This is an alpha version and is only for experimental implementation.
Relation between a process and a realizable entity, where the unfolding of the process requires the execution of the function. Class level: P realizes F iff: given any p that instantiates P, there exists some f, t such that f instantiates F at t and p *realizes* f. Here, *realizes* is the primitive instance level relation.
As for has_participant, but with the additional condition that the component instance is causally active in the relevant process.
P has_participant C if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that: c instantiates C at t and c participates in p at t.
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
A relation between an entity and a quality. For types: E has_quality Q iff: for any eEt, exists qQt such that q inheres_in e at t. For instances: e has_quality q at t iff q inheres_in e at t and q instance-of Quality.
A relation between a snap:continuant C and a role R. The reciprocal relation of role_of.
A relation between a dependent continuant D and an entity E. D inheres_in E iff: given any d that instantiates D at t, there exists some e that instantiates E at t and d *inheres_in* e at t. Here *inheres_in* is the primitive instance level relation.
A relation between an instance and a class. For components: a primitive relation between a component instance and a class which it instantiates at a specific time. For processes: a primitive relation, between a process instance and a class which it instantiates, holding independently of time.
The instance_of relationship is considered axiomatic by the obo file format specification; ie it is taken for granted. The is_a relation is still included in this ontology for completeness.
For continuants: C part_of C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that c' instantiates C' at time t, and c *part_of* c' at t. For processes: P part_of P' if and only if: given any p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t, and p *part_of* p' at t. (Here *part_of* is the instance-level part-relation).
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
A chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 296 in the insecticide target GABA receptor gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance caused by a structural change of the insecticide target gene product leading to decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance due to a modification in insect behaviour that helps it avoid the lethal effect of insecticides.
Resistance due to a chemical-dependent modification in insect behaviour that helps it avoid the lethal effect of insecticides (e.G. repellance).
The karyotype of the members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex.
A karyotype having an homozygous j, c and u 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a j, b, c and u inverted 2R chromosome over a j, c, and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having an homozygous j, b, c and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A selected heritable characteristic in an insect population that results in the repeated failure of one single insecticide (but not others within or outside that class) to provide the intended level of control when used as recommended.
A karyotype having an homozygous b, c and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a c and u inverted 2R chromosome over a b, c, and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having an homozygous c and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a b inverted 2R chromosome over a b, c, and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a b inverted 2R chromosome over a c, and u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having an homozygous b inverted 2R chromosome.
Resistance resulting from a chemical-independent modification in behaviour that helps the insect avoid the lethal effect of insecticides.
A karyotype having a b,c and u inverted 2R chromosome over wild type.
A karyotype having a c and u inverted 2R chromosome over wild type.
A karyotype having a b inverted 2R chromosome over wild type.
A karyotype having an homozygous wild type 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a u inverted 2R chromosome over wild type.
A karyotype having an homozygous u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having a b and c inverted 2R chromosome over wild type.
A karyotype having a b and c inverted 2R chromosome over a u inverted 2R chromosome.
A karyotype having an homozygous b and c inverted 2R chromosome.
The karyotype of the members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex focusing on the right arm of the second chromosome.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato 2R kayotype
Structural change of COEa family gene product due to a mutation of the gene resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
COEa structural change of gene product in family
Structural change of gene product in family COEb family gene product due to a mutation of the gene resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
COEb structural change of gene product in family
Structural change of gene product in family COEjh family gene product due to a mutation of the gene resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
COEjh structural change of gene product in family
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of COEa gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of COEb gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of COEjh gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
Structural changes in GSTd gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTd gene family
Structural changes in GSTe gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTe gene family
Structural changes in GSTo gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTo gene family
Structural changes in GSTt gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTt gene family
Structural changes in GSTu gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTu gene family
Structural changes in GST gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in GSTz gene family
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTd gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTe gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTo gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTt gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTu gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GSTz gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Structural changes in CYP3 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP3 gene family
Structural changes in CYP4 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP4 gene family
Structural changes in CYP6 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP6 gene family
Structural changes in CYP9 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP9 gene family
Structural changes in CYP12 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP12 gene family
Structural changes in CYP15 P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
structural change of product in CYP15 gene family
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP12 P450 gene products.
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP15 P450 gene products.
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP3 P450 gene products.
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP4 P450 gene products.
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP6 P450 gene products.
Modified enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of CYP9 P450 gene products.
A chemical substance which is being used as insecticide.
isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl)salicylate
The ingredient which is pharmaceutically active in a pesticide formulation.
Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis toxin
A material with a definite chemical composition.
Bacillus thurigiensis var. sphaericus toxin
A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
Bacillus thurigiensis var. aizawai toxin
Bacillus thurigiensis var. kurstaki toxin
A protein that is a translation product of the ACHE gene or a one to one ortholog thereof.
