olia-top.owl
type: Ontology
imports: system.owl
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
comment: Top categories of the OLiA Reference Model 2010-01-19 OLiA-Top created 2010-04-08 OLiA-Top: removed NPFunction (=> SyntacticRole) 2010-04-13 OLiA-Top: added MorphologicalProcess, MorphologicalFeature, DiscourseFeature (PragmaticFeature), AnimacyFeature, ReferentTypeFeature, RegisterFeature, UsageAndFrequencyFeature 2010-04-14 OLiA-Top: validation, PossessiveFeature removed (see olia:hasOwnerNumber), moved olia:NarrativeType and olia:PolarityFeature here 2010-04-15 OLiA-Top: additions in accordance to the PTB Bracketing Guidelines: NullElement, SentenceTypeFeature (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995) 2010-11-30 OLiA-Top: added TopologicalField in accordance to the TueDa-D/Z annotation guidelines (Telljohann et al. 2009) 2011-07-29 OLiA-Top: replace url by purl 2011-07-31 OLiA-Top: added ProximityFeature 2011-08-03 OLiA-Top: added SpecificityFeature 2011-08-04 OLiA-Top: SubordTypeFeature, CoordTypeFeature deprecated, added NumeralAgreementClass 2011-08-11 OLiA-Top: StrengthFeature recast as MorphologicalFeature rather than MorphosyntacticFeature 2011-08-15 OLiA-Top: EmphasisFeature added 2011-08-15 OLiA-Top: PhonologicalProcess added (for Elision and Apocope, formerly both classified as MorphologicalProcess) 2013-06-25 OLiA-Top: EvidentialityFeature, ClusivityFeature added (from ISOcat), intensity as new label to EmphasisFeature; LexicalRelation for labels for relations holding between lexemes 2013-06-27 OLiA-Top: AgreementFeature (from ISOcat, as superclass of NominalAgreementClass, Person, Gender, Number; not as a relation between words) 2013-06-28 OLiA-Top: EvaluativeFeature (for ISOcat PreferredEvaluative and PejorativeEvaluative), ModalityFeature (Modality and Mood distinction revised) 2016-04-18 OLiA-Top: fixed minor validity warnings 2016-08-29 OLiA-Top: added MovementFeature as cover term for Rising and Control (for compliance with lexinfo) 2020-02-06 OLiA-Top: fixed use of owl:deprecated 2020-02-24 OLiA-Top: description of Constituent 2022-05-23 OLiA-Top: rdfs:…
version info: TODO: check upper level organization, remodel strength as categories (as in DCR), rename UsageAndFrequencyFeature to UsageFeature

PVAGR
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Agreement: Formal relationship whereby a word (or a sub-part of a word) requires a corresponding form of another word (or sub-part of a word) (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2188) PVAGR: agreement as shown (stem + affix) in inflected forms of a finite verb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4973)
label: agreement
label: agreement feature

animacy
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: The characteristic of a word indicating that in a given discourse community, its referent is considered to be alive or to possess a quality of volition or consciousness. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1902)
label: animacy feature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1902, extended to cover http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Humanness

aspect
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Category associated to verbs and referring to the way the grammar marks the duration or type of temporal activity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1242) Aspect is a grammatical category associated with verbs that expresses a temporal view of the event or state expressed by the verb. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAspect.htm 17.11.06) The in Eagles optional attribute Aspect is needed for Greek and Slavonic verbs. It corresponds also to the Past Simple/Imperfect distinction of Romance languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
label: aspect feature

case feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Case is a grammatical category determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. The term case has traditionally been restricted to apply to only those languages which indicate certain functions by the inflection of nouns, pronouns, or noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives and numerals. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsCase.htm 17.11.06)

clusivity
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: The category that encodes "whether the addressee (addressees) are included in or excluded from the set of referents which also contains the speaker".
label: clusivity feature

constituent
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic category
comment: In syntactic theory, a constituent is a unit of words that constitute a unit of multiple independent words. Formally, this can be illustrated by substitution (and other tests): "[The dog] bit Peter.": valid, "the dog" can be replaced by "lions" (etc.). "*The [dog bit] Peter.": non-valid, there is no valid one-word replacement for "dog bit". "The dog [bit Peter].": valid, "bit Peter" can be replaced by "slept" (etc.) Note that OLiA takes a theory-independent stance on "constituent". Constituent thus does not necessarily refer to a syntactic constituent, but to a node in syntax annotation that contains other nodes. This includes elements whose constituency has been debated (verb phrases), but also elements that are (potentially incomplete) phrase candidates (chunks). (Christian Chiarcos)

coord type feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: The CoordType attribute subclassifies coordinating conjunctions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
deprecated: true
version info: Deprecated: reimplemented as subhierarchy of CoordinatingConjunction

