8%, L 11.9°o. C maj 8.9%. Swing -5.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 32,721
(78.7%)-C 14,378 (43.9°,t Lab 7,997 (24.4%), L 6,644 (203°% )
Scot Nat 3,702 (11.3%)-C m~aj 6.381 (19.5%).
Mr Thomas Galbralih was Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry oF Transport, 1963-64 ; Under-Secrt. tarv, Scottish Office from 1959 resigned in November, 1962. Civll Lord of the Admiralty from t';7 - Treasurer of the Househol. 1,i i5
Comptroller of the Hou.., old, 1954. Returned at a by-electon in 1948 ; contested Paisley, 154i, and East Edinburgh by-election 'r the same year. An Opposition spokes- man on transport, 1964-65
AYLESBURY
Electorate: 67,729 Feb: 67,070 *Raison, T. H. F. (C) 23,565 Groves, R. (Lab) 14,592 Cook, M.. J. (L) 12,219
C majority 8,973 NO CHANGE
fotal vote 50,376. Turn-out 74.4%.
C 46.8%, Lab 29.0%, L 24.2%. C maj 17.80%.. Swing - 1.4%.
february, 1974: Total vote 54,808
(81. °,)-rC 25,764 (47.0%), L 14,581 (26.601 ), Lab 14.463 (26.4%)-C maj 11,183 (20.4%). Mr Timothy Raison, an Opposition spokesman on social services and then on education from March, 1974, was Under Secretary for Education and Science 1973-74. Journalist and magazine publisher. Elected in 1970. B November, 1929 ; ed Dragon School, Oxford, Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford. Member, Richmond upon Thames Borough Council, 1967-71, and In- ner London Education Authority education committee (co-opted), 1967-70. Fought Bedford during 1964 election on behalf of Mr Christopher Soames who was injured.
AYR
Electorate: 51,975 Feb: 51,546
*Younger, G. K. H. (C) 17,487 Stewart, R. S. (Lab &
Co-op) 1,6
Robinson, Miss E. (Scot 14,268 Nat) 6,902 Tosh, M (L) 2,611
C majority 3,219 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,268. Turn-out 79.4%.
C 42.4%t, Lab & Coop 34.6b, Scot Nat 16.7%, L 6.3%. C maj 7.8%. Swing - 2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,860
(83.%) -C 21,626 (50.4%), Lab 16,528 (38.6%), Scot Nat 4,706 (11.0q;o)-C niaj 5,093 (11.9%). Swving + 0.6%.
Mr George Younger, an Opposition spokesman on defence from March, 1974, was Minister of State for Defence January to February 1974; Under Secretary for Devel- opment Scottish Office, 1970-74. Elected in 1964; contested Lanark- shire, North, 1959. Scottish Con- servative whip, 1965-67. Eldest son of Viscount Younger of Leckie. Formerly director of George Younger and Sons Ltd, the brewers. B September, 1931 ; ed Cargilfield School, Edinburgh, Winchester College, and New Col- lege, Oxford. Governor, Royal Scottish Academy. In 1968 raised a petition of more than one million signatures to save the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, his former regiment, from disband- ment.
AYRSHIRE, Central
Electorate.: 59,273 Feb : 58,795 *Lambie, D. (Lab) 21 188 Carse, Miss M. (C) 11:633 Anderson, L. (Scot Nat) 11,533 Watts, Dr D. (L) 2,640
Lab majority 9,555 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,994. Turn-out 79.30%..
Lab 45.1°o, C 24.7%, Scot Nat 24.5%, L 5.6%. Lab maj 20.3%. Swing - 3.7%.
February, 19i4: Total vote 48,256
(82.1 :%)-Lab 23,639 (49.0%,), C 17,362 (36.0°b), Scot Nat 7.725 (15.0)--Lab maj 6,277 (13.0%).
Mr David Lambie was elected in 1970; contested Ayrshire, North and Bute in 1966, 1964, 1959, and 1959. Teacher. B July, 1925; ed Ardrossan Academy. Glasgow, and Glasgow and Geneva Universities. Executive member, Educational In- stitute for Scotland ; chairman, Scottish Labour Party, 1965-66. Member, Select Committee, Parlia- mentary Commissioner for Administration since April, 1974. AYRSHIRE, North and Bute
Electorate 49,071 Feb : 48,720
*Corrie, J. A. (C) 13,599 Carson, J. N. (Lab) 10,093 Murphy, J. A. (Scot Nat) 9,055 Stevenson, R. (L) 2,224
C majority 3,506 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,971. Turn-out 71.3%.
C 38.9%', Lab 28.90%, Scot Nat 25.9%, L 6.3%. C maj 10.0%. Swving -3.9o.
February, 19,4: Total vote 37,538
(77.0':j) )-C 17,166 (45.7°O), Lab 10,436 (27.8%6), Scot Nat 6,104 (16.3%), L 3,832 (10.2-..)-C maj 6,730 (17.9°o%). Swing -0.1%.
Mr John Corrie, farmer, was elected, February, 1974. B July, 1935; ed George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Lincoln Agricul- tural College, New Zealand. Contested Ayrshire, Central, 1966 and Lanark, North, 1964. Past President, Scottish Young Conser- vatives and Kirkcudbright Unionist Association. Nuffield Agricultural Scholar, 1972-73.
AYRSHIRE, South
Electorate : 51,330 Feb * 50,784 *Sillars, J. (Lab) 22,329 Mullin, R. (Scot Nat) 7,851 Armstrong, Mrs J. (C) 7,402 Mabon, R. (L) 2,130
Lab majority 14,478 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,712. Turn-out 77.4%.
Lab 56.2°, Scot Nat 19.8%, C 18.6, L 54 4°. Lab maj 36. 4. Swing -3.4%.
February 1974: 7otal vote 40,348
(79.4%'O)-Lab 23,093 (57.2'o), C 10,643 (26.4% ), Scot Nat 6,612 (16.4% )-Iab maj 121450 (30.8%'). Swing + 0.4°.
Plr James Sillars, a trade union official, was returned at the by- election in March, 1970. Full-time Labour Partv agent 1964 and 1966 elections. B October, 1937; ed. New- ton Park School, Ayr, and Ayr Academy. Former official Fire Bri- gades Union and head of Scottish TUC organization department.
B
BAkNBURY
Electorate: 67,530 Feb: 66.939
*Marten, H. N. (C) 24,210 Booth, A. C. (Lab) 18,019 Charlton, D. (L) 8,352 Barbour, J. (Ind Eng Nat) 547
C majority 6,191 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51.128. Turn-out 75.7'.
C 47.3% , Lab 35.2%O, L 16.3%,. Ind Eng Nat 1.1%. C maj 12.1%. February, 1974: Total v ote 55,403
(83.1°%)-C 25,167 (45.4%), Lai) 18,289 (33.0%O), L 11,947 (21.6°%.o)-C ma; 6,878 (12.4%,b). Mr Neil Marten, elected in 1959, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Aviation, 1962-64. Dir- ector, shipping company. B December, 1916; ed Rossall Scloo], and Law Society. Vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary for- eign and Commonwealth affairs centre, 1968-70; chairman, space committee since 1965. Member, Estimates Committee since 1965; and executive of the 1922 Commit. tee. Chairman, all-Party Disabled Drivers Committee since 1968; Anglo-Norwegian Parliamentary Group since 1962, and Education and Arts Sub-committee of Commons Public Expenditure Committee since 1971. Leading opponent of EEC.
HILLINGDON, Uxbrldge
Electorate: 59,746 Feb: 59,190 *Shersby, J. M. (C) 19,969 Pringle, G. E. (Lab) 17,816 Pincham, J. S. (L) 7,081
C majority 2,153 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,866. Turn-out 75.1%.
C 44.5%, Lab 39.7%, L 15.8%. C maj 4.8%. Swing - 0.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,819
(82.4%)-C 20,542 (42.1%), Lab 18,127 (37.1%) ,) L 10,i150 (20.8%)-C maj 2,415 (4.9%).
Mr Michael Shersby held the seat for the Conservatives in the 1972 by-election. Director, British Sugar Bureau. B February, 1933 ; ed John Lyon School, Harrow-on-the-HiII.
Joint Secretary, Coilservative Party Industry Committee since 1972. Member, Paddington Bor- ough Council, 1959.64 and West- minster City Council, 1964-71. (Deputy Lord Mayor, 1967.68.)
HITCHIN
Electorate : 72,815 Feb- *Stewart, I. (C)
Mallalieu, Miss A. (Lab) Dix, E. (L)
72,126
25,S42 22,656
9,454
C majority 3,186 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,952. Turn-out 79.6%.
C 44.6%, Lab 39.1%, L 16.3%. C maj 5.5%. Swing -0.5%.
February, 1973: Total vote 61,717
(85.5%)-C 27,222 (44.1%), Lab 23,204 (37.6%)I L 10,824 (17.5%), Ind 467 (0.7%)-.C rnaj Vlr Ian Stewart won the seat in February, 1974. Banker, director 3f Brown Shipley & Co Ltd. Fought Hammersmith, North, [970. B January, 1935; ed Hai:ey- jury and Jesus College, Cam. irldge. Director, British Numisma- IC Society since 1965. Treasurer, WVestminster Committee for Pro. :ection of Children since 1961.
Holborn and St Pancras South,
see Camden
HOLLAND IVITH BOSTON
'lectorate : 80,454 Feb 79,775
'Body, R. (C) 28,145 Cornish, M. (Lab.) 19,461 Stephenson, G. R. (L) 10,476
C majority 8,684 qO CHANGE
7otal vote 58,082. Turn-out 72.2%.
C 48.4%, Lab 33.5%, L 18.0%. C maj 14.9%. Swing -2.2%.
rebruary, 1974: Total vote 64,207
(80.5%)-C 30,561 (47.6%), Lab 18,180 (28.3%), L 15,466 (24.1%)-C maj 12,381 (19.3%). Swing -- 1.5%.
,lr Richard Body, elected In 1966, epresented Billericay from 1955- '9. Contested Leek in 1951, Roth- rham, 1950 and Abertillery by- lection, 1950. Barrister (Middle 'emple, 1949) and farmer. B May, 927; ed Reading School. Former ifficer of Conservative backbench ub-committee on horticulture; hairman, Open Seas Forum since 970. Vice-chairman, Get Britain )ut (of EEC) Campaign.
IONITON
Ilectorate: 73,070 Feb: 'Emery, P. F. H. (C) Howell, V. (L)
Spiller. R. L. (Lab)
72,606
29,720 16,500 9,048
C majority 13.220 JO CHANGE
.otal vote 55,268. Turn-out 75.6°,
C 53.8%1., L 29.8%, Lab 16.4%7 C rmaj 23.90. Sw%ring -1.1°.
'ebruary, 1974: Total vote 59,526
(82.0 )-C 32,429 (54.5%), L 18,306 (30.7%), Lab 8,791 (14.8%)-C maj 14,123 (237%). Ir Peter Emery, Under-Secretary or Energy, 1974; Under-Secretary or Trade and Industry, 1972-74 vith responsibility for industry. teturned at by-election In 1967. An )pposition spokesman on Treasury, conomic. affairs and trade, 1964- :5. Elected for Reading in 1959- Iefeated in 1966 ; contested Poplar, 951, and Lincoln, 1955. Joint ounder and first secretay of Bow ,roup. Manufacturer. B February, 926 ; ed Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Lnd Oriel College, Oxford. Served in Hornsey Borough Council for ight years (deputy mayor, 1957- :8). Director of Institute of Pur- hasing and Supply, 1961-72, and 'hillips Petroleum Companies in Jnited Kingdom, 1964-72P; Secre ary-General, European Federation if Purchasing, 1962-72. Chairman, 'onsultative Council of Profes- go6n7al Management Organizations,
IORNCASTLE
vlectorate : 49,627 Feb : 49,232 'Tapseil, P. H. B. (C) 16,750 Starkey, M. (L) 11,506 Bratton, K. (Lab) 6,849
C majority 5,244
4O CHANGE
rotal vote 35,105. Turn- out 70.7%.
C 47.7%, L 32.8%, Lab 19.5%. C maj 14.9%. Swing - 1.9%.
,ebruary, 1974: Total vote 39,057
(78.8%)-C 19,344 (49.5%), L 12,555 (32.1%), Lab 6,791 (17.4%), Ind Dem All 367 (0.9%)-C maj 6,789 (17.4%). Swing + 1.1%.
Ur Peter Tapsell was elected in L966. MP for Nottingham, West, .959.64 ; contested Wednesbury, .957 by-election. Partner in a firm Af stockbrokers. B February, 1930; !d Tonbridge School and Merton ,ollege, Oxford. Former member, kdvisory Council of the Midland legion of the BBC, and council of lie Tennyson Society. Personal issistant to the then Prime Minis. er, Sir Anthony Eden, during 1955 tlection campaign.
Hornchurch, see Havering
Hornsey, see Haringey
RORSHAM AND CRAIVLEY Electorate: 90,944 Feb: 89,827
kllordern, P. M. (C) 29,867 Oakeshott, M. A.. (Lab) 26,168 Greenwood, Mrs P. (L) 13,848 Brewer, A. (Nat Front) 1,101
C majority 3,699 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 70,984. Turn-out 78.0%.
C 42.1°%, Lab 36.9%, L 19.5%, Nat Front 1.5°%. C maj 5.2%.' Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 74,997
(83.4%)-C 31,802 (42.4%), Lab 25,028 (33.4%) L 18,167 (24.2%)-C maj 6,774 (9.0%/).
1Ir Peter Hordern, MP for Hor. sham, 1964-74, was elected in 1974. Chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary committee on finance, 1970. 72. Member Public Accounts Committee, 1969. Member of Lon- don Stock Exchange and company director. B April, 1929 ; ed Geelong Grammar, School, Australia, and Christ Church, Oxford. Joint vice- chairman, Conservative. finance committee from March, 1974. Member, executive, 1922 Commit. tee.
BANFFSHIRE
Electorate: 31,992 Feb. 31,624 *Watt, I. H. (Scot Nat) 10,638 Gordon, J. S. (C) 8,787 Macleod, C. (L) 2,059 Porteous, Mrs A. W. M.
(Lab) 1,700
SNP majority 1,851 NO CHANGE
Total vote 23,184. Turn-out 72.5%.
Scot Nat 45.9%, C 37.9%, L 8.9%, Lab 7.3%. Scot Nat maj 8.0%. Swing +1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 23,938
(75.%) -.Scot Nat 11,037 (46.1%), C 8,252 (34.5%), L 3,121 (13.0%h), Lab 1,528 (6.4%,) -Scot Nat maj 2,785 (11.6%,',).
Mr Hamish Watt won the seat in February, 1974; contested it In 1970 and Caithness and Sutherland in 1966 (as a Conservative). Dairy and sheep farmer and company director. B December, 1925- ed Keith Grammar School and St Andrews University, County coun- cillor.
BARKING, Barking
Electorate : 50,039 Feb : 49,617 *Ricbardson, Miss J. (Lab) 21,546 Forth, E. (C) 5,256 Taylor, M. F. (L) 5,245 Bond, C. W. (Nat Front) 1,661
Lab majority 16,290 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,708. Turn-out 67.4%.
Lab 63.9%, C 15.6%, L 15.6%, Nat Front 4.9%. Lab maj 48.3%. Swing -3.5%.
February 1974: Total vote 38,012
(76.6) -Lab 22,846 (60.1%), L 8,012 (21.1%), C 7,154 (18.8%o) -Lab maj 14,834 (39.0%).
Miss Josephine Richardson was elected in February, 1974; con- tested Harrow, East, 1964, Horn- church, 1959, and Monmouth, 1955 and 1951. Export manager. B August, 1923; ed Southend High School for Girls. APEX and ASTMS.
BARKING, Dagenham
Electorate : 70,004 Feb : 69,289 *Parker, J. (Lab) 29,678 Hamilton, A. G. (C) 7,684 Poole, G (L) 7,564 Wake, G. (Comm) 569
Lab majority 21,994 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,495. Turn-out 65.0%.
Lab 65.2°,o, C 16.9%, L 16.6%, Comm 1.2°%. Lab maj 48.3%o. Suing -0.2%.
February 1974 : Total vote 49,209
(71.0%)-Lab 35,765 (72.7%,o), C 12,275 (24.9%), Comm 1,169 (2.41 )-.Lam maj 23,490 (47.7%).
Mr John Parker, a writer and former publisher, was Under- Secretary, Dominions Office, 1945- 46. Elected in 1945. Contested Hol- land with Boston, 1931, and was MP for Romford, 1935-45. B July, 1906; ed Marlborough and St John's College, Oxford. BARKSTON ASH
Electorate : 83,803 Feb : 83,068
*Alison, M. J. H. (C) 30,498 Muir, I. H. (Lab) 20,557 Paige, D. (L) 12,483
C majority 9,941 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,538. Turn-out 75.8%.
C 48.0%, Lab 32.3%,1 L 19.6°e C maj 15.6%. Swing - 1.7%.°
February 1974 : Total vote 69,379
(85.5%)-C 33,979 (49.00%), Lab 20,782 (29.9s%), L 14,618 (21.1%) -C mai 13,197 (19.0%). Swing +0.0%.
Mr Michael Alison, Under-Secre- tary for Health and Social Security 1970-74, was elected in 1964. B June, 1926 ; ed Eton, Wadham Col- lege, Oxford and Ridley Hall, Cam- bridge. Member, Kensington Bor. ouglh Council, 1956-59.
BARNET, Chipping Barnet
Electorate: 56,487 Feb . 55,984 *Maudling, R. (C) 19,661 Mills, J. A. D. (Lab) 11,795 Wyn Ellis, Miss N. (LJ 8,8S4 Cole, R. .(Nat Front) 1,207
C majority 7,866 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,547. Turn-out 73.5%.
C 47.3%, Lab 28.4%1, L 21.4°, Nat Front 2.9%. C maj 18.9%. Swing -1.3%.
February 1974: Total vote 45.991
(82.2%)-C 22,094 (48.0o), Lab 12,183 (26.5%), L 11,714 (25.5%) -C maj 9,911 (21.5%).
11r Reginald Maudling, returned in February 1974, vas MP for Barnet, 1950-74. Home Secretary from 1970-72 Deputy Leader of Conser- vative Party, 1965-72; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1962-64; Secre- tary of State for the Colonies, 1961-62; president of the Board of Trade, 1959-61 ; Paymaster-General, 1957-59 ; Minister of Supply, 1955- 57; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1953-55- Parliamientary Secretary, Ministry of Civil Avia- tion, 1952. Contested Heston and Islewvorth in 1945. Barrister (Mid- dle Temple, 1940) and company director. B March, 1917 ; ed Mer- chant Taylors' School and Merton College, Oxford.
BARNET, Finchley
Electorate: 53.933 Feb . 53,521
*Thatcher, Mrs M. H. (C) 16,498 O'Connor, M. J. (Lab) 12,587 Brass, L. S. (L) 7,384 Godfrey, Mrs J.
(Nat Front) 993
C majority 3,911 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,462. Turn-out 69.5°.
C 44.0%6, Lab 33.6%, L 19.7%, Nat Front 2.6%1. C maj 10.4%. Swing -2.0%O.
February 1974 : Total vote 41,603
(77.7 ..)-C 18,180 (43.7'o), Lab 12,202 (29.301%), L 11,221 (27.0%) -C maj 5,978 (14.i%).
Mrs Margaret Thatcher rejoined the Shadow Cabinet as Chief Oppo- sition spokesman on the environ- ment in March 1974, Secretary of State for Education and Science 1970-74, and chief Opposition spokesman on education, 1969-70. Previously spokesman on transport, power, treasury matters, housing, and pensions. Member Shadow Cabinet 1967-70. Returned for Finchley in 1959. Parlianientarv Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 196164. Contested Dartford, 1950 and 1951.
Sponsored an Act to open council meetings to the Press. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1954). B October. 1925; ed Grantham High School and Somerville College, Oxford, BARNET, Hendon, North
Electorate : 50,762 Feb : 50,110
*Gorst, J. M. (C) 16.299 Champion, J. S. (Lab) 14,549 Senior, 1. (L) 5,822
C maiority 1,750 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36.670. Turn-otut 72.2%1.
C 44.4°,, Lab 39.7%, L 15.9-. C maj 4.8%. Swing -0.8%.
February 1974 : Total vote 40,543
(80.8%)-C 17,285 (4260% ), Lab 14,673 (36.2%), L 8,5S5 (21.2%) -C maj 2,612 (6.4%).
Mr John Gorst, a public relations consultant, was elected in 1970; contested Bodmin in 1966 and Chester-le-Street in 1964. B June, 1928; ed Ardingly College and Corpus Christi College, Cam. bridge. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary consumer protection committee. Chairman all-party films committee; secretarv, Middle East Committee; Director, Cassius Film Production. Founder and secretary of the Telephonc Users' Association and of the Local Radio Association, 1946-7Q.
HUDDERSFMELD, West
Electorate: 53,510 Feb: 53,101
*Lomas, K. (Lab) 16,882 Stansfield, J.- M. (C) 15,51S Hasler, Mrs K. (L) 7,503 Ford, D. (Nat Front) 760 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 136
Lab majority 1,364 NO 4CHANGE
Total vote 40,799. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 41.4% C 38.0%, L 18.4%, Nat Front 1.9%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 2.5%. Swing -1.40%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,028
(82.8%)-Lab 17,434 (39.6%), C 16,804 (38.2%), L 9,790 (22.2%) -Lab maj 630 (1.4%). Swing
-0.5%.
Mr Kenneth Lomas, elected In 1964 contested Macclesfield in 1955 and Blackpool, South, in 1951. Former assistant regional Transfu- sion Service, 1955.64. B November, 1922; ed Ashton-under-Lyne coun- cil and modern schools. Former member Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, Speaker's Conference and Select Committee on Parliamentary Commissions.
HUNTlNGDONSHIRE
Electorate: 79,724 Feb : 79,050
*Renton, Sir D. L. M. (CY 26,989 Dowson, M. (Lab) 17,745 Rowe, D. (L) 15,152 C majority 9,244 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,886. Turn-out 75.1%.
C 45.1%, Lab 29.6%, L 25.3%. C maj 15.4%. Swing -1.4%.
February 1974 : Total vote 65,148
(82.4%5-C 29,042 (44.6%), L 19,040 (29.2%) Lab 17,066 (26.2%)-C maJ 10,002 (15.3%). Swing -0.6%.
Sir David Renton, QC, a member of the Royal Commission on the Constitution, was Minister of State, Home Office, 1961-62- Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1958-61 ; and Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Power, 1955.58. Elected in 1945. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn), 1933; QC, 1954; elected Bencher in November, 1962. B August, 1908; ed Oundle School and University College, Oxford. Member, Committee of Privilege since April, 1974. HUYTON
Electorate: 73,485 Feb : 72,592
*Wilson, J. H. (Lab) 31,750 Peters, W. (C) 15,517 Braham, M. (L) 4,956
Lab majority 16,233 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,223. Turn-out 71.10.
Lab 60.8%, C 29.7%, L 9.5%. Lab mai 31.1%. Swing -1.9%. February, 1974: Total vote 56,047
(77.2%)-Lab 31,767 (56.7%), C 16,462 (29.4%), L 7,584 (13.5%), Ind 234 (0.4%)-Lab maj 15,305 (27.3%).
lIMr Harold Wilson became Prime Minister again on March 4, 1974, having been Leader of the Opposition, 1970-74. Prime Minis- ter and First Lord of the Treasury, 1964-70. Elected Leader of the Labour Party in February, 1963, after the death of Mr Hugh Gaits- kell. Unsuccessfully contested the leadership in 1960. Was principal Opposition spokesman on foreign affairs from November, 1961, and previously on Treasury subjects. Elected to the national executive of the party in 1952; chairman, 1961-62. From 1945 to 1950 repre- sented Ormskirk ; elected for Huy- ton in 1950. B March, 1916 ; ed Milnsbridge Council School, Royds Hall School, Huddersfield, Wirral Grammar School, and Jesus Col- lege, Oxford. Economic assistant to the War Cabinet Secretariat, 1940-41 director of economics and statistics, Ministry of Fuel and Power, 1943-44. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Works, 1945 ; Secretary for Overseas Trade March, 1946; President of the Board of Trade, September, 1947
resigned in 1951 over Labour's budgetary policy. Chairman, Pub- lic Accounts Committee, 1959-63.
Caclor, Bradford Uiniversity,
Ilford North, see Redbridge Ilford Soulh, see Redbridge
ILKESTON
Electorate : 74,980 Feb : 74,347 *Fletcher, L. R. (Lab) 31,153
Hamilton, A. N. R. (C) 15,295 Pool, G. (L) 9,671
Lab majority 15,858 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,119. Turn-out 74.8%.
Lab 55.5%, C 27.2%, L 17.2%. Lab maj 28.2%. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,554
(81.4%) -Lab 31,500 (52.0%), C 17,320 (28.6%), L 11,734 (19.4%)-Lab maj 14,180 (23.4%). Swing +3.8%.
Mr Raymond Fletcher was elected in 1964; contested Wycombe, 1955. Journalist and Author. B December, 1921 ; second- ary education and university extra- mural classes. Sponsored by the T & GWU since 1964, member since 1954. Columnist on the Guardian. INCE
Electorate: 77,113 Feb : 76,478
*McGuire, M. T. (Lab) 35,453 Dyson, 3. (C) 11,923 Gibb, J. (L) 8,436
Lab majority 23,530 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,812. Turnout 72.4%.
Lab 63.50%o, C 21.4%, L 15.1%. Lab maj 42.1%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,88S
(74.2% )-Lab 39,822 (70.0&%), C 17,063 (30.0%)-Lab maj 22,759 (40.0%). Swing -1.5%.
Mr Michael McGuire, elected In 1964, was whloletime NUM branch secretary (Sutton Manor Colliery. St Helens, Lancashire), 1957-64. B May, 1926; elementary education. Executive member St Helens Trades and Labour Council, 1957- 64. Sponsored by NUM. Served on Select Committee on Nationalized Industries 1967-70 and executive PLP trade union group. INVERNESS E 7
Elec_t0orat_e_: 57,527 Feb : 57.368
*Johnstone, D. R. (L) 13,128 Barr, D. (Scot Nat) 11,994 Henderson, R. E. (C) 8,922 Cumniing, J. W. L.
(Lab) 6,332 Bell, U. (Fine
Ghaidheil) 155
L majority 1,134 NO CHANGE
February, 1974: Total vote 43 657
(76.1%)-L 16,903 (3S.7%), C 11,680 (26.7%), Lab 7,816 (17.9%), Scot Nat 7,258 (16.6%) -L maj 5,223 (12.0%). Swing + 0.1.
Mr Russell Johnston, elected in 1964, was the first United Kingdom Liberal MP in the European Parlia- ment delegation; is Liberal spokes- man on foreign affairs and defence. B July, 1932; ed Portree High School, Isle of Skye, and Edin- burgh University. Former teacher and research assistant vwth the Scottish Liberal Party. Chairman, Scottish Liberal Party since 1970; vice-president, European Liberal group, group spokesman on regional aid. Parliamentary adviser to Scottish Police Federation-; member, Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland.
IPSWICH
Electorate: 87,675 Feb: 86.807
Weetch, K. T. (Lab} 31,566 *Money, E. D. (C) 29,833 Salt, R. B. (L) 8,295
Lab majority 1,733 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 69,694. Turn-out 79.5%.
Lab 45.3%, C 42.8%, L 11.9%. Lab maj 2.5%. Swing-1.4%.
February, 1967: Total vote 72,545
(83.4%)-C 29,893 (41.2%), Lab 29,634 (40.8%), L 11,857 (16.3%.), Nat Dem 1,161 11.6%)
-C maj 259 (0.3%). Swing
+0.1%.
Mr Kenneth Weetch, college lec- turer, contested the seat in February, 1974, and Saffron Wal- den, 1970. B September, 1933; ed Newbridge Grammar School and London School of Economics. Former national executive mem- ber, National Association of Schoolmasters; member, Associa- tion of Teachers in Colleges and Departments of Education.
ISLE OF ELY
Electorate: 68,491 Feb: *Freud, C. R. (L)
Stuttaford, Dr I. T. (C) Ferris, M. (Lab)
67.8S4
22,040 19,355 11,420
L majority 2,685 NO CHAiNGE
Total vote 52,815. Turn-out 77.1%.
L 41.7%, C 36.6%, Lab 21.6%. L maj 5.1%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,42S
(83.1%)-L 27,647 (49.0%o), C 19,300 (34.2%), Lab 9,478 (16.8°%)-L maj 8,347 (14.8%). Mr Clenment Freud won the seat for the Liberals at the 1973 by-elec- tion. Writer and Broadcaster. Con- sultant and director to hotel and restaurant companies. B April, 1924; ed Dartington Hall and St Paul's School. Liberal spokesman on education since 1973.
ISLE OF lVIGHT
Electorate : 85,897 Feb : 85,208 *Ross, S. (L) 29,697 Fishburn, J. D. (C) 27,657 Brooke, L. D. (Lab) 8,562
L majority 2,040 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,916. Turn-out 76.7%.
L 45.0%, C 41.9°, Lab 13.0%. L maj 3.1%. Swing +0.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 69,343
(81.4 )-L 34,808 (50.2%o), C 27,042 (39.0%), Lab 7,495 (10.8%)-L maj 7,766 (11.2%). Swing -0.8%.
Mr Stephen Ross won the seat for the Liberals in February, 1974. Chartered surveyor and farmer - contested the .seat, 1970, and 1966. B July, 1926-; ed Bedford School. Isle of Wight county councillor and chairman policy and resources committee. Appointed Liberal spokesman on local government and planning, March 1974.
ASLINGTON, Central
Electorate : 45,347 Feb *Grant, J. D. (Lab) Stanbrook, C. (C)
Murphy, P. W. (L)
Score, R. (Nat Front)
45,090
14,689 5,296 3,786 1,335
Lab majority 9,393 NO CHANGE
Total vote 25,106. Turn-out 55.4%.
Lab 58.5%, C 21.1%, L 15.16, Nat Front 5.3%. Lab maj 37.4%. Swing -3.8o*.
February, 1974: Total vote 29,130
(64.6%)-Lab 15,687 (53.8%,), C 6,996 (24.0%), L 6,447 (22.1%) -Lab maj 8,691 (29.8%) ).
Mr John Grant was appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Civil Ser- vice Department, March, 1974. MP for Islington, East, 1970-74- returned for Islington, Central, in February. 1974. He wvas an Opposition spokesman on broadcasting and other media. Contested Beckenham in 1966. Former journalist. B October, 1932; ed grammar school and Sta- tioners' Company's School, Horn- sey. Member, Select Committee on Expenditure; member PLP Com- mittees on employment, posts and telecommunications, environment, economics and finance ; Parliamen- tary consultant to Civil and Public Services Association, NUJ and TGWU.
ISLINGTON, North
Electorate: 41,390 Feb* *O'Halloran, sI. J. (Lab)
Douro, the Marquess of
(C)
Davenport, M. (L)
Fallon, D. (Lab and Dem)
41,185
!2,973
6,155 2,736 I 558
Lab majority 6,818 NO CHANGE
Total vote 22,422. Turn-out 54.2%.
Lab 57.8%, C 27.4%, L 12.2%, Lab & Dem 2.5°o. Lab maj 30.4%. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 25,980
(63.0%)-Lab 13,332 (51.3%), C 6,704 (25.8%), L 4,503 (17.3%), Nat Front 871 (3.3°'%), Lab & Dem 570 (2.2%)-Lab ma& 6,628 (25.5%).
Mlr Mlichael O'Halloraii was returned at the by-election in October, 1969. Building worker. B August, 1928 ; ed elementary school. Former member, Islington Borough Council. TGWU.
ISLINGTON, South and Finsbury Electorate : 42,251 Feb : 41,988 *Cunningham, G. (Lab) 14,544 Hodgson, Miss P. (C) 4,951 Adams, R. (L) 3,661 Betteridge, Mrs M.
(Comm) 512 Lab majority 9,593 NO CHANGE
Total vote 23,668. Turn-oiut 21.6%.
C 54.3%, L 40.1%h, Comm 5.6%, Lab 0.0%. C mai 14.1%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 27,737
(66.2%)-Lab 15,064 (54.3°), C 6,473 (23.3% ), L 5,415 (19.50%1.), Comm 492 (1.8%), Ind L 293 (140%)-Lab maj 8,591 (31.0%).
Mr George Cunningham was MP for Islington South-West from 1970-74; contested Henley, 1966. B June, 1931 ; ed Dunfermnline High School, Blackpool Grammar School and Manchester University. Com- monwealth officer for Labour Party. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Development, 1973-74- and Expenditure Committee, 1971- 74. TGWU. Member, Public Accounts Committee since April, 1974.
J
JARROE V
Electorate : 54,735 Feb: 54,216 *Fernyhough, E. (Lab) 24,558 Bolam, Mrs B. (C) 8,707 Ormston, L. (L) 5.818
Lab majority 15,851 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,083. Turnout 74.1!.
Lab 62.8%, C 22.3%, L 14.9%1. Lab maj 40.5%. Swing -3.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,588
(76.6%, )-Lab 27,740 (66.7%), C 13,848 (33.3°.h)-Lab maj 13,892 (33.4%,tO). Swving - 3.2%: Mr Ernest Fernyhough vas Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1967-68, and Under-Secre- tary, Department of Employment and Productivity, 1968-69. Retuirned at a by-election, 1947, Former miner. Full-time official, National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers, 1935-47. B December, 1908; elementary educa- tion.
K
KEIGHLEY
Electorate: 51,741 Feb: 51,250 *Cryer, G R. (Lab) 19,569 Taylor, C. (C) 16,488 Holmstedt, Miss M. (L) 5,839 Wriglht, G. (Nat Front) 859 Deakin, C. W. (Prosp Brit) 179
_ab majority 3,081 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,934. Turnout 83.0%.
-Lab 45.6%, C 38.4O%, L 13.6', Nat Front 2.0%, Pros Brit 0-4%. Lab maj 7.2%'. Swing -2.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,480
(86.7%)-Lab 18,595 (41.8°' ), C 17,717 (39.8%), L 7,820 (17.6%), Social Dem 348 (0.8%) -Lab maj 878 (2.00%). Swing - 1.7°.
iMlr Robert Cryer, who won the seat for Labour in February, 1974, is a technical college teacher. Member. Keighley Borough Coun. cil since 1971. B December, 1934- ed Salt High School, Shipley and Hull University. Member TGWU and ATTI.
KENSINGTON AiND CHELSEA, Chelsea
Electorate: 64,554 Feb: 64,327
Scott, N. P. (C) 19,674 Colerick, G. A. (Lab) 6,507 Clarke, N. (L) 5,758 Byron, R. E. (SLAG) 321 C majority 13,167 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,260. Turn-out 50.0%.
C 61.0%h, Lab 20.2%, L 17.8%, SLAG 1.0%. C maj 40.8%. SSwing
-0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 38,587
(59.9%)-C 23,320 (60.4%), L 8,012 (20.8%,o), Lab 6,839 (17.7%), Ind C 416 (1.1%)-c maj 15,308 (39.7%l)).
Mr Nicholas Scott represented Paddington, South, 1966-74 and contested Cities of London and Westminster, Paddington, Febru- ary, 1974. Under-Secretary of State for Employment, January-Febru- ary, 1974. Contested Islington, South-West, 1964 and 1959. B August, 1933 ; ed Clapham College. Former chairman, Westminster Community Relations Council. National Chairman, Young Con- servatives, 1963, and president, Greater London Young Conserva- tives. Member, Holborn Borough Council, 1956-59 and 1962-65.
KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA, Kensington
Electorate: 61,105 Feb: 60,818 *Rhys Williams, Sir B. M.
(C) 15,562 Tilley, J. V. (Lab) 13,645 Cohen, R. (L) 5,236
C majority 1,917 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,443. Turn-otut 56.4%.
C 45.2%, Lab 39.6°o, L 15.2%. C maj 5.6%. Swing -3.6°o.
February, 1974 : Total vote 39,988
(65.7°%)-C 18,425 (46.1%. ), Lab 13,293 (33.2°%), L 8.270 (20.7%) -C maj 5,132 (12.8°).
Sir Brandon Rhys Williams, an industrial consultant, represented Kensington, South, 1968-74. Member, European Parliament, since 1973. Contested Pontypridd, 1959 and Ebbw Vale, 1960 by-elec- tion and 1964. B November, 1927; ed Eton. Chairman of the National Birthday Trust. Assistant director (appeals) Spastics Society, 1962-63.
KETTERiNG
Electorate : 85,802 Feb : 84,981
*de Freitas, Sir G. (Lab) 30,970 Reed, G. D. (C) 19,800 Haigh, A. J. W. (L) 12,038
Lab majority 11,170 NO CHAiNGE
Total vote 62,808. Turn-out 73.2%.
Lab 49.3%, C 31.5%' , L 19.2°. Lab maj 17.8%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 68,924
(81.1%)-Lab 31,659 (45.9%), C 21,872 (31.7%), L 15,393 (22.3%)-Lab maj 9,787 (14.2 o).
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas, elected in 1964, was High Commissioner in Kenya until September, 1964, when he resigned to re-enter politics. MP for Nottingham, Central, 1945- 50 and Lincoln until 1961. High Commissioner in Ghana, 1961- appointed High Commissioner to proposed East African Federation, 1963. Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1950-51. B April, 1913 ; ed Haileybury and Clare College, Cambridge (president of Union. athletic blue), and Yale University, KIDDERNMiSTER
Electorate : 78,965 Feb : 78,373
*Bulmer, J. E. (C) 25,602
Jones, R. H. (Lab) 18,833 Batchelor, A. J. (L) 14,733
C majority 6,769 NO CHANGE
Total vote 591f68. Turn-out 74.9%.
C 43.3%, Lab 31.8%, L 24.9%. C maj 11.4°o. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 63.675
(81.2- )-C 27,055 (42.5% ), Lab 18,380 (28.9%), L 18,230 (28.6%) -C maj 8,685 (13.6%). Swing
1.90.
Mr Esmond Bulmer, elected in February, 1974, is a director of H. P. Bulmer Ltd, cider makers. B May, 1935; ed Rugby and Kings College, Cambridge. Member, National Farmers' Union. KILMARNOCK
Electorate : 60,380 Feb 59,898 *Ross, W. (Lab) 22,184 Maclnnes, A. (Scot Nat) 14,655 Adams, W. (C) 9,203 Purcell, K. (L) 2,508
Lab majority 7,529 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,550. Turn-out 80.4%.
Lab 45.7%,o, Scot Nat 30.2%, C 18.9°, L 5.2%.. Lab ma3 15.5%.. Swing -3.6°'o%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,883
(83.3%)-Lab 23,544 (47.2%) C 13,817 (27.7%7.), Scot Nat 7,644 (15.3%), L 4.878 (9.8%)-Lab maj 9,727 (19.5%).
Mlr WVilliam Ross, appointed Secretary of State for Scotland, March, 1974, was clief Opposition spokesman for Scotland 1970 to 1974; Secretary of State for Scot- land, 1964-70. Won the seat at a
by-eiection irn 1946; contested Ayr Burghs in 1945. Schoolmaster. B April, 1911; ed Ayr Academy and Glasgow University. Chairman Regional Economic Advisory Council for Scotland 1965-70. Hon Fellow EIS.
KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, Central Electorate: 63.278 Feb: 62,698
*MlcNamara, J. K. (Lab) 22,417 Carver, P. W. J. (C) 12,5Q6 Turner, N. (L) 7,810
Lab majority 9,821 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,823, Turn-out 67.7%.
Lab 52.3%,, C 29.4-%, L 18.2%. Lab maj 22.9%. Swing -3.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 46,091
(73.5%)-Lab 26,855 (58S.3%), C 19.236 (41.7%0)-Lab maj 7,619 (16.5°,h.).
MIr Kevin McNamara was MP for Kingston upon Hull, North, 1966. 74; contested Bridlington, 1964. Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party Northern Ireland group. Lec. turer in law. B September, 1934; ed St Mary's College, Crosby, and Hull University. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Develop. ment. Former member, Public Accounts Committee, Statutory in- struments Committee.
KINGSTON-UPON.HULL, East
Electorate : 81,624 Feb : 80,681
*Prescott, J. L. (Lab) 34,190 Dorrell, S. (C) 10,397 Adamson, J. (L) 10,196
Lab majority 23,793 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,783. Turnl-out 67.1%.
Lab 62.4%,1/o C 19.0%1, L 18.6%. Lab maj 43.4°,. Swing - 1.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 59,007
(73.1)- Lab 41,300 (70.0%), C 17,707 (30.0% I-Lab maj 23,593 (40.0%).
Mr John Prescott was an official of the National Union of Seamen. Elected in 1970; contested South. port in 1966. Appointed PPS to Mr Peter Shore, Secretary of State for Trade, April, 1974. Agent at Ches- ter in 1964. B May, 1938, ed Grange Secondary Modern School, Ellesmere Port, Ruskin College, Oxford, and University of Hull. Sponsored by NUS.
KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, West
Electorate: 57,592 Feb : 57,075
*Johnson, J. (Lab) 20,393 Taylor, C. M. K. (C) 10,272 Michell, A. (L) 6,508
Lab majority 10,121 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,173. Turn-out 64.5%.
Lab 54.80%, C 27.6°%, L 17.5%. Lab maj 27.2%. Swing -4.1%. February, 1974 : Total vote 42,004
(73.6%1O)-Lab 20,719 (49.3%), C 12,788 (30.4%), L 8,497 (20.2°o)-Lab maj 7,931 (18.9%). Swing + 2.8%.
Mr James Johnson wvas returned in 1964; represented Rugby, 1950-59. Teacher and lecturer. B Sep- tember, 1908; ed Duke's School, Alnwick. and Leeds and London Universities. Chairman, PLP Com- monwealth committee since 1968- and of the fisheries group since 1965. Member of the executive, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
KINGSTON UPON THAMES Kingston
Electorate : 59,251 Feb: 58,814 *Lamont, N. H. S. (C) 20,680 Quicke, A. (Lab) 12,266 Wells, S. (L) 9,580
C majority 8,414 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,526. Turn-out 71.8%.
C 48.6'n, Lab 28.8%o, L 22.5%. C maj 19.8%'. Swing-2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47,362
(80.3°%' )-C 23,006 (48.6%), L 12,699 (26.8%), Lab 11,369 (24.0%, ), Anlti-EEC 288 (0.6/) - C maj 10,307 (21.8%/O). Swing
0.2%.
Mlr Norman Lamont, a merchant banker, was returned at a by-elec- tion in May, 1972 ; contested East Hull in 1970. Secretary, Conserva- tive Parliamentary Health and Social Security Committee, 1972-74. B May, 1942 ; ed Loretto School and Fitzwilliam College, Cam- bridge. President, Cambridge Union, 1964. Chairman, Bow Group, 1971-72. Joint secretary, Conservative finance committee, from March, 1974.
KINGSTON UPON THAMIES, Surbiton
Electoratc : 46,073 Feb : 45,787
*Fislier, Sir N. T. L. (C) 15,330 Mackinlay, A. S. (Lab) 9,309 Brooke, D. (L) 8,931
Con majority 6,021 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,570. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 45.7', Lab 27.7%/, L 26.6%. C maj 17.9%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,665
(82.2%)-C 17,176 (45.6%), L 10.676 (28.3%), Lab 9,813 (26.00a)-C maj 6,500 (17.2%). Swing - 0.40%.
Sir Nigel Fisher, a company direc- tor, is chairman of All-Partv East Africa Group of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and member of the Executive Ccmmit- tee of CPA. Spokesman on Com- monwealth Affairs, 1964-66, and Under Secretary for the 1950-5 ; contested Chislehurst 1945. mittee. B July, 1913 ; ed Eton and Colonies, 1962-63. Elected for Sur- biton, 1955; represented Hitchin, 1950-5; ;contested Chislehurst 1945. Member, executive 1922 Committee and former member of Conserva- tive Party national executive com- mittee. B July, 1913; ;ed Eton and trinity College, Cambridge.
KINGSWOOD
Electorate : 55,967 Feb: 55,436
*Walker, T. W. (Lab) 20,703 Hunt, D. (C) 18,137 Aspinwvall, J. H. (L) 8.216
Lab majority 2,566 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,056. Turn-out 84.11.
Lab 44.0%, C 38.5%, L 17.5%.1o Lab maj 5.4%1. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974.: Total vote 48,062
(86.6%)-Lab 18,616 (38.7%), C 16,975 (35.3%), L 12,471 (2S.90,%)-Lab maj 1,641 (3.4%). Mr Terence Walker was elected in February, 1974. An accountant. B October, 1935; ed Clarks Grammar School, Bristol. Member TGWU. KINROSS AND WEST PERTHSHIRE
Electorate : 33,237 Feb : 35,020
Fairbairn, N. H. (C) 11,034 Cameron, D. (Scot Nat) ').n°1 Barrie, D. A. (L) 2,427 Skene, D. G. (Lab) 2Z8
C majority 53 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,470. Turn-out 75.1%.
C 41.7%, Scot Nat 41.5%, L 9.2%, Lab 7.7%. C maj 0.2%. Swing -4.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 27,131
(77.5%)-C 14,356 (52.9%), Scot Nat 6,274 (23.1%), L 3,807 (14.0%), Lab 2,694 (9.9%)-C maj 8,082 (29.8%). Swing + 0.4%.
Mr Niclholas Fairbairn, QC, con- tested Edinburgh Central, 1964 and 1966. Author, broadcaster, painter, poet and firmer. Member, Edin- burgh Festival Council since 1971. Member, Council of World Popu- lation Crisis, 1968-70. Chairman, Traverse Theatre, 1964-72. Vice- President, Scottish Minorities Group. B December, 1933 ed, ed Loretto and Edinburgh University. Member, National Trust.
KIRKCALDY
Electorate : 60,824 Febh: 60,251
*Gourlay, H. P. H. (Lab) 20,688 Knox, R. (Scot Nat) 14.587 Jones, R. (C) 7,539 Young, F. (L) 2,788
Lab majority 6,101 NO CHANGE.
Iotal vote 45,602. Turn-out 75.0%.
Lab 45.4%,, Scot Nat 32.0%, C 16.5%, L 6.1%. Lab maj 13.4%. Swing -4.6%-
February, 1974 : Total vote 47,867
(79.4%)-Lab 22,469 (46.9%), C 13,087 (27.3%), Scot Nat 12.311 (25.7%')-Lab maj 9.382 (19.6°6f)-
Mr Harry Gourlay, elected in 1959, contested South Angus, 1955. Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means, 1968-70; a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1966-68; assistant Government wvhip, 1964- 66. Vehicle examiner. B July, 1916; ad Kirkcaldy High School. Member, Estimates Committee, 1959-64. Member, Kirkcaldy Town Council, 1946-60, Fife County Council, 1947-60; governor, Dun-
dee College of Education, 1958. Member, East Fife Hospitals Board of Management. Sponsored by National Union of Vehicle Builders until 1972. TGWU.
KNUTSFORD
Electorate: 55,238 Feb: 54,721
*Davies, J. E. H. (C) 21,636 Lomax, B. (L) 11,210 Swain, D. L. (Lab) 9,565
C majority 10,426 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,411. Turn-out 76.8%.
C 51.0%, L 26.4%, Lab 22.5° . C maj 24.6%,. Swivng -2,2%j.'
February, 1974: Total vote 45,014
(82.2%)-C 23,632 (52.5%/ ), L 12,542 (27.9%), Lab 3,840 (19.6%)-C maj 11.090 (24.6o%). Mlr John Davies was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1972-74, with special responsibility for European affairs, being Britain's continuing representative on the Council of Ministers. Secretary ot State for Trade and Industry, 1970- 72. Elected in 1970. Former banker and former Director General of the Confederation of British Industry. Former vice-chalrman and manag- ing director, Shell-Mex and BP: director, Hill, Samuel group. B January, 1916; ed Windlesham House School, Sussex, and St Edward's School, Oxford.
L
LAMIBETH, Central
Electorate: 48,722 Feb: 48,499 *Lipton, M (Lab) 15,381 Lyell, N. (C) 6,704 Easton, P. (L) 3,211 Smart, S. (WRy) 233 Bratton, P. (Comm
Marx-L) 88
Lab majority 8.677 NO CHANGE
Total vote 25,617. Turn-out 52.6%.
Lab 60.0%, C 26.2%, L 12.5°, WRP 0.9%, Marx Len 0.3%. Lab maj 33.9%}o. Swing -4.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 30,209
(62.2%)-Lab 15,954 (52.8%), C 8,585 (28.4%), L 5,226 (17.3%), WRP 337 (1.1%), Marx-Lenin 107 (0.3D% )-Lab maj 7,369 (24.4%""o).
Mr Marcus Lipton, IMP for Brlxton 1945-74, was returned in February, 1974 ; contested Brixton 1935. Barrister (Gray's Innt 1926). B October, 19001 ed Bede Grammar School, Sunderland, and hlerton College, Oxford. Member, House of Commons Committee on Peti- tions, since 1966, and of PLP com- mittees on defence. finance, hoius- ing and local governmenit since 1945.
LAMBETH, Norwood
Electorate : 52,893 Feb: 52,567
*Fraser, J. D. (Lab) 16,449 Hancock, Miss B. (C) 11,678 Hawthorne, E. (L) 4,377 Greatbanks, M. J. (Gay Lib) 223
Lab majority 4,771 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,727. Turn-out 61.9%.
Lab 50.3%'., C 35.7%, L 13.4',, Gay Lib 0.7%'. Lab maj 14.6%. Swing -1.9o.-
February, 1974: Total vote 37.503
(71.2%)-Lab 17,320 (46.2%o), C 13,298 (35.4%), L 6,855 (1S.3%)-Lab niaj 4,022 (10.7%). Swing - 4.5%.
Mlr John Fraser, an Opposition spokesman on the Home Office 1971-74, voII the seat in 1966 and contested it in 1964. Solicitor. B June, 1934; ed Sloane Grammar School and Law Society College. NUGMW, Chairman, PLP, Greek Democratic Commiuee
LAMBETH, Streaihbam
Electorate : 56,453 Feb : 56,166 *Shelton, W. J, M. (C) 1f,i51,
Gaffin, Mrs J. (Lab) 13,648 Silver, R. (L) 4.987 Lamb, T. (Nat Front) S17 Moore, Mrs T. (Ind) 210)
C majority 2,867 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,177. Turn-out 64.1°.
C 45.6%, Lab 37.7%, L 13.8%. Nat Front 2.2%, Ind 0.6%o. C mnaj 7.9%j. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 40,877
(72.6%)-C 18,457 (45.1%), Lab 13,982 (34.2%), L 7,456 (18.2-o). Nat Front 937 (2.30%), lnd 45 (0.1%)-C maj 4,475 (10.9%).
Alr William Shelton was MP for Clapham 1970-74. Elected for Strea. tham in February, 1974. Chairman of advertising agency. B October, 1929 ; ed Radley College, Worcester College, Oxford, and Texas Univer-
sity, USA. Member GLC, 1967-70; chief whip, ILEA, 1968. Joint secretary, Greater London Conser- vative MPs since 1972. LAMIBETH, Vauxhall
Electorate : 46,502 Feb : 46,261 Strauss, G. R. (Lab) 15,493 MacColl, V. J. (C) 5,727 Cousins, E. (L) 3,300
Lab majority 9,765 NO CHANGE
Total vote 24,520. Turn-out 52.7%t.
Lab 63.2%i, C 23.3%, L 1l.4
Lab mai 39.8%10. Swing -4.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 28,768
(62.1%)-Lab 16,135 (56.1%), C 7,494 (26.0% ), L 5, 139 (17.9°) -Lab maj 8,641 (30.0%).
Mr George Strauss, the Father of the House of Commons, was first elected for North Lambeth in 1929 (he was beaten by 29 votes in 1924). He was defeated in 1931, reelected 1934, and returned for Vauxhall after the 1950 redistribu- tion. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1945-47, and Minister of Supply, 1947-51.
LANARK
Electorate : 48,408 Feb : 48,059 *Hart, Mrs J. C. M. (Lab) 14,948 McAlpine, T. (Scot Nat) 14,250 Bell, A. (C) 9.222 McDermid, F. (L) 1,374
Lab majority 698 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,794. Turn-out 82.2%.
Lab 37.6%, Scot Nat 35.8%, C 23.2%, L 3.4%. Lab maj 1.7%. Swving -4.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,349
(83.9%)-Lab 16,823 (41.7%), C 14,723 (36.5%), Scot Nat 8,803 (21.8%)-Lab maj 2,100 (5.2%' ). Mrs Judith Hart, appointed Minis- ter of Overseas Development, March, 1974, after being OpT)osi- tion spokesman on overseas deve- lopment 1970/74 and Minister of
Overseas Deveiopmtent. i969-7(1. Paymaster General, 1968-69, with seat in Cabinet; Minister of Social Security, 1967-68; ; Minister of State, Commonwealth Office, 1966- 67; (Jnder Secretary, Scottish Office, 1964-66.
LANARKSHIRE, North
Electorate : 54,147 Feb: 53,541 *Smith, J. (Lab) 19,902 Watt, Mrs P. (Scot Nat) 11,561 Crichton, J. (C) 9.665 Brodie, A. P. (L) 1,899
Lab majority 8,341 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,027. Turn-out 79.5%.
Lab 46.2%, Scot Nat 26.9%, C 22.5%, L 4.4%. Lab maj 19.4% Swing -4.2%..
February, 1974: Total vote 44,299
(82.7°o)-Lab 21,448 (48.4%), C 14,664 (33.1%.), Scot Nat S.IS7 (18.5% )-Lab maj 6,784 (15.3%0).-
Mr John Smith, elected in 1970, is an advocate. B September, 1938; ed Dunoon Grammar School and Glag- gow University. Chairman, univer- sity Labour Club 1959-60. Con- tested East Fife in by-election 1961 and in 1964.
LEEDS, West
Electorate: 60,402 Feb: 59,893 *Dean, J. (Lab) 20,669 Meadowcroft, M. (L) 13 062 Hall, Dr D. (C) 7,907
Lab majority 7,607 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,638. Turniout 68.9%,
Lab 49.6%, L 31.4%, C 19.0o. Lab maj 18.3%. Swing -6.4%. February, 1974 : Total vote 46,133
(77.0%)-Lab 19,436 (42.1%), L 15,451 (3.5%3), C 11,246 (24.4%,1.)-Lab maj 3,9S5 (S.6%). Swing - 0.6%.
Mr Joseph Dean was elected In February, 1974. Engineer. Aged 51. Leader of Manchester City Coun- cil; leader of Leeds District Coun- cil. Shop stewvard, AUEW. LEEK
Electorate : 83,930 Feb : 83,206
*Knox, D. L. (C) 30,796
IVhittam, B. (Lab) 26,472 Holden, M. (L) 8,615
C majority 4,324 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,883. Turn-out 78.5%.
C 46.7%, Lab 40.2%, L 13.1%. C maj 6.6%. Swing -0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 69,180
(83.1%)-C 31,526 (45.6%), Lab 25,794 (37.3%), L 11,860 (17.1%)-C maj 5,732 (8.3%).
MIr David Knox, economist and management consultant, wvon the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. A vice-chairman of the Conserva- tive Party since 1974. B 1933; ed Lockerbie and Dumfries Academies and London University. Editor, Young Conservative report on Law, Liberty and Licence. Con. tested Stechford, 1964 and 1966; Nuneaton by-election, 1967 LEICESTER, East
Electorate : 63,899 Feb : 63,247
*Bradley, T. G. (Lab) 20,688 Reeves, K. G. (C) 16,877 Capstick, W. (L) 5,668 Reed-Herbert, A.
(Nat Front) 2,967 Lab majority 3,811 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,200. Turn-out 72.3%
Lab 44.8%, C 36.5%, L 12.3%, Nat Front 6.4%. Lab maj 8.2%. Swing - 2.7°.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,197
(77.9°r%.)-Lab 23,474 (47.7%), C 22,061 (44.8%), Nat Front 3,662 (7.4%)-Lab maj 1,413 (2.9%rt ).
Mr Tom Bradley was an Opposition spokesman on transport 1970-74. He wvas elected at a by-election in July, 1962; contested Rutland and Stamford in 1950, 1951 and 1955 and Preston, South, in 1959. Rail- way clerk. B April, 1926; ed Ket- tering Central School. President, Transport Salaried Staffs Associa- tion since 1964 ; treasurer 1961-64. LEICESTER, South
Electorate : 72,558 Feb . 71,895 Marshall, J. (Lab) 21,588 *Boardman, T. G. (C) 20,455 Young, H. (L) 5,709 Cartvright, A. R.
(Nat Front) 2,072 Rousseau, G. H.
(Comm PE) 136
Lab majority 1,133 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 4',960. Turn-out 68.8%.
Lab 43.2-, C 40.9%, L 11.4%, Nat Front 4.1%, Comm PE 0.3%.. Lab inaj 2.3%,. Swving -2.7%i.
February, 1974 : Total vote 54,907
(76.30%.)-C 22,943 (41.8%), Lab 21,177 (38.6% ), L 9,148 (16.7%), Nat Front 1,639 (3.0%)-C maj 1,766 (3.2%).
Mr James M,larshall, lecturer, con- tested the seat in February, 1974, and Harborough, 1970. B March, 1941 ; ed Sheffield City Grammar School and Leeds llniversity. ATTI and Co-operative Party. LEICESTER, West
Electorate: 64,650 Feb: 64,037 *Janner, G. E. (Lab) 23,406 Simpson, A. (C) 13,446 Windram, J. (L) 5,135 Newcombe, W. (Nat Front) 2,253
Lab majority 9,960 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,24Q. Turn-out 68.4%.
Lab 52.9%, C 30.40%, L 11.6%Y Nat Front 5.1%. Lab maj 22.5%. Swving -2.3%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,317
(75.4%) -Lab 27,195 (56.3%), C 18,543 (38.4%6), Nat Front 2,579 (5.3%)-Lab maj 8.652 (17.9%).
Mr Greville - Janner, QC, was elected in 1970. Contested Wimble- don, 1955. B 1928; ed Bishop's College School, Quebec; St Paul's School, London; Trinity Hall, Cambidge, and Harvard Law School. LEIGH
Electorate : 65,053 Feb . 64,493 *Boardman, H. (Lab) 27,036 Williams, Mrs M. (C) 12,401 Pemberton, R. D. (L) 8,640
Lab majority 14,635 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,077. Turnout 73.9%.
Lab 56.2%, C 25.8%, L 18.0%. Lab maj 30.4%. SNving -1.9%,
February, 1974: Total vote 51,567
(79.9%)-Lab 26,310 (51.0%), C 12,663 (24.5% ), L 12,594 (24.4%)-Lab mai 13,647 (26.5%). Swving - 09%. -
Mr Harold Boardman has repre- sented the seat since 1945. Official of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B 1907; ele- mentary education. Member, Derby Town Council. Former chairman, Derby Labour College. Sponsored by USDAW. LEOMINSTER
Electorate : 44,055 Feb . 43,705 *Temple-Morrls, P. (C) 15,741 Pincham, R. (L) 15,162 Allen, S. (Lab) 3,264
C majority 579 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,167. Turn-out 77.5%.
C 46.1°7, L 44.4%, Lab 9.5° C maj 1.7%. Swving +1.1%°.
Febr-uary, 1974: Total vote 34,995
(80.0%)-C 16,221 (46.3% ), L 14,602 (41.7% ), Lab 4,172 (11.9%,.)-C mai 1,619 (4.6%). Swving - 1.4%.
Mr Peter Temple-Morrls, elected February, 1974. Barrister. B Feb-
ruary, 1938; ed Malvern and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Contested Norwood, Lambeth, 1970, and Newport, 1964 and 1966. Member, Iran Society Council. LEWES
Electorate : 72,060 Feb : 71560 *Rathbone, J. R. (C) 27,588 Hook, G. (L) 13,741 Little, J. F. (Lab & Co-op) 11,857 C majority 13,847 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,186. Turn-out 73.8%.
C 51.9%, L 25.8%, Lab & Co-op 22.3%'. C maj 26.0%,'. Swing -2.2,.
February, 1974 : Total vote 57,464
(80.2%)-C 30,423 (52.9%), L 16,166 (28.1%), Lab & Co-Op 10,875 (18.9%2)-C maj 14,257 (24.8%).
i%lr John Ratlibone, elected Feb- ruary, 1974, is an advertising exec- utive. B March, 1933; ed Eton,
Christ Church, Oxford, and Har- vard Business School. Deputy Chairman, Charles Barker Adver- tising. Director, Charles Barker and Sons Ltd. Chief Publicity and Public Relations Officer, Conserva- tive Central Office, 1966-68.
LLANELLI
Electorate: 64,495 Feb: 64,076
*Davies, D. J. D. (Lab) 29,474 Gimblett, M. M, (L) 7,173 Williams, R. (Pi Cymru) 6,797 Richards, G. (C) 6,141
Lab majority 22,301 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,585. Turn-out 76.9%.
Lab 59.4%,- L 14.5%., PI Cymru 13.7%, C 12.4%. Lab maj 45.0%. Swing -2.1%,o.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,104
(78.3%)-Lab 28,941 t57.8%), C 7,496 (15.0°%), L 7,140 (14.2%), PI Cymru 6,020 (12.0%), Comm 507 (1.0%') -Lab maj 21,445 42.8%). Swing + 4.2%.
Mr Denzil Davies, barrister, was elected in 1970. B October 1938 ; ed Carmarthen Grammar School* and Pembroke College, Oxford Univer- sity. Member Select Committees on Corporation Tax and Joint Select Committees on Delegated Legisla- tion. Lectured at Chicago and Leeds Universities. LONDONDERRY
Electorate : 83,141 Feb : 93,680
*Ross, W. (UUUC) 35,138 Hume, J. (SDLP) 26,118 Montgomery, M. (Repub) 2,530 Foster, R. (Lab & Tu) 846
UUUC majority 9,020 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,632. Turn-out 69.40.
UUUC 54.4%, SDLP 40.4%, Repub 3.9%, Lab & TU 1.3%. UUUC maj 13.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 62 781
(67.0 °o;- UUUC 33,060 (52.6°o), SDLP 23,670 (37.7%), Repub Clubs 4,889 (7.8%), Lab & TU 1,162 (1.8%)-UUUC maj 9,390 (14.9%).
Al%r William Ross, who wvas elected in February, 1974, has been secre- tary of the Mid-Londonderry Unionist Association for the past four years. Farmer, in mid-forties. Member of Orange Order. LOUGHBOROUGH
Electorate : 70.244 Feb . 69,629 *Cronin, J. D. (Lab) 22,869 Yorke, R. WI. (C) 20,521 Bennett, M. (L) 10,409 Sanders, K. (Nat Front) 1,215 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 125
Lab majority 2,348 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,139. Turn-out 78.5%.
Lab 41.5%, C 37.2%, L 18.9%h, Nat Front 2.2%, Prosp Brit 0,2%. Lab maj 4.2%. Swing
February, 1974: Total vote 58,685
(84.3%)-Lab 22,643 (38.6%), C 21,946 (37.4%), L 14,096 (24.0"" )-Lab maj 697 (1.2%). Swin + 0.0%.
Mr John Cronin was elected in 1955. Consultant surgeon and com- pany director. B March, 1916; ed London University. Employed by Malta Government in 1957 to report on the island's medical ser- vices. make recommendations for national health service. Former surgeon. Royal Free and Prince of Wales Hospitals. LOUTH
Electorate : 70,498 Febl: 69,949
Brotherton, M-1. L. (C) 19,819 .'ellick, J. (L) 16,939 Mlitclhell, R. (Lab) 14,747
C maiority 2,850 NO CHANGE2
Total vote 51,505. Turn-ouit 73.0%°.
C 38.5%. L 32.9%, Lab 28.6%. C maj 5.6%6. Swing -4.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,746
(79.7%'O)-C 25,158 (45.1%), L 15,440 (27.7%), Lab 15.148 (27.2%; )-C mai 9,718 (17.4%) Swving -0.6%.
Mr Mlichael Brotlierton, advertis- ing executive wvith The Times. Retired licutenant commander. Contested Deptford, 1970. B 1931
ed Prior Park and Roval Naval Colleges Dartmouth and Green- wich. School governor. LOWESTOFT
Electorate : 76,936 Feb : 7G,350 *Prior, J. M. L. (C) 25,510 Baker, D. A. (Lab) 23,448 Hancock, P. (L) 11,165
C majority 2,062 NO CH}ANGE
Total vote 60,123. Turn-out 78.1°.
C 42.4%, Lab 39.0°J%, L 18.6%. C maj 3.4e,. Swing -1.1%.
Febru,ary, 1974: Total vote 63.971
(83.7%:)-C 26,157 (40.9%) Lab 22,553 (35.2%), L i5,261 (23.8""e )-C maj 3,604 (5.6% ). Swving - 2.0%.
Nfr James Prior, appointed to Shadow Cabinet as Opposition spokesman on home affairs, Marchi, 1974, and later on employ- ment, was Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, 1972-74; Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1970-72. Deputy Chair. man, Conservative Party Organiza- tion, 1972-74. He was elected in 1959, and was Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party, April to August, 1965, when he resigned to become PPS to Mr Edward Heath. Farmer and land agent. B October, 1927; ed Charterhouse and Pem- broke College, Cambridge. Direc- tor, F. Lambert and Son, Ltd, 1958-70, and IDC Group, 1968-70. LUDLOW
Electorate : 48,625 Feb : 48.268 *More, J E. (C) 17,124 Robinson, E. (L) 10,888 Marek, J. (Lab) 8,353
C majority 6,236 No change
Total vote 36,365. Turn-out 74.8%.
C 47.1%, L 29.9%, Lab 23.0%.. C maj 17.1%.. Swing -0.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 38,396
(79.5%)-C 18,674 (48.6%), L 10,687 (27.8%), Lab 9,035 23.50%)-C maj 7,987 (20.8%). Mr Jasper MIore was Vice-Cham- berlain of the Household, 1970-71, when he resigned in disagreement wvith government policy on EEC. Opposition whip 1964-70. Elected at a by-election in November, 1960. B July, 1907; ed Eton and King's College, Canibi-idge. Barrister (Lin- coln's Inn and Middle Temple, 1930), landowner, farmer and forester. Introduced Deer Act, 1963, to protect deer not kept in enclosed parks. Member Shrop- srire County Council, 1958 and since 1973 ; chairman, county branch, County Landowners' Asso- ciation, 1955-60, and member of the headquarters executive com-
mittee.
LUTON, East
Electorate : 53,549 Feb: 53,043 *Clemitson, I. il. (Lab) 17,877
Johnston, A. (C) 14,200 Fishier, J. (L) 6,947 Byrne, L. (Prop Dev) 299
Lab majority 3,677 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,323. Turn-out 73.4%.
Lab 45.5%, C 36.1%, L 17.7%. Prop Dev 0.8%. Lab maj 9.3%. Lab maj 9.3%.. Swring -3.0%'. February, 1974: Total vote 42.684
(80.6%,.)-Lab 17,137 (40.1%), C 15,712 (36.8%), L 9,680 (22.7%), Ind 155 (0.4%)-Lab mai 1,425 (3°3)
Mr Ivor Clemitson was returned at the February, 1974, election. Research officer for the National Graphical Association. Aged 42; ed Old Luton Grammar School and London University. Served for three years in Sheffield as Church of England priest, and afterwards as industrial chaplain in Luton. Has taught from time to time in Luton Schools and College of Technology.
LUTON, West
Electorate: 58,272 Feb: 57,698 *Sedgemore, B. C. J. (Lab) 20,402 Atkins, R. (C) 13,963 Dolling, M. (L) 9,289
Lab majorlty 6,439 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,654. Turn-out 74.9%.
Lab 46.7%, C 32.0%, L 21.3%. Lab maj 14.7%. Sving -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47,793
(82.8%)-Lab 20,083 (42.0%), C 15,041 (31.5%), L 12,669 (26.5%) - Lab maj 5,042 (10.5%).
Mr Brian Sedgemore was returned at the February, 1974 election. Bar- rister. Wandsworth councillor since 1971. B March 1937 ; ed Hew. ton Primary School, Heles School, Exeter, Oxford University. Former private secretary to Mr- Robert Mellish. Member, Society of Labour Lawvyers, Fabian Society, National Council for Civil Liberties and Child Poverty Action Group, Chairman, Wandsworth Council for Community Relations.
M
MACCLESFIELD
Electorate: 80,150 Feb: 79,481
*Winterton, N. R. (C) 31,685 Little, K. W. (Lab) 18,592 Berry, A. J. (L) 12,764
C majority 13,093 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,041. Turn-out 78.6%.
C 50.3%, Lab 29.5%, L 20.2%. C maj 20.8%. Swing -0.3'%.
February, 1974: Total vote 66,916
(84.2%) -C 32,638 (48.8%i'), Lab 18,352 (27.4%), L 15,926 (23.8%,'.)--C maj 14,286 (21.3%). Mr Nicholas Winterton, elected in 1971 by-election. Sales and general manager of a plant hire firm from 1960-71. Contested Newcastle-un- der-Lyme in October, 1969, and 1970. B March, 1938 ; ed Bilton Grange School and Rugby School Mlember, Warwv ckshire County Council, 1967-72. Vice-chairman Conservative education committee;- secretary, Anglo-Danish Parlia- mentary Group. MlAITISTONE
Electorate : 88,130 Feb*: 87,338
*Wells, J. J. (C) 28,852 Burnett, J. (L) 18,581 Graham, K. M. (Lab) 17,828
C majority 10,271 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,261. Turn-out 74.0%.
C 44.2%, L 28.5%, Lab 27.3%. C maj 15.7J%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,018
(81.3%)-C 31,334 (44.1%), L, 23.678 (33.3%), Lab 16,006 (22.5%)-C maj 7,656 (10.8%). Swing + 0.2%.
Mr John Wells was elected In 1959 ; contested Smethuick, 1955. Joint vice-chairman of the Con- servative backbench agricultural committee from 1970, and chair- man of the horticultural commit- tee 1964-67. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen since 1974. Marine engineer, director, and owvner of a horticultural business. B March, 1925; ed Heath Mount School Hertford, Eton and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. MVALDON
Electorate : 61,725 Feb : 61,248
*Wakeham, J. (C) 20,485 Shaw, A. J. (Lab) 14,098 Beale, R. (L) 12,473
C majority 6,387 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,056. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 43.5%o, Lab 30.0%. L 26.5%. C maj 13.6%. Swsing -1.9°.
February, 1974 : Total vote 50,322
(82.1%°)-C 22,088 (43.9°'), L 14,866 (29.5%), Lab 13,368 (26.6%)-C maj 7,222 (14.3%). MIr John Wakebam, a chartered accountant, elected February, 1974, contested Putney, U'ands- worth 1970 and Coventry, East, 1966. Director of public and pri- vate companies. B June, 1932; ed Charterliouse. Member, Young Europeans Association and English Speaking Union.
MANCHESTER, Ardwick
Electorate : 47,937 Feb : 47,553
*Kaufman, G. B. (Lab) 15,632
Iargreaves, R. H. (C) 8,849 Willmott, G. (L) 3,675
Lab majority 6,783 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,156. Ttirn-out 58.7%.
Lab 55.5%, C 31.4%, L 13.0°%. Lab maj 24.1%. Swing -4.3%. February, 1974: Total vote 31,915
(67.1%)-Lab 16,110 (50.5%), C 11,215 (35.1%), L 4,590 (14.4%/0)-Lab maj 4,895 (15.3%).
MIr Gerald Kaufman, elected In 1970. Appointed Under-Secretary, Department of Environment, March, 1974, was Parliamentary press liaison officer to the Labour Party until that year. Contested Bromley in 1955, and Gillingham, 1959. B June, 1930; ed Leeds Gram- mar School and Queen's College, Oxford.
MANCHESTER, Blackcey
Electorate: 54,860 Feb : 54,338
*Rose, P. B. (Lab) 19,720 Lea, A. S. (C) 12,601 Jackson, D. (L) 5,517 Andrew, H. (Nat Front) 914
Lab majority 7,119 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,752. Turn-out 70.6°%.
Lab 50.9%. C 32.5%, L 14.2%, Nat Front 2.3%. Lab maj 18.4%. Siving -2.5%.
Total vote 38,752. Turnout 70.6%.
Lab 50.9%, C -?-.Lab maj 18.4%. Swving -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,387
(77.1%,to)-Lab 19,369 (46.8%), C 13,863 (33.5%), L 8,155 (19.7%)-Lab maj 5,506 (13.3%,o). Swing - 3.4%.
M1,1r Paul Rose wvas elected in 1964. Former chairman, Labour Party home affairs group. Former Oppo- sition spokesman on aviation sup- ply and employment, including In- dustrial Relations Bill. B December, 1935; ed Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn 1950).
MANCHESTER, Central
Electorate: 39,857 Feb: 39.498
*Lever, N. H. (Lab) 14,753
Jackson, R. (C) 4,142 Coleman, P. (L) 2,382
Lab majority 10,611 NO CHANGE
Total vote 21,277. Turn-out 53.40..
Lab 69.3%, C 19.5%, L 11.2%. Lab maj 49.9%'. Swing -4.4%. February, 1974: rotal vote 24,427
(61.8%)-Lab 15,075 (61.7%). C 5,071 (20.7%), L 4,281 (17.5%)-Lab mai 10,004 i40.9%)
Mr Harold Lever, appointed Chan- cellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Mlarch, 1947; Opposition spokes-
man on European a'fairs, 1970-72; Paymaster General, 1969-70, with a seat in Cabinet, serving in the Ministry of Technology with spe- cial responsibility for power mat- ters; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1967-69; Undet-Secre- tary, Department of Economic Affairs, January-August, 1967. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen, 1964-66. Won Manches- ter Exchange 1945, Cheetham 1950, Central, February 1974. B Tanuarv, 1914; ed Manchester Grammar School and Manchester University.
NORTHAMPTON, North
Electorate: 49,030 Feb 48,599 *Colquhoun, Mrs M. M.
(Lab) 16,314 Tracey, R. (C) 14,776 Baker, R. B. (L) 6,160
Lab majority 1,538 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,250. Turn-out 76.0%.
Lab 43.8%, C 39.7%, L 16.5%. Lab mai 4.1%.. Swing -0.7%0.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,084
(82.5%)-Lab 16;321 (40.7%), C 15,288 (38.1%), L 8,475 (21.1%) -Lab maj 1,033 (2.6%).
MIrs Maureen Colquboun, literary research assistant. Elected February, 1974-, contested Ton- bridge in 1970. B August, 1928; ed convent, Eastbourne, commercial college, Brighton, and London School of Economics. Member, Shoreham council since 1965. Member, NUGMW.
NORTHAMPTON, South
Electorate : 44,343 Feb : 43,999 *Morris, M. W. L. (C) 14,393 Dilks, J. (Lab) 14,252 Miller, R. F. (L) 4,842
C majority 141 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,487. Turn-out 75.5%'.
C 43.0%', Lab 42.5%, L 14.4%1.o C maj 0.4%. Swing +0.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 35.562
(80.8%)-C 14,321 (40.3%), Lab 14,142 (39.8%), L 7,099 (20.0% ) -C maj 179 (0.5%).
Mlr 51ichael Morris, director of advertising agency. B November, 1936; ed Bedford School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Elected February 1974. Contested Islington, North, 1966. Alderman, London Borough of Islington; member, Islington Council since 1968 (leader, 1969-71). Member, Lord Chancellor's Advisory Com- mittee on Courts Act (greater Lon- don) and of fund-raising advisory committee of National Council of Social Services. NORTH FYLDE
Electorate : 74,799 Feb : 74,184 *Clegg, W. (C) 29,661 Berkeley, H. (Lab) 12,522 Perry, A. (L) 11,254
C majoritv 17,139 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53.437. Turn-otut 71.4°.
C 55.5- , Lab 23.4°o, L 21.1-0D C maJ 32.1°o. Swing -2.3`.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,496
(72.1% -C 36,577 (68.4%), Lab 16,919 (31.6°,)-C maj 19,658 (36.7%o). Swing -0.4%.
Mr WValter Clegg, Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury (whlip), 1970-72; Vice-Chamberlain of the Hlousehold (whip), 1972-73; Comp- troller of the Household (whip), 1973-74. Elected in 1966 ; contested Ince, 19S9. Solicitor. B April, 1920 ; ed Bury Grammar School, Arnold School, and Manchester University Law School. Joint secretary, Con- servative parliamentary housing and local government committee, 1967-69. Member, Lancashire County Council, 1955-61. NORTHWICH
Electorate : 52.626 Feb : 52,114 *Goodlad, A. (C) 18,663 Kent, P. A. (Lab) 14,053 Reaper, D. (L) 8,645
C nmajority 4,610 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,361. Turn-out 78.6°'.
C 45.1%,, Lab 34,0%., L 20.9'o. C maj 11.1. Swring -1.6°.
February, 1974 : Total vote 43,607
(83.7°)-C 19,778 (45.3°%), Lab & Co-op 13,485 (30.9%), 1. 10.344 (23.7J%)-C maj 6,292 (14.4°o). Swing + 1.3%.
MIr Alistair Goodlad, elected Feb- rtuar-y 1974. Contested Crewe in 1970. B 1943; ed St Faith's School, Cambridge, Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge. Was personal assistant to Mr Peter NValker whlen Opposition spokes- man on transport. NORWICH, Norlh
Electorate : 45,079 Feb : 44,701
*Ennals, D. H. (Lab) 17,958 Doe, T. P. (C) 8,754 Wheeler, E. M. (L) 5,37S
Lab majority 9,204 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,090. Turnout 71.2%'.
Lab 56.0%, C 27.3°%, L 16.7%. Lab maj 28.7%o. Swing -4.0%. February, 1974: Total vote 35,44-
(78.8°,)-Lab 17,111 (48.5%), C 9,817 (27.8%o), L 7,773 (22.0%,
Nat Front 544 (1.5%)-Lab maj 7,294 (20.7%o). Swing + 0.4%°.
Mr David Ennals has been Minister of State for Foreign and Common- wealth Affairs since 11arch, 1974. Elected in February, 1974 ; repre- sented Dover, 1964-70. Minister of State for Health and Social Secur- ity, 1968-70, was Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1967-68. and Under- Secretary of State for Defence (Army), 1966-67. Contested Rich- mond as a Liberal in 1950 and 1951. B August, 1922; ed Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall, and at Windsor, Connecticut. Cam- paign director, National Associa- tion for Mental Health until 1974. Secretary, United Nations Associa- tion, 1952-57. Overseas Secretary, Labour Party, 1958-64. NORWICH, Southi
Electorate : 44,862 Feb : 44,439 *Garrett, J. L. (Lab) 16,590 Tomizon. Miss M. (C) 13,185 Sniitbl, P. G. (L) 5,429
Lab majority 3,405 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,204. Turnout 78.5%'.
Lab 47.1%o, C 37.4%, L 15.4%. Lab maj 9.7%. Swing -4.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,317
(83.9°o)-Lab 15,393 (41.2% ), C 14,741 (39.5°'%), L 7,183 (19.2%'))-Lab maj 652 (1.7%). Swing - 2.0%.
Mr John Garrett, management con- sultant ; was elected in February, 1974. B September, 1931 ; ed Sir George Monoux Grammar School, Walthamstow, University Collegc, Oxford, and University of Califor- nia. Member, Greenwich Council. TGWU. Appointed PPS to Mr Robert. Sheldon, Minister of State, Civil Service, 1974 ; vice-clhairman, PLP Trade Group.
Norwood, see Lambeth
NOTTINGilAMI, East
Electorate: 53,786 Feb: 53,477
*Dunnett, J. J. (Lab) 16,530 Swerling, S. M. (C) 10,574 Rowan, E. (L) 4,442 Peetz, D. W. (Ind Lab) 736
Lab majority 5,596 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,282. Turnout 60.0%..
Lab 51.2%., C 32.7%', L 13.7%, Ind Lab 2.3%'. Lab ma] 18.4o. Swing -3.8%'.
February, 1974: Total vote 36,964
(69.0%)-Lab 17,324 (46.9%), C 13,346 (36.1%o), L 6,294 (17.0%)1 -Lab maj 3,978 (10.8%, ).
Mr Jack Dunnett, elected in Fabru. ary, 1974, represented Nottingham, Central, 1964-74. Solicitor. B June, 1922; ed Whitgift Middle School, Croydon; Downing College, Cam- bridge. Member, Middlesex Countv Council, 1958-61, Enfield Borough Council, 1958-63, Greater London Council, 1964-67. Mlember NUGMW from 1961. Chairman, Notts County Football Club.
BASSETLAW
Electorate: 71,724 Feb; 71,114 *Ashton, J. W. (Lab) 28,663 Harris, D. KC. (C) 16,494 Wilkinson, A. (L) 7,821 Storkey, A. (Chr Pty) 408
Lab majority 12,169 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,386. Turn-out 74.4%.
Lab 53.7%, C 30.9%,/ L 14.6%, Chr PtY 0.8%. Lab rmaj 22.8.' Swing -1.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,214
(79.0% )-Lab 33,724 (60.0 %), C 22,490 (40.0%)- Lab maj 11,234 (20.0%). Swving - 2.1%. Mr Joseph Ashton, an estimating engineer, was returned at a by- election in October, 1968. B October, 1933; ed High Storrs Grammar School, Sheffield, and Rotherham Technical College, Member, Sheffield City Council, 1962-69. Select Committee on Sta. tutory Instruments, 1968-69. Vice. chairman, PLP public building and works group. Weekly political col- umnist vith Sheffield Star since 1970 and other national and regional papers. Columnist in Labour Weeklp. Sponsored by AUEW, technical and supervisory section. Member of its parliamen- tary panel. Vice-chairman, PLP Broadcasting and Public Informa- tion Group.
BATH
Electorate : 62,304 Feb : 61,762
*Brown, Sir E. J. (C) 18i470 Mayhew, C. P. (L) 16,348 Bishop, M. L. (Lab) 14,011 Kemp, J. (UDP) ISO
C majority 2,122 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,979. Turn-out 78.6%.
C 37.7%n, L 33.4%, Lab 28.6', UDP 0.3%1. C maj 4.3%. Swving
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,276
(83.0%)-C 20,920 (40.8% ), L 15,738 (30.7%), Lab 14,296 (27.9%.). Ind C 204 (0.4%), Ind 118 (0.2%)-C maj 5,182 (10.1%). Swing 0.0%.
Sir Edward Brown, elected in 1964, contested Stalybridge and Hyde, 1959. Company chair man and director. B April, 1913; ed elementary school, Camberwell, and Mvorley College, Lambeth, Chairman, National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associa- tions, 1959-61. Member, Tottenhani Borough Council, 1956-64. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamen- tary committee on labour matters, 1965-68. Former member, ASSEI and of London Trades Council.
BATLEY AND MORLEY
Electorate : 61,894 Feb: 61,505 *Broughton, Sir A. D. D.
(Lab) 21,179 Crone, G. N. A. (C) 12,931 Lester, 1. (L) 8,928
Lab majority 8,248 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,038. Turn-out 69.5%.
Lab 49.2%, C 30.0%,O, L 20.7%. Lab maj 19.2%. Swvilig -2.2%. February, 1974 : Total vote 43,197
(78.6%k )-Lab 21,495 (44 6%), C 14,404 (29.9%n), L 11,47C (23.8%), Ind Dem L 828 (1.7;°) -Lab maj 7.091 (14.7°o). Swing + 0.6%.
Sir Alfred Broughton, member of Speaker's panel of chairmiien sincc 1964, has r epresented the consti tuency since gaining it at a by. election in 1949. Phvsician. E October. 1902; ed Rossall School. Downing College, Cambridge, an( the London Hlospital. Member Batley Borough Council, 1946-49 Opposition whip, 1959-64.
Bl-ACONSFIELD
Electorate : 68,541 Feb: 67.939
*Bell, R. M. (C) 23,234 Eastwvell, W. 1H. (L) 12,606 Johnson, Mrs M. (Lab) 12.251
C majoritv 10,628 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,093. TuI-n-out 70.2°%.
C 48.3°n. L 26.2%, Lab 25.5%. C maj 22.1%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,523
(77-3'o)-C 26,040 (49.6%;), 1. 14,792 k28.2%), Lab 11,691 (22.20o )-C maj 11,248 (21.4%). Mr Ronald Bell, QC, returned ir February 1974, was MP for Soutt Buckingliainshire, 1950-74. Con. tested Caerphilly by-election, 1939 ; wvon Newvport by-electior 1945, losing the seat two montlh, later at the general election. Bar. rister (Gray's Inn, 1938) QC. 1966. B April, 1914 ; ed Cardift High School and Magdalen College, Oxfortl.
BEBINGTON AND ELLESMERE PORT
Electorate SS.641 Feb: 85,804 *Bates. A. (Lab) 32,311 Cockeram, E. P. (C) 25,81S Thomas, N. (L) 9,94
Lab majority 6,491 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,076. Turn-ouit 78.6'.
Lab 47.5%, C 37.9% , L 14.6`_ Lab maj 9.5%. Sv;1ing -- 1.6. February, 1974: Total vote 71t610
(83.2%)-Lab 31,850 (44.5%o), C 27,388 (38.20.). L 12.372 (17.3%. -Lab sna; 4.462 (6.2%). Mlr Alfred Bates, senior lecturer in mathlemnatics was elected in February 1974, contested North, wvich, in 1970. B June, 1944 ; ed StretfoId Granmimar- SchIool, Man- clhester and Cambridge Universi- ties. Memher. Stretford borough council since 1971.
REDFORD
Electorate : 74,143 Feb : 73,465
*Skeet, T. H. H-. (C) 24,834 Parkyn, B. (Lab) 20.746 Griffiths, J. C. (L) 11.360
C majority 4,088 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,940. Turn-ouit 76.8%.
C 43.6%., Lab 36.4%, L 19.9%. C maj 7.2%o. Swing-1.4%,0.
February, 1974: Total vote 61,348
(83.5s%)-C 26,082 (42.50%), Lab 19.G61 (32.4%), L 15,405 (2S..l%)-C maj 6,221 (10.1%). Swving 0.0%.
Mr Trevor Skeet won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. Con- servative MP for Willesden, East 1959-64. Contested Llanelli, 1955, and Stoke Newington and Hackney, North, 1951. Barrister (Inner Temsplc, 194,7). industrial con-
sultant and writer. B Januarv, 1918 ; ed King's College. Aucklan,l and University of Newv Zealand.
BEDFORDSHIRE, Mid
Electorate: 75.171 Feb: 74.517 *Hastings, S. L. E. (C) 26,885 Crow, Mrs J. E. (Labl 17.559 Meyer, P. XV. (L) 14,3S8
C majority 9,326 NO CHANGE.
Total vote 58.832. Turn-out 78.3%.
C 45.7%., Lab 29.8%, L 24.4%. C maj 15.8%. Swing -0.7%,.
February, 1974 : Total vote 63,986
(S5.9o-,,)-C 28,973 (45.3%n), Lab 17,862 (27.9%), L 17,151 (26.8o%)-C maj 11,111 (17.4%). Swing - 0.7%.
Mr Stephen Hastings was elected at a by-election ' in November, 196(0. Director of three companies, chairman of one. B Mlay, 1921 ed Eton and Sandhurst. Vice-chair-
man, horticulture sub-committee of Conservative agriculture commit- tee since 1973, former secretary meniber, executive, 1922 Commit- tee.
ORKNEY AND SHETLAND
Electorate : 26.289 Feb : 26,087 *Grimond, J. (L) 9,877 Firth, H. (Scot Nat) 3,025 Fraser, R. (C) 2,495 Wills, W. J. G. (Lab) 2,175
L majority 6,852 NO CHANGE
February, 1974: Total vote 18,542
(71.1%)-L 11,491 (62.0%), C 4,186 (22.6% ), Lab 2,865 (15.4%)-L maj 7,305 (39.4°%). Swving - 1.8°. -
Mr Jo Grimond, wvhio was Leader of tile Liberal Party from 1956 to 1967, won the seat in 1950, con- tested it in 1945. Liberal spokes- man. on Scottish Affairs, energy and the arts. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1937) ; director, The Man. chester Guardian and Evening News Ltd from 1967. B July, 1913
ed Eton and Balliol College. Oxford. Secretary, Scottish Nation- al Trust, 1947-49- Rector, Edin- burgh University, 1960-63; Chancel. for, University of Kent since 1970. Presidenlt, Scottish Liberal Part,v 1970.
ORNISKIRK
Electorate : 96,593 Feb : 95,392
*Kilroy-Silk, R. (Lab) 35,392 Keefe, B. (C) 26,541 Parry, D. (L) 8,387
Lab majority 8,851 NO CHANGE
Total vote 70,320. Tnrn-out 72.8%,
Lab 50.3%, C 37.7°%, L 11.9°, Lab maj 12.6°o. Swing -1.0°o February, 1974 Total vote 73,76C,
(77.1%.)-Lab 34.807 (47.2-,), C 27,004 (36.6%), L 11.94S (16.2°o)-Lab maj 7,80S (10.6%).
Mlr Robert Kltroy-Silk, university lecturer. Elected February, 1974
contested the seat in 1970. B May. 1942; ed Saltley Grammar School; Birminglham, London Schiool o1 Economics, and London Univer. sity.
Orplngton. see Bromley
OSIVESTR Y
Electorate : 56,429 Feb 55.901 *Biffen, W. .1. (C) 19,165 Bisliton, J. (Lab) 10.751 Evans, D. .1. (LI 10.623
C majoritv 8,414 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40.39. I'urn-ouit 71.8S,-
C 47.3"", Lab 26.5%_ L 26.2%_ C maj 20.7%.. Swing -1.9%,.
February, 1974: l'olal vote 43,531
(77.9%1.)-C 20,438 (46.9V). 1. 13,428 (30.8%I), Lab 9,681 (22.21o)-C maj 7,010 (16.1%). Mr John Riffen was returned ai a by-election in 1961 ; contestec Coventry, East. 1959. Economist, E November, 1930 ; ed Dr Morgan'"" Grammar School, Bridtgwater Jesus College, Cambridge. Membet of executive 1922 Committee Chair man. Conservative industry com mittee.
OXFORD
Electorate: 7,.270 Feb: 76,645 Luard, D. E. T. (Lab) 23,35 *%Voodhouse, C. M. (C) 22 .32 Butler, Mrs M. S. (L) S.37-i Anderson, 1. (Nat Front) 5, Smith, Mrs B. (Ind) 64
Lab majority 1,03( LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 54.692. Turnout 70.8'""
Lab 42.7%,, C 40.8',, L 13.3%. Nat Front 1.0%°, ]id 0.1%. Lat nlaj 1.9°O. Swing -1.6%,.
February, 1974: Total vote 60),20r
(78.51;) )-C 23.967 (39.So), Lal 23,146 (3S.4'%), 1. 1..094 (21.7-' )-C maj 821 (1.4, ). Swinig - 1.1'.
iMlr Evan Luard wvis MlP for thc constituenlcy, 1966-70, contested il in February 1974 and 1964. Under Secretary for Foreign and Com monwealth Affairs, 1969-70. E October, 1926; ed Felsted anl
King's College, Cambridge. IFellov St Anthoniy's College, Oxford Member, Oxford City Couuncil 1958-61.
OXON, Mid
Electorate : 59,697 Feb : 59,1S2 *Hurd, D. R. (C) 20.942 Saunders, M. J. (Lab) 13,641 Bturton, jMiss M. (1.) 11,00C
C majority 7,30. NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,591. Tttrn-out 76.4%A
C 45.9% , Lab 29.9%, L 24.1% . C maj 16.0%. Suing -0.1-'.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,971
(83.8% )-C 22.148 (45.2%,Z), Lab 14,175 (28.9%). L 12,16C (24.8%>), Ind C 488 (1.0%)-C maj 7,973 (16.3%o).
Mlr Douglas Hurd, head of Mi Edward Heath's political offict since 1968, was elected in Feb ruary, 1974. B March. 1930; et Eton and Cambridge University
p
Paddington, see
Cities of London and Westminster
PAISLEY
Electorate: 66,059 Feb: 68,88I 'Robertson. J. (Lab) 21,368 Rollo, D. R. (Scot Nat) IS,77S Robertson, 1. (C) 7.440 Thompson, D. (L) 3.116
Lab majority 5,590 NO CIHANGE
Total vote 47,702. Turni-ont 72.2%.
Lab 44.8%, Scot Nat 33.10, C 15.6%o, L 6.5% . Lab mlaj 11.7%. SNving -5.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,198
(71L4°' )-Lab 23.820 (48.4%), C 14.923 (30.3°n), Scot Nat 10,455 (21.2%) - Lab mat 8.897 (18.1%). Swing + 1.8%n.
Mr John Robertson wvas returnetl at a by-election in 1961; contested Glasgow, Scotstoun, 1951. Tool- maker. B February, 1913; ed Moth- erwell Central Schiool.
Peckham, see Southwark PEMBROKE
Electorate: 72,()53 Feb : hhh71,4S6
*Edwards, R. N. (C) 23.190 Parry, G. S. D. (Lab) 22,418 Davies, R. B. (Pi Cymru) 2.5S0 Jones, P. E. C. (L) 9,116
C majority 772 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57.304. Turn-out 79.5.°
C 40.5o , Lab 39.1"", L 15.9%,, PI Cymru 4.5%.. C maj 1.3°. Swing -0.5% .
Fcbruary, 1974: lTotal vote 58,217
(81.4%o)-C 22.268 (38.2%), Lab 20,789 (35.7o), 1. 12,340 (21.2%1 ), P1 Cymru 2,820 (4.8%)-C Mai 1,479 (2.5%~). Swing + 0.1%.
Mr Nicholas Edwards won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970. In- surance broker. B February, 1934; ed Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Secretarvy Welsh group of Conservative MPs since 1972. Chairman, William Brandt's (Insurance Holdings) Ltd and subsidiary companies; direc- tor. William Brandt's Sons and Co Ltd, merchant bankers. Member of Lloyd's and of Commons Public Expenditure Committee.
PENISTONE
Electorate: 67,060 Fcb * 66,479
*Mendelson, J. J. (Lab) 27,146 Harris, G. C. W. (C) 12,011 Chadwick, D. (L) 10,900
Lab majority 15,135 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,057. Turn-out 74.6%°
Lab 54.2%, C 24.0%/, L 21.8%' Lab maj 30.2%"".. Swving -2.8°o. February, 1974: Total vote 55,888
(84.3%1.)-Lab 27,797 (49.7%O), C 14,084 (25.2%), L 13,140 (23.5°,%), Social Dem 867 (1.5%) -Lab inaj 13,713 (24.5%).
Mr Johil MIendelsoni, elected at by- election, 1959. University lecturer in political science. B July, 1917; ed London University and abroad. Former vice-president, Sheffield Trades and Labour Council; former chairman Sheffield Hallam, Labour Party. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66, and Speaker's conference on electoral lawv.
PENRITiU AND T}IE BORDER
Electorate : 55,602 Feb : 55.099 *Whitelaw, W. S. I. (C) 23,547. Weedall, J. N. D. (Lab) 9.791 Pease, J. G. (L) 7,215
C majority 13,756 NO CIHANGE
Total vote 40,553. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 58.1%, Lab 24.1°, L 17.8"". C maj 33.-9%. Swing -2.7% .
February, 3974 : Total vote 43,9G5
(80.S%)-C 26,433 (60.1%,), Lab 9,095 (20.7%o), L 8,202 (18.6%)
lad 235 (0.5°n)-C maj 17,338 (39-4%.). Swing + 2.9%.
Mr William Whitelaw, chairman of the Conservative Party since June, 1974 ; vhen appointed to the Shadow Cabinet in Marcih he was Opposition spokesman oni employ- ment. Secretary of State for Em- plovment, 1973-74 ; Secretary of State for Norther-n Ireland, 1972-7,3 anId Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Com- mons, 1970-72. President, National Uniion of Conservative and Unionist Association, 1971. Opposition Chief Whip, 1964-70; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1962-64. Elected 1955; contested East Dunbartonshire, 1950 and 1951. Member, Committee of Priv- ileges. B June, 1918; ed Winchester and Trinity College, Cambridge.
PERTH AND EAST PERIISHIRE Electorate : 57,646 Feb : 57,206 Crawford. t. 1). (Scot Nat) 17.337 *`lacArthur, 1. (C) 1G.-44 Wlhite, J. (Lab) 5, 8(.5 Duncan, IR. (L) 2. S31
Scot Nat majority 793 SCOT NAT GAIN
Total vote 4Z.537. Turin-out 73.8-..
Scot Nat 40.7%, C 38.9%, Lili 13.6%., L 6.7%.. Scot Nat mnaj 1.9°,. Swiig -3.4%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 44.787
(78.3 n)-C 21,167 (47.3%.), Scot Nat 12.192 (27.2%""), Lab 6,784 (15.1%). L 4.644 (10.4%l)-C maji 8,975 (20.0%,). Stving + 1.9%~.
M'r Douglas Crawford, managing director of a group of economic and development consultanits and former jotirnalist. Contested the seat. February, 1974. B 1941 c td Glasgow Academy and Cambridge University. A vice-chairman of the SNP and former director of coom- munications. NUJ.
PE.TERBOROUGH
Electorate: 63,0144 Feb: 62,507
Ward, 'M. J. (Lab) 21,820 *\icholls. Sir IE. (C) 19.972 Boizot, P. J. (L) 7_.(12
L.ab majority 1,848 LABOUR GAIN
I'otal vote 49,094. Turinouit :7.9 l
Lab 44.4%,, C 40.70%, L 14.9%. Lab maj 3.8°O. Swing --1.8n.
February, 1974. 'Total vote 51546
(82.1'! )-C 2(1,353 (?9.5^,,), Labm 20,331 (39.5'). L 10,772 (20.9,n,,)-C mnaj 22 (0.6 ).
Mr M""ichael WVard contested the seat in February, 1974. 1970 and 1966. Local government press officer anid former local govern- ""lent officer, Labotir Party. B April, 1931; ed Roval Libert,v Grammar School, Romford, and Manchester University.
PETERSFIELD
Eleclorate : 74,260 Feb : 73.574
Mates, M. J. (C) 28,689 Slack, T'. W. (L) ' 19,702 Bloom, .1. M. (Lab) 8S301 Bishop, P. H. 11. (UDI') 117
C majority 8,9S7 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56.809. Turni-out 76.5%.
C 50.5%O, L 34.7%, Lab 14.6%, UDP 0.2%.. C maj 15.8%. Swing
February. 1974: Total vote 59,6SS
(81.0O')-C 30,732 (51.5%o), L 21,152-, (35.4O), Lab 7,703 (12.9% ). Tech Colisult 101 (0.2°o)-C ma; 9.580 (16.0% ). Swing - 0.7'-.
Mr Miclael Mates was a regular soldier until he resigned hils com- mission on adoption as prospective Conservative candidate for Peters- field earliei- this year wvhen Miss Joan Quennell announced her decision not to stand again. B 1934 ; ed Blundell's and King's College, Cambridge.
PLYiMOUTH, Devonport
Electorate : 50,105 Feb : 49.802
*Owen, Dr D. A. L. (Lab) 17,398 Vickers, Dame J. (C) 1. 139 Westbrook, N. E. (L) 3.9533 IHill, J. N. (Ind L) 312
Lab niajoIrity 2,259 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,802. Ttutr-notit 73.4ni
Lalb 47.3%o, C 41.1%, L 10.7D, Ind L 0 8'. Lab inaj 6.1%. Swving -2.5%,.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,499
(75.3%.)-Lab 15,819 (42.2%)- C 15,382 (41.0%,,fo), L 6.298 (16.8%.)-Lab maj 437 (1.2%)-
Dr David Owen wvas appointed Ln.- der-Secretary for Health, Depar-t- ment of Social Security, March, 1974. Elected February, 1974, represented Plymouth, Sutton, 1966-74. Ile was an Oppositiol
spokesman oni defence. 1970-72. when resigned over disagreement on EEC policy. Under-Secretarv of Defence for the Royal Navy. 1968- 70. Contested Torringtoni, 1964. B July, 1938S ed Bradfield College, Berkshire, Sidney Sussex College Canlbridge, and St Thomas's Hos- pital.
PLYMOUTH, )rake
Electorate: 55.556 Fell: 53.109
*Fookes, Miss J. E. (C) 17,287 Fletchier. B. W. (Lab) 17,253 Castle. Miss M. E. (L) 7,354
C maijority 34 NO CHANGE
T'otal vote 41,894. Ttirn-otit 75.4%1,
C 41.3% . Lab 41.2%, 17.5%, C ma; 0)6%. Swing -3.0a
February, 1974 : Total vote 43,007
(78-0%o)-C 18,417 (42.8%), Lab 15.806 (36.7°%) L 8,784 (20.4%) -C maj 2,611 (6.1°).
iMiss Janet Fookes, elected Feb. ruary, 1974, represented Merton and Morden. 1970-74. Teacher. Former member of Hastings Borough Council. B February
1936 ; ed Hastings and St Leonards Ladies' College. Hastings High School and Royal Holloway College, University of London. Memlber. expenditure committee public petitions committee ; secre. tary. Conservative Parliamentary Education Committee and of all. party deserted families group.
PLYMOUTH, Sutton
Electorate: 61,007 Feb: *Clarke, A. K. M. (C) Priestley, J. G. (Lab) Banks, E. G. (L)
60,550 20,457 15,269 10,131
C majority 5,188 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,857. Turn-out 75.2%.
C 44.6%', Lab 33.3%, L 22.1%. C rnaj 11.3%.. Swing -2.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47,877
(79.1%)-C 21,649 (45.2%), Lab 13,545 (28.3%), L 12,683 (26.5%) -C maj 8,104 (16.9%).
Mr Alan Clark, elected February, 1974, is a military historian, son of Lord Clark. B April, 1928 ; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Barris- ter, Inner Temple, 1955. Member, Institute for Strategic Studies. Governor, St. Thomas's Hospital.
PONTEFRACT AND CASTLEFORD
ilectorate: 60,288 Feb- Harper, J. (Lab) Bloomer, I. (C)
Galloway, S. IL)
Parsons, T. (WRP)
59,695
30,208
6,966 5,259
457
Lab majority 23,242 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,890. Turn-out 71.1%.
Lab 70.4%, C 16.2%, L 12.3%, WRP 1.1%'. Lab maj 54.2%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974. Total vote 46,005
(76.9%)-Lab 34,409 (74.8%), C 10,605 (23.0%), WRP 991 (2.1%)-Lab maj 23,804 (51.7%). Swing - 1.1%.
Mr Joseph Harper, appointed Comptroller of the Household, March, 1974, an Opposition whip, 1970-74, was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (vhip) 1966-70, and an assistant Government whip, 1964-66. Elected in a by-election in 1962. Miner. B March, 1914; ele- mnentary education and WEA.
PONTYPOOL
Electorate: 55,112 Feb: 54,663
*Abse, L. (Lab) 25,381 Moreland, R. J. (C) 6,686 Matthias, E A. R. (L) 5,744 Tanner, R. D. (PI Cymru) 2,223
Lab majority 18,695 NO CIUNGE
Total vote 40,034. Turn-out 72.6%.
Lab 63.4%, C 16.7°%, L 14.3%, PI Cyrnru 5.5%. Lab maj 46.7%,/. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,104
(76.9%)-Lab 25,133 (59.7%), L 7,668 (18.2%), C 7,497 (17.8%), PI Cymru 1,308 (3.1%), Comm 498 (1.2%)-Lab maj 17,465 (41.5%',). Swing + 2.9%. Mr Leopold Abse wvas returned at a by-election in November, 1958- contested Cardiff, North, 1955. Solicitor. B April, 1917 ; ed Howard Gardens High School, Cardiff, and London School of Economics. Chairman, Cardiff Labour Party 1951-53 ; member, Cardiff City Council 1953-58. Member, Home Office Advisory Council for Penal 1geform.
'ONTYPRIDD
llectorate : 70,200 Feb- *John B. T. (Lab)
Jones, I. A. S. (C)
Murphy, Mrs M. G. (L) Kemp, R. (PI Cymru)
69,677
29,302 10,'528
8 050 3,917
Lab majority 18,774 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,797. Turn-out 73.8%.
Lab 56.6%,'o, C 20.3%, L 15.5%, P1 Cymru 7.6%. Lab maj 36.2%. Swving -2.7%'.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,935
(77.4°%)-Lab 28,028 (52.0,%), C 11,406 (21.1%), L 9,889 (18.3%.), PI Cymru 4,612 (8.5%) -Lab maj 16,622 (30.8%). Swing + 5.3%.
Mr Brynmor John, appointed Un- der-Secretary for Defence for the RAF, 1974, was elected in 1970. Solicitor. B April, 1934
POOLE
Electorate: 83,403 Feb: *Murton, H. 0. (C) Goode, G. M. (L)
Hobbs, G. W. (Lab)
82,654 28,982 17,557 16,262
C majority 11,425 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,801. Turn-out 75.3%,
C 46.-1%, L 27.9%, Lab 25.9%. C mnaj 18.2%. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 67,678
(80.8% )-C 31,156 (46.0%), L 21,088 (31.1%), Lab 15,434 (22.8%)-C maj 10,068 (14.9%). Swing + 0.1%.
Mr Oscar Murton wvas appointed Deputy Speaker and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means In 1973 after serving as a Government whip. Member of Speaker's panel of chairmen, 1970- 71. Elected in 1964. B May, 1914; ed Uppingham School. Member Poole Borough Council, 1961-64: Formerly managing director of departmental stores in Newcastle and Sunderland.
PORTSMOUTH, North
Electorate: 69,089 Feb: 68,473
*Judd, F. A. (Lab) 24,352 Ward, J. (C) 23,007 Brooks, Mrs E. (L) 5,208 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 527
Lab majority 1,345 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,094. Turn-out 76.8%.
Lab 45.9%1, C 43.3%, L 9.8%, Pros Brit 1.0%.. Lab maj 2.5%.. Swving -1.0%-.
February, 1974: Total vote 54,678
(78.0-)-Lab 23,847 (43.6%o), C 23,527 (53.0%), L 7,304 (13.3%)-Lab maj 320 (0.6%).
Mr Frank Judd was appointed Un- der-Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, March, 1974. Elected February, 1974, represented Ports- mouth, West, 1966-74. An Opposi- tion defence spokesman. Social administrator. B March, 1935 ; ed City of London School and London School of Economics. Parliamen- tary Private Secretary to Mr Harold Wilson 1970-72. Member of British delegation to Council of Europe 1970-73. Member, exec- utive, Commonwealth Parliamen- tary Association, Chairman, Fabian International and Common. wealth Bureau.
PORTSMOUTH, South
Electorate: 70,773 Feb: *Pink, R. B. (C)
Halmos, A. M. (Lab) Tribe, M. (L)
Riufkin, A. D. (Marx- Len)
70,345
23,379 15,308
9,807
612
C majority 8,071 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,106. Turnout 69.4%.
C 47.6%, Lab 31.2%, L 20.0%, Marx Len 1.2%. C maj 16.4%. Swving -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,367
(75.9-;)-C 26,824 (50.3%), Lab 15,842 (29.7%), L 10,307 (19.3%), Marx-Lenin 394 (0.7%) -C maj 10,982 (20.6%).
Mr Bonner Pink, a company director, was elected in 1966. B September, 1912; ed Oundle. Member, Estimates Committee, 1967-70; Public Expenditure Com- mittee since 1971. Member of Yortsmouth City Council from 1948 (Alderman, 1961); Lord Mayor of Portsmouth, 1961-62. Chairman and other office holder, consti- tuency Conservative Association 1946-65: member, Conservative Party Local Government Advisory Committee 1947-64. Vice-clhairman, Wessex Area Conservatives 1957- 60, chairman 1960-63.
PRESTON, North
Electorate: 51,369 Feb: 50,885
*Atkins, R. H. (Lab) 18,044 Holt, Miss M. (C) 16,260 Payne, G. (L) 4,948 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 138
Lab majority 1,784 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,390. Turn-out 76.7%.
Lab 45.8%, C 41.3%, L 12.6%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 4.5%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,438
(79.4%)-Lab 16,797 (41.5%), C *16,542 (40.9%) L 7,099 (17.5%)-Lab maj 55 (0.6%). Swing - 4.0%.
Mr Ronald Atkins, elected Feb- ruary 1974, represented the consti- tuency 1966-70. Contested Lowes- toft, 1964. B June, 1916; ed Barry County School and London Univer- sity. Lecturer in further education college. Member, NUT. Member Braintree Rural District Council 1952-61. Former Executive member, National Council on In- land Transport.
PRESTON, South
Electorate: 51,522 Feb: 51,133
*Thorne, S. G. (Lab) 18,449 Green, A. (C) 14,700 Marshall, R. P. (L) 5,456 Harrison, E. (Nat Front) 663 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 87
Lab majority 3,749 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,355. Turn-out 76.4%.
Lab 46.9%, C 37.3%, L 13.9%, Nat Front, 1.7%, Pros Brit 0.2% Lab maj 9.5%. Swing -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,795
(79.7%)-Lab 17,354 (42.5%), C 15,467 (37.9%), L 7,974 (19.5%)-Lab maj 1,887 (4.6%). Swing - 4.0%.
Mr Stanley Thorne, lecturer in industrial sociology, elected Feb. ruary 1974, contested Liverpool, Wavertree, 1964. B July, 1918 ; ed Ruskin College, Oxford, and Liver. pool University. Deputy chairman,
Liverpool education committee. Vice-president, Liverpool Labour Party Governor Liverpool Poly- technic. Member, ASTMS.
PUDSEY
Electorate: 65,354 Feb: 64,788
*Shaw, J.b. D. (C) 20,180 Cooksey, S. J. (L) 15,599 Targett, K. (Lab) 15,293
C majorIty 4,581 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,072. Turn-out 78.1%.
C. 39.5%, L 30.5%, Lab 29.9%. C maj 9.0%. Swving -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,028
(84.9%) -C 21,750 (39.5%/), L 18,011 (32.7%j), Lab 15,267 (27.7%)-C maj 3,739 (6.8%).
Mr Giles Shaw, elected February 1974, who contested Kingston upon Hull West in 1966, is a marketing director, confectionery division, Rowntree Mackinto-'1 Ltd. B November 1931; ed Sedbergh School and St John's College, Cambridge. (President of the Un- ion, 1954.)
Putney, see Wandsworth
R
Ravensbourne, see Bromley
READING, North
Electorate: 64,484 Feb: 63,943
*Durant, R. A. B. (C) 18,734 Denby, Miss M. J. (Lab) 18,266 Watts, K. (L) 9,064 Baker, P. (Nat Front) 594
C majority 468 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,65S. Turn-out 72.3%.
C 40.1%, Lab 39.1%, L 19.4%, Nat Front 1.3%. C maj 1.0%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,736
(79.2%)-C 19,984 (39.4%), Lab 17,615 (34.7%), L 13,137 (25.9%) -C maj 2,369 (4.7%).
Mr Anthony Durant, general man- ager and company secretary of an audio visual aids firm. Elected, February 1974. Contested Rother Valley, 1970. B January 1928; ed Dane Court Preparatory School and Bryanston School, Dorset. Member Woking Urban Council, 1968-74.
READING, South
Electorate : 69,124 Feb : 68,500
*Vaughan, Dr G. F. (C) 21,959 Burall, P. R. (L) 15,293 Silverman, L. (Lab) 14,375
C majority 6,666 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,627. Turn-out 74.7%.
C 42.5%, L 29.6%, Lab 27.8%. C maj 12.9%. Swing -2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,469
(80.9%)-C 23,735 (42.8%), b. 18,376 (33.1%), Lab 13,358 (24.1%).-C maj 5,359 (9.7%).
Dr Gerald Vaughan, an Opposition Whip since March, 1974. Elected February, 1974. Held Reading for the Conservatives 1970-74. Special- ist at Guy's Hospital and has acted as adviser to voluntary organiza- tions, including the National Society for Autistic Children and the National Institute for the Deaf. Contested Poplar, 1955. B June, 1923
REDBRIDGE, 1lford, North
Electorate : 65,195 Feb : 64,649
Miller, Mrs M. (Lab) 20,621 *Iremonger, T. L. (C) 19,843 Wilson, G. L. P. (L) 8,080
Lab majority 778 LAB GAIN
Total vote 48,544. Turn-out 74.4%.
Lab 42.5%/o, C 40.9%, L 16.6%. Lab maj 1.6%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,464
(79.6 %) -C 19,843 (38.5%), Lab 19,558 (38.0°%o), L 12,063 (23.4%) -C maj 285 (0.5%).
MIrs Millie Miller, contested the seat in February, 1974. Social worker. B April, 1923 ; ed Dame Alice Owen's Girls' School. Mayor
of Stoke Newington, 1957-58; Cam- den 1967-68 and leader of Camden council 1971-73. GMWU.
REDBRIDGE, Ilford, South
Electorate: 56,257 Feb: 55,799
*Shaw, A. J. (Lab) 17,538 Thorne, N. (C) 15,789 Yates, Miss E. (L) 5,734 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 169
Lab majority 1,749 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,230. Turn-out 69.7%.
Lab 44.7%, C 40.2%, L 14.6%, Pros Brit 0.4%. Lab maj 4.4%. Swing -0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,925
(76.9%)-Lab 17,201 (40.1%), C 16,058 (37.4%), L 9,666 (22.5%)-Lab maj 1,143 (2.7%). Swing - 2.9%.
Mr Arnold Shaw, elected Feb- ruary, 1974, was MP for Ilford. South, 1966-70. Contested the divi- sion 1964, 1970. Teacher. B July, 1909; ed Cooper's Company School, Southampton and London Universities. Member, Redbridge Concil since 1971 and from 1965-68 -
Ilford council, 1952-65, and Step. ney, 1934-48. NUT.
REDBRIDGE, Wanstead and Woodford
Electorate: 58,378 Feb: 57,923
*Jenkin, C. P. F. (C) 21,209 Darlington, R. (Lab) 10,369 Gilby, D. J. (L) 8,272
C majority 10,840 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,850. Turn-out 68.3%.
C 53.2-, Lab 26.0%, L 20.7%. C.maj 27.2%. Swing - 0.6%. February, 1974: Total vote 44,576
(76.9%)-C 23,056 (51.7%), L 11,155 (25.0%), Lab 10,365 (23.2%)c- Cmaj 11,901 (26.7%). Mr Patrick Jenkin was Minister for Energy, 1974; Chief Secretary, Treasury, 1972-74; Financial Secre- tary to the Treasury, 1970-72. Elected in 1964. Barrister and former Industrial adviser. Was an Opposition spokesman on finance,\ economic and trade affairs, 1965. 70. B September, 1926 ; ed Clifton College and Jesus College, Cam. bridge. Member Hornsey Borough Councl, 1960-63. Appointed to Shadow Cabinet as Opposition spokesman on energy, March, 1974.
Redcar, see Teesside
REIGATE
Electorate : 72,745 Feb* 71,998
*Gardiner, G. A. (C) 27,769 Ormerod, M. G. (Lab) 14,185 Bryan, A. C. (L) 12,554 Paggart, M. (Pple Power) 266
C maJority 13,584 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,774. Turn-out 75.3%.
C 50.7%, Lab 25.9%, L 22.9%, Pple Power 0.5%. C maj 24.8%. Swving -1.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,003
(83.0%)-C 30,131 (50.2%), L 16,071 (26.8%/.o), Lab 13,547 (22.6%), Ind Dem 254 (0.4%)- C maj 14,060 (23.4%).
Mr George Gardiner, journalist. Elected, February, 1974. Contested Coventry, South, 1970. B March 1935; ed Harvey Grammar School Folkestone, and Balliol College, Oxford. Former senior political correspondent for Thomson News- papers and broadcaster.
RENFREWVSHIRE, East
Electorate : 61,811 Feb: 62,973 *Anderson, Miss M. B. H.
(C) 19,847 Jenkins, I. (Scot Nat) 11,137 Roberts, C. J. (Lab) 9,997 Craig, W. G. A. (L) 7,015
C majority 8,710 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,996. Turn-out 77.6%.
C 41.3%, Scot Nat 23.2%, Lab 20.8%, L 14.6%. C maj 18.1%. Swing -5.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,796
(80.7%)-C 25,713 (50.6%), L-ab 10,227 (20.1%), L 9,588 (18.9%), Scot Nat 5,268 (10.4%)-C. maj 15,486 (30.5%).
Miss Harvie Anderson served as Deputy Speaker and Deputy Chair- man of Ways and Means, 1970-73, and was the first woman to sit in the Speaker's Chair. Member of Speaker's panel of Chairmen, 1966- 70. Elected in 1959; contested West Stirlingshire in 1950 and 1951 and Sowerby, 1955. B 1915
RENFREWSHIRE, lVest
Electorate : 67,078 Feb : 69,114
*Buchan, N. F. (Lab) 20,674 Cameron, C, D. (Scot Nat) 15,374 Harper, R. X. (C) 14,399 Brown, D. (L) 3,271
Lab majority 5,300
NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,718. Turn-out 80.1%.
Lab 38.5%, Scot Nat 28.6%, C 26.8%, L 61%. . Lab maj .9.9%. Swving -3.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,104
(79.7%,1)-Lab 22,178 (40.2%), C 19,510 (35.4%.), Scot Nat 8,394 (15.2%), L 5,022 (9.1%/)-Lab maj 2,668 (4.8%).
Mr Norman Buchan wvas appointed Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, March, 1974, was an Opposition spokesman on agriculture, 1973-74 and Scottish Affairs, 1970-73, was Under Secre- tary, Scottish Office, 1967-70. Elected in 1964. Teacher. B October, 1922; ed Kirkwall Gram- mar School and Glasgow Univer- sity. President of Rutherglen dis- pital AL derman, GLC, 1967-72, and
Economic Planning Council, 1968- 71. Joint Secretary, Conservative Parliamentary Health and Social Security Committee.
RHONDDA
Electorate : 65,787 Feb: 65,192
*Jones, T. A. (Lab) 38,654 Morgan, D. (PI Cymru) 4,173 Leyshon, P. (C) 2,739 Austin, D. J. (L) 2,142 True, A. (Comm) 1,404
Lab majority 34,481 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,112. Turn-out 76.2%.
Lab 77.1%, PI Cymru 8.3%, C 7.5%, L 4.3%, Comm 2.8%. Lab maj 68.8%. Swing - 3.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 52,160
(79.8%)-Lab 36,880 (70.7%), PI Cymru 6,739 (12.9%o), C 4,111 (7.9%), L 3,056 (5.8%), Comm 1,374 (2.6%)-Lab maj 30,141 (57.8%).
Mr Alec Jones, elected February, 1974, represented Rhondda West 1967-74. Secretary, Welsh Labour Group; secretary, Welsh Parlia- mentary Party. Schoolfeacher. B August, 1924; ed Rhondda Gram- mar School and Bangor Training College. Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party education group, 1969-70; former Wood Green borough councillor. NUT.
RICHMOND UPON THAMIES
Richmond
Electorate: 53,821 Feb * 53,434 *Royle, Sit A. (C) 17,450
Vatson, A. J. (L) 13,235 Marshall-Andrews, R. G
(Lab) 8,714 Russell, E. A. (Nat Front) 1,000
C majority 4,215 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,399. Turn-out 75.1/.
C 43.2%, L 32.8%, Lab 21.6%, Nat Front 2.5%. C maj 10.4%. Swing - 1.9%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 44 133
(82.6%), C 19,534 (44.3%,/ ), L 15,707 (35.6%), Lab 8,322 (18.8S%7 , Nat Front 570 (1.3%) -C maj 3,827 (8.7%o0). Swing +2.9%.
Mlr Anthony Royle, served as Un- der-Secretary of State for Foreign ,and Commonwealth Affairs, 1970- 74. Elected in 1959; contested S Pancras, North, 1955, and Torring. ton by-election, 1958. Vice-chair- man, Conservative committee on
foreign affairs, 1965-67. Opposi- tion whip 1967-70; B March, 1927- ed Harrow and Sandhurst. |
RICHMOND UPON TELAMES Twickenham
Electorate: 72,210 Feb: 71,682
*Jessel, T. F. H. (C) 24,959 Cunningham, Mrs M. (Lab) 15,452 Kramer, S. E. (L) 13,021 Burgess, W. (Anti-EEC) 287
C majority 9,507 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,719. Turn-out 74.4%.
C 46.5%, Lab 28.8%, L 24.2%, Anti EEC 0.5.% C maj 17.7%. Swing - 0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 59,596
(83.1%)-C 27,595 (46.3%), L 16,092 (27.0%), Lab -15,909 (26.7%)-C mal 11,503 (19.3%). Swing -1.2%.
Mr Toby Jessel was elected in 1970; contested Kingston-upon- Hull, North, at the by-election in 1966 and at the gen- eral election two months later. Fought Peckham In 1964. B July, 1934; ed Royal Naval College, Dart- mouth, and Balliol College, Oxford. A member of GLC for Richmond on Thames, 1956-73, and of Southwark Borough Council, 1964-66, Joint Secretary, Greater London group of Conservative MPs. Director of Jessel Securities, Secretary, Conservative Candi- dates' Association, 1961-66.
RICHMOND (Yorks)
Electorate: 62,002 Feb : 61,446
*Kitson, Sir T. P. G. (C) 23,156 Waudy, Mrs P. (L) 9,528 Wilkie, I. A. (Lab) 8,025
C majority 13,628 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,709. Turn-out 65.6%.
C 56.9%. L 23.4%., Lab 19.7%. C maj 33.5%. Swing -2.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,380
(74.4%)-C 26,994 (58.2%) L 11,727 (25.3%) Lab 7:659 (16.5%)-C maj 15,267 (32.94%').
Sir Timothy Kitson was Parliamen- tary Private Secretary to Mr Heath, as Prime Minister, 1970-74, and as Leader of the Opposition since March, 1974. Opposition Whip, 1967-70. Elected in 1959. Farmer. B January, 1931; ed Char- terhouse and the Royal Agricul- tural College, Cirencester. Direc- tor, World International Insurance Co, Bermuda. Estimates Commit- tee, 1964-66. North Riding County Council, 1955-60.
RIPON
Electorate : 50,172 Feb . 49,740 *Hampson, K. (C) 20,636 Austick, D. (L) 13,632 Meyer, S. P. (Lab) 5,330
C majority 7,004 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,598. Turn-out 78.9%.
C 52.1%, L 34.4%, Lab 13.5%. C maj 17.7 %. Swing +0.0% . February, 1974: Total vote 42,468
(85.6%,/o)-C 21,080 (49.6%), L 16,745 (39.4%), Lab 4,643 (10.9%)-C maj 4,335 (10.2%). Swing +2.1%.
Mr Keith Hampson, regained the seat for the Conservatives in Feb- ruary, 1974. University lecturer, was personal assistant to Mr Heath in the 1966 General Election and also assisted him in the Bexley contest in 1970. B August, 1943; ed King James I Grammar School Bishop Auckland, and at Bristol and Harvard Universities. After serving in Mr Heath's private office at the Commons, in 1968, he was secretary to Sir Alec Douglas- Home's Scottish constitutional com- mittee from 1968 to 1970. A former Young Conservative, he became chairman of Bristol University Conservative Associaton. Contested the seat at the by- election In July, 1973.
ROCHDALE
Electorate: 67,029 Feb: 66,495
*Smith, C (L) 20,092 Connell, J. (Lab) 17,339. Young, R. (C) 7,740 Sellors, M. W. (Nat Front) 1,927
L majority 2,753 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 47,098. Turn-out 70.3%.
L 42.6%, Lab 36.8%, C 16.4%, Nat Front 4.1%. L maj 5.8%. Swving -2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,451
(77.4%)-L 25,266 (49.1%.), Lab 16,367 (31.8%), C 7,933 (15.4%), Nat Front 1,885 (3.7%) -L maj 8,899 (17.30o), Swing -1.4%
Mir Cyril Smith gained the seat for the Liberals in the by-election in October, 1972. Fought the seat in 1970. Party spokesman on employ- ment. B June, 1928; ed Rochdale Grammar School. Managing direc- tor, Smith Springs (Rochdale) Ltd; director, G. A. Electric Ltd, Roch- dale. Mayor of Rochdale 1966-67; member of borough council since 1952. On Parliamentary panel;
TGWU, 1955-58. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries since April, 1974.
ROCHESTER AND CHATHAM
Electorate: 79,799 Feb : 79,106
Bean, R., E. (Lab) 25,467 *Fenner, Mrs P. E. (C) 23,049 Black, Mrs M. (L) 9,035 Hazelden, G. (Nat Front) 1,150
Lab majority 2,418
LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 58,701. Turn-oaut 73.6%.
Lab 43.4%, C 39.3%, L 15.4%, Nat Front 1.9%. Lab maj 4.1% Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 62,754
(79.3%)-C 24,326 (38.8%), Lab & Co-op 23,483 (37.4%), L 14.945 (23.8%,')-C maj 843 (1.3%). Swing -4.1 %.
MTr Robert Bean contested Thanet East in February, 1974, and Gil- lingham in 1970. B September, 1935; ed Rochester Mathematical School and Medwvay College of Technology. Lecturer at a poly- technic. Former member, Chatham council. Member of Fabian Society and Co-operative Party. UCATT.
Romford, see Havering
ROSS AND CROMARTY
Electorate: 29,411 Feb: 29,134
*Gray, J. H. N. (C) 7,954 McRae, W. (Scot Nat) 7,291 Wilson, B. D. H. (Lab) 3,440 Glen, T. (L) 1,747
C majority 663 NO CHANGE
Total vote 20,432. Turn-out 69.5%.
Con 38.9%, Scot Nat 35.7%, Lab 16.8%, L 8.5%.-C majority 3.21%. Swing +2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 21,902
(75.2%)-C 7,908 (36.1%/), Scot Nat 5,037 (23.0%), L 4,621 (21.1%), Lab 4,336 (19.8%)-C maj 2,871 (13.1%). Swing + 4.5%-4
Mr Hamish Gray, who won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970, was a Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury 1973-74, after serving two years as an assistant whip. Former director of a roofing and contract- ing firm. B June, 1927; ed Inver- ness Royal Academy. Member, In- verness Council 1965-70. Former member, council, Highland Chamber of Commerce and of Highlands and Islands Youth Employment Committee.
ROSSENDALE
Electorate: 50,463 Feb: 50 014
Noble, M. A. (Lab) 16,156 Bray, R. W. T. (C) 15,953 Hamilton, J. A. (L) 8,693
Lab majority 203 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 40,802. Turn-out 80.8%.
Lab 39.6%, C 39.1%, L 21.3%. Lab maj 0.5%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,761
(83.4%)-C 16,040 (38.4%), Lab 15,243 (36.5%), L 10,478 (25.1%)-C maj 797 (1.9%). Swing -1.4%.
Mr Michael Noble contested the seat ina February, 1974, and Man- chester, Withington 1970. B March 1935; ed Hull Grammar School, Sheffield and Hull universities. Consultant in industrial Relations.
ROTHERHAM
Electorate: 61,209 Feb: 60,770
*O'Malley, B. K. (Lab) 25,874 Hambro, R. A. (C) 8,840 Bottomnley, V. (L) 5,350
Lab majority 17,034 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,064. Turn-out 65.4%.
Lab 64.6%, C 22.1%, L 13.3%. Lab maj 42.5%. Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,168
(74.3%)-Lab 27,088 (60.0%), C 10,354 (22.9%), L 7,726 (17.1%)-Lab maj 16,734 (37.0%). Swing -2.1%.
Mlr Brian O'AMalley, Minister of State for Health and Security from March, 1974. An Opposition spokesman on pensions and social security, 1970-74, was Under-Secre- tary, Health and Social Security, 1969-70. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, April 1967-69- became deputy Government Chief Whip in July, 1967; assistant Gov- ernment whip, 1964-66. Repre- sented the constituency since the by-election in March, 1963. Teacher and lecturer. B January, 1930; ed Mexborough Grammar School and Manchester University.
ROTHER VALLEY
Electorate: 91,963 Feb: 91,094
*Hardy, P. (Lab) 44,670 Waller, G. P. A. (C) 11,893 Reid, Rev G. (L) 9,828
Lab majority 32,777 NO CHANGE
Total vote 66,391. Turno-out 72.2%.
Lab 67.3%, C 17.9%, L 14.8%. Lab maj 49.4%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,590
(78.6%)-Lab 52,532 (73.4%), C 19,058 (26.6% )-Lab maj 33,474 (46.7%). Swing -1.6%.
Mr Peter Hardy, elected In 1970 was a teacher. B July, 1931 ; ed Wath upon Dearne Grammar School; Westminster College, Lon- don; Sheffield University. Con- tested Scarborough and Whitby, 1964, Sheffield, Hallam, 1966.
ROXBURGH, SELKIRK AND PEEBLES
Electorate : 56,824 Feb: 57,478 *Steel, D. M. S. (L) 20,006 Anderson, Mrs C. (C) 12,573 Edmonds, A. (Scot Nat) 9,178 Graham, D. A. (Lab) 4,076
L majority 7,433 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,833. Turn-out 80.6%.
L 43.6%,, C 27.4%, Scot Nat 20.0%, Lab 8.9%. L mNaj 16.2%. Swing -4.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 49,439
(86.3%)-L 25,707 (52.0%), C 16,690 (33.7%), Scot Nat 3,953 (8.0%), Lab 3,089 (6.2%)-L maj 9,017 (18.2%). Swing -2.0%.
Mr David Steel, the Liberal Whip, won the seat from the Conserva- tives at the 1965 by-election ; con- tested the seat in 1964. Sponsored the Abortion Act, 1967. Party spokesman on Commonwealth and Overseas Development, President of the Anti-Apartheid Movement In Great Britain, 1966-69. Director of advertising company. B March, 1938; ed Prince of Wales School, Nairobi ; George Watson's College, Edinburgh and Edinburgh Univer- sity. Member of the British Coun- cil of Churches. President, Nation- al League of Young Liberals.
Ruislip and Northwood,
see Hillingdon
ROYAL TUNBRIDGE WELLS
Electorate : 69,138 Feb * 68,589
*Mayhew, P. B. B. (C) 24.829 Owens, D. C. (L) 12,802 Blackwell, R. C. (Lab) 12,499
C majority 12,027 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,130. Turn-out 72.5%.
C 49.5%, L 25.5%, Lab 24.9%. C maj 24.0%,o. Swing 1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,130
(80.3%)-C 27,212 (49.3%), L 16,184 (29.3%,b ), Lab 11,734 (21.3%)-C maj 11,028 (20.0%).
Mr Patrick Mayhew, QC, has held the seat since February, 1974- fought Dulwich, Camberwell in 1970. B September, 1929 ; ed Ton- bridge School and Balliol College, Oxford. Vice-chairman, Sevenoaks Conservative Association, 1956-60.
RUGBY
Electorate: 59,590 Feb : 59,031
*Price, W. G. (Lab) 22,926 Marlow, A. (C) 17,722 Butcher, A. (L) 6,775 Frost, A. S. (Soc Credit) 137
Lab majority 5,204 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,560. Turn-out 79.8o.
Lab 48.2%, C 37.3%, L 14.2%, Soc Credit 0.3%. Lab maj 10.9%. Swing +0.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,864
86.2%,1o)-Lab 25,176 (49.5%h), C 19,022 (37.4°4), L 6,560 (12.90), Social Credit 106 (0.2%)-Lab maj 6,154 (12.1%). Swing
2.9%.
Mr William Price, Parliamentary Secretary, Overseas Development, since March, 1974, won the seat for Labour in 1966. Journalist. Parlia- mentary Private Secretary to the Deputy Leader of the Opposition since 1972. B June, 1934 ; ed Forest of Dean Technical School and Gloucester Technical College. Former central Midlands secretary of the National Union of Journa- Iists.
RUNCORN
Electorate:, 69,929 Feb: 69,290
*Carllsle, M. (C) 25,047 Eccles, A. J. (Lab) 19,579 Sanders, Rev D. (L) 9,188 Dobson, N. (Ind L Dem) 464
C majority 5,468 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,278. Turn-out 77.6%°
C 46.1%, Lab 36.1%, L 16.9', Ind L Dem 0.8%. C maj 10.1%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,500
(82.9°o) )-C 26,374 (45.9o), Lab 19,106 (33.20 ), L 12,020 (20.9%)-C maj 7,268 (12.6%). Swing -3.2%.
Mr Mark Carlisle, Minister of State, Home Office, 1972-74, was previously Under-Secretary, Home Office 1970-72. Elected in 1964.
Contested St Helens in the 1958 by-election and in 1959. B July, 1929 ; ed Radley College and Man- chester University. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1954). Former chair- man, Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associa- tions. Former member, Home Office Advisory Council on the Penal System.
RUSHCLIFFE
Electorate: 63,976 Feb: *Clarke, K. H. (C)
Bell, Mrs V. (Lab)
Hamilton, J. E. (L)
63,455
27,074 12,131 10,300
C majority 14,943 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,505. Turn-out 77.4%.
C 54.7%, Lab 24.5%, L 20.8%. C maj 30.2%. Swing 1.4%.
February. 1974: Total vote 53,666
(84.7%)-C 29,828 (55.6%), Lab 12,119 (22.6%), L 11,719 (21.8%)-C maj 17,709 (33.0%). Mr Kenneth Clarke won the seat for the Conservatives In 1970. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government whip), 1974; assis- tant whip, 1972-74. Contested Mansfield in 1964 and 1966. Barris- ter. B July, 1940; ed Nottingham High School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. RUTHERGLEN
Electorate : 48,824 Feb : 48,452
*Mackenzie, J. G. (Lab) 17,088 Bayne, 1. 0. (Scot Nat) 9,732 Thomson, J. (C) 9,248 Brown, R. E. (L) 2,424
Lab majority 7,356 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,492. Turn-out 78.8%.
Lab 44.4%, Scot Nat 25.3%, C 24.0%, L 6.3%. Lab maj 19.1%. Swing -5.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,946
(82.4%)-Lab 19,005 (47.6%), C 14,852 (37.2%), Scot Nat 6,089 (15.2%) - Lab maj 4,153 (10.4%).
Mr Gregor Alackenzie, Under Sec- retary for Industry, since March, 1974, previously Opposition spokesman for Posts and Telecom- munications. Won the seat for Labour in the May, 1964, by-elec- tion; contested Kinross and West Perth, 1959 and East Aber- deenshire, 1950. Sales manager. B November, 1927; ed Queens Park School and School of Social Stu- dies, Glasgowv University
RUTLAND AND STAMFORD
Electorate: 54,656 Feb: 54,160
*Lewis, K. (C) 19,101 Withers, Mv1. R. C. (Lab) 12,111 Howle, D. C. (L) 10,131
C majority 6,990 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,343. Turn-out 75.6%.
C 46.2%', Lab 29.3%, I. 24.5%, C maj 16.9%. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,627
(82 .3%))-C 21,088 (47.2%), Lab 12,203 (27.3%il), L 11,336 (25.4%)-C maj 8,885 (19.9%). Swing -0.1%.
Mir Kenneth Lewis was elected In 1959 ; contested Ashton-under- Lyne, 19f51, and Newvton, 1945 and 1950. M4ember, Estimates Commit- tee, 1966.68, and Committee of Selection, 1964-70. B July, 1916 - ed Jlarrow Central School and Edin- burgh University. RYE
Electorate : 72,261 Feb : 71,822
*Irvine, B. G. (C) 30,511 Moore, D. R. S. (L) 14,828 Threlfall, D. W. (Lab) 8,303
C mnaj 15,683 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,642. Turn-out 74.2%.
C 56.9%, L 27.6%, Lab 15.5%. C maj 29.2%,. Swing -2.2°'.
February, 1974: Total vote 58,014
(80.8 )-C 33,591 (57.9°'%), L 17,456 (30.1%.), Lab 6,967 (12.0%)-C maj 16,135 (27.80). Swing -0.1%.
MIr Godman Irvine was elected in 1955; contested Wood Green, 1951. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen since 1966 ; Select Com- mittee on Agriculture, 1966-69. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1932), farmer, and Companion, Institu. tion of Civil Engineers. B in Canada, July, 1909 ; ed St Paul's School, London, and Magdalen College, Oxford.
SAFFRON IVALDEN
Electorate : 62,397 Feb: *Kirk, P. M. (C)
Moore, F. P. D. (L) Green, H. (Lab)
61,890
21,291 14,770 12,652
C majority 6,521 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,713. Turn-out 78.1%.
C 43.7%, L 30.3%, Lab 26.0%. C maj 13.4%,. Swing -0.7%. Februarv, 1974: Total vote 51,619
(83.3%)-C 23,013 (44.6%), L 15,468 (30.0% ), Lab 13,138 (25.4-%)-C maj 7,545 (14.65%). Ilr Peter Kirk, chairman of the joint British and Danish Conserva- tive group at the European Parlia- ment since 1973, was also leader of the first Conservative delegation to the European Parliament. Under Secretary for Defence for the Royal Navy, 1970-72. He was returned at a by-election in March, 1965 ; represented Gravesend, 1955. 64; Under Secretary for War, 1963- April, 1964, and Under Secretary of Defence for the Army until October, 1964. ST ALBANS
Electorate : 69,693 Feb : 68,954
*Goodhewv, V. H. (C) 24,436 Hudson, E. (Lab) 15,301 Shaw, A. C. (L) 14,614
C majority 9,135 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,351. Turn-out 78.00%.
C 44.9%., Lab 28.11%, L 26.9%. C maj 16.8%/o. Swving -2.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 58,346
(84.6%)-C 26,345 (45.10%/,), L 17,924 (30.7%), Lab 14,077 (24.101%)-C maj 8,421 (14.4%). MVlr Victor Goodhew, Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Whip), 1970-73 and Assistant Government Whip, June to October, 1970, was elected in 1959. Vice-chairman of the Conservative committee on defence, 1964-70. He contested Paddington, North, in 1955. B November, 1919 ; ed King's College School.
ST HELENe
Electorate: 76,067 Feb: 75,479
*Spriggs L. (Lab) 32,620 Bridgeman, K. J. (C) 10,554 Lycett, A. E. (L) 7,689
Lab majority 22,066 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,863. Turn-out 66.9%.
Lab 64.1%, C 20.7%, L 15.1%. Lab maj 43.4%. Swving -1.9%..
February, 1974: Total vote 55,269
(73.2%)-Lab 32,621 (59.0%), L 10,905 (19.7%), C 10,752 (19.4%o), ILP 991 (1.8 jo)-Lab maj 21,716 (39.3%). Swing - 4.1,..
MIr Leslie Spriggs was returned at a by-election in 1958 ; contested North Fylde, 1955. Railwayman. B April, 1910 S IVI'S
Electorate: 51,440 Feb: 51,092
*Nrt, J. W. F. (C) 17,198 Tidy, B. M. (Lab) 9,388 Tonkin, G. E. T. (L) 11,330
C majority 5,868 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,916. Turn-out 73.7°.
C 45.3%, L 29.9%, Lab 24.7%. C maj 15.5%. Swing -0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,563
(79.4!% )-C 18,290 (45.1%), L 12,865 (31.7%), Lab 9 231 (22.7%), Ind C 177 (0.4% f-C maj 5.425 (13.4%). Swing - 0.6%/.
MIr John Nott, Minister of State, Treasury, 1972-74, was elected in 1966. B February, 1932 ; ed Brad- field College and Trinity College, Cambridge (President of the Un- Ion, 1959). Barrister (Inner Tem- ple, 1960).
s
i
St Marylebone, see
Cities of London and Westminster
St Pancras North, see Camden
SALFORD, Past
Electorate: 40,144 Feb : 39,831
*Allaun, F. J. (Lab) 14,276 Latimer, S. (C) 6,440 Bell, A. (L) 3,160
Lab majority 7,836 NO CHANGE
Total vote 23,876. Turn-out 59.5%.
Lab 59.8%, C 27.0%, L 13.2%. Lab maj 32.8%. Swing -3.3%. February, 1974: Total vote 26,457
(66.4%).-Lab 14,426 (54.S%), C 7,495 (28,3%), L 4,536 (17.1%) -.Lab maj 6.931 (26.2%). Swing
2.1 %0.
Mr Frank Allaun was elected in 1955; contested Manchester, Moss Side, 1951. Deputy chairman, foreLgn affairs group of the Parlia- mentary Labour Party. B Febru- ary, 1913 ; ed Manchester Grammax School.
SALFORD, West
Electorate: 45,833 Feb * 45,455
*Orme, S. (Lab) 17,112 Tillett, J. N. L. (C) 8,540 Arstall, A. E. (L) 4,237
Lab majority 8,572 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,889. Turnout 65.2%.
Lab 57.2%o, C 28.6%, L 14.2%. Lab maj 28.7%o. Swing -4.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 32,745
(72.0%,1.)-Lab 16,808 (51.3%), C 10,346 (31.6%), L 5,591 (17.1%!O) -Lab maj 6,462 (19.7%). Swing - 5.5%.
Mr Stanley Orme, Minister of State for Northern Ireland since Marci, 1974, was elected in 1964. An Opposition spokesman on Northern Ireland, 1972-74. He.con- tested Stockport, South, 1959. Engineer. B April, 1923 ; ed ele- mentary and technical schools, National Council of Labour Colleges and Workers' Educational Association classes.
SALISBURY
Electorate : 62,817 Feb . 62,215
*Hamilton, M. A. (C) 20,478 Lakeman, J. F. (L) 16,298 Connor, C. J. (Lab) 10,140
C majority 4,180 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,916. Turnout 74.70%,
C 43.6%, L 34.71%, Lab 216%. C maj 8.9%. SwiDg -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,744
(79.90%D)-C 22,753 (45.7%), L 16,536 (33.2%), Lab 10,455 (21.0%,'.)-C maj 6,217 (12.5%). Swing + 2.0%.
'Mr ?Michael Hamilton was returned at a by-election in February, 1965. Represented Wellingborough, 1959. 64. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip), 1962-64; assistant wvhip, 1961-62. B July, 1918
SCARBOROUGH
Electorate: 58,553 Feb : 58,102
*Shaw, M. N. (C) 19,831 Brook, M. J. L. (L) 10,123 Taylor-Gooby, D. J.
(Lab) 9,923 C majority 9,708 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,877. Turnout 68.1%.
C 49.7%1, L 25.4%, Lab 24.9%. C maj 24.3%. Swing -3.8%.
Februarv, 1974 : Total vote 45,859
(78.90'.)-C 21,858 (47.7%), L 16,751 (36.5%), Lab 7.034 (15.3%'D), Ind 114 (0.2% ), Ind C 102 (0.2%)-C maj 5,107 (11.1%).
Mr Mlchael Shaw, elected in Feb- ruary, 1974. Represented Scar- borough and Whitby, 1966-74. He represented Brignouse and Speir- borough, 1960-64 ; contested that division in 1959 and Dewsbury, 1955. Chartered accountant. B October, 1920; ed Sedbergh.
SEVENOAKS
Electorate : 74.969 Feb: 74,219
*Rodgers, Sir J. C. (C) 26,670 Scanlan, J. (Lab) 15,065 Webster, R. (L) 15,024
C majority 11,605 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,759. Turn-out 75.70,.
C 47.0%, Lab 26.5%/O , L 26.5%. C maj 20.40%. Swing -1.8%o
February, 1974: Total vote 61.900
(83.4%)-C 29,936 (48.4%), L 16,223 (26.2%), Lab 14.987 (24.2%), Iad 754 (1-2 -)-C imaj 13,713 (22.1%).
Sir John Rodgers was elected In 1950. Member, Public Accounts Committee since 1970. Parliamen- tary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1958-60. Marketing consultant, company director and author. Con- sultant and former deputy chair- man, J. Walter Thompson Co Ltd - director, History Today Ltd. Cocoa Merchants Ltd. B October, 1906 - ed St Peter's, York, in France, Xeble College, Oxford.
SHEFFtELD, Attercliffe
Electorate : 63,917 Feb : 63,419.
*Duffy, A. E. P. (Lab) 29,601 Santhouse, Miss P. M. (C) 8,043 Broadhead, G. (L) 5,282
Lab majority 21,558 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,926. Turn-out 67.10.
Lab 68.9%, C 18.7%, L 12.3Oi
Lab maj 50.2%. Swing -2.8%. February, 1974: Total vote 47,488
(74.9%)-Lab 34,120 (71.8%). C 12,944 (27.2%'), Int Marx 424 (0.9% )-Lab maj 21,176 (44.6%)
MIr Patrick Duffy was returned in 1970 ; MP for Colne Valley, 1963-66 contested Tiverton, 1955, 1951, and 1950. Economist and consultant. B June, 1920; ed London and Colum- bia Universities.
SHEFFIELD, Brightside
Electorate : 54,095 Feb : 53,723
Maynard, Miss J. (Lab) 18,108 *Griffiths, E. (Ind Lab) 10,182 Walker, R. E. (C) 4,905 Blades, W. T. W. (L) 3,271
Lab n1ajority 7,926 NO CHAiNGE
Total vote 34,466. Turn-out 67.4%.
Lab 49.6%, Ind Lab 27.9%, C 13.4%, L 9.0%. Lab maj 21.7%. Swing +7.6%.to
February, 1974 : Total vote 40.019
(74.5%)-Lab 27,363 (68.4%), C 6,796 (17.0%), L 5,347 (13.4%), Comm 513 (1.3%)-Lab maj 20,567 (51.4%).
%Tiss Joan Maynard, a member of the Labour Party national execu- Live committee since 1970. York- ;hire area secretary, of the 4ational Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers for 18 years, also a national presldent. Aged 53.
SHEFFIELD, Hallam
Electorate: 77,400 Feb: *Osborn, J. H. (C)
Betts, C. J. C. (Lab) Johnson, M. A. K. (L)
76,877
26,083 15,419
11,724
C majority 10,664 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,226. Turn-out 68.8%.
C 49.0%. Lab 29.0%, L 22.0%. C maj 20.0%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 59,371
(77.2%)-C.29,062 (48.9%), Lab 16,149 (27.2%), L 14,160 (23.8%) -C maj 12,913 (21.7%).
Mr John Osborn was elected In 1959. Joint secretary, 1922 Com- mittee since 1968; chairman,Con- servative parliamentary transport industries committee since 1972 and Anglo-Soviet Parliamentary Group; joint chairman All-Party Roads Study Group. Member, executive of the Inter-Parliamen- tary Union and Select. Committee on Science and Technology 1970- 72. Director, Samuel Osborn, and Co Ltd, steel and engineering com- pany, and subsidiary companies. B December, 1922 ; ed .,ugby and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. SHEFFIELD, Tleeley
Electorate: 65,244 Feb: 64,790 *Hooley, F. 0. (Lab)' '24',728 Page, A. E. (C) 15,322 Fairfax, R. J. (L) 7,151 Revell, P. (Nat Front) 723
Lab majority 9,406
NO CHIANGE
Total vote 47,924. Turn-out 73.4%.
Lab 51.6%, C 32.0%, 1, 14.9%, Nat Front 1.5%. Lab majl 19.6%. Swing -3.60/%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,110
(82.0%.'-Lab 25,317 (47.7%), C 18,732 (35.3%), L 9,061 (17.1%)-Lab mai 6,585
(12.4%;).
Mr Frank Hooley, elected Feb. ruary 1974, was MP for the consti- tuency from 1966-70. Contested it in 1964 and Skipton, 1959. Member, Public Accounis Commit- tee. Chairman, PLP Overseas' Aid Group and Vice-Chairman, Social Security Group. B November, 1923 - ed King Edward's School, Birming- ham and Birmingham University.
SHEFFIELD, Hillsborough'
Electorate : 52,032 Feb : 51,687 *Flannery, M. H. (Lab) 21,026 Williamson, R. B. (C) 8,718 Osner, R. C. (L) 4,912 * Lab majority 12,308 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,656. Turn-out 66.6%,.
Lab 60.7%, C 25.1%, L 14.2%. Lab maj 35.5%. Swving -3.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,713
(76.8%)-Lab 22,065 (55.6%), C 10,785 (27.1%), L 6,863 (17.3%)-Lab maj 11,280 (28.4%)-
Mr Martin Flannery, elected Feb- ruary, 1974. Headmaster. B March, 1918 ; ed elementary, grammar and Sheffield College of Education. Member, national executive com- mittee. NUT.
SHEFFIELD, Park
Electorate : 67,425 Feb : 66,973 *Mulley, F. W. (Lab) 30,057 Butler, F. R. (L) 6,093 Trench, R. (C) 5,539 Ashberry, G. (Comm) 403
Lab majority 23,964 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,092. Turn-out 62.4%.
Lab 71.4%, L 14.5%, C 13.1%, Comm 0.9%.. Lab maj 56.9%. Swing --4.7%i' .
February, 1974: Total vote 48,121
(71.8%.)-Lab 31,273 (65.0%), L 8,596 (17.9%), C 7,731 (16.1%), Comm 521 (1.1%)-Lab maj 22,677 (47.1%).
Mr Frederick Mulley, Minister for Transport, Department of Environ. ment, March 1974. Opposition spokesman on transport 1970-74, Minister of Transport 1969-70 Minister of State, Foreign Office 1967-69 ; Minister of Aviation, 1965- 67; Deputy Secretary of State for Defenc and Minister of Defence for the Army, 1964.65.
SHIPLEY
Electorate: 52,006 Feb: *Fox J. M. (C)
Roberts G. G. (L)
Wedgeworth, Rev M. J.
(Lab)
51,547
18,518 8,094 15,482
C majority 3,036 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42.094. Turn-out 80.9%
C 44.0°o Lab 36.8%, L 19.2%. C maj 7.2%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 45,073
(87.4%)-C 19,439 (43.1%), Lab 15,284 (33.9%), L 10,158 (22.5%), Ind Dem All 192 (0.4%j.) -C maJ 4,155 (9.2%). Swing
-I.1%.
Mlr Marcus Fox was elected In 1970 ; contested Dewsbury, 1959 and Hluddersfield West, 1966. Assis- tant whip, 1972-73 ; Lord Commis- sioner 'of the Treasury (whip), 1973-74. Member, Select Commit- tee on Race Relations and Immig- ration, 1970; Secretary, party transport industries committee, 19,0. Former company director and owner of textile finishing firm. B Julie, 1927: ed Wheelwright Grammar School, Dewsbury. Member, Dewsbury Borough Coun-
cil. 1957-65.
SHOREHAM
Electorate : 68,498 *Luce, R. N. (C)
Bartram, P. F. (L) Barry, Q (Lab)
Feb: 68,067
26,170 14,797 10,200
C majority 11,373 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,167. Turn-out 74:7%..
C 51.1%, L 28.9%, Lab 19.9%. C maj 22.2%. Swlng '2.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 5S 002
(80.7%)-C 28,200 I %), L 18,442 (33.5%), Lab 8,360 (15.2%).)-C maj 9,758 i17,'7%). BIr Richard Luce, elected Feb- ruary, 1974, MP for 4rurdel 4nd Shoreham, 1971-74; cont6sted-I it- chin 1970. B Oct 14, 1936'; ed Well ington College, Christ's College, Cambridge and Wadham College, Oxford. Overseas civil 'gerv.ant (Kenya) 1960-62. Branch manager Gallaher Ltd, 1963-65; marketing manager Spirella, 1965.68.' Chair- man, IFA Consultants Ltd, since 19,2. Secretary ConserVative'Party Consumer Protection Committee and Latin American group. An Opposition Whip from March 1974.
Sidcup, see Bexley
SHREWSBURY '- ' >
Electorate: 60,228 Feb 59,613
*Langford-Holt, Sir J. (C) * 19,064 Marsh, W (L) I 13,643 Woodvine, D. W. (Lab) 11,504
C majority 5,421 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,210. Turn-out 73.4%.
C 43.1%, L 30.8%, Lab 26.0%. C maj 12.3%. Swving -1.5/. February, 1974: Total vote 47,545
(79.7% )-C 21,095 (44.4%), L 14,914 (31.4%,g), Lab 11,536 (24.3%)-C mai 6,181 (13.0%). Sir John Langford-Holt was returned in 1945. Secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary labour committee for five years. Member Public Accounts Committee and several Conservative backbench committees. B June, 1916; ed Shrewsbury School. Director, Siebe Gorman Holdings Ltd.
BEDFORDSHIRE, South
Electorate: 64,329 Feb: 63,700
*Madel, W. D. (C) 20,794 Little, R. A. (Lab) 16,351 Penwarden, D. J. H. (L) 13,194
C majority 4,443 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,339. Turn-out 78.2%.
C 41.3%, Lab 32.5%, L 26.2%0. C maj 8.8%. Swving -0.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 53,849
(84.5%)-C 21,380 (39.7%), L 16,622 (30.9%), Lab 15,847 (29X4%)-C maj 4,758 (8.8%).
Mr David Madel, publishing execu- tive, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Erith and Crayford, 1965 by- election and 1966. B August, 1938; ed Uppingham School, Keble College, Oxford. Member Bow Group Council, 1966-67; a a member of the group's standing committee on education. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary home affairs committee, 1972-73.
BEDWELLTY
Electorate : 50,183 Feb: 49,758
*Kinnock, N. G. (Lab) 27,418 Brooke, P. L. (C) 4,556 Morgan, R. G. (L) 3,621 Mlogford, D. (PI Cymru) 3,086 Lab majority 22,862 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,681. Turn-out 77.1%.
Lab 70.9%, C 11.8%, L 9.4%, PI Cymru 8.0%.. Lab maj 59.1%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39.759
(79.9%)-Lab 26,664 (67.1%), C 5,027 (12.6%O), L 5,020 (12.6%), P1 Cymru 3,048 (7.7%) -Lab maj 21,637 (54.4%). Swing + 2.3%.
Mr Neil Kinnock, a trade union tutor xvith the Workers' Educa- tional Association, was elected in 1970. B March, 1942; ed Lewis School, Pengam, Glamorgan, and University College, Cardiff. Member, Select committee on nationalized industries, 1974; Com. mons expenditure committee, 1971- 73. Member, Tribune group. National executive member, Anti- Apartheid Movement. President, University College, Cardiff, Socialist Society, 1962-65.
BEESTON
Electorate : 74,172 Feb : 73,635 *Lester, J. T. (C) 25,095 Gardner, A. J.
(Lab & Co-op) 24;974 Reddish, S. C. (L) 9,658
C majority 121 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,727. Turn-out 80.5%.
C 42.0%, Lab & Coop 41.8%, L 16.2%. C maj 0.2%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 62,521
(84.9%)-C 26,487 (42.4%io), Lab & Co-op 23,943 (38.3%). L 12,091 (19.3%,1)-C maj 2,544 (4.1%).
Mr James Lester, director of foot- wear distributing company, was elected il February, 1974. B May, 1932; ed Nottingham High School. Contested Bassetlaw in the 1968 by- election and in 1970. Member, Nottinghamshire County Council since 1966 ; appointed chairman, Salary and Establishment Commit- tee, 1967, and Finance and General Purposes Committee, 1969. Mem- ber, CCPRE management commit- tee for Nottinghamshire Inter- national water sports centre, and management committee, Portland Training College for the Disabled. BELFAST, East
Electorate: 79,591 Feb: 80,032
tCralg, W. (UUUC) 31,594 McLacblan, P. J. (UPNI) 14,417 Bleakley, D. J. (NI Lab) 7,415
UUUC majority 17,177 NO CHNGB
Total 'vote 53,426 Turn-out 67.11%.
Toblvot 53,j426. unot6.% UUUC 59.1%, UPNI 27.0%, NI LAb 13.9%. UUUC maj 32.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57.518
(71.9% )-Vanguard 27,817 (48.4%), UU Pro Assem 20,077 (34.9%), Nilp 8,122 (14.1%), SDLP 1,502 (2.6%)-Vanguaru mai 7,740 (13.4%).
Mr William Craig, leader of the Vanguard Party, was returned in February, 1974 ; elected to Stormont for Larne in 1960. A 49-year-old solicitor, he is an Assembly member for North Antrim. He was Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Health, Min- ister of Local Government and Minister of Development In the Stormont Government.
BELFAST, North
Electorate: 71,779 Feb: 72,178 *Carson, J. (UUUC) 29,622 Donnelly, T. (SDLP) 11,400 Ferguson, J. (Alliance) 3,807 Boyd, W. R. (NI Lab) 2,481
UUUC majority 18,222 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,310. Turn-out 65.9%.
UUUC 62.6%, SDLP 24.1%, Alliance 8.0%, NI Lab 5.2%. UUUC maj 38.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,206
(68.2%1.)-UUUC 21,531 (43.7%), UU pro Assem 12,755 (25.9%). SDLP 12,003 (24.4%), NILP 2,917 (5.9%)-UUUC maj 8,776 (17.8%).
Mr John Carson, elected in Feb- ruary, 1974, is a draper. Member, Belfast Corporation since 1971. Member, Orange Order. BELFAST, South
Electorate: 75,112 Feb: 75,443 *Bradford, Rev R. J.
(UUUC) 30,116 Glass, J. B. C. (Alliance) 11,715 McMaster, S. R. (Unionist) 4,982 Carragher, B. J. (SDLP) 2,390 Holmes, J. E. (NI Lab) 1,643
UUUC majority 18,401 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,846. Turn-out 67.7%.
UUU 59.2%., Alliance 23.0%, Unionist 9.8%, SDLP 4 7%. NI Lab 3.2%. UUUC maj 36.1° .
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,890
(68.8%)-UUUC 22,083 (42.5%), UU pro Assem 18,085 (34.8%), Alliance 5,118 (9.9°%), SDLP 4,149 (8.0%), NILP 2,455 (4.7%) -UUUC maj 3,998 (7.7%/o).
The Rev Robert Bradford, a 33- year-old Methodist minister, was elected in February, 1974. Un- successful Vanguard candidate in the Assembly elections. A soccer blue at Queen's University. BEl FAST, West
*EFectorate D66,279 Feb: 662,39 McQuade, J. (UUUC) 16,26'
O'Kane, Mrs K. (Repub) 3,547 Gibson, S. M. (VPP) 2,690 Kerins, P. (Marx Len) 203
SDLP majority 5,556 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,526. Turn-out 67.2%/
SDLP 49.0%, UUUC 36.5%, Repub 8.0%, VPP 6.0%. Marx Len 0.4%. SDLP mal 12.5%.
Februarv, 1974: Total vote 47,667
(71.5%)-SDLP 19,554 (41.0%), UUUC 17,374 (36.4%/), Ind 5,662 (11.9%), Repub Clubs 3,088 (6.5%) NILP 1,989 (4.2%) -SDLP maj 2,180 (4.6%).-
Mr Gerard Fitt is leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland and was deputy chief of the former North- ern Ireland Executive. He wvon Bel- fast West from the Ulster Uniioniists In 1966. B April, 1926 ; ed Christian
Brothers School, Belfast. MP for. Dock constituency in Belfast until Stormont ceased to ftnction. Served in Merchant Navy, 1941-53. Belfast City Councillor.
KIPTON
Electorate: 52,562 - Feb: 52,086 *Drayson, G. B. (C) 17,822 Brooks, Mrs K. C. (L) 17,232 Burks, Dr C. G. (Lab) 8,109
C majority 590 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,163. Turn-out 82.1%.
C 41.3%, L 39.9%, Lab 18.8%. C maj 1.4%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44;565
(85.6%)-C 19,301 (43.3%), L 17,185 (38.6%), Lab 8,079 (18.1%)-C maj 2,116 (4.7%). Swing + 1.7%.
Mr Burnaby Drayson was elected in 1945. Company director. B March, 1913 ; ed Borlase School, Buckinghamshire. Member, Stock Exchange, 1935.54. Chairman, all p arty East-West Trade-Committee. Member, Royal Agriculture Society. Member, Expenditure Committee since 1970.
SOLIHULL
Electorate: 79,992 Feb: 79,147 *Grieve, W. P. (C) 31,707 Windmill, J. A. (L) .15,848 McShane, D. (Lab) 12,640
C majority 15,859 NO CHANGE
Total vote 60,195. Turn-out 75.2%.
C 52.7%, L 26.3%, Lab 21.0% C mai 26.3%. Swing -2.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 64,343
(81.2% )-C 35,049 (54.5%), L 17,686 (27.5%), Lab 11,608 (18.0%)-C maj 17,363 (27.0%). Mr Percy Grieve, QC, was elected in 1964; contested Lincoln by-elec- tion, March, 1962. B March, 1915; ed privately and at Trinity Hall
Cambridge. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1938), QC 1962. Recorder of Northampton since 1965; Assis. t* Recorder of Leicester, 1956- 6§ and deputy chairman, Lincoln
olland) tQuarter Sessions from i962. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immig- ration, 1968-70.
SOMERSET, North
Electorate: 89,056 Feb: 88,196 *Dean, A. P. (C) 32,146 Whlte, H. R. (Lab) 22,671 Bourne, Mrs J. M. (L) 16,428 Polling, J. K. (Utd Dem) 387
C majority 9,475 10 CHANGE
Total vote 71,632. Turn-out 80.4%.
C 44.9%, Lab 31.6%, L 22.9%, Utd Dem 0.5%. C maj 13.2%. Swing -1.4%.
Februar, 1974: Total vote 75,020
(85.0°)-C 34,576 (46.1%), Lab 22,421 (29.9%), L 18,023 (24.0%)-C maj 12,155 (16.2%). Swing + 0.0%.
Mr Paul Dean, Under Secretary, Health and Social Security 1970-74,
l . ected in 1964. Contested Pontefract by-election March, 1962. Member, Antony Gibbs Hold. Ing' local advisory board for Bris. tol and the South-West ; consultant to Atony Glbbs Pension Services. FarMer until 1956 ; resident tutor, Swinton College, 1956-57; joined Conservative research department, 1958; assistant director, 1962. B September, 1924; ed Ellesmere.
SOUTHAMPTON, Itchin
Electorate: 82,009 Feb: 81,212 *MUtchell, R. C. (Lab) 28,168 James, P. T. (C) 20,373 Ch.ryson, J. (L) 9,071
Lab majority 7,795 NO CHANGE,
Total vote 57,612. Turn-out 70.2%.
Lab 48.9%, C 35.4%, L 15.7%. Lab maj 13.5%. Swing -2.3%. February, 1974: Total vote 62,697
(77.2%)-Lab 27,557 (43.9%), C 21,967 (35.0%), L 13,173 (21.0%)-Lab maj 5,590 (8.9%). Mr Richard Mitchell, who wyon the 1971 by-election, was MP for Southampton, Test 1966-70, having tnuuccessfully contested the seat In 1964. Contested New Forest 1959. Member, Labour backbench groups on education, environment, ports, shipping and shipbuilding. Member, Select committee on Edu- cation and Science, 1968-70, and chairman, education and science group, and shipping group. Parlia- mentary Labour Party, 1967-69. Deputy headmaster. B August, 1927; ed Godalming Grammar School and Southampton Univer- sity. Member Southampton. Coun- al, 1955-67. NUT and NUGMW.
SOUTHAMPTON, Test
Electorate: 73,895 Feb: 73,323 Gould, B. C. (Lab) 22,780 *Hill, S. J. A. (C) 22,250 Walils, J. R. (L) 8,994
Lab majority 530 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 54,024. Turn-out 73.1%.
Lab 42.2%, C 41.2%, L 16.6%. Lab maj 1.0%'/. Swing -1.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 58,081
(79.1%)-C 23,742 (40.9%), Lab 22,339 (38.5%), L 12,000 (20.7%)-C maj 1,403 (2.4%). Mr Bryan Gould, fellow and tutor In law, Worcester College, Oxford. Contested the seat in February, 1974. B February, 1939 ; ed Danne- virke High School, Auckland Uni- versity, New Zealand and Oxford. Previously, British diplomatic ser- vice. AUT and Society of Labour Lawyers.
SOUTHEND, East
Electorate : 57,295 Feb : 56,827 *McAdden, Sir S. J. (C) 18,083 Ward, Mrs S. K. (Lab) 13,480 Curry, J. W. J. (L) 7,856
C majority 4,603 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,419. Turn-out 68.8%.