Bacillus thurigiensis var. tenebrionensis toxin
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
Insecticidal crystal proteins are a group of bacterial endotoxins encoded by strains of B. thuringiensis during sporulation and deposited in the cytoplasm as inclusions; control agricultural pests; has been partially sequenced.
A chemical substance with the ability to kill insects.
inhibition of chitin biosynthesis sensu Lepidoptera
inhibition of chitin biosynthesis sensu Homoptera
NS - Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors
A means or manner of procedure, especially a regular and systematic way of accomplishing something.
A series of analytical procedures to detect the presence, and estimate the frequency of resistance phenotypes, or resistance-associated markers in wild populations at a given time or over a defined time period.
Diagnostic assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of a synergist.
bottle bioassay diagnostic test with synergist
An assay used to determine enzyme activity associated with insecticide resistance phenotypes.
An assay used to determine changes at genomic DNA or mRNA levels associated with insecticide resistance phenotypes.
Diagnostic assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Dose response assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of a synergist.
bottle bioassay dose response test with synergist
Dose response assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
A filter paper test procedure for detecting of esterases involved in organophosphate insecticide resistance.
Diagnostic assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides.
Biochemical assay to measure activity of AChE.
Dose response assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides.
Bioassay determining resistance as a consequence of the time of exposure to insecticide with the presence of a synergist.
Bioassay determining resistance as a consequence of the time of exposure to insecticide.
Time response test assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of a synergist.
bottle bioassay time response test with synergist
Biochemical assay which measures Cytochrome P450 activity.
Time response test assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Time response assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of a synergist.
COE quantitative assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase using napthyl acetate as a substrate.
COE quantitative assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase using 1-nitrophenyl-acetate as a substrate.
Biochemical assay which measures the activity of Glutathione S-transferases present, with the substrate CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene).
Biochemical assay which measures the activity of Glutathione S-transferases present, with the substrate DCNB (1,2-dichloro-4-dinitrobenzene).
Biochemical assay which measures heme peroxidase levels, as an indirect estimation of P450 monooxygenase activity.
Time response assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Molecular assay which measures gene expression levels (mRNA) associated with insecticide resistance.
Time response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO larvicide time response test with synergist
Molecular assay which measures gene amplification (increased copy number of one or more genes in a genome) of genes associated with insecticide resistance.
Time response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Time response assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO paper kit time response test with synergist
Time response assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Time response test assay, performed in a glass bottle coated with insecticides.
Time response assay, using WHO cone kit.
Time response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide.
Biochemical assay which measures GST-based DDTase activity in a biological sample.
COE quantitative assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase using malathion as a substrate.
RT-PCR based assay (Reverse Transcriptase - PCR) which measures gene expression products associated with insecticide resistance.
Time response assay, using WHO paper kit.
CoE quantitative assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase using a-napthyl acetate as a substrate.
CoE quantitative assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase using b-napthyl acetate as a substrate.
The ability of a insecticide product when used according to label directions to control, kill, repel or induce the desired action in the target pest as claimed.
In vivo assays to measure the rate of insecticide uptake, translocation or excretion by a living organism.
A bioassay without the use of any synergist.
Bioassay at preset insecticide dosage and a synergist present, scoring mortality to determine resistance of a population.
Dose response assay, using WHO cone kit.
Dose response assay, using WHO paper kit.
Diagnostic assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide.
Dose response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide.
Diagnostic assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of a synergist.
Dose response assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of a synergist.
Diagnostic assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Dose response assay, using WHO cone kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Diagnostic assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO larvicide diagnostic test with synergist
Dose response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO larvicide dose response test with synergist
Dose response assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Bioassay is a shorthand commonly used term for biological assay and is a type of scientific experiment. Bioassays are typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a living organism.
Biochemical assays to measure GST-peroxidase enzymatic activity (GST-mediated reduction of organic and inorganic peroxides).
Diagnostic assay, testing survival of larvae in a medium supplemented with insecticide, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Diagnostic assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Diagnostic assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO paper kit diagnostic test with synergist
Dose response assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of a synergist.
WHO paper kit dose response test with synergist
Dose response assay, using WHO paper kit, with the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as synergist.
Bioassay in which an insect population is exposed to a range of insecticide dosage and synergist present, scoring mortality to determine resistance.
Bioassay at preset insecticide dosage scoring mortality to determine resistance of a population.
Bioassay in which an insect population is exposed to a range of insecticide dosage scoring mortality to determine resistance.
In vivo assays to measure the rate of insecticide uptake, translocation or excretion by a living organism, using radio-labelled insecticide molecules.