countability feature
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: Represents the difference between countable and uncountable nouns, e.g., in English
version info: EAGLES

definiteness
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 02.05.07) Property about the possiblity to identify an entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1926) An in Eagles additional language-specific attribute for nouns/ noun phrases is Definiteness. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2 16.11.06)
label: definiteness feature

degree
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Property concerning comparison. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1419) The Eagles-recommended attribute Degree applies only to inflectional comparatives and superlatives. In some languages, e.g. Spanish, the number of such adjectives is very small. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn)
label: degree feature

dependency relation
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic relation

discourse entity
type: Class
subclass of: PragmaticUnit

dominance relation
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic relation

emphasis
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Applies to grammatical (morphosyntactic) markers of emphasis for languages where emphatic expressions are distinguished from non-emphatic forms. In Irish Gaelic, for example, the unmarked personal pronouns (e.g., sé, é ‘he, him’) is distinguished from the emphatic pronoun (e.g., seisean, eisean ‘he, him’). Beyond pronouns, also nouns can be emphatically marked, e.g., by adding a clitic reflexive element to them. (Mulkern 2007). (Ann E. Mulkern. Knowing who’s important: Relative discourse salience and Irish pronominal forms. In Nancy A. Hedberg and Ron Zacharski, editors, The Grammar-Pragmatics Interface: Essays in honor of Jeanette K. Gundel, pages 113–142. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 2007.)
comment: Quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect (intensity, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2197)
label: emphasis feature
label: intensity
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS, there a property of Adverb, Classifier, Demonstrative, Noun, Particle, Adposition, Quantifier, Verb, identified with http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2197 "intensity"

evaluative feature
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: generalization over PreferredEvaluative and PejorativeEvaluative in ISOcat

evidentiality feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Evidentiality denotes the basis that the speaker has for claiming that the event has occurred (or is going to take place). Appear to show a greater number of distinctions in the realis mood (especially in the past tense) than the irrealis mood. [Bhat 1999: 63-64, 70]
version info: isoCat ID: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3185

gender feature
type: Class
subclass of: PVAGR
comment: The term gender refers to various forms of expressing biological or sociological gender by inflecting words. Nouns, pronouns, articles and the adjectives denote the gender of their referent. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender 17.11.06) Category based on (depending on languages) the natural distinction between sex and formal criteria. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1297)

inflection type feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphological feature
comment: InflectionType is in Eagles an optional attribute for adjectives. Weak and Strong are values for adjectival inflection in the Germanic languages German, Dutch and Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 14.11.06)

lexical relation
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
version info: introduced for relation labels such as homonym. These label relations holding between two lexemes.

linguistic concept
type: Class
comment: The OLiA ontology specifies linguistic concepts on a theoretical basis, as for concepts used in annotations, see system.owl. There is a great extent of overlap between LinguisticCategories/LinguisticFeatures and Categories/Features as defined in system.owl.
version info: Note that olia_system:LinguisticAnnotation, olia_system:UnitOfAnnotation and olia_system:Feature pertain to the usage of type labels and annotated features according to a particular annotation scheme, whereas, here, category and feature mean linguistic concepts. Thus, an olia:MorphosyntacticCategory (etc.) is not necessarily represented by a olia_system:UnitOfAnnotation.

modality
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: Modality is a facet of illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability or reality. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1427) The term „mood“ is used by some authors in the same sense as „modality“, while others distinguish the two (...) using „mood“ to refer to the contrastive grammatical expressions of different modalities, and thus reserving „modality“ to refer to the meanings so expressed. >A grammatical category is related to a variety of factors affecting the nature of a predication, such as factors include factivity, certainty (evidentials), attitudes, speaker’s knowledge/beliefs/desires, agent’s ability/volitionality, etc.; a set of distinctive forms used to express modality (as verbal inflections or a set of auxiliarys, each signaling a modality). (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Modus 14.05.07)
label: modality feature
label: mood
version info: 2024-11-22 redefined as a SemanticFeature, for modality as a morphosyntactic concept, see MoodFeature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1427

mood
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: Modality is a facet of illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability or reality. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1427) The term „mood“ is used by some authors in the same sense as „modality“, while others distinguish the two (...) using „mood“ to refer to the contrastive grammatical expressions of different modalities, and thus reserving „modality“ to refer to the meanings so expressed. >A grammatical category is related to a variety of factors affecting the nature of a predication, such as factors include factivity, certainty (evidentials), attitudes, speaker’s knowledge/beliefs/desires, agent’s ability/volitionality, etc.; a set of distinctive forms used to express modality (as verbal inflections or a set of auxiliarys, each signaling a modality). (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Modus 14.05.07)
label: mood feature
label: verb form mood
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1427