C 45.9°h, Lab 34.2%, L 19.9%. C maj 11.7%. Swing +0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,227
(77.8°,%)-C 19,600 (44.3%), Lab 14,648 (33.1%), L 9,979 (22.6%)-C maj 4,952 (11.2%). Swing - 2.9%.
Sir Stephen McAdden was elected In 1950. Export sales manager. B November, 1907 ; ed LCC schools and the Salesian School, Battersea. Member, Hackney Borough Coun- cil. 1935-45 ; Wanstead and Wood- ford Borough Council, 1945-48 and Essex County Council, 1947-48. Chairman, Anglo-Israel group and Anglo-Austrian group. ASSET. Business interests in pharmaceuti- cals and public relations.
SOUTHEND, West
Electorate : 67,438 Feb : 66,899
*Channon, H. P. G. (C) 23,480 Greaves, W. (L) 16,409 Wright, A. N. (Lab) 9,451
C majority 7,071 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,340. Turn-out 73.2%to.'
C 47.6%. L. 33.2%. Lab 19.1%. C maj 14.3°o. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,645
(80.2%)-C 25,040 (46.7%), L 19,885 (37.1%), Lab 8,720 (16.2%)-C maj 5,155 (9.6%). Swving - 2.0%.
Mr Paul Channon, Opposition spokesman on consumer affairs from March, 1974, was Minister for Housing and Construction 197Z-74 -
Minister of State for Northern Ire- land, March-November, 1972 ; Uin- der Secretary for the Environment 1970-72 ; Parliamentary Secretary,
Ministry of Housing and Local. Government,. June to October, 1970. Elected at by-election in; January, 1959, succeeding his father. Former director of Guin- ness brewery, and other compan- ies. B October, 1935-; ed Lockers Park, Hemel Hempstead, Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Mfember of executive, 1922 Committee, 1965- 66.~~~~~~~~
SOUTH FYLDE
Electorate: 90,861 Feb- *Gardner, E. L. (C) Lawson, A. (L)
Dilion, T. A. (Lab)
90,064 37,193 14,527 13,724
C majority 22,666 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,444. Turn-out 72.0%.
C 56.8%, L 22.2%, Lab 21.0%. C maj 34.6%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 70,151
(77.9%) -C 41,028 (585N%), L 15,649 (22.3%,o), Lab 13,474 (19.2%)-C maj 25,379 (36.2%). Swving - 1.4%.
Mr Edward Gardner, QC, elected in 1970, was MP for Billericay from 1959 to 1966 ; contested Erith and Crayford in.1955. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) in 1947, admitted to the Nigerian and British Gulanan Bars, 1962, and became a Master of the Bench of Gray's Inn in 1968. B May, 1912; ed Hutton Grammar School, Cliairman of "" Justice "" working party on bail and remands in custody, 1967. and a member of the executive commit- tee, 1968.
Southgate, see Enfleld
Southall, see Ealing
SOUTHPORT
Electorate: 66,109 Feb *Percival, W. I. (C) Fearn, R. C. (L)
James, I. G. (Lab)
: 65,580
23,014 17,387 8,323
C majority 5,627 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,724. Turn-out 73.7%.
C 47.2%, L 35.7%, Lab 17.1%. C maj 11.5%. Swing -1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 50,758
(77.4%)-C 23,975 (47.2%1 ), L 20,093 (39.6%), Lab 6,690 (13.2%)-C maj 3,882 (7.6%). Swing + 1.7%.
llr Ian Percival, QC, was elected In 1959; contested Battersea, North 1951 and 1955. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948) - QC 1963. B May, 1921; ed Latymer School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary legal committee since 1972- former vice-chairman, Fellow of Institute of Taxation. Member Kensington Borough Council, 1952- 59. Director of Research, Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Society, 1963-65.
SOUTH SHIELDS
Electorate : 72,584 Feb: 71,895
*Blenkinsop, A. (Lab) 26,492
Smith, N. S. (C) 11,667 4 Garbutt, L. (L) 8,106. Owven, W. (Nat Front) 711
Lab majolIty 14,825 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,976. Turn-out 64.7%.
Lab 56.4%, C 24.8%, L 17.2%, Nat Front 1.5%. Lab maj 31.5%. Swing -4.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,452
(71.6%)-Lab 30,740 (59.7h), C 18,754 (36.4%), Nat Front 1,958 (3.8%)-Lab maj 11,986 (23.3%). Swing - 1.4%.
Mr Arthur Blenkinsop was elected in 1964; represented Newcastle- upon-Tyne, East, 1945-59. Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, 1949-51, and Ministry of Pensions, 1946-49. B June, 1911 ; ed Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, and College of Commerce, Newcas- tle. Chartered secretary. Former vice-chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party. Member, Advisory Committee on Misuse of Drugs; member of executive committee and former chairman, Fabian Society; chairman, PLP Planning and Local Government Group and Vice-Chairman, Environment Group; executive member, Nation- al Trust; chairman of Council of Town and Country Planning Asso- ciation; vice-chairman, all party conservation group; secretary, Anglo-Polish parliamentary group. Member, Commons expenditure committee since April, 1974. SOUTHMIARK, Bermondsey
Electorate: 55,254 Feb : 54,904
*Mellish, R. J. (Lab) 22,875 Flight, H. E. (C) 4,294 Taylor, J. (L) 2,520 Davey, G. (Nat Front) 1,488
Lab majority 18,581 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,177. Turn-out 56.4%.
Lab 73.4Y, C 13.8%, L 8.1%, Nat Front 4.8%. Lab maj 59.6%/l. Swing -3.9 %.
February, 1974: Total vote 36,209
(65.9%)-Lab 24,847 (68.6%). C 6,126 (16.9%), L 3,751 (10.3%), Nat Front 1,485 (4.1%)-Lab maj 18,721 (51.7%).
Mr Robert Mellish, Parliamentary Secretaryt Treasury and Govern. ment Chlef Whip since March, 1974, joined the Cabinet in June, 1974. Opposition Chief Whip, 1970-74; became Min- ister of Housing and Local Government three weeks before the 1970 election. Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Gov- ernment Chief Whip, 1969-70; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1967-69 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1964-67, with special responsibility for London housing. Elected for Rotherhithe in 1946g: returned for Bermondsey in 1950. B March, 1913 ; elementary school education.
SOUTHWARK, Duilwich
Electorate: 67,542 Feb: *Silkin, S. C. (Lab) Morley, E. (C)
Pearson, W. H. (L)
67,059
21,790 14,331
7,866
Lab majority 7,459 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,987. Turn-out 65A1-
Lab 49.5%, C 32.6%, L 17.9%. Lab maj 16.9%. Sxving -3.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 49,570
(73.9°%.)-Lab 22,530 (45.4%), C 17,189 (34.7%), L 9,851 (19.9%o)-Lab maj 5,341 (10.S%). Swing -4.3%,.
Mr Samuel Silkin, QC, became Attorney-General in March, 1974- an Opposition spokesman on legal matters 1970-74. tYas elected in 1964. B iMlarch. 1918 ; ed Dutwich College and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1941). Chairman, Select Commit- tee on Parliamentary privilege, 1966-67. Vice-chairnian PLP Legal and Judicial Gi-oup since 1970. President Alcohol Education Centre ; Governor, Maudsley Hos- pital. Member of the Royal Com- mission on the Penal Systcim for England and WVales. 1965-66. SOUTHtVARK, Peckhamti
Electorate: 63,349 Feb : 62.S68
*Lambourn, H. G. (Lab) 24-587 Baker, N. B. (C) 5. 7/l0 Saltmarsh, S. NV. F. (L) 3,971
Lab majority 18.827 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,318. Turn-i-out 54.2%.
Lab 71.6%o, C 16.8%-, 1. 11.6%. Lab maj 549n%. Swving-5.1%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 40.6(07
(64.6%)-Lab 26,116 (64.3%). C 8,045 (19.S%), L 6.446 (15.9%)-Lab ma.i 18,071 (44.5%).
Mr Harry Lamborn, elected Feb- ruary 1974, became MP for Souttl- wark in May, 1972. B Mav, 191. ; ed LCC secondary school, .Meciber. Camberwell Borougih Council. 1953-65, mayor, 1963-64 l.CC, 1958-65 ; GLC since 1964 ; USDAWV since 1933. Director, Royal Ar- senal Cooperative Society, 1965-72. Governor. King's College Hospital since 1965.
SOWVERIIY
Electorate: 48,747 Feb: 48,345
*Madden, M.' F. (Lab 14,971 Thompson, D. (C) 14,32S Shutt, D. T. (L) 9,136 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 157
Lab majority 646 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,589. Turn-out 79.2%.
Lab 38.8%, C 37.1%, L 23.7%, Pros Brit 0.4%'. Lab maj 1.7%. Swing -0.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,123
(83.2.% )-Lab 14.492 (36.1%), C 14,377 (35.8%), L 11,254 (28.0%)-Lab maj 115 (0.3%). Swing + 0.4°,.
Mr Max Maddetn, former press and information officer for the British Gas Corporation. Elected February 1974, contested Sudbury and 19'oodbridge, 1966. B October, 1941 ; ed Lascelles Secondary Modern School South Harrow ; Pin- ner Grammar School and North. East Essex Technical College. Meember, London Borough of Wandsworth Council. TGWU. Member, Commons Expenditure Committee since April, 1974.
SPELTHORNE
Electorate: 69,411 Feb, *Atkins, H. E. (C)
Dodwell, C. H. (Lab) Winner, P. E. (L)
Clifton, J. (Nat Front)
68,784
23,125 17,177 10,212
1,180
C majority 5,948 NO CHIANGE
Total-vote 51,694. Turni-out 74.5%.
C 44.7%, Lab 33.2Z, L 19.7%, Nat Front 2.3%. C maj 11.5%. Swing -1.4%'.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,456
(82.0' )-C 24,772 (43.9%), Lab 16,713 (29.6%/o), L 13,632 (24.1%), Nat Front 1,339 (2.4%) -C maj 8,059 (14.3%). Swing - 1.S°O
Mr Humphrey Atkins, Treasurer of the Household, 1970-73, was Parlia- mentary Secretary to the Treasury and Government chief whip 1973. 74. Opposition chief whip from March, 1974. Opposition wlhip 1967- 70. Elected February 1974, repre- sented Morden from 1955 to 1970; contested West Lothian, 1951. Former director of finacial adver. tising agencv. B August, 1922; ed Wellington College.
STAFFORD AND STONE Electorate : 78,817 Feb: *Fraser, H. C. P. J. (C)
Cowlishaw, T. E. (Lab) Martin, H. S. (L)
Pty)
78,092
27,173 20,845 11,491
351
C majority 6,328 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,860. Turn-out 75.9%.
C 45.4%,' Lab 34.8%, L 19.2%, GTBP 0.6%. C maJ 10.6%. Swving -1.7°.
February, 1974 : Total vote 64,261
(82.3°o))-C 30,056 (46.8%), Lab 21,073 (32.8%), L 13,132 (20.4%) -C mai 8,983 (14.0%). Swing - 1.8%o.
Mr Hugh Fraser, a director of various companies, was appointed Secretary of State for Air in July, 1962, became Minister of Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 re-organization. Under-Secretary, Colonial Office, 1960-62, War Office, 1958-60.
STAFFORDSHIRE, South-West
Electorate : 61,042 Feb : 60,547
*Cormack, P. T. (C) 22,604 Wymer, I. K. (Lab) 15,065 Lambert, A. (L) 8,355
C majority 7,539 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46.024. Turn-out 75.4%.
C 49.1%, Lab 32.7°', L 18.1%. C maj 16.4%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,888
(80.7%' )-C 23.878 (48.8%), Lab 14,120 (28.9%n), L 10,408 (21.30), Eng Nat 482 (1.0%)- C maj 9,758 (19.9%).
Mr Patrick Cormack, teacher, elected February 1974, represented Cannock for the Conservatives from 1970-74: Contested Grimsby, 1966 Bolsover, 1964. B May, 1939
ed St Jamles Choir and Havelock Schools, Grimsbv, Hull University. Chairman, all-party parliamentary committee for Soviet Jews. M\ember, Select Committee on Anti -Discrimination.
STALYBRIDGE AND HYDE
Electorate : 66,389 Feb : 65,829
*Pendry, T. (Lab) 25,161 Burgoyne, S. (C) 15,404 Burden, D. F. (L) 7,725 Tetler, G. (Ind) 318
Lab majority 9,757 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,608. Turni-out 73.2%.
Lab 51.8%, C 31.7%,1o, L 15.9%, Ind 0.6°o. Lab maj 20.1%. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,626
(79.9%), Lab 24,922 (47.3%), C 16,854 (32.0%), Ind L 10,850 (20.7%)-Lab maj 8,068 (15.3%). Swing - 4.6%.
Mr Tom Pendry, Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, Govt Whip, since March 1974, an Opposition whip 1971-74, was a full-time offi- cial of the National Union of Pub- lic Employees 1960-70. He was elected in 1970. B June, 1934 * ed St Augustine's School, Ramsgate, and Plater Hall, Oxford.
Stepney and Poplar,
see Tower Hamlets
STIRLING, FALKIRK AND GRANGE MOUTH
Electorate : 64,362 Feb : 64,046
*Ewing, ll. (Lab) 22,090 McIntyre, Dr R. D. Scot
Nat) 20,324 Campbell, G. A. (C) 7,186 Angles, D. (L) 1,477
Lah niajority 1,766 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,077. Turni-otut 79.3%;.
Lab 43.2%, Scot Nat 39.8°' C 14.1%, L 2.90. Lab maj 3.io
Swing -5.4% o February, 1974: Total vote 51,749
(91.2°)-Lab 21,68., (41.9O), Scot Nat 17.836 (34.5%,). C 12,228 (23.0oo)-Lab mai 3.S49 (7.4%'>). Swing - 1.2"".
Mr Harry Ewing, elected February, 1974, MP for Stirling and Falkirk, 1971-74. Post office worker. B January 20, 1931, ed Beath High School, C%owdenbeath. Fought Fife, East, 1970. Mlember, Amalgamated Union of Foundryworkers, 1956-62.
STRltI.NGSIIiRE, East and CLACMI1ANNAN
Electorate: 62.693 Feb: 6 *Reid. G N. (Scot Nat) Dn:iglaLs, R. G. (Lab & Co-nop)
Bebg. T. N. A. (C) Shields, D. (L)
62,222
25,998
18,657 5,269 1,268
SNP majority 7,341 NO CHANGE
February, 19,4: Total vote 51,284
(S2.6 j)-Scot Nat 22,289 (43.5l), Lab & Co-Op lS,679 (.3i.4,, C 9,994 (19.5%), Comm 322 (0.6%X)-Scot Nat mai 3,610 (i.0-). Swving +2.8%.
Total vote 51.192. rurnout 81.6%.
Scot Nat 50.8°o, Lab & Coop 36.4', C 10.36', L 2.5%. Scot Nat rnai 14.3% . Swing -4.6%.
Mr George Reid, freclance journa- list and broadcaster. Won the seat for the SNP February, 1974. Aged 34 : ed Tullibodv School and Dollar Academy. and gt Andrew's Univer- sity. Formerly head of features and docutmlenitaries, Scottish Televi- sion. SNP spokesmanl on housilg, healtlh and social services from 'March, 1974.
SURREY, North-West
Electorate: 68,928 Feb: 68,261
*Grylls, W. M. J. (C) 25,524 Whiteley, P. F. (Lab) 11,943 Sims, L. E. (L) 11,356
C majority 13,581 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,659. Turn-out 76.4%.
C 53.8%, L 28.1%, Lab 18.0%. C maj 25.7%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 54,804
(30.1%)-C 28,841 (52.6%), L 13,892 (25.3%), Lab 11,608 (21.2%), Nat Coalition 463 (0.8%)-C maJ 14,949 (27.3%). Mr Michael Grylls, elected Feb- ruary, 1974. MP for Chertsey, 1970. 74, contested Fulham in 1964 and 1966. Chairman, H. J. Wine Agencies Ltd. B February, 1934 ; ed Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and universities in Paris and Mad- rid. Member Expenditure Commit- tee; Select nommittee on Overseas Development. Member, GLC (Cities of London and Westmins. ter), 1967-70; chief whip, ILEA, 1967-68; chairman, further and higher education sub-committee, 1968.
SUSSEX, Mid
Electorate: 61,074 Feb: 60,619 *Renton, R. T. (C) 25,126 Symes-Schutzman,
R. A. (L) 13,129 Fraser, Miss M. R. (Lab) 8.404
C majority 11,997 NO CHANGE
Total vote 25,621. Turn-out 52.8%.
Lab 68.9%, C 18.7%, L 12.4%. Lab maj 50.2%. Swing -4.6%. February, 1974: Total vote 50,472
(83.5%)-C 27,317 (54.1%), L 15,162 (30.0%), Lab 7,993 (15.8%)-C maj 12,155 (24.1%). MIr Timothy Renton, merchant banker, elected February, 1974. Contested Sheffield, Park, 1970. B May, 1932; ed Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Director of bank- ing and mining companies; repre- sentative subscriber to the London Metal Exchange.
SUTTON, Sutton and Cheam
Electorate: 60,559 Feb: 60,109
*Macfariane, N. (C) 22,156 Tope, G. N. (L) 16,995 Rhodes, J. K. (Lab) 7,118 Kroll, Dr Una M. P.
(Women's Rights) 298 C majority 5,161 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,567. Turn-out 76.9%.
C 47.6%, L 36.5%, Lab 15.3%, Women's Rights 0.6%. C maj 11.1%. Swing -0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,661
(82.7%o)-C 22,555 (45.4%), L 20,836 (41.9%), Lab 6,270 (12.6%)-C maj 1,;19 (3.5%). Swing + 1.0%.
Mr Neil Macfarlane, oil company executive, regained the seat for the Conservatives February, 1974. Con- tested East Ham, North, 1970, Sut- ton and Cheam by-election, 1972. B May, 1936; ed St Arbyns, Wood- ford Green, and Bancrofts School, Woodford Wells. Company direc- tor of private schools. Member, select committee on Science and Technology since April, 1974. SUTTON, Carshalton
Electorate: 66,856 Feb: 66,213 *Carr, L. R. (C) 22,538 Atherton, B. F. (Lab) 18,840 Smallbone, Mrs H. M. G.
(L) 8,272
C majority 3,698 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49.650. Ti,rn-olit 74.?.%.
C 45.4%, Lab 37.9%, L 16.7%. C maj 7.4%O. Swing-1.4%,
February, 1974 : Total vote 54,885
(82.9%)-C 24,440 (44.5%O), Lab 18,750 (34.2%), L 11,695 (21.3%) -C maj 5,690 (10.4%).
Mr Robert Cartr, member, Shadow Cabinet as Opposition spokesman on Treasury and economic affairs since March, 1974. Was Home Secretary, following the resigns. tion of Mr Maudling, from 1972-74. Lord President of the Council, April-November. 1972 and Secre- tary of State for Employment, 1970-72. He was chief Opposition spokesman on employment and productivity and labour matters 1967-70. Secretary for Technical Co-operation, 1963-64; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, December, 1955-April, 1958. SUTTON COLDFIELD
Electorate: 60,491 Feb* 59.842 *Fowler, P. N. (C) 25,729 Watson. Sir A. (L) 12,373 Wells, G. W. (Lab) 6,95S
C majority 13,356 NO CHAN(GE
Total vote 45,057. Turn-out 74.5%.
C 57.1°O, L 27.5%, Lab 15.4%. C maj 29.6%. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 49.312
(82.3-%)-C 28,355 (57.5%). L 14,929 (30.5%X), Lab 6,028 (12.2°%)-C maj 13,426 (27.2.). Mr Norman Fowler, elected Feb- ruary, 1974, was MP for Notting- ham, South, 1970-74; Home Affairs correspondent of The Times 1966. 70. B 1938; ed King Edward VI School, Chelmsford and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration since 1970; NUJ. Chairman, University Conservative Association. Former member, Bow Group Council: served on editorial board of Crossbow for eight years. Secretary, Conservative home atfairs committee, 1974. SWANSEA, East
Electorate: 58,780 Feb: 58,301
Anderson, D. (Lah) 26,735 Mercer, D. J. (C) 6,014 Anstey, R. (L) 5.173 Ball, J. G. (Pi Cymru) 3,978
Lab majority 20,721 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,900. Tturn-olot 71.3%.
Lab 63.8%, C 14.3%o, L 12.3%, PI Cymrt i Lab maj 49.4%. Swing -1.9%.,
February, 1974 : Total vote 43.029
(73.8°o)-Lab 28,537 (66.3%.), C 8.850 (20.6%, ). Pi Cymru 5,135 (11.9%), Comm 507 t1.2- '- Lab nlaj 19,687 (45.7%). Sving
Mr Donald Anderson, barrister: formerly a diplomat. was MP for Monmouth. 1966-70. Memfber, Commons Estimates CemmnittoP for four years; former vice-chairman, Welsh Labour Group, PPS to Mr Roy Tattersley, then Minister of State for Defence. 1969-70. B June, 1939; ed Swansea Granitnar School. Universitv College, Swan- sea. Member, Kensingzton and
Chelsea Council, since l9i1. SWANSEA, West
Electorate : 65.225 Feb: 64.744
*Williams, A. J. (Lab) 22.565 Thomas. A. P. (C) 17,729 Keal, B. E. (L) 6.842 Gwent, G. (Pi Cymru) 1,778
Lab maiority 4.836 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,914. Turn-out 75.0o.
Lab 46.1%, C 36.2%, L 14.0%, P1 Cymru 3.6%. Lab maj 9.9%. Swing -1.6%o .
February, 1974: Total vote 51,017
(77.9%)-Lab 22,124 (43.4° ). C 18,786 (36.8%), L 8.248 (16.2%), Pi Cvmru 1.859 (3.6%) -Lab maj 3,338 (6.5%). Swing + 0.0%'.
IMr Alan Williams, Minister or State, Prices and Consumer Protec- tion since March, 1974, was an Opposition spokesman on educa- tion and science, 1970-73; consum- er affairs, 1973-74. Chairman, all- party committee on minerals since 1972. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology and Power 1969-70
SWINDON
Electorate: 62,900 Feb: 62,161
*Stoddart, D. L. (Lab) 24,124 Gripper, J. N. (C) 13,854 Hubbard, R. (L) 8,349 Blakeney, Mrs K. (WRP) 206
LAb majority 10,270 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,533. Turn-out 74.0%.
Lab 51.8%, C 29.8%, L 17.9%, WRP 0.4%. Lab maj 22.1%. Swing-2.3%
February, 1974: Total vote 50,281
(80.9%)-Lab 24,093 (47.9%), C 15,384 (30.6%), L 10,564 (21.0%), WRP 240 (0.50%)-Lab maj 8,709 (17.3%).
Mr David Stoddart won the seat for Labour in 1970 after contesting it unsuccessfully at the 1969 by- election. Contested Newbury, 1964 and 1959. Power station adminis- trative assistant. B May, 1926 ; ed St Clement Dane's an;d Heiiley Grammar Schools; Bromley Tech. nical College. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus. tries since 1970 ; Electrical, Elec. tronic, Telecommunication, Plumb- ing Union.
T
TAUNTON
Electorate : 63.654 Feb: 63.003
*Du Cann, E. D. L. (C) 22,542 Sheernian, M. J. (Lab) 15,721 Mann, M. E. (L) 11,984 Bradford, L. D. (UDP) 283
C majority: 6,821 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,530. Turn-out 79.4%'.
C 44.6%'>, Lab 31.1%, L 23.7%, UDP 0.6%,. C maj 13.5%. Swing - 0.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,849
(83.7%3-C 23,841 (45.1%1.). Lab 15,401 (29.1%), L 13,607 (25.7%n) -C maj 8,440 (16.0%o). Swing - 0.5%.
Mr Edward du Cann, chairman of the 1922 Committee since 1972. Founder Chairman of the Select Committee on Public Expenditure; chairman of the Conservative Party Organization, 1965-67. Was Minis- ter of State, Board of Trade, 1963- 64; Economic Secretary to the Treasury from July, 1962. Member, Committee on Privileges and Pub. lic Accounts Committee
TEESSIDE, Middlesbrough
Electorate : 60,259 Feb : 59,388 .*Bottomley, A. G. (Lab) 22,791
Leigh, E. (C) 8,984 Wood, C. (L) 5,080
Lab majority 13,807 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,855. Turn-out 61.2o,.
Lab 61.8%, C 24.4%, L 13.8%h. Lab maj 37.5%. Swing -2.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 41,239
(68.7-%)-Lab 27,324 (66.2% ), C 13,915 (33.7 %)-Lab maj 13.409 (32.5°%).
Mre Artbur Bottomley was Minister of Overseas Development, 1966-67; Secretary ot State for Common- wealth Relations, 1964-66. Returned in February, 1974 ; rep- resented Middlesbrough East 1962-74, Rochester and Chat- ham, 1950-59, and Clhatham, 1945-50. Secretary for Over- seas Trade, 1947-51 Under- Secretary for the Dominions, 1946- 47.
TEESSIDE, Redear
Electorate : 62,365 Feb : 61.638 *Tinn, J. (Lab) 23,204 Hall. R. -(C) 12,774 Clark, N. (L) 7,101
Lab majority 10,430 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,079. Turnl-otut 69. 1%
Lab 53.9°1, C 29.6-, L 16.5% Lab maj 24.2%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 47,250
(76.0%)-Lab 28.252 (59.8%), C 18,998 (40.2%.)-Lab maj 9,254 (19.6%.).
Mr James Tinn, elected February, 1974, was MP for Cleveland, 1964- 74. Teacher and former steelworker. B August, 1922; ed elementary school and Ruskin College and Jesus College, Oxford. Former chairman, trade union group of Labour MPs; member, Sclect Committee on Overseas Development; branch secretary, National Union of Blastfurnace- men. Member, all-party group for World Government.
TEESSIDE, Stockton
Electorate : 85,519 Feb : 84,476
*Rodgers, W. T. (Lab) 32,962 Mawhinney, B. S. (C) 18,488 Long, Mrs N. (L) 6,906 Fletcher, Mrs V. (Ind) 750
Lab majority 14,474 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,106. Turn-out 69.1%.
Lab 55.8%, C 31.3%n, L 11.7%, Ind 1.3%. Lab maj 245O. Swing -2.6%-' .v
February, 1974: Total vote 64,172
(75.2%) -Lab 37,876 (59.0%), C 25,505 (39.7%), Comm 791 (1.21%)-Lab mnaj 12,371 (19.3°%).
Mr William Rodgers has been Minister of State for Defence since March, 1974. An economic consult- ant, he was Opposition spokesman on av<iation supply, 1970-72. Ex- chairman, Trade and Industry sub-committee of Expenditure Committee. Minister of State, Treasury, 1969-70
TEESSIDE, Thornaby
Electorate: 62,330 Feb : 61,665 *Wrigglesworth, 1. W. (Lab
& Co-op) 22,130 Sutcliffe, J. H. V. (C) 17,482 Tennant, R. F. (L) 5,442
Lab & Co-op majority 4.648 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,054. Turn-out 72.3%.
Lab & Coop 49.1°o, C 38.8%, L 12.1%. Lab & Coop maj 10.3°o. Swing -3.4%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 49,115
(79.0°o)-Lab & Co-Op 21,503 (43.8% ), C 19,785 (40.3%), L 7,827 (15.9°' )-Lab & Co-Op ma; 1.71S (3.5,i).
Mr Ian W'rigglesworth, press and public affairs manager of National Giro. Elected February, 1974. B December, 1939; ed Stockton
Grammar School, Stockton.Billing- ham Technical College, and College of St Mlark and St lohn. Chelsea. Former director. South Suburban Cooperative Society Ltd
THANET, East
Electorate : 47.941 Feh : 47.546
*Aitken, J. W. P. (C) 15,813 Bartlet, Mrs S. M. (Lab) 11.310 Hlogarthl. C. (L) 6,472 Munson, K. (Nat Front) 708
C majority 4,503 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34.303. Turn-out 71.5%.
C 46.10%., Lab 33.0%., L 18.9%,
Nat Front 2.1%. C maj 13.1°'. Swing -2.1° February, 1974: Total vote 38,288
(S0.2%)-C 17,944 (46.9%), Lab 11,347 (29.6b), L 8,997 (23.5%) -C mai 6,597 (17.2%).
Mr Jonathan Aitken was elected February, 1974 and contested Meriden in 1966. B August, 1942; ed Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Managing director, Slater Walker (Middle East) Ltd, 1973- 74. Formerly special constable, East Suffolk County Police. Former journalist, and author of four books.
THANET, West
Electorate : 43,901 Feb: 43,630 *Rees-Davies, W. R. (C) 13,763 Smith, C. J. (Lab) 8,655 Tiltnman, I. G. (L), 7,935
C majority 5,108 NO CEUANGE
Total vote 30,353. Turn-out 69.1%.
C 45.3%, Lab 28.5%, L 26.1%. C maj 16.8%. Swing -4.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 34,069
(78.1%)-C 16,880 (49.5%), L 9,220 (27.1%), Lab 7,969 (23.4%)-C maj 7.660 (22.5%). Mr William Rees-Davies was elected in February, 1974 and represented Isle of Thanet, 1953- 74. Contested Nottingham, South, in 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). B November, 1916; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge; ; cricket blue. Chair- man, all-party committee on tourism, 1966-68; member, Select Committee on Anti Discrimination.
Thornaby, see Teesside
THIRSK AND MALTON
Electorate : 63,856 Feb : 63,349
*Spence, J. D. (C) 24,779 Kent. R. (L) 10,917 lllingworth, R. K. (Lab) 10,842 C majirity - 13,862 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,538. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 53.2%, L 23.4%, Lab 23.3%. C maj 29.8% . Swing-1.2%.
Mr John Spence elected February, 1974, represented Sheffield, Hee- lLv. 1970-74 ; contested that seat 1966 and Wakefield, 1964. Building and civil engineering contractor; director of companies associated with construction. B December, 1920; ed Queen's University, Bel- fast. Former national president, United Commercial Travellers' Association. Secretary, Conserva- tive Industry Committee, 1971-72; Secretary, Yorkshire group of Conservative MPs since 1972 ; joint secretary from March, 1974. Joint secretary Conservative agriculture committee and member, select committee on nationalized indus- tries from March, 1974. THURROCK
Electorate : 89,448 Feb : 88,574
*Dedargy, H. J. (Lab) 34,066 Lomax, P. (C) 14,986 Charlton, A. (L) 12,255
Lab majority 19,080 NO CHANGE
Total vote 61,307. Turn-out 68.5%.
Lab 55.6%,1 C 24.4%, L 20.0%. Lab mai 31.1%. Swing -2.3%. February, 1974 : Total vote 69,450
(78.4%,'))-Lab 36,217 (52.1%), C 17,699 (25.5%1.), L 15,534 (22.4%6)-Lab maj 18,518 (26.7%.). Swing - 3.0%.
Mr Hugh Delargy was elected in 1950 ; represented Platting division of Manchester, 1945-50. Former teacher, journalist, labourer and insurance official. B 1908; ed ele- mentary and secondary schools and in Paris and Rome. Assistant Gov- ernment whip, 1950-51; Opposition whip, 1951-52. Manchester City councillor, 1937-d6. A vice-chair- man, British Council, since 1969.
TIVERTON
Electorate : 69,884 Feb : 69,320
*Maxwvell-Hyslop, R. J. (C) 25,265 Suter, F. J. (L) 19,911 Phillips, M. (Lab) 8,946
C majority 5,3S4 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,122. Turn-out 77.4°.
C 46.7%', L 36.8%, Lab 16.5%.o C maj 9.9%. Swing -1.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,095
182.4%/o)-C 27,164 (47.6%), L 21,623 (37.9%), Lab 8,308 (14.5%)-C maj 5,541 (9.7%).
MVlr Robin Maxwell-Hyslop was elected in the 1960 by-election. Contested Derby, North, 1959. Engineer and former personal assistant to the director and gen- eral manager, sales and service, Rolls-Royce Aero Engine Division. B June, 1931; ed Stowe and Christ Church College, Oxford.
TONBRIDGE AND MALLING
Electorate : 65,589 Feb: 64,960
*Stanley, J. P. (C) 23,188 Knight, Dr P. (Lab) 14,579 Vann, M. J. B. (L) 11.767
C majority 8,609 Total vote 49,534. Turn-out 75.5%/.
C 46.8%3, Lab 29.4%1, L 23.7%. C maj 17.4%. Swing -0.6%.J- NO CHANGE
February, 1974 : Total vote 54.193
(83.2%)-C 24,809 (45.89%), L 14,701 (27.1%), Lab 14,683 (27.1%)-C maj 10,108 (18.6%). Mr Joln Stanley, planning man- ager with Rio Tinto-Zinc Corpo- ration Ltd. Elected, February, 1974 ; contested Newton. 1970. B January, 1942; ed Repton School and Lincoln College, Oxford. Formerly with Conservative Research department. Member, select committee on nationalized industries since April, 1974.
Tooting, see Wandsworth
TORBAY
Electorate: 85,575 Feb: 85,034 *Bennett, Sir F. MNl. (C) 30,208 Goss, J. (L) 17.770 Tench, J. R. W. (Lab) 14,441
C majority 12,438 NO CHANGE
Total vdte 62,419. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 48.40%, L 28.5%, Lab 23.1%. C maj 19.9°%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 68,307
(80.3%' )-C 33,163 (48.5%), L 20,755 (30.4%), Lab 14,389 (21.1%)-C maj 12,408 (18.2°)- Sir Frederic Bennett was elected in February, 1974. He was returned for Torquay at the by-election in 1q55. Represented reading, *lorth, 1951-55; contested Birmingham, Ladywood, 1950, and Burslem, 1945. Barrister (Lincoln's inn, 1946, Southern Rhodesian Bar, 1947). B December, 1918 , ed Westninster School, Lloyds underwriter.
TOTNES
Electorate : 80,715 Feb : 80,120
*Mawvb,v R. L. (C) 27,987 Rogers, A. H. (L) 21,586 Spence, Mrs S. M. (Lab) 12,366
C majority 6,401 NO CHANGE
Total vote 61,939. Turn-out 76.7o.
C 45.2%/, L 34.8%, Lab 20.0°. C mia 10f.3%. Swing -0.7%,
February, 1974: Total vote 65,130
(81.3%)-C 30,565 (46.9%O), L 20,922 (32.1%), Lab 13,249 (20.30 ), Ind 394 (0.6%)-C maj 9,643 ""(I4.%).
Mr Ray Mawby was elected in 1955; Assistant Postmaster Gen- eral, 1963-64. Former chairman, West Country group of Conserva- tive MPs. B February 6, 1922; ed Long Lawford council school near Rugby. Director, Beaverbrook Western Newspapers. Electrician;. tormer president, treasurer and slhop stewvard, Rugby branch, EETPU. First president, Conserva- tive trade unionists' national advi- sory committee; former executive member of the 1922 Committee. LMember, Commons Expenditure Committee.
Tottenham, see Haringey
TOWER HAMiLETS, Bethnal Green and Bow
Electorate: 53,763 Feb: 53,410
*Mikardo, 1. (Lab) 19,649 Gates, T. D. (L) 3,700 Murphy, C. P. Y. (C) 2,995 Castleton, W.. E.
(Nat Front) 2,172 Lab majority 15,949 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,516. Turn-out 53.0%.
Lab 68.9%, L 13.0%, C 10.5%, Nat Front 7.6%. Lab maJ 55.9%. Swing -3.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 32,575
(60.9.%)-Lab 21,371 (65.6%) L 6,417 (19.77), C 4,787 (14.7%1 )-Lab ma; 14,954 (4S.9%.)
Mr Ian Mikardo, elected February, 1974. MP for Poplar 1964-74, repre- sented Reading, 1945-50, Reading, South, 1950-55, and Reading, 1955- 59. Commercial and industrial con- sultant. B July, 1908; ed Ports- mouth Southern Secondary School and Portsmouth Municipal College. Chairman of Labour Party, 1970- 71; Member, party national exec- utive, 1950-59 and since 1960. Chairman, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1966-70. TOWER HAMLETS, Stepney and Poplar
Electorate 60,458 Feb: 60,045
*Shore, P. D. (Lab) 24,159 Greenway,. H. (C) 3,183 Alexander, Mrs F. W. (L) 3,181 Halpin, K. (Comm) 617
Lab majority 20,976 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,140. Turn-out 51.5%,
Lab 77.6°t, C 10.2%, L 10.2%, Comm 2.0%. Lab naj 67.4%. Swing -1.0%.0-
February, 1974: Total vote 35,686
(59.4%)-Lab 28,869 (80.9%), C 5,539 (15.5%), Comm 1,278 (83.6%)-Lab maj 23,330 (65.4%).-
Mr Peter Shore, Secretary of State for Trade since March, 1974. Was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in 1971. From 1971-74 opposition spokesman on European affairs, with responsibilities for prices and consumer protection. He was Minister without Portfolio and Deputy Leader of the House, 1969- 70; Secretary of State for Econom- ic Affairs, 1967-69; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67.
TRURO
Electorate: 71,992 Feb- Penbaligon, D. C. (L) *Dixon, P. J. S. (C) Long, F. (Lab)
Whetter, J. C. A.
(Meb Kernowv)
71,439
22,549 22,085 11,606
384
L majority 464 LIBERAL GAIN
Total vote 56,624. Turn-out 78.6°%.
L 39.8%, C 39.0%, Lab 20.5%, Meb Kernow 0.7%. L maj 0.8%/ Swing +0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 58,220
(81.5°%)-C 23,493 (40.3%), L 20,932 (35.9% ), Lab 12,945 (22.2%,), Meb Kernow 850 (1.4°o)-C maj 2,561 (4.4%o),
Mr David Penhaligon, research and development engineer : contested the seat in February, 1974. B June 1944; ed Truro School and Corn- wall Technical College. Contested Totnes, 1970.
Tunbridge Wells,
see Royal Tunbridge Wells
Twickenham,
see Richmond upon Thames
TYNEMOUTH
Electorate: 76,449 Feb: *Trotter, N. G. (C) Miller, J. E. (Lab) Turner, R. S. (L)
75,796
24,510 21,389 10,895
C majority 3,121 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,794. Turn-out 74.3%.
C 43.1%, Lab 37.7%, L 19.2%. C maj 5.5%. Swing -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,654
(80.0%)-C 26,824 (44.2%), Lab 20,437 (33.7°), L 13,393 (22.1%°) - CC mai 6,387 (10.5%). Swving
-0.4%.
Mr Neville Trotter, chartered accountant. Elected fbr the seat, February, 1974. Contested Consett, 1970. B January, 1932; ed Shrews- bury School, King's College, Dur- ham University. Member, Newcas- tle City Council since 1963. Member, Commons Expenditure Committee since April, 1974.
U
Upmlnster, see Havering Uxbridge, see Hillingdon
ULSTER, Mlid
Electorate : 81,689 Feb : 84,106
*Dunlop, J. (UUUC) 30,552 Cooper, 1. (SDLP) 25,885 Donnelly, F.
(Repub Clubs) 8,091
UUUC majority
4,667
NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,528. Turn-out 79.0%.
UUUC 47.3%, SDLP 40.1%, Repub Clubs 12.5°%. UUUC maj 7.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 66,681
(79.3%)--UUUC 26,004 (39.0%), SDLP 19,372 (29.0%), Ind Soc 16.672 (25.0%.), UU Pro Assem 4,633 (6.9%°)-UUUC maj 6,632 (9.9%.).
Mr John Dunlop is an hotel owner and lay preacher. Won the seat in February, 1974. Aged 52, he became a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly last year.
V
Vauxhall, see Lambeth
w
IVAKEFIELD
Electorate : 66,535 Feb- fl-arr.ison, W. (Lab) Koops, E. J. L. (C) Fussey, A. (L)
65,930
25,616 12.810 8,304
Lab majority 12,806 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46,730. Turni-out 70.2%.
Lai) 54.8f. C 27.4% , L 17.8%. Lab nia; 27.4%.. Swing -2.8%'.o February, 1974 : Total vote 52,655
(79.9°,)-Lab 27,032 (51.3%), C 15,614 (29.6%), L 10,009 (19.0%)-Lah maj 11,418 (21.7%1.). Swving + 1.5%.
Mr Walter Harrison, Treasurer of thc Household and Government Deputy Chief Whip, since March, 1974. Opposition deputy Chief Whip 1970-74; a Lord Comnils- sioner of the Treasury 1968-70, and assistant Government whip, 1966. 68. Elected in 1964. Foreman elec- trician. B January, 1921; ed Dews- bury Technical College and School of Art.
WALLASEY
Electorate : 70,095 Feb: 69,352
*Chalker, Mrs L. (C) 23,499 McNamara, G. (Lab) 21,529 Tyrer, P. E. (L) 7,643 Fishwick, J. (Nat Front) 787
C majority 1,970 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,458. Turn-out 76.3%.
C 43.9%, Lab 40.3%, L 14.3%, Nat Front 1.5%. C maj 3.7%. Swing -0.4%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 55,098
(79.4%)-C 22,428 (40.7%), Lab 19,936 (36.2%), L 12,734 (23.1%) - CC maj 2,492 (4.5%). Swing
0.6%
Mrs Lynda Chalker, statistician and market researcher. Elected February, 1974. B April, 1942; ed Roedean School, Heidelberg T)ni. versity, Westfield College, London University and Central London Polytechnic. Director of inter- national market research company.
WALLSEND
Electorate : 90,300 Feb * 89,399
*Garrett, W. E. (Lab) 37,180 Chambers, Miss J. F. 15,911 Hampton, P. (L) 10,453 Flynn, K. (WRP) 435 Lab majority 21,269 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,979. Turn-out 70.8%.
Lab 58.1%, C 24.9%, L 16.3%, WRP 0.7%. Lab maj 33.2%. Swing -3.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 67,483
(75.4%.)-Lab 41,811 (61.9%), C 24,564 (36.4%), WRP 1,108 (1.6%)-Lab maj 17,247 (25.5%). Swing - 1.4%.
rMlr Edward Garrett, member Select Committee on Agriculture, 1966- 69. Elected 1964. Engineer. B March, 1920; ed elementary schools and London School of Eco- nomics. Contested Hexham, 1955; Doncaster, 1959. Union organizer at ICI, 1944-64. Member, Northum- berland County Council, 1955.64; Prudhoe UDC, 1946.64. sponsored by AUEW, engineering section. Member, Public Expenditure Committee slnce April, 1974.
WALSALL, North
Electorate : 71,525 Feb : 70,793 *Stonehouse, J. T.
(Lab & Co-op) 28,340 Hodgson, R. G. (C) 12,455 Gill, W. (L) 6,377 Richards, J. (Comm) 465
Lab & Co-op majority 15,885 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,637. Turn-out 66.6%.
Lab & Coop 59.5%, C 26.1%, L 13.4%, Comm 1.0%. Lab & Coop maJ 33.3%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,031
(72.1%)-Lab & Co-Op 32,458 (63.6%), C 17,754 (34.8%), Comm 819 (L6%)-Lab & Co-Op maj 14,704 (28.8%).
Mr John Stonehouse, who was elected in February 1974 and represented Wednesbury, 1957-74, was Minister for Posts and Tele- communications from 1969, when the Post Office became a public corporation, until June, 1970. Post- master General, 1968-69; Minister of State, Technology, 1967-68; Minister of Aviation, January-Feb- ruary, 1967; Under Secretary for the Colonies, 1966-67; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Avia- tion, 1964-66.
WALSALL, South
Electorate : 59,241 Feb : 58,775
*George, B. T. (Lab) 20,917 Smith, H. (C) 16,255 Hooper, G. F. A. (L) 5,031 Parker, J. C. (Nat Front) 1,226 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 150
Lab majority 4,662 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,579. Turn-out 73.6%.
Lab, 48.0%, C 37.3%, L 11.5%, Nat Front 2.8%, Pros Brit 0.3%, Lab maj 10.7%. Swing -3.6%. February, 1974: Total vote 46,008
(78.3%)-Lab 20,775 (45.1%), C 19,195 (4.7%), L 6,038 (13.1%) -Lab maj 1,580 (3.4%).
Mr Bruce George, polytechnic lec- turer in Birmingham. Elected for the constituency February 1974. Contested Southport 1970. B June,
1942; ed Mountain Ash Grammar School, University of Wales, Swan- sea and University of Warwick.
WALTHAM FOREST, Chingford Electorate: 56,984 Feb: 56 537
*Tebbit, N. B. (C) 19,022 Tinnion, P. F. (Lab) 14,377 Nicholson, D. A. (L) 8,438
C majority 4,645 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,837. Turn-out 73.4%.'
C 45.5%, Lab 34.4%, I, 20.2%. C mai 11.1%. Swing -0.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,219
(81.7%)-C 19,921 (43.1%), Lab 14,238 (30.8%), L 12,060 (26.1%)-C maj 5,683 (12.30% ). Mr Norman Tebbit, journalist and former BOAC pilot, elected Feb- ruary 1974, represented Epping, which he won for the Conserva- tives, 1970-74. B March, 1931; ed Edmonton County Grammar School. Member, Select Committee on Science and technology;
WALTHAM FOREST, Leyton
Electorate: 64,341 Feb: 63,887
*Magee, B. (Lab) 22,130 Dare, B. S. (C) 10,617 Scott, R. (L) 5,408 Bothwell, Mrs S. M.
(Nat Front) 2,168 Lab majority 11,513 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,323. Turn-out 627%,
Lab 54.9%, C 26.3%,L 13.4%, Nat Front 5.4S . Lab maj 28.50%. Swing -3.6%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 46,437
(72.7%0)-Lab 22,785 (49.1%/o), C 12,848 (27.70, ), L 8,707 (18.7%), Nat Front 2,097 (4.5° )-Lab maj 9,937 (21.4%). Swing - 4.1%.
Mr Bryan Magee, writer and broadcaster. Elected for the consti- tuency, February 1974. B April. 1930; ed Christ's Hospital and Keble College, Oxford (President of Union, 1953). Appointed lec- turer in philosophy, Balliol Col- lege, Osford, 1970, and Visiting Fellolv of All Souls, 1973.
WALTHAM FOREST, Walthamstow
Electorate : 52,280 Feb: 51,907
*Deakins, E. P. (Lab) 19,088 Arnold. D. (C) 8.424 Q'Flannagan. M. P. (L) 5,199 Adde. R. (Nat Front) 1.911
Lab maioritv 10,664 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,622. Turn-out 66.2%.
Lab 55.1%, C 24.3%, L 15.0%, Nat Front 5.5% . Lab maj 30.8%. Swing -4.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 38,875
(74.9%)-Lab 19,726 (50.7%), C 10,992 (28.3%), L 8,157 (21.0%) -Lab maj 8,734 (22.50%).
Mr Eric Deakins, Under Secretary for Trade since March 1974, was elected for the seat, February 1974. MP for Walthamstow, West, 1970- 74. He was appointed a front bench svokesman on EEC In December, 1973. Member, select committees on expenditure, and on EEC second- ary legislation.
Walthamstow,
see Waltham Forest
BELPER
Electorate: 71,197 Feb: 70,637
*MacFarquhar, R. L. (Lab) 27,365 Newvall, S. D. (C) 21,681 Watts, J. J. (L) 9,017
Lab majority 5,684 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,063. Turn-out 81.5%.
Lab 47.1°%1,-C 37.3%, L 155°, Lab maj 9.S,'. Swving -3.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 59,188
(83.7% )-Lab 30,611 (51.7%), C 28,577 (48.3°')-Lab maj 2,034 (3P4%).
Mr Roderick MacFarquliar, research scholar and freelance journalist and broadcaster, wvas elected in February, 1974. B December, 1930 ; ed Fettes, Oxford and Harvard. Contested Ealing, South, 1966 and Meriden by-elec- tion 1968. NUJ.
BERWICK AND EAST LOTHIAN Electorate : 57,503. Feb : 56,949 Mackintosh, J. P. (La4) 20,682 *Ancram, M. (C) 17,942 Macleod, Dr R. (Scot Nat) 6,323 Lawson, C. F. (L) 2,811
Lab. majority 2,740 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 47,758. Turn-out 83.0%.
Lab 43.3%, C 37.6%, Scot Nat 13.2%, L 5.9%. Lab maj 5.7%. Swing -3.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,884
(85.8%)-C 21,234 (43.4%), Lab 20,694 (42.3%), Scot Nat 6,956 (14.2?%)-C maj 540 (1.1%1). Sw ing + 1.2%.
hlr Jolhn Mackiiitosli held the seat for Labour from 1966 to February 1974 after contesting it in 1964, and Edifiburgh, Pentlands, in 1959. University professor. B August, 1929; ed Melville College, Edin- burgh; Edinburgh University; Balliol College, Oxford, and Princeton University. Member, Select Committee on Procedure, 1966-70, Select Committee on Scottish Affairs, 1968-70 and Select Committee on Agriculture, 1967-69.
BERWICK-UPON-TIVEED
Electorate : 41,861 Feb: 41,515 *Beith, A. J. (L) 14,684 Baker-Cresswell, C. A. E.
(C) 14,611 Spain, G. (Lab) 4,768
L majority 73 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34.063. Turn-out 81.4%.
L 43.1%, C 42.9%, Lab 14.0°. L maj 0.2%. Swving -1.0%'o.
February, 1974 : Total vote 35,347
(85.1 O%)-L 15,732 (44.5°), C 15,289 (43.2%), Lab 4,326 (12,2%)-L + 9maj 443 (1.2%). Swing + 3.9%.
iMh Alan Beith wvon the seat for the Liberals at the by-election in 1973 : contested it in 1970. Liberal spokesman on home affairs. B April, 1943 ; ed King's School. Macclesfield, Balliul and Nuffield Colleges, OxJord. Univei-sity Icc- turer. Member-of general advisory council of BBC; l'ynedale District Council, and liexhain Rural Coun- cil. Also froni March 1974, Liberal spokesman on Northern Ireland.
BEXLEY, Bexleyheatji
Electorate : 51,022 Feb : 50,55S
*Towvnsend, C. D. (C) 17,399 Stanyer, J. (Lab) 15,412 Pickard, W. (L) 6,882
C majority 1,987 NO CIANGE
rotal vote 39,693. Turn-out 77.8'.
C 43.8%, Lab 38.8%, L 17.3°%. C mnaj 5.0%,. Sving -2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,791
(84.6%)-C 18,541 (43.3°h), Lab & Co-op 14,675 (34.3%), L 9,575 (22.4%)-C maj 3,866 (9.0%).
Wr Cyril Townsend, elected In February, 1974. was employed in 'he Conservative research depart- n!ent. B December, 1937 ; ed Brad- ield College, Berkshire, Royal Military Academy ; captain in the Durham Light Infantry to 1968.
BEXLEY, Erith and Crayford
Electorate : 60,595 Feb : 60,041 *Wellbeloved, A. J. (Lab) 22,670 MacDonald, M. (C) 14,203 Hibbert, T. (L) 7,423
Lab majority 8,467 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 44,296. Turn-out 73.1%.'
Lab 51.2%, C 32.11%, L 16.7%. Lab maj 19.1%. Sw%ing -2.30%. February, 1974 : Total vote 49,134
(81.8%)-Lab 22,632 (46.1%' ), C 15,551 (31.6%), L 10,951 (22.3 %)-Lab maj 7,081 (14.4%,6). Swring - 1.3%,"".
Nlr James WVellbeloved was elected in the 1965 by-election. Commer- cial consultant. B July, 1926 ; ed alementary schoof and South East London Technical College. Mem- ber, Erith Borough Council, 1956-65. Vice-chairman, PLP De- fence and Services Group. Mem- ber, Parliamentary Labour Party hlaison committee. April 1974. Former Leader of the Cotncil of the London Borough of Bexley. Opposition whip, 1972-73.
BEXLEY, Sidcup
Electorate: 49,564 Feb: 49,095 *Heath, E. R. G. (C) 18,991
Jennings, W. J. (Lab) 11,448 Josepths, I. R. P. (L) 6,954 Jones, D. H. (Ind) 174 Norton, M. J. (Ind) 61
C majority 7,543 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,628. Turn-out 75.9%.
C 50.5%O, Lab 304., L 18.5%,
Ind 0.5%' , Ind No 2 0.2%.. Lab maj 20.0-. Swing -1.6%.
February,'1974.: Total vote 41,658
(84.8%o)-C 20,448 (49.1°h), Lab 10.750 (25.8%), L 9,S47 (23.6%), Anti-EEC 613 (1.5%)-C maj 9,698 (23.3').
Mr Edward Heath, Leader of the Opposition from March.1974, was Prinie Minister 1970-74. He became Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conservative
Party on August 2, 1965, after secmtilig an overall majority over his two rivals in the ballot of Conservative MPs, under the Par- liamentary Party's neow electoral process. Following the 1964 gen- eral election, he led for the Oppo- sition on Treasury and economic affairs; was appointed chairman of the party's policy committee and research department. Secre- tary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development, and President of the Board of Trade, October 1963-64. Lord Privy Seal, 1960-63, and principal Foreign
Office spokesman in the Commons, leading the British team in nego- tiations to join the Common Market, Minister of Labour. Octo- ber 1959-July 19G0; Parliamentary Secretarv to the Treasury, 1955.59; Deputv Chief Whip, 1952-55. Elec- ted 1950. B July, 1916 ; ed Chat- ham House School, Ramisgate, and Balliol College, Oxford; president
of the Union, 1939. Musician; chairman, trtistee of Londoni Sym-
phony Orchestra, 1963-70; vice- president Bach Choir, since 1970. International yachtsman, won Sydney to lIobart race, 1969; cap- tain Britain's Admiral's Cup team, 1971.
WANDSWORTH, Battersea, North Electorate : 44,799 Feb : 44,502
*Jay, D. P. T. (Lab) 17,161 Randall, S. J. C. (C) 6,019 Williams, C. R. (L) 3,048 Friend, R. (Nat Front) 1,250 Reakes, Miss C.
(Marx-Len) 102
Lab majority 11,142 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,580. Turnout 61.6%.
Lab 62.2%, C 21.8%, L 11.0%, Nat Front 4.5%, Marx Len 0.4%. Lab maj 40.4%. Swing -3.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 31,474
(70.7%)-Lab 18,503 (58.8%), C 8,080 (25.7%), L 4,683 (14.9%), Marx-Lenin 208 (0.7%)-Lab maj 10,423 (33.1%).
Mr Douglas Jay has been chair- man, Common Market Safeguards Campaign, since 1970 and London Motorway.Action Group since 1968. President of the Board of Trade, 1964-67, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1947-50, and Financial Secretary, 1950-51. Elected in July, 1946. B March, 1907; ed Winchester and New College, Ox- ford; a Fellow of All Souls, 1930- 37.
WANDSWORTH, Battersea, South
Electorate : 46,724 Feb : 46,448
*Perry, E. G. (Lab) 14,334 Wallace, W. T. 0. (C) 11,483 Ware, Mrs J. (L) 4,021 Keen, T. (Prosp Brlt) 170
Lab majority 2,851 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,858. Turnout 63.9%.
Lab 47.8%, C 38.3%, L 13.3%, Pros Brit 0.6%. Lab maj 9.5%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 33,915
(73.0%)- Lab 14,431 (42.5%), C 12,778 (37.7% ), L 5,919 (17.4%), Nat Front 787 (2.3%)-Lab maj 1.653 (4.9%).
Mr Ernest Perry, an assistant Gov- ernment whip since March 1974 and an Opposition wvhip, 1970-74, was Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1969-70 and assistant Government whip, 1968.69. He was elected in 1964. Insurance con- tractor. B April, 1910; ed LCC schools.
WANDSWORTH, Putney
Electorate: 66,501 Feb : 66,013
*Jenkins, H. G. (Lab) 21,611 Wade, G. A. (C) 18,836 Slade, A. C. (L) 7,159 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 125
Lab majority 2,775 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,731. Turnout 71.7%.
Lab 45.3%, C 39.5%, L 15.0%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 5.8%. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,550
(79.60%)-Lab 21,680 (41.2%), C 20,241 (38.5%), L 10,629 (20.2%)-Lab maj 1,439 (t.7%). NMr Hugh Jenktins, Under Secre- tary, Education and Science, with responsibilities for the arts since March, 1974. He was Opposition spokesman on the arts 1973-74. Member, Advisory Committee on Theatres, 1974. Elected, 1964- contested Mitcham, 1955, and En- field West, 1950. Assistant general secretary, British Actors' Equity Association, 1957-64. B July, 1908; ed Enfield Grammar School.
WANDSWORTH, Tooting
Electorate : 53,793 Feb: 53,443
*Cox, T. M. (Lab) 18,530 Elliot, A. C. (C) 10,675 Heron, R. F. J. (L) 4,644 Lewis, R. E. (Comm) 268
Lab majority 7,855 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,117. Turnout 63.4o/.
Lab 54.3%, C 31.3%, L 13.6%1, Comm 0.8%. Lab maj 23.0%. Swing -3.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 38,927
(72.8%)-Lab 18,795 (48.3%), C 12,687 (32.6%), L 7,108 (18.2%), Comm 337 (0.9%)-LLab maj 6.108 (15.7%).
Mr Thomas Cox has been an assistant Government whip since March, 1974. Elected February, 1974, he was MP, Wandsworth Central, 1970-74 ; contested Stroud, 1966. B 1930; ed state schools and London School of Economics. An electrician. Former alderman, Ful- ham Borough Council. EETPU.
Wsnstead and Woodford,
see Redbridge
WARLEY, East
Electorate : 57,530 Feb: 57,061
*Faulds, A. M. W. (Lab) 21,065 Holliday, P. (C) 12,888 Smith, R. (L) 4,664
Lab majority 8,177 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,617. Turn-out 67.1%.
Lab 54.5%, C 33.4%, L 12.1%. Lab maj 21.2%. Sving -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,989
(73.6%)-Lab 24,780 (59.0%), C 17,209 (41.0%)-Lab maj 7,571 (18.0%).
Mr Andrew Faulds, elected Febru- ary 1974, was MP for Smethnick, 1966-74; Opposition spokesman on the arts, 1970-73. Contested Strat- ford, 1964 and 1963 by-election. Actor. B March, 1923; ed George Watson's and Daniel Stewart's schools, Edinburgh, Louth Gram- mar School, Stirling High School, and Glasgow University. Member, British Actor's Equity ; Public Ex- penditure Committee. WARLEY, West
Electorate : 61,274 Feb : 60,756
*Archer, P. K. (Lab) 24,761 Evans, R. (C) 9,904 Owen, D. (L) 6,363
Lab majority 14,857 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,028. Turnotut 66.9%.
Lab 60.3%, C 24.1~., L 15.5%. Lab maj 36.2%. Swing -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,158
(71.0%)-Lab 28,891 (66.9%), C 14.267 (33.0%)-Lab maj 14,624 (33.9%so).
Mr Peter Archer, QC, Solicitor General since March, 1974. Elected February, 1974, represented Row. ley Regis and Tipton, 1966-74; con- tested Brierley Hill, 1964 and Hendon, South, 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1952) and author. B November, 1926; ed Wednesbury 1-ugh School, London School of Economics and University College, London.
WARRINGTON
Electorate - 46,549 Feb : 46,225 0Williams, W. T. (Lab &
Co-op) 19,882 Hayton, J. W. (C) 7,621 Deakin, Dr F. J. (L) 4,158
Lab & Co-op majority 12,261 NO CHANGE
Total vote 31,661. Turn-out 68.0%.
Lab & Coop 62.8%, C 24.1%, L 12.15%. Lab & Coop maj 38.7%. Swving _3.1n%.
February, 1974: Total vote 34,181
(73-9%)--Lab & Co-op 19,550 (57.2%b), C 8,444 (24.7%). L 6,187 (18.l1%o)-Lab & Co-op maj 11,106 (32.5% ). Swinlg - 1.9%/. Mr Thomas Williams, QC, was re- turned at a by-election in 1961 -
represented Baron's Court, 1955- 60; and Hammersmithi, South, 1949-55. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn), 1951; QC 1964. B September, 1915; ed at Aberdare Grammar ScIool, University College, Cardiff, and St
Catherine's College, Oxford. Rec- order of Birkenhead, 1969-71; chairman Co-operative group of MPs, 1969-70.
WARWICK AND LEAMiNGTON Electorite: 78,666 Feb: 77,906
*SmEit, D. G. (C) 27,721 England, J. W. (Lab) 19,476 Jones, T. A. (L) 11,625
C majority 8,245 NO CHANGE
Tdtal vote 58,822. Turn-out 74.8%.
C 47.1%, Lab 33.1%, L 19.8%. C mai 14.0%. Swing-1.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 63,541
(81.6%) -C 30,167 (47.5%), Lab 18,874 (29.7%), L 14,500 (22.8%)-C maj 11,293 (17.8%). Mr Dudley Smith, Under Secre- tary of Defence for the Army, until March, 1974, and Under Secretary for Employment, 1970- 74, was elected at a by-election in March, 1968. Won Brentford and Chiswick, 1959, held the seat in 1964, but was defeated in 1966. Opposition whip, 1964-66. Secre- tary Conservative Parliamentary Labour Committee, 1962-65. Con- tested Peckham, 1955. Former divisional director and senior executive, Beecham Group Ltd; director, Boyden International, 1974. Journalist. B November, 1926; ed Chichester High School. Member, Middlesex County Coun- cil, 1958-63. Member, Select Com- mittee on Race Relations and Immigration since April, 1974.
WATFORD
Electorate: 56,010 Feb: 55,541
*Tuck, R. H. (Lab) 19,177 Garel-Jones, T. (C) 15,220 Jacobs, D. A. (L) 8,243 Wotherspoon, J. E. (Nat
Front) 671
Lab majority 3,957 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,311. Turn-out 77.3%.
Lab 44.3%, C 35.1%, L 19.0%, Nat Front 1.5%f. Lab maj 9.1%. Swing -1.6% .
February, 1974: Total vote 46,659
(84.0%)-Lab 18,884 (40.5%), C 16,089 (34.5%), L 11,035 (23.6%jo), Nat Front 651 (1.4%) -Lab maJ 2,795 (6.0%). Swing - 2.9%.
Mr Raphael Tuck won the seat In 1964. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1951). B April, 1910; ed St Paul's School, London, London School of Econo- mics, Cambridge and Harvard Universities.
WELLINGBOROUGH
Electorate : 85,288 Feb : 84,562
*Fry, P. D. (C) 29,078 Mann, J. H. (Lab) 27,320 Jessel, Mrs P. (L) 11,500
C majority 1,758 NO CHANGE
Total vote 67,898. Turn-out 79.6%'.. C 42.8%, Lab 40.2%, L 16.9%. C maj 2.6%. Swing -0.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,874
(85.0%)-C 29,099 (40.5%), Lab 26,829 (37.3%), L 15,049 (20.9%), Ind C 897 (1.2%)-C maj 2,270 (3.1%).
Mr Peter Fry won the seat at the by-election in 1969. Insurance broker. B May, 1931 ; ed Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe and Worcester College, Oxford. Contested Willesden, East, 1966 and Nottingham, North, 1964. Sec- retary, Conservative Transport In- lustries Commiittee; Forestry Group; and British Yugoslav Par- liamentary Group. Treasurer, all- party group for responsible family planning. Vice-president and for- mer hon sec Buckinghamshire County Rugby Football Union.
WELLS
Electorate : 69,658 Feb: 69,005
*Boscawen, R. T. (C) 23,979 Butt-Philip, A. A. S. (L) 16,278 Mortimer, G. (Lab) 13,909 Howard, Miss P. (UDP) 778
C majority 7,701 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,944. Turn-out 78.9°%.
C 43.6%, L 29.6%, Lab 25.3%, UDP 1.4%. C maj 14.0%. Swing
-0.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,474
(83.3%)-C 25,430 (44.2%), L 17,645 (30.7%), Lab 14,399 (25.0%)-C maj 7,785 (13.5%). Swing + 0.9%.
Mr Robert Boscawen, a former Lloyd's underwriter, was elected in 1970; contested Falmouth and Camborne, 1966 and 1964. B March, 1923; ed Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member select Committee on Expenditure, Em- ployment and Social Services sub- committee;
WELWYN AND HATFIELD
Electorate: 67,149 Feb: 66,418 Middleweek, Miss H. V.
(Lab) 23,339 *Balnel, Lord (C) 22,819 Robinson, P. H. (L) 8,418
Lab majority 520 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 54,576. Turn-out 81.3%.
Lab 42.8%, C 41.8%, L 15.4%. Lab maj 0.9%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,670
(85.3%)-C 22,581 (39.8%), Lab & Co-op 21,166 (37.3%Y), L 12,923 (22.8%)-C maj 1,415 (2.5%).
Miss Helen Middleweek, deput* director of National Council for One-Parent Families, contested Wolverhampton, South-West in February, 194. BL ar 19,49; ed Wolverhampton Girls' High School and Cambridge University. Member, TGWU, NALGO, Labour Friends of Israel.
IVEST EROMWI\CiI, East
Electorate : 58,400 Feb : 57,738
*Snape, P. C. (Lab) 19,942 Mellor, D. (C) 12,413 Hunt, J. P. T. (L) 5,442 Bowen, G. (Nat Front) 1,692
Lab majority 7,529 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,489. Turn-out 67.6%.
Lab 50.5%, C 31.4%, L 13.8%, Nat Front 4.3%. Lab maj 19.1%. Swving -3.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,488
(71.9%)-Lab 21,895 (52.8°o), C 16,686 (40.2%), Nat Front 2,907 (7.0%)-Lab maj 5,209 (12.5%).
Mr Peter Snape, elected February, 1974. Clerical officer with British Rail. B February, 1942; ed St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary School. Stockport, and secondary modern school. NUM.
WEST BRO11lWICil, WVest
Electorate : 59,749 Feh : 59,143
*Boothroyd, Miss B. (Lab) 23,336 Bridges-Adams, N. (C) 8,537 Corney, D. J. (L) 3,619 Churms, R. (Nat Front) 2,022
Lab majority 14,799 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 37,514. Turn-out 62.8o.
Lab 62.2%. C 22.7°%, L 9.6%, Nat Front 5.40, Lab maj 39.4%1. Swing -2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,900
(67.5%)-Lab 25,112. (62.9%/o), C 11,681 (29.3o), Nat Front 3,107 (7.8°o )-Lab maj 13.431 (33.7%"".).
Mliss Betty Boothroyd was MP for West Bromwich, May, 1973, until February, 1974, when she was elected for the new consti- tuency. Contested Rossendale, 1970, Nelson and Colne by-election, June, 1968, Peterborough 1959, Leicester South-East by-election 1957. B October, 1929; ed Dews- bury Technical College and School of Art.
WESTBURY
Electorate: 73.5Y2 Feb: 72,993
*Walters, D. M. (C) 24,172 Court, A. W. G. (L) 18,129 Smith, A. J. (Lab) 15,613
C majority 6,043 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,914. Turn-out 78.7%.
C 41.7%1, L 31.3', Lab 26.9%. C rnaj 10.4%. Swing -0.6%."" February, 1974: Total vote 60,949
(83.5%)-C 26,197 (43.0%), L 17,778 (29.2%), Lab 16,453 (27.0%), Wessex Regnist 521 (0.8%'o )--C maj 8,419 (13.8%). Swing - 0.66.
MIr Dennis Walters was elected in 1964; contested Blyth in 1959 and the 1960 by-election. Director of investment companies and travel company. Chairman Asthma Re- search Council since 1969, and joint chairman, Council for Advancement of Arab-British Understanding since 1970.
WESTERN ISLES
Electorate : 22,477 Feb : 22,683
*Stewart, D. J. (Scot Nat) 8,758 Doig, Mrs 2vi. (Lab) 3,526 Wilson, N. K. (C) 1,180 Macmillan, N. (L) 789
Scot Nat majority 5,232 NO CHANGE
February, 1974: Total vote 15,031
(67.4% )-Scot Nat 10,079 (67.0%), Lab 2,879 (19.1%), C 1,042 (6.9%o), Utd Lab Pty 1,031 (6.8° ).-Scot Nat maj 7,200 (47.9%). Swing + 3.8%.
Mr Donald Stewart, leader of Scot- tish National Parliamentary Party since March, 1974, has repre- sented the constituency since 1970. Provost of Stornoway, 1958-64 and 1968-70 ; Hon Sheriff Substitute, 1960. Sales director of Harris Tweed firm. B October, 1920; ed Nicolson Institute, Stornoway.
WESTHOUGHTON Electorate: 72,055 *Stott, R. (Lab)
Tetlow, B. H. (C) Hale, R. S. (L)
Feb: 7],416
30,373 16,798 8,926
Lab majority 13,575 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,097. Turn-out 77.8%.
Lab 54.1%, C 29.9%, L 15.9%. Lab maj 24.2%. Swving -1.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 59,422
(83.2%)-Lab 30,574 (5L4%), C 17,909 (30.1%), L 10,939 (18.4%)-Lab maj 12,665 (21.3%,o). Swing -5.2%.
Mr Roger Stott, a telephone engineer, won the by-election in 1973; contested Cheadle, 1970. B August, 1943 ; ed secondary school, Rochdale College and Ruskin Col- lege. Organizer, Rpchdale branch, Post Office Engineering Union. Vice-chairman, PLP shipping group and sports group.
WEST LOTHIAN
Electorate : 76,526 Feb : 76,943
*Dalyell, T. (Lab) 27,687 Wolfe, W. C. (Scot Nat) 24.997 Lester, A. (C) 6,086 McAuley, H. (L) 2,083 Bett, C. (Comm) 247
Lab majority 2,690 NO CHANGE
Total vote 61,100. Turn-out 79.8V.
Lab 45.3%, Scot Nat 40.9,' C 1O0.0%L 3.4%. Lab mai 4.4%. Swing -4.5%'.
February, 1974 : Total vote 62,044
(80.6%o)-Lab 28,112 (45.3%), Scot Nat 21,690 (34.9°o), C 11,804 (19.0°'%), Comm 438 (0.7%o)-Lab mai 6,422 (10.3%) Swing +4.2%.
Mr Tam Dalyell was elected at a by-election in .June, 1962. Con- tested Roxhurgh, Selkirk and Peebles, 1959. Teacher and poli- tical columnist, New Scientist. B August, 1932; ed Eton, Edinburgh Academy and King's College, Cam- bridge. Chairman, PLP Foreign and Commonwealth Group; member PLP Liaison committee since April, 1974.
lVESTMORLAND
Electorate: 55,880 Feb *Jopling, T. M. (C) Wates, B. N. (L) Taylor, M (Lab)
55,451
20,559 12,844 7,028
C majority 7,715 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,431. Turn-out 72.3%.
C 50.8%. L 31.8%, Lab 17.4%. C maj 19.1%w,. Suing -1.0%.
Fcbruary, 1974 : Total vote 43,957
(79.1%), C 22,036 (50.1°)-1L 15,502 (35.3o), Lab 6,419 (14.6qo))--C nma; 6,534 (14.9% ). Sxving +0.2%,.
Mr Michael Jopling, a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1973-74, and Assistant Whip, 1972-73, was elected in 1964. Contested Wake- field. 1959. Farmer and former partner in motor trade company. B December, 1930; et] Cheltenham College and King's College, Dur- ham University.
WESTON-SUPER-M]ARE
Electorate : 84,988 Feb : 84,375
*Wiggin, A. NY. (C) 31,028 Owen, P. H. (Lab & Co-op) 18,169 Miller, R. S. (L) 14,057 lszatt, E. P. (UDP) 296
C majority 12,859 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,550. Turn-otut 74.8°%.
C 48.8%. Lab & Co-op 28.6%. L 22.1%. UDP 0.5°'. C maj 20.20,%.. Swving -4.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 67,617
(80.1%o)-C 33,838 (50.0%), L 20,237 (29.9°'), Lab & Co-op 13,542 (20.0%). Swving -1.5%. Mr Jerry Wiggin was returned at a by-election in March, 1969. Con- tested Montgomery, 1966 and 1964. Farmer and business consultant. B February. 1937 ; ed Eton anO- Trinity College, Cambridgc. WHITEIIAYVEN
gliectoraxc : 50.964 Feb * 50,446
*Cunningham. J. A. (Lab) 21,832 Vose. P. B. (C) 11,899 Gilbert, M. (L) 5,563
Lab majority 9,933 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,294. Turn-out 77.1%.
Lab 55.6%, C 30.3%, L 14.1%. Lab n-aj 25.3%1. Swving -3.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,096
177.0°n))-Lab 23,229 (59.4o), C 13,867 (40.6%)-Lab maj 7.362 18.8%o). Swing -1.1°.
Mr John Cunningham, union organizer. was elected in 1970. Nlember. Select Committee onl Sci- ence and Techlologv, since 1970. Full-time officer, NUGCMW. 1969- 70. B Auguist. 1919 ; ed Jarrow Grammar School and Bede College, Durham University.
1IDNI)ES
Electorate : 75,141 Feb: *Oakes. G. J. (Lab)
Mavynard, A. H. K. (C) Turner, A. (L)
74. '93
31,532 14,661
7,067
Lab maijority 16,871 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,260. Turn-out 70.9%.
Lab 59.2%, C 27.5-%, L 13.3°o. Lab maj 31.7%. Swving -0.8%°.
February. 1974 : Total vote 54.809
(73.7%)-Lab 35,654 (65.0%/ ), C 19,155 (34.9%1,)-Lab maj 16,499 130.1%, Swing -7.3%.
MIr Gordon Oakes, Under Secre- tary, Department of the Environ- ment since IMarch, 1974, won the by-election in 1971. Represented Bolton West, 1964-70. Mdember, Select Committee on Race Rela- tions, 1969-70. Solicitor. B June, 1931; ed Wade Deacon School, Widnes, and Liverpool University.
'WIGAN
Electorate: 56,915
*Fitch, E. A. (Lab) Beard, P. M. (C) Campbell, J. (L)
Feb: 56,390
1) 27,692
8,865 5,548
Lab majority 18,827 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,105. Turn-out 74.0%.
Lab 65.8%°, C 21.0%, L-13.2%. Lab maj 44.7%. Swing -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42.768
(75.8%)-Lab 30,485 (71.3%7O), C 12,283 (28.70%)-Lab maj 18,202 (42.5%). Swing -3.0%.
MIr Alan Fitch, Opposition whip, 1970-71, was returned at a by-elec- tion in June, 1958. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chairmen since 1971. Vice-Chamberlain, HM Household, 1969-70, a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, 1966-69; an assistant Government Whip, 1964-66. Mineworker. B March, 1915; ed Kingswood School, Bath. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1959-64. Chairman, North-West Regional Council of Labour Party. NUM.
Wimbledon, see Merton
WINCHESTER
Electorate : 82,790 Feb- *Morgan-Giles, Rear-Adm
M. C. (C)
Matthew, J. W. (L)
Allchin, Dr W. H. (Lab)
82,022
27,671 18,451 16,1S3
C majority 9,220 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,275. Turn-out 75.2%.
C 44.4%, L 29.6%., Lab 25.9 . C maj 14.8%. Swing -2.1%'..
February, 1974: Total vote 66,837
(81.4.)-C 30,843 (46.1°b), L 20,339 (30.4%), Lab 15,655 (23.4%,/)-C maj 10,504 (15.7%,). ReaT-Admiral Morgan-Giles was returned at a by-election in May, 1964. Vice-chairman, Conservative Defence Committee since 1965. Delegate, North Atlantic Assembly. Member, executive committee, In- ter-Parliamentary Union. B June, 1914; ed Clifton College. Chief of Naval Intelligence, Far East, 1955. 56; Captain (D) Dartmouth train- ing Squadron, 1957-58, and of HlMS Belfast, Flagship of the Far East, 1961-62.
VINDSOR AND M!AIDENJfEAD Electorate: 79,703 Feb 78,951
*Glyn, Dr A. D. (C) 28,013 Golder, M. D. (Lab) 15,172 Kahan, G. H. (L) 14,022
C majority 12,841 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 57,207. Turn-out 71.8%.
C 49.0%, Lab 26.5%, L 24.5%. C maj 22.4%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 63,503
(80.3d%o)-C 31,022 (48.8%), L 16,027 (25.2%.), Lab 15,413 (24.3%), Unoff C 1,041 (1.6%)- C maj 14,995 (23.6%). Swing
Dr Alan Glyn. Returned in Feb- ruary 1974 ; MP for Windsor 1970-74 and for Claphamn 1959-64. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1955) City of London, 1961. Member, Greater London Central Valuation and medical practitioner. B Sep- tember, 1918, ed Westminster School, Caius College, Cambridge, and St George's Hospital. VIRRAL
Electorate: 93,135 reb : 92,217 *Lloyd, J. S. B. (The
Speaker) 35,705 Thomas, P. R. (Lab) 22,217 Gayford, M. R. D. (L) 12.345 Majority 13,488 NO CHAl,NGE
Total vote 70,267.Turn-out 75.4°'.
C-Speaker 50.8%b, Lab 31.6%, L 17.6%'.. C-Speaker maj 19.2%. Swing -0.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 73,180
(81.6°o.) - C-Speaker 38,452 (51.1%), Lab 22,605 (30.1%;), L 14,123 (18.8V)-C-Speaker mai 15,847 (21.1A%). Swing -1.2%.
Mr Selwyn Lloyd, QC, was elected Speaker in January, 1971. He was Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the Commons, 1963-64; Chancellor of the Exchequer, July 1960 to July, 1962 ; Secretary State for Foreign Affairs, December, 1955 to July, 1960; Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1951-54; Minister of Supply to April, 1955, and Minister of Defence for the next eight months. President, National Union of Con- servative and Unionist Associa- tions, 1966 ; Opposition spokesman on Commonwealth affairs, 1965-66. Elected for Wirral in 1945.
WOKING
Electorate : 67,916 Feb: *Onslow, C. G. D. (C) WVade, P. (L)
Tattersall, J. W. (Lab) Vaughan-Smith, R.
(Nat Front)
67,371
22,804 14K0M9 11,737
921
C majority 8,735 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,531. Turn-out 72.9%.
C 46.0%. L 28.4%' . Lab 23.70'. Nat Front 1.8%0. C maj 17.6%. Swving -1.4%,' .
February, 1974 : Total vote 54,486
(81 1 )-C 25,243 (46.3%), L 17,660 (32.4%), Lab 11,583 (21.20%)-C maj 7,583 (13.9%). Mr Cranley Onslow, Under Secre- tary for Trade and Industry (Aerospace), 1972 to 1974, was elected in 1964. Journalist. B June, 1926; ed Harrow School, 9riel Col- lege, Oxford, and Geneva Univer- sli9t5y. Member, Foreign Service
WOKIN'GHAM
Electorate: 73,598 Feb: 72,773
Crew, R. W. (Lab) - 1.304 Blyth, T. (L) 15,329
C majority 7,705 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,642. Turn-out 75.6%-.
C 43.1%<, Lab 29.3%o, L 27.5%. C maj 13.8%'. Swving -2.1%,/.
February, 1974 : Total vote 60,283
(82.6%O), C 27,223 (45.1o), 1. 16,791 (27.8%,S), Lab 16,269 (27.0%z)-C mai 10,432 (17.3%). Mlr IVilliam van Straubeozee, was Opposition spokesman on edui- cation, March, 1974, and later became an Opposition spokesman on defence. Mlinister of State, Northern Ireland, 1972-74, and Under Secretary for Education and SCienCC, 1970-72. Was elected in 1959 ; contested Clapham in 193.,
Solicitor. B January, 1924- ed Westminster School.
WOLVEIIFIAMvPTON, North-East Electorate : 69,513 Feb : 6S.860
*Silort, Alrs R. (Lab) 25,788
lawvkslev, P. WV. (C) is 125 Porter, J. (L) 7.156 WVebber. A. D. C.
( Nat Front) 1,928
Lab majority 14,653 NO CHA,NGE
Total vote 46,007. Turn-out 66.2%o.
Lab 56.0%, C 24.2%o, L 15.5%, Nat Front 4.2%,. Lab maj 31.8%.. Swing -2.9%.,
February. 1974: Total vote 48,512
(70.4%!)-Lah 28,935 (59.6°!), C lh,3i8 (33.6%o), Nat Front 2,548 (5.2%""), Brit Move 711 (1.5%Z)- Liab mai 12,617 (26.0%O).
MIrs Renee Short, elected in 1964, contested WVatford in 1959 and St Albans in 1955. Freelan1Ce journalist. B April, 1919,; ed Notts County Secondary School and Manchester University. Member. Estimates Commiittee, 1964-70
Expenditure Committee since 1970- chairman, Anglo-GDR parliamen- tary group ; chairman, all-party East-West trade group ; secretary, Anglo-Soviet parliamentary group.
WOLVERHAMPIPTON, South-East Electorate : 55,382 Feb : 54,945
*Edwvards, R. (Lab & Co-op) 21,466 Holt, Mrs E. (C) 9,768 Norcott, B. (L) 3,63b Oldiand, G. (Nat Front) 1,703
Lab & Co-op majority 11,698 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,573. Turn-out 66.0°.
Lab & Coop 58.7°'%, L 26.7%, C 9.9°%, Nat Front 4.6°o. I.,h & Coop maj 32.0%t. Swving -10.6%.
Februarv. 1974: Total vote 39,644
(72.1% )-Lab & Co-op 21,746 (54.8%0), C 10,841 (27.3%), L 5.511 (13.9%'), Nat Front 1,546 (3.9%)-Lab & Co-op maj 10,905 (27.5%,),
Mr Robert Edwards, elected Feb. ruary 1974, MP for Bilston 1955-74, contested by-elections Newport, 1945 and Stretford, 1939 and gen- eral election, Chorley, 1935. Gen- eral Secretary, Chemical Workers' Union, 1947-71. Member. Estimates Corfimittee. Former deputy leader, British delegation, Council of Europe, from 1968. B 19116: i'd council school and technical col- lege.
WVOLVERHAiMlPTON, South-West Electorate: 64,075 Feb: 63,555
*Budgen, N. W. (C) 20,854 Geffen, I. E. (Lab) 15,554 Wernick, 3. (L) 9,215 Cooper, G. A. (Nat Front) 1.573
C majority 5,300 NO CHANGE
-Total vote 47.196. Turni-out 73.6%..
C 44.2D,, Lab 3Z.9%, L 19.5'}, Nat Front 3.3%o. C maj 11.2%. Swing -1.1%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 50,559
(79.5- )-C 23,123 (45.7%), Lab 16.222 (32.1°'), 19,691 (19.2%;). Nat Front 1,323 (3.01)-C maj 6.901 (13.6%).
;Mr Nicholas Budgen. a barristhr. elected February 1974, fought Bir- mingham, Small Hleath 1970. B November 1937; ed St Edward's School, Oxford and Corpus Christi College, Catnbridge. Chairman, Birmingham Bow Group, 1967-68.
Wood Green, see Haringey
Woolwich East, see Greenwich Woolwich West, see Greenwich
lVORCESTER
EJectorate: 74,844 Feb: 74,132
*Walker, P. E. (C) 25,183 Morgan, Rev W. B. (Lab) 20,194 Elliott, Mlrs D. (L) 9,8S8
C majority 4,989 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,265. Turn-out 73.8'o.
C 45.6%. Lab 36.5-, L 17.9%. C maj 9I. SwMing - 1.6 I.
February, 1974 : Total vote 60,011
(80.91!))-C 27.377 (45.6%o), Lab 19,910 (33.2,), L 12,724 (21.2'.)-C maJ 7,467 (12.4°o). Swing -2.1%.
iMlr Peter Walker, the Opposition defence spokesman, was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Opposi- tion spokesman on industry, trade and consuimer affairs, March;, 1974. Secretary of State for Tra(le and Industrv, November, 1972-74. Secretary of State for the Environ- ment, 1970-72 Alinister of Hlousing and Local Government. June to October, 1970. Elected at the by- election in NMarcl, 1961. Contested Dartford in 1959 and 1955. Former chairman, Lloyd's insurance brokers and chairman and director of other companics. B March, 1932; ed Latvnier Upper School. Member of thic party national exec- utive until 1962; national chairman of Young Conservativcs. 1958-60.
WORCESTERSHIIRE, South
Electorate: 73,695 Feb: 72,962
*Spicer, W. M. H. (C) 26,790 Birch, J. P. (L) 17,738 Randall, S. J. (Lab) 10,838
C majority 9,052 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,366. Turn-out 75.1%,o.
C 48.4'%, L 32.0%', Lab 19.6%IN. C maj 16.3%. Swing -1.t,%.
CORRECTION- KILL PREVIOUS February. 1974: Total vote 59,694
(8l.7%)-C 28,126 (47.1'o), L 20,961 (35.1°' ) Lab 9,757 (16.3°o) Ind C 830 (1.4'4 -C maj 7,165 (12.0%o). Swving -2.1,
MIr Alichael Spicer, company direc- tor and former financial journalist. Elected February 1974, conltested Easington, 1966 and 1970. Member, Conservative Research D)epart- ment, 1966-68; director. Conserva- tive Systems Research Centre, 1968-70. Joint managing director, Economic Mlodels Ltd and Direc- tor, Policy Data Processing (West- minster) Ltd. B January, 1943; ed Wellingtoni College and Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
WORKINGTON
Electorate : 53,114 Feb: 52,656
*Peart, T. F. (Lab) 22,539 Page. R. L. (C) 12,988 Burns, Mrs J. (L) 4,728
L<ah majority 9,551 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,255. Turn-out 75.8%.
Lab 56.0.., C 32.3%0, L 11.7%. Lab maj 23.7°o. Swing -2.2%.
Feoruary, 1974 Totl vote 40,230
(76.2o%)-Lab 24,000 (59.6%O), C 16,230 (40.3%.)-Lab mai 7,770 (19.3°% ). Swving +2.0%.
Mr Frederick Peart, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, since March, 1974, vas Opposition spokesman on defence 1972-774, agriculture, 1971-72, and House of Commons matters, 1970-71. Was elected in 1945. Shadow Cabinet, 1970. Unsuccessfully contested deputy leadership of PLP. July, 1970. Teacher. B April, 1914. ed XVolsingilam Grammar, Henry Smith School. Hartlepool. Bede College, Durham University. and Inner Temple. Inns of Court. President, Durham Universitv Unioni. Lord Privy Seal and Leader of Ilouse of Cnmmons, April- October, 1968 ; Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House, 1968-70 ; Mlinister of Agri- culture. 1964-68. Director of Fat- stock Mllarketing Corporation, 1971.
WVORTHING
Electorate: 72.594 Feb: 72,143
'Higgins. T. L. (C) 30,036 Folev. M. H. C. (L) 12,691 Neves, M.l W. J1. (Lab) S.890
C majority 17,345 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 51,f17. Itirn-out 71.1%
C 58.2., L 24.6%. Lab 17.2- e C maj 33.6 o . Swing -1.9%^.
lFebruary, 1974: Total vote 56.582
(78.3 )-C 33.613 (59.4-), L 14.6S3 (25.90 ), Lab 8,286 (14.6%o)-C ma.j 1,830 (33.4%). Swing -1.5%.
Mr Terence Higgitis, an Opposition spokesman on Treasury and eco- nomic affairs from Mlarch. 1974. Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1972-74 and Mlinister of State, Treasury, 1970-72 ; was elected in 1964. Economist and an Associate of the Institute of Cliartered Ship- brokers. B 1928; ed Alleyn's Sclhnol, Dulwic1h, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (piesi- dent of the Union, 1958) and Yale University, where he was lecturer in the Department of Economics. Opposition spokesnian on Treasiury and economic affairs, 1966-70- secretary, Conservative Parliamen- tarv Finance Committee, 1965-66- economist with Unilever, 1959-64. Former Olympic and Common- wealtls Gaines athlete.
WREKIN, THE
Electorate: 82,659 Feb: 81,955 *Fowler, G. T. (Lab) 30,385 Banks, P. (C) 23,547 Dewsnip, W. (L) 8,442
Lab majority 6,838 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,374. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 48.7%, C 37.7%, L 13.5%'. Lab maj 11.0%. Swing -0.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 66,Z50
(80.8%7)-Lab 30,642 (46.2%), C 24,121 (36.4%), L 11,487
(17.1%)-Lab maj 6,521 (9.80,%)..- Mr Gerald Fowler was appointed- Minister of State for Education
and Science, March, 1974. Elected,j February 1974, was MP for ihe seat 1966-70, contested' Banbury'
1964. Joint Parliamentary Secre-. tary, Ministry of Technology.j 19670 69 Minister, of State, Departnilint
of Education and Science, 196970,. B January, 1935; ed Notthanmp-
ton Grammar School, Lincoln Gol-' lege, Oxford and Frankfdlrt Uni've ersity. Leader of Wrekin Dlstrite Council since 1973 ; Oxford -Citf councillor, 1960-64. Branch secre- tary, ASTMiS, 1960-63.
WREXHAM
Electorate: 76,106 Feb-: 75,492
*Ellis, R. T. (Lab) 28,885. Thomas, M. (L) 12,519 Pritchard, J. L. (C) 12,251 Roberts, H. W.
(PI Cymru) 2,859
Lab majority 16,366x NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,514. Turn-out-74.2%:.
Lab 5l1%, L 22.1%,-C 21-.7%,"" P1 Cymru 5.0%. Lab dtaj 28-.9%,O.- Swing -3.5%*
February, 1974: Total. vote.58,606
(77.6%)o)-Lab 27,384 (46.7%),:C 14.301 (24.4%), I,-L 14,297 (24.4%0), PI Cymru 2,624 (4.5-) -Lab maj 13,083 (22.3%/). Swing +2.9/. . -
Mr Toni Ellis, elected February,_ 1974, contested West Flintshire, 1966. Mining engineer. B March, 1924; ed Ruabon Grammar Sclrool, University of Wales and Univetsity of Nottingham. Former president, WVrexham Fabian Society.
WYCOMBE
Electorate : 78,832 Feb: 78,203
*liall, Sir J. (C) 27,131 Back, W. F. (Lab) 18,052. James, M. T. (L) 11,333 Smith, D. H. (Nat Front) 2,049
C majority 9,079 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,565. Turn-out 74.3°.
C 46.31%, Lab 30.8%, L 19.3%,
Nat Front 3.5%. C maj 15.5%. - Swing -0.6%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 63,855
(81.6%)-C 29,521 (46.2%o), Lab i8,822 (29.5%1.), L 15,512. (24.3%)-C maj 10,699 (16.7%). Sir John Hall, elected in a by- election in November, 1952. Chair- man of Select Committee on
Nationalized Industries since 1973.. Contested Fulham, East, 1951, and Grimsby, 1950. Vice-chairman 1922: Committee. B September, 1911; ed privately. Chartered secretary and chairmani and managing director, Viscose Development Ltd, and director of brewery companies. Deputy president Inter-Parliamen- tary Union since 1970. Knighted June, 197.3 Joint voce-chairman, Conservative finance committee, from March, 1974.
Y. -S.P
YARhMOUTH
Electorate : 70,802 Feb : 70,212-
*Fell, A. (C) 22,573 Hollis, MIrs P. (Lab) 20,313_ Coleby, P. R. (L) 9,250.
C majority 2,260 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,136. Turn-out 73.6%.-
C 43.3%', Lab 39.0%, L 17.7%.o C maj 4.3%X. Swing -2.1%. ""-
February, 1974: Total vote 57,009'
(1.0O%)-C 24,711 (43.3 ), Lab 19,774 (34.7%), L 12,524 (22.0%°)-C maj 4,937 (8.7%).
MIr Anthony Fell, an art dealer. regained the seat for the Conserva- tives in 1970. He won it from Labour in 1951. held it in 19S5, 1959 and 1964, and lost it in 1966. Contested by-election at Brigg, 1948, and South Hamailersmith, 1949, and 1950. B May, 1914; ed Bedford School and Tauranga High School, New Zealand, Engineer; forrmer member AEU.
YEOVIL
Electorate : 75,159 Feb: 74,534 - *Peyton. J. W. NY. (C) 24,709- McVicar, M. T. (Lab) 17,330
Taylor, Dr G. F. (L) 17,298- Tippett, J. E. (UDP) 332
C majority 7,379, NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,669. Turn-.ou-t 79.4°.
C 41.4%n, Lab 29.0%, L 29.0%`
UDP 0.5%'. C maj.12.4%. Swing -0.6%. 0 ,
Februarv, 1974: Total vote 62,502.
(83.8%)-C 25,955 (41.5%), L; IS.465 (29.5°%), Lab 17,362 (27.8),) Dem C 720 (1.1%°)-C mnai 7,490 (12.0%._);. $Swiig4 + 0.5%1.
MJr Johln Peyton iwas Minister of Transport, June to October, I170, and Minister for Traffsport Indus- tries within the DepartniNett Of the Environmenit 1970-74. Elected 19S1- contested Bristol, Central, in lS50.
B February, 1919; ed Eton and, Trinity College, Oxford: .Ba,iristr-
(Inner Temple, 1945). Charrnman of- an electrical and mechanical com-. pany, 1969-70. Member board ot Alcan Aluminium (UK).
YORK
Electorate : 77,172 Feb 76,505
*Lyon, A. W. (Lab) ZG,- 3 Watson, J. G. B. (C) 2. 1.294 Graham, Miss E. (L) .7,370 Smith, 11. (Prosp Brit) .304 Strattoni, R. L. (Protest P) 171
Latb majority * 3,6S9 NO CIIANGE - -
Total vote 58,122. Turhnaout '5.30!
Lab 46.4oa C 40.1%,; L.12.7°, IPrs Brit 0.5%,, Protest P 0,37O. Lab maj 6.3.o- Swillg-2.5%"",--
Fcbruarv. 1974: Total -vote 63.310
(82.7%)-Lab 25,674 (40.5%): C 24.843 (39.2% ), L - 12,793 (20.2%)-Lab maj 831 (1.3%)°6 Swing +1.2%.
Mr Alexander Lyon was appointed Minister of State, Home Office MarchA, 1974. Opposition spokes man on home affalis 1972-74 aor. on Commonwealth affairs. 1970-72. lie won she seat from the Conser- vatives in 1966: contested the con- stituency 1964.. Barrister (Inner Tenple, 1954). B October, 193- rd WVest Leeds High School and Uni versity College, London. Mlembher Bar Council. Mlethodist local preacher and member. British Council of Chutrches. Menmber, Select Committee on overseas aid, 1970. Member, exectitive conmmit- tee, Fabian Society and Society of Labour Lawyers.
I I
BRAINTREE
Electorate: 65,538 Feb 64,975
*Newton, A. H. (C) '20.,59 Kyle, J. K. (Lab) 19,469 Holme, R. (L) 12,004
C majority 1,190 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,032. Turn-otut 79.4%
C 39 5""', Lab 37.4%, L 23.1°. C maj 2.1%. Swing -0.7% ,.
February, 1974: Total vote 54,797
(84.3%1) )-C 20,797 (37.9o), Lab 18,796 (34.3%°), L 15,204 (27.7%)-C maj 2,001 (3.Gl%).
Mr Anthony Newton was elected in Feb, 1974; contested Sheffield, Brightside in 1970. Economist. Formerly Assistant Director of the Conservative Research Departmnent. B August, 1937; ed Friends' School, Saffron Walden and Trinity College, Oxford.
BRECON AND RADNOR-
Electorate : S4,300 Feb.: 53,S57
*Roderick, C. E. (Lab) lS,622 Davies, L. H. (C) 1.,,610 l Thomas, Dr N. K. (L) 7,682 Gittins, D. N. (Pi Cymru) 2, 300 Lab majority 3,012 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,214. Turn-ouit 81.4%.
Lab 42.1%, C 35.36, L 17.46, PI Cymrti 5.2%. Lab maj 6.8%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,923
(83.4%,1)-Lab 18,180 (40.5)
C 15,903 (35.4),'6), L 8,74i (19.4%), P1 Cymru 2,099 (4.7%) LLab maj 2,277 (5.1%). Swving
Mr Caerwyn Roderick, elected In 1970, was a lecturer at Carditf Col- lege of Education. B July, 1927;- dd University College of North Wales. Was member, local executive NUT ; national advisory committee for comprehensive schools and Welsh secondary committee- of the NUT. Senior master, Hartridge High. Newport, 1960-69. BRENT, East
Electorate : 63,168 Feb 62,781
*Freeson, R. (Lab) 20,481 Knowles, m. (c) 11,554 O'Brien, P. (L) 4,416 Lyons, N. (Nat Front) 1,096 Curran, J. (I. Civ Rts) 382
Lab majority 8,927 NO CHANGE
Total vote 37,929. Turn-out 60.0%.
Lab 54.0%, C 30.5%, L 116 c
Nat Front 2.9%b, I Civ Right 1.0%<. Lab maj. 23.5%. Swing -2.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42.,70
(68.0%)-Lab 21,063 (49.3,), C 13,441 (31.5~,), L 8.204 (19.2%)-Lab mnai 7,622
MIr Reginald Freeson became Minister for Housing and Con- struction, Department of the En- vironment, March, 1974. Was Par. liamentaiy Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1969.70 ; Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Power, 1967-69. Re- turned for Brent East in February, 1974 ; MP for Willesden, East, 1964-74. An Opposition spokesman onl housing and construction, 19,0- 74. B Februar-y, 1926 ; ed Jewish Orphanlage, West Nor-wood, and Private stuldy. BRENT, North
Electorate : 72,122 Feb : 71,494 *Bovson, R. (C) 24,853 Goudie, T. J. C. (Lab) 17,541 Harrison, F. (L) 8,158 Cattanachi, Mrs J.
(Nat Front) 1,297 C majority 7,312 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,849. Turn-out 71.9%.
C 47.9%, Lab 33.8%, L 15.7%, Nat Front 2.5%,. C maj 14.1%. Swing +0.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 57,566
(80.5° ) )-C 25,700 (44.6%), Lab 17,759 (30.8%), L 12,537 (21.8%), Nat Front 1,570 (2.7%) -C ma) 7,941 (13.8%).
Mr Rhodes Boyson, headmaster Highbury Grove Comprehensive School, and publisher, was elected in February, 1974- fought Eccles, 1970. B May, 1925; ed Haslingden Grammar School, Cardiff, Man- chester, London and Cambridge Universities. Chairman, National Council for Educational standards. Member, Waltham Forest Borough Council since 1968. BRENT, South
Electorate : 61,244 Feb : 60,756 *Pavitt, L. A.
(Lab & Co-op) 21,611 Lennox-Boyd, M. (C) 10,558 Harrison-Broadley, J.
(Nat Front) 1,388 Lab & Co-op majority 11,053 NO CIHANGE
Total vote 37,486. Turn.-out 61.2%.
Lab & Coop 57.6%, C 28.2%, L 10.5%, Nat Front 3.7%. Lab & Coop maj 29.5%. Swving -2.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 43,362
(71.3/)0-Lab & Co-op 22,975 (53.0%), C 12,351 (28.5%)
L 5,804 (13.4%), Nat Front 1,S52 (4.3%0(), Comm 380 (0.9%) -Lab & Co-op maj 10,624 (24.5,).
MIr Laurence Pavitt was an Assis- tant Government Whip from March, 1974. MP, Willesden, WVest, 1959-74, was returned for Brent, South, in February, 1974. National organizer of the Medical Practitioners' Union, 1956-59. B February, 1914; ed elementary and central sclools. Member, Medical Research Council, 1969-72; Hear- ing Aid Council; and Select Com- mittee on Overseas Aid. Chairman of PLP health group since 1964.
BRENTWOOD AND ONGAR
Electorate : 58,363 Feb : 57,732 *McCrindle, R. A. (C) 21,136 Miller, H. E. (Lab) 13.190 Wernick, L. R. (L) 10,725
C majority 7,946 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45.051. Turn-out i7.2%.
C 46.9%, Lab 29.3%,° L 23.8'%.o C maj 17.6%. Swing -1.7o.
February, 1974: Total vo,te 48,395.
(83.8 %o)-C 22,545 (46.6%)., L 13,452 (27.8%,4), Lab 12.398 (25.6% )-C maj 9,093 ('18-.8).
Mr Robert MIcCrindle, an insurance broker, was MP for Billericay, -1970-. 74. Contested Thlurrock 1964 and. Dundee, East, 1959. B September, 1929 ; ed Allan Glen's School Glas- gow. Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute and Fellow of
the Corporation of -Insur2nce Brokers. Vice-chairman, Consemrv.a-
tive parliamentary trade committeq, 1972-73. Director, City and Western, merchant bankei-s
Cometco, commodity brokers ;, and life assurance and investment con- sultant companies. vice-president. Corporation of Mortgage and Finance Brokers Ltd. BRIDGWATER
Electorate : 69,755 Feb : 69i161
*King, T. J. (C) 23,.50 Mitchell, Mrs A. (Lab) 17,663 Wyatt, J. H. G. (L) 12,077 Harrad, S. R. (UDP) 288
C majority G,187 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,878. Turnout 77.2°.
C 44.3%, Lab 32.8%, L 22.4%,
UDP 0.5%O. C maj 11.5%. Swing-
February, 1974 : Total vote 56,885
(82.2%)-C 24,830 (43.6%), Lab 16,786 (29.5%), L 15,269 (26.8%1))-C ma) 8,044 (14.1°%). Swing - 1.2%.
IMIr Tom King, won the by-electdon in March, 1970. Chairman, Sale, Tilney & Co Ltd ; general manager: E. S. and A. Robinson Ltd. Bristol, 1964-69. B June, 1933 ; ed Rugbvr and Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
HALTEMPRICE
Electorate: 76,257 Feb: *WaIl P. R. B. (C) Walker, R. (L) Cross, L. (Lab)
75,529
28,206 16,545 12,362
C majority 11,661 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,113. Turn-otut 74.9%.
C 49.4%, L 29.0%, Lab 21.6%. C maj 20.4%. Sving -2.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 62,647
(82.9%)-C 31,720 (50.6%), L 19,896 (31.7%b), Lab 11,031 (17.6%)-C maj 11,824 (18.9%4). Swing + 3.8%.
Mr Patrick Wall was returned at a by-election in February, 1954; con- tested Cleveland, 1951 and 1952 by-election. B October, 1916; ed Downside. Vice-chairman of Con- servative parliamentary committee on defence, 1965-70 and 1972, and for many years vice-chairman of the party's Common;weaith commit- tee and overseas bureau. Executive member, United Kingdom branch of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Chairman of the Conservative sub- committee on fisheries since 1972 and Southern Africa -sub-commit- tee. Member Westminster City Council, 1953-63. Member of defence committee of WEU, Mil- tary Committee of NAA and of Council of Europe. Served with Royal 2Marines, 1935-50. Joint vice- chairman, Conservative defence committee, from March, 1974.
HAMILTON
Electorate : 50,346 Feb: *Wilson, A. (Lab)
Macdonald, 1. (Scot Nat) Warner, G. (C) Calder, J. (L)
49,861 18,487 15,155
3,363322
Lab majority 3,332 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,656. Turn-out 80.7%.
Lab 45.5%, Scot Nat 37.3%, C 9.0O', L 8.2%. Lab maj 8.2%. Swing -4.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 39,739
(79.7°o) )-Lab 19,070 (48.0%), Scot Nat 12,692 (31.9%), C 7,977 (20.1°o))-Lab maj 6,378 (16.0%.).
Mr Alexander WVilson, a miner, regained the seat for Labour in 1970, contested the 1967 by-elec- tion. B June, 1917 ; ed Forth Gram- mar School. Member third district council Lanarkshire for 11 years. Sponsored by NUM.
HAMMERSMITH, Fulham Electorate: 58,303 Feb: tStewart, M. (Lab) Stevens, M. (C)
Dowden, G. A. (L)
Cordrey, J. (Nat Front)
57,956 20,616 15,295
4,577
855
Lab majority 5,321 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,343. Turn-out 70.9%.
Lab 49.9%°, C 37.0%, L 11.1% Nat Front 2.1%/. Lab maj 12.9%. Swjng -2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,512
(78.5%)-Lab 20,995 (46.1%), C 17,446 (38.3%o), L 6,105 (13.4%), Nat Front 966 (2.17.)-Lab maj 3,549 (7.8%).
MNr Eichael Stewart, Chairman, Select Committee on Parliamentary Commission for Administration, since 1970, was Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 1968-70 ; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Mlarch to October, 1968- First Secretary of State, 1967-68; Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, 1966-67; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1965-66 ; Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1964. Labour spokesman on housing and local government, 1959-64 and pre- viously on education. Elected Ful- ham, 1950 ; contested West Lewis- ham in 1931 and 1935 ; represented Fulham East, 1945-50. Vice-Cham- berlain of the Household, 1946-47 - Comptroller, 1946-47 ; Under Sec- retary for War, 1947-51 ; Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply, May to October, 1951. B November, 1906 ; ed Christ's Hospi- tal and St John's College, Oxford - president of the Union, 1929. Former teachler at the Merchant Taylors' and the Coopers' Com- pany Schools.
HAMMERSIITH, North
Electorate : 52,371 Feb : 52,036
*Tomney, F. (Lab) 18.061 Beckett, R. G. (C) 9,939 Knott, S. Hi. J. A. (L) 5,200 McFadden, J. P. (Tnd) 633
Lab majority 8,122 Total vote 33,833. Turni-out 64.6%.
Lab 53.4%, C 29.4%h, L 15.4%, Ind 1.9%. Lab maj 24.0%. Swing
February, 1974 : Total vote 38,359
(73.7% )-Lab 18,970 (49.4% ), C 11,929 (31.1%o), L 7,460 (19.4%) -Lab maj 7,041 (18.3%).
Mlr Frank Tomney has represented this constituency since 1950. Indus- trial consultant. B May, 1908 ; ed at primary and technical school Former member, Watford borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council. NUGMW Member, Euro- pean Movement; delegate, WVest- ern European Union, 1960-64 and 1973-74.
Hampstead, see Camden
IIARBOROUGH
Electorate: 65,85S Feb: *Farr, J. A. (C)
Reynolds, N. G. (L)
Briant, R. L. W. (Lab)
65,223
25,776 12,567 11,934
C majority 13,209 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,277. Turn-out 76.3%.
C 51.3°o, L 25.0%/, Lab 23.7%. C maj 26.3%-. Swving -1.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,054
(84.4%)-C 27,974 (50.8%.), L 15,501 (28.1%), Lab 11,579 (21.0%,) -C maj 12,473 (22.6%). Mr John Farr was elected in 1959 ; contested Ilkeston, 1955. B Sep. tember, 1922; ed Harrow. Member of Lloyd's, landowner and farmer. Secretary, Conservative agricul- tural, fisheries and food commit- tee; all-party conservation commit- tee and Anglo-Irish Parliamentary group. Former member, East Mid- lands Land Tribunal.
HARINGEY, llornsey
Electorate : 58,278 Feb : 57,979 *Rossi, H. A. L. (C) 17,226 Kuczynski, 1. H. (Lab) 16,444 Smulian, P. (L) 5,283 Stubbs, Mrs J. (Nat Front) 973
C majority 782 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,926. Turn-out 68.5%e.
C 43.1°, Lab 41.2°o, L 13.2%, Nat Front 2.4%. C maj 1.9%. Swinlg -1.5% .
February. 1974 : Total vote 44.052
(75.9a )-C 18.792 (42.6%o), Lab 16,584 (37.6,.%), L 8,676 (197%o) -C maj 2,208 (5.0%). Swing - I So.
Mr Hugh Rossi, an Opposition spokesman on the environment since March, 1974, was Under- Secretary for the Environment 1974; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1972-74; Assistant Gov- ernment Whip, 1970-72. Elected in 1966. Solicitor. B Jtne, 1927; ed Finchley Catholic Grammar School and King's College, London Uni- versity. Member, Haringey Bor. ough Council, 1964-68; Hornsey Borough Council, 1956-65 (deputy mayor, 1964-65). Middlesex County Council, 1961.65. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamentary hous- ing, land and local government group, 1968-70. Former member, executive committee, Society of Conservative lawvyers. Government whip for Europe, 1971-72. Deputy leader, delegation to Council of Europe and WEU, 1972.
HARINGEY, Tottenham
Electoratte: 47.530 Feb: 4 *Atidnsonr N. (Lab) Lilley, P. (C)
Alexander, Miss K. (L)
Painter, R. W. (Nat Front)
47,289
15,708 6,492 2,288 ) 2,211
Lab majority 9,216 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,699. Turn-out 56.2%.
Lab 58.8%, C 24.3%, L 8.6%, Nat Front 8.3%o. Lab maJ 34.5°'. Swving-2.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 31,030
(65.6%)-Lab 16,999 (54.8%), C 7.873 (25.4%), L 2,478 (8.0°')
Nat Ind 1,373 (4.4%), Nat Front 1,270 (4.1%), Social Dem 763 (2.40%1), Ind C 274 (0.9°%)-Lab maj 9,126 (29.4°o). Swing - 3.4%.
Mr Norman Atkinson, elected In 1964, contested Wythenshawe in 1955; Altrincham and Sale, 1959. Design engineer at Manchester University. B March, 1923 ; ed ele- mentary and technical schools. Member, Manchester City Council, 1945-49. Sponsored by AUEW, engineering section. Member, Tribune Group
HARINGEY, Wood Green
Electorate : 52,019 Feb : 51,668 *Butler, Mrs J. S.
(Lab and Co-op) 16,605 Benyon, T. (C) 8,394 Walton, M. J. (L) 4,782 Squires, K. (Nat Front) 2,603
Lab & Co-op majority 8,211 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,384. Turn-out 62.2%.
Lab & Coop 51.3%, C 25.9%, L 14.8%, Nat Front 8.0%. Lab & Coop maj 25.3%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 36,738
(71.0%)-Lab & Co-op 18,594 (50.6s), C 10,950 (29.8%), L L 7,194 (19.61% ). Lab and Coop maj 7,644 (20.8%). Swing
-3.3%
Mrs Joyce Butler has represented thie seat since 1955. Housewvife. B December, 1910; ed King Edwvard's High School, Birmingham, and Woodbrooke College. Member, Wood Green Borough Council, 1947-64. Alderman and first chair- man of London Borough of Har- ingey; Mayoress, 1965-66. A vice- chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party, 1965-70. Member. Speaker's panel of chairmen.
HARLOWV
Electorate : 62,964 Feb : 62,100 *Newens, A. S.
(Lab and Co-op) 24,961 Smith, J. E. (C) 11,510 Goldstone, B. (L) 10,869
Lab majority 13,451 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,340. Turnout 75.2%.
Lab & Co-op 52.7%, C 24.3%, L 22.9%. Lab & Co-op maj 28.4%. Swing -1.9%'..
February, 1974: Total vote 52,110
(83.9%"" )-Lab & Co-op 25,814 (49.5%.), L 13,280 (25.5%) C 13,016 (25.0%). Lab & Co-op maj 12,534 (24.0%/o).
Mr Stanley Newens, a teacher, was returned in February, 1974 N1MP for Epping, 1964-70. B February, 1930; ed Buckhurst High School, University College, London, and Westminster Teacher Training Col- lege. Director of LCS (London Co- operative Society). Member NUJM 1952-56 and NUT since 1956.
IIARROGATE
Electorate: 64,759 Feb: *Banks, R. G. (C)
Bayley, 1. de C. (L) Seal, B. H. (Lab) Brons, A. H. W.
(Nat Front)
Margolis, C. (W]hig)
64.198 24,583 11,269 8,047
1,030
719
C majority 13,314 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,648. Turn-out 70.5t.
C 53.8%., L 24.7%, Lab 17.6,
Nat Front, 2.2%, Whig 1.6%.' C maj 29.2%.. Swing-2.7%'.
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,390
(80.1%6)-C 27,517 (53.5L), L 15,728 (30.6%o), Lab 6,084 (11.8%o), Nat Front 1,186 (2.3' ), Dem Christian 875 (1.7%)- C maj 11,789 (22.9o). Swing + 1.0%,
Alr Robert Banks, a horticultural nursery man and farmer, was elected in February, 1974. A Padd- ington councillor, 1959-65. B 1937 - ed Haileybury. Naval reserve officer; former executive in pub- lishing, now partner in an invest- ment company.
HARROW, Central
Electorate: 45,260 Feb: *Grant, J. A. (C)
Offenbach, D. hl. (Lab)
Mvlontgomerie, R. S. (L) Byrne, C. (Nat Front)
44,913
14,356 12,288
5,566
813
C majority 2,068 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,023. Turn-out 73.0%.
C 43.5°,, Lab 37.2%, L 16.S°
Nat Front 2.5%.. C maj 6.3%. Swing 0.8S.
February, 1974: Total vote 36,181
(80.5%)-C 15,320 (42.3°/n),-Lab 12,403 (34.3% ), L 7,635 (21.1%), Nat Front 823 (2.3%)-C maj 2,917 (8.1%). Swing -2.0%.
Mr AnUiony Grant, a vice chairman of the Conservative Party since 1974 ; Under-Secrealry for Trade and Industry 1970-74 ; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Board of Trade, Jtune to October, 1970. Elected in 1964 ; contested Hayes and Harling- tOnl ill 1959. Solicitor. B May, 1925 - ed St Paul's Sch0ool and Brasenose College, Oxford. Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of City Solic- itors. Freeman, City of London- member, Court of Guild of Free- men.
HARROWV, East
Electorate: 49.315 Feb *Dykes, H. J. M. (C) Lewis, R. W. (Lab) McDonnell, J. (L)
48,878 17,073 13,595
6,268
C majority 3,478 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,936. Turn-ouit 74.9n.-
C 46.2%o, Lab 36.8%, L 17.0%. Cm-naj 9.40. Swing -0.8°.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,268
(82.4!.)-C 17,978 (44.6%' ), Lal 13.485 (33.5°o), L 8.805 (21.9%) -C maj 4,493 (11.1%). Swing +0.3.
Alr Hugh Dykes, stockbroker, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Tottenham, 1966. B May, 1939; ed Weston-super-Alare Grammar School, and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he was chairman of University Conserva- tive Association 1962. Research secretary. Bow Grouip, 1965-66.
HARROWV, West
Electorate : 56.641 Feb: tPage, J. A. (C)
Reynolds. M. P. (Lab) Bell, R. E. (L)
56.122 21,924 10,342
9,903
C majority 11,582 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,169. Turni-ouit 74.4%.
C 52.0%, Lab 24.5% , L 23.5%. C maj 27.5°. Swing -0.8%. February, 1974: Total vote 46,461
(82.8%) ':C 23,950 (51.5%), L 12,081 (26.0%), Lab 10,430 (22.4%o)-C maj 11,869 (25.5%). Swing -1.5%.
Alr John Page was returned in a by-election in March, 1960; con- tested Eton and Slough, 1g59. Chairman (former secretary) of Conservative parliamentary employment committee 1972 ; joint secretary, broadcasting committee, since 1974. Company director. B September, 1919; ed Harrow and Magdalene College, Cambridge. President,
LEWVISHAM, Deptford
Electorate: 61,210 Feb: 60,703 *Silkin, J. E. (Lab) 21,145 Cross, C. H. (C) 8,111 Steele, M. (L) 4,931 Ednionds, R. (Nat Front) 1,731
Lab majority 13,034 NO CHANGE
Lewistham Deptford - 378 Total vote 35,918. Turn-out 58.7%.
Lab 58.9%, C 22.6%, L 13.7%, Nat Front 4.8%. Lab maj 36.3%. Swving -4.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 41,950
(69.10%1))-Lab 22,699 (54.1%), C 11,070 (26.4%), L 8,181 (19 .5%)-Lab maj 11,629 (27.7%).
Mr John Silkin wvas appolnted Minister for Planning and Local Government, Department or Environment, March, 1974. Opposi- tion spokesman on lhealth and soc- ial security from 1972-74 and on local government and develop- ment, 1970-72. WVas returned at a by-election in 1963. Solicitor. B March, 1923; ed Dulwich College, University of Wales, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Minister of Pub- lic Building and Works, 1969-70; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, in which post he became Deputy Leader of the House, a new appointment, and Government Chief Whip, 1966-69; Treasurer or the Household and Government deputy Chief Whip, April-July, 1966; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1966 ; Government whip, 1964-66. Conrested St Marylebone, 1950; Woolwich, West, 1951; and Nottingham, South, In 1959. Spon. sored by TGWT1.
LEWISHAM, East
Electorate : 69,540 Feb : 68,863
*Moyle, R. D. (Lab) 24,3;0 Mahoney, D. (C) l
Minter, M. (L) 8,069
Lab majority 8,952 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,817. Turn-out 68.8.S
Lab 50.9°, C 32.2%, L 16.9%. Lab maj 18.70%.. Swing -3-4°k- February, 1974: Total vote 53,387
(77.5%)-Lab 24,339 (45.6%), C 18,033 (33.8%,o ), L 10,543 (19.7),' nd 269 (0.5%,
Freedom Pty 203 (0.4%)-LLab maj 6,306 (11.8%).
Mr Roland Moyle, Minister ot State for N Ireland since June, 1974, Nvas appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, in Alarch, 1974. Represented Lewisham, North, 1966-74. Elected for Lewisham East in Feb, 1974. Opposition spokesman on higher education, 1971-74. Lawyer and industrial relations executive. B iMarch, 1928 ; ed. elementary school, Bexleyheath
countv school Llanidloes, Mont- gqmeryshire; University College of Walesr; Aberystwyth, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Grays Inn. Chair- man, Cambridge University Labour Club, 1953.
LEWISHAM,l West
Electorate: 62,435 Feb: 61,866
*Price, C. (Lab) 21,102 Marshall, Miss M. (C) 15,573 Eagle, J. D. (L) 5,952 Williams, P. (Nat Front) 1,114
Lab majority 5,529 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,741. Turn-out 70.0%.
Lab 48-2% C 35.6%, L 13.6%, Nat Front 2.5%. Lab maj 12.6%. Swing -3.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,808
(78.9%)-Lab 21,118 (43.3%), C 18,716 (38.3%), L 7,974 (16.3%), Nat Front 1,000 (2.0%) -Lab maj 2,402 (4.9%).
illr Christopher Price, freelance journalist and broadcaster, repre- sented Birmingham, Perry Barr, for Labour, 1966-70. Elected for Lewisham West in Feb, 1974. Con- tested Shipley, 1964, Vice-chaIr- man, PLP Education and Science Group. Member, Education and Science Select Committee, 1917-70 and of Public Expenditure Com- mittee since April, 1974. B January 1932; ed Leeds Grammar School and Quecn's College, Oxford, sec- retary, Labour Club, 1953, Mem- ber, Sheffield City Council, 1962- 66. Editor, New Education, 1967- 68 ; education correspondent, New Statesman, since 1968. Member, NUJ.
Leyton, see Waltham Forest
LICHFIELD AND TAMWORTH
Electorate: 89,752 Feb : 89,000 Grocott, B. J. (Lab) 29,872 Maj-Gen J. A. (C) 29,541 Rule, P. (L) 10,714
Lab majority 331 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 70,127. Turnout 78.1%.
Lab 42.6%, C 42.1%, L 15.3%. Lab maj 0.5%,1. Swving -1.4%,. February, 1974: Total vote 73,662
(S2.8%)-.C 30,659 (41.6%), Lab 28,852 (39.2%), L 14,151 (19.2%)- C maj 1,807 (2.4%/I).
blr Bruce Grocott contested the seat in February, 1974, and South- XVest Hertfordshirc, 1970. Poly- technic lecturer. B November, 1940; ed Hemel Hempstead Gram- mar Schlool and Leicester and Manchester Universities. Former London County Council organiza- tion and methods officer. Member, ASTMS.
LINCOLN
Electorate : 53,022 Feb : 52,524
Jackson, Mliss M. M. (Lab) 14,698 *Taverne, D. (Soc Dem) 13,714 Moran, P. M. (C) 11,223
Lab majority 984 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 39,635. Turnout 74.7%"".
Lab 37.1%, Social Dem 34.6%, C 28.3%. Lab maj 2.5%. Swing -4.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 41,566
(78 6°o.)-Social Dem 14,780 (35.5%), Lab 13,487 (32.4%), C 13,299 (34.0%)-Social Dem maj 1,293 (3.1%,.). Swing +5.8%.
miss Ml5argaret Jackson contested the seat in February, 1974. Labour Party research assistant. B Janu- ary, 1943 ; ed Notre Dame High School, Norvich, and Manchester College of Science and Technology. Former experimental officer, de- partment - of metallurgy, Man- chester University. TGWU.
LIVERPOOL, Edgehill
Electorate, 40,970 Feb: 40,6S3
*Irvine, Sir A. J. (Lab) 13,023 Alton, D. (L) 6,852 Perry, S. N. (C) 5,-208
Lab majority 6,171 NO CHANGE
Total vote 2S,083. Turn-out 61.2%'.
Lab 51.9%, L 27.3%, C 20.8%. Lab maj 24.G6n. Suving -4.3%. February. 1974: Total vote 27,079
(66.5% )-Lab 12,979 (47.9%), L 7,229 (26.7%)j C 6,871 (25.4%)-Lab maJ 5,750 (21 2%).
Sir Arthur Irvine, QC, Solicitor General, 1967-70. Won seat in 1947 by-election ; contested Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire, 1935 and 1939 as a Liberal, and Twicken-
ham, 1945, and South Aberdeen, 1946, as Labour candidate. B July, 1909; ed Edinburgh Academy,
Edinburgh University, and Oriel College, Oxford ; president of the union, 1932. Secretary to Lord Chief Justice, 1935-40. Called by Middle Temple, 1935-; QC, 1958.
Member of t6e Inner Temple. Recorder of Colchester, 1965-67. Chairman, Select Committee on Prcedure, 1964-6S.
LIVERPOOL, Garston
Electorate: 81,030 Feb: *Loyden, E. (Lab) Stanley, D. (C) Black, G. (L)
80,022 27,857 24,557 5,865
Lab majority 3,300 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58 279. Turn-out il.9%.
Lab 47.8%, C 42.1%, L 10.1%. Lab maj 5.7%. Swing -2.3%. February, 1974: Total vote 59,817
(74.7%)-Lab 25,332 (42.3%), C 24,651 (41.2%), L 9,834 (16.4%)-Lab maj 681 (1.1%). Swing -7.5%.
Mr Edward Loyden, President of Liverpool Trades Council since 1966, was elected In Feb, 1974. Port authority motor launch driver. B May 1923; ele- mentary education. Member, Liverpool City Council tince 1960; present District and Metropolitan councillor.
LINERPOOL, Kirkdale
Electorate: 45,344 Feb: *Dunn, J. A. (Lab)
Jones, M. J. (C) Storey, M. (L)
44,953
17,686 8,205 2,908
Lab majority 9,481 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,799. Turn-out 63.5%.
Lab 61.4%, C 28.5%, L 10.1%. Lab maj 32.9%. Swing -6.0%.. February, 1974: Total vote 31,227
(69.4%)-Lab 16,443 (52.6%), C 9,918 (31.8%), L 4,866 (15.6%)-Lab maj 6,525 (20.9%) Mr James Dunn was appointed Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury (Government Whip), March, 1974. Formerly Opposition wvhip. Elected In 1964. Engineer. B. January, 1926 ; ed St Teresa's School, Liverpool, and the London School of Economics. Mlember,
LIVERPOOL, Scotland Exchange Electorate : 35,146 Feb : 34,802 *Parry, R. (Lab) 15,154 Rankin, P. (C) 2,234 Crockett, Mrs P. (L) 944 O'Hara, R. (Comm) 556
Lab majority 12,920 NO CHANGE
Total vote 18,888. Turn-out 53.7%.
Lab 80.2%, C 11.8%, L 5.0%, Comm 2.9°%. Lab mai 68.4%. Swing -3.9%;.
February, 1974: Total vote 20,359
(58.5°;%)-Lab 15,295 (75.1%,/), C 2,963 (14.5%), L 1,596 (7.8% ), Comm 505 (2.5%)-Lab maJ 12.332 (60,.6%).
MIr Robert Parry, returned Feb- ruary, 1974, represented Liverpool, Exchange, 1970-74. Building trade worker. B January, 1933; ed Bishop Goss Roman Catholic School Liverpool. Member of Liverpooi City Council since 1963 and former full-time organizer for NUPE. Member of Cooperative Party and TGWU.
LIVERPOOL, Toxteth
Electorate: 45,883 Feb: *Crawsbaw, R. (Lab) Malins, IH. J. (C) Manon, D. L. (L) Dillon, J. (WRP)
45.586
15,312 8,062 3,176
365
Lab majority 7,250 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,915. Turn-out 58.70%.
Lab 56.9%-, C 29.9%, L 11.8%, WRP 1.3%. Lab maj 26.9%k. Swing -4.2% .
Februarv, 1974 : Total vote 30,092
(66.0%)-Lab 14,354 (47.7%), C 8.797 (29.2%), L 6,678 (22.2%), WRP 263 (0.9%)-Lab mai 5,557 (18.5%).
.Mr Richard Crawsliaw was elected in 1964. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948). B September, 1917; ed Pen- dleton Grammar School, Tatter- ford School, Pembroke College, Cambridge and London University. Member, Liverpool City Council, 1956-65. Member, Speaker's panel of chairmen.
LIVERPOOL, Walton
Electorate: 51,967 Feb: *Heffer, E. S. (Lab) Gould, R. (C)
Watton, J. (L)
51,436
20,568 10,706 4,221
Lab majority 9,862 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,495. Turnout 68.3°.
Lab 57.9%', C 30.2%, L 11.9%1. Lab maj 27.8%. Swing -2.9%O. February, 1974: Total vote 37,387
(72.6%,) )-Lab 20,057 (53.6%), C 11,841 (31.7%,/), L 4.842 (12.9%), Nat Front 647 (1.7°o) -Lab maj S.216f (22.0%). Swing -4.9%.
Mr Eric Heffer was appointed Minister of State for Industry, March, 1974. Joined the Opposition Front Bench team on the Industrial Relations Bill, 1970-71. An Opposi- tion spokesman on employment, 1971-73. Member, Shadow Cabinet 1972. Elected for Walton in 1964. Carpenter and joiner. B January 1922; elementary education. Past, chairman, Huyton branch, Amalga- mated Society of Woodworkers
past president, Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party; member, Liverpool City Council, 1960-66
LIVERPOOL, Wavertree
Electorate : 59,720 Feb: *Steen, A. D. (C)
Morris, R. (Lab & Co-op) Limont, A. (L)
59,127
18,971 16,216 6.193
C majority 2,755 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,380. Turn-out 69.3%.
C 45.8%, Lab & Coop 39.2%. L 15.0%. C maj 6.6%. Swing
2.6%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 44,229
(74.7%)-C 19,027 (43.0%), Labi 13,752 (31.1%), L 11,450 (25.9%6)-C maj 5,275 (11.9%). Swinig -4.8%.
rMlr Anthony Steen, Lloyds. Un- derwvriter and barrister, was elected in February, 1974. Former elected in February, 1974. Former lecturer in law, Council of Legal Education and Ghana High Com- mission. Defence counsel for Ministry of Defence, British forces. Founder of Task Force and Young Volunteer Force Founda- tion. Consultant on employment and youth problems to Canadian federal and provincial govern- ments. B 1939; ed Westminster School and University College, London. Member, Kensington Con- servative Association.
LIVERPOOL, lVest Derby Electorate : 58,890 Feb: *Ogden, E. (Lab) Last, J. W. (C) Ousby, R. (L)
58,091 23,964 11,445 4,215
Lab majority 12,519 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,624. Turn-out 67.3%.
Lab 60.5%/, C 28.9%, L 10.6%. Lab maj 31.6%. Swing -3.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 41,494
71.4%-Lab 22,689 (54.7%), C 12,716 (30.6%), L 5,701 (13.7%), People 388 (0.9')- Lab maj 9.973 (24.0%1). Swing -4.7%.
Mr Eric Ogden, a former miner, wvas elected in 1964. B August, 1923; ed Queen Elizabeth's Gram- mar School, Middleton, Leigh Technical College and Wigan and District Mining and Technical Col- Iege. First candidacy sponsored by Lancashire miners outside mining areas. Member, Middleton Borough Council, 1958-64. Parlia- mentary adviser to Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Hon secretary, all-party Channel Tunnel grOUp.
I
BARNET, Hendon, South
Electorate: 51,889 Feb : 51,456
*Thomas, P, J. M. (C) 16,866 Hadley, R. M. (Lab) 11,903 Colne, M. D. (L) 7,404
C majorltj 4,963 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,173. Turn-out 69.7%.
C 46.6%. Lab 32.9%, L 20.5%. C Maj 13.7%. Swing -1.5%.
February 1974: Total vote 40,081
(77.9%)-C 17,795 (44.4%), L 11,198 (27.9%), Lab 11,088 (27.7%)-C maj 6,597 (16.4%). Mr Peter Thomas, QC, appionted to Shadow Cabinet as chief Opposi- tion spokesman on Wales in March, 1974, was Secretary of State for Wales 1970-74, Chairman of the Conservative Organization,
17072; Minister of State, Foreign Affairs, 1963.64; Under-Secretary, Foreign Office, 1961-63 ; Parliamen- tary Secretary Ministry of Labour 1959-61. Elected for Hendon South, 1970. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1947), QC, 1965. B July, 1920; ed Epworth College, Rhyl, and Jesus College, Oxford, MP for Conway, 1 -66.
BARNSLEY
Electorate : 76,572 Feb : 75,822
*Mason, R. (Lab) 34,212 England, G. (C) 9,400 Tomlinson, P. (L) 8,753
Lab maiority 24,812 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,365. Turn-out 68.4%.
Lab 65.3%, C 17.9°,, L 16.7%. Lab maj 47.4%. Swing -1.9%. February 1974: Total vote 56,564
(74.6%)-Lab 40,595 (71.8%), C 15,969 (28.2%)-Lab maj 24,626 (43.5%). Swing +0.6%. Mr Roy Mason became Secretary of State for Defence in March, 1974. Opposition spokesman on Trade and Civil Aviation, 1970-74, and chairman of the PLP miners' group. President of the Board of Trade from 1969-70; Minister of Power, 1968-69 ; Postmaster-Gen. eral, April-June, 1968 ; Minister of Defence ' (Equipment), 1967-68- Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1964-67. Returned at a by-election in March, 1953. B April, 1924; ed at elementary schools and London School of Economics. Miner, 1938- 53. Member, Yorkshire Miners' Council, 1949-53; branch official,
BARROW-IN-FURNESS
Electorate : 54,541 Feb : 54,038
*Booth, A. E. (Lab) 21,607 Cecil, Lord Richard (C) 14,253 Benjamin, M. A. (L) 5,788 Moore, V. (Ind) 384
Lab majority 7,354 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,032. Turn-out 77.1%.
Lab 51.4, C 33.9%, L 13.8b, Ind 0.9%. Lab maj 17.5%. Swing -2.8%.
February 1974: Total vote 43,213
(79.7%)-Lab 19,925 (46.1%),
C 14,818 (34.3%), L 8,470 (19.6°%) -Lab maj 5,107 (11.8%) Swing +0.2%.
Mr Albert Booth, Minister of State for Employment from Mfarch, 1974, was chairman of Select Committee on Statutory Instruments 1970-74. An Opposition spokesman on trade and industry 1973-74. Elected 1966, contested Tynemouth in 1964. B May, 1928; ed St Thomas's, Win- chester, South Shields Marine School, Rutherford Ccllege of Technology. Member. Tynemouth Borough Council, 1961-64; consti- tuency party secretary, 1952-58- chairman, 1958-63. Sponsored by AUEW, technical and supervisory section.
BARRY
Electorate: 69,992 Feb: 69.356 *Gower, Sir R. (C) 23,360 Brookes, J. E. (Lab) 20,457 Lloyd, Dr Jennifer (L) 8.764 Wynne-Williams, Mrs V.
(PI Cymru) 1,793 C majority 2,903 NO CHANGE
Total vote 54,374. Turnout 77.7%.
C 43.0%, Lab 37.6%, L 16.1%, PI Cymru 3.3%. C maj 53%. Swing -2.2%.
February 1974: Total vote 57,077
(82.3o0)-C 25,326 (44.4'%), Lab 19,779 (34.60 ), L 10,048 (17.6%). PI Cymru 1,924 (3.4%) -C maj 5,547 (9.7%).
Sir Raymond Gower was elected in 1951; contested Ogmore, 1950. Solicitor. Chairman, Penrav Press and Barry Herald newspaper 1955- 64, director, Nicholson Construc- tion, 1957-66; Welsh Dragon Secur- ities since 1961 ; Broughton and Company (Bristol) since 1961- Welsh Dragon Unit Trust (Manage- ment Co), 1962-67; Deane-Spence Ltd, Cranleigh and London SWI (merchant bankers) since 1963- Association of Conservative Clubs. 1962-65. B August, 1916; ed Cardiff High School; University College, Cardiff.
BASILDON
Electorate: 91,416 Feb : 90.357
*Moonman, E. (Lab) 32,298 Atkinson, D. (C) 21,747 Fortune, E. (L) 12,816 Chaplin, R. (Ind Lab) 599
Lab majority 10,551 NO CHANGE
Total vote 67,460. Turn-out 73.8%.
Lab 47.9%, C 32.2%. L 19.0%, Ind Lab 0.9%. Lab maj 15.6°. Swing -0.6oen .
February, 1974: Total vote 74,125
(82.0%)-Lab 33,499 (45.2%o), C 22,832 (30.8%), L 17,794 (24.0%)-Lab maj 10,667 (14.4%0 ).
Mr Eric Moonman, industrial adviser. was elected in February, 1974. MP for Billericay, 1966-70 and contested Chigwell, 1962. B April, 19Z9; ed elementary and secondary schools, and Liverpool and Manchester Universities. Vice- Chairman Labour Parliamentary Association 1967-74. Chairmani from July. 1974. Former member, Select Committee on Science and Technology, founder and chairman of all-party Parlia- mentary mental health unit (196S- 70). Leader, Stepney Council ulltil reorganization of London boroughs in 1965; member, Tower Hamlets Council. 1964-68. Member NGA since 1944. Member, Select Com- mittee on Race Relations and [m- migration, 1974. Chairman, PLP industry group and new towns and urban affairs group.
BASINGSTOKE
Electorate : 86,782 Feb : 85,985
""Mitchell, D. B. (C) 29,038 Hunt, T. E. (Lab) 22,826 Whitbread, N. A. L. (L) 14,636 Goodall, G. (Nat Front) 763
C majority 6,212 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 66,263. Turin-out 76.3%.
C 43.8%1, Lab 34.4%, L 20.6%t, Nat Front 1.1%'. C maj 9.4.o Swing -0.7%. *
February, 1974: rotal vote 71,573
(83.2% )-C 30,886 (43.1%), Lab 23,089 (32.2%), L 17,598 (24.6%1)-C maj 7,797 (10.9%).
Mr - David Mitchell, Opposition Whip, 1965-67, was elected in 1964: contested St Pancras North in 1959. WVine shipper and director of firm of wine merchants. B June, 1928; ed Aldenham. Member, St Pancras Borouglh Council, 1956-59. Secretary, Conservative parliamen- tary labour committee, 1968-70. Chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary smaller businesses committee, 1974.
BIRKENHEAD
Electorate: 60,400 Feb: 59.887 *DeDl, E. (Lab) 21,74U Gearing, E. (C) 12.264 Lindsay, G. C. (L) 8,380
Lab majority 9,484 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,392. Turn-out 70.2%.
Lab 51.3%, C 28.9%, L 19.8%. Lab maj 22.4%. Swing -3.5%,. February, 1974: Total vote 45,808
(76.5%)-Lab 20,696 (45.2%)
C 13,702 (29.9%), L 11,410 (24.9%)-Lab Maj 6,994 (15.3 %).
Ml Edmund Dell ws appointed Paymaster General, atached to the Treasury, in March, 1974, Chair- man of the Public Accounts Comn. mittee, 1972-74 ; formerly an Oppo- sition spokesman on government relations with industry, monopolies and restrictive pr,ctices. Minister of State, Employment and Produc- tivity, 1969-70; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1968-69;. Under- Secretary, Department of Econo- mic Affairs, 1967-68; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1966-67. Elected in 1964, contested Middleton and Prestwich, 1955. B August, 1921; ed Owen's School, London, and Queen's College, Oxford. Executive with ICI 1949-63, Member, Manchester City Council, 1953-60. President Manchester and Salford Trades Council, 1958-61. Sponsored by ASTMS.
BIRMINGHAM, Edgbaston
Electorate: 70,078 Feb : 69,631
*Knight, Mrs J. C. J. (C) 19,483 Hannah, J. G. (Lab) 17,073 Davis, P. (L) 7,770
C majority 2,410 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,326. Turn-out 63.2%.
C 43.9%, Lab 38.5%, L 17.5%. C maj; 5.4%. Swing -3.4%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,299
(69.4%)-C 25,914 (53.6%), Lab 19,994 (41.4%), Ind 2,391 (4.9%)--C maj 5,920 (12.2%). Mrs Jill Knight, joint vice-chair- man Conservative parliamentary health and social security com- mittee since 1972, was elected in 1966; contested Northampton, 1959 and 1966. Housewife, lecturer and broadcaster. B July 1927, ed Fair- field School, Bristol; King Edward Grammar School, Birmingham. Member, Northampton Borough Council, 1955-66. Piloted Design Copyright Act 1968 through Parlia- ment.
BIRMINGHAM, Erdington
Electorate: 65,764 Feb: 65,231
'Silverman, J. (Lab) 22,160 Alden, J. (C) 13,383 Mills, Mrs J. (L) 6,119 Finnegan, T. M. (Nat
Front) 1,413
Lab majority 8,777 NO CHANGE
rotl vote 43,075. Turn-out 65.5%.
Lab 51.4%, C 31.1%, L 14.2°, Nat Front 3.3% . Lab maj 20.4%. Swing -2.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 47,164
(72.3%)-Lab 22,978 (48.7%), C 16,050 (34.0%), L 6,991 (14.8%), Nat Front 1,145 (2.4%)-Lab ;naj 6,928 (14.7%).
Vr Julius Silvernan was returned in February, 1974. Barrister rGray's Inn. 1931). Elected in 1945 :o the former Erdington seat abol- shed in 1955; then represented kston 1955-74. Contested Moseley, 935. B Decemaber, 1905, ed Leeds 'entral High School. First em- loyed as a warehouseman, but ater read for the Bar. Blrmingham ity Councillor, 1934-45. Member, ommons Expenditure Committee ;ince April, 1974.
IlltAIINGHAM, Hall Green
.lectorate : 67,043 Feb ; 66,524
'Eyre, R. E. (C) 20,569 Stewart, Mrs T. J. (Lab) 17,945 Powney, I. (L) 8,532
C majority 2,624 qO CHANGE
Cotal vote 47,046. Turn-out 70.2%.
C 43.70! , Lab 38.1%, L 18.1%. C maj 5.6%. Swing -3.7%.
'ebruary, 1974 : Total vote 48,316
(72.6%)-C 27,280 (56.5%), Lab 21,06) (43.5%)-C maj 6,244
Mr Reginald Eyre, Under Sec- etary (Housing and Construction) or Environment 1972-74; Comp- roller of HM Household 1970-72; e'ord Commissioner of the Trea- ury, 1970. Was returned at a by- !lection in May, 1965; contested 3irmingham, Northfield, .1959. olicitor, B May, 1924; ed King _dward's Camp Hill School, Birmn- ngham, and Emmanuel College,
'ambridge, National chairman nonservatjve Political Centre, L964-66. Opposition whip 1966-70.
31RMINGHAM, Handswort
_lectorate : 45,676 Feb : 45,399
rLee, 3. M. H. (Lab) 15,011 Tyler, R. (C) 11,115 Grant-Smith, D. I1. (L) 3,205 Finnegan, J. (Nat Front) 838 Keen, T. L. (Prosp Britl) 105 Hutchinson, J. L. (Marx
Len) 103
Lab majority 3,896 SO CHANGE
rotal vote 30,377. Turn-out 66.5%.
Lab 49.4%,, C 36.6%, L 10.5%, Nat Front 2.7%, Pros Brit 0.3%, Marx Len 0.3%,. Lab maj 12.8% Swing -3.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 32,857
(72-4%)-Lab 14,290 (43.5%), C 12.667 (38.5%), L 5,566 (16.9%), Marx-Lenin 334 (1.0%)- Lab mnaj 1,623 (4.9%J').
M r John Lee, barrister (Middle Temple, 1960), elected in Feb 1974, was MP for Reading, 1966- 70 and contested that division in 1964. B August, 1927 ; ed Reading School, Christ's College, Cam- bridge, and School of Oriental and African Studies, London Univer- sity. Administrative Officer, Colo- nial Service, Ghana 1951-58 ; on staff of BBC 1959-65. TGWU.
BlRiMiNGHIAM, Ladywood
Electorate: 40,394 Feb: 40,155 kWalden, A. B. (Lab) 14,818 Lawn, R. (C) 5,079 Hardeman, K. G. (L) 3,086
Lab majority 9,739 NO CHANGE
Total vote 22,983. Turn-out 56.9%.
Lab 64.5%, C 22.1%, L 13.4%. Lab maj 42.4%.. Swing -3.8%. February, 1974: Total vote 25,794
(64.2%)-Lab 15S,126 (58.6%), C 6,164 (23.9%), L 3,753 (14-5%), Nat Front 751 (2.9oI%) -Lab maj 8,962 (34.7%).
Mr Brian Walden, an Opposition spokesman on defence 1970-71 and on Treasury mnatters 1971-74, was elected in Feb 1974 ; represented Birmingham All Saints 1964-74; fought Oswestry by-election, 1961. University tutor. B July, 1932; ed West Bromwich Grammar School, Queen's College and Nuffield College, Osford (president of the Union, 1957).
BIRMINGHAM, Northifeld
Electorate: 77,593 Feb : 76,900
*Carter, R. J. (Lab) 27,435 Cadbury J. B. L. ((C) 16,838 Rain, D. (L) 7,851 Davenport, Mrs, E. A.
(People) 359
Robinson, D. W. (Comm) 180
Lab majority 10,597 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,663. Turn-out 67.9%.
Lab 52.1%, C 32.0%, L 14.9%, People 0.7%, Comm 0.3%. Lab maj 20.1%. Swing -2.5%.
February 1974: Total vote 56.484
(73.4%)-Lab 31,704 (56.1%), C 23.175 (41.0%), Ind 1,237 (2.2%), Comm 368 (0.6%)-Lab niaj 8,5=9 (15.1%).
Mr Raymond Carter, electrical engineer, was elected In 1970. Con- tested Warwick and Leamington, 1968 by-election and Woldngham, 1966. B September 1935; ed Read- ing College of fecbnology and Stafford College of Technology. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology slnce April, 1974; member, Public Accounts Committee; Parllamen- tary and Scientific Committee, eco- nomic and finance group, trade and Jndustry, power and steel and other groups. Chairman, Woking- ham Labour Party, 1967-69. Member, Easthampstead Rural Council, 1963-68. TGWU.
BIRMINGHAM, Perry Barr
Electorate : 52,509 Feb ; 52,116 *Rooker, J .W. (Lab) 18,291 Kinsey, J. R. (C) 15,087 Hovers, K. J. (L) 4,231 Warren, R. J. (Nat Front) 826 Keen, T. (Prosp Brit) 86
Lab majority 3,204 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,521. Turn-out 73.4°.
Lab 47.5%, C 39.2%, L 11.0%o Nat Front 2.1%, Pros Brit 0.2%. Lab maj 8.3%. Swing -1.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 40,794
(78.3%)-Lab 17,960 (44.0%), C 15,937 (39.1%), L 6,044 (14.8%), Nat Front 853 (2.1%)-Lab maj 2,023 (4.9%).
Mr Jeffrey Rooker, chartered engineer and lecturer In industrial relations and organization of production at Lanchester Polytech- nic. Elected in February, 1974. B June, 1941; ed Handsworth Tech- nical College, College of Advanced Technology (now Aston Univer- sity) and Warwick University. Co- opted member, Birmingham educa- tion committee 1972-74. ASTAIS. BIRMIlNGHAM, SeUly Oalk
Electorate : 62,757 Feb : 62,357 Litterick, T. (Lab) 17,320 *Gurden, H. E. (C) 16,994 Grant, R. A. (L) 7,850
Lab majority 326 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 42,164. Turn-out 67.20.
Lab 41.1%,h, C 40.3%, L 18.6%. Lab maj 0.8%. Swing -3.5%.
February 1974 : Total vote 46,246
(74.2%)-C 19,705 (42.6%), Lab 16,823 (36.4%), L 9,718 (21.0%) -C maj 2,882 (6.2%).
Mfr Thomas Litterick contested the seat in February, 1974. Lecturer in industrial relations. B May, 1929; ed Dundee School of Econ- omics and St Andrews University. Member, Kenilworth UDC, 1970- 74-
BIRMINGHAM, Small Heath
Electorate: 51,405 Feb* 51,038 Howell, D. H. (Lab) 19,703
O'Connor, R. (C) 5,648 Caney, D. (L) 4,260
Lab majority 14,055 NO CHANGE
Total vote 29,611. Turn-out 57.6%.
Lab 66.5%. C 19.1%, L 14.4%.
Lab maj 47.5%. Swing -5.3%. February 1974: Total vote 33,701
(66.0%)-Lab 19,319 (57.3%), L 7,441 (22.1%), C 6,941 (20.6%)-Lab maj 11,878 (35.2%).
Mr Denis Howell, became Minister of State (Sport), Department of the Environment, In March, 1974; Opposition spokesman on housing local government and sport 1970- 74. Minister of State for Housing and Local Government 1969-70. Under-Secretary for Education and Science, 1964-69. From 1964-70 he had special responsibility for sport. Returned at a by-election, March, 1961; represented the All Saints division, 1955-59, and con- tested former King's Norton divi- sion in 1951. B September, 1923; ed elementary school and Handsworth Grammar School, Birmingham. Member, Birmingham City Coun- cal, 1946-56, and the *Ubemarle Committee on the youth services. Football League referee. President, APEX.
BIRMINGHAM, Sparkbrook
Electorate: 49,683 Feb: 49,344 *Hattersley, R. S. G. (Lab) 17,476
Savage D. J. (C) 8,955 | Wilglams, E. (L) 2,920 Molloy, J. (I Civ Rts) 548
Lab majority 8,521 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 29,899. Turn-out 60.2%.
Lab 59.4%, C 29.9%, L 9.8%, I Civ Rights 1.8%. Lab maj 28.5%. Swing -2.8%.
February 1974 : Total vote 32,473
(6S.850-Lab 19,939 (61.4%). C 12,534 (38.6%)-Lab maj 7,405 (22.8%).
Mr Roy Hattersley became Minis- ter of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in March. 1974. Opposition spokesman on education 1972-74, was spokesman for foreign and Commonwealth affairs, 1970-72, and defence, 1972. Minister of Defence for Administ- ration, 1969-70; Under Secretary, Department of Employment and Productivity, 1968-69; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Labour 1967-68. Elected in 1964 contested Sutton Coldfield. 1959. Health ser- vice executive. B December, 1932 ed Sheffield City Grammar School
and Hull University. ASMTS.| BIRMINGHAM, Stechford
Electorate : 62,S16 Feb : 62,005
*Jenkns, R. H. (Lab) 23,075 Wedgwood, D. J. (C) 11,152 Gopsill, G. A. (L) 5,860
Lab majority 11,923 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,087. Turn-out 64.1%.
Lalb 57.6%, C 27.8%, L 14.6°.
Lab saj 29.7%. Swing -3.4% .
February 1974: Total vote 44,677
(72.0%)-Lab 23,704 (53.0%),
C 13,472 (30.1%), L 7,221 (16.2%), WRP 280 (0.6%)- Lab maj 10,232 (22.9,%).
Mr Roy Jenkins became Home Secretary in March, 1974. He was re-elected to the Shadow Cabinet, 1973, having resigned as Dhputy Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in April, 1972, in disagreement with Labour policy towards the Common Market. Opposition spokesman on Home
Office affairs 1973-74. Chancel- lor of the Exchequer 1967-70; Home Secretary, 1965-67; Minister of Aviation, 1964-65. Economist, author, and journalist. Elected 1950. B November, 1920; ed Aber- sychan County School and Balliol College, Oxford; secretary and librarian, Oxford Union Society. Contested Solihull, 1945; repre- sented Soutliwark, 1948-50. Chair- man, Fabian Society, 1957-58. Member, Committee of Manage- ment, Society of Authors, 1956-60. Promoted Obscene Publications Act, 1959. Director of financial
operations, John Lewis Partner- ship, 1962-64. Chairman, Labour European Committee; President, United Kingdom Council of Euro- pean Movement.
HOUGHTON-LE-SPRING Electorate: 59,905 Feb: *Urwin, T. W. (Lab)
Robson, Dr W. (L) Ritchie, R. C. (C)
59,318
29,699
9,298 4,399
Lab majority 20,401 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,396. Turn-out 74.1%.
Lab 69.1%, L 20.9%, C 9.9%. Lab maj 48.2%. Swing -2.70/. February, 1974: Total vote 44,563
(75.1%)-Lab 34,263 (76.9%), C 10,300 (23.1%)-Lab maj 23,963 (53.8%).
Mlr Thomas Urtin, Minister of State, Local Government and Regional Planning, 1969-70; Minis- ter of State, Department of Eco- nomic Affairs, 1968-69. Elected in 1964. B June, 1912; elementary education. Houghton-le-Spring Urban Council, 1949-65, chairman, 1954-55. Formerly full-time organizer, Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers, 1954-64; branch officer, 1933-54. Sponsored by AUBTW.
HOUNSLOWV, Brentford and Isleworth
Electorate : 71,199 Feb ; 70,735
*Hayhoe, B. J. (C) 22,527 Walker, P. J. (Lab) 22,295 Blundell, R. (L) 6,019 Benford, T. (Nat Front) 1,362
C majority 232 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,203. Turn-out 73.3%.
C 43.1%, Lab 42.7%, L 11.5%, Nat Front 2.6%. C maj 0.4%. Swing -0.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,897
(79.0%)-C 22,690 (40.6-%), Lab 21,964 (39.3%), L 9,502 (17.0%), Nat Front 1,741 (3.1%) -C maj 726 (1.3% ).
Mr Barney Hayhoe, returned in February, 1974, was MP for Heston and lsleworth from 1970- 74; contested Lewisham, South, 1964. Mechanical engineer. B August, 1925; ed elementary school and Stanley Technical School, South Norwood. Vice-chairman, Conservative Group for Europe, and member, executive committee and general purposes committee, European Movement. Joint vice- chairman, 1974, and secretary, Conservative employment commit- tee, 1970-71, and member, Select Committee on Race Relations and Immigration, 1971-73. Vice-chair- man, Young Conservatives, 1951- 53; area chairman, Conservative Political Centre, 1962-64; vice- chairman, Conservative Party International Office, since 1973.
HOUNSLOW,. Feltham and
Reston
Electorate: 78,983 Feb: 78 *Kerr, R. W. (Lab) Ground, R. P. (C) Quinn, J. A. (L)
Reid, Mrs J. (Nat Front)
8,260
26,611 17,464 7,554 1,984
- - -
Lab majority 9,147 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,613. Turn-out 67.9%.
Lab 49.6%°, C 32.6%, L 14.1%, Nat Front 3.7%. Lab maj 17.1%. Sving -1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,588
(77.4%' )-Lab 27,519 (45.4%), C 19,464 (32.1%.), L 10,952 (18.1%/o), Nat Front 2,653 (4.4%)-Lab maj 8,055 (13.3%). ivlr Russell Kerr, an air charter executive, was returned in Feb- ruary, 1974; MP for Feltham, 1966-74. Contested Horsham, 1951. Merton and Morden, 1959, and Preston, North, 1964. B February, 1921; ed Shore School, Sydney, and Sydney University. Former chair- man of the Tribune group of Labour backbenchers; director Tribune Publications Ltd. National executive member, ASTMS, 1964- 73. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries since 1967; vice-chairman since 1970. Vice- chairman, PLP arts and amenities group; member, Northern Ireland group, War-time member of RAF pathfinder force.
ROVE
Electorate: 73,034 Feb: kSainsbury, T. (C)
Walsh, Dr J. M. (L) Hamilton, L: E. (Lab)
72,649
27,34S 12,469 11,179
C majority 14,876 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,993. Turn-out 69.8%.
C 53.6%, L 24.4%, Lab 21.9%. C maj 29.2%,o. Swing-5.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,209
(77.4%)-C 30,451 (54.2%), L 18,942 (33.7%), Lab 6,374 (11.3%), Nat Front 442 (0.8%) -C maj 11,509 (20.5%). Swing + 2.7%.
Mr Timothy Sainsbury, director of J. Sainsbury, Ltd, was elected at the 1973 by-election. B June, 1932; ed Eton and Worcester College, Oxford. Member, Public Expend- iture Committee. Secretary, Con- servative local government and development committee, 1974.
HOWDEN
Electorate : 57,512 Feb: *Bryan, Sir P. E. (C) Haywood, S. (L)
Lewis, F. H. V. (Lab)
57,036
19,583 14,803
7,371
C majority 4,780 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,657. Turn-out 72.4%.
C 47.00%, L 35.5%, Lab 17.4%. C maj 11.5%. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,832
(791S ) -C 21,892 (48.8%), L 15,681 (35.0%), Lab 7,259 (16.2i%)-C maj 6,211 (13.8%). Swving + 0.1%.'
Sir Paul Bryan, Miniister of State I for Employment 1970-72, has been chairman of tihe Conservatives' backbench employment committee since 1973. Elected in 1955. B August, 1913 ; ed St John's School, Leatherhead, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Assis- tant whip, 1956 ; a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1958-61. Contested Sowerby, 1951, 1950 and 1949 (by-election). Director, Granada Television and Greater Manchester Independent Radio Limited. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative employment commit. tee. Vice-chairman of the Conser- vative Party Organization, 1961-65. Member, Sowerby Bridge UDC, 19l7-50.
IIUDDERSFIELD, East
Electorate: 53,515 Feb : 53,062
*Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Lab) 19,522 Povey, A. F. J. (C) 11,108 Lee, M. (L) 7,326 Robertshaw, J. (Nat Front) 764
Lab majority 8,414 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,720. Turnout 72.3%.
Lab 50.4%, C 28.7%, L 18.9%, Nat Front 2. 0 %. Lab maj'21.7%. Swing -2.39.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,716
(80.3%/1)-Lab 20,224 (47.3%,), C 12,920 (30.2%), L 8,530 (20.0%), Nat Front 796 (1.9%), Comm 246 (0.6%)-Lab mai 7.304 (17.1%). Swing - 2.5%.
Mr J. P. w. Mallalieu, Minister of State, Ministry of Technology, 1968-69 ; Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1967-68 ; Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy, 1966- 67, and Under-Secretary, 1964-66. Elected for Huddersfield in 1945 and returned for East tivision in 1950. Journalist and author. B June, 1908; ed Cheltenham College, Trinity College, Oxford, and Uni- versity of Chicago; President of Oxford Union in 1930 and a rugby blue. NUJ.
NEWPORT
Electorate : 75,061 Feb: 74,351
*Hughes, R. J. (Lab) 30,069 Price, G. A. L. (C) 16,253 Morgan, J. H. (L) 9,207 Lee, G. (PI Cymru) 1,216
Lab majority 13,816 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56.745. Turn-out 75.6%.
Lab 53.0%, C 28.6%, L 16.2%, PI Cymru 2.1%. Lab maj 24.3%. Swing -2.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 60,190
(80.7%,/o)-Lab 29,384 (48.8%) C 18,002 (29.9%), L 11,A68 (19.7%), PI C,ymru 936 (1.5%) -Lab maj 11,382 (18.9%,). Swing -1.9%.
Mr Roy Huglhes was elected in 1966. Former administrative officer in a Coventry car firm, and officer in Transport and General Workers' Union, 1959-66. B June, 1925 ; ed at Pontllanfraitli County Grammar School, and Ruskin Col- lege, Oxford. Member, Coventry City Council, and secretary, Coventry Labour -Party, 1962-66. Chairman, Europe group of Labour backbenchers, May, 1974, and of sports group. Secretarv, PLP ports group.
NEWTON
Electorate: 95,268 Feb : 94,482
*Evans, J. (Lab) 38,956 Baldwin, R. (C) 22,484 Leather, W. N. (L) 11,738
Lab majority 16,472 NO CHANGE
Total vote 73,178. Turni-out 76.8%.
Lab 53.2%o, C 30.7%, L 16.0%. Lab maj 22.5%. Swing -1.8%°
February, 1974: Total vote 77,907
(82.6%,b))-Lab 38,369 (49.2%), C 23,599 (30.3%), L 15,939 (20.4o )-Lab maj 14,770 (18.9%). Swving -2.6%!.
Mr John Evans, elected in Feb- ruary, 1974, is a fitter. B October, 1930; ed Jarrow Central School. Member, Hebburn Urban District Council for 12 years, and of South Tyneside Metropolitan bistrict Council since 1973. AUEW. NORFOLK, North
Electorate : 90,526 Feb : 89,840 *Howell, R. F. (C) 33,312 Mason, Rev D. M. (Lab) 22,191 Moore, R. G. (L) 13,776
C majority 11,121 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,279. Turn-out 76.5so.
C 48.1%, Lab 32.0%, L 19.9%. C mai 16.0%. Swving -1.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 74,931
(83.5%)- C 35,684 (47.6% ), Lab 21,394 (28.5%), L 17,853 (23.8%,o)-C maj 14,290 (19.1%). Mr Ralph Howell, joint vice- chairman, Conservative back bench committee on agriculture and on employment. Won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; con- tested it in 1966. Farmer, B May 1923 ; ed Diss Grammar School. Former local NFU chairman. Member Nutford and Launditch Rural Counicil, 1961-74. Secretary Conservative transport committee, 1974.
NORFOLK, North-West
Electorate : 79,743 Feb: 79,088 *Brocklebank-Fowler C.
(C) 27,513 Williams, R. L. (Lab) 26,170 Walker, R. L (L) 8,862
C major-ity 1,343 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,545. Turin-otit 78.41%.
C 44.0°o, Lab 41.8°, L 14.2%. C maj 2.1°o. Swing +0.5°.
February, 1974 : Total vote 65,695
(83.0%) -C 27,823 (42.3%'), Lab 27,020 (41.1%), L 10,852 (16.5%) -C maj 803 (1.2%).
ser ChristophBer Brocklebank- Fowvler, elected, February 1974. MIP for ring's Lynn 1970-74. Mar- k-eting and advertising consultant. B 1935; cd Perse School, Cam- bridge. Former Chairman and secretary of Bowv Group. Member, Junior Carlton Club, joint secre- tary, United Nations parliamentary group since 1971; chairman Conser- vative Horticulture Committee. Secretary, Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth affairs Com. mittee, 1974. Contested XVest Ham, North, 1963.
NORFOLK, South
Electorate - 90,810 Feb : 90,046
*MacGregor, J. R. R. (C) 31,478 Gray, H-I. (Lab) 22,713 Scott, M. (L) 14,687 Fairhead, C. C. (UDP) 317 C majority 8,765 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69.195. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 45.5%, Lab 32.8%, L 21.2%,
UDP 0.4%. C maj 12.7%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 74,551
(82.8 %.')-C 33,059 (44.3°o), Lab 22,040 (29.6%), L 19,115 (25.6%.), Ind Progress 337 (0.4% )-C maj 11,019 (14.8%°). Mr John NlacGregor is a merchant banker. Elected February 1974. Was chairman of the Federation of Conservative and Unionist Associa- tions. Bow Group, and Conserva- tive and Christian Democratic Youth Community. B 1933: ed Mer- chiston Castle School, Edinburgh, St Andrews University, and King's College, London. Served in Con. servative Research Department; special assistant to Sir Alec Douglas-Home when Prime Minis- ter, and head of Mr Heath's pri- vate office, 1965-68.
NORFOLK, South-West
Electorate : 53,719 Feb: 53,269
*Hawkins, P. L. (C) 19,778 Toch H: (Lab) 14,850 Baxter, B (L) 6,658
C majority 4,928 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,286. Turn-out 76.8°'.
C 47.9°a, Lab 36.0%, L 16.1%. C maj 11.9%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,183
(82.8% )-C 20,430 (46.2%o), Lab 14,387 (32.6%1 ), L ,986 (20.3%), Ind Powell 380 (0.97% )-C maj 6,043 (13.7°o). Swving -0.5%.
Mr Paul Hawkins was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the House- hold (whip) in December, 1973- Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury (whip), 1972-73. Elected 1964. Auctioneer and chartered survey-
or. B August, 1912; ed Cheltenhan College. Member Norfolk County Council for 21 years. Member, select Committee on Agriculture, 1968-69, and Conservative Party agriculture and broadcasting coni- mittees.
NORMIANTON
Electorate: SS,936 Feb: 58,449 *Roberts, A. (Lab) 24,372 Makin, J. (C) 9,739 WVhittacker, W. (L) 7.384
Lab majority 14,633 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,495. Turni-out 70.4%.
Lab 58.7%, C 23.5 , L 17.8°o Lab maj 35.3%.. Swing -0.4%. February, 1974 : Total vote 44,068
(75.4%)-Lab 29,621 (67.2%), C 14,447 (32.8%) -Lab maj 15,174 (34.4%o). Swin_ + 1.2%.
Mlr Albert Roberts was elected in 1951. Mining engineer; NUM branch secretary, 1935-41; mines inspector, 1941-51. B May, 1903; ed Woodlesford County School and Whitwood Technical College. Rothwell Urban Council 1937-51, chairman 1948-49. Chairman, Inter- national Parliamentary Union (Bri- tish branch). Deputy Lieutenant, West Riding, 1967.
STRETFORD
Electorate: 68,766 Feb: 68,096
*Churchill, W. S. (C) 22,114 Scott, P. N. (Lab) 20,877 Wrigley, D. I. (L) 9,629
C majority 1,237 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,620. Turn-out 76.5%.
C 42.0%, Lab 39.7%, L 18.3%. C mci 2.3%. Swing -2.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,829
(82.0%)-C 23,630 (42.3%), Lab 19,641 (35.2%), L 12,558 (22.5%) -C maj 3,989 (7.1%). Swing - 0.2%.
Mr Winston Churchill, journalist and author, won the seat for the Conservatives In 1970, He con- t sted Manchester, Gorton, In by- eection, November, 1967. B October, 1940; ed Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. Member, Select Committee on Statutory In- struments; trustee, National Benev- olent Fund for the Aged- PPS, Minister ot Housing, 1970-72; PPS, Minister of State, Foreign Affairs, 1972-73; Joint Secretary, Conser- vative Foreign Affairs committee.
STROUD
Electorate: 69,398 Feb : 68,775
*Kershaw, J. A. (C) 24,406 Maddocks, W. H. (Lab
& Co-op) 17,352 Ritchie, Mrs S. A. (L) 13,756 Churchill, J. S. (UDP) 241
C majority 7,054 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,755. Turn-out 80.3%.
C 43.8°%, Lab & Co-op 31.1%, L 24.7%, UDP 0.4%. C maj 12.6%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 58,758
(85.3%)-C 25,619 (43.6%). Lab & Co-Op 17,148 (29.2%), L 15,521 (26.4%), C-Powell 470 0.8%)-C maj 8,471 (14.4%). Swing - 0.3%.
Mr Anthony Kershaw was Under Secretary, Defence (RAP) 1973-74; Under Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1970-73; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works, June-October, 1970. He was elected in 1955; contested Gloucester, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). B December, 1915; ed Eton and Balliol College, O*ford. Joint secretary, Conservative defence committee, 1964-67; member, exec- utive committee, 1922 Committee, 1964-66. PPS to Mr Heath until 1970.
SUDRURY and WOODBRIDGE
Electorate: 84,286 Feb: 83,618
*Stainton, K. M. (C) 30,049 Russell, R. E. (Lab) 17,986 Lewis, N. S. (L) 1S,206
C majority 12,063
NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,241. Turn-out 75.0%.