Biochemical assay to measure activity of carboxylesterase.
Biochemical assay to measure activity of Cytochrome P450s in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay to measure activity of GSTs in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay to measure levels and activity of AChE in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay to determine whether acetylholinesterase activity depends on the presence or absence of insecticide in the assay.
Antibody-based assay to measure levels of GSTs present in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay (e.g. through electrophoresis) to detect levels and presence of CoE isoenzymes in a biological sample.
Antibody-based assay to measure levels of carboxylesterases present in a biological sample.
Antibody-based assays to measure, in a biological sample, levels of antigens.
Antibody-based assay to measure levels of P450 monooxygenases present in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay to measure peroxidase activity (reduction of organic and inorganic peroxides).
Biochemical assay to measure catalase activity (reduction of inorganic peroxides) present in a biological sample.
Biochemical assay to measure superoxidase dismutase activity (ability to eliminate oxygen free radical).
An electrophoresis, blot and hybridization procedure meant to detect specific RNA sequences.
Detection, in a population, of presence and frequency of mutant alleles for previously characterized mutations with insecticide resistance phenotypes.
Any molecular assay which leads to the identification of novel mutations.
A PCR based method that uses target specific probes labeled with fluorogenic chromophores.
DNA detection that uses a thermostable ligase to exquisitely discriminate between a mismatched and complementary DNA helix. Because the enzyme retains activity after multiple thermal cycles, the ligations may be repeated to linearly increase product [termed ligase detection reaction (LDR)].
Biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide.
Sequencing of a DNA fragment performed without using an automatic sequencing apparatus.
Molecular assays to determine RNA levels (measure gene expression) for a large number of genes, present in a sample.
Real Time PCR or quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a modification of the polymerase chain reaction used to rapidly measure the quantity of DNA, cDNA or ribonucleic acid present in a sample.
RT-PCR assay, to estimate relative abundance of a specific mRNA.
Sequencing of a DNA fragment performed using an automatic sequencing apparatus.
An assay that uses chemically modified, fluorescence-labeled insecticide molecules, to measure the rate of insecticide uptake, translocation or excretion by a living organism.
Insecticide immunostaining is a biochemical technique using an antibody-based method (specific antibodies raised against insecticides) to detect insecticides in a sample or tissue sections.
Analysis using a large scale genomic or cDNA microarray, often used as an exploratory approach.
Analysis using a small scale DNA microarray, which aims to sort through a small number of genes.
RNA dot blot is a technique used to detect biomolecules not separated by chromatography or electrophoresis; a mixture containing the molecule to be detected is applied on a membrane as a dot and detection by nucleotide probes follows, providing quick detection, but not information on the size of the biomolecule.
RNA profiling using a microarray. A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots, commonly representing single genes, arrayed on a solid surface, which meassure quantitative changes or less commonly qualitative changes, using the selective nature of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization under high-stringency conditions and fluorophore-based detection.
The method requires annealing of two oligonucleotides, called the upstream oligonucleotide and the probe, to a target sequence, which results in the formation of a unique substrate for the 5' nuclease. The probe contains two regions, an analyte-specific region that forms a duplex with the target and a noncomplementary 5' arm region, which is not required for enzyme activity but serves as a reporter molecule precursor. Cleavage of the probe occurs only when the probe and upstream oligonucleotide overlap; therefore, two target DNAs differing only by a single nucleotide that affects formation of the cleavage structure can be differentiated. This extraordinary specificity of substrate structure recognition by the 5' nuclease enables detection of single point mutations with a discrimination level required for single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis.
A method of DNA amplification similar to PCR. LCR differs from PCR because it amplifies the probe molecule rather than producing amplicon through polymerization of nucleotides. Two probes are used per each DNA strand and are ligated together to form a single probe. LCR uses both a DNA polymerase enzyme and a DNA ligase enzyme to drive the reaction. Like PCR, LCR requires a thermal cycler to drive the rxn and each cycle results in a doubling of the target nucleic acid molecule. LCR can have greater specificity than PCR.
The material used in the determination of insecticide resistance. Usually consisting of live or dead insects caught through a variety of methods.
Denotes a sample used in the analysis of insecticide resistance consisting of larvae derived from a laboratory population.
Mosquitoes collected as eggs in the field and grown to adult stage before determining resistance to insecticides.
F0 adults emerged from field collected eggs
Denotes a sample used in the analysis of insecticide resistance consisting of adults derived from a laboratory population.
Any animal biting catch designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting an animal indoors, i.e. Usually inside an animal shelter.
Any method designed to identify the species of the insect specimen under study, usually caught /isolated from a field population.
Refers to the biological material used in the analysis of insecticide resistance, in this case mosquitoes.
A field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are resting in a house during daytime.