morphological category
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

morphological feature
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
subclass of: Feature
comment: Property attached to a given inflected form that usually permits to distinguish this form from the generic lemmatised form of the word. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1425)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1425

morphological process
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

morphosyntactic category
type: Class
equivalent class: word
subclass of: linguistic concept
comment: partOfSpeech: Term used to describe how a particular word is used in a sentence. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1345)
label: part of speech
version info: "extended" EAGLES - saubere Definitionen statt form-basierter Zusammenlegung von Kategorien - VerbalNoun in der Schnittmenge von NonfiniteVerb und CommonNoun - Classifier zunächst als top-level-konzept - AuxiliaryVerb aufgespalten in StrictAuxiliarVerb, ModalVerb, Copula - neues Konzept Quantifier, da jedoch eher semantisch als syntaktisch definiert, mit Numeral zu einem neuen top-level-node zusammengefasst (entsprechend die Definbition bei Bußmann: Quantor enthält ausdrücklich Numerale, diverse Determinierer und Pronomen) => sfb:PRONQUANT -> eagles:Quantifier & eagles:PronounOrDeterminer & !eagles:Numeral sfb:PRONQUANT_AT -> eagles:Quantifier & eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer & !eagles:Numeral sfb:PRONQUANT_SU -> eagles:Quantifier & eagles:IndefinitePronoun & !eagles:Numeral => Numeral als Subkonzept von Quantifier
version info: TODO: saubere definition statt form-baseierten kategorien

morphosyntactic feature
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
subclass of: Feature
comment: Morphosyntactic and morphological features.

movement feature
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
comment: In generative grammar, syntactic alternations of semantically equivalent utterances are explained by movement operations. Even though alternative analyses have been proposed, we keep this conventional term to account for syntactic phenomena such as Raising and Control.
version info: Introduced as part of the lexinfo extension as a cover term for Raising and Control properties of (lexical entries of) syntactic verbs.

narrative type
type: Class
subclass of: discourse feature

null element
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic category
comment: Modelled like tokens, Santorini (1991, §4.2), Bies (1995, §2.3, §2.5)
version info: added in accordance with PTB bracketing guidelines ,Santorini (1991, §4.2), Bies (1995, §2.3, §2.5)

number feature
type: Class
subclass of: PVAGR
comment: Grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=number 12; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1298) A grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 17.11.06)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1298

numeral agreement class
type: Class
subclass of: PVAGR
comment: In most Slavic languages, Numerals and Quantifiers involve specific agreement patterns, e.g., in Russian: (a) SingularQuantifier (MTE v4: Numeral/Class="definite1"): requires noun in nominative singular, e.g., один год "one year" (b) PaucalQuantifier (MTE v4: Numeral/Class="definite234"): requires noun in genitive singular, e.g., два/три/четыре года "two/three/four years" (c) PluralQuantifier (MTE v4: Numeral/Class="definite"):requires noun in genitive plural, e.g., пять/много/сколько/столько лет "five/many/how many/that many years" Bulgarian has done away with the distinction between 4 and 5, and generalised the 2-4 form to all numerals (and some other quantifiers), but the others generally keep it. Also Slovene has a living dual (both Sorbians likewise, but they haven't been MTEd). Some Czech feminine and neuter body parts have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So 2 differs formally from 3-4. The corresponding agreement pattern is a DualQuantifier (MTE v4: Numeral/Class="definite2"). (Ivan A. Derzhanski & Christian Chiarcos, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NumeralAgreementClass)
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NumeralAgreementClass

orthographic entity
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
version info: introduced to account for DCR space, etc.

person feature
type: Class
subclass of: PVAGR
comment: The grammatical person is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns. It also frequently affects verbs, sometimes nouns, and possessive relationships as well. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person 17.11.06) Indication of grammatical person (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) associated with a given inflected form. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1328)

phonological process
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

polarity feature
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature

discourse feature
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
subclass of: Feature
version info: has been renamed from "discourse feature" to "pragmatic feature" in the process of integrating the OLiA Discourse Extensions into the OLiA Reference Model, adopting OLiA Discourse lingo. In general, "pragmatic feature" is considered to be broader and to encompass discourse phenomena, as well. In the 2010 OLiA Discourse extensions, a difference was made between "pragmatic relations" (encompassing anaphoric relations, bridging, etc.) and "discourse relation" (a subclass of pragmatic relation concerned exclusively with aspects of discourse structure)

distance
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: In many Indo-European languages, proximity is a relevant feature of pronominal systems (e.g., Macedonian proximal vs. distal determiners, cf. English this vs. that). In several indigeneous languages of North America, proximity is represented by verbal agreement (then also known as obviation, e.g., Blackfoot third [proximal] and "fourth" [distal 3rd] person). As defined here, proximity is considered a morphosyntactic feature, because it applies to morphosyntactic *markers* of proximity. (Chiarcos)
label: obviation
label: proximity
label: proximity feature
version info: distinguishes for distal and proximal determiners, e.g., in Macedonian (MULTEXT-East, see http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDistalDeterminer and http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticProximalDeterminer)