C 47.5%, Lab 28.4%, L 24.0%. C mai 19.1%. Swing -0.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 68,501
(81.7%)-C 31,987 (46.7%), L 18,286 (26.7%), Lab 18,228 (26.6%Jo)-C maj 13,701 (20.0%). Swing - 0.5%.
Mr Keith Stainton, company direc- tor, was returned at by-election December, 1963. B November, 1921; ed Kendal Grammar School and Manchester University. Member, Estimates Committee. Select Committee on Science and Technology, since 1970. Promoted Housebuilding (Protection of Pur- chasers) Bill, 1964, which led to strengthening of National House- builders Registration Council, Financial Times leader writer, 1949-53. Founder member, Bow Group.
SUNDERLAND, North
Electorate: 75,577 Feb : 75,000
*Willey, F. T. (Lab) 29,618 Brown, J. D. S. (C) 13,947 Lennox, J. A. (L) 7,077
Lab majority 15,671 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,642. Turn-out 67.0%.
Lab 58.5%, C 27.5%, L 14.0%. Lab maj 30.9%. Swing -5.2%. February, 1974: Total vote 55,481
(74.0C )-Lab 28,933 (52.1%). C 17,533 (31.6%). L 9,015 (16.2%)-Lab maj 11,400 (20.5%).
Mr Frederick Willey, Minister of State, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1967; Minister of Land and Natural Resources, 1964-67. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1936). B November, 1910; ed John- ston School and St John's College, Cambridge (football blue). Elected as Sunderland MP in 1945 and returned for North Division in 1950 after redistribution. Former chair- man, Select Committee on Educa- tion and Science. Member, Com- mittee of Privileges since April, 1974. Member PLP liaison commit- tee since April, 1974.
SUNDERLAND, South
Electorate : 76,479 Feb : 75,942
*Bagier, G. A. T. (Lab) 28,623 Riddell, Sir J. (C) 15,593 Nicholson, W. J. (L) *7,828
Lab majority 13,030 NO CHANGE
Total vote 52,044. Turn-out 68.0%.
Lab 55.0%, C 30.0%, L 15.0%. Lab maj 25.0%. Swing -4.9%"".o February, 1974: Total vote 57,094
(75.2%)-Lab 28,296 (49.6%o), C 19,700 (34.5%), L 9,098 (15-90/O)-Lab maj 8,596 (15.0%).
Mr Gordon Bagier, who won the seat in 1964, was a signals inspec- tor in British Railways. B July, 1924; ed Pendower Secondary Technical School, Newcastle upon Tyne. President, Yorkshire District Council, NUR, 1962-64. Member, Kelghley Borough Council, 1956- 60, and Sowerby Bridge Urban Council, 1962-65. Memb r, Esti- mates Committee. 1964-66.
Surbiton,
see Kingston upon Thames
SURREY, East
Electorate: 55,673 Feb : 55,099
*Howe, Sir R. E. G. (C) 22,227 Vaus, K. S. (L) 12,382 Allonby, D. L. (Lab) 7,797
C majority 9,845
NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,406. Turn-out 76.2%.
C 52.4%', L 29.2%,1 Lab 18.4%. C maj 23.2%. Sivng-1.0°h.'
February, 1974: Total vote 46,053
(83.6-%)-C 23,563 (51.2%), L 15,544 (33.7°h), Lab 6,946 (15.1%)-C maj 8,019 (17.4%). Sir Geoffrey Howe, QC, has been Opposition spokesman on social services since March, 1974 ; Minis- ter for Trade and Consumer Affairs with the Department for Trade and Industry, 1973-74; Solic- itor General, 1970-73. Elected Feb-
ruary, 1974. Represented Reigate, 1970-74 and Bebington, 1964-66, contesting Aberavon, 1955 and 1959. Barrister, called by Middle Temple, 1952 ; non-executive direc- tor AGB research. B December, 1926; ed Winchester and Trinity Hal, Cambridge. Former deputy chairm'an, Glamorgan Quarter Ses- sions; member, General Council of Bar, 1957-61 : elected Bencher of Middle Temple, 1969. Founder, National Association of School Governors and Managers. Appointed to Shadow Cabinet March 1974.
CHESTER-LE-STREET
Electorate: 68,350 Feb: 67,838 *Radice, G. H. (Lab) 33,511 McCourt, D. (L) 9,233 Ditchburn, R. (C) 8,268
Lab majority 24,278 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,012. Turn-out 74.6%.
Lab 65.7%, L 18.1%, C 16.2%. Lab maj 47.6%.. Swing -2.4°o. February, 1974: Total vote 56,633
(83-1%)-_Lab 33,534 (59.2%), L 14,808 (26.1%/o), C 8,291 (14.6%) -Lab maj 18,726 (33.1%). Swing -0.7%.
Mr Giles Radice was returned at the 1973 by-election. Fought Chip. penham, 1964 and 1966. Head of research department, NUGMW, 1966-73. Vice-chairman, PLP in- dustry group. Member, Labour economic and finaace committee and of trade union group. B October, 1936; ed Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford.
CHICHESTER
Electorate : 69,768 Feb : 69.126
*Nelson, R. A. (C) 26,942 Jeffs, G. A. (L) 15,601 Smith, N. J. M. (tab) 8,767
C majority 11,341 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,310. Turn-out 73.5%.
C 52.5%, L 30.4%, Lab 17.1%. C maj 14.4%. Swing -96%.
February, 1974: Total vote 54,695
(79.0%) -C 29,127 (53.2%), L 17,714 (32.4%), Lab 7,854 (14.3°/f))-C maj 11,413 (20.9%). Mr Anthony Nelson, a merchant banker, contested Leeds, East, in February, 1974. B June, 1948; ed Harrow and Christ's College, Cambridge. Vice-chairman, St Marylebone Conservative Associa- tion. Member, Bow Group Council.
Chingford, see Waltham Forest
CHIPPENHAM
Electorate: 67,852 Feb: 67,275 *Awdry, D. E. (C) 22,721 Banks, R. E. (L) 20,972 Whiles, J. (Lab) 9,396 John, E. J. (U;d Dem) 278
C majority 1,949 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,367. Turn-gut 78.6%.
C 42:6%, L 39.3%, Lab 17.6%, Utd Dem 0.5%'. C maj 3.3%. Swving -1.2%.""
February, 1974: Total vote 55,593
(82.6%)-C 24,645 (44.3%°), L 21,553 (38.8%), Lab 9,395 (16.9%)0-C maj 3,092 (5.6%). Swing -0.1%.
Mr Daniel Awdry was returned at 1962 by-election. Solicitor. B Sep- tember, 1924 ; ed Winchester College and Sandhurst College. Member Chippenham Council, 1950-63, mayor 1956-57. President, Southern Boroughs Association, 1957-58. Vice-chairman Conserva- tive Parliamentary transport com- mittee, 1967-73, chairman, 1974. PPS Minister of State, Trade, 1963- 64; Solicitor General. 1973-74.
Chipping Barnet, see Barnet Chlslehurst, see Bromley
CHORLEY
Electorate: 76,218 Feb: 75,456 *Rodgers, G. (Lab) 27,290 Porter, G. B. (C) 24,577 Orrell, Mrs N. (L) 9,831 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 185
Lab majority 2,713 NO CHANGE
Total vote 61,883. Turn-out 81.2%.
Lab 44.1%, C 39.7%. L 15.9%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 4.4%. Swing-1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote' 63,127
(83.7%)-Lab 25,440 (40.3%/O), C 25,035 (39.6%), L 12,652 (20.0%) -Lab maj 405 (0.6%). Swing -1.8%.
Mr George Rodgers Is a welder. B November, 1925. Member, HuytQn with Roby UDC. AUEW.
CHRISTCHURCH AND LYMINGTON
Electorate: 55,299 Feb : 54,975 *Adley, R. J. (C) 23,728 Madeley, J. (L) 9,838 Hatts, L. K. (Lab) 7,759
C majority 13,890 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,325. Turn-oUt 74.7%.
C 57.4%, L 23.8%, Lab 18.8°f C maj 33.6%6. Sving -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,653
(76.4%.)-C 25,908 (58.0%), L 11,274 (25.2%), Lab 7,471 (16.7%)-C maj 14,634 (32.8%). Mr Robert Adley, marketing direc- tor of international hotel group, was elected in February, 1974- MP for Bristol, North-East; 1970-74; contested Birkenhead in 1966. B March, 1935; ed Upping- hnam School. Member, Slough Bor- ough Council, 1965-68. Former chairman, Sunningdale Conserva- tive Association. Member Bowv Sroup.
CIRENCESTER AND TEWKESBURY
Electorate: 80,408 Feb: 79,705
'Ridley, N. (C) 28,930 Booth, J. R. (Lab) 13,973 Otter, R. G. (L) 18,770
C majority 10,160 O CHANGE
Total vote 61,673. Turn-out 76.7%.
C 46.9%, L 30.4%, Lab 22.6%. C maj 16.5%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 65,900
(82.6%), C 31,163 (47.3%), L 20,962 (31.8%), Lab 13,775 (20.9%)-C maj 10,201 (15.5%). Swving +0.1%.
Mt Nicholas Ridley was Under Secretary for Trade and Industry, 1970-72; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, June to October, 1970. Chairman, Conser- vative parliamentary finanIce com: mittee 1972-73. An Opposition spokesman on technology and trade, 1969-70 and on defence 1955-66. Elected 1959. Contested Blyth, 1955. Civil engineer and company director. B February, 1929; ed Eton and Balliol College, Oxford.
CITIES OF LONDON AND
WESTMINSTER, City of London and WVestminster, South
Electorate: 52,170 Feb: 51,943
'Tugendhat, C. S. (C) 14,350 Turner, P. 3. (Lab) 8,589
Underwood, T. G. (L) 4,12Z Baxter, Dr D. (Nat Front) 686
C majority 5,761 NO CHANGE
rotal vote 27,747. Turn-out 53.2%.
C 51.7%. Lab 30.9%. L .14.8%° Nat Front 2.5%. C maj 20.8%o. Swing -2.5%0.
February, 1974: Total vote, 31,871
(61.3%)-C 16,945 (53.2%), Lab 8,698 (27.3%), L 6,015 (18.9%), Ind C 134 (0.4%), Dem Capital 44 (0.1%), Ind 35 (0.1%)--C maj 8,247 (25.9%). Swing - 1.1I %,/.
Mr Christopher Tugendhat repre- sented Cities of London and West- minster, 1970-74. Member, Select Committee on Science and Tech- nology. Secretary, Conservative employment committee, 1974.\ Director, Sunningdale Oils Ltd-
Phillips Petroleum International (UK) Ltd. Author and Journalist. B February, 1937 ; ed Ampleforth College, Gonville and Caius Col- lege, Cambridge. President, Cam- bridge Union, 1960. Member NUJ.
DERBY, South
Electorate : 74,342 Feb : 73,726 *Johnson, W. H. (Lab) 26,342 Bussell, A. J. (C) 17,010 Palmer, R. (L) 7,520 Ashby, A. S. (UP & Eng
Nat) 793 Lab majority 9,332 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,665. Turn-out 69.5%.
Lab 51.0%, C 32.9%, L 14.5%, Up and Eng Nat 1.5%. Lab mai 18.1%. Swing-2.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 56,204
(76.1%)-Lab 26,613 (47.3%), C 19,470 (34.6%o), L 10,121 (18.0%° )-Lab maj 7,143 (12.7%).0
Mr Walter Johnson, staff training executive with London Transport, was elected in 1970; contested Acton in the 1968 by-election, South Bedfordshire, 1959, and Bristol West, 1955. B November, 1917: ed Devon House School, Mar- gate. Brentford and Chiswick coun. cillor for six years. Sponsored by, and member of TSSA. Treasurer, National Federation oF Profes- sional Workers since 1965.
DERBYSHIRE, North-East
Electorate : 66,869 Feb : 66,267 *Swain, T. H. (Lab) 25,234 Ramsden, J. C. (C) 14,997 Cook. C. (L) 10,336
Lab mapority 10,237 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,567. Turn-out 75.6%.
Lab 49.9%, C 29.6%, L 20.4%., Lab maj 20.2%. Swing -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51.922
(78.2 )-Lab 29,602 (57.0%) c 22,320 (43.0%)-Lab muai 7,282 (14.0%).
Mr Thomas Swain was elected in 1959. B October, 1911; ed at Broad- way School, Burton-on-Trent. Miner; held various offices in National Union of Mineworkers, including vice-presidency of the Derbyshire area executive; spon- sored by NUM. Served on Staveley Urban Council and Derbyshire County Council. Vice-chairmoa Agriculture and Food Group, PLP. DERBYSHIRE, South-East
Electorate : 53,739 Feb :53,316
*Rost, P. L. (C) 18,856 Madeley, R. J. (Lab) 17,851 Warshauer, H (L) 6,404
C majority 1,005 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,111. Turn-out 80.2%.
C 43.70%, Lab 41.4%, L 14.8%. C maj 2.3%. Swing -2.2-.
February, 1974 : Total vote 45S,375
(85.0%)-C 20,016 (44.1%), Lab 16,981 (37.4%), L 8,378 (18.5%) -C maJ 3,035 (6.7%).
Mr Peter Rost, stockbroker, won the seat for the Conservatives in 1970; contested Sunderland, North, in 1966. B September, 1930; ed Aylesbury Grammar School and Birmingham University. Formes teacher and financial journalist. Joint secretary, Conservative parliamentary committee on tradf since 1972.
DERBYSHIRE, West
Electorate : 49,142 Feb * 48.722 *Scott-Hopkins, J. S. R. (C) 18,468 Worboys, P. M. (L) 10,622 Townsend, D. A. (Lab) 9,456
C majority 7,846 No CHANGE
Total vote 38,546. Turn-out 78.4%.
C 47.9%, L 27.5%b, Lab 24.5°. C maj 20.3. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 40,951
(84.0%)-C 19,941 (48.7%), L 11,481 (28-0%.)-Lab 9,529 (23.3%)--C maj 8,460 (20.6'%). Swing +0.8°/_
Mr James Scoll-Hopkins wva clected at a by-election in 1967; MP for North Cornwall, 1959-66; con tested Bedwellty in 1955. Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry ol Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1962.64. A marketing consultant. E November, 1921; ed Eton and Neu College, Oxford, and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Farmer. Member of European Parliameni since 1973. DEVIZES
Electorate : 77,793 Feb : 77,022 *Morrison, C. A. (C) 24,842 Finlayson, V. E. (Lab) 17,821 Ainslie, J. (L) 15,851
C majority 7,021 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,514. Turn-out 75.2%.
C 42.4%, Lab 30.4%, L 27.1°o. C maj 1 Swing -1.9'. February, 1974: Total vote 62,611
(81.3%)-C 27,878 (44.5%), Lab 17,980 (28.7%), L 16,753 (26.7%)-C maj 9,898 (15.8%). Swing 0.6°n.
Nlr Charles Morrison, a farmer, has represented the constituency since a by-election in 1964. B June 19.12; ed Eton and Royal Agricul- tural College, Cirencester. Member, South West Regional Sports Council, 1966-68. Secre- tary, Conservative Committee for Education and Science, 1965-66. Chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary agriculture, fisheries and food committee, 1972-74. Chairman, trustees of Young Volunteer Force Foundation. Elder brother of Mr Peter Morrison, Conservative MP for City of Chester. DEVON, Northt
Electorate; 73,598 Feb : 73,037
*Thorpe, J. J. (L) 28,209 Speller, A. (C) 21,488 Golant, Mrs A. J. (Lab) 8,356 Hansford-Miller, F. (Eng
Nat) 568 L majority 6,721 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58.621. Turn-out 79.6%!.
L 48.1%,, C 36.6%, Lab 14.2%, Eng Nat 1.0°o. L maj 11.5%. Swing -2.1%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 63.172
(86.5 .)-L 34,052 (53.9%), C 22,980 (36.4%°), Lab 6.140 (9-7%O)-L mai 11.072 (17.5%). Mr Jeremy Thorpc was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in 1967 folowing the resignation of Mr Jo Grimond, Hon Treasurer of the Liberal Party, 1965-67. Won the seat from the Conservatives in 1959; contested it in 1955. B April. 1929; ed in United States, Eton and Trinity College. Oxford (President of the Union, 1951). Barrister (In- ner Temple, 1954). Member, Committee of Privileges. DEVON, lVest
Electorate : 57,431 Feb: 56S,976
*Mills, P. M. (C) 22,594 Pinney, M. A. (L.) 16,665 Duffin, J. B. H. (Lab) 5,899
C majority 5,929 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,158. Turn-out 7R.6%.
C 50.0%o, L 36.91%. Lab 13.1%. C maj 13.1%. Swing - 1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 46,869
(82.3%o))-C 23,524 (50.2%1 ), i. 18,256 (38.9%), Lab -5,089 (10.8%)-C mai 5.268 (11.2%). Mr Peter Mills, Under-Secretary, Northernl. Ireland Office, 1972-74 - Parliamentary Secretary, Agricul- ture Fisheries and Food, Apri to November, 1972. Elected in February, 1974 represented Torrington, 1964-74. B September. 1921; ed Epsom College and Wye College. Farmer and formerly a farm company director. Former member, Church Assembly and House of Laity, Exeter Diocese and former vice-president, Parish Councils Association and Rural District Councils Associations. Member, Select Committee on Agriculttire, 1967-69. Joint vice- chairman, Conservative agriculture committee, from March 1974.
HARTLEPOOL
Electorate: 65,345 Feb: 64,619 *Leadbitter, E. L. (Lab) 24,440 Freeman, N. H. (C) 16,546 Tostevin, L. (L) 6,314
Lab majority 7,894 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,300. Turn-out 72.4%.
Lab 51.7°, C 35-0%, L 13.3%,. Lab maj.16.7%. Swing - 4.0%. February, 1974: Total vote 49,688
(76.9%)-Lab 26,988 (54.3°t), C 22,700 (45.7%)-Lab maj 4,2S8 (8.6%). Swing + 3.5%.
Mr Edward Leadbitter was elected in 1964. Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology. Presi- dent Hlartlepool Constituency Labour Party. Teacher. B June, 1919 ; ed state schools and Chelten- ham Teacher Training College. Member West Hartlepool Borougl; Council 1954-67. Sponsored bv NUPE. Chairman, PLP ports group, vice-chairman, PLP energy group.
HARWICIT
Electorate : 88,710 Feb : 88.125 *Ridsdale, J. E. (C) 29,963 Fryer, J. B. (Lab) 19,135 Kellock, T. (L) 15,048
C majority 10,828 NO CHANGE
Total vote 64,146. TuLrn-otut 72.3%.
C 46.7%,o Lab 29.8%, L 23.4%. C maj 16.9%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,138
(80.7%"".)-C 32,452 (45.6%), L 19,989 (28.1%), Lab 18,697 (26.3%)-C mai 12.463 (17.5%'). Swving - 0.8%.
Mr Jilian Ridsdale was returned at a by-election in February, 1954. Company director. Under-Secre. tary for Defence for the Royal Air Force after the 1964 reorganiza- tion ; Under-Secretarv, Air Ministry, in July, 1962. Contested Paddington, North, 1951. B June, 1915 ; ed Tonbridge, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the London Universitv School of Oriental Languages. Chairman of the British Japanese Parliamentary group. Member Select Committee of Public Accounts, 1970-71. HASTINGS
Electorate: 57,023 Feb: 5(f.612
*Warren, K. R. (C) 18,337 Foster, M. J. (Lab) 13,685 Leggett, A. (L) 8,793
C majority 4,652 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,815. Turn-out 71.6%'.
C 44.9%, Lab 33.5°o, L 21.5%. C mai 11.4%. Swing -22"".
February, 1974 : Total vote 44,757
(79.0°.)-C 20,075 (44.8%), Lai) 12,992 (29.0%), L 11,690 (26.1%)-C maj 7,083 (15.8%). Swving - 0.5%.
Mlr Kenieth WVarren was elected in 1970. Contested St Pancras, North, 1964. Aerollautical Enigineer. Member Select Committee on Science and Technology and chair. man sub-committee on Sea-Bed Tecinology. Chairman Conserva. tive Parliamentary aviation com- mittee ; chairman, United States section of Conservative Foreign Affairs Committee. Member, NUGMW, 1954-57 ; member of un- ion side on joint negotiating panel. BOAC, 1955-57. B August, 1926 ; ed Miidsomer Norton Grammar School, AMdenham School, De hlavilland Aeronautical Technical School, King's College, London, and London School of Economics. TIAVANT AND WVATERLOO
Electorate : 75.472 Feb : 74.595
Llo(vdl 1. S. (C) 24,880 Brewin, S. (L) 16,148 King, T. (Lab) 14,6t5
C majolity 8.732 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,643. Turn-out 73.70_
C 44.7%, L 29.0%, Lab 26.3%. C maj 157""; Swing -2.5%.'
February, 1974 Total vote 59,648
(78.7%)-C 27,397 (45.9'), L 18,209 (30.5°n), Lab 13,367 (22.4%,), Tnd 675 (1.1%)-C mnaj 9,188 (15.4%).
Afr Ian Lloyd, returned in Febru- ary, 1974, represented Plorts- moutl,i Lanigstone, 1964-74. Econ- oslist and chairman of Internatioll- al Shipping Information Services. B May, 1921; ed Alichaelhouse, Natal, XVitwvatersrand University, Kiig's College, Cambi-idge, and Administfative Staff College. Hen- ley. Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society.
HAVERING, llornchuirch
Electorate : 60,423 Feb : 59.86ri
*Williams, A. L. (Lab) 21,336 Squire, R. C. (C) 14,535 MacCartiy. B. G. (1.) 7,284 Percy-Davis, B. (PAA) 797
Lab majority 6,801 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 43,952. Tnrn-out 72.7%.
Lab 48.5%, C 33.1%, L 16.6%, PAA 1.8%. Lab maj 15.5%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 48,340
(80.5'.)-Lab 21,763 (45.0%), C 15,567 (32.2%), L 10,391 21.5%o), People 619 (1.3%)- Lab niaj 6,196 (12.8%,).
Mr Alan Lee Williams, a lecturer, vas elected in February, 1974, previously Ml' for lHornchurch, 1966-70; conitested Epsoin, 1964. Director Br-itish Atlantic Commit- tee. B November 1930; ed Roan School, Greenwvich, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member PLP Defence Group, 1966-70. Vice- chairman, Labour Party Foreign Affairs Group, 1968-70. IIAVERING, Romford
Electorate : 55.337 Feb : 54,790
*Neubert, M. J. (C) 17,164 O'Flynn, D. R. (Lab) 14,513 Hurlestone, T. E. (L) 7,663 Sampson, L. C. H. (PAA) 200
C majority 2,651 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,540. Turnout 71.4%o.
C 43.4%, Lab 36.7%, L 19.4%, PAA 0.5%.. C maj 6.7°o. Swing
February, 1974 : Total vote 43,759
(S0.0%)-C 17,134 (39.1%), Lab 14,061 (32.1%), L 12,190 (27.8%). Ind 374 (0.8%o)-C maj 3.073 (7.0-;).
Mr iMlichael Neubert, elected in February. 1974, cotntested Romifocl 1970, Hlammersmitl, North, 1966. B September 1933 ; ed Quteen Elizabeth's School, Barnet, Broniley Gramimnar Scihool and
Downing College, Cambridge.
Member of Bromley Council since 1960 (leader, 1967-70, Mayor 1972- 73). Organizer of holiday air tours all over the world.
HAVERING, Upminsler
Electorate : 64.429 Fel) : 63.683
'Loveridge. J. W. (C) 20,966 Whvsall, J. L. D. (Lab) 20,272 Merton, A. (L) 7,844
C majoritv 694 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,082. Turn-out 76.2%n.
C 42.7%., Lab 41.3°, L 16.0%. C maj 1.4%.. Swing -0.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 52,594
(82.5%h)-C 21,003 (39.9%,' ), Lab 19,995 (38.0%), L 11,596 (22.0%,' )-C maj 1,008 (1.9%).
mIr John Loveridge, a college principal and farmer, was elected in February, 1974; MP for Hornchurch, 1970-74; fought Aber- avon in 1951. B September, 1925; ed privately and St John's College, Cambridge. Member, Hampstead Borough Council, 1953-59. Secre- tary, Conservative Smaller Businesses Committee and vice' chairman, 1974.
Hayes and Harlington,
see Hillingdon
HAZEL GROVE
Electorate: 67,648 Fel): 67,020
Arnold, T. R. (C) 25,012 *Winstanley, Dr M. P. (L) 22181 Roberts, A. (Lab) 8,527
C majority 2,831 C GAIN
Total vote 55,720. Turn-out 82.4,.
C 44.9°O, L 39.8%, Lab 15.3%, C maj 5.1%.. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 58.249
(86.9%)-L 26,966 (46.3e,,), C 24,968 (42.9%), Lab 6,315 (10.8°,)-L maj 1,998 (3.4%O).
Mr Tom Arnold, impressario, con- tested the seat in February, 1974. and Manchiester, Cheetham, in June, 1970. B January, 1947'; ed Bedales, Le Rosey (Switzerland), and Pembroke College, Oxford. Member, Society of West End Theatre Managers and Associa- tion of Touring and Producing Mai agers.
HEMEL IHEiPSTEAD
Electorate : 83.795 Feb : 82.877
Corbett, R. (Lab) 29,223 *Allason, J H. (C) 28,738 Baron, Miss C. A. 11. (L) 10,497
Lab majority 485 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 68,458. Turn-oIIt 81.7°O.
Lab 42.7%! , C 42.0%, L 15.3%. Lab maj 0.7%. Swing - 0.4'. February, 1974: Total vote 70,639
(85.27 )-C 27,572 (39.0%-), Lab 27,385 (38.8%), L 15,682 (22.2%f!)-C mai 187 (0.3%).
Mr Robin Corbett, publishing exe. cutive. B. December, 1933 ; ed Holly Lodge Grainmar School, Smethwick. Contested the seat in February, 1974 and 1966 and West Derbyshire by-election in 1967
member, national executive coun. cil of NUJ, 1965.69.
iEMSIVORTH
Electorate : 69.810 Feb : 69,030
*Woodall, A. (Lab) 37,467 Carvis' 1'. (C) 5,895 Taylor, R. (L) 5,607 Lab inajiority 31,572 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 48,969. Ttirtn-out ,0.1%.
Lab 76.5%n, C 12.0%, L 11.4"". Lab maj 64.5%_ Swing +0.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,245
(77,2%, )-LLab 44,093 (92.8%), C 9,152 (17.2%)-Lab maj 34,941
(65.6%). Swing -2.0%.
Mr Alec WVoodall, collierv surface foreman has held seat since Feb. ruary, 1974. B September, 1918; ed Southmoor Road County School, Hemsworth. Member, Hemsworth Urban District Council since 1966. Life member NUM.
Hendon North, see Barnet
Hendon South, see Barnet
HENLEY
Electorate : 62,475 Feb : 61,931
*lleseltine, M. R. D. (C) 22,504 Evans, S. R. C. (L) 12.288 Haig, 1. M. (Lab) 11,141
C majority 10,216 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,933. TUrn-out 73.5%.. C 49.0%., L 26.70:, Lab 24.2%.
C maj 22.2%. Swilg -1.3%.
February, 1974 Total vote 50,334
(81.7%)-C 24,367 (48.4""n) L 13,467 (30.7%), Lab 10.500 (20.9'O)-C maj .8,900 (17.7%o). MIr Michael Heseltine r e turnied in February, 1974 : was appointed Opposition spokesman on trade. Marcih, 1974. Mlinister for Aerospace and Shipping. 1972.74
Under Secretary for the Environ. ment, 1970.72; Parlianmentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, June to October, 1970. Represented Tavistock, 1966-74: contested Coventry, North, 1964, and Gower, 1959, B March, 1933 ; ed Shlrews. btiry and Pembroke College. Oxford.
HEREFORD
Electorate : 57,830 Feb . 57.311
*Shepherd, C. R. (C) 17,060
ralianant Nash, C. B. (L) 15,948 Prendergast, AL K. (Lab) 10,820
C majority 1,112 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,828. Turn-out 75.8%.
C 38.9:,, L 36.4%, Lab 24.7%. C maj 2.5%. Swing -1.0O.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,213
(78.%' )-C 18,676 (41.3%), L 15.238 (33.7 o), Lab 11,299 (25.0°O)-C naj 3,438 (7.6%'). Swing -1.0%.°
Mr Colin Shepherd, isales director. B 1938 : ed Oundle, Caius College,
Cambridge, McGill Universitv, iMloitreal. Joined Haigh Engineer. ing Company, 1963, with respon. sibility for marketing and devel. opment of new products. Served in
'.oyal Canadiani Navy, 1959-63. IIERTFORD AND STEVENAGE
Electorate: 8?.218 Feb: 81,301 *Williams, Mrs S. V 1. B.
(Lab) 29,548 Benddll. V. W. Il. (C) 20(502 Willis, T' N. (L) 11.419 Taylor, K. (Nat Fronit) 1,232 Lab majority 9,046 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,701. TUrIn.oUt 76.3'.
Lab 47.1%, C 32.7°;, L 18.2%L, Nat Front 2.0%.. Lab maj 14.4%. Swving -1.2%.
Februarv, 1974 : Total vote : 67,954
(83.6°;)-Lab 30,343 (44.60,)j C 22,167 (32.6o), L 15,444 (22.7°%))-Lab maj 8,176 (12.0°.O).
Mrs Shirley lVilliams was
appointed Secretary of State fol Prices and Consumer Protection in March, 1974. Returned in February, 1974 ; MP for Hitchin, 1964- 74. Chief Opposition spokesman for the social services, '1970-71,
when she was elected to the Shiadow Cabinet; spokesman on
llome Affairs, 1971-73 and on prices 1973.74; Minister of State,
Home Office, 1969.70; Minister of State, Education and Science, 1q67. 69 ; Parliamentary Secretary,
Miinister of Labour, 1966-67. Con- tested -larwich in 1954 by-election and 1955, and Soutilampton, Test, 1959. Economist. B July, 1930; ed Summit School, Mlinnesota, St Paull's Sc1ool, Hammersmith, Somerville College,
HERTFORDSIIIRE, East -
Electorate: 88,846 Feb : 87,987
*Walker-Smith, Sir D. (C) 29,334
Keir, r. M. (Lab) 20 999 Clark, P. C. (L) 15,446
C majority 8,335 NO CHANGE
Total vote 65,779. Turn-out 74.0%/
C 44.69'. Lab 31.9%, L 23.5%0. C maj 12.7 °o. Swving -1.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 71,252
(80.9%)-C 32,032 (44.9%) ) Lab
20.674 (29.0%io), L 18,546 (26.0%0) -C maj 11,358 (15.9%).
Sir Derek Walker-Smith, QC,
was Minister of Health, 1957-59; Parliamentary Secretary, Board or
Trade, 1955-56; Economic. Secre. tary to the Treasury, 1956-57 ; and Mintster of State. Board of Trade,
1957. Represented Hertford 1945.5S and East Hertfordshire since 195)5.
Called by Middle Temple, 1934-: QC, 1955. B April, 1910; ed Rosall and Christ Church, . Oxford.
Member e European Pariamnent siilce 1973.
MANCHESTER, Gorton
Electorate : 55,955 Feb : 55,S00
*Marks, K. (Lab) 21,287 Waley-Cohen, S. (C) 12,423 Cottam, A. (L) 5,984
Lab majority 8,864 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,694. Turn-out 70.9%.
Lab 53.6%, C 31.3%, L 15.1%. Lab maj 22.3%. Swing -0.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,482
(78.4%,)-Lab 22,276 (51.2%), C 13,300 (30.6%), L 7,901 (18.2%)-Lab maj 8,976 (20.6%). Swing - 3.4%.
Mr Kenneth Marks, returned at a by-election in November, 1967; contested Moss Side, 1955. Head- master. B June, 1920; ed Central High School, Manchester, Dids- bury College of Education, Man- chester.
MANCHIESTER, Moss Side
Electorate : 51,444 Feb : 50,993
*Hatton, F. (Lab) 15,212
Lee, J. (C) ~11,101 Waliace, W. (L) 5,686 Boyle, N. (I Civ Riglhts) 238 Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 96
Lab majority 4,111 NO CHANGE
Total vote 32,333. Turn-out 62.8orn.
Lab 47.0%o, C 34.3%, L 17.6%, I Civ Rights 0.7%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 12.7%. Swing -2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 35,223
(69.1%)-Lab 14,715 (41.8%), C 12,323 (35.0%7), L, 7,979 (22.6%), Marx-Lenin 206 (0.6%) -Lab maj 2,392 (6.8%).
MIr Frank Hatton, personnel officer, was elected February 1974 and for Manchester, Exchange, at the June, 1973, by-election; con- tested Manchester, Moss Side 1970. ed Manchester District High School. Member, Manchester City Council. Former secretary, Man- chester, Exchange Lahour Partv. TGWU. B September 1921. Direc- tor, Manchester Ship Canal Com- pany.
MANCHESTER, Opensbaw
Electorate: 42,554 Feb: 42,201 *Morris, C. R. (Lab) 16,109 Green, G. (C) 7,596 Wood, A. (L) 3,980 Widall, P. (Comm) 300
Lab majority 8,513 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,985. Turn-out 65.8%.
Lab 57.6%, C 27.1%, L 14.2%. Comm. 1.1%. Lab maj 30.4%. Swing -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 30,819
(73.0%)-Lab 16,478 (53.5 ). C 9,021 (29.3%), L 4,467 (14.5%), Nat Front 541 (1.7%). Comm 312 (1.0%)-Lab maj 7,457 (24.2%). S%ing - 1.1%.
Mr Charles Morris, appointed Minister of State for Urban Affairs, Department of the Environment, March, 1974, was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr Harold Wilson since 1970. Treasurer of the Household (deputy Chief Govern- ment Whip), 1969-70; Whip, 1966- 69. Elected in 1962, by-election- contested Cheadle, 1959. Formerly a postal and telegraph officer and member of the executive council of the Union of Post Office WVorkers. 1959-63. B December, 1926; ed Brookdale Park School, Manches- ter.
MANCHESTER, Withington
Electorate: 58,200 Feb: 57,709 tSilvester, F. S. (C) 16,937 Hildrew, P. J. (Lab) 14,936 Davies, Mrs N. (L) 7,555
C majority 2,001 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,428. Turln-out 67.7.oo
C 42.9%/O, Lab 37.9%, L 19.2%. C maj 5.1%. Swing -2.7%,/.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,458
(72.1%)-C 36,577 (68.4%), Lab 13,584 (32.0%), L 10,877 (25.6%) -C maj 4,413 (10.4%).
Mr Frederick Silvester, elected in February, 1974, held Waltham. stow, West for the Conservatives, 1967-70, contesting the seat 1966. Advertising executive and barrister (Grays inn, 1957). B September, 1933; ed Sir George Monoux Gram- mar School, Walthamstowv and Sid- ney Sussex College, Cambridge.
MANCHESTER, Wythenshawe
Electorate : 65,123 Feb : 64,354 *Morris, A. (Lab and
Co-op 26,448 Hill, Mrs J. D. W. (C) 12,269 Scott, R. N. (L) 6,071
Lab & Co-op majority 14,179 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,788. Turn-out 68.8%.
Lab & Coop 59.0%, C 27.4%', L 13.5%. Lab & Coop maj 31.06%. Swing -2.9%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,267
(75.0%)-Lab & Co-op 26,900 (55.7%), C 14,462 (30.0%), L 6,905 (14.3%)-Lab & Co-op ma; 12,438 (25.80%).
Mr Alfred Morris was elected in 1964; contested seat in 1959 and Liverpool, Garston, in 1951. Parlia- mentary adviser to the Police Federation. Promoted Chroniically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970. Received the first Lord Hard- ing award for services to the disa- bled. B March, 1928; ed Manches- tEr elementary schools, Ruskin College and St Catherine's College, Oxford, and post graduate studies Appointed Under Secretary for Disabled, Department of Hiealth and Social Secretary, March, 1974. MALNSFIELD
Electorate : 69,555 Feb : 68,889 *Concanon, J. D. (Lab) 28,964 Wood, J. R. (C) 11,685 Chambers, D. (L) 9,358 Westacott, F. (Comm) 448
Lab majority 17,279 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,455. Turn-out 72.5%.
Lab 57.4%, C 23.1%, L 18.5%, Comm 0.9%. Lab maj 34.2,%. Swing -2.0%0.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,289
(77.3°' )-Lab 34,378 (64.5%). C 18,236 (34.2%), Comm 675 (1.3%)-Lab maj 16,142 (30.3%,'). Swing + 1.6%.
MIr Dennis Concannon, Under Sec- retary, Northern Ireland Office sinct June, 1974, was an Opposition whip, 1970-74; assistant Govern- ment whip, 1968-70. Returned in 1966. Miner and official of the NUM, 1953-66. B May 1930; ed Rossington Secondary School,
Doncaster Technical School, WEA, Nottingham University. Member, Mansfield council, 1962-68. Appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, 1974. MELTON
Electorate : 82,139 Feb : 81,357 *Latham, M. A. (C) 30,943 Knaggs, D. J. (Lab) 16,747 Pick, J. (L) 15,567
C majority 14,196 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,257. Turn-out 77.0%.
C 48.9%, Lab 26.5%, L 24.6% C maj 22.4%. Swving -0.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 67,957
(83.5%)-C 32,239 (47.4 ). L 19,490 (28.7%), Lab 16,228 (23.9`n)-C mai 12.749 (18.8%). Mr Nichael Latham, freelance con- sultan.. was elected February, 1974. Contested Liverpool. IVest Derby, 1970. B November, 1942; ed Marl- borough College, King's College, Cambridge. Director and chief executive of the. House Builders Federation, 1971-73 and Parliamen- tary Liaison Officer, National Federation of Building Trades Employees, 1967-73. Conservative Research Department, 1965-67.
MERIDEN
Electorate: 97,364 Feb, 96.380
*Tomlinson, J. E. (Lab) 34,641 Horne, C. F. (C) 23.675 Minnis, D. (L) 12.782
Lab majorHty 8,966 NO CHANGE
Total vote 73,098. Turnout 75.1%.
Lab 47.4%', C 35.1%o, L 17.5%. Lab maj 12.3%. Sving -3.2 ;%.
February, 1974 Total vote 76,597
(79.5%)-Lab 40,541 (52.9%'.). C 36,056 (47.1%)-Lab maj 4,485 (5.8°b).
Mr John Tomlinson, lecturer in industrial relations, elected Feb- ruary, 1974, contested Waltham- stow, East, 1970, and Bridlington,
1966. B August, 1939 ; ed %Vestrnins-. ter City Sclool and Co-ope: ative College. Formerly poittical
organizer and hcad of xeseutch. department, AUEW. MIERIONETH
Electorate : 26,728 Feb :..26,512 *Thomas, D. E. (PI Cymru) 9..543
*Edwards, W. IL. (Lab) ,., 'i
Jones, 0. (L) ' ' 3,44 Owen, R. R. (C) 2.509
PI Cymru majority 2,5^2 NO CHIANGE
Total vote 22,457. Turn-out 84.0'.
Pl Cymru 42;, Lab 30.9%, U 15.4%, C 11.2%, . PI Cymru maj 11.5%. Swing -1.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 22,603
(85.1°i )-PI CNyliru 7.S623 (34.6% ), Lab 7,235 (32.0%). 1, 4,153 (18.4%), C 3,392 (15.0Z ) -PI Cymru maj 588 (2.6%;). Swing + 4.7%.
MIr Dafydd Tlhomas, unirersitv lec- turer, won the seat February, 1974; contested Conwvay, 1970. f October, 1946 ;ed . University College of North Wales. Plaid Cymnr spokesman on rural deve. lopment and agriculture. Menrber, TGWU.
MERTIHYR TYDFIL
Electotate : 39,714 Feb: 39,449, *Roylands, E. (Lab) 21,260 Roberts, E. (P1 Cymru) 4,453 Walters. L. J. (C) 2,'5a7 Bethell-Hi6gins, D. (L) 1,300 Roberts, T. (Comnim) 509
Lab majority 16,805 NO CHlANGE
Tot3l vote 30,111. Turn-out 75.S ;'.
L31) .6r. PI Cyinru 14.8. C 8.6,, L 4.3',, Contn 1.7,-. Lab maj 5;.S',. Suing- 3. ELEC-lr: of 7ipi
Fchruurv. 1974: Total vote 31,975
(81.09 )-Ubl_|.
Pl Cvmru 7.363 ;22.'i . '. C 2.A22 18.2%), L 1,602 (3.1.). Conim
359(11- 1 WRI, l ,10 (0d, -)_ Lab miaj 13,150 (41.1 'o). Swing - 1S.5r-
Mr Etlwardl Rolv!ands, vho was appointed Under-Sccre:iry., Welsh Office, March. 1974, woa the segt in the 1972 by-election. MP for Cardiff, Nortb, 1966-70; Under- Secretary, Welsh Office. 1969-70. Former lecturer, VWe!sh College of Advanced Technolog,y. B January, 1940; ed Rhondda Grammar School, Wirral Grammar School', King's College London.
MERTON, MiMtcham and Morden *Douglas-Mann, B. L. H.
(Lab) 22,334 Samuel, D. (C) 16.193 Simpson, M. (L) 7,429 French, S, E. (Comnm) 2Sl Giddins, Miss G. (Ind) 106 Boaks, IV. (ARPSWR) 68
Lab majorkty 6,191 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 46,461. Turn-out 71.0%r.
Lab 48.20, C 34.8%, L 16.0%;, Comm 0.6%, Ind 0.2%D, ARPSWR 0.1%.- ILab maj 13.3%-.. Swing -.3.6%~.
February, 1974 : Total vote 51,286
(79.0-)-Lab 21,771 (42.4%), C 18,546 (36.2%), L 10,462 (Z0.4'), Comm 507 (1.0°o)- Lab niaj 3,225 (6.3%).
Mr Bruce Douglas-Mann, elected February. 1974, wvas MP for Ken- sington, North, 1970-74 contested Maldon in 1966 and St Albans in 1964. Solicitor. B June, 1927 ed in Canada and Jesus College, Oxford. Chairman PLP housing and con: struiction group Vice-clhairman PLP Environment Group since 1972. Member, Kensington Borouglh Council. 1962-65 I<Ken- silgton and Chelsea Council. 19G6- 68. Member, Shelter board. 1!' RtTON. lVimbledon
Flecturate : 70,72G IFeh . I (1
*Havers, Sir R. M. 0. (C) 23.615 Bill, K. (Lab) 14.9019 Searby, K. (L) 10.13
C majority S.,06 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48.657. Turn-out 68.8S
C 48.5s. Lalt 30.6%',, L 20.S C nmaj 17.9%o. Swing -92.2o..
February, 1974: Total vote 54.5S9
(77.7%O)-C 26,542 (48.6%) Lalb 14,329 (26.2%1) L 13.478 (24.7%'), Ind 240 (0.4%o)-C maj 12.213 (22.4%;,).
Sir Michael Havers, QC, Solicitor- General 1972-74, was appointed to advise party leadcr's consulta.tive committee on legal matters, 1974. Appointed shadow lawv officer, March, 1974. Elected in 1970. B March, 1923 ;ed Westminster School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar (In- ner Temple), 1948.
MIDDLETON AND PRESTWICli Electorate : 76,737 Feb: 75.96S *Callagnhan, J. (Lab) 26.6.,
Fearn, A. (C) 22,92. Clarney, J. (L) 8,341) Smith, H. (Prosp Brit) 23.4
Lab majority 3,714 NO CHANGE -
Total vote 58,138. Turnout 75.8%.o
Lab 45.8%, C 39.4%, L t4.3%,b, Pros Brit 0.4%. Lab maj'6.4%. Swving -2.8%,'. ""
February, 1974: Total jote 61;143-
(80.5%)-Lab 24 357- (39 8%'); C 23,840 (39.0;,), '1 12,948 (21.2%)-Lab. maj 517 (0.8%). Swing - 1.3%. . ''
Mr James Callaghan, elected,ebb. ruary, 1974, is an art lecturerlat 'a college in Manchester. Aged 47',-ed secondary. Member, Middleton borough council. -
Middlesbrough, see Teesside
NiDLOTHIAN -
*Eadie, A. (Lab) -2S,652. McKinlay, J. G. (Scot Nat). 24,568 Ballantyne, A. (C) 11,046 WVheeler, P. (L) r 4793r
Lab majority 4,084 NO CHANGE
Total vote 69,059. Turn-opt t-74..4
Lab 41.5%, Scot Nat 356%, C 16.0%, L 6.9%. Lab maj
5.9%. Swing - 4.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 72,148-
(81.6%)-Lab 32,220 (44.6%),.
C 20,478 (28.4%), Scot N at ' 19,450 (26.9 D)-Lab maj 11,742 (16.3%). Swving + 2.6b§o.
Mr Alexander Eadie was appointed
Under Secretary for Coal, Depart- ment of Energy, March, 1974. Was an Opposition spokesman on energy and former chairman PLP miners' group, and of the Parlia-
mentary poevcr and steel groul). Elected in 1966. Contested Ayr in 1964 and 1959. Former' miners' agent and for 20 vears in Fife local government. B June, 1920 ; ed Buckhaven Senior Seondary
School, Fife, and Technical Col- lege.
Milcham and' Morden, see Merton
. _ :~~~~~-------------
NOTTINGHLAM, North
Electorate: 76.490 Feb: 75.866
*Whitock, W. C. (Lab) 24,694 Spungin, M. F. (C) 17,853 Crew-Gee, M. (L) 7,470 Caine, D. (Nat Front) 792 Peck, J. (Comm) 525
Lab majority 6,841 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,334. Turnout 67.1%.
Lab 48.1°%, C 34.8%, L 14.5%, Nat Front 1.5%, Comm 1.0°. Lab maj 13.3%. Swing -2.7 I.
February, 1974 : Total vote 56,ls8
(74.7%)-Lab 25,435 (44.8%), , 20,990 (36.9%), L 9,623 (16.9%-
Comm 754 (1.3%,)-Lab nia, 4,445 (7.8%).
Mr William Whitlock was Under. Secretary for Foreign and Com- monwealth Affairs, 1967-69- Deputy Chief Whip and Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, March. July, 1967; Comptroller of ihe Household, 1966-67 ; Lord Commis. sioner of the Treasury March-Julv, 1966 ; Vice-Chamberlain of tle Household, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Opposition whip, 1962-64. Former area organizer of the Un- ion of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. B Juiie, 1918 ; ed Itclhen Grammar School, South- ampton, and Southampton Univer- sity. President, Leicester Labour Party, 1956-57; president, east Mid- lands regional council, 1962-63.
NOTTINGHAM, West
Electorate : 77,711 Feb : 76,988
*English, M. (Lab) 27,373 Lloyd, P. R. C. (C) 18,108 Johnson, A. (L) 9,598
Lab majority 9,265 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,079. Turin-otit 70.9n.
Lab 49.7%, C 32.9%, L 17.4,. Lab Maj 16.8°o. Swing -3.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 60,647
(78.7%.)-Lab 27,592 (45.5°'), C 21,795 (35.9%), L 11,260 (18.6%)-Lab maj 5,797 (9.5%). Mir 'Michael Englislh has held the seat since 1964 ; contested Shipley, 1959. B December, 1930; ed King George V Grammar School, South- port and Liverpool Universitv. Member, Rochdale Borough Cotin- cil, 1953-65. Member, official parliamentary panel, NUGMW. Member expenditure committee since 1970: chairman, l'LP Parlia- mentary Affairs Group since 1970.
NUNIEATON
Electorate : 77,892 Feb : 77.189 *Huckfield, L. J. (Lab) 32,308 Freeman, R. (C) 14,547 Hawkins, N. (L) 10,729
Lab majority 17,761 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,584. Turnout 73.9°'
Lab 56.1%, C 25.3%., L 18.6-. Lab maj 30.8%.. Swing -1.6%."" February, 1974: Total vote 63,614
(82.5')-Lab 34.258 (53.8% ), C 16,765 (26.3%), L 12,591 (19.8'%)-Lab maj 17,493 (27.5°O). Swing - 1.4%.
MA%r Leslie Huckfield was elected at the 1967 by-election; contested Warwick and Leamington, 1966. B April, 1942; ed Prince Henrv's Grammar School, Evesham, Keble College, Oxford and Birn;ingham University. Lecturer in economics, Birmingham College of Commerce, 1963-67. Parliamentary adviser, British Safety Council since 1970. Member, Association of 'Teachers in Technical Institutions and GWU. Member, Estimates Commit- tee.
0
OG'MORE
Electorate : 67,927 Feb * 67,334 *Padley, W. E. (Lab) 30,453 Jones, R. K. (C) S,249 Gibbs, Mrs J. (L) 8,203 Jones, D. 1. (PI Cymru) 4,290
Lab majority 22,204 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,195. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 59.5%, C 1611%, L 16.0, Pt Cymru 8.4%o. Lab maj 43.4%'. Swing -4.0%'.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,746
(79.S%°o)-Lab 28,372 (52.8%)1, 10,819 (20.1%), C 9,416 (17.56), PI Cymru 5,139 (9.6%,)-Lab maj 17,553 (32.6%o). Swing + 5.5%.
Mlr WValter Padley, elected in 1950. wvas Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1964-67. Chairman, Labour Party 1965-66; member, national executive since 1956 and chairman of overseas committee 1963-71. Contested Acton by-election 1943 as an ILP candidate. B July, 1916, ed Chippingnorton Grammar School and Ruskin College, Oxford. President, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 1948-64. Represents Labour Party on Bureau of Socialist Interna- tional.
OLDHAIMI East
Electorate: 50,737 Feb : 50,351
*Lamond, J. A. (Lab) 19,054 McGrandle, L. (C) 10,917 Hilyer, C. (L) 6,142
Lab majority 8,137 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,113. Turnout 71.2%.
Lab 52.8%o, C 30.2%, L 17.0%o. Lab maj 22.50,o. Swving -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 38.4b.
(76.2%)-Lab 18,548 (48.2%), t. 12,246 (31.8%), L 7,667 (19.9%) -Lab maj 6,302 (16.4%). Swin; - 7.0%.
NIr James Lamond, design draughtsman, wvas elected in 1970. B November, 1928; ed Burrelton School, Coupar Angus junior secondary sclool. Member, Aber- deen town council since 1959-70; leader of the Labour group 1967- 70; Lord Provost 1970-71; Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeen 1970-71. Sponsored by AUEW Techlnical and Supervisory Section. Member, Public Accounts Committee.
OLDHAM, IVest
Electorate : 48,062 Feb : 47,673 *Meacher, M. H. (Lab) 18,444 Trippier, D. (C) 10,407 Stocks, K. (L) 5,838
Lab majority 8,037 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,689. Turniout 72.2%.
Lab 53.2%, C 30.0%, L 16.8%. Lab maj 23.2%. Swing -3.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,066
(77.5°% )-Lab 17,933 (48.4%°), C 11,628 (31.4%), L 7,505 (20.2%)
-Lab maj 6,305 (17.0%). Swing - 6.0%.
Mr Michael Meacher MMas appointed Under Secretary for In- dustry, March, 1974. Regained the seat for Labour in 1970 ; contested Colchester, 1966. B November, 1939 ; ed Berkhampstead School, New College, Oxford, and London School of Economics. Lecturer in social administration York Univer- sity, 1966-69 and London School of Economics, 1970. Member, Fabian Society ; chairman Hull branch ASTMS.
GLASGOW, Kelvingrove
El_ctorate: 42,654 Feb: *Carmichac, N. G. (Lab) Rennie, J. G. (C)
Calman, C. (Scot Nat) Glasgow, S. (L)
42,505
11,567
7,448 6,274 1,735
Lab majority 4,119 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,024. Turn-out 63.3%.
Lab 42.8%, C 27.6%, Scot Nat 23.2%, L 6.4%. Lab maj 15.2%. Swing -3.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 29,498
(69.4%)-Lab 13,115 (44.5°%), C 10,717 (36,3%), Scot Nat 5,666 (19.2%)-Lab ma; 2,398 (8.1%). Mr Nell Carmichael, Under Secretary, Department of Environ. ment, 1974; an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs 1970-74. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1969-70; and to Ministry of Transport, 1967- 69. Returned, February, 1974. MP for Glasgow, Woodside, 1962-74. Englneer. B October, 1921-ed Estbank Academy and Royal Col- lege of Science and Technology, Glasgow.
GLASGOW, Maryhill
Electorate: 51,54S Feb: *Craigen, J. M.
(Lab and Co-op)
McIntosh, A. (Scot Nat) Younger, J. S. (C)
Attwooll, Mrs E. (L)
51,236
19,589 10,171 3,160 1,063
Lab majority 9,418 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,983. Turn-out 65.9%.
1.aa & Co-op 57.6%, Scot Nat 29.9%, C 9.3%, L 3.1%. Lab & Co-op maj 27.7%. Swing -5.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 35,848
(70.0%)-Lab & Co-op 20,303 (56.6%), Scot Nat 8,920 (24.9%). C 6,625 (18.5%' )-Lab & Co-op maj 11,383 (31.7%).
Mr James Cralgen, industrial lial- son officer, was elected in Feb- r uary, 1974 ; contested Ayr, 1970. B
u.ugust, 1938 ; ed Shawlands Academy, Glasgow, and University of Strathclyde. Member, Glasgow CorporatiQn, 1965-68; Bailie, 1966- 68-convener, Printing Committee 1967-68. Head of Organization and Social Services at the Scottish Trades Union Congress, 1964-68
GLASGOW, Pollok Electorate: 59,451 *White, J. (Lab) Malone, G. (C)
Macquarrie, D. P.
(Scot Nat)
Toll, M. C. (L)
Feb : 59,019
18,695 11,604
10,441 2,274
Lab majority 7,091 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,014. Turni-out 72.3%.
Lab 43.5%., C 27.0%, Scot Nat 24.3%', L 5.3%. Lab maj 16.5%. Swing -4.5%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,735
(77.5%)-Lab 21,090 (46.1%), C 17,684 (38.7%), Scot Nat 6,584 (14.4%o), Comm 377 (0.8%)
Lab maj 3,406 (7.4%). Swing -- 3.0%.
Mlr James White wonI the seat for Labour in 1970. B April, 1922; ed Knightswood Senior Secondary School. Managing director, Glas- gow Car Collection Ltd. TGWU.
GLASGOW, Provan
Electorate : 54,975 Feb: *Browvn, H. D. (Lab)
Edw'ards, R. (Scot Nat) McKay, R. (C)
Jackson, J. (Comm)
54,454 20,602 10,628 3,448 ' 503
Lab majority 9,974 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,181. Turnout 64.0%.
Lab 58.6%., Scot Nat 30.2%., C 9.8%, Comm 1.4%. Lab maj 28.3%D. Swing -2.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 37,594
(69-0 ' )-Lab 23,154 (61.6),
Scot Nat 7,367 (19.6-), C 6,324 (16.8%), Comm 749 (2.0%)- Lab maj 15,787 (42.0%).
Mr Hugh Browii, Under Sec. retary, Scottish Office, since June, 1974, wvas elected in 1964. Former civil servant, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. B May, 1919, ed Allan Glen's School and Whitehill Secondary School, Glasgow. Member, Glasgow Corporation, 1954-64
GLASGOW, Queen's rark
Electorate : 38,776 Feb : 38,556 *McElhone, F. P. (Lab) 14,574 MacKellar, D. G.
(Scot Nat) 5,660 M'ackinnon, I. D. (C) 4,421 Kay, J. R. (Comm) 354
Lab majority, 8,914 NO CHANGE
Total vote 25,975. Turn-out 67.0%.
Lab 56.1%., Scot Nat 21.8%/i, C 17.0%, L 3.7%,, Comm 1.4%,o. Lab maj 34.3%. Swing -4.7%.
Webruary, 1974: Total vote 28,256
(73.3%)-Lab 15,883 (56.2%.), C 7,517 (26.6%,S), Scot Nat 4,394 (15.5%), Comm 372 (1.3%/), Int Marx 90 (0.3%)-Lab inai 8.366 (29.6%1).
Mr Frank McElhone, returned in February, 1974, was MP for Glas- gow, Gorbals, 1969-74. Member, Glasgow City Council since 1963. Glasgow magistrate, 1966-68, senior magistrate, 1968-69. B April, 1929.; ed St Bonaventure's Second- ary School. USDAW. Member, Commons Expenditnre Committee, 1974.
GLASGOW, Shettleston
Electorate: 38,324 Feb: *Gapern, Sir M. (Lab)
H amlton, R. (Scot Nat) Cran, J. (C)
Brodie, R. J. (L)
38,176 13,391 7,042 3,543
690
Lab majority 6,349 NO CHANGE
Total vote 24,666. Turn-out 64.4%.
Lab 54.3%, Scot Nat 28.5%, C 14.4%, L 2.8%. Lab maj 25.7%. Swing -5.3%,..
February, 1974: Total vote 26,514
(69.4%)-Lab 14,208 (53.6%), C 6,472 (24.4%), Scot Nat 5,834 (22.0 ')_-.Lab mai 7.736 (29.2%).
Sir Myer Galpern has represented the constituency since 1959. Member, Glasgow Corporation, 1932-60; Lord Provost, and Lord Lieutenant for tie County of the City of Glasgow, 1958-1959. House furnisher. B 1903 ; ed elementary school and Glasgow University. Member, Court of Glasgow Univer. rity; Advisory Committee on Edu- cation in Scotland; and National Committee for Training of Teachers. Member, Speaker's Panel of Chairmen.
GLASGOW, Springburn
Electorate : 48,066 Feb : 47,790
*Buchanan, R. (Lab) 17,444 Morton, W. J. (Scot Nat) 9,049 Taylor, S. (C) 4,245 Marshall, T. (L) 865 McLellan, N. (Comm) 352
Lab majorIty 8,395 NO CHANGE
Total vote 14,511. T'urn-.Olut 30.2e.
Scot Nat 62.3%, C 29.2%, L 6.0%, Comm 2.4%, Lab 0.0%. Scot Nat maj 33.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 33,669
(70.4%)-Lab 18,067 (53.7%), Scot Nat 7,672 (22.8%), C 7,452 (22.1%), Comm 478 (1.4%)- Lab mai 10.395 (30.9%).
Mr Richard Buchanan was elected in 1964. Engineer. B May, 1912 ; ed St Mungo's Academy and the Royal College of Science and Tech- nology (now Strathclyde Univer- sity). Meember, Glasgow Corpora. tion, 1949-64. Chairman, Scottish Central Library. Former secretary, Glasgow City Labour Party. Direc- tor, Glasgow Citizens' Theatre. Sponsored by NUR. President, Scottish Library Association.
I
GLOUCESTER
Electorate: 62,503 Feb: 61 880
*Oppenhedm, Mrs S. (C) 22,664 Roberts Mrs A. C. (Lab) 19,136 Halford, D. G. (L) 7,357
C majority 3,528 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,157. Tmun-out 78.6%.
C 46.1%. Lab 38.9%. L 15.0%. C mai 7.2%. Swing -1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 51,788
(83.4%) -C 23,052 (44.5%), Lab 18,215 (35.2%), L 10,155 (19.6%), C-Powell 366 (0.7%)- C mai 4,837 (9.3%).
Mrs Sally Oppenhelni won the seat for the Conservatives In 1970. B July, 1928; ed Sheffield High School, Lowther College, North Wales, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Member, BBC Advi- sory Cotncil since 1971 ; chairman, Conservative Parliamentary Con- sumer Protection Committee since 1972.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE, South
Electorate : 79,439 Feb : 78,732
*Cope, J. (C) 26,581 McDonald, Miss 0. A.
(Lab) 22,235 Short, D. C. (L) 14,412
C majority 4,346 NO CHANGE
Total vote 63,228. Turn-out 79.6%.
C 42.0%. Lab 35.2%. L 22.8%. C maj 6.9%"".. Swing-1 .5%.
February. 1974: Total vote 66,021
(83.7%)-C 27,602 (41.8%), Lab 21,143 (32.0%), L 17,276 (26.2%)-C maj 6,459 (9.8%).
Mr John Cope, a chartered accountant, was elected in Feb- ruary, 1974; contested Woolwich, East in 1970. B May, 1937; ed Oakham School, Rutland. Conser- vative research department, 1965- 67. Personal assistant to Mr Barber, 1967-70, and special assis- tant to Mr Peter Walker, 1972-74. Secretary, Conservative parliamen- tary smaller businesses committee, 1974. Member, Commons Expend- iture Committee since April, 1974.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE, West
Electorate : 67,255 Feb : 66,678 Watkinson, J. T. (Lab) 22,481 Marland, P. (C) 22,072 MacGregor, A. I. (L) 9,353 Lab majority 409 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,906. Turn0-out 80.1%.
Lab 41.70%, C 40.9%, L 17.3%. Lab maj 0.7%o. Swing +1.0%.
February, 1974: Total vote 55,933
(S3.8%)-Lab 22,765 (40.7%), C
21,141 (37.8ro), L 11,856 (21.2%°.), Ind 171 (0.3 % ))-Lab mai 1.624 (2.9%) Swving - 0.3 %. Mr John Watkinson contested Warvick and Leamington, 1970. Barrister and former teacher. B January, 1941; ed Bristol Grammar School and Oxford University. Member, Fabian Society and Society of Labour Lawyers. TGWU, previously NUT.
GOOLE
Electorate : 64,631 Feb: 64,026 *Marshall, E. 1. (Lab) 26,804 Kemp, N. P. (C) 12,707 Clarkson, J. T. (L) 5,285
Lab majority 14,097 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,796. Turnt-out 69.3%.
Lab 59,8%, C 28.4%, L 11.8%. Lab maj 31.5°%. Swing -2.3%.
February, 1974: Total vote 49,415
(77.2%;)-Lab 30,245 (61.2%), C 17,020 (34.4% ), Ind 2,150 (4.3%) -Lab m3aj 13,225 (26.8%).
Swing - 3.2%..
Mr Edmund Marshall, a matliema- tician, wvas elected in May, 1971. Contested Louth as a Liberal in 1964 and 1966 ; joined Labour Party 1967. B May, 1940; ed Humber- stone Foundation School, Clee- Magdalen College, Oxford; Liver- pool University. Member, Expend- iture Comntittee; Methodist local preacher; member, British Council of Churches; treasurer Christian Socialist Movement.
GOSPORT
Electorate : 48,871 Feb *Viggers, P..J. (C)
Tebbutt P. M. (Lab) Clark, 1'. D. (L)
48,408 17,487 10,621
8,701
C majority 6,866 NO CHANGE
Total vote 36,809. Turni-out 75.3°.
C 47.5%, Lab 28.8%, L 23.6%. C maj 18.6%Xt. Swing +0.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 39,383
(81.0%)-C 19,563 (49.7%), Lab
12,335 (31.3%), L 7,485 ('19.0%)
-C maj 7,228 (18.3%).
Mr Peter Viggers, mercliant banker, was elected in February, 1974. B March, 1938, ed Alverstoke Primary School, Gosport; Ports- mouth Grammar School, Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Director of Edward Bates and Sons Ltd and of other companies including Richardson Smith Ltd (chairman) and Premier Consolidated Oilfields Ltd; an underwriting member of Lloyd's. Solicitor.
GOWER
Electorate: 56,867 Feb *Davies, 1. (Lab)
George, D. F. R. (C) Owen, R. (L)
Powvell, M. (P1 Cymru)
56,476 25,067
8,863 5,453 4,369
Lab majority 16,204 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,752. Turnl-out 76.9%.
Lab 57.30%, C 20.2%, L 12.5%, PI Cymru 10.0°. Lab maj 37.0%. Swing-1.8%.
February, 1974: Total vote 45,114
(79.9%°)-Lab 23,856 (52.9%'), C 8,780 (19.5%), L 8,737 (19.4%h), P1 Cymru 3,741 (8.3% )-Lab maj 15,076 (33.4%,). Swving +3.7%..
Mr If or Davies was Under Secre- tary, Welsh Office, 1966-69 ; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Industrial personnel officer. B June, 1910 ; ed Gowerton School, Swansea Tech- nical College, and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member, Speakers' Panel of Chairmen. Member, Glamorgan County. Council, 1958-61. Chair- man, Weish Grand Committee; Council of Swansea University Col- lege. Member, Court of University of Wales, Board of Civic Trust for IVales. APEX.-
GRANTHAM
Electorate : 78,404 Feb : 77,745 *Godber, J. B. (C) 27,738 Smedley, Mrs S. M. (Lab) 19,708 Bailey, W. (L) 10,752
C majority 8,030 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,198. Turn-out 74.2%.
C 47.7%, Lab 33.9%, L 18.5%. C maj 13.8%. Swing -2.0%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 63,258
(81.4 )-C 31,910 (50.4%) Lab 20,567 (32.5%, ), Ind L 10,781 (17.0%)-C maj 11,343 (17.9°'). Swing +0.2%.
l%1r Joseph Godber, IVilister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1972.74; Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1970- 72. Was Opposition chief spokeman on agriculture, 1965-70;* previously spokesman on labour affairs. Minister of Labour, 1963-64- Secretary of State for War, June- October, 1963 ; Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1961-63 and joint Under-Secretary, 1960-61 ; joint Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957-60; assistanit whip, 1955-57. Elected in 1951. Farmer; non-executive director, Booker McConnell. B March, 1914; ed Bed- ford School. Member, Bedford- shire County Council, 1946-52.
GRAVESEND
Electorate: 87,269 Feb: 86,499 *Ovenden, J. F. (Lab) 29,569 Needham, R. (C) 27,264 Cartier ,'L. (L) 10,244 Turner, J. D. (Nat Front) 1,304 Keen,. T. (Prosp Brit) 239
Lab majority 2,305 NO CHANGE
Total vote 68,620. Turni-otit 78.6%.
Lab 43.1%, C 39.7%, L 14.9%, Nat Front 1.9%, Pros Brit 0.3%. Lab maj 3.3%,.. Swving -0.6%. February, 1974: Total vote 72,422
(83.7%)-Lab 29,571 (40.8%), C 27,989 (38.6% ), L 13,136 (18.1%), Nat Front 1,726 (2.4%) -Lab maj 1,5S82 (2.2%). Swing
-2.0%.
Mlr John Ovenden, telecommunica- tions engineer, won the seat for Labour in February, 1974. B August, 1942; ed Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate. Gill- ingham councillor; former secre- tary, Kent Federation of Labour Party.
GREENOCK AND PORT GLASGOW
Electorate: 62,126 Feb: 63,594 *Mabon, Dr. J. D.
(Lab and Co-op) 21,279 Wright, J. K. (Scot Nat) 9,324 Campbell, W. M. (L) 8,580 Foote, A. (C) 4,969
Lab majority 11,955 NO CHANGE
Total vote 44,152. Turn-out 71.1%.l
Lab & Co-op 48.2%, Scot Nat 21.1%, L 19.4%, C 11.2%' . Lab & Co-op maj 27.1%. Swing -3.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,610
(67.0%.)-Lab & Co-op 20,565 (48.3%), L 8,789 (20.6%), C 7,892 (18.5%), Scot Nat 4,881 (11.4%), Comm 483 (1.1%)- Lab & Coop maj 11,776 (27.6%).
Dr pickson Mabon was an Opposi- tion spokesman on Scottislh affairs, 1970-1972 * Minister of State, Scot- tish Office, 1967-70, and Under Secretary, Scottish Office, 1964-67 Returned in February, 1974; MP for Greenock from by-election in December, 1955, until 1974; con- tested West Renfrewshire, 1955, and Bute and North Ayrshire, 1951. Physician. B November, 1925, ed North Kelvinside School, Glasgolv and Glasgow Universitv. President, Scottish Union of Students, 1954- 55. Member, Parliamentarv Labour Party liaison committee, April, 1974.
GREENlYICll, Greetnwich
Electorate : 52,847 Feb : 52,390
*Barnett, N. G. (Lab) 19,155 Harold, Mrs S. iMl. T. (C) 9,249 Wilson, A. J. D. (L) 5,838 Green, D. (Ind) 254
Lab majority 9,906 NO CHANGE
Total vote 34,496. Turnout 65.3%.
Lab 55.5%, C 26.8%,'X L 16.9%, nd 0.7%. Lab maj 28.7%. Swing
February, 1974: Total vote 39 313
(75.0,0)-Lab 20,164 (51.3%1. C 11,294 (28.7%,! ), L 7,855 (20.0%) -Lab maj 8,870 (22.6';).
Mr Guy Barnett retained the seat for Labour in the by-election of July, 1971. MP for Dorset, South, 1962-64 ; contested Scarborouglh and Whitby, 1959. Schoolmaster. Former clief education officer of Commonwealth Institute. B August, 1928 ; ed Highgate School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. Chairman, Oxford University Labour Partv Group, 1951 ; Secretary, Oxford Union, 1953.
GREENWICH, Woolwich, East
Electorate 50,998 Feb* 50,520 Cartwright, J. C. (Lab) 19,812 Watson, B. I-I. (C) 7,387 Woodhead, D. J. (L) 4,638 Skeggs, M. (Nat Front) 1,000
Lab majority 12,425 NO CIIAiNGE
Total vote 32,837. TurnJuut 64.4%.
Lab 60.3%, C 22.5% , L 14.1, Nat Front 3.0%. Lab maj 37.8%. Swving -3.0%.''
February, 1974: Total vote 37,604
(74.4°%)-Lab 20,967 (55.7°'), C 8,990 (23.9%,,), L 6.390 (17.0%), Nat Front 1,066 (2. 8V), Exports 191 (0.5°%)-Lab niaj 11,977 (31 .8%).
MwIr Joln Cartwright, director, Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society, contested Bexleyheath Feb- ruary, 1974, and Bexley in 1970. B November, 1933; ed Woking Countv Grammar School. Execu- tive civil servant, 1952-55-; Labour Party Organizer, 1955-67- ; Political secretary, 1967-72. Chairman, National Union of Labour Organ. izers, 1969-70. Leader of Green- wich Borough Couucil and Chief Whip, London Borouglhs Associa- tion, since 1971 USDAW.
GREENWICH, lVoolwich, West
Electorate : 56,368 Feb : 55,769 *Hamling, W. (Lab) 19,614 Bottomley, P. J. (C) 16,073 Johnson, J. P. (L) 5,962
Lab maj6rity 3,541 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,649. Turniouit 73.9%.
Lab 47.1%., C 38.P6%, L 14.3%, Lab maj 8.5%'.. Swing -1.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 45,649
(81.8%)-Lab 20,126 (44.1%), C 17,690 (38.7%), L 7,833 (17.1%) -Lab maj 2,436 (5.3%).
Mr WVilliam Haimling, wvas an Oppo- sition spokesman on def,ence and Opposition wvhip 1970-73 ; assistant Government Whip, 1969-70. Elected in 1964 ; contested Wool- wich, West, 1955 and 1959, Tor- quay, 1956 by-election, Wavertree 1950, 1951 and Southport, 1945. Lecturer. B August, 1912 ; ed ele- mentary scIool, Liverpool Insti- tute and University of Liverpool. Member, Fabian Society, and Esti- mates Committee, 1965-66. Trus- tee, National Maritime Museum since 1967. Member, NUT and ATTI. PPS to Mr Harold Wilson. Prime IMinister, 1974.
GRIMSBY
Electorate : 66,302 Feb : 65,683 *Crosland, C. A. R. (Lab) 21,657 Brown, K. C. (C) 14,675 Rigby, D. M. (L) 9,487 McElrea, J. (Ind Deni Lab) 166
Lab majority 6,982 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,985. TurauIt 69.3'.
Lab) 47.1%, C 31.9%, L 20.66, Ilmd Dem Lab 0.4% . Lab maj 15.2%. Swing -2.0o,..
February, 1974 : Total vote 50,399
(76.79%)-Lab 21,5S5 (42.8%'), C 15,914 (31.6°,), L 12,084 (24.0%), C-Powell 816 (1.6%'o)- Lab maj 5,671 (11.2%o). Swving +1 1.2!.
Mr Anthionv Crosland became Secretary of State for the Environ- ment in Marchi, 1974, having been chief Opposition spokesman on the environment 1970-74. Was elected to Shadowv Cabinet in 1970. Secre- tary of State for Local Government and Regional Planning 1969-70 *vith Cabinet responsibilities for Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Ministry of Trans- port, and for environment and pol- lution matters ; President of the Board of Trade, 1967-69 ; Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1965-67 ; Economic Secretary to the
Treasury, 1964-65. Elected in 1959 - represented South Gloucestershire, 1950-55: contested Southampton, Test, 1955. Economist, university lecturer and writer. B August. 1918; ed Highgate School and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union, 1946), Chairman Fabian Society, 1961-62.
GUILDFORD
Electorate: 72,302 Feb: 71,642 *Howell, D. A. R. (C) 25,564 Fox, C. J. (L) 14,660 Harris, R. W. (Lab) 11,727
C majority 10,904 NO CHANGE
Total vote 51,951. Turnout 71.8%.
C 49.2%, L 28.2%, Lab 22.6%. C maj 21.0%. Swing -1.4%.'
February, 1974: Total vote 57,588
(80.3%)-C 28,152 (48.9%), L 18,261 (31.7%), Lab 11,175 (19.4'%'.)-C maj 9,891 (17.2%). Swing +0.4%.
Mr David Howell, an Opposition spokesman on energy since March, 1974; Minister of State for Energy, 1974; Minister of State for North- ern Ireland, November, 1972-74 Under-Secretary for Northern Ire- laknd, 1972; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1970-71t Parliamen-.
tary Secretary, Civil Service Department, 1970-72, and Under- Secretary for Employment, 1971. 72. Elected in 1966; contested Dud- ley, 1964. Director of the Conser- vative Political Centre, 1964-66. B January, 1936; ed Eton and King's College, Cambridge. Editor of Crossbow, 1962-64; chairman, Bow Group, 1961. Served in the eco- nomic section of the TreasurY. 1959-60 ; leader writer and special correspondent Nvith The Daily Telegraph.
H
HACKNEY, Central
Electorate: 48,524 Feb: 48,270
*Davis, S. C. (Lab) 17,650 Lightwood, K. S. (C) 4,797 Snow, Mrs M. G. (L) 3,174
Lab majority 12,853 NO CHANGE
Total vote 48,823. Turnl-out 70.8%.
C 52.3%o, Lab 24.5%, L 23.2%. C maj 27.8°o. Swing-1.8%o.
February, 1974: Total vote 30,263
(62.7%o))-Lab 18,705 (61.8%), C 6,302 (20.8%), L 5,256 (17.4%) -Lab maj 12,403 (41.0%"".).
Mr Clinton Davis, Under-SecrEtary for Trade since March, 1974, was elected in 1970 ; contested Yar- mouth In 1964 and 1959, and Ports- mouth, Langstone, in 1955. Solic- itor. B December, 1928 ; ed Mlercer's School and King's College, London University (Chair- man, Labour Society). Mavor, London borough of Hackney, 1968- 69 ; Secretary, all-party solicitors group.
HACKNEY, North and Stoke Newington
Electorate: 52,870 Feb: 52,595
*Weitzman, D. (Lab) 16,515 Wlyson, A. J. (C) 5,972 Lyons, S. J. (L) 3,796 Lord, H. C. (Nat Front) 1,044 Goldman, M (Comm) 418 Van der Poorten, M.
(WRP) 159
Lah majority 10,553 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,914. Turn-otut 52.8%.
Lab 59.2%, C 21.4%, L 13.6%, Nat Front 3.7%, Comm 1.5%, WVRP 0.6%. Lab maj 37.8%. Swing -4.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 32,676
(62.2%' )-Lab 17,160 (52.5%), C 7,826 (23.9%), L 5,932 (18.1%), Nat Front 1,226 (3.7%), Comm 532 (1.60 %)-Lab maj 9,334 (28.6,).
Mlr David lVeitzman, QC, was member for Stoke Newington, 1945-50, and elected for Stoke Newington and Hackney, North, in 1950; contested Stoke Newington, 1935. B June, 1898; ed Hutchesons' Grammar School, Glasgow, and Manchester Umiversity. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1922), QC 1951.
HACKNEY, South and Shoreditch Electorate : 49,540 Feb . 49,204 *Browvn, R. W. (Lab) 17,333 Proctor, K. H. (C) 4,038 Bone, C. (L) 3,173 May, R. (Nat Front) 2,544
Lab majority 13,295 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,088. Tur n-oUt 54.7%.
Lab 64.0°o, C 14.9%, L 11.7%, Nat Front 9.4°%. Lab maj 49.1%. Swing S.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 31,195
63.3%.)-Lab 18,850 (59.6o), C 6,562 (21.0%o), L 6,053 (19.4%) -Lab maj 12,018 (38.5%).
Mr Ronald Brown, returned in February, 1974, was MP for Shore- ditch and Finsbury, 1964-74. An assistant Government wvhip, 1966- 67. Member, member Select Com- mittee on Science and Technology since April. 1974, Vice-chairman Labour Parliamentary Association. Senior lecturer in electrical engi- neering, principal of Industrial Training School. Parliamentary adviser to Furniture, Timber and Allied Trade Union. B September, 1921 ; ed elementary school, South London, and Borough Polytechnic. Brother of Lord George-Brown. Alderman and leader, London bor- ough of Southwark since 1964. Leader, Camberwell Borough Council, 1936-64.
HALESOlVEN AND STOURBRIDGE
Electorate : 82,189 Feb: 81,612
*Stokes, J. l. R. (C) 24,387 Turner, D. (Lab) 23,537 Eden, L. T. (L) 14,672
C majority 850 NO CHANGE
Total vote 62,596. Turn-out 76.2°.
C 38.9°o, Lab 37.6%, L 23.4%. C maj 1.30.. Swving - 2.4°,.o
February, 1974 : Total vote 66,450
(81.4%)-C 26,514 (39.9%), Lab 22,465 (33.8%), L 17,471 (26.3%) -C maj 4,049 (6.1%). MIr John Stokes, management con- sultant, wvas elected in February, 1974: represented Oldbury and Halesowen, 1970-74. Fought Glou- cester, 1964 and Hitchin, 1966. B July, 1917; ed Haileybury and Queen's College, Oxford (trea- surer, Conservative Association). Mlember, Conservative Parliamen- tary Defence Committee. Chair- man, General Purposes Committee. Primrose League.
HALIFAX
Electorate : 63.562 Feb): 63,047 *Summerskill, Dr S. C. W.
(Lab) 20,976 Lyons, S. R. (C) 16,798 Clegg, A. (L) 8,693 Pearson, R. S. (Powellite) 919
Lab majority 4,178 NO CHANGE
Total vote 47,386. ltun out 74.5%.
Lab 44.3%,, C 35.4O,, L 18.3%, Powellite 1.9%. Lab maj 8.8%. Swing 1.5o,.
February, 1974: Total v-ote 51,237
(81.1°.)-Lab 20,970 (40.9%), C 17,967 (35.1%). L 12,300 (24.0%!,)-Lab maj 3,003 (5.9%). Swinig - 2.7%.
Dr Shirley Summerskill was appointed Under-Secretary, Home Office, March, 1974. An Opposition spokesman on health 1970-74. She was elected in 1964; contested Blackpool, North, in 1962 by-elec.
tion. Medical practitioner. B Sep- tember, 1931; ed St. Paul's School; Somerville College, Oxford; and St Thomas' Hospital. Vice-president, Socialist Medical Association; chairman, PLP health group, 1969. 70, previously vice-chairman, 1964-69. United Kingdom delegate to the UN Status of Women Com- mission, 1968 and 1969. Daughter of Lady Summerskill. MPU.
MONMOUTH
Electorate: 74,838 Feb: *Thomas, J. S. (C)
Faulkner, R.,O. (Lab) Hando, D. (L)
Brlimmacombe, T.
(PI Cymrut)
74,173
25,460 23,118 10,076
839
C major-ity 2,342 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,493. Turnl-out 79.5%.
C 42.8%, Lab 38.8%, L 16.9%, PI Cymru 1.4%. C maj 3.9%. Swing -1.6%.
February. 1974: Total vote 62,412
(S4.21%)-C 27,2G9 (43.7%N), Lab 22,707 (36.4%), L 11,506 (18.4%o), PI Cymru 930 (1.5%) -C maj 4,562 (7.3%). Swing + 2.5%.
Mr Jolh Stradling Thomas won the scat for the Conservatives in 1970. Assistant Government whip, 1971- 73; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (whip) 1973-74. Con- tested Cardiganshire in 1966 Aberavoni in 1964. Farmer. B June 1925 ; ed Rugby and London Uni- versity. Member, Bowv Group ; Car- miarthen Borough Council 1961-64. NFU council 1963-70 Select Coin- mnittee on Civil List. lMONTGOMERY
Electorate: 33,583 Feb: 33,303 *Hooson, Hi. E. (L) 11,280 Williams-Wynne, W. R. C.
(C) 7,421 Harries, P. W. (Lab) 5,031 Jones, A. P. (PI Cymru) 2,440
L majority 3,859 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,172. Turn-out 77.9%.
L 43.1%, C 28.3%, Lab 19.2%, PI Cymru 9.3%o. L maj 14.7%. Swing -0.8%"".
February, 1974: Total vote 27,501
(82.3%o)- L 12,495 (45.4%,o), C 7,844 (28.5°o), Lab 4,S88 (17.8%), P1 Cymnru 2,274 (8.3%) -L 'maj 4,651 (16.9%). Swing + 0.5?'..
Mr Emlyn Hooson, QC, Leader of the Welsh Liberal Party, was elected at a by-election in April, 1962. Member Liberal Party Exec- ittive since 1964. Party spokesman on Wales, law, and agriculture. Contested Conway, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1949), QC 1960. Hill farmer in Montgomery- shi-e. B Marchi, 1925 ; ed Denbigh Grammar School and University College of Wales.
- MORAY AND NAIRN
Electorate: 41,174 Feb: *Ewing, MIrs W. M.
(Scot Nat)
l'ollock, A. (C)
Smith, E. G. (Lab) * Schellenberg, K. (L)
41,380
12,667 12,300 2,985 2,814
Scot Nat majority 367 NO CHANGE
Total vote 30,766. TuLn-out 74.7%.
Scot Nat 41.2°o, C 40.0%, Lab 9.7%'., L. 9.1%, Scot Nat maj 1.2 _. Swing -3.2%.
February. 1974: Total vote 32,574
(79.8%"")-Scot Nat 16,046 (49.3O), C 14,229 (43.7%), Lab 2,299 (7.01% )-Scot Nat maj 1,817 (5.6%). Swing + 5.0%. Mrs lWinifred Ewing, vice-presi- (lent of the SNP, won the seat at the February, 1974, election. She won Hamilton from Labour at the by-election in November, 1967; defeated in 1970. B July, 1929; ed Queen's Park Senior Secondary School, Glasgowv and Glasgow Uni- versity. Solicitor. Lecturer in law, Scottish College of Commerce, 1954-56; secretaly, Glasgow Bar Association, 1961-67.
MORECAMBE AND LONSDALE Electorate: 68,473 Feb: 68,017
*Hall-Davis, A. G. F. (C) 24,877 Garbutt, E. (Lab) 12,633 Sttttard, A. R. D. (L) 12,404
C majority 12,244 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,914. Tui-n-out 72.9%.
C 49.8% , Lab 25.3%', L 24.8%. C mnaj 24.5%. Swing -1.7%.
February, 1974: Total vote 53,434
(78.6°O)-C 27,704 (51.S'), L 12,948 (24.2%,), Lab 12,782 (23.9%.)-C maj 14,756 (27.6%). Swing - 0.1%.
Mr Alfred Hall-Davis, assistant Government whip 1973-74. Elected in 1964; contested Chorley in 1955 and 1951 and St Helen's, 1950. Reelected to the board of Bass Charringtons. B June, 1924; ed Terra Nova School, Birkdale, and Clifton College, Bristol. MORPETH
Electorate : 48,518 Feb: 48,104 *Grant, G. (Lab) 22,696 Curry, D. (C) 8,009 Rogers, B. (L) 4,866
Lalb majority 14,687 NO CHANGE
Total %ote 35,571. Turn-out 73.3%.
Lab 63.8%, C 22.5%, L 13.7%. Lab inaJ 41.3% . Swing -3.9°,. rebruary, 1974: Total vote 39,053
(81.3%3j)-Lab 22,026 (5G.4°l ), C 8,992 (23.0%), L 8,035 (20.6%O) -Lab maj 13,034 (33.4%). Swing + 0.3%.
Mr George Grant, elected in 1970, wvas a miner and for eight years a conciliation officer in the NUM northern area. B October, 1924; ed elementary school, WEA and even- ing classes. Chairman, Bedlington- shire Urban Council, member since 1959;
MOTIIERWELL AND WISHAW Electorate: 51,506 Feb: 52,401
Bray, 1. W. (Lab) 17,319 MacKay, J. (Scot Nat) 12,357 Rae, G. (C) 7,069 Yotung, D. P. (L) 1,126 Sneddon, J. (Comm) 946
Lab majority 4,962 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,817. Turn-out 75.4%.
Lab 44.6%0, Scot Nat 31.8%, C 18.2.,, l. 2.9%, Comm 2.4°o. Lab maj 12.8%'. Swing - 5.1I. February, 1974: Total vote 39,225
(77.1°o)-Lab 18,310 (46.7%! ), C 11,997 (30.6%), Scot Nat 7,852 (20.0n), Comm 1,066 (2.7%O)- Lab maj 6.313 (16.1%).
Mr Jeremy Bray was MP for Middlesborough West, 1962 (by- election) to 1970 ; contested Thirsk and Malton, 19S9. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology, 1967-69 ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, April 1966 to January, 1967. B June, 1930 ; ed Aberystwyth Grammar School; Kingswood School, Bath ; Jesus College, Cambridge. Choate Fellowv, Harvard. Mathematician.
N
NANTIVICH Electorate: *Cockcroft, Bailey, A. Glidewell, i
G1,196 Feb: J. 11. (C) E. (Lab)
iMlrs H. (L)
C majority 3,374 NO CHANGE
Total vote 46.625. Turn-out 76.2% .
C 43.7n,' Lab 36.5%, L 19.7%. C maj 7.2°a. Swing -1.6 %.
February, 1974 : Total vote 49,448
81.5,o)-C 21.474 (43.4%), Lab 16,306 (33.0%), L 11,668 (23.G6 )-C maj 5,168 (10.4%). Swing -- .7-1 7 .
Mr j3lon Cockcroft was elected February, 1974. A leader writer for the Dailp Telegraplh. Member, Con- servative Bureau Foreign Aff4irs Forum; Conservative Common- wvealth and Overseas Council, National Association of Youth Clubs. B Julv 1934: ed Oundle and St Johl's Coilege, Cambridge.
60,657
20,395 17,021 9,209
- --- I
NEATH
Electorate: 52,257 Feb: *Coleman, D. R. (Lab)
Evans, H. G. (PI Cymru) Harris, M. (C) Owen, D. (L)
51,887 25,028
7,305 4,641 3,759
Lab majority 17,723 NO CHANGE
Total vote 40,733. Turin-ouit 77.9%.
Lab 61.4%, Pi Cymru 17.9%, C 11.4%, L 9.2%,O. Lab maj 43.5%. Sing - 2.0°.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,725
(78.4%)-Lab 25.351 (G2.2 ), Pl Cymrti S,758 (21.5%), C 6,616 (16.2%). Lab maj 16,593 (40.7%zO). Swing + 4.2%.
MIr Donald Coleman, elected In 1964, was an Opposition whip 1970- 74. Member, Select Committee on Overseas Aid since 1969 and dele- gate Council of Europe and West- ern European Union since 1968. Metallurgist; sponsored by British Iron, Steel and Kindred Trades Association. B September, 1925; ed Cadoxton School, Barry, and Car- diff Technical College. Tenor soloist and former member, Welsh National Opera Company. Appointed Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government Whip), March 1974.
NELSON AND COLNE
Electorate: 48,356 Feb Hoyle, E. D. H. (Lab)
*Waddington, D. C. (C) Greaves, A. (L)
47,941 17,505 16,836 4,850
Lab majority 669 LABOUR GAIN
Total vote 39,191. Turnout S1.0%.
Lab 44.7%, C 42.9%,1 L 12.4%. Lab maj 1.7%. Swing -1.1-.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,373
(84.20% )-C 15,692 (38.9%), Lab 15,515 (38.4%), L 9,166 (22.7%)
-C maj 177 (0.4%' ). Swing - 1.5%'.
Mr Eric Hoyle, sales engineer, con- tested the seat in February, 1974, Clitheroe 1964, and Nelsoni and Colne 1970. B February 1929; ed Adlington School, Horwicl Techni- cal College and Bolton Techniical College. Joined Labour Party, 1945. Member, national executive, ASTMS since 196S, member, since 1958.
NEWARK
*Bishop, E. S. (Lab) 26,598 Cargill, D. H-. (C) 20,827 Jones, I. G. M. (L) 8,116
Lab majority 5,771 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,541. Turnout 77.8o.
Lab 47.9%., C 37.5%, L 14.6%. Lab maj 10.4%. Swing -1.4%'.
February, 1974 : Total vote 58,675
(82.9%)-Lab 31,586 (53.8S'), C 27,089 (46.2-)-Lab n:aj 4,497 (7.7%). Swing - 2.6%.
Mr Edward Bishop, appointed Par- liamentarv Secretarv, Ministrv of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, in June, 1974. An Opposition spokes- man on trade, industry and aero- space. Elected in 1964. Contested Gloucestershire, South, 1955, Exeter, 1951, and Bristol, West, 1950. Assistant Government whiip 1966-67. Aeronautical design draughtsman. B October, 1920; cd South Bristol Central School, Mer- clant Venturers' Technical College and Bristol University. Chairman of the all-party Parliamentary Equal Rights Group.
NEWBURY
Electorate : 72,587 Feb : 71.842 *McNair-Wilson, M. (C) 23,499 Clouston, D. S. C. (L) 22,477 Fletcher, Mrs C. A. (Lab) 9,390
C majority 1,022 NO CHANGE
Total vote 55,36G. Turn-out 76.3%.
C 42.4%O, L 40.6%, Lab 16.9%. C. maj 1.8%. SNving +0.2%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 58,074
(30.8%,O)-C 24,620 (42.4%). l 23,419 (40.3%), Lab 10,035 (17.3 %' )-C maj 1,201 (2.1A). Mlr Michael McNair-Wilsoi was returned for Newbury in Februa-y, 1974 ; won Walthamstow, East for
the Conservatives in 1969 by-elec- tion. Contested Lincoln in 1964. Chairman, Conservative parliamen- tary aviation committee from 1972, and joint secretary, 1969-72. B October, 1930; ed Eton. Director of firm of public relations consult- ants ; former provincial newspaper reporter and aircraft company press officer. Brother of MP for New Forest.
NEWCASTLE UNDER LYMlE
Electorate : 72,781 Feb: 72,104
*Golding, J. (Lab) 28,154 Bonsor, N. (C) 20,784
Fyson, R. (L) 7,604 Rowe, S. (UK Front) 256
Lab majority 7,370 NO CHANGE
Total vote 56,798. Turn-out 780%.
Lab 49.6%, C 36.6%, L 13.4%.
UK Front 0.4%. Lab maj 13.0°o. Swing -1.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote, 60,647
(84.1%)-Lab 28,603 (47.2%), C 22,955 (37.8%), L 8;861 (14.6%), Utd Kingdom 228 (0.4% )-Lab Maj 5,648 (9.3%).) Swing
- 2.4%.
Mr John Golding -was appointed
Lord Commissioner of the Treas- ury (Government Whip) Marcl, 1974. Opposition whip 1970-74, he was elected at the 1969 by-election. MAember, Select Committee, on
Nationalized Industries. B March, 1931 ; ed City Gram mar School, Chester, U niversity College of North Staffordshire, and London School of Economics.
NEWVCASTLE ON TYNE, Central Electorate : 25,156 Feb : 25,007
*Sbort, E. W. (Lab) 10,546 Faith, MI-s S. (C) 2 432 Ellis, A. (L ) 1,716 Lab majority 8,114 NO CHANGE
Total vote 14,694. 1Turnout 58.4%.
Lab 71.8%, C 16.5% , 11.7%. Lab maj 55.2%. Swing -3.2%l. February, 1974: Total vote 16,362
(65.4%)-Lab 12,182 (74.4%), C 4,180 (25.5%)-Laab maj 8,002 (48.9%). Swving -0.1%.
M Ir Edward Short, appointed Lord President of the Council and leader of the House of Commons, March, 1974, was Deputy Leader of the Opposition, April, 1972-74, suc- ceeding Mr Roy Jenkins.
November, 1972-74 "" shadoxv w ; leader of the House. Secretary of State for Education and Science, 1968-70, Postmaster General, 1966. 68 ; Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Governmient chief whip 64-66. Elected in 1951. Former headmaster of a secondary school. B December, 1912 ; ed Bcde Col- lege, Durhlaanm.
NENWCASTLE UPON TYNE, East Electorate : 4,651 Feb : 45,252
TThomas, . S. (Lab) 17,312 I-ill, M . (C) 11,063 Symonds, T. (L) 4,391
Lab and Coop Majority 6,249 NO CHANEC
Total vote 32,766. Turn-out 71.8%'.
Lab & Co-op 52.8%, C 33.8%,
L 13.4%.- Lab & Co-oP ma ; 19.1%1. Sw igig -0.7%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 34,786
(76.8,.)-Lab & Co-op 20,439 (58.7%), C 14,347 (41.2%)-Lab & Co oop ma j 6,092 (17.57%). Sw ining -0.6-0.
M rr Mticliael T oomas, director of the National Volunteer Centre, contestcd Hertfordshire, East, 1970. B M May, 1944 ; ed Latymer
Upper School. Hammersmitli, King's School, Macclesfield, Liver- pool University. Former research officer of t he Co-operative Party. USDAW.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, North Electorate: 40,233 Feb: 40,026
*Ellio t, Sir R. W. (C) 11,217 Banks, A. L. (Lab) 10,748 Herd, D. (L) 4,189
C majority 469 NO CHANGE
Total vote 26,154. Turn-out 65.0/%.
C 42.90,, Lab 41.1%, L 16.0%. C maj 1.8%. Swing - 4.1°.- February, 1974: Total vote 29,378
(71.9) -C 12.793 (43.5%1 ), Lab 9,S13 (33.4%/ ), L 6,772 (23.0.% )-C maj 2,980 (10.1%). Swing -1.0%6.
Sir William Elliott, vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation from 1971 until April, 1974, was Comptroller of tile Household (whlip) since 1970; an Opposition whip, 1964-70. Elected at 1957 bv- election; contested Morpeth 1955 and 1954 by-election. Farmer. B December, 1920; ed King Edward VI Grammar School, Morpeth. President of the Northern Area Young Conservative Council, 1953.
NElVCASTLE UPON TYNE, West Electorate : 76,966 Feb : 76,245
*Brown, R. C. (Lab) 30,057 Stewart, R. M. (C) 14,983 Devereu.x, H. (L) 7,945
Lab majority 15,074 NO CIIANGE
Total vote 52,985. Turn-out 68.8%.
Lab 56.7%, C 28.3%, L 15.0%. Lab maj 28.4%. Swing -4.1%. February, 1974: Total vote 56,262
(73.S°%;).-Lab 33,829 (60.1%), C 22,433 (39.9%' )-Lab maj 11,396 (20.2%). Swing -1.4%..
Mr Robert Brown, appointed Un- der Secretary for Social Security, Department of Health and Social Security, March 1974, was Opposi- tion front benclh spokesman on environment unltil 1974. Former vice-chairman, Palliamentary Labour Party trade union group. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1968-70. Elected in 1966. B May, 1921; ed elementary and secondary technical schools. Secretary of constituency Labour Party and election agent, 1950-66. Councillor and aldermah, Newcas- tle Citv Council for 10 vears. NUGMW official parliamentary panel.
NElV FOREST
Electorate : 78. 109 Feb- 77,432
*McNair-Wilson, P. M. S. D (C)
28.778 Hayes, A. (L) 15,355 Bruslhett, P. J. (Lab) 13,825
C majority 13,423 NO CHANGE
Total vote 57,958. Turn-out 74.2%.
C 49.6G,%, L 26.5o,, Lab 23.8%. C maj 23.1%.. Swing -1.3%..
February, 1974 : Total vote 62,489
(80.4% )-C 30.567 (48.9%! ), L 19.185 (30.7%o), Lab 12,737 (20.4%'))-C maj 11.382 (18.2%). Mr Patrick McNair-Wilson wvas vice-chairman of the Conservative fuel and power committee. Elected at 1968 by-election; represented Lewvishain, West, 1964-66. Director of the London Municipal Societv 1960-63. Company director. B May 1929 ed Eton. Member, Select Committee oni Nationalized Indus- tl-ies, 1974, and Select Committee on Science and Technology, 1968- 70. Brother of MP for Newbury.
NEIVHAM, North-East
Electorate 6.975 Feb : 65.502
*Prentice, R. E. (Lab) 22,205 Stroud, T. J. (C) 8,664 Coheni, L. 11. (L) 4,430 Newhain, J. (Nat Fi-ont) 2,715 Redgrave, Miss V. (WVRP) 572
Lab majority 13,541 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38.636. Turni-ouit 58.6%.
Lab 57.5%, C 22.4%, L 11.6. Nat Front 7.0%_ WRP 1.5%. Lab maj 35.0%o. Swing -2.5%.o February, 1974: Total vote 4,517
(67.9°o )-Lab 24.200 (54.4o), C 10.869 (24.4%o), 1.8 ,486 (19. 1), WVRP 760 (1.7%), Int Marx 202 (0.4°o) -Lab maj 13,331 (29.9%) MIr Reginald Prenitice, appointed Secretary of State for Education anid Science, Marchi, 1974, was chief Opposition spokesman on employment 1971-74. Elected Feb- riiary 1974. Represented East Ham, North, 1957-74; contested Streatham, 1955, Croydon, North, in 1950 and 1951. In October, 1969, he resigned after four days in office as Minister of State, Techno- logy and Power; Minister of Over- seas Development, 1967-69; Minis- ter of Public Building and Works, 1966-67; Minister of State for Edui- cation and Science, 1964-66. B July, 1923; ed Whitgift School, and London School of Economics. Scientific instrument maker, and former adviser to Transport and General- Workers' Union. Spon- sored by TGWU.
NEWIIAM, North-West
Electorate : 53,489 Feb : 53,18
*Lewis, A. NV. J. (Lab) 18,388 Brown, Mrs R. (C) 5,007 Hetherington, A. (L) 4,201
Lab majority 13,381 NO CHANGE
Total vote 27,596. T urn-out 51.6.
Lab 66.6%, C 18.1%, L 15.2%. Lab maj 48.5%'.. Swing -4.3%. Fecbrulary, 1974 :Total vote 31,549
(59.3%)-Lab 18,898 (59.9%). L 6.350 (20.1%), C 6,301 (Z0.0°n)- Lab maj 12,548 (39.8%o).*
Mr Arthur Lewis was elected Feb- ruary, 1974. Elected for Upton in 1945, and represented West Ham, Nortli, from 1950 to 1974. Director of family business. Former trade union official (NUGMW) and chairnman of the Eastern Regional group of Labour Mt's. B February. 1917 ; ed elementarv school and Borough Polytechnic, National Council of Labour Colleges and WEA. Former member of the Lon- don Labour Party executive com- mittee. Meniber. Commons Expenditui-e Committee since April, 1974. Member, Estimates Committee. Member NUGM- II.APEX. ASTMS. NEWVHAM, South
Electorate.: 57,695 Feb : 57,328
*Spearing, N. J. (Lab) 21,332 Shipley, 1. W. 1. (L) 3,611 Geinniell, A. (C) 3,440 BIayl , 0. 1 Nat Front) 2,412
Lab ma.iowity 17,721
NO CIIANGE'
Total vote 30.,795. Turn-out 53.4°.
Lab 69.3"",. L 11.7,., C 11.2-% Nat Frozit 7.8%'. ILab maj 57.5"",. Swving -2.1°.
February, 1974 ; Total vote 3G,254
(63.2%, )-Lab 23.952 (66.1%), L 5.369 (14.8"",,), C 4.422 (12.2%,.), Nat Front 2.511 (6.9%) -Lab maj 18,533 (51.2%).
Mlay by-election : Total Vote 14,879
(2S.9% ), Lab 9,321 (62.6%), L 1,S62 (12.5%), Nat Front
1,713 (11.5%), C 1,651 (11.1%), Ind Laib 332 (2.2%) -Lab maj 7,459 (50.1%).
Mr Nigel Spearing, teacher. Elected, by-election May, 1974. B October, 1930 ; ed .Latyiner Upper School, Hammersmith, and St Catherine's College, Cambridge University. Regained Acton for Labour in 1970, lost it in February 1974, contested Warwick and Leamington, 1964. Was member, Select Centre on Overseas Develop. ment ; secretary, PLP education group and all-party waterways group. Co-opted member, GLC committees 1966-73. NUT.
STIRLINGSHIRE, West
Electorate: 52,989 Feb: 53,256
Canavan, D. A. (Lab) 16,698 Jones, Mrs J. T. (Scot
Nat) 16,331 Mitchell, D. W. (C) 7,875 MacFarlane, I. (L) 1,865 * Lab majority 367 NO CHANGE
Total vote 42,769. Turn-out 80.7%.
Lab 39.0%, Scot Nat 3B.2% C 18.4%, L 4.4%. Lab maJ o.d Swing -4.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 43,405
82.8%-Lab 17,730 (40.8%), Scot Nat 12,886 (29.7%), C 12,789 (29.5%)-Lab maj 4,U44 (11.2%). Swing + 3.9%.
Mr Dennis Canavan, assistant head- master. Election agent for Mr William Baxter in February, 1974. Leader of Labour Group, Stirling District Council; member, educa- tion sub-committee. Local execu- tive member, Educational Institute of Scotland. Member, Stirling County Youth Employment Advisory Committee. Former Scottish universities' footbaU inter- national. B August, 1942; ed St Columba's High School, Cowden- beath and Edinburgh University. STOCKPORT, North
Electorate: 52,842 k;eb: 52,364
*Bennett, A. F. (Lab). 17,979 Owen, J. W. (C) 16,155 Arnold, P. J. (L) 7,085
Lab majority 1,824 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,219. Turn-out 78.0%.
Lab 43.6%, C 39.2%, L 17.2%. Lab maj 4.4%. Swing -2.0%. February, 1974: Total vote 42.976
(82.1%)-Lab 16,948 (39.4%), C 16,745 (39.0%), L 9,283 (21.6%)-Lab ma; 203 (0.5%). Swing - 1.3%.
Mir Andrew Bennett, teacher, elected February, 1974, contested Knutsford, 1970; member, Oldham Borough Council since 1964. B March, 1939; ed Birmingham Uni- versity, NUT.
STOCKPORT, South
Electorate: 47,795 Feb : 47,338
*Orbach, M. (Lab) 16,281 Lewisham, Viscount (C) 12,061 Carter, C. J. (L) 7,160
Lab majority 4,220 NO CHANGE
Total vote 35,502. Turn-out 74.3%.
Lab 45.8%, C 34.0%, L 20.2%. Lab maj 11.9%. Swing - 1.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 37,528
(79.3%)-Lab 15,722 (41.9%), C 12,624 (33.6%), L 9,182 (24.5%)-Lab maj 3,098 (8.2%). Swing - 1.2%.
MV1r Maurice Orbach, elected for the constituency In 1964. Repre- sented Willesden East, from 1945- 59 ; contested that seat in 1935 and a 1938 by-election. Engineer- administrator. B July, 1902; ed high school In Cardiff and New York University. Member, Stand- ing Orders Committee; backbench groups on industry and health.
Stockton, see Teesside
STOKE-ON-TRENT, Central
Electorate: 61,217 Feb: 60,668
*Cant, R. B. (Lab) 24,146 Williams, W. (C) 9,493 Thomas, A. (L) 6,313
Lab majority 14,653 NO CHANGE
Total vote 39,952. Turn-out 65.3%.
Lab 60.4%, C 23.8%, L. 15.8%. Lab maj 36.7%. Swing -4.5%. February, 1974: Total vote 42,594
(70.2%)-Lab 27,171 (63.8%), C 15,423 (36.2%)-Lab ma3 11,748 (27.6%). Swing -1.2% Mlr Robert Cant was elected In 1966 ; contested Shrewsbury, 1950 and 1951. Lecturer. B July, 1915; ed Middlesbrough High School and London School of Economics. Member, Stoke City Council since 1953, new Staffordshire County Council since 1973, and PLP eco- nomic and financial affairs group.
STOKE-ON-TRENT, North
Electorate : 59,899 Feb : 59,356
*Forrester, J. S. (Lab) 25,264 Davies, J. W. D. (C) 10,192 Smith, M. (L) 6,239
Lab majority 15,072 NO CHANGE
Total vote 41,695: Turn-out 69.6%.
Lab 60.6%, C 24.4%, L 15.0%. Lab maj 36.1%. Swing -3.9%. February, 1974: Total vote 43,895
(73.9%)-Lab 28,177 (64.2%), C 15,718 (35.8% )-Lab maj 12,459 (28.4%). Swing + 2.0%. Mr John Forrester was elected in 1966. Teacher. B June, 1924; ed Eastwood Council School, City School of Commerce, Stoke-on- Trent, and Alsager Teacher Train- ing College. Member, NUT; exec- utive committee member, Stoke- on-Trent and District Association- member Stoke-on-Trent city and district councils.
STOKE-ON-TRENT, South
Electorate: 72,629 Feb: 71,970
*Ashley, J. (Lab) 30,699 Heath, S. (C) 14,204 Johnson, Mrs E. (L) 5,278
Lab majority 16,495 majority 00,000 NO CHANGE
Total vote 50,181. Turn-out 69.1%.
Lab 61.2%, C 28.3%, L 10.5%. Lab maj 32.9-. Swing - 2.4%. February, 1974: Total vote 55,690
(77.3%)-Lab 31,650 (56.8%), C 15,981 (28.7%), L 7,578 (13.6%), Comm 481 (0.9%)- Lab maj 15,669 (28.1%). Swing - 3.3%.
Mr Jack Ashley, chalrman of all- party Lords and Commons group on disablement, was elected in 1966. He contested Finchley, 1951. Sponsored by General and Munici- pal Workers' Union, former shop steward and member of national executive of Chemical Workers' Union 1946-47. Borough councillor, Widnes, 1946-67. B December, 1922 ; ed elementary school, Ruskin College. Oxford, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (Presi- dent of the Union). Chairman, all- party widows and single parents group.
Streatham, see Lambeth
STRATFORD-ON-AVON
Electorate : 71,895 Feb : 71,271
*Maude, A. E. U. (C) 27,123 Wright, M. J. W. (L) 14,555 Hunt, D. V. (Lab) 11,551
C majority 12,568 NO CHANGE
Total vote 53,229. Turn-out 74.0'.
C 50.9%. L 27.3%. Lab 21.7%.
C maj 23.6%. Swving -1.7°%.
February, 1974: Tofal vote 58,156
(8161.') - C 30,106 (S1.8%), L 16,885 (29.0% ), Lab 1i,165 (19.2%)-C maj 13,221 (22.7%). Mr Angus Maude was elected at a by-election in 1963. Conservative spokesman on aviation, 1964-65,
and on colonies, 1965-66. Repre- sented Ealing, South, 1950-58, when he resigned ; contested South Dor- set by-election in November, 1962.
Author and journalist. B Sep- tember, 1912 ; ed Rugby and Oriel College, Oxford. Director, Conser- vative Political Centre, 1951-55; editor. Sydney Morning Herald, 1958-61. Member, Select commit- tees on Procedure and European secondary legislation. Member, Committee of Privileges since April 1974.
HERTFORDSHURE, South
Electorate: 64,666 Feb: 64,035
*Parkinson, C. (C) 21,018 Dubs, A. (Lab) 18,790 Henchley, J. D. 0. (L) 9,393
C majority 2,228 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,201. Turn-out 76.1%.
C 42.7%, Lab 38.2%, L 19.1%. C maj 4.5%. Swing - 0.6%.
February, 1974: Total vote 52,650
(82.4%)-C 21,190 (40.2%), Lab 18,104 (34.4%), L 13,356 (25.4%)-C mai 3,086 (5.9%). Mlr Cecil Parkinson, returned in February, 1974; MP for Enfield, West, 1970-74; ; contested North- ampton, 1970. Chartered accoun- tant. Founder and chairman Par- kinson Hart Securities Ltd. B Sep- tember, 1931; ed Royal Grammar School, Lancaster and Emmanual College, Cambridge. Secretary, Parliament Conservative Finance Committee. Assistant Government whip, 1974.
HERTFORDSHIRE, Soutlh-West Electorate: 75,992 Feb: 75,216
*Dodsworth, G. H. (C) 24,939 Coheu, A. L. C. (Lab) 19,098 Jarrett, J. E. S. (L) 14,470
C majority 5,841 NO CHANGE
Total vote 58,507. Turn-out 77.0%.
C 42.6%, Lab 32.6%, L 24.7%. C maj 10.0%. Swing -1.4%.
February, 1974: Total vote 63,015
(83.8%)-C 26,563 (42.1%), Lab 18.465 (29.3%), L 17,987 (28.5%)-C mai 8,098 (12.8%). Mr Geoffrey Dodsworth was elected in February, 1974. Mer- chant banker, director of W. Brandt's Son & Co Ltd. Contested Hartlepools in 1964 and Don Val- ley, 1959. B 1928 ; ed St Peter's School, York. Member, executive committee, National - Union of Conservatives and Unionist Asso- ciations: Primrose League, Bow Group and York City Council, 1959-65.
HIEXHAM
Electorate: 65,088 Feb: *Rippon, A. G. F. (C) Wade, E. (Lab)
Cairncross, R. (L)
64,400
21,352 16,711 10,991
C majority 4,641 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,054. Turn-out 75.4%.
C 43.5%, Lab 34.1%, L 22.4%. C maj 9.5%O. Swing -2.8%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 52,918
(82.2%)-C 24,059 (45.5%), Lab 16,129 (30.5%), L 12,730 (24.0O%)-C maj 7,930 (15.0%o ). Swving - 0.8%.
Mlr Geoffrey Rippon, QC, Secre- tary of State for the Environment, 1972-74; Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster with responsibility for Common Market negotiations, 1970-72 ; Minister of Technology, June-July, 1970. OpposiUton spokesman on defence, 1968-70. Elected in 1966 ; represented Nor. wich, South, 1955-64; contested Shoreditch and Finsbury, 1950 and 1951. Minister of Public Buildings and Works, 1962-64, joining Cabinet in 1963 ; ; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961-62, and to Ministry of Aviation, 1959-61; Opposition spokesman on housing and local government, 1966-68.
HEYWOOD AND ROYTON
Electorate: 77,705 Feb : 77,050 *Barnett, J. (Lab) 27,206 Morgan, P. (C) 19,307 Bingham, V. (L) 12,969
Lab majority 7,899 NO CHANGE
Total vote 59,482. Turn-out 76.5% -.
Lab 45.7°i, C 32.4%o, L 21.8%o. Lab maj 13.3%. Swving -1.0%.
February, 1S74 : Total vote 63.662
(82.6 )-Lab 28,216 (44.3°4%), C 21,054 (33.1.), L 14,392 (22.6% ')-Lab maj 7.162 (11.20;). Sw%ing - 4.7%.
Mc Joel Barnett, Chief Secretary to the Treasury since March, 1974, was returned in 1964, contested Runcorn in 1959. An Opposition spokesman on the Treasury since 1970. Member, Pub- lic Expenditure Committee, 1971- 74 ; Select committee on the Civil List and Tax Credits. Accountant. B October, 1923 ; ed Jewish School, Derby Street, Manchester, and Manchester Central High School.
HIGH PEAK
Electorate : 57,095 Feb: 56.592
*Le Marchant, S. (C) 19,043 Bookbinder, D. (Lab) 17,041 Wahnsley, C. (L) 9,875
C majority 2,002 NO CHANGE
Total vote 45,959. Turnout 80.5%.
C 41.4%, Lab 37.1%, L 21.5%. C maj 4.3%.. Swing -0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 48,304
(85.2%)-C 19,231 (39.8%), Lab 16,956 (35.1%), L 12,117 (25.%) -C mai 2,275 (4.7%). Swing + 0.7%.
itr Spencer Le Marchant, member of the Stock Exchange, elected to the seat, 1970. B 1931 ed Eton. Governor, United WVestminster Schools; former member, West- minster City Council. Joint secre- tary of Conservative energy com- mittee from Mlarch, 1974.
HILLINGDON, Hayes and Hlarlington
Electorate: 55,960 Feb : 55,451
*Sandelson, N. D. (Lab) 20,291 Balfour, N. (C) 10,871 Lyon C. (L) 6,336 Fairhurst, J. S. (Nat Front) 1,189 Bull, R. (WRP) 198
Lab majority 9,420 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,885. Turnout 69.5%.
Lab 52.2%, C 27.9%, L 16.3%, Nat Front 3.0%, WRP 0.5%.. Lab maj 24.2%. Swing -0.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 42,037
(75.7%)-Lab 24,682 (58.7%), C 14,634 (34.8%), Nat Front 2,721 (6.5%) - Lab maj 10,048 (23.9%).
Mr Neville Sandelson retained the seat for Labour in the 1971 by- election. Barrister. B November, 1923 ; ed Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge. Contested Chichester, 1970. Leicester, South- West by-election, 1967, Heston and Isleworth, 1966, Rushcliffe, 1959, Beckenham by-election, 1957, and Asliford, 1950, 1951 and 1955. Member, LCC 1952-58; Society of Labour Law%yers. Fabian Society. NUGMW. Member, speaker's Con- ference on Electoral Law.
HILLINGDON, Ruislip-Nortlhwood Electorate : 54,119 Feb : 53,624 *Croevder, F. P. (C) 20.779 Race, D. A. G. (Lab) 10,490 Arram, Miss J. (L) 8,621 Hobday, Mrs W. (UDP) 458
C majority 10,289 NO CHANGE
Total vote 49,348. Turn-out 74.5%.
C 51.5%, Lab 26.0%, L 21.4%, UDP 1.1%. C maj 25.5%. Swving -0.1%.
February, 1974: Total vote 44,319
(82.3%7 )-C 21,995 (49.G%), Lab 10,574 (23.8%), L 10,311 (23.3%), Ind C 1,439 (3.20, )- C maj 11,421 (25.8%). Swing - 2.9%.
Mr Petre Crowder, QC, won the seat in 1950; comested North Tot- tenham by-election, 1945. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1948) ; QC, 1964. B July, 1919; ed Eton and Christ College, Oxford.! Deputy chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions, 1959-63 ; appointed chairman, 1963. Former recorder of Gravesend, 1960; Recorder of Colchester since 1967.
LANCASTER
Electorate : 49,643 Feb: 49,285 *Kellett-Bowman, Mrs M. E.
(C) 16,540 Owen, D. (Lab) 15,119 Mumford, M. (L) 7,161
C maJority 1,421 No CIIANGE
Total vote 38,820. Turn-out 78.2%.
C 42.6%, Lab 38.9%, L 18.4%. C mani 3.7%. Swing -1.2%.
February, 1974: Total vote 40,637
(82.4%)-C 17,666 (43.5%), Lab 15,197 (37.4%), L 6,898 (17.0%), Ind L 631 (1.5%), Ind 245 (0.6%) -C mnaj 2,469 (6.1%). Swving
blrs Elaine Kellett-Bowman wyon the seat in 1970. Barrister and farmer. Contested Buckingham, 1966 and 1964, South West Nor- folk, 1959, and the 1959 by-elec- tion, and Nelsoni and Colne, 1955. B July, 1924; ed Queen Mary's School, Lytham; The Mount, York; and St Anne's College, Oxford. Called to Middle Temple, 1964. Aldermani of Borough of Camden since 1968. Member of Press Coun- cil, 1964-68. Joint-secretary, Con- servative health and social secur- ity committee, 1974. Member, select-committee, Parliamentary commissioner for Administration since April, 1974. LEEDS, East
Electorate : 67,736 Feb : 67,091
*Hlealey, D. W. (Lab 24,745 Dawson, J. W. (C) 12,434 Marsh, S. (L) 6,970 Russell, Mrs N. (People) 327
Lab majority 12,311 NO cuANmE
Total vote 44,476. Turn-out 65.7%.
Lab 55.6%, C 27.9%, L 15.7%, People 0.7%. Lab mai 27.7%. February, 1974: Total vote 50,492
(75.2%.)-Lab 25,550 (50.6%), C 15,036 (29.8%), L 9,906 (19.6%,;)-Lab maj 10,514 (20.8%).
Mvlr Delis Healey, appointed Chan- cellor of the Exchequer March, 1974; chief Opposition spokesman on Treasury matters 1972-74; chief Opposition spokesman on foreign and Commonwealth affairs, 1970- 72; Secretary of State for Defence, 1964-70. Elected for Leeds, South- East, at a by-election in 1952, and for Leeds, East, in 1955; contested Pudsey and Otley, 1945. B August, 1917; ed Bradford Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford. Member, Labour Party national executive committee since 1970. Secretary of the Labour Party international department, 1946.52; cottncillor, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948-60; councillor, Institute of Strategic Studies, 1958-61
JLEF.DS, North-East
Electorate : 58,968 Feb : 58,499
*Joseph, Sir K. (C) 18,749 Gunnell, J. (Lab) 13,121 Greenfield, C. (L) 6,737
C majority 5,628 NO CHANGE
Total vote 38,607. Turn-out 65.5%.
C 48.6%, Lab 34.0%, L 17.4%. C maj 14.6%. Swing-1.0%.
February, 1974 Total vote 43,523
(74.4%)-C 20,822 (47.8%), Lab 13,562 (31.2%), L 8,839 (20.3%), People 300 (0.7-;%)-C maj 7,260 (16.7%,1).
Sir Keith Joseph, Opposition spokesman on Home affairs and member of Shadow Cabinet since March, 1974, was Secretary of State for Social Services 1970-74; Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs, 1962-64; Parliamen- tary Secretary, Miniistry of Houis- ing and Local Government, 1959- 61, and Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1916-62. Returned at a by- election in February, 1956 ; con- tested Barons Court, 1955. B Janu- ary, 1918 ; ed Harrow and Mag- dalen College, Oxford. Called to the Bar (Middle Temple) 1946G Fellow of All Souls, 1946-60
Common Councilman and Alder- man of City of London, 1946- 49 ; founder and first chairman, Mulberry Housing Trust; a founder and first chairman, Foundation for management Education. LEEDS, North-West
Electorate : 65,062 Feb : 64,511
*Kaberry, Sir D. (C) 19,243 Fenwvick, L. G. K. (Lab) 15,216 Rolfe, D. (L) 8,663
C majority 4,027 NO CHANGE
Total vote 43,122. Turn-out 66.3%.
C 44.6%1, Lab 35.3%, L 20.1%. C maj 9.3%. Swing -2.1%.
February, 1974 : Totai vote 49,172
(76.2%)-C 21,995 (44.7%), Lab 15,324 (31.2%), L 11,853 (24.1%) -C maj 6,671 (13.6).
Sir Donald Kaberry was elected in 1950. Member Speaker's Con- ference on Electoral Reform;; Chairman of the Association of Conservative Clubs. Vice-chairman Conservative Party Organization, 1955-61; chairman, Association of Conservative Cltbs since 1961. Solicitor and company director. B August, 1907; ed Leeds Grammar School. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, April-October, 1955; assistant Government 'whip, 1952-55. Member, Leeds City Coun- cil, 1930 39 and 1946-51. Chairman Yorkshire Conservative MPs, since 1972. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. LEEDS, South t
Electorate : 52,700 Feb : 52,307 *Rees, M. (Lab) 21,653 Stow, T. (C) 6,388 Adams, J. (L) 5,563
Lab majority 15,265 NO CHANGE
Total vote 33,604. Turn-out 63.8%.
Lab 64.4°,', C 19.0%, L 16.5.' Lab maj 45.4%. Swving -5.2%. February, 1974 : Total vote 38,680
(73.9%)-Lab 21,365 (55.2%), L 9,505 (24.6%), C 7,810 (20.2%) -Lab maj 11,860 (30.7%' ).
Mr Merlyn Rees wvas appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, March, 1974; chief Opposi- tion spokesman on Northern Ire- land 1972-74: an Opposition spokes- man on the Home Office, 1970-72. Elected to Shadow Cabinet, 1972. Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1968-70; Under Secretary for Defence for the RAF, 1966-68; Un- der Secretary for Defence for the Army, 1965-66. Returned at a by- election in June, 1963. Contested Harrow, East, 1955 and 1959. Vice- chairman, Labour Parliamentary
Association. Economics lecturer. B December, 1920; ed Harrow Weald Grammar School, Goldsmith's Col- lege, and London School of Eco- nomics, NUT and GMWVU. LEEDS, South-East
tlectorate : 49,787 Feb : 49,501
*Cohen, S. (Lab) 17,160
Sexton, Mrs M. (C) 6,144 Clay, MvIiss M. (L) 4,429 Innes, W. (Comm) 317
Lab majority 11,016 NO CHANGE
Total vote 28,050. Turn-out 56.3%.
Lab 61.2%, C 21.9%, L 15.8%, Comm 1.1%,.. Lab maj 39.3%. Swving -5.5%.
February, 1974 : Total vote 33,586
(67.8%)-Lab 17,827 (53.1%), C 8,373 (24.9%), L 6,981 (20.8% ), Comm 405 (1.2%)- Lab mai 9,454 (28.1%).
Mr Stanley Cohen, British Rail- ways clerical officer, was elected In 1970; contested Barkston Ash, 1966. B July, 1927;, ed St Patrick and St Charles Roman Catholic Schools, Leeds. Alderman, Leeds City Council and mcniber foi- 1S ycars. Svoncorted by TSSA.";"October 12, 1974";"";59216;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"Election results October, 1974";""
"";"['News']";"ABERAVON
Electorate: 57.179. 1964: 56.777.
exiorris, J. (Lab.) . 33,763
Hicks, R. (C.) .. 9,369 Hlart, Dr. J. T. (Comm.) .. 1,620
Lab. majority .. .. 24,394 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 33,103, C. 9.424 PI. Cymru
2,118, Comm, 1.260. Lab. maj. 23,679. MIR. JOHN MORRIS, Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministrv of Transport, from January, 1966. was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, 1964-66. Elected in 1959. Barrister, called by Gray's Inn. 1954. Born November, 1930; educated at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge, and the Academy ot International Law. The Hague.
ABERDARE
Electorate: 46,618. 1964: 47,519.
Probert, A. R. (Lab.) .. .. 26,322
Price. P. (C.) .. .. 4,204 WVilliams, J. E. (Plaid Cymru) 3,073 Wilson, Dr. A. (Comm.) .. 2,305
Lab. majority .. .. 22,118 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,106, C. 5,780, PI. Cymru
2.723. Lab. maj. 23,326.
MR. ARTHUR PROBERT was returned at a by-election in October. 1954. Local govern- meent officer. Born 1909; educated at Aber- dare elementary and grammar schools. Sec- retary atnd treasurer of Aberdare Trades and Labour Council, 1949-54. Member, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66; parliamentary private seLretary to NMinister of Technology since February, 1965.
ABERDEEN
North
Electorate: 59.157. 1964: 61,726.
Hughes, H. S. J. (Lab.) .. 28,799
Humphrey, M. (C.) .. 8,768 NlcPherson, Mrs. D. W. (L.) 4,350 Rose, Mrs. M. (Comm.) .. 719
Lab. majority .. .. 20,031 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 31.844. C. 14.366. Lab. maj.
17,478.
MR. HEcroIR HUGHEs, Q.C., entered Par- liament in 1945; contested North-West Camberwell in 1931 and 1935. Born August, 1887; educated at Diocesan School, St. Andrew's College, and Dublin Univer- sity. Barrister, called to Irish Bar (King's Inn, 1915) and English Bar (Gray's Inn, 1923); member of Middle Temple, 1932. Ghana Bar, 1957; Q.C. 1932.
South
Electorate: 62,206. 1964: 61,636.
Dewvar, D. C. (Lab.) .. . 23.291
*Twvecdsmuir. Lady (C.) .. 21,492 King, N. W. (L.) .. .. 5,797
Lab. majority .. 1. 1,799 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 25,824. Lab. 21,926, Scot. Nat.
2,197. C. maj. 3.898.
M R. DONALD DEWAAR contested ::.2 consti- tuency in 1964. Solicitor. Born August, 1937; educated at Glasgow Academy and Glasgow University; President of the Union. 1961-62.
ABERDEENSHIRE
East
Electorate: 42,661. 1964: 43,502.
*Wolrige-Gordon, P. (C.) .. 12.067
Sinclair, R. M. (L.) .. .. 8,034 Davidson, 1. S. (Lab.) .. 6,422 Cockie, B. M. (Scot. Nat.) .. 2,584
C. majority .. . 4.033 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 14.621, L. 7.088, Lab. 6,840, Scot.
Nat. 1.925. C. maj. 7,533.
MR. PATRICK WOLRIGE-GORDON was re- tirned at a by-election in November, 1958. when still an undergraduate. Born in August. 1935. Educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, where he was a member of the University Conservative Association. Secretary, fisheries sub-committee of Con- servative parliamentary committee for agri- culture, fisheries and food 1964-66.
West
Electorate: 46,011. 1964: 45,744.
Davidson, J. D. G. (L.) .. j5,151
'l.endry, A. F. (C.) .. .. 13.956
llenderson, J. (Lab.) .. 6.008
L. majority .. .. 1,195 LIBERAL GAIN
1964: C. 16.429, L. 11,754, Lab, 7.203. C.
maj. 4,675.
NIR. JAMES DAVIDSON contested the con- stituency in 1964. Farmer. Born January, 1927: educated at Royal Naval College Dartmouth, Downing College, Cambridge, and in Paris. Qualified Russian interpreter. Executive member, Scottish Liberal Party, 1962-65. Member, area executive. National Farmers' Union.
ABERTILLERY
Electorate: 36.122. 1964: 37,310.
*Williams, A. C. (Lab.) .. 23,353
Wallis, A. P. (C.) .. .. 3,151
Lab. majority .. .. 20,202 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab 24,204. C. 3.973. Lab. ma).
20,231.
1965 By-election: Lab. 18,256. C. 3,309,
PI. Cymru 1.551. Lab. maj. 14.947.
MR. CLIFFORD WILLIAMS was returned at the April, 1965, by-election. Miner Born June, 1905; educated primary school. Blaina, Monmouthshire. Started work in the mines at age of 14: officer of National Union of Minewvorkers. 1934-64: Chair- man, Usk River Board for 10 years:
ABINGDON
Electorate: 72,575. 1964: 69,102.
Neave, A. M. S. (C.) .. .. 27,749
Matterson, A. H. S. (Lab.) 24.447 Case, D. H. V. (L.).. .. 7,703
C. majority .. .. 3,302 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26.707, Lab. 20,334, L. 8,627. C.
maj. 6.373.
NIR. AIRi:Y NEAVE was Under-Secretary for Air. January-October. 1959, after being Parliamentary Secretary, MNinistry of Trans- port and Civil Aviation from January. 1957. Director. John Thompson Ltd., Wolver- hampton. Returned at a by-election in June, 1953; contested Thurrock in 1950 and Ealing, North. 1951. Born January, 1916; educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford. Barrister. called by the Middle Temple, 1943. Wounded and captured at Calais in 1940; escaped from Colditz in 1942 and reached Switzerland. Took part in Nuremburg trials and was Commissioner for Criminal Organizations. Governor, Imperial College of Science and Technology.
ACCRINGTON
Electorate: 48,412. 1964: 48,969.
Davidson. A. (Lab.) .. .. 21,330
Maxwell. D. L. (C.) .. 14,508 Gould, J. H. S. (L.) 4,375
Lab. majority .. .. 6,822 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.561, C. 15.143, L. 5.663. Lab.
maj. 5,418.
Ml{ . ARTHUR DAVIDSON contested Preston, North, in 1959. and Blackpool, South, in 1955. Barrister (Midd!e Temple. 1953). Born November. 1926; educated at Liverpool College, King George V School. Southport. and Trinity College. Cambridge. Member of National Union of General and Municipal WVorkers; former mienib,r Cambridge University athletics tea m.
ACTON
Electorate: 43,464. 1964: 44,557.
*Floud, B. F. C. (Lab.) .. 18,541
Baker, K. W. (C.) .. 13,600
Lab. majority .. .. 4,941 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,022, C. 14,423, L. 3,049. Lab.
maj. 2.599.
MR. BERNARD FLOUD, elected in 1964, contestcd Hemel Hempstead in 1959 and Chelmsford in 1955. Television company executive: formerly an assistant secretary, Board of Tradc. and a farmer. Born March, 1915; educated at Gresham's School and Wadham College, Oxford. and studied at Berlin, Grenoble, and Toronto universities. Member of Ongar Rural District Council, 1952-55.
ALDERSHOT
Electorate: b>9,6 12. 1964: 66,120.
*Errirbgton, Sir E. (C.) .. 25,672
Silvester, D. H. (Lab.) 16,776 Owen, G. E. (L.) .. 10.025
C. majority .. .. 8,896 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25,797, Lab. 13,718, L 10,066. C.
maj. 12,079.
SIR ERIc ERRINGTON was elected at a by- election in October, 1954. Represented Bootle from 1935-45. Born March, 1900; educated at Mill Hill School. Liverpool College, and Trinity College, Oxford. Called to the Bar 1923 by the Inner Temple. Contested Hanley division of Stoke-on- Trent 1929, Scotland (Liverpool). 1931, Edge Hill (Liverpool), 1950. President, National Federation of Property Owners, 1957-60. Member of U.K. delegation to Council of Europe 1963-64, and of Estimates Committee. 1964-66. Chairman of property and motor finance companies; director of other companies.
ALTRINCHAM & SALE
Electorate: 66,083. 1964: 65,716.
*Barber, A. P. L. (C.) . . .. 24,736
Cope, Mrs. J. (Lab.) .. 17,899 Cooper, A. (L.) .. .. 8,891
C. majority .. .. 6,837 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.982, Lab. 14.945, L. 13,429. C.
maj. 10,037.
1965 By-election: C. 20,380, Lab. 11,837,
L. 7.898. Brit. Ind. Democracy 634. C. maj. 8.543.
MR. ANTHONY BARBER, party spokesman on trade, industry, and steel, was Minister of Health, 1963-64; Financial Secrctary to the Treasury from July. 1962, and Econo- mic Secretary from 1959. Returned at by- electioni in February, 1965; represented Doncaster. 1951-64. contested Doncaster 1950. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1957-58. Born July, 1920; educated at Oriel College, Oxford. \Vhile prisoner of war took a law degree with first class honours. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1948. Financial director and deputy chairman of Redfearn Bros.. and director of British Ropes.
ANGLESEY
Electorate: 36,950. 1964: 35,793.
*Hughes, C. (Lab.) .. .. 14,874
Jones, J. E. (C.) .. .. 9,576 Meredith, J. W. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 2,596
Lab. majority .. .. 5,298 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 13,553, C. 7,016, L 5,730, Pi.
Cymru 1,817. Lab. maj. 6,537.
MR. CLEDWYN HUGHES. Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1964-66. was elected in 1951 : contested Anglesey in 1945 and 1950. Solicitor. Born September, 1916; educated at Holyhead Grammar School and University College, Aberyst- wyth. Former town clerk of Holyhead. Member of Anglesey County Council, 1946- 52. Chairman. Welsh Parliamentary Party. 1953-54; chairman, Welsh Labour group, 1955-56.
ANGUS
North & Mearns
Electorate: 34.583. 1964: 35,325.
*Buichanan-Smith, A. L. (C.) . 13,286
Barton, K. A. J. (L.) . 7,756 Walker, C. T. (Lab.) .. 5,318
C. majority .. ., 5,530 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 13,401. L. 9,268, Lab. 4,513. C.
mal. 4,133.
MIR. ALICK BUCHANAN-SMtITH. elected in 1964, contested West Fife in 1959. Farmer. Born in April, 1932; educated at Edinburgh Academy, Glenalmond, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Edinburgh University. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative parlia- mentary committee on agriculture. fisheries and food, 1965-66, hon, secretary to Scottish Unionist M.P.s. 1965-66.
Sotith
Electorate: 44,705. 1964: 44,495.
*Bruce-Gardyne, J. (C.) .. 22,407
McManus, F. C. (Lab.) .. 9,404
C. majority .. .. 13,003 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.566. Lab. 7.599, L. 6,472. C.
mai. 11,976.
MR. JOHN BRUCE-GARDYNE, elected in 1964, is a journalist. Born April, 1930; educated at Winchester College. and Mag- dalen College. Oxford. Served six years in Foreign Service. Member of council, Bow Group.
ANTRIM
Nortlh
Electorate: 72,039. 1964: 70,762.
*Clark, H. (U.U.) .. .. 31,927
Moore, R. (L.) .. .. 8,941
U.U. majority .. .. 22,986 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 40,372, Repub. 4,424. U.U.
maj. 35,948.
MR. HiNRY CLARK was elected in 1959. Born April, 1929; educated at Shrews- bury School, Trinity College, Dublin, and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Entered Colonial Service, was a district commissioner in Tanganyika, 1951-59. Member of the United Kingdom delegation to the Council of Eurooe.
South
Electorate: 113,645. 1964: 105,304
*Cunningham, Sir S. K. (U.U.) 40,840
Stewart, S. (N.l. Lab.) .. 22,679
U.U. *najority .. .. 18,161
NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 47,325. NI. I.ab. 16,531. Repub.
3.t830. U.U. maj. 30,794.
Stit KNOX CUNNINGHAM. Q.C.. Parliamen- tarv private secretary to the Prime Minister (Mr. Macmillan) 1959-63, was elected in 1955. Born April, 1909; educated at Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Fettes, and Clare CoUege, Cambridge. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1939, and Inn of Court, Northern Ireland, 1942; Q.C.. 1959. Chairman of the National Council of Y M.C.A.s. Liveryman of the Drapers Company. MeLmber. national executive of Conservative Party.
ARGYLL
Result to be
declared
The full results of the general election declared yesterday and on Thursday are published on this and the following nine pages.
Party designations are abbreviated thus: C.-Conservative; Lab.-Labour; L.-Liberal; Comm.-Communist; Co-op.-Co-operative; Ind.- Independent; Nat.-National; N.l.Lab.-Northern Ireland Labour Party; Soc.-Socialist; Repub.-Republican; U.U.-Ulster Unionist.
*Denotes a member of the last Parliament.
ARMAGH
Electorate: 76,111. 1964: 74,184.
*Maginnis, J. E. (U.U.) .. 34,687
McGleenon, C. (Repub.) .. 13,467
U.U. majority .. .. 21,220 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 35,223, Repub. 12,432, Ni.
Lab. 6.523. U.U. maj. 22,719.
MR JOHN MAGINNIS was elected in 1959. Farmer and company director. Born M1arch, 1919; educated at Moyallon School, co. Down, and Portadown Technical Col- lege. Member of co. Armagh Agricultural Society; group secr, tary Ulster Farmers' Union. 19S6-59.
ARUNDEL & SHOREHAM Electorate : 87,743. 1964: 84,026.
*Kerby, Capt. H. B. (C.) .. 36,913
Kenward. R. R. (Lab.) .. 18,817 Bulwer, Lt.-Col. P. M. (L.) 10,816
C. majority .. .. 18,096 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 36,943, Lab. 15,624, L. 11,671.
C. maj. 21,319.
CP,r. HENRY KERBY was returned at a by-election in March, 1954. Born Decem- ber, 1914; educated at Highgate School and on the Continent. In Regular Arm). 1933-38. Honorary Attache in Diplomatic Service, 1939. Acting Consul at Malmo. Sweden, 1940-41. and specially emPloyed by the War Office, 1941-45. Contested Spelthorne as Liberal in 1945; joined Conservative Partv and contested Swansca West, 1951. Interprcter in Russian.
ASHFIELD
Electorate : 62,030. 1964 : 61,960.
Marquand, D. 1. (Lab.) .. 33,477
Gibbons, E. T. (C.) .. 11,991
Lab. majority .. .. 21,486 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 34,841. C. 12.989. Lab. maj.
21,852.
MIR. DAVID MARQUAND contested Barry in 1964. Journalist and research fellow. Born September, 1934; cducated at Emanuel School, London. Magdalen and St. Anthony's Colleges, Oxford (chairman, university Labour Club, 1957), and the University of California. Mtember. Fabian International Bureau. Son of Mr. Hilary Marquand, former Labour Minister of Health and now a member of the Prices and Incomes Board.
ASHFORD
Electorate : 56,669. 1964 : 54,879.
*Deedes, W. F. (C.) .. .. 21,362
Thomas, C. A. (Lab.) .. 13,249 Peck, J. G. W. (L.) .. 8.121
C. majority .. .. 8.113 NO CHANGE
1964:C. 21,026, Lab. 11,989. L. 9.531. C.
mai. 9.037.
MR. WILLIANM DEEDES, Minister without Portfolio, 1962-64. and a member of the Cabinet, was responsible for the coordina- tion of Government information services at home. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Govcrnment, 1954- 55: then Under-Secretary, Home OffiCe, tintil January, 1951. Elected in 1950. Journalist. Born June, 1913; educated at WelLington House, Westgate. and Harrow.
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
Electorate : 57,159. 1964: 58,411.
*Sheldon, R. E. (Lab.) .. 24.728
Moore, H. D. (C.) .. .. 17,396
Lab. majority .. .. 7,332 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24,657. C. 20,550. Lab. maj.
4.107.
MR. ROBERT SHELDON, elected in 1964, contested Withington in 1959. Textile exporter. Born September, 1923: educated at elementary and grammar schools and technical college. Member, executivc com- mittee, Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Council of the Labour Party. Member. Public Accounts Committee. 1965-66.
AYLESBURY
Electorate : 65,968. 1964: 63,262.
*Summers, Sir G. S. (C.) .. 23,673
Allison, P. (Lab.) .. .. 19.766 Joyce, T. (L.) .. .. 9,272
C. majority .. 3,907 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,856, Lab. 16.467. L. 10.301.
C mai. 7.389
SIR SPENCER SUMMERS was elected for Aylesbury in 1950; represented Northamp- ton, 1940-45. Secretary for Overseas Trade at the end of the Coalition and in the "" care- taker"" Government. Company director. Born October, 1902; educated at Welling- ton, Trinity College, Cambridge, and Arm- strong College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Chairman of the management committee of the Outward Bound Trust. Member, Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
AYR
Electorate: 46,285. 1964: 46,269
*Younger. G. K. H. (C.) .. 19,988
O'Halloran, C. E. (Lab.) . 19,504
C. majority -. .. 484 NO CIIANGE
1964: C. 20,047, Lab. 18.346. C. maj.
1.701.
AIR. GEORGE YOUNGER, an Opposition whip since October, 1965, was elected in 1964; contested Lanarkshire. North, in 1959. Eldest son of Viscount Younger of Leckie. Company director. Born Septem- ber, 1931; educated at Cargifield school, Edinburgh. Winchester College, and New College, Oxford: Governor of Royal Scottish Academy.
AYRSHIRE
Central
Electorate: 50,744. 1964: 50,510.
*Manuel. A. C. (Lab.) .. .. 24,035
Corrie, J. A. (C.) .. .. 17.637
Lab. majority .. .. 6,398 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,999, C. 18,523. Lab. maj.
5,476.
MR. A. C. MANUEL represented the divi- ston 1950-55 and was returned in 1959. Engine driver. Born M%,larch. 1901 ; educated at elementary school, continuation and National Council of Labour classes. Served on Ardrossan Town Council for 15 years, Ayr County Council, and the Western Regional Hospital Board.
Nortb & Bu!e
Electorate: 43.625. 1964: 44,352
*Maclean. Sir .. (C.) .. .. 16;138
Lambie, D. (Lab. ) .. 13,482 Coehrane, R. P. (L.) .. 3,539
C. majority .. . 2,656 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16,497. Lab. 11.934. L. 4,671.
C. maj. 4.563.
SIR FITZROY MIACLEAN was Financial Secretary, War Office, 1954-57. Elected in 1959; represented Lancaster 1941-59. Born March, 1911: educated at Eton and King's College. Cambridge. Formerly in the diplomatic service. he joined the Ist Special Air Service Regiment, was Brigadier Commanding the British Military Mission to Marshal Tito, being dropped into Yugo- slavia by parachute. President of the Relay Services Association of Great Britain.
C. Soames (C), defeated at Bedford.
AYRSH IRE
South
Electorate: 46,504. 1964: 47,936.
*Hughes, E. (Lab.) .. .. 23,495
Graves, C. R. (C.) .. .. 11.442 Lab. majority .. .. 12,053 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24,795, C. 12,392. Lab. maj.
12,403.
MR. EMlRYS HUGHES was returned at a by-election in February, 1946. Journalist, pamphleteer anid author. Born July. 1894: educated at Abercynon CoLncil School, Mountain Ash Secondary School and City of l1eeds Training College. Editor of For-
'ard, 1931-46.
BANBURY
Electorate: 74,279. 1964: 70,178.
*Marten, H. N. (C.) .. .. 28,932
Young, D. W. (Lab.) .. 24,529 Jessel, Mrs. P. (L.) .. 7,407
C. majority .. .. 4,403 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,281, Lab. 22,159, L. 7.851,
Farmers' Cand. 534. C. maj. 5,122.
MIR. NEIL MARTEN was Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Aviation, 1962-64. Elected in 1959. Solicitor and economic adviser in shipping. Born Decc.nber, 1916; educated at Rossall School. NIember Royal Institute of International Affairs and of the Conservative Commonwealth Council. During the war he was Parachuted to French Resistance; subsequently served witp Norwegian Resistance. M1ember. exe- cutive of 1922 Committee. 1964. and of Estimates Committee, 1964-66. Chairman of space sub-committee of Conservative avia- tion committee, 1965-66.
BANFFSHIRE
Electorate: 30.216. 1964: 30,880.
*Baker, W. H. K. (C.) .. .. 8,139
Wishart, B. (L.) .. .. 6,762 Middleton, R. (Lab.) .. 4,775
C. majority .. .. 1,377 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 9.995, Lab. 5,574. L. 5.354. C.
maj. 4,421.
M'IR. WILLFRED BAKER, elected in 1964. is a farmer. Born January. 1920; educated at Hardye's School and Nottin$ham, Edin- burgh, and Cornell Universities. Area chairman of constituency party. Factor of estates in Scotland, 1949-53. and now farms in Rothiemay.
BARKING
Electorate: 48.281. 1964: 50.326.
*Driberg, T. E. N. (Lab.) .. 22,994
Pattte, G. E. (C.) .. .. 7,584 Silvey, J. T. (L.) .. .. 4,181
Lab. majority .. .. 15,410 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,055. C. 8,296. L 5.463. Lab.
mal. 14.759
MIR. ToNi DRIBERG, chairman. Iabour Parliamentary Commonwealth, Colonies and overseas development committee, was elected for Barking in 1959. He repre- sented Mlaldon from 1942-55. Member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party since 1949 and chairman, 1957-58. Lecturer, broadcaster, and journa- list. Born May. 1905: educated at Lancing and Christ Church, Oxford.
BARKSTON ASH
Electoratc: 62,650. 1964: 58,246.
*Alison. M. J. H. (C.) .. .. 28,183
Cohen, S. (Lab.) .. .. 21,841
C. majority .. .. 6,342 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.897, Lab. 19,533 C. maj.
8.364.
itR. MICHAEL ALISON. elected in 1964. is a research worker. Born June, 1926; edu- cated at Eton College. Wadham Colleve. Oxford, and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. Mem- ber, Kensington Borough Council, 1956-59. Research officer in foreign affairs section of the Conservative Research Department 1958-64. Assisted United Kingdom dele- gations to the Council of Europe, Western European Union, and Nato Parliamen- tarians' conferences.
BARNET
Electorate: 65,487. 1964: 65,493.
*Maudling, R. (C.) . . .. 24,833
Hickman, G. (Lab.) .. 19, 347 Tinker, H. R. (L.) . - .. 8,539
C. majority .. .. 5,486 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25,537, Lab. 17,024. L. 10.172,
Ind. 706. C maj. 8.513.
MR. REGINALD MAUDLING was appointed deputy leader of the Conservative Party in August, 1965, after being placed second in the ballot for the leadership. Chancellor of the Exchequer from July. 1962. until Octo- ber, 1964. He had been Colonial Secretary since 1961, after two years as President of the Board of Trade. He was Paymaster General 1957-59 and took a leading part in the European Free Trade negotiations. Minister of Supply, 1955-57, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation. 1952; Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1953- 55. Elected for Barnet, 1950; contested Heston and Isleworth, 1945. Barrister. called by the Middle Temple. 1940. Born March, 1917: educated at Mierchant Tay- lors' School and Merton College. Oxford. Executive director, Klcinwort, Benson Ltd.; director, Dunlop Rubber Company. and Associated Electrical Industries; chairman of Shipping and Industrial Trust.
BARNSLEY
Electorate: 69,751. 1964: 69,658.
'Mason, R. (Lab.) .. .. 38.744
Hall, Miss J. V. (C.) .. 12,456
Lab. majority .. .. 26,288 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 37250, C. 9.417. L 9,089.
Lab. maj. 27.833.
MIR. RoY MASON, Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1964-66, with special respons- ibility for shipping, tourism and travel. Re- turned at a by-election in March, 1953. Born April, 1924; educated at elementary schools and London School of Economics. Miner. 1938-53. Member of the Yorkshire Miners Council, 1949-53; branch official National Union of Mineworkers. 1947-53.
BARONS COURT
Electorate: 43,830. 1964: 46,048.
*Richard, 1. S. (Lab.) .. .. 17,021
Carr, W. C. (C.) .. .. 13.551 Knott, S. H. J. A. (L.) .. 2,384
Lab. majority .. 3,470 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 15,966. C 14.800. L 2.J""
Lab. maj. 1,166.
MR. IVOR RICHARD. elected in 1964. con. tested Kensington South in 1959. Barrister. Born May. 1932; educated at St. Michael's School. Lianelly. Cheltenham College, and Pembroke College. Oxford, called by inner Temple. 1955. Mcmber Society of Labour Lawyers.
BARROW IN FURNESS
Electorate: 50.711. 1964: 51,601.
Booth, A. E. (Lab.) .. .. 23,485
Rollins, R. W. (C.) .. .. 15453
Lab. majority .. .. 8,032 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,197. C. 18.068. Lab. maj.
4.129.
MR. ALBERT BOOT-H contested Tyne- mouth in 1964. Design draughtsman. Born May, 1928; educated at Marine School, South Shields, and Rutherford Col- lege of Technology. Member, Tynemouth County Borough Council. 1962-65; con- stituenc) party secretary, 1 952-58; chair- man, 1958-63; former chairman, Tyne- mouth Trades Council and member, national consultative committee, Labour League of Youth.
BARRY
Electorate: 65.194. 1964: 64,319.
*Gower, H. R. (C.) .. .. 27,957
Thomas, J. (Lab.) .. .. 26,563
C. majority .. .. 1,394 NO CHIANGE
1964: C. 28,600, Lab. 24.334. C. mai.
4.266.
MR. RAYMOND GOWER was elected in 1951. Solicitor, chairman of provincial newspaper and director of construction and other companies. Born August, 1916, educated at Neath, Cardiff High School, and Univercity College. Cardiff. Governor, National Museum of Wales and National Library of Wales.
BASINGSTOKE
Electorate: 72,397. 1964: 68,698.
*Mitchell, D. B. (C.) .. .. 26.076
Kazantzis, A. J. (Lab.) .. 22.417 Matthew, J. W. (L.) .. 8,379
C. majority .. .. 3,659 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26.466, Lab. 18.490. L. 8.708.
C. ma). 7,976.
MR. DAVID MIrCHEI.L. an Opposition whip since October. 1965. was elected in 1964; contested St. Pancras North in 1959. Wine shipper and director of tirm of wine merchants. Born June. 1928; educated at Aidenham. Member of St. Pancras Borough Council. 1956-59.
BASSETLAW
Electorate: 61,154. 1964: 60,752.
*Bellenger, F. J. (Lab.) . 2. '7623
Orme, R. W. (C.) .. .. 17.195
Lab. majority .. .. 10,428 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,612, C. 19,167. Lab. ma).
8.44s
MR. FREDERICK BELLENGER, w ho has represented the division since 1935. was Financial Secretary to the War Office. 1945- 46, and Secretary of State for War, 1946- 47. Surveyor and journalist. Born July, 1894: elementary education.
BATH
Electorate: 55,891. 1964: 56.806.
*Brown, Sir E. J. (C.) .. .. 19.344
Moorhouse, F. S. (Lab.) ,. 18,544 Crowther, R. H. (L.) .. 7,095
C. majority .. .. 800 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.255, Lab. 16,464. L 8,795.
hid. 318. C. maj. 3.791.
SIR EDWARD BROWN, elected in 1964, contested Stalybridge and Hyde in 1959. Laboratory technician concerned xvith non- ferrous metals;. Born April. 1913; edu- cated at the Greencoat School and Morley College. Chairman. National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. 1959-60. Member of Tottenham Borough Council. 1956-62. Joint honorary secretary, Conservative parliamentary committee on labour matters, 1965-66.
BATLEY & MORLEY
Electorate: 57,936. 1964: 56.436.
*Broughton, Dr. A. L). D. (Lab.) 24.086
Marshall, P. J. D. (C.) .. 12.435 Berry, E. A. (L.) . .. 6,366
Lab. majority .. .. 11,651 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.362. C. 13.477. L. 7.564.
Lab. maj. 9.S85.
DR. ALFRED BROUGHTON won the seat at a by-election in 1949. and was reelected in 1950. Opposition whip, 1960. Born Octo- bzr. 1902; educated at Rossall School. Downing College Cambridge, and the Lon- don Hospital. Member of Baticy Boroumh Councl, 1946-49. Mlember of Commons Chairmen's panel, 1964-66.
BATTERSEA
North
Electorate: 34.048. 1964: 35.659.
*Jay, D. P. T. (Lab.) .. .. 15,522
Davidson, C. P. M. (C.) .. 5,350 Easton, Mrs. G. M. (Comm.) 650
Lab. niajority .. .. 10,172 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14.930. C. 5.847, L 2.187,
Comm. 471. Lab. maj. 9.083.
MR. DOUGLAS JAY. President of the Board of Trade, 1964-66. was Economic Secretary to the Trcasury 1947-50, and Financial Secretary 1950-51. Elected in July, 1946. Born March. 1907; educated at Win- chester and New College_ Oxford: a Fellow of All Souls 1930-37. After working as a journalist specializing in economics he entered the Ministry of Supply in 1941 and two years later went to the Board of Trade as a principal assistant secretary. Personal assistant to Mr. Attlee a, Prime AMinister, 1945-46. Member of N.E.D.C.
South
Electorate: 35.350. 1964: 36,186.
*Perry, E. G. (Lab.) .. .. 13.651
Samuel, Dr. 1. N. (C.) .. 9,861 Weekley, B. (L.) .. .. 2,276
Lab. majority .. .. 3,790 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 12.253. C. 10.615. L 3.294.
Lab mai 1.638
MR. ERNEST PERRY, elected in 1964. is an insurance contractor. Born April 1910; educated at L.C.C. schools. Member Battersea Borough Council 1934-65 (mayor 1955-56) and of Wandsworth Corporation since 1965. President, Battersea Labour Party and Trades Council. President, Federation of British Cremation Authorities.
BEBINGTON
Electorate: 73,652. 1964: 73,474.
Brooks, E. (Lab.) .. .. 30.545 *Howe, R. E. G. (C.).. .. 28.208
Lab. majority .. .. 2,337 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 26,943, Lab. 24.734, L. 7.765.
C. maj. 2,209.
MR. EDWIN BROOKS contested thc con- stituency in 1964. University Iccturer in geography. Born December. 1929; educated at Barr) County Grammar School, Glamorgan. and St. John's College. Cam- bridgc. Member. Birkenhea(d Borough Council, since 1958. Vicc-chairmjn, Birkenhead Labour Party; chairman, Liverpool U'aiversity Association of Univer- sity Teachers. 1964-65.
BECKENHAM
Electorate: 71.952. 1964: 72.692.
*Goodhart. P. C. (C.) .. 28.837
Grant, J. D. (Lab.) .. .. 14,972 (iolding, P. A. (L.).. 12,155
C. majority .. .. 13,865 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 30.070, Lab. 13.338. L. 12,821. C.
mai. 16.732.
MR. PIIILIP GOODHARr, a party spokes- man on Home Office Affairs. 1965-66, was returned at a by-electioni in AMarcih 1957: contested Consett in 1950. Journalist. Born November, 1925; educated at Hotch kiss Schiool, U.S.A., and Trinity College Cambridge. MNenber education comnittnC London Countv Council. 1955-57. Sccrc tary of the 1922 Committee. 1960-64. ant joint secretary since November. 1964.
BEDFORD
Electorate: 60.352. 1964: 5b,91 2.
Parkyn, B. S. (Lab.) . . .. '2.257
*Soames, A. C. J. (C.) .. 21.879 Buriell, J. E. (L.) .. .. 5,0S0
Lab. majority .. 378 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 21,404, Lab. 18,256. L. 7,712.
C. maj. 3.148.
tIR. BRIAN PAiRKYN. director of a firm of chemical manufacturers, contestedi the seat in 1964. Born April, 1923; cducated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Clhelmsford and technical colleges, Coun- cil member, British Plastics Federation.
BEDFORDSHIRE
Mid
lilectora:.: 61.923. 1964: 58,64(.
*Hastings. S. (C.) .. .. 23,447
Bell, C. T. (L-ab.) .. .. 20,369 Rose, P. L. (L.) .. .. 7,138
C. majority .. .. 3,078 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22.414, lIab. 17.096, L. 9,184.
C. maj. 5.318.
MR. STEPHFN HASTINGS was elected at a by-election in November. 1960. He wvorked in the Foreign Ollice 1953-55, and 1955-58 at the Embassy in Paris; with thic political office. Middle East Forces in Cyprus, 1958-60. 1Director of Emerson Associated Ltd.. Handley Page and othier companies. Born May, 1921; educated at Eton and Sandhurst. Regular officer in the Scots Guards. 1939: aide-de-camp to the Minister of State in the Middle East, 1943; served with Special Air Service Reiu- ment in Africa, 1944-45, and then in thc Special Forces Assistant military attach;, Helsinki. 1950-53. A vice-chairman of the Conservative parliamentary aviation com- mittee and of the horticulture sub-commit- tee of the agriculture committee. 1964-66.
Southl
Electorate: 86.403. 1964: 83,307.
Roberts, G. E. (Lab.) .. 34,549 *Cole, N. J. (C.) .. .. 30.319 Simonds-Gooding, Maj. H.
(L.) .. .. .. 7.484
Lab. majority .. .. 4,230 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 33,838, Lab. 33,499. C. maj. 339.
MIR. GOw.Irsi ROBi:RTs contested Conway 1964 and Ormikirk 1959. Lecturer in scientific management techniques. Born August. 1928: educated at Brynrefail Granumar School anti Universitv of Wales, Luton borough councillor since 1965.
BEDWELLTY
Electorate: 44.944. 1964: 44,538.
*Finch. Fl. J. (Lab.) ... .. 29,723
Williams, J. N. (C.) .. 4,739
Lab. majority v . .. 24,984 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,425. C. 5.810. Lab. maj.
23.615
MIR. HAROI.D FINCH. Under-Secretary, Welsh Office 1964-66; elected in 1950. wvas compensaltion secre!ary of the South Wales area of the National Union of Mine- workers. Born May, 1898; educated at ele- mentary schools and evening classes. An authority on miners' occupational diseases and on workmen's compensation and in- dustrial injuries. Formerly sccretary. miners' parliamentary group.
BELFAST
East
Electorate: 57,087. 1964: 58.196.
'McMaster, S. R. (U.U.) .. 21.283
McBirney, MI. (N.l. Lab.) .. 17,650
U.U. majority .. .. 3,633 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 24,804, N.I. Lab. 15.555, Re-
pub 1.827 U.U maj 9.249
AIR. STANLEY MCMAS-TER was elected at a by-election in March, 1959. Biarrister, called by Lincoln's Inn, 1953. Born September. 1926; educated at Campbell College, Belfast, and Trinity College, Dublin. Parliamentary and legal secretary of Association of British Chamb.rs of Commerce. Lecturer in company law. Vice-chairman, shipping and shipbuilding sub-committee of Conservative parliament- ary trade and industry committee, 1965-66.
North
Electorate: 71,441. 1964: 72.400.
*Mills, W. S. (U.U.) .. .. 26,891
Overend, D. (N.I. Lab.) .. 19.927
U.U. majority .. . 6,964 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 29.976. N.l. Lab. 17.564, Re-
pub. 2.743. U.U. mai. 12.412.
AliR. STRATTON NIILtLS, elecctd in 1959. is a solicitor. Born July, 1932; educated at Campbell Collegc. Belfast. and The Queen's University. Belfast. HIIon. secretary, Northern Ireland committee of U.N.A. and of European Youth Campaign: chairm-an. British Atlantic Group. Secretary Con- servative Parliamentarv broadcasting and communications comnmittee, !1964-66;
member, Estimates Committee. 1964-66.
South
Electorate: 56,390. 1964: 57.558
*Pounder. R. (U.U.) . . .. 23,329
Holles, E. (N.I. Lab.) 12.364
U.U. majority .. .. 10,965 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 27.422. N.l. Lab. 8,792, L.
1.941. Repub. 1,159. U.U. maj. 18.630.
MR. RArrON POUNDLR was returned ait a by-election in Octobcr, 1963. Chartered accountant. Born May, 1933: educated at
Charterhouse and Christ's College, Caim- bridge; chairman of the University Consel- vative and Unionist Association, 1954 Ulster representative on Young Conserva- tive and Unionist National Advisory Com- mittce, 1960-63. Member of Ulster Young Unionist Council. 19E6: secretary. Ulster Unionist M.P.s, 1964-66.
BELFAST
WVest
Electorate: 67.583. 1964: 69.;39.
Fitt. Ci. (Kepub. Lab.) .. 26. 92 *Kilfedder, J. A. (U.U.) .. 24.281
Repub. Lab. majority .. 2.011 REPUB. LAB. GAIN
1964: U.U. 21.337. Repub. ILab. 14.t7y.
N.l. Lab. 12.571. Repub. 3.256. U.U. inai. 6.659
NlIt. GERARD Fri-rTa ged 39, is a member for the Dock constituencv in the Northern Irelanld I-louse of Commons and reprcsents Dock W.ard on PlkIfast Cit. Cour. il. Defeated the Unionist candidate in the Stormont election in 1965. Former insur- anco agent.
BELPER
Electorate: 76.914. 1964: 74,891.
*Brown. G. A. (Lab.) .. .. 34,495
Lowther, J. L. (C.) .. .. 30.221
Lab. majority .. .. 4,-74 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30,481,C.24.169. L.9.807. Lab.
mnaj. 6.312.
MIR. GEORGE BROWN. First Sc.retart of - - a-sa ol' Staic for Economnic Affairs 1964-66. was3 clected Deputv Leader of the Parl:amentary I abour Party in November. 1960. Contested :he lc:tder-hp -ith Mr. Harold Wilson in February. 1""63. Minister (if Works. 1951 ; Parlianmentarv Secretary. Mhinistry of Agriculture. 19475 F. Born September. 1914, econdary schnol education. Represented Belper since 1945. Labour's spokesman on defence for tour years until January, 1961, then on Home Olice altairs until 1963; chairman of thc Labour Party organilzation sub-committec. Iaul. Lhalmian ot trade union group of Parliamentary party for 10 )cars.
BERMONDSEY
Electorate: 33.SI 1. 1964: 34,845.
*Mellish, R. J. (Lab.) . . . .16.i(t5
Porter, J. G. L. M. (C.) .. 3.990
Lab. niajority .. .. 12,ol5 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17.481, C. 4.568. Lab. :naj.
12.9 13.
Mit. ROBIEti iMITLISHI. Parliamen1narv Secretary. IMini stry of Housing and Loca;l Government. I96k4-66, -ith special resron- .sibility for l.ondon housing. Elected for Rotherhlitlic in 1946: returned for Bermo'nd- sey in 1950. Born March. 1913: clemen-ary school cducation. Was oficial of the Trans- port and General Workers' Union. Kniglited by Pope Johin tKnigiht Commander of St. Gregorv) for servics to Romain Catholic Churcih. 1959. Chairman of London Labour Partm since 1961.
BERUVICK & EAST LOTHIAN Eleclorate: 51,027. 1964: 50,251.
Mackintosh, J. P. (Lab.) .. 22.620 *Anstruther-Gray, Sir W. J.
(C.) .. .. . 20.931
Lab. majority .. .. 1.689 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 21,669. Lab. 21.044. C. maj. 625.
Nit. JOHN MI.ACKINTOSH conltIeted the
constituency in 1964 and Edinburhi. Pentlands. in 1959. Professor of Pohitic, Strathclyde University. Born Augutlt 1929; educated at IIelville College. Edinburgh University. Balliol Col ege. Oxford, and Princeton University. Senior lecturer in government at Universitv of [badan, Nigeria, 1961-63.
BERWICK UPON TWEED Electorate: 39.155. 1964: 39,915
*Lambton. Viscount (C.) .. 14.281
Conway, J. W. kLab.) . 9.90S Herbert, A. (L.) 7.. .. .796
C. majority .. .. 4.373 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 15.851, Lab. 8,218, L, 7.681. C.
maj. 7,633.
VISCOUNT lAM\BTON hias represented the cons:ituency since 1951: contested Bishop Auckland in 1950 and Chestcr-le-Street in 1945. 1 a n(d owncr and iourn:alist: heir to Earl of Durham. Born July, 1922; educated at Harrosv.
IBETHNAL GREEN
Electorate: 50.1S(; 1964: 51,904
Hilton. IV. S. (Lab. & Co-op.) 20.178
Heniiques, 0. S. (C.) .. 4.925 Gates, T. D. (L.) .. .. 3.841
L.ab. maiority .. .. 15.253 NO CHANGE
1964: ILab. 19,914. C. 5.593, L. 5.296. Iab.
ma;. 14.321.
.NI R. WILLIA NI I-IILTON contested Ealin-. Nortl, in 1959 and East Hertfordshiro iln 1955. Researcih ollicer for National Fcdera!ion of Buildiing> I1rade Operatives and editor Builders Stanodard. Born Mlarch. 1026; educaled at Ardro san Academy Ayr,h irc. N\iember, econiomic developnet coitml!tec for building, anid of the Agre- mncnt Bourd.
BEXLEY
Electorate: 63.885. 1964: 64,240
*Heath. E. R. Ci. (C.) .. 26.377
Butler, R. L. (Lab.) .. 24.044 Lloyd, R. F. (L.) .. .. 4,405
C. majority .. .. 2,333 NO CIIANGE
1964: C. 25,716. Lab. 21.127, L. 6,161. (Id.
1.263. C. maj. 4.589.
NIR. EDWARD HEATH was declared len;idr of the Cons^rvatise Party on August 2. 1965. after he had secured an overall majo- rity over his two rivals in a ballot by Con- servative Ml.P.s held on July 27 under the party's new electoral process for choicc of leader. After thc General Election, 1364. hle ied for the Opposition on Treasury andt economic affairs: appointed chairman of the party's policy commiltcc and research departm:ent. Secrctar) of State for Indu;- try, Trade, and Regional Development andi President of the Board of Trade. October 1963-64. He had been Lord Privy Seai in July, 1960, as principal Foreign ORi;c spokesman in the Commons. The leading figitre in the negotiations for Britain's entry into the European Economic Community. Nlinistcr of labour October. 1959-July 1960. Parliamentary Secretary to the Trcasury, 1955-59, Deputy Chief Whip 19i2-55. E!cted in 1950. Born July. 1916: educated at Chatham Housc School, Rams- gate. atnd Balliol College. Oxford; president of the Union. 1939.