Mosquitoes collected as pupae in the field and grown to adult stage before determining resistance to insecticides.
F0 adults emerged from field collected pupae
A method designed to catch specimens using a light trap that is positioned indoors.
A method designed to catch specimens using a light trap that is positioned outdoors.
A method designed to catch specimens using a trap.
Any field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting an animal. Usually performed by aspiration of the biting insect if it is small enough.
A method designed to catch specimens using a trap consisting of a netted structure into which insects can without the possibility of evasion. The trap is baited with dead or live animal inside the structure.
Any animal biting catch designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting an animal outdoors, i.e. Usually outside of an animal shelter.
A method designed to catch specimens using a trap consisting of a netted structure into which insects can without the possibility of evasion. The trap is baited with a human remaining inside the structure.
Any catch method that uses a device which consists of a black cylinder with a piece of cardboard. This device is used to control the aedes mosquito population.
Any field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting a man. Usually performed by aspiration of the biting insect if it is small enough.
Any animal biting catch designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting an animal outdoors.
Any animal biting catch designed to catch specimens that are in the process of biting a man indoors, i.e. Usually inside a house.
A method designed to catch specimens using an outlet window trap.
A method designed to catch specimens using a trap consisting of a netted structure into which insects can without the possibility of evasion. The trap is baited with a gentle stream of CO2 diffusing into the trap.
Any method designed to collect (and later examine) live larvae from a field population.
Any collection method of dead mosquitoes after their exposure to pyrethrum.
A field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are resting outdoors irrespective of the time of day.
A field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are resting outdoors on natural supports such as leaves, tree-holes, tree-stems, etc.
A field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are resting outdoors on artificial supports such as walls, furniture, etc.
A field population catch method designed to catch specimens that are resting indoors in an animal shed.
Mosquitoes collected as larvae in the field and used directly to determine insecticide resistance.
Mosquitoes collected as larvae in the field and grown to adult stage before determining resistance to insecticides.
F0 adults emerged from field collected larvae
Mosquito larvae derived from adult mosquitoes collected in the field, which were let to lay eggs in the laboratory.
F1 larvae bred from field collected mosquitoes
Mosquitoes derived from adult mosquitoes collected in the field, which were let to lay eggs in the laboratory. These were allowed to develop to the adult stage before determining their resistance to insecticides.
F1 adults from field collected mosquitoes
Refers to whether the mosquitoes used in the analysis of insecticide resistance were collected from a field population.
Refers to whether the mosquitoes used in the analysis of insecticide resistance were collected from an established strain or any other population kept in a laboratory under controlled conditions.
Refers to the adult mosquitoes present in a field population.
Refers to the adult mosquitoes collected from a field population for analysis of insecticide resistance.
Genetic crossings between specimens collected in the field to determine whether fertile progeny is produced.
Analysis of polytene chromosomes to determine, through cytological examination of the banding pattern, the species that they belong to.
Electrophoresis to determine the isozymes that are present in a given mosquito/population, from which in some cases the species can be determined.
Examination of the morphology to determine, through the use of specific "taxonomical keys" the species a specimen belongs to.
Use of a variety of PCR-based procedures to determine the species that a specimen belongs to.
Usage of labeled DNA fragments of variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long), to detect in DNA or RNA samples the presence of nucleotide sequences that are complementary to the sequence in the probe through hybridization.
A method designed to differentiate between morphologically very similar species that can be differentiated on the basis of survival depending on the salt concentration in the water used to lay their eggs.
A method using an aspirator to collect specimens.
Any population catch method using either aspiration or traps.
Any population catch method meant to collect live specimens.
Any population catch method meant to collect dead specimens.
Any method designed to collect (and later examine) dead mosquitoes from ground.
Any catch of live specimens method meant to collect mosquitoes from aquatic environment.
Any method designed to collect (and later examine) eggs from a field population.
Any method designed to collect (and later examine) live pupae from a field population.
Any method designed to collect (and later examine) live adults from a field population.
Any eggs collection method which targets naturally deposited eggs.
A baited light trap catch method which collects mosquitoes indoors.
A baited light trap catch method which collects mosquitoes outdoors.
A method designed to catch specimens using a trap consisting of a netted structure into which insects can without the possibility of evasion. The trap is baited with pheromones.
A light trap catch method which uses also a bait.
Any eggs collection method that uses scraping.
Any collection of larvae method that uses scraping.
Any collection of larvae method that uses traps.
Any collection of larvae method that uses dippers.
Any collection of pupae method that uses dippers.
A method designed to catch specimens using a light trap.