reduplication type
type: Class
subclass of: morphological feature
comment: type of reduplication (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2240)
label: reduplication type feature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2240 (reduplication type, no values given)

referent type
type: Class
subclass of: discourse feature
comment: Type of concrete object or concept (the referent) that an expression represents (the reference). (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1376)
label: referent type feature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1376 (referent type)

reflexivity feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: The optional attribute Reflexivity is applied to main verbs in French, German, Dutch, etc., and determines the selection of "avoir" or "être", etc., as auxiliary for the Perfect. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1c 15.11.06)

register
type: Class
subclass of: discourse feature
comment: Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988)
label: register feature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988

semantic feature
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
subclass of: Feature

semantic role
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: In linguistics, a theta role or θ-role is the semantic role a noun phrase plays in a sentence. The term Thematic role denotes the same concept. As such it is a semantic rather than a syntactic feature, in contrast to such notions as the subject of a sentence or a prepositional object. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(linguistics). Originally, semantic roles were referred to as "case roles", leading to an unfortunate name clash with grammatical case (e.g. in GOLD CaseValue)

semantic unit
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

sentence type feature
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
version info: classification of sentences according to their function, e.g., illocutionary act

separability feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphological feature
comment: The optional Eagles attribute Separability is relevant for German compound verbs ("fängt ...an", "anfangen") and also to phrasal verbs in Danish and English. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1c 15.11.06)

genericity
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)
label: specificity
label: specificity feature
version info: distinguishes specific and nonspecific determiners, e.g., in Klallam (Salish, see olia:SpecificArticle, olia:NonspecificArticle), or in Persian (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer)

strength feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphological feature
version info: In EAGLES, Strength is a language-specific attribute for pronouns and determiners to characterize weak (reduced) and strong (full) forms (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2av 20.11.06). Here, it is extended to full and reduced adjective inflection in Slavic languages (cf. MULTEXT-East). May be renamed to ReductionFeature.

subord type feature
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: The SubordType is in Eagles an additional language-specific attribute, applying to subordinating conjunctions only. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
deprecated: true
version info: Deprecated: reimplemented within SubordinatingConjunction taxonomy

syntactic category
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

syntactic construction
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic category
comment: Syntactic constructions that involve multiple constituents, or that are independent of the concept of constituent, e.g., word order phenomena, non-canonical sentences , ...

syntactic feature
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept
subclass of: Feature

syntactic function
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
comment: Relation to be used when the syntactic function of a constituent is different from its morphosyntactic type, cf. FormFunctionDiscrepancy in the PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995, §2.2.1)
version info: Bies et al 1995

syntactic relation
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic concept

syntactic role
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
comment: Traditionally, "grammatical relations" or "grammatical roles" are specifically those between the verb (clause) and its arguments/adjunct/complementizer. In modern corpus research, however, a broad variety of relations between nominal heads, their arguments, modifiers, etc. are distinguished and the scope of "Grammatical Relation" has extended here to cover these as well. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/syntacticRole)

tense
type: Class
subclass of: morphosyntactic feature
comment: verb tense: property referring to the way the grammar marks (via affixes and/or suppletion) the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4964) Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsTense.htm 17.11.06)
label: tense feature
label: verb tense

topological field
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic category

usage and frequency feature
type: Class
subclass of: discourse feature
comment: Frequency: The relative commonness with which a term occurs. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965) Dating: Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1959)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965 (frequency), http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1959 (dating)

valency feature
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
comment: Syntactic valency pertains to the number of syntactic arguments a verb requires. Semantic valency pertains to the number of arguments of a semantic predicate. If syntactic valency is greater than the semantic valency, an expletive pronoun may be used, cf. van Valin and LaPolla (1997) on the distinction between syntactic valency and semantic valency.
version info: EAGLES

voice feature
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic feature
comment: The voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06)
version info: 2024-11-22 redefined as SyntacticFeature (was MorphoyntacticFeature)

word
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic category
comment: SyntacticWord is the class of syntactic units occupying the lowest position in a syntactic construction. They are the largest units resistant to insertion of new constituents within their boundaries; or they are the smallest constituents that can be moved within a sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical. (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008/SyntacticWord) Linguistic unit composed of at least a part of speech and a lemma. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1415)
comment: Terminal nodes of syntactic annotations, termed "Word" here, are the same structural entities that are subject to morphosyntactic (Part of Speech) annotations. cf. http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1415 "word": Linguistic unit composed of at least a part of speech and a lemma.
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1415, cf. GOLD SyntacticWord