BILLERICAY
Electorate: 102.198. 1964: 96,762.
N1oonman. E. (Lab.) .. .. 40.013
*Gardnler-, E. L. (C.) .. 38371
Wcrnick, L. (L.) .. . 7.587
Lab. majority .. .. 1.642 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 35.347. Lab. & Co-op. 33.755. L.
10,706. C. maj. 1.592.
MR. EIUc MOONMAN contested Chigwell in 1964. Senior research fellow, Depart. ment of Nianagement Science. Facultv of Technologyv. Manchester University. hlorn April. 1929; cdttctted at elementary and secondary schools and Liverpool and Mlan- chester Universities. MIember. Council of I ondoni Borough of Tower Hamlets. Leader of Stepney council until the reorganicttinn
of borough. 1965: sicc-chairmani. Stepney Labour Party.
CHELMSFORD
Electorate: 73,535. 1964: 70,158.
*St. John-St,evas, N. A. F. (C.) 28,600
George, C. (Lab.) .. .. 23,625 Longhurst, W. P. (L.) .. 8,419
C. majority .. .. 4,975 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,849, Lab. 20,816, L 9,4:4. C.
mai. 7,033.
MR NORMAN ST. JOHN-STEVAS, elected in 1964, contested Dagenham in 1951, Bar- rister, author and journalist. Born May, 1929; educated at Ratcliffe College. Fitz- william House, Cambridge (president of the Union 1'949), Christ Church. Oxford and Yale University; called by Middle Temple. 1953. Legal adviser to Sir Alan Herbert's committee on book censorship, 1954-59. Member Conservative national advisory committee on education.
CHELSEA
Electorate: 43,336. 1964: Worsley, W. M. (C.)
Tyler, R. N. (Lab.) .. Smith, P. (L.)
43,515.
. . 16,377 .. 7,674 .. 3,285
C. majority .. .. 8,703 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16,802, Lab. 6,868, L. 3,635. C.
maj. 9,934.
MIR. MARCUS WORSLEY contested Kcighley in 1955 and was member for that constituency from 1959 until his defeat in 1964. Farmer and landowner. Born April, 1925; educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. Programme assistant. B.B.C. European Service, 1950-53. Par- liamentary private secretary to Minister of Health, 1960-61, and to Minister without Portfolio. 1962; joint secretary, Conserva- tve Parliamentary foreign affairs commit- tec, 1961.
CHELTENHAXM
Electorate: 54,964. 1964: 54,120.
*Dodds-Parker, A. D. (C.) .. 22,683
Wilson, W. J. (Lab.) .. 19,768
C. majority .. .. 2,915 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.797. Lab. 14,557. L 7,568. C.
maj. 5,240.
MR. A. D. DODDS-PARKER, clected in 1964, was Under-Secretary. Foreign Office, 1953-54 and 1955-57; Under-Secretary, Commonwealth Relations Office, 1954-55. Represented Banbury, 1945-59. A vice- chairman of Conservative parliamentary foreign affairs committee, 1964-66. Com- pany director. Born July. 1909; educated at Winchester and Magdalen College, Oxford. Joined Sudan Political Service, 1930; assistant district commissioner; assis- tant private secretary to Governor-General, Khartum, 1934-35: Public Security Depart- ment. Khartum, 1938-39.
CHERTSEY
Electorate: 59,844. 1964: *Heald, Sir L. F. (C.)
Edwards, A. J. (Lab.) Lee, F. M. J. (L.) ..
: 58,960.
.. 22,584 .. 16,231 ,. 7,852
C. majority .. .. 6,353 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,497, Lab. 14,513, L. 8,844. C.
maj. 7,984.
SIR LIONEL HiEALD, Q.C., was Attorney- General, 1951-54. A vice-chairman of Conservative parliamentary legal commit- tee, 1964-66. Elected for Chertsey in 1950; contested St. Pancras, South-West, in 1945. Born August, 1897; educated at Charter- house and Christ Church, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1923; took silk 1937. Served in Royal Engineers, 1915-19; and R.A.F.. 1939-45. He successfully sponsored a Bill to abolish the common informer procedure. Member of the Monckton Commission on Future of Central Africa, 1960. Director, British Lion Films, Ltd.
CHESTER
City of
Electorate: 60,295. 1964: 59,654.
*Temple, J. M. (C.) .. .. 21,673
Crawford, J. (Lab.) . 18,870 Samuel, P. J. (L.) .. 6,516
C. majority . . 2.803 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,172, Lab. 16,708, L 7,583. C.
mai. 6,464.
MIR. JOHN TENIPLE was elected in the 1956 by-election. Born June, 1910; edu- cated at Charterhouse and Clare College. Cambridge. Member British executive of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and Town and Country Planning Association- presi- dent of Salmon Netsmen of England and Wales i vice-president of Association of Municipal Corporations, Rural District Councils' Association. and River Boards' Association.
CHESTERFIELD
Electorate: 66,748. 1964: 66,138.
*Varley, E. G. (Lab.) .. 31,542
Hale, A. T. (C.) .. 13,443 Bamford, T. D. (L.) .. 6,227
Lab. majority .. 18,099 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,452, C. 14,944, L. 7,738.
Lab. maj. 14.508.
MR. ERIC VARLEY, elected in 1964, is a craftsman in the mining industry. Born August, 1932; educated at secondary modem school and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member of the Derbyshire area executive of the National Union of Mineworkcrs.
CHESTER-LE-STREET
Electorate: 56,345. 1964: 55,076.
*Pentland, N. (Lab.) .. .. 32,467
Taylor, C. M. K. (C.) .. 9,720
Lab. majority .. .. 22,747 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32,895, C. 10,851. Lab. maj.
22,044.
MR. NORNLAN PENTLAND, Parlianmentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in September. 1956. Colliery check-weighman. Born September, 1912; educated at a Durham county school and National Council of Labour Colleges. Member Chester-le-Street Rural District Council, 1946-56, chairman, 1952-53
CHICHESTER Electorate: 74,951. 1964: *Loveys, W. H. (C.) ..
Burnett, D. J. (Lab.) Collins, P. J. (L.) ..
70,637.
.. 31,358 .. 13,784 .. 9,714
C. majority .. .. 17,574 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 30,222, L. 11,912, Lab. 10,155.
C. maj. 18.310.
MR. WALTER LovEYs was returned at a by-election in November, 1958. Farmer. Born November, 1920; educated at Lanc- ing. A member of West Sussex County Council since 1955. Chairman, Chichester Conservative Association, 1953-58. Hon. secretary, horticulture sub-committee of Conservative parliamentary committee for agriculture, fisheries and food, 1964-66.
CHIGWELL
Electorate: 54,443. 1964:
*Biggs-Davison, J. A. (C.),
Deakins, E. P. (Lab.) Collis, Miss G. (L.)
53,398.
.. 20,906 .. 18.338 .. 5,001
C. nmajority .. .. 2,568 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,699, Lab. 16,978, L. 6,058. C.
maj. 3.721.
MR. JOHN BIGGS-DAVISON, elected in 1955, contested Coventry, South, in 1951. Author. journalist, broadcaster; literary consultant to Commonwealth Digest and World Economic Review. Born June, 1918; educated at Clifton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. Assistant Commissioner and magistrate in the Punjab, 1945; politi- cal oflicer, deputy commissioner, and com- mandant border military police on Baluchi- stan frontier, 1945-57.
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BILSTON
ElectOrate: 71.482. 1964: 71,005.
*Edwards, R. (Lab. & Co-op.) 29,794
Oxford, F. J. (C.) .. .. 22,541
Lab. majority .. ., 7.253 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27.986, C. 24.686. Lab. maj.
3.300.
NIa. RorERT EDWARDS was clected inl 1955: contestcd Chorley in 1935 and by- clections at Stretford in 1939 and Newport in 1945. General secretary of Chemical IVorkers' Union. Born 1906: council school and tcchnical collegc education. S&rved in Spain with the Republicans dur- ing the civil war. Member, Estimates Com- ntitcec, 1964-66.
IIIRKENHEAD
Electorate: 55.225. 1964: 56,594.
Dell. E. (Lab.) . . .. 24,188
Adley. P. J. (C.) . . .. 15,438 Williams, B. (Comm.) .. 604
Lab. niajority .. .. 8,750 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,994, C. 18,133. Lab. maj.
5.861.
NIR. EDMtUND DELL. Clected in 1964. coIn- tcsted Middleton and Prestwich, 1955. Born August, 1921 educated at Owen's School I ondon, and Qucen's Colle-c, Oxford. SalCs Nlanagzr I.C.I., 1949-63. Simon Research Fellow, NMancliestcr University, 1963-64. Niembnbr, Manchester Citv Coun- cil. 1953-60. Member. Estimates Commit- tce, 1965-66.
tIRMINGHAM
All Saints
Electorate: 42.896. 1964: 44,594.
*Walden. A. B. (Lab.) .. .. 16,350
HollingwVortht, J. H. (C.) .. 11,595
Lab. rnajority .. .. 4,755 NO CHANCE
1964: Lab. 14.975, C. 14.505. Lab. maj.
470.
MIR. BRIAN WALDEN. clected in 1964. foughit thc by-election at Oswestrv in November. 1961. University lecturer. Born July. 1932; educated at West Bromwich (iraimmar School. Queen's College and Nuflield College. O.Nford (president of the Union 19571. Nlember of I.T.A. advisory comniittee.
Aston
Electorate: 52.975. 1964: 54.544
Silverman, J. (Lab.) .. .. 20.716
Kinsey, J. (C.) .. .. 13,316
Lab. majority .. .. 7.400 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.512. C. 16.146. Lab. maj.
3.366.
MIR. JULIt:S SILVERMtAN w*as clected in 1955: represented Erdington. 1945-55: con- tested Mloseley 1935. Barrister. Born in December 1905. educated at Leeds Central Highi School. First cmplo)ed as a ware- housemnan, but later read for the Bar and was called by Gray's Inn. 1931.
Edgbaston
Electorate: 51.654. 1964: 50.966.
Knight. Wrs. J. C. J. (C.) .. 18,869
Smith, E. 0. (Lab.) .. 11.335 Badger, D. J. (L.) .. *- 4.829
C. majority .. .. 7.534 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,818. Lab. I 1.0s9 C. maj.
11.759.
MIRS. JILL KNInHT contested Northamp- ton in 1959 and 1964. Housewife. lecturer. writer and broadcaster. Born July. 1923; educated at King Edward Gramniar School for Girls, Birmingham. Mlember Northampton Borough Council since 1956: part, whip. President, Northampton Young Conservatives.
lHall Green
Electorate: 59.131. 1964: 59.984.
Eyre. R. E. (C.) .. .. 20.628
Jonas, G. S. (Lab.) . 17.295 Green, J. (L.) .. .. 5.617
C. majority .. .. 3.333 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,879. ILab. 14,477. L. 7.113. C.
maj. 9.402.
1965 By-election: C. 17.130. Lab. 8.980,
1. 5,122. C. maj. 8.150.
MIR. REGtNALD EYitE was rettirned at thle constituency by-election in May, 1965; foLIght Birminghum. Northfield, in 1959. Solicitor. Born May. 1924: educated at King Edward's Schooi, Birmingham, and Cambridge University. National chairman, Conservative Political Centre: joint hon. secretary, Conservative parliamentary transport committee. 1965-66.
Handsworth
Electorate: 51.383. 1964: 53.243.
Boyle. Sir E. C. (i. (C.) .. 16.225
Wright, Miss S. R. R. (Lab.) 14,931 Hlamm, E. 1. (Union Move-
mert .. .. .. 1,337
C. majority .. .. 1.294 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16.841, Lab. 11.909. L. 6.249. Ind.
459. C, maj. 4.932.
SIR EDWARD BOYLE, party spokcsman on education and science 1965-66, was Mlini- ster of Education 1962-64. and Minister of State for Education and Science in the new department April-October, 1964. He retained membership of thc Cabinet. Parliamcruitary Secreary to the Ministry from 1957 until becomimn Financial ScLretary to the Trcasury. 1959-62 Econo- nlic Secretary to the Treasury. April. 1955. reNigned in Novemnber. 1956 in pro- test against the Government's Suez policy. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Supply, 1954-55. Returned at a bv- elcction in 1950. Contested Perry Barr in 1950. Journalist. Born AuguLst, 1923: cducated at Eton and Christ Church. Oxford: president of the Unnon. 1948. Mlemnber, Estimates Committec, 1964-66.
Lad) vood
Electorate: 25,294. 1964: 29,735.
Yates. V. F. (ILab.) ... .. 8.95
Lawler, W. L. (L.) *- .. 3.580 John, T. G. (C.) 1.. .. '.62
Lab. majority .. .. 5,315 iNO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 10.098, C. 5.879. Lab. mlaj.
4. 19.
MR. VICTOR YATI:S. ioint chairman. Iabour Parlianientar' Home )Office af:iirs committee, and vice-chairman. Post Oflice clilmittec, waS elected for l.ad'wood in 1945. Clerk. Born April, 1900: elementary school educationl: won scholarshiips for 2,1 industiial training course at Birminighaln University and to Ruskin College, Oxford.
Northflield
Electorate: 83.522. 1964: 80,377.
'Chapmai.V W. D. (Lab.) 36.801
Chalkler. C. C. H. (C.) .. 24.899 Robinson, D. (Conli.n) .. 1,029
Lab. nlajoiity .1 .* 31,902 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29.301, C. 25.063, L. 7.682.
I.ab. maj. 4.23g.
NIR. DONALD CtIAPNIAN usas elected for Northfield in 1951. Company director. Generall secretary of the Fabian Society, 1949-53. Born November, 1923. educated at Barrhsley Grammar School and Emmanuel College. Cambridge. and was
leected a senior scholar- did thiree years' eseiarch work in a_rieultural cconomy.
BIRMINGHANI
Perry Barr
Electoratc: 48,261. 1964: 49.454.
Price, C. (Lab.) .. .. 20,222
*Davies, Dr. W. R. (C.) .. 16,557
Lab. majority .. .. 3,665 LABOUR GAIN
1964- C. 18.483. Lab. 18.156. C. mai. 327.
MR. CHRISTOPItER PRICE, contested Shipley in 1964. Teacher. Born January, 1932; educated at Lceds Grammar Sohool and Qucen's College. Oxford (Secretary LaboUr Club, 1953). hIember, Sheffield City Council sincc 1962, deputy chairman. education committee since 1963; chairman, National Association of Labour Student Organizations, 1956.
Selly Oak
Electorate: 55.187. 1964: 56.798.
'Gurden, H. E. (C.) .. .. 16.533
Garwell, J. (Lab.) .. .. 15,756 Lewthwaite, R. (L.).. 4,333
C. nmajoity .. .. 777 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,443, Lab. 16.232. C. maj.
5.211.
MR. HAROLD GURDESN was elected in 1959. Techlnician in the dairying and food industry. A vice-chairman. Conservative parliamentary Oducation and science com- mittec, 1965-66. Born June. 1903; educated at Lyttelton School, Birmingham, and Bir- mingham University. Former president of Birmingham Dairymen's Association and chairman of the Society of Dairy Tcchnologs. Mlember of Birmingham Citv Counicil. 1946-56. Nlember, Estimates Comn- mittce. 1964-66.
Small Heatb
Elcctorate: 43.683. 1964: 46.268.
*Howell. D. (Lab.) .. .. 18.075
Goodhart. F. H. G. H. (C.) 7,471 Je[t, G. (Comm.) .. .. 477
Lab. majority .. .. 10,604 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17.010, C. 10,233. Comm. 926.
Lab. maj. 6.777
MIR. DLNIs HOWELL, Under-Secretary for Education and Science, 1964-66, with special responsibility for sport. Returned at a by-election in March. 1961 ; represented the All Saints division, 1955-59. and contested former King's Norton division in 1951. Public relations consultant. Born September, 1923: cducated at ele- mentary school and Handsworth Gram- miar School. Birmingham. Member of Bir- mingham City Council, 1946-56; of the Albcmarle Committee on the vouth service and a Football League referee.
Sparkbrook
Electorate: 45,148. 1964: 45,877.
*Hatterslcy. R. S. G. (Lab.) .. 18,266
Seymour, L. G. (C.) .. 11,868
Lab. majoritv .. .. 6,398 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.287, C. 15,033. Lab. maj.
1.254.
MR. Rov HAr-rERSLUY, elected in 1964. Contested Sutton Coldficld in 1959. Health service executive. Born December. 1932; educated at Sheflield Citv Grammar School and Hull University. Elected to Sheffield City Council. 1956. and became chairman of thc housing committee. Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, 1964 Former chairnian of National Association of Labour Student Organizations.
Stechford
Electorate: 54,505. 1964: 55,541.
*Jenkins. R. H. (Lab.) .. 24.598
Knox, D. L. (C.) .- *. 12.727 Dunn. W. (Comm.) .. 998
Lab. majority .. .. 11,871 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,421. C. 17,033. Lab. maj.
5.3iSs.
Mr. Ro% Jenkins, Home Secretary 1965. 66. v:at Minister of Aviation, 1964-65. Elected for Stcchford in 1950. Promoted the Obs cnc Publications Act. 1959 Econiomist. author, journalist. Born Nov- ember, 1920: educated at Abersychan County Schlool and Balliol College Oxford; secretary and librarian of the Union. Chairman, Oxford Universitv Demnocratic Socialist Club. Contested Solihull, 1945: represented Southwark 1948-50. Chairman of the Fabian Society, 19157-58.
Vardley
Elcctorate: 58.458. 1964: 58,934.
*Evan,. 1. L..4Lab. & Co-op.) 25.568
Cleaver, L. H. (C.) .. .. 19,809
Lab. niajority .. .. 5,759 NO CH-lANGE
1964: Lab. & Co-oP. 22.788, C. 22.619.
Lab. & Co-op. maj. 169.
NIR. IOAN EVANS. elected in 1964, is secretary of Birmingham and District Co-operativc Party. Born JUlIY, 1927; educated at Llanelly Grammar School and Swansea University Collecge. Party agent in Small Heath elections 1955 and 1959, Former member, West Bromwvich education cornmittce.
BISHOP AUCKLAND
Electorate: 46.256. 1964: 47,338.
*Boyden, b. J. (Lab.) .. .. 22,015
Ropner, J. V. (C.) .. .. 11,936
l ab. majority .. .. 10,079 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.310, C. 13.782, Lab. maj.
a,%528.
MIR. J.LNsiis BOYDEN. Parliamentar-y Secre- tary. Ministry of Public Building and Works 1965-66: Under-Secretary for E-duction andl Seienec, 1964-65. Returned lor Bishop AuLkland in 1959. Director of extra-mural studies at Durham Univer- sity 1947-59. Born October. 1910: edtucated at stTiin's School. Kingston-upon. I hames. and King's College, London. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) in 1947 Member of Durham County Coutncil. 1952 60. Chairman of executive of the National Institute lor Adult Education, 1957-G0.
BLACKBURN
Electorate: 54,909. 1964: 57,034.
'Castlc Mrs. B. A. (Lab.) .. 25,381
Maarsden, T. (C.) ..1 . 18,133
Lab. majority .. .. 7,248 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26.543, C. 19.650. Lab. maj.
6.893.
MRS. BARBARA CASL. MNlinister of Transport, 1965-66, and Mlirister of Over-
seas DMvelopment, 1964-65. Member of thle National Executive of the lahouir Parv sirice 1950 and chairman 195S-59. One of the t'vo Blackburn M.P.s irom 1945 elecZed for East Blackburn in 1950. and for thc single memb:r division in 1955. M?rim- ber of the comilittces ott mnmb rs' accom. modation sct up in Jtine. 1960, anj F bruary. 1964. Journalist. Barn October. 191 1; cdu:ated at Bradford Gir!s Grammar School and St. Hugh's College. Oxford.
BLACKPOOL
North
Elector-ate: 55,884. 1 964: 55.729.
Miseampbell. N A. IC() .. 19.173
Birighamii. 0. F. (Lab.) . . 13 t;63 -lese cy. J. H1. (L.) . .. 7.699
C. majority .5. .. .310 No CHANGE
1964: C. 19.633, L. 11.462. .ab. 10,543.
C. mai. 8.171
MR. NORNIAN MISCAN1BIAI .L wVaIS rCturnied at the by-election in March, 1962. Con- tested Newton, Lancashire, in 1959 and 1)55. Barrister, Inner Temptc 1952. Born February 1925: educated at St. Edward's School. .and Trinity Colle.c. Oxford. Nemnber of Hlo)lake Urbani Disttict Council 1955-61.
BLACKPOOL
South
Electorate: 56,349. 1964: 57,343.
*Blaker, P. A. R. (C.) .. .. 21,564
Pearce, E. R. (Lab.) .. 18,166
C. majority .. .. 3,398 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,769, Lab. 16,986. C. maj. 6.783.
MR. PETER BLAKER, elected in 1964, is a barrister. Foreign Service, 1953-64; attended the signing of nuclear test ban treaty in Moscow, 1963. Born October, 1922; educated at Shrewsbury School. Toronto University. and New College, Oxford. Joint hon. secretary. Conservative parliamnentary foreign affairs committee, 1965-66.
BLAYDON
Electoratc: 49,682. 1964: 48,566.
*Woof, R. E. (Lab.) .. .. 26,629
Bligh, B. (C.) .. .. 11.849
Lab. majority .. .. 14,780 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,926, C. 1',932. Iab. maj.
12,994.
MR. ROBERT WOOF was returned at a by- election in February, 1956. Miner and trade union official. Born October, 1911: educated at a Durham county schooi. Mlember of Dtirham County Council. 1947-56. An official of National Union of Mineworkers for 15 years. Member. Estimates Committee, 1964.
BLYTH
Electorate: 62.767. 1964: 62,8)5
*Milnc, E. J. (Lab.) .. .. 36,493
Prime, W. J. (C.) .. 10,179
ILab. majority .. .. 26,314 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 37,336, C. 11,832. Lab. maj.
25.504.
MR- EDWARD MILNE was returned in the 1960 by-election; contested Ruthergien in 1959. Trade union official. Born October, 1915: educated at Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. Area organizer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied WVorkers, 1952-60. Parliamentarv Private Secretary to Home Secretary, 1964; Member, Chair- men's panel of Commons, 1965-66.
BODiIN
Electorate: 46.115. 1964: 44,906
*Bessell. P. J. (L.) .. .. 18,144
Gorst, J. M. (C.) .. .. 16,121 Blank, R. (Lab.) .. .. 4,674
L. majority .. .. 2,023 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 18.046, C. 14,910, Lab. 4.172. L.
maj. 3.136.
MRI. PETER BESSELL. elected in 1964, con- tested the constituency in 1959, and Torquay in 1955 at the General Election and by- election. Company director. Born August 1921; educated privately in Bath. M1cmber. Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
BOLSOVER
Elector-ate: 49,491. 1964: 49,900
*Ncal. H. (Lab.) . . .. 31.114
Coleman, P. C. (C.) .. 6,815
Lab. majority .. .. 24,299 NO CHANGE
1964: I-ab. 31,234, C. 8,131. Lab. maj.
23.103.
NMR. HAROLD NEAL was Parliamentary Secretary, Nlinistry of Fuel and Power in 1951. Chairman. Labour Parliamentary Power and Steel Comnittee. Entered Par- liament at a by-eiection in the Clay Cross division in 1944, elected for Bolsover. 1950. Born July, 1897. began work in a coal mine at 13 and studied mining at Nottingham University. Chairman of East MEdland group of Labour MI.P.s.
BOLTON
East
Electorate: 58,401. 1964: 59,227
*Hiowarth, R. L. (Lab.) ..26,613
Taylor, E. (C.) .. .. 18.331
Lab. majority .. .. 8,282 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.937. C. 18.785. L. 6,873.
Lab. maj. 3,152.
MR. ROBLRT HOWN'ARTIi. elected in 1964, fought the Bolton by-election in 1960. Draughtsman. Born July. 1927; educated at Bolton Cotnty Grammar School and Bolton Tcchnical College. Mlember of Bolton Borough Council, 1958-60; presi- dent, Bolton ltabour Party: member of national cxecutive Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association.
Vest
Electorate: 48.980. 1964: 51,306
*Oakes. G. J. (Lab.) . . .. 19,390
Dobson, C. B. S. (C.) .. 14,473 Glenton, R. (L.) .. .. 4.483
Lab. majority .. .. 4,917 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.519. C. 13.522. L. 10.086.
Lab. maj. 2.997.
MR. GORDON OAKLS. Parliamentary pri- vate secretary to Home Secretary. 1966, was elected in 1964. contested Beb- ington in 1959 and Mloss Side, Nlanchester. in the 1961 by-election. So!icitor. Born June, 1931 : edtcated at Wade Deacon Grammar School. Widnes. and Liverpool University. Elected to Widnes Borough Council, 1952; Mlayor, 1964.
IIOOTLE
Electorate: 47.131. 1964: 49,284
*Mahon, S. (Lab.) .. .. 19,412
Halliwell, G. (C.) .. .. 10,813 Grant, W. (IP'. Lab.) .. 1.931
Lab. majority .. .. 8.599 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.677. C. 13,285. Lab. maj.
8.392.
MNR. SiNION MAHON was elected in 1(55. Opposition Whip 1959-61. An alderman of Bootle Borough Council. Mtayor of Bootle 1962-63. Born May, 1914: educatbd St. Joseph's Irish Christian Brothers School and St. James' School, Bootle. Member of Transport and General Workers' Union.
BOSWORTH
Electorate: 6SA62. 1964: 67,114
*Wyatt. W. L. (Lab.) . . .. 27.427
Wood, C. J. P. (C.) .. 19,654 Extance, A. H. (L.).. ., 7.526
Lab. majority .. .. 7,773 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,334. C. 19.583. 1_. 10.652.
ILab. mai. 5.751.
MIR. WOODRtOW WYATr. clected in 1959, represented Aston (Birmingham) 1945-55. conteslted Grantham in 1955. Under-
Secretary. War ORlicc. in 1951. Journalist. proprietor of newspapers and television commentator. Born July. 1918; educated at Eastbourne College and Worccster Colleac, Oxford. Personal assistant to Sir Statlord Cripps on the Cabinet rnission to India, 1946.
BOTHWELL
Electorate: 57,304. 1964: 56,718
*Hamilton. J. (Lab.) .. 27.166
Highgate. J. B. IC.) .. 16,198 Woods, T. (Comm.) *- 1.209
ILab. majority .. .. 10.968 NO CHANGE
19f)4: Lab. 27,556. C. 18.068. Lab. imai.
9'.488
MR. JAMES HAMILTON, elected in 1964. is a constructionial engineer. Born March, 19:X: educated at primary and senior secondary schools. NMember of Lanarkshire Count) Council since 1956, and of national executive committee. Constructional Etigin- ecer:ng Union. Meniber of Scottish Board for lndtistrY. Chairman, Bothwell Trades Counicil.
BRIDGWATER
Electorate: 58.515. 1964: 57,941
*Wills, Sir G. (C.) 0.. . 20850
Mayer, R. (Lab.) .. .. 17,864 Watkins, P. G. (L.) .. 8,205
C. majority .. .. 2,986 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,822. Lab. 14,645, L. 9,009, Ind.
2,038. C. maj. 6,177.
SIR GERALD WILLS was elected in 1950; contested the scat in 1945. An assistant whip. 1952, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1954. and Comptroller of H.M. Household, January 1957-October 1958. Born October. 1905; educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple. 1932. Company director and a member of Lloyd's.
BRIDLINGTON
Electorate: 56.333. 1964: 55,268
*Wood, R. F. (C.) .. .. 21,976
Tomlinson, J. E. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 11,939 Silverwood, T. (L.) .. 6,349
C. majority .. .. 10,037 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,729, Lab. 9,002, L. 8,494. C.
maj. 13,727.
MR. RICHARD WOOD, Opposition spokes- man on health matters. was Minister of Pensions and National Insurancc. 1963-64, Minister of Power 1959-63. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1955-58, and to the Mlinistry of Labour, 1958-59. Director of Hargreaves (Wcst Riding). Elected for Brdlington in 1950. Born October. 1920; educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. He served in the King's Royal Rifle Corps in Middle East and lost both legs.
BRIERLEY HILL
Electorate: 84.210. 1964: 80,218
*Talbot, .1. E. (C.) .. .. 34,026
Rogers, Dr. Katherine C.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 32.459
C. majority .. .. 1,567 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33.370, Lab. 28.968. Ind. 1.820.
C. mai. 4A402.
MR. JoHN TALBOT was elected in 1959. Solicitor and company director. Born April, 1906; educated at Stubbington House. Fareham, and Rossall. NMember of Kidderminster Borough Council, 1936-63. Master the Worshipful Company of Gar- deners, 1962-63. Chairman Gardeners Royal Benevolent Society, 1964.
BRIGG
Electorate: 77,484. 1964: 76,420
*Mallalieu, E. L. (Lab.) .. 33.699
Spokes, Miss A. H. (C.) .. 22,391
Lab. majority .. .. 11,308 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,480, C. 22.674, L. 7,088. Lab.
maj. 6,806.
PMR. E. L. MALLALUIIU. Q.C.. was Liberal I.P. for Colne Valley. 1931-35 (a seat previously held by his father) and won Brigg as Labour in 1948. Second Church Estates Commissioner. Born March, 1905; educated at Dragon School, Oxford. Chel- tenham College. and Trinity College. Oxford. Barrister (inner Temple) 1928, took silk 1951. Co-chairman Channel Tun- nel parliamentary Coninitee; governor of Royal Agricultural Society of England: vice- chairman, parliamentary Group for World Government; Secretary-General. World Association of World Federalists, The Hague.
BRIGHOUSE & SPENBOROUGH
Electorate: 55,925. 1964: 55,063.
iJackson, G. C. (Lab.) .. 25,740
Chapman, C. D. (C. & Nat.
L.) .. .. . 21,216
Lab. majority .. .. 4.524 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,734. C. & Nat. L. 19,812. L.
6,411. Lab. max. 922.
MR. COLIN JACKSON. elected in 1964. contested the constituency in the 1960 by-election. King's Lynn in 1959, and Newv- bury in 1950 and 1951. Barrister, lecturer. and broadcaster. Born December, 1921; educated at Tewkesburv Grammar School and St. John's College. Oxford (treasurer of the Union 1948). Called by Lincoln's Inn, 1950. Alember of Fabian Society.
BRIGHTON Kemptown
Electorate: 61.250. 1964: 61,820.
'Hobden, D. H. (Lab.) . . 24,936
Bowden, A. (C.) . .. 24,105
Lab. majority . - . 831 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,308, C. 22.301. Lab. mai.
7.
MR. DENNIS HOBDEN, clected in 1964,
was a postal and telegraph oflicer. Born January. 1920: elementary education. Past chairman. Sussex district council. Union of Post Office Workers, Past chairman of Kemptown constituency party and of Brighton Borough party Labour's first Sussex .M.P.
Pavilion
Electorate: 55.532. 1964. 56,391.
*Teeling, Sir L. WV. B. (C.) . 22,687
Graham, J. A. (Lab.) . 16,333
C. majority . . 6,354 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,998, Lab. 11,148. L. 7.362. C.
mnaj. 9.850.
SIR WILLIANM TEELING cntered Parliament for Brighton at a by-cleclion in 1944; re- turned for the new constituency in 1950: contested Silvertown 1929. Author. Born February. 1903; educated at the Oratory School, Edgbaston. and Magdalen College. Oxford. Becamc chairman, Channel Tun- nel Parliamentary Committee, 1954.
BRIS1 OL Central
Electorate: 37.363. 1964: 41.367. *Palmer, A. M. F. (Lab, and
Co-op.) .. .. .. 15,399 Taylor. J. R. E. (C.) .. 9,410 Burgess, D. H1. R. (Itid.) .. 1,322
Lab. majority .. .. 5,989 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. and Co-op. 16,207. C. 11,616.
Ind. 1.936. Lab. and Co-op mai. 4.591.
MIt. ARTHUR PALMER. elected in 1964, represented Wimbledon from 1945-50 and Cleveland from 1952-59; contested Merton and Nlorden in 1950 and 1951. Chartered electrical engineer and nationial official of the Electrical Power Engineers' Associa- tion; editor Electrical Ptlot er Eneineer. Born August, 1912; educated at Ashford Grammar School and Brunel Technical College.
North-East
Electorate: 61,554. 1964: 62.229.
Dobson, R. F. H. (Lab.) .. 25.699 *Hopkins, A. C. N. (C. &
Nat. L.) .. . 21,727
Lab. majority . .. 3.972 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. and Nat. L. 22.423. Lab. 21.212,
Ind. L. 4.346. C. and Nat. l.. maj. 121 1.
MR. R.AYMOND DOBSON contested the con-
stittiency in 1964. the Tiverton by-election. 1960. and Torrington, 1959. Post Oflice radio operator. Born April. 1925; edu- cated at Purbrook Park Grammar School, Portsmouth. and Ruskin College. Oxford. Member, exectitive. Union of Post Office Woorkers; chairman1, llfraconibe l abour Party.
BRISTOL North-West
Electorate: 58,894. 1964: 59,025.
Ellis, J. (Lab.) .. .. 24,195
*McLaren, M. (C.) .. .. 23,526 Underwood, B. (Comm.). 595
Lab. majority .. .. 669 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22,129. Lab. 21,030, L. 5,883. C.
maj. 1,099.
MR. JOHN ELLIS, contested Wokingham in 1964. Laboratory technicial. Born October, 1930; cducated at Rastrick Gram- mar School, brighouse. Member of East- hampstead Rural District Council since 1962. Formerly employed in Metcorolo- gical Office (vice-chairman, Staff side. Whitley committec).
South
Electorate: 56,915. 1964: 57,449.
*Wilkins, W. A. (Lab.) .. 26,552
Wall. R. W. (C.) .. .. 12,998
Lab. majority .. .. 13.554 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,569. C. 15,282. Lab. maj.
11.287.
MR. WILL WILKINS was first clected in 1945. He was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1950. and an assistant whip. 1947-50. Linotype operator. Born January. 1899; elementary school education. A former member of Bristol City Council. and of the executive of the Typographical Association.
South-East
Electorate: 66,034. 1964: 62,150.
*Benn, A. N. Wedgwood (Lab.) 30,851
Pope, C. J. R. (C.) .. .. 19,435
Lab. majority .. .. 11,416 NO CHANG]i
1964: Lab. 29.117, C. 19,282. Lab. maj.
9,835.
MR. WVEDGWOOD BENN. Postmaster General. 1964-66, was elected in 1950. De- barred from the Commons on the death of his father. Viscount Stansgate, in No-vem- ber. 1960, he contested and won the by- election in May, 1961, but an Election Court declared his Conservative opponent elected. He renounced his title under the Peerage Act and was re-elected in August. 1963. Member of Labour Party cxccutive. Journalist. Born April, 1925: educated at Westminster and New College, Oxford.
West
Elcctorate: 48.361. 1964: *Cooke. R. G. (C.) ..
Bosisto, L. W. (Lab.) Stacey, R. G. R. (L.)
50,052.
.. 19,783 .. 8,265 .. 6,850
C. majority .. .. 11,518 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,230, L. 7.366, Lab. 7,306. Ind.
709. C. mnaj. 13,864.
NM R. ROBERT COOKE was returned at a by-election in 1957; contested Bristol South-East. 1955. Vice-chiairman Conser- vative parliamentary broadcasting and com- munications committee and of arts. public building and works committee 1964-66. Born Mlay 1930; educated at Downs School, Wraxhall, harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford.
BRIXTON Lambeth
Electoratc: 47.615. 1964: *Lipton, M. (Lab.) ..
Dixon, P. J. S. (C.) ..
49.903.
.. 16,634 .. 10.500
Lab. majority .. .. 6,134 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16,518. C. 11,934. Lab. maj.
4.584.
MIR. MARCuS LIPTON was clected in 1945; contested Brixton. 1935. Born October. 1900: educated at Bede Grammar School. Sunderland, and Mferton College. Oxford. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1926. An alderman of Lambeth Borough Council, 1937-56; member of Stepney Borough Council, 1934-37.
BROMLEY
Electoratc: 49.533. 1964: *Hunt. J. L. (C.)
Speakmnan, D. (Lab.) Billenness, P. H. (L.)
49,915.
I. 20.117 .. 10,290 .. 8.060
C. majority .. .. 9,827 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,417, Lab. 9.090, L. 8,650, Ind.
461. Ind. 234. C. maj. 11,327.
NMR. JOHN HUNT. clected in 1964. con- tested Lewisham South in 1959. Stock- brokcr. Born October. 1929; educated at Dulwich Collcge. NMayor of Bromley. 1963-65: meniber of borough council sincc 1953: alderman 1961. Vice-chairman of Bromley Education Committee, governor of secondary and grammar schools.
BROMSGROVE Electorate: 76.474. 1964: *Dance, J. C. G. (C.) ..
Lister, N. P. (Lab.)
73,272.
.. 32,400 .. 28,704
C. majority .. .. 3,696 NO CHANGE
1964: C. '9.616, Lab. 22.673, L. 8,485.
C. maj. 6.943.
MR. JAMES DANCE. elected in 1955. con- tested Rugby in 1950 and 1951. Under- writer at Llovd's. Born Nlay. 1907; edu- cated at Eton. Parliamentary private sec- retary to Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty. 1956. and to Secretary of Statc for Air. 1957-60.
BUCKINGHAM Electorate: 61,066. 1964: *Maxwell, 1. R. (Lab.)..
Kellett. Mrs. M. E. (C.) Cornwall, J. M. (L.)
58.109.
.. 24.854 .. 22,600 .. 4.9 14
ILab. majority .. .. 2.254 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.085, C. 21.604, L. 5,578. Lab.
maj. 1,481.
NIR. ROBERT MAXWLL., elected in 1964. contested the constituency in 1959. Pub- lisher and editor. Born Junc. 1923; self- educated. Chairnian of Natfonal Labour Party Fund Raising Foundation. Mlember. Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
South
Electorate: 82.728. 1964: 81.466.
*Bell, R. NJ. (C.) .. .. 33.997
Field. F. (L-ab.) .. .. 17,005 Cowie, H. T. (L.) .. .. 15,348
C. nmajority .. .. 16,992 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33,905, L. 16,151, Lab. 14,216.
C. tnai. 17.754.
MR. RONALD BEtlL, a party spokesman on defence 1965-66. won the division in 1950. Won Newport by-eiection in May, 1945, but was defeated at the general elec- tion two months later. Contested Caerpi ily by-eection, 1939. Barrister. called by Gray-s Inn, 1938. Born April, 1914; educated at Cardiff High School and Mag- dalen College. Oxford.
BURNLEY
Electorate: 52.948. 1964: *Jones. D. (Lab.)
Royse. A. S. (C.) ..
Mason, Miss NI. R. (L.)
54.4 11.
.. 25.583 . . 11.710 .. 5.045
Lab. majority .. .. 13,873 NO ChIANGE
1964: Lab. 25,244, C. 12.365, L. 6.833. Lab.
mai 12.879.
MR. DANIEL JONES was elected in 1959: contested Barry in 1955. Parliamentarv private secretary to President of the Board of Trade. 1964. Trade union oflicial. Born September, 1908; educaled at Ynsshir IRlioniddla\ S:hool and National Co-uncil of Labour Collecs.
o I
d
DENBIGH
Electoratc: 54.715. 1964: 54,032
*Morgan, W. G. 0. (C.) 17,382
Davies, A. T. (L.) .. 12,725 Griffiths, E. (Lab.) .. 11,305 Edwards, W. M. (Plaid
Cymru) .. 2.695
C. majority .. .. 4,657 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,970, L. 13,331. Lab. 8,754.
Pl. Cymru 3,444. C. niaj. 4,639.
MR. GERAINr MORGAN was elected in 1959; contested Merioneth in 1951 and Huyton, 1955. A barrister (callcd by Gray's Inn, 1947). Born November, 1920; edu- cated at University College of Wales, Aber- ystwyth, and Trinity Hall. Cambridgc.
DEPTFORD
Electorate : 44,668. 1964: 47,124.
*Silkin, J. E. (Lab.) .. .. 17,893
Giles, J. R. (C.) .. .. 7,033 Rowe, G. (Brit. Nat. Pty.) 1,906
Lab. majority .. .. 10,860 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,676, L 8248, Ind. 2.386.
Lab. maj. 9,428.
MR. JOHN SILKIN, Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1966. was returned at a by- election in July, 1963: contested St. Miaryle- bone 1950. Woolwich West 1951, and Not- ting;iam South in 1959. Youngest son of Lord Silkin. Solicitor. Born March. 1923- cducated at Dulwich College, University of Wales and Trinity Hall. Cambridge.
DERBY North
Electorate: 52,601 1964: 54,318.
*MacDermot, N. (Lab.) .. 23,033
Hene, D. H. (C.) .. .. 14,215
Lab. majority .. .. 8,818 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 21,386, C. 13,991, L. 5,057. Lab.
niaj. 7.395.
NIR. NIALL MACDERmOr, Q.C., Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasury 1964-66, -as returned at a by-cicetion in April, 1962. He won Lewisham North from the Conserva- tives in a by-election in February. 1957, but lost it in 1959. Barrister, called bv the Inner Temple, 1946: silk, 1963. Was Rccor- 'Jer of Newark and Deputy Chairman, Bed- fordshire Quarter Sessions. Born Scptem- ber, 1916; educated at Rugby. Corpus Christi College. Cambridge, and Balliol College. Oxford.
South
Electorate : 51.348. 1964: 51,944.
*Noel-Baker, P. J. (Lab.) . 21.433
Fidler, M. G. C. (.) .. 11,857 Smart, A. L. (L.) . .. 3.966
Lab. majority .. .. 9,576 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.432, C. 16.420. Lab. maj.
6.012.
MR. PHILIP NOEL-BAKER iS chairman of Labour parliamentary foreign affairs com- mittee. Was party spokesman on disarma- ment and United Nations. Won Nobel Peace Prize, November, 1959, and Albert Schweitzer Book Prize, 1961. for his book Th1e Arms Race written in 1958. Mini- ster of Fuel and Powcr. 1950-51. Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1947-50. Contested Birm- ingham, Handsworth. 1924. First entered Parliament in 1929 for Coventry; defeated 1931, 1935; member for Derby, 1936-50 returned for Derby, South, 1950. Born November, 1889; educated at Bootham, Haverford Collegc and King's Collegcg
Cambridge (president of the Union, 1912).
DERBYSHIRE
North-East
Electorate : 78.331. 1964 : 77,285.
*Swain, T. (Lab.) .. .. 38.723
Spungin, M. F. (C.) .. 19,123
Lab. majority .. . 19,600 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 38,657, C. 21.564. Lab. maj.
17,093.
MR. THOMAS SWAIN was elected in 1959. Born October, 1911; educated at Broad- way School, Burton-on-Trent. Mliner: held various oflices in National Union of Mine- workers, including vice-presidency of the Derbyshire area executive.
South-East
Electorate : 72,551. 1964 *Park, T. (Lab.) ..
Myers, P. (C.)
: 70.245.
.. 32.407 .. 26,911
Lab. majority .. .. 5,496 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 29,528, C. 28,655. Lab. maj.
873.
MR. TREVOR PARK. clected in 1964. con- tested Altrincham and Sale in 1955 and Darwen in 1959. Univcrsity lecturer. Born December, 1927; educated at Burf Gram- mar School and Manchester University. Fcrmer member of Tottington (Lancs) U.D.C. and leader of the Labour group.
WVest
Electorate : 44,414. 1964 *Crawley, A. M. (C.) . .
WNhitehead. P. (Lab.)
Edwards, Mrs. M. V. (
1 : 44,344.
. . 1 8.383 .. 13.791 (L.) 4.874
C. majority .. .. 4.592 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16.825, L. 11.559, Lab. 9,669. C.
maj. 5.266.
MR. AIDAN CRAWLI:Y retained the sear for the Conscrvatives in a by-election in June. 1962. Labour NM.P. for Buckingham, 1945-51, Under Secretary of State for Air, 1950-51. Resigned from Labour Parts. 1957. Member of the Monckton Commis- sion on Central Africa. Writer, broad- caster and company director. Born April. 1908; educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford.
DEVIZES
Electorate: 59,237. 1964: *Morrison. C. A. (C.) ..
Hamilton. 1. (Lab.)
Fogarty, Prof. M. P. (L.)
: 55,514.
.. 21.429 . 1. 8,S32 .. 7.730
C. majority .. .. 2.597 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,118, Lab. 17,170. L. 6,881. C.
mai. 3.948.
SIR. CliARILES NMORRISON was returned at a by-elect;on in Mav. 1964. Farmer. born June. 1932; educated at Eton and Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Elected to Wiltshire County Council in 1958, chair- man of the education committee. 1963-64. Joint hon. secretary, Conservative parlia- mentary committee for education and science, 1956-66.
DEVON North
Electorate: 45,192. 1964: 44,510.
*Thorpe. J. J. (L.) .. .. 16,797
Keigwin. T. C. (C.) *. 15,631 Rayner, J. H. (Lab.) .. 6.127
L. majority .. 1,166 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 19.031. C. 13.895, Lab. 4,603. L.
maj. 5.136.
MIR. JEREmY TiHORPE, hon. treasurer of the Liberal Party since October, 1965. and party spokesman on Commonwealth and colonial affairs, wvon the seat from the Conservatives in 1959; contested it in 1955. Born April, 1929; educated in the United States, at Eton. and at Trinity Col- lege. Oxford; called by the Inner Temple in 1954. One of his ancestors w:ts a mem- ber of Edward It's Parliament; another was Chancellor in 1371 and Chief Jtistice of the Common Please in 1356: his father and grandfather were Conservative NM.P.s.
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD
Electorate: 84,310. 1964: 82,087.
*Allason, J. H. (C.) .. .. 31,742
Corbett, R. (Lab.) .. .. 29,704 Whiteside, A. J. (L.) .. 9,970
C. majority .. .. 2,038 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 31,119, Lab. 26,273, L 11,986,
C. maj. 4,846.
MR. JAMES ALLASON was elected in 1959; contested Ccntral Hackney, 1955. Vice- chairman, Conservative parliamentary housing and local government committee, 1964-66. A Lloyd's broker. Born September, 1912; educated at Haileybury and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Member of Kensington Borough Council since 1956. Regular Army officer for 22 years.
HEMSWORTH
Electorate: 64,521. 1964: 64,957.
*Beaney, A. (Lab.) .. .. 41,887
Pickthorn, C. W. R. (C.) .. 7,165
Lab. majority .. .. 34,722 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 42,528, C. 8,668. Lab. rnaj.
33,860.
MR. ALAN BEANEY, a miner, was elected in 1959. Born March, 1905; educated at clementary school and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of West Riding County Council since 1949 and of Dearne Urban District Council since 1938. Member of Yorkshire executive com- rnittee of National Union of Mtineworkers.
HENDON
North
Electorate: 49,784. 1964: 51,137.
*Orr-Ewing, Sir C. 1. (C.) .. 18.468
Wistrich, E. (Lab.) .. .. 17.868 Cass, M. G. (L.) .. .. 3,503
C. majority .. .. 600 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,784, Lab. 16,660, L. 5,719.
C. maj. 1.124.
SIR IAN ORR-EmWING was elected in 1950. Civil Lord of the Admiralty 1959-63; Par- liamentary and Financial Secretary to Admiralty, 1959; Under-Secretary of State for Air, 1957-59. Member of executive, 1922 Committee, 1964-66. Chairman. United Carr group of companies, since 1963. Born February. 1912; educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford.
South
Electorate: 52.112. 1964: 52,009. *Munro-Lucas-Tooth, Sir H. V.
H. D. (C.) .. .. 17,176 Samuel, G. J. (Lab.) .. 13,120 Young, L. (L.) . .. 7,633
C. majority 4,056 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.452, Lab. 11,441, L. 8,430. C.
maj. 7,011.
SIR HUGH MUNRO-LUCAS-TOOTH of TEAN- INICH was Under-Secretary, Home Office. 1952-55. Represented the Isle of Ely, 1924-29; returned for South Hendon in 1945. Barrister, called by Lincoln's Inn, 1933. Born January, 1903; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Formerly Hugh Warrand, he assumed the name Lucas- Tooth in 1920 when the baronetcy was recreated in favour of the eldest grandson of the first baronet, who died after losing his three sons in France during the war. In 1965, by deed poll, he added to his name the Scottish lairdship Munro of Teaninich.
HENLEY
Electorate: 69,584. 1964: 64,617.
*Hay, J. A. (C.) .. .. 28,994
Cunningham, G. (Lab.) .. 23.320
C. majority .. .. 5,674 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,898, Lab. and Co-op. 16,614,
L. 9,081. C. mnaj. 8,284.
MR. JoHN HAY, a party spokesman on housing and land. 1965-66, was Under- Secretary of Defence for the Royal Navy April-October, 1964; Civil Lord of the Admiralty from May, 1963. Joint Parlia- mentary Secretary. Mtinistry of Transport. 1959-63. Elected in 1950. Born November. 1919; educated at Brighton. Hove and Sussex Grammar School. Admitted a solici- tor 1945.
HEREFORD
Electorate: 50.853. 1964: 49,642.
'Gibson-Watt D. (C.) .. 17.529
Prendergast, M. K. (Lab.) 14.782 Vaus, K. (L.) .. .. 6,996
C. majority .. .. 2,747 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,780, Lab. 12,020, L 9,322.
C. maj. 5,760.
MR. DAVID GTIsoN-WArr, party spokes- man on Wales and a spokesman on broad- casting, communications, and the Post Office. 1965-66, was returned at a by- election in 1965; contested Brecon and Radnor, 1950 and 1951 ; assistant whip. 1957-59: a lIord Commissioner of the Treasury. 1959-61. Farmer and forester. Born September. 1918; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of Radnor County Council; chairman of Livestock Export Council.
HERTFORD
Electoratc: 76.234. 1964: 74,450.
*Balniel. Lord (C.) .. .. 32,302
Nurse, P. (Lab.) .. .. 31.508
C. major ity .. .. 794 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 29,134, Lab. 25,161, L. 8.722.
C. maj. 3,973.
LORD B11INIEL, heir to the Earl of Craw- ford and Balcarres, was elected in 1955. A party spokcsman on foreign affairs, Octo- ber, 1965-66. Employed in Conservative Research Department. 1952-55. President Rural District Council's Association. For- merly honorary attachd at British Embassy in Paris. Born March, 1927; educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge.
HERTFORDSHIRE
East
Electoratc: 79.322. 1964: 76,186.
*Walker.Smith, Sir D. (C.) .. 29.618
Murphy, B. C. S. (Lab.) .. 24.412 Morgan, E. W. (L.) . 9.501
C. majority .. .. 5.206 NO CHANGE
1964: C.. 29.749; ILab. 21.387. L. 10,088.
C. nmal. 7,862.
SIR DEREK WALK ER-SMITH, O.C., was Milinister of Health. 1957-59. Parliamentarv Secretary, Board of Trade. 1955-56. Econo- nltc Secretary to the Treasury, 1956-57, and Minister of State. Board of Trade. 1957. Represented Hertford 1945-1955 and East Hertfordshire since. Called to the Bar by Middle Temple, 1934: took silk in 1955. Born April. 1910; educated at Ros- sall and Christ Church, Oxford.
South-West
Electorate: 74,777. 1964: 74.507.
*Longden, G. J. M. (C.) .. 28.378
Chapman, S. J. (Lab.) .. 25.186
Benton, P. A. S. (L.) .. 8.590
C. maiority . - .. 3,192 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 28.308, Lab. 22,237, L. 11,301.
C. maj. 6,071.
MIR. GILBERT LONuDIN was elected in 1950; contested Mlorpeth in 1945. Solicitor. Born April, 1902: educated at Haileybury and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. and University of Paris. He worked in India fiom 1930 to 1936. Author of A Coiserva- tive Philosophiy and part azithor of Oiie Nation. Change is oar Ally. and A Respbnsible Society. Member of executive committee, British Council, and of 1922 Committee. 1964-66.
HESTON & ISLEWORTH
Electorate: 51A00. 1964: 52,703.
*Harris, R. R. (C.) ... .. 1S,222
Sandelson, N. (Lab.) .. 17,296 Atlon, R. L. (L.) .. .. 5,559
C. majority .. 926 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,181, Lab. 15.651, L. 6.409. C.
maj. 3,530.
MkIR. READER HARRIS was elected for Hes- ton and lsleworth in 1950 after contest- ing Central Hackney in 1945. Company director. Barrister, called by Gray's Inn, 1941. Born June, 1913; educated at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate.
HEXHAM
Electorate: 55,320. 1964: 54,122
Rippon, A. G. F.(C.) .. 20;889
Lamb, J. L. (Lab. and
Co-op) .. .. .. 16,105 Robson, D. A. (L.) .. 6.434
C. majority .. .. 4,784 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,468, Lab. 14.127. L. 7.722.
C. maj. 8.341.
MR. GEOFFREY RIPPON, Q.C., was MI.P. for Norwvich. South, 1955-64; contested Shoreditch and Finsbury 1950 and 1951, Minister of Public Building and Works. 1962-64. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961- 62, and to Ministry of Aviation, 1959-61. Director of construction and aircraft com- panies; called by Middle Temple, 1948, silk. 1964. Born May, 1924; educated at King's College, Taunton, and Brasenose College, Oxford. Mayor of Surbiton, 1951-52.
HEYWOOD & ROYTON
Electorate: 63.438. 1964: 59.733.
*Barnett. J. (Lab.) .. .. 24,701
Waddington, D. C. (C.) .. 19,048 Clarney, J. (L.) .. 6,732
Lab. majority .. .. 5,653 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,174, C. 19,358, L. 9,914.
Lab. mai. 816.
MIR. JOEL BARNETT, elccted in 1964, con- tested Runcorn in 1959. Accountant. Born October, 1923; educated at elementary school and Mlanchester Central High School. MIember, Public Accounts Com- rmittee, since January, 1966.
HIGH PEAK
Electorate: 48,747. 1964: 48,445.
Jackson, P. M. (Lab.) .. 16,938
*Walder, D. (C.) .. . 16.124 Wrigley, D. I. (L.) .. .. 7,990
Lab. majority .. .. 814 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 15.753, Lab. 14,416, L. 11,147.
C. maj. 1,337.
MR. PITER JACKSON is a university lec- turer. Born October, 1928; educated at Durham University and University College, Leicester. Member, Transport and General Workers' Union.
HITCHIN
Electorate: 90,840. 1964: 87,825. *Williams, Mrs. S. V. T. B.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 42,233 Stokes, J. H. R. (C.) ,. 32,483
Lab. majority .. .. 9,750 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 34,034, C. 30,649, L. 9,564.
Lab. mtj. 3,385.
MRS. SHIRLEY- WILLIAIS. swho won the seat in 1964, contested Harwich in the 1954 by-election and 1955, and Southampton, Test, in 1959. Economist. Born July, 1930; educated at Summit School, Minnesota, St. Paul's School, Hammersmith, Somerville College, Oxford (first woman chairman Uni- versity Labour Club), and Columbia Uni- versity, Newv York. Visiting college lec- turer at University College, Ghana, 1958-59. Former gcneral secretary, Fabian Society. Chairman, Labour Committee for Europe, 1965. Parliamentary private secretary to Minister of Health.
HOLBORN & SI. PANCRAS
SOUTH
Electorate: 41,366. 1964: 43,272.
*Jeger, Mrs. L. M. (Lab.) .. 16.128
Byng, J. M. E. (C.) .. 10.982
Lab. majority .. .. 5,146 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 15.873, C. 13,117, Ind. 226.
Lab. mai. 2,756.
MRS. LENA JEGER, who was returned in 1964, was previously elected for the consti- tuency in 1953 at a by-election caused by thc death of her husband. She was defeated in 1959. Born November, 1915; educated at Southgate County School, and London University Journalist.
HOLLAND WITH BOSTON Electorate: 70,765. 1964: 71,064.
Body, R. (C.) .. .. .. 26.683
Hickman, R. H. (Lab.) .. 26,367
C. majority . .. 316 NO CHANGE
1964: Nat. L. & C. 29.082, Lab. 23.451.
Nat. L.. & C. maj. 5,631.
MIR. RICHARD BODY represented Billericay from 1955-59: contested lIeck in 1951, Rotherhan, 1950. and Abertillery by-elec- tion. 1950. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1949), and farmer. Born May, 1927: cdti- cated at Reading school. Chairman, Basildon and Brcntwood Industrial Council, since 1956.
HONITON
Electorate: 63.047. 1964: 61,067.
*M.1athew, R. (C.) . .. 26.966
Clark, Mrs. M. (Lab.) .. 13,257 Hicks, R. (L.) .. .. 9,342
C. majority .. .. 13,709 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26.475, L. 12,354, Lab. 9,273.
C. maj. 14.121.
MR. ROBERT MATHEW was Under-Secre- tary, Foreign Oflice, January to October. 1964. Elected in 1955: contested South Ayrshire in 1945 and 1946, Rochester and Chatham in 1950 and 1951. Barrister, called by Lincoln's Inn, 1937, and a farmer. Born May. 1911: educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.
. HORNCASTLE
Electorate: 42.625. 1964: 42,778.
Tapsell, P. H. B. (C.) .. .. 15.090
Sackur, R. N. H. (Lab.) .. 9,715 Stnith, T. F. (L.) .. .. 7.552
C. majority .. .. 5.735 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 15,854, L. 8.069. Lab. 8,044. C.
mna]. 7.785.
MR. PETER TAPSELL was MI.P. for Not- tingham, West. 1959-64; contested Wed- nesbury. 1957 by-election. Stockbroker. Born February, 1930; educated at Ton- bridge School and Merton College. Oxford. Represented Oxford Union in debating tour of United States, 1964. Former chairman, Conisby Club.
HORNCHURCH
Electorate: 90,969. 1964: 90,828.
Williams, A. L. (Lab.) .. 38.406 *Lagden, G. W. (C.) .. 35,373
Lab. majority .. .. 3,033 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 30.933. Lab. 30.699. L 12.725. C.
maj. 234
MIR. ALAN WILLIANtS, national youthl officer, United Nations Association, con- tested Epsom in 1964. Born November, 1930; educated at Roan School, Grecnwich, and Ruskin Collcgc, Oxtord. N1lcmb:r. Greenwich Boro'ieh Council. 1952-5s; national youth officer, Labour Party, 1955- 62; chairman. Urit,sh National Commtittee. World Assembly of Youth.
LOUGHBOROUGH
Electorate: 55.583. 1964: 55,193.
Monin, J. D. (Lab.) .. .. 22,935
Elton, R. (C.) .. .. 16,911 Stratford, B. S. (L.) .. 5,875
Lab. majority .. .. 6.024 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,081,C 17,671,L.6,558. Lab.
maj. 4,410.
MIR. JOHN CRONIN, elected in 1955, is chairman, Labour parliamentary aviation committee. Consultant surgeon. Born March, 1916; educated at London Univer- sity. Employed by the Government of Malta in 1957 to report on the medical ser- vices therc and mnake recomniendations for a national health service. Former surgeon Royal Free Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital. Mcmber L.C.C. 1952-55. Oppo- sition whip, 1959-62.
LOUTH
Electorate: 57,946. 1964: 55,677.
'Osborne. Sir C. (C.) -. .. 19.977
Brumby, R. (Lab.) .. 15,885 Marshall, E. I. (L.) . . -. 7 222
C. majority .. . 4,092 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,227, Lab. 14,188, L. 7,949. C.
maj. 7,039.
SIR CYRIL OSBORNE was elected in 1945. Stockbroker, company chairman and direc- tor. Born June, 1898; educated at Uni- versity College, Nottingham. Past master Framework Knitters: liveryman, Worship- ful Company of Bakers; mermber of the council of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce. Chairman, Anglo- Soviet Parliamentary Group; treasurer, Inter-Parliamentary Union.
LOWESTOFT
Electorate: 62.881. 1964: 60,775.
*Prior, J. M. L. (C.) .. .. 24.063
Cornish, M. D. (Lab.) .. 23,705 Crome, D. R. (L.) .. .. 4,513
C. majority .. .. 358 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,976, Lab. 21,272, L. 4,911. C.
maj. 2.704.
MR. JAMES PRIOR, elected in 1959, was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party, April-August, 1965; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Mr. Edward Heath when he became Opposition leader, and to Mr. Erroll, President of the Board of Trade. later Minister of Power, 1963-64. Farmer and land agent. Born October, 1927; edu- cated at Orwell Park, Charterhouse, and Pembroke College, Cambridge.
LUDLOW
Electorate: 48,370. 1964: 47,482.
*More, J. E. (C.) . . .. 19,603
Gilbert, J. W. (Lab.) . 16,123
C. majority .. . 3,480 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,290, Lab. 10,763, L. 8,768. C.
maj. 6,527.
NMI. JASPER MoRE, an Opposition whip, was made an assistant Government whip in February, 1964. Elected at a by-election in November, 1960. Born July. 1907; cducated at Eton and King's College, Cam- bridge. Barrister, called by Lincoln's Inn, and Mliddle Temple, 1930. Landowner and farmer. Introduced Deer Act, 1963, to protect deer not kePt in enclosed Parks. Member of N.F.U. since 1948, clairman of county branch of the Country Landowners' Association, 1955-60. Elected to Salop County Council. 1958. Secretary, Conserva- tive parliamentary housing and local gov- ernment, and public building committees, 1964.
LUTON
Electorate: 59,725. 1964: 59,299.
'Howie, W. (Lab.) .. .. 23,069
Simeons, C. F. C. (C.) .. 20,605 Daniels, T. H. (L.) -. .. 3,049 Chater, A. P. J. (Comm.) .. 586
Lab. majority .. .. 2,464 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,751, C. 23,028, Comm. 567.
Lab. maj. 723.
MIR. WILL HOWIE, an assistant Govern- ment whip. 1964-66, won the seat at a by- election in November, 1963; contested Cities of London and Westminster in 1959. Civil engineer. Born March, 1924; educated at Marr College. Troon, and Glasgow University.
MACCLESFIELD
Electorate: 64,639. 1964: 62,175.
*Harvey, Sir A. V. (C.) .. 24,736
Read, A. G. (Lab.) .. . 20,533 Burden, D. F. (L.).. .. 7,545
C. majority . - . 4,203 NO CHANGE
1964: C 24.824, Lab. 18,464. L. 8,975. C
maj. 6,360
ZSIR ARTHUR VERE HARVEY was elected for Mlacclesficid in 1945. Joint vice-chairman of the 1922 Committee, since 1964, and vice-chairman of the Conservative parlia- mentary defence committee, 1964. Com- pany chairman and director of electrical. insurance, seed and other firms. Born January, 1906. educated at Framlingham College, Suffolk. Served in R.A.F., 1925- 30 and 1939-45.
MAIDSTONE
Electorate: 71,882. 1964: 68,539.
'Wells. J. J. (C.) .. .. 29,208
O'Flaherty, M. 1. (Lab.) .. 24,214
C. majority .. , 4,994 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.079, Lab. 17,143, L 11244. C
maj. 7.936.
NIR. JOHN WELLS. Opposition spokesman on horticulture, 1964-66, was elected in 1959; contested Smethwick, 1955. Mlarine engineer, director of boat, marine engine and other firms, and small farmer. One of his ancestors represented the seat more than a century ago. Born Mlarch, 1925; cducated at Eton and Corpus Christi, Ox- ford.
MALDON
Electorate: 59,616. 1964: 57,020.
*Harrison, A. B. C. (C.) .. 22,572
Douglas-Mann, B. L. H.
(Lab.) .. .. .. 22,066 Jacks, W. H. (L.) .. .. 5,015
C. majority . 506 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.547, Lab. 20,016, L. 5,924. C.
maj. 1.531.
MR. BRIAN HARRISON was elected in 1955. An AuLstralian. Farmer and estate mana- 6er; company director; a London director
of Commercial Bank of Australia Limited since January. 1966. Born October. 1921: educated Geelong Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Rowed for Cambridge, 1948. Member of Victoria Promotion Committee.
MANCHESTER
Ardwick
Electorate: 46208. 1964: 52228.
,Lever, L. NM. (Lab.) . .. 17,274
Cluff, J. G. (C.) 9.. . 9,251 Hamley, F. T. (Union Move-
ment) . . .. .. 796
Lab. majority .. .. 8,023 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,248. C 12.834. Lab. mai.
7.414.
MR. LESLIE LEVER was elected in 1950. Solicitor. Born April. 1905; educated at Manchester Grammar School and Leeds University, of which he is LL.D. (hon.); Lord Mayor of Manchester 1957-58; mem- ber of city council since 1932. Governor of Manchester University and Manchester Granunar School.
P. Thorneycroft (C), defeated at
Monmouth.
MONTGOMERY
Electorate: 29,951. 1964: 30,155.
*Hooson, H. E. (L.) .. .. 10.278
Wiggin, A. W. (C.) .. 6,784 Evans, G. M. (Lab.) .. 5,891 Edwards, T. (Plaid Cymru) 1,841
L. majority .. .. 3,494 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 10,738, C. 6,768. Lab. 5,696, PI.
Cymru 2,167. L. maj. 3,970.
MR. EMLYN HooSON. Q.C., was elected at a by-election in April, 1962. Contested Conway, 1950 and 1951. Bar-rister (Gray's Inn, 1949) and farmer. Born March, 1925; educated at elementary school. Denbigh Grammar School, and University Colleg- of Wales. Deputy-chairman, Flint Quarter Sessions, since 1960. Became chairman, Liberal Party of Wales. 1955; clected to Liberal Party executive in 1964.
MORAY & NAIRN
Electorate: 36,154. 1964: 36,098.
*Campbell, G. T. C. (C.) .. 11.842
MacKenzie, D. (Lab.) .. 8,384 McNair, T. A. (L.) .. .. 4,368
C. majority . . . 3,458 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 12,741, Lab. 6,830, L. 5,478. C.
maj. 5,911.
MR. GORDON CA:UPBELL, an Opposition spokesman on Scottish affairs, 1964-66, was Under-Secretary, Scottish Office. 1963-64; assistant whip from 1961. and a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury from September, 1962. Elected in 1959. Born June. 1921; educated at Wellington. loined the Foreign Service, 1946; member of the United King- dom permanent delegation to United Nations. 1949-52. Promoted First Secre- tary and seconded to Cabinet Office. where he was private secretary to the Secretary of the Cabinet. 1954-56.
MORECAMBE & LONSDALE Electorate: 61.064. 1964: 59,626.
'Hall-Davis, A. G. F. (C.) .. 24.138
Limmer, I. (Lab.) .. .. 13,838 Clark. D. M. (L.) .. .. 8.526
C. majority . .. 10,300 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,756. Lab. 12,392, Ind. L. 8S818.
C. maj. 12,364.
MR. ALFRED HALL-DA /Is. elected in 1964. contested St. Helens in 1950 and Chorley in 1951 and 1955. Chairman and managing director, brcwery company, director of hotel and other companies. Born June. 1924. Educated at Terra Nova Schooi, Birkdale, and Clifton College. Bristol. Former member of Conservative Party executive.
MORPETH
Electoratc: 44,096. 1964: 44,451.
*Owen, W. J. (Lab. and Co-op.) 25.223
Porter, N. (C.) .. .. 8.698
Lab. majority .. .. 16,525 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,114, C. 9,805. Lab. imaj.
16,309.
MIR. WILLIAM JAMES OWVEN was returned at a by-election in November. 1954; con- tested Dover 1950 and 1951. Born February, 1901; eduicated at an elemcntary school and Central Labour College. A miner for 10 years: Co-operative education officer; community welfare officer for National Coal Board: general secretary, Association of Clothint Contractors. Member, Estimates Committec, 1964.
MOTHERWELL
Electoratc: 50.070. 1964: 50,209
*Lawson, G. M. (Lab.) .. 22,658
Young, J. J. (C.) .. .. 13,100 Sneddon, J. W. (Comm.) . 1,508
Lab. majority .. . 9,558 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,281. C. 14,789. Comm. 1,565.
Lab. niai. 8.492.
MR. GEORGE LAWSON, a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in April, 1954 Born July, 1906; elementary education. He was a staff tutor with the National Council of Labour Colleges, 1937-40, and West of Scotland organizer, 1940-50. Secretary of Edinburgh Trades Council, 1950-54.
NANTWICH
Electorate: 47,685. 1964: 45,423. *Grant-Ferris, Wing-Cmdr.
R. (C.) ... . .. 16 543 Kean, D. A. (Lab.) . . 14,310 G reen, D. A. R. (L.) . . 6.950
C. nmajority .. 2,233 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17.171, Lab. 11,254. L. 8.613.
C. mai. 5.917.
WINa-CMDR. ROBERT GRANT-FERRIS, elected for Nantwich in 1955. represented St. Pancras. North. 1937-45; contested Winan 1935: and Wandsworth Central, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (Inner Temple 1937) and landowner. Born December, 1907; educated at Douai School, Wool- hampton. Joint vice-chairman London Conservative Union, 1943-45. President, National Sheep Breeders' Association of Great Britain. 1956-58. Member, Com- mons Chairmen's panel. 1964-66.
NEATH
Electorate: 49,694. 1964: 50,318.
*Coleman, D. R. (Lab.) *- 31183
Valerio, P. H. (C.) . . 6.312 David, J. J. (Comm.) .. 1.632
Lab. majority .. 24,871 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,692. C. 8.342, Comm. 2,342.
Lab. maj. 21.350.
MR. DONALD COLEMAN. clected in 1964, is a metallurgist. Born September. 1925; educated Cadoxton School. Barry. and Car- diff Technical College. Co-opted member. Swansea public libraries committee. 1957- 64. Tenor soloist and former member. Wcsh National Opera Company.
NELSON & COLNE
Electorate: 46,144. 1964: 46,718.
*Silverman, S. S. (Lab.) .. 18.406
Davies, P. (C.) .. 13,829 Downey, P. (Ind.) .. 5,117
Lab. majority .. . 4,577
NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.205. C. 17.561. Lab. maj.
2.644.
MIR. SYDNEY SILVERMAN was elected in 1935; contested by-election, Liverpool Ex- change, 1933. Solicitor. Born October, 1895; educated at Livenpol Institute and Liverpool University. Member, Labour Party national executive, 1956-58. Pro- moted a private member's Bill to abolish capital punishment which led to the Government's Homicide Act, 1957. Spon- sored, as a privatc membcr's Bill, the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act, 1965.
- - -1 --- I
SCARBOROUGH AND WHITBY
Electorate: 66.143. 1964: 65,611.
Shawv, M. N. (C.) .. .. 21,141
Rowntree, R. S. (L.) .. 15,599 Goodhand, J. (Lab.) .. 11,848 l,llis, Dr. M. Jane (Ind. C.) 429
C. majority .. .. 5,542 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22.632, L. 14,725, Lab. 11,818.
C. maj. 7,907.
;MR. MICHAEL SH.w reprcsen:ed Brig- hiouse and Spenborough. 1960-64; con- tc,tcd Brighouse and Spenborough in 1959. Dew'.bury, 1955. Chartered accountant. Born October, 1920; educated at Sedbergh. Cliairman. Yorkshire Area Conservatives since 1965, previously vice-chairman from 1959. Parliamentary Private Secretary. Alinister of Labour, 1962-63.
SEDGEFIELD Electorate: 69,287. 1964: Slater, J. (Llab.) . .
Thring, C. F. (C.) ..
: 66,886.
.. 34.058 . . 18.620
Lab. majoritv .. .. 15,438 NO CHANGE
1964: ILab. 32,273. C. 20.931. Lab. maj.
11.342.
MR. JOSEPH SLvTLR. Assistant Postmaster General, was ele:ted in 1950. Miner. and trade union official for 20 years. Born June, 1904; educated at Chilton Lane elementary School, County Durham. Was a member of the Sedgefield R.D.C. and Durham County Council. Parliamentary private secretary to NMr. H. Wilson as Lcader of the Opposition, 1960-64.
SEVENOAKS
Electorate- 71.644. 1964: 68,820.
Rodgcrs, Sii J. C. (C.) .. 28651
Pearce. P. B. (Lab.) ., 18.338 Blackburn, A. N. H. (L.) .. 9.746
C. majority .. .. 10,313 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 28.678, Lab. 14.958. L. 11.480.
C. mai. 13.720.
SIR JOHN RODG;LRs was Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1958-60. Elected in 1950. Company director and authior. Born October, 1 906; educated at St. Peter's. York. in France. and Keble College. Oxford. Membcr. B.B.C. gencral advisor), council. 1945-52: council of Institute of Directors. 1955-58: and of executive com- mittee of the British Council. 1957-58. Founder-governor. Administrative Staff College; member of Council for Manage- ment Education. Chairmian of West Ind;es sub-committee of Conservative parlia- mentary Commonwealth Affairs committee, 1965-66.
SHEFFIELD
Attercliffc
Electorate: 61.889. 1964: Hvnd. I. B. (Lab.) ..
;Marsden, B. A. (C.)
63.046.
.. 32,336 ., 9,511
Lab. majority 2.. .. 2,825 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30).318, C. 10.223. L. 4.831.
ILab. maj. 20.095.
MR. JOHN HYND Was Chancellor of the Du'chy of Lancaster, 1945-47, with minis- terial respolnsibility for the Control Coni- mission in Germany and Austria; Mlinister of Pensions during 1947. Returned at a by- cicction in 1944. Vice-chairman, Labour parliamentary forcign affairs committee. 1964. Railway, clerk and N.U.R. official, 1925-44. Born April. 1902; educated at St. Ninian's and Caledonian Road schools. Pcrth.
Brighiside
Electorate: 53,015. 1964: Winterbottom, R. E. (Lab.)
Hadfield, R. W. (C.) Hill, H. (Comm.) ..
: 54,927.
.. 26,653 .. 7,476 , . 989
Lab. majority .. .. 19.177 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27.317. C. 9,963. Comm. 1.356.
Lab. maj. 17.354
MIR. RICHARD WINTERBOTTOM was elected in 1950. Parliamentary private secretary to Postmaster General, 1950-51. Born JIly, 1899; elementary education. Area organizer of the National Union of Shop, Distribu- tive and Allied Workers. 1935-44. and national organizer, 1944-50. Chairman of Oldham Repertory Theatre Club. 1944-50.
Hallam
Electoratc: 56.078. 1964: 58S226.
Osborn. J. H. (C.) 21.. 2593
Hardy, P. (Lab.) . .I3.663 Lloyd, D. T. (L.) .. 6,799
Con. majority v . .. 7,930 NO CHANCE
1964: C. 23.719, Lab. 11.635, L. 7,807. C.
mai. 12.084.
MR. JOHN OsBORN, secretary of the Con- servatve parliamentary committee on tech- nology. 1964-66, joint honorary secretary tr-ade and industry committee, 1965-66. Was clected in 1959. Director of a steel and eng neering company. Born December, 1922; educated at Rugby and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Member of the Iron and Steel Institute and Institute of MNetals, hon. scrct-ary, Association of British Chiambers of Commerce.
Heeley
Electorate: 75,345. 1964: 75,582.
I-Joolev. F. 0. (Lab.) .. 31.996
Spence, J. D. (C.) .. .. 27.267
Lab. majority .. .. 4,729 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 29.587. Lab. 27.583. C. ma).
1 .704.
MR. FRItANK HOOLLY contested the con- stltuencv in 1964 and Skipton in 1959. Scnior assistant registrar, Sheffield Univer- sity. Born November. 1923: educated at King Edward's School. Birnmingham, and Birmingliani UJniversity. Served on second- ment fr-om Sheffield as registrar of the University College of Sierra Leone. 1960- 62. Financial secretary. Slieflield branch. Clerical and Adnministrative Workers' Union.
Hillsborough
Electorate. 47.788. 1964: 47.478.
lDarling, G. (Lab. and Co-op.) 22.799
Mallett, M. J. (C.) .. .. 10.774
Lab. and Co-op. majority 12.025 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. and Co-op 22.071. C. 13.278.
Lab. and Co-op ma). 8.793.
Mit. GEORGE DARLING. Minister of State. Board of l'rade. from 1964. was elected in 1950; contested Mlacclesfieid, 1935. Became a party spokesman on Board of Trade sub- jects and consumer protection. Journalist. Born July. 1905; educated at elementary school and Liverpool and Cambridge universities. Head of research and informa- tion departmilent of the Co-operative Whole- sale Society. 1930-37.
Park
Electorate: 47,165. 1964: Mulley. F. W. (Lab) . .
Burns. R. A. (C.) .. Morton, C. (Comm.)
: 46,633.
.. 24.550
5.017 1.022
Lab. majority .. .. 19.533 No CllANGE
1904: Lab. 24.196, C. 7.816. Lab. mai
16,380
MIR{. FREMt-RICK MULLLE. Ministcr of Aviation wince December. 1965. was Deputy Secretary of State for Defence and Mlinister of Defence for the Army, 1964-65. Won the division in 1950; contested Sutton Coldfield in 1945. Member of l.abour Party national executive. 1957-58 and 1960-64. Barrister, called by Inner Temple. 1954. and econo- ni\t. Born Juls. 1918: educated at War- wick School. Christ Chtirch. Oxford. and St. Catha rinc's College. Cambridge.
I
SOUTHAMPTON
Test
Electorate: 65,174. 1964: 66.572.
Mitchell, R. C. (Lab.) .. 24,628 *Fletcher-Cooke, Sir J. (C.) 22,188 Cleverley, G. A. W. (L.) .. 4,102
Lab. majority .. .. 2.440 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 25.700, Lab. 25.352. C. mai. 348.
NMit. RICHARD NIITCHiELI. contested the constituency in 1964 and New Forest in 1959. Dcputy headmaster. Born August. 1927; educated at Godalming Grammar School and Southampton University. NMem- ber Southampton City Council since 1955. Past president, Southampton Labour Party. RepresenteJ British Correspondence Chess A&aociation against Russia. Czechoslova- kia, and other countries.
SOUTHEND
East
Electorate: 54.879. 1964: 55,763.
*McAdden. Sir S. J. (C.) .. 19,125
Clyne, P. R. (Lab.) .. 18.608 Baynes, K W. (L.) .. 4,495
C. majority .. .. 517 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.775. Lab. 16.408. L. 6.296. C.
mai. 3.367.
SIR S1TEPHEN MCADDEN was clected in 1950. Company director. Born November, 1907: educated at L.C.C. schools and the Salesian School, Battersea. NMember of Hackney Borough Council. 1935-45. Wood- ford Boroigh Council, 1945-48. and Essex County Council. 1947-48.
*Vcst
Electorate: 64.487. 1964: 64,132.
*Channon, P. (C.) .. .. 25.713
Burstin, NM. (Lab.) .. .. 13,856 Hoyer-Millar, G. C. (L. .. 10,958
C. majority .. .. 11,857 NO CIIANGE
1964: C. 25,555. L. 14.548. Lab. 10.423.
C. mai 11.007.
NtIs. PAUL CHANNON. an Opposition spokesman on public building and works since October, 1965, was clected at a by- election in January, 1959. succeeding his father. Director of Guinness brewery. Born October, 1935; educated at Lockers Park, Hemel Hempstcad. Eton, and Clhrist Church, Oxford. Mlember of executive, 1922 Committee. 1965-66.
SOUTHGATE
Electorate: 52.705. 1964: 53,198.
*Berry, A. G. (C.) . . .. 21.171
GOLIIgey. P. S. (Lab.) .. 9,743 Bridge. G. J. (L.) .. .. 8.679
C. majority .. .. 11,428 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22'251, L. 9.600. Lab. 8.787.
C. mat. 12,651.
NIR. ANTtlONY BERRY. elected in 1964. is a clhairnman and director of Investment Trust Insurance aud other companies. Born February. 1925: educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Vice-president. Cairdiff North Conservative Association. Hitgh Sheriff of Glamorgan, 1962-63, and president of the Welsh Games Council.
SOUTHPORT
Electoratc: 60,218. 1964: 60,288.
Percival, W. 1. (C.) . . .. 22.324
Prescott, J. L. (Lab.) .. 12.798 Coleman, C. J. (L.) .. .. 8.630
C. majority .. .. 9,526 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.917. Lab. 11.572. L. 10.609.
C. mai. 12.345.
NIIt. IAN Pl:RCIVAL.. Q.C., was elected in 1959. Contested Battersea. North. in 1951 and 1955. Barrister. called by InnerTemple. 1948; silk. 1963. Born MNlay, 1921: educated at Latvrmer School and St. Catharine-s College. Cambridge. Member of Kensin- ton Borough Council. 1952-59. Founder- member of a trust which established a clinic for research into the treatment of cancer. Joint secretary, Conservative parliamentary legal committee. 1964-66.
SOUTH SHIELDS
Electorate: 71,578. 1964: 72.697.
*Blenkinsop, A. (Lab.) .. 31.829
Dallas, C. NI. (C.) .. .. 17.340
Lab. majority .. .. 14,489 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29.694, C. 16.344. L. 7.837.
Lab. ma;. 13,350.
aIR. ARTHUR BLENKINSOP. joint vice- chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party since 1964. won the scat in 1964. M.P. for Newcastle upon Tyne. East. 1945- 59. Parliamentary Secretary to the Mlinistry of Health, 1949-51. and to the Ministry of Pensions. 1946-49. Chairman. Iabour parliamiientary housing, local government. land and natural resources committee, and vice-chairman, arts, cultural activities. leisure and sport committee. Born June. 1911: educated at thc Royal Grammar School and College of Commerce. New- castle upon Tyne. Chartered secretary. Since 1961 a member of Newcastle City Council. President of Public Health Inspec- tors Association. A governor, British Film Institute.
SOUTHWARK
Electorate: 54,997. 1964: 58,334.
*Gunter. R. J. (Lab.) .. .. 21.855
Noble, A. P. R. (C.) .. 6,454 Bent, S. P. (Comm.) .. 1.404
Lab. majority .. .. 15,401 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,426, C. 8.563. Comm. 1.599.
Lab. mai. 13.863.
MR. RAYMOND GUNTER, Mlinister of Labour from 1964, was elected in 1959. Chairman of the LaboLir Party. 1964-65: vice-chairman. 1963-64: member of national executive from 1956. Princ:pal
spokesman on power, 1960-61, and subse- quently on industrial affairs. Mlember of N.E.D.C. Born August, 1909; elementary cducation. Radlwayman: branch officcr. Railway Clerks' Association. 1929-41. President of the Transport Salaried Stalfs
Association, 1956-64. Represented South- East Essex. 1945-50. and Dontaster. 1950-S51; contested Doncaster in 1951 and 1955.
SOW ERBY
Electorate: 48,834. 1964: 50.065.
*Houghton, A. L. N. D. (Lab.) 21,591
Burman, W. G. (C.) .. 16,361
Lab. majority .. .. 5,230 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.582, C. IS.220. Lab. miai.
3.362.
-MR. DUL;LAS lFIoUCUI1N, Cliancellor of the Duehy of Lancaster from 1964. wva,
yiven the task of reviewing social service policy. Hle had been Labour spokesman on Treasury matters and also on pensions and national insurance. Elected in 1949. Chair- man, Public Accounts Committee, 1963-64. Boris August, 1898; educated at a county seondary school. Secretary of the Inland Revenue Staff Federation from 1922 to 1960. Miember of the T.U.C. GenBeral Counicil 1952-60. Chairm:an of Stafl S;de Ci%il Ser- vice National Whitley Council, 1955-57.
EALING
North
O Electorate: 59,315. 1964: 59.321.
MoUoy, W. J. (Lab.) .. .. 23,730
Barter, J. W. (C.) .. .. 21,153 Elsom, J. E. (L.) .. .. 3,858
Lab. majority .. .. 2,577 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,809, C. 20,7S2, L. 6.532. Lab.
mai. 27.
MIR. WILLIAM MOLLOY, clected in 1964, is an industrial secretary. Born October, 1918; educated at elementary school in Swansea, and as an extra-mural student of Swansea Collegc, Leader of Fulham Bor- ough Council 1959-62. Servcd in the Foreign Oflice, 1946-52; former staff-side chairman. Foreign Office Departmental Whitlcy Council.
South
Electorate: 51,283. 1964: 51,714.
*Batsford, B. (C.) .. . . 18,968
MacFarquhar, R. (Lab.) . 13,885 Aiartin-Kaye, B. N. (L.) .. 4.743
C. majority .. . 5,083 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,121, Lab. 14,121. C. maj.
s8000.
MR. BRIAN BATSFORD, Opposition deputy
chief whip, 1964-66, was an assistant Government whip, 1962-64. Returned at a by-election in June, 1958. Born December, 1910; educated at Repton School; joined publishing firm, 1928, and became chair- man and managing director. Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts; president London Appreciation Society, 1955. Contested CheLmsford by-election in 1945.
EASINCTON Electorate: 55,923. 1964: *Shinwell. E. (Lab.) ..
Spicer, W. M. H. (C.)
56,229.
.3. ',097 .. 7,350
Lab. majority .. .. 24,747 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 34,028. C. 8.270. Lab. Maj.
25,758.
MR. ENIANUEL SHIINWELL, elected Chair- man of the parliamentary party and of the back benchers' liaison comnnittee in 1964 was Minister of Defence. 1950-51, after thrce years as Secretary of State for War; Minister of Fuel and Power, 1945-47. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1929-30. Secretary for Mlines in 1924 and in 1930-31. 1-e represented Linlithgow 1922-24 and 1928-3 1 ; Scaham, 1935-50. and Easington since 1950. Born October, 1884; elementary education. Chairman of the Labour Party, 1947-48, and for many years member of its national executive.
EASTBOURNE Electorate: 72,870. 1964: *Taylor, Sir C. S. (C.) ..
Terrell, S. (L.) .. High, J. H. (Lab.) .. Petty, V. H. (Ind.) . .
70,251.
.. 26,039
. 16,746 .. 12,620 .. 883
C. majority .. . 9,293 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,410, L. 15,441, Lab. & Co-op.
12.034. C. mnaj. 10,969.
SIR CHARLES TAYLOR was returned un- opposed at a by-election in 1935. Joint managing director, Cow and Gate Ltd., managing director, Unigate Ltd., and direc- tor of otlher companies, chairman of a London hotel, member of the council of the International Hotel Association. Born April. 1910; educated at Epsom College and Trinity College. Canmbridge. Vice- president. Building Societies Association, council member British lravel and Holi- days Association.
EAST GRINSTEAD
Electorate: 74.383. 1964: 70,072.
*Smith, G. J. (C.) *- - 31,595
Downie, J. 1-H. (L.) .. .. 17,984 Roberts, A. H. (Lab.) .. 11,938
C. majority .. .. 17,984 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 29,094. L. 14,753, Lab. 10,859.
C. maj. 14,341.
1965 By-election: C. 24,896, L. 14,279,
Lab. 6,101. C. maj. 10,617.
MR. GEOFFREY JOHNSON SITmH became a vice-chiairman of the Conservativc Party Organization in August, 1965. Elected at a by-election in February, 1965; repre- sented Holborn and St. Pancras South, 1959-64. An Opposition whip, 1965-66. Freclance writer and broadcaster. Born April, 1924: educated at Charterhouse and Lincoli College, Oxford. Information officer at British Consulate in San Francisco. 1950-52.
EAST HAM
North
Electorate: 35,016. 1964: 35,656.
*Prentice, R. E. (Lab.) .. .. 14,911
Giovene, L. (C.) .. .. 7,729
Lab. majority .. .. 7,182 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14,501. C. 9,524. Lab. ma;.
4,977.
MIR. REGINALD PRENTICE, Minister of State for Education and Science, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in May, 1957; contested Streatham, 1955. Croydon North in 1950 and 1951. Born July. 1923: cducated at elementary school, Whitgift School, and London School of Economics. Was assistant to legal secretary in charge of advice and service bureau of Transport and General Workers' Union from 1950. Mem- ber Croydon Borough Council 1949-55 Scientific instrument maker.
South
Electoratc: 38,197. 1964: 38,121.
Oramn, A. E. (Lab. & Co-op.).. 17,543
Stanbrook, 1. R. (C.) -. 7,540
Lab. majority . .. 10,003 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. & Co-op. 17.069, C. 8.797. Lab.
maj. 8.272.
MR. ALB3ERT OItAN1, Parliamentary Secre- tary. M%linistry of Overseas Development. 1964-66. ""vas elected in 1955; contested Lewes in 1945 and Billericay in 1950. Co- operative Party research officer, 1946-55. Born August, 1913; educated at Brighton Grammar School and London School of Economics. Was a teacher.
EASTLEIGII
Electorate: 633992. 1964: 61,334
*Price. D. E. C. (C.) .. .. 24.337
Evans. J. A. A. (Lab.) . . 23,636 Rice, J. F. (L.) -. .. 5,617
C. majority .. .. 701 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.429, Lab. 21,341. L. 6.685. C.
ITaia: 2,088.
Mit. DAVID PRICE, an Opposition spokes- man on education and science 1964-66, was Parlianientary Secretary, Board of Trade. 1962-64. Elected 1955. Born November. 1924; educated at Eton, Trinity College, Caim bridge. and Yale University (Henry Fellow): president. Cambrids!c Union, 1948. Economist and industrial executive, British representative Consultative Assembly, Council of Europe, 1958-61.
EBBW VALE
Electorate: 36,953. 1964: .37,936.
*Foot, M. M. (Lab.) .. .. 24.936
Lovill, I. R. (C.) .. .. 4.352
Lab. majority .. .v 20.584 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25220, C. 4.949. Lab. maj
20.271.
MR. XIICHAEL Foor was returned for Ebbw Vale at a by-election in November, 1960. M.P. for Devonport 1945-55. he contested the seat in 1955 and 1959, and Monmouth, 1935. Journalist; managing director of Triblhne. Born July, 1913; educated at Forres School, Swanage, Leigh- ton Park School, Reading. and Wadham College, Oxford, President of Union, 1933. Member of the national executive ot the Labour Party, 1947-50.
ECCLES
Electorate: 56,709. 1964: 58,138.
Carter-Jones, L. (Lab.) .. 25,033
HoUand, H. P. (C.).. .. 15,776 Bennett, M. (Comm.) *.. 1,239
Lab. majority .. .. 9,257 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25.915. C. 19,277. Lab. maj.
6,638.
MR. LF.VIS CARTER-JONES, elected in 1964. contested the City of Chester in the 1956 by-election and in 1959. Head of the business studies department, Yale Gram- mar-Technical School, Wrex1ham. Born November, 1920; educated at Bridgend County School and Aberystwyth University College. Rugby Uaion referee. Member, Estimates Committee, 1965-66.
EDINBURGH
Central
Electorate: 33.910. 1964: 36,5S8.
*Oswald, T. (Lab.) .. .. 13,682
Fairbairn, N. 11. (C.) .. 9,667
Lab. majority .. .. 4,015 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14,174. C. 12,082. Lab. maj.
2.092.
MR. THOMAS OSWALD was elected in 1951: contested West Aberdeenshire, 1950. Official of the Transport and Gcneral Workers' Union. Born May, 1904; educated at elementary school. Has bcen painter, shop assistant, tram driver, and shipyard worker.
East
Electorate: 54,311. 1964: 54,581.
*Willis, E. G. (Lab.) .. .. 25,423
Henderson, J. S. B. (C.) .. 16,614
Lab. majority .. .. 8,809 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24.S08, C. 19,376. Lab. ma;.
5.432.
MR. GEORGE WILLIS, Minister of State. Scottish Office 1964-66. Returned at a by- election in April. 1954. MIember for Edin burgh, North. 1945-50; contested the divi- sion, 1951. Bookseller. Born March, 1903; educated at City of Norwich Secondary School.
Leith
Electoratc: 35,652. 1964: 36,877.
*Hoy, J. H. (Lab.) .. .. 15,407
EUiott, W. A. (C.) .. . 11,443 Arundel, Miss H. (Comm.) 279
Lab. majority .. .. 3,964 NO CHANGE
1964:Lab. 15,934. C. 12,777. Lab. maj.
3.157.
MR. JAMES Hoy, Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food, 1964-66, with responsibility for fisheries. Elected in 1945. Interior decora- tor. Born January, 1909; educated at an elementary school and Causewayside and Sciennes, Edinburgh. Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland, 1947-50.
North
Electorate: 37,056. 1964: 39,888.
*Dalkeith, Earl of (C.) . . 13,765
Dalgleish, W. S. (Lab.) .. 10,730 Oliver, L. W. (L.) .. 2.871
C. majority .. 3,035 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,094. Lab. 12,264. C. maj.
4.830.
The EARL OF DALKEITH was returned at a by-election in NMay, 1960; contested Edin. burgh East. 1959. Parliamentary private secretary to the Secretary of State for Scot- land, 1962-64. and to the Lord Advocate, 1961-62. Born September, 1923, only son of the eighth Duke of Buccleuch; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.
Pentlands
Electorate: 53.020. 1964: 53,743.
*Wylie, N. R. (C.) .. .. 19,176
Wallace, W. (Lab.).. 19,132 Clarke, D. (L.) .. 4,363
C. majority .. 44 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.181, Lab. 17,794. L. 5,862. C.
maj. 2,387.
Mit. NORMAN WYLIE. Q.C., party spokes- man on Scottish law, was Solicitor-General for Scotland April to October, 1964. while a prospective candidate. Born October. 1923: educated at Paisley Grammar School. St. Edmund Hall. Oxford, and Glasgow and Edinburgli Universities; admitted to Faculty of Advocates in 1952.
South
Electorate: 50.450. 1964: 50,055.
*Hutchison, A. M. C. (C.) .. 20,820
Kerr, J. W. (Lab.) .. .. 15,487 Robertson, H. M. (Scot.
Nat.) .. .. .. 2,856 C. majority .. .. 5,333 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,375, Lab. 13,555, L 5,272. C.
maj. 7.820.
MR. MICHAEL CLARK HUTCHISON was returned at a by-election in May. 1957- contested Motherwell in 1955. Born in February. 1914; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister (Grav's Inn, 1937). Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland. 1960-62. Vice-chairman, Scottish Unionist members. 1964-66.
West
Electorate: 65.507. 1964: 64,279.
*Stodart. J. A. (C.) .. .. 24,882
Douglas. R. G. (Lab. &
Co-op) .. .. .. 20,073 Telfer, J. R. (L.) .. 6,571
C. majority .. 4,809 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,298, Lab. l8.339, L. 7,352. C.
maj. 7.939.
MR. JAMSES STODART. party spokesman on Scottish agriculture, 1964-66. was Under- Secretary, Scottish Office, 1963-64. Elected 1959; contested Midlothian and Peebles in 1951, and Ptvidlothian in 1955. Farms 700 acres in East Lothian. Born June, 1916; edu- cated at Wellington College.
EDMONTON
Electorate: 62.520. 1964: 64,348.
*Albu. A. H. (Lab.) .. .. 26,422
Hubbard, E. P. (C.) .. 18,697
Lab. maiority .. .. 7,725 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24.373, C. 19,245. L. 5.917.
Lab. mai. 5.128.
MIR. AUSTEN ALBU was appointed Minister of State for Economic Affairs in January. 1965 Returned at the by-election in 1948. Engineer. Born September, 1903; educated at Tonbridge School and the City and Guilds College (Imperial College ol Science and Technology). Deputy director of British Institute of Management, 1948. Chairman Parliamentary and Scientific Com- mittee. 1962-65.
ENFIELD
East
Electorate: 45.487. 1964: 46,043.
*Mackie, J. (Lab.) .. .. 18,772
Leach, R. H. (C.) .. .. 11,245 Burnett, J. (L.) .. .. 4,189
Lab. majority .. .. 7,527 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17.958.C. 11.447. L. 5.723. Lab.
maj. 6.511.
MR. JOHN MACKIE, Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1964-66, was elected in 1959: con- tested North Angus and Mlearns in 1951 and Lanark in 1955. Farmer. Born Novem- ber, 1909; educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and North of Scotland College of Agriculture.
Miss J. Lestor, Lab. gain, Eton & Slough.
ENFIELD
West
Electorate: 47,940. 1964: 46,882.
*Macleod, 1. N. (C.) .. .. 20,675
Graham, T. E. (Lab. & Co-
op.) .. .. 10,518 Ross, C. T. (L.) .. .. 7,202
C. majority .. .. 10,157 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,612, L. 8.885, Lab. 8,853, Ind.
C. 635. C. maj. 10.727.
MR. IAIN MACLEOD, who in 1961 was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Leader of the Commons, and chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation, declined to serve in Sir Alec Douglas Home's Government in October, 1963. Editor of The Spectator, 1963-65. Returned to front bench in 1964 as party spokesman on steel, and in 1965 on Treasury economic affairs and trade. Colonial Secre- tary 1959-61. Minister of Labour 1955-59, and Minister of Health from 1952. Contestad the Western Isles in 1945 and was returned for Enfield West in 1950. Born November 1913: educated at Fettes and at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge. Executive director of Lombatd Banking, merchant bankers.
EPPING
Electorate: 97,647. 1964: 94,655.
*Newens, A. S. (Lab.) .. .. 38,914
Ogden, E. M. (C.) .. .. 31,406 McKie, D. A. (L.) .. .. 10,162
Lab. majority .. .. 7,508 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 34.991, C. 31,753. L. 12,093.
Lab. mai. 3 238.
IIR. STANLEY NEWENS. elected in 1964, is a teacher. Born February, 1930; edu- cated at Buckhurst Hill County High School and University College, London. President, Hackney branch National Union of Teachers, 1963-64.
EPSOM
Electorate: 72,684. 1964: 72,626.
*Rawlinson, Sir P. A. G. (C.) 31,434
Carter, C. (Lab.) .. .. 13,841 Walsh, Lt.-Cmdr. R. W. M.
(L.) .. .. .. 12,305
C. majority .. .. 17,593 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 31.959, L. 13,968, Lab. 12,131. C.
maj. 17.991.
SIR PETER RAWLINSON. Q.C., a party spokesman on law, 1964-65. was Solicitor- General. 1962-64. Elected in 1955; con- tested South Hackney. 1951. Born June, 1919: educated at Downside and Christ's College. Cambridge; called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1946: O.C. 1959; Bencher 1962; Recorder of Salisburv. 1961
ERITH & CRAYFORD
Electorate: 53,466. 1964: 53,967.
*Wellbeloved, A. J. (Lab.) . 24,243
Madel, W. D. (C.) . 15,033 Vince, S. W. (L.) .. .. 3,827 Smith, L. (Comm.) .. .. 556
Lab. majority .. .. 9,210 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.806, C. 13,951, L. 6.189.
Lab. maj. 8,855.
MP. JAMES WELLBELOVED was returned for the constituency at the 1965 by-election. Commercial and industrial consultant. Born July, 1926; educated at elementarv school and South London Technical College. MNember Erith Borough Council 1956-65; Ieader of Council of London Borough of Bexley.
ESHER
Electorate: 75.593. 1964: 74,669.
*Brown, Sir W. R. (C.) .. 32,649
Rofe, C. (Lab.) 1.. .. 5,023 Cawley, S. R. (L.) .. .. 11,310
C. majority .. .. 17,626 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33,226, Lab. 13,644. L. 12,259. C.
maj. 19.582.
SIR WILLIAZ ROBSON BROWN was elected in 1950. Director of Caltex Services and of Regent Oil and chairman and managing director of another company. Born 1900- educated at Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne.
ESSEX
South-East
Electorate: 85.151. 1964: 78,364.
*Braine, B. R. (C.) .. .. 31.942
Edwards, D. W. (Lab.) .. 26,208 Arram, Miss J. (L.) .. 7,706
C. majority .. .. 5,734 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33.494, Lab. 25,293. C. maj. 8.201.
MtR. BERNARD BRA]NE, Parliamentary Secretary, Mlinistry of Health, 1962-64, was Under-Secretary, Commonvwealth Relations Office. February, 1961, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, October 1960. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary health and social security cotmnittee, 1964-66. Elected for South-cast Essex in 1955: represented Billericay from 1950: contested Leyton, East, 1945. Born June, 1914: educated at Hendon county school. Journalist and company director.
ETON & SLOUGH
Electorate: 56,795. 1964: 56,725.
Lestor, Miss J. (Lab.) .. 26.553
*Meyer, Sir A. J. C. (C.) .. 21,890 Lab. majority .. .. 4,663 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22,681. Lab. 22.670. C. mai. 11.
MISS JOAN LESTOR contested Lewisham, West, 1964. Nursery school teacher. Born November, 1931; educated at Blaenavon Secondary School, Monmouth, William Morris High School, Waltharnstow, and London University. Member, Wandsworth Borough Council and Council of London Borough of Wandsworth since 1958, Lon- don County Council, 1962-64, and London Labour Party executive comnmitee.
EXETER
Electorate: 54.624. 1964: 54,176.
Dunwoodv, Mrs. G. P. (Lab.) 22,199 *Williams, Sir R. D. (C.) .. 18,613 Thompson, R. C. (L.) .. 4,869
Lab. majority .. .. 3,586 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 18,035. Lab. 16,673. L. 8.815. C.
maj. 1.362.
MRS. GWYNETH DUNWOODY, a housewife, contested the seat in 1964. Born December, 1930, educated at Fulham County Second- ary School, and the Convent of Notre Dame. Herhusband,Dr.John Dunwoody,
is Labour M.P. for Falmouth and Camborne.
E. Lubbock (L), who held Orpington.
PUDSEY
Electorate: 55,860. 1964: *Hiley, J. (C.) .
Brierley, E. (Lab.).. Rhodes, R. H. J. (L.)
53,939.
.. 20,782 .. 18,410 .. 7,353
C. majority .. .. 2,372 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,581. Lab. 16,100, L.8,732.
C. maj. 5,481.
MR. JOSEPH HILEY was elected in 1959; contested Leeds, West, in 1955. Yarn spin- ner. Born August. 1902; educated at West Leeds High School and Leeds University. Chairman of West Lecds Conservative Association, 1946-57. Member of Leeds City Council, 1930-37, and from 1947; alderman, 1949. Lord Mayor, 1957-58; president of Leeds Chamber of Commerce, 1962-64.
PUTNEY (WANDSWORTH)
Electorate: 69,870. 1964: 71,084.
*Jenkins, H. G. (Lab.) .. 26,601
Linstead, Sir H. N. (C.) .. 23,114 Slade, A. C. (L.) .. .. 5,420
Lab. majority .. .. 3,487 NO CHANGE
Lab. maj. 1.307.
1964: Lab. 24.581. C. 23,274 L. 6.856.
MR. HUGH JENKINS was elected in 1964; contested Mlitcham in 1955 and Enfield, West, 1950. Assistant general secretary, British Actors' Equity Association, 1957- 64. Born, July, 1908; educated at Enfield Grammar School. Served on L.CC. Miem- ber of drama panel of Arts Council; joint secretary of Theatres Advisory Council. Mlember of London Labour Party executive, 1962.
READING
Electorate: 59,132. 1964: 59,371
Lee, J. M. H. (Lab.) ... .. 25,338
*Emery, P. F. H. (C.) . 21,205 Palfrey, E. H. (L.) . .. 3,127
Lab. majority - .. 4,133 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20,815. Lab. 20.805. L. 5.759.
C mai. 10.
AIR. JOHN LEE contested the constituency in 1964. Barrister (Middle Temple, 1951). Born August, 1927; educated at Reading School, Chr ist's College, Cambridge, and the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University. Member of the Colonial Service in Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) 1951-58; member, Transport and General Workers' Union since 1959.
REIGATE
Electorate: 63.687. 1' I: 63.240. *Vaughan-Morgan, Sir J. K.
(C.) * - . -. 24.163 Samuels, J. E. A. (Lab.) .. 16,649 Stowell, A. A. (L.) .. .. 10,197
C. majority .. .. 7,514 NO CHANGE
1964 C. 24.380, Lab. 14,991. L 11.058.
C maj 9.389.
SIR JOHN VAUGHAN-MORGAN. was Minister of State, Board of Trade, 1957-59, and Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, January to September, 1957. Elected in 1950. Born February, 1905; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Served on London County Council, 1946-55- and Chelsea Borough Council, 1928-31. Chair- man, Westminster Hospital.
RENFREWSHIRE
East
Electorate: 65,971. 1964: 64,146.
*Anderson, Miss M. B. H. (C.) 28.017
Lochrie. R. (Lab.) . . 17,426 MeHardy, J. W. (L.) .. 7,252
C majority .. . 10.591 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,846, Lab. 16.503, L 8.655.
C mai. 11.343
Miss HARVIE ANDERSON was elected in 1959; contested West Stirlingshire in 1950 and 1951 and Sowerby, 1955. Born 1915; educated at St. Leonard's School. St. Andrews. Enlisted in A.T.S. in 1939 and became a lieutenant-colonel. Member of Stirling County Council, 1945-59 (chairman of Moderate Group, 1953-59); of R.S.N.I. Hospital Board, 1952-59, and Scottish Advisory Council on Education, 1955-59; president, Scottish Young Unionists, 1955- 58. Secretary, Conservative parliamentary arts, public buildings and works committee, 1965-66; member of executive, 1922 Com- mittee, 1964-66.
West
Electorate: 53,796. 1964: 51,018.
*Buchan, N. F. (Lab.) .. 23.849
Paton, R. P. (C.) .. .. 20,060
Lab. majority .. .. 3,789 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.518, C. 18.507. L. 4.253.
Lab. maj. 1.011.
MR. NORMAN BUCHAN was elected in 1964. School teacher. Born October. 1922; edu- cated at Kirkwall Grammar School and Glasgow University. President of Ruther- glen district, Educational Institute of Scot- land. Lecturer in adult education, editcd a collection of Scottish folk songs.
RHONDDA
East
Elcctoratc: 35,509. 1964: 36,228.
*Davies, G. E. (Lab.) .. .. 21,567
Powell, Nlrs. A. (C mm.) .. 2,349 James. G. (Plaid Cynmru) . 2,088 Ricketts, W. K. R. (C.) .. 1.857
Lab. majority .. .. 19,218 NO CHANCE
1964: Lab. 20,510, Comm. 3,385, C. 2,548,
Pi. Cymru 2,361. Lab. mal. 17,125.
MR. ELFED DAVIES. a miner, was elected in 1959. Born October, 1913; educated at Tylorstown elementary school, Rhondda, and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of Glamorgan County Council. 1954-61. Member St. John Ambulance Brigade since 1926.
West
Filectorate: 31.189. 1964: 32,401.
*Thomas, 1. R. (Lab.) .. .. 19,060
Davies, V. (Plaid Cymru) .. 2.172 Sandford-Hill, Dr. B. (C.) 1,955 True, A. (Comm.) .. .. 1.853
Lab. majority .. .. 16,888 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.713, C. 2,754. PI. Cymru
2,668. Lab. maj. 17.959.
MR. IORWERTt1 THoMAS was elected in 1950. Colliery check-weighman. Born January. 1895. For 25 years member of Rhondda Urban Council; former member, South Wales Electricity Board. Has served on joint industrial councils for Wales and Mionmouthshire.
RICEIMOND (SURREY)
Electorate: 55,534. 1964: 57,622.
*Royle, A. (C.) .. .. 21,831
Boulton, D. G. (Lab.) .. 15,608 Sheldon-Williams, P. M. T.
(L.) .. .. 6,661 C. majority .. .. 6,223 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,203. Lab. 14.053. L. 7,800.
C mai. 8.150
MIR. ANTHONY ROYLE was elected in 1959; contested St. Pancras, North. in 1955. and Torrington at a by-election in 1959. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative parlia- mentary foreign affairs committee, 1965-66. Insurance broker and a member of Lloyd's. Born Mlarch, 1927; educated at Harrow and Sandhurst.
RICHMOND (YORKS)
Electorate: 58,315. 1964: 56,926.
*Kitson, T. P. G. (C.) .. .. 23.541
Lisle, W. P. (Lab.) .. 10,210 Schellenberg, C. K. W. (L.) 7,824
C. majority . .. 13,331 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25,345, Lab. 8.908, L 8.787. C.
maj. 16,437.
MR. TIMOTHY KITSON was elected in 1959, Farmer. Born January, 1931; educated at Charterhouse and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Member of North Riding County Council, 1957-61, and execu- tive member of the Country Landowners' Association and the National Farmers Union. Joint hon-secretary, Conservative parliamcntary committee on agriculture. fisheries and food, 1965-66.
RIPON
Electorate: 42.141. 1964: *Stoddart-Scott. Sir M. (C.)
McGowan, M. (Lab.)
Duncan, R. H. H. (L.)
41,773.
. . 17,352 .. 8.607 .. 7.301
C. majority .. -. 8,745 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,503, L. 7,814, Lab. 7,341. C.
maj. 10,689.
SIR MALCOLM STODDART-SCOTr was MI.P. for Pudsey and Otley, 1945-50; then elected for Ripon. Born September, 1901; edu- cated at Elmfield College, York. Ashvillc College, Harrogate, and University of Leeds.
ROCHDALE
Electorate: 59,176. 1964: *McCann, J. (Lab.) ..
Collins, E. G. L. (C.)
Seear, Miss B. N. (L.)
59,695.
.. 24,481 .. 13,239 . . 9,004
Lab. majority .. .. 11,242 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,927, L 14,212, C. 11.968.
Lab. maj. 8,715.
MR. JACK MCCANN, a l ord Commis- sioner of the Treasury from 1964, won Rochdale from the Conservatives at a by-election in February, 1958. Contested the scat in 1955. Opposition whip, 1961-64. Engineer. Born December, 1910, educated at an elementary school and through Nat- ional Council of Labour Colleges and W.E.A. classes.
ROCHESTER AND CHATHAM Electorate: 68,661. 1964: 67,139.
*Kerr, Mrs. A. P. (Lab.) .. 27,938
Critchley, J. M. G. (C.) . 25,692
Lab. majority .. .. 2,246 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26.161. C. 25.148. Lab. maj.
1.013.
MIRS. ANNE KERR was elected in 1964; contested Twickenharni in 1959 as Mrs. Anne Clark. Former actress and television interviewer. Born March. 1925; educated at St. Paul's School, Hammersmith, South- lands College, Exmouth, and Newv Era School of Drama (gold medallist). Mtember London County Council 1958 and 1961-65. Wife of Mr. Russell Kerr, Labour MI.P. for Feltham.
ROMFORD
Electorate: 72,089. 1964: 73,473.
*Ledger, R. J. (Lab. & Co-op) 31,221
Higgs, B. J. (C.) .. .. 23,160
Lab. & Co-op majority .. 8.061 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,143. C. 21,046, L 8.133.
Ind. 81 1. Lab. maj. 6,097.
MR. RONALD LEDGER was elected in 1955; contested Rushcliffe in 1951. Has been an engineer and staff training officer; director of London Co-operative Society Ltd., 1961. Born November, 1920; cduca- ted at Skinners' Grammar School and Not- tingham University.
ROSS AND CROMARTY Electorate: 24,530. 1964: 24,777.
*Mackenzie, A. R. (L.) .. 7.348
Ross, W. A. (Lab.) .. 5.304 Cameron, Maj. A. 1. (C.). 4.820
L. majority .. .. 2,044 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 6,923, Nat. L. 5,516, Lab. 4,767.
L maj. 1.407.
MR. ALASDAIR MIACKENZIE was elected in 1964. Farmer. Born September. 1903; educated at Broadford junior secondary school, Skve. Member. Ross and Cromarty County Council, 1935-55. Member, Scot- tish Agricultural Advisory Committee.
ROSSENDALE
Electorate: 47,357. 1964: 48,392.
*Greenwood, A. W. 1. (Lab.) 21.093
Baillieu, C. C. (C.) .. 16.984
Lab. majority .. .. 4,109 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.371, C. ;.230. Lab. ma;.
3.141
MR. ANTHONY GREENWOOD. Mlinister of Overseas Development, was Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs. Oct. 1964-Dec. 1965; chairman of the Labour Party, 1963-64. Resigned from Parliamentary Comrittee October. 1960. in protest against Mfr. Gaitskell's leadership; opposed him in 1961 and was de- feated. Alember of Labour Party execu- tive from 1954. Born September. 1911: educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Balliol College, Oxford; president of the Union, 1933. Represented Heywood and Radcliffe. 1946-50, and Rossendale from 1950.
ROTHERHAM Electorate: 57,229. 1964: *O'Malley, B. K. (Lab.)
Cooke. E. R. (C.) ..
57,937.
.. 27.402 . 1. 1,925
Lab. majority .. .. 15,477 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27.585, C. 13.907. Lab. mai.
13.678
MR. BRIAN O XMALLEY, an assistant Gov- ernment whip from 1964. has represented the constituencv since the by-cle-tion in March, 1963. Born January, 1930; edu- cated at Mexborough Grammar School and Manchester University. Former trade union branch official. W.E.A. lecturer.
ROTHER VALLEY
Electorate: 77.320. 1964: 74,833.
*Griffiths, D. (Lab.) .. .. 43,634
Clarke, J. M. (C.) .. .. 13.167
Lab. majority .. .. 30,467 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 43,101, C. 14,813. Lab. mai.
28.288.
MR. DAVID GRIFFITHS was elected in 1945. Born 1896; educated at Goldthorpe elementary school. Mine worker at the age of 13, he was for 20 years a branch officer of the Yorkshire Mineworkers' Asso- ciation. Joint vice-chairmnan of trade union group of Parliamentary Party. Member, Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries, 1964-66.
TORRINGTON
Electorate: 44,375. 1964: 44.176.
lSlills, P. M. (C.) .. .. 17.912
Lacey, L. A. (L.) .. .. 14,260 Paton, A. F. (Lab.).. .. 5,891
C. majority .. .. 3,652 NO CHANGE
1964* C. 16,899, L. 14.831, Lab. 5,867.
C. nmaj. 2.068.
NIR. PETER MILLS, clected in 1964, is a farmer. Born September. 1921- educatcd at Epsom College. and Wye College, London University. Member of the Church Assembly and Rouse of Laity, Exeter Dio- ccsc. Member of I.T.A. advisory commrit- tee. Director of West Devon Farmers Ltd.
TOTNES
Electorate: 67,466. 1964: 66,292.
MNfawby, R. L. (C.) . . .. 25,623
Sniethurst, B. (Lab.) .. 16,900 Tyler, P. A. (L.) .. .. 11,066 C. majority .. .. 8,723 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.417, Lab. 14,542, L. 12,297. C.
maj. 10.875.
MiR. RAY NIAWBY, Assistant Postmaster ciencral 1963-64, was elected in 1955. Born 1922: educated at a Warwickshire council school. Electrician: member, Electrical Trades Union; former president of Rugb) branch and shop steward. First president of Conservative Trade Unionists' national advisory comm1-ittee.
TOTTENHAM
Electorate: 54.079. 1964: 55,644.
*Atkinson, N. (Lab.) .. .. 21,111
Dykes, H. J. M. (C.) .. 11,222
Lab. majority .. .. 9.889 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.458. C. 11.577. L. 4.526. Lab
miaj. 7,3881.
NIR. NORMAN ATKINSON. elected in 1964, contested WVythenshawe in I955 and Altrinc- ham and Sale in 1959. Design engineer at Manchcster University. Bor Nlarch. 1923; edlucatcd at elementary and technical sclhools.
TRURO
Electorate: 58,362. 1964: 56.980.
*Wilson, H. G. B. (C.) .. .. 18.701
Scott. R. C. J. (Lab.) .. 17.093 Hosking, W. R. (L.) .. 10,450
C. majority .. .. 1,608 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,328, Lab. 14,224, L. 12,575.
C. mai. 4,104.
MR. GEOFFREY WILSON was elected in 1950. Joinit vice-chairman of the Conser- vative transport committee. 1965-66. An associate of the Institute of Transnort. Partner in a London firm of solicitors and a director of a unit trust. Formerly a solicitor in the Legal Depart- ment of the G.W.R. and of the Railway Executivc, Western Region. Born June. 1903: educated at Clifton College, Bristol. and Pembroke College. Cambridge.
TWICKENHAM
Electorate: 70,675. 1964: 72,154.
*Cooke. R. G. (C.) .. .. 26,512
Carlton, D. (Lab.) .. .. 18,884 Goldblatt, S. (L.) 0.. .. 10160
C. majority .. .. 7,628 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,427, Lab. 15.231, L. 12,306.
Ind. 1.073. C. maj. 12,196.
MR. GRESHANI CooKiE was returned at a by-election in January. 1955. Born January. 1907: educated at Winchester, New College Oxford and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Director of Rootes Ltd. and other companies in motor industry. Was director of the Society of Mlotor Manufac- turers and Traders and joint secretary. National Advisory Council, Motor Manu- facturing Industry. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1930.
TYNEMOUTH
Electorate: 75,044. 1964: 75,017.
Ward, Dame 1. (C.) .. .. 29.210
Adam. G. J. (Lab.) .. 25,814 Edwards, Dr. J. C. (Ind.) .. 3,846 C. majority .. .. 3,396 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33.342, Lab. 25,894. C mai.
7.448.
DAMIE IRENE WARD was MI.P. for Wall- send. 1931-45. and was returned for Tyne- mouth in 1950. She contested Morpeth 1924 and 1929. Promoter of a Bill to enable local authorities to pay pocket money to old people in institutions. In 1961 promoted the Nurses (Amendment) Act, and in 1962 the Penalties for Drunkenness Act. Born I '95; educated privately and at Newcastle Church High School. Member. Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
ULSTER, MID
Electorate: 67.314. 1964: 67.647.
*Forrest, G. (U.U.) . . .. 29,728
Mitchell, T. (Repub.) .. 27,168
U.U. majority .. .. 2,560 NO CHANGE
1964 : U.U. 29,715. Repub. 22,810, Nt. Lab.
5.053. U.U. maj. 6,905.
.MR. GEORGE FoRREsr was returned at the by-election in May. 1956, the third poll to elect a member for the constituencv. Auctioneer. The first Unionist to be elLcted for the division since it was consti- tuted in 1948. Born October, 1922; edu- cated at Donaghey primary school and Cookstown technical school.
UXBRIDGE
Electorate: 58,070. 1964: 58.226.
Ryan, J. (Lab.) .. .. 21,793 *Curran, C. (C.) .. .. 20,903 Goodall, R. (L.) .. .. 5,241
Lab. majority .. . 890 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20.519, Lab. 19.866, L 6.644. C.
maa. 653
.%1R. JOHN RYAN contested Buckingham- shire, South, in 1964. Publishing executive. Born April, 1940; educated at Lanark Gr;mmar School and Glasgow University. M7ember, Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives and Technicians; member, executive committee, North Paddington Itabour Party, 1964-66: associate member. Mlarket Research Society.
VAUXHALL (LAMBETH)
Electorate: 39.042. 1964: 40.743.
Strauss, G. R. (Lab.) .. .. 15.233
Le Marchant, S. (C.) .. 7.645
Lab. majority .. .. 7,588 NO CHANGE
1964 :Lab. 15.458, C. 8,653. Lab. mai
6.805.
MR. GEORGE STRAUSS was Parliamentary Secretary. Nlinistry of Transport 1945-47,
and Minister of Supply. 1947-51. Chair- man. Labour parliamentary arts, cultural activities, leisure and sport committee, and vicc-chairman, transpor. committee. Bot :
July, 1901 : educated at Rtigby. First clected for North Lambeth. 1929, defeated 19')3 . reelected 1934; returned for Vauxhall alter 1950 redistribution.
WAKEFIELD
Electorate: 60.245. 1964: 60,857
H1-arrison, W. (Lab.) .. . 28,907
Benson, R. (C.) 15,299
Lab. majority .. .. 13,608 NO CHANGE
190(4: Lab. 26.315. C. 14,385. L. 6,753. Lab
mai. 11.930.
MR. WALTER HARFUSON. elected in 1964. wa; a foreman electrician. Born January. 1921; educated at Dewsbury Technical College and Schlool of Art. Mlember ov Wcst Riding County Council. and alderman of Castleford Borough Council.
A. B. Walden (Lab), Birmingham All.
Saints.
BOURNEMOUTH East & Christchurch
Electorate: 64,708. 1964: 63.750
*Cordle, J. H. (C.) .. .. 27,047
Sabel, C. S. (Lab.) . . .. 12.598 MeLeish, Dr. A. C. (L.) .. 8,698
C. majority .. .. 14,449 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,852, Lab. 10,447, L. 10.304.
C. maj. 16A05.
MR. JOHN CORDLE was electcd in 1959; contested The Wrekin division in 1951. Managing director of E. W. Cordle and Son Ltd., sincc 1946, and member of Lloyd's. Born October, 1912; educated at the City of London School Member Church Assembly, 1946-53; director. Church of England newspaper, since 1959 and director, Church Society since 1951.
West
Electorate: 70,141. 1964: 70,238.
*Eden, Sir J. B. (C.) .. .. 25,740
Bennett, L. F. (Lab.) .. 16,334 Mills, J. F. (L.) .. .. 9,389
C. majority .. .. 9,406 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,114, Lab. 13.975, L. 11,681.
C. maj. 12.139.
SIR JotuN EDEN, a nephew of the Earl of Avon, was returned at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1954; contested Paddington. North, December, 1953. A party spokesman on defence 1965-66. Born September, 1925; educated at Eton and in United States. Director of cable and enRneering com- panies. Delegate to Counclof Europe and Western European Union. 1960-62; Nato Parliamentarians' conference, 1962. Mem- ber of executive, 1922 Comnittee,1965-66.
BRADFORb
East
Electorate: 40.731. 1964: 43,216.
Lyons. E. (Lab.) .. .. 18.435
Sissling, H. (C. & Nat. L.) .. 8,091
Lab. majority .. .. 10,344 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,945, C. & 'Nat. L. 11,075.
Lab. maj. 6,870.
MIR. EDWARD LYONS contested Harrogatc in 1964. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn. 1952). Born May, 1926; educated at Roundbay High School and Leeds University. Mlem- ber. Society of Labour Lawyers and Fabian Society. Attached Control Commission in Germany as Russian Interpreter, 1946-48.
North
Electoratc: 50,512. 1964: 51,062.
*Ford, B. T. (Lab.) .. .. 21,727
Laycock, W. H. P. (C. & Nat.
L.) . . .. .. 17,528 Lab. majority .. . 4,199 NO CHANGE
;964: Lab. 17,905, C. & Nat. L. 16,507.
L. 6.642. Lab. maj. 1.398.
MR. BENJAMIN FORD. elected in 1964. is an electronic fitter-wireman. Born April, 1925, educated at elementary school. Was prJesident of Harwich constituency Labour Party for seven years, and election agent in 1959. Alderman of Essex County Council since 1959. Governor of N.E. Essex Tech- nical College and other schools. Mcmber of A.E.U.
South
Electorate: 57.456. 1964: 57,768.
*Craddock. G. (Lab.) .. .. 22,932
Bottomley, J. D. W. (C.) .. 15,435 Dunkerley, G. (L.) .. .. 5291
Lab. majority .. .. 7,497 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.004. C. & Nat. L. 17,097,
L. 7.286. Lab. maj. 3.907.
MR. GEORGE CRADDOCK was returmed at a by-election in 1949. Sheffield area orga nizer of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers' Union, 1936-49. Railway clerk. Born February, 1897: cducated at Fircroft College and Birmingham Universit3. Labour Party agent. 1929-36, former mem- ler. Sheffield City Council.
West
Electorate: 49.440. 1964: 50.912. I-laseldine. C. N. (Lab. &
Co-op.) . . .. .. 19,704 *Tiley, A. (C. & Nat. L.) .. 18,170
L-tb. majority .. 1,534 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. & Nat. L. 21.121, Lab. and Co-op
17.974. C. & Nat. L. Maj. 3.147.
MR. NORNtAN HASELDINF contested the constituency in 1964. Public relations officer. Born March, 1922; educated at Prince Edward School, Sheffield. and Nether Edge Grammar School, Sheffield. President. Sheffield Co-operative Party since 1963: member, national executive Co-operative Publicity Managers' Associa- tion; chairman, Nether Edge Labour Party since 1962.
BRECON & RADNOR Electorate: 49,464. 1964: 50,159.
*iWatkins. T. E. (Lab.) .. 22.902
Stevens, F. T. (C.) .. .. 14,523 Morgan, T. (Plaid Cymru) 2,410
Lab. majority .. .. 8.379 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.967. C. 15,415, P1. CQmru
2.165. Lab. maj. 8,552.
MR. TIDOR WATKINS wits elected in 1945. Parliamentary private secretarv to Secre- tary of State for Wales since 1964. and Sec- retary of thie Wc]sh parliamentary party. Born Nlay, 1903; educated at elementary schools and Coleg Harlech, North Wales. Aldemian of Brecon County Council. Niom- ber of Welshi Tourist and Holidays Board, and Mid-Wales Industrial Development Association.
BRENTFORD & CHISWICK Electorate: 37A54 1964: 38A67.
Barnes, N1I. C. J. (Lab.) .. 14,638
'Smith, D. G. (C.) ., .. 14,031 King, G. R. (L.) 2. . 2,063
ILab. majority .. 607 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C.14,019, Lab. 13.475, L. 2,951. C.
mai. 544.
MIR. IMICIIALL IIARNLS contested Wycombe in 1964. Publicity executive. Born September, 1932; educated at Mal- vern CoUege and Corpus Christi Collegc, Oxford. Member. Fabian Society and Association of Supervisorv Stalfs. Exectu- tives, and 'ITechinicianls. An adviser on publicity for Labour Party.
A. M. Faulds, Lab. gain in Smethwick.
SPELTHORNE
Electorate: 60.676. 1964: '9,OW.
*Craddock, Sir CG B. (C. .. 22.473
Wallace. R. G. (Lab.) .. 19,986 Wyn Ellis. Miss N. M. (L.) 6.624
C. majority .. .. 2,487 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,230. Lab. 16.797. L. 8.252.
C. mai. 5.433
SIR BURESIORD CRADDOCK was elected in 1950; contested l1ichfi.ld in 1938 and 1945. Director of construction companv. Borin October. 1898; educated at Harris Academy, Dundee, and St. Andrews Uni- versity. Associate Royal Institute of O'liemistry. Before beiig called to the Bar in 1947 (Gray's Inn) was in business in Britain. India. and Africa. Member. Esti- mates Commiittee, 1964-66. and of execu- tive. 1922 Committee. 1964.
STAFFORD AND STONE
Electoraite: 64.319. 1964: 62,417.
*Fraser, H. C. P. J. (C.) .. 25,259
Rea, Gi. S. (Lab.) .. .. 20.218 Furniss. E. (L.) .. .. 5.623
C. major ity .. .. 5,041 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.373, Lab. 1S.587. L. 6,593.
C. mai. 6.786.
M1R. HUGH FRASER, appointed Secretary of State for Air in July. 1962. brcame Minister of Defence for the Roval Air Force in the 1964 reorganization. Was Under-Secretary, Colonial olice. from October. 1960, and Under-Secretary. War Office, from December. 1958. Member for Stone from 1945 to 1950. when he was returned for Stafford and Stone. Born January, 1918: educated at Ampleforth College and Balliol College, Oxford (presi- dent of the Union), and at the Sorbonne.
STALYBRIDGE AND HYDE Electorate: 57.266. 1964: 54,592.
4Blackburn, F. (Lab.) .. .. 23,974
Rogerson, Col. J. E. (C.) .. 18.153
Lab. majority .. .. 5,821 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,164. C. 19,739. Lab. maj.
3.425.
M1R. FRED BLACKBURN was clected in 1951: contested Macclesfield, 1950. Teacher and author. Born July. 1902: educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Black- burn: St. John's College. Battersea; and Mlanchester University.
S1'EPNEY
Electorate: 59,846. 1964: 00,806.
*Shore, P. D. (Lab.) .. .. 23.098
Cooper, Miss B. P. (C.) .. 5.049 Kaye, S. (Comm.) .. 2,209
Lab. majority .. .. 18,049 NO CHANCE
1964: Lab. 22.284. C. 6.466. Comm. 2.454.
Lab. maj. 15.818.
MIR. PETER SHORar was elected in 1964:
contested St. Ives. 1950. and Halifax. 1959. Political economist and head of lIabour Party research departmeint. Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Harold Wilson. 1965-66. Born May. 1924: educated at Quarry Bank High School, Liverpool. and King's College, Cambridge. Mlember of Fabian Society. Member. Estimates Coni- mittee. 1964-66.
STIRLING AND FALKIRK
Electorate: 57.015. 1964: 56.806.
""MacPherson, NI. (Lab. .. 23.146
Docherty. 1. (C.) .. .. 13,726 Mitee, W. A. (Scot. Nat.) 6.322 Mclintosh, P. (Comn.) .. 767
Lab. majority .. .. 9.420 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.766. C. 17,070, Scot. Nat.
4.526. Lab. maj. 6.696.
MtR. MIAL.COLM MACPHERSON, joint vice- chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party since 1964, was returned at a by-election in October. 1948X contested Yeovil in 1945. Teacher. Born August 1904: educated at Trinity Academy. Ediiburgih, and Uni- versity of Edinburgil.
STIRLINGSHIRE, EAST, AND
CLACKNIANNAN
Electorate: 52.640. 1964: 52,425.
*Woodburn, A. (Lab.).. .. 22.557
MacDonald. A. (C.) .. 10,037 Drysdale, C. D. (Scot. Nat.) 8,225
Lab. majority .. .. 12,520 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.927, C. 12,815, Scot. Nat.
5.106. Lab. maj. 11 ,112.
MRt. ARTHUR WOODaURN 'was Parliamen- tary Secrtary, Ministry of Supply, 1945-47;
and Secretary of State for Scotland, 1947-50. Elected in 1939: contested Edin- burgh South. 1929. and lIeithi. 1931. Secre- tary of the Scottish Labour Party. 1932-39. President. National Council of Labour Colleges; member of National Trust for Scotland. and Historic Buildings Council, Scotland. Born October. 1890: educated at Bruntisfieid and Boroughmuir public schools and Heriot-Watt College. Edin- burgh. For 25 years was in engineering and ironfounding adnministration.
STIRLINGSHIRE
West
Electorate: 43.728. 1964: 44.315.
*Baxter, W. (Lab.) . . 17.513
McIntyre, Dr. R. D. (Scot.
Nat.) . . . . 9.381 Hardie, J. D. MI. (C.) .. 9.148
L-ab. majority .. .. 8.132 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21,144. C. 14.834. Lab. maj.
6.310.
MR. WILLIAM BAXTER Was eleted in 1959. Company director and farmer. Born December. 191 1; educated at Banton public school. Vice-convcner of Stirling County Council. to wihich he was elected in 1932. Represents Stirling on the County Councils' Association.
STOCKPORT
North
Electorate: 50.370. 1964: 52.283.
*Gregory, A. (Lab.) .. ,. 21.598
Owen. 1. W. (C.) .. .. 18.262
L-ab. majority .. .. 3,336 Nt; CHANCE
1964: Lab. 18.969. C. 17.067. L. 6.560.
Lab. mai. 1.902.
NIR. ARNOLD GRLGORY. %;as electcd In 1964: contested Stafford and Ston. 1959. Contracts manager and company repre- sentative. Born November. 1924; educated at Manchester and Salford municipal schiools and Manchester Collcg of Techno- lo"". I _ccturer and tu!tor to thc National
Counlcil of' Lalbour Colleges.|
BURTON
Electorate: 60.034. 1964 59.083.
*Jennings, J. C. (C.) .. .. 23,773
Shepherd, C. W. (Lab.) .. 23,496
C. majority .. .. 277 NO CHANGE
1964: C.25.236, Lab. 22.161. C. rnaj. 3.075.
MR. JoHN JENNINGS was elected in 1955; contested Southi-East Derbyshire in 1950 and 1951. Hcadmaster. Born February. 1903; educated at a grammar school, BLde College, Durham, and King's Collegc, Durham University. MIember of Chair- men's panel of Commons, 1964-66.
BURY & RADCLIFFE
Electorate: 66.168. 1964: 65,708.
*Ensor, D. (Lab.) . . .. 26.769
Bidgood, I. C. (C.) .. .. 22.298 Scholes, C. L. (L.) .. .. 4.J94
Lab. majority .. .. 4,471 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,865. C. 22.639. L. 7.589. Lab.
maj. 1.226.
MR. DAVID ENSOR. elected in 1964. is a solicitor, author, journalist, and farimer. Born November, 1906; educaled at WVest- minster School. Formcrly assistant solici- tor, Surrey County Council. prosecuting solicitor, Newcastle upon Tyne, dcputY clerk Mliddlesex County Council, and Clerk cf the Peace, London. Member of Home Secretary's Advisory Committee. and of Estimates Conim.ttee. 1964-66.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS
Electorate: 64,609. 1964: 61,143.
*Grifliths, E. W. (C.) .. .. 27.782
Seager, C. J. V. (Lab.) .. 23.140
C. majority .. .. 4,642 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.206, Lab. 20,216, L. 4,840. C.
maj. 4,990.
MR. ELDON GRIFFITHS was returned at a by-election in May, 1964. Journalist and farmer, former maianging editor of Newn.e week. Born May, 1925: educated at Ash- ton Grammar School. Emmanuel Collegc, Cambridge. and Yale University. Scrved in the Conservative Rcsearch Department. Joint sec., Conservative parliamentarY foreign affairs committee. 1965-66.
CAERNARVON
Electorate: 45,825. 1964: 40.671.
*Roberts. G. 0. (Lab.) .. .. 17.650
Prys, R. (C.) - .. 6,972 Roberts, H. (Plaid Cymru) 6.834
Lab. majority .. .. 10,673 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17.777. C. 7.915. Pi. Csmrm
6.998. Lab. maj. 9.862.
MNIR. GORONwY ROBF.R1S, Minister of State. Welsh Office. 1964-66. was elected in 1945. University lecturer. Born September. 1913; educated at Ogwen Grammar Sc;-ool and universities of London and Wales. Governor of the University of Walcs and former Fellow.
CAERPHILLY
Electorate: 49.731. 1964: 45.909.
*Edwvards, N. (Lab.) .. .. 2(6.33l
Maddocks, R. J. (C.) .. 5.182 Howcl. J. D. (Plaid
Cymru) ....... ... ..949
Lab. majority .. 21,148 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,011, C. 6.086, PI. Cmru
3.956. Lab. maj. 19.925.
MR. NEss EDWARDS %%a% Postmaster General. 1950-51, having been Parliamen- tary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour for live years. Elected in 193.9. torn April. 1897: educated at an clementary school and at the London Labour Collegc. He organized the escape of Sudeten miners from Czechoslovakia in 1939 after Munich,
CAITHNESS & SUTHERLAND
Electorate: 26.7S1. 1964: 27.291.
Maclennan. R. A. R. (Lab.) .. 8.308
*Mackie, G. Y. (L.) .. 8.244 Watt, J. M. (C.) .. .. 4.602
Lab. majority .. .. 64 LABOUR GAIN
1964: L. 7,894, Lab. 6.619, C. 4.551. liid.
C. 2,795. L. maJ. 1.275.
MR. ROBERT MIACLENNAN is a barrdItcr (Gray's Inn, 1962). Born June. 1936; edti- cated at Glasgow Academy. Balliol College. Oxford, Trinity College, Cambridge. and Columbia University. New York. Member. Society of Labour Lawyers.
CAMBRIDGE
Electorate: 60.380. 1964: 60,36~
Davies, R. Mf. D. (Lab.) .. 21.963
ILane. D. W. S. S. (C.) .. 20.972 O'Loughlin. NI. W. B. (L.) 4,928 King, P. (Ind.) .. .. 439
Lab. majority .. .. 991 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20,720, Lab. 19,331. L. 7,723. C
maj. 1.389.
MR. ROBERT DAVIES contested the con- stituency in 1964 and 1959 and the Cam- bridgeshire by-election in 1961. Sccretary of the Department of Applied Economic. Cambridge University. Born May, 1918; educated at Reading Grammar School and London and Oxford Universities. Member Cambridge City CoLtncil 1954-66. and of adviscry committee. Labour Pany National Executive Committee.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Electorate: 67.869. 1964: 65.015
*Pym. F. L. (C.) . . .. 25.U00
Hlughes. J. N. (Lab.) .. 20.433 Beale, J. R. C. (L.) . .. 7.698
C. majority .. .. 5.167 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.883, Lab. 17,636, L. 9,347.
C. inaj. 7 247.
MR. FRANCIS PYM. iin Opposition 'ship, 1964-66. was returned for the constituency in the 1961 by-election: contested Rhondda West in 1959. Assistant %ship. 1962-64. M11anaging director and landowner. Born February. 1922: educated att Eton and Magdalene Collese. Cambridge.
CANNOCK
Electorate: 76.299. 1964: 72.141t
*Lee. Miss J. (Lab.) .. ,. 13.621
Elliston, H. R. (C.) .. .. 22.594
ILab. majoritv .. .. 11.027 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 31,608. C. 23,334. Lab. miai.
8.274.
MISS JENNII: Ll.l was given speciial Ic- sponsibility for the Arts first as Parlia- mentary Secretary . Nlinistr of Public Build- ing and Works. 1964-65. then as Under-
Secretary. Edutcation and Science, 1965-6t,. Represented Cannock since 1945. Entered Parliament for North Ianark in 1929: de- feated itt 1931 : contested the division it
1935, and a Bristol by-elcction in I943. Shc swas on the editorial board of Tribune. Born November. 1904: educated at Mloras House
College, Beath High School and Ediniburgl, University. Widow of Mlr. A. Bevan. Mcm- ber of National Executive Committee of Labour Party.
CANTERBURV
Electorate: 71.577. 1964: 67,639.
Crouc,h. D. L. W C.) . . . 27. 1t.w
.Sawbridge. 1B. (.ab.) .. 15.37' Moss. F. W. (L.) .. .. 11.962
C. nairitv i( .. 11.788 NO CHIANGE
1964: C. 26.27, Lab. 15.211. 1. 9.'82. C.
m;J. 11.616.
MIR. DAVID Citot.u.im onts:c tcd Lctis West in 1959. Mlarkeing cur,ultant. Botri June. 1919: educ..ted :rt Univcrsity College
School. London. Ncrnb.r of tilc l'otitu!e of Marketing. 'Vicc-prcsidcn;. Wqc t I.cedi
Conservative Asso.'iatiMl. 19(N(1: Pcsidcdnt. Wc-;t Leeds V oung Conscratlj-c.
CROSBY
Electorate: 56,318. 1964: 57.771.
*Page, R. G. (C.) .. .. 21.980
Whipp. A. J. (Lab.) 18.674
C. majority .. .. 3,306 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.538. Lab. 14.158, L. 8.590.
C. mai. 7.380.
MR. GRAHAM PAGE, a party spokesman on housing and land 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in November, 1953. Con- tested North Islington In 1951 and 1950. Born June, 1911; educated at Magdalen College. Oxford, and London University. Solicitor and Privy Council appeal a-ent; director of property companies and a build- ing society. Chairman of the Select Com- mittee on Statutory Instruments 1964-66. Promoter of Cheques Act, 1957. Governor of St. Thomas's Hospital. London; chair- mnan, Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety.
CROYDON North-East
Electorate: 55,094 1964: 56,765.
*Weatherill, B. B. (C.) .. .. 18,302
Elliott,G. F.(Lab.).. ,. 17,714 Henchley, J. D. 0. (L.) .. 6,007
C. majority .. .. 588 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.930. Lab. 16,099. L. 6,567.
C mai 3.831.
MR. BERNARD WFATtI-ERILL. elected in 1964, is a master tailor. Born November, 1920; educated at Malvcrn College. Chair- man of Guildford Conservative Associa- tion, 1959-63, vice-chairman of South- Eastern Area Council. 1962-64. and mem- ber of executive committee of National Union, 1963-64.
North-West
Electorate: 55.042. 1964: 56,122
*Harris, F. W. (C.) . . .. 18,578
Stewart, M. J. (Lab.) ,, 15,882 Banks, R. E. J. (L.) .. 6.466
C. majority .. . 2,696 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,577. Lab. 13,967, L. 8.201.
C. mai. 5.610.
MR. FREDERIC HARRIS represented North Croydon from 1948 untit 1955. when he was elected for the now constituency of Croydon North-West. Chairman and managing director of food producing company and chairman and director of other companies. Born March 1915; edu- cated at BelnMont College, Streatham. Haas been a member of Croydon Borough Coun- cil. He owns a farm in Kenya. Freeman of City of London; Liveryman of Basket- makers.
South
Electorate: 63.146 1964: 63,443.
Winnick, D. J. (Lab.) .. 21.496 *Thompson, Sir R. R1. M. (C.) 21.415 Babbs, W. E. P. (L.) .. 5.146
Lab. majority .. .. 81 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 24.854, Lab. 22,265. C. maj.
2.589
MR. D.AViD WINNiCK contested Harwich in 1964. Advertisement manager. Mem- ber. Willesden Borough Council. 1959-64, and of Council of London Borough of Brent since 1964. Born June, 1933; elementary education. Former branch clairman, Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union.
DAGENHAM
Electorate: 69,671. 1964: 71,424.
*Parker, J. (Lab.) .. .. 35.055
Currie, G. E. (C.) -. ,. 10,530 Wake, G. (Comm.) .. 1,373
Lab. majority ., . 24,525 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32,851, C. 9,461, L. 7,301.
Comm. 1.070. Lab. maj. 23.390.
MR. JOHN PARKER was elected in 1945; contested Holland with Boston 1931. and was member for Romford 1935-45. Under Secretary. Dominions Office. 1945-46. Writer and publisher. Born July, 1906: educated at ivMarlborough and St. John's College. Oxford. Hon. secretary of the Fab,an Society and of the Webb Trustees Melmber, promotion committee, Essax Uni- versity; governor, London School of Economics since 1949.
DARLINGTON
Electorate: 57.557 1964: 58,051.
*Fletcher, E. I. (Lab.) .. .. 23,909
Bourne-Arton, A. T. (C.) .. 19.546 Oakeshott, R. (L.) .. . 3.891
Lab. majority . . 4,363 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.751. C. 19.841. L. 6.578.
Lab. maj. 1.910
MR. EDWARD FLETCHER, elected in 1964. contested Middlesbrough West in 1959. Trade union official. Born February. 1911; educated at elementary school, and Fircroft College. Birmingham. Member of New- castle City Council since 1952; chairman of the finance comrnittee. Chairman of the North-Eastern Association for the Arts. MIember, Estimates Comnmittec. 1964-66.
DARTFORD
Electorate: 73.364. 1964: 72,305.
*Irving, S. (Lab. & Co-op) .. 29.547
Trew, P. J. F. (C.) - - .. 22.638 Loftus, P. (L.) .. .. 7.094
Lab. major ity .. .. 6,909 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,371, C. 22,496, L. 9,047. Lab.
maj. 4.875.
MR. SYDNEY IRVING. Treasurer of the Household and Deputy Chief Whip, 1964-66, was elected in 1955. School teacher and lecturer. Born July. 1918: educated at Pendower School, Newcastle upon Tyne. and London School of Economics. Vice- chairman, Southern Regional Council of the Labour Party. Was an alderman of Dartford Borough Council.
DARWEN
Electorate: 59.066. 1964: 58,014
*Fletcher-Cooke, C. (C.) ,. 20.598
Whittam, B. (Lab.).. .. 18.863 Holt, S. C. (L.) .. .. 9.339
C. majority ,, .. 1,735 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.343, Lab. 15,559. L. 12.641.
C. mai. 4.784.
MR. CHARLES FLETCHlR-COOKE. Q.C., clected in 1951, was Under-Secretary Home Office. 1961-63. Contested East Dorset as Labour candidate, 1945. Born May, 1914;
educated at Malvcrn College and Peter- house, Cambridge; president of the union, 1936. Called to the Bar by Lincoln's inn, 1938. Iegal adviser to the Government at the Danube Conference in 1948. NMember of Statute Law Committee. 1955-1961. Joint vice-chairman, cAnservative parliamentary committee on trade and industry. 1965-66.
DEARNE VALLEY
Electorate : 58,721. 1964: 59,617.
*Wainwright, E. (Lab.) .. 36.735
RobeFts, J. W. (C.) 6, 6121 Hargreaves, P. (Ind.) .. 2,170
Lab. majority .. .. 30,614 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 38,101. C. 9.069. Lab. maj.
29,032.
NIR. EDWIN WAINWRIGHT, elected in 1959, was a miner. Born August. 1908: educated at Darficid council school and Wombbwell and Barnsley Technical College. Branch official of the National Union of Mineworkers for 26 years and a member of the national executive council. Member Wombwell Urban District Council for 20 years. Vice-chairman, Iabour parliamen- tary power and stecl committee.
DEWSBURY
Electorate: 55,180. 1964: 55,341.
*Ginsburg, D. (Lab.) .. .. 23.027
Haynes, D. H. (C.) . . ]2,361 Allsopp, A. (L.) .. 7,593
Lab. majority 1.. .. 0,666 NO CHANGE
;964: Lab. 21284, C. 15,046. L. 7.679. Lab.
mraj. 6.238.
NIR. DAVID GINSBURG was elected in 1959. Previously secretary of the Labour Party's Research Department and of the honme policy sub-committee of the national exe- cutive committee Economist and markct research exp_rt. Born March, 1921; edii- cated at University College School, Hamp- stead, and Balliol College. Oxford.
DONCASTER
Electorate: 56,013. 1964: 57.746.
Walker, H. (Lab.) .. .. 25.777
Whittaker, J. M. (C.) .. 19.689
Lab. majority .. .. 6,0S8 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.845, C. 22,732. Ind. 1.201.
Lab. maj. 1.113.
MIR. HAROLD WALKER, elected in 1964. is a toolmaker. Born July. 1927: educated at cotincil school and Manchester College of Technology. Vice-president. Gorton Labour Party and chairman of Mossl5y Labour Party.
DON VALLEY
Electorate: 74.946. 1964: 73,120.
*Kelley. R. (Lab.) .. .. 43,973
Storey. R. (C.) .. .. 14.738
Lab. majority .. .. 29,235 NO CH,ANGI,
1964: Lab. 42.452, C. 16.593. Lab. maj.
25.859.
MNR. RICIIARD KE.LLEY %as rcturned in 1959. A miners' union secretary for 0 sears: a member of thc National Union of Mlinewvorkers. Born July. 1904. elementarv education. Servedi on the West Riding County Council 1949-59.
DORKING
Electorate: 54,296. 1964: 54,032.
*Sinclair, Sir G. E. (C.) 23,087
Dunmore, Mlrs. B. (Lab.) 112.21 Kahan, G. H. (L.) .. 7.629
C. majority .. .. 10.886 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.862, Lab. 9.806, L. 8.773.
Patriotic Party 476. C. mai. 14.056.
SIR GEORGE SINCLAIR. elcted in 1964. is a consultant. served in the Overseas Ci il Service. 1936-61. and v as Deputy Governor of Cyprus 1955-60. Born November. 1912; educated at Abingdon School and Peni- broke College. Oxford. Member of WVim- bledon Borough Council since 1962.
DORSET North
Electorate: 52,414. 1964: 50.065.
*Glyn, Sir R. H. (C.) .2.. 2,5.20
Lamb. R. A. (L. .. .. 15.005 Rutland. J. R. (Lab.) .. .
C. majority . . .. 5.515 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.89S, L. 14,768, Lab. 6253. C.
ma;. 5.130.
SIR RICHARD GLYN was returned at a b!- election in June. 1957; contested the di i- sion in 1945. A vice-chairman. Conserva- tive parliamentary defence committee. 1964-66. Farms in Dorset and Hampshire. Born October. 1907; educated at Dov.n House School and Worcester Collcge, Oxford. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn. 1935t. Member Estimates Committee. 1964-66. and of executive. 1922 Committee. 1964-66.
South
Electorate: 61.700. 1964: 59,963.
*King, E. M. (C.) . . .. 22,997
Morgan, F. W. (Lab.) .. 21.1 0 Goode, G. M. (L.) .. .. 5.82
C. majority .. . 1.877 NO CHANGE
1964:C. 21,209. Lab. 20,274. L. 7.100. C.
mai. 935.
MR. EVELYN KING. elected in 1964. ;ais I.abour M.P. for Penryn and Falmoutih 1945-50 and Parliamentary Scrctary.
Mlinistry of Town and CoLntry Plannirg 1947-50. Contested Poole in 1950. Joined Conservative Party in 1951; contested Southampton, Itchen, in 1959. Born Mala. 1907: educated at Cheltenham College and King's College, Cambridge. Farmer.
WVest
Electorate: 45.937. 1964: 44,951.
*Digby, K. S. D. W. (C.) . 1. 7.709
Shirreff, F. D. (Lab.) .. 11.757 Pinney, M.A. (L.) .. ,, 7.676
C. majority . ., 5,952 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17.841, Lab. 10.631, L. 8,242. C.
maj. 7.21 0.
IR. SINION WINGFIELD Dl(u;H was Civ I Lord of the Admiralty. 1951-57. Returned unopposed in 1941 by-election. Chairman. Conservative parliamentary shipping and shipbuilding and forestry sub-comnitteci. 1964-66. Conservative whip. 1948-51. Bar- rister (Inner Temple. 1939k. Born FebruarY, 1910: educated at Harrow and Trinity Coli lcec. Cambridge. Landowner.
DOVER
Electorate: 65.664. 1964: 64,876.
*Ennals, D. H. (Lab.) . . .. 27.256
Stacey, T. C. G. (C.) ,. 24.04l) Budd, B. W. (L.) .. ., 3.981
Lab. majority .. .. 3.216 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24.115, C. 23.697, L. 5,843.
Lab. maj. 418.
MR. DAVID ENNALS. who won the seat il 1964, contested Richmond as a Liberal in 1950 and 1951. Overseas secretary of th: Labour Party. Born August. 1922: educa- ted at Queen Mary's (irammar Sehool, Walsall, and at Windsor. Connectictit. Mem- ber. executive committee. Freedom from
-ltunger Campaign: formcr secretary of United Nations Association. Parliamen- tary Private Secretary to Mlinister of Transport. 1966.
DOWN North
Electorate: 101.275. 1964: 97,151
*Currie. Ci. B. H. (U.U.) .. 3S.706
Murnaghan, Miss S. (L.) .. 10.582
U.U. majority . .. 28,124
NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 45.091. Nl. Lab. 11.571. L.
3.797. Repub N55. U.U. mai. ;3.520
MR. GEORc. CR. KRR1E was elected in 1955
contested East Flint in 1950 and 1951. A barrister. Born Decenber. 1905: educated at Campbell College. Belfast, and Trinity College. Dublin. Called by the Middle Temple in 1932.
South
Electorate: 78.468. 1964: 77.Ul.
*Orr. Capt. L. P. S. (U.U.) .. 32.876
Quinn. J. G. (1) .. .. 9.586S Mussen, G. (Reptub.) .. 8,917
U.U. majority .. .. 23,290 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 32.922. Repub. 11,031. Nl.
Lab.. 6.260. L. 5 610. U.U. maj. 21.891. CAPT. ILAWvRNcrEN ORR. chairman of the Ulster Unionist members. wvas returned for South l)own in 1950. Director of lec. tronics company. Born September. 191S: edtucated at Campbell College. Belfast. anci Trinity College. Duiblin. Chairman, Unitetd Prutcv:anu CLouncil: president, Grandl Oran2,- Council of thp. WViritd
EYE,
Electorate: 57,S51. 1964: 57,087.
'Harrison, Sir H. (C.) .. 21,044
Pryke, R. W. S. (Lab.) .. 17,431 Newby, D. J. (L) *- *- 8,661
C. majority .. .. 3,613 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,555, Lab. 16,129, L. 9,437. C. mi. 5,426.
SIR HARWvOOD HARRISON was Comptrollcr of the Household 1959-61. after being a Lord Commnissioner of the Treasury from 1956. He won the division in 1951; con- tested it in 1950. Company director and Northamptonshire landowner. Born June. 1907; educated at Northampton and Trinity College, Oxford. J oint vice-isairman. Conservative parliamentary trade and industry conutiittee. 964-66. chairman, Commonwealth affairs sub-committee for the Old Commonwealth. 1956-66.
FALMOUTHI & CAMBORNE Electorate: 55,323. 1964: 54,569.
Dunwoody, Dr. J. E. 0. (Lab.) 21,394
Boscawen, R. T. (C.) . . 18.131 Sykes, Miss A. XI. P. H. (L.) 6.144
Lab. majority .. .. 3,263 NNO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18,847, C. 15,921. L. 7,559. Lab.
maj. 2,926.
DR. JoHoN DUNWOODY. a general practi- tioner, contested Plymouth, Sutton, in 1964 and Tiverton, 1959. Born June, 1929: edu- cated at St. Paul's School, London, King's College, London University, and West- minster Hospital Medical School. Memb.r, Medical Practitioners' Union and central council and executive committee, Socialist Medical Association. President Tiverton Labour Party. 1959. Former vice-chairman, Totnes Labour Party. Husband of Mrs. G. P. Dunwoody, Labour M.P. for Exeter.
FARNHAM
Electorate: 53.814. 1964: Macmillan, M. (C.) ..
Saunders, D. W. (L.)
Pinchen, L. G. R. (Lab.)
53,054.
.. 21.028 .. 12,036 .. 9,988
C. majority .. .. 8,992 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,382, L. 11,876. Lab. 8,500. C.
maj. 9.506.
NIR. MAURICE MIACNMILLAN represented Halifax from 1955 to 1964; contested Sea- ham Harbour in 1945. Lincoln 1951. and the Wakefield by-election in 1954. Economic Secretary to the Treasury. 1963-64. Born January. 1921; educated at Eton and Balliot College, Oxford. Director of publishing and other companies. Son of Mr. Harold Macmillan Former Chairman, Wider Share Ownership Council. President, United Kingdom Council of European Movement. 1961-63.
FARNWVORTH
Electoratc: 60,634. 1964: 58,275.
*Thornton, E. (Lab.) .. .. 30.015
Andrew, M. (C.) .. .. 15,329
Lab. majority .. .. 14,686 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,493, C. 17,421. Lab. maj.
11.072.
MR. ERNEST THORNTON, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in November, 1952. Born Mlay, 1905; educated at Walverden Council School, Nelson. Formerly President Amal- gamated Weavers' Association and secre- tary Rochdale Weavers' Association. Member of Rochdale Borough Council, 1933-47; mayor, 1942-43.
FAVERSHAM
Electoratc: 62,896. 1964: 60,500.
*Boston, T. G. (Lab.) .. .. 26.375
Moat, R. D. (C.) .. .. 23,886
Lab. majority .. .. 2,489 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24,243, C. 20,279. L. 4,882.
Lab. maj. 3,964.
MR. TERENCE BoSTON has represented the constituency since the by-election in June, 1964; contested Wokingham, 1955 and 1959. Formerly a senior producer in the B.B.C. Barrister, called by Inner Temple 1960. Born March, 1930; educated at Woolwich Polytechnic School and King's College, London. Parliamentary private secretary to Minister of Public Building and Works since 1964.
FELTHAM
Electorate: 53,697. 1964: 54,147.
Kerr, R. W. (Lab.) .. .. 22,389
Wallis, Miss B. L. (C.) .. 13,932 Crauford, W. G. (L.) .. 5,206
Lab. majority .. .. 8,457 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,733, C. 14,927. L. 6.141.
Lab. maj. 5.806.
MR. RUSSELL KERR, an air charter exccu- tive, contested Horsham in 1951, Merton and Morden in 1959, and Preston. North, in 1964. Husband of Mrs. Anne Kerr, Labour MI.P. for Rochester and Chatham. Born February, 1921; educated at Shore School, Sydney, and Sydney University. National executive member. Association of Supervisory Staffs. Executives and Technicians since 1964.
FERMANAGH & SOUTH TYRONE
Electoratc: 63,903. 1964: 63,642.
*Hamilton. Marquess of (U.U.) 29,352
Donnelly, J. J. (Nat. Unity) 14.645 Brady, R. (Repub.) .. 10.370
U.U. majority .. .. 14,707 NO CHANGE
1964: U.U. 30,010, Rcpub. 16,138. L. 6.006,
NI. Lab. 2.339. U.U. maj. 13,872.
The MARQUESS OF HANIILTON, clected in 1964, is a company director. Bom July, 1934; educated at Eton and thc Royal Agricultural College. Cirencester. Heir to the Duke of Abercorn. Servcd in the Grenadier Guards.
FIFE East
Electorate: 49,311. 1964: 49,782.
*Gilmour. Sir J. E. (C.)
Peaker, H. (Lab.) ..
Braid, J. (Scot. Nat.) Barrie, D. A. (L.) ..
. . 19.323 ., 9,229 .. 5,394 ., 3,574
C. majority .. .. 10,094 No CHANGE
1964: C. 21,001. Lab. 9.765, L. 5.075. Scot.
Nat. 2.635, Ind. 257. C. maj. 11,236.
SIR JOHN GILMIOUR was elected at a by- election in 1961; contested East Stirling and Clackmannan, 1945. Farmer and land- owner; company director and vice-president of a building society. Born October, 1912 - educated at Eton. Trinity Hall. Cambridge, and Dundee School of Economics. Chair- man, Conservative and Unionist Party in Scotland since 1965; vice-chairman 1963-65.
lVest
Electorate: 56.028. 1964: 55,948.
'Hamilton, W. W. (Lab.) . 27.123
Gall, J. B. M. (C.) . 8.300 Patrick, R. R. (Scot. Nat.) 6.046 MacMillan, A. D. (Comm.) 1.542
Lab. majority .. .. 18,823 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,806. C. 11.880, Comm. 3,273.
Lab. maj. 16,926.
MR. WILLIAM HAMILTON. chairman of the Estimates Committee, 1964-66. won the seat from a Communist in 1950; contested the division in 1945. Teacher. Born June, 1917; son of a Durham miner; educated at Washington Grammar School, co. Durham, and Sheffield University.
FINCHLEY
Electorate: 68.422. 1964: 67,522.
*Thatcher, Mrs. M. H. (C.) .. 23,968
Sieve, Mrs. Y. (Lab.) .. 14,504 Davis, F. (L.) .. .. 13,070
C. majority .. .. 9,464 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.591. L. 15.789. Lab. 12.408.
C. maj. 8.802.
M1RS. MtARGARET THATCHER. a party spokesman on housing and land, 1965-66, was Joint Parliamentary Secretary, Mlinis- try of Pensions and National Insurance, 1961-64. Contestcd Dartford in 1950 and 1951. Returncd for Finchlcy in 1959. sponsored an Act to open councl meetings to the press. Barris- ter, called by Lincoln's Inn. 1954. Born October, 1925: educated at Grantham High School and Somerville College, Oxford.
FLINT East
Electorate: 55,119. 1964: 54,076.
*White, Mrs. E. L. (Lab.) .. 24.442
Hardman, F. (C.) .. . 15,960 Diamond, D. 0. (L.) .. 6,348 Hughes, G. (Plaid Cymru) 902
ILab. majority .. .. 8,482 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,469, C. 21,513. Lab. maj.
3.956.
MRS. EIRENE WHITE. Under Secretary, Colonial Office. 1964-66. Nlember of the party's national cxecutive 1947-53, reelected in 1958. Elected for the division in 1950; contested Flintshire in 1945. Chairman, Fabian Socicty. 1959. Journalist. Born November, 1909; educated at St. Paul's Girls' School and Somerville College. Oxford. Governor of National Library of Wales. Was independent member, Cine- matograph Films Council. President of the National Council of Women (Wales).
West
Electorate: 51,346. 1964: 50.087.
*Birch, E. N. C. (C.) .. .. 18.179
Ellis, R. T. (Lab.) .. .. 15,137 Thomas, D. M. (L.) .. 7,137 Lloyd, D. A. (Plaid CynrU) 1,585
C. majority .. .. 3,042 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.515, Lab. 13298, L. 7,482 P1.
Cymru, 1.195. C. maj. 5.217.
MR. NIGEL BIRCH was Economic Secre- tary to the Treasury 1957, resigned in 1958 with two other Treasury Ministers. Minister of Works 1954-55; Secretary of State for Air until January, 1957. Under Secretary for Air 1951-52 and Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Defence, 1952-54. Forner chairman of the Conservative Parliamentary finance committee. Elected for Flint 1945 and, after 1950 redistribution, for West Flint. Born November 1906: educated at Eton. Director of London and Manchester Assurance Company.
FOLKESTONE & HYTHE Electorate: 54,573. 1964: 53,388.
*Costain, A. P. (C.) .. .. 22.964
Horam, J. R. (Lab.) .. 15,562
C. majority .. .. 7,402 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,587, Lab. 14,314. C. maj.
9.273.
MIR. ALBERT COSTAIN was returned in 1959. Joint deputy chairman of Richard Costain Ltd., a building and civil engineer- ing company. Member of Llovd's. Born July, 1910; educated at King James Gram- mar School, Knaresborough. and College of Estate Management. Fellow of Insti- tute of Builders; chairmnan of Prestressed Concrete Development Group, 1952. Lon- don treasurer, National Children's Home, 1950-60. Joint vice-chairman, Conservative parliamentary arts, public building and works committee, 1965-66, and of housing and local government committee. 1965-66. Member, Estimates Comrittee. 1965-66.
FULHAM
Electorate: 45.085. 1964: 48,147.
*Stewart, M. (Lab.) .. . . 20,080
Grylls, W. M. J. (C.) .. 13,094 Sheriff, Miss E. (Ind. L.) 716 Robson, P. (Comm.) .. 256 Arrowsmith, Miss MI. P.
(Radical Alliance) . - 163 Braybrooke, Maj. A. R.
(Patriotic Pty.) - - .. 126 Lab. majority . . 6,986 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,7S8. C. 14.842. Ind. 632.
Lab. mai. 4.946.
MR. MIICHAEL STEWART after three months as Secretary of State for Education and Science was appointed Secretary of State for Foreizn Affairs in January, 1965. after the resignation of Mir. Gordon Waiker. Labour spokesman on housing and local government from November 1959-64. and previously on education. Con- tested West Lewishaam in 1931 and 1935: represented Fulham East, 1945-50s then elected for Fulham. Vice-Chamberlain of H.M. Household 1946-47; Comptroller 1946-47; Under Secretary for War 1947- 51. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply, May-October, 1951. Born Novem- ber, 1906; educated at Christ's Hospital and St. John's College, Oxford; president of the Union, 1929.
FYLDE
North
Electorate: 61,526. 1964: 59.008.
Clegg. W. (C.) . . 24.217
Bell. K. (Lab.) . .. 14.045 Snimallwood, J. R. i .. 6.058 Lowe, P. (Coalition Unity) 826
C. majority . . 10,172 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.801, Lab. 14.777. C. maj.
13.024.
NIR R. WALTER CLEGG contested Ince in 1959. Solicitor. Born April, 1920; edu- cated at Bury Grammar School, Arnold School, and Nlanchester University Law School. Chairman, North Fvlde Consers a- tive Association, 1965; president, Fleet- wood branch; member, Lancashire County Council, 1955-61.
South
Electoratc: 73,462. 1964: 71,011.
*Lancaster, Col. C. G. (C.) 29.779
Owen, D. (Lab.) - . . 13,455 Lees, J. D. (L.) - . . 11,532
C. majority . . . 16,324 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 31.824. L. 11.885, Lab. 10,971.
C. mai. 19.939.
COLONEL CLAUDE LANCASTER represented the former Fylde Division, 1938- 50 and was elected for South Fylde after the 1950 redistribution. Born August, 1899: edu- cated at Eton and Royal NMilitary Collegc. He farms extensively and has interests in the iron and steel industries. Chairman and director of companies. Mlember, Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66.
GAINSBOROUGH
Electorate: 52,428. 1964: 51.499
*Kimball, M. (C.) .. .. 18,770
Day. A. (Lab.) .. . 14.904 Stevenson, G. R. S. (L.) . 6.064
C. majority .. . 3.866 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.235, Lab. 12.126, L. 8,930. C.
niaj. 7,109.