A chromosome found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato nuclear chromosome
A chromosome found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries inversions.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato inverted nuclear chromosome
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries inversions in its right arm.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato inverted nuclear chromosome 2R
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries inversions in its left arm.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato inverted nuclear chromosome 2L
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion a in its left arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion b in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion c in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion d in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion j in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversion u in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries both the inversions j and d in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries both the inversions c and u in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversions j, c and u in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries both the inversions b and d in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversions j, b and d in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries both the inversions j and b in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversions j, b, c and u in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversions b, c and u in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries both the inversions b and c in its right arm.
A chromosome 2 found in the nucleus of the cells of the organisms which belong to Anopheles gambiae species complex which carries the inversions b, c and d in its right arm.
A member species of the species complex Anopheles gambiae sensu lato found in South Africa.
A species of subgenus Christophersiomyia.
A form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto differentiated by defined chromosomal rearrengements.
A member species of the species complex Anopheles gambiae sensu lato.
A member species of the species complex Anopheles funestus sensu lato.
A form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto differentiated by defined DNA polymorphisms.
A molecular form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, defined by the presence of a given haplotype of the rDNA intergenic spacer.
Refers to the group of organisms analysed for insecticide resistance.
A chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto or Anopheles coluzzii bearing the karyotypes jcu/jcu or jbcu/jcu or jbcu/jbcu.
Anopheles gambiae s.s. chromosomal form Bamako
A chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto or Anopheles coluzzii bearing the karyotypes +/+ or u/+ or u/u or bc/+ or bc/u or bc/bc.
Anopheles gambiae s.s. chromosomal form Mopti
A chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto or Anopheles coluzzii bearing the karyotype bcu/bcu or cu/bcu or cu/cu or b/bcu or b/cu or b/b or +/bcu or +/cu or +/b.
Anopheles gambiae s.s. chromosomal form Savanna
A chromosomal form of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.
Anopheles gambiae s.s. chromosomal form Forest
Anopheles gambiae s.s. chromosomal form Bissau
An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
Definition: An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. Examples: a heart, a person, the color of a tomato, the mass of a cloud, a symphony orchestra, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building Synonyms: endurant.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C.
Definition: A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C. Examples: the disposition of vegetables to decay when not refrigerated, the disposition of a vase to brake if dropped, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the disposition of a patient with a weakened immune system to contract disease, the disposition of metal to conduct electricity.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is part of an object [snap:Object] but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities.
Definition: A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is part of an object [snap:Object] but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. Examples: upper and lower lobes of the left lung, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, the east side of Saarbruecken, the lower right portion of a human torso Synonyms: fiat substance part.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
Definition: A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. Examples: the function of a birth canal to enable transport, the function of the heart in the body: to pump blood, to receive de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, etc., the function of reproduction in the transmission of genetic material, the digestive function of the stomach to nutriate the body, the function of a hammer to drive in nails, the function of a computer program to compute mathematical equations, the function of an automobile to provide transportation, the function of a judge in a court of law
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. Examples: a certain PDF file that exists in different and in several hard drives
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. Examples: an organism, a heart, a leg, a person, a symphony orchestra, a chair, the bottom right portion of a human torso, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building Synonyms: substantial entity.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Note: Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology.
Definition: An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Note: Material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] subsumes object [snap:Object], fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart], and object aggregate [snap:ObjectAggregate], which assume a three level theory of granularity, which is inadequate for some domains, such as biology. Examples: collection of random bacteria, a chair, dorsal surface of the body.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is spatially extended, maximally self-connected and self-contained (the parts of a substance are not separated from each other by spatial gaps) and possesses an internal unity. The identity of substantial object [snap:Object] entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
Definition: A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is spatially extended, maximally self-connected and self-contained (the parts of a substance are not separated from each other by spatial gaps) and possesses an internal unity. The identity of substantial object [snap:Object] entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Examples: an organism, a heart, a chair, a lung, an apple Synonyms: substance.
A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is a mereological sum of separate object [snap:Object] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
Definition: A material entity [snap:MaterialEntity] that is a mereological sum of separate object [snap:Object] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. Examples: a heap of stones, a group of commuters on the subway, a collection of random bacteria, a flock of geese, the patients in a hospital Synonyms: substance aggregate.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is a lower dimensional part of a spatial entity, normally a closed two-dimensional surface. Boundaries are those privileged parts of object [snap:Object] entities that exist at exactly the point where the object [snap:Object] is separated off from the rest of the existing entities in the world.
Comment: Boundaries are theoretically difficult entities to account for, however the intuitive notion of a physical boundary as a surface of some sort (whether inside or outside of a thing) will generally serve as a good guide for the use of this universal. Definition: An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] that is a lower dimensional part of a spatial entity, normally a closed two-dimensional surface. Boundaries are those privileged parts of object [snap:Object] entities that exist at exactly the point where the object [snap:Object] is separated off from the rest of the existing entities in the world. Examples: the surface of the skin, the surface of the earth, the surface of the interior of the stomach, the outer surface of a cell or cell wall Synonyms: substance boundary
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with one dimension.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with one dimension. Examples: the part of space that is a line stretching from one end of absolute space to the other, an edge of a cube-shaped part of space
A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property).
Definition: A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property). Examples: the color of a tomato, the ambient temperature of air, the circumference of a waist, the shape of a nose, the mass of a piece of gold, the weight of a chimpanzee.
A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that inheres in continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
Comment: If a realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] inheres in a continuant [snap:Continuant], this does not imply that it is actually realized. Definition: A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that inheres in continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. Examples: the role of being a doctor, the function of the reproductive organs, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the disposition of metal to conduct electricity.
A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant [snap:Continuant] in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant [snap:Continuant] in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
Definition: A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant [snap:Continuant] in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant [snap:Continuant] in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. Examples: the role of a person as a surgeon, the role of a chemical compound in an experiment, the role of a patient relative as defined by a hospital administrative form, the role of a woman as a legal mother in the context of system of laws, the role of a biological grandfather as legal guardian in the context of a system of laws, the role of ingested matter in digestion, the role of a student in a university.
An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Site [snap:Site] entities are entities that can be occupied by other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities.
Comment: An instance of Site [snap:Site] is a mixture of independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities which act as surrounding environments for other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities, most importantly for instances of object [snap:Object]. A site [snap:Site] is typically made of object [snap:Object] or fiat object part [snap:FiatObjectPart] entities and a surrounding medium in which is found an object [snap:Object] occupying the site [snap:Site]. Independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] entities may be associated with others (which, then, are site [snap:Site] entities) through a relation of "occupation". That relation is connected to, but distinct from, the relation of spatial location. Site [snap:Site] entities are not to be confused with spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities. In BFO, site [snap:Site] allows for a so-called relational view of space which is different from the view corresponding to the class spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] (see the comment on this class). Definition: An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Site [snap:Site] entities are entities that can be occupied by other continuant [snap:Continuant] entities. Examples: a particular room in a particular hospital, Maria's nostril or her intestines for a variety of bacteria.
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is neither bearer of quality [snap:Quality] entities nor inheres in any other entities.
Comment: All instances of continuant [snap:Continuant] are spatial entities, that is, they enter in the relation of (spatial) location with spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities. As a particular case, the exact spatial location of a spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] is this region itself. Comment: An instance of spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] is a part of space. All parts of space are spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities and only spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities are parts of space. Space is the entire extent of the spatial universe, a designated individual, which is thus itself a spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion]. Comment: Space and spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities are entities in their own rights which exist independently of any entities which can be located at them. This view of space is sometimes called "absolutist" or "the container view". In BFO, the class site [snap:Site] allows for a so-called relational view of space, that is to say, a view according to which spatiality is a matter of relative location between entities and not a matter of being tied to space. The bridge between these two views is secured through the fact that while instances of site [snap:Site] are not spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities, they are nevertheless spatial entities. Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is neither bearer of quality [snap:Quality] entities nor inheres in any other entities. Examples: the sum total of all space in the universe, parts of the sum total of all space in the universe
A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
Definition: A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. Examples: the mass of a cloud, the smell of mozzarella, the liquidity of blood, the color of a tomato, the disposition of fish to decay, the role of being a doctor, the function of the heart in the body: to pump blood, to receive de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, etc. Synonyms: property, trope, mode.
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with three dimensions.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with three dimensions. Examples: a cube-shaped part of space, a sphere-shaped part of space
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with two dimensions.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with two dimensions. Examples: the surface of a cube-shaped part of space, the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space, the surface of a rectilinear planar figure-shaped part of space
A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with no dimensions.
Definition: A spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] with no dimensions. Examples: a point
A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has temporal and spatial dimensions such that all points within the spatiotemporal region are mediately or immediately connected to all other points within the same spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion].
Definition: A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has temporal and spatial dimensions such that all points within the spatiotemporal region are mediately or immediately connected to all other points within the same spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion]. Examples: the spatial and temporal location of an individual organism's life, the spatial and temporal location of the development of a fetus
A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
Definition: A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which. Examples: the 1970s years, the time from the beginning to the end of a heart attack, the time taken up by cellular meiosis
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. Examples: chewing during a meal, the middle part of a rainstorm, the worst part of a heart-attack, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life
An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
Definition: An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. Examples: the life of an organism, a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor Synonyms: perdurant.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. Examples: the life of an organism, the process of sleeping, the process of cell-division.