NIR. MARCUS KIMBALL was returned at a by-election in February. 1956; contested Derby South in 1955. Farmer and Lloyd's underwriter. Born October, 1928; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Mlember of Rutland County Council. Joint Mtaster and huntsman, Fitzwilliam Houn's, 1952 and 1953: Cottesnmore Hounds. 1953- 56: ioint NIaster, 1956-58. Joint hon. secre- tary, Conservative Parliamentary comrn'tte for agriculture, fisheries and food. 1964-66.
GALLOWAY
Eleorate: 36.683. 1964: 37,331.
Brewis, H. J. (C.) .. .. 15,l17
Douglas, D. (Lab.) .. 9.23
C. majority 4.. .. ,8'4 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 14,530, L. 6,619, Lab. 6,401. C.
maj. 7,91 1.
MIR. JOHN BREWIS was elected at a by- clection in April. 1959. Barrister; manag- ins director of Ardwell Estates, Stranraer. Born April, 1920; educated at Eton and New College. Oxford; called by Middle Temple, 1946. Member of Wigtown County Council, 1955-59. Member of Comnmons Chairmen's panel, 1964-66.
GATESHEAD
East
Electorate: 52.442. 1964: *Conlan. B. (Lab.) ..
Mendl, J. H. E. (C.)
51.705.
.. 27.628 .. 12,034
Lab. majority .. .. 15,544 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,633. C. 14.654. Lab. maj.
11.979.
MR. BERNARD CONLAN, clected in 1904. contested High Pcak in 1959. Engineer. Born October. 1923; educated at Man- chester primary and secondaryP schools. Elected to M1anchester City Council 1954. Ofliccr of Amalgamated Engineering Union since 1943.
West
Electorate: 38.878. 1964: 41.388.
*Randall, R. E. (Lab.) .. 20.381
Greenwood, E. (C.) .. 6,87S
Lab. majority .. 13,503 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.390. C. 9.623. Lab. maj.
11.767.
MR. HARRY RANDALL vas rcturned at a by-election in December. 1955. Represented Clitheroc, 1945-50. Contested Mitchani 1951. Born December. 1899: educated at elementary schools. Former postman. and organizing secretary, Union of Post OtTice Workers. 1940-55. Junior whip 1950 United Kingdom reprcsenttivc on the executive committee of the United Nations
High Commiscion for refugees programme. 1965. Mlember. Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. 1965-66.
GILLINGHAAM
Electorate: 51,875. 1964: 50,471.
*Burden, F. F. A. (C.) .. .. 20.15S
Binns. J. S. (Lab.) .. .. 17.018 Payne, G. A. (L.) ......... .. 3,5i46 C. majority .. .. 3,140 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.228, Lab. 14.5S4. L. 4.052, Ind.
t27 C. maj. 5.644.
MR. FREDEiRICK BURDEN usas clected in 1950; contested South Shields. 1935. Fins- bury. 1945. and the Rotherhithe by-election of 1946. Chairman parliamcntary animal
welfare group. Director of British Eagle International Airlines Ltd. and other com- panies. Born December, 1905; educated at Sloane School, Chelsea.
GLASGOW
Bridgeton
Electorate: 37.159. 1964: 41.482.
*Bennett, J. (Lab.) .. .. 16.219
Hogg, J. (C.) 5. .. S,619
Lab. majorit, .. .. 10,6C0 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.879. C. 7.492. Lab. mai.
11.387.
MR. JAMtES BENNETr was elccted at a by- election in November, 1961. Road hanlage representative. Born Decernber. 1912; educated at North Kelvinside secondary School. Parliamentary private secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland. 1964. Member of Glasgow Town Council, 1947- 61; represented Scottish local authorities on the Central Transport Consulative Com-
rmittee.
Cathcart
Electorate: 65,759. 1964: 65.074.
*Taylor, E. M. (C.) .. .. 26.549
Forrester, F. L. (Lab.) . . 25,330 Barlowv, G. (Anti-vivisection) 516
C. majority .. .. 1,219 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,299. Lab. 24.294. C. maj. 3.005.
MR. EDIVARD TAYLOR, eleted in 1964. contested Glasgow, Springburn. in i959. Industrial relations oficer. Born April. 1937: educated at Glasgow High School
and Glasgow University. President, Spring- burn Unionist Association. Mlember Glas- gow City Council since 1960. Joint secretary of Conservative Parliamentary trade and industry committee. 1965-66: hon. secre- tarv of shipbuilding sub-committee, 1965-66.
Central
Electorate: 26,579. 1964: 30.465.
McMillan, T. (Lab.) .. 11,673
Anderson, R. B. (C.) .. 3,924
Lab. majority .. . - 7.749 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 13.343, C. 5.679. Lab. mal.
7.664
MR. TiiOM\IAS MCMILLAN is a wood machi- nist at Cowlairs railway workshops. Born
1419. MeImber. Glasgov City Council since 1962: and of thc Housing. Hcalth. Clans- ming. Parliamentary Bills and Bulk Purchase of Matcrials Committes. Member. I'ccns- ing Court; former scretary constituncy
Labour Party and former chairman, Town-
hcad Ward Labour Association.
Craigton
Electorate: 45.472. 1964: 46.118.
*Millan. B. (Lab.) .. . .. 21,174
Hutchison, P. C. (C.) .. 11.970 Leslie, G. (Scot. Nat.) . . 3.425
Lab. majority .. .. 9,204 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.775. C. 15.518. Lab. maj.
6.257.
MR. BRUCE MILLAN, Under Secret;ir' of Defence for the Royal Air Force. from 1964. was elected in 1959, contested the seat in 1955 and West Renfrewshire in 1951.
Chartered accountant. Born October. 1927- educated at Harris Academy, D nndee. Chairmnan of Scottish Labour Youth Council, 1949-50.
Gorbals
Electorate: 32,050. 1964: 36,76S. Cullen. Nlrs. A. (Lab.) .. 14,453
Hunter, W. C. (C.) .. .. 4.513 Hunter, Mlrs. M. A. (Comrn.) 819
Lab. majority .. .. 9,940 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.931. C. 5.455. Comm. 1.339.
Iab. nial. 11.476.
hiRs. ALICE CULLEN was returned at a by- election in September, 1948. A housewife. Born 1892; educated at elementary shool.
Has served on Glasgow Corporation.
Govan
Electorate: 40.481. 1964: 44.517.
*Rankin. J. (Lab. & Co-op.) .. 18.533
Breuer. P. (C.) .. .. 7.677 NIcLennan, G. (Comm.) .. 1.103
Lab. majority 10,856 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.326. C. 9.571, Comm. 1,378.
Iab. rnaj. 10.755.
MR. JOHIN RANKIN sat for Tradestoii 1945.
195. when he was returned for the re-
dirawn division ol Govan. Contested Pollok in 1923. 1924. and 1931. School teacher. Born February. 190. Educated at Allan (ilcn's School. Glasgow. and Glasgow Uni-
versity. Propagandibt and lecturcr.
B. Whitaker, Lab. gain, Hampstead.
HIARROGATE
Electorate: 56.021. 1964: 55,141.
Ramsden, J. E. (C.) .. .. 22,932
Greaves, W. (L.) .. . 9,518 Holmes, R. E. (Lab.) 9,267
C. majority .. .. 13,414 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.474, L. 9,332, Lab. 8,655. C.
maj. 15,142.
MR. JAMES RAmSDEN, Opposition spokes- man on public building and works, 1964-65. Appointed Secretary of State for War in October. 1963, became Minister of Defence for the Army in the 1964 re- organization; Under-Secretary, War Office, from October, 1960. Returned at a by- election in March, 1954; contested Dews- bury in 1950 and 1951. Born November 1923: educated at Eton and Trinity College. Oxford, where he gained a Rugby Blue. Became a director of family brewing busi- ness.
HARROW
Central
Electorate: 44,195. 1964: 45,512.
*Grant, J. A. (C.) .. .. 15,987
Judge, A. R. (Lab.) .. 14,341 MiUer, A. H. J. (L.) .. 5,118
C. majority .. .. 1,630 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16.534, Lab. 12,067. L. 7,168
C. maj. 4A67
MR. ANTHONY GRANT, elected in 1964, contested Hayes and Harlington in 1959. Solicitor. Born May, 1925; educated at St. Paul?s School and Brasenose College, Oxford. Liveryman of the Worshipful Com- pany of City Solicitors; member of the executive committee of the Wider Share Ownership Council. Joint hon. secretary, Conservative parliamentary legal com- mittee, 1965-66.
East
Electorate: 47,267. 1964: 47,954.
Roebuck, R. D. (Lab.) . 17,374 *Courtney, Cmdr. A. (C.) .. 16,996 Colne, M. D. (L.) .. .. 4,749
Lab. majority .. .. 378 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20.307. Lab. 18,048. C maj.
2.259.
MR. Roy ROEBUCK; contested Altrincham and Sale in 1964 and 1965 (by-election). Journalist. Born September. 1929; edu- cated at state schools. and Mlanchester Col- lege of Commerce. Member, Fabian Society and Central London Committee, National Union of Journalists.
West
Electorate: 53,210. 1964: 53,756.
*Page. A. J. (C.) .. . 22,660
Beaumont, C. H. (Lab.) .. 12,313 Seigal, H. C. (L.) .. .. 7,676
C. majority .. .. 10,347 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,132, Lab. 10,725. L. 9.055.
C. mai 12.407
MR. JACK PAGE was returned in a by- election in' March, 1960; contested Eton and Slough, 1959. Secretary of the Con- servative parliamentary labour committee, 1964-66. Sales manager. Born September, 1919; educated at Harrow and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Member of the Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union; chairman, Bethnal Green and East London Housing Association.
HARTLEPOOLS, THE
Electorate: 59,079. 1964: 59,703.
*Leadbitter, E. L. (Lab.) - 27,509
Bransom, Brig. H. 1. (C.) .. 18,857
Lab. majority .. .. 8,652 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,883, C. 23,016. Lab. maj.
2.867.
MR. EDWARD LEADBITTER, elected in 1964. is a teacher. Born June, 1919; educated at State schools and a teachers' training col- lege. Member of West Hartlepool Borotugh Council. Chairman of Further Education Committee and Industrial Development Committee.
IIARWICII
Electorate: 70.597. 1964: 66,350.
*Ridsdale, J. E. (C. & Nat. L.) 24.975
Hatch, S. R. (Lab.) ., 18,335 Dale, T. E. (L.) ,. .. 9,219
C. majority ., .. 6.640 NO CHANGE
1964: C. & Nat. L. 25,102. Lab. 14,877.
1.. 9,824. C. & Nat. L. ma;. 10.225.
MR. JULIAN RIDSDALE, Under-Secretary for Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 reorganization, was appointed Under- Secretary, Air Ministry, in July, 1962. Returned at a by-election in February, 1954; contested Paddington, North, 1951. Born June. 1915; educated at Tonbridge, the Royal Nlilitary College Sandhurst, and the London University School of Oriental Languages.
HASTINGS
Electorate: 49.802. 1964: 49,701.
*Cooper-Key, Sir N. (C.) . 15,324
Kissen, C. B. (Lab.) . 12.984 Arnold, J. J. (L.) ., .. 9,744
C. majority .. .. 2,340 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16.902, Lab. 11,324, L. 9,716. C.
Inaj 5.578.
SIR NEILL CooPt:R-KCY has represented the constituencv since 1945. Born April, 1907; educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and Dartmouth. Served with Irish Guards 1939-45. Director of Associated Newspapers Limited and other companies. Chairman of parliamentarv tourist and resorts committee since 1957. Mlember, committee of management, R.N.L.I.
HAYES & HARLINGTON Electorate. 45.797. 1964: 46.512.
*Skeffington, A. M. (Lab.) .. 20,707
Smith, L. E. (C.) .. .. 11,883 Stanley, F. (Comm.) .. 698
Lab. majority .. .. 8,824 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.018 C. 13.158. Comm. 873.
Lab. mai. 6.860.
MR. ARThiUR SKEFFINGTON, Parlianientary
Secretary, Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, 1964-66. Returned at a by-election in April, 1953. M.P. for Lewishamn. West. 1945-50: contested the seat :n 1')51 and 1938, and Streatham. 1935. Barrister (called hb the Mliddle Temple. 1951) and teacher. Born September, I1909; educated at Streatham
Grammar School and London University. Past chairman of the Fabian Society; member of the Labour Party national executive sincc 1953; member of the L.C.C., 1951-58.
R. Berkeley (C), defeated at Lancaster.
LANARK
Electorate: 68,763. 1964: 64,165.
*Hart, Mrs. J. C. M. (Lab.) .. 29,735
Beale, -W. H. (C.) .. .. 21,995 Rankin, H. (Scot. Nat.) .. 5,838
Lab. majority .. .. 7,740 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30,242, C. 24,922. Lab. maj.
5,320.
NIRS. JUDITH HART, Under Secretary, Scottish Office. 1964-66. gained the seat for Labour in 1959. Contested Bournemouth West in 1951 and Aberdecn South, 1955. Botn Septemnber. 1924; educated at the Royal Grammar School, Clitheroc. and the London Sehool of Economics. Sociologist. WVas vice-chairman of the Movement for Colonial Freedomu and of the Parliamnentary Labour Party science group.
LANARKSHIRE
Nortb
Electorate: 48.269. 1964: 47,032.
Herbison, Miss M. M. (Lab.) 23,160
Black, R. B. J. D. (C.) .. 14,857
Lab. majority .. .. 8,303 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 23,385, C. 15,192. Lab. maj.
8.193.
MISS MARGARET HERBISON, Minister of Pensions and National Insurance. 1964-66, was elected for North Lanark in 1945. Joint Under Secretary for Scotland, 1950-51. Born March, 1907; educated at Bellshill Academy and Glasgow University. Taught English and history in Glasgow schools- was also a tutor for the National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of the party's national executive and chairman. 1957.
LANCASTER
Electorate, 43.611. 1964: 44.068.
Henig, S. (Lab.) ..1 .. 8,168
*Berkeley, H. J. (C.) .. .. 16,357
Lab. majority .. .. 1,811 LABOUR GAIN
1964 : C. 18,811, Lab. 16,330. C. maj.
2,481.
MEt. STANLEY HENIG is a university lecturer in politics. Born July. 1939: educated at grammar school, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. and Nuffield College, Oxford.
LEEDS
East
Electorate: 67.189. 1964: 66,944.
*Healey, D. W. (Lab.) .. .. 30,073
Graham, A. R. M. (C.) .. 18,796
Lab. majority .. .. 11,277 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 29,480, C. 21.474. Lab. maj.
8,006.
MR. DENIS HEALEY. Secretary of State for Deferice 1964-66, was the party's chief spokesman on defence, and previously on Commonwealth. colonial, and foreign affairs. Elected for South-East Leeds at a by-election in 1952, and for East Leeds in 1955; contested Pudsey and Otley, 1945. Born August. 1917: educated at Bradford Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford (double first). Secretary of the Labour Party international department, 1946-52.
North-East
Electorate: 53,824. 1964: 54,740.
'Joseph, Sir K. (C.) .. .. 20,813
Mallen, D. (Lab.) .. .. 15.851
C. majoi ity .. .. 4,962 No CHANGE
1964 : C. 23.613. Lab. 15,288. C. mai.
8.325.
SIR KEITH JOSEPH. OPposition spokesman on labour and the social services since August, 1965. was Minister of Housing and Local Government and Nlinister for Welsh Affairs. 1962-64. Parliamentary Secretary to the Mlinistry 1959-61, and Minister of State Board of Trade, 1961-62. Deputy chair- tnan of Bovis Holdings, and director ot property and other companies. Returned att a by-election in February. 1956. Con- tested Barons Court in 1955. Born Janu- ary, 1918: educated at Harrow and Magda- len College. Oxford, called to the Bar by the Middlc Temple, 1946; Fellow of All Souls. 1946-60; Common Councilman and Alderman of City of London. 1946-49.
North-West
Electorate: 74.191. 1964: 74.417.
*Kaberry, Sir D. (C.) .. .. 30.168
Morgan. C. I. (Lab.) . 24.044
C. majority .. .. 6,124 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 29,859, Lab. 18.862. L. 8,728. C.
mai. 10.997.
SIR DONALD KABERRY was elected in 1950, Vice-Chairman, Conservative Party Organization, 1955-61 ; chairman, Associa- tion of Conservative Clubs, 1961. Solicitor; chairman and managing director of stone- breakin* machinery firm: chairman of other companies. Born August, 1907; educated at Leeds Grammar School. Member Select Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66.
Soutb
Electorate: 49.474. 1964: 49,151.
*Rees, M. (Lab.) .. .. 23,171
Woodward, P. A. (C.) .. 9.813 Ramelson, B. (Comm.) .. 714
Lab. majority .. .. 13.358 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.339. C. 12,123, Comm. 928.
C mai. 10.216.
MR. MERLYN REES, Under-Secretary of State for Defence (Army) from 1965. was returned at a by-election in June. 1963: contested Harrow, East, in 1955 and 1959. Economics lecturer. Born December. 1920: educated at Harrow Weald Grammar School, Goldsmith's College, and London School of Economics. Parliamentary private secretary to Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1964-65.
South-East
Electorate. 33,199. 1964: 33,326.
*Bacon, Miss A. M. (Lab.) .. 14.663
Todd, Mrs. J. G. (C.) .. 5,743
Lab. majority .. . 8,920 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.672, C. 7.964. Lab. maj.
8.708.
Miss ALICE BACON, Minister of State. Home Office, 1964-66, was chairman of the Labour Party's publicity committee. MIem-
ber of the national executive from 1941 and was chairman. 1950-51. Won North-East Leeds from Conservatives in 1945, and in 1955 was elected for the South-East divi- sion. Born Sectember, 1911: educatedj at Normanton elementary and high schools and at Stockwell College: external student London University. Teacher.
LEEDS
West
Electorate: 60,176. 1964: 60.973.
*Pannell, T. C. (Lab.) .. . 24,391
Glover, 1. M. (C.) .. .. 13,883 Pedder, D. (L.) .. .. 5,062
Lab. majority .. .. 10,508 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,968. C. 15,697, L. 6,787. Lab.
mai. 7,271.
MR. CHARLES PANNELL, Minister of Public Building and Works, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in July, 1949. Member of the Select Committee on Procedure. 1958-59, and member of Joint Select Committee on House of Lords Re- form. 1962. Was secretary. trade union group, Parliamentary Labour Party. Engi- neer. Born SePtember, 1902; educated at elementary and technlical schools. Mem- ber of A.E.U. from 1928.
LEIEK
Electorate: 79,880. 1964: 77.497.
*Davies, H. (Lab.) .. .. 35,334
Swinnerton, F. A. (C.) .. 27,573
Lab. majority .. . 7,761 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 33,558, C. 29,409. Lab. maj.
4,149.
MR. HAROLD DAVIES, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1964-66, was elected in 1945. Undertook special mission to North Vietnam in July, 1965. Teacher and lecturer. Born July, 1905; edticated at Lewis Grammar School, Pengarn, Glamorgan. and London University. Presi- dent, Tutors' Association, North Stafford- shire, 1939-45.
LEICESTER North-East
Electorate: 41.772. 1964: 43,107
*Bradley, T. G. (Lab.) .. .. 17,007
Williams, R. D. G. (C.) .. 10,769 Glenton, F. 1. (L.) ., 3,703
Lab. majority .. .. 6.238 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 15,494. C. 12.195, L 5,712. Lab.
maj. 3.299.
MR. TOM BRADLEY, P.P.S. to Home Secretary, 1966, was elected at a by- election mi July, 1962; contested Rutland and Stamnford in 1950, 1951 and 1955, and Preston, South, in 1959. Railway clerk. Born April, 1926: educated at Kettering Central School. Elected to Northampton County Council, 1952: treasurer of Trans- port Salaried Staffs' Association since 1961. and of the National Federation of Pro- fessional Workers.
North-West
Electorate: 48,605. 1964: 49,707.
*Janner, Sir B. (Lab.) .. 21,822
Mather, D. C. M. (C.) . 14,015
Lab. majority .. .. 7,807 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21,134, C. 16,740. Lab. mai.
4.394.
SIR BARNETr JANNER, solicitor, was re- turned for North-West Leicester, 1950; represented the former West division, 1945- 50. Joined the Labour Party 1936. Liberal M.P. for Whitechapel. 1931-35. Born 1892- educated at Barry County School and Cardiff College, University of Wales. Pre- sident Board of Deputies of British Jews, 1955-June 1964, president of Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland; honorary rents adviser to the Labour Party. Member, Common Chairmen's panel, 1964-66.
South-East
Electorate: 53,803. 1964: 54,143.
*Peel, W. J. (C.) - . 23.615
Grundy, C. (Lab.) . - .. 15,819
C. majority .. .. 7,796 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.236, Lab. 11.090. L. 7205. C.
maj. 12,146.
MR. JOHN PEEL was a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury. 1961-64. was assistant whip from 1960. Returned at a by- election in November, 1957. Contested Meriden 1955. Entered the Colonial Admini- strative Service in 1933. British Resident at Brunei, 1946-48; Rcsident Commissioner for the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 1949-51. Born June, 1912: educated at Wellington College. and Queens' College, Cambridge.
South-West
Electorate: 43,373. 1964: 44,311.
*Bowden, H. W. (Lab.) . . 18,822
Boardman, T. G. (C.) . 13,268
Lab. majority .. .. 5,554 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.957, C. 12,851. L. 4,533. Lab.
maj. 4,106.
MIR. HERBERT BOWDEN, Lord President of the Council and leader of the Commons. 1964-66, was Opposition Chief Whip 1955- 64, having been Deputy Chief Whip since 1951. Won South Leicester in 1945; returned for South-West Leicester in 1950. Born January. 1905; secondary school education.
LEIGH
Electorate: 57,930. 1964: 57,470.
'Boardman, H. (Lab.) .. 29.552
Hipkiss, R. R. (C.) .. 13,490
Lab. majority .. .. 16,062 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab 30.102. C. i4.478. Lab. maj.
15.624
SIR. HAROLUD BOARDMAN has represented Leigh since 1945. Official of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers Born 1907: elementary education. Membet of Derby Town Council for 25 years. Chair- man of Derby Cooperative Movement (employees' side). Former chairman of Derby Labour Coilege.
LEOMINSTER
Electorate: 38,880. 1964: 38,805.
*Bossom. Sir C. (C.) . 15.045
Cadbury, Dr. E. P. (L.) .. 7,647 Simmons, K. R. (Lab.) .. 6.536
C. majority .. .. 7,398 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 15.238. L. 8.941, Lab. 5,750. C.
maj. 6.297.
SIR CLIVE BOSSOM was elected in 1959: contested Faversham. 1955 and 1951. Par- liamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Air, 1962-64. Joint Secretary of Conservative parliamentary transport com-
mittee, 1964-66. Born February. 1918; educated at Eton. Member of Lloyd's. Member. Kent County Council. 1949-52: Liveryman of Grocers'. Paviors' and Needlemakers' Companies.
LEWES
Electorate: 67,413. 1964: 63,452.
*Beamish, Sir T. V. H. (C.).. 27,529
Manley, R. E. (Lab.) .. 14,561 Dowden, G. A. (L.) .. 9,328
C. majority .. .. 12,968 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,818, Lab. 12,757, L. 8,924. C.
maj. 14,061.
SIR TUFrON BEAMISH, an Opposition defence spokesman since October, 1965, succeeded his father at Lewes in 1945. Former chairman, Conservative Parliament- ary foreign affairs committee. Born January. 1917: educated at Stowe and Sandhurst. Served in the Army. 1937-45. Director of bus and other companies. Was on Church of England council on forei,pn relations, the council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Salmon and Trout Association. Vicechairman of 1922 Committee from 1958; secretary, 1947- 50. Member. executive committee council of European Movement from 1962.
ROWZLEY REGIS AND TIPTON Electorate: 59,890. 1964: 59,842.
Archer, P. K. (Lab.) .. .. 27,269
Adams, D. S. (C.) .. 14,175
Lab. majority .. .. 13,094 NO CIIANGE
1964: Lab. 25,352, C. 16.751. Lab. maj.
8.601.
MR. PETER ARCHER contested Brierley Hill in 1964 and Hendon, South, 1959. Barrister (Gray's Inn, 1952). Born Novem- ber, 1926; educated at Wednesbury Boys' High School, London School of Econo- mics. and University College London. Member, Society of Labour Lawyers, Fabian Society, and executive committee, Amnesty International (British Section).
ROXBURGH, SELKIRK AND
PEEBLES
Electorate: 53.224. 1964: 53,753.
*Steel, D. M. S. (L.) .. .. 20,607
Mcintyre, I. J. (C.) .. .. 18,396 Lindsay, C. (Lab.) .. .. 6,131
L. majority .. .. 2,211 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,924, L. 17,185, Lab. 7,007,
Scot. Nat. 1.093. C. maj. 1.739.
1965 by-election: L 21,549. C. 16,942,
Lab. 4,936, Ind. Scot. Nat. 41 1. L. maj. 4,607.
MR. DAVID STEEL, assistant secretary of the Scottish Liberal Party, was elected at the by-election in March, 1965; contested the seat in 1964. Born March, 1938: educated at Prince of Wales School, Nairobi, George Watson's College, Edin- burgh, and Edinburgh University; presi- dent. Edinburgh University Students' Representativc Council, 1960-61. Chair- man, Association of Scottish University Liberals, 1961.
RUGBY
Elcctorate: 51.330. 1964: 50,332.
Price, W. G. (Lab.) .. .. 21,797
*Wise, A. R. (C.) .. .. 21,388 Frost, A. S. (Social Credit) 397
Lab. majority .. .. 409 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 19221. Lab. 17,532, L. 5.522, Ind.
304. C. mai. 1.689.
MR. WILLIAM PRICE is a journalist. Born June. 1934: educated at the Forest of Dean Technical School and Gloucester Technical College. Central Midland secretary of National Union of Journalists.
RUISLIP-NORTHWOOD
Electorate: 49,334. 1964: 49,358.
*Crowder, F. P. (C.) .. .. 20,731
Smith, P. L. N. (Lab.) .. 13,455 Walker, R. A. (L.) .. .. 6,128
C. majority -. .. 7,276 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,036. Lab. 11,331. L. 7.806. C
maj. 9.705.
MR. PETRE CROWDER, Q.C., won the division in 1950; contested North Totten- ham by-election. 1945. Barrister. called by the Inner Temple, 1948; silk 1964. Born July, 1919; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Recorder of Gravesend since 1960; Chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions since 1963.
RUNCORN
Electorate: 54,036. 1964: 52,664.
*Carlisle, M. (C.) .. .. 21,472
Taylor, M. J. E. (Lab.) .. 16,290 Maher, T. A. (L.).. .. 6,606
C. majority .. .. 5,182 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,5S6, Lab. 14,127, L. 8.343. C.
mai. 7.459.
MR. NMARK CARLISLE, elected in 1964. contested St. Helens, 1958 by-election and in 1959. Born July, 1929; educated at Radley College and Mlanchester University. Barrister, called by Gray's inn, 1954; director of -investment company. Vice. chairman of North-West Area Young Con- servatives; former chairman. Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations. Joint hon. secretary, Con- servative parliamentary committee on home affairs, 1965-66.
RUSHCLIFFE
Electorate: 65.493. 1964: 63.606.
Gardner, A. J. (Lab.) .. 25,623
*Redmayne, Sir M. (C.) .. 25,243 Smith, M. 1. (L.) .. .. 5,085
Lab. majority .. .. 380 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 27.936. Lab. 25,137. C. maj.
2,799.
MR. ANTONY GARDNER contested Wolver- hampton, South-West in 1964. Education official with the Co-operative Union. Born December, 1927; educated at elementary schools, evening classes. the Co-operative College, and Southampton University (president of the union and of the university Labour club, 1957-58). Vice-chairman, National Association of Labour Students, 1958-59.
RUTHERGLEN
Electorate: 40.870. 1964: 41,771.
'Mackenzie, J. G. (Lab.) .. 18,621
Young. J. H. (C.) .. 13.607 Peacock, A. (Scot. Nat.) . 2,194
Lab. majority .. .. 5,014 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.892, C. 15.391. Scot. Nat.
1.648. Iab mai. 3.501
MIR. GREGOR MACKENZIE. P.P.S. to Chanceilor of the Exchequer, 1966. won the seat for Labour 'in the May, 1964, by- election: contested Kinross and West Perth- shirc in 1959 and East Aberdeenshire, 1950. Sales managr. Born November, 1927: educated at the Royal Technical College and Glasgowv University. Membcr of Glas- go?v Corporation since 1952: member of Fabian Society. Chairman, Scottish Labour League of Youth, 1948. MXember, Estimates COmmittee, 1964-66.
RUTLAND AND STAMFORD Electorate: 43,419. 1964: 42,514.
*Lewis, K. (C.).. .. .. 17.991
Butler, A..V. (Lab. & Co-op.) 15.704
C. majority .. .. 2,287 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,720. Lab. 14.990. C. maj.
3,730.
IIR. KENNETHI LEwis was elected in 1959; contested Ashton-under-Lyne. 1951. and Newton, 1945 and 1950. Born July, 1916, educated at Jarrow council schools and Edinburgh University. Owns a London travel business. Was labour and personnel executive of a shipbuilding firm and execu- tive of electricity supply company.
RYE
Electorate: 60,965. 1964: 58,768.
*Irvine. B. G. (C.) . . - 27.056
Wellings, K. G. (L.) .. 9,957 Collins, D. R. (Lab.) .. 9,155
C. majority 1.. ., 7,099 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.240, L. 10.264, Lab. 8,014. C.
maj. 16,976.
MR. GODMAN IRVINE was elected in 1955; contested Wood Green, 1951. Joint sccre- tary, 1922 Committee, 1965-66; joint vice- chairman of Conservative parliamentary
agriculture committee. 1964-66. anu joit secretary of Commonwealth affairs com- mittee. 1964-66. Farmer. Born July, 1909; educated at St. Paul's and ItMagdalen Col- lege. Oxford (secretary of the UJnion). Called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1932.
SAFFRON WALDEN
Electorate: 52.221. 1964: 50.724.
*Kirk, P. M. (C.) .. . 20,441
Haseler, S. M. A. (Lab.) .. 17.176 Moore, F. P. D. (L.) .. 5.487
C. majority .. .. 3,265 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.610, Lab. 15,655. L. 5,539. C.
maj. 4,955.
1965 By-election: C. 18,851. Lab. 15.358,
L. 4,626. C. maj. 3,493.
MR. PETER KIRK was returned at a bv- election in March 1965 after bcing dcfea:ed in 1964 at Gravesend, which he had repre- sented from 1955. He had been madc Under-Sxcretary for Defence for the Ariny in the 1964 reorganization; was Under- Secretary. War Oflice, from October. 1963. A journalist, hc has worked in Ncwv Jersey. U.S.A. Born Mlay, 1928; educated at NLrl- borough College la foundation scholar) and Trinity College. Oxford (president of the Union. 1949) and Zurich University.
ST. ALBANS
Electorate: 56,47. 1964: 55,658.
*Goodhew, V. H. (C.) .. .. '22(20
Kyle, J. K. (Lab.) .. ,. 19.4'8 Wates, J. J. (L.) .. .. 4.977
C. majority .. .. 2,8 32' NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,063, Lab. 16.672. L. 7,231. C.
maj. 5.391.
MIR. VICTOR GOODHEW was clected in 1959; contested Paddington. North, 195iS Company director. Born Novcmber. 19it)
educated at King's College School. Mcmlxr of Westminster City Council. 1953-59. a.nd of L.C.C., 1958-61. A vice-chairnan, Con- servative parliamentary defence committec. 1964-66.
ST. HELENS
Electorate: 68.075. 1964: 70,4(6 S
*Spriggs, L. (Lab.) .. .. .25
Fielden, C. C. (C.) 13.. .. ] 76
Lab. majority .. .. 19 S49 NO CliANGE
1964: Lab. 34.137. C. 16.S26. Lab. miai.
17,311.
NIR. LESLIE SPRIG;.S was returned at h- election in June. 1958. Contested North Fylde in 1955. Railwayman. Born April. 1910; educated at a council school and through the National Council of Labottr Colleges.
ST. IVES
Electorate, 44.419. 1964: 43,690.
Nott. J. W. F. (Nat. L. & C.) . . 14.3 1 2
Jones, T. F. G. (Lab.) .. 10.71n Trewin, J. C. T. (L.) .. 9,.i93
C. majority .. .. 3,.99 NO CHANGE
1964: Nat. L. & C. 14,040. L. 9.641. I ab.
9,265. Nat. L. & C. maj. 4.399.
MR. JOHN Norr is a merchant b:ank executive, former regular Gurkhia ofi.cer and barrister (Inner 'I'cmple. 19601. 8mn February. 1932; educated in Bicieford and at Bradfield Collcge and Trinity College, Cambridge.
ST. MARYLEBONE
Electorate: 47,294. 1964: 50,001.
*Hogg, Q. McG. (C.) .. .. 17.443
Cooper, C. (Lab.) .. .. 9.382 Capel, A. W. R. (L.) .. 3""58 Frere-Smith, C. N. (Anti-
Common Market) .. 445 Miller, E. J. (Ind.) .. ""
C. majority .. .. 8.061 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,117, Lab. 9.324. L. 4.776. C.
maj. 8,793.
MR. QUiNTIN HoG.ij, Q.C.. after a tnrct spell as Opposition spokesman on education and science, has since February. 1)65. uneti - taken special duties on the front bench. tic renounced the Hailsham viscountcy on Nos- ember 20, 1963. to return to the Commons; clectcd for St. MaryIebone on Dcc mbcr s 1963. B.came Secretary of State for Education and Science on thc creatien .'t the department in April. 1964. Born Ccto- ber. 1907; educated at Eton and Christ Church. Oxford, presidenit of thc Uniion 1929. Called to the B;r (l-incoln's Ilin , 1932 took silk 1953. MI.P. for Oxford Cit, 1938-50, when he succeeded to thc pccrag. Under-Scecretary for Air. April-Jttulv 1'4'
First l.ord of the Admiraltv. 1955-56: Mini- ster of Education. 1957: Lord President of the Council. 1957: 1 ord Prcsidvn! of the Council, 1957; Lord Privy Seal and Mini- ster for Science. 1959: and again lord President ot the Council and 'Ministcr for Science in 1960-64. Chairman of the Con- servative Party Organization, 1957,5 s
Legal adviser to Daily Mlirror since Janudr%. 1965.
ST. PANCRAS NOR'I'H
Electorate: 51.46S. 1964: 53,67t1
*Robinson, K. (Lab.) .. 20.951
Moorhouse, C. J. 0. (C.) .. 10.440 Nicolson, 1. (Comm.) .. 1.253
Lab. majority .. .. 10.5 i I NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.516, C. 11.954. Conini. 1. 140.
ILab. mai. 8.562.
MIR. KFNNI:TII ROBINSON. %linister (I
Health. from 1964. became ltabour's chief spokesman on health in 1961. ElecteJ at 1949 by-election. Born Nilarch. 1""11: educated at Oundle. Instiranee brokcr ;t Lloyd's. 1927-40; ccmnpan) secrotaryr 1946- 49; Opposition whip. 1951-54. Mcmnbcr of St. Pancras Borough Cotiicil. 194'-5S
Vice-presidentt National Association lor Mental Hacalth from 19(5S. \lcrtnb: of executive committee. National Trust.
SALFORD
East
Electorate: 44,849. 1964: 46,109
*Allaun. F. (Lab.) .. .. 18,409
Fitzsimons, Ci. W. 6i. (C.) 9-00J
Lab. majority .. .. 9409 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.641. C. 12,498. Lab. inai.
7.143
MIR. FRANK AiL%IN was elccted in l9);': contested Manchester Moss Side. PiS1. Journalist. Born. February. 1913. ediucated at Manchester Gramnmar School. Has vcti an cngincer, shop assistant. foreign tour' leader. W.E.A. lecturer. and chartered accountant. N:mtionial chairm.in of tF Labour Peace Fellowship.
West
Electorate: 48.392. 1964: 50.,14
*Orme, S. (Lab.) .. .. 19.237
Clark. A. E. (C.) .. .. 13.257
Lab. majority .. .. 5,9S0 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.490. C. 16.446. t.ab. m.lt.
4.044.
MR. STANLEY OItL. cleted in 1464, ;on- tested Stockport, Southl in 19593. \ie-c air-
man, Labour parliamentary science. ech- notogy and atomic energy committee, 19w. Etigineer. Born April. 1923: educate-J at elementary and technlical schiools, National Council of Labour Colleges and WVorkcrs' Educational Association classes. NIctnber of Manchester ,iistrict comimiittee. AmAlt- mated Engineering Union.
SALISBURY'
Electorate: 52,895. 1964: 52.86k.
*Hamilton. M1. A. IC.) .. 2>t)I
Smith, R. C. (Lab.) .. .. ]&4h'
C. niajority .. .v c,l3t NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,071, Lab. 14.311. L. 7,17t,.
C. Maj. 5.760).
1965 By-election: C. 17.599, Latb. 13,6W.
L. 4.699. Ind. C. 553. C. mai. .939
MR. NMICuIArt. HAsMILToN was reut rreJ at a by-election in Fcbrualy, 1965, after being defealted in 1964 at Wellinit%rpush which he haid represeilted from 1959. Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. 19E2-t4. Assistant w%hip 1961-62. Born .kIIY. 1911; educated at Radley and University Cok'i. Oxiord. Director or Royal F*eh:mngc ^- suranec andl of Armnl and Navy S&ores.
STOCKPORT
South
Electoratc: 45,406. 1964: 45.955.
*Orbach, M. (Lab.) .. .. 19.456
Howson, C. (C.) .. .. 15,387
Lab. majority .. .. 4.069 NO CIHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.755. C. 13.718. L. 7.107.
ILab. min. 3.037.
MR. MAURICE ORtAcI. el,ected for the constituency in 1964, represented Willesden, East. from 1945-59. having contUsted that division in 1935 and at a by-election in 1938. Commercial consultant. Born July. 1902: educated at primary school. teclnical college in Wales. and as extra-mural studeni at New York Univcrsity. Chairman of Central Middlesex Group hospitai manage- ment committee.
STOCKTON-ON-TEES
Electorate: 52.345. 1964: 53.263.
*Rodgers. W. T. (Lab.) .. 24.248
Radford. P. V. (C.) .. 15.547 Jones, E. (Comm.) .. 710
Lab. majority .. .. 8,701 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.011. C 15.4'4. L. 6.130.
Lab. mal. 6,587.
MR. W. T. RODGERS was appointed 1'n'ier-Secrctarv for Econom:c Affairs. 1964, with special responsibility for rcgional ucvc.opmen,. Keturned at a by-clect.on in April. 1962; contested Bristol. West. by- elcction in March. 1957. Born Octob.r. 1928; cducated at clementary and high schools in Liverpool. and Miagdalen Col- lege, Oxford. General Secretary of the Fabian Society, 1953-60.
STOKE NEWINGTON AND
HACKNEY, NORTH
Electorate. 64.389 1964: 65,191.
*Weitzman. D. (Lab.) .. 24.221
Boast, J. R. (C.) . .. 10.221 Goldman, M. (Comm.) .. 1,491
Lab. majority .. .. 14.000 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.777, C. 10.843, L. 5.324. Lab.
maj. 10.934.
M\IR. DAVID WVEITZMoAN, Q.C.. was member for Stokc Newington. 1945-50. elected for the reconstituted division in 1950: contested Stoke Newington in 1935. Born June. 1898: educated at Hutchesons Grammar School, Glasgow, and Manches- tcr University. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. 1922: took silk. 1951.
STOKE-ON-TRENT
Central
Electorate: 57.379 1964: 59,140,
Cant. R. B. (Lab.) .. .. 26,663
Reeves, K. G. (C.) .. .. 12,515
Lab. majority .. .. 14,148 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,424, C. 15,322. Lab. maj.
12,102.
MIR. ROBERT CANT contested Shrewsbury in 1950 and 1951. University lecturcr. Born July, 1915; cducated at Middlesbrough High School for Boys and the London School of Economics. MIember, Stoke City Council since 1953. Author of Americtanz Journey. a study of American high schools.
North
Electorate: 54,978. 1964: 55,886.
Forrester, J. S. (Lab.) .. 28.491
Bury, L.C.N.(C.).. .. 11,335
ILab. inajority .. .. 17,156 NO CHIANGE
1964: Lab. 27,584. C. 15,025. Lab. maj.
12.559.
M1R. JOHN FORRESTI:R is a teachier. Born June. 1924: educated at Eastmood Council S.hool. City School of Comnmer-e. Stoke- on-Trent, and Alsager Tcachcrs' Train.ng Collcg.c. Chcshirc. Sc:rctar!. constituet:cy Labour Party since 1961 : menlber. Stoke- on-Trcnt City Labour Partv cxecutive.
Southl
Electorate: 62.530. 1964: 63,138.
Ashley, J. (Lab.) .. .. 27.380
Thornton. F. W. (C.) .. 14.769 Lomas, S. (Conii.) . .. 2.262
Lab. majority .. .. 12,611 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,928. C. 18,839. Lab. maj.
10,089.
NMR. JACK ASHLEY contested Finchley in 1951. B.B.C. television producer. Born December, 1922; educated at elementary school. Rtiskin Collegc. Oxford, and Gonville and Caius College. Canmbridge (president of the Union). Former shop steward of Clerical Workers' Union: member. National Union of General and Municipal Workers; member, Widncs Borough Council since 1946.
STRATFORD
Electorate: 55.907. 1964: 51,989.
*Maud, A. E. U. (C.). .. 22.381
Hale. V. G. (Lab.) .. .. 12.954 Herringshaw. G. H. (L.) .. 6.556 Clayton-Wright. C. G.
(Ind. C.) 1.733 C. majority .. .. 9.427 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.236. Lab. 12,646. L. 7,307. C.
maj. 10.590
MR. ANcus NIAUDE. appointed partr
spokesman on the colonies in Oct.. 1965. resigned in Jan., 1966. Returned at a by- election in August, 1963. Represented Eal- ing South. 1950-58: contested South Dor- se, by-election in November, 1962. Author and journalist. Born Sep:ember. 1912: edu- cated at Rugby School and Oriel College. Oxford. Director. Conservative Political Centre. 1951-55;. editor. Sydney Afornjing Her ald, 1958-61.
STREATHAM (WANDSWORTH)
Electorate: 51,668. 1964: 51,910.
'Sandys, D. (C.) ..1 .. 9.872
Walker, J. L. (Lab.) .. 16.505
C. majority .. .. 3,367 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,408, ILab. 12,085, L. 5.261. Ind.
497. C. maj 7.323.
MR. DUNCAN SANDYS was a member of the Shadow Cabinet with no departmental responsibilities. August., 1965-66. As Secre- tary of State for Commonweatn RelatootIs and for the Colonies, 1962-64. he was the tirst Cab.net Minister to preside over the two departments; Secretarv of State for Commonwealth Rclatiotns for the previous two years. Appointed Minister ot Aviation, OcLober, 1959; MIinister of D:crnce. 1957-59; Minister of Housing and I.ocal (Governm-nt, 1954-57. and Mlinister of Supply in 1951. Served in the war-
timne Uovernment as; Financial Secretary to the War Office. Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, and M1inister of Works: Chairmani of the War Cabinet com- mittee for defence against German V weapons, and of the bomb damage repairs executivc. M.P. for Nonroodl, 1935-45: elected for Streatham in 1950. Founder and president. Civic Trust. Born January. 190S: educated at Ete-n and MaWdalen College. Oxford. and joined the dip!omatic service. Disabled on active serv,ce. 1941
STRETFORD
Electorate: 68,093. 1964: 69,369.
Davies. E. A. (Lab.) .. .. 24.739 *Storev, Sir S. (C.) .. .. 21.374
Jones. C. L. (L.) .. .. 6.382
Lab. majoritv . . .. 3.365 LABOUIR (;AIN
1964: C. 22.004. Lab. 20.080. L. 12.884. C.
masi. 1.924
MIR. ERNIS1 DAVIIFS is a scientist and unliversity lecturer. Born October. 1926: educated at Co ventry Junior Technical School. Westminster T'eachers' Training College, St. Andrews University, and St. John's College. Cambridge. Member. Stretford Borough Council since 1961 secretary. Strctford Labotir group.
SWANSEA
West
Electorate: 58,907. 19'4: *illiaams, A. J. (Lab.)
Rees, J. E. H. (C.) ..
Lab. majority ..
59.091.
- 26.703 ,. (),so
.. 6,53
NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.019. C. 20.3.S, L. 4.672. L ib.
maj. 2.637.
NMit. ALAN WILVLA.i1S %%on the scat in 1964: contcsted Poole hi 1959. .ictu7cr in econmics at Wclsh College of Ad%anccd Technology. Born October. 1930: Cdu- cated at Cardiff High School. Cardiff Cl- lege ol'Tcchnology and Uni-;er'itv Coti!e . Oxford. Radio and teleision broadvascr and frce-lance journaiist. Studicd Ru,.iun education system as a memb.r of the National Union of Students delegalion in 1954.
SWINDON
Electoratc: i7,582. I 964: 58,923.
*Noel-Bakeer, F. E. (Lab.) .. 'S ')i(
Reece. N. <i. (C) ..) .. 15 53 Gradwell. 1. (Coml,.) .j . 8
Lab. majority .. 10.443 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26.464, C. 16,651. Conlin. 944.
Lab. maj. 9.813.
NR. FRANCI!S NOt L-BKtnR. :lctCCId fsr Swindon, 1955. was mcmber for Brcntlotd and Chiswick. 1945-50. Journalist. Bo:n January. 1920: educated at Westminst.r School and King's College. Cambridge. tic is ihe son of ,lr. Philip Noel-Bakecr. (.hair- man. Advcrtising Inquir- Council. an idL.c- pendent consumers' organieation. sin:- 1959.
TAUNTON'
Electoratc: 55.173. 1904: 54.'2j.
*du Cann. E. (C..) . 2* . 3-I"")
Bradburv R. J. (Lab.) 19.21 6 Amory, Mrs. M. 1. 6. H. (L.) 5.46))
C. imiajoritv .. .. 3.153 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.367, ILab. 16.,619. L. 7.(44. t.
ma;. 4.74S.
MR. D \\RD l)t (CAN.N, chairm:n of tl c Conservative Party from January. NO. sm;. Minister of State. Board o0' Trade. 1""(.- 64. ELonomic Secretary to the Urc:v from July. 1962. Flected Februar\. 19Sf-: contested Barrow-in-Furness. 1955. aind West Walthaainstow. 1951. Born Mlay. 1924; educated at Colet Court. Woodbrio2c School. anid St. John's College. \forfd. Managing- director of unit trust,.
TAVISTOCK
Elcetoratc: 54.045. 14: 52,124.
Hescitine. M. R. D. (C.) .) - 1.644
Tre hewev. C. ([1 . . t3.461 Middleton. Mrs. P. .A. (Lab.) 8,902
C. majority .1. .. S,83 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.493. L. 14.093. Lab. 7.226. C.
maj. 5,400.
MR. MICnsrI(J. H 1i-I::t contc'tcd Coventrv. North, in 1964. andl GoNcr ;
1959. Publisher. Born March. 193t3 ecd - cated at Shre.wsbur\ School and PcmtsbrcK
College, Oxford (president of the Unior. 1954). Mlember. Bow (iroup coun1cil anId director, Bow Publication.. Joint manao- in. director. group of companjics publish1- ing four national magazines and a series of careers reference book5.
THIRSK AND MALTON
Electorate: 57.'67. 1964: 57,(,u7
*Turtosit R. H. IC.) *- 25.089
Wilson, R. A. (Lab.) .. 1'.47
C. maiority .. .. 9,44' NO CHANGE
1964: C. 28.272. Lab. 14.315. C. n, i
13.957.
MR. ROBERT 1 tuRoN. Fathcr of the Hou.c of Commons. xx-a. Minister of lIcaltht 1955-59. Joint Under-Sccretary for Forei_n Affairs. 1954.55: Parliamentars Sccrctarl
Ministry of Pens'ons and National Insur- ance, 1951-54. Elected in Masy l)29. il succession to hii U! lc, lwho repr,cent,ca the division 1914-29. Farmer and land- owner. Chairman. Com-nonstcalth Indu.- tres Associa:ion. since 1963. Born Auust. 19(03: educated at Eton and Ballioi College. Oxford. Called to the Bar b1 thc Innjr Temple in 1926. Deputy Licutenant. North Riding. 1962.
THURROCK
Electorate: 72.502. 1904: *Delargriy. H. .1. (Iab.)
Hodgson, C. 1. (C.) M oran, J. C. (L.) ..
7l,5t.t
- . 1).9.1
. . I -1.((' -1
. . 0,( J8
Lab. majority .. .. 17.9S04 NO CIHANGE
1964: Liab. 30.372. C. 14.615 L. S.094 Lb
niai. 15.757
NIR. HUGH Di LARGY w%as cleCted in 19 S'. He represented the Plattin.g division of Manchester. 1945-5ol. Has heen a te;:cher. journalist, labourer, anid insurance ofi;eial. Borin 19(08: educated al elementarv andl secondary schools and in Parii and Rome. Labour ""'hip. 1950-52. Mlanchesier Citv councillor. 1937-46.
TIVERITON
Electorate: 519.9(07. 1964: *Maxwell-Hyslop, R. (C.)
Tavlor. F. K. (Lab.) Suter. F. J. (L) ..
: 50,54.
.. 20.310
.. 11.325 . . I i.225
C. majority .. .. 9.02( NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.2S80. L. 14.053, lab. 7.397. C.
mai. 5.227
?Mit. Roui.n:r NIii-Hy\tui. isas elected in thc 196i by-election: conteted Derbv North in 1959. F-ormerlk Personal assistant to the director .and :general manager ot an aero cngine iirm. Born June. 1931 : eduictcai at S:o%e and Christ Church. Oxford.
TONBRIDGE
Electorate: 74.4(4. 1964: *Hornb%, R. P. (C.) ..
WolH. CV. E. (Lab.)
Blok, Cl. h. (L.) ..
: 71.7s9.
.. I20.896 ..2l('S ,, I0,58 t
C. majority .. .. 6.828 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,802. Lab. 19.037. L. 9.682. C.
mnai. S.765.
M1R. RIcIIRA) HtuRNU1 %.IaS Ulnler SecreC- tary. Commonrsealth Relations Otlice and Colonial OlTice. 1963-64. Returned at a b - election in June. 1956: contcs ed Waltham- stow, West. in 1955 and a b'-election i;: 1956. TaUght at Eton for two :ears. Adser- rising executive. Born June. 1922: cduLCated aL VWinhetieh:r and I riniul} Co,leg,. Uxior:d (scholar): Blue for football.
TORQUAY'
Electorate: 74.9S5. 1964: 73.276.
""Bennett. Sir F. M. iC.) .. 28.643
Dash. R. S. (1Lab.) . .. 10,594 Brunner. H. L. J. (L.) .. 12,79.1
C. major-ily . , . NO CHANGE
1964: C. 28.801, IL. 13.652. Lab. 12,5 1,.
aji. 15,149.
SIR FRI'JRIR Ri .Ni It \s as t rielC.1t at
bt-clectioti in December, 195; represe(t. ted Reading, Norih. I1951-55: contested Birminighani, LadNtwvood. in 19i50 and HBrs- lem. 1945. Barr:stcr. political riter, direc- tor, and adviser of tinancital institutio;n
Born Dteeember. 1918: edticlted at Wet- minster. Callcd by Lincoln\ Inn. 19'46. andi by the SoLtilherin Rhcldeia:; Bar. 194i. !oitil \ice-chairman ( ont ll rvaistc Ta.rtii.- ""'ctrila Conmorneue;alth allairs comillittee. 1964-06.
C. Curran (C), defeated at Uxbridge.
WESTERN ISLES
Electorate: 22,823. 1964: 23,699.
*Macmillan, M. K. (Lab.) .. 8,565
Cameron, Lt.-Col. C. A. (C.) 2,832 Macleod, J. F. M. (L.) .. 2,638
Lab. majority .. .. 5,733 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 8,740, L. 4,894, C. 2,217. Lab.
maj. 3,846.
MIR. MIALCOLM MACMILLAN was elected in 1935. Journalist. Born August. 1913: educated in Glasgow and Edinburgh Uni- versity. Chairman of the Government Advisory panel on the Highlands and Islands, 1947-54: chairman of the Scottish Parliamentary Labour Party, 1945-51; member of Post Ollice Advisory Council. 19496-51; Scottish Economnic Confetence.
WEST HAM
North
Electorate: 53,672. 1964: 55,821.
*Lewis, A. W. J. (Lab.) .. 21,778
Pilkington, Miss A. J. (L.) .. 5,882 Shearman, W. J. (C.) .. 5,527
Lab. majority .. .. 15,896 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21228. L. 7.005. C. 6,844. Lab.
ma]. 14,223.
MR. ARTHUR LEwis won Upton in 1945 and West Ham, North. in 1950. Born February, 1917: educated at elementary school and the Borough Polytechnic. Oflicial of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, 1938-48. NMem- ber of eastern regional group of Labour
L.P.s: chairman 1950
South
Electorate: 47,990. 1964: 49,574.
*Jones, Sir F. E. (Lab.) .. 22,902
Mitchell, R. (C.) .. .. 3,410 Johnson, E. (L ..) . 3,367
Lab. majority .. .. 19,492 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,599. L. 4,264. C. 3.835. Lab.
maj. 19.335
SiR ELWYN JONES, Q.C., Attorney- General from 1964. was elected for Plaistow in 1945 and West Ham South, 1950. Held Recordersh ips at Cardiff. Swansea and Merthyr. Born October, 1909: scholar of LIancily Grammar School, U.C.W.. Aber- ystwyth. and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; president of the Union 1931. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1935. Wal
a member of the British War Crimes Execu- tive. Parliamentary private secretarv to the Attorney-General, 1946-51. Member of General Council of the Bar, 1956 and 1959; was treasurer of * Justice"" and a trustee ot Amnestv ""
WESTHOUGHTON
Electorate: 61.349. 1964: 59,797.
*Price, J. T. (Lab.) .. .. 31.387
Hanrahan, J. 1. (C.) . 16,927
Lab. majority .. .. 14,460 NO CIIANGE
1964: Lab 30.249, C. 18.738. Lab. maj.
11.511
MIR. THONMAS PRICE was returned at a by- election in 19il. Chief legal officer of the Union of Shop. Distributive and Allied Workers. Born October. 1902: educated at Salford Grammar School. Opposition whip 1953-S9. Member of the council of the Association of Superannuation and Pension Funds. 1937-63.
WEST LOTHIAN
Electorate: 63,967. 1964: 62,328.
*l)alvell, T. (Lab.) .. .. 26.662
Wolfe. W. C. (Scot. Nat.) .. 17.955 MacKinnon, Dr. D. L. (C.) 5.726 Swan, Mrs. 1. (Comnm.) .. 567
Lab. majority .. .. 8.707 NO CHANCE
1964: Lab. 24,933. Scot. Nat. 15,0S7, C
8.919, Comm. 610. Lab. maj. 9.846.
MR. TAM DALYELL. chairman. Labour Parliamentary education committee, was elected at a by-election in June, 1962: contested Roxburehshire, Selkirkshire, and Pecblesshire. 1959. Teacher. Born August, 1932; educated at Eton. Edin- burgh Academy. and King's College. Cambridge. Awarded Rupert Brooke travel scholarship. 1956. and visited Russia: deputv director of studies on board school ship Diinera. 1961-62. Member. Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
WESTMORLAND
Electorate: 46.944. 1964: 46,888.
*Jopling, T. M. (C.) .. . 17.907
Bell, A. W. (L.) .. . 9.052 Dayton. J. E. (Lab.) .. 8A465
C. majority .. .. 8.855 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.125. L. 11,07S. Lab. 6.752. C.
maj. 8.047
MiR. MICHAEL JOPLING, elected in 1964. contested Wakefield in 1959. Farmer and company director. Born December. 1930; educated at Cheltenham College and King's College. Durham University. Member Thirsk Rural District Council sincc 1958.
WESTON-SUPER-MARE
Electorate: 67,348. 1964: 64.762.
*Webster. D. W. E. (C.) .. 27,733
Butcher, M. E. (Lab. and
Co-op) .. .. .. 15.349) McDonald. 1. D. (L.) .. 10.173
C. maiority .. .. 12.393 No CHANGE
1904: C. 27.143. Lab. & Co-op 12.248, L.
11.771 C. mai 14.895
MR. DAVID WiEBSTFR a partv spokesman on transport since October, 1965, was re- Itlrned at a by-election in June. 1958;- contested Bristol. North-East in 1955. A vice-chairman. Conservative Parliamentary transport committee and joint secretary. foreign affairs committee. 1964. Born October, 1923. cducated at Fettes an d Downing College. Cambridge. Stockbroker.
WHITEHAVEN
Electorate: 46,532. 1964: 47.193.
*Symonds, J. B. (Lab.). . - 22,726
Kevill, J. A. (C.) .. .. 13,935
Lab. majority .. .. S.791 NO ChIANGE
1964: .ab. 23,267, C. 15.440. Lab. maj.
7.827.
MIR. JosEri SYe ioNos was elected at a by-election in 1959. Radio relay company supervisor. Born January, 1901 ; educated at St. Bede's Higher School, Jarrow. NMember of Durham County Council since 1946. Elected to Jarrow Town Council in 1929, alderman in 1935 and mayor 1945-46. Chairman of National Housing and Town Planning Council, 1948-51. An organiz2r
of thc Jarrow march to London in 1936. Freeman of the Borougb of Jarrow 1955.
WIDNES
Electorate: 60.269. 1964: 55,242
*MacColl, J. E. (Lab.) .. 26;613
Pickering. A. (C.) 1.. .. 7.235
Lab. majority .. .. 9.378 NO CHANGE
1964. Lab 24.446. C. 18.572 Lab maj.
5.874
MR. JAMIES NIACCOLL, Parliamentary Secretary, Mlinistry of Housing and Local Government from 1964, was a party spokes- man on these subjects. Elected for Widnes in 1950. Barrister. Born June. 1908; educated at Sedbergh School, Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, and the University of Chicago. Called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1933. Elected to Paddington Borough Council, 1934: mayor, 1947-49. NMember. Chairman's panel, London juvenile courts. 1946. Domestic Coal Consumers Council. 1947-50.
WIGAN
Electorate: 51.967. 1964: 51.986.
*Fitch. E. A. (Lab. .. .. 28 754
Kingston, M. (C.) .. .. 9.876 Weaver. M. (Comm.) .. 858
Lab. majority 1.. .. 8,878 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28.640, C. 11 648. Comm 988.
I.ab mai 16.992
MR. ALAN FiTcH, an assistant Govern- ment Whip from 1964, was returned at a by-election in June. 1958. Mineworker: born March. 1915; educated at Kingswood School. Bath. Former member of the Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries. Represents Lancashire mineworkers on the executive committee ot the Lanca- shire and Cheshire Regional Council of Labour.
WILLESDEN
East
Electorate: 56.085. 1964: 57,153.
*Freeson, R. (Lab.) .. .. 21.767
Fry, P. D. (C.) .. .. 14,761 Brahams, M. H. (L.) .. 2,765 Bysouth, 0. E. Mrs. (Ind.) 556
Lab. majority .. . 7,006 NO CHANGE.
1964: Lab. 20.543. C. 18,755. Lab. maj.
1,788.
AIR. REGINALD FREESON. elected in 1964, is a journalist. Parliamentary private secretary to Minister of Transport, 1966. Born February, 1926; educated at Jewish Orphanage, West Norwood, and private study. Elected to Willesden Borough Council, 1952, alderman 1955, and leader from 1958. Chairman of Willesden Coun- cil of Social Service; founder member U.N.A. International Service; sponsored two of the earliest housing cooperauves financed by a local council.
West
Electorate: 57,276. 1964: 59,800.
*Pavitt, L. A. (Lab. & Co-op.) 24,944
Thomas, Miss A. P. (C.) .. 10,362 Burt, L. (Comm.) .. .. 1,140
Lab. & Co.-op. majority 14,582 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.862, C. 12,961, Comm. 1.130.
I.ab. maj. 10,901.
MR. LAURENCEf PAVITT, chairman, Labour parliamentary health services committee, was elected in 1959. National organizer of the Medical Practitioners' Union, 1956- 59. Born February, 1914; educated at elementary and central schools. Member Ilford Borough Council. 1949-52; former national secretary. British Federation of Young Co-operators: general secretary, Anglo-Chinese Development Society, 1946- 52. Parliamentary Private Secretary to Foreign Secrctary, 1965-66.
WIMBLEDON
Electorate: 40248. 1964: 40.947.
*Black, Sir C. W. (C.) .. .. 15,191
Braddock, T. (Lab.) .. 9,517 Macdonald, J. R. (L.) .. 5.475
C. majority ..5 . 5,674 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 15.952, Lab. 8.891, L. 5.817. C.
maj. 7,061.
SIR CYRIL BLACK won Wimbledon in 1950. Chartered surveyor: chairman and director of property and investment and other companies; chairman of Temperance Permanent Building Society. Born April. 1902; educated at King's College School, Wimbledon. of which he is a governor. Elected to Wimbledon Borough Council 1942. mayor 1945-47. and an alderman 1948; an alderman and chairman of Surrey County Council 1956-59. Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey since 1957.
WINCHESTER
Electorate: 52,697. 1964: 50.786
*Giles Rear-Adni. M. C. M. (C.) 21.162
Spicer. S. E. (Lab.) .. .. 12.485 Read, E. T. S. (L.) .. .. 7.390
C. majority .. .. 8,677 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.502. Lab. 12.495. L. 6,510.
C. mai. 9.00'
REAR-ADMIRAL MORGAN GILES w'as re- turned at a by-election in Mlay, 1964. Born June. 1914; educated at Clifton College. Served on the staff of C.-in-C. Far East Station. b-fore commanding H.M.S. Vigi- lant as Captain (D) Dartmouth Training Squadron. Was captain of Vernon 1959-60 and of H.Nr.S. Belfast. Flagship of the Far East Fleet in 1961-62. Rear-Admiral Octo- ber, 1962: President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. 1962-64, when he retired. Has farming interests in Hamp- shire, and in New South Wales. Joint vice- chairman. Conservative parliamentary defence committee. 1965-66.
WINDSOR
Electorate: 67,694. 1964: 65,770
*Mott-RadClyffe, Sir C. E. (C.) 25.630
Brown, R. R. (Lab.) .. 17,300 Jakobi, S. R. (L.) .. .. 8744
C. majority .. .. 8,330 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.274. Lab. 13.632. L. 11.336. C.
maj. 11.642
SIR CHARI.FS NloTT-RAoCLyFFE Was re- turned for Windsor in 1942. Junior Lord of the Treasury in the * caretaker "" Govern- ment, 1945, and Conservative whip, 1945- 46. Born December, 1911; educated at Eton and Balliol College. Oxford. Joint vice-chairman. 1922 Committee, 1965-66. Member, Historic Buildings Council for England. 1962: and of the Plowden Com- mittee on Representational Services Overseas, 1962-63.
WIRRAL
Electorate: 82,056. 1964: 78,856.
*Lloyd, J. S. B. (C.) .. .. 31,477
Hunt, D. V. (Lab.).. . 21,624 Willia1s, P. H. (L.) .. 12,313
C. majority .. .. 9,853 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,084. Lab. 17,445, L. 14.574.
C. maj. 14.639.
MR. SELWVYN LLOYD. Q.C., Opposition spokesman on Commovnwealth affairs since August, 1965, and prcviously coordinator of Opposition in tIhe Commons, was lIord Privy Seal and Leader of the Commons 1963-64. Chancellor of the Exchequer July. 1960. to July. 1962. L-ater that year lie carried out a survey of the party organiz- ation. Secretary of State for Foreign Atlairs December. 1955, to July, 1960. Minister of State at the Foreign Office, 1951-54; lMinister of Supply to April, 1955; and Nliniister of Defence for the rext eight months. Elected for Wirral in 1945; con- tested NMacclesfield as Liberal in 1929. Born July. 1904: educated at Fettes and Mag- dalene College, Cambridge; president of the Union 1927. Called to the Bar by Gr-a's Inn, 1930: took silk 1947. Recorder ot Wigan, 1948-51. Director of Rank Organisation, Odeon, Alliance Assurance, Sun Alliance Insurancc and other com- panies.
WOKING
Electorate: 80,887 1964: 77.207
*Onslow, C. G. D. (C.) .. 32,057
Downing, M. (Lab.) .. 19210 Scott, Mrs. A. H. (L.) .. 11;104
C. majority .. .. 12,847 !SO CHANGE
1964: C. 31,170. Lab. 17.834. L 11,285.
C. mai. 13,336.
MR. C-RANLEY UNSLOW. elected in 1964. is a journalist. Born June. 1926; educated at Harrow School. Oriel College. Oxford, and Geneva University. Member Foreign Service 1951-60; served in Rangoon, North Burma. and lIondon. Member. Kent County Council since 1961- member Dartford Rural District Council. 1960-62. Research secretary. Conservative Commonwealth Council; secretary. Conservative parliamen- tary aviation committee 1965-66.
WOKINGHAM
Electorate: 89.627. 1964: 82,375.
*van Straubenzee, W. R. (C.) .. 34,011
Carter. R. J. (Lab.) .. 24,437 Wingfield, Mrs. M. E. (L.).. 12,564
C. majority .. .. 9,574 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,777, Lab. 17,954, L. 13,875,
fId. 645. C. maj. 14,823.
MR. WILLIAM VAN STRAUBENZEE, who since October, 1965, has been an Opposi- tion spokesman on labour and the social services, was elected in 1959; contested Clapham in 1955. Solicitor. Born January. 1924; educateJ at Westminster. Member of executive committec of National Union of Conservative Associations, 1949-1959; national chairman of Young Conservatives. 1951-53. Meniber of Richmond (Surrey) Borough Council, 1955-58. Former chair- man Richmond Youth Council.
WOLVERHAMPTON
North-East
Electorate: 49.109 1964: 49,843
*Short, Mrs. R. (Lab.) . 21,067
Wright, G. 1. (C.) .. .. 12,965
Lab. majority .. .. 8,102 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.997. C. 14.914. Lab. maj.
4.083
MRS. RrtN6E SIHORT, elected in 1964, con- tested Watford in 1959 and St. Albans in 1955. Freelance iournalist. Born Aoril 1919; educated at Nottingham County Cirainmar School and Nlanchester Univer- versity Elected to Hertfordshire Countv Council and Watford Rural District Cotin- cil in 1952. Chairman of Shrodell's Hos- pital. Watford, Governor of Watford Col- legc of 1echnology and Watford Grammar School. Member. Estimates Committee. 1964-66.
nouth-West
Electorate: 49.390. 1964: 50.248.
*Powell, J. E. (C.) .. .. 21,466
Collier, A. S. (Lab.) .. 14,881
C. majority .. .. 6,585 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,736. Lab. 11,880. L. 4.233. C.
maj. 9.856.
MIR. ENOCH POWErLL, appointed Mlinister of Health in July, 1960, declined to serve in Sir Alec Douglas-Home's Government. 1963-64, but returned to the front bench in October, 1964. as the party's spokesman on transport. After failing in the ballot for the Conservative Party leadership in July, 1965, he was appointed defence spokesman. Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1957- 58, when he resigned with tsso other Treasury Ministers. Parliamentary Secre- tary, M\inistry of Honsing and I ocal Government. 1955-57. Won the division in 1950; contested the Normanton by- election, 1947. Born, June, 1912: educated at King Edwvard's, Birmingham. and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he w as a Fellow. Professor of Greek at Sydney Universitv. 1937-39. Director of National Discount Company.
WOOD GREEN
Electoralte: 53.559. 1 964: 55.593 *Butler. Mrs. J. S. (Lab. &
Co-op. .) - .. .. 21.922 Goldman, L. J (C.) .. 14.133
Lab. & Co-op. majority . . 7.789 NfO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,131. C. 16.939 Lab. mai.
""i.1 92
MRS. Jmocr BUTLER has represented the constituency since 1955. A housewife. Born 1910; educated at King Edwhard's High School. Birmingham. and Woodbrookc Colle-c. Member of Wood (ireen Boro i-!h C'otincil since 1947. Alderman anid first chairman of new L.ondon borough of Haringey. Member of the Women's Co-operative Guild.
WOOI WICH
East
Electorate: 46.310. 1964: 47.061
*Mayhew. C. P. (1ab.) .. .. 22.241
Andrews. A. W. (C.) .. 8.798
Lab. majority .. .. 13,443 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.158. C. 10.303. Lab. mai.
11.855
MR. ClIRiSToPHI R MAYIIEv. Minister of Defence for the Royal Navy fronm 1964 until he resigned in 1966. was ia party spokesman on foreign affairs ifrom December. 1961-64. and previously on War Office matters. and concerned himself also with information services and hroadcastiin. Represented South Norfolk. I 945-50, returne(i for East Woolwich at a by-elec- tion, 1951. Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1946-50. Born June, 1915: edu- cated at Haileybury and Christ Churci, Oxford: president of the lJnion, 1937. Tele- vision broadcaster and writer. Vice-chair- man. Great Britain-U.S.S.R. Association.
West
Electorate: 53.474. 1964: 54,359.
*Hamling WV. (Lab.) .. .. 23.344
Gaffney, NI. P. (C.).. .. 19.256 Mallone, R. S. (Fellowship
Party) .. .. . 906
Lab. majority .. .. 4,088 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.420. C. 20.639. Ind. 1.112.
Lab. mai. 1.781.
MR. WILLIAM1 H1AMLING, elected in 1964. contested the division in 1955 and 1959. Torquay in 1956. Wavertree in 1950 and 1951 and Sotithport in 1945. Lecturer. Born August. 1912: educated at elementary school, I-iverpool Institute. and! Universit% of Liverpool. Mlember of Fabian Society. and of Estimates Committee, 1965-66.
WORCESTER
Electorate: 60,925. 1964: 60.287.
'Walkcr, P. (C.) .. .. 25,398
Barrington-Ward, F. (Lab.) 22.057
C. majority .. .. 3.341 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.345. Lab. 17.038. L. 6.448.
C. nmai. 7.307.
NIR. Piri R WVALKL:R. onle of the tcam of party spoksismen for the Treasurv, econo- mic affairs and trade fronm 1964, was elected at the by-election in March. 1961; contested Dartford in 1959 and 1955. Chairman of a firm of insurance brokers and director of a unit trust and of other companies. Born March. 1932. educated at Latymer Upper School. M ember of the party national executive and of the advisory committee on policy; national chairman of Young Conservatives 1958-60. Elected to Conservative Com- monwealth Council General Committee, 1960. and an executive member of the British Commonvealth Industries Associa- tion, 1955.
CARDIFF
North
Electoratc: 59,092. 1964: 60,632.
Rowlands, E. (Lab.) .. .. 23,669 *Box, D. S. (C.) .. 22,997
Lab. majority .. 672 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 21,837, Lab. 18,215. L. 7,806. PI.
Cymru 1.058. C. maj. 3,622.
MR. EDWARD ROWLANDS is a lecturer at the WVelsh College of Advanced Techno- logy. Born January. 1940; educated at Rhondda Grammar School, Wirral Gram- mar School, and King's College, London University. Contributor to Tue History of Parliatnent produced by the History of Parliament Trust; member, Association of University Teachers
South-East
Electorate: 65,394. 1964: *Callaghan, L. J. (Lab.)
Lloyd-Edwards, N. (C.) Parsons, G. (L.) ..
65,632.
.. 29,313 .. 18,476 .. 3,829
Lab. majority .. .. 10,837 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30,129. C. 22,288. Lab. maj.
7,814,
IMIR. JAMES CALLAGHAN, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1964-66, was Labour's spokesman on Treasury Affairs from December, 1961. Lost his seat on the National Executive Committee in October. 1962; was co-opted when Mr. Wilson became leader and has since retained his seat. Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, 1950-51, after three years as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport. Elected for South Cardiff. 1945. and for South-East Cardiff, 1950. Born March, 1912; cducated at elementary and grammar school. Assis- tant Secretary, Inland Revenue Staff Federation. 1936-47. Chairman of the Com- mnittee on Road Safety, 1948-50. WVas con- sultant to the Police Federation.
West
Electorate: 57,088. 1964: 57,511.
*Thomas, T. G. (Lab.). . . 26,139
Doxsey, S. W. (C.).. .. 16,714
Lab. majority - - .. 9,425 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,998, C. 17,941. Lab. maj.
8.057.
MR. GEORGE THOMAS, Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1964-66, was elected in 1945 for Cardiff Central, and in 1950 for Cardiff WVest. Schoolmaster. Born January, 1909; educated at Tonypandy Secondary School and University College, Southampton. Chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party. 1958-59. Elected vice-president of the Xf-thodist Conference, 1960.
CARDIGANSHIRE
Electorate: 37,553. 1964: 37,964.
Morgan, D. E. (Lab.) .. 11,302 'Bowen, E. R. (L.) .. ., 10.779 Thomas, J. S. (C.) .. .. 5,893 Millward, E. G. (Plaid
Cymru) -. .. .. 2,469
Lab. majority .. .. 523 LABOUR GAIN
1964: L. 11,500, Lab. 9,281, C. 5,897, PI.
Cymru 3262. L. maj. 2.219.
MR. ELYSTEN MORGAN, as a Plaid CQymru candidate, contested Merioneth in 1964 and Wrexham in 1959, and the general election and by-election in 1955. Solicitor. Born December, 1932; educated at Ardwyn Granmiar School, Aberystwyth, and Uni- versity College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
CARLISLE
Electorate: 48,144. 1964: 19,169.
*Lewis, R. H. (Lab.) .. .. 22,565
Iredel, G. W. (C.) .. .. 17,638
Lab. majority .. .. 4,927 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,169, C. 17,049, L. 4,617, Ind.
C. 1,227. Lab. maj. 2,120
MR. RONALD LEWIS, elected in 1964, contested West Derbyshire in 1951. South Northants in 1955. and Darlington in 1959. Worked in the shops section of British Railways. Born July, 1909; educated at elementary schools and Cliff Methodist College. A Methodist local preacher. Member of Derbyshire County Council since 1949. and of Blackwell R.D.C. since 1940.
CARLTON
Electorate: 76,115. 1964: 71,285.
Holland. P. W. (C.) .. .. 28,635
Ramsden, A. L. (Lab.) . 24,589 Payne, M. G. (L.) .. .. 9,570
C. majority .. .. 4,046 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,896, Lab. 21,546, L. 10,034.
C. maj. 6,350.
MR. PHILIP HoLLAND was M.P. for Acton,
1959-64; contested Yardley in 1955. Parlia- mentary private secretary to the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, 1961-62; and to Chief Secretary to the Treasury. 1962-64. Personnel manager of electronics company. Born March, 1917; educated at Sir John Deane's Grammar School, Northwich. Member, Kensington Borough Council, 1955-59. Founder member, Conservative Commonwealth Council.
CARMARTHEN
Elcctorate: 61,868. 1964: 55,786.
Lloyd George, Lady M. (Lab.) 21,221
Davies, D. H. (L.) .. 11,988 Evans. G. (Plaid Cymru).. 7,416 Day, S. J. (C.) .. .. 5,338
L-ab. majority .. .. 9,233 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.424, L. 15.210. P1. Cymru
5.495, C. 4,996. Lab. maj. 6,214
LADY MEGAN LLOYD GEORGE. chairman, Labour parliamentary agricultture, fisheries and food committee, won the division from the Liberals at a by-election in February, 1957. She had represented Anglesey as
a Liberal from 1929 until she lost the seat to Labour in 1951 by 525 votes. In 1955
,oined the Labour Party. Born April, 1902; educated at Garrett's Hall, Banstead, and in Paris. Member of Fabian Society. Mem- ber of Chairmen's panel of Commons, 1964-66.
CARSHALTON Elcctorate: 66,071. 1964: Elliot, Capt. W. (C.) ..
Bassett, P. J. (Lab.)
Browne, J. H. G. (L.)
: 66,637.
- . 242615
8.. 81746
. 8,988
C. majority .. .. 5,869 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,118. Lab. 16,105, L. 11,207.
C. maj. 10,013.
CAPTAIN WALTER ELLIOT was returned at a by-election in 1960. Born February, 1910; educated at H.M.S. Conway. Royal Naval College, and London University. Joined R.N.. 1929; specialized in naval aviation. English Rugby international (seven caps): navy boxing champion.
CHEADLE
Electorate: 91.893. 1964: 86,743.
Winstanley, Dr. M. P. (L.) .. 32,071 *Shepherd, W. S. (C.) .. 31.416 Moxley, S. N. M. (Lab.) .. 12,244
L. majority .. .. 655 LIBERAL GAIN
1964: C. 33.911, L. 25,220. Lab. 13,379.
C. maj. 8,691.
DR. MICHAEL WINSTANLEY contested Stretford in 1964. Medical practitioner, radio and television broadcaster and jour- nalist. Born August, 1918; educated at Manchester Grammar School and Man- chester University (president of the Union). Member, Liberal Party Council since 1961 and of party committee; chairman, Liberal Party health panel.
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CHIPPENHAM
Electorate: 54,717. 1964: 55,111.
*Awdry, D. (C.) .. .. 18,275
Layton, C. W. (L.) .. 17,581 Radice, G. H. (Lab.) 10,257
C. majority .. .. 694 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.089, L. 16,546, Lab. 10,086.
C. maj. 1,543.
MR. DANIEL AWDRY was returned at a by-election in November, 1962. Joint vice-chairman. Conservative Parliamentary transport committee, 1964-66. Solicitor. Born September, 1924; educated at Win- chester College. Mayor of Chippenham. 1958-59. President, SoutNmi Boroughs Association. 1959-60. Served in Roval Wiltshire Yeomanry, 1947-62 and corm- manded squadron as major. 1955-62.
CHISLEHiURST
Electorate: 59,895. 1964: 60,678.
Macdonald, A. H. (Lab.) .. 22,757 *HJornsby-Smith, Dame P.
(C.) .. .. .. 21.947 Hlayden, P. (L.) .. .. 5,761
Lab. majority .. 810 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22,251, Lab. 20,736, L. 7.291.
C. maj. 1,515.
MIR. ALISrAIR MACDONALD contested Beckenham in 1964. Born May, 1925; educated at Dulwich College, Enfield Tcch- nical College and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Bank clerk. Member, Chisle- hurst and Sidcup Urban District Council 1958-62. Alderman, London borough of Bromley since 1964. Area treasurer of the National Union of Bank Employees.
CHORLEY
Electorate: 61,551. 1964: 60,330.
*Kenyon, C. (Lab.) .. .. 27.319
Monks, Mrs. C. M. (C.) .. 22.575
Lab. majority .. .. 4,744 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24,710, C. 20,997, L. 5,331. Lab.
maj. 3,713.
MIR. CLIFFORD KENYON won Chorley from the Conservatives in 1945. Farmer. Born August, 1896; educated at elementary school, the Baptist College, Manchester. and Manchester University. Mcmber of Rawtenstall Borough Council, 1923-26 and 1929-45; mayor, 1938-42. Chairman, Selection Committee of Commons. 1964-66.
CIRENCESTER & TEWKESBURY
Electorate: 63,568. 1964: 61,626.
*Ridley, N. (C.) .. .. 27,690
Dalling, M. G. (Lab.) .. 19,919
C. majority .. 7,771 NO CHANGE'
1964: C. 24,786, Lab. 15,518, L. 7,790. C.
maj. 9,268.
NIR. NICHOLAS RIDLEY, an Opposition spokesman on defence, 1965-66. was elected in 1959; contested Blyth, 1955. Civil engi- neer and director of two companies. Born February, 1929; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Appointed par- liamentary private secretary to Minister of Education, 1962. Secretary of the Can- ning Club. Member of Castle Ward R.D.C.. 1952-55. MIember, executive committee. National Trust; member Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. 1964-66.
CLAPHAM (Wandsworth)
Electorate: 51,885. 1964: *McKay, Mrs. M. (Lab.)
Gow, I. R. E. (C.) .. Minter, M. A. (L.) ..
: 52,826.
.. 19,555 .. 15,379 .. 2,968
Lab. majority .. .. 4,176 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,657, C. 17.101, L. 2.611. Ind
847. Lab. maj. 556.
MRS. MARGARE-T McKAY was clected in 1964; contested Walthamstow E.. 1959. Public relations consultant. Born January. 1911; elementary education. Formerl) chief woman oflicer to Trades Union Congress; held administrative posts with Civil Service Clerical Association and Transport and General Workers' Union. United Kingdom representative on the United Nations Com- mission on the status of women, 1965.
CLEVELAND
Electorate: 78.832. 1964: 76,693.
*Tinn, J. (Lab.) .. 34,303
Proudfoot. G. W. (C.) .. 22,423 Pitts, M. F. (L.) .. ,, 7,229
Lab. majority .. 11,880 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28.596. C. 24.124 L. 11.387.
Lab. mai. 4.472.
MR. JAMIES TINN, elected in 1964, is a teacher. Parliamentary private secre- tary to the Secretary of State for Com- monwealth Relations, 1965. Born August, 1922; educated at elementary school and Ruskin College and Jesus College, Oxford. Former branch secretary, National Union of Blastfurnacemen. Committee member, North Cleveland Association, National Union of Teachers.
CLITHEROE
Electorate: 44,822. 1964: 44,594.
*Pearson, Sir F. F. (C.) .. 17.244
H-odge, R. (Lab.) .. .. 15,014 MacMillan, Mrs. V. I. (L.) 5,168
C. majority .. .. 2.230 NO CHANGE
1964: C. l8.559, Lab. 14,278. L. 5.209. C
mai. 4781.
SIR FRANK PEARSON Was Parliamentary private secretary to Sir Alc Douglas- Home, when Prime Mhlinister. 1963-64. Previously a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from March, 1962, having been an assistant whip since 1960. Elected for Clitheroe 1959. Born June, 1911 ; edu- cated at Uppingham School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Served in the Ist Gurkha Rifles 1932-34; A.D.C. to the Vice- roy of India 1934-36; entered Indian poli- tical service 1936: Under-Secretary, poli- tical department 1942-45; Chief Minister, Manipur State, 1945-47. Engaged in farm- ing and local goverrunent, 1947-58.
COATBRIDGE AND AIRDRIE Electorate: 53,611. 1964: 53-6 8
*Dempsey, J. (Lab.) .. .. 26,491
Raeburn, W. C. (C.) .. 14,777
Lab. majority .. .. 11,714 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,178, C. 16,580. Lab. maj.
I0.98.
MR. JANMFS DEMPSEY, elected in 1959, was a clerk with a haulage firm. Born February, 1917; educated at Holy Family School, Mossend, Co-operative College, Loughborough, and at National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of Lanark County Council since 1945. Lecturer on political economy and writer on local gov- ernment.
COLCHESTER Electorate: 64,843. 1964: *RDI.r A W 1
61,742.
Ituwrk, a. (C.) ...... . . .. 24.320U
Meacher, M. H. (Lab.) .. 23,305 Watts, P. S. (L.) .. .. 5,714
C. majority .. .. 1,015 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,319. Lab. 19.780. L. 7,566. C.
maj. 3,539.
MR. ANTONY BUCK was returned at a bv- election in March, 1961. Sponsored Limi- tation Act, 1963. Barrister (Inner Temple, 1954). Born December, 1928; educated at King's School, Ely, and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge. Legal adviser, National Associa- tion of Parish Councils, 1957-59. Com- mittee member of the Bow Group for four years, secretary for two years. Joint hon. secretary, Conservative parliamentary com- nlittee on home affairs, 1964-66.
Dame P. Hornsby-Smith (C), defeated at
Chislehuirst.
COLNE VALLEY
Electorate: 52,555. 1964: 52,006.
Wainwright, R. S. (L.) .. 22,006 *Duffy, A. E. P. (Lab.) .. 19.507 Hall, Dr. R. D. (C.) .. 3,786
L. majority .. .. 2,499 LIBERAL GAIN
1964: Lab. 18,537. L. 18.350, C. 7,207. Lab.
maj. 187.
MR: RICHARD WAINWRIGHT contested the scat in 1959, 1963 (by-election), and 1964: Pudsey in 1950 and 1955. Chartered accountant. Born April, 1918: educated at Shrewsbury School and Clare College, Canibridge (president, Liberal Club, 1939). Vice-president of the party since 1959; Methodist local prcacher.
CONSETUr
Electorate: 55,246. 1964: 56,792.
Watkins, D. J. (Lab.) .. 29,753
Sanderson, R. W. G. (C.) .. 10,858 Lab. majority .. .. 18,895 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,676, C. 13,901. Lab. maj.
15,775.
MR. DAVID WAIRINS contested Bristol, North-West in 1964. Engineering inspector. Born August, 1925: educated at South Cen- tral and Merrywood Grammar Schools, Bristol, and Bristol College of Technology. Member. Bristol City Council, 1954-57, and Bristol Education Committee since 1958; branch president, Amalgamated Engineer- ing Union.
CONWAY
Electorate: 45,825. 1964: 46,151.
Davies, G. E. H. (Lab.) .. 18,203 *Thomas, P. J. M. (C.) .. 17,622
Jones, R. E. (Plaid Cymru) 2,552
Lab. majority .. .. 581 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 18.753. Lab. 15.234, PI. Cymru,
3,058. C. maj. 3.519.
MR. EDNYFED HUDSON DAVIES is a lec- turer in government at a Welsh college of advanced technology. and a broadcaster. Born December, 1929: educated at Dunevor Grammar School, Swansea, the University College of Wales. Swansea. and Balliol College. Oxford. Mlember, Transport and General Workers' Union and Association of University Teachers.
CORNWALL
North
Electorate: 43,480. 1964: 43,076.
Pardoe, J. W. (L.) .. .. 18:460
*Scott-Hopkins, J. S. R. (C.) 16.952 Wills, R. S. (Lab.) .. .. 2,647
L. majority .. .. 1,508 LIBERAL GAIN
1964: C. 16.352, L. 15,683, Lab. 3,497, Ind.
265. C. maj, 669.
MIR. JOHN PARDOE contested Finchley in 1964. Consultant to an independent tele- vision company. Born July, 1934; educated at Shcrborne School and Corpus Christi, Cambridge. A British delegate to the conference of young political leaders of Nato in Bonn, 1963.
COVENTRY
East
Electoratc- 78.131. 1964: 77,821.
*Crossman, R. H. S. (Lab.) .. 36,757
Wakeham, 1. (C.) .. . 18.061 Mokrzycki, J. M. (L.) .. 4,235 Bourne, H. (Comm.) .. 1,368
Lab. majority .. .. 18,696 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 36.246, C. 23.208. Comm. 1.138.
Lab. mai 13.038
MR. RICHARD CROSSNIAN, Mlinister of Housing and Local Government since 1964-66. Member of the Labour Party national Executive from 1952; chair- man, 1960-61. Born December, 1907- educated at Winchester Collegc and New College. Oxford. Tutor in philosophy at New College. Oxford, 1930-37. Leader of the Labour group on Oxford City Council, 1934-39. He was in the Political Intel- ligence Department of the Foreign Office, 1940-43, and assistant chief in psychological warfare at General Eisen- hower's headquarters. 1943-45. Journalist. Represented Coventry East from 1945. Contested West Birmingham in 1937.
North
Electorate: 53,948. 1964: 54,401.
*Edelman. M. (Lab.) .. .. 25.170
Martin-Jones, D. H. J. (C.) 17,263
Lab, majority .. .. 7,907 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,355, C. 19,825, Ind. 1,112.
Lab. mai. 3.530.
MR. MAURICE EDELMAN, vice-chairman, Labour parliamentary aviation committee, represented West Coventry. 1945-50, when he was returned for Coventry North. Journalist and author. Borp March, 1911; educated at Cardiff High School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Vice-chairman of the British Council and vice-president of Franco-British Parliamentary Relations Committee.
South
Electorate: 70,983. 1964: 70,992.
*Wilson, W. (Lab.) .. .. 31,237
Hocking, P. N. (C.) .. 25.697
Lab. majority .. .. 5,540 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,240. C. 27.407. Lab. maj.
1.833
MR. WILLIAM WILSON, elected in 1964 contested Warwick and Leamington ip 1951, 1955, the 1957 by-election, and 1955 Solicitor. Born June, 1913; educated a, elementary schools, Coventry Technical College, and Birmingham University. Leadcr of the Labour Group on Warwick- shire County Council, to which be was elected in 1958.
CREWE
Electoratc: 52.370. 1964: 52.175.
*Allen, S. S. (Lab.) .,. .. 24,141
Barbour, A. G. (C.) .. 15,430
Lab, majority 8.. .. ,711 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,579, C. 17.657. Lab. maj.
5.922.
AIR. SCHOLEFIELD ALLEN, Q.C., won Crewe fron the Conservatives in 1945. Vice-chairman, Labour parliamentary Commonwealth, Colonies and Overseas Development Committee. Born January, 1898; educated at Birkenhead Institute and Liverpool University. Called to the Bar, Gray's Inn, 1923; also member of Manx Bar. Recorder of Blackburm.
ILFORD
North
Electorate: 66,569. 1964: 66,769.
'lremonger, T. L. 1. S. V. (C.) 23.736
Punshon, J. A. (Lab,) .. '20,392 Harris, J. (L.) .. ,. 6,953
C. majority .. .. 3,344 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,096. Lab. 16.563. L. 10.692.
C. man. 7.533.
MR. THONIAS IREMtONGER was returned at a by-election in February. 1954. Con- tested Northfield (Birrminghamr) 1950. Born Mvarch, 1916; educated at Oriel College, Oxford, sailing Blue. 1938. Served as dis- trict officer in Colonial Service in Western Pacific. Author of books on penolog5 and economics. Underwriting member of Lloyd's.
South
Electorate: 56,302. 1964: 58,066,
Shaw, A. J. (Lab.) .. .. 20.613
'Cooper. A. E. (C.) .. .. 18,093 Watson, Miss 1. (L.) 4,606
Lab. majority .. .. 2,520 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 18.152. Lab. 16.660. L 8.547. C.
mnaj. 1.492.
MR. ARNOLD SHA\V contested the seat in 1964. Teacher. Born July, 1909; educated a; the Trafalgar Square primary school, Stepney, Coopers' Company School. and University College, Southampton. Member, Stepney Borough Council, 1934-38. Ilford Bo,ough Council, 1952-65 and Council of London Borough of Redbridge since 1965.
ILKESTON
Electorate: 68,378. 1964: 68,796.
*Fletcher, L. R. (Lab.) .. 36.522
Eales, B. J. (C.) .. .. 15,582
Lab. majority ). .. 20,940 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 33.924, C. 13,542. L. 8,930.
Lab. mai. 20,382.
MIR. RAYNIOND FLETCHER was elected in 1964. Contested Wycombe in 1955. Journalist and author. Born December. 1921 : educated at secondarv school and universit)y extra-mural classes. Served in Army 1941-48. Acted as military adviser on Joan Littlewood's Oh What a Lovely Weir. Writer of various pamphlets.
INCE
Electorate: 55,703. 1964: *AMcGuire, M. T. (Lab.)
Birch, J. (C.)
54,140.
.. 30,915 .. 11,075
Lab. majority .. .. 19,840 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 31,042, C. 12,077. Lab. maj.
lIS.965
MR. MICHAEL MIcGUIRE. elected in 1964, is a branch secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers. Born Mlay. 1926: elemen- tary education. Executive member St. Helens Trades and Labour Cotincil.
INVERNESS
Electorate: 50,462. 1964: *Johnston, D. R. (L.) ..
Wathen, D. A. (C.)
McLean, A. C. (Lab.)
50,067.
. . 14,356 .. 11,961 .. 10,069
L. majority .. .. 2,395 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 14,235, C. 12,099. Lab. 9,402. L.
mai. 2.136.
MR. RUSSELL JOHNSTON. elected in 1964. is a research assistant with the Scottish Liberal Party. Born July. 1932; educated at Portrce High School, Isle of Skye. and Edinburgh University. Member of Scottish Liberal Party executive; president, Scottish League of Young Liberals.
IPSWICH
Electorate: 78,351. 1964: 78,463.
*FoGl. Sir D. (Lab.) .. 30,313
Hagger, T. A. (C.) .. 23,440 Rundle, Dr. S. (L.) .. 6,200 Brown, D. R. M. (Nat. Dem.
Pty.) . .. .. 769
Lab. majority .. .. 6,873 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24.648. C. 22,216 L 14.755.
Ind. 349 Lab. mai. 2.432'
SIR DINGLE FOOT, Q.C., Solicitor- General. 1964-66, was returned at a by- e!lction in October. 1957. Liberal M.P. for Dundee. 1931-45. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministrv of Economic Warfare in the war- time Coalition, 1940-4S, As a liberal con- tlsted'riverton, 1929; Dundee, 1945; North Corn%vall. 1950 and 1951. Joined Labouz Party. July, 1956. Born August, 1905. E ducated at Bembridge School and Balliol College. Oxford; president of the Union, 1928. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. 1930: silk. 1954.
ISLE OF ELY
Electorate: 60.758. 1964: 61,004.
*Legge-Bourke. Maj. Sir H. (C.) 21.320
Nurse, G. (Lab.) .. .. 19,566 Rigby, D. M. (L.) .. .. 5,250
C. majority .. .. 1,754 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25.317. L.a.'. 19.692. C. mai.
5.625.
SiKl H,\uty Lw:o;E-BOUJt;l: Won the seat from the Liberals in 1945. Vice-chairman Conservative parliamentary committee on technology, 1964-66. Company director. Born May, 1914: ea?ucated at Eton and Sandhurst. Deputy-Lieutenant Cambridge- shire. 1955. Joined Royal Horse Guards,
9')34.
ISLE OF THANET
Electorate: 81.498. 1964: 78.664.
*Rees-Davies, W. R. (C.) .. 29.302
Bishop. L. J. A. (Lab.) .. 24.416 Redman, F. G. (L.) .. 7,952
C. majority .. .. 4.886 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.870. Lab. 20.520. L. 9.979. C.
maj. 7.350.
NMR. W. R. REES-DAVIES was returned at a by-election in March, 1953. Contested Nottingham South in 1950 and 1951. Bar- rister (Inner Temple. 1939). Born Novem- ber. 1916: educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. President. National Confederation of Road Transport Clearing Houses.
ISLE OF WIGHT
Electoratc: 70,877. 1964: 69.215.
'Woodnutt, H. F. M. (C.) .. 25,862
Stephenson, P. (Lab.) .. 15411 Ross, S. S. (L.) .. .. 11,915
C. majority *. .. 10,451 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.497. Lab. 16,244. L. 7.666. C.
mai 11.253
M R. MIARK WOODNUIJ-r was elected in 1959. Chartered secretary and export director of a group of companics. Born November, 1918: educated at Isleworth School. An alderman of Isle of Wight County Council.
ISLINGTON
East
Electorate: 45,416. 1964: 47,349.
'Fletcher, Sir E. G. M. (Lab.) . . 15.009
Hlolderness, J. B. W. (C.) .. 7.490 Frecdman, J. (L.) .. .. 2.288 I_omas, A. E. (New L.) .. 1.127
Lab. majority .. .. 7,519 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14,192. C 7,715, L. 3.081. New
L 2.053. Lab. mai. 6.477.
SIR ERIC FLETCHER, as NMinister without Portfolio, 1964-66, is Commons spokes- man for the Lord Chancelior's office and assists the Law Officers on Bills. Elected in 1945. Rorn March. 1903: educated at Rad- ley and London University (LL.D. 1932). Son of a fornmer tiwn clerk of Islington Solicitor and former deputy cbairman of the Associated British Picture Corporation.
ISLINGTON
Nortb
Electorate: 50,203. 1964: 51,315
*Reynolds, G. W. (Lab.) .. 16,188
Morris, M. W. L. (C.) .. 8,357 Thwaites, E. G. (L.) .. 2,682
Lab. majority .. .. 7,831 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 15,525, C. 8,912. L. 3,634. Lab.
maj. 6.613.
MR. GERALD REYNOLDS. Minister of Defence for the Army, December, 1965-66. and Under Secretary, 1964-65, was returned at a by-election in May. 1958; contested Worthing, 1951. Was a local government adviser. Born July, 1927; educated at Acton County Grammar School. Treasurer, London Federation of Trades Councils. 1952-64; chairman, London Borough of Ealing, 1964-65; member of Acton Borough Council, 1949-65. Was secretary of Labour Partv committee which prepared policy statements Homes of tihe Furture and National S1perwal,uation.
South-West
Electorate: 48.995. 1964: 52,373
""Evans, A. (Lab.) .. .. 16,206
Hardy. A. (C.) .. .. 5,903 Weston, H. (Ind.) .. .. 1,271 Hlarmston, D. H. (Union
Movement) .. .. 816 Moss, J. (Comm.) .. .. 756
Lab. majority .. .. 10,303 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,589, C. 8,023. Comm. 1,377.
Lab maj. 9.566.
MR. ALBERT EvA.Ns was elected for West Islington at a by-election in 1947 and for the redrawn South-West-Division in 1950. Born June, 1903; educated at council schools and Workers Educational Associa- tion. Mlaster engraver and a member of the Goldsmiths', Jewellers' and Allied Trades Society since 1925
IARROW
Electorate: 50.158 1964: 50,668.
*Fernvhough, E. (Lab.) .. 26.006
kobson, D. J. (C.) .. .. 12,449
Lab. majority .. .. 13.557 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,053, C. 14,503. Lab. maj.
11.55(1
M1R. ERNEST FERNYHOUGH was returned at a by-election in May, 1947. He was a full-time official of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1936 uintil he entered Parliament. Born Decem- ber. 1908; educated at an elementary school. Parliamentary private secretary to the Prime MNlinister from 1964.
KEIGHLEY
Flectorate: 48,006. 1964: 48,415.
*Binns, J. (Lab.) .. .. 22,039
Bellak, J. G. (C.) .. .. 18,027
Lab. majority .. .. 4,012 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,816, C. 15,115. L. 8.529. Lab.
maj. 2,701.
MIR. JOHN BINNS. elected in 1964, is aq engineer. Born June, 1914; educated at Holycroft Secondary School, Keighley. Mlayor of Keighley, 1958; member of Keighlcy Borough Council since 1945: an alderman since 1954. President, Keighley Labour Party for eight years and of A.E,U. Branch for 10 years.
KENSINGTON
North
Electorate: 47.081. 1964: 50,349.
*Rog,ers. G. H. R. (Lab.) .. '6,012
Brittan, L. (C.) .. .. 10,749 Thomas, A. C. S. (L.) .. 2,462
Lab. majority 5.. .. ,263 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 15,283, C. 12.771,L. 2,819. Lab.
maj. 2,512.
AIR. GEORGIE ROGERS, a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury 1964-66, was elected in 1945. Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of Supply from 1947 to 1949. and to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in 1950. Industrial consul- tant. Born December, 1906; educated at Middlesex elementary and grammar schools. Mlember of Wembley Borough Council, 1937-41.
South
Electorate: 55.660. 1964: 56,157.
*Roots, W. L. (C.) .. .. 21,050
Rosenhead, J. V. (Lab.) .. 6,419 Kellock, T. O. (L.).. .. 4,871
C. majority .. .. 14,631 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,668, Lab. 5.300. L. 4,916. C.
maij. 16.368.
MR.iV WILLIAE1 Roo-s, Q.C., was elected in 1959. Contested Brixton in 1955. Born September, 1911; educated at Tonbridge School and Brasenose Col- lege, Oxford. Callcd to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1933. Former alderman of Kensington Borou6h Coutncil and leader of Conscrvative Party. Joint vice-chair- mall. Conser%:azive parliamentary com- mittee on home affairs, 1965-66. Director of brewery cormpany.
KETTERING
Electorate: 82,509. 1964: 80,469.
*de Freitas, Sir G. (Lab.) .. 35,337
Weston. Dr. T. E. T. (C.).. 23.877 Smith. A. (L.) .. .. 7.903
Lab. majority ., .. 11,460 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 36,210. C. 29.405. Lab. maj.
6,805.
SIR GlO-FIRizy DL FRErrAS. elected in 1964. was High Commissioner in Kenya until September, 1964, when he resignea to re-enter politics. M.P. for Notting- ham, Central. 1945-50, and Lincoln until 1961. British High Commissioner in Ghana 1961: appointed High Commis- sioner to proposed East African Federation 1963. Under-Secretary of State for Air 1946-50. and Under-Secretary, Home Office, 1950-Si. Born April. 1913: educated at Haileyibury and Clare Co'-.-e. Cambridge (president of the Union: t'ctic Blue), and Yale University. Barrister, called by Lin. coln's Inn. 1937. Chairman. Labour parlia- mentary defence and services committee.
KIDDERMINSTER
Electorate: 62,688. 1964: 60,606.
*Brinton. Sir E. T C. (C.) .. 24.628
Wardle. J. W. (Lab.) .. 21,451 Smith, R. (Ind.) , .. 1,292
Con. majority .. .. 3.177 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24425, Lab. 17.571, L. 5,824. B.
& Cwlth Pty. 310. C. maj. 6,854.
SIR TTrroN BRINTON, elected in 1964, con. tested Dudley in 1945. A carpet manufac- turer. Born January, 1916; educated at Eton and Caius College, Cambridge. Executive committee member. Federation of British Carpet Manufacturers; chairmar. 1957-58 of Carpet Industry national joint committee; member Retail Trading Stan- dards Association council. 1958-62, and B.S.l. sub-committee on carpet labelling. 1958-60 Joint hon. secretary, Conservative parliamentary labour committee. 1965-66.
KILMARNOCK
Electorate: 48,073. 1964: 48,824.
*Ross, W. (Lab.) . . . . 26.036
McQuarrie, A. (C.) .. 11,949
Lab. majority .. .. 14,087 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,173. C. 10.796. L. 4.443. Lab.
Inai. 14.377
MIR. WIILIAKi Ross, Secretary of State for Scotland. 19(4-66. won Kilmarnock at a by-election in 1946; contested Ayr Burghs in 1945. Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland. 1951. Schoolmaster. Born April, 1911; educated at Avr Academy and Glasgow University.
MANCHESTER
BlackLIey
Electorate: 54,498. 1964: 56,481.
Rose, P. B. (Lab.) .. .. 21,571
Stanley, D. C. (C.) 152.. .. I71 Bayley, L. G. (L.) .. .. 4,297
Lab. majority .. .. 6,300 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.570. C 18.348. L. 7,002. Lab.
maj. 1.222.
MR. PAUL RosE, elected in 1964, is a lecturer and barrister. Born December, 1935; educated at Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. Called by Gray's Inn, 1958. Associate of Institute of Linguists; former chairman, Manchester Federation of Yount Socalists.
Cheetham
Electorate: 35,201. 1964: 40,276.
*Lever. N. H. (Lab.) .. .. 14,206
O'Connor, A. A. (C.) .. 5,844
Lab. majority .. .. 8,362 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16,046, C. 8.163. Lab. maj.
7.883.
MR. HAROLD LEVER, a barrister, won the Exchange division in 1945 and Cheetham in 1950. Born January, 1914; educated at Man- chestcr Grammar School and at the Uni- versity. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1935. Promoted the Defamation Act, 1952. Member of Chairmen's panel of Commons, 1964-66.
Exchange
Electorate: 26,400. 1964: 36,175.
*Griffiths, W. D. (Lab.) .. 10,425
Stuart-Mills, J. (C.) .. 3,761
Lab. majority .. .. 6,664 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 13,952. C. 6.242. Lab. maj.
7.710.
MR. WILLIANt GRIFFITHS won Moss Side from the Conservatives in 1945, and was returned for the Exchange division in 1950. A consulting ophthalmic optician, and a Fellow of the British Optical Association. Born April, 1912; educated at Manchester elementary schools and privately.
Gorton
Electorate: 56,706. 1964: 56,721.
*Zilliacus, K. (Lab.) .. .. 24,726
Paley, I. K. (C.) .. .. 16,418
Lab. majority .. .. 8,308 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,895, C. 19,465. Lab. mai.
4.430.
MR. KONNI ZILLIACUS was elected 1955. Represented Gateshead 1945-50. Expelled from the Labour Party, May. 1949. for opposing the Government's foreign policy; readmitted 1952. Author, lecturer and journalist, he speaks 10 languages. Born Septemnber 1894 in Kobe, Japan; educated in Finland, Sweden and France, Bedales School, and Yale University.
Moss Side
Electorate: 45,243. 1964: 50,142.
*Taylor, F. H. (C.) .. .. 13,436
Churcb, G. R. (Lab.) .. 12,353 Prusmann, D. F. (L.) .. 3,801
C. majority .. .. 1,083 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 14,875, Lab. 10,647, L. 7297. C.
maj. 4228.
NIR. FRANK TAYLOR was returned at a by-election in November, 1961, contested Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1955 and Chorley in 1959. Born October, 1907; educated at Rutlish School, Merton. Principal of two firms of chartered accountants. Member of Worshipful Company of Bakers. Played Rugby for Surrey; won several Thames punting championships. Member of British Sportsman's Club.
Openshaw
Electorate: 51,682. 1964: 53.195.
*Morris, C. R. (Lab.) .. 22,103
Chronnell, R. J. (C.) .. 10,465 Marsden, E. (Comm.) ,. 1,479
Lab. majority .. .. 11,638 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.589, C. 13,387, Comm. 1,947.
Lab. maj. 9.202.
MR. C. R. MORRIS, Government assistant whip, 1966, was returned at a by-election in December, 1963; contested Cheadle in 1959. Formerly a postal and telegraph offi- cer. Born December, 1926; educated at Brookdale Park School, Manchester. Parliamentary private secretary to Post- master-General, 1964-66.
Withington
Electorate: 54,585. 1964: 56,996.
*Cary, Sir R. A. (C.) .. .. 16,676
Clark, D. G. (Lab.) .. 16.029 Davies, G. V. (L.) .. 6,150
C. majority .. .. 647 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.259, Lab. 13,117, L. 9.860.
C. maj. 5.142.
SIR ROBERT CARY was elected in 1951. Represented Eccles 1935-45, contested the seat in July, 1945. Ashton-under-Lyne at a by-election three months later, and Central Nottin.gham. 1950. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1945. A director of trans- pont and other companies. Born Mav, 1898; educated at Ardingly College and Royal Military College Sandhurst.
Wythenshawe
Electorate: 69.229. 1964: 70,704.
*Morris. A. (Lab. & Co-op.).. 27,485
Lofthouse, F. (C.) .. 18,548 Armstrong, T. N. (L.) .. 5,717
Lab. & Co-op. majority .. 8,937 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. and Co-op 26.870, C. 22.093, L
7.336. Lab. and Co-op mai. 4.777
NIR. ALFRED MORRIS. elected in 1964, contested the constituency in 1959 and Liverpool, Garston, in 1951. Industrial relations officer. Born March, 1928; edu- cated at elementary schools, Manchester, Ruskin College and St. Catherine's, Oxford and Manchester University. Parliamen- tary private secretary to Minister of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food since 1964.
MANSFIELD
Electorate: 60.024. 1964: 58,698.
Concannon. J. D. (Lab.) .. 28,849
Clarke, K. H. (C.) .. .. 9,987 Strauther, R. (L.) .. .. 5,483 Westacott, F. C. (Comm.) .. 590
Lab. majority .. .. 18,862 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,055, C 10,021. L. 6,628.
Lab. maj. 19.034
MR. DENNIS CONCANNON is a miner. Born May. 1930; educated at Rossington Second- ary School and the extra-mural department of Nottingham University. Member, Mans- field Borough Council since 1963; branch official, National Union of Mineworkers.
MELTON
Electorate: 79,616. 1964: 77,285.
*Pike, Miss M. (C.) .. .. 30,776
Frears. J. R. (Lab.) .. 23,181 Pratt, G. V. J. (L.) .. .. 10,108
C. majority .. .. 7,595 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,842, Lab. 19.578, L. 11,392.
C. maj. 13,264.
MISS MERVYN PIKE was joint Under-
Secretary at the Home Office, 1963-64. Assistant Postmaster-General from October, 1959. Returned at a bY-election in l>ecember. 1956; contested Leek in 1955 and Pontefract in 1951. Managing direc- tor of a firm of pottery manufacturers Born September. 1918; educated at Hun- manby Hall, East Yorkshire, and Reading University.
MERIDEN
Electorate: 73,621. 1964: 70,085.
*Rowland, C. J. S. (Lab.) .. 33,831
Aitken, J. W. P. (C.) .. 29,250
Lab. majority .. .. 4,581 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,425. C. 29,062. Lab. maj.
363.
MR. CHRISTOPHER ROWLAND, elected in 1964, is an information and public relations cxecutive. Contested East- leigh in 1959. Born September. 1929: educated at elementary schools. Chesterfield Grammar School. London School of Economics and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Talks producer, B.B.C. Overseas Services, 1954-59.
MERIONETH
Electorate: 25.395. 1964: 26.392.
Edwards, W. H. (Lab.) .. 9,628
Jones, E. G. (L.) .. .. 7,733 Jenkins, I. L. (Plaid Cymru) 2,490 Jones-Lloyd, A. E. C. L. (C.) 1,948
Lab. majority .. .. 1,895 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 8,420, L. 7,171, Pi. Cymru
3.697, C. 2.656. Lab. mai. 1.249.
MR. WILLIAM EDWARDS contested Flint West, in 1964. Solicitor. Born January, 1938; educated at Anmlwch Grammar School, Sir Thomas Jones Comprehensive School, Liverpool University and London College of Law. Visiting lecturer at Liver- pool College of Commerce.
MERTHYR TYDFIL
Electorate: 39,474. 1964: 40,542.
*Davies, S. 0. (Lab.) .. .. 21,737
Preece. G. L. (C.) .. .. 4082 Stephens, M. (Plaid Cymru) 3,361
Lab. majority .. .. 17,655 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,275, C. 4.767, Pi. Cymru
2.878. Lab. mai. 1.508.
MR. STEPHEN DAVIE!i was elected for Merthyr Tydfil in June, 1934. Mining engineer. A miner when he took a B.A. degree he was a union official for 16 years. Born November, 1886; educated at clemen- tary school and the Universities of Wales and London.
MERTON & MORDEN
Electorate: 48,807. 1964: 49,854.
*Atkins. H. E. (C.) .. .. 20,028
May, K. W. (Lab.).. .. 19,608
C. majority .. .. 420 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,032, Lab. 16,234. L. 5.7SI.
C. maj. 2.798.
M R. HUMPHREY ATKINS was elected in 1955; contested West Lothian in 1951. Director of financial advertising agency. Born August. 1922; educated at Wellington College. Joint hon. secretary, Conservative parliamentary defence committee, 1965-66.
MIDDLESBROUGH
East
Electorate: 55,407. 1964: 58,062.
*Bottomley, A. G. (Lab.) .. 28,404
Darby, P. (C.) .. .. 9,420
Lab. majority .. .. 18,984 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,432. C 12.917. Lab. mai
16.515.
MR. ARTHUR BorrossLEY, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations. 1964- 66. was elected at a by-election in March. 1962; represented Rochester and Chatham. 1950-59, and Chatham, 1945-50. Secretary for Overseas Trade. 1947-51; Under-Secre- tary for the Dominions, 1946-47. Born Feb- ruary, 1907; educated at council school.
West
Electorate: 53,276. 1964: 52,905.
*Bray, J. W. (Lab.) .. .. 23,649
Sutcliffe, J. H. V. (C.) .. 19,756
Lab. majority .. .. 3,893 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,904, C. 18.759, L. 5.816. Lah
mai. 1.145.
MR. JEREMY BRAY. chairman. Labour parliamentary science, technology and atomic energy committee, gained the seat tor Labour in a by-election in June, 1962. Contested Thirsk and Malton. 1959. Has worked on economic planni-ng and automa- tic control in the chemical and electronic industries. Born July. 1930; educated ait Aberystwyth Grammar School; Kingswood School, Bath; Jesus College, Cambridge; Choate Fellow, Harvard.
MIDDLETON & PRESTWICH Electorate: 68.602. 1964: 69,658.
Coe, D. W. (Lab.) . . .. 23,938
*Barlow, Sir J. D. (C.) .. 20,121 Crilly, S. (L.) .. .. 9,457
Lab. majority .. .. 3,817 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22.192, Lab. 20.066, L. 13.064.
C. maj. 2,126.
MIR. DENIS COE. a university Iccturer, contested Macclesfield in 1964. Born June. 1929; educated at Tynemouth Grammar School. Bede Trainikag College, Durham. and London School of Economics. Former member. executive, E-ast London branch, National Union of Teachers. and member. National Advisory Committee of Young Teachers.
MIDLOTHIAN
Electorate: 62.940. 1964: 61,689.
Eadie, A. (Lab.) .. .. 27,608
Laniotte, J. L. G. (C.) .. 13.192 Rae, S. (Scot. Nat.) .. 7,974
Lab. majority .. .. 14,416 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,820, C. 18.861. Lab. mai.
10.959.
MIR. ALEXANDER EADIE contested Ayr in 1964 and 1959. M;aers' agent. Born June, 1920: educated at Buckhaven Senior Secondary School. Fife. Member, Scottish executive committee, Labour Party; mem- ber, Fife County Council and chairman of housing and education committees.
MITCHAM
Electorate: 66.709. 1964: 67,967.
*Carr, L. R. (C.) .. .. 24.234
Higgs, T. J. (Lab.) .. 23,706 Burgess, R. C. (L.) .. 4.470 French, S. E. (Comm.) .. 580
C. majority .. .. 528 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 25,087, Lab. 21.175, L. 6.902.
Comm. 657. C. maj. 3.912.
MR. ROBERT CARR. Opposition spokes- man on aviation, 1965-66. was Secre- tary for Technical Co-operation, 1963-64; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, December, 1955-April, 1958. Won Mitcham in 1950. Born November. 1916: educated at Westminster School and Gon- ville and Caius College, Cambridge. Metal- lurgist and industrialist; director of Metal Closures Group and subsidiaries- London Advisory Board, Norwich Union Insurance Group. S. Hoffnung & Co. Ltd. and Secu- ricor, Ltd.
MONMOUTH
Electorate: 64,356. 1964: 60,803.
Anderson, D. (Lab.) .. ..28,649 *Thorneycroft, G. E. P. (C.) 25,657
Lab. majority .. .. 2,965 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22,635, Lab. 21.921, L. 6,764. C.
maj. 714.
MR. DONALD ANDERSON is a university lecturer. Born June, 1939; educated at Swvansea Grammar School, and University College, Swansea (chairman, socialist society). Methodist local preacher. Former member, British Embassy. Budapest; Foreign Office adviser to United Kingdom delegation council of Europe, Strasbourg. 1962.
SHIPLEY
Electorate: 45,895. 1964: 45,905.
*Hirst, G. A. N. (C.) ., .. 18,466
Collins, J. (Lab.) .. .. 16,966 Heppell, J. P. (L.) .. .. 4,304
C. majority .. 1,500 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19,076. Lab. 15.545. L. 5.165.
C. maj. 3.531.
MIR. GlOFIFREY' HIRST was elected in 1950. Director of brewery' and other com- panies. Boni December, 1905; educated at Cihartcrhouse and St. ohin's College, Cambridge. Past-president of Leeds Chamber of Commerce. Vice-president. Urban District Councils Association.
SHOREDITCH AND FINSBURY
Electorate: 45.883. 1964: 47.791.
*Brown, R. W. (Lab.) .. .. 17,456
Sims. R. E. (C.) .. .. 5,957 NMosley, Sir 0. (Union
Movement) .. .. I.126
Lab. majority . . . 11,499 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.207. C. 8.412. Lab. mai.
9.795.
MR. RONALU BROWN is a lccturer. Borin September, 1921; educated at clementary school in South London and Borough Poly- technic. The brother of NIr. George Brown. Alderman and leadcr of the ncw London borough of Southwark.
SHREWSBURY Electorate: 50.784. 1964: *Langford-Holt, Sir J. (C.)
Pritchard. T. S. (Lab.) Marsh. W. (L.)
: 49,025.
. . 17.569 . . 14,603 . . 6,6f
C. najority .. .. 2,966 NO CHANGE
1964: C. IS.517, Lab. 12.65S. L. 7.180.
C. mai. 5.S59.
SIR JoHN LANGFORD-HOLT was returilcd in 1945. Secretary of the Conscrvative labour committec for five years. Born June. 1916; cducated at preparatorv school and Shrewsbury. Retired naval officer. Direc- tor of companies.
SKIPTON
Electorate: 47,448. 1964: 47,827.
*Drayson, G. B. (C.) . . .. 17,532
Knott, G. A. (Lab.) .. 13.276 Pickard, W. E. H. (L.) .. 8.104
C. majority .. .. 4.256 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.561, Lab. 11,715, L. 9,886. C.
maj. 6.846.
MR. BURNABY DRAY'SON was elected in 1945. Company director. Born Mlarch. 1913; educated at Borlase School. Elected a member of the Stock Exchange at age 22. During the wvar served in Western Desert. Taken prisoncr and escaped by walkint 500 miles through enemy occupied territory.
SMETH WICK
Electorate: 44,960. 1964: 47,305.
Faulds, A. M. W. (Lab.) .. 18,440
*Griffiths, P. H. S. (C.) .. 14,950 Stanley, R. (Brit. Nat. Party) 508
Lab. majority .. .. 3,490 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 16.690. Lab. 14,916. L. 3,172, Ind.
262. C. maj. 1.774.
IlR. ANDREWv FAULDS contested Strat- ford-on-Avon in 1964 and 1963 (by-elec- tion). Actor. Born March. 1923; edu- cated at George WVatson's and Daniel Stewart's schools, Edinburgl. Louth Gram- mar School, Stirling High School. and Glasgow University. Council member, British Actors Equity.
SOLIHULL
Electorate: 69,211. 1964: C.,639.
*Grieve, W. P. (C.) .. .. 34,008
Forwood, D. A. (Lab.) .. 17,760
C. majority .. . 16248 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,355, Lab. 11,969. L. 10.097. C.
maj. 20.386.
MIR. PERcY GRIEVE, Q.C., was elected it
1964; contested the Lincoln by-election, March, 1962. Born March, 1915; educated privately and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge; called by Middle Temple, 1938; Q.C. 1962. Assistant Recorder of Leicester since 1956. Deputy Chairman. Lincoln (Holland) Quarter SessioDs since 1962. Member mental health review tribunal. Sheffield Region.
SOMERSET, NORTH
Electorate: 72.803. 1964: 70,186.
*Dean, A. P. (C.) .. .. 28,824
Tilley, B. (Lab.) .. .. 26,526 Willies, M. E. (L.) .. .. 6,745
C. majority .. .. 2,298 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,814, Lab. 23.896, L. S.253. C.
maj. 3.918.
MIR. PAUL DEAN was elected in 1964; contested the Pontefract by-election in March, 1962. A farmer until 1956; resi- dent tutor Swinton College, October, 1956- December, 1957; joined the Conservative Research Department, 1958: assistant director. 1962. Born September, 1924; educated at Ellesmere College. Shropshire. and Exeter College, Oxford. Formor mem- ber. Governing Body of the Church in Wales. Hon. secretary, Conservative parlia- mcintary health and social security commit- tee, 1965-66: member Estimates C(mmittej-
SOUTHALL
Electorate: 52.811 . 1964: 53,558.
Bidwell. S. J. (Lab.) .. j9,989
Maddin, Miss B. (C.) .. 14.642 Bean, J. E. (Brit. Nat. Party) 2.768
Lab. majority .. .. 5,347 No CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.041. C. 16.144. B. Nat. Party
3.410. Lab. ma;. 1.897.
MaIR. SYDNEY BIDWELL contested Her-t- fordshire, South-West. in 1964 and Hert- fordshirc, E-ast. in 1959. Tutor and organizer tor the National Council of Labour Colleges; previously a railway worker. Born, January, 1917; educated at elementary school and cvening classcs. Member, Southall Borough Council, 1951-55.
SOUTHAMPTON
Itchen
Electorate: 72,846. 1964: 72,170.
King. Dr. H. M. (The Speaker) 30,463
Hunt, K. D. (Deci. Non-
Party Nat.) .. .. 5,217 niajority .. .. .. 25,246 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,949, C. 18.974, L. 7.007 Lab.
Maj. 9.975.
DR. HORACL KIN6, the first Speaker chosen from the Labour Partv. vas elected to the office in October. 1965. after the death of Sir Harry Hylton-Foster. Chair- man of Ways and Nicans and Dcputy Speaker from November. 1964. Member for Test division. 1950-55. and for Itchen since 1955; contested New Forest and Christchuirch, 1945. Was headmaster of a Southampton secondary school. Born Ma1 ty 1901; educated at Stockton Secondary School and King's College. London Uni- versity; doctor of Philosophy. Alderman of Hampshire CoInty Council. 1955-64. Vicc-chairman, Cultural Committee of the Council of Europe, 1960-61.
DUDLEY
Electorate: 74,964. 1964: 74,562.
**Wigg, G. E. C. (Lab.) .. 32,693
Williams, W. D. (C.) .. 22,671
Lab. majority .. .. 10,022 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30.250 C. 19.9S0. L. 6.829.
ILab. inaj. 10.270.
MR. GEORGE WIGG, Pax master General, 1964-66, with special responsibility for the coordination of home information services, was elected for Dudley in 1945 and was Par- liameniary private secretary to Mr. Shin- well in successive Ministries. Born Novem- ber. 1900: educated at Fairfields Council School and Queen Mary's School. Basing- stoke. Joined the Tank Corps as a regular soldier at the age of 18 and was discharged in 1937. He rejoitned the Army in 1940, servinig with the Royal Army Educationa, Corps.
DULWICH Camberwell
Electorate: 63,891. 1964: Silkin, S. C. (Lab.) ..
Stevens. M. (C.) .. Ridd, NI. (L.) ..
64,568.
.. 24,469 .. 18,173 .. 4.458
Lab. majority .. .. 6,296 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.320, C. 19,469, L. 5.627, Ind.
265. Lab. maj. 2.905.
MIR. SAMUEL SILKIN, elected in 1964, is a barrister. The second son of Lord Silkin. Born Mlarch. 1918; educated at Dulwich College and Trinity Hall. Cambridge: called by Mtiddle Temple. 1941. Mlember of Canmberwell Borough Council for six years to) 1959).
DUMFRIESSHIRE
Electorate: 56,797. 1964: 57,502.
Monro, H. S. P. iC.) . .70.779
Boyd, T. C. (Lab.) .. 16.358 Gair, J. (Scot. Nat.) .. 5,727 Semple, R. (L.) .. 2,679
C. majority .. 4.421 No CHANGE
1964: C. 22,816, Lab. 18,360. ScoL Nat.
5,726. C. maj. 4.456
MlR. HECTOR MIONRO. elected in 1964, is a farmer. Born October, 1922; educated at Canford School, and King's College, Cambridge. Vice-president. Dumfries Unionist Party (chairman for five years). Mlember, Dumfrics County Council since 1952.
DIUNUARTONSHIRE
East
Electorate: 78,453. 1964: 72,528.
*Bence, C. R. (Lab.) .. .. 32,988
Miller, K. B. (C.) .. .. 23.001 .Johnston, W. (Scot. Nat.) .. 5.715 Reid, J. (Comm.) .. .. 1,548
Lab. majority .. .. 9,987 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32.949, C. 25,137, Comnm. 1.771.
Lab. mai. 7.812.
NIR. CYRIL BENCE. elected in 1951. con- tested the Handsworth division of Birming- ham in 1945 and 1950. Toolmaker. Born N ovember. 1902; educated at elementary and secondary schools. Member. Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
iVest
Electorate: 50.522. 1964: 50,608.
*Steele, T. (Lab.) 21,636
Adams, W. (C.) .. .. 13,724 Campbell, R. 0. (Scot. Nat.) 6,042
Lab. majority .. .. 7,912 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21,079, C. 15,448, Scot. Nat.
5.004. Lab. maj. 5.631.
Mit. THONMAS STEELE was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministrv of National Insurance 1946-50. Represented Lanark 1945 to February. 1950; elected for West Dunbartonshire April, 1950. Was a railway station master. Born November. 1905, educated at Bellfield school. Mlem- ber of Chairman's panel of Commons 1964-66.
DUNDEE
East
Electorate: 57.502. 1964: 59.451.
OThomson, G. IM. (Lab.) .. 25.530
Marshall, J. L. R. (C.) .. 19,804
Lab. majority .. .. 5,726 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,062. C.-Nat. L. 21,449. Lab.
ma;. 4.563.
NIR. GEORGe THotofSON. Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, 1964-66; returned at a by-election in 1952. Contested Hillhead division, Glasgow. in 1950. Journalist and lecturer in adult education. Born January, 1921; educated at Grove Academy, Dundee.
West
Electorate: 62,230. 1964: 62,325.
*Doig. P. v. (Lab.1 .. .. 26.705
MeNab, C. A. (C.) .. .. 18.345 Cruddas, J. W. 11.) .. 3.454 Bowman, D. P. (Comil.) .. 1,217
Lab. majority .. .. S.360 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,090. C.L. Nat. 22,473,
Comm. 1.228. Lab. maj. 4.617.
SIR. PETER DoiG was returned at a by- election in November 1963. Contested Aberdeen. South. in 1959. Sales supervisor. Born September, 1911; educated at Black- neNs School. Dundee. Nfeimiber of Dundee Town Council for 10 years. becoming hon. city treasurer.
DUNFERiMLINE
Electorate: 46.472. 1964: 47,288.
llunter. A. (lab.' .. .. 20,709
Kirkwvood. 1. C. (C.-Nat. L.) 9.446 Cook, I. (Scot. Nat.) .. 5,304
Lab. majority .. .. 11,263 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.468, C. & Nat. L 14.033.
Lab. maj. 8.435.
MIR. ADANM HUNTER. elected in 1964. is a miner, and an executive member of the National Union of Mineworkers, Scottish area. Born November, 1908: educated at elmrnentary school. Member of Fife County Council. Secretary of Fife Co-operative Association for 17 years; chairman West Fife constituency party.
DURHAiVM
Electorate: 61,021. 1964: 60,9S4.
*Ci ev. C. F. C. (Lab.) .. .. 32,200
Yorke, R. M. (C.) .. .. 13,383
Lab. majority .. ,. 18,817 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32.818, C. 15,209. Lab. ma;.
17.609.
MR. CHARLLS GRrv. Comptroller of the Household, 1964-66, was elected in 1945. Born Nlarch. 1903, educated at elementary school. Became a miner and worked for 20 years as a hewer. Active trade unionist for many years. Opposition whip 1962.
DURHAM NORTH-WESr
Electorate: 46,789. 1964: 47,812.
*Armstrong, E. (Lab.) .. 25,260
MacAndre%v, C. (C.) .. 9.070 Lab. majority .. .. 16.190
NO CHANGE
1964:- Lab. 26.006, C. 11,280. Lab. maj.
14.726.
MR. ERNI:ST ARtsRONG, elected in 1964.
contested Sunderlanid South in 1955 and 1 959. Parliamentary private secretary to the Sccretary of State for the Colonies, 1965. \Vice-chairman. Labour parliamentary social security committee. Headmaster. Born Janu- ary, 1915; educated at Wolsin'iham Gram- mar School and City of Leeds Teacher rraining College. Member Sunderland Borougih Council and chairman education committee. Member, Public Accounts Committee. 1964-66.
GLASGOW Hilihead
Electorate: 34,388. 1964: 35,580.
PGalbraith, T. G. D. (C.) .. 15,899
Boyle, W. (Lab.) .. .. 9,384
C. majority .. .. 6,515 No CHANGE
1964: C. 16,993, Lab. 9.572. C. maj.
7.42 1.
MR. T. G. D. GALBRAITH. a party spokes- man on transport 1964-65, was joint Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1963-64 Under Secretary of Statc, Scottish Oflice from 1959; resigned in November, 1962. Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1957; Treasurer of the HousIhold, 1955: Comptroller of the Household, 1954. Returned at a by-election in 1 948: contested Paisley, 1945, and East Edinburgh by- election in the same year. B3orin mtarcn. 1917; son and heir of Lord Strathclyde; educated at Wcllington College, Christ Church, Oxford, and Glasgow University. Mlember of The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland. the Royal Company of Archers. Scottish Unionist Nvhip, 1950-57; a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1951-54.
Kelvingroitc
Electorate: 24.299. 1964: 28.407.
AMiller, Dr. M. S. (Lab.) .. 9.311
Dykes, H. (C.) .. .. 6,793
Lab. majority .. .. 2,518 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 10,340, C. 8.791. Lab. maj.
1.549.
DR. MIAURICE MIILLER. elected in 1964. is a medical practitioner. Born August, 1920: cducated at Shawlands Academy, Glasgow and Glasgowv University. Member of Glasgow Corporation since 1950: Bailie, 1954-57.
Maryhill
Electorate: 42.912. 1964: 43,190.
*Hannan, W. (Lab.) .. .. 19,936
Hay, R. S. (C.) .. .. 6.075 Mlacdonald, H. (Scot. Nat.) 3,387
Lab. majority .. .. 13,861 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.796. C. 8,403, Anti-Vv 1,231.
Lab. maj. 12,393.
MIR. WILLIAN HANNAN was clected in 1945. An Opposition whip, 1951-53. Cominissioner of the Treasury 1946-51. Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. George Brown at the Department for Economic Affairs from 1964. Insurance agent. Born August. 1906; educated at Maryhill S.-ho-1 and North Kelvinside Secondary School.
Pollok
Electorate: 51.301. 1964: 52,094.
Garrow, A. (Lab.) .. .. 21,257
Smollett, P. T. (C.) .. .. 19.282
Lab. majority .. .. 1,975 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18,089. C. 17.793. L. 4.670. Lab.
mai. 296.
NR. ALEXANDER GARROW. elected in 1964, is an insurance agent. Born Miarch, 1923; secondary education. Member of Glasgow Town Council. Branch chairman of U.S.D.A.W.; vice-chairman, Municipal Transport Committee, Glasgow.
Provan
Electorate: 59,575. 1964: 60.027.
*Brown. H. D. (Lab.) 2.. .. 8,201
Fraser, D. I. (C.J .. .. 12,986 Jackson, J. (Comm.) .. 988
Lab. majority .. .. 15,215 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29.889. C. 15.524. Lab. maj.
14.365
MIR. HUGH BROWN. clectcd in 1964. was formerly a civil servant. Ministry of Pen- sions and National Insurance. Born May, 1919; educated at Allan Glen's School and WhitchiU secondary school, Glasgow. IMember of Glasgow Corporation since 1954.
Scotstoun
Electorate: 59.478. 1964: 55,819.
*Small, W. W. (Lab.) .. .. 27.320
Douglas, Mrs. C. E. (C.) .. 14.493 Boyd, H. (Comm.) .. 2.395
Lab. majority .. .. 12,827 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27,036. C. 16.856. Lab. maj.
10.180
NIR. WILLIAN SMALL. who was elected in 1 959, is an engineer. Parliamentary private secretary to M\inister of Pover. 1964-66. Born October, 1909: ctcmentarv school
education. Member of Avr Countv Coun- ci, 1945-51. Member of national com- mittee of the Amalgamated Engineering Union. 1955-57: president of West A)rshirc district.
Shettleston
Electorate: 44,873. 1964: 46,358.
*Galpern. Sir M. (Lab.) .. 20.208
Rennie, W. J. (C.) .. .. 6.857 Lindsay, W. (Scot. Nat.) 3.732
Lab. majority .. .. 13,351 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.494. C. 10.598. I.ab mai.
I1 896
SItR MYIR CALPFRN hai: represented the constituenc! sinc. 1959. Lord Provost of Glasgow. 1958-59. Member of Cilasgow Corporation. Houle furnisher. Born 1903; educated at primary schlool and Glas- gow University. Member of the Court of Glasgow University. Advisory Committce on Education in Scotland; and National Committee for Training of Teachers. Gov-
crnor, Royal College of Science; D.L., county of city of Glasgow. 1962.
Springb!rn
Electorate: 35.428. 1964: 37.248.
Buchanan. R. (Lab.l .. .. 15.998
Heatlie, D. H. (C.) .. .. 4,499 M\orton. W. (Scot. Nat.) .. 2,222 McLellan, N. (Comm.) .. 867
Lab. majority .. .. 11,499 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.828. C. 5.632. Scot. Nat.
2.366, Comm. 950 Lab. n;ai. 11.196.
MR. RICHARD BUCHANAN, elected in 1964. is a toolfitter. Born N1ay. 1912: educated at St. Mungo's Academy. Mlember of Glasgow Corporation since 1949. Secre-
tary of the N.U.R. political committee, Glasgow. and president of thc Scottish Library Association.
Woodside
Electoratc: 36.678. 1964: 40,035.
*Catmichael, N. G. (Lab.) 13.540
GIlen. N. M l. (C.) .. .. 11.202 Farlie, R. (Scot. Nat.) .. 1,916 Vallar, R. (Soc. Ply. of G.B.) 122
Lab, majority .. .. 2.338
NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 13.521, C. 11.954, L. 2.443. Scot.
Nat. 1.600. S.P.G.B. 88. Lab. maj. 1.567. MIR. NEIL CARMICHAFL wvon the seat for Labour at a by-election in November, 1962. Engineer. Born October. 1921; educated at Estbank Academy and Royal College of Science and Technology. Glasgow. Past member of Glasgowv Towvn Coupcil. NMem- her. Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. 1964-66.
GLOUCESTER
Electorate: 55.703. 1964: 54.905
*Diamond, J. (Lab.) .. .. 20,951
Balfour, C. J . J. (C.) .. 15,678 Robson, Mrs. I. S. (L.) .. 6.540
Lab. major'ity .. .. 5,273 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.631. C. 15.514. L. 7.581.
Ind. 380. Lab maj. 4.117.
MIR. JOHN DIAMOND, Chief Secretary to the Treasurv. from 1964, was returned at a by-election in September. 1957. Represented the Blackicy division of Manchester from 1945-51. Contested Blackley. 1955. Chartcred accountant. Born April, 1907; educated at Leeds Granmmar School.
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE
South
Electorate: 74,023. 1964: 68,781.
*Corfield, F. V. (C.) .. .. 28,224
Cocks. M. F. L. (Lab.) .. 26,800 Hart, E. C. (L.) .. .. 7,421
C. majority .. .. 1,424 NO CIIANGE
1964: C. 26,504, Lab. 22.790. L 8.611.
C. naij. 3.714.
MR. FREDERICK CORFIELD, party spokes- man on land and natural resources, 1964-65S was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1962-64. Elected in 1955. Member, executive of 1922 Committee, 1965-66. Born June, 1915; edu- cated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Regular soldier, 1935-46; captured at St. Valery in 1940. During captivity he read for the Bar; called by the Middle Temple in 1945; was in the Judge Advocate General's branch until 1946. and afterwards a farmer for 10 years
West
Electorate: 57.443. 1964: 56,407.
*Loughlin, C. W. (Lab.) .. 23,181
Hopkins, S. H. A. F. (C.) 15,476 Harvey, K. G. (L.) .. .. 6,137
Lab. majority .. .. 7,705 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.420, C. 15,300, L. 7,191.
Lab. maj. 7,120.
NIR. CIIARLES LOUGHLIN, Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Health 1965-66. Elected in October, 1959. Born February, 1914; educated at St. Mary's School. Grimsby, and National Council of Labour Colleges. An area organizer for the Union of Shop Distribu- tive and Allied Workers. 1945-65.
GOOLE
Electorate: 56,112. 1964: 54,051.
*Jeger. G. (Lab.) .. .. 26.117
Whitfield, R. M. (C.) .. 13.969 Carr, W. (Comm.) .. 952
Lab. majority .. .. 12,148 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25.256. C. and Nat. L 15,435.
Comm. 1.165. Lab. ma;. 9.821.
MIR. GEORGE JEGER sat for Winchester 1945-50; clected for Goole in 1950. Pre- viously contested South-West Bethnal Green, 1935, and Walsall at by-election, 1938. Company secretary. Born March, 1 903; educated at elementary school, even- ing classes, and London School of Econo- MUCs.
GOSPORT & FAREHAiM
Electoratc: 84,033. 1964: 82,053.
*Bennett, Dr. R. F. B. (C.) .. 32,752
Sturges. J. R. (Lab.) 2. 21,726 Newman, B. V. (L.) .. 8.849
C. majority .. .. 11,026 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,369, Lab. 18.321, L. 11,684.
C. maj. 14.048.
DR. REGINALD BENNE1T was elected in 1950: contested East Woolwich 1945. Par- liamentary. private secretary to Mr. lain Macleod, 1956-63; vice-president parlia- mentary and scientific committee, 1962; chairman, 1959-62. Born July. 1911; edu- cated at Winchester and New College. Oxford. Hon. secretary Anglo-Italian Par- liamentary group 1961; member of the exc- cutive. International Parliamentary Union (British Group) and Franco-British Parlia- mentary relations committee. R.N.V.R.. 1934-46. A helmsman of Shamrock V in 1934-35; in 1949 and 1953 was in the British America's Cup team.
GOWER
Electorate: 49.731. 1964: 49,119.
*Davies, I. (Lab.) .. .. 29,910
Lewis, D. R. 0. (C.) .. 8.852
Lab. majority . .. 21,058 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27.895. C. & Nat. L. 8,822,
Pl. Cymru 2.562. Lab. maj. 19,073.
MIR. IFOR DAVIES. a Lord Commissioner af the 1 rcasury, 1964-66. was an industrial personnel oflicer. Elected in 1959. Born June, 1910: educated at Gowerton School, Swansea Technical College and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member of Glamorgan County Council. 1958-61. Appointed Welsh Labour Whip, 1961 ; secretary, Welsh Parliamentary Labour group, 1960.
GRANTHAM
Electorate: 64.423. 1964: 62,677.
*Godber. J. B .(C.) .. .. 24,748
Large. Mrs. M. (Lab.) .. 22.590 Howie, D. C. (L.) .. .. 4,503
C. majority 2 8.. .. 2,1 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27,634, Lab. 21,770. C. maj.
5.864.
MR. JOSI.PH GODBER, party spokesman on agriculture. August, 1965-66; Minister of Labour, 1963-64; Secretary of State for War. June-Oct., 1963; Minister of State at the Foreign Office from June, 1961. and joint Under Secretary, 1960-61 ; joint Parlia- mnentary Secretary, Ministry of Agricultire, Fisheries and Food, 1957-60; an assist- amt whip, 19 55-57. Elected in 1951. Farmer and nirscr%man. Born Mlarch, 1914: edui- cated at Bcdford School. Milember ol Bed- fordshirc Coounty Council. 1946-52. Former chairman of the county glasshouse section of the National Farmers' Union, and of the publicity and parliamentary committee.
GRAVESEND
Electorate: 74.175. 1964: 71,408.
*Murrav. A. J. (Lab.) .. .. 30,276
White. R. L. (C.) .. .. 25,484 Barnett. J. H. (L.) .. .. 5.092
Lab. majority .. .. 4,792 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,074. C. 25.326. L. 6.015.
Lab. mai. 748.
Mit. ALBERT INIURRAY, who won the seat in 1964. opposed Mr. Harold Macmillan. then Prime Minister, at Bromley in 1959. Printer' assistant. Born January, 1930; elementar% education. Member of the l.C.C. since 1958, and Southwark Borough Council 1953-62. Member of London Labour Party executive since 1961.
GREENOCK
Electorate: 45,164. 1964: 45,549. *1Nlabon. Dr. J. D. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 18.988 Will, 1. M. (L.) .. 7.727 Dundas, R. E. (C.) .. .. 5,835 Dunn, W. (Comm.).. .. 702
Lab. majority .. .. 11,261 NO CIHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,627. L. 9,055. C. 6.473, Ind.
458. Lab. maj. 10.572.
DR. DICKSON MABON, Unider Secretary, Scottish Oflice, 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in December, 1955. Contested Wcst Renfrewshire in 1955 and Bute and North Ayrshire in 1951. Physician and journalist. Born November, 1925: educated at North Kelvinside school, Glasgow, and Glasgow University.
GREENWICH
Electorate: 55.477. 1964: 56.742
*Marsh. R. W (Lab.) .. .. 24,359
Gummer, J. S. (C.) .. .. 13,200
Lab. majority .. .. 11,159 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.814, C. 12.592, L. 5,205.
Lab. m:ij. 10.222.
MR. RICI-IARD MARSH. Parliamentary Sec- retary, Nlinistry of Labour with special responsibility for industrial training, 1964- 66. Elected in 1959. contested Hertford, 1951. Oflicer of National Union of Public Employees. 1951-59. Born March. 1928; elementary school education and at Wool- vich Polytechnic and Ruskin College, Oxford. Promoted the Offices Act, 1960.
GRIMSBY
Electorate: 61.270. 1964: 62.263.
*Crosland, C. A. R. (Lab.).. 26,788
Cormack, P. T. (C.).. .. 18,662
Lab. majority .. 8,126 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,675, C 21.577. Lab. maj.
4.098.
MR. ANTHONY CROSLAND, Secretary of State for Education and Sicnce, 1965-66, having been Economic Secretary to the Treasury from October. 1964. Elected in 1959. Represented South Gloucestershire, 1950-55; defeated in 1955 at Southampton, Test. Economist. university lccturer and writer. Born August, 1918; educated at Highgate School and Trinity College, Oxford (President of the Union. 1946). Chairman Fabian Socety, 1961-62. Council member of Consumers Association 1958-63.
GUILDFORD
Electorate: 60,815. 1964: 60,714.
Howell, D. A. R. (C.) .. 24,116
Thornberry, C. E. H. (Lab.) 15,771 Buchanan, J. R. (L.) .. 7,992
C. majority .. .. 8,345 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,277, Lab. 13,365. L. 10.052.
C. mai. 10,912.
MR. DAVID HONVELL contested Dudley in 1964. Joumalist and economist; direc- tor of Conservative Political Centre since 1964. Born January, 1936; educated at Eton and King's College. Cambridge. Editor of Crossbow 1962-64; chairman, Bow Group, 1961. Served in the Economic Section of the Treasury, 1959-60; with Daily Telegraph, 1960-64.
HACKNEY
Central
Electorate: 58,513. 1964: 61,036.
*Butler, H. W. (Lab.) .. .. 21,466
Morton, H. M. L. (C.) .. 7,440 Gittins, C. V. (L.) ,, 4,762
Lab. majority .. .. 14.026 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,110. C. 11.734. Lab. mai.
11.376
MIR. HERBERT BUTLER was elected in 1955; represented Hackney. South, 1945- 55. Company director. Born January, 1897; elementary school education. Mayor of Hackney. 1936-37; a councillor since 1928; freeman of the borough. Vice-president of the Association of Municipal Corporations. Member of North-East Regional Hospital Board; chairman. Hackney and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Group Management Comrnittee.
HALIFAX
Electorate: 62,754. 1964: 64,455. *Summerskill, Dr. Shirley C. W.
(Lab.) . .. .. 25.391 Turner, G. A. (C.) .. .. 19,689 Carlin, D. A. (L.).. .. 5,423
Lab. majority .. .. 5,702 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23.143, C. 22.085, L. 7,664.
Lab. maj. 1.058.
DR. SHIRLEY SUNiMERSKILL. who won the seat in 1964, contested Blackpool, North in the 1962 by-election. Vice-chairman. Labour health services committee. Miedical practitioner; daughter of Lady Summerskill. Born September, 1931 ; educated at St. Paul's School. Somerville CoUege, Oxford, and St. Thomas's Hospital. Member. execu- tivc committee of Socialist Medical Asso- ciatiQn. and of Medical Practitioners' Union.
HALTEMPRICE
Electorate: 61,232. 1964: 58,501.
*Wall, P. H. B. (C.) . . .. 25,566
Clarke, Mrs. P. (Lab.) .. 13,017 Burnley, S. (L.) .. .. 8,277
C. majority .. .. 12,549 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26,131, Lab. 10,360, L. 9.986. C.
maj. 15,771.
MR. PATRICK WALL was returned at a by- election in February, 1954; contested Cleveland, 1951 and 1952. Born October, 1916; educated at Downside. Commis- sioned in the Royal Mlarines, 1935, retiring in 1950. Joint vicc-ohairman, Conservative parliamentary Commonwealth affairs com- m:ttece, 1964-66, and of defence committee, 1965-66, and chairman of the fisheries sub- committee of the agriculture committee. 1964-66.
HAMlILTON
Electorate: 53,393. 1964: 52,588.
*Fraser, T. (Lab.) .. .. 27,865
Dyer, 1. J. A. (C.) .. .. 11,289
Lab. majority .. .. 16,576 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,964, C. 11.806. Lab. maj.
17.158
MR. THONMAS FRASER, Mlinister of rrans- port, from Octo ber. 1964-December, 1965. Elected for Hamilton in 1943. Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scot- land. 1945-51. Co-opted to Parliamentary committee Februarv, 1956. has retained his membership since. Born February, 1911; educated at Lesmahagow Higher Grade School. Formerly a nminer.
HAMMERSMITH
North
Electorate: 44,397. 1964: 46,719.
*Toniney, F. (Lab.) .. .. 19.522
Neubert, M. J. (C.) .. 8,857
Lab. majority .. .. 10.665 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18,547, C. 10.936. Lab. maj.
7.611.
MR. FPANK TONMNEY was elected for thc former Nonh division of Hammersmith in 1950 and for the revised constituency in 1955. Industrial consultant. Born 1908, educated in Bolton, Lancashire. Has served on the Watford Borough Council and Hen- fordshire County Council.
HAMPSTEAD
Electorate: 67.798. 1964: 67,990.
Whitaker, B. C. G. (Lab.) .. 22,963 *Brooke, H. (C.) .. .. 20.710 Soskin, Mrs. R. R. (L.) .. 5,182 Baldwin, H. G. (Soc. Pty.
of G.B.) . .. .. 211 Lab. majority .. .. 2,253 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 19,888. Lab. 18.053. L 8,019. C
maj. 1.835.
NIR. BENJAMIN WHITAKER is a barrister (Inner Temple, 1959) and author. Born September, 1934; educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. Member, executive committees of ""Justice"" and Society of Labour Lawyers. Vice-chairman, Danilo Dolci Trust. Extra-mural lecturer, London University. 1963-64.
HARBOROUGH
Electorate: 86,198. 1964: 80,122.
*Farr, J. A. (C.) . . .. 32,450
Higgins, W. F. (Lab.) .. 25,453 Galloway, J. (L.) .. . 12,475 C. majority .. .. 6.997 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,905, Lab. 20,389, L. 13.533.
C. maj. 12.516.
MR. JOHN FARR was elected in 1959; con- tested llkeston. 1955. Born September, 1922: educated at Harrow. Company director and member of Lloyd's; farms in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. He has been a member of East Midlands Land Tribunal, and on the council of the Nottinghamshire branch of th- Country Landowners' Association.
KING'S LYNN
Electorate: 53,832. 1964: 53,I86.
page, J. D. (Lab.) .. .. 23,324
Bullard, D. G. (C.) .. 21,305 majority .. .. .. 2,019 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.460, C. 21,356. Lab. maj.
104.
MR. DEREK PAGE, elected in 1964. con- tested Isle of Ely in 1959 and Northwich in 1955. Export agency dirwctor. Botn August. 1927; educated at St. Bede's College. Manchester. Member of Lymm Urban District Council, Cheshire. 1954-57.
KINGSTON UPON HULL
East
Electorate: 71,694. 1964: 73,151.
*Pursey, Cmdr. H. (Lab.) .. 34,457
Heath, Mrs. F. C. M. (C.) 11,385 Turner, N. W. (L.) .. .. 6,795
Lab, majority .. .. 23,072 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30.634, C. 14,284, L. 9,781.
Lab. rnaj. 16,350.
CMDR. HARRY PURSEY has represented the constituency since 1945. Served in Royal Navy 30 years. including 10 years on the lower deck. retiring 1936: first commis- sioned officer promoted from lower deck to beconie an M.P. Journalist and lecturer. Born August, 1891; educated at Sidmouth board school, Royal Hospital School, Greenwich. and RoYal Naval College.
North
Electorate: 61,112. 1964: 61.783.
'McNamara, J. K. (Lab.) .. 26,640
Jessel, T. F. H. (C.).. .. 17,871 Millward, Mrs. L. S. (L.) .. 3,747
Lab. majority .. .. 8,769 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,664, C. 19.483. L. 7,570. Lab.
ma]. 1,181.
NMR. KEVIN MCNAMARA was elected at the constituency by-election in January, 1966: contested Bridlington in 1964. Lecturer in law. Born September. 1934; educated at St. Mary's College, Crosby, and
lull University. Member. Transport and General Workers' Union and Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions. Secretary. National Association of Labour Student Organizations, 1956-57.
.West
Electorate: 58.743. 1964: 61.577.
*Johnson, J. (Lab.) .. .. 26,816
Shaw, J. G. D. (C.).. .. 14,551
Lab. majority .. . 12,265 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 24,855. C. 18.825. Lab. mai
6,030.
MR. JAMES IOHNSON, who was returned in 1964, represented Rugby, 1950-59. Teacher. Born September, 1908; educated at Duke's School, Alnwick, and Leeds Uni- versity. Has served on Coventry City Council, and the Fabian Society exe- cutive. Was overseas officer for National Union of General and Municipal Workers, organizing African trade unions of local government workers and civil servants in Kenya.
KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES Electorate: 57,705. 1964: 58,884.
'Boyd-Carpenter, J. A. (C.).. 22.781
Cook, J. S. (Lab.) .. .. 14,915 Burns, M. F. (L.) .. .. 6,722
C. majority . .. 7,866 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23.973, Lab. 13,611, L. 7.827. C.
mai. 10.362
MR. JOHN BOYD-CARPENTER, Opposition spokesman on housing and land. 1964-66. was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Paymaster General 1962-64. and Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, 1955-62; Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation from 1954; and Finan- cial Secretary to the Treasury from 1951. Chairman, Public Accounts Committce, 1964-66. Director of London County Free- hold and Leasehold Properties Ltd. Barrister. called by the Mliddle Temple, 1934. Elected for Kingston-upon-Thames, luly. 1945. Born June, 1908; educated at Stowe and Balliol College. Oxford; presi- dent of the Union 1930.
KINROSS & WEST PERTHSHIRE
Electorate: 32,412. 1964: 32,927.
*Douglas-Home, Sir A. (C.).. 14.466
Donaldson, A. (Scot. Nat.) 4.884 Parnell, B. K. (Lab.) *- 4,461
C. majority .. .. 9,582 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16.659, Lab. 4,687, Scot. Nat.
3,522, Comm. 127. C. maj. 11,972.
SIR ALEC DOU'GLAS-HoStE, Prime Mini- ster from October 19. 1963, until the 1964 general election. resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on July 22. 1965. and accepted the role of party spokesman on external affairs. He was the last of the Conservative leaders to emerge from * the customary processes of consultation "" which hc replaccd with an election proce- ciure. When he became Prime Minister he was the fourteenith Earl of Home. and was thus the first mcmber of the L.ords to be Primc Minister since the Marquess of SalisuhLry. 1885 to 1902. On October 23, 1963, he signed the instrumenit dis- claliming all his titles under the Peerage Act, 1963. and the opening of the new session was postponed from October 29 tu November 12 of that year to enable him to contest the by-election at Kinross on November 6. He was elected leader of the Conservative Party on November 11. As Lord Home he had been Foreign Secre- tary from July, 1960, and before that had been Lord President of the Cotncil. Leader of the House of Lords from 1957, and Sec- retary of State for Commonwealth Rela- tions. 1955-60. Born July, 1903; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Sat in the Commons, as Lord Dunglass, for South Lanark. 1931-45, and for Lanark, 1950-51, when he succeeded to the earldom. Parliamentary private secretary to Mir. Neville Chamberlain. 1935-40. Joint Under Secretary at Foreign OfFice in the 1945 caretaker Government, Minister of State. Scottish Office. 1951-55.
KIRKCALDY
Electorate: 51.765. 1964: 52,355.
*Gourlay, H. P. H. (Lab.) . 23,273
Gow, N. (C.) .. . 10.539 Lees, Dr. J. C. (Scot. Nat.) 5.223
Lab. majority .. .. 12,734 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 24,263, L. & C. 11,756, Scot.
Nat. 4A23. Lab. mra;. 12.507.
M/IR. HARRY GOURLAY, an assistant Gov- ernment whip. 1964-66. was elected in 1959. Contested South Angus in 1955, Vehicle
examiner. orn July. 1916; educated at Kirkcaldy High School. Member of Esti- mates Committee. 1964. Member Kirkealdy Town Council for 14 years; governor of Dundee College of Education. Member of East Fife Hospitals Board of Management.
KNUTSFORD
Electorate: 65,156. 1964: 62,495. *Bronmley-Davenport, Sir W. H.
(C.) .. .. 26,550 Tordoff, G. J. (L.) .. . - 12,839 Hill, K. J. (Lab.) .. .. 12,174
C. majority .. .. 13,711 NO CHANGE
1961 : C. 26.826, L. 12.499. Lab. 10,882.
C. maj. 14.327.
LlEtTENANT - COLONEL SIR WALTER BROMLEY-DAVENPORT was elected in 1945.
Born Septetmber. 1903: educated at Mal- vern. His family has been linked with the House of Commons sincc the reign of Queen Elizabeth. when one ancestor was Lord Chancellor. Another, William Brom- ley. was Speaker during the reign of Queen Anne. Joined Grenadier Guards. 1922; raised and commanded the 5th Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment and became lieu- tenant-colonel in 1939.
OLDHAM
West
Electorate: 46,584. 1964: 48,933.
*Hale, C. L. (Lab.) .. .. 20,648
Campbell. K. B. (C.) .. 13,076
Lab. majority .. .. 7,572 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.588, C. 15.152. Lab. maj.
6.436.
MIR LESLIE HALE was returned for Old- ham in 1945 and for West Oldham 1950; contested South Nottingham 1929 as a Liberal. Solicitor. Born Julv, 190;, edu- cated at Ashby-de-la-Zouch Grammar School. Member of Leicestershire County Council, 1925-49. In March, 1965 appointed member of comrnittee to inquire into the law and practice relating to the recovery of debts.
ORKNEY & ZETLAND
Ulectoratc: 24,927. 1964: 25,481.
'Grimond. J. (L.) .. .. 9,605
Firth, J. L. (C.) .. .. 3,630 Lynch, H. (Lab.) .. .. 3,021
L. majority .. .. 5,975 NO CHLANGE
1964: L. 11,604, C. 3,704, Lab. 3,232. L.
maj. 7,900.
MR. JOSEPH GRIMOND. leader of the liberal Party since 1956, contested Orkney and Zetland in 1945 and won the seat in 1950. Barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1937. Born July, 1913; educated at Eton and Balliol College. Oxford. Took first class honours in politics, philosophy. and economics. He served with the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, 1939-45. He sub- sequently worked with Unrra and then became secretary to the Scottish National T'rust. Elected Rcctor of Univcrsity of Edinburgb, 1960.
ORMSKIRK
Electorate: 75.464. 1964: 71,050.
*Glover, Sir D. (C.) . . .. 32.763
Quinn, W. J. (Lab.) .. 22,983
C. majority .. .. 9,780 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33,704, Lab. 20,156. C. maj.
13,548.
SIR DOUGLAS GLOVER was elected in 1953: contested Blackburn, 1945, and Stalybridge and Hyde in 1950 and 1951. Born February, 1908; educated at Gigles- wick. Served with the Territorial Army, commanded the 2nd Battalion, Princess Louise's Kensington Regiment, in north- western Europe. and from 1947-50 the 9th Battalion. The Mlanchester Regiment, T.A. Managing director of a firm of clothing manufacturers and director of a finance company. Nlember of national executive of the Conservative Party; chairman of National Union. 1961. Member of execu- tive. 1922 Committee. 1964. NIember, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
ORPINGTON
Electorate: 55,776. 1964: 54,846.
'Lubbock, E. R. (L.) .. .. 22.615
MlcWhirter, N. D. (C.) .. 20.993 Sleigh, D. J. (Lab.) .. .. 4.870
L. majority .. .. 1,622 NO CHANGE
1964: L. 22,637, C. 19.565. L-ab. 4.609
L. maj. 3.072.
vl it. ERIC LuiRBocK. chief Liberal Whip, captured the seat for Liberals at the March. 1962. bv-election-the first by-election win for his party after 1958. Engineer. Born Septenmber. 1928; educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Ontario, and Balliol College, Oxford. MNember of United Nations Association national executive; secretarv, Parliamentary Civil Liberties group. Vice- president, Liberal Party. 1964. Heir to the Avebury Barony.
OSWESTRY
Electorate: 50.102. 1964: 50,006
*Biffen, W. J. (C.) .. .. 17,727
Costley, G. J. (Lab.) .. 13.011 Crowther, T. R. (L.) .. 6.010
C. majority .. .. 4.716 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18,184, Lab. 11.407. L. 8,745.
C. maj. 6.777.
MR. JOHN BIFI:IN, an Opposition spokes- man on technology. was returned at a by- clection in 1961 ; contested Coventry, East, 1959. Economic consultant. Born Nov- ember, 1930; educated at Dr. Mlorgan's Grammar School, Bridgwater, and Jesus College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Bow Group, 1961-62. MIember, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
OXFORD
Electorate: 66.303. 1964: 67.014
Luard, D. E. T. (Lab.) .. 24.412
*Woodhouse, C. M. (C.) .. 21.987 Peterson, A. D. C. (L.) .. 6,152
Lab. majority .. .. 2,425 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 22,212, Lab. 20.783. L 8,797.
C mai. 1.429
MNR. EVAN LUARD contested the seat in 1964. University teacher. Born October. 1 926: cducated at Felsted. and King's Col- lege. Cambridge. Member, Oxford City Council, 1958-61; in the Foreign Service, 1950-56.
PADDINGTON
North
Electorate: 37.240. 1964: 7S,779
Parkin. B. T. (Lab.) ... .. 14.445
M9acdonald, J. E. (C.) .. 7.981 Griffiths, D. B. (L.) ,, 2,287
Lab. majority .. .. 6,464 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14.607, C. 10.639 Lab. mai.
3.968
MIR. BENJANtIN PARKIN was returined at a by-election in December, 1953. Reprcsented Stroud and Thornbury. 1945-50: contested the scat in 1951. Furniture manufacturer. Born April. 1906; edticated at Wv,'cliffe Col- lege. Lincoln College, Oxford, and Stras- bourg University.
South
Electorate: 34.176 1""54: :5.226
Scott, N. P. (C.) . . .. 10.297
Russell, C. J. R. (Lab.) .. 8,854 Savill, D. A. T. (L.) .. 2.170
C. majority .. .. 1,443 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 10.838. Lab. 7.439. L. 2,278 C.
mnai. 3.399
MI R. NICHOLAS SCOTT contested Islington, South-West, in 1964 and 1959. Printing and publishing executive. Born Augttst. 1933; educated at Clapham College. National chairman. Young Conservatives. 1963, member. national executive. since 1961. Mlember, Holborn Borough Coun- cil, 1956-59 and 1962-65
PAISLE'
Electorattc: 61.363. 1964: 62.336
'Robertson, J. (Lab.) .. .. 28,074
Crichton, M. (C.) .. .. 10,871 Shaw, V. M. (L.) .. .. 7,871
Lab. majority .. .. 17,203 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26.318. L. 16.837, C. 6,583. Lab
mai. 9.481.
MIR. JOHN ROBERTSON, who was returned at a by-election in 1961. contested Scotstoun in 1951. Toolmaker. Born February. 1913; educated at Motherwell Central School. Secretary of Mlotherwell Labour Party. Assistant divisional organizer of the A.E.U.. 1954-61 : sccretary. Scottish Iron and Steel Trades Joint Craftsmen s Committec. Miem- ber. Estimates Commiiittee, 1965-66.
PECKHAM (CAMBERWELL) Electorate: 51,526. 194: 53,925
*Corbet, Mrs. F. K. (Lab.) .. 20,630
Lawrence, 1. 1. (C.) 8,023
Lab. majority .. 12,607 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,111. C. 11.226. Lab. maj.
8.785
MIRS. FREDA CORBETr represented North- West Camberwell in 1945 and was returned for Peckham in 1950; contcsted East Lewisham in 1935. Born 1900; educated at Wimbledon County School and University Colege London; a teacher, lecturer, and barrister (Inner Temple. 1932). Member of London County Council 1934-65, and of National Theatre Board.
PEMBROKE
Elcctoratc: 62,110. 1964: 62,196.
*Donnelly, D. L. (Lab.) .. 23,852
Fisher, F. M. (C.) .. .. 17,921 Williams, 0. G. (L.) .. 5,308 Sheppard, J. (Plaid Cymru) 2.460
Lab. majority .. .. 5,931 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,926, C. 15,340, L. 9.679. P1.
Cymru 1.717. Lab. maj. 8.586.
MR. DESMOND DONNELLY was elected in 1950. Contested Evesham (as Common- wealth candidate) in 1945. and co. Down (as Labour) in 1946. Journalist. Born October, 1920; educated at Bembridge School, Isle of Wight. Former director of Town and Country Planning Association.
PENISTONE
Electorate: 63,943. 1964: *Mendelson, J. J. (Lab.)
Askew, B. (C.) I Swinden, R. (L.) ..
63,196.
.. 31,419 .. 11,817 .. 7,191
Lab. majority .. .. 19,602 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,784, C. 13,095, L. 8,372. Lab. -lma;. 16,689.
;KMR. JOIIN MENDELSON was returned for the constituency at the by-election in Junc, 1959. University lecturer in political science. Born 1917: educated at London University and abroad. Former vice-president of the Sheffield Trades and Labour council. Mem- ber, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
PENRITH & THE BORDER Electorate: 50,621. 1964: 50,840.
*Whitelaw, W. S. I. (C.) .. 20,982
Roberts. Mrs. K. (Lab.) .. 12,081 Howe, J. R. (L.) .. .. 6,757
C. majority .. .. 8,901 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21,228, Lab. 10,490, L. 9,279. C.
maj. 10.738.
MR. WILLIAM WHITELAW, Opposition Chief Whip since 1964, was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour. 1962-64. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from Mlarch. 1961. and an assistant whip, 1959-61. Elected in 1955: contested East Dunbarton- shire, 1950 and 1951. Farmer and land- owner. Formerly joint secretary 1922 Com- mittee and Conservative transport commit- tee. Born June, 1918; educated at Win- chester and Trinity College, Cambridge: golf Blue. Regular officer in the Scots Guards. 1939-47.
PERTH & EAST PERTHSHIRE
Electorate: 54.159. 1964: 54,574.
*MacArthur, 1. (C.) .. .. 22,]29
Jennings, J. (Lab.) .. .. 10,911 Shaw, M. B. (Scot. Nat.) .. 6,128
C. majority .. .. 11,218 NO CIIANGE
1964: C. 23,912, Lab. 10,184, Scot. Nat.
7,186. C. maj. 13.728.
MR. IAN MAcARTHUR, a party spokesman on Scottish affairs since October, 1965, and previously an Opposition whip. was a Lord Commissioner, 1963-64; an assistant whip in 1962. Elected in 1959; contested Greenock in 1955 and the by- election in December that year. Born Mlay. 1925; educated at Cheltenham College and Queen's College, Oxford. Was associate director of a firm of market- ing and advertising consultants.
PETERBOROUGH
Electorate: 63.839. 1964: 63,181.
;Nicholls, Sir H. (C.) .. .. 23,944
Ward. Mvl. J. (Lab.) .. .. 23.941 Goldstone, Flt. Lt. B. E. (L.) 4,093
C. majority .. .. 3 NO CHANGE
1964:C. 24.045, Lab. 21,428, L. 6,181. C.
maj. 2,617.
SIR HKARMAR NICHOLLS. elected in 1950, was ParliamentarY Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1955- 57, and to the Nlinistry of Works. 1957-59. Contested Nelson and Colne. 1945. and Preston, South. 1946. Chairman and direc- tor of paint company. Radio Luxembourg (London) Ltd., and other companies and an underwriter at Lloyd's. Born November, 1912; educated at elementary and grammar schools. President of the Wal!paper and Paint Retailers' Association; chairman of the National Broadcasting Development Council.