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. Examples: the beating of the hearts of each of seven individuals in the room, the playing of each of the members of an orchestra, a process of digestion and a process of thinking taken together
A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary.
Definition: A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary. Examples: birth, death, the forming of a synapse, the onset of REM sleep, the detaching of a finger in an industrial accident, the final separation of two cells at the end of cell-division, the incision at the beginning of a surgery
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape inhering in some arrangement of other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities. Processual context [span:ProcessualContext] entities are characteristically entities at or in which other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities can be located or occur.
Comment: An instance of a processual context [span:ProcessualContext] is a mixture of processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] which stand as surrounding environments for other processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] entities. The class processual context [span:ProcessualContext] is the analogous among occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities to the class site [snap:Site] among continuant [snap:Continuant] entities. Definition: An occurrent [span:Occurrent] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape inhering in some arrangement of other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities. Processual context [span:ProcessualContext] entities are characteristically entities at or in which other occurrent [span:Occurrent] entities can be located or occur. Examples: The processual context for a given manipulation occurring as part of an experiment is made of processual entities which occur in parallel, are not necessarily all parts of the experiment themselves and may involve continuant [snap:Continuant] entities which are in the spatial vicinity of the participants in the experiment.
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
Definition: An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. Examples: the life of an organism, the process of meiosis, the course of a disease, the flight of a bird.
A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has spatial and temporal dimensions and every spatial and temporal point of which is not connected with every other spatial and temporal point of which.
Definition: A spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] that has spatial and temporal dimensions and every spatial and temporal point of which is not connected with every other spatial and temporal point of which. Examples: the space and time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup, the space and time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is not mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which.
Definition: A temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] every point of which is not mediately or immediately connected with every other point of which. Examples: the time occupied by the individual games of the World Cup, the time occupied by the individual liaisons in a romantic affair
A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] at a specific moment.
Definition: A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] at a specific moment. Examples: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a single instantaneous temporal slice (part) of a process
A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] that endures for more than a single moment of time.
Definition: A connected spatiotemporal region [span:ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion] that endures for more than a single moment of time. Examples: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process or by a fiat processual part
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] at or in which processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] entities can be located.
Comment: All instances of occurrent [span:Occurrent] are spatiotemporal entities, that is, they enter in the relation of (spatiotemporal) location with spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] entities. As a particular case, the exact spatiotemporal location of a spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] is this region itself. Comment: An instance of the spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] is a part of spacetime. All parts of spacetime are spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] entities and only spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] entities are parts of spacetime. In particular, neither spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion] entities nor temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] entities are in BFO parts of spacetime. Spacetime is the entire extent of the spatiotemporal universe, a designated individual, which is thus itself a spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion]. Spacetime is among occurrents the analogous of space among continuant [snap:Continuant] entities. Comment: Spacetime and spatiotemporal region [span:SpatiotemporalRegion] entities are entities in their own rights which exist independently of any entities which can be located at them. This view of spacetime can be called "absolutist" or "the container view". In BFO, the class processual context [span:ProcessualContext] allows for a so-called relational view of spacetime, that is to say, a view according to which spatiotemporality is a matter of relative location between entities and not a matter of being tied to spacetime. In BFO, the bridge between these two views is secured through the fact that instances of processual context [span:ProcessualContext] are too spatiotemporal entities. Definition: An occurrent [span:Occurrent] at or in which processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] entities can be located. Examples: the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis
A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] comprising a single moment of time.
Definition: A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] comprising a single moment of time. Examples: right now, the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident, the moment at which a child is born, the moment of death
A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] lasting for more than a single moment of time.
Definition: A connected temporal region [span:ConnectedTemporalRegion] lasting for more than a single moment of time. Examples: any continuous temporal duration during which a process occurs
An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that is part of time.
Comment: All instances of occurrent [span:Occurrent] are temporal entities, that is, they enter in the relation of (temporal) location with temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] entities. As a particular case, the exact spatiotemporal location of a temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] is this region itself. Continuant [snap:Continuant] entities are not temporal entities in the technical sense just explained; they are related to time in a different way, not through temporal location but through a relation of existence at a time or during a period of time (see continuant [snap:Continuant]. Comment: An instance of temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] is a part of time. All parts of time are temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] entities and only temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] entities are parts of time. Time is the entire extent of the temporal universe, a designated individual, which is thus a temporal region itself. Comment: Time and temporal region [span:TemporalRegion] entities are entities in their own rights which exist independently of any entities which can be located at them. This view of time can be called "absolutist" or "the container view" in analogy to what is traditionally the case with space (see spatial region [snap:SpatialRegion]. Definition: An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that is part of time. Examples: the time it takes to run a marathon, the duration of a surgical procedure, the moment of death
Loss of function of specific midgut receptors.