PETERSFIELD
Electorate: 60.403. 1964: 57,893.
*Quennell, Miss J. (C.).. .. 23,933
Digby. R. M. (L.) .. .. 10,931 Wilson, Lady M. C. (Lab.) 10,874
C. majority .. .. 13,002 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,603, L. 11,338, Lab. 8,477, Ind.
292. C. maj. 12,265.
MIISS JOAN OUENNELL was rettirned at a by-election in November. 1960. Born December. 1923: educated at Bedales School, Pctersfield. Served with the Women's Land Army during the war, subsequently managing a mixed dairy an(d arable farm. Member of West Sussex County Council 1951-61. Former chairman of the Horsham Divisional Con- servative Association and chairman of the Women's Advisory Committee. A governor of Crawley College of Further Education.
PLYMOUTH
Devonport
Electorate: 59,313. 1964: 60.959.
*Vickers, Dame J. H. (C.) . 22,760
Crabb, R. E. (Lab.) . 22,441
C. majority .. ,, 319 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,241, Lab. 20.615. C. maj.
3.626.
DAMIE JOAN VICKERS was elected in 1955 contested South Poplar. 1945. Social wel- fare worker and lecturer. Born 1907; edu- cated at St. Monica's College. Burgh Heath Surrey. and in Paris. Served with British Red Cross in South East Asia. area wel- fare oflicer. Social Welfare Department in Malava. Member of London County Council, 1937-45; U.K. delegate to Status of Women Commission at United Nations, 1962-63; chairman, Anglo-Indonesian Society.
Sutton
Electorate: 73.398. 1964: 73,591.
Owen, Dr. D. A. L. (Lab.) .. 31.567
*Fraser, 1. M. (C.) .. .. 26,345
Lab. majority .. .. 5,222 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 24.722, Lab 24.312, L. 7,383. C.
maj. 410.
DR. DAVID OWEN, neurological registrar at St. Thomas's Hospital, London. con- tested Torrington in 1964. Born July, 1938; educated at Bradfield College, Berkshire, Sidney StIsscx Collegc, Cambridge, and St. Thonias's Hospital. Member, Medical Practitioners' Union.
PONTEFRACT
Electorate: 54,551. 1964: 54,774.
*Harper, J. (Lab.) .. .. 32,328
Wigram, A. F. (C.) .. 8,927
Lab. majority .. .. 23,401 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32,357, C. 10,128. Lab. maj.
22,229.
MR. JOSEPH HARPER, an assistant Gov- ernment whip from 1964, was elected in a by-election in March. 1962. Miner. Born March, 1914; elementary education. Mem- ber of National Union of Mlineworkers and a lodge official for 20 years.
PONTYPOOL
Electorate: 48,040. 1964: 48,024.
*Abse, L. (Lab.) .. .. 27,909
James, P. T. (C.) .. .. 7,418 Jones, W. E. (Comm.) .. 897
Lab. majority .. .. 20,491 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 27.852, C 8,169, Comm. 1,329.
Lab. maj. 19,683.
MR. LEOPOLD ABSE was returned at a by- election in November, 1958; contested Car- diff. North. in 1955. Solicitor. Born April. 1917; educated at Howard Gardens High School. Cardiff. and London SLhool of Economics. Promoted Matrimonial Causes Act. 1963
PONTYPRIDD
Electorate: 55.088. 1964: 53,859.
*Pearson, A. (Lab.) .. .. 30,840
Green-Wanstall, K. (C.).. 10,325
Lab. majority .. .. 20,515 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29,533, C. 11,859. Lab. maj.
17.674.
MIR. ARTHUR PEARSON was rreasurer of the Household 1946-51, and previously Comptroller. He served as a Labour whip 1939-59. Elected for Pontypridd in 1938. Born 1897; educated at elementary and cen- tral schools. For 25 years was chainiworker at Pontypridd. Member of Glamorgan County Council, 1928-45.
POOLE
Electorate: 67.687. 1964: 66,000.
*Murton, H. 0. (C.) .. .. 25,451
Sutton, D. A. (Lab.) .. 19,630 Sherriff, B. S. (L.) ,. .. 8,394
C. majority .. .. 5,821 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,440. Lab. 16,158, L. 12,234. C.
maj. 8.282.
MR. OSCAR MURTON, elected in 1964, a retired merchant, was managing director of departmental stores. Born May, 1914; educated at Uppingham School. T.A. com- mission, 1934; lieutenant-colonel General Staff. 1942-46. Joint secretary. Conserva- tive parliamentary committee for housing and local government. 1964-66.
POPLAR
Electorate: 43.236. 1964: 44,756.
*Mikardo, I. (Lab.) .. .. 21,071
Holloway, R. G. (C.) .. 3,863
Lab. majority .. .. 17,208 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.271, C. 5.813. Lab. maj.
14.458.
MIR. IAN MIKARDo represented Reading, 1945-50. Reading, South, 1950-55, and Reading. 1955-59. Management consultant. Born July, 1908; educated at Portsmouth Southern Secondary School and Portsmouth Mlunicipal College. Mlember, Labour Party national executive. 1950-59, and since 1960. Nlember. National Joint Council for Civil Air Transport. Executive member, Asso- ciation of Supervisory Staffs, Executives and Technicians.
PORTSMOUTH
Langstone
Electorate: 96,166. 1964: 91,587
*Lloyd, I. S. (C.) .. .. 34,446
Molloy, T. A. (Lab.) .. 26.197 Griffiths, D. J. H. (L.) .. 10,540
C. majority .. .. 8,249 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 33,208, Lab. 23,365, L. 12.212.
C. maj. 9.843.
MR. IAN LLOYD, elected in 1964, is a shipping executive. Born May, 1921; edu cated at Mlichael House, Natal, Universitv of the Witwatersrand. and King's College. Cambridge (president of the Union, 1947). Chairman of the U.K. committee. Inter national Cargo-handling Coordination Association. Chairman, political education committee, East Hertfordshire. Joint secre- tary of the shippine and shipbuilding sub- committee of the Conservative parliamen- tary trade and industry committee, 1964-66.
South
Electorate: 52.941, 1964: 53,915.
Pink, R. B. (C.) .. .. 22,713
Smith, P .B. (Lab.) .. . 14,738
C. majority - . 7,975 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.387. Lab. 13.904 C. maj.
10.483.
MR. BONNER PINK is a company director. Born SLptember, 1912; educated at Oundle. Member of Portsmouth City Council since 1948 (Alderman, 1961). Lord Mayor of Portsmouth, 1961-62. Held offices in Portsmouth, South Conservative Association, 1946-65. Member Conserva- tive Party Local Governnient Advisory Committee since 1947; vice-chairman, Wessex Area Conservative Party, 1960-63.
West
Electorate: 47.247. 1964: 49,517.
Judd, F. A. (Lab.) .. .. 18,685
*Clarke, Brig. T. H. (C.) .. 17,458
Lab. majority .. .. 1,227 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 18.762. Lab. 18.265 C. maj.
497
MR. FRANK JUDD, Secretary-General of International Voluntary Service, contested the seat in 1964 and Sutton and Cheam in 1959. Born March, 1935, educated at City of London School. and London School of Economics. NMember, executive committee, National Peace Council: chairman, National Youth Committee. Freedom from Hunger Campaign.
PRESTON
North
Electorate: 50.140. 1964: 52,233.
Atkins, R. H. (Lab.) .. 21,539
*Amery, H. J. (C.) .. .. 19.121
Lab. majority .. .. 2,418 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20.566. Lab. 20.552. C. maj.
MR. RONALD ATKINS contested Lowestoft in 1964. Teacher at college of further edu- cation. Born June, 1916; educated sat Barr
County School and l,ondon University. Member of Braintree Rural District Coun- cil, 1952-61 ; former member. Nlid-Essex education committee of Essex County Council; tutor and lecturer for National Council of Labour Colleges; member, National Union of 'I'eachers since 1949.
South
Electorate: 48.343. 1964: 48,685.
*Mahon. P. (Lab.) .. . 20,720
G reen, A. (C.) .. .. 17,931
Lab. majority .. .. 2,789 NO CHANGE
1964: .ab. 19.352. C. 19,004. Lab. mai.
148.
MR. PETER MAHON, elected in 1964, is a representative. Born May. 1909- educated at St. James School. Bootle. and St. Edward's College. Liverpool. Member of Bootle Town Council since 1933; rniayor 1954. Brother of MIr. Simon Mahon, M.P. for Bootlc.
WALLASEY
Electorate: 68,919. 1964: 70,311
*Marples, A. E. (C.) .. .. 22,901
Truman, R. G. (Lab.) .. 22,312 Evans, D. T. G. (L.) .. 7,207
C. majority .. .. 589 NO CHANCE
1964 : C. 24,784, Lab. 18.663. L 10.432. C
niai. 6,121.
MR. ERNEST M RPLES, party spokesman on technology, 1959-64, was Minister of Transport, t 959-64; k'ostmaster-Gencral, 1f957-59. Parliamentary Secretary Mlinistry of Pensions and National insurance October, 1954, to December. 1955, and pre- viously to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, from 1951. Elected for Wallasey, 1945. Born December. 1907: educated at Stretford Grammar School. Chartered accountant.
WALLSEND
Electorate: 78.666. 1964: 80,863.
Garrett, W. E. (Lab.) .. 39,744
Price, P. C. (C.) .. .. 21,205
Lab. majority .. .. 18,539 NO CHANGR
1964- Lab. 39.841. C 26.096. Lab. mai
13.745
MR. EDWARD GARRETT, an enigineer, was clected in 1964; contested Hexham in 1955 and Doncaster in 1959. Born March. 1920: cducated at elementary schools and London School of Economics. Member of Northumberland County Council since 1954 and member of Prudhoc Urban Council since 1948.
WALSALL
North
Electorate: 64,449. 1964: 63,061.
*Weiis, W. T. (Lab.) .. .. 29,710
Barnes, A. J. L. (C.) .. 15,953
Lab. majority .. .. 13,757 NO CHANGE
1964 : Lab. 27.842, C 17,518. Lab. maj.
10.324.
MR. WILIA.!A WELLS. Q.C.. chainnan, Labour parliamentary legal and judicial committcc. representcd Walsall. 1945-55, when he was returned for Walsall. North. Born August. 1908: educated at Lancing College. and Balliol College. Oxford. Called to the Bar by Middle Temple, 1932. Was a member of the Lord Chgncellor's committee on the practicc and procedure ot the Supreme Court; and of the depart- mental committee on homosexuality and prostitution. Deputy Chairman. Hertford- shire Quarter Sessions. 1961.
South
Electorate: 73.093. 1964: 72216. *d'Avit-dor-Goldsmid, Sir H. J.
(C.) .. .. .. 30,161 Drake, R. G. (Lab.) .. 26,280
C. majority .. .. 3,881 NO CHIANGE
1964: C. 32.602, Lab. 24,532. C. mai.
8,070.
SIR HENRY D'AvIGDOR-GOLDSMIID was elected in 1955. Bullion broker; chairman, Anglo-Israel Bank and of Anglo-Israel Securities, director of other companies. Born June, 1909; educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford. Parliamentary private secretary to Minister of Housing and Local Government. 1955-56. Member of Kent County Council, 1946-54, High Sheriff of Kent. 1953. A vice-chairman of Conservative parliamentary finance com- mittee. Member, Estimates Committee. 1964-66 and of Select-Committee on Nationalized Industries, 1964-66.
WALTHAMSTOW
East
Electorate: 40.981. 1964: 41,504.
Robinson, W. 0. J. (Lab.) .. 15,703
Harvey, J. E. (C.) .. .. 13,896 Ellis. J. P. J. (L.) .. .. 3,229
Lab. majority .. .. 1,807 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 14,140. Lab. 13,745. L. 5.042. C.
maj. 395.
MIR. WILLIAm ROBINSON contested the seat in 1964. Harwioh in 1959 and Windsor in 1955. Solicitor. Born March, 1909; educated at Leyton elementary and secondary schools and London University. Mlember, Leyton Borough Council, 1945- 52. Wanstead and Woodford Borough Council, 1952-65 (mayor. 1962-63). MNem- ber. Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union.
West
Electorate: 33.755. 1964: 35.512.
'Redhead, E. C. (Lab.) .. 14,665
Silvester, F. J. (C.) .. .. 5,940 Bramley, D. W. (L.) .. 3,370
Lab. majority .. .. 8,725 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 14,405. C. 6.780. L. 4.437. Lab
maj. 7.625.
MR. E. C. REDHEAD, Minister of State. Board of Trade. 1964-66, was returned at a by-election in Mlarch, 1956; contested Gillingham, 1951. Formerly general secre- tary, Society of Civil Servants. Born April. 1902: educated at Walthamstow higher elementary school and privately. Member. Walthamstow Borough Council from 1929: mayor, 1949-50, and 1961-62.
WANDSWORTH, CENTRAL Electorate: 56.522. 1964: 58,338.
*Kerr. Dr. D. L. (Lab.) .. 22,159
Cassidy. B. f. D. (C.) .. 16,331 Uziell-Hamilton, M. R. (L.) 3,429
Lab. majority .. .. 5,828 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab 20.581. C. 18,336, L. 4.369.
Lab mai. 2.245.
DR. DAVID KERR won the seat in 1964: contested Streatham in 1959. General prac- titioner. Born March, 1923; educated at Whitg:ft School and Middlesex Hospital; Machoglen Scholar, Royal College of Sur- geons. 1941. Secretary. Socialist Medical Association 1957-63: hon. vice-president since 1963. Represented WandsWorth Cen- tral on L.C.C. 1958-65. FouLnder member of College of General Practitioners.
WANSTEAD AND WO,)FAWORD
Eiectorate: 44,256 1964: 44,612.
'Jenx.n. C. P. F. (C.) .. .. 19,063
de Saxe, D. E. (Lab.) . 8,785 Griffiths, J. C. (L.) . .. 6,150
C. majority .. .. 10,278 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.580. L. 8.901. Lab 6.917. C.
mai 10,679
MR. PATRICK JENKIN, elected in 1964, be- came an Opposition spokesman on the Treasury. economic affairs and trade in
October. 1965. Barrister and company secretary. Born September, 1926: educated at Clifton College and Jesus College, Cam- bridge; called by the Middle Temple, 1952. Member of Hornsey Borough Council, 1960-63. Member of the Bow Group.
WARRINGTON
Electorate: 49.207. 1964: 50.373. 'Wiliarns, W. T. (Lab. &
Co-op.) . . .. .. 21,930 Adshead, W. P. (C.) .. 8,918 Woods, E. J. (L.) . .. 3.070
Lab. r Co-op. majority .. 13,012 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,551 C. 11.297. L 4.119
Lab maj. 9.254.
MR. TiOMAS NW1LIAMS was returned at a by-election in 1961 ; represented Barons Court. 1955-59, and Hammersmith, South, 1949-55. Vice-chairman, Labour Parlia- mentary housing, local government, land, and natural resources committee. Barrister (Lincoln's Inn). Born September, 1915: educated at University College, Cardiff, and St. Catherine's. Oxford. Was a Baptist minister and a chaplain with the R.A.F. President, Students' Union. South WVales University. Parliamentarv private secretary to Atnornev-(iGeneraI 1(6A
WARWICK AND LEAMINGTON
Electorate: 71.022. 1964: 68,803.
*Hobson, Sir J. G. S. (C.) .. 28,918
Hucktield, L. J. (Lab.) .. 20,221 Butcher, A. (L.) .. .. 6,912
C. majority .. 8,697 No CHANGE
1964: C. 29,749. Lab. 18.865, L. 6,676. C
mai 10.884
SIR JOHN HOBSON, Q.C., party spokesman on the law 1964-66; was Attorney-General 1962-64; Solicitor-General, from February, 1962; a vice-chairman of party legal com- mittee, 1964-66. Returned at a by-election in March, 1957. in succession to Sir Anthony Eden. Born April, 1912; educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1938; took silk in 1957; a Bencher, 1962. Chairman of Rutland Quarter Sessions, 1954-62*; Bed- fordshire Quarter Sessions. 1958-62: Recor- der of Northampton, 1958-62. A govcrnor of Harrowv School. Director of debenture and investment corporations.
WATFORD
Electorate: 52,8S8. 1964: 'Tuck, R. H. (Lab.) ..
Clarke, D. W. (C.) ..
53.543.
.. 23.832 .. 19,996
Lab. majority .. .. 3,836 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,224, C. 18,744. L 5.797.
Lab maj. 1,480
MR. RAPIHAEL TUCK won the seat in 1964. Barrister. Born April, 1910: educated St. Paul's School, and London, Cambridge and Harvard Universities; called by Gray's Inn 1951. Was Professor of Law at Saskatche- wan University, Canada; Professor of Poli- tical Science at McGill University, Mont- real, Canada, and Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
WEDNESBURY
Elcctorate: 61,481. 1964: 61,395. *Stonehouse, J. T. (Lab. &
Co-op.) .. .. .. 26,041 Harmian, D. M. (C.) .. 18,213
Lab. & Co-op. majority.. 7,828 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,473. C. 20,251. Lab. maj.
3.222.
MIR. JOHN SIONEHOUSE. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Aviation, from 1964, was returncd at a by-election in February, 1957; contested Burton in 1951 and Twickenham. 1950. Economist. Born July. 1925; educated at Taunton's Secondary Grammar School, Southampton, and Lon- don School of Economics. Director. London Co-operativc Society. 1956-62 and president. 1962-64.
WELLINGBOROUGIH
Electorate: 54,566. 1964: 53224.
*Howarth. H. (Lab.) .. .. 24.705
Leatham, J. L. (C.).. .. 22,472
Lab. majority . .. 2,233 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19.592. C. 19.545. L 7.227. Lab.
mai. 47
MR. HARRY HOWARTH won the seat in 1964. Railway clerk. Born August, 1916; educated at elemenmary schools in Shaw, Lancashire. Member of Wermbley Borough Council 1953-56. and 1957-60. Executive member, Transport Salaried Staffs' Associa- tion, 1954-60.
WELLS
Electorate: 58,609. 1964: 58,121. 'Maydon, Lt.-Cmdr. S. L. C.
(C.) .. .. . 20,528 Cousins, J. G. (Lab.) . . 16,9S9 Fry, H. L. (L.) .. . 10.224
C. majority .. .. 3.539 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.6',, Lab. 15.080, L i2.132.
C m ai 5.583
LiEur.-CMDR. LVNCH 'MAYDON was Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. 1962-64. Electcd 1951; contested South Bristol in 1950. Former chairman of Conservative mem- bers' defence committee. Born in Natal. South Africa. 1913: educated at Twyford School and the Royal Naval College, Dart- mouth; served in submarines throughouit the 1939-45 war; retired from Royal Navy in 1949.
WEM BLEY
North
Electorate: 44,944. 1964: 46.037.
*Bullus. Sir E. E. (C.) .. .. 17.497
Childerhouse, K. W. (Lab.) 13.290 Cowen. P. M. R. (L.) . 5,587
C. majority .. .. 4.207 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 18.325. Lab. 11.960 L, 6.805,
C mai. 6.365
SYR ERIC BULLUS won the division in 1950. Journalist. Born November. 1906; educated at Leeds Modern Sohool and Leeds University. Elected to Leeds City Council at age 23, a member for 10 years; member Htarrowv Urban Council, 1947-50. Dioccan reader since 1929; Member of House of Laity, Church Assem- bly, since 1960.
South
Electorate: 42.843. 1964: 43,899.
'Russell, Sir R S. (C.) . 15.377
Elliott, M. N. (Lab.) . 14,194 Conyers, D. (L.) .. 4.386
C. majority .. 1,183 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16,512. Lab. 12.199. L 5.713.
C mai 4.313
SIR RONALD RtuSSEL.L won the seat in 1950: contested Shettleston in 1935 and Coatbridge in 1945. Author and journalist. Editor, British Commonwealth Year Book. Born Mlay, 1904; educated at Haileybury and Gonville and Caius College. Cam- bridge. Piloted through the Commons the Pet Animals Act, 1951, and the Opticians Act, 1958. Hon. treasurer of 1922 Com- mittee since 1961. Menmber Chairman 's panel of Commons. 1964-66. Chairman, British Commonwealth Producers' Organi- zation. 1960-63. and since 1964. Chairman of the economic. trade and aid sub- committee of the Conservative parliament- ary Commonwealth affairs committee 1965-66.
WEST BROMWICH
Electorate: 63.489. 1964: 64,289.
'Foley, NI. A. (Lab.) .. 25,287
Hawkins, G. (C.) .. 18.413
Lab, majority .. 6,874 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22.942. C. 18.664. Lab maj.
4.278
MR. MIAURICE FOLEY. Under-Secretary, Home Offic., 1966. and for Economic ATairs, 1')64-1966, was in Mlarch, 1965, aiven special responsibility for coordinating Government action on immigration. Re- turned at a by-election in Julv, 1963. Form- crly an electrical engineer. Born October. 1925; cducated at St. Mlary's College. Middlesbrough. Served on Merton and Morden Urban Council.
WESTBURY
Electorate: 58.341. 1964: *Walters, D. M. (C.) -
Hopkins, P. W. (Lab.) Fowler, 1. M. (L.) ..
55,847.
.. 20.989
1. 18,192 .. 8,962
C. majority 2. .. 2,797 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.950. Lab. 15,049, L. 11.232.
C. maj. 4.901.
MR. DENNIS WALTERS was elected in 1964: contested Blyth in 1959 and the 1960 by-election. Company director with interests in advertising, public relations, and travel. Born November. 1928. edu- cated at Downside School and St. Catha- rine's College. Cambridge. Served on Con- sirsativc PartY conmmittee on the futtire of broadcasting policy. Founder member of the Bow Group.
HORNSEY
Electorate: 65.740. 1964: Rossi, H. A. L. (C.) ..
Yeo, C. S. (Lab.) .. Meyer, P. W. (L.) .. Morris, M. (Comm.)
68,691.
.. 21.116 .. 20.501
.. 5.026 .. 1.184
C. majority .. .. ;15 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22.590, Lab. IS.528, L 6,015.
Comm. 1.258. C. maj. 4.062.
MR. HUGH Rossi is a solicitor. in Partnership in his West End practice Sncc 1956. Born June, 1927; educated at Fiiich- ley Catholic Grammiiar School and Kil's Collese, London Universitv. Nlembcr. Hornsey Borough Council. 1956-65 (deputy mayor, 1964-65). Middlesex County Ccuii. cil, 1961-65. and Council of London Borough of Haringey since 1964.
HORSHAM
Electorate: 88,872. 1964: 85,816.
*Hordern, P. M. (C.) . . .. 32.139
Bowver, J. M. (Lab.) .. 26.09S Burne, 0. G. N. (L.) .. 11.930
C. majority .. .. 6,041 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32,318, Lab. 22,450, L. 12,570.
Ind. 865. C. maj. 9.868.
MR. PETER HORDERN, elected in 1964. is a stockbroker. Born April, 1929; edu- cated at Geelong Grammar School, Aus- tralia, and Christ Church, Oxford. Joint hon. secretary, Conserative parliamentary finance committee, 1965-66.
HOUGHTON-LESPRING
Electorate: 56,001. 1964: 55,897.
*Urwin, T. W. (Lab.) .. .. 32,067
Craig-Cooper, F. H. M. (C.) 9.304
Lab. majority .. .. 22,763 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32,914, C. 11,076. Lab. viaj.
21,838.
MIR. THoNSAS URWIN. elected in 1964. i a trade union organizer. Born June. 1912; educated at elementary school. M;ember of Houghton Urban District Council since 1949.
HOVE
Electorate: 69,807. 1964: 69,143.
*Maddan. W. F. M. (C.) . 2. 28799
Williams, T. (Lab.) .. 12.909 Moxon. 0. C. (L.) .. .. 8.037 Cossmann, M. (Ind.) . 5. 74
C. majority .. .. 15.S90 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 32.923, Lab. 15.214. C. raj.
17,709.
1965 By-election: C. 25.339. Lab. 8,3S7.
L. 6,867. Ind. 121. C. maj. 16.952.
MIR. MARTIN MIADDAN was elected at a by-election in July, 1965. He represented Hitchin, 1955-64. Contested Battcr.ea. North, 1950. Company chairman. Born October, 19'0: educated at Fettes and Brasenose College, Oxford.
BO)WDEN
Electorate: 48,768. 1964: *Bryan, P. E. 0. (C.) ..
McNamara, G. (Lab.) MacCallum, J. J. (L.)
47,973.
.. 17.701 . . 9.421 .. 7,885
C. majority .. .. 8,280 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.367, L. 9.067, Lab. 7.974. C.
maj. 10,300.
MiIR. PAUL BRYAN. electcd in 15'
became party spokesman on broadcasting. communication, and the Post Office in October, 1965. Formerly on the board of Granada Television. Vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organization, 1901-65;
assistant Whip, 1956; a Lord Comt*s- sioner of the Treasury. 1958-61. Contested Sowerby in 1949, 1950, and 1951. Borii August, 1913: educated at St. Johsn's School Leatherhead, and Gonvillc and Caius College, Cambridgc.
HUDDERSFIELD
East
Electorate: 50.509. 1964: 51.193.
*Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Lab.) .. 21.960
Fergusson, J. A. (C.) .. 11.081 Lee, G. M. (L.) .. . 6,303
Lab. majority .. .. 10,879 NO CIIANGE
1964: Lab. 20.501, C. 12.232. L. 7.494.
Lab. maj. 8.269.
MIR. J. P. W. MI.ALLALru. Ministcr of Defence for the Royal Navy. 1966. and Under Secretary 1964-66, was clected for Huddlersfield in 1945. and was returned for the nev constituency in 1950. Jout-na- lEst and author. Born June, 1908: edu- cated at Cheltenham College. Trinity C(l- lcge, Oxford. and Chicago University. Served in Royal Navy, 1942-45.
West
Electorate: 49.813. 1964: 50.748.
*Lomas, K. (Lab.) .. .. 17.990
Fox. J. M. (C.) .. . 13.514 Hargreaves, R. H. (L.) .. 9,470
L.ab. majority .. .. 4.476 NtO CHANGE
1964: I ab. 14.808. 1.. 13.528. C. 13.054.
I ab. ni. 1.2S(
MiR. Ki[NNITUI 1.01UAS. CICZted in 1964, contested Nlacclesfield in 1955 and BWaLk- Wool. South, in 1951. Assistan: rcgional organizer of the National Blood TrjN'fu- sion Service. Born November. 1922: edu- eated at Ashton under Lyne counci and modern schools.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE
Electorate: 53.745. 1964. 50.4S3.
*Renton, Sir D. L. M. (C.-Nat.) 20, 1)4
Lawn, NI. (Lab.) .. .. 15.276
Sprecklev, D. R. A. (L.) .. 5.X00
C.-Nat. majority .. 5.228 NO CHANGE
1964: C. & Nat. L. 20.320. Iab. 12.456.
L. 6,992. C. & Nat. L. maj. 7.864.
SiR DAVID REN-roN. Q.C.. was Nlinktcr of State, Home Officc L1 %6-62:. Under- Secretary, Home Office, 1958-61 : and Par- liamentary Secretary. Mfinistry of Pov -r. 1955-58. Elected for F-luntingdonshire in 1945. Callcd to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn. 1933: elected a Bencher in November. 1962. Born Auaust. 1908: educated at Oundle School and Universit Collcge. Oxford. Recorder of Rochester since December. 1963; deputy chairman, Essex Quai tcr Sessions, since 1964.
IIUYTON
Electorate: 88.28S. 1964: 86.12Q
Wilson. J. H. (Lab.) . . .. 41.122
Hobday. Dr. T. L. (C.) 20.182 Sutch. D. E. (Nat. Ind.
Teenage Pty.) . 585 Lab. majority 20.940 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 42.213. C. 22.940. C.D.R.C.U.
899 Lab. ma;. 19.273.
MR. HAROLD WILSON. the Primi e Mlini- ster, was elected leader of the L:aboUr P. rty in February. 1963. after the death of lr. Hugh Gaitskell. Unsuccessfully contested the leadership in 1960. Was principad Opposition spokesman on foreign af urs from November. 1961. and previously on Treasury subiects. Electecl to the national executive of the party in 1952: chairman. 1961-62. A member of the Parliamentarv
Committee since 1954. From 1945 to 195;0) represented Ormskirk: elected for Hu ton in 1950. Born March, 1916: cducatel at council and grammar schools and at Jccu% College. Oxford. Economic assistant to the War Cabinet Secre:ariat 1940-41 : director of economics and statistics, linistrv ot
Fuel and Power. 1943-44. Parliamenoarv Secretary, Ministry of W orks. 1945; S r'- tary for Overseas Trade. Nlarce. 1)4 ve
President of the Board of Trade. Septem- ber. 1947; resigned in 1951 over Labour's budgetry policy.
NEWARK
Electorate: 59,584. 1964: 57,906.
Bishop, E. S. (Lab.) .. .. 27,402
Jenkin-Jones, P. (C.) .. 20,913
Lab. majority .. .. 6,489 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,171, C. 21,975. Lab. maj.
4.196.
MR. EDWARD Bisiiop was elected in 1964. Contested Bristol, West, 1950. Exeter, 1951, and Gloucestershire, South. 1955. Acronautical design draughtsman. Born October. 1920; edu- cated at South Bristol Central School. Mer- chant Venturers' Technical College and Bristol Univeriitv. Momber, Estimates Comminttec. 1 96,-CR
NEWBURY
Electorate: 72,318. 1964: 69,338.
*Astor. J. (C.) .. .. .. 25.908
Spiller, R. L. (Lab.) .. 21,762 Davies, S. C. (L.) .. 9.571
C. majority .. 4,146 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24.936, Lab. 18.943. L. 11.124.
C. maj. 5.993. ;
M1R. JOHN ASTOR is a director of a ship- yard company. Born September. 1923; educated at Summcrfields School, Hast- ings, and Eton. Member of Berkshire County Council sincc 1953; alderman, 1960.
NEWCASTLE.UNDER.LYME Electorate: 63,872. 1964: 63,934.
*Swingler, S. T. (Lab.) .. 31,548
Fenner, Mrs. P. E. (C.) .. 19,497
Lab. majority .. .. 12,051 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30,470, C. 22,073. Lab. maj.
8.397.
MR. STEPHEN SWINGLER. Parliamcntary Secretary, Mlinistry of Transport, 1964-66, was elected in 1951. MJ.P. for Stafford, 1945- 50, when he was defeated in the reconsti- tuted Stafford and Stonc division. Was a teacher in adult and secondary education. Born Mfarch. 1915: educated at Stowe School and New College, Oxford.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
Central
Electorate: 38,209. 1964: 41,913.
*Short. E. W. (Lab.) .. .. 19,291
Walker-Smith, J. J. (C.) . 5,474 Welch, T. G. (Comm.) 404
Lab. majority .. .. 13,817 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.547, C. 7.896. Comm. 532.
Lab. mai. 12.651.
MIR. EDWARD SHORr. Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurv. 1964-66, was eclected in 1951. Opposition dcputy chief whip, 1962-64. Was headmastcr of a secondary modern school. Born Decem- ber. 1912. Educated at Bede College, Durham.
East
Electorate: 46,563. 1964: 48,886.
*Rhodes, G. W. (Lab. & Co-op.) 22.408
Hubble, T. T. (C.) .. .. 15,082
Lab. & Co-op. majority . . 7,326 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21,200. C. 19,556. Lab. maj.
1.644.
MIR. GEOFFREY RHODES. who won the seat in 1964. contested Barkston Ash in 1955 and Battersea, South. in 1959. Parlia- mientary private secretary, Minister of Housing and Local Government, 1965-66; vice-chairman, Labour parliamentary edu- cation committee. Born November, 1928; educated at Cockburn High School, Leeds, and Leeds University; president, Univer- sity Union, 1954. Miember Leeds City Council, 1953-58. Head of department of business studies at a college of technology.
North
Electorate: 40.900. 1964: 42,331.
*Elliott, R. W. (C.) .. .. 15i243
Griffin, F. R. (Lab.) .. 12,550 Share, A. (L.) .. .. 2,902
C. majority .. .. 2,693 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 19.502. Lab. 12.515. C. maj.
6.987.
MR. R. W. ELLiOrr. an Opposition whip, 1964-66. was an assistant Government whip in 1963-64. Elected at a by-election in March, 1957: contested Morpeth in 1955, and the 1954 by-election. Farmer. Born December. 1920; educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, NMorpeth. President of Northern Area Young Conservatives Coun- cil, 1953.
West
Electoratc: 63,628. 1964: 63,943.
Brown, R. C. (Lab.) .. .. 30.219
Orde, D. A. (C.) .. .. 18,002
Lab. majority . - .. 12,217 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29.603. C. 21,149. Lab. maj.
8.454.
MIR. ROBERT BROWN is a district gas inspector with Northern Gas Board. Born MIay. 1921; educated at elementary and junior technical schools. Branch secretary, National Union of General and Municipal Workers since 1955; secretary, constitu- ency Labour party for 16 years, member, Newcastle Borough Council.
NEW FOREST
Electorate: 71.884. 1964: 68.966. Crosthwaite-Evre, Sir 0. E.
(C.) .. .. 27.292 Jones. M. H. (Lab.) .. 14.260 Locock. G. N. D. (L.) .. 11,757
C. majority .. .. 13,032 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 27.884, Lab. 12,924. L. 11.497.
C. maj. 14.960
SIR OLIVER CROSMIIWAITE-EYRE repre- sented the old New Forest and Christchurch division. 1945-50, and was elected for New Forest in 1950. Chairman of a printing company and of a publishing company. Born October. 1913; educated at Downside and Trinity College. Cambridge. One of his ancestors sat in Parliament in the reign of Elizabeth 1. Joint secretary of Conserva- tive parlnamentary power committee. 1964- 66. member, Public Accounts Committee, 1964-66.
NEWPORT
Electorate: 68,131. 1964: 70,387.
Hughes, R. J. (Lab.) .. .. 32,098
Temple-Morris, P. (C.) .. 21,599
Lab. majority .. .. 10,499 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 31.962. C. 23,649. Lab. maj.
8.313.
MIR. Roy HUGHES is an administrative oflicer. Born June, 1925: educated at Pont- llanfraith County Grammar School. ,Mon- mouthshiire. and Ruskin College, Oxford. Member. Coventry City Council sinec 1962: secretary. Coventry Labour party, 1962-66.
NEWTON
Electorate: 75,328. 1964: 71,734.
*Lee. F. (Lab.) .. .. .. 36.901
Craig, P. H. (C.) .. .. 21.845
Lab. majority .. .. 15,056 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32,932, C. 17.980. L. 7,919. Lab
maj. 14.952.
MIR. FREDERICK LEE, 'Minister of Power. 1964-66. In Novemb_r. 1960, he unsuccess- fully contested the deputy leadership of the Labour Party. Born August, 1906; elementary school education and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Engineer's turner. Was a member of the national committee of the Amalgamated Engineering Union. Represented Hulme division of Manchester. 1945-50. and Newton since 1950. Parliamentary Secre- tary), Mlinistry of Labour, 1950-51.
NORFOLK
Central
Electorate: 64,492. 1964: Gilmour, I. H. J. L. (C.)
Davies, B. (Lab.) ..
61,254.
.. 27,935 .. 23.529
C. majority .. .. 4,406 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,486, Lab. 18,481, L. 6.961. C.
maj. 6.005.
MIR. IAN GILNIOUR was rcturned at a by-clection in November. 1962. Journalist and barrister. he is proprictor of The Spectator Ltd. and was its editor from 1954 to 1959. Born July, 1926; educated al Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Called to the Bar. Inner Temple. 1952. Served with Grenadier Guards. 1944-47. Candidate in Hounslow, West, by-election, 1962.
North
Electorate: 49.108. 1964: *Hazell, B. (Lab.)
Howell, R. F. (C.) ..
48,488.
.. 20,796 .. 20,059
Lab. majority . .. 737 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,360, C. 19,307. Lab. maj.
53.
MIR. BERT HAzrLL. clected in 1964. con- tested Barkston Ash in 1945 and 1950. An official of the National Union of Agricul- tural WVorkcrs. Born April, 1907; elementary education. Executivc comn- mittee member, Yorkshire Regional Council of Labour Party; chairman, 1945 and 1955. Chairman of the East and West Ridings RegionaI Board for Industry.
South
Electorate: 46,558. 1964: 44,774.
*Hill, J. E. B. (C.) .. .. 16.968
Bennett, G. B. L. (Lab.) .. 16,849 Crouch, R. L. (L.) .. .. 4,079
C. majority .. .. 119 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17,178, Lab. 15,012, L. 4.819.
C. maj. 2,166.
MR. JOHN HILL. a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1960-64, became an Opposi- tion spokesman on education and science in October, 1965. An assistant whip Jan- uary, 1959. A farmi,r. Born November, 1912: educated at Charterhouse and lCler- ton College, Oxford: football Blue. Called to the Bar. Inner Temple. 1938. Member of the East Suffolk and Norfolk River Board. Returned at a by-election in January, 1955.
South-West
Electorate: 41,651. 1964: *Hawkins, P. L. (C.) ..
Insley, N. J. (Lab.)
41,192.
. . 17,880 .. 17,105
majority .. .. .. 775 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 16,728, Lab. 16,605, Ind. 427.
C. maj. 123.
MR. PAUL HAWKINS. elected in 1964. is a livcstock auctioneer and chartered surveyor Born August, 1912: educated at Chelten- ham College. Member of Norfolk County Council; chairman of constituency Conser- vative association
NORMANTON Electorate: 51.807. 1964: *Roberts, A. (Lab.) ..
Wauchope, J. E. R. (C.)
50,655.
.. 29,416 .. 9,084
Lab. miajority .. .. 20,332 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28,477, C 10,785. lab. maj.
17,692.
MR. ALBERT ROBERTS was elected in 1951. Mlines inspector to the Yorkshire Safety Board. 1941-51. Born May. 1908; cducated at elementary schools and Whit- wood Technical College. Member of Roth- well Urban District Council., 1937-51
chairman, 1948. Vicc-chairman, Inter- national Parliamentary Union (British Branch).
NORTHAMPTON
Electorate: 72.781. 1964: 73,129
*Paget, R. T. (Lab.) .. .. 3i,541
Wright, Cdr. 0. C. (C.) .. 24,052
Lab. majority .. .. 7.489 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 28.568, C. 24.128. L. 5.557.
Lab. mal. 4.440.
MR. REGINALD PAGET. Q.C.. won North- ampton in 1945 ; contested the constituency. 1935. Joint chairman, Labour parliamentary, Homc Office affairs committee. and vice- chairman, defence and Services committee. Party spokesman on the Army. 1961-64. Called to Bar by Gray's Inn and Inner Temple. 1934: took silk, 1947. Born September. 1908: educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge.
NORTHANTS, SOUTH
Electorate: 57.626. 1964: 55,080.
*Jones, A. (C.) . . .. .. 25.023
Ridge, G. T. (Lab.) .. 22,332 C. majority .. .. 2,691 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 24,823, Lab. 20,916. C. maj.
3,907.
MR. ARTHUR JONES was returned at a by- election in November, 1962; contested Well- ingborough in 1955. Estate agent, companv director. farming in north Bedfordshire. Born October. 1915: educated at Bedford Modern School. Elected to Bedford Borough Council. 1949. Nla\or. 1957-58 and 1958-59. MIeniber of county council since 1956. Vice-president. Astociation of Municipal Corporations. Chairman of the Conservative Party national advisor) com- mittce on local government.
NORTH WICH Electorate: 44,412. 1964: *Foster, Sir J. G. (C.) ..
Jones. S. B. (Lab.) .. Taylor, D. T. (L.) ..
44,003.
.. 16,483 .. 15.780 .. 4,310
C. majority .. .. 703 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 17.277, Lab. 12.892, L. 6,331.
C. maj. 4.385.
SIR JOHN FosrER, Q.C., knighted in Janu- ary, 1964. was Under-Secretary. Common- wealth Relations, 1951-54. Elected in 1945. Born 1904: educated at Eton, and New College, Oxford; Fellow of All Souls, 1924. Called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1927; took silk. 1950. Director of investment. property and other companies. Recorder of Dudley, 1936; Recorder of Oxford, 1938-64.
NORWICH
North
Electorate: 38.580. 1964: 39,886.
*Wallace G. D. (Lab.) 1. 8.777
Turner, A. E. (C.) 9.851
Lab. majority .. .. 8,926 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.111. C. 11.620. Lab. mai.
6.491.
MIR. GEORGE WALLACE, eIcted 1964. represented Chislehurst 1945-50; con- tested the seat in 1951 and 1954 and Nor- wich. South. in 1959. A Government whip, 1947-50. Office manager. Born April, 1906; secondary education.
South
Electorate: 42,045. 1964: 42,744.
*Norwvood, C. B. B. (Lab.) .. 19,163
Gurney, A. R. (C.) .. .. 15,808
Lab. majority .. .. 3.355 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab 17.973. C. 17.362. Lab. ma;.
611
SIR. CHRISTOPHE R NoRwOOD. vho won the seat in 1964, contested Sutton Cold- field in 1955 and Bromsgrove in 1959. Industrial economist. Born December. 1932; educated at Whitgift School. and Gonville and Caius College, Canibridge.
NORWOOD (LAMBETH)
Electorate: 54,592. 1964: 57.090.
Fraser, J. D. (Lab.) .. .. 19.103
Wilson, W. D. (C.) .. 16,830 Gr'een, AM. A. (L.).. 3,256
Lab. majority .. .. 2,273 LABOUR GAIN
1904: L.17,624, Lab. 17.173. L. 3,929. C.
mai 451
MR. JOHN FRASLR contcstcd thC constitu- ency in 1964. Solicitor. Born June. 1934: cducated at Sloan Granmiar School and Law Society College of Law. NIcMmbcr. Lambeth IRorougn Council. 1962-65. and Council of London Borough of L.tmbeth since 1964. Founder member Co-operative (Housing) Development Society: membcr. National Union of General and Municipal Workers.
NOTTINGHAIM
Central
Electoratc: 53.542. 1964: 55.988.
*Dunnett J. J. (Lab.) . . .. 21,348
Mitton, A. E. J. (C.) .. 14,922
Lab. majority .. .. 6,426 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21 040 C. 18.912. Lab. mat.
2.128.
MR. JACK DtNNI.Tr who w%on the scat in 1964, is a solicitor. Born June. 1922; educated at Whitgift Middle School. Crov- don, and Downing College, Cambridge. Member of Middlesex County Council, 1958-61 member of Enliield Boroui;g Council. 1958-63 (alderman 1961). Elected to Grcater lIondon Council. 1964. Ch3ir- man. Brentford Football Club. Parlia- mentary Private Secretary to Deputy Sc re- tary of State for Defence and Mlinistcr of Defence for the Army. 1964.
North
Electorate: 67.321. 1964: 66.477.
*Whitlock, W. C. (Lab.) .. 30.260
Tillett. J. N. L. (C.) .. 18.509 Peck, J. H. (Comm.) .. 1.070
Lab. majority .. .. 11.751 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 29.535. C. 20.578. Comni. I, t79.
Lab mai 8.957
MR. WILLIAM WVHITLOCK, Vicc-Cianmber- lain of the Household. 1964-66. was eiected im 1959. OpPosition mhip, 1962-64. Appointed area organizer of the Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workl;rs, 1946. Born June. 1918: educated at 1tc'icii Grammar School. Southamptoi. aind Southamilpton University. Former president of Leicester Labour Party: president of the East Mlidlands regional council.
South
Electorate: 64.597. 1964: 65.663.
Perry, G. H. (Lab.) -. .. 24.80 *Clark, W. G. (C.) . - .. 24.2(64
Lab. majority .. .. 316 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 23.594. Lab. 21,046. L. 6.690
C. maj. 2.548.
MR. GiORGF PURRY contested Har- borough in 1964. Engincering filter. Bri ishi Railways. Born August, 1920: cducatet' at elementary school. Derbv Technical C ol- lege. National Council of Labour Colt : and T.U.C. Trraining Collgcg. .Icnlhilr. Derby 'own Council since 1955: chairi-an, South Derbyshire Water Board sinlce 1961. and secretary, Derby Trades Council since 1961. MNember, National Union of Rail- waymen.
West
Electoratc: 52,561. 1964: 53,542.
*English. M. (Lab.) .. 23.S59
Penfold, D. J. (C.).. . 1. 7.311
Lab. majority . - .. 6.548 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 23,055. C. 20.763. Lab. riaj.
2.292.
MIR. MICHALL ENGLISH wI1o won the cat in 1964 contested Shipley in 1959. Vice- chairman. Labour Parliamentarv puhliC works and accommodation commit!.c. Assistant departmental manaser. Born December, 1930: educated at Kiing Geor_ge V Grammar School. Southport, and Liver- pool University. Member Rochdale Borough Council sincc 1953 and chairnman. financc committee.
NUNEATON
Electorate: 63.826. 1964: 61.627.
""Cousins. F. (Lab.) . . .. 27.452'
Marland. D. S. (C.) .. J.6049 Meredith. A. (L.) 7.. .. 7;56
Lab. majority .. .. I .-U3 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 26,059, C. 14.357. L. 8.953.
Lab. maj. 11.702.
1965 by-election: tab. 18.325, C. 13.084.
L.. 6.047 ILab mai. 5.241.
NR. FRANK COUSINS, general secrctiry of the Transport and Gjeneral Nl orkcr,' Union from 1956. was given lezave of absencc wvhen hc was appointed Ministcr of Technology in October, 1964. Retained cle scat for Labour at by-election in 1iim- uary, 1965. Born Scptemnt'r. . 1i)t4; educated at King Edward School. Dons..c- ter. Organizer, road transport section of T.G.W.U., 1938: national ofricer. 1944. arnd national secretary. 1948. Assistait general secretary of thc union, 1955-56. NlMemLvr T.U.C. General Council, 1956-64: presi- dent. executive council. International Trans- port Workers Federation. 1958-60 and 19'2- 64; governor. National Institute of Ecojio- mic and Social Researchi. 1958: mcisiter. Council for Sc:cntific and Industrial Rte- search. 1960-64: became memiber of N.E.D.C.. 1962.
OC 3MORE
Elcetoratc: 60.003. 1964: 58,84S.
*Padley. W. E. (Lab.) .. 33.'f45
Thomas. R. M4. (C.) .. 6.872 Gibbs. Mrs. J. T. (L.) .. 6.632
Lab. majority 2.. .. 6,673 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 34.178. C. 10,250, PI. Cymru
2.470. Lab. maj. 23.928.
MIR. WALTER PADLFN', .Minister of Statu for Foreign Affairs, 1964-66. becamc chair- man of Labour Party in October. 1965. being vice-chairman. 1964-65. Elected ;n 1950; contested Aeton at a by-election in 1943 as an I.L.P. candidate. Born Julh. 1916; educated at Chipping Norton Grani- mar School and Ruskiii College, Oxford. winning a T.U.C. scholarship. President of the Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workers, 1948-64. NMember of national cxecutive of Labour Party since 1956.
OLDBURY & HALESOWEN Electorate: 69,780. 1964: 69,109.
*Horner, J. (Lab.) .. .. 28.490
Lugg, P. H (C.) .. .. 25.020
Lab. niajority .. ,, 3,470 NO, CHANCE
1964: Lab 2'.099. C. 21,182. L 11.210.
Iab - .i 917
MIR. JOHN HORNER. elected in 1964. is general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union. Born Novembcr. 1911: cduca:cd at elementary school and Sir George M4onoux Grammar School. MIember. Select Committee on Nationalized Indus- tries, 1964-66.
OLDHA M
East
Electorate: 50.167. 1964: 51,698.
*Nlapp, C. (Lab.) ** . . I8.4.
Beard, P. M. (C.) .. .. 12.796 Mlann, D. E. (L.) .. .. 5.262
Lab. majority 5.. .. ,635 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 18.112. C. 14.181. L. 7.574.
Lab. maj. 3.931.
MR. CHARLES MIAPP was elected in 1959. contested the constituency in 1955. Stret- ford in 1951. and Norwich in 1950. Rail-
wvay goods agent. Born in 1903: educated at elementary and grammar schools. A former member of Sale Urban District Council.
LEWISHAM
Nornh
Electorate: 49,532. 1964: 50,624.
Moyle, R. D. (Lab.) .. 20,352 *Chataway, C. J. (C.).. .. 17,989
Lab. majority .. .. 2,363 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 17.144. Lab. 16.801. L. 3.798. C.
maj. 343.
MR. ROLAND MOYLE is an industrial rela- tions officer. Born March, 1928; educatcd at elementary schools in Bexleyheath. the County School, Lianidloes, Montgomery- shlire, University College of Wales, Aber- ystwyth. Trinity Hall. Cambridge (chair- man. University Labour Club, 1953). and Gray's Inn. Councillor, London Borough of Greenwich, since 1964; president, Greenwich Labour Party, 1964.
South
Electorate: 49,501. 1964: *Johnsou, C. A. (Lab.)
Dixon, G. L. (C.) . Bennett, F. M. (L.)
: 51,175.
.. 21,165 .. 11,247 . . 4,779
Lab. majority .. .. 9,918 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20,078, C. 12.486, L. 5,706. Lab.
maj. 7,592.
MR. CAROL JOHNSON was elected in 1959. Secretary, Parliamentary Labour Party. 1943-59. Chairman, Labour parliamentary Public works and accommodation com- mittee. Vice-chairman, Commons Foct- paths and Opcn Spaces Society; member. Standing Joint Committee on National Parks, and of Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs. Solicitor. Born 1903; educated at council schools, Law Society's School of Law, and London School of Economics.
West
Electorate: 52.858. 1964: 54,227.
Dickens, J. M. Y. (Lab.) .. 21,018 *McNair-Wilson, P. M. E. D.
(C.) .. .. 18,984 Lab. majority .. .. 2,034 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 18,167, Lab. 17,281, L. 5,123. C.
mai. 886.
MR. JAMES DICKENS contested Chelsea in 1964. Management consultant. Born April, 1931; educated at elementary and senior secondary schools in Glasgow. New- battle Abbey College, Dalkeith, and at Ruskin College and St. Catherine's College, Oxford. Member, Westminster City Coun- cil, 1962-65. Member A.S.S.E.T. Secre- tary. Cities of London and Wcstminster Labour Party, 1964-65.
LEYTON
Electorate - 6wt 717 7 o""A . tO a
Walker, P. C. G. (Lab.) *Buxton, R. C. (C.) . Mackay, A. H. (L.) Hanley, W. (I.L.P.)
: OO6Y.9.
.. 26,803 .. 18,157 .. 3,851 ,. . 441
Lab. majority .. .. 8,646 LABOUR GAIN
1964: Lab. 23,640, C. 15,714. L. 7,598. Lab
maj. 7,926.
1965 By-election: C. 16,544, Lab. 16,339,
L. 5,382, U.K. and Dominion 157. Disarmt. 156. C. maj. 205
MIR. PATRICK GORDON WALKER, M.P. for Smethwick from 1945, was defeated in October, 1964. Appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in October, 1964: resigned after being defeated at the Leyton by-election January, 1965. Secretary of State for Comnnonwealth Relations 1950-51; previously Under-Secretary 1947-50; parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Herbert Morrison, 1946. Journalist. Chairman, Book Development Council. Born April, 1907; educated at Wellington College and Christ Church, Oxford.
LICHFIELD & TAMWORTH Electorate: 65,728. 1964: 57,679.
*Snow, J. W. (Lab.) .. .. 27,971
Webb, B. A. (C.) .. .. 23,837
Lab. majority . .. 4,134 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 22,644. C. 18,828, L. 5,206.
Lab. maj. 3,816.
MR. JULIAN SNow represented Ports- mouth Central, 1945-50. when he was re- turned for Lichfield and Tamworth. Com- pany director. He was Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, 1945-46. and a Lord Conrnissioner of the Treasury, 1946-50. Chairman, British-Japanese Parliamentary group. Born February, 1910; educated at Haileybury and the Sorbonne.
LINCOLN
Electorate: 50,165. 1964: 51,420.
*Taverne. D. (Lab.) .. . 23,006
Alexander, R. T. (C.) . 16,469
Lab. majority ,. .. 6,537 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab, 19,737, C. 15.015. L. 6,519. Lab.
maj. 4.722.
MR. DICK TAVERNE, Q.C., was returned at a by-election in March, 1962. Contested Putney 1959. Barrister, called by Middle Temple. 1954. Born October. 1928; edu- cated at Charterhouse School and Balliol College. Oxford. Chairman. Oxford Uni- versity Labour Club. 1949; W.E.A. lecturer in international affairs, 1955-58: chairman, Fabian Society Commonwealth- sub-com- mittec. Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Defence. 1964.
LIVERPOOL
r;tJ_ L3: 2
Edge Hill
Electorate: 47,704. 1964: *Irvine. A. J. (Lab.) ..
Howard, M. (C.) ..
: 49.657..
.. 18,203 .. 10,662
Lab. majority .. .. 7,541 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 19,221. C. 13,335. Lab. maj.
5.886.
MR. A. J. IRVINE, Q.C., won Edge Hill in the 1947 by-election. Contested Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire in 1935 and 1939 as Liberal, and Twickenham 1945 and South Aberdeen 1946 as l.abour. Born July. 1909: educated at Edinburgh Academy, Edinburgh University, and Oriel College, Oxford; President of the Union, 1932. Secretary to Lord Chief Justice. 1935-40. Called by the Middle Temple, 1935, took silk, 1958; also a member of Inner Temple. Chairman. Select Commnittee on Procedure. 1964-65. Recorder of Colchester since Feb- ruary, 1965.
Exchange
Electorate: 40.319. 1964: 44,542.
*Braddock, Mrs. E. M. (Lab.). . 15,089
Groombridge, B. V. (C.) .. 5,372
Lab. majority .. .. 9,717 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 16.985. C. 7.239. Lab. mai.
9.746.
MIRS. ELIZABETH BRADDOCK won the divi- sion in 1945. Born September. 1899; ele- mentary education. Member of the Liver- pool City Council, 1930-61 ; alderman. 1955- 56. Member of the Union of Shop. Dis- tributive and Allied Workers for 47 years. Member of the party national executive committee.
Garston
Electorate: 66,667. 1964: 66,464.
Fortescue. T. V. N. (C.) .. 24.716
Waldron, W. H. (Lab.) .. 20,746
C. majority .. .. 3,970 NO CHANGE
1964- C. 24,100. Lab. 17,626. L 6.708. C.
mai. 6.474.
NIR. TREVOR (Tim) FORTESCUE is manager of the Nestl6 Company in London. Born August. 1916: educated at Uppingham School and King's College, Cambridge. Food and Agriculture Organizer of the United Nations at Washington and Rome, 1947-49. and 1951-54: Chief Marketing Officer, Milk Marketing Board. 1954-59. Has been a magistrate in Hongkong and Kenya.
LIVERPOOL
Kirkdale
Electorate: 49.429. 1964: 52.426.
*Dunn, J. A. (Lab.) .. .. 19,233
Pannell, N. A. (C.).. .. 13,219
Lab. majority .. .. 6.014 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 20.128. C. 16.120. Lab. liai.
4.008.
SIR. JAMES DUNN. elected in 1964. i, anl engineer. Born January, 1926; educated at St Teresa's School, Liverpool, and London School of Economics. Member. Liver- pool City Council: deputy-chairman mar- kets comrnittee. Secretary, Liverpool Co- operative Party. Chairman of Youth Club and Youth Welfare Committce. Member. Estimates Committee, 1964-66.
Scotland
Electorate: 38,176. 1964: 43.830.
*Alldritt, W. H. (Lab.) .. 14.244
Morris, R. H. (C.) .. .. 4.730 Cassi{, T. E. (Comm.) .. 779
Lab. majority .. .. 9.514 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17.984, C. 7.393. Comrn. 725.
Lab. maj 10.591
MR. WALTER ALLDRIrr was returned at the by-election in June. 1964. Member of Liverpool County Council. Born July, 1918; elementary education and W.E.A. trade union studies. Official of the National Union of General and Mlunicipal Workers. Member of executive committee Liverpool Trades Council and LabDur Party. Member of Merseyside Hospital Council and Kirkdale Youth Association.
Toxteth
Electorate: 44,261. 1964: 46.451.
*Crawshaw. R. (Lab.) .. .. 16,488
Keefe, B. M. (C.) .. .. 12,643
Lab. majority .. 3.845 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 17,080, C. 14.296. Lab. mai.
2.784.
MR. RICHARD CRAWSHAW, elected in 1964, defeated Mr. Reginald Bevins, Con- servative Postmaster-General. Barrister. Born September, 1917: educated at Pendle- ton Grammar School, Taterford School. and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Called by the Inner Tethple. 1948. Member of Liverpool City Council since 1957, and chairman of youth and community services committee.
Walton
Electorate: 51.373. 1964: 52,892.
*Heffer, E. S. (Lab.) .. .. 20.950
Thompson, Sir K. P. (C.).. 15,617
Lab. majority .. .. 5.333 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21,452. C. 18.546. Lab. mai
2.906
MR. ERIC HEFFER, elected in 1964. is a carpenter and joiner. Born Januar. 1922 educated at elementary schools. Ciiairman. Huyton branch of A.S.W. Vice-president. Liverpool Trades Coujic,.i and Labour Party, President, 1959-60: memb.r of Liverpool City Council since 1960- execu- tive member. Lancashire and Cheshire region comnittee of the Labour Party.
Wavertrec
Electorate: 55,631. 1964: 56,44)0.
*Tilney, J. D. R. T. (C.) 19,179
Ashcroft, R. (Lab.).. 13.529 Carr, C. E. (L.) .. .. 6.771
C. majority ,. ., 5.650 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20,598. Lab. 12.338. L 8.719. C.
maj. 8.260
AIR. JOHN TILNEY, elected in 1950. was joint Under Secretary. Commonwealth Relations Office, 1962-63 and bcanme joint Under Secretary for Commonwealth Rela- tions and the Colonies, October, 1963. Chairman, British group Inter-Parliamen- tary Union. 1959-62: chairman of thc West Africa subcommittee of thc Con- servative Party Commonwealth Affairs Committee, 1965-66. Born December. 1907: educated at Eton and Mlagdalen College, Oxford; member of Li erpool Stock Exchange, 1932. Company director.
West Derby
Electorate: 51.948. 1964: 52,650.
'Ogden, E. (Lab.) .1. - 19.988
Rees, P. W. 1. (C.) .. .. 15.150
Lab. majority .. .. 4.838 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 21.134. C. 17,519. Lab. ma.
3.615
MR. ERIC OGDEN, elected in 1964. is a miner. Born August, 1923: educ ated at Queen Elizabethis Grammar School
Middleton, ILeigh Technical Colleee. anid Wigan and District Mining and TcIthnicl College. Hiis candidacy w%as the first sponi- sored by Lancashire miners outside mining areas.
LLANELLV
Electorate: 61,868. 1964: 62.235.
*Grifliths, J. (Lab.) .. .. 33.674
Peel. J. C. (C.) .. .. 7.143 Davies. P. (Plaid Cvmru) 5.132 H itchon, R. E. (Commi.J .2;11
Lab. majority . .. 26,531 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 32.546. C. 6.300. L. 6.031. P].
Cymru 3.469. Comm. 1.061. Lab mai. 26.246.
MIR. JAMES GRIFFITHS, Secretary Of State for Wales. 1964-66. was deputy leader of ihe Parliamentary Labour Party. 1955-59. Secre- tary of State for the Colonics. 1950-51. after five years as Minister of National Insurancc. Former miner and president South Wales Miners' Federation. 1934-36. Born Septem- ber. 1890: educated at elementary school and National Labour College in l.ondon. Has represented LIanelly from 1936. Mem- ber of Labour Party national executive. 1939-56. and chairman. 1948-49.
CITIES OF
LONDON & WESTMINSTER Electorate: 58.630. 1964: 61.988
*Smith, J. L. E. (C.) .. .. 19.242
Pringle, A. 1. S. (Lab.) .. 12.349 Houston. T. P. M. (L.) . - 3.576
C. majority .. .. 6.893 NO CHANGE
1964: Spkr. 21.588. Lab. 11.309. L. 4.087.
Mai. 10.279
MR. JOHN SMITH was elected at the 1965 by-election caused by the death of the then Speaker, Sir Harry Hylton-Foster. Director of Rolls-Royce. The Financial Time. and other companies. Born April. 1923: educa- ted at Eton and New College. Oxford. Member. executive and general purposes committees of National Trust. Member. In- land Waterways Redevelopnment Committee. 1959-62: metnber Standing Commission on Museums and Galleries for eight years to 1965.
LONDONDERRY
Electoratc: 78.090. 1964: 76,918.
*Chichester-Clark, R. (U.U.) .. 34.729
Gormley, P. (Nationalist) 22.167 Gillespie, N. (Repub.) .. 2.860
U.U. niajoritv .. .. 12.562 NO CHANGE
1964: UU 37.700, Repub. 21,123. UU maj.
16.577.
MR. ROBFRtT CHic-rSTrR-CI ARK. *)PPosi- tion spokesman on public building and works and on Northern Ireland atlairs. 1965-66, was Comptroller of the Rovai Household. 1961-64. A Lord Commissioner of the Trcasurx, 1960. Elected 1955. Born January, 1928; educated at Royal Naval College. Dartmouth. and NIagdallene Col- lege. Cambridge. Journalist from 1949; public relations officer. Glyndebourne opera, 1952-53; assistant to sales manager, Oxford University Press. 1953-55. Vice- chairman of Ulster Unionist M.P.s. 1964466.
-
STROUD
Elcctoratc: 59.379. 1964: *Kershaw, J. A. (C.) ..
Cox, T. M. (Lab.) .. Smith, J. V. (L.) ..
57,906.
.. 21.804 .. 20,259 .. 8.397
C. majority .. ., 1,545 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.WU2, Lab. 18.889, L. 8.747. C.
mai. 2.913.
MR. ANTHONY KE-RSHA%-' was clected in 1955; contested Glotieestcr, 1950 and 1951. Barrister (iiner Temple. 19391. Born Dcc- cmber. 1915; educated at Eton and Balliol Coliege, Oxford. joint hon. secretar5 Conservative parliamentary defence comn- ni.ttee. 1964-66: m:mber of executive 1922 Committee. 1964-66.
SUDBURY AND WOODBRIDGE
Electorate: 66.329. 1964: 63,785.
*Stainton, K. NI. (C.) .. .. 26,689
Madden, M. F. (Lab.) .. 19,680 Wheeler, E. M. (L.) .. 6,839
C. majority .. .. 7,009 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 26.3-/. Lab. 17.778, L. 8,044. C.
maj. 8,592.
MiR. KICIrr STAINTON. a party spokesnman on aviation from Octob-r. 1965, was re- turned at a by-election in December. 1963. Chairman and managing director of a firm of food manufacturers and distributors. Born November. 1921 ; educated at Kendal School and Manchester University. Foun- der membor of the Bow Group. Mem- ber, Estimates Committee. 1964-66.
SUNDERLAND
North
Electorate: 56.197. 1964: 56,856.
*Willey, F. T. (1Lab.) 5.. .. 5.438
Rost, P. L. (C.) 1.. .. 6.423
Lab. majority .. .. 9,015 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab 24.024, C. 18.195. Ind. C. 1,157.
Lab. maj. 5.829.
MR. FREDERICI XVlLLIv. Minister 01 Land and Natural Resources. 1964-66. Born 1910; educated at Johnston School and St. John's College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar. Middle Tcmole, 1936. Elected as a Sunderland member in 1945 and, after redistribution, vas return_d for the North division in 1950. Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food, 1950-51.
Southl
Electorate: 63.554. 1964: *Bagier. G. A. T. (Lab.)
Heselton, P. E. (C.)
66,239.
.. 27,567 .. 20.398
Lab. majority .. .. 7,169 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25.900. C. 24.334. Lab. maj.
1.566.
M1R. GORDON BA,GIUR. who won the scat in 1964. was a signals inspector on British Railways. Born July, 1924; educated at Pendower Secondary Technical School, Newcastle upon Tyne. President of York- shire District Council N.U.R. fronm Febru- ary, 1962. Mlember of Keighliev Borough Council 1956-60; and of Sowerby Bridge Urban Council from Mav. 1962. Mlember Estimates Committee. 1964-66.
SURBITON
Electorate: 44,S94. 1964: 45.846.
*Fisher. N. T. L. (C.) .. .. 19,989
Heather, D. E. (Lab.) .. 14.561
C. majority .. .. 5,428 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 20.499. Iab. 13.337. C. mai. 7.162.
NMR. NIGEL Ilst*IR. a party spokesman on Commonwealth affairs. 1964-66: ioint Under Secretary for Commonwealth Rela- tions and Colonies in the 1964 reorganiza- tion. Appointed Under Secretary. Colonial Office. in July. 1962. Former chairman of the Conservative members' West Indies committee. Elected for Surbiton, 1955; represented H-itchin. 1950.55: contested Chislehurst in 1945. Born July. 1913; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambrid.e. Company director.
SURREY, EAST
Electorate: 71.417. 1964: 71,818.
""Doughty. C. J. A. (C.) .. 30.900
Laie, NI. R. (L.) .. .. 16.407 Shawv, C. (Lab.) .. .. 9.347
C. majority .. .. 14,493 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 31.827. L. 16.049. Lab. 9.020. C.
mnai. 15.778
N MR. CIIARL!-s Dotuuiv. O.C.. was elected in 1951 : contested Birmingham, Aston, 1950. Recorder of Brighton since 1954. Born September. 1902; educiated at Etoii and Mag-dalen College, Oxford. Called lo the Bar by Inner empile. 1926: took silk 1954.
SUTTON AND CHEANI
Electorate: 57,227 1964: 58.763.
*Sharples, R. C. (C.) .. .. 22.331
Ward, F. J. (Lab.) .. .. 13.235 McGeorge. N. D. Mt. (L.) .. S.134
C. majority .. .. 9.096 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 22,975. Lab. 11.839. L. 8.827 C.
mai. 11.136
MIR. RicnIARD SHARPLIS. a partv spokecs- man on Home Otlice affairs. 1964-66. %%as Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Public Building and Works, 1962-64. Joint Parlia- mnentary Secretary. M1*1inistrv of Pens.ons and National Insurance. from February. 1961. Returned at a b;-election in Novem- ber. 1954. Became an assistant w.hIp in October. 1959. Born Augast, 1916: edu- cated at Eton and R.M.C. Sandhurst.
SUTTON COLDFIELD
Electorate: 75.779. 1964: 73.937.
Lloyd. G. Ci. (C.) .. .. 30.350
Finnigan, D. A. (Lab.) .. 14.257 Wh;ncup, Nt. -. (L.) 13.237
C. majority .. .. 16,093 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 31.772. L. 14.745. Lab. 11.399. C
maj. 17.027.
IMR. GCt:<0uRi.Y LLOYD was Mlinister of Education. 1957-59. Minister of Fuel and Power. 1951-55. He held oflice in the war- time Government as Secretary for Mines, Secretary lor Petroleum. Nlinistcr in charge of the Petroleum Warfare Depart- ment. and Parliamentary Secretary. Miniistry of Fuel and Power. From 1935-39 he was Under-Secretarv at the Home Oflice. and took part in A.R.P. planninig. In the * Caretaker "" Government he was ap- Pointed Minister of Information. in 1945 he was defeated in the L.adywood division, which he had represented since 1931 ; con- tested S.E. Southwark. 1924, and Birming- ham. Ladywood, 1929: returned for King's Norton in 1950. and for Sutton Coldfieid. 1955. From 1946 to 1949 he was governor of the B.B.C. Born 1902: educated at Harrow and Trinity CollcXTC. Cambridge. President Birminghanm Conservative and Unionist Association. Director of invest- ment company.
SWANSEA
East
Electorate: 54.459. 1964: 55,505.
*NMcBride. N. (Lab.) .. .. 30.290
Knowles. T. (C.) .. . 6.241 Rees. C. (Plaid Cymiru) 2.749 Jones. W. (Comm.) .. 902
l.ab. majoritv .. .. 24,049 NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 30.904. C. 7.863. PI Cymru
3.556. Lab. nmai 23.041.
Niti. Ni.m. MlcBtiunu. chairman. Labour parliamentary social securitV committee, %%as elected at a bv-election in Miarch. 1963: contested HiNh Peak. 1955. and Perth and East Perthshire. 1951. Brass-finisher. Born April. 1910: elementary cducation and iltroughi National Cotincil of lIabouLr Col- leges.
WORCESTERSHIRE, SOUTHJ Eleciorite: ()I,918. 1964: 60,030.
Nabarro, Sir Gi. D. N. (C.) .. 24.193
Gulleford. K. A. (Lab.) .. 13.1 1-4 Otter, R. G. (L.) .. .. 9.47ti
C majority .. .. 11.1)84 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 23,740, L. 11.503, Lab. 11,137.
C. maj. 12,237.
SIR GERALD NAHARRO represented Kid- derminster, 1950-64. when h. did not sec.l
re-elect:on because of ill-hcalth; contctviJ West Bromwich, 1945. Director of coim- panies, journalist and broadcaster. Boi i Junc, 1913; educated at elementary scheo
Member, Instizute of Fucl, Lovernor. Nir- mingham University. Chairman, advisom
panel of Midlander Unit Trust; presideill. Consultative Comrnittee for Independeni Education. Mlember, Midlands Cormititlic. of Institutc of Directors. SuccestfnIlB sponsored legislation on clcan air, coroncr' oil burners and thermal insulation.
WVORKINGTON
Electorate: 49,078. 1964: 49.220.
*Peart, T. F. (Lab.) -. ,. 24,981
Turner-Bridgur, M. F. (C.) 14,475
Lab. majority .. ..10, NO CHANGE
1964: Lab. 25,522, C. 15,565, Lab. nia'.
9,957.
MR. FREDERICK PEART. Minister of Agi - culture. Fisheries an;d Food from 1964. was elected in 1945. Appointed a party spokcesman on agriculture in December. 1961: previously on edt - cation and scicnce. Pallrliam.nrtary pr - vate secretary to the NliniB:cr of AgriVn- ture. 1945-51. Born April. 1914; B.Sc. Durham University and ex-president of th1
University Union Society. Schoolmastc-. Served on the Nature Conservancv and on the council of the Royal College of Vetec- inary Surgeons.
WORTHING
Elcetorate: 66,279. 1964: 61,9tl1
*Higgins, T. L. (C.) .. .. 29.9'123
Lester, A. P. (Lab.) .. 10251 Roberts, R. (L.) .. .. 8.9 S Nloloney, E. (Ind. C.) .. 1,044
C. majority .. .. 119.6' NO CHANGE
1964: C. 30.203, L. 11.320. Lab. 7.97 .
C. maj. 18,883.
MR. TERENCE HiGGINs. clected in 1964. is an cLonomist and an Associate of the Institute of Chartered Sliipbrokers. Bomit 1928; educated at Allen's School. Dul- wich, Gonville, and Caius College. Caun bridge (prcsident of the union 1958). atd Yale University. where he was a lcturcr n the Department of Economics. Has bet-u engaged in research for thc Bow Group. From 1948-55 he was a membcr of thC British athletics team 4440 \ards and 4 x440 yards relay). He was in the Olympic Games teams of 1948 and 1952.
WREKIN, THE
Electorate: 57,265 1964: 54,519.
Fowler, G. T. (Lab.) . 3. 2.6'D2
*Yates, W. (C.) . . 22.8.16
Lab. majority 6.. .. 8-1 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 21.765. Lab. 19,078. L. 3,83X.
C. maj. 2.687.
MR. GERALD FoNut:R contested Banburt
in 1964. University lecturer. Born January 1935: educated at Northampton Grarnni.'I
School. Lincoln College. Oxford. a id Frankfurt University. Member. Oxfortd City Council antd of A.S.S.E.T. since 19(0.
W\'REXHAIM
Electorate: 66.441 1964: 66.530.
41Jones, J. 1. (Lab.) . .. .0t(
Pierce. G. 1H. (C. & Niat. L.) ' is McBriar, W. (L. ..) . 6.351 Thomas, 1. R. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. 2,297
Lab. majoritv - .. 17.443 N'O CTIANC(E
1964: Lab. 30.478, C. and Nat. L. 17.240.
Pi Cymru 4.673. Lab. ma;. 13.238.
MNR. .1. IDJWAL JONES ""%as clectedi at the lw-clection in March. 1 955; contested Den- bigh in 1951. Schoo!mastcr and author of textbooks on geography of Wales. Brrn June. 1900; edunatcd at Ruabon Granini:ir School. the Normal Colleg-e Bangor. and I ondon Universitv. Chairman of the WVe'h Parliamentary Party, 1957-58. and is n member of the Court of th li niversitv of Wales. Mlrmbcr of Gorsedd of B.ar.l White Order. National Eisteddfod of WVales.
WVYCONIBE
Flectoralte 79.426 1964: 75:,'v:
*H.,ll I. (C.) . - .. .. 31.577
Hollanl. J. (Lab.) .. . 24.498 Janis. . (L.) .. .. S.C37
C. maioritv .. .. 7.C79 NO CHANGE
1964: C. 30.877. Lab 21.534. L. 9.33D. C.
mai 9341
MIR. JouiN HAiL. a party spokc,man on the Trcatiory. ocnomic aff;irs :,nd tr; de until Octobcr. 1965. was elected at a 'a - c-ection in November. 1952: contes -d Futlham Eaot in 1951. and Grimsbv. 19;0. \Mernb.r of executive 1922 Conmmittee. 1964-66; joint vice-chairman of the Con- ,tr-vative parliae-ntar% finance commite:;. 1965-66. Born September. 1 9!1: cducated privatel. Chartered secretary anid ch: ir- man. vice-chairman or director of b:-c\\ing clothing, advertising. chemiical aid ot'ter companies.
YARMOUTH
Electorate: S4.836. 1964: 54,000)
Gray. H. (Lab.) .. .. 22.""'t *Fell, A. (C.) .. .. 21.-99
ILab. majority .. .. 7 LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 20.310, Lab. 18.3SI. L. 4.6S0. t.
maj. 1.929.
MIR. HUGHt! GRAs contested Cheltenham in 1964 and A\lcsbury in 195(. UniNet- sity teachier. Born May. 1916: educatcd dt Battersea Grammair School, ILond on School of Economi.s and the School of Oriental and African Stttlies. Braich secretary, Association of Univerituv Teachers.
I'EOVIL
Electorate: 62.771. 1964: 61.83S.
*Peyton, J. W. W. (C.) . 22.'64
Elswood. J. A. (Lab.) .. 20.584 Evans, D. E. (L.) .. .. 9.248
C. majority . . . . .0()S NO CHANGE
1964: C. 21.919, ILab. 17,171, L. 12,426. U.
maj. 4,748.
MR. JOHN PEYTON, Opposition spo'vC- man on poxver questionls. from lk)(i4. sW.as Parliamentary Secrctar . Minis:rs of Power. 1962-64. E'ected in 1951 contested Bristol, Ccn:ral. in 10is.
Form:r chairman of Conservatisc members' transport committee. Born February. 1919: editcaed at Fton and
Trinitv College. Oxford. Cilled to thc
Bar (inner Temple. 1945.
V(R h
Electorate: 70,431. 1964: 71.719
Lvon. A. W. (Lab.) . . . 32.167
kLongbottom. C. B. (C.) .. 26.067
Lab. majority .. .. 6.1tt LABOUR GAIN
1964: C. 26.521. Lab. 2A.42S. L. 7.565. C.
tmai 1.093
MIR. ALUXAN'DIR l.)ON contested the constituency in 1964. Barrister (Iiiter
Temple. 19544. Born October. 1431t: caucated at West Leeds High Sc-hool and University College Lontion. Member. Bar Council and Fahian Society: Ntltholtst local preaclher. Secretary. Lcc-s, North- West, Labour Party. 1960-62.";"April 2, 1966";"";56596;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Election Results 1966";""
"";"['News']";"ABI1NGDON
Electorate: 69,102. 1959: 63,844
*Neave, A. M. S. (C) 26,707
Riddell, F. 1. (Lab) 20,334 Perl, Mrs. V. 1. (L) .. 8,627
C majority .. .. 6,373 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,943. Lab. 16.971. L. 6,651.
C. maj. 10,972.
MR. AiREY NEAVE was Under Secretary for Air January-October, 1959, after being Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Trans- port and Civil Aviation from January, 1957. Chairman, Conservative Partiamen- tary space sub-commnittee of the aviation aominttee; vice-chairman science and tech- nology committee. Returned at a by-elec- tion in June, 1953; contested Thurrock in 1950 and Ealing, North, 1951.- Born, Janu- ary, 1916; educated at Eton and Merton CoUege, Oxford. A barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1943.
ACCRINGTON
Electorate: 48,969. 1959: 49,933
*Hynd, H. (Lab) .. .. 20,561
Montagu, V. (C) .. .. 15,143 Maher, T. A. (L) .. .. 5,653
Lab majority .. .. 5,418 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,242. C. 21,642. Lab. mai. 600.
MR. HARRY HYND represented Central Hackney, 1945-50, and was returned for Accrington in 1950. Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. A. V. Alexander when First Lord of the Admiralty, 1945-48. and Minister of Defence, 1948-50. Official of Tmasport Salaried Staff's Association. 1920- 45. Born July, 1900; educated at Perth Academy. A chairman of Commons com- mittees
ACTON
Electorate: 44,557. 1959: 46,835
Floud, B. F. C. (Lab) - 17,022
*Holland, P. W. (C) . 14,423 Martin-Kaye, B. N. (L) .. 3.049
Lab majority .. .. 2,599 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 19,358, Lab. 18.438. C. maj. 920.
MR. BERNARD FLOUD contested Hemel Hempstpadin 1959 and Chelmsford in 1955. A telovision company executive; formerly an assistant secretary, Board of Trade, and a farmer. Born March, 1915: educated at Gresham's School, and Wadham College, Oxford, and studied at Hierlin, Grenoble, and Toronto Universities. Member of Ongar Rural District Council, 1952-55. Member, executive committee Society of Civil Servants. 1944-46.
ALDERSHOT
Electorate: 66,098. 1959: 56,820
Errington, Sir E. (C) .. 25,797
Collard, Mrs. E. K. (Lab) 13,718 Owen, G. E. (L) .. .. 10.066
C majority .. .. 12,079 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,161. Lab. 12,270. L. 5.679. C.
Mai. 12,891.
SIR ERIC ERRINGTON was elected at a by-election in October, 1954. Represented Bootle from 1935-45. Born March, 1900: educated at Mill Hill School, Liverpool College, and Trinity College, Oxford. Called to the Bar 1923 by the Inner Temple. Contested Hanley division of Stoke-on- Trent 1929, Scotland (Liverpool), 1931, Edge Hill (Liverpool), 1950. Chairman of the national executive committee of Con- servative and Unionist Associations, 1952- 57, President, Wessex Area National Union Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1962.
ALTRINCHAM AND SALE Electorate: 65,716. 1959: 64,860
*Erroll, F. J. (C) 24,982
Roebuck. R. D. (Lab) 14,945 Burden, D. F. (L) .. .. 13,429
C majority .. .. 10,037 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.992, Lab. 14,141, L. 9,415. C.
maj. 15.851.
MR. FREDERICK ERROLL was appointed Minister of Power in October. 1963. He entered the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade in October, 1961, after two years as Minister of State in the depart- ment. Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1958-59. He had been Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply April, 1955-November, 1956. and to the Board of Trade until 1958. Elected in 1945. Formerly an engineer and company direc- tor. Born May, 1914; educated at Oundle and Trinity College, Cambridge. Vice- chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, 1948-52.
ARUNDEL AND SHOREHAM Electorate: 84,026. 1959: 75,601
'Kerby, Capt. H. B. (C) 36,943
Thompson, A. A. R. (Lab) 15,624 Bulwer, Lieut.-Col. P. M.
(L) .. . .11.671
C majority .. .. 21,319 NO CHLANGE
1959: C. 37.034, Lab. 12,745, L. 8,081. C.
niai. 24,289.
CA*'rAIN HENRY KERBY was returned at a by-election in March, 1954. Born Decem- ber, 1914; educated at Highgate School and on the Continent. In the Regular Army, 1933-38. Honorary Attachd in the Diplo- matic Service. 1939, Acting Consul at Malmo, Sweden, 1940-41, and specially em- ployed by the War Office, 1941-45. In 1945 he contested Spelthorne as Liberal; joined the Conservative Party and con- tested Swansea West in 1951.
ASHFIELD
Electorate: 61,960. 1959: 61,139
*Warbey, W. N. (Lab) .. 34,841
Wright, T. L. (C) .. .. 12,989
Lab majority .. .. 21,852 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 35,432. C. 14.690. Lab. maj.
20,742.
MR. WILLIAM WARMEY, returned for Ash- field in 1955. represented Broxtowe, 1953-55. Member for Luton, 1945-50; contested Luton, 1951. School teacher, tutor-organizer and editor. Born August, 1903: educated at Grocers' School, Hack- ney, the London School of Economics, and King's College. London University.
ASHFORD
Electorate; 54.879. 1959: 52,097
Deedes, W. P. (C) . . .. 21,026
Thomas, C. A. (Lab) . 11,989 Peck, J. G. W. (L) .. 9,531
C majority . - .. 9,037 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,383, Lab. 14,983. C. maj.
10,400.
M.R WILLIAM DEEDLS entered the Cabinet in July,1962, as Minister without Portfolio, responsible for the coordination of Government informnation services at home. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1951-55; then Under Secretary. Home Office, until January, 1957. Elected in 1950. A journalist Born June, 1913; educated at WelEngton House, Westgate, and Harrow. His family has been established as farmers in the Romney Marsh for 450 years. His grandfather and great-grandfather repre- steifd the division, then known as East
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
Electorate: 58,411. 1959: 60,706
Sheldon, R. E. (Lab).. .. 24,657
Moore, H. D. (C) .. .. 20,550
Lab majority .. .. 4,107 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.991, C. 23.239. Lab. maj.
2,752.
MR. RoBERT SHELDON contested Withing- ton in 1959. A textile exporter. Born SePtember, 1923; educated at elementary and srammar school atd technical college. Member, executive committee, Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Coancil of the Labour Partv.
AYLESBURY
Electorate: 63,262; 1959: 54,089
'Sumnmers, Sir G. S. (C) .. 23,856
Western, G. D. (Lab) .. 16,467 Joyce, Dr. T. (L) .. .. 10,301
C majority .. .. 7,389 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,504, Lab. 13,549. LI 7,897. C.
maj. 8,955.
SIR SPENCFR SUMMERS was elected for Aylesbury in 1950; represented Northamrp- ton, 1940-45. He was Secretary for Over- seas Trade at the end of the Coalition and in the ""caretaker"" Government. A com- pany director. Born October, 1902; edu- cated at Wellington, Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne. Chairman of the management committee of the Outward Bound Trust
BANBURY
Electorate: 70,178. 1959: 64,414
*Marlen, H. N. (C) .. .. 27,281
Fowler, G. T. (Lab) .. 22.159 Ware. F. J. (L) .. . 7,851 Hayward, J. (Farmers' can-
didate) .. .. .. 534
C majority .. 5,122 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,413, Lab. 19,699, L. 6,074. C.
maj. 6,714.
MR. NEIL MARTEN was appointed Par- liamentary Secretary. Ministry of Aviation, in December, 1962. Elected in 1959. Solicitor and economic adviser in shipping. Born December, 1916; educated at Rossall School. Member Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs and of the Conservative Commonwealth Council.
BARKING
Electorate: 50,326. 1959: 51,654
*Driberg, T. E. N. (Lab) .. 23,055
Waterer, G. C. (C) .. 8,296 Donahue, N. H. (L) .. 5,463
Lab majority .. .. 14,759 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23,454. C. 11,454, L. 5,648.
Lab. maj. 12,000.
MR. TOM DRJBERG was elected for Barking in 1959. He represented Maldon from 1942-55. Member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party since 1949 and chairman, 1957-58. Lecturer, broadcaster, and journalist. Born May, 1905; educated at Lancing and Christ Church, Oxford. War correspondent in the Second World War and Korean War.
BARKSTON ASH
Electorate: 58,246. 1959: 54,448
Alison, M. J. H. (C) .. 27,897
Holding, N. (Lab) .. 19,533
C majority .. .. 8,364
NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,200. Lab. 18.647.
7,553.
C. maj.
MR. MICHAEL ALISON is a research worker. Born June, 1926; educated at Eton College, Wadham College, Oxford. and Ridley Hagl, Cambridge. Memrber. Kens- ington Borough Council, 1956-59. Research officer in foreign affairs section of the Conservative Research Department, 1958- 64. Assisted United Kingdom delegations to the Council of Europe, Westem Euro- pean Union, and Nato Parliamentarians' conferences.
BARNET
Electorate: 65,493. 1959: *Maudling, R. (C) ..
Levy, D. H. P. (Lab)
Tinker, Dr. H. R. (L) . Figgis, Rev. P. H. (Ind) .
: 64,739
.. 25,537 *- 17,024 .. 10,179
706
C majority .. .. 8,513 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33,136, Lab. 19.737. C. ma;.
13,399
MR. REGINALD MAUDLING, appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer July, 1962. was, at 45. one of the youngest holders of the office. He had been Colonial Secretary since 1961, after two years as President of the Board of Trade. He was Paymaster General from 1957 to 1959 and took a leading part in the European Free Trade negotiations. Minister of Supply, 1955-57. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation, 1952: Economic Secretary to the Treasury, 1953-55. Elected for Barnet. 1950; contested Heston and Islewortb, 1945. A barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1940. Born March. 1917; educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Merton College. Oxford.
BARNSLEY
Electorate: 69,658. 1959: 69,833
*Mason, R. (Lab) ..
Hall, Miss J. V. (C) Dossett, J. H. (L) ..
37,250 9,417 9,089
Lab majority .. .. 27.833 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 42,565, C. 15,189. Lab. maj.
27.376.
MR. Roy MASON, Labour spokesman on Post Office matters from 1959, was returned at a by-election in March. 1953. Born April. 1924: educated at elementary schools and London School of Econotnics. A miner in 1938-53. Member of tho Yorkshire Miners' Council, 1949-53.
BARROW IN FURNESS Electorate: 51,601. 1959:. 51,904
*Monslow, W. (Lab) .. .. 22,197
Davies, P. (C) .. .. 18,068
Lab majority .. .. 4,129 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.194 C. 19.220. Lab. maj.
3,974.
MR, WALTER MONSLOW was elected for the division in 1945. He was organizing secretary of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, and was an engine driver on the G.W.R. Born 1895: elementary education. He contested Newcastle uoon Tyne Central in 1935.
BASINGSTOKE
Electorate: 68,698. 1959: 60,979
Mitchell, D. B. (C) .. .. 26,466
Tilley, B. (Lab) .. .. 18,490 Goldstone, B. E. (L) .. 8,708
C majority .. .. 7,976 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,314, Lab. 14.070, L. 9.126. C.
mai. 11,244.
MR. DAVID MITCHELL contested St. Pancras, North. in 1959. A wine shipper and director of firm of wine merchants. Born June, 1928; educated at Aldenham Member of St. Pancras Borough Council. 1956-59.
The full results of the general election declared yesterday and on Thursday are published on this and the following nine pages.
Party designationsare abbreviated thus: C.-Conservative; Lab.-Labour; L.-Liberal; Comm.-Communist; Co-op.-Co-operative; Ind.- Independent;Nat.-Nationalist; N.LLab.-NorthemrelandLabourParty; Soc.-Socialist: Repub.-Republican;U.U.-UlsterUrdonist.
BASSETLAW
Electorate: 60,752. 1959: 59,907
*BeRlenger, F. J. (Lab) .. 27,612
Orme, R. W. M. (C) .. 19,167
Lab majority .. .. 8,445 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,875. C. 20.162. Lab. mai.
7,713.
MR. FREDERICK BELLENGER, who has represented the division since 1935, was Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1945- 46, and Secretary of State for War, 1946-47. Surveyor and journalist. Born July, 1894; elementary education.
BATH
Electorate: 56,806. 1959: 57.150
Sir E. Brown IC.) .. .. 20,255
Moorhouse, F. S. (Lab) . 16,464 Pamplin, Dr. B. R. (L) .. 8,795 Young, S. G. (World Govt.
Authority) .. .. 318
C. majority .. .. 3,791 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,084, Lab. 17.515, L 6.214.
C. maj. 6.533.
SIR EDWARD BROWN contested Staly- bridge and Hyde in 1959. A laboratory technician concerned with non-ferrous metals. Born 1913; educated at the Greenoact School and Morley College. Ohairman, National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations in 1959.60. Member of Tottenham Borough Council since 1956.
BATLEY AND MORLEY Electorate: 56,436. 1959: 56,031
*Broughton, Dr. A. D. D. (Lab) 23,362
Marshall, P. J. D. (C) .. 13,477 Lester, I. H. (L) .. .. 7,564
Lab majority .. .. 9,885 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,781. C. 19,115. Lab. maj.
7.666.
DR. ALFRED BROUGHTON WOn the seat at a by-election in 1949, and was reelected in 1950. Opposition whip, 1960. Born. Octo- ber, 1902; educated at Rossall School. Downing College, Cambridge, and the Lon- don Hospital. Member of Batley Borough Council, 1946-49.
BEBINGTON
Electorate: 73,474. 1959: 70,374
Howe, R. E. G. (C).. .. 26,943
Brooks, E. (Lab) .. .. 24,734 Tompkins, M. J. G. (L) .. 7,765
C majority .. .. 2,209 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33,705, Lab. 23,884. C. mai. 9.821.
MR. GEoFFREY HowE contested Aber- avon in 1955 and 1959. A barxister, called by the Middle Temple 1952. Born Decem- ber, 1926; educated at Winchester and Trinity Hall. Cambridge. Chairman Bow Group 1955; managing director Crossbow 1957-60 and editor 1960-62; member of Bar Council, 1957-61 and of Justice since 1963; executive member Inns of Court Conservative and Unionist Association.
BECKENHAM
Electorate: 72,692. 1959: 73,421
'Goodhart, P. C. (C) .. .. 30,070
Macdonald, A. H. (Lab) .. 13,338 Monroe, H. H. (L) ,. 12,821
C majority .. .. 16,732 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 36,528, Lab. 13,395, L. 9,365.
C. maj. 23.133.
MR. PHILIP GOODHART was returned at a by-election in March; 1957; contested Consett in 1950. A journalist. Born Nov- ember, 1.925; educated at Hotchkiss School, U.S.A., and Trinity ColUlege, Cam- bridge. Member education committee, London County Council, 1955-57. Secre- tary of the 1922 Committee, 1960-64, chairman of study group on consumer affairs.
BEDFORD
Electorate: 58,912. 1959: 55,278
*Soames, A. C. J. (C) . . .. 21,404
Parkyn, B. S. (Lab) .. 18 256 Norton, W. E. (L) .. 7,712
C majority .. .. 3,148 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,495. Lab. 16.728, L. 5,966.
C. maj. 6,767.
MR. CHRISTOPHER SOAMES was appointed Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and FcDd in July. 1960. Secre- tary of State for War, 1958-60. He had been Parliamentary Secretary, Admniralty, from January, 1957, and Under Secretary for Air from December, 1955. Parlia- mentary private secretary 1953-55, to his father-in-law, Sir Winston Churchill. when Prime Minister. He won Bedford from Labour in 1950. Born 1920; educated at Eton and Sandhurst. Served in the Cold- stream Guards, 1939-47. Assistant Mili- tary Attachd, British Embassy in Paris, 1946-47.
BEDFORDSHIRE
Mid
Electorate: 58,640. 1959: 53,889
*Hastings, S. (C) .. .. 22,414
Bell, C. T. (Lab) .. .. 17,096 Matthews, W. G. (L) 9.184
C majority .. .. 5,318 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21.301. Lab 16.127, L 8.099.
C. mai. 5,174.
1960 By-election: C. 17,503, Lab. 11.281,
L. 9,550, New Cons. 235. C. ma}. 6222. MRL STEPHEN HASTINGS was elected at a by-election in November, 1960. He worked in the Foreign Office from 1953-55, and from 1955-58 at the Embassy in Paris; with the political office, Middle East Forces in CYirus, 1958-60. Company director. Born May, 1921; educated at Eton and Sandhurst. A Regular officer in the Scots Guards, 1939; aide-de-camp to the Mini- ster of State in the Middle East, 1943: served with Special Air Servi.e Regiment in Africa. 1944-45, and then in the Special Forces. Assistant military attache, Hel- sinki, 1950-53. Vice-chairman Coniserva- tive Pargiamentary foreign affairs com- inittee.
South
Electorate: 83,307. 1959: 65,416
*Cole, N. J. (C) .. .. 33,838
Nisbet, D. J. (Lab) .. 33,499
C majority .. .. 339 NO CHANGE
1959: L. and C. 25,861, Lab. 21.102. L.
7,912. L. and C. maj. 4,759.
MR. NORMAN COLE was elecded in 1951; contested SauthaU 1950. Has been member Select Committee on Estimates and jotnt secretary Conservative transport com- mittee. Bom June, 1909, educated at St John's Collge Southsea. Held a com- mission in the k.N.V.R., 1934-54. Member Pottors Bar Urbau CounwiI 1947-48.
Dr. W. R. Davies, Conservative gain
in Birmingham, Perry Barr.
BELPER
Electorate: 74,891. 1959: 69,336
*Brown, G. A. (Lab) .. .. 30,481
Lowther, J. L. (C) .. .. 24,169 Heathcote, N. (L) ,. 9,807
Lab majority .. 6,312 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31.344. C. 27.007. Lab. maj.
4.337.
MR. GEORGE BROWN was elected Deputy Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in November, 1960. Contested the leader- ship with Mr. Harold Wilson in February, 1963, Minister of Works, 1951; Parliament- ary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, 1947-51. BornySeptember, 1914; Secondary School education, represented Belper since 1945. Labour's defence spokesman for four years until January, 1961, then for Home Offlice affairs until 1963; chairman of the Labour Party organization sub-committee, 1961. Member of Parliamentary committee 1955-58; re-elected, 1959. Chairman of trade union group of Parhamentary party for 10 years.
BERWICK UPON TWEED Electorate: 39,915. 1959: 40,951
*Lambton, Viscount (C.) .. 15,851
Jelley, R. C. (Lab.) .. 8,218 Madison, N. B. (L.) .. 7,681
C. majority .. .. 7,633 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,904, Lab. 11.637. C. mai 8,267.
ViSCOUNT LAMBrON has represented the constituency since 1951; contested Bishop Auckland in 1950 and Chester-le-Street in 1945. Parliamentary private secretary to the Foreign Secretary 1955-57. Land ownet and journalist: heir to the Earl of Durham. Born July, 1922; educated at Harrow.
BEXLEY
Electorate: 64,240. 1959: 64,906
*Heath, E. R. G. (C) .. .. 25,716
Reeves, L. L. (Lab) 2,1,7 McArthur, P. L. (L) 6,161 Paul, J. (Anti-Common
Market League) 1,263 C majority .. .. 4,589 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32,025, Lab. 23,392. C. maj.
8,633.
MR. EDWARD HEATH was appointed to the new office of Secretary of Stato for Industry, Trade. and Regional Development and President of the Board of Trade in October, 1963. He had been Lord Privy Seal in July, 1960, as principal Foreign Office spokesman in the Commons. The leading figure in the negotiations for Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, Minister of Labour October, 1959-July, 1960, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Government Chief Whip 1955-59. Joint Deputy Czief Whip in 1952. and Deputy Chief Whip 1953-55. Elected in 1950. Born July, 1916; educated at Chatham House School, Ramsgate, and Balliol College, Oxford; president of the Union, 1939. Lieut.-Col. commanding 2nd Regt., H.A.C.. T.A., 1947-51; Master Gunner within the Tower of London, 1951- 54.
BILLERICAY
Electorate: 96,762. 1959: 78,328
*Gardner, E. L. (C) .. .. 35,347
Smythe, Mrs. R. A. (Lab &
Co-op) ... . .. 33,755 Sheldon-WiDiams, P. M. T.
(L) * 10,706
C majority . - .. 1,592 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,224, Lab, and Co-op. 24.402.
L. 9,347. C. maj. 4,822.
MR. EDWARD GARDNER, Q.C.. was
elected in 1959. He contested Erith and Crayford in 1955. Appointed Parliament- ary private secretary to the Attorney General in July. 1962; formerly P.P.S. to the Solicitor General. Called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) in 1947. Formerly a journal- ist. Born 1912; educated at Hutton Grammar School.
BILSTON
Electorate: 71,005. 1959: 65,861
*Edwards, R. (Lab and Co-op) 27,986
Oxford, F. J. (C) .. .. 24,686
Lab majority .. 3,300 NO CHANGE
1959: L.ab. 27,068, C 23,523. Lab. maj.
3.545.
MR. RoBERr EDWARDS was elected in 1955; contested Chorley in 1935 and by- elections at Stretford in 1939 and Newport in 1945. He is general secretary of Chemi- cal Workers' Union. Born 1906; council school and technical college education. Served in Spain with the Republicans during the civil war.
BIRKENHEAD
Electorate: 56,594. 1959: 59,960
Dell, E. (Lab) .. .. 23,994
Morland, R. K. (C) .. 18,133
Lab majority .. .. 5,861 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22.990, C. 19.361. L. 4,658.
Lab. maj. 3.629.
MR. EDMUND DELL contested Middleton and Prestwich, 1955. A university lecturer. Born August 1921; educated at Owen's School, London, and Queen's College. Oxford. Simon Research Fellow, Man- chester University, 1963-64. Member, Manchester City Council, 1953-60.
BIRMINGHAM
All Saints
Electorate: 44,594. 1959: 48,611
Walden, A. B. (Lab) .. .. 14,975 *Hollingworth, J. H. (C) 14,505
Lab majority .. .. 470 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 17235.'Lab. 17,215. C. maj. 20.
MR, BRI.N WALDEN fought the by-elec- tion at Oswestry in November, 1961. A university lecturer. Born July, 1932: edu- cated at West Bromwich Grammar School, Queen's College and Nuffield College Oxford (president of the-Union 1957).
BIRMINGHIAM
Aston
Electorate: 54,544. 1959: 57,593
*Silverman, J. (Lab) .. .. 19,512
Beaumont-Dark, A. M. (C) 16,146
Lab majority .. .. 3,366 NO CHANGE
1959:' Lab. 21,518. C. 18,984. Lab. maj.,
2,534.
MR. JULIUS SILVERMAN was elected in 1955; represented Erdington, 1945-55; contested Moseley 1935. A barrister. He was born in 1905, oducated at Leeds Central High School. First employed as a warehouseman, but later read for the Bar and was called by Gra's Inn. 1931.
Edgbaston
Electorate: 50,966. 1959: 55,719
*Pitt, Dame E. (C) .. .. 22,818
Kazantzis, A. J. (Lab) .. 11,059
C majority .. .. 11,759 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26.401. Lab. 11,473. C. maj.,
14,928.
DAME EDITH Ptrr was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance 1955-59, and Ministry of Health 1959-62. Retarned at a by- election in July, 1953; contested Stechford in 1950 and 1951. and Small Heath at the by-election in 1952. Born 1906; educated at elementary school and evening institute, Birrnsugham.
Hall Green
Electorate: 59,984. 1959: 61,066
*Jones, A. (C) .. .. , . 23,879.
Rea, G. S. (Lab) .. 14477 Jessel, Mrs. P. (L) .. 7,113
C majority .. 9,402 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,148, Lab. 15.431, Ind. C. 1.955.
C. mai., 13,717.
MR. AuBREY JONES was Minister of SupPly 1957-59, having been Minister of Fuel and Power from December. 1955. Elected in 1950; contested Souuth-East Essex in 1945 and the Heywood and Rad- cliffe by-election, 1946. Joined the British Iron and Steel Federation in 1949 and was general director. Jwie-December, 1955. Born November, 1911; educated at secondary school, Merthyr Tydfil, and London School of Economics.
Handsworth
Electorate: 53.243. 1959: 55.596
*Boyle, Sir E. C. G. (C) .. 16,841
Wright, Miss S. R. R. (Lab) 11.909 Lawler, W. L. (L) .. .. 6,249 Keatley, S. W. (Ind) .. 459
C majority .. 4,932 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,243, Lab. 13,116, Ind. 1,867.
C. mai. 10,127.
SIR EDWARD BOYLE, appointed Minister of Education in July, 1962, became Minister of State for Education and Science in the new department in April, 1964. He re- tained membership of the Cabinet. He had been Parliamentary Secretary to the Mini- stry from 1957 until becominz Financial Secretary to -the Treasury 1959.62. Was Economic Secretary to the Treasury. April, 1955, resigned in Novemberl 1956, in pro- test against the Governments Suez policy. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply, 1945-1955. Was returned at a by- election in 1950. Contested Perry Barr in 1950. A journalist. Born 1923; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.
Ladywood
Electorate: 29.735. 1959: 39.131
*Yates, V. F. (Lab) .. .. 10,098
John, T. G. (C) .. .. 5,879
Lab majority .. .. 4,219 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 14,717, C. 8,393. Lab. ma].,
6.324.
MR VICOR YATES was clected for Ladywood in 1945. A clerk. Born 1900: elementary school education; won scholar- ships for an industrial training course at Birmingham University and to Ruskin Col- lege, Oxford.
Northfield
Electorate: 80,377. 1959: 74,269
*Chapman, W. D. (Lab) .. 29.301
Adkins, H. B. (C) . . 25,063 Lewthwaite, R. (L) .. 7,682
Lab majority .. 4,238 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29.587, C. 28,647. Lab. maj.
940.
MR, DONALD CHAPMAN was elected for Northfield in 1951. A company director. General secretary of the Fabian Society. 1949-53. Born November, 1923; educated at Barnsley Grammar School and Emman- uel College, Cambridge, and was elected a senior scholar.
Perry Barr
Electorate: 49,454. 1959: 50,306
Davies, Dr. W. R. (C) .. 18,483 *Howefl, C. A. (Lab) -. 18,156
C majority .. .. 327 CONSERVAIlVE GAIN
1959; Lab. 16.811, C. 16.628. L 5,611,
Comm. 424. Lab. maj. 183.
DR. WYND-sAM DAVIES is medicai adviser to the British Safety Council and the British Sub-Aqua Club. A pioneer in introducing the mouth-to-mouth system of artificial respiration in the United Kingdom. Born June, 1926; educated at King Edward's School. Birmingham and the Universities of Birmingham and Londom Chairman of the organizing committee of the World Congress of Underwater Activities. 1962.
Selly Oak
Electorate: 56,798. 1959: 58,017
*Gurden, H. E. (C) 21,443
Garwell, J. (Lab) ..: 16,232
C majority 5.. .. ,211 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,950. Lab. 16.594. C. maj.
8,356.
MR. HARoLD GURDEN was elected in 1959. A technician in the dairyins and food industry. Vice-chairman, Conserva- tive Parliamentary education committee. Born June. 1903; educated at Lyttelton School, Birmingham. and Birmingharn University. A former president of Birning- ham Dairymen's Association and chairman of the Society of Dairy Tecology.
Small Heath
Electorate: 46,268. 1959: 51,004
*Howell, D. (Lab) .. .. 17,010
Prescott, A. J. (C) .. 10,233 Jelf, G. (Comm) .. 926
Lab majority ... .. 6,777 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,213. C. 14,282. Lab. maj.
4,931.
1961 By-olection: Lab. 12,182, C. 5,923. L.
2.476. Lab. mai. 6.259.
MR. DENIs HowELL was returned at a by-election in March, 1961. He represented the All Saints division,1955-59, and con- tested the former King's Norton division in 1951. A public relations oonsultant, Born Septemnber 1923- educated at elomentary school and Hanfsworth Grammar School. Birmingham. Member of Birmingham City Council, 1946-56; of the Albemarle Committee on the youlh servicem
BIRMINGHAM
Sparkbrook
Electorate: 45,877. 1959: 47.731
Hattersley, R. S. G. (Lab) .. 16,287
Seymour, L. G. (C) .. 15.033
Lab majority .. .. 1,254 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 17,751. Lab. 16.865. C. maj. 886
MR. Roy HArrERSLEy, a health service executive, contested Sutton Coldfield in 1959. Born December, 1932: educated at Sheffield City Grammnar School and Hull University. Elected tO Sheffield City Council, 1956, and became chairman of the housing commuittee. Formner chairmnan of National Association of Labour Student Organizations.
Stechford
E:xtorate: 55,541. 1959. 55,674
*Jenkins, R. H. (Lab).. .. 22,421
Knox, D. L. (C) .. ., 17,033
Lab majority .. ., 5,388 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,919. C. 18.996. Lab. maj.
2.923.
MR. Roy JENKINS was elected for Stech- ford in 1950. Introduced the Obscene Pub- lications Bill which became the Act of 1959. Economist, author, journalist. Born November, 1920; educated at Abersychan County School and Balliol College, Oxford; secretary and librarian of the Union. Chairrnan. Oxford University Democratic Socialist Club. Contested Solihull, 1945;
represented Southwark, 1948-50. Parlia- mentary private seoretary to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1949- 50. Chairman of the Fabian Society, 1957- 58. Governor, British Film Institute. 1955-58.
Yardley
Electorate: 58,934. 1959: 59,135
Evans, 1. L. (Lab and Co-op) 22.788
*Cleaver, L. H. (C) .. 22,619
Lab majority .. .. 169 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 23,482, Lab. 22.097. C. maj.
1,385.
MR. IOAN EVANS is secretary of Birming- ham and District Co-operative Party. Born July, 1927; educated at Llanelly Grammar School and Swansea University College. Party agent in Small Heath elections 1955 and 1959. Former member, West Brom- wich education committee.
BISHOP AUCKLAND
Electorate: 47.338. 1959: 48,865
*Boyden, H. J. (Lab) .. .. 22,310
Ropner, J. V. (C) .. .. 13,782
Lab majority . .. 8.528 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,706, C. 13,377, L 4,377. Lab.
maj. 8,329.
MR. JAMES BOYDEN was returned for Bishop Auckland in 1959. He was director of extra-mural studies at Durham University 1947-59. Born October, 1910: educated at Tiffin's School, Kingston-upon- Thames, and King's College, London. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) in 1947. Member of Durham County Council, 1952- 60; chairman of Durham Education Committee 1958-59. Chairman of executive of the National Institute for Adult Educa- tion. 1957-60. Elected to executive of the Fabian Society, 1961.
BLACKBURN
Electorate: 57,034. 1959: 60,362
*Castle, Mrs. B. A. (Lab) .. 26.543
Yerburgh, J. M. A. (C) .. 19,650
Lab majority .. .. 6,893 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,356, C. 24,490. Lab. maj.
2.866.
MRS. BARBARA CASTLE has been a nmcm- ber of the National Executive of the labour Party since 1950 and was chairman 1958-59. One of the two Blackburn vI.P.s from 1945, elected for East Blackburn in 1950, and for the single member division in 1955. A leading advocate of improved accommrnoda- tion for members and a member of the cornmittees on accommodation set up in June, 1960 and February, 1964. A journalist. Born October, 1911: educated at Bradford Girls' Grammar School and St. Hughes CoUege. Oxford. Member of St. Pancras Borough Council 1937-45. Joint deputy chairman. Commonwealth and Colonies Group of Parliamentary party.
BLACKPOOL
North
Eleotorate: 55,729. 1959: 58,421
*Miscampbell, N. A. (C) .. 19.633
Hague. H. (L) .. .. 11,462 McKellar, T. (Lab) .. 10,543
C majority .. .. 8,171 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 255297, Lab. 9,440, L. 8,990. C.
maj. 15.857.
1962 By-election: C. 12,711. L.t-1.738. Lab.
8.776. C. mai. 973.
MR. NORMAN MISCAMPBEt.L was returned at the by-election in March, 1962. Con- tested Newton, Lancashire, in 1959 and 1955. A barrister, Inner Temple, 1952. Born 1925: educated at St. Edward's School, and Trinity College, Oxford. Member of Hoylake Urban District Council 1955-61. Served in 4th Hussars 1943-47.
South
Electorate: 57,343. 1959: 52,927
Blaker, P. A. R. (C) .. .. 23,769
Hall, P. P. (Lab) .. .. 16,986
C' majority .. .. 6,783 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,767, Lab. 13,337. C. maj.
12.430.
MR. PETER BLAKER is a barrister. He served in the Foreign Service, 1953-64: attended the signing of nuclear test ban treaty in Moscow. 1963. Born October. 1922; educated at Shrewsbury School, l'oronto University, and New College. Oxford.
BLAYDON
Electorate: 48,566. 1959: 47,854
*Woof, R. E. (Lab.) .. .. 25,926
Bailey, N. C. (C.) .. .. 12,932
Lab. majority .. .. 12,994 NO CIIANGE
1959: Lab. 25,969. C. 13.719. Iab. maj.
12,250.
MR, ROBERT WOOF WaS returned at a by-election in February, 1956. A miner and trade union official. Born October, 1911; educated at a Durham county school. Member of Durham County Council, 1947-56. An official of National Union of Mineworkers for 15 years.
BLYTH
Electorate: 62,805. 1959: 62,599
*Milte, E. J. (Lab) .. .. 37,336
Davidson, G. P. (C) .. 11.832
Lab majority .. .. 25,504 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 38,616. C. 13.122. Lab. maj.
25.494.
1960 By-election: Lab. 23,438, C 7,366,
Ind. 3,223. Lab. mai. 16,072.
MR. EDWARD MILNE was returned in the 1960 by-election; contested Rutherglen in 1959. A trade union official. Born Octo- ber, 1915: educated at Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. Area ortanizer of the Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workers, 1952-60. Member of working party which drafted Labour Party policy statement Let Scotland Prosper.
BODMIN
Electorate: 44,906. 1959: 45,000
Beskell, P. J. (L) .. .. 18,046
*Marshall, Sir D. (C) .. 14,910 Mitchell, T. F. (Lab) .. 4,172
L majority .. .. 3,136 LIBERAL GAIN
1959: C. 16,853. L. 14.052. Lab. 5.769. C.
mal. 2.801.
MR. PETER BESSELL contested the con- stituency i.n 1959, and Torquay in 1955 at the General Election and by-election. A company director. Born in 1921; educated privately in Bath.
BOLSOVER
Electorate: 49,900. 1959: 50,455
*Neal, H. (Lab) . . .. 31.234
Cormack, P. T. (C) .. 8,131
Lab majority .. .. 23,103 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32,536, C. 9.076. Lab. maj.
23,460.
MR. HAROLD NEU. was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Fuel and Power m 1951. Entered Parliament at a by-election in the Clay Cross division in 1944; elected for Bolsover 1950. Born July, 1897: began work in a coal mine at 13 and studied mining at Nottingbam University. Mlember of the Imperial War Graves Comrnission 1947-51, vice-dbairman of the Anglo-Latin American Parliamentary Group; obairman, of East Midland group of Labour M.P.s.
BOLTON
East
Electorate: 59.227. 1959: 60,580
Howarth, R: L. (Lab) .. 21.937
*Taylor, E. (C) .. .. 18.785 Cooper, A. ,L) .. .. 6,873
Lab majority .. .. 3,152 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 25,885, Lab. 23,1553. C. maj. 2,732. 1960 By-election: C. 15.499, Lab. 14,858,
L. 10,173. New Cons. 493. C. mai. 641. MR. ROBER'r HOWARTH fought the Bolton by-election in 1960. A draughts- man. Born July, 1927; educated at Bolton County Grammrar School and Boltoni Tech- nical College. MIember of Bolton Borough Council, 1958-60: president. Bolton l.abour Party: Past president, Bolton Trades C-ouncil: member of national executive, Draughtsmen's and Allied Technicians' Association.
West
Electorate: 51.346. 1959: 54,035
Oakes. G. J. (Lab) 1.. .. 6.519
Sisson, D. (C) .. .. 13.""' *Holt, A. F. (L) ... .. l0.08
Lab majority 2... .. ,997 LABOUR GAIN
1959: L. 23.533, Lab. 19,545. L. maj. 3.988.
MR. GORDON OAKES contested Bebing- ton in 1959 and Moss Side, Manchester, in the 1961 by-election. A solicitor. Born June, 1931 : educated at Wade Deacon Grammar School. Widnes, and Liverpool University. Elected to Widnes Borough Council 1952; Mayor 1964.
BOOTLE
Electorate: 49.284. 1959: 50,h47
*Mahon, S. (Lab) . .. 21.677
Halliwell, G. (C) .. .. 13,285
Lab majority .. .. 8.392 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,294, C. 18.379. Lab. maj.
2.915.
MR. SIMON MAHON Was eleCted in 195'. An alderman of Bootle Borough Council. Mayor of Bootle 1962-63. Born 1914: educated St. Joseph's Irish Christian Brothers School and St. James' 9chool. Bootle. Member of Transport and General Workers' Union.
BOSWORTH
Electorate: 67.114. 1959: 65.115
*Wyatt, W. L. (Lab) .. .. 25.334
Braithwaite, P. L. (C) .. 19.583 David, J. H. (L) ....... . .1 0,o5
Lab majority .. .. 5,751 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27.734. C. 26.341. Lab. mai.
1.393.
MR. WOODROW %V .krr. elected in 19<5. represented Aston (Birrningham) 1945-55: contested Grantham in 1955 Under-Secre- tary. War Office. in 1951. He isa iournalih:. Proprietor of newspapers, and telc- vision commentator. Born July. 191S: educated at Eastbourne College anid Worcester College. Oxford. Was personal assistant to Sir Stafford Cripps on the Cabinet mission to India. 1946.
BOURNEMOUTH
East and Christchurch
EIlectorate: 63.750. 1959: 60,657
*Cordle. J. H. (c) . . .. 26.852
Reynard, A. G. (Lab) .. 10,447 McLeish, Dr. A. C. (L) .. 10,304
C' majority .. .. 16,405 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.014, L-ab. 9.222, L_ 8,3081. C.
Maj. 19,792.
MR. JOHN CORDLE stas elected in 1959: contested The Wrekin division in 1951. A company director and member of Lloyd's. Born October. 1912: educated at the City of London Sohool. Member Church Assembly, 1946-53.
West
Electorate: 70.238. 1959: 68,209
*Eden, Sir J. B. (C) ... .. 26,114
Spicer, G. W. (Lab) .. 13.975 Mills, J. F. (L) .. .. 11,681
C majority .. .. 12,139 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33,575. Lab. 15,957. C. mnaj. 17,618.
SuI JOH.N BEDEoN, a nepbew of the Earl of Avon. was returned at a by-election in February. 1954; contested Paddington North, December, 1953. Chairman on Conservative Parliamnentarry air sub-corn- mittee of the defence committee; vice- chairman defence and aviation commiittees; secretary space sub-committee of the avia- tion committee. Born September, 1925; educated at Eton and in United States. Company director and insurance broker. Delegate to Council of Europe and Western European Union 1960-62; Nato Parliamen- tarians' conference 1962.
BRADFORD
East
Electorate: 43.416. 1959: 47,514
*McLeavy, F, (Lab) .. .. 17,945
Lewis, D. T. (C & Nat L). . 11,075 Lab majority .. .. 6,870 NO CEHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,056, C. and Nat L 14,529.
Lab. maj. 5,527.
MR. FRANK McLravy was elected in 1945. He is a transport officer. Born January 1899: dementary education. The first Labour mayor of Bebington 1934-41, be is a former aldeman of Cheshire County Council. A member of the Post Office Advisory Council. Chairman of the all- party committce which organized the presentation to Sir Winston Churchill on his 80th birthday.
DERBY North
Electorate: 54,318. 1959: 55,976
OMacDerrnot, N. (Lab) .. 21,386
Hene, D. H. (C) ... .. 13,991 Smart, A. L. (L) .. .. 5,057
Lab majority .. .. 7,395 No CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,673, C. 20,266. Lab. maj.
2,407.
1962 By-election: Lab. 16,497, L. 8,479. C.
7,502, Ind. 886. Lab. maj. 8,018.
MR. NIALL MAcDERMOT Q.C., was re- turned at a by-election in April, 1962. He won Lewisham North from the Conserva tives in a by-election in February. 1957- the first occasion oan which a Government had lost a seat at a by-election since 1939- but lost it in 1959. A barrister, called by the Inner Tempnle, 1946. Born September, 1916; educated at Rugby. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Balliol College, Oxford.
South
Electorate: 51.944. 1959: 54,131
Noel-Baker, P. J. (Lab) .. 22,432
Wray, T. M. (C) .. .. 16,420
Lab majority .. .. 6.012 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,776, C. 17.345. L. 4.746. Lab.
maj. 3,431.
MR. PHILIP NOEL-BAKER, Labour spokes- man on disarmament and United Nations. Woa Nobel Peace Prize, November, 1959 and Albert Schweitzer Book Prize, 1961, for his book The Arms Race written in 1958. He was Minister of Fuel and Power 1950-51 and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1947-50. First cntered ParliameTt in 1929 for Coventry; defeated 1931, 1935; member for Derby 1936-50; returned for Derby, South 1950. Born November 1889; educated at Bootiham, Haverford College and King's College, Cambridge (president of the Union, 1912).
DERBYSHIRE
North-East
Electorate: 77,285. 1959: 73.678
*Svain, T. (Lab) . . .. 38,657
Spungin, M. F. (C) .. 21,564
Lab majority .. .. 17,093 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 37,444, C. 22.112. Lab. maj.
15,332.
MR. THoMAs SWAIN has represented the constituency since 1959. Born October. 1911; educated at Broadway School, Burton-on-Trent. A miner; held various offices in National Union of Mineworkers, including vice-presidency of the Derbyshire area executive.
South-East
Electorate: 70,245. 1959: 65,457
Park, T. (Lab) .. .. 29,528 Myers, P. (C) .. .. 28,655
Lab majority .. .. 873 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 25,374. Lab. 25,362, L. 4.980. C.
maj. 12.
MR. TREvOR PARK contested Altrincham and Sale in 1955 and Darwen in 1959. He is a university lecturer. Born December, 1927; educated at Bury Grammar School and Manchester University. Former mem- ber of Tottington (Lancs.) U.D.C. and leader of the Labeur group. Ex-president Bury and Radcliffe constituency party.
West
Electorate: 44,344. 1959: 43,881
Crawley, A. M. (C) .. .. 16,825
Gardner-Thorpe, Col.
R. L. (L) .. .. 11,559 Dilks, J. (Lab) .. .. 9,669
C majority .. .. 5.266 NO CHANGE
1959: C 22,034. Lab. 13.925. C. maj.
8,109.
1962 By-election: C. 12.455, L. 11,235,
Lab. 9.431, Ind. 1,433. C. mai. 1,220.
MR. AIDAN CRAWLIY retained the seat for the Conservatives in a by-election in June. 1962. He was Labour M.P. for Buckingham, 1945-51; Under Secretary of State for Air, 1950-51. Resigned from Labour Party, 1957. Member of the Monckton Commission. A writer, broad- caster and company director. Born April, 1908; educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Oxford.
DEVIZES
Electorate: 55.514. 1959: 50,779
*Morrtison, C. A. (C) .. .. 21,118
Rogers, 1. H. H. (Lab) 17,170 Fogarty, Prof. M. P. (L) 6,881
C majority .. .. 3,948 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,682, Lab. 16,844, Ind. L. 2,707.
C. maj. 3.838.
1964 By-eection: C. 19,554, Lab. 17,884,
L. 4,281. C. Maj. 1,670.
M.R. CHARLES MORRISON was returned at a by-election in May 1964. A farmer. Son of Nr. John Morrison. Conservative M.P. for Salisbury. Born June 1932; educated at Eton and Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Elected to Wiltshire County Council in 1958.
DEVON NORTH
Electorate: 44,510. 1959: 43,486
'Thorpe, J. J. (L) . . .. 19,031
Peto, M. H. B. (C) ., 13,895 Paton, A. F. (Lab) .. 4,603
L majority .. .. 5,136 NO CHANGE
1959: L. 15,831, C. 15,469, Lab. 5.567. L
maj. 362.
MR. JEREMY THORPE won the seat from the Conservatives in 1959; contested it in 1955. Born April, 1929; educated in the United States, at Eton, and at Trinity Col- lege, Oxford: called by the Inner Temple in 1954. One of his ancestors was a member of Edward II's Parliament; another was Chancellor in 1371 and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1356; his father and grandfather were Conservative M.P.s. He Is a member of the Liberal Party national council and executive com- mittee.
DEWSBURY
Electorate: 55,341. 1959: 54,894
*Ginsburg, D. (Lab) .. .. 21,284
Garden, Mrs. B. M. (C) .. 15,046 Allsopp, A. (L) .. .. 7,679
Lab majority .. .. 6,238 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,870. C. 17201, L 7.321. Lab.
maj. 3.669.
MR. DAVID GiNsButG was elected in 1959. Before that he was secretary of the Labour Party's Research Department and of the home policy sub-committee of the national executive committee. An
economist and mnarket research expert. Born March. 1921; educated at University '4leFr 3chool. Hampstred. and Balliol O-Jeg,(xford.
DONCASTER
Electorate: 57,748. 1959: 58,505
Walker, H. (Lab) .. .. 23,845
'Barber, A. P. L. (C) .. 22,732 Broadhead. G. P. (Ind) .. 1,201
Lab majority .... 1,113 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 26.521, Lab. 22.935. C maj. 3,586.
MR. HAROLD WALKER is a toolmaker. Born. July, 1927: educated at Council School and Manchester College of Tech- nolosy. Vice-president. Gorton Labour Party and chairman of Mossley Labour Party. Former president of Ashton-under- Lyne Trades Council. Lecturer for National Council of Labour Colleges.
DON VALLEY
Electorate: 73,120 1959: 68,876
*Kelley, R. (Lab) .. .. 42,452
Jeffcock, D. P. (C) .. 16,593
Lab majority 25,859 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 40,935, C. 16,787. Lab. mal.
24,148.
MR. RicsARD KELLEY was returned in 1959. A miners' union secretary for 10 years; a member of the National Union of Mineworkers. Boi-n July, 1904; elementarn education. Served on the West Riding County Council 1949-59.
DORKING
Electorate: 54,032. 1959: 51,092
Sinclair, Sir G. E. (C) 23,862
Tilbe, D. S. (Lab) .. .. 9,806 Watson, W. S. (L) .. .. 8,773 Davies, Miss B. (Patriotic
Party) .. .. .. 476
C majority .. 14,056 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,564, Lab. 9.605. L 6,582. C.
mal. 14,959.
SIR GEORGE SINCLAIR, a consultant, served in the Overseas Civil Service from 1936 to 1961 and was Deputy Governor of Cyprus 1955-60. Born Novemober, 1912; educated at Abingdon School and Pem- broke College, Oxford. Member of Wimbledon Borough Council since 1962. Member, advusory council on the Overseas Services Resettlement Bureau; chairman, advisory panel of International Tutor Machines Ltd. Served on the Gold Coast 1936. Secretary to commission on higher education in West Africa, 1943-45; Regional Officer, Trans-Vo4ta Togoland Region, 1952.
DORSET
North
Electorate: 50,065. 1959: 46,844
*Glyn, Sir R. H. (C) .. .. 19,898
Lamb, R. A. (L) .. .. 14,768 Arrmstrong, J. F. (Lab) 6,253
C majority .. . 5,130 NOCHANGE
1959: C. 20.255, L. 11I604, Lab. 6,548.
C. maj. 8,651.
SIR RICHSARD GLYN was returned at a by-election in June, 1957. Contested the di4sion in 1945. Chairman, Army sub-com- mittee of Conservative defence comrnmittee and vice-chairman of the deferce and agri- oulture committees. Farms in Dorset and Hampshire. Born October, 1907; educated at Down. House School and Worcester Col- lege, Oxford. A barrister (Lincoln's Inn, 1935).
South
Electorate: 59.963. 1959: 56,196
King, E. M. (C) .. .. 21,209 *Barnett, N. G. (Lab) . 20,274 Mayo, Earl of (L) .. 7,100
C majority .. .. 935 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
1959: C. 22,050, Lab. 15.357. L 6.887.
C. maj. 6.693.
1962 By-election: Lab. 13,783, C. 13,079,
L. 8,910, Ind. 5,057. Ind. 181, Ind. 82, Ind. 45. Lab. maj. 704.
MP. EVELYN KiNG was Labowur M.P. for Penryn. and Falmouth 1945-50 and Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Town and Country Planning 1947-50. Contested Poole in 1950. Joined the Conservative Party in 1951; contested Souithampton, Itchen, in 1959. Born May, 1907; educa- ted at Cheltenham College and King's College, Cambridge. A farmer.
West
Electorate: 44,951. 1959: 44,109
*Digby, K. S. D. W. (C.) .. 17,841
King, L. W. (Lab.) .. .. 10,631 Pinney, M, A. (L.) .. ,. 8,242
C. majority .. .. 7,210 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19.747, Lab. 11.536, L. 4.850. C.
mai. 8,211.
MR. SIMON WINGFIELD DIGBY was Civil Lord of the Admirialty, 1951-57. Returned unopposed in 1941 by-election. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary forestry sub- commiittee of the agricultural committee. Conservative whip, 1948-51. A barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). Born February, 1910; educated at Harrow and Trinity Col- klge, Cambridge. A landowner.
DOVER
Electorate: 64,876. 1959: 63,512
Ennals, D. H. (Lab) .. .. 24,115
*Arbuthnot, Sir J. S. W. (C) 23,697 Budd, B. W. (L) .. .. 5,843
Lab majority .. .. 418 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 27,939. Lab. 24.698. C. nai.
3241.
MR. DAVID ENNALs contested Richmond as a Liberal in 1950 and 1951. He is overseas secretary of the Labour Party. Born August, 1922; educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School. Walsall, and at Windsor. Connecticut. Chairman, execu- tive committee, Anti-Apartheid Movement; secretary. Spanish Democrats Defence Committee: treasurer, Southern Africa Freedom Group; member, executive com- mittee, Freedom from Hunger Campaign- formter secretary of United Nations Asso- ciation.
DUDLEY
Electorafte: 74,562. 1959: 72,829
*Wigg, G. E. C. (Lab) . . .. 30,250
Howell, D. A. R. (C) .. 19,980 Fowler, R. C. S. (L) .. 6,829
Lab majority -. .. 10,270 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,826, C. 26,101. Lab. maj.
5,725.
MIR. GEORGE WiGG was elected for Dudley in 1945 and was Parhamentary private secretary to Mr. Shinwell in suc- cessive Ministries. Born 1900; educated at Fairfields Council School and Queen Mary's School. Basingstoke. He 1oined the Tank Corps as a Regular soldier at the axe of 18 and was discharted in 1937. He rojoined the Army in 1940 and served with the Royal Army Educational Corps, Vice-chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party defence comnmtittee.
DURHAM
Electorate: 60,984. 1959: *Grey, C F. C. (Lab) . .
Whittaker, 1. M. (C.)
: 62,192
.. 32,818 .. 15,209
Lab. majority .. . 17,609 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 33,795. C. 17,106. Lab. maj.
16,689.
MR. CHARLES GREY was elected in 1945. Born in 1903 and educated at an elemen- tary school, he became a miner at a Dur- hamr colliery and worked for 20 years as a hewer. Opposition whip 1962. An Inde- pendent Methodist lay preacher, he was president in 1951 of the Northern Counties' Federation of Independent Methodist Churches.
DURHAM NORTH-WEST
Electorate: 47,812. 1959: 50,629
Armstrong, E. (Lab) .. .. 26,006
Ellis, Dr. K. L (C) .. 11,280
Lab majority .. .. 14,726 NO CHANGE
1959- Lab. 28.064. C. 13.172. Lab. maj.
14,892.
MR. ERNEST ARMsTRoNG contested Sunderland South in 1955 and 1959. A headmaster. Born January, 1915; educated at Wolsingham Grammar School and City of Leeds Teacher Training College. Mem- ber of Sunderland Borough Council.
EALING North
Electorate: 59,321. 1959: 59,768
Molloy, W. J. (Lab) .. .. 20,809 *Barter, J. W. (C) .. 20,782 Wood, D. F. J. (L).. .. 6,532
Lab majority .. .. 27 1959: C. 27,312, Lab. & Co-op. 23,036.
C. maj. 4,276.
LABIOUR GAIN
MR. WILLIAM MOLLOY is an industrial secretary. Born October. 1918: educated at elementary school in Swansea. and as an extra-mural student of Swansea College. Leader of Fulham Borough Council 1959- 62; former president, Barons Court Labour Party. Served in the Foreign Offioe. 1946- 52; former staff-side chairman, Foreign Office Departmental Whitley Council.
South
Electorate: 51.714. 1959: 53,296.
*Batsford, B. (C) .. . 22,121
Jaffd, J. J. (Lab) .. 14,104
C majority .. 8,017 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,761, Lab. 12,039, L. 4.842. C.
maj. 12.722.
MR. BIuAN BATSFORD was appointed an assistant whip in January, 1962. Returned at a by-election in June, 1958; Parlia- mentary private secretary to Minister of Works 1959-60. Born December, 1910; educated at Repton School; joined publish- ing firm, 1928, and became chairman and managing director.
EASINGTON
Electorate: 56,229. 1959: 56,690
*ShinweJ , E. (Lab) .. .. 34,028
Rossiter, G. W. (C) .. 8,270
Lab majorty .. .. 25,758 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 36,552, C. 9.259. Lab. maj.
2;,,293.
Ma. EMAMUEL SHINWELL was Minister of Defence, 1950-51, after three.years as Secre- tary of State for War; Minister of Fuel and Power, 1945-47. He was Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1929-30, Secre- tary for Mines in 1924 and in 1930-31. He represented Linlithgow 1922-24 and 1928- 31; Seaham, 1935-50, and Easington since 1950. Born 1884. Chainran of the Labour Party, 1947-48.
EASTBOURNE
Electorate: 70,251. 1959: 62,971
*Taylor, Sir C. S.(C) .. .. 26,410
Terrell, S. (L) .. .. 15,441 Baker, Mrs. J. E. M. (Lab &
Co-op) .. .. . 12,034 C majority .. .. 10,969 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,874, Lab. 11,837, L. 8,955, C.,
maj. 16,037.
SIR CHARLES TAYLOR was returned un- opposed at a by-election in 1935. Director of companies, chairman of a London hotel. member of council of the International Hotel Association. Born April, 1910; edu- cated at Epsom College and Trinity College. Carubridge.
EAST GRINSTEAD
Electorate: 70,072. 1959: 65,437
*Emmet, Mrs. E. V. E. (C).. 29,094
Holme, R. G. (L) .. .. 14,753 Hill, W. H. (Lab) .. .. 10,859
C majority .. .. 14,341 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31,759, Lab. 10,104, L. 9,100. C.
maj. 21,655.
MRS. EvELYN EMmEr was elected in 1955. Chairmran, National Union of Conserva- tive and Unionist Associations, 1955. Vice- chairman, Conservative Parliamentary foreign affairs committee. Born in March, 1899; educated at St. Margaret's School, Bushey, and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Member of L.C.C., 1925-34.
EAST HAM
North
Electorate: 35,656. 1959: 38,014
*Prentice, R. E. (Lab) .. '14,501
Bangay, J. H. S. (C) .. 9,524
Lab majority .. .. 4,977 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 16,001, C. 12,175. Lab. maj.
3,826.
MR. REGINALD PRENTCE, a spokesman on Ministry of Labour affairs, was re- turned at a by-election in May, 1957; contested Streatham, 1955. Croydon North in 1950 and 1951. Born July. 1923: edu- cated at elementary school, Whitgift School. and London School of Eoonomics Assist- ant to legal secretary in charge of advice and service bureau of Transport and Generl Workers' Union from 1950.
South
Electorate: 38,121. 1959: 39,764
*Oram, A. E. (Lab & Co-op) 17,069
Watts, R. J. (C) .. .. 8,797
Lab majority .. .. 8,272 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. & Co-op. 18,230, C 11,422. Lab.
& Co-op. mal. 6,808.
MR. ALBERT ORAm was elected in 1955; contested Lewes in 1945 and Billericay in 1950. A Co-operative Party research officer, 1946-55. Born August. 1913; edu- cated at Brighton Grammar School and London School of Economics. Was a teacher.
EASTLEIGH
Electorate: 61,334. 1959: 55,215
*Price, D. L. C. (C) . . .. 23,429
Boswell, J. S, F. (Lab) .. 21,341 Rice, J. F. (L) .. .. 6,685
C majority .. .. 2,088 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,949, Lab. 21.693. C. maj.
3,256.
MR. DAVID PRICB was appointed Parlia- mentary Secretar. Board of Trade, in July, 1962. Elected 1955. Born November, 1924; educated at Eton. Trinity College. Cambridge, and Yale University (Henry Fellow). British representative. Consulta- tive Assembly, Council of Europe 1958-61.
ECCLES
Electorate: 58,138. 1959: 59.317
Carter-Jones, L. (Lab) .. 25,915
Hodgson, J. J. (C).. .. 19,277
Lab majority .. .. 6,638 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,566, C 23.580. Lab. mai
1,986.
MR. LEWIS CARTER-JONES contested the City of Chester in the 1956 by-election and in 1959. He is head of the business studies department, Yale Grammar-Tehnical
School, Wrexham. Born Novemnber, 1920: educated at Bridgeid County Schol and Aberystwyh Uniive-rsi.ty College.
EDMONTON
Electorate: 64,348. 1959: 67,837
*Albu, A. H. (Lab) .. .. 24,373
McWhirter, A. R. (C) . 19,245 Coberman, D. (L).. .. 5,917
Lab majority .. .. 5,128 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,958, C, 25,497. Lab. mai.
461.
Ma. AusTEN ALsu was returned at the by-election in 1948. He is an engineer. Born September. 19Q3; educated at Ton- bridge School and the City and Guilds Col- lese (Imperial College of Science and Technology). Chairman Parliamentary Scientific Committee, 19 2.
W. J. Molloy, Labour gain in Ealing.
ENFIELD
East
Electorate: 46,043. 1959: 47,183
*Mackie, J. (Lab) . . .. 17,958
Brown, F. J. V. (C) .. 11,447 Burnett, J. (L) .. 5,723
Lab majority .. 6,511 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20.101, C. 16.477. Lab. mal.
3,624.
MR. JOHN MACKIE, was elected in 1959; contested North Angus and Mearns in 1951 and Lanark in 1955 A farmer. Born November, 1909; educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and North of Scotland College of AgrcuIture.
West
Electorate: 46,882. 1959: 44.983
Macleod, I. N. (C) .. .. 19,612
Glenton, R. (L) .. .. 8,885 Hale, A. E. (Lab) . .. 8,853 Mowbray, W. A . C. (Ind. C) 635
C majority .. .. 10,727 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,861. Lab. 11.058. C. mai.
13,803.
MR. IAIN MAcLEOD, who in 1961 was appointed ChanceLor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Leader of the Commons. and chairman of the Conservative Party Organi- zation, declined to serve in Sir Alec Douglas-Home's Government of October, 1963, and returned to the back benches. Subsequently appointed editor of The Spectator. He was Colonial Secretary 1959- 61, Minister of Labour 1955-59, and Minister of Health from 1952. Contested the Western Isles in 1945 and was returned for West Enfield in 1950. He is an authority on bridge. Born November, 1913; educated at Fettes and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
EPPING
Electorate: 94,655. 1959: 83,647
Newens, A. S. (Lab) .. .. 34,991
*Finlay, G. B. (C) .. 31,753 Seear, Miss B. N. (L) .. 12,093
Lab majority o. .. 3,238 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 31,507, Lab. and Co-op. 27,114,
L. 11,913. CG maj. 4,393.
MR. STANLEY NEWENS is a teacher. Born February, 1930; educated at Buckhurst Hil County High School and University College. London. Presiden¢, Hackney branch National Union of Teachers, 1963- 64. Member executive committee of eastern regional council of Labour Party since 1960.
EPSOM
Electorate: 72,626. 1959: 69,592.
*Rawlinson, Sir P. A. G. (C) 31,959
Walsh, Lieut.-Cmdr.
R. W. M. (L) . . .. 13,968 Williams, A. L. (Lab) .. 12,131
C majority .. . 17,991 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 35,484, Lab. 11.039. L. 9.910. C.
maj. 24.445.
SIR PErER RAWLINSON, Q.C., was ap- pointed Solicitor General in July, 1952. Elected in 1955; contested South Hackney in 1951. Born June, 1919; educated at Downside and Christ's College. Cambridge; called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1946; Q.C 1959; Bencher 1962.
ERITH AND CRAYFORD Electorate: 53,967. 1959: 53,057
*Dodds, N. N. (Lab and Co-op) 22,806
Black, B. (C) .. .. 13,951 Vince, S. W. (L) .. , 6,189
Lab majority .. .. 8,855 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. & Co-op. 24,523. C. 18,763,
Lab. & Co-op. maj. 5,760.
MR. NORMAN DoDDs was elected for Dartford in 1945, and for Erith and Cray- ford in 1955. Parliamentary private secre- tary to the Minister of Labour in 1951. Born December, 1903; educated at Dunston-on-Tyne Council School. He was manager of the exhibition section of the CW.S. pubicity departmnent, London bmnch.
ESHER
Electorate: 74,669. 1959: 72,183.
*Brown, Sir W. R. (C) . . 33,226
Vanson, P. E. (Lab) .. 13,644 Cawley, S. R. (L) .. .. 12,259
C majority .. .. 19,582 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 37,155, Lab. 12.934. L. 8.730. C
ma. 24,221.
SIR WILLIAM ROBSON BROWN was elected in 1950. He is a business cxecutive asso- ciated with the steel and other industries. Born 1900: educated at Armstrong Col- lege, Newcastle upon Tyne. President of Society of Commnercial Accountants.
ESSEX SOUTH-EAST
Electorate: 78,364. 1959: 60,316
*Braine, B. R. (C) .. .. 33,494
Pearson-Clarke, A. (Lab) 25,293
C majority .. .. 8,201 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,128. Lab. 17,991. C. ma;.
10,133.
MR. BERNARD BRAINE was appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health, in July, 1962; was Under- Secretary, Commonwealth Relations Office, February, 1961, and Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, October, 1960. Elected for South-east Essex in 1955; represented Bil- lericay fromn 1950; contested Leyton, East, 1945. Born June, 1914; educated at Hen- don county schooL
ETON AND SLOUGH
Electorate: 56.725. 1959: 52,114
Meyer, Sir A. J. C. (C) .. 22,681 *Brockway, A. F. (Lab) ,. 22,670
C majority .. .. 11 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
1959: Lab. 20Q851. C. 20,763. Lab. mai. 88.
Sit ANrmoNv MEYER is a Lloyd's under- writer. Born October, 1920; educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. Member of the Foreign Service, 1947-62. Director of Research. Common Market Campaign. I Trustec of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
EXETER
Electorate: 54,176. 1959: 54,084.
WilMiams, Sir R. D. (C) .. 18,035
Dunwoody, Mrs. G. P.
(Lab) .. .. 16,673 Thompson, R. C. (L) .. 8,815
C majority .. 1,362 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21.579. Lab. 15.918. L. 6.852.
C. mai. 5.661.
SIR ROLPH DUDLEY WILLIAMS was elected in 1951; contested Brierley Hill 1950. Founded Power Jets. Limited, in 1936 in association with Sir Frank Whittle to de- velop jet propulsion. Born June, 1908; edu- cated at Plymouth College and R.AF. College. Cranwell. Became chairrnan of westorn area of Conservative Party in 1961.
EYE
Electorate: 57,087. 1959: 56,395
*Harrison, Sir H. (C.) .. 21,555
Fear, J. W. (Lab.) .. .. 16,129 Newby, D. J. (L) .. .. 9,437
C. Majority .. .. 5,426 NO C4HANGE
1959: C. 22,333, Lab. 19,849. L. 5,215. C.
maj. 2.484.
SIR HARWOOD HARRISON was Comptroller of the Household 1959-61, after being a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1956. He won the division in 1951; con- tested it in 1950. A company director and Northamptonshire landowner. Born June. 1907; educated at Northampton and Trinity College, Oxford. A member of Ipswich Borough Council 1935-46, Vice-Chairman Conservative Parliamentary trade and industry committee.
FALMOUTH AND CAMBORNE
Electorate: 54,569. 1959: 53,763
*Hayman, F. H. (Lab.) .. 18,847
Boscawen, R. T. (C.) .. 15,921 Hambly, E. H. (L.) . .. 7,559
Lab. majority 2.. .. ,926 NO CHANGE
1.959: Lab. 20,083. C. 15.886. L. 7.890.
Lab maj. 4.197.
MR. FRANK HAYMAN was elected in 1950; contested the former Camborne division in 1945. Born 1894; educated at primary and technical schools at Truro. He was district education officer for Redruth in 1920 and from 1928-49 held various posts with the National Associa- tion of Local Government Officors. Member of the Standing Orders Comnittee and of the Court of Referees for private Bills. He was Parliamentary private secre- tary to Mr. Hugh Gaitskell
FARNHAM
Electorate: 53,054. 1959: 50,249.
*Nicholson, Sir G. (C) . 21,382
Saunders, D. W. (L) . 11,876 Urwin, K. F. (Lab) ... 8,500
C majority .. .. 9,506 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,538, Lab. 9.800. L. 6.538. C.
ma . 13,738.
SIR GODFREY NICHOLSON, chairman of a firm of distillers, won Morpeth in 1931, but lost it in 1935; elected for Farnham in 1937. Born December, 1901; educated at Win- chester and Christ Church, Oxford. Chair- man of the Estimates Comnmittee.
FARNWORTH
Electorate: 58,275. 1959: 56,092
4Thornton, E. (Lab) .. .. 28,492
Royse, A. S. (C) .. .. 17,421
Lab majority .. .. 11,071 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,393. C. 19.356D Lab. maj.
8,037.
MR. ERNEsr THORNrON, waS returned at a by-election in November, 1952. Born May. 1905; educated at Walverden Coun- cil School. Nelson. President of tfhe Amal- gamated Weavers' Association and secre- tary of the Rochdale Weavers' Association. Member of Rochdale Borough Council. 1933-47; mayor, 1942-43. Member National Executive Commnittee of Labour Party, 1962-63.
FAVERSHAM
Electorate: 60,500. 1959: 57,760
*Boston, T. G. (Lab) .. .. 24,243
Olsen, Mrs. E. M. S. (C) .. 20,279 Hayden, P. (L) .. .. 4,882
Lab majority .. .. 3,964 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,327. C. 24.074. Lab. maj.
253.
1964 By-election: Lab. 24,749. C. 19,808,
Ind. 352. Lab. maj. 4,941.
MR. TBRMBCE BOSTON has represented the constituency since the by-election in June, 1964; contested Wokingham, 1955 and 1959. Formerly a senior producer in the B.B.C. A barrister, called by Inner Temple. 1960. Born March. 1930; educated at Woolwich School and King's College, London. Mem- ber of Sooiety of Labour Lawyers. Co- operative Society and Fabian Society.
FELTHAM
Electorate: 54,147. 1959: 53,417.
*Hunter, A. E. (Lab) .. .. 20,733
Turner, J. B. W. (C) .. 14,927 Roberts, R. (L) .. l 6,141
Lab majority .. .. 5,806 NO CIANGE
1959: Lab. 20.320. C. 18.070. L. 4.533.
Lab. mai. 2.250.
MR. ALBERT HusrR was elected in 1955; contested Spelthorne 1951. A sales repre- sentative. Born 1900. Member of Holborn Board of Guardians, 1925-30; of Holborn Borough Council, 1928-34; and of St. Pancras Borough Council, 1945-53. Presi- dent, National Union of Shop Assistants and Clerks, 1936-37; national treasurer, 1938-44.
FINCHLEY
Electorte: 67,522. 1959: 69,123.
*Thatcher, Mrs. M. H. (C) ,. 24,591
Pardoe, J. W. (L) .. .. 15,789 Tomlinson, A. E. (Lab) .. 12,408
C majority .. .. 8,802 NO CELANGE
1959: C. 29.697, Lab. 13,437. L. 12.701.
C. maj. 16,260.
MRS. MARGARET THATCHtER waS
appointod joint Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Pensions. and National Insur- ance, in Ootober. 1961. Contested Dart- ford in 1950 and 1951 under her maiden name of Roberts. Was returned for
Finchley in 1959, and sponsored an Act to open council meetints to the press. A barrister, called by Lincoln's Inn. 1954. Born October, 1925; edicated at Grant- ham High School and Somerville College, Oxford.
FOLKESTONE AND HETHE Electorate: 53,388. 1959: 50.285
*Costain, A. P. (C) .. .. 23,587
Stewart, M. J. (Lab) .. 14,314
C majoity .. .. 9,273 NO CEHANGE
1959: C, 21.726. Lab. 9.346. L 7.351.
C. mal. 12,380.
MR . ALBERT CosrAiN was returned in 1959. Joint deputy cbatrman of a group of companies in building and civil engi- neering- a member of l1oyd's. Born July. 1910; educated at King James Grammar School Knaresborough, and College of Estate Management. A fellow of Institute of Builders chairman of Prestressed Con- I crete Development Group, 1952. l
HENLEY
Electorate: 64,617. 1959: 58,319
*Hay, J. A. (C) .. .. 24,898
Ledger, A. (Lab and Co-op) 16.614 Giles, A. W. (L) .. .. 9,081
C majority .. .. 8,284 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.417, Lab, and Co-op. 15.014,
L. 6,26 1. C. maj. 9,403.
MR. JOHN HAY became Under Secretary of Defence for the Royal Navy in April, 1964, after being appointed Civil Lord of the Admiraity in May. 1963. Joint Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1959-63. Elected in 1950. Born November, 1919; educated at Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School. Admitted a solici- tor 1945. Chairman, Young Conservative and Unionist Central Committee, 1947-49; chairman. Conservative Party housing and local government committee, 1955-59; director, London Municipal Society, 1956-59.
HESTON AND ISLEWORTH Electorate: 52,703. 1959: 55,121
*Harris. R. R. (C) .. .. 19,181
Dore, J. (Lab) .. .. 15651 Seigal, H. C. (L) .. .. 6,409
C majority .. ,. 3,530 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.486, Lab. 15,636, L. 4,867. C.
maj. 8,850.
MR. READER HARRIS was elected for Heston and lsleworth in 1950 after con- testing Central Hackney in 1945. Company director. A barrister, called by Gray's Inn, 1941. Born June. 1913: educated at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate.
HEREFORD
Electorate: 49,462. 1959: 45,340
*Gibson-Watt, D. tC.) .. 17,780
Bishop, T. J. H. (Lab) .. 12.020 Vaus, K. (L.) .. .. 9,322
C. majority .. .. 5,760 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17,763. L. 10,185. Lab. 8.097. C.
maj. 7,578.
MR. D;4vID GIBSON-WATT was returned at a by-election in 1956, contested Brecon and Radnor. 1950 and 1951. Assistant whip, 1957-59; a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1959-61. A farmer and forester. Born September, 1918; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of Radnor County Council; chair- man of Livestock Export Council; vice- chairman of Conservative Parliamentary broadcastirng and communications commit- tee: member of General Advisory Council, B.B.C.
HERTFORD
Electorate: 74,450. 1959: 64,106
*Balniel, Lord (C.) .. . 29.134
Deacon, T. A. (Lab.) .. 25.161 Harman, Mrs. A. C. M. (L) 8,722
C. majority . . .. 3,973 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31,418. Lab. 22,597. C. maj.
8,821.
LORD BALNIEL. heir to the Earl of Craw- ford and Balcarres. was elected in 1955. Chairman. Conservative Parliamerntary health and social security committee. Employed in Conservative Research Department, 1952-55. President, Rural District Councils' Association. Formerly honorary attache at British Embassy in Paris. Born, March. 1927: educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge.
HERTFORDSHIRE
East
Electorate: 76,186. 1959: 66,913
*Walker-Smith, Sir D. (C) . 29.749
Potter. D. C. G. (Lab) .. 21,887 Morgan, Lieut.-Cdr. E. W.
(L) *. .. .. 10.088 C majority . . .. 7,862 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28.201. Lab. 18,020, L. 8.656. C.
maj. 10,181.
SIR DEREK WALKER-SMITH, Q.C., was Minmster of Health 1957-59. Parliamentary Secretary. Board of Trade. 1955-56, Econo- mic Secretary to the Treasury November, 1956, to January, 1957, and Minister of State, Board of Trade until September. 1957. Represented Hertford from 1945 to 1955 and East Hertfordshire since. Called to the Bar by Middle Temole, 1934. he took silk in 1955. Born April. 1910: educated at Rossall and Christ Church. Oxford. Chair- man ol the 1922 Committee. 1951-55.
South-West
Electorate: 74,502. 1959: 69,291
*Longden G. J. M. (C) . . 28.308
Bidwell, S. J. (Lab) .. 22237 Brown, R. D. (L) .. 11,301
C majority .. .. 6,071 NO CHANGE
1959: C'. 29.724, Lab. 19.487, L. 9,278. C.
maj. 10,237.
MR. GILBFRT LONGDEN was elected in 1950: contested Morpeth in 1945. A soli- citor. Born April, 1902: educated at Hailey- bury and Emmanuel College. Cambridge, and University of Paris. He worked in India from 1930 to 1936. Author of A Comvxervaoile Philosoph%y and part author of Otte Naoion, Change is ouir Ally. and A Responsible Society. A member of the exe- cutive cominiltee of the British Council.
HEXHAM
Electlorate: 54.122. 1959: 49,906
*Speir. R. M. (C) .2. 2,468
Alderson. J. (Lab) .. 14.127 Robson, Dr. D. A. (L) 7,722
C majority .. .. 8,341 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,500. Lab. 14.980. C. maj.
10.520.
MVR. RUPERr SPEIR was elected in 1951
contested Leek in 1950 and Linlithgo% in 1945. Sponsor of the Litter Act, 1958, Noise Abatement Act. 1960. and Local Government (Financial Provisions) Act. 1963. Solicitor and company director. Born September. 1910; educated at Eton and Pembroke College. Cambridge.
HEYWOOD AND ROYTON Electorate: 59,733. 1959: 57.868
Barnett, J. (Lab) .. .. 20,174
*;Leavev. J. A. (C) .. .. 19.39 Critchley, W. E. (L.) .. 9,914
ILab majority .. .. 816 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 19.742. Lab. 17.588. L. 11,713.
C. maj. 2,154.
MR. JOEL BARNETT contested R'uncorn in 1959. He is an accoun.tant. Born October. 1923: educated at elemen.tary sohool and Manchester Central High School. Mem- ber of Prestwich Borough Council for three years.
HIGH PEAK
Electorate: 48,445. 1959: 49,196
*Walder, D, (C) . . .. 15.753
Roper. J. F. H. (Lab) .. 14.416 Wrigley, D. 1. (L) .. .. 11.147
C majority .1.. . 1.337 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 18,738. Lab. 13.827 L. 8.138. C.
maj. 4,911.
1961 By-election: C. 13.069, Lab. 11.201,
L. 10,674. C. ma;. 1,868.
MR. DAVID WALDER was returned at a by-election in March, 1961; contested Leicester. South-West, in the 1959 clec- tion. Born November, 1928; educated at Latymer School and Christ Church, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple
1956. Held office in Oxford University Conservative Association 1950-52, and in Wembley South Conservative Association (chairman 1958-59).
HITCHIN
Electorate: 87,825. 1959: 75,493 Williams, Mrs. S. V. T. B.
(Lab) F. .. 34,034 *Maddan, W. F. M. (C) .. 30,649 Dangerfield, Mrs. E. T, (L) 9,564
Lab majority .. 3,385 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 30,193, Lab. 25.818. L 8.481. C.
maj. 4,375
MRS. SHIRLEY WILLIAMS contested Harwich in the 1954 by-election and 1955, and Southampton, Test, in 1959. An economist. Born July, 1930; educated at Summit School. Minnesota, St. Paul's School, Hammersmith, Somerville College, Oxford (tfirst woman chairman University Labour Club), and Columbia University, New York. A visiting college lecturer at University College. Ghana, 1958-9. Former general secretary. Fabian Society.
HOLLAND WITH BOSTON Electorate: 71,064. 1959: 70,588 *Butcher, $ir H. W. (Nat L and
C) .. .. 29.082 Long, W. (Lab) .. .. 23.451
Nat L and C majority . . 5,631 NO CHANGE
1959: Nat. L. and C. 29.013, Lab. 17,839.
L. 7,334. Nat. L. and C. maj. 11,174.
SIR HERBERT BUTCHER became chairman ot the Commons Kitchen Committee in 1959. He was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury and Deputy Chief Whip. 1951-53. HL has represented the division since 1937. A surveyor and land-agent. Born in June, 1901: educated at Hastings Grammar School and the College of Estate Management.
HONITON
Electorate: 61,067. 1959: 57,172
*Mathew. R. (C) .. .. 26.475
Deal, W. (L) .. .. 12.354 Clark, Mrs. M. (Lab) 9.273
C majority .. .. 14.121 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,959, L. 12,906, Lab. 6.928. C.
Maj. 13,053.
MR. ROBERT MATTHEW Was appointed Under Secretary. Foreign Office, January, 1964. Elected in 1955; contested South Ayrshire in 1945 and 1946, Rochester and ehatham in 1950 and 1951. A barrister. called by Lincoln's Inn, 1937, and a farmer. Born 1911: educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Served with The K.R.R.C., 1939-45: head of French and Iberian country sections, War Office, dur- ing North African campaign and later of Russian section.
HORNCASTLE
Electorate: 42,778. 1959: 42,262
*Maitland, Sir J. F. W. (C) 15.854
Brumby, R. (Lab) ,. 8.044 Smith, T. F. (L) .. .. 8,069
C majority .. .. 7,785 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,799, Lab. 9,928. C. maj. 9.871.
SIR JOHN MAITLAND was elected in 1945. Born 1903; educated at R.N. College, Dart- mouth. Retired from Royal Navy 1934 after being iniured but reioined in 1939 and served as gunnery officer on submarine staff. Chairman, Conservative Parliamen- tary Navy sub-committee of the defence committee.
HORNCHURCH
Electorate: 90,828. 1959: 87,544
*Lagden, G. W. (C) . . .. 30,933
Williams, S. T. (Lab) .. 30,699 Taylor, R. (L) . . . 12,725
C majority . .. - 234 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 34.852, Lab. 27.530. L. 11.056.
C. maj. 7,322.
MIR. GODFREY LAGDLN was elected in 1959. Contested Thurrock in 1951. Com- pany director. Born 1906: educated at Richmond Hill School, Surrey. Member of Hcrnchurch Urban District Council 1948- 54, and of Essex County Council. 1949-55.
tIORNSEY
Electorate: 68,691. 1959: 71,151
*Gammans, Lady (C.).. ,. 22,590
Yeo. C. S. (Lab) .. .. 18,528 Solomon. S. (L) .. .. 6,015 Morris, M. (Comm) .. 1.258
C majority .. .. 4,062 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30.048, Lab. 17,710, L. 5,706,
Comm. 1.107. C. maj. 12.338.
LADY GAMMANS is the widow of Sir David Gammans. who represented the division from 1941 until February, 1957. Lady Gammans was returned at a by-election in Mav, 1957. Born March, 1898: educated at Portsmouth High School.
HORSHANI
Electoratc: 85.816. 10OO1: 7L,6 i
Hordern. P. M. (C) .. .. 32.318
Pegier, A. E. (Lab) .. 22,450 Burne. 0. G. N. (L) . . 12.570 Lee. J. (Christian Progress-
sive) . . 865
C majority .. .. 9,868 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 37.275, L.ab. 24.012. C. maj.
13.263.
MR. PIliR HORDIRN is a stockbroker. Born April, 1929: educated at Geelong Grammar School. Australia, and Christ Church, Oxford. Military sorvice 1947- 49, commissioned with 60th Rifles.
HOUGHTON LE SPRING
Electorate: 55.897. 1959: 56.780
Urwin, T. W. (La.b) .. .. 32,914
Price, Dr. P. C. (C) . 11,076
ILab majority . . 21,838 NO CHANGE
1959: L.ab. 35.960, C. 11,398. Lab. maj.
24.562.
MR. THONMAS URNVIN is a trade union organizer. Born June, 1912: educated at elemen.tary school. Member of Houghton Urban District Council since 1949. Divi- sional secretary, Amalzamated Union of Building Trade Workers.
HOVE
Electoratc: 69.143. 1959: *Marlowe, A. A. H. (C)
Marsh, T. J. (Lab)
: 67,018
.. 32,923 .. 15,214
C majority .. .. 17,709 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 36,150. Lab. 12.206. C. mai
23,944.
MR. ANTI1ONY MARLOWE. Q.C.. repre- sented Brighton and Hove from 1941 until the 1950 redistribution. when he was re- turned for Hove. Born October, 1904: edu- cated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge.
HOWDEN
Electorate: 47.973. 1959: *Brvan, P. E. 0. (C) ..
Crawford, J. 0. K.(L) Day. A. (Lab) ..
: 47,310
. . 19.367 .. 9.067 .. 7,974
C major::y .. .v 10,300 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,681. Lab. 7.809. L. 7.384. C.
maj. 12.872.
MR. PAUL BRYAN. elected in 1955. be- came vice-chairman of the Conservative Party Organization in February, 1961. Assistant Whip, 1956: a Lord Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1958-61. Contested Sowerby in 1949, 1950, and 1951. Bcn August, 1913. Educated at St. John's School. Leatherhead, and Gonville and Caius Collesq,. Cambridge.
LEEDS
South-East
Electorate: 33.326. 1959: 48.457
*Bacon, Miss A. M. (Lab) .. 16fi72
Macdonald, J. E. (C) 7,964
Lab majority .. 8,708 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,795. C. 12.146. Lab. maj.
9.649.
Miss ALICE BACON, chairman of the Labour Party's publicity committee, and a spokesman on Home Office aflairs, has been a member of the national executive from 1941 and was chair- man. 1950-51. Won North-East Leeds from Conservatives in 1945, and in 1955 was elected for the South-East division. Born 1911 : educated at Normanton ele- mentary and high schools, and at Stockwell College; external student London Univex- sity. Teacher.
West
Electorate: 60,973; 1959: 60,269
PanneU, T. C. (Lab) .. .. 22.968
Glover, 1. M. (C) .. .. 15.697 Pedder, D. (L) .. .. 6,787
Lab majority ... .. 7,271 NO CHlANGE
1959: Lab. 25.878, C. 21.285. Lab. mW.
4,593.
MR. CHARLES PANNELL, Labour spokesman on public building and works, was returned for the division at a by- election in July, 1949. Member of the Select Committee on Procedure. 1958-59. and member of Joint Select Comnmittee on House of Lords Reform, 1962; hon. sec., trade union group, Parliamentary Labour Party. Born, September, 1902: an engineer: member of A.E.U. from 1918. Moved successful motion on equal pay for women in public services, May, 1952. Vice-President, Association of Municipal Corporations. Mayor of Erith, 1945-46.
LEEK
Electorate: 77,497. 1959: 72,777
*Davies. H. (Lab) .. .. 33.558
Goodwin, H. (C) .. .. 29.409
Lab majority .. .. 4149 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,096, C. 29,947. Lab. maj.
I .149.
MR. HAROLD DAVIES was elected in 1945. A teacher and lecturer.. Born July, 1905: ed-ucated at Lewis Grammar School, Pengam, Glamorgan, and London Univer- sity. President, Tutors' Association. Nortb Staffordshire, 1939-45. Member of the Fabian Society and Co-operative Party.
LEICESTER North-East
Electorate: 43,107. 1959: 47,733
'Bradley. T. G. (Lab) .. 15.494
Williams, R. D. G. (C) .. 12.195 G.lenton, F. I. (L) .. .. 5.712
Lab majority .. 3.299 NO CHANGE
1959: lab. 19,421. C. 17,990. Lab. maj.
1.431.
1962 By-election: Lab. 11.274. L. 9,326,
C. 6,578. ILab. ma;. 1.948.
MR. TosM BRADLrY was elected at a by- election in July, 1962; contested Rutland and Stamford in 1950. 1951. and 1955. and Preston, South, in 1959. A railway clerk. Born April. 1926: educated at Kettering Central School. Elected to Northampton Ceunty Council. 1952: treasurer of Trans- port Salaried Staffs' Association, and of the National Federation of Professional Workers.
North-West
Electorate: 49.707. 1959: 51,922
*Janner, Sir B. (Lab) .. .. 21,134
Farnham, E. G. A. (C) .. 16,740
Lab majority .. .. 4,394 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,515, C. 19.742. Lab. maj.
1.773.
SIR BARNIIT JANNI R, solicitor, was returned for North-West Leicester. 1950: represented the former West division. 1945- 50. Joined the Labour Party 1936. Liberal M .P. for Whitechapel. 1931-35. Bor'n 1892: educated at Barry County School and C'ardiff College, University of Wales. President Board of Deputies of British Jews 1955-June 1964, president ol' Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland; honorary rents adviser to the Labour Party.
South-East
Electorate: 54,143. 1959: 53,810
*Peel. W. J. (C') .. .. 23.236
Chambers, W. B. (Lab) . . 11,090 Beech, C'. J. (L) .. .. 7,205
C majority .. .. 12,146 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,390, Lab. 13,760. C. maj.
14,630.
NIM. JoItN PIEt, was appointed a l.ord Commissioner of the Treasurv in Novem- ber, 1961, having been an assistant wvhip from 1960. Returned at a by-election in November. 1957. Contested the Mleriden division of Warwickshire in 1955. Entered the C'olonial Administrative Service in 1933. British Resident at Brunci. 1946-48. Resident C'ommissioner for the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 1949-51. Born Junc, 1912: educated at Wellington College, and Queens' C'ollege. Cambridge.
South-West
Electorate: 44,311. 1959: 47,762
*Bowden, H. W. (Lab) .. 16,957
Boardman, T. G. (C) .. 12,851 Pratt. T. A. (L) .. .. 4,533
ILab majority .. .. 4,106 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 17.395. C. 14.652. L. 5.438.
Lab. maj. 2.743.
MR. HERBERT BOWDEN became Opposi- tion Chief Whip 1955. having been Deputy Chief Whip since 19il. Won SSouth l.eicester in 1945; returned for South-West Leicester in 1950. Born lanuary, 1905; secondary school education.
LEIGH
Electorate: 57.470. 1959: 58,911
*Boardman. H. (L,ab) .. 30,102
Brown, N. M. B. (C() .. 14,478
Lab majority .. .. 15,624 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31.672. C. 16.897. Lab. mai.
14.775.
MR. HAROLD BOARDMAN has represented Leigh since 1945. An official of the Union of Shop. Distributive and Allied Workers. Born 1907; elementary education. Member of Derby Town Council for 25 years. Chairman of Derbyv Co-operative Move-
ment (omployees' side).
LEOMINSTER
Electorate: 38,805. 1959: 39,306
*Bossom. C. (C) . . . . 15.238
Cadbury, Dr. E. P. (1.) .. 8.941 Gulleford, K. A. (Lab) .. 5.750
C majority .. .. 6297 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16.642. L. 6,905, Lab. 6.475. C
maj. 9,737.
MR. CLIVE BossoM was elected in 1959. Contested Faversham, 1955 and 1951. Appointed Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Air, 1962. and held similar post to joint Parliamentary Secretaries. Ministry . of Pensions and National Insurance. 1960-62. Secretary, Army sub-committce of Conservative defence committee. Born February. 1918; educated at Eton. Member of Lloyd's.
LIVERPOOL
Toxteth
Electorate: 46,451. 1959: 49,686
Crawsbaw, R. (Lab) 17,080
*Bevins, J. R. (C) .. 14,296
Lab majority .. .. 2,784 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 19,575, Lab. 15,660. C. maj. 3,915.
MR. RICHARD CRAWSHAW iS a barrister. Born September, 1917; educated at Pendle- ton Grammar School, Tatterford School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Called by the Inner Temple, 1948. Member of Liverpool City Council since 1957, and chairman of youth and community services committee.
Walton
Electorate: 52,892. 1959: 57,312
Heffer, E. S. (Lab) .. 21,452 *Thompson, Sir K. P. (C) .. 18,546
Lab majority .. .. 2,906 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24,288, Lab. 20,254. C. maj. 4,034
MR. ERIC HEFFER is a carpentcr and joiner. Born January, 1922; educated at elementary schools. Contested the post of assistant general secretary of the Amnal- gamated Society of Woodworkers in 1962, and came second in the national vote. Chairmnan, Huyton branch of A.S.W. Vice- president, Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party, president, 1959-60; member of Liverpool City Council since 1960; executive member, Lancashire and Cheshire region committee of the Labour Party.
Wavertree
Electorate: 56,490. 1959: 55.679
*Tilney, J. D. R. T (C) .. 20,598
Thorne, S. G. (Lab) .. 12,338 Carr, C. E. (L) .. ,. 8,719
C majority .. .. 8,260 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,624, Lab. 10,392, L. 5.161. C.
mai. 16,232.
MR. JOHN TILNEY became Joint Under Secretary for Commonwealth Relations and Colonies in the 1964 reorganization. He was appointed joint Under Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations Office, in July, 1962. Elected in 1950. Chairman, British group, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1959-62- chairman of economic and development sub-oommittee of Conservative Party Commonwealth affairs committee, 1951-58; parliamentary private secretary to Post- master-General, 1957-59, and to Minister of Transport in 1959. Born December, 1907; educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxtord; member of Liverpool Stock Ex- change, 1932.
West Derby
Electorate: 52,650. 1959: 54,804
Ogden. E. (Lab) .. .. 21,134
*Woollam, J. V. (C) .. 17,519
Lab majority .. .. 3,615 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22,719. Lab. 19,386. C. mai. 3.333.
M R. ERIC OGDEN is a miner. Born August, 1923: educated at Queen Elizabeth's Gram- mar School, Middleton, Leigh Technical College, and Wigan and District Mining and Technical College. Former secretary of Middleton Labour Party. Elected to Mid- dleton Borough Council 1958. His candi- dacy is the first sponsored by Lancashire miners outside mining areas.
LONDON
Barons Court
Electorate: 46,048. 1959: 50,032
Richard. 1. S. (Lab) .. .. 15,966
*Carr, W. C. (C) .. .. 14,800 Knott, S. H. J. A. (L) . 2,821
Lab majority .. . 1,166 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 18,658, Lab. 17,745, Ind. L. 1,766.
C. maj. 913.
MR. IvoR RICHARD contested Kensing- ton, South, in 1959. A barrister. Born May, 1922: educated at St. Michael's School, Llanelly, Cheltenham College. and Pembroke College, Oxford, called by Inner Temple, 1955. Member. Society of Labour Lawyers.
Battersea North
Electorate: 35,659. 1959: 40,937
*Jay. D. P. T. (Lab) .. .. 14,930
Taylor, R. G. (C) .. .. 5,847 Jakobi, S. R. (L) .. .. 2,187 Easton, Mrs. G. M. (Comm) 471
Lab majority .. .. 9,083 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19.595, C. 9,289. Lab. maj.
10.306.
MR. DOUULAS JAY. Labour spokesman on Board of Trade affairs, was Economic Secretary to the Treasury 1947-50, and Financial Secretary 1950-51. Member of Parliamentary Committee of party since 1962. Elected in July, 1946. Born March, 1907: educated at Winchester and New College. Oxford; a Fellow of All Souls. 1930-37. After working as a journalist specializing in economics he entered the Ministry of Supply in 1941 and two years later went to the Board of Trade as a principal assistant secretary. Personal assistant to Mr. Attlee as Prime Minister, 1945-46.
Battersea South
Electorate: 36,186. 1959: 37,320
Perry, E. G. (Lab) . . , 12,253
*Partridge. E. (C) .. , 10,615 Layton, D. (L) .. . 3,294
Lab majority .. , 1,638 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 14,203, Lab. 12,451. L 2,774.
C. ma). 1.752.
MR. ERNEST PERRY is an insurance con- tractor. Born April, 1910; educated at L.C.C. schools. Member, Battersea Borough Council since 1934 (mayor 1955- 56). President. Battersea Labour Party and Trades Council. President. Federation of British Cremation Authorities.
Bermondsey
Electorate: 34,845. 1959: 37,921
*Mellish, R. J. (Lab) .. .. 17,481
Porter, J. G. L. M. (C) .. 4,568
Lab majority .. .. 12,913 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,528. C. 6,187. Lab. maj.
14,341.
MR. ROBERT MELLISH, a Labour spokes- man on transport, was elected for Rother- hithe at a by-election in 1946, arid returned for Bermondsey in 1950. Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of Supply, 1950-51, and to the Minister of Pensions 1951. Born March, 1913; elementh,v school education. An official of the Trans-
port and General Workers' Union. Knighted by Pope John (Knight Commnander of St. Gregory) for services to Roman Catholic Church, 1959. Chairman of London Labour Party since 1961.
Bethnal Green
Electorate: 51,906. 1959: 57,617
*Holman, P. (Lab and Co-op) .19,914
Stout-Kerr, S. (C) 5 . . 5,593 Gates, T. D. (L) .. .. 5,296
Lab majority .. .. 14,321 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,228, C.' 7,412, L. 5,508, Soc.
Pty.GB 899. Lab. maj. 16.816.
M MR. PERCY HOLMAN was clected for South-West Bethnal Green in 1945 and for the redrawn constituency in 1950. Con- tested Twickenham four times before the war. He is a paper merchant. Born 1891
educated at Mill Hill School and London; School of Economics. Member of Middle- sex County Council, 1928-31, and Tedding- ton Urban District Council, 1928-34.
LONDON
Camberwel - Dulwich
Electorate: 64,568. 1959: 66,988
Silkin. S. C. (Lab) 2230.. .. 23
Stevens, M. (C) .. .. 19,415 Redman, F. G. (L) 5,627 Palmer, F. (Cbristian
Socialist) *. 265
Lab majority .. 2,905 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24,991, Lab. 22,740, L. 5,324. C.
maj. 2,251.
MR. SAMUEL SILKIN, a barrister, is tlhe second son of Lord Silkin. Born March, 1918; educated at Dulwich College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge; called by Middle Temple 1941. Member of Camberwell Borough Council for six yeaTs to 1959. Member of Society of Labour lawyers.
Camberwell - Peckham
Electorate: 53.925. 1959: 57,850
*Corbet. Mrs. F. K. (Lab) .. 20,111
Jessel, T. F. H. (C) .. 11,326
Lab majority .. .. 8,785 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,389, C. 13,007. Lab. maj.
11,382.
MRS. FREDA CORBET represented North- West Camberwell in 1945 and was returned for Peckham in 1950. She contested East Lewisham in 1935. Born 1900; educated at Wimbledon County School and Univer- sity Collese, Londen; became a teacher lecturer. and barrister (Inner Temple, 1932). A member of the LC.C since 1934.
Chelsea
Electorate: 43,515. 1959: 47,085
Litchfield, Capt. J. S. S. (C) . . 16,802
Dickens, J. M. Y. (Lab) 6,868 Thomas, A. C S. (L) .. 3,635
C majority .. .. 9,934 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,985, Lab. 6,308, L. 3,662. C.
maj. 14,677.
CAPTAIN JoHN LIICHFIELD, R.N. (retd.), was returned in 1959. A member of Kent County Council, 1955-58; chairman, Maid- stone Division, Conservative Association, 1957-58. Regular naval officer, 1917-55; captain H.M.S. Vanguard, 1951-53; Direc- tor, Naval Operations, Admiralty, 1953-54. Born August, 1903. educated. at R.N. Col- leges Osborne and Dartmouth. Member of Lloyd's.
The Cities of London and Westminster
Electorate: 61,988. 1959: 68,896 *Hylton-Foster, Sir H. (The
Speaker) . . .. .. 21,588 Wallace. R. G. (Lab) .. 11,309 Derry, Dr. J. W. (L) 4,087
Majority .. 10,279 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,489, Lab. 10,301, L 4,409. C.
maj. 17,188.
SIR HARRY HYLTON-FosTER, Q.C., was elected Speaker on October 21, 1959. Soli- citor-General, 1954-59. He represented York from 1950 to 1959. when he was re- turned for his present constituency. Recor- der of Hull, 1950-54, and previously Recor- der of Richmond and of Huddersfield. Chancellor of the Dioceses of Ripon, 1947- 54, and Durham, 1948-54. Born April, 1905; educated at Eton and Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1928. Joined the R.A.F. intelligence branch, 1940, and was Deputy Judge Advocate in North Africa and Italy, 1942-45.
Deptford
Electorate: 47.124. 1959: 49.412
*Silkin, J. E. (Lab) .. .. 17,676
Lcask, M. M. (C) .. .. 8,248 Atkins, C. M. H. (Ind) 2,386
Lab majority .. .. 9,428 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,226, C. 13,038. Lab. mai.
8,188.
1963 By-election: Lab. 12,209, L. 4,726. C.
4.023. Lab. .aaj 7.483.
MR. JOHN SILKIN was elected at a by- election in July, 1963; contested St. Marylebone 1950, Woolwich West 1951, and Nottingham, South, in 1959. Youngest son of Lord Silkin. A solicitor. Born March, 1923; educated at Dulwich College, Uaversity of Wales and Trinity Hall, Cambnridae.
Fulham
Electorate: 48,147. 1959: 52.088
*Stewart, M. (Lab) .. .. 19,788
Grylis, W. M. J. (^) .. 14,842 Braybrooke, Maj. A. R.
(Patriotic Party) 632 Lab majority .. . 4,946 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,525. C. 18,581. Lab. maj.
2.944
MR. MlCHAEL STEWART, Labour spokes- man on housing and local govern-ment from November, 1959. and previously on educa- tion, was elected to the Parliamentary Com- mittee of the party in 1960. Contested West Lewisham in 1931 and 1935; represented Fulham East t945-50: then elected for Ful- ham. Vice-Chamberlain of H.M. House- hold 1946-47; Comptroller 1946-47; Under Secretarv for War 1947 51. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supplv May-Octo- ber, 1951. Born November, 1906; educ- ated at Christ's Hospital and St John's College, Oxford.
Greenwich
Electorate: 56.742. 1959: *Marsh, R. W. (Lab) . .
Gummer, J. S. (C) . .
Ellman, M. P. D. (L)
: 60.561
. 2. 2,814 * 12,592
. 5,205
Lab majority .. 10,222 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25204. C. 19.679. Lab. maj.
5.525.
MR. RICHARD MARSH was elected in 1959; contested Hertford, 1951. Officer of National Union of Public Employees 1951-59. Born March, 1928; elementary school education and at Woolwich Poly- technic and Ruskin College, Oxford. Pro- moted the Offices Act, 1960. Member of the Fabian Society; executive of the Labour Parliamentary Association; Parliamentary Scientific Committee; Select Committee on Estimates, 1961; Whitley Councils for health services, 1952-60; and Labour's working party on broadcasting and tele- vision.
Hackney Central
Electorate: 61,036. 1959: 62,561
Butler, H. W. (Lab) .. 23,110
Morton, H. M. L. (C) . 11,734
Lab majority .. .. 11,376 NO CHANGE
1959:, Lab. 25.407, C. 15,905, Lab. maj.
9.502.
MR. HERBERT BUTLER was elected in 1955: represented Hackney, South, 1945- 55. Parliamentary private secretary to Civil Lord of the Admiralty and the Parlia- mentary Secretary, Admiralty, 1950-51. Company director, Born 1897: elementary sohool education. Mayor of Hackney. 1936-37; a councillor since 1928: free- man of the borough. Vice-president of Assooiation of Municipal Corporations.
Hanmmersith North
Electorate: 46,719. 1959: 51,680
*Tomney F. (Lab) -. .. 18,547
Stacey, T. C. G. (C) .. 10,936
Lab majority .. ..- 7,611 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21.409. C. 14.662. Lab. maj.
6.747
MR. FRANK TOMNEY was elected for the former North division of Hamrnmersmithin 1950 and for the revised constituency in 1955. Industrial consultant. Born 1908; educated in Bolton. Lancashire.
LONDON
Lambeth BrixtOn
Electorate: 49,903. 1959; 52261
*Lipton, M. (Lab) .. .. 16,518
Payne, K. P. (C) .. .. 11,934
Lab majority .. .. 4,584 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18,117, C 16.005. Iab. maj.
2,112.
MR. MARCUS LIPTON was elected in 1945; contested Brixton, .1935. Born October, 1 900; educated at Bede Grammar School, Sunderland. and Merton College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1926. An alderman of Lambeth Borough Council 1937-56; mernber of Stepney Borougfi Ooncil, 1934-37.
Lambeth Norwood
Electorate: 57,090. 1959: 57,807
Smyth, Sir J. G. (C) .. 17,624
Fraser, J. D. (Lab) .. 17,173 Chapman; D. R. (L) .. 3.929
C majority .. .. 451 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,958, Lab. 15,975, L 4,744. C.
maj. 6,983.
SIR JOHN SMYTH. V.C.. was Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions, 1951-53, and Joint Parliamentary Secre- tary. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1953-55. Elected for Norwood in 1950; contested Wandsworth Central, 1945. Born 1893: educated at Repton and Sandhurst. Served in Army 1912-42, attain- ing rank of Acting Maj-Gen.
Lambeth Vauxhall
Electorate: 40,743. 1959: 45,802
*Strauss, G. R. (Lab) .. .. 15,458
Lane, D. W. S. S. (C) .. 8,653
Lab majority .. .. 6,805 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18,437, C. 11,312. Lab. maj.
7,125.
MR. GEORGE STRAUSS. Labour spokes- man on transport. was Parliamentary Secre- tary, Ministry of Transport, 1945-47, and Minister of Supply, 1947-51. Born July. 1901; educated at Rugby. First elected for North Lambeth. 1929. defeated 1931, reelceted 1934; returned for Vauxhall after 1950 redistribution. Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Herbert Morrison when Minister of Transport. 1929-31; and to Sir Stafford Cripps as Lord Privy Seal and Ministry of Aircraft Production. 1942-45. Member of the LC.C., 1925-46.
Lewisham North
Electorate: 50,624. 1959: 52,415
*Chataway, C. J. (C) .. .. 17,144
Collins, H. J. (Lab) .. 16,801 Lloyd-Jones, T. (L) . 3,798
C majority .. .. 343 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.125, Lab. 17,512, L. 2.921. C.
maj. 4,613.
MR. CHRISTOPHER CHATAWAY became joint Under-Secretary for Education and Science in the 1964 reorganization. Formerly Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Educa- tion. Elected for Lewisham North 1959. Represented North Lewisham on the LC.C. from 1958-61. Born January, 1931; educated at Sherborne and Magdalen Col- lege. Oxford. Became a reporter with Independent Television News, and later a reporter and commentator with the B.B.C. Held world record for 5,000 metres in 1954. Represented Britain in Olympic Games, 1952and 1956. Awarded the Nansen MedAl for outstanding work among international refugees. 1960:
Lewisham South Electorate: 51,175. 1959: Johnson, C. A. (Lab)
Hayhoe, B. J. (C)
Bennett, F. M. (L)
: 53,962
. . 20,078 ,, 12,486 , 5,706
Lab majority .. .. 7,592 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,354, C. 19,273, Alert Party
788. Lab. maj. 3,081.
MI. CAROL JOHNSON was elected in 1959. Secretary. Parliamentary Labour Party, 1943-59. Vice-chairman, Commons, Foot- paths and Open Spaces Society; member. Standing Joint Committee on National Parks, and of Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs. A solicitor. Born 1903: educated at council schools. Law Society s School of Law. and London School of Economics.
Lewisham West
Electorate: 54.227. 1959: 54.069 McNair-Wilson, P. M. E. D.
(C) .. .. 18,167 Lestor, Miss J. (Lab) .. 17,281 Mountain, A. B. (L) ,, 5,123
C majority . - .. 886 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,466, Lab. 16,233, L 4,721. C
mai. 6,233.
MR. PATRICK MCNAIR-WILSON is director of the London Municipal Society. Born. May 1929; educated at Eton. Held Regular commission in Coldstream Guards 1947-52, serving in Palestine and North Africa. Joined the Conservative Central Office in 1955. and served on staff of Cop- servative Political Centre. Television and radio broadcaster.
Paddington North
Electorate: 38,779. 1959: 40,952
*Parkin, B. T. (Lab) .. .. 14,607
Edwards. J. K. O'N. (C) .. 10,639
Lab majority .. .. 3,968 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 14.397, C 13,629. Lab.
maj. 768.
MR. BENJAMIN PARKIN was returned at a by-election in December, 1953. Repre- sented Stroud and Thornbury, 1945-50:- contested the seat in 1951. A furniture ranufacturer. Born April, 1906; educated at Wycliffe College. Lincoln College, Oxford, and Strasbourg University.
Paddington South
Electorate: 35,226. 1959: 40,951
'Allan, R. A. (C) .. .. 10,838
Dow, W. (Lab) .. . 1,439 Cowen, P. M. R. (L) . 2,278
C majority .. .. 3,399 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16.006. Lab. 8,719. C. maj. 7,287.
MR. ROBERT ALLAN Was Under Secretary, Foreign Office, from January, 1959. to August, 1960. Parliamentary Secretary, Admiralty, 1958. Parliamentary private secretary to Sir A. Eden, 1955 to 1957, and to Mr. Macmillan - until January, 1958. Assistant whip 1953-55. Elected 1951. Con- tested West Dunbartcmshire at the by- election and general election in 1950, and Dunbartonshire in 1945. Born 1914: edu- cated at Harrow, Clare College, Cambridge, and Yale University. Appointed jouit treasurer of the Conservative Party and chairman of the Central Board of Finance in 1959.
Poplar
Electorate: 44,756. 1959: 44,412
Mikardo, L (Lab) .. .. 20,271
Baker, K. W. (C) .. .. 5,813
Lab majority .. .. 14,458 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22.506. C. 6.635. Lab. mai.
15,871.
MR. IAN MIKxARo represented Reading, 1945-50, Reading, South, 1950-55, and Reading, 1955-59. A management consult- ant. Born July, 1908; educated at Ports- mouth Southern Secondary School and Portsmouth Municipal College. Member. Labour Party national executive. Execu- tive member, Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives and Technicians,
MANCHESTER
Openshaw
Electorate: 53,195. 1959: 54,610.
*Morris, C. R. (Lab) .. .. 22,589
Fitzsimmons, G. W. G. (C) 13,387 Marsden, E. (Comm) 1,947
Lab majority .. .. 9,202 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,975, C. 16,537. Lab. maj.
8,438.
1963 By-election: Lab. 16,101, C 7,139,
Comm. 1,185. Lab. maj. 8.962.
MR. C. R. MORRIS was returned at a by- election in December, 1963; contested Cheadle in 1959. Formerly a postal and telegraph officer. Born December, 1926; educated at Brookdale Park School, Man- chester. Member of Manchester City Council for 10 years and chairman of cor- poration transport committee; national executive member of Union of Post Office Workers.
Withington
Electorate: 56,996. 1959: 59,457.
*Cary, Sir R. A. (C) .. .. 18,259
Openshaw, K. (Lab) . 13,117 Davies, G. V. (L) . - .. 9,860
C majority -. .. 5,142 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,170. Lab. 13,476, L. 7,675.
C. ma). 9,694.
SIR ROBERT CARY was elected in 1951. He represented Eccles 1935-45, contested the seat in July, 1945, Ashton-under-Lyne at a by-election three months later, and Central Nottingham 1950. Parliamentary rr!vate secretary to the Leader of the House (Mr. H. Crookshank), 1951-55. A Lord Commissioner of.the Trea,ury, 1945. A director of transport oompanies. Born May. 1898; educated at Ardingly College and Royal Military College Sandhurst.
Wytheushawe
Electorate: 70,704. 1959: 69,925
Morris, A. (Lab & Co-op) .. 26,870 *Hill, Mrs. E. (C) .. .. 22,093 Armstrong, T. N. (L) 7,336
Lab majority .. . 4,777 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 28,934, Lab. and Co-op. 27,625.
C. maj. 1,309.
MR. ALFRED MoRRis contested the con- stituency in 1959 and Liverpool, Garston, in 1951. An industrial relations officer, formerly a trade union organizer. Born March, 1928; educated at elementary schools Manchester, Ruskin CoLlege and St. Cat,herine's, Oxford, and Manchester University. National chairman, Labour League of Youth, 1950-52, and chairman of Control Commission, Internlational Union of Socialist Youth, 1951-54.
MANSFIELD
Electoitate: 58,698. 1959: 56,674
*Taylor, H. B. (Lab) .. . 29,055
Clarke, K. H. (C) .. .. 10.021 Strauther, R. (L) .. .. 6,628
Lab majority .. .. 19,034 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,066, C. 14.700. Lab. ma).
16.366.
MR. BERNARD TAYLOR was Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of National Insurance. 1950-51, after five years as Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister. Elected for Mansfield, his native town, at by-elec- tion in 1941. Born September, 1895; edu- cated at council schools, and began work as a minor at the age of 13.
MELTON
Electorate: 77,285. 1959: 70,233
*Pike, Miss M. (C) . . .. 32,842
Williams, D. J. (Lab) - 19,578 Pratt, G. V. J. (L) .. 11,392
C majority .. .. 13,264 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 34,997, Lab. 22,176. C. maj.
12,821.
MISS MERVYN PIKE became joint Under- Secretary at the Home Office in March. 1963. Previously Assistant Postmaste!r- Generail from October, 1959. Returned at a by-election in December, 1956; con-tested Leek in 1955 and Pontefract in 1951 Managing director of a firm of potte-y man,ufacturers. Born September, 1913; educated at Hunmanby Hall, East York- shire, and Reading University.
MERIDEN
Electorate: 70,085. 1959: 62,449
Rowland, C. J. S. (Lab) .. 29,425 *Matthevs, G. R. (C) . 29,062
Lab majority .. .. 363 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 26,498, Lab. 26.235. C. maj. 263.
MR. CHRISTOPHER RowLAND, an informa- tion and public relations executive, con- tested Eastleigh in 1959. Born September, 1929; educated at elementary schools, Chesterfield Grammar School, London School of Economics and Corpus Christi Colege, Oxford. Talks producer, B.B.C. Overseas Services 1954-59. Chairman National Association of Labour Student Organizations 1953-54. Treasurer of the Africa Bureau.
MERTON AND MORDEN Electorate: 49,854; 1959: 52,178
*Atkins, H. E. (C) .. .. 19,032
May, K. W. (Lab) .. . 16,234 McGeorge, N. D. M. (L).. 5,781
C majority . . .. 2,798 NO CEIANGE
1959: C. 25,603, Lab. 17.444. C. maj.
8,159.
MR. HUMPHREY ATKINS was elected in 1955; contested West Lothian in 1951. Director of financial advertising agency. Born August. 1922; educated at Wellington College. Vice-chairman of Conservative Parliamentary transport conumittee.
MIDDLESBROUGH
East
Electorate: 58,062. 1959: 62,666
*Bottomley, A. G. (Lab) ., 29,432
Wood, F. A. S. (C) . 12,917
Lab majority .. .. 16,515 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,391. C. 18,365. Lab. maj.
11,026.
1962 By-election: Lab. 18,928, L. 7,145,
C 4.613, Union Movt. 550. Lab. maj. 11.783.
MR. ARTRUR BOTTOMLEY w-As elected at a by-election in March, 1962; represented Rochester and Chatham, 1950-1959, and Chatham, 1945-50. Secretary for Overseas Trade, 1947-51; Under-Secretary for the Dominions, 1946-47. Born February, 1907: educated at council school.
West
Electorate: 52,905. 1959: 53,059
*Bray, J. W. (Lab) -, .. 19,904
Sumption, A. J. (C) .. 18,759 Rettic, J. C. A. (L) .. .. 5,816
Lab majority . - .. 1,145 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.602, Lab. 15.892, L. 4,336.
C. mal. 8.710.
1962 By-election: Lab. 15,095. C. 12,825,
L. 9,829, Ind. 189. Ind. 117. Lab. maj. 2,270
MR. JEREMY BRAY gained the seat for Labour in a by-election in June, 1962. Con- tested Thirsk and Malton in 1959. Born
July, 1930, he has worked on economic planning and automatic oontfol in the ohemical and electronic industries. Educa- ted at Aberystwyth Grammar School: Kingswood School, Bath. Jesus College, Cambridge; Choate Fellow. Harvard. Member of Fabian Society executive. Member of Select Committce on Nationalizod ldustries.
MIDDLETON AND PRESTWICH
Electorate: 69,658. 1959: 65,855
Barlow, Sir J. D. (C).. .. 22,192
Leighton, R. (Lab) .. 20,066 Crilly, S. (L) .. .. 13,064
C majority .. .. 2,126 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31,416, Lab. 21.248. C. mai.
10,168.
StR JOHN BARLOw was elected in 1951. Sat for Eddisbury as L. Nat.. 1945-50; contested Walsall 1950; and Northwich as Liberal in 1929. Chairman of the Con- servative trade and industry committee 1955-59; chairman of Lancashire Conserva- tive Members' Committee 1955. Merchant and farmer, bank director, and chairman of rubber plantation companies. Born June, 1898; educated at Leighton Park School, Reading, and Haverford College, Pennsylvania.
MITCHAM
Electorate: 67,967. 1959: 70,463
Carr, L. R. (C) .. .. 25,087
Mackay, R. C. (Lab) .. 21,175 Heath, W. A. (L) .. .. 6,902 French, S. (Comm) .. 657
C majority .. .. 3,912 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33,661, Lab. and Co-op 23,845.
C. maj. 9.816.
MR RoBERT CARIuwas appointed Secre- tary for Tecihnical Cooperation in May, 1963. He was Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Labour, December. 1955- April. 1958. Won Mitcham in 1950. Born 1916; educated at Westrinster School and Gonville and Caius CoUege, Cambridge. Metallurgist and industrialist. Governor of St. Mary's Hospital Paddington. 1954- 56. and Imperial College of Science and Technology.
MORECAMBE AND LONSDALE
Electorate: 59,626. 1959: 57,654
Hall-Davis, A. G. F. (C) 24,756
McManus, F. R. (Lab) 12,392 Smallwood, J. R. (Ind L) .. 8,818
C majority .. .. 12,364 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,228, Lab. 14.253. C. maj.
15,975.
MR. ALFRED HALL-DAvIs contested St. Helens in 1950 and Chorley in 1951 and 1955. Company director. Born June, 1924. Educated at Terra Nova School, Birkdale, and Clifton College, Bristol. Former mcm- ber of Conservative Party executive.
MORPETH
Electorate: 44,451. 1950: 45.361
*Owen, W. J. (Lab and Co-op) 26,114
Bloom, D. (C) .. .. 9,805
Lab majority .. .. 16,309 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 27.435, C. 10,716
Lab. and Co-op. maj. 16,719.
MR. WILLIAM JAMES OWEN was returned at a by-election in November, 1954: con- tested Dover 1950 and 1951. Born Febru- ary, 1901; educated at an elementary school and Central Labour ColUege. A miner for 10 years; Co-operative education officer; community welfare officer for National Coal Board; general secretary, Association of Clothing Contractors.l
NANTWICH
Electorate: 45,423 1959: 43,655 *Grant-Ferris, Wing Cmdr. R.
(C) ...17,171 Goldina, J. (Lab) .. 11,254 Green, D. A. R. (L) .. 8,613
C majority .. 5,917 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17,613. Lab. 10,876, L. 7,983. C.
maj. 6,737.
WING CMDR. ROBERT GRANT-FERRIS, elected for Nantwich in 1955. represented St. Pancras, North, 1937-45* contested Wigan 1935, and Wandsworth, Central, 1950 and 1951. A barrister (Inner Temple, 1937) and landowner. Born 1907. educated at Douai School, Woolhampton. Joint vice-chairman London Conservative Union, 1943-45. President, National Sheep Breeders' Association of Great Britain, 1956-58.
NELSON AND COLNE
Electorate: 46.718. 1959: 48,472
*Si.lverma.n, S. S. (Lab) .. 20,205
Waddington, D. C. (C) .. 17,561
Lab majority ., .. 2,644 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,407, C. 19,143. Lnc. Pty.
1,889. Lab. maj. 1.264.
MR. SYDNEY SILVERMAN has represented the constituency since 1935. Contested a by-eleotion in Exchange division, Liver- pool. 1933. Promoted a private member's Bill to abolish capital punishment which led to the Government's Homicide Act, 1957. A solicitor; formerly a university lecturer, National University of Finland. Born 1895: educated at Liverpool Institute and Liverpool University. Member of Liverpool City Council, 1932-38 and of the national executive of the Labour Party, 1956-58.
NEWARK
Electorate: 57.906. 1959: 54.597
Bishop, E. S. (Lab) .. .. 26,171
Jenkin-Jones, P. (C) .. 21,975
Lab majority .. .. 4,196 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,074, C. 22.300. Lab. mai.
1,772.
MR. EDWARD BISHOP contested Bristol, West, 1950, Exeter 1951, and Gloucester- shire, South, 1955. An aeronautical design draughtsman. Born October. 1920 educated at South Bristol Central School The Merchant Venturers' Technical College and Bristol University. Member of Bristol City Council: former deputy leader.
NEWBURY
Electorate: 69,338. 1959: 62,854
Astor. J. (C) . . 24,936
Stoddart, D. L. (Lab) .. 18,943 Egginton, D. (L) . . 11,124
C majority . . 5,993- NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,703, Lab. 19.787. C. mai. 9,916.
MR. JoHN ASTOR is a director of a ship- yard company. Born September, 1923; edu- cated at Sunmuerfields School, Hastings, and Eton. Member of Berkshire County Coun- cil since 1953; alderman, 1960. Vice- chalrmaln, South Berkshire Conservative Association.
NEWCASTLE UNDER LYME
Electorate: 63,934. 1959: 63,623
*Swingler, S. T. (Lab) .. .. 30,470
Lovering, J. (C) . .. 22,073
Lab majority .. . 8,397 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29.840, C. 23.838. Lab. maj.
6,002.
MR. STEPHEN SwiNgFERL elected in 1951, was M.P. for Stafford from 1945 to 1950, when he was defeated in the reconstituted Stafford and Stone division. He is a teacher in adult and secondary education. Born Maroh. 1915: educated at Stowe School and New College. Oxford. He was in the R.A.C. during the war. Executive member of the Union of Democratic Control. Chairman (1958) of the Victory for Socialism group.
OSWESTRY
Electorate: 50,066. 1959: S0,772
*Biffen, W. J. (C) . . . 18,154
Costley, G. J. (Lab) .. 11,407 Crowther, T. R. (L) 8,745
C' majority .. .. 6,747, NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21.055. Lab. 10,531, L. 6,068. C.
mai. 10,524.
1961 By-election: C. 12,428, L. 8,647, Lab.
8,519, Patriotic Front, 839. C. maj. 3,781.
MR. JoHN BFtFEN was reurned at a by- election in 1961; contested Coventry, East. in 1959. An economic consultant. Born, November. 1930: educated at Dr. Morgan-s Grammar School, Bridgwater, and Jesus College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Bow Group. 1961-62.
OXFORD
Electorate: 67,014. 1959: 66,655
*Woodhouse, C. M. (C) .. 22,212
Luard, D. E. T. (Lab) .. 20,783 Davies, 1. R. M. (L) 8,797
C majority 1.. .. ,429 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,798, Lab. 18,310, L 7,491. C.
mai. 8,488.
MR. CHRSTOPHER WOODHOUSE was appointed Under Secretary, Home Office, in July. 1962, having been Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Aviation, from Octo- ber, 1961. Director-general of the Royal Institute of International Affairs from 1955 until his election in 1959. Born May, 1917; educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. He worked for two years in industry, was assistant secretarY of the Nuffield Foundation for two years. has also served in the Foreign Office. Colonel conmnanding the Allied Military Mission to the Greek guerrillas in 1943; attached to the British Embassy in Athens. 1945. and in Teheran, 1951.
PENISTONE
Electorate: 63,196. 1959: *Mendelson, J. J. (Lab.)
Askew, B. (C)
Swinden. R. (L) ..
61,397
.. 29,784 .. 13.095
.. 8,372
Lab. majority .. .. I6.689 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,117. C. 19,809. Lab. maj.
11,308.
MR. JOHN MENDELSON was returned for the constituency at the by-election in June. 1959. A university lecturer in politicai science. Born 1917; educated at Lonidon University and abroad. Former vice-presi- dent of the Sheffield Trades and Labour council.
PENRITH AND THE BORDER Electorate: 50,840. 1959: 51,190.
*Whitelaw, W. S. I. (C) . . 21,228
Roberts, Mrs. K. M. A.
(Lab) .. .. .. 10,490 Jackson, W. (L) .. .. 9.279
C majority .. .. 10.738 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.551, Lab. 9,342, L. 7.602. C.
maj. 14,209.
MR. WILLIAM WHITELAWV was appointed Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Labour, in July, 1962. A Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from March, 1961. and an assistant whip 1959-61. Elected in 1955. contested East Dunbartonshire 1950 and 1951. A farmer and landowner. Formerly joint secretary 1922 Committee and Con- servative transport committee. Born June. 1918; educated at Winchester and Trinity College. Cambridge: a golf Blue. Regular officer in the Scots Guards. 1939-47. Mtem- ber of the Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland. the Royal Company of Archers.
PETERBOROUGH
Electorate: 63,181. 1959: 60,545
*Nicholls, Sir H. (C) .. .. 24.045
Saunders, D (Lab) .. 21.428 Young. L. (L ) .. .. 6.181
C majority . - .. 2,617 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,414, Lab. 22.830. C. mdi.
4.584.
SIR HARMAR NICROLLS. elected in 1950. was Parliamentary Secretarv to the Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food. 1955-57. and to the Ministry of Works, 1957-59. Contested Nelson and Colne. 1945. and Preston, South. 1946. A surveyor, company director, and an under- writer at Lloyd's. Born November, 1912: educated at elementary and grammar schools. President of the Wallpaper and Paint Retailers' Association; chairman of the National Broadcasting Development Council.
PETERSFIELD
Electorate: 57,893. 1959: 52,796
*Quennell, Miss J. (C) . . 23.603
Digby, Lt.-CoL R. M. (L) 11,338 Wilson, Lady, M. C. (Lab) 8.477 de Bounevialle, Miss R. M1.
(Ind. Loyalists) .. .. 292 C majority . . . 1. 12.265 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,687, Lab. 8.278. L. 6.912. C.
maj. 15,409.
1960 By-election: C. 15,613, L. 8,310, Lab.
4,777. C. maj. 7,303.
Miss JOAN QUENNELL was returned at a by-election in November, 1%0. Born December. 1923; educated at Bedales School, Petersfield. Served with the Women's Land Army during the war, sub- sequently managing a mixed dairy and arable farm. A member of West Sussex County Council until 1961. Former chair- man of the Horsham Divisional Conserva- tive Associatiorq and chairman of the Women's Advisory Committec. A governor of Crawley Technical College. and the Teachers' Training College, Bognor Regis.
PLYMOUTH
Devonport
Electorate: 60,959. 1959: *Vickc.rs Miss J. H. (C]
: 64_'36
'2l41
Crabb, R. E. (Lab) .. 20.615
C majority .. .. 3,626 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and Nat. L. 28,481, Lab. 22.027.
C. and Nat. L maj. 6.454.
MISS JOAN VICKERS Was elected in IQ55: contested South Poplar, 1945. C.hairman, Conservative Parliamentary sub-committee on East and Central Africa of the Com- monwealth Affairs Committee. A s(cial welfare worker and lecturer. Born 1907; educated St. Monica's College, Burgh Heath. Surrey, and in Paris. Served with British Red Cross in South East Asia, Area Welfare Officer. Social Welfare Depart- ment in Malaya. Member of London County Council, 1937-45; U.K. dele4ate to Starus of Women Commission at United Nations. 1962-63: chairman, Anglo-Indo- nesian Society.
Sutton
Electorate: 73,591. 1959: 74,078
*Fraser, 1. M. (C) .. .. 24.722
Dunwoody, Dr. J. E. 0.
(Lab) .. .. .. 24.312 Cocks, C. E. G. (L) .. 7,383
C majority .. 410 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32.752, Lab. 25,991. C. maj. 6,761.
MR. IAN FRASER was appointed an assistant whip in April. 1962. Elected in 1959: contested Tottenham in 1955. Born October, 1916: educated at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church, Oxford. A business consultant, Held a regular com- mission in the Frontier Force Rifles; was taken prisoner in 1942: lost a leg shortly before V.E. Day,
P. C. G. Walker, defeated Labour
candidate in Smethwick.
ST. ALBANS
Electorate: 55,658. 1959: 52,823
*Goodhew, V. H. (C) .. .. 22,063
Douglas-Mann B. L. H.
(Lab) . . .. .. 16,672 Brown, W. G. (L) .. 7,231
C majority .. 5,391 NO CHANGE
1959 : C.23,157, Lab. 14,650. L 5 948. C.
ma . 8,507.
MR. VICTOR GOODHEW was elected in 1959; contested Paddington North, 1955. APPointed Parliamentary private secretary to Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Transport, 1963. and to Civil Lord of the Admiralty. 1961. A company director. Born November, 1919; educated at King's College School. A member of Westminster City Council, 1953-59 and of L.C.C., 1958- 61. Vice-chairman, air sub-committee of Conservative defonce committee.
ST. HELENS
Electorate: 70,465. 1959: 75,280.
*Spriggs, L. (Lab.) .. .. 34,137
Speed, H. K. (C) .. .. 16,826
Lab majority .. .. 17,311 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 35,961, C. 21,956. Lab. maj.,
14,005.
MR. LESLIE SPRIGGS was returned at a by-election in June, 1958. Contested North Fylde in 1955. A railwayman. Born April. 1910; educated at a council school and through the National Council of Labour Colleges. President of the Political section of the North-West England district council of the N.U.R.
ST. IVES
Electorate: 43,890. 1959: 44,010.
*Howard, G. R. (Nat L and C) 14,040
Whitmarsh, C. E. L. (L) . . 9,641 Jones, T. F. G. (Lab) 9,265
Nat L and C majority . . 4,399 NO CHANGE
1959: Nat. L. and C. 15.700. Lab. 8.802.
L. 8,258. Nat. L. and C. maj. 6,898.
MR. GREVILLE HOWARD was elected in 1950; contested Portsmouth, North in 1945, London manager of a Liverpool firm of cotton merchants and brokers, 1935-39. Born September, 1909; educated at Eton and Sandhurst. Mayor of Westminster. 1946-47. Member of committee of management and vice-president, Royal National Life-boat Institution. Joint presi- dent, National Association of Inshore Fishermen. Vice-chairman, Navy sub-com- mittee of Conservative defence committee.
SALFORD
East
Electorate: 48.109. 1959: 51,231.
*AlIaun, F. (Lab) .. .. 19,641
Franks, J. H. (C) .. .. 12,498
Lab majority .. .. 7,143 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20.639. C. 17,171. Lab. maj.
3,468.
MR. FRANK ALLAUN was elected in 1955; contes,ted Manohester Moss S:de, 1951. A Journalist. Born 1913. Educated at Man- chester Grammar School. Has been an engineer, shop assistant, foreign tours leader. W.E.A. lecturer, and chartered accountant. National chairman of the Labour Peace Fellowship. Helped organize the first Aldermaston march.
West
Electorate: 50,514. 1959: 56,490.
Orme, S. (Lab) .. . 20,490
Clark, A. E. (C) .. .. 16,446
Lab majority .. .. 4,044 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.167, C 20,306. Lab. mai.
2.861.
MR. STANLLY ORME contested Stockport. South in 1959. An engineer. Born April, 1923; educated at elementary and technical schools, National Council of Labour Col- legcs and Workers' Educational Association classes. Member of Manchester district committee, Amalgamated Engineering Union; a shop steward. Member of Sale Borough Council since 1958.
SALISBURY
Electorate: 52,865. 1959: 49.997
*Morrison, J. G. (C) .. .. 20,071
Mills, L. A. (Lab) ..1 . 14,311 Capstick, H. (L) -. .. 7,176
C majority .. .. 5,760 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,641, Lab. 12.932. L.5.516. C.
maj. 7,709.
MlR. JOHN MORRISON was returned for Salisbury at a by-election in 1942. Farmer and company director. Born December, 1906; educated at Eton and Magdalene College. Cambridge. Hon. Col.. Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry. Chairman of the 1922 Committee since 1955.
SCARBOROUGH AND WHITBY
Electorate: 65,611. 1959: 63,938
*Spearman. Sir A. C. M. (C) 22,632
Rowntree, R. S. (L) .. 14,725 Hardy, P. (Lab) .. .. 11,818
C majority .. .. 7,907 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,276. L. 10,759, Lab. 10,468.
C. maj. 14,517.
SIR ALEXANDER SPEARMAN was elected in 1941 at a by-election; contested Mansfield in 1935 and Gorton (Manchester). 1937. Stockbroker. Born March, 1901; educated at Repton and Hertford College, Oxford. A governor of London School of Econo- mics.
SEDGEFIELD
Electorate: 66,886. 1959: 63,535
*Slater. J. (Lab) . .. 32.273
Thring, C. F. (C) .. . 20,931
Lab majority .. .. 11,342 NOCHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,642. C. 21.771. Lab. mai.
8,871.
MR. JOSEPH SLATER. elected in 1950, is a miner, and has been a trade union official for 20 years. Born June, 1904; educated at Chilton Lane School. County Durham. A member of the Sedgefield R.D.C. seven years, and of Durham County Council for six years. Appointed Parliamentary pri- vate secretary to the Leader of the Opposi- tion, 1960; hon. treasurer trade union group of Parliamentary Party. Member of 'lie Select Comnmittee on Estimates.
SEVENOAKS
Electorate: 68,820. 1959: 62,701
Rodgers, Sir J. C. (C) .. 28,678
Pearce, P. B. (Lab) .. 14.958 Penman, Mrs. N. (L) .. 11,480
C majority .. .. 13,720 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,186, Lab. 14.265, L 7.819. C.
maj. 13,921.
SIR JOHN RoDGERs was Parliamentary Secretary. Board of Trade. 1958-60. Elected in 1950. Company director and author. Born October. 1906: educated at St. Peter's. York. in France, and Keble College, Oxford. Held administrative Posts in the Ministries of Information and Pro- duction, and at the Foreign Office during the war. A member of the B.B.C. general advisory council 1945-52; council of Insti- tute of Directors 1955-58; and of executive committee of the British Council 1957-58.
SHEFFIELD
Attereliffe
Electorate: 63,046; 1959: 65,024
*Hynd, J. B. (Lab) .. .. 30,318
Lambert. Lt.-CoL 1I. L. (C) 10,223 Wood, C. (L) .. .. 4,831
Lab majority .. .. 20,095 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 33,676. C. and L. 15,304. Lab.
maj. 18.372.
MR. JOHN HYND was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1945-47, with ministerial responsibility for the Control Commission in Germany and Austria- Minister of Pensions during 1947. Returned at a by-election in 1944. He was a railway clerk and N.U.R. official, 1925-44. Born April, 1902; educated at St. Ninian's and Caledonian Road schools, Perth.
Brightside
Electorate: 54,927; 1959: 57,090
*Winterbottom, R. E. (Lab) .. 27,317
Leitch, A. (C) .. .. 9,963 Hill, H. (Comm) .. .. 1,356
Lab majority .. .. 17,354 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,302. C. 12.269, Comm. 1,373.
Lab. maj. 16,033.
MR. RICHARD WINTERBOI-IrOM was elected in 1950. Parliamentary private sec- retary to Postmaster General, 1950-51. Born July, 1899; elementary education. Area organizer of the National Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 1935-44, and national organizer 1944-50.
Hallam
Electorate: 58,226; 1959: 60.225
*Osborn, J. H. (C) .. .. 23.719
Kingscott, A. G. (Lab) .. 11,635 Manley, G. H. (L) ,. 7,807
C majority .. .. 12,084 NO CHANGE
1959: C and L. 28,747, Lab. 11,938. L
5.119. C. and L. maj. 16,809.
MR. JOHN OSBORN. joint secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary commnittee on science and technology and of the Power committee, was elected in 1959: Deputy chairman, all-party Parliamentary and Scientific Comnmittee. Director of a steel and engineering company. Born December, 1922; educated at Rugby and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Heeley
Electorate: 75,582; 1959: 72.648
*Roberts, Sir P. G. (C) .. 29,587
Hooley, F. 0. (Lab) .. 27,883
C majority .. .. 1,704 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and L. 33.236, Lab. 23.109. C. and
L. maj. 10.127.
SIR PETER ROBERTS won Heeley in 1950: M.P. for Eccleshall 1945-50, following his father, and grandfather. A barrister (called by the Inner Temple, 1936) and director of several companies. Born June. 1912; educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Hillsborough
Electorate: 47,478. 1959: 51.023
*Darling, G. (Lab & Co-op) .. 22,071
Lawther, R. J. (C) .. . 13,278
Lab majority .. .. 8,793 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 21,888, C. 16,845.
Lab. and Co-op. maj. 5.043.
MR. GEORGE DARLINC was clected in 1950: contested Macclesfield, 1935. Party spokesman on Board of Trade subjects and consumer protection. A journalist. Born July, 1905; educated at elementary school and Liverpool and Cambridge urni- versities. Head of research and informa- tion department of the Co-operative Who>lesale Society, 1930-37. Member of Council Institute of Advanced Motorists.
Park
Electorate: 46.633. 1959: 51.533
*Mulley, F. W. (Lab) .. .. 24,196
Adams, F. W. A. (C) 7,816
Lab majority .. .. 16,380 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,078, C. and L. '.598. Lab.
maj. 15.480.
MiR. FREDERICK MULLEY, a Labour spokesman on Air Ministry matters, won the division in 1950; he contested Sutton Coldfield in 1945. Member of Labour Party national executive 1957-58 and since 1960. A barrister, called by Inner Temple, 1954, and economisL Born July, 1918: educated at Warwick School, Christ Church, Oxford. and St. Catharine's Col- lege, Cambridge.
SHIPLEY
Electorate: 45,905. 1959: 45,460
*Hirst, G. A. N. (C) .. .. 19,076
Price, C. (Lab) .. .. 15,545 Heppell, J. P. (L) .. .. 5,165
C majority .. .. 3,531 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,536, Lab. 17.025. C. maj. 5,511.
MR. GEOFFREY HIRST was elected in 1950. A company director. Born Decem- ber, 1905: educated at Charterhouse and St. John's College, Cambridge. Past-presi- dent of Leeds Chamber of Commerce: member of the grand council, Federation of British Industries, Vice-president Urban District Councils Association. Chairman of Conservative Parliamentary trade and industry committee 1963.
SHREWSBURY
Electorate: 49,025. 1959: 46.846
*Langford-Holt, Sir J. (C) .. 18,517
Murphy, J. 0. (Lab) .. 12,658 Roberts, G. K. (L) 7,180
C majority .. .. 5,859 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19.970. Lab. 11.338. L. 6,387. C.
maj. 8,632.
SIR JOHN LANGFORD-HOLT was returned in 1945. He was secretary of the Conserva- tive labour committee for five years. Born June, 1916: educated at preparatory school and Shrewsbury. Director of companies.
SKIPTON
Electorate: 47,827. 1959: 49.037
*Drayson, G. B. (C) .. .. 18,561
MacSween, R. (Lab) .. 11.715 Pickard, W. E. H. (L) .. 9.886
(t majority .. .. 6,846 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,278. Lab. 11,178. L. 10.543.
C. maj. 9,100.
MEL BuRNABY DRAYSON w-as elected in 1945. A company director. Born March. 1913; educated at Borlase School Elected a member of the Stock Exchange at age 22.
SMETHWICK
Electorate: 47,305. 1959: 49,794
Griffiths, P. H. S. (C) .. 16,690 *Walker, P. C. G. (Lab) .. 14,916 Hugill, D. (L) .. .. 3,172 Davies, D. T. (Ind) 262
C majority .. .. 1,774 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
1959: Lab. 20,670, C. 17,126. Lab. maj.
3.544.
MR. PETER GRIFFITHS contested the constituency in 1959. A headmaster. Born May, 1928; educated at West Brom- wich Grammar School, City of Leeds Training College, and London and Birm- ingham Universities. Alderman, Smethwick Borough Council and leader of the Con- servative group: ohairman Smethwick education comrnittee.
SOLIHULL
Electorate: 67,639. 1959: 60,227
Grieve, W. P. (C) .. .. 32,355
Scott, T. W. K. (Lab) .. 11,969 Farrell, L. (L) .. .. 10,097
C majority .. .. 20,386 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 35.862. Lab. 12,682. C. maj. 23.180.
MR. PERCY GRIEVE, Q.C.. contested the Lincoln by-election, March, 1962. Born March. 1915; educated privately and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge: called by Middle Temple, 1938: Q.C. 1962. Assistant Recorder of Leicester since 1956. Deputy Chairman, Li-coln (,Holland) Quarter Ses- sions since 1962.
SOMERSET NORTH
Electorate: 70.186, 1959: 63,231
Dean, A. P. (C) .. .. 27,814
White, D. T. (Lab) .. 23,896 Willies, M. (L) .. .. 8,253
C majority .. .. 3,918 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,432. Lab. 23.649. C. maj.
6.783.
MR. PAUL DEAN, assistant director Con- servative Research Department, contested the Pontefract by-ele,tion in March, 1962. A farmer until 1956; resident tutor Swinton College. October, 1956-December, 1957; joined the Conservative Research Department 1958; assistant director. 1962. Born September, 1924; educated at Ellesmere College, Shropshire, and Exeter College, Oxford. Former member Governing Body of the Church in Wales.
SOUTHALL
Electorate: 53,558. 1959: 55,290
*Pargiter, G. A. (Lab) .. 18,041 - Maddin. Miss B. (C) .. 16,144
Bean, J. E. (British National
Party) . . .. .. 3,410
Lab majority .. .. 1.897 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,285, C. 19,966. Lab. maj.
2.3 19.
MR. GEORGE PARGtTER. an engineer, was elected for Spelthorne in 1945 and Southall in 1950. Born March. 1897: educated at Towcester Grammar School. Has held many offices in the Amalgamated Eneineering Union. Elected member of Middlesex County Council 1934.
SOUTHAMPTON
Itchen
Electorate: 72,170. 1959: 69,886
*King, Dr. H. M. (LLb) .. 28,949
Olson, G. G. (C) .. .. 18.974 Cherryson, J. (L) .. .. 7,007
Lab majority .. .. 9,975 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29.123. C. 25,390. Lab. nmaj.
3.733.
DR. HORACI- KING, elected for Itchen in 1955, was member for the Test division 1950-55. Contested New Forest and Christ- church 1945. He was a headmaster. Born Mlay, 1901 : educated at Stockton Secondary School and King's College London Uni- versity, and is a doctor of philosophy.
Test
Electorate: 66,572. 1959: 67,087
Fletcher-Cooke. Sir J. (C) 5.. 5,700
Mitchell, R. C. (Lab) .. 25,352
C majority .. .. 348 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,176, Lab. 23.410. C. maj.
6.766.
SIR JOHN FLETCHIR-COOKI contested the Luton by-election in 1963. Former Colonial Civil Servant, now a lecturer and broadcaster. Born August. 1911: educated at Malvern, the Sorbonne, and St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. Acted as Governor of Cyprus at various times between 1951 and 1955: deputy-Governor of Tanganyika, 1960-61. Visiting Professor of African Affairs, University of Colorado, 1961-62. Brother of Mr. Charles Fletcher-Cooke, Conservative M.P. for Darwen from 1950.
SOUTHEND
East
Electorate: 55,763. 1959: *McAdden Sir S. J. (C)
Trevett, E. J. (Lab) Evans, D. E. (L) ..
: 55,265
. 19.775 . . 16.08 . 6.296
C majority .. . . 3,367 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,712, L.ab. 16,987. C. maj. 7.725.
SIR STI PHIN NVADDI Nsas electe(d in 1950. A company director. Born November, 1907; educated at L.C.C. schools and the Salesian School, Battersea.
West
Electorate: 64,132. 1959: 60,999
*Channon, P (C) . . .. 25555
Hoyer-Millar, G. C. (L) .. 14,548 Winsbury, M. R. (Lab) .. 10,423
C majority 11.. 11.007 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,612, L. 10.577. Lab. 9.219. C.
maj. 17,035.
MR. PAUL CHANNON was clected at a by- election in January, 1959. succeeding his father. A company director. Born October. 1935; educated at Lockers Park, Hemel Hempstead, Eton, and Christ Church, Oxtord. Joint secretary, Conservative Parliamentary power cOmmit- tee.
SOUTH FYLDE
Electorate: 71,011. 1959: 6 *Lancaster, Col. C. G. (C) .
Lees, J. D. (L) ..
Stevenson, B. (Lab) ..
65.3 10
. . 31,824 , . 11,885
10,971
C majority .. .. 19,939 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 36,988. Lab. 12.521. C. maj.
24.407.
COLONEL CLAUDE LANCASTER represented the former Fylde Division, 1938-50, and was elected for South Fylde after the 1950 redistribution. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary power committee. Born 1899; educated at Eton and Royal Military College.
SOTTHGATE
Electorate: 53,198. 1959: 54,869
Berry, A. G. (C).. .. 22,251
Bridge, G. J. (L) 9,600 Chapman, S. J. (Lab) .. 8,787
C majority .. .. 12,651 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,704, L. 8,968. Lab. 7,613. C.
maj. 16.736
MR. ANTHONY BERRY is a company director. Born February. 1925; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Vice- president Cardiff North Conservative Association. H gh Sheriff of Glamorgan 1962-63; president Welsh Games Council.
SOtUTHPORT
Electorate: 60,238. 1959: 62.466
*Percival, W. 1. (C) . . .. 23,917
Goldwater. L. (Lab) *. 11,572 Coleman, C. J. (L).. .. 10,609
C majority .. .. 12,345 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26.905, L.1 1,92, Lab. 9.805. C.
maj. 15.613.
MR. TAN PERCIVAL was elected i1 1959. He contested Battersea North in 1951 and 1955. A barrister. Born May, 1921: edu- cated at Latymer School and St. Catha- rine's College, Cambridge. Called by the Inner Temple 1948.
SOUTH SHIELDS
Electorate: 72,697. 1959: 75,538
Blenkinsop, A. (Lab) .. 29.694
Chalmers, J. (C) .. .. 16.344 Wardlaw, T. H. C. (L) 7,837
Lab majority .. .. 13,350 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32.577. C. 23,638. Lab. maj.
8.939.
MR. ARTHUR BL.ENKINSOP was M.P. for Newcastle upon Tyne, East, 1945-59. Par- liamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, 1949-51 and to the Ministry of Pensions, 1946-49. Born June, 1911; edu- cated. at the Royal Grammar Schol and College of Commerce, Newcastle upon Tyne. A chartered secretary. Since 1961 a member of Newcastle City Council. President okf Public Health Inspectors Association.
SOWERBY
Electorate: 50.065. 1959: 52,560
*Houghton, A. L. N. D. (Lab) 21,582
McKim, R. K. (C) .. 18,220
Lab majority .. .. 3,362 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18.949, C. 16,993. L. 7,654.
Lab. maj. 1 .956.
MR. DOUGLAS HotGwrroN. a Labour spokesman on Treasury matters. has also concerned himself with pensions and national insurance business. First rerurned in 1949. Elected to the Parliamentary Com- mittee of the Labour Party in November. 1960. Chairman. Public Accounts Com- mittee since 1963. Born August, 1898; educated at a county secondary school. Represented Sowerby since 1949.
SPELTHORNE
Electorate: 59.000. 1959: 52,115
*Craddock, Sir G. B. (C) .. 22,230
Stokes, R. S. (Lab) .. 16,797 Hayes, M. J. (L) .. .. 8,252
C majority 5,433 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25.221. Lab. 17.128 C. mai.
8.093.
SIR BERESFORD CRADDOCK won Spel-
thorne in 1950: contested Lichfield in 1938 and 1945. Born October. 1898; educated at Harris Academy. Dundee. and St. Andrews University Associate Royal Institute of Chemistry. Called to the Bar in 1947 (Grays Inn).
STAFFORD AND STONE Electorate: 62.417. 1959: 57.078
*Fraser, H. C. P. J. (C) .. '5.37,
BaUham, A. L. (Lab) .. 18.587 King, B. D. (L) . . .. 6.593
C' majority .. .. 6.7S6 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28.107. Lab. 18.034. C. mai.
10.073.
MR. HUC.H FRASER, appointed Secretary of State for Air in July. 1962, became Mini- ster of Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 reorganization. He had been Under-Secretary, Colonial Office, from October, 1960. and Under Secretary, War Office, from December. 1958. Membcr for Stone from 1945 to 1950, when he was returned for Staflord and Stone. Born January, 1918: educated at Ampleforth ('ollege and Balliol College, Oxford (presi- dent of the Union) and at the Sorbonne.
STALYBRIDGE AND HYDE
Electorate: 54,592. 1959: 55,183
*Blackburn, F. (Lab) .. 23,164
Chapman, S. B. (C) .. 1'.739
Lab majority .3 . 4. t425 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23,732. C. 22,309. Lab. maj.
1.423.
MR. FRED BLACKBURN N%as elected f(or
Stalybridge and Hyde in 1951. Contestcd Macclesfield 1950. A teacher and author. Born 1902; ,educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School. Blackburn: St. John's College, Battersca; and Manchester Uii- versity.
STOCKPORT
Nortb
Electorate: 52.283. 1959: 53,287
Gregory, A. (Lab) . . .. 18,969 *Hulbert, Sir N. J. (C) .. 17,067 Downs, B. (L) .. .. 6,560
Lab majority .. 1,902 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 23.487. Lab. 20.265. C. maj.
MR. ARNOLD GRIs tiOR contested Stafford and Stone in 1959. A con-tracts manager and company representative. Boin Novem- ber. 1924: educated at MNlanchester and Sallord municipal schools and Manchester College of Technology. Lecturer and tutor to the National Council of Labour Col- leges.
South
Electorate: 45,955. 1959: 47,265
Orbach, M. (Lab) . . .. 16,755
*Steward, H. M. (C) .. 13,718 Kerr, Dr. D. F. (L) .. 7.107
Lab majority -. .. 3.037 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 20.522. Lab. 17.982. C. maj. 2.540.
M.R MAtJRICF ORBACH represented Wil- lesden, East, from 1945-59, having con- tested that division in 1935 and at a bv- election in 1938. A commercial consultant. Born JUIY. 1902: educated at primarv school, technical college in. Wales. and as extra-mural student at New York Univer- sity. Cbairman of Central Middlesex Group hospital management committee.
STOCKTON-ON-TEES
Electorate: 53,263. 1959: 53,224
*Rodgers, W. 1T. (Lab) . . 22.011
Bray, R. W. T. (C) . 15.424 Mulholland, J. H. (L) .. 6.130
Lab majority -. .. 6,587 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.961, C. 20.684. Lab. inai.
3,277.
1962 By-election: Lab 19,694. C. 12,112,
L. 11,722. Lab. maj. 7.582.
Mi4. W. T. RoDxsgss was returned at a by-election in April. 1962. Contested Bristol, West by-election in Marob, 1P57. Born October, 1 928: educated at elementary and high schools in Liverpool, and Magda, len College. Oxford. General Secretary, of the Fabian Soiety, 1953-60.
STOKE-ON-TRENT
Central
Electorate: 59,140. 1959: 62,220
Stross, Sir B. (Lab) .. . . 27,424
Harrison, J. P. H. (C) 15,322
Lab majority .. .. 12,102 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,630. C. 18,205. Lab. mg.
10,425.
SiR BAINE-:rr STmoss was eleted for Hanley its 1945 and Stoke-on-Trent Contrl in 1950. Born December, 1899; educt.ed at Leeds Grammar School and Leeds Uni- versity and Medical SchooL An authority on industrial diseasa.
SUTTON AND CHEAM Electorate: 58,763. 1959: 58,898
*Sharples, R. C. (C) .. .. 22,975
Derrick, P. (Lab) .. .. 11,839 Montgomerie, J. (L) .. 8,827
C majority .. .. 11,136 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,344, Lab. 11,946, L. 7,600. C.
maj. 15,398.
MR. RICHARD SHARPLES was appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Public Building and Works, in July, 1962, having been joint Parliamentary Secretary, Minis- try of Pensions and National Insurance, since February, 1961. Returned at a by- election in November, 1954. Became an assistant whip in October. 1959. Born August, 1916; educated at Eton and R.M.C. Sandhurst.
SUTTON COLDFIELD
Electorate: 73,937. 1959: 65,347
*Lloyd, G. W. (C) . . .. 31,772
Whincup, M. H. (L) .. 14,745 Tombs, P. E. (Lab) .. 11,399
C majority .. .. 17,027 NO CELANGE
1959: C. 33,064, Lab. 11,310, L. 7,543. C.
maj. 21,754.
MR. GEOFFREY LLOYD was Minister of Education, 1957-59, Minister of Fuel and Power, 1951-55. He held office in the war- time Government as Secretary for Mines, Secretary for Petroleum, Minister in oharge of the Petroleum Warfare Department, and Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Fuel and Power. From 1935-39 he was Under- Secretary at the Home Office, and took part in A.R.P. planning. In the ""Caretaker"" Government he was appointed Minister of In,formation. In 1945 he was defeated in the Ladywood division, which he had repre- sented since 1931; contested SE. South- wark, 1924. and Bdimnighan, Ladywood, 1929: returned for King's Norton in 1950, and for Sutton Coldfield, 1955. Fromn 1946 to 1949 he was a governor of the B.B.C. Born 1902; educated at Harrow and Trin- ity College, Cambridge.
SWINDON
Electorate: 58,923. 1959: 55,339
*Noel-Baker, F. E. (Lab) .. 26,464
Reece, N. G. (C) .. .. 16,651 Gradwell, I. (Comm) 944
Lab majority .. .. 9,813 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,087. C. 20.178. LAb. maj.
3,909.
MR. FRkNCIS NoEL-BAKER, elected for Swindon, 1955, was member for Brent- ford and Chiswick, 1945-50. A journalist. Born, January, 1920; educateA at Westrnin- ster School and King's College, Cambridge. He is the son of Mr. Philip Noel-Baker. Ohairman, Advertising'lInquiry Council.
TAUNTON
Electorate: 54,202. 1959: 52,675
*du Cann, E. (C) .. .. 21,367
Pike, L. V. (Lab) .. ...16,619 Amery, Mrs. M. I. G. H. (L) 7,944
C majority .. .. 4,748 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,680, Lab. 16,182, L. 7,031. C.
maj. 6,498.
MR. EDWARD DU CANN was appointed Minister of State, Board of Trade. in October, 1963. He had been Economic Secretary to the Treasury from July, 1962. Elected February, 1956: contested Barrow- n-Furness 1955, and West Walthamstow 1951. Born May; 1924; educated at Colet Court, Woodbridge School, and St. John's College, Oxford. Managing director of unit trusts.
TAVISTOCK
Electorate: 52,124. 1959: 46,908
*Studholme, SirT""H. G. (C.) .. 19,493
Jones, T. G. (L.) .. .. 14.093 Elswood, J. A. (Lab.) 7,226
C majority .. .. 5,400 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19.778, L. 9,008, Lab. 8,022. C.
ma . 10,770.
SIR HENRY STUDHOLME Was Vice- Chamberlain of the Household, 1951-56. He has represented Tavistock since the by- election of 1942. A Conservative whip from 1945 to 1951. Joint hon. treasurer of the Conservative Party 1956-62. He is a land- owner, interested in agriculture and forestry. Born June. 1899; educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford.
THIRSK AND MALTON
Electorate: 57,697. 1959: 52,517
*Turton, R. H. (C) .. .. 28,272
Hussey, D. L. (Lab) .. 14,315
C majority .. .. 13,957 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,413. Lab. 12.318. C. maj.
15,095.
MR. RoBERT TURTON was Minister of Health, December, 1955, to January, 1957. Joint Under-Secrotary for Foreign Affairs in 1954-55; Parliamentary Secretary, Mini- stry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1951-54. Elected in MaY, 1929, in succes- sion to his uncle, who represented the divi- sion 1914-29. Farner and landowner. Born August, 1903; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Irner Temrple in 1926.
THURROCK
Electorate: 71,519. 1959: 67,054
*Delargy, H. J. (Lab) .. 30,372
McCrindle, R. A. (C) 14,615 Blackburn, A. N. H. (L) 8,094
Lab majority .. .. 15,757 NO CHANGE
1959t Lab. 32,270, C. 20,188. Lab. maj.
12,082.
MR. HUGH DELARGY was elected in 1950. He represented the Platting division of Manchester, 1945-5OQ Has been a teacher, journalist, labourer, and insurance official Born 1908; educated at elementary and secondary schools and at Paris and Rome.
TIVERTON
Electorate: 50,854. 1959: 48,416
*Maxwell-Hyslop, R. (C) .. 19,280
Collier, J. J. (L) .. .. 14,053 Mitchard, J. T. (Lab) .. 7,393
C majority .. .. 5,227 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21.714, Lab. 9,836, L. 7.504. C.
maj. 11.878.
1%0 By-election: C. 15,308. L. 12,268,
Lab. 5,895. C. maj. 3,040.
MR. ROBIN MAXWELL-HYSLOP was elected in the 1960 by-election; contested Derby. North. in the 1959 general election. Formerly personal assistant to the director
and generat manager of an aero engine firm. Born June, 1931; educated at Stowe and Christ Church, Oxford.
TONBRIDGE
Electorate: 71,789. 1959: 67.320
*Hornby, R. P. (C) .. .. 27,802
Savage, D. (Lab) ,. .. 19,037 Babbs, E. (L) .. .. 9,682
C majority .. .. 8,765 NO CHANGE
1959: C 31.687. Lab. 21,181. C maj,
MR. RtcHARD HoRisY was appointed Under-Secretary, Commonwealth Relations Office and Colonial Office, in October, 1963. Returned at a by-election in June. 1956. Contested Walthamstow, West, in 1955 and at a by-election in 1956. Taught at Eton for two years. Became an advertising executive. Born June, 1922; educated at Winchester and Trinity College, Oxford (scholar).
WOOD GREEN
Electorate: 55,593 1959: 59.380 * Butler, Mrs. J. S. (Lab &
Co-op) . . .. .. 22,131 Cathles, G. (C) 16,939
Lab majority .. 5,192 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op 22,869, C. 21,735.
Lab. and Co-op. mai. 1.134.
MRS. JOYCE BUrLER has represented the constituency since 1955. A housewife. Born 1910; educated at King Edward's High School, Birmingham, and Wood- brooke College. Member of Wood Green Borough- Council since 1947. Alderman and first chairman of new London borough of Haringey.
WORCESTER
Electorate: 60,287 1959: 59,117
*Walker, P. (C) .. 24.345
Martin, J. (Lab) .. *. 17,038 Parry, J. G. (L) .. 6,448
C majority .. 7,307 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,024, Lab. 19,832. C. maj. 7,192. 1961 By-election: C. 15,087, Lab. 11,490;
L. 11.435. C. mai. 3,597.
IMR. PETER WALKER was elected at the by-election in March. 1961; contested Dartford in 1959 and 1955. Chairman of a firm of insurance brokers and director of a unit trust. Born 1931; educated at Latymer Upper Sohool. Member of the party national executive and of the advisory committee on policy.
WORCESTERSHIRE SOUTH Electorate: 60,030. 1959: 57,657
'Agnew. Sir P. G. (C.) .. 23.740
Batchelor. A. J. (L.) .. 11,503 Drewer, S. P. W. (Lab) .. 11,137
C. majority .. .. 12,237 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25.824, Lab. 10.884, L. 6.890. C.
maj. 14,940.
SIR PFTER AGNEw represented the Cam- borne division of Cornwall. 1931-50: de- feated in re-formed Falmouth and Camborne constituency. Elected for South Worcestershire, 1955. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary Mediterranean sub-comnittee of the Commonwealth affairs committee. A whip, 1945-50. Born. 1900; educated at Repton and the Royal Naval College, Keyham.
WORKINGTON
Electorate: 49.220. 1959: 49,401
Peart. T. F. (Lab) .. 25.522
Denman, H. (C.) .. .. 15,565
Lab majority .. .. 9,957 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,537, C. 16.894. Lab. maj.
8.643.
MR. FREDERICK PEART, was elected in 1945. Appointed a party spokesman on agriculture in December, 1961 , previously on education and science. Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of Agricul- ture, 1945-51. Born April, 1914; B.Sc. Dur- ham University and ex-president of the University Union Society.
WORTHING Electorate: 61,931. 1959: Higgins, T. L. (C) ..
Rose, P. L. (L) .. Putler, R. L. (Lab)
: 60,505
. . 30,203 * 11,320 .. 7,976
C majority .. .. 18,883 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31.396, Lab. 7,618. L. 7.045. C.
mai. 23,778.
MR. TERENCE HIGGINS is an economist and an Associate of the Institute of Char- tered Shipbrokers. Born 1928; educated at Alleyn'.s Sahool, Dulwich, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (president of the union 1958), and Yale University, where he was a lecturer in the Department of Economics. Has been engaged in research for the Bow Group. From 1948-55 he was a member of the British athletics team (440 yards and 4x440 yards relay). He was in the Olympic Games teams of 1948 and 1952 and in the Empire and Commonwealth Games team of 1950.
WREKIN, THE
Electorate: 54,519. 1959: 48,789
*Yates. W. (C) .. .. 21,765
Bruce, D. W. T. (Lab) .. 19.078 Davies. I. N. (L) .. .. 3.839
C. majority .. .. 2.687 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.030. Lab. 19.052. C. maj.
2,978.
MR. WILLIAM YATES was elected in 1955. Born September, 1921; educated at Upping- ham and Hertford College, Oxford. Appointed legal officer. Custodian's office in tripoli, Libya, to report on State lands, 1951.
WYCOMBE
Electorate: 75.902; 1959: 68,199
Hall, J. (C) .. .. .. 30,877
Barnes, M. C. J. (Lab) .. 21,534 Dennis, A. D. (L) .. .. 9,330
C majority .. .. 9,343 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30.774, Lab. 19,904, L. 7.068. C.
maj. 10,870.
MR. JOHN HALL was elected at a by- election in November, 1952; contested Ful- ham East in 1951 and Grimsby 1950. Vice- chairman, Army sub-committee of the : Conservative defence committee and of
trade and industry committee. Born Sep- tember, 1911; educated privately.
YARMOUTH
Electorate: 54,000. 1959: 52,847
*Fell, A. (C) .. .. .. 20.310
*Davis, C. (Lab) 18.381 Spreckley, D. R. A. (L) .. 4,680
C majority .. .. 1,929 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.827, Lab. 19,248. C. maj. 3,579.
MR. ANTHONY FELL was elected for Yarmouth in 1951. Contested by-election at Brigg in 1948, and South Hammer- smith in 1949 and 1950. An engineer. Born May. 1914: educated at Bedford School and in New Zealand.
YEOVIL
Electorate: 61.838. 1959: 59,739
Peyton. J. W. W. (C.) .. 21,919
Reed, A. C. (Lab.) .. .. 17,171 Taylor, Col. G. F. (L.) .. 12,426
C. majority .. .. 4,748 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.771. Lab. 17.638. L. 9.484. C.
maj. 6,133.
MR. JOHN PEYTON was appointed Parlia- mentary Secretary, Ministry of Power, in June. 1962. Elected in 1951: contested Bristol. Central. in 1950. Former chairman of Conservative members' transport com- mittee. Born February, 1919. educated at Eton aud Trinity College, Oxford. Called to the Bar Inner Temple, 1945.
YORK
Electorate: 71,719. 1959: 73,717
*Longbottom. C. B. (C) .. 26,521
Lyon, A. W. (Lab) .. 25,428 Lloyd, D. T. (L) .. .. 7,565
C majority .. .. 1,093 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33.099, Lab. 29,025. C. maj; 4.074.
MR. CHARLEs LONGCOrrOM was elected in 1959; contested Stockton-on-Tees in 1955. Insurance broker and barrister. Born July. 1930; educated at Uppingbam. Called by the Inner Temple. 1958. Former -national vice-chairman of the Young Con- awrvatves.
WALES
ABERAVON
Electorate: 56,777. 1959: 56,316
*Morris, J. (Lab) .. ., 33,103
Thomas, J. S. (C) .. 9,424 John, G. (Plaid Cymru) .. 2,118 Hart, Dr. J. T. (Comm) .. 1,260
Lab majority .. 23,679 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,397, C. 12,759, P1 Cymru
3,066. Lab. maj. 17,638.
MR. JOHN MORRIS was elected in 1959. A barrister, cakled by Gray's Inn, 1954. Born November, 1930: educated at University College of WaIes Aberystwyth, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and the Academy of International law, The Hague. Former deputy general secretary and legal adviser to the Farmers' Union of Wales.
ABERDARE
Electorate: 4,7,519. 1959: 49,124
*Probert, A. R. (Lab) .. 29,106
Price, P. N. (C) .. .. 5,780 Thomas, D. W. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. 2,723
Lab majority .. .. 23,326 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,889, C. 6,584, ri Cymru
3.367. Lab. maj. 24,305.
MR. ARTHUR PROBERT was returned at a by-election in October, 1954. He is a local aovernment officer. Born 1909; educated at Aberdare elementary and grammar schools. Secretary and treasurer of Aber- dare Trades and Labour Council 1949-54.
ABERTILLERY
Electorate: 37.310. 1959: 38,674
*Williams, Rev. L. (Lab) .. 24,204
Rees, P. W. 1. (C) .. .. 3,973
Lab majority .. .. 20,231 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,934, C. 4,740. Lab. Maj.
22,194.
The REV. LLYWELYN WILLIAMS was re- turned at a by-election in 1950. Formerly a Congregational minister in London. Born July, 1911: educated at Lianelly Grammar School and the University College of Wales, Swansea. Workers' Educational Associa- tion lecturer.
ANGLESEY
Electorate: 35,793. 1959: 36,281
lHughes, C. (Lab) .. .. 13,553
Jones, J. E. (C) .. .. 7,016 Jones, E. Gwyn (L) .. 5,730 Jones, R. T. (Plaid Cymru) 1,817
Lab majority .. .. 6,537 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 13.249, C. 7,005. PI Cymru
4,121, L. 3,796. Lab. mai. 6,244.
MR. CLEDWYN HUGHES, Labour spokes- man on Welsh affairs, was elected in 1951; contested Anglesey in 1945 and 1950. Mem- ber of Public Accounts Committee. A solicitor. Born September, 1916: educated at Holyhead Grammar School and Univer- sity College, Aberystwyth Former town clerk of Holyhead, Member of Anglesey County Council 1946-52. Chairman, Welsh Parliamentary Party 1953-54, chair- man, Welsh Labour group, 1955-56. Mem- ber of the County Councils Association.
BARRY
Electorate: 64,319 1959: 60,206
*Gower, H. R. (C) .. .. 28,600
Marquand, D. (Lab) .. 24,334
C majority .. .. 4,266 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,313, Lab. 20,790. C. maj. 9,523.
MR. RAYMOND GOWER was elected in 1951. He is a solicitor and journalist. Born August, 1916, educated at Neath, Cardiff High School, and University Col- lege Cardiff. Parliamentary private sec- retary to the Minister of Works, 1957-60. Chairman of provincial newspaper and director of construotion companies; Gov- ernor, National Museum of Wales and National Library of Wales.
BEDWELLTY
Electorate: 44.538. 1959: 44,890
*Finch, H. J. (Lab) .. .. 29.425
Cox, C. J. (C) .. .. 5,810
Lab majority .. .. 23,615 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,697, C. 6.817. Lab. mai.
23,880.
MR. HAROLD FINCH, elected in 1950. is compensation secretary of the South Wales area of the National Union of Mine- workers. Born May, 1898; educated at elementary schools and evening classes. An authority on miners' occupational diseases and on workmen's compensation and industrial injuries. Secretary. miners' par- liamentary group.
BRECON AND RADNOR Electorate: 50,159. 1959: 51.357
Watkins, T. E. (Lab) .. .. 23,967
Stevens, F. T. (C) .. 15,415 Morgan, T. R. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 2,165 Lab majority .. .. 8,552 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,411, C. 18,939. Lab. maj.
6,472.
MR. TuDoR WATKINS was elected in 1945. Born May. 1903; educated at elementary schools, Coleg Harlech, North Wales, Alderman of Brecon County Council, Secretary of the Welsh Parliamentary Party, member of Welsh Tourist and Holi- days Board, and Mid-Wales Industrial Development Association.
CAERNARVON
Electorate: 40,671. 1959: 41,202
*Roberts, G. 0. (Lab) .. 17,777
Roberts, Miss S. M. (C) .. 7.915 Jones, R. E. (Plaid Cymru) 6,998
Lab majority .. .. 9,862 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 17,506, C. 9,564. P1 Cymru
7,293. Lab. maj. 7,942.
MR. GORONwY ROBERTS was elected in 1945. A university lecturer. Born Septem- ber, 1913: educated at Ogwen Grammar School and universities of London and Wales. Deputy chairman, House of Com- mons Library Committee: Governor of the University of Wales. and former Fellow.
CAERPHtLLY
Electorate: 45.969. 1959: 46,671
*Edwards, N. (Lab) .. .. 26,011
Maddocks, R. J. (C) . 6.086 Williams, P. (Plaid Cymru) 3,956
Lab majority .. .. 19,925 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,154, C. 7,181, P, Cymru
3,420. Lab. mai. 20,973.
MR. NESS EDWARDS was Postmaster- General. 1950-51, having been Parliament- ary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour for five years. Eleoted in 1939. Born April, 1897. educated at an elementary school and at t-he London Labour College. He organized the escape of Sudeten miners from Czechoslovakia in 1939 after Munich. Author of books on industrial and trade union history.
L. J. Callaghan (Lab.), Cardiff South-
East.
FLINT, WEST
Electorate: 50,087. 1959: 47,490
*Birch, E. N. C. (C) .. . . 18.515
Edwards, W. H. (Lab) .. 13,298 Thomas, D. M. (L) .. 7,482 Williamns, E. N. C. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 1,195
C majority .. 5,217 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,446, Lab. 12,925, L. 4,319,
P1 Cymru 1,594. C. maj. 7,521.
M. NIGEL BIRCH was Economic Secre- tary to the Treasury 1957, resigned in 1958 with two other Treasury Mini- sters. Chairmarn of tihe Conservative Parliamentar. finance commirttee. Elected for linlt 1945, and, after 1950 redistribu- tion, for West Flint. Born 1906; educated at Eton.
GOWER
Electorate: 49,119 1959: 49,480
*Davies, 1. (Lab) .. .. 27.895
Griflith, J. 11. P. (C-Nat L) 8,822 Griffiths. J. G. (Plaid
Cymru) .. . . 2,562
Lab majority .. .. 19,073 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,441, Nat. L. and C. 9,837,
P1 C:mrut 3,744. Lab. maj. 17,604.
MR. IFOR DAVIES, an industrial person- nel officer was elected in 1959. Born June, 1910; educated at Gowerton School. Swan- sea Technical College and Ruskin College, Oxford. Appointed Welsh Labour whip, 1961: secretary, Welsh Parliamen,tary Labour groups, 1960.
LLANELLY
Electorate: 62,235. 1959: 64,048
*Griffiths, J. (Lab) .. .. 32,546
Maybury, P. A. (C) .. 6,300 Lewis, E. G. (L) . . .. 6,031 Davies, Dr. W. T. P. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 3,469 Hitchon, R. E. (Comm) .. 1,061
Lab majority .. .. 26,246 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 34,625, C. 10,128, P1 Cymru
7,176. Lab. maj. 24,497.
MR. JAMES GRIFFutHS was deputy leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party, 1955-59. Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1950-51, after five years as Minister of National In- surance. Has represented Llanedly from 1936.
MERIONETH
Electorate: 26,392. 1959: 26.435
*Jones, T. W. (Lab) .. .. 8,420
Jones, R. 0. (L) .. .. 7,171 Morgan, D. E. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. 3,697 Jones-Lloyd, A. E. C. L.(C) 2,656
Lab majority .. .. 1,249 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 9,095, L. 8,119. PI Cymru 5.127.
Lab. maj. 976.
MR. T. W. JONErs was elected in 1951. Born 1898; began work as a miner, became a school teacher and then a public relations officer to an electricity board. Educated at Bangor College.
MERTHYR TYDFIL
Electorate: 40,542. 1959: 42,153
*Davies, S. 0. (Lab) .. .. 23,275
Doxsey, S. W. (C) .. .. 4,767 Rees, 1. B. (Plaid Cymru) .. 2,878
Lab majority .. .. 18,508 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,608, C. 7.885. Lab. maj.
18,723.
MR. ST-PHEN DAVIES was elected for Merthyr Tydfil in June, 1934. Mining engineer. A miner when he took a B.A. degree he was a union official for 16 years. Born November, 1886; educated at elemen- tary school and the Universities of Wales and London.
MONMOUTH Electorate: 60,803. 1959: *Thorneycroft, G. E. P. (C)
Kerr, A. C. (Lab) .. Davies, D. H. (L) ..
: 53,628
.. 22,635 , 21,921 .. 6,764
C majority .. .. 714 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,422, Lab. 19.165. C. maj.
6,257.
MR. PEraa TuoRNEYcRoFr, appointed Minister of Defence in July, 1962, became Secretarv of State for Defence on the re- organization in April, 1964. Min,ister of Aviation 1960-62. He had been Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jan,uary, 1957-lanuary, 1958, when he resigned alter a Cabinet dispute over Government expenditure. Pre- sident of the Board of Trade 1951-57. Elected for Stafford in 1938 at a by-elec- tion. Defeated in 1945; elected for Mono mouth at a by-election in the same year.
MONTGOMERY
Electorate: 30.155. 1959: 31,152
*Hooson, H. E. (L) .. .. 10,738
Wiggin, A. W. (C) .. 6,768 Evans, G. M. (Lab) .. 5,696 Elis, 1. F. (Plaid Cymru) .. 2,167
L majority .. .. 3,970 NO CHANGE
1959: L. 10,970, C. 8,176. Lab. 6.950. L.
maj. 2,794.
1962 By-election: L. 13,181, C. 5,6327 Lab.
5,299, Welsh Nat 1,594. L. maj. 7,549. MR. EMLYN HoosoN, Q.C.. succeeded the late Mr. Clement Davies at the bv- election in April, 1962. Contested Conway, 1950 and 1951. A barrister (Gray's Inn, 1949) and farmer. Born March. 1925. educated at elementary school, Denbigh Grammar School and University College of Wales.
NEATH
Electorate: 50,318. 1959: 51,711
Coleman, D. R. (Lab) .. 29,692
Scorgie, M. N. (C) ,. 8,342 David, J. J. (Comm) .. 2,432
Lab majority .. .. 21,350 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,469, C 10,263, Comm. I,962.
Lab. maj. 20,206.
MR. DONALD COLEMAN is a metallurgist. Born September, 1925; educated at Cadox- ton School, Barry, and Cardiff Technical College. Co-opted member, Swansea public libraries committee, 1957-64. A tenor soloist and former member, Welsh National Opera Company.
BOTHWELL
Electorate: 56,718. 1959: 55.845
Hamilton, J. (Lab) .. .. 27.556
Highgate, J. B. (C) .. 18,068
Lab majority .. .. 9,488 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.119. C. 20.767. Lab. mai.
4.352
MR. JAMES HAMILT-ON is a constrLuctional engineer. Born March, 1918; educated at primary and senior secondary schools Member of Lanarkshire County CouncA since 1956. and of national executive com- mittee, Constructional Engineering Union.
BUTE AND NORTH AYRSHIRE
Electorate: 44.350. 1959: 44 291
*Maclean. Sir F. (C) .. .. 16.497
Lambie, D. (Lab) .. 11.934 Gammon, R. J. (L) .. 4.671
C majority .. .. 4,563 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,271, Lab. 12,2 18. C. ma.i. 8,052.
SIR FITZROY MACLEAN vwas Financial Secretary, War Office. 1954-57. Elected in 1959; represented Lancaster from 1941 to 1959. Formerly in the diplomatic service, he joined the Ist Special Air Service Regt., was Brigadier Commanding the British Military Mission to Marshal Tito. being dropped into Yugoslavia by parachute.
CAITHNESS & SUTHERLAND
Electorate: 27,291. 1959: 26,716
Mackie, G. Y. (L} . . .. 7.894
Urquhart, J. B. (Lab) .. 6.619 Maitland, P. (C) .. .. 4.550 Young, J. M. (Ind C) .. 2.795
Lib majority .. .. 1.275 LIBERAL GAIN
1959: Ind. 12.163, Lab. 6,438. Ind maj
5.725
MR. GEORGE MACKlIE contested South Angus in 1959. A f'armer. Born July. 1919; educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and Aberdeen University. Vice- chairman, Scottish Liberal Party: member of party's agricultural committee.
CLACKMANNAN AND EAST
STIRLINGSHIRE
Electorate: 52.425. 1959: 52'200
*Woodburn. A. (Lab) .. 23.927
MacDonald, A. (C) .. 12.815 Drysdale, C. D. (Scot. Nat.) 5.106
Lab majority .. .. 11.112 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.004, C. 17.132. Lab. maj.
7.872.
MR. ARIItR WOODBURN was Parliameni-
tary Secretary. Ministry of Supply, 1945- 47: and Secretary of State for Scotland. 1947-50. Elected in 1939, contected Edin- burgh, South, 1929, and LeiDh, 1931. He was secretary of the Scottish Labour Parts 1932-39. President National C'outicil of Labour Colleges; member of National Trust for Scotland, and Historic Buildings Council Scotland.
COATBRIDGE AND AIRDRIE
Electorate: 53,863. 1959: 53,223
*Dempsey, J. (Lab) .. .. 27.178
Thompson, A. W. (C) .. 16,580
Lab majority .. .. 10.598 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,747, C. 21.953. Lab. maj.
794.
MR. JAMES DEMPSEY, elected in 1959, was a clerk with a haulage firm. Born Febrtuary, 1917. educated at Holy Family School. Mossend, Co-operative College. Loughborough, and at National Council of Labour Colleges, Lecturer on political ecorbomy.
DUMFRIES
Electorate: 57,502. 1959: Monro. H. S. P. (C) ..
Jordan, 1. (Lab) .. Gair, J. (Scot Nat)..
: 57,212
'-2,816 . . 18.360 .. 5,726
C majority .. .. 4,456 NO CHANGE
1959: Nat. L. and C. 25.867, Lab. 18.437.
Nat. L. and C. maj. 7.430.
1963 By-election: C. 16.762, Lab. 15,791.
L. 4.491, Scot. Nat. 4,001. C. ma.,. 971. MR. HECTOR MONRO is a farmer. Born October, 1922; educated at Canford School, and King's College, Cambridge. Vice-president, Dumfries Unionist Party (chairman for five years). Member, Dum- fries County Counci. since 1952.
DUNBARTONSHIRE
East
Electorate: 72,528. 1959: 64,961
*Bence, C. R. (Lab) .. .. 32.948
Strachan, T. W. (C) .. 25.137 Reid, J. (Comm) .. 1.171
Lab majority .. 7,812 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27.942, C. 24,553, Comm. 2,200.
Lab. mai. 3,389.
MR. CYRII BENCE contested the Hands- worth division of Birmingham in 1945 and 1950. Elected for East Dunbartoitshire 1951. He is a toolmaker.
West
Electorate: 50,608. 1959: 50,277
'Steele, T. (Lab) .. 21.079
Smollett, P. T. (C) .. 15.448 Gray, A. (Scot-Nat) .. 5,004
Lab majority .. 5.631 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,105. C. 19.964. Lab. maj.
2,141.
MR. THOMAS STnl.tE Aas Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of National Insurance 1946-50. For some time a party spokesman on Admiralty affairs. Repre- sented Lanark 1945 to Feb.. 1950; elected for West Dunbartonshire, April, 1950. Was a railway stanion mnaster.
DUNDEE
East
Electorate: 59,451. 1959: 58,537
'Thomson, G. M. (Lab) .. 26,062
Marshall, J. L. R. (C-L)
Nat) .. .. .. 2 1.499
Lab majority .. .. 4,563 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,263, C. and Nat. L. 22.082.
Lab. maj. 4,181.
MR. GEORGE THIOMSON, a Labour spokes- man on Colonial and Commonvcalth affairs from November, 1959: was returned at a by-election in 1952. Contested Hilihead division, Glasgow, in 1950.A jour- nalist and lecturer in adult education. Born January, 1951; educated at Grove Academy, Dundee.
West
Electorate: 62.317. 1959: 62,804
*Doig, P. M. (Lab) . . . . 27,090
Scarlett, H. C. (C-L Nat) .. 22,473 Bowman, D. P. (Comm) 1,228
Lab majority ., .. 4,617 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.857, C. 25.143, Comm. 1,086.
Lab. maj. 714.
1963 By-election: Lab. 22,449, C. and Nat.
L. 17,494, Scot. Nat 3,385, Comnm 1.170. Lab. maj. 4,955.
MR. PFrER DOIG was returned at a by- election in November, 1963. Contested Aberdeen, South, in 1959. A sales super- visor. Bom September, 191 1; educated at Blackness School, Dundee. Member of Dundee Town Council for 10 years. becomuig honL city treasurer.
ROXBURGH, SELKIRK &
PEEBLES
Electorate: 53,753. 1959: 55.459 *Donaldson, Cmdr. C. E. McA.
(C) .. . . .. 18,924 Steel, D. M. S. (L) .. 17,185 Murray, R. K. (Lab) .. 7,007 Kerr, A. J. C. (Scot Nat) 1,093
C majority .. .. 1.739 NO CELANGE
1959: C. 22,275. L. 12.762. Lab. 9.336. C
maj. 9,513.
COMNDER CHARLES DONALDSON repre- sented Roxbureh and Selkirk, 1951-55. when he was returned for the redrawn constituency; contested Edinburgh East in 1950. Born March. 1903. in Cornwall. educated in Canada. Joined Royal Canadian Naval Reserve, 1926.
RUTHERGLEN
Eleotorate, 41,771. 1959: 42,833
*Macknzie, J. G. (Lab) .. 18.943
Sproat, I. M. (C) .. .. 15,413 Armstrong, R. N. (Scot
Nat) . .. .. 1,657
Lab majority .. .. 3,530 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,146, Lab. 17.624. C. mai.
1,522.
1964 by-election: Lab. 18,885, C. 15.138.
Lab. maj. 3.747.
MR. GRErOR MACKENZIE won the seat for Labour in the May. 1964, by-election; contested Kinross and West Perthshire in 1959 and East Aberdeenshire. 1950. A sales manager. Born November, 1927: educated at the Royal Technical College and Glasgow University.
SOUTH ANGUS
Electorate: 44,495. 1959: 44,840
Bruce-Gardyne, J. (C) .. 19,566
Douglas, R. G. (Lab &
Co-op) .. .. .. 7.590 Scott, C. B. H. (L) .. 6,472
C majority .. .. 11,976 NO CHANGE
1959: L. & C. 19.435, L. 8,139, Lab. 6,477.
L. St C. mai. 11,296.
MR. JoHN BRUCE-GARDYNE is a journalist. Born April, 1930; educated at Winchester College, and Magdalen College, Oxford. Member of council, Bow Group.
STIRLING AND FALKIRK Electorate: 56,806. 1959: 55,759
*MacPherson, M. (Lab) .. 2 3.766
Davidson, J. A. (C) .. 17,070 Milne, W. A. (Scot Nat) .. 4,526
Lab majority .. .. 6,696 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,423, C. 19,797, Scot. Nat.
2,983. Lab. maj. 2,626.
MR. MALCOLM MACPHIERSON was re- turned at a by-election in October. 1948. He was defeated at Yeovil by 174 votes in 1945. Teacher. Born August. 1904: educated at Trinity Academy. Edinburgh.
WESTERN ISLES
Electorate: 23,699. 1959: 25,178
*Macmillan, M. K. (Lab) .. 8.740
Macleod, D. B. (L) .. 4,894 Cameron, Lt.-Col. C. A. (C) 2,217
Lab majority .. .. 3,846 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 8,663. L. and C. 7.496. Lab.
maj. 1,167.
MR. MALCOLM MACMILLAN was elected in 1935. A journalist. Born August, 1913; educated in Glasgow and Edinburgh University. Chairman of the Government Advisory panel on the Highlands and Islands 1947-54; chairman of the Scottish Parliamentary Labour Party, 1945-51.
WEST LOTHIAN
Electorate: 62.328. 1959: 58,457
*Dalyell, T. (Lab) .. .. 24,933
Wolfe, W. C. (Scot Nat).. 15,087 Stuart, R. A. G. (C) .. 8 ,919 Swan, Mrs. I. (Comm) .. 610
Lab majority .. .. 9,846 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,454. C. 18.083. Lab. mai.
9,371.
1962 By-election: Lab. 21,266, Scot. Nat.
9.750. C. 4.784, L. 4.537. Comm. 1.511. Lab. maj. 11,516.
MR. TAM DALYELL was elected at a by- election in June, 1962; contested Rox- burghshire, Selkirkshire and Peeblesshire. 1959. A teacher. Born August, 1932. educated at Eton, Edinburgh Academy, and King's College, Cambridge. Awarded Rupert Brooke travel scholarship, 1956, and visited Russia.
WEST STIRLINGSHIRE
Electorate: 44.315. 1959: 43.686
*Baxter, W. (Lab) .. .. 21,144
Barr, J. G. C. (C) .. .. 14,834
Lab majority . .. 6,310 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21.008. C. 15.497. Lab. maj.
5.5 II.
MR. WILLIAM BAXTFR was elected in 1959. A company director and farmer. Born December, 1911; educated at Banton public school. Vice-convener of Stirling County Council, to which he was elected in 1932.
Northern Ireland |
ANTRIM
North
Electorate: 70,779. 1959: 69,880
*Clark, H. (UU) .. .. 40.372
Caughey, S. (Repub.) .. 4,424
UU majority .. .. 35.948 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 42,807. Sinn Fein 2.280. U.U.
mai. 40,527.
MR. HENRY CLARi was elected in 1959. Born April, 1929; educated at Shrewsbury School, TrinEity College, Dublin, ar.d Trinity Hall, Carnbridge. Entered Colonial Ser- vice, was a district commissioner in Tan- ganyika, 1951-59.
South
Electorate: 105,315. 1959: 93,634
*Cunningham, Sir S. K. (UU) 47,325
Stewart, S. A. (NI Lab) .. 16.531 Wilson, L. (Repub.) .. 3,830
UU majority .. .. 30,794 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 52,786. Sinn Fein 2.745. U.U.
maj. 50.041.
SIR KNOX CUNNINGHAM, Q.C. Par- liamentary private secretary to the Prime Minister 1959-1963. was elected.in 1955. Born April, 1909; educated at Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Fettes, and Clare College. Cambridge. Called to the Bar by the.Middle Temple, 1939 and Inn of Court, Northern Ireland, 1942; Q.C.. 1959.
ARMAGH
Electorate: 74,712. 1959: 73.416
*Maginnis, J. E. (UU) .. 35,223
Lynch, J. (Repub.) .. .. 12,432 Ewart, S. D. (N.L Lab) .. 6,523
UU majority .. .. 22,791 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 40,325. Sinn Fein 6.823. U.U.
maj. 33,502.
MR. JOHN MAGINNIS was elected in 1959. Farmer and company director. Born March, 1919; edacated at Moyallon School. Co. Down, and Portadown Technical College.
BELFAST
East
Electorate: 58,196. 1959: 48.663
*McMaster, S. R. (UU) .. 24.804
Watt, S. J. (NI Lab) ., 15,555 McConnell, D. (Repub) .. 1.827
UU majority .. . 9,249 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 26.510. N.I. Lab. 16.412, Sinn
Fein 1.204. U.U. maj. 10.098.
MR. STANLEY MCMASTER was elected at a by-election in March, 1959. A barrister, called by Lincolns Inn, 1953. Born Septem- ber. 1926; educated at Campbell Cotlege, Belfast, and Trinity College, Dublin. Parliamentary and Iegal secretary of Association of British Chambers of Com- merce. A lecturer in company law.
North
Electorate: 72,400. 1959: 74,494
*Mills, W. S. (UU) .. .. 29.976
McDowell, I. W. (NJ Lab) 17,564 McGlade, F. (Repub) .. 2.743
UU majority .. .. 12412 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 32,173. N.I. Lab. 18,64t, Sinn
Fein 2,156. U.U. maj. 13.533:
MR. STRATTON mL5 e1eSflTeedG 5;-
a solicitor. Born July. 1032; educated at Campbell- -(ODlege, Belfast, and Queen's University, Belfast, Vic-chairman: Feder- ation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations for two years. Hon. secretary. Northern Ireland committee of U.N.A. and of European Youth Campaign. chairman, British Atlantic Group.
South
Electorate: 57,557. 1959: 59,861
Pounder, R. (UU) .. .. 27.422
Barkley, J. H. (NI Lab) .. 8.792 Rosenfield, Miss J. B. (L).. 1.941 McKnight, R. (Repub) .. 1,159
UU majority .. .. 18,630 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 30.164. N.J. Lab. 9,318. L.
3.253. Sinn Fein 434. U.U. maj. 20.846. 1963 By-election: U.U. 17,989, N.I. Lab.
7,209. L. 2.774. U.U. maj. 10,780.
MR. RArroN POUNDER was returned at a by-election in October. 1963. A chartered accountant. Born May 1933, educated at Charterhouse and Christ's College. Cam- bridge; chairman of the University Con- servative and Unionist Association, 1954. Ulster representative on Young Conserva- tive and Unionist National Advisory Committee, 1960-63.
* West
Electorate: 69,399 1959: 73,405
Kilfedder, J. A. (UU) . . 21,337
Diamond, H. (Repub. Lab) 14.678 Boyd, W. R. (N.I. Lab) .. 12,579 McMillan, L. (Repub.) .. 3,256
UU majority .. .. 6,659 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 28,898. Ind. Lab. 20,062, Sinn
Fein 4,416. U.U. mai. 8.836.
MR. JAME-S KILIrDDF-.R is a barrister. practising in London. Educated at Portora Royal School. Enniskillen. and Dublin Uni- versity; called to the Irish Bar, 1952. and by Gray's Inn, 1958.
DOWN North
Electorate: 97.151. 1959: 89.686
*Currie, G. B. H. (UU) .. 45,091
Bell, E. (NI Lab) .. .. 11,571 McElroy. Rev. A. H. (L) .. 3,797 McGrattan, P. (Repub) .. 855
UU majority .. .. 33,520 NOCHANGE
1959: U.U. 51,773. Sinn Fein 1.039. U.U.
maj. 50,734.
MR. GEORGE CURRIF was elected in 1955: contested East Flint in 1950 and 1951. A barrister. Born December. 1905: educated at Campbell Coliege. Belfast, and Trinity College, Dublin. Called by the Middle Temple in 1932 and practises in London and on the Northern Circuit. Member of Wirral Urban District Council. 1935-49; chairman 1938-39.
South
Electorate: 77,391. 1959: 77,62S;
*Orr. Capt. L. P. S. (UU) .. 32.922
Miussen. (i. (Republ .. 11.031 Thompson. S. (NILab . 2. (.260 Simonds-Gooding, NMajor
H (L *- ' .............. S 610 UU majority .. .. 2J,891 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 36.875. Sinn Fein 6.928. U.U.
mnaj. 29.947.
CAPIAIN LAWKRINCI ORQ was iclurncd for South Down in 1950. Company director. Born September, 1918: educated at Camnp- bell College. Belfast, and Trinity College. Dublin. Chairman. United Protestant Council: president, Grand Orange Council of the World.
FERMANAGH & S. 'I'YRONE
Electorate: 63.642. 1959: 64,022
Hamilton. Marquess of (UU) 30,010
Mulloy, A. (Repub .. 16,138 FitzHerbert. G. E. (L) .. 6.006 Gamble, B. W. tNI l ab) . 2. ,339
UU majority .. .. 13,872 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 32,080, Sinn Fein 7.348. U.U.
maj. 24,732.
The MARQUESS OF HANItlTON is a com- pany director. Born July. 1934; educated at Eton and the Royal Agricultural Col- loge, Girencestor.
A__
LONDONDERRY
Electorate: 76,918. 1959: 73,262
*Chichester-Clark. R. (UU) .. 37,700
McAteer, H. (Repub) .. 21.123
UU majority .. .. 16.577 NO CHANGE
1959: U.U. 37,529. Sinn Fetn 13.872. U.U.
maj. 23,657.
MR. ROBERT CHICHESTER-CLARK was ap- pointed Comptroller of the Royal House- hold in November. 1961. A Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury 1960. Elected 1955. Born January, 1928; educated at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and Magdalene College. Cambridge. A jouwnal-
ist from 1949; public relations officer, Glyndebourne opera, 1952-53; assistant to sales manager, Oxford University P.ress. 1953-55. Elected Unionist member for South Londonderry in Nothern Ireland Parliamcnt in 1960
MID-ULSTER
Electorate: 67,647, 1959: 66,585
*Forrest, G. (UU) .. .. 29,715
Mitchell, T. (Repub) .. 22,810 McGarvey, P. J. (N.I. Lab) 5,053
UU majority .. .. 6,905 NO CHANGE
1959: Ind. U.U. 33.093. Sinn Fein 14,179.
Ind. U.U. maj. 18.923.
MR. GEORGE Fo&LREsr was returned at the by-election in May, 1956. the third poll to elect a member for the constituency. An auctioneer. He is the first Unionist to be elected for the division since it was con- stituted in 1948. Born in October. 1922: educated at Donaghey primnary school and Cookstown technical school. Served with the Royal Engineers. 1940-46.
BRADFORD
North
Electorate: 51,062. 1959: 51,957
Ford, B. T. (Lab) .. .. 17,905
*Taylor, Sir W. J. (C & Nat L) 16,507 Robinson, E. (L) .. .. 6,642
Lab majority .. 1,398 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. and Nat. L. 22.850. Lab. 20,179.
C. and Nat. L. maj. 2,671.
MR. BENJAMIN FORD is an electronic fitter-wireman. Born April, 1925. educated at elementary school. Was president of Harwiah constituency Labour Party for seven years, and election agent in 1959. Former alderman of Essex County CoUn- cil.
South
Electorate: 57,768. 1959: 57P018
'Craddock. G. (Lab) .. .. 21,004
Bottomley, J. D. W. (C and
Nat L) .. .. .. 17,097 Clegg, A. (L) .. ., 7,286
Lab majority .. 3,907 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,172, C. and Nat. L. 18.158,
L. 6.850. Lab. maj. 3,014.
MR. GEORGE CRADDOCK was retutned at a by-election in 1949. Sheffield area organizer of the Shop. Distributive and Allied Workers' Union. Formerly a rail- vay clerk. Born Februarv, 1897; eduoated at Fircroft College and Birmingham Uni- versity.
West
Electorate: 50.912. 1959: 50.044
Tiley. A. (C & Nat L) .. 21,121
Haseldine, C. N. (Lab &
Co-op) . - .. .. 17,974 C majority .. 3,147 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and Nat. L 23,012, Lab. 17.906.
C. and Nat. L. mai. 5,106.
IR. ARTHUR TILEY was elected in 1955. Contested Bradford Central in 1951. An insurance broker and marine underwriter in Bradford. Born in 1910; educated at Grange High School, Bradford.
BRENTFORD AND CHISWICK
Electorate: 38.467. 1959: 39.881
Smith, D. G. (C) .. .. 14.019
Chalkley, D. W. (Lab) .. 13,475 Jones, M. D. (L) .. . 2,951
C majority .. 544 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17.869, Lab. 14.950. C. mai. 2,919,
MR. DUDLEY SMITH was elected in 1959; contested Peckham, 1955. Joint secretary Conservative Parliamentary labour. com- mittee. A journalist. Born November, 1926: educated at Chichester High School.
BRIDGWATER
Electorate: 57.941. 1959: 55,770
*Wills. Sir G. (C) .. 20822
Hart. N. J. (Lab) 14,645 Walkins. P. G. (L) .. 9.009 Hart, Lieut-Cmdr.
M. L. de V. (Ind) .. 2.038 C majority .. .. 6.177 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.002, Lab. 14,706, L. 7,893. C.
maj. 8 ,296.
SIR GERAID WILLS was elected in 1950; contested the seat in 1945. An assistant whip 1952, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. 1954. and Comptroller of H.M. Household January 1957-October 1958. Chairmnan, Conservative Parliamentary committee on Home Office affairs. Born October. 1905: educated privately and at Trinity College. Cambridge. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1932.
BRIDLINGTON
Electorate: 55.268. 1959: 53,621
*Wood. R. F. (C) .. .. 22.729
McNamara, J. K. (Lab) .. 9.002 MacCallum, J. J. (L) 8.494
C majority .. .. 13.727 NO CHANGE
1959. C. 27.438, Lab. 10.047. C. maj. 17,391.
MR. RICHARD WOOD was appointed Mlinister of Pensions and National Insur- ance in October, 1963. He was previousiv Minister of Power from 1959. Parliamen- tary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, 1955-58S and to the Ministry of l.abour 1958-59. Elected for Bridlington in 1950. Born October, 1920; educated at Eton and New College, Oxford.
BRIERLEY HILL
Electorate: 80,218. 1959: 71,161
Talbot, J. E. (C) .. .. 33.370
Archer, P. K. (Lab) .. 28,968 Brown, W. H. (Ind Anti-
Common Market) 1,820
C majority .. .. 4,402 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31.202. Lab. 27.069. C. maj.
4.133
MR. JOHN TALBOT won the seat in 1959. A solicitor and company director. Born April, 1906; educated at Stubbingtonl House. Farcham, and Rossall. A member of Kidderminster Borough Council 1936-63, mayor 1947-49. Chairman Gardeners Royal Benevolent Society 1964.
BRIGG
Electorate: 76,420. 1959: 71.138
*Mallalieu, E. L. (Lab) .. 29.480
Baker, R. C. (C) .. .. 22.674 Baynes, K. W. (L) .. .. 7,088
Lab majority .. .. 6,806 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,997. C. 26,893. Lab. maj.
2,104.
MR. E. 1.. MALLALIEU. Q.C., 1951, was a L'beral M.P. for Colne Valley, 1931-35 (a seat previousls' held by his father) and won Brigg as l abour in 1948. Born March. 1905: educated at Dragon School, Oxford, Cheltenham College, and Trinity College, Oxford. A barrister (Inner Temple) 1928. Hon. treasurer of British group of Inter- Parliamentary Union.
BRIGHOUSE AND
SPEN BOROUG H
Electorate: 55.063. 1959: 54,422.
Jackson, G. C. (Lab) .. 20.734
*Shaw, M. N. (C-Nat L) .. 19.812 Pickles, J. (L) .. .. 6,411
Lab majority .. .. 922 LABOUR GAIN
1959: Lab. 23,290, L. & C. 23,243. Lab.
inaj. 47.
1960 BY-election: L. & C. 22.472, Lab.
21,806. L. & C. maj. 666.
MR. COLIN JACKSON contested the con- stituency in the 1960 by-election, King's Lynn in 1959. and Newbury in 1950 and 1951. A barrister, lecturer, and broad- caster. Born December, 1921 . educated at Tewkesbury Grammar School and St. John's College. Oxford (treasurer of the Union 1948). Called by Lincoln's Inn. 1950.
BRIGHTON Kemptown
Electoratc: 61,820. 1959: 61,119.
Hobden, D. H (Lab.) .. 22.308
*James, D. P. (C) .. 22.301
Lab majority .. .. 7 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 25,411, Lab. 19,665. C. maj.
5,746.
MR. DENNIS HOBDEN is a postal and telegraph officer. Born January, 1920: elementary education. A past chairman of the Sussex district council of the Union of Post Office Workers. Past secretary and chairman of Kcmptown constituency party and of Brighton Borough party.
BRIGHTON
Pavilion
Electorate: 56,391. 1959: 57,238.
*Teeling, Sir L. W. B. (C) .. 20,998
Nurse, P. (Lab) .. .. 11,148 Sinnatt, D. R. (L)., .. 7,362
C majority .. .. 9,850 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,972, Lab. 11.998. C. maj.
15,974.
SIR WILLIAM TEELING entered Parliament for Brighton at a by-election in 1944; returned for the new constituency in 1950: contested Silvertown, 1929. Author. Born February, 1903; educated at the Oratory School. Edgbaston. and Magdalen College. Oxford. Became chairman, Channel Tunnel Parliamentary Committee. 1954. Visited Formosa and Quemoy as guest of President Chiang Kai-shek in 1957 and 1958.
BRISTOL Centl
Electorate: 41,367. 1959: 49,476. Palmer, A. M. F. (Lab &
Co-op) .. .. .. 16,207 Taylor, J. R. E. (C) .. 11,616 Burgess, D. H. R. (Ind) .. 1,936
Lab majority .. 4,591 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,905. C. 17.209. Lab. maj.
2,696.
MR. ARTHUR PALMER reoresented Wimbledon from 1945-50 and Cleveland from 1952-59; contested Merton and Mor- den in 1950 and 1951. A chartered electri- cal engineer and national official of the Electrical Power Engineers' Association: cditor Electrical Power Engineer. Born August, 1912; educated at Ashford Gram- mar School and Brunel Technical College. Served on Brentford and Chiswick Borough Council. 1937-45. Conservator Wimbledon and Putney Commons.
North-East
Electorate: 62.229. 1959: 64,319.
*Hopkins. A. C. N. (C & Nat L) 22,423
Dobson. R. F. B. (Lab) .. 21,212 Pearce. Mrs. A. M. (Ind L) 4,346
C majority .. 1,211 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and Nat. L. 24,258, Lab. & Co-op.
2 1.574. L. 5,030. C. and Nat. L. maj. 2,684.
MR. ALAN HOPKINS was elected in 1959. A barrister (Inner Temple. 1948). Born October. 1926; ediucated at Winchester, Kings College, Cambridge, and Yale University Law School. Member SL Marylebone Borough Council, 1949-51: co-opted member of L.C.C. Education Committee, 1949-il
North-West
Electorate: 59.025. 1959: 57,831.
*McLaren, M. (C) .. .. 22.129
Watkins, D. J. (Lab) . 21.030 Douglas, T. G. (L) .. 5,883
C majority .. .. 1,099 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.938, Lab. 23.019. C. maj. 1,919.
MR. MARTIN MCLAREN was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in November, 1963. Elected in 1959. an assistant whip from November. 1961. A barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1948, and company director. Born in January, 1914; educated at Eton, New Col- lege, Oxford. and Harvard (Henry Fellow); assistant principal at the Home Office. 1938; principal, 1946-47.
South
Electorate: 57.449. 1959: 58,671
*Wilkins, W. A. (Lab) . 26,569
Wall, R. W. (C) .. . 15,282 - Lab majority .. .. 11,287 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27.010. C. 17.428. Lab. maj.
9,582.
-MR. WILL WILKINS was first elected in 1945. He was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury. 1950, and an assistant whip, 1947-50. He is a Linotype operator. Born January, 1899; elementary school educa- Lion. A former member of Bristol City Council, and of the executive of the Typo- graphical Association.
South-East
Electorate: 62.150. 1959: 57.416
*Benn. A. N. Wedgwood (Lab) 29,117
O'Brien, R. S. (C) .. .. 19,282
Lab majority .. .. 9,835 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,273, C. 20.446. Lab. maj.
5,827.
1961 By-election: Lab. 23,275, C. 10231.
ILab. maj. 13.044.
The Cons. candidate, Mr. Malcolm St. Clair, declared elected by election court, July, 1961. Mr. St. Clair resigned August 2, 1963.
1963 By-election: Lab. 20,313, Nat. Fellow-
ship C. 4.834, Ind. 287, Anti-Soc. L.-C. 44. Lab. mai. 15,479.
MR. WEDGWOOD BFNN was elected in 1950. Debarred from the Commons on the death of his father, Viscount Stansgate. in November, 1960, he contested and won the by-election in May, 1961, but an Election Court declared his Conservative opponent eleoted. He renounced his title under the Peerage Act and was reelected in August. 1963. Member of Labour Party executive. A ioarnalist. Born April, 1925; ediucated at Westminster and New College, Oxford. Chairman of party's broadcasting advisory committee; on Fabian Society executive.
West
Electorate: 50.052. 1959: 56,080
*Cooke, R. G. (C) .. .. 21,230
Wedmore, K. (L .. .. 7,366 McLaren, D. (Lab) , 7,306 Kingston, P. M. (Tax-
payers' Coalition Party) 709 C majority .. .. 13,864 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,768, Lab. 7,651, L 5,835. C.
maj. 20,117
MR. ROBERT COOKE was returned at a by-election in 1957. Contested Bristol South-East in 1955. Chairman. Conserva- tive Parliamentary broadcasting and com- munications committee. vice-chairman arts and amenities committee. Parlia- mentary private secretary to Under-Secre- tary, Home Office, 1959. to Minister of Health, 1960-61, and to Minister of Works, 1961-62. Born May, 1930; educated at Downs School, Wraxhall. Harrow, and Christ Church. Oxford. Member of Bris- tol City Council, 1954-57. Introduced Fatal Accidents Act, 1959.
BROMLEY
Electorate: 49,915 1959: 48,937
Hunt. J. L. (C) .. .. 20,417
Binns, J. C. (Lab) .. .. 9,090 Shipley, W. 1. (L) .. .. 8,650 Haigh, A. J. W. (Ind Nuc
Disarm) .. .. 461 Grant, E. (Soc Pty of GB) 234
C majority .. .. 11,327 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,055, Lab. 11,603. C. mai. 15.452.
MR. JOHN HuNT contested Lewisham South in 1959. A stockbroker. Born Octo- ber, 1929; educated at Dulwich College. Mayor of Bromley, 1963-65; member of borough council since 1953; alderman 1961. Chairman, South Lewisham Young Con- servatives. 1953-56. Vice-chairman of Bromley Education Committee governor of secondary and grammar schools, and chair- man Youth Employment and Youth Ser- vice Committew.
LEWES
Electorate: 63,452. 1959: 56,338
Beamish, Sir T. V. H. (C) .. 26,818
Fitch, R. E. (Lab) .. .. 12,757 Dowden, G. A. (L).. .. 8,924
C majority .. .. 14,061 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.642. Lab. 13,065. C. maj.
16,577.
SIR TuFrON BEAMsSH succeeded his father at Lewes in 1945. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary foreign affairs committee. Born January, 1917; educated at Stowe and Sandhurst. Served in the Army 1937-45. A director of companies. Member of the Church of England council on foreign rela- tions, the counlcil of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Salmon and Trout Association. Vice-chairmnan of 1922 Commnittee from 1958; secretary 1947-50. Metnber executive committee council of European Movement from 1962.
LEYTON
blectorate: 66,905. 1959: 70,996
*Sorensen, R. W. (Lab) .. 23.640
Buxton, R. C. (C) .. .. 15.714 Mackay, A. H. (L).. 7,598
Lab majority .. .. 7,926 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,367, C. 24,448. Lab. mai.
3,919.
REV. REGiNAID SORENSEN represented West Leyton, 1929-31 and 1935-50; elected for Leyton in 1950. Contested Southamp- ton, 1924 and 1925, Lowestoft 1934. Born June. 1891; elem-entary education; theo- logical student. Ex-minister of the Free- Christian Church, Walthamstow. Chair- man National Peace Council, India League, World Congress of Faiths, United World Trust, Tagore Indian Centre committee. Mahatmna Gandhi Memorial Fund
LICHFIELD AND TAMWORTH
Electorate: 57,679. 1959: 50,240
'Snow, J. W. (Lab) .. .. 22.644
Dunkdey, K. (C) .. .. 18.828 Extance, A. H. (L) 5.. . 5206
Lab majority .. .. 3,816 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,341. C. 19.791. Lab. mai.
1.550.
MR. JULIAN SNOW represented Ports- mouth Central. 1945-50, when he was returned for Lichfield and Tamworth. A company director. He was Vice-Chamber- lain of the Household, 1945-46, and a Lord Conmnissioner of the Treasury, 1946-50. Chairman, British-Japanese Parliamentary group. Born February, 1910; educated at Haileybury and the Sorbonne. Between 1932 and 1937 he served in the Southern Provinces Mounted Rifles and the Calcutta Light Horse.
LINCOLN
Electorate: 51,420. 1959: 50,973
Taverne, D. (Lab) .. .. 19,737
McNair-Wilson, R. M. C.
(C) .. .. 15.015 Furnell, P. A. T. (L) 6,519
Lab majority .. 4,722 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.629, C. 19.240. Lab. maj.
4,389.
196Z By-election: Lab. 19.038. C. 11,386,
L.. 6,856. Ind. 412. Lab. mai. 7.652.
MR. DIcK TAVERNE was returned at a by- election in March. 1962. Contested Putney 1959. A barrister, called by Middle Temple, 1954. Born October, 1928; educated at Char- terhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford. Chairman. Oxford University Labour Club, 1949; W.E.A. lecturer in international affairs, 1955-58: chairman, Fabian Society Commonwealth subcom- mittee.
LIVERPOOL
Edge Hill
Electorate: 49,657. 1959: 54,824
OL-vine, A. J. (Lab) .. .. 19.221
Jamieson, N. S. (C) .. 13.335
Lab majority .. .. 5,886 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19.725, C. 19,026. Lab. mai.
699.
MR. A. J. IRVINE, Q.C., won Edge Hill in the 1947 by-election. Contested Kin- cardine and West Aberdeenshire 1935 and 1939 as Liberal, and Twickenham 1945 and South Aberdeen 1946 as Labour. Born July, 1909: educated Edinburgh Academy. Edinburgh University, and Oriel College, Oxford, president of the Union, 1932. Secretary to Lord Chief Justice, 1935-40. Called by the Middle Temple, 1935, took silk, 1958; also a member of Inner Temple.
Exchange
Electorate: 44.542. 1959: 51,052
*Braddock, Mrs. E. M. (Lab). . 16.985
Burke, V. (C) .. .. 7,239
Lab majority . .. 9,746 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18,916, C. 11,945, Lab. maj.
6.971.
MRS. ELUZ&BIrTH BRADDOCK won the division in 1945. Born 1899; elementary oducation. Member of the Liverpool City Council 1930-61; aldennan 1955-56. Member of the Union of Shop, Distribu- tive and Allied Workers for 47 )ears, Member of the party national executive cirmmittee.
Garston
Electorate: 66,464. 1959: 65,506
Bingham, R. M. LC) .. .. 24.100
Hamilton, J. D. (Lab) .. 17.626 Kirk, F. (L) .. .. 6,708
C majority .. .. 6,474 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31,441, Lab. 17.284. C. maj.
14,157.
MR. RICHARD BINGHAM, Q.C., was re- turned at a by-election in December, 1957. A barrister, called by the Inner Temple in 1940: practises in Liverpool. Recorder of Oldham, 1960. Born October, 1918; educated at Harrow and Clare College, Cambridge. Member of Liverpool City Council 1946-49.
Kirkdale
Electorate: 52,426. 1959: 57,102
Dunn, J. A. (Lab) .. . 20,128
Pannell, N. A. (C) .. . 16,120
Lab majority . . 4,008 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22.416, Lab. & Co-op. 19.669. C.
maj. 2,747.
-MT JAMEs DuNNi is an engineer. Born January, 1926; educated at St. Teresa's School, Liverpool, and London School of Economics. Member, Liverpool Citv Council; deputy-chairman. markets com- mittee. Secretary, Liverpool Co-operative Party. Chairman of Youth Club and Youtb Welfare Committee.
Scotland
Electorate: 43,830. 1959: 51,914
Alldritt, W. H. (Lab) . 17,984
Keefe, B. M. (C) -. .. 7,393 Cassin, T. E. (Comm) 725
Lab majority . . 10,591 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,051. C. 12,384. Lab. mai.
7.667.
1964 By-election. Lab. 13,558, C. 4,684.
Lab. maj. 8,874.
MR. WALTER Aanns-r was returned at - byelection in June, 1964. Memnber of
Liverpool County Council. Born July, 191 8; elementarY education and W.E.A. trade union studies. Official of the National
Union of General and Municipal Workers. Member of executive ommittee Liverpool Trades Council and Labour Party. Mem- ber of Merseyside Hospital Council and Kirkdale Youth Association
PONTEFRACr
Electorate: 54,774. 1959: 54,677
'Harper, J. (Lab) .. .. 32,357
Whitfield, J. F. (C) .. 10,128
Lab majority .. .. 22,2291 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 35.194, C 10,884, Lab. maj.
24,310.
1962 By-election: Lab. 26,461, C, 6,633,
Ind, 1,146. Lab. maj. 19,828.
MR JOSEPH HARPER was elected in a by- edection in March, 1962. A miner. Born March, 1914; olementary education. Mem- ber of National Union of Mineworkers and a lodge official for 20 years. Has served on Featherstone Urban Council.
POOLE
Electorate: 66,000, 1959: 63,554
Murton, H. 0. (C) .. .. 24,440
Toch, H. (Lab) .. .. 16,158 Ballam, H. C. R. (L) .. 12,234
C majority .. .. 8,282 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,956, Lab. 15,325, L 8,735. C.
nmaj. 11,631.
MR. OSCAR MURTON. a retired merchant, was managing director of departmental stores. Born May, 1914; educated at Uppingham School. Served on Poole Borough Council; chairman of local party association: member of Herrison Hospital (Dorchester) management committee. T.A. commission 1934; lieutenant-colonel Gceaeral Staff, 1942-46.
PORTSMOUTH
Langstone
Electorate: 91,587. 1959: 79,885
Lloyd. 1. S. (C) . . .. 33,208
MoLoy, T. A. (Lab) .. 23,365 Collings, G. R. (L) .. 12,212
C majority .. .. 9,843 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 38,834, Lab. 20,553. C. maj. 18,281.
VR. IAN LLOYD is a shipping executive. Born May, 1921; educated at Michael House, Natal, University of the Witwaters- rand, and King's College, Cambridge (presi- dent of the Union, 1947). Served in the South African Air Force. Chairmnan of the U.K. commnittee, International Cargo- handling Coordination Association. Chair- man. political education committee. East Hertfordshire.
South
Electorate: 53,915. 1959: 55,121
*Lucas, Sir J. M. (C) .. .. 24,387
Pryke, R. W. S. (Lab) .. 13,904
C majority .. .. 10,483 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27.892, Lab. 11,979. C. maj.
15,913.
SIR JOCELYN LUCAS was returned for the division in 1939. Born August, 1889; educated at Eton and the Royal Military College Sandhurst. Welfare liaison officer with Dominion forces 1940-50; twice injured as a fireman in London bombing. Chairman, Overseas League Hospitality Committee, since 1938. chairman, Empire War Memorial Fund; chairman, British Sportsmnan's Club.
West
Electorate: 49,517. 1959: 53,206
'Clarke, Brig. T. H. (C) .. 18,762
Judd, F. A. (Lab) .. .. 18,265
C majority .. .. 497 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.600, Lab. 17.334. C. mai. 6.266.
BRIGADIER TEtENcE CLARKE won the division in 1950. He contested Pudsey and Otley as a Liberal in 1945. Bom February, 1904; educated at Haileybury and Sand- hurst. He joined The Gloucestershire Regiment, 1924, transferred to the R.A.O.C. in 1933: served in Norway, 1940, was Deputy Director of Ordnance Services to the First Army in 1942 and to the Second Army in 1944.
PRESTON
North
Electorate: 52,233. 1959: 52,212
*Amery, H. J. (C) .. .. 20,566
Kerr, R. W. (Lab) .. .. 20,552
C majority .. .. 14 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.990. Lab. 19.529. C. maj.
4,461.
MR. JULIAt AAMERY %%as appointed Mini- ster of Aviation in July, 1962. Secretary of State for Air from October, 1960; Under Secretary, Colonial Office, from 1958; and Under Secretary. War Office, from 1957. Won the seat in 1950; contested the two- member seat in 1945. An author. Born March, 1919; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1941 organized first mil-itary mission to the Yugoslav resistance, landing from a submarine. He was later parachuted into Albania as liaison officer with guerrillas; afterwards atuached to General Carton de Wiart with General Chiang Kai-shek.
South
Electorate: 48,685. 1959: 49,809
Mahon, P. (Lab) .. .. 19,352 *Green, A. (C) .. .. 19,004
Lab majority .. .. 348 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 21,954, Lab. 18,935. C. maj.
3,019.
gIR. PETER MAHON is a representative. Born May, 1909; educated at St. James School, Bootle. and St. Edward's College, Liverpool. Member of Bootle Town Coun- cil since 1933; mayor 1954. Brother of Mr. Simon Mahon, M.P. for Bootle. Has been national committee member of Transport and General Workers Union.
PUDSEY
Electorate: 54,939. 1959: 52,285
#Hiley, J. (C) . . .. .. 21,581
Atha, B. P. (Lab) .. 16.100 Wilson, J. T. (L) .. 8.732
C majority .. 5,481 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.752. Lab. 16.241. L. 6.429. C.
maj. 6,511.
MR. JosePH HILEY was elected in 1959; contested Leeds West in 1955. He is a yarn pinner. Born August. 1902: educated at West Leeds High School and Leeds Univer- sity. Chairman of West Leeds Oonserva- tive Association. 1946-57. He was a mem- ber of Leeds City Council, 1930-37, and from 1947; alderman, 1949. Lord Mayor of Leeds 1957-58; president Leeds Cham- ber of Commerce, 1962-64.
READING
Electorate: 59,371. 1959: 58,772
'Emery, P. F. H. (C) .. .. 20,815
Lee, J. M. H. (Lab) .. 20,805 Burns, M. F. (L) 5.. .. 5759
C majority .. .. 10 NO CHANGE
1959: C 26.314. Lab. 22.372. C mai.
3,942.
MR. PErEi EMERY, elected in 1959, was joint founder and first secretary of the Bow Group; contested Poplar in 1951 and Lin- coln in 1955. Parliamentary private secre- tary to Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, 1960-63, and then to Secretary of State for War. A manufacturer. Born February, 1926; educated at Scotch Plains. New Jer- sey, U.S.A:, and Oriel College, Oxford. He served on Hornsey Borough Council eight years, and was deputy mayor 1957-58. Director of thbo Purchasing Officers' Association.
REIGATE
Electorate: 63,240. 1959: 60,266 *Vaughan-Morgan, Sir J. K.
(C) .. .. .. 24,380 Garnsworthy, C. J. (Lab) . . 14,991 Stowell, A. A. (L) .. 11,058
C majority .. .. 9,389 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,966, Lab. 14,465, L 8,205. C.
ma . 12,501.
SIR JOH.N VAUOIAN-MORGAN, was Minister of State, Board of Trade 1957-59, and Par- liamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health from January to September 1957. Elected in 1950. Chairman, Conservative Parlia- mentary trade and industry committee and Commonwealth Relations sub-committee of the Commonwealth affairs committee. Born February, 1905; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Served on London County Council 1946-55, and Chelsea Borough Council 1928-31.
RICHMOND-SURREY
Electorate: 57,622. 1959: 59,852
*Royle, A. (C) .. .. .. 22,203
Brownjohn, A. C. (Lab) .. 14,053 Baker, J. A. (L) .. .. 7,800
C majority .. .. 8,150 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,161, Lab. 12,975, L. 7,359. C
maj. 14,186.
MR. ANTHONY ROYLE was elected in 1959; contested St. Pancras, North, in 1955, and Torrington at a by-election in 1958. Parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of Aviation, 1960. Chairman of the Conservative Parliamentary Far East sub-committee of the Commonwealth affairs committee. An insurance broker and a member of Lloyd's. Born March, 1927; educated at Harrow and Sandhurst.
RICHMOND-YORKSHIRE Electorate: 56,926. 1959: 52,416
'Kitson, T. P. G. (C) .. .. 25,345
Knott, G. A. (Lab) .. 8,908 Schellenberg, K. (L) .. 8,787
C majority .. .. 16,437 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,270, Lab. 9,203. C. mai. 19,067.
MR. TIMOTHY KITSON was elected in 1959. A farner. Born January, 1931; educated at Charterhjo,use and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. A mem- ber of North Riding County Council. 1957- 61, and an executive member of the Cotwitry Landowners' Association and the National Farmers Union.
RIPON
Electorate: 41,773. 1959: 41,184
*Stoddart-Scott, Sir M. (C) 18,503
Duncan, R. H. H. (L) 7,814 O'Grady, P. A. (Lab) 7,341
C majority .. .. 10,689 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,757, Lab. 9,791. C.mai. 12,966.
SIR MALCOLM STODDART-SCOTr was M.P. for Pudsey and Otley, 1945-50, and was then elected for Ripon. Born September, 1901; educated at Elmfield College, York, Ashville College, Harrogate, and Uni- versity of Leeds, from which he holds the degrees of M.D., Ch.B., and M.B. Served in the Army as Assistant Director of Medi- cal Services. Chairman. British zroup ot Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1951-59.
ROCHDALE
Electorate: 59,695. 1959: 61,191
*McCann, J. (Lab) .. .. 22,927
Hobday, Dr. T. L. (L) .. 14,212 Normanton, T. (C) .. 11,968
Lab majority .. .. 8,715 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,689. L 18,949. C. 11.665.
Lab. maj. 2,740.
MR. JACK MCCANN won Rochdale from the Conservatives at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1958. Contested the seat in 1955. Member of Select Committee on Estimates: Opposition whip, 1961. An engineer, born December. 1910. Educated at an elementary school and through National Council of Labour Colleges and W.E.A. classes. Elected to Eccles Borough Council, 1945, leader of the Labour group; alderman, 1952, Mayor, 1955-56.
ROCHESTER & CHATHAM Electorate: 67.139. 1959: 64.386
Kerr. Mrs. A. P. (Lab) .. 26.161
*Critchley, J. M. G. (C) .. 25,148
Lab majority .. .. 1,013 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 26.510, Lab. 25.487. C. maj.
1,023.
MRS. ANNE KERR contested Twickenham in 1959 as Mrs. Anne Clark. A former actress and television interviewer. Born March, 1925: educated at St. Paul's' School, Hammersmith, Southlands College, Exmouth, and New Era School of Drama (gold medallist). Member of London County Council. Wife of Mr. Russell Kerr. Labour candidate for Preston, North.
ROMFORD
Electorate: 73,473. 1959: 73,082
*Ledger, R. J. (Lab & Co-op) 27.143
Fletcher, A. T. R. (C) . 2. 1,046 Geary, D). (L) .. .. 8.133 Bates, E. (Ratepayers'
Candidate) .. .. 811
Lab majority .. .. 6.097 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 25.558, C. 24,951,
L. 8.228. Lab. and Co-op. maj. 607
MR. RONALD LEDGER elected in 1955; contested Rushcliffe in 1951. Has been an engineer and staff training officer; direc- tor of London Co-operative Society Ltd. 1961. Born November, 1920; educated at Skinners' Grammar School and Notting- ham University.
ROSSENDALE
Elcotorate: 48,392. 1959: 50,577
*Greenwood, A. W. J. (Lab) 21,371
Baillieu, C. C. (C) .. . 18,230
Lab majority .. .. 3,141 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,743. C. 18,152. L. 4,752.
Lab. mai. 2,591.
MR. ANTHONY GREENWOOD was elected
chairman of the Labour Party in 1963. Resigned from Parliamentary Committee October, 1960, in protest against Mr. Gait- skell-s leadership; opposed him in 1961 and was defeated. A member of Parliamentary Committee, 1951-52, and 1955-60; vice- chairman, 1950-51. Member of Labour Party executive from 1954. Born Sep-
tember, 1911; educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Balliol College, Oxford; president of. the Union, 1933. Represented Heywood and Radcliffe, 1946- 50, and Rossendale from 1950. With the Ministry of Information in Russia and Middle East, 1939-42; member allied re- parations commission in Moscow and Paris 1945. Freelance journalist and broadcaster.
ROTHERHAM
Electorate: 57,937. 1959: 57,080
O'Malley, B. K. (Lab) .. 27,585
Barrass, J. M. (C) .. .. 13,907
Lab majority .. .. 13,678 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28.298. C. 16,759. Lab. mai.
11I.S39.
1963 By-election: Lab. 22,441, C. 9,209.
Ind. 742. Lab. mai. 13,232.
MR. BRIAN O'MALLEY has represented the constituency since the by-election in March. 1963. Born January, 1930; educa- ted at Mexborough Grammar School and University of Manchester. A former trade union branch officiaL.
ROTHER VALLEY
Electorate: 74,833. 1959: 71,652
*Griffiths, D. (Lab) .. .. 43.101
Hadfield, R. W. (C) .. 14,813
Lab majority .. 28,288 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 43,962. C. 15,369. Lab. maj.
28,593.
MR. DAVID GRIFFITHS has represented the division since 1945. Born 1896; educated at the Goldthorpe elementary school. A mine worker at the age of 13, he was for 20 years a branch officer of the Yorkshire Mineworkers' Association. Joirt vice-chairman of trade union grow of Parliamentary party.
ROWLEY REGIS AND TIPTON
Electorate: 59,842. 1959: 59,895
*Henderson, A. (Lab) .. 25,352
Anstee, G. R. A. (C) 16,751
Lab majority .. 8,601 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27.151. C. 17,174 Lab. maj.
9,977.
MR. ARThnuR HENDERSON, Q.C., was Sec-
retary of State for Air, 1947-51; joint Under Secretary for War, 1942-43; Financial Sec- retary to War Office, 1943-45; Under Sec- retary, India Office and Burrna Office, 1945- 47; Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1947. Contested North Ports- mouth in 1922; M.P. for South Cardiff 1923-24 and 1929-31; represented Kings- winford 1935-50, when he transferred to Rowley Regis and Tipton. Born August, 1893; educated at Darlington Queen's Col- lege, Taunton, and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge.
RUGBY
Electorate: 50,332. 1959: 47,809
*Wise, A. R. (C) .. .. 19,221
Childs, D. H. (Lab) .. 17,532 Goldblatt, S. (L) .. .. 5,522 Frost, A. S. (Social Credit) 304
C majority .. .. 1,689 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17,429, L-ab. 16,959, L. 6,413. Ind.
142. C. maj. 470.
MR. Roy WIsE, elected in 1959. repre- sented Smethwick, 1931-45; contested Smethwick in 1929 and Eppinr in 1945. He is a business consultant. Born July, 1901; educated at Repton School and Oriel College, Oxford. Member of West- minster City Council, 1956-59.
RUISLIP-NORTHWOOD Electorate: 49,358. 1959: 49,198.
*Crowder, F. P. (C) .. .. 21,036
Marlowe, P. T. A. (Lab) .. 11,331 Walker, R. A. (L).. .. 7,806
C majority .. .. 9,705 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.480, Lab. 10,424. L. 7.295.
C. maj., 13,056.
MR. PETRE CROWDER won the division in 1950; contested North Tottenham by- election. 1945. A barrister, called by the Inner Temple, 1948. Born Judy, 1919; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.
RUNCORN
Electorate: 52,664. 1959: 49,584
Carlisle, M. (C) . . .. 21,586
Jackson, P. L. (Lab) .. 14.127 Jordan, R. W. (L) .. 8,343
C majority .. .. 7,459 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,615, Lab. 13,837. C. maj.
12,778.
-MR. MARK CARLISLE contested St. Helens 1958 by-election and in 1959. Barrister. Born July, 1929; educated at Radley College and Manchester University. call_;d by Grays Inn, 1954. Vice-chairman of North-West Area Young Conservatives: former ohairman Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations.
RUSHCLIFFE
Electorate: 63.606. 1959: 58,971
*Redmayne, M. (C) .. .. 27,936
Latlham, A. C. (Lab) .. 25,137
C majority .. .. 2,799 NOCHANGE
1959: C. 27,392, Lab. 22,952. C. maj. 4,440.
MR. MARTIN REDMAYNE was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and C.overnment Chief Whip in October. 1959. havinz been deputy chief whip since 1955. Elected in February, 1950; was assistant whip. 1951-53. and a Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury from 1953. Born November, 1910; educated at Radley.
RUTLAND AND STAMFORD Electorate: 42,514. 1959: 41,061
*Lewis. K. (C) .. .. .. 18,720
Butler, A. V. (Lab and
Co-op) .. .. .. 14,990 C majority .. 3,730 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19.078, Lab. 14.137. C. mai.
4,941.
MR. KENNETH LEWIS was clected in 1959; contested Ashton-under-Lyne. 1951, and Newton, 1945 and 1950. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary labour com- mittee. Born, July, 1916: educated at Jarrow council schools and Edinburgh Uni- versity. Owns a London travel business.
RYE
Electorate: 58.768. 1959: 54,599
*Irvine, B. G. (C) .. .. 27,240
Wellings, K. G. (L) .. 10,264 Arblaster, A. E. (Lab) .. 8,014
C majority .. .. 16,976 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,465, L. 7.549, Lab. 7,359. C.
maj. 19,916.
MR. GODMAN IRVINE was elected in 1955; contested Wood Green in 1951. Chair- man of the horticulture sub-committec of the agriculture committee. 1960-62: vice- chairman, all-party tourist and resorts com- mittee from 1961. A farmer. Born 1909; educated at St. Paul's and Magdalen College, Oxford (secretary of the Union). Called to the Bar (Inner Temple) 1932.
SAFFRON WALDEN
Electorate: 50.724. 1959: 48,477
*Butler, R. A. (C) ... .. 20,610
Cornish. M. D. (Lab) .. 15,655 Moore, F. P. D. (L) .. 5,539
C majority .. .. 4,955 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,955, Lab. 14.173, L. 4,245. C.
ma;. 6.782.
MR. R. A. BUTLER was appointed Secre- tary of State for Foreign Attairs in Octooer, 1963. He had been First Secretary of State and Deputy Prime Minister since July, 1962; Minister in charge of Central African Affairs from the previous March. and chairman of the Ministerial group supervising Common Market nego- tiations from October, 1961. He was Home Secretary from January. 1957 to July, 1962. While Leader of the Commons from December, 1955, to October, 1961, he combined the office with that of Lord Privy Seal to October. 1959, and then with the chairmanship of the Con- servative Party Organization. Chancel'or
of the Exchequer, 1951-55. As Minister of Education. 1941-45, be piloted throii-i the Commons the Education Act of 1944. In the ""caretaker"" Government he was Minister of Labour. Elected for Saffron Walden in 1929, Born in India in 1902; educated at Marlborough and at Pembroke College, Cambridge.
STOKE-ON-TRENT
North
Electorate: 55,886. 1959: 58,336
*Slater, Mrs. H. (Lab & Co-op) 27,584
Barton, B. D. (C) .. .. 15,025
Lab majority .. .. 12,559 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 29,336. C. 16,522.
Lab. and Co-op. mai: 12,814.
MRS. HARRIET SLATER was returned at a by-election in March, 1953. Educated at Hanley High School and Dudley Teachers' Training Col- lege, Taught at the Middleport Senior Girls' School. Appointed national organizer for the Co-operative Party in 1942. Elected to Stoke-on-Treut City Council 1933.
South
Electorate: 63,138. 1959: 63,777
Smith, E. (Lab) .. .. 28,928
Howson, C. (C) .. .. 18,839
Lab majority .. . 10,089 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,578, C. 20.318. Lab. maj.
9,260.
MR ELuS SMITH represented Stoke from 1935; and the new Stoke-on-Trent, South, division from 1950. Contested Stoke in 1931. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, 1945-46. He was an engineer's pattern-maker. Born November, 1896; educated at Eccles elementary school and Manchester Cooperative College.
STRATFORD
Electorate: 51,989. 1959: 49,660
*Maude, A. E. U. (C) .. .. 23,236
Faulds, A. M. W. (Lab) .. 12,646 Mirfin, D. (L) .. .. 7,307
C majority .. .. 10,590 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,146. Lab. 12.017. C. nmaj.
14,129.
1963 By-election: C. 15.846. Lab. 12,376,
L. 7,622. Br. and Cmnwth. Party 281, Ind. 209. C. maj. 3,470.
MP. ANous MAUDE wars returned at a by-election in August, 1963. He* repre- sented Ealing South from 1950-58. Con- tested South Dorset by-election in Novem- ber, 1962. An author and journalist. Born September, 1912; educated at Rugby School and Oriel CoElege, Oxford. Direc- tor, Conservative Political Centre, 1951-55; editor. Sydney Morning Herald. 1958-61.
STRETFORD
Electorate: 69,369. 1959: 71,304
*Storey, Sir S. (C) .. .. 22,004
Cavanagh, E. (Lab) .. 20,080 Winstanley, Dr. M. P. (L) 12,884
C majority .. .. 1,924 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32,888, Lab. 23,538. C. maj. 9,350.
SIR SAMUEL STOREY represented Sunder- land from 1931-45, when he was defeated, and won Stretford, 1950. He is a barrister (called by the Inner Temple, 1919), chair- man of Portsmouth and Sunderland News- papers Ltd., and farms in the East Riding. Born January, 18%: educated at Hailey- bury and Trinity College, Cambridge.
STROUD
Electorate: 57,906. 1959: 57,222
Kershaw. J. A. (C) . - .. 21.802
Hunt, D. V. (Lab) .. .. 18.889 Crawford, 1. P. (L) . 8,747
C majority .. .. 2,913 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.448. Lab. 18,336, L. 6.988. C.
maj. 5,112.
MIR. ANrHONY KERSHAW was elected in 1955; contested Gloucester, 1950 and 1951. A barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). Born December, 1915; educated at Eton and Bal- liol College, Oxford. Secretary, Conserva- tive Parliamentary defence committee.
SUDBURY AND WOODBRIDGE
Electorate: 63.785. 1959: 60,756
*Stainton. K. M. (C) .. .. 26,370
Woodbridge. F. E. (Lab) .. 17,778 Wheeler, E. M. (L) 8,044
C majority .. .. 8,592 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,130, Lab. 16,248, L 6,914. C.
maj. 9,882.
1963 By-election: C. 22,005, Lab. 16.416,
L. 5,935. C. maj. 5.589.
MR. KEiTH Sr14INTroN was returned at a by-election in December. 1963. Chairman and managing director of a firm of food manufacturers and distributors. Born November, 1921; educated at Kendal School and Manchester University.
SUNDERLAND
North
Electorate: 56,856. 1959: 57,763
*Willey, F. T. (Lab) .. .. 23,826
Heselton, P. E. (C) .. 17,696 Middelwood, R. C. (Ind C) 1,157
Lab majority .. .. 6,130 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,341, C. 22,133. Lab. maj.
2.2-08.
NIR. FREDERICK WILLEY, Labour spokes- man on education and previously on agri- culture, was elected to the Parliamentary Committee in 1959. Born 1910; educated at Johnston School and St. John's College. Cambridge. Called to the Bar, Middle Temple, 1936. Elected as a Sunderland member in 1945.
South
Electorate: 66,239. 1959: 68,014
Bagier, G. A. T. (Lab) .. 25,900 *Williams, P. G. (C) .. 24,334
Lab majority .. .. 1,566 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 27,825, Lab. 26.835. C. mai. 990.
MR. GORDON BAGIER is a signals inspec- tor on British Railways. Born July, 1924; educated at Pendower Secondary Technical School, Newcastle upon Tyne. President of Yorkshire District Council N.U.R. from February. 1962. Member of Keighley Borough Council 1956-60; and of Sowerby Bridge Urban Council from May, 1962.
SURBITON
Electorate: 44,846. 1959: 45,165
*Fisher, N. T. L. (C) .. .. 20,499
Heather, D. E. (Lab) .. 13,337
C majority .. .. 7,162 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,058, Lab. 11,633. C. maj.
12,425.
MR. NIGEL FISHER became Joint Under Secretary for Commonwealth Relations and Colonies in the 1964 reorganization.
He was appointed Under-Secretary Colonial Office, in July, 1962. A former chairman of the Conservative members' West Indies committee. Elected for Surbi- ton 1955; represented Hitchin from 1950 to 1955: contested Chislehurst in 1945. Born July, 1913; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.
SURREY EAST
Electorate: 71,818. 1959: 69,996.
*Doughty, C. J. A. (C) .. 31,827
Lane, M. R. (L) .. .. 16,049 Cook. J. S. (Lab) .. .. 9,020
C majority - - .. 15,778 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 36,310, L. 10,376, Lab. 10,102. C.
maj. 25.934.
MR. CHARLES DouGHTY. Q.C., was elected in 1951: contested Birmingham, Aston, 1950. Recorder of Brighton since 1954. Born September, 1902; educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1926.
CARDIFF
North
Electorate: 60,632. 1959: 59,986
*Box, D. S. (C) .. .. 21,837
Reynolds, J. A. (Lab) .. 18,215 Rees, Lieut.-Col. D. G. (L) 7,806 Roberts, E. P. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 1,058
C majority .. . 3,622 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,737, Lab. 18,054, PI Cymru
2,553. Ind. 408. C. maj. 10.683.
MR. DONALD Box was elected in 1959: contested Newport in 1955 and 1956 by- election. Joint secretary, Conservative Par- liamentary finance committee. Senior part- ner in a firm of stockbrokers. Born Novem- ber, 1917. educated at Llandaff Cathedral School, St. John's School. Pinner, and Harrow County School.
South-East
Electorate: 65,632. 1959: 64.574
*Callaghan, L. J. (Lab) .. 30,129
Dexter, E. R. (C) .. .. 22,288
Lab majority .. .. 7,841 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26.915. C. 26,047. Lab. maj.
868.
MR. JAMES CALLAGHAN. Labour's spokes- man on Treasury affairs from December, 1961, and previously on colonial affairs. Member of the Parliamentary Committee from 1950. Lost his seat on the National Executive Committee in October, 1962; was coopted when Mr. Wilson became leader and retained his seat in October. 1963. Par- liamentary Secretary to the Admiralty 1950- 51, after three years as Parliamentary Sec- retary to the Ministry of Transport. Elected for South Cardiff 1945, and for South-East Cardiff 1950. Born March, 1912; educated at elementary and grammar schooL Assistant Secretary, Inland Revenue Staff Federation, 1936-47.
West
Electorate: 57,511. 1959: 59,524
*Tbomas, T. G. (Lab) .. 25,998
Flynn, K. T. (C) .. 17,941
Lab majority .. .. 8,057 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.390, C. 22,258. Lab. maj.
3,132.
MR. GEORGE THOMAS was elected in 1945 for Cardiff Central, and in 1950 for Cardiff West. Schoolmaster. Born January, 1909; educated at Tonypandy Secondary School and University College, Southampton. Chairman of the Welsh Parliamentary Party 1958-59. In 1960 he was elected vice- president of the Methodist Conference.
CARDIGAN
Electorate: 37,964. 1959: 38,878
*Bowen. E. R. (L) .. .. 11,500
Davies, D. J. (Lab) 9,281 Ryder, Dr. A. J. (C) 5,897 Evans, G. W. (Plaid Cyrmru) 3,262
L majority .. 2,219 NO CHANGE
1959: L. 17,868, Lab. 8,559, P1 Cymru
3,880. L. maj. 9,309.
MR. RoDERIc BOWEN, Q.C., has repre- sented Cardigan since 1945. Born 1913; educated at Cardigan School, Univer- sity College, Aberystwyth. and St. John's College, Cambridge. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1937. Recorder of Swansea: Chairman of Mont- gomeryshire Quarter Sessions.
CARMARTHEN
Electorate: 55.786. 1959: 57,195
*Lloyd George, Lady M. (Lab.) 21,424
Davies, A. T. (L) .. .. 15,210 Evans, G. (Plaid Cymru) .. 5,495 Protheroe - Beynon, Mrs.
H. E. (C) .. 4,996
Lab majority .. 6,214 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23,399, L. 16,766, C. 6.147, P1
Cymru 2,545. Lab maj. 6,633.
LADY MEGAN LLOYD GEORGE won the division from the Liberals at a by-election in February, 1957. She had represented Anglesey as a Liberal from 1929 until she lost the seat to Labour in 1951 by 525 votes. In 1955 she joined the Labour Party. Born 1902; educated at Garrett's HalL Banstead. and in Paris.
CONWAY
Electorate: 46,151. 1959: 45,660
*Thomas, P. J. M. (C) .. 18,753
Roberts, G. (Lab) .. .. 15,234 Hughes, G. (Plaid Cymru) 3,058
C majority .. 3,519 NO CHANGE
1959; C. 17,795, Lab. 13,260, L. 3,845. Pl
Cymru 2,852. C. maj. 4,535.
MR. PETER THOMAS was appointed Mini- ster of State for Foreign Affairs in June. 1963, having been Under Secretary. Foreign Office, from June, 1961. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Labour, 1959-61. Elected in 1951. A barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1947. Born JUIly. 1920: educated at Epworth College, Rhyl, and Jesus College, Oxford.
DENBIGH
Electorate: 54,032. 1959: 53,000
*Morgan, W. G. 0. (C) . . 17,970
Ellis-Jones, Dr. W. B. E. (L) 13,331 Williams, S. (Lab) .. .. 8,754 Jones, Dr. D. A. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. .. 3,444
C majority .. 4,639 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17,893, L. 13,268, Lab. 8,620, P1
Cymru 3,077. C. mai. 4,265.
MR. GERAINr MORGAN was elected in 1959; contested MerHoneth ir, 1951 and Huyton, 1955. A barrister (called by Gray's Inn, 1947). Born November. 1920; edu- cated at University College of Wales, Aber- ystwyth, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
EBBW VALE
Electorate: 37,936. 1959: 39,299
*Foot, M. (Lab) .. .. 25,220
Rhys Williams, Sir B. M.
(C) .. .. . 4,949 Lab majority .. .. 20,271 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,697, C. 6,817. Lab. maj.
20,922.
1960 By-election: Lab. 20,528, C. 3,799,
L. 3,449, Welsh NaL 2.091. Lab. maj. 16.729.
M. MICHAEL FOOT was returned for Ebbw Vale at a by-election in November. 1960. M.P. for Devonport 1945-55, he con- tested the seat in 1955 and 1959, and Mon- mouth. 1935. Journalist: managing director
of Tribune. Born July. 913; educated at Forres School, Swanage, Leighton Park School, Reading, and Wadham College, Oxford; president of Union, 1933. A member of the national executive of the Labour Party. 1947-50.
FLINT, EAST
Electorate: 54.076. 1959: 52,635
*White, Mrs. E. L. (Lab) . 25,469
Hardman, F. (C) .. .. 21,513
Lab majority .. .. 3,956 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,776, C. 22,701. Lab. maj. 75.
MRs. EIRENE WHITE, a Labour spokes- man on education. was a member of the party's national executive from 1947 to 1953, rejoining it in 1958. Elected for the division in 1950; contested Flintshire in 1945. Chairtnan. Fabian Society, 1959. A journalist. Born November, 1909. educated at St. Paul's Girls' School and Somerville College, Oxford.
FIFE West
Electorate: 55,948. 1959: 55,992
Hamilton, W. W. (Lab) .. 28,806
Gall, J. B. M. (C) .. 11,880 Lauchlan, W. (Comm) .. 3,273
Lab majority .. .. 16,926 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,554, C. 11.257, Fife Soc.
League 4,886, Comm. 3.828. Lab. mai. 14,297.
MR. WILLIAM HAMILTON won the seat from a Conmunist in 1950; contested the division in 1945. A school teacher. Born June. 1917. son of a Durham miner; edu- cated at Washington Grammar School, co. Durham, and Sheffield University. He is a lecturer for the Workers' Educational Association and the National Council of Labour Colleges.
GALLOWAY
Electorate: 37,331. 1959: 36,296
*Brewis, H. J. (C.) .. .. 14,530
Mackay, S. B. (L.) . 6,619 Gordon, J. P. (Lab.) .. 6,401
C. Majority .. .. 7,911 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 15,454, L. 6.412. Lab. 5.590. C.
mai. 9,042.
MR. JOHN BREWIs was elected at a by- election in April, 1959. He is a barrister. Born April. 1920: educated at Eton and New College, Oxford; called by Middle Temple, 1946. Member of Wigtown County Council, 1955-59. and chairman of finance conmmittee. Parliamentary private secre- tary to the Lord Advocate. 1960-61.
GLASGOW Bridgeton
Electorate: 41,482. 1959: 48,473
*Bennett, J. (Lab) .. . 18,879
Hogg, J. (C) .. .. 7,492
Lab majority .. .. 11,387 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,048. C. 12,139. Lab. maj.
8,909.
1961 By-election: Lab. 10,930, C. 3,935,
Scot. Nat. 3,549, Ind. Lab. 586. Lab. maj. 6,995.
MR. JAMES BENNET was elected at a by- election in November, 1961. A road haulage representative. Born December, 1912; educated at North Kelvinside Secondary School. Member of Glasgow Town Council, 1947-61; represented Scot- tish local authorities on the Central Trans- port Consultative Committee.
Catheart
Electorate: 65,074 1959: 64,703
Taylor, E. M. (C) .. .. 27,299
McCulloch, Mrs. E. (Lab) 24,294
C majority .. .. 3,005 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,743, Lab. 21,169. C. maj.
9,574..
MR. EDWARD TAYLOR contested Glas- gow, Springblurn, in 1959. An industrial relations ofcer. Born April, 1937; edu- cated at Glasgow High School and Glas- gow University. President, Springburn Unionist Association. Member Glas- gow City Council since 1960. Youngest Conservative candidate in 1959 election.
Central
Electorate: 30,465 1959: 36,540
*McInnes, J. (Lab) - .. 13,343
Boyd, G. F. (C) - -. .. 5,679
Lab majority -. .. 7,664 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 15,918, C. 8,712. Lab. maj.
7_206.
MR. JAMES MCINNES was elected in 1950; contested Pollok in 1935 and the Central division in 1945. Born May 1901 - educated at secondary school. viember of Glasgow Town Council, 1933-49, and leader. of the Labour Party there. 1948-49; principal admin. officer, western region, N.F.S., 1941; chairman, Scottish Housing and Town Planning Council. 1948.
Craigton
Electorate: 46,118 1959: 46,768
*Millan, B. (Lab) .. .. 21,775
Hutchison, P. C. (C) . 15,518
Lab majority .. .. 6,257 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,649, C. 19.047. Lab. maj. 602.
MR. BRUCE MILLAN, elected in 1959, con- tested the seat in 1955 and West Renfrew- shire in 1951. A chartered accountant. Born October, 1927: educated at Harris Academy. Dundee. Chairman of Scottish Labour Youth Council. 1949-50.
Gorbals
Electorate: 36,768 1959: 48,004
*Cullen, Mrs. A. (Lab) . 16,931
Hunter, W. C. (C) .. . 5,455 Hunter, Mrs. M. A. (Comm) 1,339
Lab majority .. .. 11,476 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20,731. C. 10.072, Comm. 1,932.
Lab. maj. 10,659.
MRS. ALICE CULLEN was returned at a by- election in Septembor 1948. A housewife. Born 1892; educated at elementary school. Member of Glasgow Corporation for 10 years.
Govan
Electorate: 44.517. i 1959: 51,084
*Rankin, J. (Lab. and Co-op).. 20,326
Bruer, P. (C) .. . 9,571 McLennan, G. (Comm) .. 1,378
Lab majority .. .. 10,755 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23,139, C. 13,319. Comm. 1,869.
Lab. maj. 9,820.
MR. JOHN RANKIN sat for Tradeston from 1945 until 1955, when he was returned for the redrawn division of Govan. Con- tested Pollok in 1923. 1924, and 1931. A school teacher. Born February, 1890. Educated at Allan Glen's School. Glasgow. and Glasgow University. Propagandist and lecturer.
HiHihead
Electorate: 35.580. 1959: 38,154
*Galbraith, T. G. D. (C) .. 16,993
Reid, D. D. T. (Lab) .. 9,572
C majority .. .. 7,421 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20.094, Lab. 9.317. C. maj.
10.777.
MR. T. G. D. GALBRAITH became joint Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Trans-
ort, May, 1963. Under Secretary of State Scottish Office from 1959 until he resigned in November, 1962. Previously Civil Lord of the Adairalty from 1957; Treasurer of the Household, 1955- ComPtroller of the Household, 1954. Returned at a by- election in 1948; contested Paisley in 1945, and East Edinburgh at a by-election in the same year. Born March 1917; son and heir of Lord Strathclyde; educated at Wellington College, Christ Church, Oxford, and Glasgow University,
GLASGOW Kelvingrove
Electorate: 28.407. 1959: 34,319
Miller, Dr. M. S. (Lab) .. 10,340 *Lilley, F. J. P. (C) .. .. 8,791
Lab majority .. .. 1,549 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 12,355, Lab. 11,254, I.L.P. 740.
C. Maj. 1.101.,
DR. MAURICE MILLER is a medical prac- titioner. Born August, 1920; educated at Shawlands Academy, Glasgow, and Clasgow University. Member of Glasgow Corpora-tion since 1950; Bailie, 1954-57. Visited Russia as member of a medical delegation, 1955.
Maryhill
Electorate: 43,190. 1959: 46,422
l *Hannan, W. (Lab) .. .. 20,796
Adamson, N. J. (C) .. 8,403 Barlow, G; (Anti-Vivisec-
tion) .. .. .. 1,231
Lab majority .. .. 12,393 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,893, C. 12,311. Lab. maj.
9,582.
MR. WILLIAM HANNAN was elected in 1945. An Opposition whip, 1951-53.
Commissioner of the Treasury 1946-51. l Insurance agent. , Born August, 1906; educated at Maryhil School and North Kelvinside Secondary School. Member of Glasgow Town Council.
Poflok
Electorate: 52,094. 1959: 52,472
Garrow, A. (Lab) .. .. 18,089
Kernohan, R. D. (C) .. 17,793 Straker, R. N. (L) . 4,670
Lab majority .. .. 296 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24,338. Lab. 17,072. C. maj. 7,266.
MR. ALEXANDER GARRow is an insurance agent. Born March, 1923; secondary education. Member of Glasgow Town Council.
Provan
Electorate: 60,027. 1959: 49.284
Brown, H. D. (Lab) .. .. 29,889
Miller, K. B. (C) .. 15,524
Lab majority .. .. 14,365 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,608. C. 17.241. Lab. maj.
4,367.
MR. HUGH BROWN is an organizer. For- merly a Civil Servant. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. Born May, 1919
educated at Allan Glen's School and White- hill secondary school, Glasgow. Memnber of Glasgow CorPoration since 1954.
Scotstoun
Electorate: 55,819. 1959: 56,278
*Small, W. W. (Lab) .. .. 27,036
Anderson, R. B. (C) .. 16,856
Lab majority .. .. 10,180 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,690. C. 21,320. Lab. maj.
3,370.
MR. WILLIAM SMALL, who was elected in 1959, is an engineer. Born October, 1909; elementary school education. Mem- ber of Ayr County Council, 1945-51. Member of national committee of the Amalgamated Ensineering Urnion, 1955-57; president of West Ayrsihire distnct.
Shettleston
Electorate: 46,358. 1959: 49,987
*Galpern, Sir M. (Lab) .. 22,494
Weir, G. A. (C) .. .. 10,598
Lab majority .. .. 11,896 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,916, C. 14,743. Lab. maj.
8.173.
SIR MYER GALPERN has represented the constituency since 1959. Lord Provost of Glasgow, 1958-59. Member of Glasgow Corporation. A house furnisher. Born 1903; educated at primary school and Glasgow University. Member of the Court of Glasgow University; Advisory Commit- tee on Education in Scotland; and National Committee for Training of Teachers.
Springburn
Electorate: 37,248. 1959: 38.147
Buchanan, R. (Lab) .. .. 16,828
Black, R. B. J. D. (C) .. 5,632 McIntosh, A. (Scot Nat) 2,366 McLellan, N. (Comm) ,. 950
Lab majority .. .. 11,196 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 16,297. C. 10,167, Comm. 1,235.
Lab. maj. 6,130.
MR. RICHARD BUCHANAN is a toolfitter. Born May, 1912; educated at St. Mungo's Acadomy. A member of Glasgow Corpora- tion since 1949. Sccretary of the N.U.R. political committee. Glasgow, and president of the Scottish Library Association.
Woodside
Electorate: 40,035. 1959: 44,746
Carmichael .. .. .. 13,521
Glen, N. M. (C) .. . 11,954 House, J. (L) .. .. 2,443 Stevenson, Dr. D. (Scot Nat) 1,600 Vallar, R. (Socialist Party
of G.B.) - - .. 88
Lab majority 1,567 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16.567, Lab. 14,483, L. 2,583.
C. maj. 2.084.
1962 By-election: Lab. 8,303. C. 6,935. L
5,000, Scot. Nat. 2,562. Ind. Soc. 134, Soc. Pty. G.B. 83. Lab. mai. 1368.
MR. NEIL CARMICHAEL won the seat for Labour at a by-election in November, 1962. An engineer. Born October, 1921; edu- cated at Estbank Academy and Royal College of Science and Technology, Glas- gow. Past member of Glasgow Town Council.
GREENOCK
Electorate: 46,549. 1959: 48,366 *Mabon, Dr. J. D. (Lab and
Co-op) .. . . .. 19,627 Barclay, C. M. (L). .. 9,055 Sillars, D. R. G. (C) .. 6,473 Thomson, J. S. (Ind) .. 458
Lab majority .. 10,572 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,320. L. 10.238. C. 8.616. Lab.
mai. 9,082.
DR. DICKSON MABON was returned at a by election in December, 1955. Contested West Renfrewshire in 1955 and Bute and North Ayrshire in 1951. A physician and iournalist Born November, 1925: edu- cated at North Kelvinside school. Glasgow, and Glasgow University.
HAMILTON
Electorate: 52,588. 1959: 51,995
*Fraser, T. (Lab) .. .. -28,964
Docherty, I. (C) ..- .. 11,806
Lab majority .. .. 17,158 NO CHANGE
1959:' Lab. 27,423. C I1.510. Scot. Nat.
2.586. Lab. maj. 15,913. .
MR. THOMAS FRASER, Labour spokesman on Scottish affairs, in December, 1961 took over Ministry of Power affairs. Elected for Hamilton in 1943. Joint
Under-Secretary of State for Scotland 1945-SI. Co-opted to Parliamentary Comn- mittee February 1956, has retained his membership since that date. Born Febru-
ary, 1911; educated at Lesmahagow Higher Grade SchooL Formerly a miner.
BROMSGROVE
Electorate: 73,272. 1959: 66,924
Dance, J. C. G. (C) .. .. 29,616
Lister, N. P. (Lab) .. .. 22,673 Stockdale, S. L. (L) .. 8,485
C majority .. .. 6,943 NO CElANGE
1959: C. 32.473, Lab. 23,433. C. maj. 9,040.
MR. JAMEs DANCE, elected in 1955, con- tested Rugby in 1950 and 1951. An under- writer at Lloyd's. Born May, 1907; educated at Eton. Parliamentary private secretary to Parliamenttary Secretary to the Admiralty. 1956. and to Secretary of State for Air. 1957-60.
BUCKINGHAM
Electorate: 58,109: 1959: 54,905
Maxwell, I. R. (Lab) .. 23.085
Kellett, Mrs. M. E. (C) .. 21.604 Wallis, J. R. (L) ,. .. 5,578
Lab majority .. .. 1,481 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22,304, Lab. 20,558, L. 4.577. C.
mal. 1,746.
MR. ROBERT MAXWELL contested the constituency in 1959. A publisher and editor. Born June, 1923: self-educated. Chairman. of National Labour Party Fund Raising Foundation
BUCKINGHAMSHME SOUTH Electorate: 81,466; 1959: 72,466
*Bell, R. M. (C) .. .. 33.905
Brown. R. K. (L) .. . 16.151 Ryan, J. (Lab) .. .. 14216
C majority .. .. 17,754 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 34.154, Lab. 13,050, L. 10.589. C.
maj. 21,104.