Class of insecticide resistance that relies on the biochemical transformation of the insecticide, ultimately reducing its capacity to interact with a target molecule.
Modification(s) in the insect cuticle preventing or slowing the absorption or penetration of insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 1016 (V-G) in the insecticide target sodium channel gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 1016 (V-I) in the insecticide target sodium channel gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 1011 (I-M) in the insecticide target sodium channel gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 1011 (I-V) in the insecticide target sodium channel gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Metabolic resistance due to qualitative or quantitative changes in COE gene products (group of hydrolase enzymes capable of hydrolyzing compounds containing ester bonds) resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
Li et al. (2007), Ann Rev Entomol, 52: 231
A change of the COE activity; the resulting metabolic resistance is due to up-regulated COE gene products, which more efficiently sequester or metabolize insecticides.
Metabolic resistance due to quantitative or qualitative changes in GST gene products (phase II metabolic enzymes capable of conjugating reduced glutathione to the electrophilic centers of exogenous and endogenous compounds) resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Metabolic resistance due to quantitative or qualitative changes in P450 gene products (phase I metabolic enzymes capable of oxidizing endogenous and exogenous compounds by oxidation or other related reactions) resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification, or reduced insecticide activation.
A change of the COE activity; the resulting metabolic resistance is due to structural change of COE gene product resulting in more efficient metabolism or sequestration of insecticides.
Change of permeability of the cuticle resulting in reduced insecticide uptake. This can lead to resistance due to lower amounts of insecticide inside the insect's body.
Increased cuticle or cell-mediated insecticide excretion. This can lead to resistance due to lower amounts of insecticide inside the insect's body.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of GST gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Structural changes in P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide sequestration or metabolism.
Changed enzymatic activity due to a mutation that modifies production of P450 gene products resulting in more efficient insecticide detoxification.
Structural changes of the insecticide target sodium channel gene product, which decreases its response to the insecticide.
Structural changes of the insecticide target acetylcholinesterase gene product, which decreases its response to the insecticide.
Structural changes of the insecticide target GABA receptor gene product, which decreases its response to the insecticide.
Structurally modified protein in the insects' midgut that is no longer able to bind an insecticide.
Structural change of the insecticide target nAChR gene product resulting in decreased response to the insecticide.
Modified protease activity caused by a mutation, resulting in differential processing of bacterial pro-insecticides and, thus, reduced toxicity.
Increased enzymatic activity due to a mutation that increases production of AChE gene products.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 119 in the insecticide target acetylcholinesterase 1 gene product; this structural change leads to decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 331 in the insecticide target acetylcholinesterase 1 gene product; this structural change leads to decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 290 in the insecticide target acetylcholinesterase 1 gene product; this structural change leads to decreased response to the insecticide.
Structural change in the insecticide target Cry gene products resulting in decreased response to insecticides.
Resistance-associated point mutation of amino acid at position 1014 (L-S) in the insecticide target sodium channel gene product causing a structural change and decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance due to mutation leading to structural or quantitative changes of the insecticide target acetylcholinesterase gene product.
Resistance due to mutation leading to structural or quantitative changes of the insecticide target GABA receptor gene product.
Target-site resistance due to the fact that the receptors in the insects' midgut that are responsible for binding an insecticide can no longer function properly due to a mutation in the corresponding gene.
Resistance due to mutation leading to structural or quantitative changes of the insecticide target nAChR gene product, resulting in decreased response to the insecticide.
Resistance due to mutation leading to structural changes of the insecticide target sodium channel gene product.
A chemical substance which inhibits acetylcholine esterase.
A chemical substance which inhibits chitin biosynthesis.
A chemical substance which inhibits growth.
A chemical substance which acts as GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist.
A chemical substance which modulates sodium channels.
A chemical substance which acts as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist/antagonist.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agontist/antagonist
The ingredient which is modulates the effects of the active substance in a pesticide formulation.
allosteric agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
A chemical substance which acts as allosteric agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
A chemical substance which activates chloride channels.
A chemical substance which acts as a fumigant.
A chemical substance which selectively blocks feeding.
A chemical substance which disrupts insect midgut membranes.
A chemical substance which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation.
A chemical substance which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient.
A chemical substance which acts as octopaminergic agonist.
A chemical substance which inhibits mitochondrial complex III electron transport chain.
mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitor
A chemical substance which inhibits mitochondrial complex I electron transport chain.
mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor
A chemical substance which blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels.
voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker
A chemical substance which inhibits lipid synthesis.
mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitor
A chemical substance which inhibits mitochondrial complex IV electron transport chain.
A chemical substance which is able to kill insects.
A chemical substance which inhibits aconitase.
A chemical substance which modulates ryanodine receptor.