MR. RONALD BELL won the division in 1950. Won Newport by-election in May, 1945. but was defeated at the general elec- tion two months Later. Barrister, called by Gray's Inn, 1938. Born April, 1914; edu- cated at Cardiff High School and Maedaleu College, Oxford.
BURNLEY
Eiectorate: 54,411 1959: 57,990
*Janes, D. (Lab) .. .. 25.244
Mitchell, T. (C) .. .. 12,365 Mason, Miss M. R. (L) 6,833
Lab majority .. .. 12,879 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,675, C. 20.902. Lab. maj.
6.773.
MR. DANIEL JONES was elected in 1959: contested Barry in 1955. Trade union official. Born September, 1908; educated at Ynyshir (Rhondda) School and National Council of Labour Colleges, where he be- came a lecturer.
BURTON
Electorate: 59.083. 1959: 58.229
*Jennings, J. C. (C) .. .. 25,236
Pritchard, T. S. (Lab) .. 22,161
C majority 3,075 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,926, Lab. 21.032. C maj.
5.894.
MR. JOHN JFNNINGS was elected in 1955; contested South-East Derbyshire in 1950 and 1951. A headmaster. Born February. 1903; educated at a grammar school. Bede College, Durham, and King's College, Durham University. Served on Seaham Urban Council for eight years. Secretary, Conservative members' education com- mnittee, 1957; chairman, 1959.
BURY AND RADCLIFFE Electorate: 65,708 1959: 64,897
Ensor, D. (Lab) .. .. 23,865
*Bidgood, J. C. (C) .. .. 22,639 Scholes, C. L. (L) . . .. 7,589
Lab majority .. .. 1,226 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 28.623. Lab. 24.715. C. mai. 3.908.
MR. DAVID ENSOR is a solicitor, author. journalist. and farmer. Born November. 1906; educated at Westminster School. Formerly assistant solicitor, Surrey County Council, prosecuting solicitor, Newcastle upon Tyne, deputy clerk Middlesex County Council. and Clerk of the Peace, London. Member of Home Secretary's Advisory Conunittee.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS
Electorate: 61,143. 1959: 57,908
*Griffiths, E W. (C.) .. .. 25,206
Insley, N. J. (Lab.) .. .. 20,216 Afton, R. (L.) .. .. 4,840
C majority .. .. 4,990 NO CHANGE
1959: C 26.730. Lab. 18.768. C. maj. 1964 By-election: C. 22,141. Lab. 19,682,
L. 3,387. C. maj. 2,459.
MR. ELDON GRIFFITHS was returned at a by-election in May. 1964. Journalist and farmer. former mainaging editor of New.s week. Born May, 1925; educated at Ash- ton Grammar School. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and Yale University. Has served in the Conservative Research Department.
CAMBRIDGE
Electorate: 60,365 1959: 59,745
*Kerr, Sir W. H. (C) .. .. 20,720
Davies, R. M. D. (Lab) .. 19,331 O'Loughlin, M. W. B. (L) 7,723
C majority .. .. 1,389 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,350, Lab. 17.543. L 5.792. C.
maj. 6.807.
SIR HAMILTON KERR was elected for Cambridge in 1950; member for Oldham, 1911-45. Chairman, Conservative Parlia- mentary arts and amenities committee. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Health. in the 1945 ""Caretaker"" Govern- ment. Born August, 1903; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Electorate: 65,015. 1959: 60.698
*Pym, F. L. (C.) .. .. 24,883
Rutherford, E. L. (Lab.) .. 17,636 Moore, R. (L.) .. .. 9,347
C. majority .. .. 7,247 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,407, Lab. 19,928. C. maj.
7,479.
1961 By-election: C. 17,643, Lab. 11.566
L. 9,219. C. mai. 6,077.
MR. FRANCIS PYM was returned for the constituency in the 1961 by-election; con- tested Rhondda West in 1959. A managing director and landowner. Born February, 1922; educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Member Hereford- shire County Council. 1958-61.
CANNOCK
Electorate: 72,149. 1959: 65,472
*Lee, Miss J. (Lab) .. .. 31608
Vereker, C. J. P. (C) .. 23,334
Lab majority .. .. 8,274 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,624, C. and L 22.485. Lab.
maj. 7.139.
Mtss JENNIE LEE has represented Can- nock since 1945. She entered Parliament for North Lanark in 1929; was defeated in 1931 ; contested the division in 1935, and a Bristol by-election in 1943. She is on the editorial board of Tribune. Born
November, 1904; educated at MoraY House College, Beath High School, and Edinburgh University. Formerly a school teacher and journalist, Widow of Mr. A. Bevan. Mem- ber of National Executive Committee of Labour Party.
R. H. Lewis, Labour gain in Carlisle.
CANTERBURY
Electorate: 67,639. 1959: 62,011
*Thomas, Sir L. (C) .. .. 26,827
Cobbett, G. S. (Lab) .. 15.211 Moss, E. W. (L) .. .. 9,582
C majority .. .. 11,616 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,846, Lab. 15,746. C. maj.
15,100.
SIR LESLIE THONMAS was returned at a by-election in February, 1953; contested Leek as National Government candidate 1935. Joint hon. sec.. Conservative trans- port committee, 1953-59. Born April, 1906: educated at elementary school, privately, and Dulwich College. Member of the Stock Exchange since 1931.
CARLISLE
Electorate: 49.121 1959: 49.519
Lewis, R. H. (Lab) .. .. 19,169
Boydell. P. T. S. (C) .. 17,049 Ashmore, B. G. (L) 4,617 *Johnson, Dr. D. M. (Ind C) 1,227
Lab majority .. .. 2,120 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 21,948, Lab. 19,950. C. maj. 1,998.
MR. RONALD LEWIS contested West Derbyshire in 1951, South Northants in 1955, and Darlington in 1959. Employed in the shops section of British Railways. Born July, 1909: educated at elementary schools and Cliff Methodist College. A Methodist local preacher. Member of Derbyshire County Council since 1949, and of Black- well R.D.C. since 1940.
CARLTON
Electorate: 71.285. 1959: 64,554
'Pickthorn Sir K. (C) .. 27.896
Mellor, R. B. (Lab) .. 21.546 Payne, M. G. (L) .. . 10,034
C majority .. .. 6,350 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,722, Lab. 22.645. C. maj. 8.077.
SIR KENNETH PICKTHORN was Parlia- mentary Sccretary. Ministry of Education. 1951-54. He represented Cambridge Uni- versity from 1935 until 1950, and was then elected for Carlton. A Fellow of Corpus Christi College. Born Apnl, 1892; educated at Aldenham School and Trinity College. Cambridge.
CARSHALTON
Electorate: 66,637. 1959: 68.391
*Elliot, W. (C) . . .. 26,118
Thomas, B. (Lab) .. .. 16,105 Browne, J. H. G. (L) .. 11.207
C majority .. .. 10,013 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,454. Lab. 17.210, L 8,744. C.
maj. 13.244.
1960 By-election: C. 19.175, L. 10.250, Lab.
7,696. C. maj. 8,295.
CAPT. WALTER ELLIOT was returned at a
by-election in 1960. Born February. 1910: educated at H.M.S. Conway, Royal Naval College, and London University. Joined R.N., 1929; specialized in naval aviation. English Rugby international (seven caps); navy boxing dhampion.
CHEADLE
Electorate: 86,743. 1959: 71,205
*Shepherd. W. S. (C). 33,911
Cuss, R. N. (L) .. .. 25,220 Moxley, S. N. M. (Lab) .. 13,379
C majority . - .. 8,691 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32,787, L. 15.468, Lab. 11,373.
C. maj. 17,319.
MR. WILLIAM SHEPHERD was elected in
1950. He represented Bucklow 1945-50. Managing director of companies. Born 1912; educated Edlestone School, Crewe. Director, Manchester Cha.mber of Com- merce.
CHELMSFORD
Electorate: 70.158. 1959: 61,630
St. John-Stevas, N. A. F. (C) 27.849
Lawrence, E. G. (Lab) .. 20,816 Longhurst, W. P. (L) 9,414
C majority .. .. 7,033 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,992, Lab. 20,124. C. maj. 9,868.
MR. NORMAN ST. JOHN-STEVAS con-
tested Dagenham in 1951. Barrister, author and journalist. Born May, 1929; educated at Radcliffe College, Fitzwilliam House, Cambridge (president of the Union 1949), Christ Church. Oxford. and Yale Univer- sity; called by Middle Temple. 1953. Founder member, Institute of Higher Euro- pean Studies, Bolzano, 1955. Legal adviser to Sir Alan Herbert's committee on book censorship. Member Conservative national advisery committee on education.
CHELTENHAM
Electorate: 54,120 1959: 52,946
Dodds-Parker, A. D. (C) .. 19,797
Gray, H. (Lab) .. .. 14,557 Lemkin, J. A. (L) .. .. 7,568
C majority .. .. 5,240 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,997, Lab. 12.725. L. 8.428. C
mai. 9,272.
MR. A. D. DODDS-PARKER was Under- Secretary, Foreign Office, 1953-54 and 1955- 57; Under-Secretary. Commonwealth Rela- tions Office, 1954-55. Represented Banbury 1945-59. Successively secre- tary and chairman Conservative Commonwealth affairs committee, 1945- 53; executive member 1922 Com- mittee 1951-53. A company director. Born July, 1909; educated at Winchester and Magdalen College, Oxford. Chairman, British Enmpire Producers' Organization and Joint East and Central Africa Board, 1947-1950. Represented the Queen at Sene- gal Independence elections at Dakar, 1961.
CHERTSEY
Electorate: 58,960. 1959: 55,609
*Heald, Sir L. F. (C) .. .. 22,497
Edwards, A. J. (Lab) .. 14.513 Lee, F. M. J. (L) .. 8,844
C majority .. .. 7,984 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,836. Lab. 14,150. L. 5,146. C.
maj. 10.680.
SIR LIONEL HEALD, Q.C., was Attorney- General 1951-54. Elected for Chertsey in 1950; contested St. Pancras. South-West, in 1945. Born August, 1897; educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church. Oxford. Member of the Monckton Commission on Future of Ceatral Africa 1960.
CHESTER, CITY OF
Electorate: 59,654. 1959: 57,617
*Temple, J. M. (C) . . .. 23,172
Blond, A. B. (Lab) .. 16,708 Samuel, P. J. (L) .. .. 7,583
C majority 6,464 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,847, Lab. 17,492. C. mai.
10,355.
MR. JOHN TEMPLE was elected in the 1956 by-election. Chairman Conservative Parliamentary housing, local government and public building committee. Born, June. 1910; educated aL Charterhouse and Clare Col1ege. Cambridge. Member British executive of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and Town and Country Planning Association; president of Salmon Netsmen of England and Wales: vice-president of Association of Municipal Corporations.
CHESTERFIELD
Electorate: 66,138. 1959: 65,270
Varley, E. G. (Lab) .. 29.452
Blake, W. G. (C) .. .. 14,944 McKie, D. A. (L) ,. .. 7,738
Lab majority .. .. 14,508 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,534, C. & Nat L. 17,084. L.
6,360. Lab. maj. 13,450.
MR. ERIC VARLEY is a craftsman in the mining industry. Born August. 1932: educated at secondary modern school and Ruskin College. Oxford. Member of the Derbyshire area executive of the National Union of Mineworkerr.
CHESTER LE STREET
Electorate: 55,076. 1959: 53,884
*Pentland, N. (Lab) .. .. 32.895
Gorst, J. M. (C) .. .. 10,851
Lab majority .. .. 22.044 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 33.901. C. 10.838. Lab. mai.
23.063.
MR. NORMAN PENTLAND was returned at a by-election in September. 1956. A colliery check-weighman. Born September, 1912: educated at a Durham county school and National Council of Labour Colleges. Member Chester-le-Street Rural District Council 1946-56, chairnan 1952-53.
CHICHESTER Electorate: 70.637. 1959: *Loveys, W. H. (C) ..
Kinsella. D. G. (L) Cohen, A. J. (Lab)
: 63,958
.. 30.225 . . 11.91' .. 10,155
C majority .. .. 18.313 NO CHANGE.
1959: C. 30.755. Lab. 9,546. L. 6,913. C.
maj. 21,209.
MR. WALTER LovEYs was returned at a by-election in November. 1958. A farmer. Born in November, 1920; educated at Lancing. A member of West Sussex County Council since 1955. Chairman, Chichester Conservative Association 1953- 58.
CHIGWELL
Electorate: 53.398. 1959: *Biggs-Davison, J. A. (C)
Moonman, E. (Lab)
Collis, Miss G. (L) ..
: 50,213
.. 20.699 . . 16.978
6.058
C majority .. .. 3,721 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,422, Lab. 17,860. C. maj. 5,562.
MR. JOHN BIGGS-DAVISON, elected in 1955, contested Coventry, South, in 1951. An author, journalist, broadcaster. Born Jlune. 1918; educated at Clifton College and Magdalen College. Oxford. Assistant Commissioner and magistrate in the Puniab. 1945; political officer, deputy commissioner, and commandant border military police on Baluchisitan frontier, 1945-57.
CIUPPENHAM Electorate: 55,111. 1959: *Awdry. D. (C)
Layton, C. W. (L) ..
Radice. G. H. (Lab)
: 51.9r3
.. 18.089 .. 16.546 .. 10.086
C majority .. .. 1,543 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,696, Lab. 12,911, L. 7,059. C.
maj. 8,785.
1962 By-election: C. 13,439. L. 11.851,
Lab. 10,633. Ind. 260. Ind. 237. Ind. 88. C. maj. 1.588.
MR. DANIEL AWDRY was returned at a by-election in November, 1962. Secre- tary, Conservative Parliamentary transport committee. Solicitor. Born September. 1924: educated at Winchester College. Mayor of Chippenham. 1958-59. Presi- dent, Southern Boroughs Association, 1959-60. Served in Royal Wiltshire Yeo- manry. 1947-62 and commanded squadron as najor. 1955-62.
CHISLEHURST
Electorate: 60,678. 1959: 59,646
*Hornsby-Smith, Dame P. (C) 22,251
Huzzard, R. W. (Lab) .. 20.736 Hobday, Mrs. S. M. (L) .. 7.291
C majority .. .. 1,515 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,748, Lab. 19.069. L. 6,366.
C. maj. 6.679.
DAME PATRICIA HORNSBY-SMITH was Joint Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance 1959-61. Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Health, 1951-57. and Under-Secretary. Home Office, 1957-59. Elected in 1950. Led Parliamentary delegation to Austra- lasia 1962. Resigned office in 1962 to join business group. D.B.E. 1963. Born March, 1914: educated at Richmond County Grammar School.
CHORLEY
Electorate: 60.330. 1959: *Kenyon. C. (Lab) ..
Sutcliffe, J. H. V. (C) . Bell, A. W. (L) ..
59.086
.. 24.710 .. 20.997 . . 5.33 1
Lab majority .. .. 3,713 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. .25.641, C. 24.965. Lab. maj.
676.
MR. CLIFFORD KENYON won Chorley from the Conservatives in 1945. A farmer. Born August, 1896: educated at elementary school; the Baptist College, Manchester; and Manchester University.
CIRENCESTER AND
TEWKESBURY
Electorate: 61,626. 1959: 58.099
*Ridley, N. (C) .. .. 24.786
Bowyer, J. M. (Lab) .. 15.518 de Montmorency, A. G. (L) 7,790
C majority .. .. 9.268 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,169. Lab. 16,314. C. maj.
11,855.
MR. NICHOLAS RIDLEY was elected in 1959: contested Blyth. 1955. A civil engi- neer and director of two companies. Born February, 1929: educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Appointed Parlia- mentary private secretary to Minister of Education, 1962.
CLEVELAND Electorate: 76,693. 1959: Tinn, J. (Lab) ..
*Proudfoot, G. W. (C) Stevens, J. W. (L) ..
: 71,281
-. 28.596 . . 24,124
. . 11,387
Lab majority . - . 4,472 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 30,445, Lab. and Co-op. 28.790.
C. maj. 1,655
MR. JAMES TINN is a school teacher. Born August, 1922: educated at elemen- tary school and Ruskin College and Jesus Cotlege, Oxford. Former branch secre- tary, National Union of Blastfurnacomen. Committee member, North Cleveland A.6socation, National Union et Teachem.
CLITHEROE
Electorate: 44,594. 1959: 44,350
*Pearson, F. F. (C) .. .. 18,559
Hoyle, E. D. H. (Lab) .. 14,278 Strange, M. (L) .. .. 5,209
C majority .. . 4,281 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.314, Lab. 16,103. C. maj.
6,211.
MR. FRANK PEARSON became Parliamen- tary Private secretary to Sir Alec Douglas- Home in October, 1963. Previously a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from March, 1962, having been an assistant whip since 1960. Elected for Clitheroe 1959. Born June. 1911; educated at Uppingham School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Served in the 1st Gurkha Rifles 1932-34: A.D.C. to the Viceroy of India 1934-36; entered Indian political service 1936; Under Secretary, political department 1942-45; Chief Mini- ster, Manipur State 1945-47.
COLCHESTER
Electorate: 61,742. 1959: 57,776
*Buck, A. (C) .. .. .. 23.319
Williams, C. C. P. (Lab) .. 19.780 Rodnight, E. W. (L) ,, 7,566
C majority . ,. 3,539 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,592, Lab. 17.096, L. 5,942.
C. maj. 7,496.
1961 By-election: C. 17,891, Lab. 12,547,
L. 7,487. C. maj. 5,344.
MR. ANroNy BUCK was returned at a by-election in March, 1961. Joint secretary Conservative Parliamentary committee on science a,nd technology. Appointed Parlia- men,tary private secretary to Attorney General, 1963. A barrister (inner Temple, 1954). Born December, 1928; educated at King's School. Ely, and Triniry Hall. Cambridge. Legal adviser. National Asso- ciation of Parish Councils, 1957-59. Com- mittee member of the Bow Grout for four years, secretary for two years.
COLNE VALLEY
Electorate: 52.006. 1959: 51,777
Duffy. A. E. P. (Lab) .. 18.537
Wainwright, R. S. (L) .. 18.350 Alexander, A. C. (C) .. 7.207
Lab majority .. .. 187 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19.284, C. 13,030, L 11,254.
Lab. maj. 6,254.
1963 By-election: Lab. 18,033, L. 15,994,
C. 6.238, Ind. 266. Lab. mai. 2.039.
MR. PATRICK DUFFY was elected at a by- election in March, 1963; contested Tiverton in 1950, 1951, and 1955. Lecturer at Leeds University 1950-63. Born June, 1920; educated London School of Economics and Columbia University, New York.
CONSETT
Electorate: 56,792. 1959: 59,206
'Stones. W. (Lab) .I. . 29.676
Stokoe, D. W. (C) .. .. 13.901
Lab majority .. .. 15,775 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32.307, C. 16.037. Lab. maj.
16,270.
MR. WILLIAM SToNEs was elected in 1955. A mines inspector. Born 1904: elementary and National Council of Labour Colleges education. Member of National Union of Mineworkers for 35 years; secretary Stan- ley Labour Party since 1940.
CORNWALL NORTH
Electorate: 43.076. 1959: 42,764
*Scott-Hopkins. J. S. R. (C) .. 16.352
Bruton, C. M. K. (L) .. 15.683 Dash, R. S. (Lab) .. .. 3.497 Voullaire. E. G. C. (Ind) . 265
C majority .. .. 669 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16.701, L. 15.712. Lab. 3.389.
C. maj. 989.
MR. JAMES SCOrr-HOPKINS was appointed joint Parliamentary Secretary. Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries and Food in July, 1962. Elected in 1959; con- tested Bedwellty in 1955. Born November. 1921; educated at Ston and Oxford. In 1944 took a regular commission in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Retired from the Army in 1950, and became a fanner.
COVENTRY
East
Electorate: 77,821 1959: 70,689
*Crossman. R. H. S. (Lab) .. 36.246
Gow. 1. R. E. (C) .. .. 23,208 Bourne, H. (Comm) 1.138
Lab majority .. .. 13.038 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32,744, C. 24,982. Lab. maj.
7.762.
MR. RICHARD CROSSMAN, Labour spokesman on science and higher educa- tion, was the party's spokesman on Pen- sions and national insurance from Novem- ber, 1959, until he resigned in March, 1960. A member of the Labour Party National executive from 1952; chairman 1960-61. Born December 1907: educated at Winchester College and New College. Oxford. A tutor in philosophy at Ncw College, Oxford, from 1930-37. Leader of the Labour group on Oxford City Council. 1934-39. During the war he was in the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office. 1940-43. and assistant chief of psychological warfare at General Eisenhower's headquarters, 1943-45. A journal.ist. Represented Coventry East from 1945. Contested West Birmingham in 1937.
North
Electorate: 54,401. 1959: 53,598
*Edelman. M. (Lab) .. .. 23,355
Heseltine, M. R. D. (C) .. 19.825 Robinson, R. (Ind) 1,112
Lab majority .. .. 3,530 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.035. C. 21,794. Lab. maj.
1,241.
MR. MAURICE EDELMAN represented West Coventry, 1945-50. when he was returned for Coventry North. Journalist and author Born March, 1911: educated at Cardiff High School and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Vice-chairman of the British Council and vice-president of Franco- British Parliamentary Relations Committee.
South
Electorate: 70,992. 1959: 67,394
Wilson, W. (Lab) .. .. 29,240 *Hocking, P. N. (C) 27,407
Lab majority . 1,833 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 28,584. Lab. 26,754. C. maj.
1.830.
MR. WILLIAM WILSON contested War- wick and Leamington in 1951 1955, the 1957 by-election, and 1959. A solicitor. Born
June. 1913: educated at elementary schools. Ccventry Technical College. and Birming- ham University. Leader of the Labour Group on Warwickshire County Council. to which he was elected in 1958.
CREWE
Electorate: 52,175. 1959: 50.971
*Allen, S. S. (Lab) .. .. 23,579
Barbour, A. G. (C) .. 17,657
Lab majority .. .. 5,922 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,811, C. 19,030. Lab. mai.
3.781.
MR. SCHOLEFIELD ALLEN. Q.C.. won Crewe from the Conservatives in 1945. Born 1898; educated at Birkenhead Insti- tute and Liverpool University. Called to the Bar, Gray's Inn. 1923. Is also a member of the Manx Bar. Recorder of Blackbuarn .
CROSBY
Electorate: 57,771. 1959: 57A95
Page, R. G. (C) .. .. 21,538
Hodge, R. (Lab) . . 14.158 Sellers. N. W. M. (L) . 8.590
C majority .. .. 7,380 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.801. Lab. 14,745. C maj.
15,056.
MR. R. GRMt4m PAGE was returned at a by-election in November, 1953. Con- tested North lshington in 1951 and 1950. Born June. 191 1; educated at Magdalen College. Oxford, and London University. A solicitor and a Privy Council ac,peal agent; director of property companies and a building society. Promoter of Cheques Act, 1957. Governor of St. Thomas's Hos- pital, London: chairman, Pedestrians' Asso- ciation for Road Safety.
CROYDON North-East
Electorate: 56,765. 1959: 57,174
Weatherill. B. B. (C) .. 19,930
Storer, D. (Lab & Co-op) 16,099 Mahotiere, S. R. R. de la (L) 6.567
C majority .. .. 3,831 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.345. Lab. 15.440. L. 6.109. C.
maj. 8.905.
MR. BERNARD WEATRERILL is a niaster tailor. Born November. 1920; educat-d at Malvern College; apprenticed at age of 17. Chairman of Guildford Conservative Association, 1959-63, vice-chairman of South-Eastern Area Counc.l. 1962-64, and member of executive committee of National Union, 1963-64.
North-West
Electorate: 56,122. 1959: 58,177
*Harris, F. W. (C) .. .. 19.577
Palmer, J. A. P. (Lab) .. 13,967 Banks, R. E. I. (L) S ,201
C majority . - .. 5,610 NO CHANGE
1959. C. 25,111, Lab. 14,658, L. 6.061. C
maj. 10.453.
MR. FREDERIC HARRIS represented North Croydon from 1948 until 1955. when he was elected for the new con- stituency of Croydon North-West. He is a director of companies. Born March. 1915; educated at Belmont College, Streatham. Has been a member of Croydon Borough Council. He owns a farm in Kenya.
South
Electorate: 63.443. 1959: 63,636
Thompson. Sir R. H. M. (C) 24.854
Burgess, T. (Lab).. .. 22,265
C majority .. .. 2,589 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,284. Lab. 21,069. C. maj.
,215.
SIR RICHARD THOMPSON was M.P. for Croydon West from 1950-i5. and was clected for the new constituency of Croydon South in 1955. Born October, 1912; educated at Malvern College. Vice- Chamberlain of the Household, 1956-57. Parliamen,tary Secretary. Ministry of Health, 1957-59; Under-Secretary Com- monwealth Relations Office. 1959-60; Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Works. 1960-62. Director of a Droperty company. 1962: until 1940 in business in the Far East.
DAGENHAM
Electorate: 71,424. 1959: 73,968
*Parker, J. (Lab) .. .. 32.851
Currie. G. E. (C) .. .. 9,461 Humphrey, P. T. (L) .. 7.301 Halpin, K. (Comm) .. 1,070
Lab majority - - .. 23,390 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 37,009; C. 16.626. Lab. maj.
20,383.
MR. JOHN PARKER was elected in 1945: eontested Holland with Boston 1931, and was member for Romford 1935-45. Under Secretary, Dominions Office, 1945-46. A ,vriter and publisher. Born July, 1906; oducated at Marlborough and St. John's College, Oxford. Hon. secretary of the Fabian Society and of the Webb Trustees.
DARLINGTON
Electorate: 58.051. 1959: 59.342
Fletcher, E. J. (Lab) .. .. 21.751
*Bourne-Arton, A. T. (C) .. 19.841 Pease, J. G. (L) .. .. 6,578
Lab majority - .. 1,910 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24.318. Lab. 19,901, L. 5,863. C.
maj. 4,417.
MR. EDoWAlD FLETCHER contested Middlesbrough, West, in 1959. A trade union official. Born February, 1911: educated at elementary school, and Fircroft College. Birmingham. Member of New- castle City Council cince 1952: chairmap of the finance committee. Chairman of th^ North-Eastern Associauion for the Arts.
DARTFORD
Electorate: 72,305. 1959: 66.599
*Irving. S. (Lab and Co-op) .. 27,371
Davis, J. J. (C) .. .. 22.496 Janis, M. (L) .. .. 9,047
Lab majority .. .. 4.875 NOCHANGE
1959: Lab. and CO-op. 25,323, C. 24.047,
L 5.881. Lab. and Co-op. mai. 1.276. MR. SYDNEY IRVING was elected in 1955. A school teacher and lecturer. Born July. 1918; educated at Pendower School, New- castle upon Tyne, and London School of Economics. Vice-chairman, Southern Regional Council of the Labour Party. An alderman of Dartford Borough CounciL
DARWEN
Electorate: 58.014. 1959: 55,461
*Fletcher-Cooke, C. (C) .. 20.343
Cryer, G. R. (Lab) .. 15.559 Holt, S. C. (L) .. .. 12.641
C majority .. .. 4,784 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,483, Lab. 19.141. C maj.
8.342.
MR. CHARLES FLETCHER-COOKE, O.C. elected in 1951, was Under-Secretary Home Office, 1961-63. Contested East Dorset as Labour candidate, 1945. Born May, 1914; cducated at Malvern College and Peter- house, Cambridge: president of the unton. 1936. Called to thc Bar by Lincoln's Inn, 1938. Former chairman of the Conser- vative labour committee. and secretanr of
the foreign affairs committeet Legal adviser to the Government at the Danube Confex- ence in 1948
DEARNE VALLEY
Electorate: 59,617. 1959: 59.444
*Wainwright, E. (Lab) .. 38.101
Bligh, B. (C) .. . 9,069
Lab majority .. .. 29,032 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 39,088, C. 11.205. Lab. mai.
27,883.
MR. EDWIN WAINWIUGHT. delcted in 1959, was a miner. Born August, 1908; educated a; Darfield council school and Wombwell and Barnsley Technical College. A branch official of the National Union of Mine- workers for 26 years and a member of the national executive council. A member of Wombwell Urban District Council for 20 yea.
GAINSBOROUGH
Electorate: 51,499. 1959: 50,051
*Kimba%, M. (C) .. .. 19,235
Poirier, Dr. D. R. L. M.
(Lab) .. .. .. 12,126 Douglas, Dr. R. L (L) 8,930
C majority .. 7,109 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,056. Lab. 13.247. L. 7.147. C.
ma;. 6,809.
MR. MARcus KIMBALL was retumned at a by-election in February, 1956; contested Derby South in 1955. A farmer and Lloyd's underwriter. Born October, 1928; educated at Eton and Tririty College. Cambridge. Member of Rutland County CounciL
GATESHEAD
East
Electorate: 51,705. 1959: 52,662.
Conlan, B. (Lab) .. .. 26,633
Sinclair, Mrs. 0. (C) .. 14,654
Lab majority .. .. 11,979 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,319, C. 17,654. Lab. ma3.
7.665.
MR. BERNARr CONLAN contested High Peak in 1959. An engineer. Born October. 1923; educated at Manchestor pnimarTy and secondary schools. Elected to Manchester City Council 1954. An. officer of Amal- gamated Engineering Union since 1943.
West
Electorate: 41,388. 1959: 42,643.
*Randall, H. E. (Lab) .. .. 21,390
Chapman, D. R. (C) .. 9,623
Lab majority .. .. 11,767 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,277. C. 11.509. Lab. maj.
9,768.
MR. HARRY RANDALL was returned at a by-election in December, 1955. Represented Clitheroe, 1945-50. Contested Mitcham 1951. Born December. 1899; educated at elementary schools. Former postmnan, and organizing secretary, Union of Post Office Workers. 1940-55. Junior whip 1950.
GILLINGHAM
Electorate: 50,471. 1959: 48,390.
*Burden, F. F. A. (C) . - .. 20,228
Ryman. J. (Lab) . - .. 14,584 Payne, G. A. (L) .. .. 4,052 Cotter, F. (Ind) .. .. 527
C majority .. .. 5,644 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23.142, Lab. 15,863. C. maj. 7.279.
MR. FREDERICK BURDEN was elected in 1950; contested South Shields, 1935. Fins- bury, 1945. and the Rotherhithe by-eection of 1946. Vice-chairman. Conservative civil aviation comzittee; chairrnan Parliamen- tary animal welfare group. Company direc- tor. Born December, 1905: educated at Sloane School, Chelsea.
GLOUCESTER
Electorate: 54.905. 1959: 52,836.
*Diamond, J. (Lab) .. . . 19,631
Stokes, J. H. R. (C) .. 15.514 Robson, Mrs. S. (L) .. 7,581 Eckley, R. (Ind) .. .. 380
Lab majority .. .. 4,117 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,450, C. 16,679. L. 7.336.
Lab. ma). 2,771.
MR. Joi DIAMoND was returned at a by-election in Septenber. 1957. Repre- sented the Blackley division of Manchester from 1945-51. Contested Blackley, 1955. A chartered accountant. Born April. 1907; educated at Leeds Grammar School.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
South
Electorate: 68,781. 1959: 57.026
*Corfield, F. V. (C) .. .. 26,504
Cocks, M. F. L. (Lab) .. 22,790 Sherriff, B. S. (L) .. .. 8,611
C majority .. .. 3,714 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,168, Lab. 21.567. C. maj.
4.601.
MR. FREDERICK CORFIELD was appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, in July, 1962. Elected in 1955. Born June, 1915; educated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. A Regular soldier, 1935-46; captured at St. Valery in 1940. During captivity he read for the Bar; called by the Middle Temple in 1945.
West
Eleotorate: 56,407. 1959: 54,202
*Loughlin, C. W. (Lab) .. 22,420
Barnard, D. St. P. (C) .. 15,300 Cook, R. A. (L) .. .. 7,191
Lab majority .. .. 7,120 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,634, C. 16,223. L. 5.921. Lab.
maj. 5,411.
MR. CHARLES LOUGHLIN was elected in October, 1959. He is a trade union official. Born February, 1914; educated at St. Mary's School, Gr-imsby. and National Council of Labour Colleges. An area organizer for the Union of Shop Distri- butive and Allied Workers since 1945
GOOLE
Electorate: 54.050. 1959: 53,191
*Jeger, G. (Lab) .. .. 25,256
Chapman, C. D. (C and
Nat. L) ,. .. .. 15,435 Carr, W. (Commn) 1,165
Lab majority .. 9,821 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,352, C. 16,581. Lab. maj.
9,771.
MR. GEORGE JEGER sat for Winchester 1945-50; elected for Goole in 1950. Pre- viousIy contested South-West Bethnal Green, 1935, and Walsall at by-election, 1938. Company secretary. Born March. 1903; educated at elementary school, even- ing classes, and London School of Economics.
GOSPORT AND FAREHAM Electorate: 82,053. 1959: 73284.
*Bennett, Dr. R. F. B. (C) .. 32,369
Sturges, Rev. J. R. (Lab) .. 18,321 Barber, E. J. (L) .. .. 11,684
C majority .. .. 14,048 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 35,808, Lab. 19,654. C. maj.
16.154.
DR. REGINALD BENNETrT was elected in 1950; contested East Woolwich 1945, Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. lain Macleod, Leader of the Commons 1961-63; Vice-President parliamentary and scientific committee 1962; chairman 1959-62.
Born July. 1911; educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. Hon. secretary Anglo-Italian Parliamentary Grouo 1961.
GRANTHAM
Electorate: 62,677. 1955: 59,026
*Go,dber, J. B. (C) .. .. 27,634
Horton, P. (Lab) .. .. 21,770
C majority .. .. 5,864 NO CHANGE
1959: C 27.482, Lab. 20.867. C maj.
6,615.
MR, JOSEPH GODBER was appointed Minister of Labour in October, 1963, after being Secretary of State for War since the previous June. He was Minister of State at the Foreign Office from June. 1961, aftet eight months as Joint Under-Secretary Joint Pariiawentary Secretary, Ministry oi Ag'iculture, Fisheries and Food, 1957-60; an assistant whip. 1955-57. Elected in 1951. Born March, 1914; educated at Bed- ford SchooL
GRAVESEND
Eectorate: 71,408. 1959: 63.299
Murray, A. J. (Lab) .. .. 26,074 *Kirk, P. M. (C) .. .. 25,362 Barnett, J. H. (L) .. .. 6,015
Lab majority .. .. 712 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 27.124. Lab. 24,962 C. mai.
2.162
MR ALBERT MIURAY opposed Mr. Harold Macmillan, tbhen Primec Minister, at Bromley in 1959. A printers assistant. Born January 1930; elenmentary education. Member of LC.C. since 1958, and South- wark Borough Council 1953-62. Member of Lotidon Labour Perty executive nice 1961.
GRIMSBY
Electorate: 62,263. 1959: 64,350
Crosland, C. A. R. (Lab) .. 25,675
Pearson, W. (C) .. .. 21,577
Lab majority .. .. 4,098 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,729, C. 24,638. Lab. mai.
101.
MR AN']I""oNY CROSLA.'tD was elected in 1959. Reoresented South Gloucestersbire 1950-55: defeated in 1955 at Southampton. Test. Econornist. university lecturer and writer. Born August, 1918; educated at Highgate School and Trinity College. Oxford (President of the Union 1946).
GUILDFORD
Electorate: 60,714. 1959: 58.963
'Nugent, Sir G. R. H. (C) .. 24.277
Griffith, G. E. H. (Lab) .. 13.365 Martin, C. J. N. (L) .. 10.052
C majority .. .. 10,912 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27.198. Lab. 13.756. L 6.31S. C
maj. 13,442.
SIR RiCHARD NuGEwr was elected in 195U. Parliarnentary Secretary, Ministry of Trans. port and Civil Aviation, 1957-59: Parlia- mentary Secretary. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1951-57. Born June, 1907; educated at Imperial Service College, Woolwich. A farmer. Member and alder- man of Surrey County Conncil 1944-51. Became chairman of Thames Conservancy. 1960. Chairnan of London Regional Planning Conference.
HALIFAX
Electorate: 64,455. 1959: 67,149 Summerskill, Dr. Shirley
C. W. (Lab) . . .. 23.143 *Macmillan, M. (C) 22,085 Crossley, J. F. (L) .. .. 7,664
Lab majority .. .. 1,058 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 29,212. Lab. 26.697. C. tnai.
2. 15.
DR. SHIRLEY SUMMERSKILL contested BlackJool. North. in the 1962 by-electon. A medical practitioner, daughter of Lady Summerski11. Born September. 1931; edu- cated at St. Paul's School, Somervi31e (Col- lege, Oxford, and St. Thomas's Hospital. Member of executive committee of Socialist Medical Association. and of Medical Practitioners' Union. She is mar- ried to Mr. John Ryman. Labour candi- date for Gillingham
HALTEMPRICE
Electorate: 58,501. 1959: 53,906
*Wall, P. H. B. (C) .. . 26,131
Allison, P. (Lab) .. .. 10.360 Burnley, S. (L) .. .. 9,!986
C majority .. .. 15,771 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,102, Lab. 9.750. L 7.562. C.
mnaj. 16.352.
MR. PATRICK WALL was returned at a by-election in February, 1954; c-on- tested Cleveland 1951 and 1952, Parlia- mentary private secretary to Minister of Agriculture 1955-57 and to ChanccUor of Exchequer 1958-59. Chainnan of the Conservative Parliamentary fisberies sub- committee of the agricultural committee, and vice-chairman of Commonwealth affairs committee. Born October, 1916: educated at Downside.
HARBOROUGH
Electorate: 80,122. 1959: 67,790
'Farr, J. A. (C) . . .. 32,905
Perry, G. H. (Lab) .. 20,389 Rushworth, E. (L) ., 13,533
C majority .. .. 12,516 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,281. Lab. 16.767. L. 11.333.
C. mai. 12,514.
MR. JoHtN FARR was elected in 1959: con- tested llkeston, 1955. Born September. 1922; educated at Harrow. Company dircc- tor and member of Uoyd's, farms in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. He has been a member of East Midlands Land Tribunal and on the council of the Nottinghamshire branch of the Country Landowners' Association.
HARROGATE
Electorate: 55.141. 1959: 53,248
*Ramsden. J. E. (C) .. .. 24,474
Black, B. (L) .. .. 9.332 Lyons, E. (Lab) .. .. 8.655
C majori,ty .. .. 15,142 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,466, Lab. 10,196. C. mai.
19,270.
MRL JAmES RAMSDEN, appointed Secre- tary of State for War in October. 1963, became Minister of Defence for the Army in the 1964 reorganization. Under- Secretary, War Office, from October, 1960. He was returned at a by-election in March, 1954; contested Dewsbury in 1950 and 1951. Born 1923; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford, where be gained a Rugby Blue. Commissioned K.R.R.C., 1942; served with Rifle Brigade, N.W. EuDPmop 1944-45.
HARROW
Central
Electorate: 45,512. 1959: 47.615
Grant, J. A. (C) .. .. 16.534
Spurway, R. V. (Lab) .. 12.067 Joyner, D. F. (L) .. .. 7,168
C majority .. .. 4,467 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,813, Lab. 14.049. C. maj.
9.764.
MR. ANTHoNY GRANr oDntested Haycs and HaTHinglon in 1959. A solicitor. Born May, 1925; educated at St Paul's School and Brasenose College, Oxford. Livoryman of the WorebiPful Company of City Solicitors: member of the executive com- mittet of the Wider Share Ownership Council; former member Young Con- servatives national commitkee.
East
Electorate: 47,954. 1959: 49,273
*Courtney, Cmdr. A (C) .. 20,307
Richardson, Miss J. (Lab).. 18,048
C majority .. .. 2,259 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,554, Lab. 17,607. C maj.
5,947.
COMMANDER ANHONY COusRTNY was reurned at a beraleotion in 1959; contested Hayes and Harlington in 1955. Secretary. Conservative Parliamentary Navy sub- tonmnittee of the defence committee. Head of a firn of export consultants. Writer. lecturer, interpreter in Russian, and broad- caster. Born- May, 1 908 educated at Edinbureb House, Lee-on-Solnt.t and Royal Naval Cvllcges, Dartmouth and Greenwich. DeDuty head of NavaJ IMission im Russia durg World VWar LBt
IPSWICH
Electorate: 78,463. 1959: 77.633
*Foot, D. (Lab) .. .. 24,648
Hagger, T. A. (C) .. .. 22,216 Sykes, Miss M. A. P. H. (L) 14,755 Brown, Dr. D. R. M. (Nat
Democrat) .. .. 349
Lab majority .. .. 2,432 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,838, C. 22,623. L 14.359.
Lab. maj. 3,215.
MR. DINGLE FOOT. Q.C., was returned at a by-election in October, 1957. Was Liberal member for Dundee, 1931-45. Parliamen- tary Secretary. Ministry of Economic War- fare in the war-t,ime Coalition. 194045. Born August, 1905. Educated at Bembridge School and Balilol College, Oxford; Presi- dent of the Union, 19i8. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. 1930.
ISLE OF ELY
Electorate: 61.004. 1959: 61,387
*Legge-Bourke, Maj. Sir H. (C) 25,317
Shaw, C. Lab) .. .. 19,692
C majority .. .. 5,625 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,173. Lab. 19,705. C. maj.
6,468.
SIR HARRY LEGGE-BoURKE won the seat from the Liberals in 1945. Chairman, Conservative Parliamentary committee on science and technology, 1961. Former ohairman and secretary, Conservative defence comLmittee. A company director. Born May, 1914; educated at Eton and Sand'hurst.
ISLE OF THANET
Electorate: 71,408. 1959: 71,952
*Rees-Davies, W. R. (C) .. 27,870
Wist rich, E. (Lab) .. .. 20,520 Norringlon, D. (L) 9.979
C majority .. .. 7,350 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.453. Lab. 17.555. L. 6.998.
C. mai. 11,898.
MR. W. R. REEs-DAvIES was returned at a by-election in March, 1953. Contested Nottingham South in 1950 and 1951. A barrister (Inner Temple, 1939). Born November, 1916; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.
ISLE OF WIGHT
Electorate: 69.215. 1959: 66,939
*Woodnutt, H. F. M. (C) .. 27,497
Mann. W. H. J. (Lab) .. 16.244 Bliss, Miss B. E. M. S. (L) 7,666
C majority .. .. 11,253 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31.228. ILab. 18.396. C. mai.
12.832.
MR. MARK WooDNtisr was elected in 1959. Secretary. Conservative Parlia- mentary Mediterranean sub-committee of the Commonwealth affairs committee. A chartered secretary and export director of a group of companies. Born November, 1918; educated at Isleworth School.
JARROW
Electorate: 50,668. 1959: 50,958
*Ferybough. E. (Lab) .. 26,053
Hubble, T. T. (C) .. . 14,503
Lab majority .. .. 11,550 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,638. C. 15,286. Lab. maj.
10.352
MR. ERNEsr FERNYHOUGH was returned at a by-election in May, 1947. He was a full-time official of the National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1936 until he entered Parliament Born Decem- ber, 1908; elementary education.
KEIGHLEY
Electorate: 48.415. 1959: 47,981
Binns, J. (Lab) .. .. 17.816 *Worsley. W. Ni. (C) .. 15 115
Jones, W. E. (L) .. .. 8,529
Lab majority .. .. 2,701 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 20.626, Lab. 20,456. C. maj. 170.
MR. JOHN BINNS is an engineer. Born June, 1914; educated at Holycroft Secondary School, Keighley. Mayor of Keighley, 1958: member of Keighley Borough Council since 1945: an alderman since 1954. President, Kcighley labour Party for eight years and of A.E.U. branch for 10 years.
KETTERING
Electorate: 80.469. 1959: 74,696
de Freitas, Sir G. (Lab) .. 36,210
Lewis, J. H. (C) .. .. 29.405
Lab majority .. .. 6,805 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32,933, C. 29.448. Lab. maj.
3,485.
SiR GEOFFREY DE FREITAS was High Com- missioner in Kenya until September, 1964, when he resigned to re-enter politics. M.P. for Nottingham, Central, 1945-50, and Lincoln until 1961. British High C-ommis- sioner in Ghana 1961: appointed High C ommissioner to proposed East Atrican Federation 1963. Under-Secretary of State fou Air, 1946-50, and Under-Secretar, Home Office. 1950-51. Born April, 1913: educated at Haileybury and Clare College, Cambridge (president of the Union; athle,tics Blue), and Yale University.
KIDDERMINSTER
Electorate: 60,606. 1959: 58,223
Brinton, Sir E. T. C. (C) .. 24,425
Jones, G. W. (Lab) .. 17,571 King, L. A. (L) .. .. 5,824 Blair, M. S. (British and
Commonwealth Party) 310 C majority .. .. 6,854 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,699. Lab. 18.356. C. tnaj. 9.343.
SIR TATrON BRINrtON contested Dudley in 1945. A carpet manufacturer. Born January. 1916; educated at Eton and Caius College, Cambridge. Member of Kidderminster Borough Council, 1940-45 and 1947-60 (mayor. 1953-54). Executive committee member. Federation of British Carpet Manufacturers: chairman 1957-58 of Carpet Industry national joint com- mittee; member Retail Trading Standards Association council. 1958-62.
KING'S LYNN
Electorate: 53,186. 1959: 52,125
Page. J. D. (Lab) .. . 21.460
*Bullard, D. G. (C) .. 21,356
Lab majority .. .. 104 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 21,671. Lab. 19,906. C. maj.
1,765.
MR. DEREK PAGE contested Isle of Elv in 1959 and Northwich in 1955. He is an export agency director. Born August, 1927; educated at St. Bede's College, Man- chester. Member of Lymm Urban District Council, Cheshire. 1954-57.
KINGSTON UPON HULL
East
Electorate: 73.151. 1959: 73.826
*Pursey, Cmdr. H. (Lab) .. 30.634
Heath, Mrs. F. C. M. (C) 14.284 Turner, N. W. (L) .. .. 9,781
Lab majority .. .. 16,350 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30.667, C. 17,648. L 10.043.
Lab. maj. 13.019.
CMDR. HARRY PURSEY has represented the constituency since 1945. Served in Royal Navy 30 years, including 10 years on the lower deck, retiring 1936; first commis- sioned officer promoted from lower deck to become an M.P. Journalist and lecturer.
J. R. Bevins, the Postmaster General
defeated in Liverpool, Toxteth,
LONDON Hampstead
Electorate: 67,990. 1959: 69,438
*Brooke, H. (C) .. .. 19,888
Cooper, J. W. T. (Lab) 18,053 Soskin, Mrs. R. R. (L) .. 8,019
C majority .. .. 1,835 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,506, Lab. 13,500, L 8.759.
C. maj. 12,006.
MR. HENRY BROOKE was appointed Home Secretary in July, 1962, after nine months in the newly created Cabinet post of Chief Secretary to the Treasury. com- bined with the office of Paymaster-General. Financial Secretary from 1954-57, and then Minister of Housing and Local Govern- ment and Minister for Welsh Affairs. Returned for West Lewisham in 1938 at a by-election, defeated in 945, and elected for Hampstead in 19. ). Member of Hampstead Borough C_uncil, 1936-37, and of the London County Council 1944-55. Born April. 1903; educated at Marlborough and Balliol College, Oxford.
Holborn and St. Paneras South Electorate: 43,272. 1959: 48,504
Jeger. Mrs. L. M. (Lab) .. 15,873
*Smith, G. J. (C.) .. ... 13,117 Abbas, Ali Mohamrnad
(Ind) .. .. .. 226
Lab majority .. 2,756 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 17.065. Lab. 16.409. C. maj. 656.
MRS. LENA JEGER was elected for the con- stituency in 1953 at a by-election caused by the death of her husband. She was defeated in 1959. Born November, 1915: educated at Southgate County School, and London University. Memlbor of the LC.C. 1952-55. Formenly employed at the Mini- stry of Information and the Foreign Office. A journalist. Speaks Russian, and was assistant editor in Moscow of British Ally, published by the British Government.
Islington Easst
Electorate: 47.349. 1959: 48,613
*Fletcher, E. G. M. (Lab) .. 14,192
Burden, K. C. (C) .. 7,715 Freedman, J. (L) .. *. 3.081 Lomas, A. E. (New Lib) .. 2,053
Lab majority .. 6,477 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 17,766. C. 13,097. Lab. maj.
4,669.
MR. ERIC FLETCHER. a Labour spokes- man on Home Office affairs, was elected in 1945. A member of the London County Council for South Islington, 1934-49, and chairman of the finance cormmittee. Born March. 1903; educated at Radley and London University (LL.D. 1932), Son of a former town clerk of Islington, A solicitor, and deputy chairman of the Associated British Picture Corporation. Made chairman of Select Committee on Statutory Instruments. 1952. Member Church Assem- bly, 1962. Senator of London University.
Islington North
Electorate: 51,315. 1959: 54,120
*Reynolds, G. W. (Lab) .. 15,525
Lyon, V. (C) .. .. 8.912 Thwaites, E. G. (L) .. 3,634
Lab majority .. .. 6,613 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18,718, C. 14.820. Lab. maj.
3.898.
MR. GERALD REYNOLDS was returned at a by-election in May, 1958; contested Worthing 1951. A local government adviser. Born July, 1927, educated at Acton County Grammar School. Trea- surer, London Federation of Trades Coun- cils since 1952: ohairinan, London Borough of Ealing 1964-65: member of Acton Borough Council 1949-65. Was secretary of Labour Party committee which prepared policy statements Homes of the Future and National Superannua- tionr.
Islington South-West
Electorate: 52,373. 1959: 56,620
*Evans, A. (Lab) .* .. 17,589
Scott, N. P. (C) .. .. 8,023 Moss, J. F. (Comm) .. 1,377
Lab majority .. . 9,566 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,362. C. 11,974. Lab. maj.
10.388.
MR. ALBERT EvANs was elected for West Islington at a by-election in 1947 and for the redrawn South-West Division in 1950. Born June. 1903; educated at council schools and Workers Educational Associa- tion. A master engraver. and a member of the Goldsmiths'. Jewellers' and Allied Trades Society since 1925. A member of London County Council, 194649.
Kensington North
Electorate: 50,349. 1959: 51,492
*Rogers, G. H. R. (Lab) .. 15,283
Bowden, A. (C) .. .. 12,771 Richardson, Miss Y. C. (L) 2,819
Lab majority .. .. 2,512 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 14,925. C 14,048, L. 3.118,
Union Movt. 2,821. Lab. maj. 877.
MR. GEORGE RO,ERS was returned for the constituency in 1945. He was Parlia- mentary private secretary to the Minister of SupPly fron 1947 to 1949, and to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in 1950. Industrial consultant. Born Decem- ber, 1906; educated at Middlesex elemtn- tary and grammar schools. Member of Wembley Borough CounciL 1937-41.
Kensington South
Electorate: 56,157. 1959: 58,023
*Roots, W. L. (C) .. 21,668
Stead, B. J. (Lab) ..5 . 5,300 Dix, A. A. W. (L).. .. 4.916
C majority .. .. 16,368 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,606, L 4,666, Lab. 4,525. C.
maj. 21,940.
MR. Wsu.AWM RooTS, Q.C., was elected for the constituenoy in 1959. Contested Brixton in 1955. Born September, 1911; educated at Tonbridge School and Brase- nose College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temrle. 1933. Former alderman of Kensington Borough Coun- cil and leader of Conservative Part.v Vice- chairman of Conservative Parliamentary Home Officc affairs committee and vice- chairman housing. local sovernment, and public building committec,
NORFOLK South-West
Electorate: 41.192. 1959: 40,283
Hawkins P. L (C) .... 16,728 Hilton. A. V. (Lab) .. 16,605 Welch, V. [lnd.) .. .. 427
C majority .. .. 123 CONSERVATIVE GAIN
1959: Lab. 16,858, C. 16.780. Lab. maj. 78.
MR. PAUL HAWKINS is a livestock auc- tioneer and chartered surveyor. Born August. 1912; educated at Cheltenham College. Member of Norfblk County Council, chairman of constituency Con- servative association. Served in Territorial Army, Royal Norfolk Regt., 1933-45.
Centml
Electorate: 61,254. 1959: 54,436
*Gilmour, 1. H. J. L. (C) .. 24,486
Bennett, G. B. L. (Lab) .. 18,481 Goode, G. M. (L) 6,961
C majority .. .. 6,005 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and Nat. L. 21,918, Lab. 15,131.
L. 6,465. C. and Nat. L. maj. 6,787.
1962 By-election: C. and Nat. L. 13.268,
Lab. 13,048, L. 7,915, Ind. Lib. 909. Ind. 79. C. and Nat. L. maj. 220.
MR. IAN GruMouRi was returned at a by- election in November 1962. A journalist and barrister, he is proprietor of The Spectator Ltd. and was its editor from 1954 to 1959. Born July, 1926; educated at Eton and Balliol Coaege, Oxford. Called to the Bar, Inner Temple, 1952. Served with Grenadier Guards 1944-47. Candi- date in Hounslow, West local elections. 1962.
NORMvANTON Electorate: 50,655. 1959: *Roberts, A. (Lab) ..
Roberts, F. K. (C) ..
: 49,139
.. 28,477 .. 10,785
Lab majority .. .. 17,692 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,672, C. 11,169. Lab. maj.
18,503.
MR. ALBERT ROBERTS was elected in 1951. A mines inspector to the Yorkshire Safety Board, 1941-1951. Born May, 1908; educated at elementary schools and Whit- wood Technical College. A memnber of Rothwell Urban District CouncilL 1937-51' chairman, 1948.
NORTHAMPTON
Electorate: 73,129. 1959: 72,521
*Paget, R. T. (Lab) .. .. 28,568
Knight, Mrs. J. C. J. (C) .. 24,128 Watson, Miss 1. (L) .. 5,557
Lab majority .. .. 4.440 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,823, C. 25.106, L. 7,170.
Lab. maj. 2,717.
MIR. REGINALD PAGET, Q.C., won Northampton in 1945; contested the con- stituency in 1935. Party spokesman on Arny matters since 1961. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn and Inner Temrple, 1934, took silk, 1947. Born September, 1908; educated at Eton and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He defended Field- Marshal, von Manstein in the German war crime trials.
NORTHANTS
South
Electorate: 55,080. 1959: *Jones, A. (C.) .. ..
Wilde, 1. (Lab.) ..
: 51.403
.. 24,823 .. 20,916
C. majority .. .. 3,907 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,226, Lab. 18.292. C. maj.
5.934.
1962 By-election: C. 14,921, Lab. 14,004.
L. 7,002, lad. 332. C. maj. 917.
MR. ARTHUR JONES was returned at a by- election in November 1962. Contested Wellingborough in 1955. An estate agent, company director. farming in North Bed- fordshire. Born October. 1915: educated at Bedford Modem School. Elected to Bedford Borough Council 1949, alderman 1957, mayor 1957-58 and 1958-59. Member of county council since 1956. Vice- president, Association of Municipal Cor- porations. Elected Chairman of Conserva- tive Party national advisory committee on local government.
NORTH FYLDE Electorate: 59,008. 1959: *Stanley, R. 0. (C)
Truman, R. G. (Lab)
: 52.521
.. 27,801 .. 14,777
C majority .. .. 13,024 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,045, Lab. 11,307. C. maj.
15.738.
MR. RICHARD SrTNLEY, elected in 1950. has been joint treasurer of the Conserva- tive Party since 1962. Born January, 1920. educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. Served in the Grenadic- Guards. Joined the Conservative Central Office after the war. Chairman Lancashire Playing Fields Association. and president Royal Lancashire Show
NORTHWICH
Electorate: 44.003. 1959: 44,305
*Foster, Sir J. G. (C) .. 17,277
Crawford, J. (Lab) ., 12,892 Tordoff, G. J. (L). .. 6,331
C majority .. 4,385 NO CHANGE
1959: C 20,396, Lab. 12,426. L 4.602. C.
maj. 7.970.
SIR JoHN FOSImR. Q.C., knighted in January, 1964. was Under Secretary, Com- monwealth Relations, 1951-54. Elected for the division in 1945. Born 1904: educated at Eton, and New College, Oxford; Fellow of All Souls, 1924. Called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1927; took silk 1950. Recorder of Dudley. 1936; Recorder of Oxford. 1938; joint secretary. Royal Commission on Despatch of Busi- ness at Common Law, 1935; lecturer in Private International Law. Oxford. 1934- 39.
NORWICH
North
Electorate: 39,886. 1959: Wallace, G. D. (Lab)
Turner, A. E. (C) . .
: 41,221
.. 18,111 . . 11,620
Lab majority .. .. 6,491 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,092. C 12,609. Lab. maj.
6,483.
MR. GEORGE WALLACE represented Chislehurst 1945-50; contested the seat in 1951 and 1954 and Norwich, South, in 1959. A Government whip. 1947-50. An office manager. Born April, 1906; second- ary education. Member. Cbislohurst and Sideup Urban Council 1.937-46 and of Kent County Council, 1952-59.
South
Electorate: 42,744. 1959: 43,789
Norwood, C. B. B. (Lab) 17,973
*Rippon, A. G. F. (C) 17,362
Lab majority .. .. 611 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C 19,128. Lab. 16,884. C. maj.
2244.
MR. CHRISTOPHNR NoPWOOD contested Sutton Coldfield in 1955 and Bromsgrove in 1959. An industrial economist. Born December, 1932; educated at WhitgifL School, and Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge. Chairman, north-west London branch, Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workcrs.
C. P. Jenldn (Con.), Wanstead and
Woodford.
WALLSEND
Electorate: 80,863. 1959: 80,235
Garrett, W. E. (Lab) .. 39,841
Baird, R. B. (C) .. 26,096
Lab majority .. 13,745 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 37,862, C. 29,096. Lab mai.
8,766.
MR. EDWARD GARR1I. an engineer, conitested Hexham in 1955 and Doncaster in 1959. Born Mailh, 1920; educated at elementary schools and London Sohool of Econecsrn Member of Northumberland County Couneil for the past eight years
previously served on Hexham Town Coun- cil for 16 years Shop steward convener. A.E.U. for 18 years
WALSALL
North
Electorate: 63,061. 1959: 59,257
*Wells, W. T. (Lab) .. .. 27,842
Barnes, A. J. L. (C .. 17,518
Lab majority .. .. 10,324 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,693. C. 17,741. Lab. maj.
9,952.
MR. WILIAM WELLS, Q.C.. represented WaLsalI from 1945 to 1955, when he was returned for Walsall North Born August, 1908, educated at Lancing CoUege. and Bafiol College. Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1932. He was a member of the Lord Chancellor's coM- mittee on the practice and orocedure of the SuPremne Court; and of the depart- mental commnittee on homosexualitv and prostitution.
South
Electorate: 72.216. 1959: 62,804 *d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Sir H. J.
(C) .. .. .. 32,602 Stanley, B. C. (Lab) .. 24,532
C majority .. 8,070 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30.471, Lab. 21.689. C mai. 8.782.
SIR HENRY D'AVlGDoR-GoLDsMrn was elected in 1955. A bullion broker. Born June, 1909; educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford. Parliamentary private secretary to Minister of Ho'is.ng and Local Government, 1955-56. M4ember of Kent County Council, 1946-54. High Sheriff of Kent, 1953. Vice-chtairmarn of Conservative Parliamentary finance com- nuttee.
X WALTHAMSTOW
East
Electorate: 41,504. 1959: 43,892
*Harvey, 1. E. (C) .. .. 14,140
Robinson, W. 0. J. (Lab).. 13,745 Ellis, J. (L) .. .. .. 5,042
C majority .. 395 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16,622, Lab. 13,721, L4,974, I.LP.
183. C. maj. 2,901.
MR. JOHN HARVEY was elected in 1955; contested St. Pancras, North. in 1950, Walthamslow East, in 1951. Director and sales manager of a grout of companies in the petroleum industrv. Born April, 1920; educated at the Xaverian College, Bruges. and Lyme Regis Grammar SchooL
West
Electorate: 35,512. 1959: 38,226
*Redhead, E. C. (Lab) .. 14,405
Ogden, E. M. (C) .. 6,780 Hart-Leverton, C. A. (L) .. 4,437
Lab majority .. 7,625 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 15.980, C. 7,872, L 5.229. Lab.
maj. 8,108.
MR. E. C. REDHEAD was rcturned at a by-election in March, 1956. Contested Gillingham, 1951. Formerly general secre- tary, Societv of Civil Servants. Born ApriL 1902; educated at Walthamnstow higher eleme.ntary school and privately. Member. Walthamstow Borough Council iince 1929. Mayor. 1949-50 and 1961-62.
WANSTEAD AND
WOODFORD
Electorate: 44,612. 1959: 45,070
C. P. Jenkin (C) . . .. .9,580
J. E. Lockwood (L) .. 8,901 J. G. Morrel1 (Lab) .. 6,917
C majority .. .. 10,679 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,815, Lab. 10,018. C. mai.
14.797.
MR. PATRICK JENKIN is a barrister and company secretary. Born September, 1926; educated at Clifton College and Jesus College, Cambridge; called by the Middle Temple, 1952. Member of Hornsey Borough Council, 1960-63. Mem- ber of the Bow Group.
WARRINGTON
Electorate: 50.373. 1959: 52,884 *Williams, W. T. (Lab and
Co-op) ... .. .. 20,551 Lowe, W. A. (C).. .. 11,297 Pitts, M. F. (L) ... .. 4,119
Lab majority .. .. 9,254 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,890, C. 17,791. Lab. maj.
5,099.
1961 By-election: Lab. 16,149, C. 9.149.
L. 3.623. Lab. maj. 7,000.
MR. THOMAS WILLIAMS was returned at a by-election in 1961; represented Barons Court 1955-1959, and Hammersmith, South, 1949-55. A barrister (Lincoln's Inn). Born September, 1915; educated at University College, Cardiff, and St. Catherine's, Oxford. He was a Baptist minister and a chaplain with the R.A.F.
WARWICK AND LEAMINGTON
Electorate: 68,803. 1959: 62,849
*Hobson, Sir J. G. S. (C) .. 29,749
Spearing, N. J. (Lab) .. 18,865 Gibson, P. (L) .. .. 6,676
C majority .. .. 10,884 NO CHANGE
1959: C 32,513, Lab. 19,434. C. maj.
13,079.
SIR JoHN HOBSON, Q.C., was appointed Attorney-General in July, 1962, Solicitor- General in the previous February. Re- turned at a bv-election in March, 1957, in succession to Sir Anthony Eden. Born April, 1912; educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1938; took silk in 1957; a Bencher, 1962.
WATFORD
Electorate: 53,543. 1959: 53,388
Tuck, R. H. (Lab) .. .. 20,224
*Farey-Jones, F. W. (C) 18,744 Neilson, Miss M. (L) .. 5,797
Lab majority .. .. 1,480 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 21.216, Lab. 18,315. L. 5,753. C
maj. 2,901.
MR. RAPHAEL Tuclcx is a barrister. Born April, 1910; educated St. Paul's School, and London, Cambridge and Harvard universities; called by Grays Inn 1951. Was Professor of Law at Saskatchewan Univer- sity, Canada: Professor of Political Science at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. and Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. Constitutional adviser to Premnier of Manitoba. 1943; special research, Department of Labour. Ottawa. 1944.
WEDNESBURY
Electorate: 61,395. 1959: 60,297 Stonchouse, J. T. (Lab and
Co-op) .. .. .. 23,473 Harman, D. M. (C) .. 20,251
Lab maj .. .. 3,222 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 24,147. C. 17,464,
L 4,780. Lab. and Co-op. mai. 6,683. MR. JOHN STONEBHOUSE was elected at a by-election in February, 1957; contested Burton in 1951 and Twickenham in 1950. An economist. Born July, 1925, educated at Taunton's Secondary School, Southamp- ton, and London School of Economics. Became President, London Co-operative Society, 1962-64. Member of Islington Borough Council 1955-58. Member, Royal Institute of International Affairs.
WELLINGBOROUGH
Electorate: 53,224. 1959: 52,261
Howarth, H. (Lab) .. .. 19,592 *Hamilton, M. A. (C) .. 19,545 Pettit, P. A. J. (L) .. .. 7,227
Lab majority .. .. 47 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22,964, Lab. 22.358. C. mai. 606.
MR. HIARRY HOWARTH is a railway clerk. Born August, 1916; educated at elementary schools in Shaw, Lancashire. Member of Wembley Borough Council 1953-56, and 1957-60. Executive member, Transport Salaried Staffs' Association, 1954-60.
WELLS
Electorate: 58,121. 1959: 57,455
*Maydon, Lt.-Cdr. S. L. C. (C) 20,663
White, R. G. (Lab) .. 15,080 Fry, H. L. (L) .. .. 12,132
C majority .. .. 5,583 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,357, Lab. 16.452, L. 8.220. C.
mal. 6.905.
LtEUT.-CMDR. LYNCH MAYDON was appointed Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, in July. 1962. Elected 1951; contested South Bristol in 1950. Former chairrnan of Conservative members' defence commtSee. Born in NataL South Africa. 1913; edu- cated at Twyford School and the Royal Naval College ,Dartmouth; served in sub- marines throughouit the 1939-45 war.
WEMBLEY
North
Electorate: 46,307. 1959: 47,554
*Bullus, Wing Cmdr. E. E. (C) 18,325
Harrington, I. (Lab) .. 11,960 Crauford, W. G. (L) .. 6,805
C majority .. .. 6,365 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,211, Lab. 11,131, L 6,171. C.
maj. 11.080.
WING CoMMWDER- Eruc BULLus won the division in 1950. A journalist Parliamen- tary private secretary to Minister of State. Board of Trade, 1953-55, to Minister of Aviation, 1960-62, and to Minister of Defence, 1962-63. Born November, 1906: educated at Leeds Modem School and Leeds University. Elected to Leeds City Council at age 23, a member for 10 years, member Harrow Urban Council, 1947-50. Diocesan reader since 1929; Member of House of Laity, Church Assembly, since 1960; Vice-President, Association of Muni- cipal Coroprations.
South
Electorate: 43,899. 1959: 45,150
*Russell, Sir R. S. (C)Q.... 16.512 1
Elliott, M. N. (Lab) .12,199 Perry, J. E. C. (L) .. 5,713
C majority .. .. 4,313 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,733. Lab. 12.166. L 5.403. C
ma;. 7.567.
SIR RONALD RUSSELL won tr,e seat in 1950; contested Shettleston in 1935 and Coatbridge in 1945. An author and journalist Bom May. 1904; educated at Haileybury and Gonville and Caius Coi- lege, Cambridge. Piloted through the Commons the Pet Animals Act, 1951, and the Opticians Act. 1958. Hon. treasurer of 1922 Committee.
WEST BROMWICH
Electorate: 64.289. 1959: 64,111
'Foley, M. A. (Lab) .. .. 22,942
Hawkins, G. (C) .. .. 18,664
Lab majority .. .. 4,278 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,702, C. 19.809. Lab. maj.
6,893.
1963 By-election: Lab. 20,510, C. 8.246. L.
6.161. Lab. mai. 12,264.
MR. MAURICE FoLEy was returned at a by-eleation in July, 1963. Fomuerly an electrical engineer. Born October, 1925; educated at St. Mary's College, Middles- brough. Member of Merlon and Morden Urban District Council; of executive comn- mittee, United Kingdom Cmncil of EuropeaLn Movement.
WESTBURY
Electorate: 55,847. 1959: ' Walters, D. M. (C) .. ..
Hopkins, P. W. (Lab) .. Wigoder, B. T. (L) .. ..
53,238
. 19,950 . 15,049
1 1,232
C majority .. .. 4,901 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20.396, Lab. 14,570. L. 9.816. C.
mai. 5.826.
MR. DEans WALTERS contested Byth in 1959 and the 1960 by-election. A com- pany director with interests in advertising, public relations, and travel. Born Novem- ber, 1928; educated at Downside School and St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. Personal assistant to Mr. Quintin Hogg when chairman of the Conservative Party Organization. 1957-59. Served on Con- servative Party committee on the future of broadcasting policy. Founder menber of the Bow Group.
WEST HAM
North
Electorate: 55,824. 1959: 57,828
*Lewis, A. W. J. (Lab) .. 21,228
Pilkington, Miss A. L. (L) 7,005 BrocklebanJ-Fowler, C. (C) 6,844
Lab majority .. .. 14,223 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,096. C. 9,318, L 7,271. Lab.
maj. 14.778.
MR. ARTHUR LEWIS won Upton in 1945 and West Ham North in 1950. Born in February, 1917; educated at elerentary school and the Borough Polytechnic. An offioial of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers 1938-48.
WFST HAM
South
Electorate: 49.574. 1959: 52,341
*Jones, F. E. (Lab) .. .. 23,599
Johnson, E. (L) .. .. 4,264 Mitchell, R. (C) .. .. 3,835
Lab majority .. .. 19,335 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,017, C. 5.188, L- 4.020. Lab.
maj. 22.829.
MR. ELWYN JONSE'S, Q.C., was electod for Plaistow in 1945 and West Ham South since 1950. Recorder of Cardiff and formerly Recorder of Swansea and of Merthyr. Born 1909' scholar of Llanelly Gramnmar School, t.C.W., Aberystwyth, and Gonville and Caius College, Cam- bridge; president of the Union 1931. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1935. Was a member of the British War Crimes Executive. Parliamentary Private secretary to the Attorney General. 1946-51. Member of General Council of the Bar, 1956 and 1959.
WESTON-SUPER-MARE
Electorate: 64,762. 1959: 60,795
*Webster, D. W. E. (C) .. 27,143
Stephen, Miss J. (Lab &
Co-op) .. .. .. 12,248 McDonald, 1 D. (L) .. 11,771
C majority .. .. 14,895 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27.881, Lab. 10,977, L 9,609. C
maj. 16,904.
MR. DAVID WEBSTER was returned at a by-election in June, 1958; contested Bristol North-East in 1955. Member of Select Comnmittee on Estimates. Chairman, previously vice-chairnan and secretary Conservative Parliamentary transport committee. Born October, 1923; educated at Fettes and Downing College, Cambridge.
WESTHOUGHTON
Electorate: 59,797. 1959: 56,948
*Price, J. T. (Lab) .. .. 30,249
Hanrahan, J. (C) .. .. 18,738
Lab majority .. .. 11,511 NO CHANGE
1959: LLab. 29.359. C. 18.634. Lab. mai.
10.725.
MR. THOMAS PRICE was returned at a by election in 1951. He is chief legal officer of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. Born October, 1902, educated at Salford Grammar School. An Opposition whip 1953-59. Member of the council of the Association of Superannua- tion and Pension Funds. 1937-63.
WESTMORLAND
Electorate: 46,888. 1959: 46,991
Jopling, T. M. (C) .. .. 19,125
Herbert, A. (L) .. .. 11,078 Plarnping, N. (Lab) .. 6,752
C majority .. .. 8.047 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20,676, L 8,984, Lab. 7.359. C.
maj. 11,692.
MR. MICHAEL JoPLI.aa contestvd Wake- field in 1959. A farmer and coompany director. Born December, 1930; educated at Cbeltenham College and'King's College, Durham University. Member Thirsk Rural District Counoil since 1958. Mernber national council of National Farmers' Union since 1962.
WHITEHAVEN
Electorate: 47.193. 1959: 46,650
*SynOnds, J. B. (Lab) .. 23,267
Brudenell, E. C. G. (C) . . 15,440
Lab majority .. .. 7,827 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,783, C. 16,653. Lab. maj.
6,130.
MR. JOSEPH SYMONDS was elected at the 1959 by-election. He is a radio relay com- pany supervisor. Born January, 1901; edu- cated at St. Bede's Higher School, Jarrow. A member of Durham County Council since 1946. Elected to Jarrow Town Coun- cil in 1929, alderman in 1935 and mayor 1945-46. Chairrnan of National Housine and Town Planning Council, 1948-51. One of the organizers of the Jarrow march to London in 1936.
WIDNES
Electorate: 55,242. 1959: 48,966
*MacColl, J. E. (Lab) .. 24.446
Pickering, A. (C) .. 18.572
Lab majority .. 5,874 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21.218. C. 19.620. Lab. mai.
1.598.
MR. JAMFS MACCOLU- a Labour spokes- man on housing and Local government, was elected for Widnes in 1950. A barrister. Born June, 1908; educated at Sedbergh School, Balliol College. Oxford. and tbe University of Chicago. Called to the Bar (Inner Tem,ple), 1933. Elected to Padding- ton Borough Council. 1934; mnayor, 1947- 49. Chairman's panel, London jwvemie c.ourts, 1946. Domestic Coal Consurnef Council, 1947-50.
WIGAN
Electorate: 51,986. 1959: 55,155
*Fitch, E. A. (Lab) .. .. 28,640
Paley, I. K. (C) .. .. 11.648 Weaver, M. (Comm) .. 988
Lab majority .. .. 16,992 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,664, C. 14,615, Comm. 945.
Lab. maj. 16,049.
MR. ALAN FrrCH was returnod at a by- election in June, 1958. A mineworker; born March. 1915; educated at Kingswood School, Bath. Member of the Selecot Coin- mittee on Nationalized Industries. Repre- sents Lancashire mineworkers on the execu- tive committee of the Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Council of Labour.
WILLESDEN
East
Electorate: 57,153. 1959: 58,865
Freeson, R. (Lab) .. .. 20,543
*Skeet, T. H. H. (C) . 18,755
Lab majority . - .. 1,788 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22.709. Lab. 20.499. C. maj.
2.210.
MR. REGINALD FREESON is a journalist Born Fobruary, 1926; educated at Jewish Orphanage. West Norwood, and private study. Elected to Willesden Borough Counci 1952. alderman 1955, and leader from 1958. Ohairmban oIWalesden Council of Social Service: founder member U.N.A. International Service: sp>nsored two of the earliest housing cooperatives finane%'d 1- a local council.
West
Electorate: 59,800. 1959: 61,534.
*Pavitt, L. A. (Lab & Co-op) .. 23,862
Grose, J. S. (C) .. .. 12,961 Burt, L. (Comm) .. . 1,130
Lab majority .. .. 10,901 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. and Co-op. 25,680, C. 17,946,
Comm. 1.324. Lab and Co-op. mal. 7,734.
MR. LAURENCE PAvITF was elected in 1959. National organizer of the Medical Practitioners' Union, 1956-59. Born Feb- ruary, 1914: educated at elementary and central schools. A member of I3ford Borough Council, 1949-52; former national secretary. British Federation of Young Co- operators: general secretary, Anglo- Chinese Devedopmrnt Society, 1946-52. Member of C.N.D. national council; chair- man, Caribbean Committee of the Move- ment for Colonial Freedom.
WDMBLEDON
Eletorate: 40,947. 1959: 42,151.
*Black, Sir C. W. (C) .. .. . 15,952
Daly, Dr. J. R. (Lab) .. 8,891 Scott, G. E. (L) .. 5,817.
C majority .. .. 7,061 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,538. Lab. 10,678. C. maj.
10.860.
SIR CYIL BLACK won Wimbledon in 1950. He is a chartered surveyor and. chairman of seveaal compatiies. Born 1902; educated at King's College Sychol, Wmtbledon, of which he is a governor. Elected to Wimbledon Borought Council 1942, mayor 1945-47, and an alderman 1949: an alderman and chairman of Surrey County Council 1956-59.
WINCHESTER
Electorate: 50.764. 1959: 48,321 *Giles. R-ar-Adm. M. C. M.
(C) .. .. 21.502 Seyd, C. P. (Lab) 1.. .. 2.495 Read, E. T. S. (L) .. 6.510
C majority .. .. 9.007 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24.924. Lab. 12.132. C. mal
12,792.
1964 By-election: C. 18,032. Lab. 11,968.
L. 4.567. C. maj. 6.064.
REAR-ADMIRAL MORGAN GILES was re- turned at a by-election in May, 1964. Born June, 1914; educated at Clifton College. Served on the staff of C.-in-C. Far East Station, before commanding H.M.S. Vigilant as Captain (D) Dartmouth Train- tng Squadron. Was captain of Vernon 1959-60 and of H.M.S. Belfast. Flagship of the Far East Fleet in 1961-62. Rear- Admiral October, 1962: President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1962-64, when- he retired. Has farming initerests in Hampshire, and in New South Wales.
WINDSOR
Electorate: 65.770. 1959: 60,673
*Mott-Radclyffe, Sir C. E. (C) 25.274
Fletcher, P. A. (Lab) .. 13.632 Badge, P. G. N. (L! .. 11.336
C majority .. .. 11,6427 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29.942, Lab. 15.864. C. niaj.
14,078.
SIR CHARLES Morr-RADCLYFFF was re- turned for Windsot in 1942. He was a Junior Lord of the rreasury in the i care- taker"" Governmcilt. 1945. and was a Con- servative whip, j945-46. Born December 1911 ; educatea at Eton and Balhol (Col- lege, Oxford. Chairman of the C.onserna- tive Parliamentary foreign affairs com- mittee, 1951-59. Appointcd vice-chairman of the 1922 Committee in 1957; member. Historic Buildings Council for England, 1962; and of the Plowden Committee on Representational Services Overseas, 1962- 63.
WIRRAL
Electorate: 78.856. 1959: 71.025
*Lloyd, J. S. B. (C) . . .. 32.084
Aspin, Mrs. M. (Lab) 17,445 Williams, P. H. (L) 14.574
C majority .. .. 14,639 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 39,807, Lab. 18.805. C. maj.
21.002.
MR. SEL\vYN LLOYD, Q.C., was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the Con- mons in October, 1963. ChanceUor of the Exchequer July, 1960, to July. 1962. In October that year he began a survey of the party organization. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs December, 1955, to July, 1960. Minister of State at the Foreign Office, 1951-54: Minister of Supply to April, 1955; and Minister of Defence for the next eight months. Elected for Winrul in 1945. Contested Macclesfield as Libel in 1929. Born 1904; educated at Fe-tes and Magdalene College, Cambridge; presi- dent of the Union 1927. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1930; took silk 1947. R_- corder of Wizan. 1948-51.
WOKING
Electorate: 77,207. 1959: 64,_%w
Onslow, C. G. D. (C) . 3 1 ')
Clother. H, G. N. (Lab) . 17.834 Scott, Mrs. A. H. (L) . 11,285
- _M
C majority .. .. 13,336 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33.521. Lab. 16.210. C. maj.
17,311.
MR. CRANLEY ONSLOWV is a journalist: Born June, 1926; educated at Harrow School, Oriel College. Oxford, and Geneva University. Member Foreign Service 19il- 60; served in Rangoon, North Burma, and London. Member, Kent Counzy Council since 1961; member Dartford Rural Dis- trict Council, 1960-62. Research secretary, Conservative Comnonwealth CounciL
WOKINGHAM
Electorate: 82,375; 1959: 67,144
*van Straubenzee, W. R. (C) 32.777
Ellis, J. (Lab) . . .. 17,954 Wingfield, Mrs. M. E. (L) 13,875 Ford, C. (Ind C. Trade
Unionist) .. .. 645
C majority .v .. 14,823 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,896, Lab. 14,905, L 7,899. C.
maj. 15,991.
MR. WILLIAM VAN STRAUBENZEE %,as elected in 1959: aontested Clapharn in 1955. Secretary. Conservative Parliament- ary new towns sub-committee of the hotus- ing, local government and public build- ing committee. A solicitor. Born 1924: educated at Westminster. Member of executive Domiittee of National Union Df Conservative Associations. 1949-59: national chainran of Young Conservativos, 1951-53. Member of Richmond (Surrey) Borough Council. 1955-58.
WOLVERHAMPTON
North-East
Electorate: 49.843. 1959: 51.217.
Shot Mrs. R. (Lab) . 18,997
Greenaway, Mrs. M. M. M.
(C) .. .. .. 14,9 14
Lab majority .. .. 4,083 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20.436. C. 16.639. Lab. maj.
3.797.
MRs. RENAE SHORT contested Watford in 1959 and St. Albans in 1955. A free- lance journalist. Born April. 191 Q
educated at Nottingham County Grammar School and Manchester University. Elected to Hertfordshire County Council and Wat- ford Rural District Council in 1952. Cbair- man of Shrodell's Hospital. Watford. Governor of Watford Cohege of Tecb uology and Watford Grammar School.
Soutb-Wes1
Electorate: 50.248. 1959: 51293.
*Powel, J. E. (C) .. .. 21,736
Gardner, A. J. (Lab) . 11.880 Lloyd, J. N. G. (L) .. 4 23
C majority .. .. 9,856 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25.696. Lab 14.529. C maj.
11,167.
MR. ENoCH POWELL, appointed Minister of Health in July, 1960. declined to serve in Sir Alec Douglas-Home's Government.
Flnancial Secretary to the Treasury(.' January. 1957, to Jauary, 1958, when he'
resigned with two othr Treasury Ministers.. Parliamcentary Scretarv, Ministry of Housing add Local Governmnent fromn December, 1955. Won the division in 1950: - contested the Nornanton by-election. 1 W7. Born. June. 1912:. educated at Kini Edward's, Birmingham, and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. where he was a Fellow.
NEWPORT
Electorate: 70,387: 1959: 71,342
*Soskice, Sir F. (Lab) .. .. 31,962
Temple-Morris, P. (C) .. 23.649
Lab majority .. .. 8,313 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,125. C. 27.477. Lab. mai.
3.648.
SIR FRANK SOSKICE, Q.C., was returned at a by-election in July, 1956. Solicitor General from 1945 until April, 1951, when he became Attorney General. Member of the Parliamentary Committee of the party. Represented Birkenhead, East, 1945-50. on redistribution was defeated at Bebington: represented Neepsend division, Sheffield. from April, 1950. until it was abolished in 1955.
OGMORE
Electorate: 58.848. 1959: 57.192
*Padley, W. E. (Lab) .. 34,178
Thomas, R. M. (C) .. 10,238 Tucker, Mrs. M. (Plaid
Cymru) .. .. 2,470
Lab majority .. .. 23.940 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 35.170. C. 11.905. Lab. maj.
23,265.
MR. WALTER PADLEY was elected in 1950. Contested Acton at a by-election in 1943 as an I.L.P. candidate. Born July, 1916; educated at Chipping Norton Grammar School and Ruskin College. Oxford, win- ning a T.U.C. scholarship. President of the Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workers since 1948; member of national executive of Labour Party since 1956.
PEMBROKE
Electorate: 62,196. 1959: 62,372
*Donnelly. D. L. (Lab) .. 23.926
Partridge, H. G. (C) .. 15.340 Coulthard, A. G. W. (L) .. 9.679 Thomas, D. (Plaid Cymru) 1,717
Lab majority .. 8,586 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 27,623, C. 22,301, P1 Cymru
2.253. Lab. maj. 5,322.
MR. DESMOND oDONNELLY wag elected in 1950. Contested Evesham (as Common Wealth candidate) in 1945. and co. Down (as Labour) in 1946. Journalist. Born October, 1920; educated at Bembridge School. Isle of Wight. Former director of Town and Country Planning Association.
PONTYPOOL
Electorate: 48,024. 1959: 47,452
*Abse, L. (Lab) .. .. 27,852
Mendel, P. D. (C) .. .. 8,169 Jones, E. (Comm) -. .. 1,329
Lab majority .. .. 19,683 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,755, C. 8,903, P1 Cymru
2.519. Lab. maj. 17,852.
MR. LEOPOLD AasrE was returned at a by-election in November, 1958: contested Cardiff North, in 1955. A solicitor. Born April, 1917; educated at Howard Gardens High School. Cardiff. and London School of Economics. Pro- moted Matrimonial Causes Act, 1963.
PONTYPRIDD
Electorate: 53.859. 1959: 53.903
*Pearson, A. (Lab) .. .. 29.533
Warrender, Col. J. R. (C.) 11,859
Lab. majority .. .. 17,674 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,853. C. 13.896. Lab. mai.
15,957.
MR. ARTHUR PEARSON was Treasurer of the Household, 1946-51, and previously Comptroller. He served as a Labour whip, in Government or Opposition, 1939-1959. Elected for Pontypridd in 1938. Born 1897; educated at elementary and central schools.
RHONDDA
East
Electorate: 36,228. 1959: 373908
*Davies, G. E. (Lab) .. .. 20.5 10
Powell, Mrs. A. (Comm) .. 3.385 Purnell, D. C. (C) .. 2.548 James, G. P. (Plaid Cymru) 2,361
Lab majority .. .. 17,125 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20.565, Comm. 4,580, C. 3,629,
P1 Cymru, 2,776. Lab. maj. 15.985.
MR. ELFED DAVIES, a miner, was elected in 1959. Born October, 1913; educated at Tylorstown elementary school, Rhondda, and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of Glamorgan County Council 1954-61.
West
Eleotorate: 32,401, 1959: 34,450
*Thomas, 1. R. (Lab) .. .. 20,713
Lloyd-Edwards, N. (C) .. 2.754 Davies, H. V. (Plaid Cymru) 2.668
Lab majority .. .. 17,959 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,130, P1 Cymru 4,978, C.
3.242. Lab maj. 16,152.
MR. IORWERTH THOMAS was elected in 1950. He was a colliery check-weighman. Born January, 1896. For 25 years member of Rhondda Urban Council; a former
rnember of the S. Wales Electricity Board.
SWANSEA
East
Electorate: 55,505 1959: 55,301
*McBride, N. (Lab) .. .. 30,904
Wright, 0. C. (C) .. .. 7,863 Rees, E. C. (Plaid Cymru) 3,556
Lab majority .. .. 23,041 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,884, C. 9,754, Pt Cymru
4,651. Lab maj. 20,130.
1963 By-election: Lab. 18,909, L, 4,895,
People's Party 2.462, C. 2,272, P1 Cymru 1,620. Comm. 773. Lab maj. 14,014.
MR. NEIL MCBRIDE was elected at the by- election in March, 1963; contested High Peak in 1955 and Perth and East Perth- shire, 1951. He was a brass-finisher. Born April, 1910.
West
Electorate: 59,091. 1959: 58,045
Williams, A. J. (Lab.) . 23,019
*Rees, J. E. H. (C) .. .. 20,382 Williams, 0. G. (L) .. 4,672
Lab majority .. .. 2,637 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24.043. Lab. 23,640. C. mai. 403.
MR. ALAN WILLIAMS contested Poole in 1959. Lecturer in economics at Welsh College of Advanced Technology. Born October. 1930; educated at Cardiff High School, Cardiff College of Technology and University College, Oxford. Radio and television broadcaster and free-lance journalist. Studied Russian education system as a member of the National Union of Students delegation in 1954.
WREXHAM
Electorate: 66,530. 1959: 66,150
'Jones, J. 1. (Lab) .. .. 30.478
Pierce, G. H. (C-NatL) .. 17.240 Thomas, J. (Plaid Cymru) 4,673
Lab majority .. .. 13,238 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 30,101, C. & Nat. L. 17,144, PI
Cymrm 6,579. Lab. maj. 12,957.
MR. J. IDWAL JONES was elected at the by-election in March. 1955. Contested Denbigh in 1951. Schoolmaster and author of textbooks on geography of Wales. BOrn June, 1900; educated at Ruabon Grammar Sdhool, the Normal College, Bangor. and London University.
- - I
A. Garrow, Labour gain in Glasgow
Pollok.
INVERNESS
Electorate: 50.067. 1959: 49.546
Johnston, D. R. (L) .. . 14,235
*McLean, N. L. D. (C) . 12,099 McLean, A. C. (Lab) .. 9,402
Lib majority .. .. 2,136 LIBERAL GAIN
1959: C. 15,728, L. 11,653, Lab. 8.073. C.
maj. 4,075.
MR. RUSSELL JOHNSTON is a research assistant with the Scottish Liberal Party and a former history teacher. Born July, 1932; educated at Pertree Hish School, Isle of Skye, and Edinburgh University. Member of Scottish Liberal Party execu- tive; president, Scottish League of Young Liberals.
KILMARNOCK
Electorate: 48,824. 1959: 49,090
*Ross, W. (Lab) 25,173
Webster, H. (C) .. ;; 10,796 Will, I. M. (L) .. .. 4,443
Lab majority .. 14,377 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,379, C. 15,087. Lab. maj.
10,292.
MR. WILLIAM Ross party spokesmran on Scottish business, won Kilmarnock at a by-election in 1946; contested Ayr Burghs in 1945. Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland, 1951. A schoolmaster. Born April, 1911. educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow University.
KINROSS AND WEST PERTHSHIRE
Electorate: 32.927. 1959: 33,582
*Douglas-Home, Sir A. (C) 16,659
Forrester, A. (Lab) . 4,687 Donaldson, A. (Scot Nat).. 3,522 Grieve, Dr. C. M. (Comm) 127
C majority .. .. 11,972 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 16,256, Lab. 4,008, Scot. Nat.
3,568. C. maj. 12,248.
1963 By-election: C. 14,147, L 4,819, Lab.
3,752, Scot. Nat. 1,801, Ind. 78. Ind. 45, Ind. 23. C. maj. 9.328.
SIR ALEC DOUGLAS-HOME became Prime Minister on October 19, 1963, after Mr. Harold MacmiUan's resignation. He was then the fourteenth Earl of Home. On October 23 he dislaimed all his title3 under the Peerage Act, 1963, and the opentng of the new session was postponed from October 29 to November 12 to enable him to contest the by-election at Kinross oa November 6. As Lord Home he had been Foreign Secretary from July. 1960, and before that had been Lord President of the Council, Leader of the House of Lords from 1957, and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1955-60. Born in 1903; educated Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Sat in the Commons. as Lord Dunglass, for South Lanark, 1931- 45, and for Lanark, 1950-51 when he suc- ceeded to the earldom. Parlamentary pri- vate secretary to Mr. Neville Chamber- lain, 1935-40. Joint Under Secretary at Foreign Office in the 1945 caretaker Gov- ernment. Minister of State. Scottish Office. 1951-55.
KIRKCALDY
Electorate: 52,355. 1959: 54,232
*Gourlay, H. P. H. (Lab) 24,263
Gow. N. (L and C) .. 11,756 Lees, Dr. J. C. (Scot Nat) .. 4,423
Lab majority .. .. 12,507 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.428. C. 14.186, L. 4.020. Lab.
maj. 11,242.
MR. HARRY GOURLAY was elected in 1959. Contested South Angus in 1955. He is a vehicle examiner. Born July, 1916; educated at Kirkcaldy High School. Mem- ber of Estimates Committee. Member Kirk- caldy Town Council for 14 years; governor of Dundee College of Education. Member of East Fife Hospitals Board of Manage- ment.
LANARK
Electorate: 64,165. 1959: 57,094
*Hart, Mrs. J. C. M. (Lab.) .. 30242
Beale, W. (C.) .. .. 24,922
Lab. majority .. .. 5,320 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,171, C. 24.631. Lab. maj.
540.
MRS. JUDITH HART gained the seat for Labour in 1959. Contested Bournemouth West in 1951 and Aberdeen South in 1955 Born September, 1924; educated at the Royal Grammar School, Clitheroe, and the London School of Economics. A sociolo- gist. Member of the Association of Scientific Workers. Vice-chairman of the Movement for Colonial Freedom and of the Parliamentary Labour Party science group.
LANARKSHIRE NORTH
Electorate: 47,032. 1959: 43,505
*Herbison, Miss M. M. (Lab) 23,385
Corrie, J. A. (C) .. .. 15,192
Lab majority .. .. 8,193 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,152, C. 14,883, Lab. maj.
6,269.
MISS MARGARET HERBISON. a Labour spokesman on pensions and national insur- ance, was elected for North Lanark in 1945. Joint Under Secretary for Scotland. 1950-51. Born, 1907; educated at Bellshill Academy asnd Glasgow University. Taught English and history in Glasgow schools; was also a tutor for the National. Council of Labour Colleges. A member of the party's national executive and chairman 1957.
MIDLOTHIAN
Electorate: 61,689. 1959: 58,092
Hill, J. M. (Lab) .. .. 29,820
Buchanan, D. A. P. (C) .. 18,861
Lab majority .. .. 10,959 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,457. C 18.797. Lab. mai.
9.660.
MR. JAMES HILL, who was a miner and checkweighman, has represented the con- stituency since 1959. Born 1899; educated at Bellshill public school. Elected to IMuselburgh Town Council, 1945, and to Midlothian County Council, 1946.
MORAY AND NAIRN
Electorate: 36,098. 1959: 35,487
*Campbell, G. T. C. (C) .. 12,741
McIntosh, G. C. (Lab) .. 6,830 Macleod, J. F. M. (L) .. 5,478
C majority .. .. 5,911 NO C}ANGE
1959: C. 13.742, Lab. 6,539, L 5,831. C.
maj. 7,203.
MR. GoRDoN CAMPBELL1 was appointed Joint Under Secretary, Scottish Office. in October, 1963. Assistant whip from 1961. and a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from September, 1962. Elected in 1959. Born June, 1921: educated at Wellington. Joined the Foreign Service 1946; member of the United Kingdom permaneit dele- gation to United Nations 1949-52. Pro- moted First Secretary and seconded to Cabinet Office, where he was private sec- retary to the Secretary of the Cabinet. 1954-56.
MOTHERWELL
Electorate: 50,209. 1959: 50,503
Lawson, G. M. (Lab) .. 23,281
Young, J. J. (C) .. .. 14,789 Sneddon, J. W. (Comm) .. 1,565
Lab majority .. 8,492 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,009, C. 17,613. Ind. 1.331.
Lab. maj. 4,396.
MR. GEORGE LAWSON was returned at a by-election in April, 1954. Born July, 1906; elementary education. He was a staff tutor with the National Council of Labour Colleges, 1937-40, and West of Scotland organizer, 1940-50. Secretary of Edinburgh Trades Council. 1950-54.
NORTH ANGUS AND MEARNS
Electorate: 35,325. 1959: 36,513
Buchanan-Smith, A. L. (C) .. 13,401
Barton, K. A. J. (L) .. 9,268 Klopper, Mrs. K. M. (Lab) 4,513
C majority .. .. 4,133 NO CHANGE
1959: L. & C. 17.536, Lab. 8,486. L. & C.
maj. 9,050.
MR. ALICK BUCHANAN-SMITH contested West Fife in 1959. A farmer. Born April, 1932; educated at Edinburgh Academy, Glenalmond, Pembroke College, Carn- bridge, and Edinburgh University.
ORKNEY AND ZETLAND Electorate: 25,481. 1959: 26,435
*Grimond, J. (L) .. .. 11,604
Firth, J. L. (C) 3.. .. 3.704 MachInes, I. (Lab) .. 3,232
L majority .. .. 7,900 NO CHANGE
1959: L. 12,099, C. 3,487. Lab. 3.275. L.
maj. 8,612.
MR. JOSEPH GRIMOND, leader of the Liberal Party since 1956, contested Orkney and Zotland in 1945 and won the seat in 1950. Barrister, called by the Middle Temple, 1937. Born July, 1913; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Took first class honours in politics, philosophy, and economics. He served with the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, 1939-45. He subse- quently worked with Unrra, and then be- came secretary to the Scottish National Trust. Elected Rector of University of Edinburgh. 1960.
PAISLEY
Electorate: 62,336. 1959: 63,097
*Robertson, I. (Lab) .. .. 26,318
Bannerman, J. M. (L) .. 16,837 Crichton, M. (C) .. .. 6,583
Lab majority ., .. 9,481 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28.519. C. 21.250. Lab. maj.
7,269.
1961 By-election: Lab. 19.200. L. 17.542.
C. 5,597. Lab. mai 1,658.
MR. JoHN RoBERTSON. who was returnied at a by-election in 1961, contested Scots- toun in 1951. A toolmaker. Born February, 1913; educated at Mother- well Central School; secretary of Mother- well Labour Party, a member of Mother- well Town Council 1946-52. Assistart divisional organizer of the A.E.U. 1954-6i . PERTH AND EAST PERTHSHIRE
Electorate: 54.574. 1959: 55.064
*MacArthur, I. (C) .. .. 23,912
Forrester, F. L. (Lab) . . 10,184 McIntyre, Dr. R. D. (Scot
Nat) . .. .. 7.186
C majority .. 13,728 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,217, Scot. Nat. 9,637, Lab.
7.781. C. maj. 14,580.
MR. IAN MACARTHUR was made a Lord Commissioner in December, 1963; an assistant whip in 1962. Elected in 1959; contested Greenock in 1955 and the by- election rhe following December. Born May, 1925; educated at Cheltenham Col- lege, and Queen's College, Oxford. Mem- ber of the Young Conservatives national advisory committee, 1951-53,
RENFREWSHIRE
East
Electorate: 64,146. 1959: 61,060
*Anderson, Miss M. B. H. (C) 27,846
Gordon, J. S. (Lab) .. 16,503 Starforth, D. M. H. (L) .. 8,655
C majority .. .. 11,343 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,672, Lab. 14,579. L 6.339. C
maj. 15.093.
Miss HARVIE ANDERSON was elected in 1959; contested West Stirhngshire in 1950 and 1951 and Sowerbv in 1955. Born 1915: educated at St. Leonard's School, St. Andrews. Enlisted in A.T.S. in 1939 and became a lieutenant-colonel. Member of Stirling County Couneil 1945-59 (chairman of Moderate Group, 1953-59); of R.S.N.I. Hospital Board. 1952-59, and Scottish Advisory Council on Education, 1955-59.
West
Electorate: 51,018. 1959: 47,395
Buchan, N. F. (Lab) . 19,518
Paton, R. P. (C) .. .. 18,507 McFadyean, G. E. (L) .. 4,253
Lab majority .. .. 1,011 LABOUR GAIN
1959: L. & C. 20.959, Lab. 18.206. L &
C. maj. 2,753.
MR. NORMAN BucHAN is a school teacher. Born October. 1922; educated at Kirkwall Grammar School and Glasgow University. President of Rutherilen dis- trict, Educational Institute of Scotland. Lecturer in adult education.
ROSS AND CROMARTY
Electorate: 24.777. 1959: 25,350
Mackenzie, A. R. (L) .. 6,923 *Macleod, Sir J. (Nat. L) . 5,516 Ross, W. A. (Lab).. .. 4,767
L majority .. .. 1,407 LIBERAL GAIN
1959: Nat. L. 7,813, Lab. 4,815, L. 3,918.
Nat. L. maj. 2,998.
MR. ALASDAtR MACKENZIE is a farmer. Born September, 1903; educated at Broad- ford junior secondary school, Skye.
Member, Ross and Cromarty County Council, 1935-55. Member, Scottish
Agricultural Advfor Committce.
C. B. B. Norwood, Labour gain in
Norwich South.
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
Cental
Electorate: 41.913. 1959: 49.929
*Short, E. W. (Lab) .. .. 20,547
Rutter, W. D. (C) .. .. 7,896 Welch, T. G. (Comm) .. 532
Lab majority .. .. 12,651 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24.051, C. 12,485. Lab. maj.
11,566.
MR. EDwARD SHORT was elected ia 1951. A whip in 1955; Opposition deputy chief whip. 1962. He was headmaster of a secondary modern school. Born December, 1912. Educated at Bede College, Durham. Appoittted to Archbishop of Canterbury's commission on divorce 1933.
East
Electorate: 48,886. 1959: 50,616 Rhodes, G. W. (Lab and
Co-op) .. .. .. 21,200 *Montgomery, W. F. (C) Q . 19,556
Lab majority .. 1,644 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 21,457, Lab. 21,359. C. mai. 98.
MR. GEOFFREY RHODES contested Bark- ston Ash in 1955 and Bastersea, South, in 1959. Bonn November, 1928- educated at Cockburn High School, Leeds, and Leeds University; president, University Union, 1954. Head of department of business studies at a college of technology. Broadcaster. Chairmn Huyton Co-opera- tive Party since 1960, and member of executive committee Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Council of Labour since 1960.
North
Electorate: 42,331. 1959: 47,930
*Elliott, R. W. (C) .. .. 19,502
Lee, S. (Lab) . . 12,515
C majority .. 6,987 NO CHANGE
1959: C 24.588, Lab. 13.316. C. mai.
11.272.
MR. R. W. ELLIorr, who became a whip in December, 1963. was clected at a by- election in March, 1957; contested Morpeth in' 1955, and at the 1954 by-election. A farmer. Born December. 1920; educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Morpeth. Vice-chairman, Conservative Parliamentary transport committee.
West
Electorate: 63,943. 1959: 64,509
Popplewell, E. (Lab) .. .. 29,603
Bransom, Brig. H. I. (C) 21,149
Lab majority .. .. 8,454 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28.956. C. 23.933. Lab. mai.
5.023.
MR. ERNEST POPPLEWELL was Vice- Chamberlain of the Household, 1947-51, and for some time Opposition deputy chief whip. Won West Newcastle from the Conservatives in 1945. Born in 1899; educated at elementary school. He became a railway signalman. Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party transport group.
NEW FOREST
Electorate: 68,966. 1959: 58,958 *Crosthwaite-Eyre, Sir 0. E.
(C) .. .. 27,884 Kissen, C. B. (Lab) . 12,924 Locock, G. N. D. (L) .. 11,497
C majority .. 14,960 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,949, Lab. 13,667. C. maj.
16,282.
SIR OLIVER CROSTHWAiTE-EYRE repre- sented the old New Forest and Christ- church division, 1945-50, and was elected for New Forest in 1950. Chairman of a printing company and of a publishing company.
NEWTON
Electorate: 71,734. 1959: 65,124
'Lee, F. (Lab) .. .. .. 32,932
Stanley, D. C. (C) . . 17,980 Jones, C. L. (L) .. 7,919
Lab majority .. 14,952 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 31,041, C 23.065. Lab. maj.
7,976.
MR. FREDERIcr LEE was elected to Parliamentary Cormnittee of the Labour Party in November, 1959, and became L'abour's spokesman on fuel and power. Aviation spokesman from December, 1961. In November, 1960, he unsuccessfully con- tested the deputy leadership of the Labour Party. Born August, 1906; elementary school education and through National Council of Labour Colleges. An engineer's turner. Represented Hulme division of Manchester 1945-50, and New- ton since 1950. Parliamentary Secretary, Minister of Labour, 1950-51.
NOREFOLK
North
Electorate: 48,488. 1959; 48,756
*Hazell, B. (Lab) .. 19.360
Easton, F. H. (C) .. 19,307
Lab majority .. 53 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,784. C. and Nat. L. 19,126.
Lab. miaj. 658.
MR. BERT HAZELL contested Barkston Ash in 1945 and 1950. An official of the National Union of Agricultural Workers. Born April, 1907; elementary education. Executive committce member, Yorksbire Regional Council of Labour Party; cbair- man 1945 and 1955. Chairmnan of the East and West Ridings Regional Board for In- dustry.
South
Electorate: 44,774. 1959: 43,458
*FHill J. E. B. (C) .. .. 17,178
Thompson, F. R. (Lab) ,, 15,012 Turner, B. H. P. (L) .. 4,819
C majority .. .. 2,166 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,275, Lab. 16,542. C. maj. 2.733.
MR. JOHN HILL, was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in October, 1960; made an assistant whip January, 1959. A farmer, he has been vice-chairman of the Conservative members' agricultural committee. Member of the East Suffolk and Norfolk River Board. Returned at a by-election in January, 1955.
TORQUAY
Electorate: 73,276. 1959: 67,608
Bennett, F. M. (C) .. .. 28,801
Brunaer, H. L L. (L) .. 13,652 Thompson, Mrs. T. W.
(Lab) .. .. 12,530
C majority .. 15,149 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,527, Lab. 11.784, L. 10.685.
C. mai. 17,743.
MR. F. M. BENNETr was returned at a by-election in December, 1955; represented Reading, North, 1951-55. Contested Dir- minghaJn, Ladywood, in 1950 and Bursiemn 1945. Barristert Political writer, director, and adviser of financial institutions. Burn December, 1918; educated at Westminster. Called by Lincoln's Inn, 1946, and by the Southern Rhodesian Bar, 1947.
TORRINGTON
Electorate: 44,176. 1959: 44,029
Mills, P. M. (C) .. .. 16,899
Carter, M. R. Bonhamn (L) 14,831 Owen, Dr. D. A. L (Lab) 5,867
C majority .. .. 2,068 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 17,283, L. 15,018, Lab. 5.633. C.
maj. 2,265.
MR. PEmR MILs is a farmer. Born September, 1921 ; educated at Epsom Col- lege, and Wye College, London University. Member of the Church Assembly and House of Laity, Exeter Diocese. Member of I.T.A. general advisory counciL.
TOTNES
Electorate: 66,292. 1959: 63,071
*Mawby, R. L. (C) .. .. 25,417
Scott, R. C. J. (Lab) .. 14,542 Taylor, E. B. (L) .. .. 12,297
C majority *. .. 10,875 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,925, Lab. 13,116.L. 10,719. C.
maj. 13,809.
MR. RAY MAWBY was appointed Assistant Postmaster General in March, 1963. He was elected in 1955. Born 1922; educated at a Warwickshire council school. An electriian; member, Electrical Trades Union; formner president of Rugby branch. and shop steward. Was the first president of Conservative Trade Unionists' national advisory commtttee.
TOITENHAM
Electorate: 55,644. 1959: 59,794
Atkinson, N. (Lab) .. .. 19,458
*Brown, A. G. (C).. . 11,577 Lepley, L. G. (L) .. . 4,526
Lab majority .. .. 7,881 LABOUR GAIN
1959: Lab. 22,325. C. 15.688. L. 5.030.
Lab. mai. 6.637.
MR. NORMAN ATKINSON contested Wythenshawe in 1955 and Altrinoham and Sale in 1959. A design engineer at Man- chester University. Born March. 1923; educated at elementary and technical schools. Member of Manchester City Council. 1945-49.
TRURO
Electorate: 56,980. 1959: 55,185.
*Wilson, H. G. B. (C) .. 18,328
Grazier D. W. J. (Lab) 14,224 Hosking, W. R. (L) 12,575
C majority .. .. 4,104 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19.544. Lab. 15.057. L. 9.637. C.
ma]. 4.487.
MR. GEOFFREY WILSON was elected in 1950. For eight years, until 1963, chairman of the Conservative transport committee. An Associate of the Institute of Transport. He is a partner in a London firm of soli- citors and a director of a unit trust. Formerly a solicitor in the Legal Depart- ment of the G.W.R. and of the Railway Executive, Western Region. Born 1903; educated at Clifton College, Bristol, and Pembroke CoLiege, Cambridge.
TWICKENHAM
Electorate: 72,154. 1959: 73,852
*Cooke. R. G. (C) .. .. 27,427
Wolff, W. E. (Lab) ., 15,231 Woolfe, J. (L) .. . 12,306 Craft, M. H. (Ind. Nuclear
Disarmament) .. .. 1,073
C majority .. .. 12,196 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 33,677, Lab. 16,638, L. 8,589.
C. maj. 17,039.
MR. GRESHAM COOKCE was returned at a by-election in January, 1955. Born January, 1907: educated at Winchester. New College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Director of companiesI in l motor industry. Formerly director of the
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. Called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, 1930. President, Institute of Road Transpor't-Engineers.
TYNEMOUTH
Electorate: 75.017. 1959: 72,273
*Ward, Dame I. (C) .. .. 33,342
Booth, A. E. (Lab).. .. 25,894
C majority .. .. 7,448 [NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32,810, Lab. 18,866. L. 6,525.
C maj. 13,944.
DAME IRENE WARD was M.P. for Walls- end, 1931-45, and was returned for Tyne- mouth in 1950. She contested Morpeth, 1924 and 1929. She was the promoter of a Bill to enable local authorities to pay pocket money to old people in institutions. In 1961 she promoted the Nurses (Amend- ment) Act, and in 1962 the Penalties for Drunkenness Act.
UXBRIDGE
Electorate: 58,226. 1959: 56,997
*Curran, C. (C) . .20,519
Parker, T. J. (Lab) ,, 19,866 Goodall, R. (L) .. 6,644
C majority .. 653 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,360, Lab. and Co-op. 20.970.
L. 4,746. C mai. 1.390
MR. CHARLES CuRRAN, elected in 1959 contested Uxbridge in 1951 and 1955, and West Walthamsrtow in 1945. He is a writer, journalist, barrister, and radio and television broadcaster. Born 1903; edu- cated at Cardiff High School and Stony- hurst College.
WAKEFIELD
Electorate: 60,857. 1959: 60,790
Harrison, W. (Lab) .. 26,315
Spence, J. D. (C) .. 14,385 Collins, J. M. (L) .. 6,753
Lab majority .. 11,930 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 29,705, C. 20,114. Lab. maj.
9.591.
_1MR-._ WALTER HARRISON isa foreman
electrician. Born Januaxry, 1921; educated at Dewsbury Tech,nical College and School of Art. Member of West Riding County Council, and alderman of Castleford Borough Council. President of a Yorkshire E.T.U. branch.
WALLASEY
Electorate: 70,311. 1959: 72,660
*Marples. A. E. (C) .. .. 24,784
Levin, 1. 1. (Lab) .. .. 18,663 Evans, D. T. G. (L) .. 10,432
C majority ,, .. 6,121 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 35,567, Lab. 20.501. C. maj.
15,066.
MR. ERNEsr MARPLEs was appointed Minister of Transport in October, 1959. Postmaster-General, 1957-59. He was Par- liainentary Scretary to the Ministrn of Pensions and National Insurance from October, 1954, to December. 1955, and pre- viously to the Ministry of Housing ard Local Governmcnt from 1951. Elected for Wallasey in 1945. Born December, 1907; educated at Stretford Grammar School.
HARROW
West
Electorate: 53.756. 1959: 54,295
Page, A. J. (C) .. . 23,132
Childerhouse, K. W. (Lab) 10,725 Bender, Dr. A. E. (L) 9,055
C majority .. .. 12,407 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,512, Lab. 12,512. C. maj.
18,000.
1960 By-election: C. 18,526, L. 7.100, Lab.
6.030, Ind. 1.560. C. maj. 11.426
MR. JACK PAGE was returned at a by- election in March, 1960; contested Eton and Slough, 1959. Joint secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary labour com- mittee. A sales manager. Born Septem- ber, 1919; educated at Harrow and Mag- dalene College, Cambridge. Member of the Clerical and Administrative Workers' Union: chairman, Bethnal Green and East London Housing Association
HARTLEPOOLS, THE
Electorate: 59,703. 1959: 60,888
Leadbitter, E. L (Lab) .. 25.883
Dodsworth, G. H. (C) .. 23,016
Lab majority .. .. 2,867 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 25,463, Lab. 25,281. C. maj. 182.
MR. EDWARD LE-DBsTnrER is a teacher. Born June, 1919; educated at State schools and a teachers' training college. Member of West Hartlepool Borough Council. Chairman of Further Education Commit- tee and Industrial Development Committee.
HARWICH
Electorate: 66.350. 1959: 58,194
'Ridsdale. J. E. (C and Nat L) 25,102
Winnick, D. J. (Lab) .. 14.877 Dale, T. E. (L) .. .. 9,824
C and Nat L majority .. 10,225 NO CHANGE
1959: C. and Nat. L. 23,653. Lab. 11.588,
L. 5.507, Iad. 3,744 C. and NaL L maj. 12,065.
MR. JULIAN RIDSDALE. Under-Secretary for Defence for the Royal Air Force in the 1964 reorganization, was appointed Under-Secretary, Air Ministry. in Julv, 1962. Returned at a by-election in Feb- ruary, 1954; contested Paddington, North, 1951. Born June. 1915; educated at Ton- bridge, the Royal Military College Sand- hurst, and the London University School of Oriental Languages.
HASTING S
Electorate: 49,701. 1959: 48.569
Cooper-Kev, Sir N. (C) .. 16,902
Fountain, H. A. (Lab) .. 11,324 Arnold, J. J. (L) .. .. 9,716
C majority .. .. 5,578 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,458, Lab. 13,576. C. maj.
8,882.
SIR NEILL COOPER-KrY has represented the constituency since 1945. Born April, 1907: educated at the Royal Naval College. Osborne, and Dartmouth. Served with Irish Guards 1939-45. He is a director of Associated Newspapers Limited. Cbair- man of parliamentarv tourist and resorts committee since 1957.
HAYES AND HARLINGTON
Electorate: 46.512. 1959: 46,244
Skeffington, A. M. (Lab) 20.018
Smith. L. E. (C) .. .. 13,158 Stanley, F. (Comm) 873
Lab majority .. .. 6,860 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 18,301, C. 14,149, L. 4,235,
Comm. 527. Lab. maj. 4.152.
NIR. ARTtlUR SKIFFINGTON was returned at a by-election in April, 1953. M.P, for Lewisham, West, 1945-50; contested the seat in 1951 and 1938, and Streatham, 1935. Barrister (called by the Middle Temple, 1951) and teacher. Born September, 1909; educated at Streatham Grammar School and London University. Past chairman of the Fabian Society: member of the Labour Party national executive since 1953: member of the L.C.C.. 1951-58. Soecial mission to India for Labour Party. 1961.
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD
Electorate: 82,087. 1959: 70,962
*Allason, J. H. (C.) . . . .31,119
Hitchcock, Ci. D. (Lab) .. _6.273 Whiteside. A. J. (L) .. 11.986
C majority .. .. 4,846 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30.189, Lab 21,954. L. 8.358. C
maj. 8,235.
MR. JANMS ALLASON was elected in 1959. Contested Centrai Hackney in 1955. Appointed Parliamentary private secretary to Secretary of State for War in 1960. A Lloyd's broker. Born in September, 1912; educated at Haileybury and the Royal Mili- tary Academy. Woolwich. A member of Kensington Borough Council since 1956. A Regular Army officer for 22 years: served in India. Ceylon. and Burma 1937-44.
HEMSWORTH
Electorate: 64.957. 1959: 65.705
*Beanev, A. (Lab} .. .. 42.528
Keatley. J. R. NI. (C) . 8.667
ILab majority v . .. 33.861 NO CHANCE
1959: L.ab. 45,153, C. 9.788. Lab. maj.
35.365.
MR. ALAN BEANEY, a miller. was elected in 1959. Born March. 1905; educated at elementary school and through National Council of Labour Colleges. Member of West Riding County Council since 1949 and of Dearne Urban District Council since 1938. Member of Yorkshire execu- tivc committce of National Union of Mineworkers.
HENI)ON
North
Electorate: 51,137. 1959: 52,729
Orr-Ewing, Sir C. 1. (C) . 17.784
Jinkinson, A. R. (Lab) .. 16,660 Holmes. I. H. (L) .. ., 5,719
C majority .. .. 1,124 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,898, lab. and Co-op. 16.566.
L. 4,598. C. maj. 5.332.
SIR IAN ORR-EWING was elected in 1950. Civil Lord of the Admiralty 1959-63: Par- liamentary and Financial Secretary to Admiralty, 1959; Uinder-Secretary of State for Air, 1957-59. Company chairman. Born February, 1912: educated at Harrow and Trinity Colilege, Oxford. Member of Institute of Electrical Engineers: B.B.C. television outside broadcasts manager, 1946-48.
South
Electorate: 52,009. 1959: 53.545 *Lucas-Tooth, Sir H. V. H. D.
(C) . . . . 18,452 Grant. A. A. (Lab) .. 11.441 Billenness, P. H. (L) .. 8,430
C majority .. 7,011 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.971, Lab. 11.016, L 7.134. C.
maj. 11,955.
StR HUGH LucAs-TroorH was Under- Secretary. H ome Office. 1952-55. He represented the Isle of Ely, 1924-29, and was returned for South Hendon in 1945. A barrister, called by Lincoln's Inn. 1933. Born January. 1903: educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Formerly Hugh Warrand. he assumed the name Lucas-
Tooth ,n 1920 when the baronetcy was recreated in favour of the eldest grandson of the first baronet, who died after losing his three sons in France during the war.
MACCLESFIELD
ElectoTate: 62,175. 1959: 58,892
'Harvey, Sir A. V. (C) .. 24,824
Coe, D. W. (Lab) .. 18,464 Hewlett-Johnson, G. (L) .. 8,975
C majority .. .. 6,360 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 28,978, Lab. 19,652. C. maj.
9,326.
SIR ARTHUR VER.E HARVEY was elected for Macclesfield in 1945. Chairman of the Conservative Parliamentary defence and aviatiort committees. Company director. Born January, 1906; educated at Framling- hbam College, Suaffolk. Served in R.A.F., 1925-30 and 1939-45. Adviser to Southern Chinese Air Forces, 1932-35; Sqdn. Ldr. A.F., 1937, and founded 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron and commanded the squadron in France, 1939-40.
MAIDSTONE
Electorate: 68,539. 1959: 63,304
Wells, J. J. (C) .. .. 25,079
Daly, J. (Lab) .. .. 17,143 Blow, S. (L) .. 11,244
C majority .. .. 7,936 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 30,115, Lab. 19,652. C. maj.
10,463.
MR. JOHoN WELLS was elected in 1959; contested Smethwick in 1955. He is a marine engineer, company director, and ,mall farmer. One of his ancestors repre- sented the seat more than a century ago. Born March, 1925; educated at Eton and Corpus Christi, Oxford. Member of Lcamington Spa Town Council. 1953-55. Apprenticed in engineering. he became an ,associate member of the Institute of Marine Enginecring in 1955.
MALDON
Electorate: 57,020. 1959: 54,378
*Harrison, A. B. C. (C) .. 21,547
Richards, S. G. (Lab) .. 20.016 Jacks, W. H. (L) .. 5,924
C majority .. 1,531 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,772. Lab. 19.532. L 3,860. C.
maj. 2240.
MR. BRIAN HARRISON was elected in 1955. An Australian, he is a farmer and estate manager. Parliamentarv private secretary to Minister of State, Colonial Office, 1955-56. to Secretary of State for War, 1956-58, and to Minister of Agriculture, 1958-60. Born October. 1921; educated at Geelong Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Rowed for Cam- bridge, 1948. Member of Victoria Pro- motion Commintee. Joint secretary. Con- servative Parliamentary Commonwealth affairs committee.
MANCHESTER
Ardwick
*Lever, L. M. (Lab) .. .. 20,248
Manser, W. A. P. (C) .. 12,834
Lab majority .. .. 7,414 NOCHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,134, C. 17,392. Lab. maj.
6,742.
MR. LESLIE LEVER was elected in 1950. A solicitor. Born 1905: educated at Man- chester Granumar School and Leeds Uni- versity. of which he is LL.D. (hon.), Lord Mayor of Manchester 1957-58- mem- ber of city council since 1932. A governor of Manchester University and Manchester Grammar School.
Blackley
Electorate: 56,481. 1959: 57,851
Rose, P. B. (Lab) .. .. 19,570
*Johnson, E. S. T. (C) .. 18,348 Hammond (L) .. 7,002
Lab majority .. 1,222 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22.163, Lab. 17,790. L 7,223.
C. maj. 4,373.
MR. PAUL ROSE is a lecturer and barrister. Born December, 1935; educated at Bury Grammar School and M nchester Uni- versity. Called by Gray's Inn, 1958. Associate of Institute of Lin. uists; former charmnan, Manchester FederaAion of Young Socialists. Member of Mar,chester Left Club, Fabian Society. Society of Labour Lawyers, and Co-operative Party.
Cheetham
Electorate: 40.276. 1959: 47,156
*Lever, N. H. (Lab) .. .. 16,046
Tresman, J. H. (C) .. 8,163
Lab majority .. .. 7,883 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 20.941, C. 11,605. Lab. maj.
9,336.
MR. HAROLD LEVER. a barrister, won the Exchange division in 1945 and Cheetham in 1950. Born January, 1914; educated at Manchester Grammar School and at the University. Called to the Bar by the Middle Temple, 1935. Prormoted the Defama- tion Act, 1952.
Exchange
Electorate: 36,175. 1959: 47.067
*Griffiths, W. D. (Lab) .. 13.952
Brookes, Miss B. A. (C) .. 6,242
Lab majority .. .. 7,710 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19.328. C. 10,604. Lab. maj.
8.724.
MR. WILLIAM GRIFFITHS won Moss Side from the Conservatives in 1945, and was returned for the Exchange division in 1950 A consulting ophthalmic optician, and a Fellow of the British Optical Association Bomn 1912: educated at Manchester ele- mentary schools and privately.
Gorton
Electorate: 56,721. 1959: 55,846
*Zilliacus, K. (Lab) .. .. 23,895
Hodson, E. (C) .. .. 19,465
Lab majority . .. 4,430 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.337. C. 22.480. Lab. maj.
857.
MR. KoNtn ZILImACVS was elected 1955. Represented Gatea head from 1945-50. Ex- pelled from the Labour Party. May, 1949. for opposing the Government's foreign policy, readmitted 1952. Author, lecturer and journa!ist, he speaks 10 languages. Born 1894 in Kobe, Japan: educated in Finland, Sweden and France, Bedales School, and Yale University. Member of League of Nations Secretariat. 1919-38.
Moss Side
Electorate: 50,142. 1959: 51,271
Taylor, F. H. (C) .. .. 14,875
MiChelSOn, P. W. (Lab) .. 10,647
Hargreaves, R. H. (L) .. 7,297
C majority .. .. 4,228 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,090, Lab. 13.371. C. maj.
8,719.
1961 By-election: C. 9,533, L. 6.447, Lab
5,980. Union Movt. 1,212. C. maj. 3,086.
MR. FRANK TAYLOR was roturned at a by- election in November, 1961, contested New. castle-under-Lyme in 1955 and Chorley in 1959. B..rn October, 1907. educated al Rutlish School, Merton. A chartered accountant. Member of Worshipful Com-
pany of Bakers. a financial director in the Ministry of Food. 1942, and a financial representative to the Ministry of War Trans- port, 1945-46. Played Rugby for Surrey;
won the Thames sculling championship in 1931, and the punting championship eight times; member bf the British Olympic Association.
DUNFERMJLINE
Electorate: 47,288. 1959: 47,737
Hunter, A. (Lab) ... .. 22,468
Kirkwood, 1. (C-Nat L) .. 14,033
Lab majority .. .. 8,435 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23,478, Nat. L and C. 14.744.
Lab. maj. 8,734.
MR. ADAM HuNmR is a miner, and an executive member of the National Union of Mineworkers, Soottish area. Born November, 1908; educated at elementary school. Member of Fife CountY Council. Seoretary of Fife Co-operative Association for 17 years; chairman West Fife con- stitueflcy party.
EDINBURGH
Central
Electorate: 36,588. 1959. 42,781
*Oswald, T. (Lab) .. .. 14,124
Fairbairm, N. H. (C) . 12,082
Lab majority .. .. 2,042 NO CHANGE
,1959: Lab. 15.849. C. 15,232. Lab. maj.
617.
MR. THOMAS OSWALD was elected in 1951. Contested West Aberdeenshire, 1950. An official of the Transport and General Workers' Union. Born May, 1904; edu- cated at elemantary school. Has been painter, shop assistant, tram driver, and shipyard worker. Was secretary-treasurer of the Scottish Parliamentary Labour group for nine years.
East
Electorate: 54,581. 1959: 54,756
Willis, E. G. (Lab) .. .. 24,808
MeEwen, R. L. (C) . 19,376
Lab majority .. .. 5,432 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22.244. C. 21.932. Lab. maj.
312.
MP. GEORGE WILLIS, a Labour spokes- man on naval affairs, was returned at a by- election in April, 1954. He was member for Edinburh, North, 1945-50; contested the division 1951. Bookseller. Born March, 1903; educated at City of Norwich Secondary School.
Leith
Electorate: 36,877. 1959: 39,750
*Hoy, J. H. (Lab) .. . 15,934
Stewart, G. (C) .. .. 12,777
Lab majority .. .. 3,157 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 15.092. Nat. L. and C. 12,018,
L. 4,475. Lab. maj. 3,074.
MR. JAMES HOY was elected in 1945. An interior decorator. Born January. 1909; educated at an elementary school and Causewayside and Sciences, Edinburgh. Parliamentary private secretary to Secre- tary of State for Scotland, 1947-50. Vice- president of the Trustee Savings Bank Asso- ciation. Member of Public Accounts Com- mittee.
North
Electorate: 39,888. 1959: 42,270
*Dalkeith, Earl of (C) . 17,094
Reid, A. D. (Lab) .. 12,264
C majority .. .. 4,830 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,991. Lab. 11.235. C. maj.
8,756.
1960 By-election: C. 12.109. Lab. 6,775,
L 3.458. C. maj. 5.334.
The EARL OF DALKEITH was returned at * by-election in May, 1960; contested Edin- burgh East, 1959. Appointed Parliament- ary private secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland, 1962, and to the Lord Advocate, 1961-62. A director. Born Sep- tember, 1923. only son of the eighth Duke of Buccleuch; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford In 1958 became a mem- ber of Roxburghshire County Council; chairman of Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles Unionist Association. Brigadier in the Royal Company of Archers.
Pentlands
Electorate: 53,743. 1959: 53,178
Wylie. N. R. (C) .. .. 20,181
Williamson, M. J. (Lab) .. 17,794 Abernethy, C. L. (L) 5,862
C majority .. .. 2,387 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25.742. Lab. 16.950. C. mai.
8,792.
MR. NORMAN WYLIE, Q.C., was appointed Solicitor-General for Scotland in April, 1964, while a prospective candidate. Born October, 1923; educated at Paislzy Grammar School, St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. and Glasgow and Edinburgh universities; admitted to Faculty of Advo- cates in 1952. Before appointInent as Solicitor-General he was junior counsel in Scotland to the Air Ministry and Advocate Depute.
South
Electorate: 50,055. 1959: 48,767
Hutchison, A. M. C. (C) .. 21,375
Kerr, J. W. (Lab) .. . 13,555 Guild, R. H. (L) - - .. 5.272
C majority .. . 7,820 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,799. Lab.. 11.285. L. 5.505. C.
maj. 11,514.
MR. MICHAEI. CLARK HtnUCMIISON was rcturned at a by-election in May. 1957: contested Motherwell in 1955. Born ii February. 1914: educated at Eton and Trinity College. Cambridge. A barrister (Gray's Inn. 1937). Political Officer and Assistant Secretary to the Aden Govern- ment 1948-54. National president, Scottish Young Unionists 1960-62. Parliamentary Private secretary to Secretary of State for Scotland 1960-62.
West
Electorate: 64,279. 1959: 57,293
#Stodart, J. A. (C) .. .. 26,298
Stocks, J. K. (Lab) . 18,359 Telfer, J. R. (L) .: .. 7,352
C majority ... .. 7,939 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,976, Lab. 14.044. L 5.962. C.
mai. 11,932.
MR. J. A. STODART was appointed Joint Under Secretary Scottish Office, in October, 1963. Elected 1959; contested Midlothian and Peebles in 1951 and Midlothian in 1955. Farms 700 acres in East Lothian. Born June, 1916; educated at Wellington College. Writer. lecturer and broadcaster on farming. Was joint vice-chairman of tbe Conservative agricultural committee.
FIFE EaS
Electorate: 49,782. 1959: 50.537
*Gilmnour, Sir J. E. (C) .. 21,001
Smith, J. (Lab) .. .. 9,765
Lt.-Cmdr. Wood, D. C. (L) 5,075 Braid, J. (Scot-Nat) . . 2,635 Greene, Miss L. M. C.
(Ind Loyalists) -. .. 257
C majority .. .. 11,236 NO CHANGE
1959: L. and C. 26.585. Lab. 11.421. L.
and C. maj. 15,164.
'1961 By-election: C. 15.948, Lab. 8.882.
L. 8;786. C. maj. 7.066.
SIR JOHN GIMouit was elected at a by- electon in 1961; contested East Stirling and Clackmannan 1945. Farmer and landowner. Born 6ctober, 1912; educated at Eton. Triniti Hall. Cambridge and Dundee School of Economics. Became deputy chairman. Conservative and Union- ist Party in Scotlarfd. 1963. Vice-chairman Conservative Parliamentary agricultural committee: member. Fife County Council, 1955-61: chairman. Scottish Country In- dustties Development Trust. Mcmber. Royal Company of Archers.
Sir G. de Freitas (Lab.), Kettering.
HUDDERSFIELD
East
Electorate: 51,193. 1959: 52,729
*Mallalieu, J. P. W. (Lab) .. 20,501
Fergusson. J. A. (C) .. 12,232 Jennings, B. (L) .. .. 7,494
Lab majority .. .. 8,269 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,474. C. 19.389. Lab. maj.
3,085.
MR. JOSEPH MALLALIEU was elected for Huddersfield in 1945, and was returned for the new constituency in 1950. He is a journalist and author. Born June, 1908; educated at Chelte'nham College. Trinity College, Oxford, and the University of Chicago.
West
Electorate: 50,748. 1959: 51,284
Lomas, K. (Lab) .. .. 14,808
*Wade, D. W. (L.) .. .. 13,528 Addey, J. F. W. (C) .. 13,054
Lab majority .. .. 1,280 LABOUR GAIN
1959: L. 25,273. Lab. 15,621. L. mai.
9,652.
MR. KENNETH LOMAS contested Maccles- field in 1955 and Blackpool, South, in 1951. He is an assistant regional organizer of the National Blood Transfusion Service. Born November, 1922; educated at Ashton under Lyne council and modern schools. Branch secretary of National Union of Public Emoloyees
HUNTINGDONSHIRE
Electorate: 50,483. 1959: 46,794
*Renton, D. L. M. (C-Nat) 20.320
Potter, L. J. (Lab) 12,456 Thorold, P. G. H. (L) 6,992
C-Nat majoritv 7,864 NO CHANGE
1959: Nat. L. and C. 20,254, Lab. 11,983,
L 5,389. Nat. L. and C. maj. 8,271.
MR. DAVID RENTON, Q.C.. was Minister of State. Home Office 1961-62, Under Secretary, Home Office, 1958-61, and Parliamentary Sccretary, Ministry of Power, 1955-58. Elected for Huntingdonshire in 1945. Called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn, 1933; elected a Bencher in November. 1962. Born August. 1908: educated at Oundle School and University College. Oxford.
HUY'I'ON
Electorate: 86,129. 1959: 77.371
*Wilson, I. H. (Lab) .. .. 42,213
Tucker, H. (C) .. .. 22,940 Baker. M. (Comm Anti
Revisionist) .. .. 899
Lab majority .. . 19,273 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 33.111, C. 27.184. Lab. maj.
5.927.
MR. HAROLD WILSON was elected leader of the Labour Party in February, 1963. after the death of Mr. Hugh Gaitskell. Unsuc- cessfully contested the leadership in 1960. Was principal Opposition spokesman on foreign affairs from November, 1961. and previously on Treasury subjects. Elected to the national executive of the party in 1952: chairman 1961-62. A member of the Parliamentary Committee since 1954. From 1945 to 1950 represented Ormskirk: elected for Huyton in 1950. Born March 1916; educated at council and grammar schools and at Jesus College, Oxford. Economic assistant to the War Cabinet Secretar at 1940-41 ; director of economics and statistics, Ministry of Fuel and Power. 1943-44. Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Works, 1945; Secretary for Overseas Trade, March, 1947; President of the Board of Trade, September, 1947; resigned in 1951 over l1abour's budgetary policy. Chairman, Public Accounts Committee. 1959-63.
ILFORD
North
Electorate: 66,769. 1 959: 67,208
*Iremonger, T. 1.. 1. S. V. (C) 24.096
Punshon, J. A. (Lab) . 16 563 Mil.ls, D. K. (L) .. *. 1069;
C' majority .. .. 7,533 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,609, Lab. 15,962. L. 7,915. C.
maj. 13.647.
MR. THIOMAS IREMONGER was returned at a by-election in February, 1954. Born March, 1916: educated at Oriel College, Oxford; sailing Blue, 1938.
South
Electorate: 58,066. 1959: 60.678
*Cooper, A. E. (C) .. .. 18,352
Shaw, A. J. (Lab) .. .. 16,659 McGregor. P. (L) .. .. 8,547
C majority .. .. 1,693 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,876. Lab. 16.569, L. 6,832. C.
maj. 7.307.
MR. ALBERT COOPER contested Dagenham in 1945 and was returned for South Ilford in 1950. He is a company director. Born Septetnber, 1910; educated at the London C'ollege of Choristers and overseas.
ILKESTON
Electorate: 68.796. 1959: 69,719
Fletcher, L. R. (Lab.) .. 33,924
T,illett. J. N. L. (C.) .. ]3,542 Edwards, Mrs. M. V. (L.) .. 8.930
Lab. majority .. .. 20,382 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 39,930. C. 18,286. Lab mai.
21,644.
MR. RAYMOND FLETCHER, a journalist and author contested Wycombe in 1955. Born December, 1921: educated at second- ary school and university extra-mural classes. Served in Army 1941-48. Acted as military adviser on Joan Littlewood's Oh What a Lovely War.
INCE
Electorate: 54,140. 1959: 51,273
McGuire. M. T. (Lab) .. 31,042
Goodhart, F. H. G. H, (C) 12,077
Lab majority .. .. 18,965 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab 30.752, C. 11.795. Lab. maj.
18.957.
MR. MICHAEI. MCGUIRE is a branch secre- tary of the National Union of Mineworkers. Born May, 1926; elementary education, executive member St. Heleas Trades and Labour Council.
KINGSTON UPON HULL
North
Electorate: 61,783. 1959: 63,918
Solomons, H. (Lab) .. .. 20,664
*Coulson, J. M. (C) .. .. 19,483 Millward, Mrs. L. S. (L) .. 7.570
Lab majority .. .. 1,181 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 23,612, Lab. 22,910, L 5,604
C. maj. 702.
MR. HENRY SOLOMONS is a sales office manager. Born November, 1912: edu- cated at L.C.C. schools. Vice-chairman of North Hammersmith Labour Party. Member of Stepney Borough Council, 1934- 40, and Hammersmith Borough Council since 1953 (deputy leader). Chairman of London divisional council of Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers; governor of Westminster Hospi-tal.
West
Electorate: 61,577. 1959: 64.100
Johnson, J. (Lab) .. .. 24,855
Bellak, J. G. (C) .. .. 18,825
Lab majority .. . 6,030 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25,446. C. 23,011. Lab. maj.
2.435.
MR. JAMES JOHNSON represented Rugby, 1950-59. A teacher, he has been education adviser to the Government of Liberia. Born September, 1908: educated at Duke's School, Alawick, and Leeds University. Has served on Coventry City Council, and the Fabian Society executive. Formerly overseas officer for National Union of General and Municipal Workers, organizing African trade unions of local government workers and civil servants in Kenya.
KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES Electorate: 58,884. 1959: 60,403
*Boyd-Carpenter, J. A. (C) .. 23.973
Braddock, T. (Lab) .. 13,611 Rundle, S. (L) .. ,, 7,827
C majority .. .. 10,362 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 31,649, Lab. 15,408. C. maj.
16,241.
MR. JOHN BoYD-CARPENTER became Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Paymaster- General in July, 1962. He had been Mini- ster of Pensions and National Insurance since 1955: Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation from 1954: and Financial Seore- tary to the Treasury from 1951. A barrister. called by the Middle Temple, 1934. Elected for Kingston-upor-Thames5 July, 1945. Born 1908: educated at Stowe and Balliol College, Oxford.
KNUTSFORD
Electorate: 62,495. 1959: 52,999 *Bromley-Davenport, Sir
W. H. (C) .. .. 26.826 Hunkin, M. J. (L) .. 12,499 Dollimore, D. (Lab) .. 10,882
C majority .. .. 14,327 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 27,270, L. 8.117, Lab. 7.945. C.
maj. 19,153.
LIEUT.-COL. SIR WALTLR BROMLEY- DAVENPORT was elected in 1945. Born 1903; educated at Malvern. His family has been linked with the House of Commons since the reign of Queen Elizabethb when one ancestor was Lord Chancellor. Another, William Bromley was Speaker during the reign of Queen Anne. Joined Grenadier Guards. 1922: raised and com- manded the 5th Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment.
LANCASTER
Electorate: 44,068. 1959: 43,714
*Berkeley, H. J. (C) .. .. 18.811
Gardner, E. (Lab) .. 16,330
C majority .. .. 2,481 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 20.783, Lab. 15.255. C. m3j. 5.528.
MR. HUMPHRY BERKELEY was elected in 1959: contested Southall 1951. Secretar, Conservative Parliamentary West Africa subcommittee of the Commonwealth affairs committee. A company director and head of publicity and public relations for a group of civil engineering companies Born February, 1926: educated at Dragon School, Oxford, Malvern, and Pembroke College, Cambridge: president of the Union 1948. Conservative Party political education officer for London 1949-55: national political education oflicer at party headquarters 1955-57.
LEEDS
East
Electorate: 66,944. 1959: 67,074
*Healey. D. W. (Lab) .. .. 29,480
Fawcett, J. A. (C) .. .. 21.474
Lab majority .. .. 8,006 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 28,707, C. 23.922. Lab. mai.
4,785.
MR. DENIS HEALEY, Labour's chief cpokesman on defence, and previously on Commonwealth. colonial, and foreign affairs. has been a member of the Parl:a- mentary Committee since 1959. Elected for South-East Leeds at a by-election in 1952. and for East Leeds in 1955: contest d Puidsey and Otlev 1945. Born 1917: educated at Bradford Grammar Schooi a- d Balliol College, Oxford (double first). He was secretary of the l.abour Party inter- niationall department 1946-52.
North-East
Electorate: 54.740. 1959: 54.594
*Joseph, Sir K. (C) .. .. 23.613
Gould, K. (Lab) .. .. 15.288
C majority .. .. 8,325 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 26,240. Lab. 14.701. C. mal.
11.531.
SIR KEITH JOSEPH was appointed Mini- ster of Housing and Local Government and Minister for Welsh Affairs in July, 1962. He had been Parliamentary Secre- tary to the Min'stry from October. 1959-61
.and Minister of State. Board of Trade,
961-62. Returned at a by-election in February. 1956. Contested Barons Court in 1955. Born January, 1918: educated at Harrow and Magdalen College- Oxford: called to the Bar by the Middle lemple, 1946: Fellow of All Souls, 1946-60.
North-West
Electorate: 74,417. 1959: 69,243
*Kaberry, Sir D. (C) - . .. 29,859
Matthews. D. B. (Lab) .. 18.862 Rhodes, R. H. J. (L) .. 8,728
C majority .. .. 10,997 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 35,210, Lab. 18,508. C. maj.
16,702.
SIt DONALD KABERRY was elected in 1950. Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Trade, April-October. 1955. Vice-chair- man, Conservative Party Organization.
1955-61; chairman, Association of Conservative Clubs. 1961. A solici- tor. Born August, 1907; educated at Leeds Grammar School.
South
Electorate. 49,151. 1959: 52,822
*Rees, M. (Lab) .. .. 22,339
Woodward, P. (C) .. . 12,123 Ramelson. B. (Comm) .. 928
Lab majority .. 10,216 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,442, C. 12,956, L 4.340. Lab.
maj. 11,486.
1963 By-election: Lab. 18,785, C. 5.996, L.
4,399. Comm. 670. Lab. maj. 12.789.
MR. MERLYN REES was returned at a by- election in June. 1963; contested Harrow,
East, in 1955 and 1959. Economics lecturer. Born Decemn-ber. 1920: educated at Harrow Weald Grammar School, Goldsmith's Col- lege, and London School of Economics.
LONDON
St. Marylebone
Electorate: 50,003. 1959: 55,080
*Hogg, Q. M. (C) .. .. 18,117
Plouviez, P. W. (Lab) .. 9,324 Capel, A. W. R. (L) .. 4,776
C majority .. .. 8.793 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,278, Lab. 8.507. L. 4.304. C.
maj 14,771.
1963 By-election: C. 12.495. Lab. 7.219.
L. 3.016. C. maj. 5,276.
MR. QUINTIN HOGG, O.C., renounced the Haulsham viscounty On November 20. 1963, to return to the Commons, and was elected for St. Marylebone on December 5, 1963. Lord President of the Council and the first Minister for Science, he was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science on the creation of the department in April. 1964. Born 1907; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford: president of the Union 1929. Called to the Bar (Lincoln's Inn) 1932, he took silk 1953. Minister of Education, 1957: Lord President of the Council, 1957: Lord Privy Seal and Minister for Science, 1959; and again Lord l'resident of the Council and Minister for Science in 1960. Chairman of the Conservative Party Organization, 1957-59.
St. Pancras North
Electorate: 53,670. 1959: 59,194.
'Robinson, K. (Lab) .. .. 2U,516
Warren, K. R. (C).. .. 11,954 Nicolson, J. (Comm) . 1,140
Lab majority .. .. 8,562 NO CHANGE
.959: Lab. 22.257. C. 15.949, Nat. Lab.
1,685, Com4m. 1,230. Lab. maj. 6.308. MR. KENNETH ROBINSON became Lab- our's chief spokesman on health in 1961. Has represented St. Pancras North from 1949 by-election. Born March, 1911; edu- cated at Oundle. An insurance broker at Lloyd's 1927-1940: company secretary 1946-49. An Opposition whip 1951-54,
Shoreditch and Finsbury
Electorate: 47.791. 1959: 53,210
Brown, R. W. (Lab) .. .. 18,207
Bramble, R. J. L. (C) .. 8,412
Lab majority .. .. 9,795 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,744, C. 11.178. Lab. maj..
11,566.
MR. RONALD BiOw - is a senior lecturer. Born September, 1921; educated at elemen- tary school in South London and Borough Polytechnic. He is the brother of Mr. George Brown, dePuty leader of the Labour Party. Alderman and leader of the new London borough of Southwark; leader of Camberwell Borough Council.
Southwark
Electorate: 58.334. 1959: 61.747
*Gunter, R. J. (Lab) .. 22.426
Noble, A. P. R. (C) .. 8.563 Bent, S. P. (Comm) .. 1.599
Lab majority .. .. 13,863 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 25.036. C. 12,696, Comm. 1,395.
Lab. maj.. 12.340.
MR. RAYMoND GUNTrER was returned for Southwark in 1959. Vice-chairman of the Labour Party 1963-64; mcmber of national executive from 1956. Elected to Parlia- mrentary Committee of the party 1960. Principal spokesman on power, 1960-61. and subsequently on industrial affairs. Born August, 1909; elementary educaton. A railwayman: branch officer, Railway Clerks' Association. 1929-41. President of the Transport Salaried Staffs Associa- tion from 1956. Represented South-East Essex 1945-50 and Doncaster 1950-51; con- tested Doncaster in 1951 and 1955.
Stepney
Electorate: 60.806. 1959: 63,932
Shore, P. D. (Lab) .. .. 22,284
Davison, T. F. H. (C) .. 6.466 Kaye, S. (Comm) .. .. 2.454
Lab majority .. .. 15,818 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 26,875. C. 8,566. Comm. 2,548.
Lab. maj. 18.309.
MR. PETER SHORE contested St. Ives 1950 and Halifax 1959. A political economist, and.head of Labour Party research depart- ment. Born May, 1924; educated at Quarrv Bank FHgh School, Uverpool, and King's College, Cambridge. Member of Fabian Society.
Stoke Newington and Hackney North
Electorate: 65.191. 1959: 64,723
*Weitzman, D. (Lab) .. .. 21.777
White, R. L. (C) .. .. 10,843 Bright, J. (L) .. .. 5,324
Lab majority .. .. 10,934 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,950, C. 14,415, L 6,076. Lab.
maj. 8,535.
MR. DAVID WEITZMAN, Q.C., was mem- ber for Stoke Newington. 1945-50. and was elected for the reconstituted division in 1950. Born June, 1898: educated at Hutettsons' Grammar School, Glasgow. and Manchester University. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. 1922.
Wandsworth Central
Electorate: 58,338 t959: 61.831
Kerr. Dr. D. L. (Lab) .. 20,581 *Hughes-Young, M. H. C.
(C) .. .. .. 18.336 Locke, R. A. (L) .. ,. 4,369
Lab majority .. . 2,245 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C 23.655. Lab. 21,683. L. 4.287.
C. maj. 1,972.
DR. DAVID KERR contested Streatham in 1959. General practitioner. Born March, 1923: educated at Whitgift School and Middlesex Hospital: Machoglen Scholar, Royal College of Surgeons, 1941. Secre- tary, Socialist Medical Association. 1957- 63. Represents Wandsworth Central on L.CC. Founder member of College of General Practitioners.
Wandsworth Clapham
Electorate: 52.826. 1959: 55.894
McKay, Mrs. M. (Lab) .. 17,657
*Glyn, Dr. A. (C) .. .. 17,101 Lyden-Cowan, P. (L) .. 2,611 Russell, Dr. D. G. (Radical
Lib) .. .. .. 847
Lab majority .. 556 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. Z2,266, Lab. 20.390. C. maj. 1.876.
MRS. MARGARrr McKAY contested Walthamstow E., 1959. A public relations consultant. Born January, 1911: elemen- tary education. Formerly chief woman officer to Trades Union Congress: held administrative posts with Civil Service Clerical Association and Transport and General Workers- Union.
Wandsworth Putney
Electorate: 71.084. 1959: 71,772
Jenkins, H. G. (Lab) .. 24,581
*Linstead, Sir H. N. (C) .. 23.274 Cowen, A. (L) . - .. 6,856
Lab majcrity .. .. 1,307 LABOUR GAhN
1959: C. 28,236. Lab. 23,115, L. 6.166. C.
mai. 5.121.
MR. HUGH JENKINS contested Mitcham in 1955 and Enfield, West, in 1950. Assistant general secretary, Britisb Actors' Equity Association. Born, July. 1908: educated at Enfield Grammar School. Member of L.C.C. Member of drama panel of Arts Council; joint secretary of Theatres Advisory Council. Member of London Labour Party executive 1962.
NOTTINGHAM
Central
Electorate: 55,988. 1959: 62,475
Dunnett, J. J. (Lab.) .. .. 21,040
Cordeaux, Lt.-Col. J. K. (C) 18,912
Lab majority .. .. 2,128 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24,004. Lab. 21.869. C. maj. 2.135.
MR. JACK Dum*&=r is a solicitor. Born June, 1922; educated at Whitgift Middle School, Croydon, and Downing College, Cambridge. Member of Middlesex County Council, 1958-61: miember of Enfield Borough Council. 1958-63 (alderman 1961). Elected to Greater London Council, 1964. Chairman, Brentford Football Club.
North
Electorate: 66.477. 1959: 63,163
*Whitlock, W. C. (Lab) .. 29,535
Fry, P. D. (C) .. .. 20,578 Peck, J. H. (Commn) .. 1,579
Lab majority .. .. 8,957 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,005. C. 18,952, L. 6,581.
Comm. 1,331. Lab. maj. 5.053.
MR. WILLIAM WMrLoc-K was elected in 1959. Opposition whip, 1962. Appointed area organizer of the Union of Shop Dis- tributive and Allied Workers. 1946. Born June, 1918; educated at Itchen Grammar School, Southampton. and Southampton University.
South
Electorate: 65,663. 1959: 65,459
'Clark, W. G. (C) .. .. 23,594
Back, W. F. (Lab) .. 21,046 Stratford, Dr. B, S. (L) .. 6,690
C majority .. .. 2,548 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 29,607, Lab. 22,235. C. maj.
7.372.
MR. WILLIANM CLARK was elected in 1959; contested Northampton 1955. An accountant. Born October, 1917; educated at a London secondary school. Member of Wandsworth Borough Council, 1949- 1953. Joint secretary of the Conservative Parliamentary finance committee.
West
Electorate: 53,542. 1959: 54,582
English, M. (Lab) .. .. 23,055
*Ta,psell, P. H. B. (C) .. 20,763
Lab majority .. .. 2,292 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 22,052, Lab. 21,888. C. maj. 164.
MR. MICIIAEL ENGLISH contested Shipley in 1959. An assistant departmental mana- ger. Boru December, 1930. educated at King George V Grammar School, Stock- port. and Liverpool Universit'. Mem- ber of Rochdale Borough Council since 1953 (elected at age 22), and chairman finance conimittee.
NUNEATON
Electorate: 61,627. 1959: 58,038
*Bowles, F. G. (Lab) .. .. 26,059
Marland, D. S. (C) .. 14,357 Campbell, J. (L) .. .. 8,953
Lab majority .. .. 11,702 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,894, C. 15.354. L 7.227. Lab.
mai. 9.540.
MaIR FRANK BOWVLES was returned at a by-election in 1942. Previously contested North Hackney in 1929, 1931, and 1935, and a Preston by-election in 1936. He is a solicitor. Born May, 1902; educated at Highgate School and London University. Vice-chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party 1946-48, and Deputy Chair- man of Ways and Means. 1948-50.
OLDBURY AND HALESOWEN
Electorate: 69,109. 1959: 68,892
Horner, J. (Lab) .. .. 22,099
Lugg, P. H. (C) .. .. 21,182 Floris, C. F. (L) .. .. 11,210
Lab majority .. .. 917 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 23.861, C. 21,478. L. 10,343.
Lab. mai. 2.383.
MR. JoHN HORNER is general secretary of the Fire Brigades Union. Born November, 1911; educated at elementary school and St. George Monoux gramrnar school.
OLDHAM
East
Electorate: 51,898. 1959: 54,520
*Mapp, C. (Lab) .. .. 18,112
Nutting, A. (C) .. .. 14,181 Burton, Miss M. E. (L) 7,574
Lab majority .. .. 3,931 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 19,329, C. 17,499, L. 6,660.
Lab. maj. 1,830.
MR. CEARLES MAPP was elected in 1959; contested the constituency in 1955, Stret- ford in 1951, and Northwich in 1950. A railway goods agent. Born in 1903; edu- cated at elementary and grammar schools. A former member of the Sale Urban Council.
West
Electorate: 48.933. 1959: 51,845
*Hale, C. L. (Lab) .. .. 21,588
Bromley-Davenport, W. A.
(C) .. .. .. 15,152
Lab majority .. . 6,436 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 22,624, C 18,505. Lab. mai.
4,119.
MR. LESLIE HALE was returned for Old- ham in 1945 and for West Oldham 1950; contested South Nottingham 1929 as a LiberaL He is a solicitor. Born July, 1902: educated at Ashby-de-la-Zouch Granmmar School.
ORMSKIRK
Electorate: 71,050. 1959: 61,420
*Glover, Sir D. (C.) .. .. 33,704
Harold, J. (Lab.) .. .. 20,186
C. majority .. .. 13,518 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 32,952, Lab. 14,701. C. mai.
18,251.
SiR DOUGLAs GLOVER was elected in 1953; contested Blackburn. 1945. and Staly- bridge and Hyde in 1950 and 1951. Born 1908; educated at Giggleswick. Managing director of a firm of clotihng manufacturers. Member of national executive of the Con- servative Party: chairman of National Union, 1961.
ORPINGTON
Electorate: 54,846. 1959: 51,872
*Lubbock, E. R. (L) .. .. 22,637
McWhirter, N. D. (C) .. 19,565 Merriton, P. A. W. (Lab) 4,609
L majority .. .. 3,072 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 24,303. Lab. 9.543. L 9.092. C.
maj 14,760.
1962 By-election: L 22,846. C. 14.991.
Lab. 5.350. L. maj. 7,855.
MR. EtIc LUBBOCK captured the seat for liberals at the March, 1962. by-election- the first by-election win for his party since 1958, and the first seat lost by the Govern- ment since the 1959 general election. He is an engineer. Born September, 1928; educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Ontario. and BaHliol College, Oxford. Member of Orpington Urban Dis- trict Council, 1961-62. Member of United Nations Association national executive; secretary, Parliamentary Civil l.iberties group; member of Parliamentary and Scientific committee,-
LONDON
Wandswortb Streatham
Electorate: 51,910. 1959: 50,916
*Sandys, D. (C) .. .. 19,408
Walker, J. L. (Lab) .. 12,085 Miller, A. H. J. (L) .. 5,261 Brooks, W. A. (Ind.
Loyalists) .. .. 497
C majority .. .. 7,323 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 23,479, Lab. 10.773. L 5.039. C.
maj. 12.706.
MR. DUNCAN SA^NDY S became Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies in July, 1962, the first Cabinet Minister to preside over the two departments. He had been Secretary of State for Comrnonwealth Relations for the previous two years. Appointed Minister of Aviation October. 1959; Minister of De- fence 1957-59; Miinister of HcRising and Local GoveFnment. 1954-57, and Minister of Supply in 1951. He served in the war- time Government as Financial Sccretary to the War Office. Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply. and Minister of Works; Chairman of the War Cabinet com- mittee for defence against German V weapons and of the bomb damase repairs executive. M.P. for Norwood 1935-45
elected for Streatham in 1950 Fuander and President. Civic Trust. Born January, 1 908; educated at Eton and Magdalen Col- lege. Oxford, and ioined the diplomatic sorvice. Disabled on active serwice, 1941.
Woohvich East
Electorate: 47,061. 1959: 46,349
*Mayhew, C. P. (Lab) *. 22,158
Clarke, D. W. (C) .. .. 10,303
Lab majority .. .. 11,855 No CHANGE
1959: Lab 22,353. C. 12,638. Lab. mai.
9.715.
MR. CHRISTOPHER MAY-HE\, a party spokesman on foreign affairs from Decem- ber. 1961, and previously on War Office matters, has concerned himself also with information services and broadcasting. Represented South Norfolk. 1945-50. returned for East Woolwich at a by-election. 1951. Under-Secretar3 for Foreign Affairs, 1946-50. Born, June. I 915; educated at Haileybury and Christ Churoh Oxford: President of the Union, 1937. Television broadcaster and writer. Vice- chairan, Great Britain-U.SE&R. Associa- tion. Chairman, East Europe Cornmittee of British Council.
Woolwich West
Electorate: 54,359. 1959: 54,563
Hamling, W. (Lab) . .. 22,420
*Turner, C. W. C. (C) . . 20,639 Mallone, R. S. (Fellowship
Party .. .. .. 1,112
Lab majority .. 1,781 LABOUR GAIN
1959: C. 24.373. Lab. 20.678. Fellowship
Party 1.189. C. mai. 3.695.
MR. WILLIAM HAMtLING contested the division in 1955 and 1959. Torquay in 1956. Wavertree in 1950 and 1951. and South. port in 1945. A lecturer. Born August, 1912: educated at ele-mentary school. Liverpool Institute. and University of Uverpool. Member of Fabian Socicty.
LOUGHBOROUGH
Electorate: 55,193. 1959: 54,225
*Cronin, J. D. (Lab) .. .. 22.081
Leatham. J. L. (C) .. .. 17.671 Stevenson, Ci. R. S. (L) .. 6.558
Lab majority .. .. 4,410 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21.496. C. 17.749. L. 6,303.
Lab. maj. 3.747.
MR. JOHN CRONIN was elected in 1955. A consultant surgeon. Born 1916; educated at London University. Adviser on indus- trial injuTies to several trade unions. Ern- ployed by the Government of Malta in 1957 to report on the medical services there and make re.ommendations for a national health service. Former surgeon Royal Free Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital. A member of the L.C.C. 1952-55. Opposi- tion whip. 1959-62.
LOUTH
Electorate: 55,677. 1959: 51,773
*Osborne. Sir C. (C) . . .. 21.227
Macdonald. F. R. (Lab) .. 14.188 Marshall. E. 1. (L) .. 7.949
C majoritv .. 7,039 NO CHANGE
1959: C 24,211, Lab. 15,408. C. maj. 8.803.
SIR C1RII OSBORNE was elected in 1945. A stockbroker and company director. Born. June, 1898: cducated at University Col- lege, Nottingham: past master Framework Knitters: liveryman, Worshipful Company of Bakers; member of the council of the Association of British Chambers of Com- merce. Chairman, Anglo-Soviet Parlia- mentary Group. Joint secretary, Parlia- mentary and Scientific Committee.
LOWESTOFT
Electorate: 60.775. 1959: 57,814
*Prior. J. M. L. (C) . . .. 23.976
Atkins. R. H. (Lab) . 21.272 Steele. C. (i. A. (1 ) . 4,911
C majority .. ,704 NO CHANGE
19i9: C. 24.324. Lab. 22.835. C. raj.
1.489.
NIR. JAMES PRiOR was elected in 1959. Parliamentary private se*retary to Presi- dent of the Board of Trade and joint secre- tary of the Conservative Parliamentary agriculture committee Farmer and laItl agent, Born October, 1927; educated at Orwell Park, Charterhouse, and Pembroke College, Cambridge.
LUDLOW
Electorate: 47,482. 1959: 46,735
*More, J. (C) . . . . . . 17,290
Prendergast. M. K. (Lab) . 10.763 Griffiths, J. C. (L) .. .. 8,768
C majority .. .. 6,527 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 21,464, Lab. 14.138. C. maj.
7,326.
1960 By-election: C. 13,777, L. 8.127. Lab.
7,812. C. maj. 5,650.
MP. JASPER MoRr was made an assistant whip in February, 1964. Elected at a by- election in November, 1960. Born July. 1907; educated at Eton and King's College. Cambridge. A barrister. called by Lincotn's Inn, 1930, and Middle Temple, 1931. Landowner, farmer and market gardener. Introduced Deer Aot to protect deer not kept in enclosed parks. Metnber of N.F.U. since 1948, chairrnan of county branch of the Country Land-
owners' Association. 1955-60. Eleced to Salop County Council, 1958. SecretarY.
Conscrvative parliamentary housing and local government, and pubLic building committee. Deputy Lord Lieutenant for Shropshire.
LUTON
Electorate: 59,299. 1959: 59,769
*Howie, W. (Lab) . . .. 23,751
Simeons, C. F. C. (C) .. 23,028 Chater, A. (Comm) .. 567
Lab majority .. .. 723 NO CHANGE
1959: L. & C 27,153, Lab. & Co-op. 22,134.
L. & C maj. 5,019.
1963 By-election: Lab. 21.108, C 17,359.
L. 5.001, Comm. 490. Lab. mai. 3,749 MR. WILL HowIE won the seat at a by- election in November, 1963; contested Cixics of London and Westminster in 1959. A civil engineer. Born March. 1924; educated at Marr College, Troon, and Glasgow University. Member of D.A.T.A. and an L.C.C. school governor.
SCOTLANI
ABERDEEN
North
Electorate: 61,776. 1959: 66,351
*Hughes, H. S. J. (Lab) .. 31,844
Mclnnes, J. C. (C) .. 14,366
Lab majority .. .. 17,478 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 32,793, C. 15,137. Scot. Nat.
2,964. Lab. maj. 17,656.
MR. HECTOR HUGHEs, Q.C., entered Parliament in 1945; contested North-West Camberwell in 1931 and 1935. Born 1887: educated at Diocesan Scbool, St. Andrews's College, and Dublin University. Barrister. called to Irish Bar (King's Inns 1915) and English Bar (Gray's Inn, 1923); member of Middle Temple, 1932. Ghana Bar, 1957; Q.C. 1932. Author of law books. A founder of Socialist Party of Ireland, 1918, and of Irish Co-operative Press. 1920.
South
Electorate: 61.636. 1959: 58,086
*Tweedsmuir, Lady (C) .. 25,824
Dewar, D. C. (Lab) .. 21.926 Reid. J. B. (Scot Nat) .. ,197
C majority .. .. 3,898 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 25,471, Lab. 17,349. L. 4.558. C
maj. 8.122.
LADY TWEEDSMUIR was appointed Joint Under-Secretary, Scottish Office, in Decem- ber, 1962. Elected for South Aberdeen at a by-election in 1946; contested North Aberdeen in 1945. Moved the Address in reply to the Queen's Speech in 1957. the second woman to do so. Vice-chairman, advisory committee on juvenile crime, 1%3. Born January, 1915; educated in England, Germany and France.
ABERDEENSHIRE
East
Electorate: 43,502. 1959: 44,628
*Wolrige-Gordon P. (C.) .. 14.621
King. N. W. (L.) .. . 7.088 McGibbon, D. (Lab.) .. 6.840 Cockie, B. M. (Scot. Nat.) 1.925
C majority .. . 7,533 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 18.982. Lab. 10.980. C. mai.
8,002.
MR. PATRICK WOLRIGE-GORDON was rc- turned at a by-election in November, 1958, when stilt an undergraduate. Born in August. 1935. Educated at Eton and New College, Oxford where he was a member of the University Conservative Association. Parliamentary private secretary to Mr. Anthony Barber.
West
Electorate: 45,744. 1959: 46,429
*Hendry. A. F. (C) .. .. 16,429
Davidson. J. D. G. (L) .. 11.754 Mtunro, K. A. (Lab) 7,203
C majority .. .. 4,675 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22,937, Lab. 10,542. C. maj.
12,.395.
MR. FORBES HENDRY was elected in 1959: contested North Lanarkshire, 1955, Solicitor, chairmnan and director of com- panies. Born October. 1908: educated at Stirling High School and Glasgow Uni- versity. Town clerk of Denny and Dunt- pace, 1934-59. Commissioned in The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1935, and served until 1956, Chairman. Anglo- Tunisian parliamentary group, 1963.
ARGYLL Result to be
declared
AYR
Electorate: 46,269. 1959: 45,444
Younger, G. K. H. (C) .. 20.047
Eadie, A. (Lab) .. ,, 18,346
C majority .. .. 1,701 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 19,659. Lab. 16,303. C. maj. 3,356.
MR. GEORGE YOUNGER contested Lanark- shire, North, in 1959. Eldest son of Vis- count Younger of Leckie. A company director. Born September. 1931; educated at Cargilfield school., Edinburgh. Win- chester College, and New College, Oxford. Governor of Royal Scottish Academy. Stood down at Kinross and West Perth- shire by-election in 1963.
AYRSHIRE, CENTRAL
Electorate: 50,510. 1959: 48,596
*Manuel. A C. (Lab) .. .. 23,999
Rickman, G. R. (C) .. 18.523
Lab majority .. .. 5,476 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 21,901, C. 20,225. Lab. mai.
1.676.
MR. A. C. IVIANUEL represented the divi- sion 1950-55 and was returned in 1959. An engine driver. Born March, 1901: edu- cated at elementary school, continuation and National Council of Labour classes. Served on Ardrossan Town Council for 15 years, Ayr County Council. and the Westcrn Regional Hospital Board.
AYRSHIRE, SOUTH
Electorate: 47.936. 1959: 48,063.
*Hughes, E. (Lab) .. .. 24.795
Hunter. W. H. (C).. .. 12.392
Lab majority .. .. 12.403 NO CHANGE
1959: Lab. 24,774, C. 14,105. Lab. maj.
10,669.
MR. EMRYS HUGHES was returned at a by-election in February, 1946. Journalist, pamphleteer, and author. Born, July, 1894: educated at Abercynon Council School, Mountain Ash Secondary School, and City of Leeds Training College.
BANFF
Electorate: 30,880. 1959: 32,129.
Baker, W. H. K. (C) .. .. 9,995
Dickson. H. (Lab) .. 5.574 Mcnair, T. A. (L) .. .. 5.354
C majority .. .. 4,421 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 14.359, Lab. 5.992. C. maj. 8.367.
MR. WILLFRED BAKER is a farmer. Born January, 1920; educated at Hardye's Schol and Nottingham, Edinburgh, and Cornell universities. Area chairman of constituency party. Factor of estates in Scotland, 1949-53, and now farms in Rothiemay. Founder member of no;i- party Scottish study group on Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
BERWICK AND EAST LOTHIAN
Electorate: 50,251. 1959: 50,569.
*Anstruther-Gray, Sir W. J. (C) 21,669
Mackintosh, J. P. (Lab) .. 21,044
C majority .. .. 625 NO CHANGE
1959: C. 22.472, Lab. 19,622. C. maj. 2,850.
SIR WILLIAM ANSTRUTHER - GRAY appointed Chaipnan of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker in January. 1962, represented North Lanark, 1931.45; con- tested Berwick and East Lothian, 1950; elected in 1951. Assistant Postmaster- General in the ""Caretaker"" Government. Chairman, Scottish Unionist Mvlembers' Committee, 1955-56.";"October 17, 1964";"";56145;"times?ocr=80:100&date=1945-01-01:2010-12-31&query=_european_union_&category=News";"General Election Results 1964";""